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LANSING: W. S. GEORGE & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1874, ey mt prion! Saas Sth erp tek ais abl wabsiy. erty upae nN Ra og yeh qty inte ecm etistcbaaiinich ait bai soi imoiin st acleagtity: Toinlinadutgeanly g ia Makes poi tnlehans expr 908) tales oe Saw donkey lecaoera | ae Se Wels faxg ete ies AEG Set beige ay inane yrs / aT, 7 , pee & co > ; a i", . ff Bi 4 BY ie t NM 03 89 12); foe 40 MeL Ek Shed Bal re an ‘ f i 0 Ee : on + . © Opke aie. “Mae. iy wanes ee " ames: ER riprtanhig oh CEA bbherck 4 ied eklerdiih Kite tod ashy ghee ae OE (id tia da grarygar Ponstity aba hss ‘att ; SE ok Shear hak beet ne aR! ss THEI BVO: pia: i diatom be Hraaamat Sat Weds i) Jit gaiios|teonks Jatito Visis db said chibi enw benatat Pop Aigner ae Mifaeg We Vw Tad rab ath AOE "eormodd ahi [ine tat be. mR relthien A ow soot ti UN: ei ai palcier. (el sacar ino ate ae sell rit ae tw fitipcindy oi (gree act 4 were 1g biter! EM 4 oasis ah che: oth ny ar ales dacsiea ) ah sigh "i Kemet nit 40 aeviags eth ats , bi if tot mkidine thik ee eier bob Leip leah oha7 als ssh ets PARAS HE ae aeheae — sets eee sae wor er ethene Rad TY te. i ins 1) = aed —s = oe s ier moe DIGNITY OF INTELLIGENT, "LABOR. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF A. 8. DYCKMAN, PRESIDENT OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, DELIVERED AT LANSING, IN THE HALL OF REPRESENTATIVES, JANUARY 21st, 1873. GENTLEMEN :—It has ever proved to be a wise statesmanship, that has pro- tected and encouraged the productive industries of a country. This historic idea seems now to enter into the counsels of all civilized governments,—so instead of Gladiatorial Games, and grand Tournaments, we have our “ World’s Exposition,” presenting an aggregation of the most brilliant . triumphs of labor and constructive g+nius. Bringing the characteristic productions of each, come the representatives of all climes, to swell the magnificent pageant, in honor of the arts of peace. The princes of the earth become patrons of labor, vie in munificence, and conde- scend to grace the occasion with their presence. In short, the world seems about to recognize that all true prosperity of the State must rest upon the foundation of free and intelligent labor. In our republican system, where labor controls the sovereignty, we should have every facility for the growth of these elements of national greatness. Fully to comprehend our needs, in this respect, we must first understand, that what distinguishes our civilization from primitive barbarism—the con- crete body, so to speak, of our civilization—subsists not in the earth,—not in the air,—not in dead matter,—but in the mind,—in that mysterious receptacle of thought, where are garnered the rich treasures of experience; where the facts and deductions of science are made practical; and where reside the Genii - that direct the operations of the material world to so many useful purposes. The thought in the mind, must precede its application in practice. To improve the ‘earth culture, the great pre-requisite is brain culture. You may develop only muscle, and turn out a pugilist ; but you cannot produce a farmer. In this field of operations, the essential materials are at hand, the muscular development is sufficient. but we want the wisdom to direct the vital forces of nature to the best results. We have to consider this idea in relation to husbandry, an important branch of which is Pomology. Perhaps there may yet be an occasional “Deacon Homespun” among farmers, who thinks he is a farmer by force of habit,—or by a sort of instinct— or that the operations on the farm proceed by a sort of spontaneous evolution, and who scouts the idea of scientific farming. 8 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. culture at all that the sooner it arrives at that destination the better. We allude to those plantations of trees with sod-bound roots, whose trunks, shaggy with dead bark and moss, unshorn branches struggling fora feeble growth, and dwarfed and sickly fruit, furnish only a paradise for birds and insects. “ Oh, reform it altogether.’’ The subject of marketing is only second in importance to production. The ends to be attained are embraced in two leading ideas: 1st. Safety in the carrying of fruit. ~ 2d. Reduction in the cost ‘of packing, transportation, and sale. The first depends almost equally upon careful packing sh the producer and careful handling by the boat or railway lines. The second must look mainly to the future for its realization; when the. increased production will command the facilities for trade, and when the Alden, the Baltimore, and Williams processes of drying, and perhaps other improved methods, may be generally introduced, and especially atter. the expir- ation of their patents, when every neighborhood can have its drying estab- lishment. or several of them on a cheap scale, to consume the surplus in an over-abundant year. In cases where the average crop shall outrun the home demand; these dried fruits, with their cheap transportation, will seek more distant markets. With almost the freshness and flavor of green fruits, they will be furnished to the consumer at a much less cost, and will therefore go into more general use. Thus drying, canning, and preserving will be the safeguard against over- production. In the marketing of fresh fruits we have easy water communication to the valuable markets along the lakeside, while the railway lines are able to take the tender fruits of Michigan and lay them down in safety almost at every man’s door in the Northwest. You remember, and will not soon forget, the 22d and 24th of December last. You know how our worthy President sat in his office at Cascade Springs, while the arctic wave came sweeping over the land, leaving its record of unprecedented cold, his heart yearning in sympathy with the stricken fruit- grower, as he exclaimed : “The State Fair of 1873 is gone ; , the State Pomo- logical Society is gone; the Michigan Fruit Belt is no more.” But soon came in the glad news from every quarter,— The fruit crop is not destroyed,’—and he is here to tell you that Michigan comes out of this frosty ordeal with “all her blushing honors thick upon her,” and that we shall have a State pomolog- ical fair in 1873, and still bear eacelsior upon our banner! It seems desirable that our society make as fall a representation as possible at the Vienna Exposition, to be-held the present year,—and offer an earnest _ invitation and welcome to old-world patriotism, to bring the choice fruits of their industry to the grand decoration’at the centennial birthday of our American liberties. The American Pomological Society meets at Boston in September next. A full collection of our fruits, in charge of a suitable delegation of pomologists, should be there. This will be expected of Michigan, and with nothing less than this should we be satisfied: tor Michigan in all laudable enterprises of national importance should send her quota. In what cheaper or more effectual way could we bring the attractions of our goil and climate to public attention ? THE DIGNITY OF INTELLIGENT LABOR. 9 Among pomologists the idea is quite prevalent, that our important interest is not sufficiently represented at the Agricultural College. That the members of the State Board of Agriculture and of the College Faculty are all friendly to this interest there can be no doubt,—and may we not hope soon to see in the College a Professor thoroughly versed in the science and practice of Pomology ? We congratulate the society upon the nucleus of a library already formed, and the prospective donation by T. T. Lyon of his valuable private library, upon conditions I trust soon to be fulfilled. We submit to your consideration whether Horticulture and Floriculture, as kindred to Pomology, may not properly be included under the patronage of the same society. Professor Cook told us at Grand Rapids about those little people we cail insects,—that they too had discovered Michigan to be a fruit-producing land, and were following their discoveries with conquest of all the Southern counties. Since that time we have had aspy in the camp of the enemy, and find that in their winter quarters they are planning a crusade into the northern regions,— having particularly in view the extensive plum orchard of T. J. Ramsdell of Manistee; and will push their victorious armies as far as the eighty acre orchard of Geo. Parmelee of Old Mission. Their devastations are already alarming in many parts of the State. It seems necessary that one skilled in their peculiar warfare should take the field against them,—one that can do for Michigan what, for instance, Riley is doing for Missouri. In view of the fact that the grain-grower is also vitally interested in the destruction of these sleepless enemies, which, by night and day, are sapping the foundation of our material prosperity,—to say nothing of mere scientific research,—it appears of the utmost importance that the Legislature provide for the appointment of a State Entomologist. To a new society struggling into existence, perhaps the question of finance is the most difficult one. By dint of much earnest work, wherein our treasurer, Mr. Samuel L. Fuller of Grand Rapids, 1s deserving of particular mention, has our society been kept afloat in the financial world. Its usefulness as one of the institutions of the State is now fully demonstrated. If, therefore, a small annual appropriation were made from the State Treasury for a few years, to place the society upon an independent footing, the result will no doubt vindi- cate the wtsdom of the Legislature in such action. The series of monthly meetings held in different parts of the State, under the very efficient past management, have awakened a new interest, promoted good feeling between different sections, brought out many valuable contribu- tions to our pomological literature, and been the occasion of profitable discus- sions. With brilliant display of fruits and flowers and flourish of trumpets, we sometimes grow enthusiastic, yet are we sternly practical. We have seen the tide of emigration sweep by to the more inviting and susceptible soil of the great prairies. But Michigan, with her millions of uncul- tivated acres bristling with dark forests, and her deep bosom teeming with latent possibilities, is the rough diamond which must be worked to discover all the rich and beautiful treasures that lie hid beneath. Her soil, timber, genial ‘climate, and unrivaled commercial advantages, with no doubtful promise, invite the emigrant to abide here. The bright future of Michigan must be wrought out by labor,—intelligent labor. But thank God, labor is honorable! The State Pomological Society must figure largely in this work of bringing 2 10 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. to the surface in organized form the elements of beauty and utility; of clothing every hillside with green verdure and golden fruitage; and loading the soft air of summer with a thousand grateful odors. In that future, may we not hope to see, among other goodly things, in per- fection upon the altar of every household, the noble apple, the King of Fruit, beside the delicate peach, his blushing Queen ; and the delicious grape in clus- ters of silver, and purple, and gold,—while the Christian graces are blooming in the garden of the heart, and the soul is lifted in thanksgiving to the bountiful Giver of all. THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE YELLOWS IN THE PEACH. [Nore.—At the February meeting of the society, held at Battle Creek, 1873, a committee was appointed, to which was referred the question of the Yellows in the Peach in this State. That committee consisted of J. C. Holmes, formerly Professor of Horticulture in the Agricultural College, Hon. H. G. Wells, President of the State Board of Agriculture, ,and Hon. S. O. Knapp, also a member of the State Board of Agriculture. With them was associated Prof. R. C. Kedzie, Protessor of Chemistry, of the Agricultural College. This committee made two reports, herewith ‘submitted. The first was made at Kalamazoo, in June, 1873, the other at Grand Rapids, in Septem- ber, 1873. The one is a review of the general question, a statement of the cause and necessity of the institution of the committee, its working, plans, and operations, and with it are letters received from gentlemen residing in various parts of the State. At the Kalamazoo meeting it was thought best that the Committee should take the field and personally inspect the peach orchards of the peach belt. The second, or supplemental report, details the travels, observations, and conclusions of the committee. In this connection it was thought best to place before the peach culturists of the State the masterly essay of A. J. Downing on the subject of the Yellows, This is done with the cheerful acquiescence of Mr. Charles Downing.. The whole report is a valuable collection of facts, histories, and conclusions, exceedingly complimentary to the industry and persever- ence of the committee.—J. P. T.] REPORT NO. 1. READ ON WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 25, 1878, AT KALAMAZOO, BY PROF. J. C. HOLMES, OF DETROIT, CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE, AT A MEETING OF THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :—The peach interest has become one of great importance in this State, not only to the peach-growers themselves, but to the State at large, and for many reasons. Among them we may mention the fact that there are but very few persons who are not fond of this delicious fruit, and we all like to see it so plentiful and cheap that the poorest as well as the wealthiest citizens may enjoy the luxury of a frequent feast of peaches ; therefore all are, or should be, interested in the present and the continued successful raising of peaches within the borders of Michigan. THE PEACH INTEREST AND ITS TROUBLES. Some disease seems to have attacked the peach trees in a portion of the great fruit belt that lies along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, on the 12 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. western border of our State. The part of this strip of land already under cul- tivation and planted to fruits of various kinds, particularly the peach, has been brought to such condition at great expense of time, labor, and money ; and at one time the investment bid fair to become an amply paying one, but, like almost every other enterprise, the peach-growing interest has its troubles: The peach tree, being a native of a warmer TEtanate than our own, is consti- tutionally tender; therefore it is more susceptible to disease and injury, when grown in our moenern climate, than are our indigenous trees. For the benefit of fruit-growers and fruit-eaters, this association has, very wisely your committee think, put forth its energies to investigate the causes of injury to trees, whether by insects or disease. Investigations have been com- menced, and some yaluable reports made thereon. It is by study and close observation, and by familiar intercourse with each other, that we gain information upon these subjects. Through the researches of your committees from time to time, the lectures, and the familiar talks, and the exhibition of specimens of horticultural products at our periodical meet- ings, a vast amount of scientific, theoretical, and practical information has been elicited that has proved not only interesting to all who have had the opportunity of iistening to the speakers, or reading the reports of the Suciety’s proceedings, or of examining the specimens of horticultural products exhibited, but of great practical value also. Diseases sometimes attack and destroy our trees in as unaccountable a manner as the cholera appears and disappears; in its course carrying off the old and the young, the rich and the poor alike of the human family; it some- times seems to be contagious, and sometimes not; sometimes the cause of its spread seems to be atmospheric, and sometimes not. It is so with a disease that sometimes attacks and destroys peach trees, viz.: the Yellows. THE NECESSITY OF THE COMMITTEE. It is feared by some that this disease has already made its appearance among the peach trees of Michigan ; therefore, it is of great importance to the peach- growers of this State that all the means within the power of this Society to command should be used to investigate the cause of any and all diseases that injure the trees, and to seek a cure therefor. For the furtherance: of this object, the Society has, from time to time, appointed committees to investigate, and report the result of their investigations. Some very able reports have already been. made, and the Society, hoping to collect further information, and to make some discoveries not yet reported, did, at its meeting in February last, adopt the following resolution, viz.: ‘** Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed, to consist of three Pomologists, one Microscopist, and one Chemist, to which shall be referred the question of the Yellows in the peach in our State; that they shall visit any district in which any accused disease may exist which may or may not be contagious Yellows ; they shall cause careful microscop- ical and chemical investigations to be made ot healthy and diseased wood, leaves, and fruit; also chemical analyses of soils which may aid in such investigations, and shall report at the meeting of the Society at the annual lair in 1873.’’ Under this resolution a committee was appointed. That committee com- menced work at once by issuing the following circular, viz. : TO PEACH GROWERS. The committee appointed by the Michigan State Pomological Society, at its meeting in February, 1873, to investigate the subject ot the Yellows in Peach Trees, and report thereon, respectfully submit the fullowing questions to peach growers, in order to elicit information THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. ‘13 respecting diseases that injure peach trees; also, the cause and cure, whether of Yellows or “any other disease. An early reply from each person who receives this circular is requested, as the committee wish to make a partial report of their doings at the June meeting of the society, to be held at Kalamazoo. Answers to be sent to J. C. Holmes, Detroit. J. C. HOLMES, 8. O. KNAPP, H. G. WELLS, Committee. 1. Has any disease attacked the peach trees in your vicinity ? If so, 2. Do you think that disease is undoubtedly what is known as the Yellows ? 3. Where, in your vicinity, and under what circumstances, did the disease first show itself ? 4, Judging from observation, do you think the disease contagious ? 5. Have you any theory of your own with regard to the cause and cure of said disease ? If you bave, what is it ? 6. Have yeu tried any experiments for a cure that seem to promise success; if you have, what are they ? 7. Have you tried any experiments for a cure that have failed of success; if you have, what are they ? 8. Have you ever noticed whether peach trees, having serrated leaves, are more liable to be injured by mildew, or trom any otler cause, than glandular-leaved trees ? 9. Does the disease that is now affecting the peach trees in your vicinity, if any, attack both serrated and glandular-leaved varieties alike, or do you find that one resists the attack more persistently than the other ? 10. Have diseased patches been noticed, by you, on the limbs of young peach trees before they have blossomed ? 11. What isthe character of the soi] at your place ? 12. What is the age of the oldest peach orchards in your vicinity ? 18. Has the severity of the last winter had any injurious effect upon the peach trees in your vicinity ? 14. What was the greatest degree of cold indicated by the thermometer at your place during the last winter, and at what date or dates ? REASONS FOR THE QUESTIONS. Several copies of this circular were sent out, and some replies have been received. The committee have been requested to make a partial report of their pro- ceedings at this meeting. A complete report cannot at present be made, but the committee are willing to comply with the request and report progress. In making this report, perhaps it wonld be well to say something in expla- nation of the questions propounded in the circular. It will be noticed that the committee have not confined themselves strictly to the subject of the Yellows, yet all the questions, and the remarks of the committee, haye a bear- ing, either directly or indirectly, upon that subject. QUESTION NO. 1. Has any disease attacked the peach trees in your vicinity ? It is the desire of the committee to learn in what part or parts of the State any disease is at work among the peach trees, and where there is any, they ask in No. 2. QUESTION NO. 2. Do you think that disease is undoubtedly what is known as the Yellows ? This disease, called the Yellows because of the yellow appearance of the wood and the foliage, was noticed, as we find, by reference to Browne’s “Trees of America,” in the vicinity of Philadelphia, by Judge Peters, in 1790, or the year following. From perfect verdure, he states, the leaves of his trees turned 14 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. yellow in a few days, and their bodies blackened in spots. He attributed the disease to some morbid affection of the air. In the same work we. find an extract from an article written by Mr. Noyes Darling of New Haven, and published in the second number of the Albany Cultivator of 1845. Hesays: ‘There are two marks or symptoms, by which the presence of the disease is indicated. One is the shooting out from the body or limbs of the tree of very small, slender shoots, about the size of a hen’s quill. The leaves upon these shoots are commonly destitute of green color, as if blanched, or as if grown in a dark cellar; and, like the shoots which bear them, are of diminutive growth, rarely exceeding an inch in length. These shoots do not usually start from the common, visible buds at the points where the leaves join the stem, but from unseen, latent buds in the bark of the trunk or large branches. The other symptom is, the ripening of the fruit two to four weeks before its natural season of maturity. Most generally. also, the fruit, whatever be its natural color, is more or less spotted with purplish-red specks. If shoots, such as above described, appear upon a tree. or without them, if the fruit upon any part of it (not wormy) ripens before the proper time, it may be certainly known that the tree has the Yellows. These are not the only marks or symptoms of the disease ; but they are those which are the most readily discovered. The ordinary leaves of the tree, or at least those upon the diseased portion of it, commonly undergo a slight change of color. Instead of a bright glossy green, they take on a dull yellowish tinge. The wood also, when the disease is considerably advanced, becomes unelastic, so that its branches, when moved by the wind, instead of the graceful waving of health, have a stiff, jerking motion. The fruit, the first season of attack, usually grows to its proper size. What- ever be the natural color of the fruit, red, white, yellow, or green, it is more or less, when diseased, colored with purplish red; generally in specks, or coarse dots. The flesh, quite to the stone, is often colored, and most.deeply around the stone. In the first summer of disease it is not always that the whole tree appears affected. The slender shoots may show themselves on one branch only, the rest of the tree having every appearance of health. In like manner, the fruit upon one branch may ripen tour weeks too soon, upon another, two weeks too soon, and upon the rest of the tree at the natural time. The second season, all the fruit will ripen three or four weeks too soon. The tree some- times dies the next year after the appearance of the disease, and sometimes lingers along with a feeble life for two or three years. Soil, whether of clay or sand, whether moist or dry, whether cultivated or in grass, manured or unma- nured, does not appear to me, clearly, either to increase or diminish the lability to disease.” QUESTION NO. 3. Weere, in your vicinity, and under what circumstances, did the disease first show itself ? There are several theories afloat respecting the origin of the Yellows at any given point, and this question is asked for the purpose of eliciting information from localities where the disease is supposed to exist, with regard fo its intro- duction into that locality. Was it a sudden development of the disease among the trees of an apparently healthy orchard? Or did it first make its appear- ance umong trees brought from an infected district ? Were the stocks of the trees thus affected grown from pits of the fruit of diseased trees? Were the THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 15 stocks raised from pits from healthy trees and then budded with buds from diseased trees? ‘These are queries that the question would suggest, and that the owner of a diseased orchard would be likely to notice, and trace out, with a view to avoiding a like course in the future. QUESTION NO. 4. Judging from observation, do you think the disease contagious ? Sometimes the word contagious is used in a pretty broad sense. Webster defines contagion thus: Literally, a touch, or touching. Hence the communi- cation of disease by contact, or the mutter communicated. More generally, that subtile matter which proceeds from a diseased person or body, and com- municates the disease to another person. Contagious, containing or. genera- ting contagion; catching, that may be communicated by contact, or by a subtile excreted matter. Now, if we find that by contact, or in some other way, the disease is carried from one tree to another, we may say the disease is contagious, though perhaps, strictly speaking, the kine-pox isnot contagious. Yet it is communicated from one to another by inoculation, to prevent the taking of the small-pox by con- tagion, by the touch, the breath, or the immediate presence of a small-pox atient. x Perhaps question Number 10 would be in a more appropriate place than it now occupies in the circular, should it stand next to No. 4. For present use we so place it. It reads thus: ; QUESTION NO. 10. Haye diseased patches been noticed, by you, on the limbs of young peach trees before they have blossomed ? In the article from which I have already quoted, the author says: “I took a blossom from a diseased tree, and applied the pollen to the blossom of a young tree in my garden. The tree thus exposed to infection showed no mark of disease, either in that or the succeeding year. I took some buds from a tree, having symptoms of the Yellows, and inserted part into peach, part into apricot, and part into almond stocks. Some of the inoculations took well, but all showed marks of disease the next season. The peach and almond stocks, with their buds, died the second winter after inoculation. One apricot stock lived five years, but its peach top grew, in that time, to be only about three feet high.” A. J. Downing says: “It was conjectured by the late William Prince that contagion takes place when the trees are in blossom, the contagion being carried from tree to tree in the pollen by bees and the wind.” The Yellows sometimes first shows itself on a limb of a tree in close proximity to a fruit, hence the theory that the disease was received by that tree through the action of pollen brought from a diseased tree and deposited in the blossom of the healthy one by bees or the wind, thus infecting the tree through the blossom and the fruit. If it could be shown that these patches of disease are found upon young trees before they have blossomed, this fact would help to prove that the pollen theory is incorrect, therefore the question. QUESTION NO. 5. Have you any theory of your own with regard to the cause and cure’of said disease? If you have, what is it ? This question needs no explanation. Its object is to obtain from peach eul- tivators their views with regard to the cause and cure of the Yellows. 16 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. QUESTION NO. 6. Have you tried any experiments for a cure et 2 to promise success ; if you have, what are they ? This question is designed, as all will readily perceive, to obtain from cultiva- tors a detailed account of experiments they have tried that seem to promise success in the cure of the disease, that all may profit thereby. Experiments have been tried, that for a time seemed to improve the condition of the tree, but ultimately failed to restore the tree to health. QUESTION NO. 7. Have you tried any experiments for a cure ee have failed of success; if you have what are they ? Your committee think it is of considerable importance that experiments in Agriculture and Horticulture, that have failed to accomplish the object desired, should be recorded and made known, that others may not be at the trouble and expense of making the same experiments in the same way. ; QUESTION NO. 8. Have you ever noticed whether peach trees, having serrated leaves, are more liable to be injured by mildew, or from any other cause, than glandular-leaved' trees ? It is presumed that all who cultivate the peach to any great extent under- stand the difference between serrated and glandular-leaves, but there may be some in this audience who are not familiar with the terms or the leaves, there- fore we bring here specimens of peach tree leaves that are serrated, toothed on the edge, like a saw, and without glands. Here are some leaves having small round or globose glands and nearly smooth on the edge, not serrated ; another term being given to the unevenness that appears here. Here are some leaves that have irregular, reniform, or kidney-shaped glands; these leaves are not serrated or.toothed like the first specimen. It has been noticed that peach trees having serrated leayes, without glands, are usually of slower growth and more subject to mildew than glandular-leaved varieties. I once had a peach tree called the Emperor of Russia; the leaves were so deeply cut that it had a ragged appearance. It was of exceedingly slow growth, and mildewed so badly that, after three or four years labor in trying to make it grow, I gave it up as a bad job and destroyed it. In Wood’s Class Book of Botany, glands are thus described: ‘Glands are minute bodies of cellular tissue, situated on various parts of the plant, generally serving to elaborate and discharge its peculiar secretions, which are oily, resin- ous, saccharine, acrid, etc.” Gray says: “@Glands. This name is applied to any secreting apparatus, like glandular hairs, only not raised on a stalk; and also to other superficial appendages of diverse kinds.” » What part, if any, the glands upon the leaves play in preserving the health and vigor of the peach tree, we do not know. It is a question that cultivators would do well to notice. If they find that glandular-leaved trees are more hardy and healthy than serrated-leaved trees, perhaps they would do well to discard the tender as fast as they can find more hardy substitutes for them. We have read an article written as long ago as 1821, by a practical gardener in England, upon diseases of fruit trees. In speaking of what he calls blight in peach trees, he says: “Blight. Under this denomination are frequently - confounded two varieties of disease materially different in their appearance, and which I shall distinguish by the appellation of blister and curl. The ‘former is generally confined to such peach trees as have glandular leaves, THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 17 which are mostly subject to it in the month of April and May; and when attacked, it is not until the latter part of the season, if at all, that they become healthy. The leaves so attacked are crisp, and assume a swollen, crumpled, and succulent appearance; the shoots themselves are affected by it in the same manner, and never produce either good blossom or healthy wood. It is probably occasioned by the sudden contraction or destruction of the vessels, and extravasation of the sap, when cold, chilly winds and frosts immediately succeed warm sunshine, and soft genial weather; in such case the diseased shoots should be rubbed off where they can be spared; where not, the tops should be pinched down to the healthy part, which is generally at the lower end; and from the remaining eyes fresh shoots will push in sufficient time to ripen perfectly. The curl principally attacks those sorts of the peach which have leaves deeply serrated and devoid of glands, and it probably prozeeds in part from the same causes which occasioned the blister, aided by the operation of drying winds. ‘The leaves and tops of the shoots affected curl up and emit a saccharine secretion, which attracts the aphides; these, by extracting the juices of the leaves and shoots, destroy them, and the tree consequently perishes.” At a Pomological convention held at Buffalo, New York, in September, 1848, while the subject of Peaches was under discussion, the following remarks were made, viz. : David Thomas stated that the White Imperial peach originated on his grounds, from the seed, it was believed, of the Noblesse. Mr. Wm. R. Prince doubted whether it could have originated from the Noblesse, as the latter was a serrate-leaved variety, while the White Imperial was glandular-leaved. Mr. Thomas stated in answer to Mr. Prince’s remark, that he had raised other new varieties from cut-leaved peaches, among others a seedling from the Early Anne, a serrate-leaved: variety, was marked with conspicuous glands. Mr. Prince made some remarks upon the distinctive character of glandular, and glandless or serrate-leaved Peaches. “He said the leaves served as the medium of respiraticn to the vegetable kingdom, performing the same office as the lungs do in animals, and in like manner the glands on the foliage of peach and other trees serve the purpose of safety-valves to the constitution of the trees, by allowing such impurities as would otherwise injure their health, to pass off by the operations of nature, the whole process bearing a striking analogy to the workings of natuye in case of certain internal diseases in the human body, which have a natural tendency to come out to the surface of the skin in various forms of excrescences. Where this natural curative process takes place in either case the constitution retains its health ; but where it does not,—as in the place of glandless peaches,—the tree is liable to mildew, and in animals the malady is perpetuated. Serrated or glandless varieties of the peach are, therefore, more or less diseased, and are, consequently, less desirable and of much less value than those of a contrary character, and will, in time, be exploded from our gardens.” Mr. Hancock said “his friend Prince’s doctrine was altogether novel. He would not gainsay it, but he would like to ask Mr. Prince how far the glands would go towards relieving peaches from the Yellows?” Mr. Prince replied that he was not surprised to hear that the gentleman pronounced his statement novel, never having himself heard it from another, and neyer haying previously expressed the same views, although they had received 3 18 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. his mental consideration. He stated that the glands would not relieve peaches from the Yellows at all. The Yellows is a disease which attacks all classes of peaches alike. It attacks peaches with glands as well as those without. It is analagous to the yellow fever, which attacks with equal virulence all races of men; black, white, copper colored, and yellow.” A gentleman commenting upon these remarks of Mr. Prince, says: “Some might suppose that Mr. Prince wished to convey the idea that the stinted, sickly appearance of peach trees with glandless leaves, was owing to an inher- ent or constitutional disease in such trees from their earliest vegetation. I do not think that Mr. Prince intended to be so understood; if he did, I think it would be difficult to defend his position.” That thé character of the plant is early determined, even from the time of the impregnation of the flower, from which the seed is produced, I believe is now conceded by our best vegetable physiologists. That the constitutional character thus formed may be impaired by disease at any time during the life of the plant, is selfevident; but diseases thus pro- duced, and those that are constitutional, should be considered separately. That those varieties of the peach, whose leaves are destitute of glands, are more subject to what is termed blight or mildew on the young shoots in the - afterpart of summer has long been noticed; but as the mildew does not make annual appearance upon the peach tree until after the young fruit is formed, and its character, so far as the young plant to be produced from the seed is determined, we cannot conceive how this mildew, which is nothing more than a fungus plant, uncongenial in its growth by circumstances attending its locality, can have anything to do with forming a constitutional disease, and should therefore be considered an accidental injury, which, although it retards the growth of the young shoots after it fixes upon the tree, does not appear to injure the wood formed before the mildew makes its appearance. ‘Trees of this description, although they do not extend their branches quite as rapidly as those having glands, are often as long-lived as any glandular varieties. There are some serious objections, however, to many of the serrated varieties, as the Early Tillotson and some others, as on these varieties the mildew extends to the fruit, covering the skin with unsightly spots, and causing it to rot prematurely upon the tree. A. J. Downing says: “It is well worth remarking that certain fine old sorts, the ends of the branches of which have a peculiar mildewed appearance (such as the old Red Rareripe, the Early Anne, etc.), which seems to check the . growth without impairing the health, are rarely if ever attacked by the Yellows. Slow growing and moderately productive sorts, like the Nutmeg Peaches, are almost entirely exempt.” . QUESTION NO. 9. 9. Does the disease that is now affecting the peach trees in your vicinity, if any, attack both serrated and glandular leaved varieties alike, or do you fiad that one resists the attack more persistently than the other? The remarks just made will show that the subject matter contained in ques- tions No. 8 and 9 isa very interesting and important one to peach growers ; they also show the relevancy of the questions to the subject under consideration by the committee. QUESTION NO. 10. 11. What is the character of the soil at your place? It is possible that the character of the soil may have something to do with the origin and spread of tle disease. Of course it is a very important question. THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 19 QUESTION NO. 12. 12. What is the age of the oldest Peach Orchards in your vicinity ? Upon some soils, and in some localities, and with the same treatment, the game varieties may excel in health and longevity those that are grown upon other kinds of soil, and in other localities. The answers to questions Nos. 11 and 12 may throw some light upon this part of our subject. QUESTIONS NOS. 18 AND 14. 13. Has the severity of the last winter had any injurious effect upon the peach trees in your vicinity ? 14. What was the greatest degree of cold indicated by the thermometer at your place during the last winter, and at what date or dates? It has been said, and is generally regarded as a fact, that when the weather is so cold as to cause the mercury to fall to 10° or 15° below zero, it will prove fatal to peach buds, and sometimes to the trees themselves. An opportunity now occurs to prove or disprove this assertion and to place the result on record. It also gives an opportunity to show whether young or old trees have stood the cold the best; and what effect it has had upon diseased trees as compared with healthy ones. f GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. The Yellows appears to be of American origin; we cannot find that it is- known in other countries. In the Horticulturist, volume 4, page 16, 1849, in an article by H. W. Sar- geant upon what he saw at the London Horticultural Society’s garden, he says: “Tn a conversation which I had with Mr. Thompson on the diseases of fruit trees, he told me that our great peach enemies, the Yellows and the peach worm, are alike unknown here. He has seen one instance only of a disease in the peach tree resembling in its character the Yellows. It was an American tree, I think a George 4th, which was budded on a peach bottom, and trained against a south wall. It ripened its fruit prematurely, pushed ont the clusters of small, narrow leaves, became quite yellow in foliage, and finally died. He attributed it to the fact of its being worked on a peach instead of a plum bottom, as all the other trees in the society’s garden are; and he suggested that we should always bud our peaches on plum stocks. , “I think, however, the disease he referred to was probably imported in the tree from America. If so, it does not seem to have communicated the Yellows to any of the English trees.” In a foot-note to this article, the editor, A. J. Downing, says: ‘ We are every day more convinced that the Yellows is nothing more than a constitu- tional languor, brought about, as we have before suggested, by poor soil and bad culture for several generations. It has nearly disappeared in our neighbor- hood, where there are now (1849) trees sixteen or eighteen years old, bearing every year very fine crops of delicious fruit.” Many theories have been started respecting the cause of the Yellows, but your committee, not having had opportunity to observe and investigate the subject to the extent desired, do not propose at this time to express their own views as to the cause, or to recommend any special course to be pursued -to effect a cure of this singular disease. Your committee have been requested to read, as a part of this report, the answers that have been received to the circular. As we know of no objection to pursuing this course, we comply with the request, and now proceed to read them in the order in which they were received. 20 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. THE LETTERS. Mr. PrESIDENT,—Early in the spring of 1872 your committee on the Yellows in peach trees, issued the following circular. In answer to the circular, the letters annexed were received; and in giving such answers, reference is made by numbers to some of the questions contained in the circular. CIRCULAR TO PEACH GROWERS. The committee appointed by the Michigan State Pomological Society, at its meeting in February, 1873, to investigate the subject of the Yellows in Peach Trees, and report thereon, respectfully submit the following questions to peach growers, in order to elicit information respecting diseases that injure peach trees; also, the cause and cure, whether of Yellows or any other disease... An early reply from each person who receives this circular is requested, as the committee wish to make a partial report of their doings at the June meeting of the Society, to be held at Kalamazoo. Answers to be sent to J. C. Hotmes, Detroit. -J. C. HOLMES, S. O. KNAPP, H. G. WELLS, Committee. 1. Has any disease attacked the peach trees in your vicinity? If so, 2. Do you think that disease is undoubtedly what is known as the Yellows? 3. Where, in your vicinity, and under what circumstances, did the disease first show itself ? 4, Judging from observation, do you think the disease contagious ? 5. Have you any theory of your own with regard to the cause and cure of said disease; if you have, what is it? : 6. Have you tried any experiments for a cure that seem to promise success; if you have, what are they ? 7. Have you tried any experiments for a cure that have failed of success; if you have, what are they ? 8. Have you ever noticed whether peach trees having serrated leaves are more liable to be injured by mildew, or from any other cause, than glandular-leaved trees? 9. Does the disease that is now affecting the peach trees in your vicinity, if any, attack both serrated and glandular leaved varieties alike, or do you find that one resists the attack ‘more persistently than the other ? 10. Have diseased patches been noticed, by you, on the limbs of young peach trees before they have blossomed ? 11. What is the character of the soil at your place? 12. What is the age of the oldest peach orchards in your vicinity ? 13. Has the severity of the last winter had any injurious effect upon the peach trees in your vicinity ? 14. What was the greatest degree of cold indicated by the thermometer at your place during the last winter, and at what date or dates? LETTER FROM E. D. LAY. YpsiInaANntiI, March 11th, 1873. Srr:—Yours of 8th inst. was received. In answer I have to inform you that I have not had any experience in the disease called the Yellows, in peach trees. I recollect that about thirty-five years ago there was considerable written upon the subject, but I do not now remember that there was any definite conclusion reached respecting the cause of the disease. I was told by a nurseryman near Rochester, N. Y., that if I saw anything of the kind among my trees to destroy the diseased trees immediately. I find in “ Floy’s Orchardist,” published in New York in 1833, the following: “The peach trees of late years are subject to a disease called the Yellows, from the circumstance of the trees having a yellow, sickly appearance. Much philosophy has been spent on this subject without arriving at any definite con- clusion. I shall hazard an opinion on the nature of the disease by stating some observations made in the spring and summer of 1832. The fall of 1831 was mild, and growth was prolonged until the middle of November. At the end of THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. ea that month and the beginning of December the cold weather set in very sud- denly, the thermometer sinking till it fell below zero, in New York, and to the north and east of us, eight or ten degrees below. Many young pear and cherry trees were killed. Peach trees in similar situations were not killed, but many of them were injured; thisdid not prevent them from putting out leaves, blossoming, and bearing fruit. In the summer the leaves grew weak, and of a yellowish, sickly appearance. In the spring, to all outward appearance, the trees had sustained no injury, but in cutting the shoots a blackness appeared in the heart; in some quite black, others had black dots around and in the pith. Some of the trees I cut down to the budded part and discovered that the same blackness of heart appeared as in the small branches. Others I left standing they put out leaves and fruit. The fruit ripened prematurely and was tasteless. I think those trees had the Yellows, and that the weather of the previous fall and winter was the cause of it. The “ Orchardist,” published in Boston in 1833, by Kenrick, says the disease is not known in New England. Mr. Cox says: he malady which destroys much the largest portion of the trees has hitherto baffled every effort to subdne it; neither cause or character of the disease appear to be understood. I think the disease is contagious, and trees should not be planted on the same ground for years. The only remedy I know of is to destroy the trees immediately.” Now my opinion is that the Yellows is a mystery as much as the pear blight is, and I think that if the idea that late growth and severe winters be correct, trees in this part of Michigan would have had tne Yellows many years ago. EK. D. LAY. LETTER FROM A. 8. DYCKMAN. SoutH HAvEN, March 30th, 1873. Srr:—Yours of the 27th inst. is at hand. I think a good suggestion is made by Doctor Woodman of this place, to determine whether the disease known as the “ Yellows” is carried into the circulation through the blossom, by select- ing a healthy tree standing near those that are affected, and carefully remove the blossoms before they open. If the tree should not become affected, and the experiment tried in a number of different situations with the same effect, the evidence would be strong in favor of the theory that the disease is propa- gated through the blossom, and may be spread by bees and other insects. In that case the disease might be checked by destroying the blossom buds when about to open. Or, if this should prove not practicable, a very interesting fact would be demonstrated. There are places in this State where I think these experiments could be very successfully made. If it should appear also that young trees do not become affected before blossoming, this fact would tend to corroborate the theory. As to our own locality, my attention was not called to the subject until last season. At that time the committee on orchards could not find any indica- tions of the disease among my trees. Only a few trees in other orchards in this vicinity have been under suspicion. and those have either been destroyed or marked for destruction. We will keep close watch the present season and be able to report fully for our locality. We have tried no experiment for the cure except the axe. Peach trees having serrated leaves are more liable to mildew than glandular 22 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. leaved varieties, but I cannot say that it affects their longevity, as they recover with age. Nearly all our trees, however, have glandular leaves. Very truly yours, A. 5S. DYCKMAN, LETTER FROM A. R. NOWLEN. Benton HaArsor, April 8th, 1873. GENTS :—Our peach trees in most localities are being injured by what many suppose to be the ** Yellows.” though our actual loss in consequence is com- paratively trifling. Judging from the description given of the disease by reliable authors, my impression is that the disease is rightly named, although Doctor Hull, of Alton, Ill., and some other good fruit men who have taken observa- tions here will not admit that it is the Yellows, it being quite unlike that which is known as the Yellows in Illinois and other sections. I think the disease made its appearance five years ago for the first time, and in various orchards several miles distant from each other simultaneously. I think I have good reason to believe the disease contagious, though many, and I think the majority here think otherwise, and I will further say that I am fully persuaded it is epidemical, partly because of what I learn of its workings in New York and New Jersey; but mainly from my own observation here. During the first two years trees attacked would die, or nearly so, the second year, but the last two years most of my trees that were affected lost but little of their vitality. I noticed the last season especially that my diseased trees were more vigorous than they were the year previous. ‘This may have resulted in part from thorough pruning, but not wholly so, as I noticed the same thing in orchards that were comparatively uncared for; hence my opinion is that the disease is on the decrease. I have, perhaps, no well defined theory as to the cause of the disease, but I am quite sanguine that the sap is first affected. I judge this in part because branches of affected trees, in contact with branches of healthy trees, impart the disease to the healthy ones, and it is often the case that one or two branches of a tree will be affected while other parts are sound during the entire season. These are but slight reasons, but then there is another which I infer from the effect of treatment. I have tried a number of experiments. I treated several hundred trees with hot water and ashes around the roots with no apparent effect. Itreated healthy and diseased trees alike, as it is a very good way of destroying the borer. ‘This application I made in the summer of 1871. Last season, among other things, I sprinkled hot water on the branches and trunks of two diseased trees that had fruit on them. This was done about the 26th of August. In eight or ten days thereafter the fruit on these two trees had turned to the natural flavor, and, although one of the trees was diseased in 1870, both are to-day, perhaps, as healthy as any trees I have. The change for the better was so unmistakable that I immediately proceeded to treat most of my trees with hot water, and instead of pouring it on the roots I applied it to the trunk by turning it on at the forks, heating the bark of the entire trunk to the branches. I used about eight quarts of water to a full sized tree. This would heat the bark too hot for the naked hand. I think that more than eight quarts would do no harm. I tried this experiment too late in the season to affect the fruit; indeed most of the fruit had been gathered. My theory is that the diseased sap is restored to its natural state. I expect to con- THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 23 tinue the same treatment if the disease shows itself on my trees the coming season. A neighbor of mine claims that he has restored several trees by the application of ashes and hot water to the roots, but, usually this is a failure. As to mildew, I haye known but one variety to be affected and that is the Serrate Early York. The disease that troubles our trees affects the serrate and the glandular-leaved trees alike, as far as I have observed. I will add that commonly, though not always, the disease first shows itself in the fruit, sometimes attacking all on the tree at once, but generally it affects one or two branches, then spreads gradually over theetree. The fruit ripens from two to three weeks in advance of its season, assumes a darker and deeper red color on the surface than is natural, also a mottled red color of the flesh, and affecting more or Jess the blossom. ‘Trees on poor, dry soils yield more readily to the disease than on moist, rich soil, though trees of all ages and on all soils suffer. A. R. NOWLEN. LETTER FROM L. COLLINS. St. JosePnH, April 2, 1873. Srr:—Yours of the 26th ult. was duly received. Mr. Chamberlain, Secretary of the Berrien County Horticultural Society, will answer your letter. He is as well qualified, and perhaps better than any one in this vicinity, to answer all your questions in your letter. I have paid some attention to the raising of the peach. We have the disease called the Yellows without any doubt among our trees, and that to an alarm- ing extent. I have lost one orchard of 800 trees entirely by the disease. I will send you a few branches from a three-year-old peach tree of Early Craw- ford,—it had a few peaches on Jast year, and every peach showed the disease, but the foliage looked healthy. I will likewise enclose a few branches from an old tree of Late Crawford that has had the Yellows two years and will die this year. Respectfully yours, L. COLLINS. LETTER FROM J. E. CHAMBERLAIN. GENTS :—Your letter of March 26th to Dr. Collins, containing inquiries in regard to “a disease that seems to have attacked the peach trees in sume parts of the great fruit belt, lying along the south-western border of our State,” has been handed to me, with the request that I would, as secretary of the St. Joseph Fruit Growers’ Association, and also one of the vice-presidents of the Michigan State Pomological Society, prepare an answer. This subject is one which interests not merely south-western, but all the fruit belt of western Michigan, north and south; for if premature ripening of fruit is the evidence of the disease termed Yellows, then this disease extends north and south, through all the fruit belt of western Michigan. At the pomological exhibition at Grand Rapids last year, at which the St. Joseph fruit region was entirely unre- presented in the fruit display, I noticed peaches on exhibition with all the marks of premature ripening so far asit was possible for external marks to show disease; and I spoke to Hon. J. P. Thompson, then president of the Society,on the subject. Mr. Thomas Archer, nurseryman, of St. Joseph. informs me that he observed the same marks of premature ripening; while Mr. A. D. Rowley, fruit grower, not only observed the same prematurely ripe peaches on exhibition, but visited Spring Lake on purpose to see the orchards, and found trees which he pronounced wnmistakably diseased with the Yelluws. These a4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. facts were known to us last fall, but none of the fruit growers in the south- western fruit belt of Michigan were inclined to publish abroad this unpleasant fact, because of the injury that might thereby be done to the Spring Lake and all intermediate fruit regions, and because our own fruit growers are by no means convinced beyond a doubt that this is the true Yellows, and claim for the whole fruit belt of western Michigan, north and south, St. Joseph, Coloma, Waterveliet, South Haven, Saugatuck, Holland, Spring Lake and Muskegon, the benefit of the doubt. For six successive years the bearing peach trees of all the Michigan fruit belt, particularly the peach trees of the St. Joseph fruit belt, which number upwards of 600,000 trees, have borne large crops of peaches without any rest. So great has been the overbearing, that tree and soil have been taxed to the utmost, to mature, ripen, and sustain the enormous burden of fine fruit. ‘The season of 1869 was wonderfully prolific, and the last season of 1872 would have been far beyond the unstinted abundance of 1869, had not such a drouth prevailed. Here attention should fix upon the fact that neither in 1870, nor 1871, nor 1872, has Western Michigan enjoyed its usual quantity of rainfall. The drouth of 1872 fell upon the trees with the withering power and the blighting properties of an Arabian Sirocco. Flowers burned up; corn shriveled ; shade trees starved for water; and it was notorious that Michigan peaches were poorer than ever before in the history of the fruit belt. All the late peaches withered, their skin wrinkled around the pit like the skin folds on an Indian squaw, and no one imagined they would be fit to pick. At last one good heavy rain came which gave new life to the trees, revived the drooping foliage, sent rich juices into the fruit and increased the grand total of the crop at least 200,000 baskets. These deleterious influences affected alike all parts of the fruit belt, north or south. The winter of 1872-3 has been exceptionally cold, teaching a lesson as to the possibility of extreme cold upon the western shore of Michigan unimagined heretofore. Hundreds of peach trees are dead, but whether from overbearing, freezing, or Yellows, will probably never be known. It may be safe to assert that the great majority of old peach trees that went into the winter with an impaired vitality are now dead and will be burnt. The St. Joseph Fruit Growers’ Association having had its attention drawn thereto by Dr. Hull, of Alton, Illinois, during his visit to this fruit region in 1869, took up the subject of Yellows in 1870 and appointed a com- mittee consisting of J. E. Chamberlain, John Whittlesey and M. W. Manning, to prepare a short history of the Yellows and send the same to every fruit grower in the St. Joseph fruit region. The following wasa part of the report of the committee: “The original cause of the disease, as given by Downing, and believed by many intelligent horticulturists and fruit growers, is as follows: “'The malady called the Yellows ig a constitutional fault, existing in many American varieties of the peach, and is produced in the first place by bad cul- tivation and the consequent exhaustion arising from successive over-crops ; second, afterwards the disease has been established and perpetuated by sowing the seeds of enfeebled trees, either to obtain varieties, or for stock. * About 1800, or a few years before, attention was attracted in the neighbor- hood of Philadelphia to the sudden decay and death of the orchards without apparent cause. From Philadelphia and Delaware the disease gradually extended to New Jersey, where, in 1814, it was so prevalent as to destruy a con-. siderable part of all the orchards. About three or four years later it appeared. on the banks of the Hudson. From 1812 to 1815 it gradually and slowly extended northward and westward to the remainder of the State. THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 25 “ Poor soil and over-cropping, together with careless or indifferent culture, will develop the disease when already Jatent in the trees; and this is a predis- posing cause. “SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE. “The production upon the branches of very slender, wiry shoots, a few inches long, bearing starved, diminutive leaves. The leaves are very narrow and small, quite distinct from the natural size, and are either pale yellow cr destitute of color. “The premature ripening of the fruit. This takes place from two to four weeks earlier than the proper season. The first season of the disease it grows nearly to its natural size, but is always marked externally (whatever may be the natural color) with specks and large spots of purplish red. Internally the flesh is more deeply colored, except around the stone. “Hither of the foregoing symptoms (and sometimes the second appears in advance of the first) are undeniable signs of the Yellows. ° “MEANS OF DISSEMINATION. “ By the intermingling of healthy roots with those of diseased trees. «By planting a healthy tree in a hole from whence a diseased tree has recently been removed. « By a knife, in taking out grubs, or in pruning healthy and diseased trees indiscriminately. “ By propagation,—budding from diseased trees, or budding on stocks grown from diseased pits. « Also, though this opinion is by no means approved, by the wind, and by the bees and insects.” This, after a most thorough examination, was the extent of the information to be had from documents, books, and authorities on the subject of the Yellows. No person in this fruit region had any practical acquaintance with the disease, and might have sent, just as did the fruit growers of Northwestern Michigan, diseased fruit to a pomological exhibition, thinking it a ¢rwe variety or a new variety ; indeed, the great majority of the fruit growers in the St. Joseph fruit region regarded the subject unworthy of serious consideration. The article had, however, the effect of creating a general interest, and close observers directed a careful eye to every enfeebled tree. Mrs. Wilson, a colored woman, poured boiling suds upon a peach tree and made it thrive. Rosa Smith Horsey, another colored woman, claims she cured a diseased tree with hot water and ashes. Rev. Mr. Taylor used hot water and ashes upon his trees with beneficial effects. Mr. W. H. Judson, P. O. Benton Harbor, treated his trees to ashes and good manure, and though some persons pronounced them fatally diseased, he nevertheless secured one of the best paying crops, and, as he claims, as per- fect a crop of fine fruit as the trees ever produced. Mr. A. R. Nowlen, P. O. Benton Harbor, tried various remedies on different trees, and found the appli- cation of simple hot water to the top and branches of a peach tree produced a decided effect in checking the progress of the disease. It restored color to the leaves of the trees, and caused the fruit to ripen well. Mr. M. 8. Owen of Benton, P. O. Benton Harbor, found great benefit to his orchard by slitting the bark of the trunk and limbs of the peach tree, whereby the ligature of the bark was relieved and a new healthy bark formed. Mr. Owen claims that by this simple treatment the Yellows may in every instance 13 26 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. be kept out of young orchards. It is certain that Mr. Owen’s orchard is unsur- passed by any in the town of Benton. Mr. Clark, nurseryman of St. Joseph, P. O. Benton Harbor, informs me that under his personal observation the application of hot water and ashes revived a tree and produced a new liber. The Yellows invariably appear on the outer limbs, and generally in a single branch, which merely ripens a few peaches prematurely. Thence it spreads slowly over the whole tree, consuming three, four, and even more years, before absolute death ensues. In the orchard of John T. Edwards, diseased peach trees grafted upon plum stalks were entirely destroyed by the Yellows without injuring the root at all; below the graft the live, healthy root sent out strong plum stalks. Thomas Taylor, RU Os of the Washington Department of Agriculture, made experiments in July 1872, which are reported in the monthly report for August and September, page 387, in which he claims to have discovered the cause of the Yellows in the spiral thread-like fungus, known as noemaspora. The spores resembled caraway seeds, so smull as to be invisible to the naked eye, which when treated to the action of nitric, muriatic, and nitro-muriatic acids, received no damage, but continued their life-like motion. When, how- ever, these spores were combined with concentrated sulphuric acid, or caustic potash, they become entirely destroyed, and their organic structure was no longer visible. Mr. Taylor’s conclusions were these: First, rain will wash these fungi spores over the tree; second, the action of sulphates and acids will destroy them; third, the application of hot lye and washes to the bark and roots of the tree will probably prove curative. On the 368th page of the same report, a minute, two-winged fly, called the Mycetobia (Mycetophila) persicae, is described, and this remark appears inci- dentally, “several of this genus feed upon fungi.”. Similar two-winged flies are found in our orchards. Now, if these flies feed on fungi, and if they feed upon the spores of the noemaspora, if noemaspora fungus is the cause of the Yellows, the disease, Yellows, from its first appearance on the outer limb of a peach tree, is accounted for. Here isa field of investigation for our State Entomolo- gist, if we had one. The result of our studies and investigations can be thus summed up: the Yellows. may be contagious, but our experience does not confirm the idea of contagion. The Yellows does not depend upon the soil; though a poor soil and bad cultivation will accelerate the disease. No abso- lute cure has been discovered for the Yellows, though the application of hot water and ashes has in many instances checked the progress of the disease, produced new foliage and vipened a good crop of fruit; and while the necessity of destroying every slightly diseased tree in order to protect an orchard is an open question, it is perfectly safe to dig up and burn eyery old case of the Yellows. We have great confidence in the Owen method of treating a young orchard, and are contident that the Yellows may be regarded as half shorn of its terrors, and is shortiy to be so well understood as to no longer be a terror to fruit orchards. The St. Joseph fruit region, and the fruit region of Southwestern Michigan are indignant at any attempt to localize the disease of the Yellows exclusively in their section; because we know it exists both in Northwestern and Southwestern Michigan. We do not believe it will exterminate our trees apy more than are the trees of Delaware and New Jersey exterminated. We haye not less than 600,000 peach trees by actual countin that part of the THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE, ae Southern Michigan fruit belt which finds its outlet at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, and expect to supply the large demand for peaches in the whole Northwest for many years to come, Yellows or no Yellows. Iam, gentlemen, yours most truly, J. E. CHAMBERLAIN, Vice President Mich. State Pom. Soc’ty and Sec’y St. Joseph Fruit Growers’ Association. St. Joseph, April 12th, 1873. ~ LETTER FROM.T. T. LYON. PLYMOUTH, May 21st, 1873. Hon. J. C. Hotmes, Hon. 8. O. Knapp, Hon. H. G@. WELus, Committee on the Yellows: DEAR Sirs :—Your circular asking replies to certain queries is received, and although I hardly suppose an answer was expected in my case, I will take occasion to say, I presume the real purpose of the society in the appointment of your committee was to identify the disease alleged to exist at St. Joe, by the action of a committee such as shall command respect and confidence. Certainly I consider the effort to discover a specific for the cure of the Yellows very much like the efforts of our forefathers to accomplish the transmutation of the baser metals to gold, or their search after the fountain of perennial youth. Still, if Wolverine science and acumen shall be able to accomplish, what for more than fifty years has eluded the associated science, observation, and experience of the East, in the solution of this problem, I shall feel that we have a committee worthy and doubtless competent, to at least undertake that other problem that has so long kept the pomological world agog, viz.: the pear blight; and even to determine the question associated with it, if not involy- ing its solution, whether fungoid growth is the cause or the result of blight. But to proceed to consider your queries— 1st. The chief disease afflicting the peach tree in this locality may more prop- erly be said to be a disease of the climate. 2nd. It is undoubtedly not the Yellows. 5th. I accept the theory respecting the Yellows, as long prevalent at the Kast, that it is, at least, in part, constitutional, and that it is contagious. 8th. I have rarely, if ever, known mildew to attack other than serrate-leaved varieties of the peach. We have no other disease, so far as I have observed, that seems to attack one class of varieties more than another. 9th. The only other disease affecting peach trees here, so far as I have observed, is the “leaf curl,’”—apparently the result of cold or damp weather occurring while the foliage is yet tender. This disease seems to affect all varieties equally. 10th. No. 11th. We have all varieties of soil from light sand to heavy clay—and often- times all occur in a single field. 12th. Our oldest peach orchards are not far from twenty years of age. 13th. Some trees appear to be badly. injured—others very littie. ‘The most vigorous trees have escaped the best. 14th. From 25° to 30° as indicated by different thermometers. All which is respectfully submitted. T. "Baas ‘ 28 - §TATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LETTER FROM C. ENGLE. Paw Paw, May 22d, 1873. Gents :—There is no general disease of the peach trees in this immediate vicinity. A few trees die each year from the effects of the borer, and from other causes. I saw some blossoms on my early Crawford and Hale’s early to-day. My Barnard and Heath Cling trees are blossoming pretty full. My answer to question No. 8 is, that serrate-leaved peach trees are more liable to mildew than glandular-leaved varieties. No. 11. Gravelly loam. No. 12. Nine years. No. 13. On ordinary level land nearly all trees are killed; on hills, none. No. 14. On tne 22d of February, 22° below zero; on the 24th, 24° below, and on the hill where the orchard stands, 4° less. Yours, ete., C. ENGLE. LETTER FROM 1. 8S. LINDERMAN. PLEASANT VIEW Fruit Farm, Casco, Allegan County, Mich., May 23d, 1873. } GENTLEMEN :—Your circular to peach growers is received, and I will answer with pleasure. Ist. None that I am aware of. Ath. I have never seen any of the Yellows that I am aware of. 5th. No theory of my own, as I have had no experience with the disease. 10th. I have not noticed anything of the kind. 11th. Sand, loam and gravel intermixed on my place. 12th. About 12 years; but many trees are 15 or 20 years old in the vicinity. 13th. Not to any great extent. Some trees are injured and a few are killed, but generally appear healthy, with a fair show for fruit. 14th. December 23d last, 13° below zero, December 25th, 14° below, Feb- ruary 23d, 8° below. During the past winter there were nine days that the thermometer indicated below zero. - Respectfully submitted. I. 8. LINDERMAN. P. O. Address South Haven, Mich. LETTER FROM HANFORD & CO. BrisTou, Indiana, May 27, 1873. GENTS :—We give the following answers to the circular received from you: ‘To question No. 1 we answer that there is no disease among our peach trees. No. 8. They are. No. 11. Sandy loam, with porous sub-soil. No. 12. Twenty years. No. 13. On old trees, but not fatal to any. No. 14. 26° below zero about January 9th. HANFORD & Co. LETTER FROM HENRY S. CLUBB. GRAND HAveEN, May 28, 1873. GENTS:—I submit the following answers: No. 1. The curled leaf is the only disease. No. 2. No. . No. 8. No. THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 29 No. 10. No. No. 11. Sandy soil on hills; black mould on the flats. No. 12. Fourteen years. No. 13. Yes, especially on old trees. Young trees have not been much injured, except to fruit buds. I have a seedling tree with blossoms all over it. The peach crop will be light. No. 14. The lowest temperature recorded at the U. 8. signal station at Grand Haven was on the 28th day of January at 10:25 P. M., 12° below zero. HENRY S. CLUBB. LETTER FROM C. J. DIETRICH. GRAND Rapips, Kent Co., May 29, 1873. Gents :—No. 1. Ido not know that any disease has attacked the peach trees in this vicinity. No. 13. It has killed very many trees, yet we shall have peaches in Kent county this year. No. 14. December 24th, 33° below zero. Respectfully, C. J. DIETRICH. LETTER FROM D. R. WATERS. Sprina Lake, Mich., June 2, 1873. GeENtTs:—A copy of your questions forwarded by yourself to Hunter Savidge, or to him through Mr. Thompson, has been placed in my hands by Mr. Savidge, for answer. I pass over your first seven questions by saying we have not the least sign or indication of the Yellows here. In reply to your 8th interrogatory, I can say that I have noticed no mildew in peaches here, but in the Serrate Early York; this variety mildews every year with us. I pass again to your 11th question and answer that our soil is a sandy loam, in places gravelly, in others underlaid with clay. Our oldest orchards have been planted twelve years, but there are trees in yards and gardens much older and healthy. I think the severity of the winter has injured us some, but how much can- not now be certainly stated. Quite a number of trees no older than three years have been killed, and many older trees show signs of weakness. Orchards dif- ferently located are differently affected. Those on an eastern and southern exposure, are without a sign of injury to-day; those on a perfect level are but little affected ; those on uneven ground and exposed to northern winds, are injured most. I cannot think that the winter, however, has caused the death of many of the trees that are dying. The trees to which I refer have live bodies and limbs but are girdled at the crown of the root with dead bark, the root being alive also; they leave out in a weak way and die after a few weeks. Others have live bodies and limbs but dead roots; that is, these trees are alive in the parts exposed to the cold, but dead where protected by sev- eral feet of snow. Nineteen degrees below zero was the greatest degree of cold experienced at my place last winter. This was felt between 11 Pp. M. and 1 A. M., during the night of January 29th. Peaches we will have a few ; grapes a nice crop; cherries are promising finely ; apples never better; pears loaded and unhurt; plums also are promising a full crop; quinces a full crop in favorable spots; small fruits are entirely unhurt and promise a great crop; our woods are full of blackberries and huckleberries setting full of fruit. Yours truly, : D. R. WATERS. 30 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LETTER FROM S. B. PECK. MUSKEGON, June 7th, 1873. Grnts:—Your circular in relation to peach trees is received. In answer to queries from number one to seven, inclusive, I have to say that there is no “Yellows” in my orchard. No. 8. The Serrate Early York mildews and generally bears but little fruit. All our seedlings that show mildew we lay to that parentage. No. 9. Have seen mildew on no other variety. No. 10. Ne, but I have noticed the ends of the new growth to be killed in May and June by avery small insect. I think a worm. No. 11. Light sand down ten to thirty feet to water. No. 12. Planted in 1861 and 1862. No. 13. Young trees, one year old, are generally killed, and many large limbs are dead on uld trees. Very few blossoms except on trees on the highest ground. . No. 14. I cannot tell with certainty, but think about 15° or 168 below zero. My own peach trees are on rather flat land, with higher ground between them and the water, and all the show of fruit this season—very little at best —is on the highest part. Peach trees on my ground have stood the winter as well as in the winter previous, and grape vines very much better. All fruits but peach appear promising. Yours, S. B. PECK. LETTER FROM JAMES D. HUSTED. LowELL, Mich., June 16th, 1873. GEN1TS:—In answer to the inquires contained in your circular, I make the following answers: No. 1. Our peach trees are not diseased. No. 2. The disease known as the “ Yellows” is not known here. No. 8. The varieties of peach having serrated leaves without glands are much more subject to attacks of mildew than glandular varieties, and as this mildew prevents the wood from maturing, the varieties of this class of trees are more liable to be injured by winter; then, diseases ee as a consequence, No. 10. No. No. 11. Clay loam, timbered openings. No. 12. Fifteen years. No. 13. The cold of last winter injured the tops of nearly all the peach trees in this section. One orchard, containing one thousand treees, seven’ years old, we cut back one-third of the top; all these trees are now making a vigorous growth; none lost, but no fruit. Another orchard, about in the same condi- tien, age and situation, not cut back, is bearing a light crop of peaches; none are killed, but the new wood is starting too much on the end of the branches, leaving the center of the trees thinly supplied with leaves. No. 14. On the 24th of December, at 8 o’clock A. M., the thermometer stood for a short time at 24° below zero, gradually rising to 16° below. At this point it stood nearly all day. Respectfully, JAMES D. HUSTED. THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 81 LETTER FROM S. L. MORRIS, HOLLAND, Mich., June 2, 1873. In reply to your inquiries relative to the peach and its affections in this vicinity, especially what is termed the Yellows in peach trees, I would state that this disease is unknown to horticulturists here. I have never had any experience with it,and hence I have no practical information to impart, having reference to the first seven questions asked. Regarding question No. 8, my experience and investigation have both taught me that trees having serrated leaves are very much more liable to mildew, and lose its crop, than glandular- leaved trees. 9th. I have never discovered in my own orchard any affection among gland- ular-leaved trees. 10th. Have never noticed this mildew until June; never before blossoming. 11th. Gravelly loam and sandy loam. 12th. Twelve years. 13th. I do not think the severity of the winter has injured the peach trees in this vicinity. 14th. January 28, 18° below zero, by librarian thermometer. An average crop is indicated in this part of the State. Very truly, S. L. MORRIS. REPORT NO. 2. READ AT THE MEETING OF THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY HELD AT SWEET'S HOTEL, GRAND RAPIDS, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 16, 1873. Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :—By request your committee made a partial report at the meeting of the society held at Kalamazoo on the 25th of June, giving a detailed account of their proceedings up to that date. Knowing as we did that it was impossible to make a reliable, final report without examin- ing the orchards, we decided to visit the peach orchards along the eastern border of Lake Michigan, and by careful examination be able to judge for our- selves whether the disease known as the Yellows had found its way into the peach orchards of that locality, and if it had, then to what extent had it attacked the trees; how came it there; and how shall we get rid of it. THE DEPARTURE. For this purpose we left Kalamazoo on the morning of July 30th for St. Joseph, where we arrived early that evening and made known our wishes to Mr. A. H. Morrison, who introduced us to Mr. Whittlesey and Mr. Drury, who very kindly volunteered themselves and a team to take us to any and all places we desired to visit at St. Joseph and Benton Harbor. We accepted the kind, generous offer, and arranged with them to start early on Thursday morning. AT ST. JOSEPH. On Thursday morning, in the midst of a rain storm, the above named gen- tlemen called for us according to agreement. In company with them we started out upon our mission. Our first stopping place was at the residence of Mr. 32 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Benjamin Williams, about one and a half miles south of St. Joseph. Six years ago this farm was a forest. Now, Mr. Williams has twenty acres planted with peach, apple and pear trees, grapes, blackberries; raspberries and strawberries. A few of his young peach trees showed signs of disease, otherwise all his trees and vines, were very handsome, vigorous and healthy, the grape vines carrying full as much fruit as they ought to be permitted to ripen. During our peregrinations among the orchards we saw much to excite our admiration; a great deal that was highly interesting to ourselves, and some things, and methods of cultivation that would bear criticism. Thinking that some of the information gained by your committee upon this trip, relating not only to peach culture and the Yellows, but to the cultivation of other fruits, would not only be interesting, but of some practical value to members of this associaton, we will, in making this report, take a little broader ground than that named in the resolution under which we act, and not confine ourselves wholly to the subject of peaches. On Mr. Williams’ ground we saw a large patch of strawberry plants that were set last spring on new ground. They were set in hills about two and a half feet apart, each way, and had made a very strong and healthy growth. His place showed that much intelligent labor and care had been bestowed upon it, yet, with all his care and labor he had not succeeded in keeping the Yellows from his peach orchard, a few trees showing sigus of its presence. Heavy showers, falling at short inte1vals during the day, prevented us from examining the orchards so fully and minutely as we would have done had the day been pleasant. AT BENTON HARBOR. From Mr. Williams’ orchard we drove along the Lake Shore road‘two or three miles, then through cross-roads, and on to Benton Harbor, making occasional stops and noticing the apple, pear, and peach orchards and the vineyards on either hand. Here and there an orchard showed neglect; in some, the land seemed to be greatly overtaxed, for besides the rows of apple trees with peach trees alternating with the apple, there was a row of peach trees, pretty closely set, between the rows of apple trees, and the spaces filled with small fruits of some kind ; thus, instead of giving the peach trees the whole benefit of the strength of the soil, they were permitted to avail themselves of but a small portion of it. Mr. Whittlesey has a ten-acre lot in Benton Harbor in which he set apple and peach trees, in 1861. All these trees are healthy and in fine condition. The ground is kept in good tilth, clear from weeds, and nothing is permitted to grow among the apple and peach trees. ‘The apple trees were heavily laden with fruit. ‘The peach trees had been injured some by the severe cold of the past winter, but the branches were cut back in-the spring, and at the time of our visit they had formed handsome heads and were growing vigorously; but, in common with the peach trees of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, they were destitute of fruit. Adjoining the orchard of Mr. Whittlesey is the home of Mr. H. F. White. His trees were in good condition ; we did not find any Yellows among them. At this place we found a large plantation of blackberries. Among them were several rows of the “Snyder.” ‘This is a new variety; a very strong, upright, robust-growing plant; very hardy, and exceedingly prolific ; the long racemes of fruit standing so high above the foliage as to attract the attention of the most casual observer. , In passing along among the peach orchards of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. ‘33 we noticed indications of the Yellows at several points. One orchard, not far from Heath’s Corners, was noticed as being apparently neglected, and showing signs of the Yellows upon several trees. At about 2 P. M. we took leave of our kind friends at St. Joseph, and took passage on a freight train for the Grand Junction, where we remained over night. AT SOUTH, HAVEN. On Friday morning, August 1st, we went to South Haven, dined, then took a team, drove to Mr. A. 8. Dyckman’s house and pressed him into the service to act as pilot for the remainder of the day. Our first call was at the orchard of Mr. Daniel P. Pierce. Here we found apple and pear trees in fine condition ; no signsof Yellows in his peach orchard, but we noticed the gum exuding from the trunk and branches of some of the trees. Upon examination we found that the larva of a small black beetle was the cause of it. We cut into one tree that had been sadly bored into by these little objects and found the small yellowish white worms, and the parent in the shape of a very small black beetle. We also saw indications of this borer in some of the peach trees at St. Joseph. The larva of this little beetle is a hard-working borer; it makes its way rapidly to the heart of the tree, and if not checked in its work will soon be productive of much injury to the peach trees. Our next call was on Mr. John Williams. Here we had an opportunity of examining his “ Fruit Dryer” in operation, drying berries. It seems to be an inexpensive and easily managed arrangement, worthy the attention of fruit growers. We examined several orchards in the vicinity of Mr. Williams’ place, but did not find any indications of the Yellows. We then drove to Mr. Bidwell’s farm, situated on a high bank on the border of Lake Michigan ; a belt of hemlock and other trees being left as a protection to the orchard from the winds from the Lake. Mr. Bidwell being from home, we made but a short stop in his orchard. We noticed here a large number of very handsome pear trees in full bearing. His little orchard of fig trees was thrifty and showing some fruit. A few of his peach trees were winter-killed, others were in good condition, making strong and healthy growth. A small peach orchard adjoining Mr. Bidwell on the south needed some attention,—many of the trees were winter killed. We did not discover any Yellows here. In a small peach orchard adjoining Mr. Bidwell’s on the north we found a tree of “ Hale’s Early” full of fruit not more than two-thirds grown, but of a very dark purple color, and nearly ripe. Upon close examination we found that the Yellows had taken full possession of this tree, and three or four others that stood nearit. This orchard is protected on the west by trees, and a high, tight board fence. We then proceeded to the orchard of Mr. A. 8S. Dykeman. Here we found an orchard of thirty acres, and about thirty-five hundred peach trees, besides apple and pear trees, and an extensive vineyard. Although this peach orchard had been thinned of more than half its fruit, the branches were bending under the weight of the crop. The ground is kept well tilled, and no extra objects, not even weeds, are permitted to grow on the land; all the sustenance it con- tains is given to the trees, and the trees are generous in the return they make for the food, culture and care given them. A few trees that stood on an 5 34 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. exposed knoll, where the snow blew off from the roots, were winter-killed. These trees leaved out, blossomed, and set their fruit as full as any trees in the orchard, but soon after the fruit had set the trees began to fail, and soon died. Upon examination it was found that the trees were dead at the root, while alive at the top. A microscopic examination of the wood of the root and the trunk showed that the tissues of the root were burst and the sap was lying around loose, while the tissues of the trunk were whole and filled with hard- ened sap. The theory the committee adopted with regard to these trees, and others noticed by them in other orchards, that had died under similar circumstances, was, that the wood of the trees above ground was well ripened and in good condition to withstand the severe cold, while the warmth of the earth had kept the sap in the roots in a liquid state until the sudden and intense cold caused it to burst the tissues, thus killing the roots. As the spring opened the sap stored up in the upper part of the trees began to circulate, doing what it could to produce a vigorous growth by opening the leaf and blossom buds and showing fruit, but the supply of nutriment being cut off by the bursting of the woody tissues of the root, death to the whole tree was the ultimate con- sequence. On Saturday morning, August 2d, Mr. I. 5. Linderman took us to examine various peach orchards, among them was one of his own that he had recently purchased and had not examined sufficiently to know the varieties of trees that it contained and their condition. Upon a slight examination of this orchard we found one tree that was showing strong indications of an attack of the Yellows. Mr. Linderman would give this orchard an immediate and thorough examination and destroy every tree that showed any appearance of having been attacked by the Yellows. We then drove to Mr. Griffin’s orchard that extended quite to the lake. A large number of trees in this orchard that were exposed to the wind from the lake were winter kiiled. The part of his orchard that was protected on the south by a dense forest was uninjured. The grapes in Mr. Griffin’s vineyard were in fine condition. Adjoining this orchard on the north is the orchard of Mr. Penniman. It is protected on the west and north by a belt of hemlock trees that have been preserved between it and the lake. This belt of timber seems to have preserved this orchard from the sad effects of the cold and the winds that had so greatly damaged Mr. Griffin’s orchard. Mr. Penniman’s peach trees were growing thriftily, and all looked healthy with the exception of two trees. One of these was a “ Hale’s Karly,” that had ripened its fruit prematurely. The fruit had been gathered with the exception of a few specimens that still remained on the tree. These specimens were not more than half grown, were nearly covered with dark purple spots, that affected not only the skin, but the flesh also. The taste was insipid and quite unlike a healthy specimen of “ Hale’s Early.” This appearance of the fruit was caused by the Yellows. One other tree, not in fruit, showed unmistakable signs of disease. Mr. Penniman assured us that within twelve hours from that time these two trees would be taken up and destroyed. If all who find indications of the Yellows in their orchards would act with the same decision, promptitude and energy, a step in the right direc- tion would be taken and a great point gained. From this orchard Mr. Linderman took us to his own home, where we saw a beautiful, thrifty peach orchard, with but little or no fruit. It has been the custom of Mr. Linderman, in common with many others, to hill up his trees THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 35 with earth in the spring to protect them from injury by the peach tree borer, (aegeria exitiosa), and towards autumn to level the mound to permit the bark at the surface of the earth to harden for the better protection of the trees during winter, then, just before winter sets in to cover the roots and the lower part of the trunk. Last fall he leveled the mounds and uncovered a portion of the roots as usual, but before he had time to cover them the cold weather came on, froze the earth, and upon exposed situations killed several trees. The trees not killed are in a flourishing condition. AT FRUITPORT, SPRING LAKE, AND GRAND HAVEN. On Saturday afternoon we took cars for Fruitport. From there we went by steamer down Spring Lake to Grand Haven. At Grand Haven we called at the farm of Mr. T. E. Gidley, well-known for many years as a successful farmer and fruit grower in Jackson county. Not finding Mr. Gidley at home we took a stroll through a part of his orchard and vineyard, particularly that part lying between his house and the lake; here he has an orchard of handsome, healthy, vigorous peach trees, not in bearing this year, but promise well for the next season. We went through an old apple and peach crchard that was planted many years since, we were informed, by Mr. Ferry, father of Col. and Senator Ferry, but now owned by Mr. Mansfield. The peach trees are very large, and prob- ably very large crops of peaches have been taken from them in former years, but they seem to be dying of old age. They have evidently seen their best days. We could not detect any evidence of the Yellows ever having been in this old orchard. We made a short call at the home of Mr. Clubb. He was absent on business connected with the State Pomological Society. He is making a beginning at a peach and apple orchard and a vineyard. On the afternoon of August 5th we proceeded to the pleasant little village of Spring Lake. Here we met Mr. Savidge, of the firm of Cutler & Savidge, who introduced us to his partner, Mr. Cutler, and other gentlemen. He then fur- nished us with means to cross Spring Lake to the farm of Mr. Hezekiah G. Smith, a colored man and namesake of a member of our committee. We were informed that Mr. Smith was the first successful peach grower on the borders of this Lake. Some of his peach trees are very old, and show signs of decay. At this place some of the large limbs of these old trees split down the previous summer, and they were permitted to remain still attached to the trees but reclining upon the ground; these limbs were loaded with good-sized, healthy fruit, while the upright portions of the trees had no fruit. His younger peach trees were in good growing condition, but not showing much fruit. His apple orchard was in good condition. After spending an hour or two with Mr. Smith we returned to the village. After tea Mr. Savidge took us in his carriage to the farm of Mr. R. D. Waters. This is a new place, pleasantly situated on the south bank of Spring Lake, and about midway between Spring Lake village and Fruitport. Mr. Waters has a young peach orchard situated on high, rolling ground; it seems to be healthy and doing well. On our return towards the village, we stopped at the home of Mr. Thomas Petty. T’o look upon this beautiful orchard and vineyard was a rich treat. His sixteen hundred peach trees are of uniform shape and size, and uniformly healthy and vigorous, but not in bearing. From the vicinity of his house the land rises gradually to the east line of his premises. Standing near the dwell- — 86 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ing and looking eastward over the long lines of grape-covered trellises, the ground so well tilled and so clean, the vines all tied up and filled with fruit, the gentle rise of the ground giving us a view of the many acres at once was one of the most beautiful sights we saw during our very pleasant trip. From Mr. Petty’s place we returned to the hotel, and by invitation joined a yery pleasant little party for the evening. The evening of August 6th we spent, in company with Mr. Savidge, in visiting and examining the orchards in the vicinity of Spring Lake village. On our way we passed an old peach orchard that was planted by Deacon Lovell. The trees were purchased in 185- of Mr. Lay, of Ypsilanti. ‘They have borne large crops for many years in succession, but they now show signs of decay from old age. After dining with Mr. Savidge we took a small steamboat and crossed the lake to the farm of Mr. Lyman Hall. We met Mr. Hall on the steamer; and: at his dock, as the steamer stopped, we met Mr. Waters waiting with his boat to take us to as many places on the borders of the lake as we desired to visit. From Mr. Hall’s we went to the farm of Mr. Theogore Curtis. At these two places we saw some very handsome peach orchards, and good farming. We then crossed the lake and examined the orchards of Mr. J. B. Soule, and Mr. A. L. Soule, and the young peach and pear orchards of Messrs. Charles and Edward Curtis. All these orchards are in excellent condition, the trees are in good shape, and the ground is well tilled. We examined orchards on both sides of Spring Lake very thoroughly and carefully, but failed to find any indications of the Yellows. From the Curtis farm we found our way by walking and boating to the Pomona House at Fruitport; Mr. Waters rowing the boat from place to place, while Mr. Hall piloted us from orchard to orchard. AT MUSKEGON. After tea at the Pomona House we took cars for Muskegon. Upon our arrival there we called on Mr. Whitney, who showed us through his green- house and garden. On the morning of August 7th we crossed Lake Muskegon and called on Mr. B. Moulton, who has a large and very fine peach orchard and vineyard, situated on a point of land between Muskegon and Bear Lakes, and about four miles inland from Lake Michigan. His peach trees are healthy and vigorous. He has no peaches this year, but a fine show of grapes and blackberries. AT PENTWATER. In the evening we went to Pentwater. Here our trip northward terminated. We met Mr. Alexander Pettinger at Shelby, Oceana county. At this point he has a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, on which he has an apple, pear and peach orchard. On peach trees that are seventeen years old there is con- siderable fruit, while on his younger trees there is none. The Yellows is not known at this point. CONCLUDING REMARKS, In view of all the research, examination of trees, modes of cultivation, and the general and special observation made by your committee, they feel inclined merely to present the facts that have come under their observation as stated in the report, and there leave the subject to be discussed by the Society. They think that the large mass of facts and information elicited from peach growers, THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 37 added to their own observations and placed before you in this report, will serve to direct your attention toa careful study of the peach tree, and diseases to which it seems peculiarly liable. As above stated, your committee found the Yellows had attacked peach trees in some of the orchards at St. Joseph, Benton Harbor and South Haven, but at no point north of Sonth Haven. Their observations lead them to the conclusion that the primary cause of the Yellows is a weakening of the trees by overtaxing the soil, thus depriving them of a large portion of the sustenance they should receive from the earth ; -then allowing them to ripen large crops of fruit for several years in succession, thus reducing their strength and ability to resist disease. With regard to the Fungus theory your committee do not think it the original cause of the disease, but where it occurs it is the result of the weaken- ing process that has been going on, placing the trees in a condition for a fungus, as it alights upon them, to strike root and grow. As a general thing fungi do not fasten to and grow upon perfectly healthy objects, but upon debilitated, enfeebled, diseased, or dead objects. Mr. M. C. Cook, of England, probably the highest authority upon the subject of fungi, in his book entitled « An Introduction to the Study of Microscopic Fungi,” says: “It is possible that the granular fluid contents of the spores may be absorbed by the plant, and as a result of this absorption, become innoculated with the virus, which at length breaks out in fungoid growths. Much has been done to elucidate this mystery of innoculation, but much also remains a mystery still. There is no doubt that the innoculation takes place at an early age, probably in the seeds of many plants; in others it may be conveyed with the moisture to the roots ; but the spores themselves have certainly not yet been traced traversing the lissues of growing plants.” Your committee have no doubt but that the disease called the Yellows, whatever it may be, may be reproduced by planting pits taken from the fruit of diseased trees. ‘The disease will, we think, sooner or later be developed in trees thus produced, no matter on what soil they are grown, or how well they are cared for. It has been noticed, and often stated, that in one season one tree only in an orchard will show the Yellows; the next season another tree in the same orchard, standing at quite a distance from the first one affected, will be de- stroyed by the same disease, while trees standing near the first named show no signs of disease. This is used as an argument against the theory that the disease is contagious, but it may be an argument in favor of the doctrine that the diseased trees were infected by being grown from diseased pits or diseased buds, while the other trees were not so produced. Your committee would recommend to orchardists to destroy every peach tree on their premises that shows signs of being infected with the Yellows, and not to raise stocks from seeds of diseased trees, or to bud their stocks with buds taken from diseased trees, or to purchase trees from a district where the disease is known to prevail. All of which is respectfully submitted. . J. C. HOLMES, H. G. WELLS, 5. O. KNAEE Committee. 38 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. THE YELLOWS. BY A. J. DOWNING, IN 1845, AS PUBLISHED IN DOWNING’S FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES OF AMERICA. NewsureG, NEw York, April 24, 1873. J. P. THompson,—You are at liberty to publish any thing you wish in rela- tion to the peach, in Downing’s new edition, but you will see by a foot-note that I do not agree with my brother and many others, that a thrifty, healthy tree will not take the Yellows, because I have known of many of the most vig- orous and healthy trees to take it and die; and not only once, but at various times. ar: I dd not mean to say, however, that they will take it as readily as those that are not vigorous or weakened by overbearing and poor cultivation. The only remedy that I know of, or rather a preventive, is to go over the orchard in August, or when they are in bearing, and remove those that show the least sign of the disease, or, mark them to be taken out at leisure, or before winter sets in. My experience here is—I do not know how it is elsewhere—that the disease comes periodically of about 15 to 20 years, and continues three or four years, or longer, if means are not used to stop it. It is a singular disease, and as yet. has not been satisfactorily accounted for. They do not have it in Hurope, neither south of the Potomac in this country, that I am aware of, and yet trees at the south overbear and are neglected as well as at the north and west. I recollect many years since a friend of mine, who believed the disease was in the stock only, imported 100 trees from France, but in two years one-third had the Yellows, and the remainder died with it the third or fourth year. With care and attention much can be done to eradicate the disease. Wishing you success in your undertaking, I remain Very respectfully, CHAS. DOWNING. THE YELLOWS. This most serious malady seems to belong exclusively to this country, and to attack only the peach-tree. Although it has been the greatest enemy of the peach-planter for the last thirty years,—rendering the life of the tree uncertain, and frequently spreading over and destroying the orchards of whole districts,— still little is known of its nature, and nothing with certainty of its cause. Many slight observers have confounded it with the effects of the peach-borer, but all persons who have carefully examined it know that the two are totally distinct. Trees may frequently be attacked by both the Yellows and the borer, but hundreds die of the Yellows when the most minute inspection of the roots and branches can discover no insect or visible cause. Still we believe proper cultivation will entirely rid our gardens and orchards of this malady ; and this belief is in part borne out by experiments under our own inspection. . In order to combat it successfully, it is necessary that the symptoms should be clearly understood. SYMPTOMS. The Yellows appear to be a constituticnal disease, no external cause haying yet been assigned for it. Its infallible symptoms are the following :— 1. The production upon the branches of very slender, wiry shoots, a few inches long, and bearing starved diminutive leayes. ‘These shoots are not pro- THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 39 truded from the extremities, but from latent buds on the main portions of the stem and larger branches. The leaves are very narrow and small, quite distinct from those of the natural size, and are either pale yellow or destitute of color. 2. The premature ripening of the fruit. This takes place from two to four weeks earlier than the proper season. ‘The first season of the disease it grows nearly to its natural size; the following season it is not more than half ora fourth of that size; but it is always marked externally (whatever may be the natural color) with specks and large spots of purplish red. Internally the flesh is more deeply colored, especially around the stone, than in the natural state. Hither of the foregoing symptoms (and sometimes the second appears a season in advance of the first) are undeniable signs of the Yellows, and they are not produced by the attacks of the worm, or other malady. We may add to them the following additional remarks :—- It is established beyond question, that the Yellows can always be propagated by budding or grafting from a diseased tree; that the stock, whether peach or almond, also takes the disease, and finally perishes; and that the seeds of the diseased trees produce young trees in which the Yellows sooner or later breaks out. ‘To this we may add that the peach, budded on the plum or apricot, is also known to die with the Yellows. Very frequently only a single branch, or one side of a tree, will be affected the first season. But the next year it invariably spreads through its whole system. Frequently trees badly affected will die the next year. But usually it will last, growing more and more feeble every year, for several seasons. The roots, on digging up the trees, do not appear in the least diseased. The soil does not appear materially to increase or lessen the liability to the Yellows, though it first originated, and is most destructive, in light, warm, sandy soils. Lastly, it the nearly universal opinion of all orchardists that the Yellows is a contagious disease, spreading gradually, but certainly, from tree to tree through whole orchards. It was conjectured by the late William Prince that this takes place when the trees are in blossom, the contagion being carried from tree to tree in the pollen by bees and the wind. This view is a question- able one, and it is rendered more doubtful by the fact that experiments have been made by dusting the pollen of diseased trees upon the blossoms of healthy ones without communicating the Yellows. We consider the contagious nature of this malady an unsettled point. Theo- retically, we are disinclined to believe it, as we know nothing analogous to it in the vegetable kingdom. But on the other hand it would appear to be prac- tically true, and for all practical purposes we would base our adyice upon the supposition that the disease is contagious. For it is only in those parts of the Atlantic States where every vestige of a tree showing the Yellows is immediately destroyed, that we have seen a return of the normal health and longevity of the tree.* * The following extract from some remarks on the Yellows by that careful observer, Noyes Darling, Esq., of New Haven, Ct., we recommend as worthy the attention of those who think the disease contagious. They do not seem to indicate that the disease spreads from a given point of contagion, but breaks out in spots. It is clear to our mind that in this, and hundreds of other similar cases, the disease was inherent in the trees, they being the seedlings of diseased parents. ““When the disease commences in a garden or orchard containing a considerable number of trees, it does not attack all at once. It breaks out in patches wiich are progressively enlarged, till eventually all the trees become victims to the malady. Thus, in an orchard of two and a half acres, all the trees were healthy in 1827. The next year two trees on the west side of the orchard, within a rod of each other, took the Yellows. In 1829, six trees on the east side of the orchard were attacked; five of them standing within a circle of four rods diameter. A similar fact is now apparent in my neighborhood. A fine lot of 200 young trees, last year in perfect health, now show disease in two spots near the opposite ends of the lot, having exactly six diseased trees in each patch contiguous to eack other; while all the other trees are free from any marks of disease.”’— Cultivator. 40. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. CAUSE OF THE YELLOWS. No writer has yet ventured to assign a theory, supported by any facts, which would explain the cause of this malady. We therefore advance our opinion with some diffidence, but yet not without much confidence in its truth. We believe the malady called the Yellows to be a constitutional taint exist- ing in many American varieties of the peach, and produced, in the first place, by bad cultivation and the consequent exhaustion arising from successive over- crops. Afterwards it has been established and perpetuated by sowing the seeds of the enfeebled tree, either to obtain varieties or for stocks. Let us look for a moment into the history of the peach culture in the United States. For almost a hundred years after this tree was introduced into this country it was largely cultivated, especially in Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey, as we have already stated, in perfect freedom from such disease, and with the least possible care. The great natural fertility of the soil was unex- hausted, and the land occupied by orchards was seldom or never cropped. Most of the soil of these States, however, though at first naturally rich, was light and sandy, and in course of time became comparatively exhausted. The peach-tree, always productive to an excess in this climate, in the impoverished soil was no longer able to recruit its energies by annual growth, and gradually became more and more enfeebled and short-lived. About 1800, or a few years before, attention was attracted in the neighborhood of Philadelphia to the sudden decay and death of the orchards without apparent cause. From Phila- delphia and Delaware the disease gradually extended to New Jersey, where, in 1814, it was so prevalent as to destroy a considerable part of all the orchards. About three or four years later it appeared on the banks of the Hudson (or from 1812 to 1815), gradually and slowly extending northward and westward to the remainder of the State. Its progress to Connecticut was taking place at the same time, a few trees here and there showing the disease, until it became well known (though not yet generally prevalent) throughout most of the warmer parts of New England. It should be here remarked, that though the disease had been considerably noticed in Maryland and the Middle States previously, yet it was by no means general until about the close of the war of 1812. At this time wheat and other grain crops bore very high prices, and the failing fertility of the peach orchard soils of those States was suddenly still more lowered by a heavy system of crop- ping between the trees without returning anything to the soil. Still the peach was planted, produced a few heavy crops, and declined from sheer feebleness and want of sustenance. As it was the custom with many orchardists to raise their own seedling trees, and as almost all nurserymen gathered the stones indiscriminately for stocks, it is evident that the constitutional debility of the parent trees would naturally be inherited to a greater or Jess degree by the seedlings. Still the system of allowing the tree to exhaust itself by heavy and repeated crops in a light soil was adhered to, and generation after generation of seedlings, each more enfeebled than the former, at last produced a com- pletely sickly and feeble stock of peach-trees in those districts. The great abundance of this fruit caused it to find its way more or less into all the markets on the sea-coast. ‘The stones of the enfeebled Southern trees were thus carried north, and, being esteemed by mauy better than those of home growth, were everywhere more or less planted. They brought with them the enfeebled and tainted constitution derived from the parent stock. They reproduced almost always the same disease in the new soil ; and thus, little THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 41 by little, the Yellows spread from its original neighborhood, below Philadel- phia, to the whole northern and eastern sections of the Union. At this moment, 1845, it is slowly but gradually moving West; though the rich and deep soils of the western alluvial bottoms will, perhaps, for a considerable time, even without care, overpower the original taint of the trees and stones received from the Hast. Let us look a little more closely into the nature of this enfeebled state of the peach-tree which we call the Yellows. Every good gardener well knows that if he desires to raise a healthy and vigorous seedling plant, he must select the seed from a parent plant that is itself decidedly healthy. Lindley justly and concisely remarks: “ All seeds will not equally produce vigorous seedlings; but the healthiness of the new plant will correspond with that of the seed from which it sprang. For this reason it is not sufficient to sow a seed to obtain a given plant ; but in all cases, when any importance is attached to the result, the plumpest and healthiest seeds should be selected, if the greatest vigor is required in the seedling, and feeble or less perfectly formed seeds, when it is desirable to check natural luxuriance.”* Again, Dr. Van Mons, whose experience in raising seedling fruit trees was more extensive than that of any other man, declares it as his opinion that the more frequently a tree ig reproduced continuously from seed, the more feeble and short-lived is the seedling produced. Still more, we all know that certain peculiarities of constitution or habit can be propagated by grafting, by slips, and even by seeds. Thus the variegated foliage, which is a disease of some sort, is propagated forever by budding, and the disposition to mildew of some kinds of peaches is continued almost always in the seedlings. That the peach-tree is peculiarly constant in any constitu- tional variation, the Nectarine is a well-known proof. That fruit tree is only an accidental variety of the peach, and yet it is continually reproduced with a smooth skin from seed. Is it not evident, from these premises, that the constant sowing of the seeds of an enfeebled stock of peaches would naturally produce a sickly and diseased race of trees? The seedlings will at first often appear healthy, when the parent had been only partially diseased, but the malady will sooner or later show itself, and especially when the tree is allowed to produce an over crop. That poor soil and over-bearing will produce great debility in any fruit tree, is too evident to need much illustration. Even the apple, that hardiest orchard tree, requires a whole year to recover from the exhaustion of its powers caused by a full crop. The great natural luxuriance of the peach enables it to lay in new fruit-buds while the branches are still loaded with fruit, and thus, except in strong soil, if left to itself, it is soon enfeebled. There are some facts in our every day observation which may be adduced in proof of this theory. In the first place, the varieties of this tree always most subject to this disease are the yellow peaches ; and they, it is well known, also produce the heaviest crops. More than nine-tenths of the victims, when the disease first appeared, were the yellow-fleshed peaches. On the other hand, the white-fleshed kinds (those white and red externally) are much more rarely attacked; in some parts of the country never. They are generally less vigorous, and bear more moderate crops. And it is well worth remarking that ® Theory of Horticulture. 6 42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. certain fine old sorts, the ends of the branches of which have a peculiar mil- dewed appearance (such as the old Red Rareripe, the Early Anne, etc.), which seems to check the growth without impairing the health, are rarely, if ever, attacked by the Yellows. Slow growing and moderately productive sorts, like the Nutmeg peaches, are almost entirely exempt. We know an orchard in the adjoining county where every tree has gradually died with the Yellows, except one tree which stood in the center. It is the Red Nutmeg, and is still in full vigor. It is certainly true that these sorts often decay and suddenly die, but we believe chiefly from the neglect which allows them to fall a prey to the peach-borer. Indeed the frequency with which the borer has been confounded with the Yellows by ignorant observers, renders it much more difficult to arrive at any correct conclusions respecting the contagious nature of the latter disease.* It may be said, in objection to these views, that a disease which is only an enfeeblement of the constitution of a tree, would not be sufficient to alter so much its whole nature and duration as the Yellows has done that of the peach. The answer to this is, that the debility produced in a single generation of trees probably would not have led to such effects, nor to any settled form of constitu- tional disease. But it must be borne in mind that the same bad management is to a great extent going on to this day, the whole country over. Every year, in the month of August, the season of early peaches, thousands of bushels of fruit, showing the infallible symptoms of the Yellows,—a spotted skin, etc..— are exposed and sold in the markets. LHyery year more or less of the stones of these peaches are planted, to produce, in their turn, a generation of diseased trees, and every successive generation is eyen more feeble and sickly than the last! Even in the North, so feeble has the stock become in many places, that an excessive crop of fine fruit is but too frequently followed by the Yellows. In this total absence of proper care in the selection both of the seed and the trees, followed by equal negligence of good cultivation, is it surprising that the peach has become a tree comparatively difficult to preserve, and proverbially short-lived ? Abroad, it is well known that the peach is always subjected to a regular system of pruning, and is never allowed to produce an over crop. It is nota little singular, both that the Yellows should never have originated there, and that, notwithstanding the great number of American varieties of this fruit that have been repeatedly sent to England and are now growing there, the disease has never extended itself, or been communicated to other trees, or even been recognized by English or French horticulturists. We must confess these facts appear to us strong proofs in favor of our opinion as to the nature and origin of the malady. REMEDY FOR THE YELLOWS. It may seem to many persons a difficult task to rid ourselves of so wide- spread a malady as this, yet we are confident that a little perseverance and care will certainly accomplish it. In the present uncertainty with regard to its contagious nature, it is much the wisest to reject “the benefit of the doubt,” and act upon the principle that it is so. We know at the present moment several gardens where the trees are maintained in good health by immediately rooting out and destroying every tree as soon as it shows marked symptoms of the malady. * All knowledge relating to the Yellows appears to us as much in obscurity as when this was written. Tn our experience no one variety seems more lable to be attacked than another, the most vigorous trees being as often affected as those of moderate growth.—C. D. THE DISEASES OF THE PEACH TREE. 43 1. We would therefore commence by exterminating, root and branch, every tree which has the Yellows. And another tree should not be planted in the same spot without a lapse of several years, or a thorough removal of the soil. 2. The utmost care should be taken to select seeds for planting from per- fectly healthy trees. Nurserymen, to secure this, should gather them from the latest ripening varieties, or procure them from districts of the country where the disease is not known. 3. So far we have aimed only at procuring a healthy stock of trees. The most important matter remains to be stated—how to preserve them in a healthy state. The answer to this is emphatically as follows: pursue steadily, from the Jirst bearing year, the shortening-in system of pruning already explained. This will at once secure your trees against the possibility of over-bearing and its. consequences, and maintain them in vigor and productiveness for a long time.* It will, in short, effectually prevent the Yellows where it does not already exist in the tree. To whoever will follow these precautions, pursue this mode of cultivation, and adopt at the same time the remedy for the borer already sug- gested, we will confidently insure healthy, vigorous, long-lived trees, and the finest fruit. Will any reasonable man say that so fine a fruit as the peach does not fully merit them ? Whether the system of shortening-in and careful culture will prevent the breaking out of the Yellows, when constitutionally d/atent in the tree, we will not yet undertake to say. In slight cases of the disease we believe that it may. Of one thing, however, we are certain: it has hitherto failed entirely to reclaim trees in which the malady had once broken out. Neither do we know of any well-attested case of its cure, after this stage, by any means whatever. Such cases have indeed been reported to us, and published in the journals, but, when investigated, they have proved to be trees suffering by the effects of the dorer only. A planter of peach trees must, even with care, expect to see a few cases of Yellows occasionally appear. The malady is too widely extended to be immedi- ately vanquished. Occasionally trees having the constitutional taint will show themselves where least suspected; but when the peach is once properly culti- vated these will every day become more rare, until the original health and longevity of this fruit tree is again established. * The following remarks, directly in point, are from Loudon’s last work: ‘The effect of shortening the shoots of the peach is not merely to throw more sap into the fruit, but to add vigor to the tree generally by increasing the power of the roots relatively to the branches. The peach being a short-lived tree, 2¢ has been. justly remarked by Mr. Thompson, were it allowed to expend ail its accumulated sap every year, it would soon exhaust itself and die of old age.” —Suburban Horticulturist. CHERRIES. AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF STRAWBER- RIES AND CHERRIES, HELD AT KALAMAZOO, JUNE 25, 1873. BY HENRY S. CLUBB. Mr. President and Fellow Members of the Pomological Society : At the first exhibition of strawberries and cherries held by the State Pomo- logical Society, June 16th, 1870, by invitation I made some remarks on “* Strawberries and Cherries,” which were honored with a permanent record in the proceedings of this Society, more, I presume, for the sake of completing a history of the early struggles and feeble efforts of the Society than on account of any intrinsic merits. My audience on that occasion was small in numbers, but as results have since proved, great in energy, in zeal, perseverance and in all those high qualities of noble manhood which insure success. Although cherries were included in the subject of that early essay, they were given a secondary place, and time failed me in doing justice to that pendent, Juscious and beautiful little globe, so rich in color, delicate in flavor, and so fraught with health-giving blessings, which we denominate “ the cherry.” For this reason, I presume, I have been assigned cherries as a subject for the present meeting by your committee. I cannot say my experience is as great in the cultivation of cherries as in that of strawberries; one reason is cherries need but little cultivation. I claimed for the strawberry that it is emphatically “the poor man’s fruit,” because a good crop can be gathered within ten months of planting. The cherry, althongh longer in coming into bearing. requires so little outlay for labor and is so sure’a crop, in this climate, that no fruit-grower should think of planting a fruit farm without planting a good proportion of cherries, because while peaches, pears, plums, and even apples sometimes fail, the common Morrello cherry, and probably some other varieties, when once in bearing, becomes as reliable as the commonest farm crop. VALUE OF THE CHERRY. The season of the year when the cherry is ready for market greatly enhances its value as a market fruit, and indeed as a family fruit. Itis the first tree of fruit that ripens in this climate, and for cooking it has positively no successful rival among the small fresh fruits of this season of the year. But the value of the cherry as a fruit for domestic use, as an article of food, ~ CHERRIES. 45 and consequently for market purposes, although great, is perhaps only exceeded by its great value medicinally. In our climate, notwithstanding its salubrious character, persons are some- times affected with throat difficulties. Perhaps these difficulties are chiefly inherited from our more eastern progenitors, but from whatever cause, the difficulties exist. Our clergymen and others engaged in public life are especially liable to diseases of the throat and consumption, although these diseases are not so common as at the East. The cherry is admitted to be one of the best antidotes and perhaps the very best furnished by nature’s great laboratory. The “Cherry Pectoral” of a famous eastern physician has an immense demand, and it is owing to the efficiency of this antidote, which we may have so abundantly if we only take the necessary pains to raise cherries. If cherries were grown so plentifully as to become the daily food of the people, there would be little occasion for expensive “Cherry Pectoral;” the throat diseases would probably be prevented and the hereditary tendency in a great measure overcome. The demand for cherries in the season is always greater than the supply, and eyen when dried, the cherry commands several hundred per cent more per pound than any other dried fruit, not excepting the best imported fruits. This shows that there is an intrinsic value attached to the cherry which no other fruit is known to possess. Both its agreeable alimentary and its valuable medicinal properties, we presume, produce this demand and places this high price on the cherry of commerce. A recent invention for stoning cherries removes the only objection to this fruit as an article of great commercial value. VARIETIES. Of the twenty varieties of cherries mentioned in the appendix to the report of the Michigan State Pomological Society of 1871, only four or five have been proved profitable for market purposes in Western Michigan, so far as my - observation and experience extend. While I would not recommend the exten- sive planting of varieties that have not been proved profitable, it is not amiss to have a few of the choice kinds for experiment. It is, however, with cherries as with strawberries and some other fruits, the strong acid varieties are the most prolific, the surest bearers, and for market and domestic purposes, the most profitable. The choice, sweet cherries, although very desirable as table fruit, are not, in my experience, a very sure crop, and being subject to the depredations of the birds are seldom profitable, while the acid varieties are regularly good bearers, and, being almost free from the attacks of the birds and boys, generally remain on the tree until gathered. When thoroughly ripe they are of very rich flavor. The Early Purple Guigne appears to have become the fayorite variety in the southern portion of Michigan’s fruit region, and its early and regular bearing, and its good flavor, renders it an excellent and profitable variety. Of the sweet cherries I presume it is the best that can be cultivated profitably in this region of the State, so far as ascertained. The Early White Heart is a small sweet cherry, valuable for its earliness, but not desirable for extensive planting on account of its smallness. Kirtland’s Morrello is a short stocked variety, but I have failed to discover any superiority in it over the common Morrello. In fact I do not find it as sure a bearer. One objection to it is the smallness of its leaves, a serious defeet in a climate subject to early, scorching sun. The fruit forms before the leaves 46 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. protect it, and the sun scorches the fruit, stunting its growth and causing a loss of a large portion of the crop. One advantage of the Morrello cherry over all others, I think, is its adapt- ability to a northern aspect. It will flourish in almost perpetual shade and can be planted on the north side of a hill, wall, house or barn with decided advan- tage. Mr. R. F. Elliott, of Cleveland, in the Report of the Department of Agricult- ure for 1867, describes several varieties of cherries not mentioned in the list of our Society just referred to. Of these the Kirtland just mentioned is one, and the Arch Duke another. The latter he describes as the best of the two Duke cherries. I presume the Late Duke mentioned in the Society’s list may be the same variety, but Mr. Elliott claims that as incorrect, as it bears early in July, and cannot be called a late variety. The Arch Duke is described as large, round, heart shaped; compressed; dark, shining red; stem long and slender ; flesh light red, slightly adhering to the pit; tender; sub-acid, rich and very good; tree vigorous, healthy; upright grower with long, broad, oval dark rich green foliage, slightly serrated, and the petioles a little bronzed. In sections where the more tender class of sweet cherries fails to succeed, this variety sup- plies a want and offers superior claims to cultivation. The true variety is somewhat rare, as the common Late Duke is often sold for it. From this ‘description I think the Arch Duke would be a very desirable variety for this region of country. Its dense foliage would aid very much in securing the per- fection of the fruit in our usually dry June season. If any present have this yariety, I would like to hear a report on it. The Ohio Beauty is another variety spoken of by Mr. Elliott, not mentioned in the Society’s list. It is described as large, round, obtuse, heart-shaped ; sometimes nearly round; suture slight; color yellow, light ground, mostly -overspread and somewhat marbled, with dark rich and pale red spots; stem - rather long and slender, and set in a deep open basin; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, delicate, with a rich, fine, sprightly flavor; pit small, oval; season last of June. Tree healthy, hardy, vigorous, rather a short-jointed grower, forming a round open headed tree; comes very early into bearing, and produces abundantly. Originated by Mr. V. P. Kirtland, of Ohio, in 1843. Mr. Elliott states that as far as he could learn, it has proved superior to the claim made for it by its originator. In no place that he could learn of has it ever shown any sign of disease, and it is reported as being grown successfully where the Black Tartarian and Elton have failed. I should judge from description that the Ohio Beauty would be a valuable acquisition to the varieties of the Mich- digan Lake Shore region, and recommend its trial. It is so large that it would, cas a light-colored cherry, be greatly preferred to the White Heart, and its leaf, although not so large as desirable, is perhaps sufficiently large for all necessary protection. Since preparing this essay I have had an opportunity of consulting Down- ing’s “ Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,” and find my views confirmed in several particulars. Mr. Downing insists on the position that the sour cherry is the surest crop: “The hardiest cherries are the Kentish (or Early Richmond), the Dukes and the Morellos. These succeed well at the farthest limits, both North and ‘South, in which the cherry can be raised, and when all other varieties fail, they may be depended on for regular crops.” CHERRIES. 47 THE CHERRY FOR CANNING. Mr. Downing says: “When canned they retain their character and are very delicious. The Dukes or Morellos are best for the purpose.” SOIL AND CLIMATE. The light sandy soil of our Lake Shore region appears to be peculiarly adapted to the cherry tree, and the cool climate of the Lake Shore is peculiarly a cherry atmosphere. I should prefer shade and protection from too much sun as a general thing for producing perfect cherries, as the slower in arriving at maturity, the larger and better is the fruit. The planting, pruning and cultivation of the cherry differ but little from those of the peach, and no special directions are needed to a society composed of peach-growers. ‘The cherry is so much at home in Michigan that nothing but ordinary care and culture are necessary, and no tree perhaps suffers so little from neglect as the cherry. It will grow on the roadside, on the lawn surrounded by grass, or anywhere where an ordinary maple tree will grow, and thrive as well. THE CHERRY FOR SHADE. For ornamental purposes and for shade, the cherry is superior to almost any other fruit-bearing tree. Its beautiful and graceful form; its early sheet of white blossoms coverning it as with a mantle of snow; its dense green foliage which soon follows the fall of the blossoms, and then its beautiful pendent fruit in red or jet clusters, nestled in delightful contrast with the emerald foliage, what can be more charming to the eye or more provocative of appetite ? Had the forbidden fruit been the cherry, I think Eve herself should be for- given for her transgression. What boy or girl can resist the temptation to take the cherry as it hangs in all its beauty and glory? The question of ownership is forgotten in the presence of a cherry tree laden with its rich and luscious ripe fruit. This very temptation is used as an argument against planting the cherry as a shade tree along our highways. Beauty so trans- cendant, as in the human form, should be its own protector. I would like to see cherry trees so common that there would be enough for boys and girls, birds and insects, and yet leave ample for profitable marketing. It may be asking too much of fruit-growers to plant for the good of the public, but as shade trees of maple and other forest trees are generally quite as costly as cherry trees, and no more easily grown, there seems no serious objection to planting the cherry for shade along our streets and highways, securing for them all’ the protection that law and police regulations can secure. The sour varieties, although almost as: beautiful, would be less liable to depredation than the sweet, and could be planted, I think, without fear of serious injury by boys.. They might be alternated with maples with very pretty effect. Mr. Downing’s views on this subject are expressed as follows : e “'The larger growing sorts of black cherry are the finest of all fruit trees for shade, and are, therefore, generally chosen by farmers, who are always desirous of combining the useful and the ornamental. Indeed, the cherry, from its symmetrical form, its rapid growth, its fine shade, and beautiful blossoms, is exceedingly well suited for a road-side tree in agricultural districts. We wish we could induce the planting of avenues of this and other fine-growing fruit trees in our country neighborhoods, as is the beautiful custom in Germany, 48 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. affording ornament anda grateful shade and refreshment to the traveller at the same moment. Mr. Loudon,in his Arboretum, gives the following account of the cherry avenues in Germany, which we gladly Jay before our readers :— “ssured —the Delaware. Diana is only recommended by this Society as a keeper,—a purpose for which its thick skin especially fits it. One of its prominent failings is a habit, on moist, rich, strong soil, of growing late, and failing to mature its wood; while, under these circumstances it is also usually unproductive, and liable to 62 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. winter-kill. On warm, dry. light soils it often produces even to excess, mak- ing growths of short jointed and fully matured wood. It can hardly be called an early grape, although it will be found sweet and comparatively palatable, even when but partially colored, and to those who do not object to its “ foxy” or as it is sometimes called “catty ” aroma, it will be found just tolerable. It is usually eatable as soon as the middle of September, but will continue to improve in quality till injured by severe frosts. THE CONCORD GRAPE. Was originated and introduced to the public by E. W. Bull, of Concord, Mass. It received its name from the place of its origin,—the town of Concord ; very near the spot so memorable in history as the Concord battle ground. The first extended notice of this grape appeared in Hovey’s Magazine of Horti- culture, for February, 1854, accompanied with a description and outline. It is described as follows: “ Bunch, large, long, neither compact nor loose, handsomely shouldered. Ber- ries, roundish, large, three-quarters of an inch in diameter, sometimes measur- ing an inch. Skin, thin, very dark, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh, very juicy, nearly or quite free from pulp. F/avor rich, saccharine and sprightly, with much of the delicious aroma of the Catawba. Vine, very vigorous, making strong wood. Leaves, very large, thick, strongly nerved, not much lobed, and woolly beneath.” Mr. Bull gives the following history of its origin: Some years previous to its origin he found a chance seedling growing upon his grounds, near a wall. As there were no wild grapes in the vicinity of his place he removed it to his garden, where he watched it with some care, and gave*it good cultivation. In a year or two it produced a few bunches of fruit, ripening as early as the iast of August, and remarkably sweet and free from the foxy flavor of the wild type. The idea at once occurred to him that another generation would be still a greater improvement, and a parcel of seeds was saved for planting. The Con- cord grape is the produce of these seeds. This grape was first disseminated in the spring of 1854; having first fruited four years previously. The vine from which sprang the seeds spoken of had been planted near a vine of Catawba; hence the producer infers that such seeds may have been the result of a natural hybridization with that variety. As arule, new varieties, at their first introduction, are over praised, and no doubt honestly over-estrmated, by their partial and usually enthusiastic intro- ducers; and we can hardly fail to discover, from the aboye description, that this variety is not to be considered an exception to the rule. Notwithstanding this over-estimation, the Concord has proved a valuable acquisition, and has served an important end in educating the taste of the masses to some degree of appreciation for a class of fruits, to which, without it, they would have been still, probably in a great degree, strangers. Possessed of extreme vigor and hardiness, such as suttices to enable it to bear with comparative impunity, the treatment meted out to it by a class of planters acting upon the idea, too com- mon with the great mass of our people, that a vine stuck in a hole, and the earth tramped about it, will thereafter be able to take care of itself,—this variety has been able, in defiance of such treatment, to give results such as have, in multitudes of cases, fairly won a degree of respect and appreciation, such as @ variety of better quality, but of less hardy constitution, could scarcely have secured. Coming out, as it did, almost contemporaneously with the Delaware, GRAPES. 63 it served as a means of educating the penchant of people for this fruit up to such a point as led to an appreciation for higher quality, and prepared them to accept the more laborious and pains-taking task of winning success with that and other finer but more exacting varieties. Althongh, from the first, our better informed and more discriminating fruit growers, were conscious that the Concord was lacking in high quality, and hence accepted it merely as filling a vacant place, till something more desirable should arise, and although numerous varieties, in some important particulars decidedly improved, have arisen to meet this deficiency; no one has yet been found capable of supplying the high quality desired, except at the sacrifice of more or less of the valuable points which have so strongly recommended this for general cultivation as a market variety. True the Delaware is to a consid- erable extent encroaching upon it in our markets, and also as a family fruit, and it is earnestly to be hoped that such encroachment will go on at an accel- erated rate; still for the great mass of ndn-appreciative growers, as well as buyers, we are compelled to fall back upon the Concord, and the more appro- priately so for the reason that it seems to be improved in quality, as we go south, and indeed in some localities, as in Missouri, it has come to assume the position of the leading wine grape. In Michigan it will usually ripen from the middle to the last of September. THE HARTFORD PROLIFIC sprang up as an accidental seedling in the garden of Raphio Steele and Son, of West Hartford, Connecticut, and first fruited about the year 1849. It was introduced to the public, and its history published in a letter to the Magazine of Horticulture, then published by C. M. Hovey at Boston, dated February 13th, 1852; written by Gurdon W. Russell, of Hartford, who stated that it had been upon the tables of the Hartford County Horticultural Society for three years, and that Mr. Steele had shown well-ripened specimens on the sixth of the previous September; at least two weeks before the ripening of the Isabella in that locality, and that this Society had conferred upon it the name Hartford Prolific. The letter of Mr. Russell closes with the following paragraphs: COL course it is not to take the place of the Isabella; the grape is yet to be, that will do that; but for certain localities it is, in our opinion, just the grape. In the mountain towns in this State, the Isabella does not ripen one year in four ; in some of them not at all. For those places this variety is to be recom- mended ; being early, and of good flavor, with very little foxiness, and infinitely - superior to the whole herd of wild grapes.” This is certainly a very commendably modest introduction, and is indeed one of the very few cases in which the introducer of a new candidate for public favor has failed to over-estimate it. It was shown, with a letter of introduction from the same gentleman at the session of the American Pomological Society held at Boston in September, 1854, where it elicited the following notice from the committee on native fruits: “ Bunch medium size, loose; berry medium size, round or nearly so. black; pulp large, sweet, juicy, with a strong foxy perfume; scarcely good. (Very early.) «W. D. BRINCKLE, Chairman.” It is described in the latest revised edition of Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America as follows: **Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact. Berry large, globular, with a 64 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. good deal of the native perfume. Skin thick, black, covered with a bloom. Flesh sweet, moderately juicy, with considerable toughness and acidity in its pulp. Ripe among the very earliest. An early variety for marketing, but too liable to drop its fruit from the bunch as soon as fully ripe. Hardy, vigorous, productive.” Coming to the notice of the public as this variety did, just at the dawning of the era of improvement in the native grape, it was placed in competition with Diana, which preceded it ;—with Concord, with which it was cotempor- aneous, and also with Delaware, which, in its long and doubtful struggle for popular appreciation, both preceded and followed it; to say nothing of Allen’s Hybrid, Rebecca, Crevelling and others, all of which’ were its superiors so far as mere quality is concerned, it never assumed the prominence of many of its competitors; and indeed its lack of high quality would long ago have con- signed it to the rejected list, but for its great beauty when upon the vine, together with its extreme earliness, 4nd the vigor and hardiness of the plant ; which enables it to meet the kind of management practiced by the great mass of planters, and also to fill a place as a market and family fruit for which it has, as yet, no proper competitor; although there are strong reasons to hope that ere long it will be compelled to step aside to make way for more worthy aspirants; and.hence it is doubtless wisdom on the part of planters to employ it but sparsely, as indeed they generally seem to be already doing. Ripens in Michigan about the first week in September. THE DELAWARE GRAPE. Probably no one of our native fruits presents a more interesting and insiruc- tive illustration of the slowness of the public mind to appreciate quality as distinguished from mere quantity in fruit, and of the struggle and ultimate ‘triumph of eminent merit over multiplex and varied difficulties than does the Delaware ; while it at the same time demonstrates how easily a gem of eminent worth may be hidden away for an indefinite period, waiting an appreciative eye (or taste) to spy out its real value, and thrust it forth to challenge the apprecia- tion of the world at large. This grape was first figured and described in the Horticulturist, then under the editorial management of P. Barry, of the Mount Hope Nurseries of Roch- ester, New York, in the November issue for the year 1853, from specimens furnished by the introducer, Mr. A. Thompson, of Delaware, Ohio, the place where it first attracted the attention of pomologists, and from which by com- mon consent it has derived its name. Mr. Barry in noticing it states that about three years before it had been sent to him from the Ohio Fruit Growers’ Convention, by M. B. Bateham then connected with the Ohio Cultivator; and it had doubtless, at, if not before that time, been noticed in the Ohio papers. Mr. Barry arrived at the con- clusion that it was an American grape; although the more common belief at that time was that it was a European,—either T'raminer or Red Resling.—the former being one of the most famous of the German wine grapes. This sup- position was strongly confirmed by the evidence of an old and intelligent vine- dresser, fresh from Germany, who thought it to be the Traminer. It was also for a time regarded as a foreign grape by the late Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, who had expended large sums of money in the futile effort to acclimate the European grape in America for wine purposes; and who, for that purpose, had tested almost all the accessible foreign varieties in his gronnds, meeting with utter failure in the attempt. GRAPES. 65 In connection with the outline of this fruit, Mr. Barry says: “The grape itself, as well as its history, is worthy of more attention. The bunch is small, very compact, sometimes shouldered. Berries small, round; skin, thin, of a coppery rose color; pulp, very little; flavor, sweet, but sprightly and pleasant.” It had, however, been brought to the notice of the Ohio Pomological Society by Mr. Thomson, in the autumn of 1851, and also noticed in an article pub- lished in the Ohio Cultivator in 1852. From the best information before the public the following seems to be an epitome of the history: Mr. Paul H. Provost, of Swiss descent, was compelled to emigrate to this country to escape political proscription, and settled at Frenchtown, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. It is claimed that he brought with him, or subsequently imported a collection of European grapes, which were planted in his garden at that place; and it is supposed that this was one of that collection, and hence the conclusion that it is a foreign variety. It is understood that such importation occurred probably more than half a century ago, from the fact that when this grape began to attract attention these vines had been so long dead that, with the exception of this one, they had been forgotten. Mr. A. G. M. Provost, a grandson of the former, (long since deceased) thinks his grand- father obtained this from Hare Powell, of Philadelphia, and states that they called it the Powell grape. A Mr. Ruff obtained this grape from Mr. Provost at a very early date, and others who had it from him called it, locally, the Ruff grape. Others whose vines are traceable to the original stock, knew it as the French grape. It is also claimed that there are persons yet living in Bucks County, Penn., who were acquainted with this grape as early as 1823; which is accounted for by the alleged fact that a Mr. Bergstrasser, of New Jersey, dis- seminated it somewhat extensively in the northern part of Bucks County, he having obtained his vines from Mr. Provost threugh a Mr. Canoa, also of New Jersey, he giving the name French Wine grape, because Mr. Provost was called a Frenchman. In the year 1841 Mr. Richard Warford, living some six miles from Delaware, Qhio, brought from Frenchtown, N. J., for his neighbor, Benjamin Heath, two vines of this variety, one of which Mr. Warford received for his trouble, and the other was planted by Mr. Heath; and from these two vines have sprung all the genuine Delawares that have been disseminated from that locality. These gentlemen received it under the name of Italian Wine grape, according to the statement of a Mr. Ott, writing to the Gardener’s Monthly. Fruit from these vines was offered for sale in the streets of Delaware, and thus attracted the attention of Mr. Thompson, through whose appreciation and that of George W. Campbell, also of that place, it was rescued from its protracted obscurity and sent forth to become, what it has proved in an important sense to be, the educator of the public taste to a higher appreciation of the possi- bilities to which in the process of the improvement of this fruit we may reason- ably aspire. For an age prior to the introduction of the improved native varieties of the grape, our pomologists, discouraged apparently by the fixedness of character of our natives, had directed their energies to the introduction and acclimation of the European grape (vitis vinifera). Beyond doubt millions of dollars in money and labor had been wasted in the hopeless effort, and discouraged at the utter failure in this direction, we were just beginning to see the dawning light of improvement shed upon us by the introduction of such varieties as 9 66 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Diana and Concord, with mysterious hints of others yet to come, when the Delaware was proposed to be added to the list. Possessed as it is with so many qualieties both of vine and fruit, apparently akin to the foreign, and coming before the public without pedigree or history, it is not surprising that many pomologists, warned by past failures, refused to accept it till cleared from the taint of alienism. The result was a thorough sifting of its history, and a wordy war of more than 20 years’ duration, carried on through the pages of the horticultural press, but nothing better than probabilities seem to have been arrived at as to the facts of its origin or parentage; and we would no doubt be to-day as far as ever from a conclusion, but for the fact that its opponents have failed to identify it with any known foreign variety, and that even more significant fact that it has, in the hands of thousands and even millions of cultivators, during this same period, been demonstrating its freedom from the peculiar vices of the alien stock from which its origin was alleged to be derived. It is not by any means an easy variety to propagate, and when it finally began to gain upon the confidence of the public, the demand for plants soon became so great, and was withal so persistent, that propagators were often com- pelled to resort to the use of weak and imperfectly ripened: wood for the pro- duction of plants, a process that could not but tell upon the health and hardi- ness of the plants so produced, and which beyond doubt contributed greatly to maintain in the minds of planters a doubt as to the ultimate success of the variety. . In spite of all these obstacles, however, it has steadily risen in the popular favor until it may truly be said of the Delaware among grapes as has long been said of the Seckel among pears: it is the standard by which the real excellence of other varieties is estimated. The following description is from Downing’s Revised Work on Fruits: “The precise origin of. this grape is not known. It is moderately vigorous in growth, with short-jointed wood, quite hardy, requires rich soil, open and well drained, to produce the finest fruit. One of our most, if not the most valuable sorts for general cultivation. Very productive. Bunch, small, very compact, and generally shouldered. Skin thin, of a beautiful light red, very translucent. It is without hardness or acidity in its pulp, exceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous, and aromatic. ‘The Delaware ripens in our climate from the first to the middle of September.” . ALLEN’S HYBRID. Is a grape originated by J. Fisk Allen, of Salem, Mass. The peculiarities of both foliage and fruit are such as strongly to indicate that this is really what its name implies, a hybrid, bred between the native and the European grapes. This is, however, strongly doubted by many eminent pomologists, and indeed there are not wanting those who allege stoutly that such hybridization is impossible. In bringing this fruit to the notice of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society, during the year previous to the month of March, 1855, Mr. Allen gives a very minute and interesting history of the steps taken to insure success in the process of hybridization. It is understood that Mr. Allen’s operations for this purpose commenced as far back as the winter of 1843 and 1844, and that the variety under consideration first fruited in 1854. We extract from Mr. Allen’s letter as follows: “ Being aware of the incredulity of many in the certainty of the origin of a GRAPES. 67 seedling, particularly when it presented a great change from the parent, every means were taken to make the case certain. The parent, an Isabella, was planted in a house occupied with peaches and nectarines. ‘To be sure that neither bees nor other external cause could effect the impregnation and thus defeat the object, the vine was forced in January, and blossomed before vegeta- tion commenced in the open air. Previous to the time of blossoming, the buds were thinned so as to Jeave only one-fourth of the strongest and best-placed ones. As they expanded they were constantly watched, and the anthers at once cut away with sharpscissors. The pollen of “ Chasselas,” “ Black Prince,” and “ Black Hamburgh ” was obtained, mixed together in a box, and applied with a soft brush. When the impregnation took effect, the embryo swelled at once; when otherwise, it remained as it was. Thus I was assured that each seed obtained must produce a hybrid. When the fruit ripened the seeds were collected and planted in soil which I felt certain could not have any other seeds of grapes sown accidentally. The young vines have always been under my care. The seedlings were exposed to the winter after they were somewhat grown, by which means the more tender ones were killed out.” Of the seedlings thus grown the only one that Mr. Allen seems to have con- sidered worthy of being offered to the public was the subject of this sketch. Of this an outline and description was given in the Magazine of Horticulture for 1860, at pages 70 and 71. The description we subjoin: “ Bunches medium size, about six inches long and four and a-half broad, neither compact nor loose, slightly shouldered. Berries quite round, medium size, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, frequently depressed at the end. Skin very thin, pale green, occasionally rose colored in the sun, semi- transparent, with a thin pale bloom. Flesh very juicy, resembling the Chas- selas. Flavor sweet, rich, vinous and brisk, with a delicate aroma. Seeds, one to three. Vine moderately vigorous, making strong wood when well established. Leaves rather large, light green, not very thick, slightly three- lobed, nearly smooth beneath. Intermediate between the foreign and native grape, ard showing plainly its hybrid parentage. The young shoots are coy- ered with white down, very like the Isabella, which disappear as the leaves expand.” ‘ This grape was discussed at the session of the American Pomological Society, held at Philadelphia in 1860, and also at the next meeting, held at Boston in 1862, in both which cases it was commended very highly. I'be chief difficulty in the way of the placing of this grape at the head of our list, both with respect to quality and profit, will be found in its great liability to the attacks of mildew, a liability which, from its alleged parentage, we might very naturally anticipate. It is, however, so exceedingly fine when grown free from this casualty, that no devotee of this fruit can afford to be without it, while a favorable soil and exposure, possibly with an occasional sulphuration, will, except possibly in unfavorable seasons, usually secure a crop of delicious fruit. It requires thorough pruning to prevent overbearing. and should be protected in winter in the climate of Michigan, as in my estima- tion, should every other variety. It ripens early in September. THE REBECCA GRAPE Was introduced at the meeting of the American Pomological Society held at Rochester, N. Y., in September, 1856, by Wm. Brookbanks, of the city of Hud- 68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. son, N. Y., and an outline, together with a report of the Committee on Native Fruits appears in its transactions for that year, at page 201: “The Rebecca originated in the garden of Mr. HE. M. Peake, Hudson, N. Y., about eight years ago. Mr. Peake’s garden is in one of the thickly settled streets of the city, and nearly the usual size of a lot, perhaps one hundred by one hundred and fifty feet deep. Between the house and the street there is a small flower garden. It was here that the original vine grew. Mrs. Peake was about making some alterations in her flower beds, and this vine being in her way, her gardener advised her to dig it up, as it was only ‘an old wild grape.” But disliking to destroy it, she removed it with her own hands, and planted it very carelessly in the garden back of the house, in a very poor and cold clay soil. Here the vine made slow progress, but continued to increase in size until the third or fourth year, when it produced a few clusters of small white grapes. ‘These appeared to possess so much merit, and were so much better than had been expected, that pains were taken to feed and nourish it, and prune it into shape, and it soon repaid all the labor bestowed upon it. It grew vigorously, making shoots ten or fifteen feet long, and bore abundant crops of the most delicious grapes, until at the present time it has reached the top of the house, and covers a trellis, ten feet wide and twenty-five feet high, loaded with fruit. “Bunches medium size, about six inches long, very compact, without shoulders. Berries medium size, obovate, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Skin thin, greenish white, becoming of a pale amber color at full maturity, covered with a thin white bloom. Flesh very juicy, soft and melt- ing, and free from pulp. Flavor rich, sugary, vinous, and brisk, with a pecul- jar musky and luscious aroma, distinct from any other grape. Seeds small, two to four in each berry. Leaves scarcely of medium size, about seven inches long and seven in width, very deeply loped, and coarsely and sharply serrated ; upper surface light green, slightly rough ; under surface covered with a thin whitish down; nerves prominent; petioles rather slender.” (Signed) W. D. BRINCKLE, Chairman. It was shown the same year at the annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and was noticed in the next issue of the Magazine of Horticulture, with the following rather faint praise: “It is a white grape, about the size of the Diana, and with bunches about as large; in flavor fully equal to that superb grape.” It is again noticed, outlined and described in the November issue of the same volume, the notice closing with the following very high commendation, in which all will doubtless concur, if it is to be confined strictly to the quality of the fruit: “The addition of a few more grapes of such excellence as the Rebecca, would nearly or quite obviate the necessity of constructing houses for the growth of the foreign kinds, for we consider it far superior to the Sweetwater, so long the standard of a fine variety. To our taste there are few varieties of foreign grapes we should prefer to the Rebecca.” In the Horticulturist for 1857 the editor writes, after having enjoyed a fine opportunity of comparing Delaware and Rebecca: “ Good as the Delaware is, the Rebecca is very superior, and we are free to say it is, in our opinion, the best out-of-door grape we have.” The Rebecca in our climate will usually ripen from the 10th to the 20th of September. This fruit béars some very decided evidence of being a hybrid between the native fox grape of the east and a foreign variety. It is not a strong grower, GRAPES. ~ 69 being even less so than the Delaware, while its delicate foliage seems unable to resist the vicissitudes of our climate in unfavorable seasons. It is usually a poor setter of fruit, so that the bunches are usually very scattering, and withal _ geldom perfect. Still, its eminent quality will,in the absence of anything more reliable, render it indispensable to the amateur. THE AGAWAM GRAPE. Mr. Edward S. Rogers of Salem has the merit of having taken an entirely new departure respecting the proper principles underlying the theory of grape hybridization, a departure which, whatever may be thought of its correctness, has certainly led him to the creation of an aggregation of most wonderful results. , Mr. Rogers selected as the female parent through which to work out the problem to which he devoted himself, what is known as the Mammoth Globe grape, one of the largest of the wild fox grapes of New England ; the blossoms of this were fertilized with pollen of the Chasselas and Black Hamburgh. From the fruit of those hybridizations he produced a crop of seedlings gener- ally of great vigor and hardiness, producing some black, and others red or white fruit, generally of large size, and in fine bunches, many of them ripen- ing quite early. Although these seedlings, in common with nearly all new yarieties of fruits, were at first somewhat overpraised, and hence have not always realized the expectations of planters, it is still a matter of surprise that so large a number of seedlings should have been produced, of so generally even a quality, and withal, of so high a degree of excellence, from a parent of such utterly worthless quality, so far as fruit is concerned. Among these hybrids (the propriety of this designation being in question), is the subject of this notice; it haying been extensively disseminated by Mr. Rogers and dealers generally, before naming as Rogers’ No. 15. When these varieties fruited they were shown on the tables of the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society, and they seem to have been first noticed through the press in the report of the fruit committee of that Society for the year 1857. They were also discussed, and No. 15 especially commended at the meeting of the American Pomological Society held at Philadelphia, in 1860, and again at its meeting at Boston in 1862. After these varieties had been for several years in the hands of planters, Mr. Rogers was induced to assign names to the more deserving varieties; the one under consideration, sent out ag No. 15, received the name Agawam, as before stated, about the year 1867 or 1868. This variety, in common with many of this lot of seedlings, seems to cling with tenacity to one of the characteristic peculiarities of its wild parent. As the vine acquires age it sets its bunches very profusely, and unless checked by careful summer pruning or thinning, the bunches become very small and imperfect. This objection, together with a lack of superior quality in the fruit seem to me to clearly warrant the remark at one time made by Mr. Charles Downing, that all the Rogers grapes would have to be laid aside, as being hardly up to the demands of the age, so far as quality is concerned. Still this grape is possessed of a very.firm, tough skin, and also matures at so opportune a season as to specially adapt it to use as a keeping grape, and it is for such purpose that it is assigned a place on the Society’s list. It will ripen in this climate a few days later than the Concord. The following are the additional grapes described by Mr. Lyon: 70 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, IVES’ SEEDLING. This grape originated in Cincinnati, in the city lot of H. Ives, and was brought to notice in 1858 by the Fruit Committee of Ohio, who gave an objec- tionable qualification, saying it showed a tendency to “run back” toward the fox grape; and that this was no recommendation with those among whom the “Charter Oaks,” “* Northern Muscadines” and the whole fox family are in dis- favor, though praised by some “ wise men of the East.” It is deemed too late as an early grape, but its quality and the weight of its expressed juice is worthy of mertion. THE CREVELLING originated with a family of that name, 140 miles north of Philadelphia, and was exhibited at New York in 1658. It was noticed and figured in the Horti- culturist in 1860. THE ADIRONDAC originated a few steps from Lake Champlain, in Port Henry, Essex county, New York. A wild grape vine, quite large, was grubbed up by J. G. Wether- - bee to make room for an addition to his garden, he supposing it to be a com- mon wild vine. A year or two after this a small grape vine made its appear- ance near the spot, and as it grew vigorously he gave it a trellis and training. It commenced to bear in 1858, ripening previous to the 10th of September, before the Isabella had commenced coloring ; two weeks before the ripening of the Northern Muscadine, and three weeks before the Delaware. It has been very largely disseminated. THE IONA. This grape originated with C. W. Grant, of Iona, on an island in the Hudson River, not far from Peekskill, and was editorially noticed in the Horticulturist for October, 1863. It was grown from the seed of the Diana, or, as. some say, from the Catawba, and selected from several thousand seedlings on account of its hardiness, earliness and general good qualities. It was delayed for several years in its introduction to the public by the destruction of the young scions. THE ISRAELLA - is also a seedling originated by Dr. Grant, and was introduced to the public contemporaneously with the Iona. It was named after Dr. Grant’s lady by the Horticulturist in October, 1863. THE EUMELAN is achance seedling which sprung up at Fishkill, New York, and by some believed to be a cross between the Clinton and Isabella. It was secured and propagated by Dr. Grant, and introduced to the public about 1868. They begin to color about the middle of August and are good for eating by the 10th of September. THE CROTON, the last upon the list, originated with Dr. S. Underhill, of Croton Point, New York, and first exhibited at the New York State Grape Growers’ Association at its first annual exhibition in 1868. It is a white grape, and was raised, with a number of others, from seed produced by fertilizing the blossom of the Dela- ware with pollen from the Chasselas de Fontainbleau in the open vineyard. AP PE S':. WHAT AN OLD ORCHARDIST KNOWS ABOUT APPLES. AN ESSAY PREPARED AND READ BY MR. JEREMIAH BROWN, OF BATTLE CREEK, AT THE FEBRUARY MEETING OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1873. [The original was destroyed by fire which swept. the Michigan Farmer in April, but at our request Mr. Brown has kindly re-written it. ] Mr. PRESIDENT:—The valley of the Hudson River. N. Y., has given us a great many of the choicest American apples; the soil and climate seem to be peculiarly adapted to the perfecting of this valuable fruit. I propose now to give you some of my experience obtained in the last twenty-five years in testing a great variety of apples: When I first came to Michigan, I had a strong desire to try all that the best authorities then considered really good, either for family use or market pur- poses,—of course it did not take long to find out I had too great a variety for profit. And now, were I to start again, I would be satisfied with less than one-half the varieties I commenced with. I shall purposely omit to speak of a great many set down in the “books” as good, very good, and best, simply because they have not succeeded with me, and that others are better calculated to supply our wants. I shall speak of the different varieties in the order in which they ripen, with this exception, that the sweet will come in between the fall and winter varieties. . Prince’s Early Harvest, the first to ripen, is indispensable for family use, and also for the market; it is too well known to need any recommendation, — it is, however, very liable to scab; the tree is hardy and productive. The Red Astrachan is the most profitable apple we grow; it is a little too tart to suit the taste of most persons, but it always commands the highest price in market, and for many culinary purposes it is indispensable. The Early Joe is too small for a market apple, and when grafted on the stock that suits it, and grown in the right soil (a poor gravelly loam), then it is the best apple I have ever eaten in Michigan. This, I am aware, is higher praise than either Downing, Dr. Warder, or J. J. Thomas have given it, but I claim that neither of these high authorities have ever seen it in perfection ; out of six trees on my grounds, only one produces fruit worthy so high commendation. All the other trees grow in soil better suited to the apple; they produce larger and handsomer fruit but much inferior in quality. Let me remark here that I have two Sweet Bough trees standing within 16 72 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. feet of each other, both grafted at the same time, with grafts taken from one tree; the soil being the same in every particular as far as I can discover, and yet, one of these trees always bears larger, handsomer, and finer flavored fruit than the other; therefore, I am fully of the opinion that this difference is caused by the difference in the stock grafted on, and I cannot but hope that science will yet discover the stock best suited to the particular varieties of fruits. The Primate, next to the best Early Joe, is the best desert apple I have yet seen; it is too tender for shipping, but for family use and a home market, it may be classed first best. This apple was unknown to Downing at the time he issued his ninth edition of his great work, Fruit and Fruit Trees of Amer- ica, in 1849. Neither was it mentioned by J. J. Thomas in his first edition of the Fruit Culturist, published in 1850; and even now but few persons are acquainted with it. The tree is hardy when top-grafted, but a very slow grower, particularly so in the nursery row, and this accounts for its neglect by the nursery men. The tree bears regularly, and the fruit ripens for two months and over, which adds greatly to its value as a family apple. Porter and Gravenstein are both very desirable fall varieties, and can hardly be dispensed with; trees hardy, good growers, and productive. The Ohio Nonpariel is but little known in this State; I obtained my grafts nearly 20 years since, from the originator of it, a Mr. Myers, who then resided near Massillon, Ohio. The tree bears annual crops of large and beautiful fruit. Dr. Warder, who is well known as one of the best pomologists of the country, in speaking of this variety in his work on the apple, quotes from the Western Horticultural Review of 1853 as follows: “Compared with the best dessert apples of the season, sueh as Hawley, Fall Pippin, Fall Wine, Rambo and others, this variety was declared to be better than the best. The Fall Pippin is a splendid apple either for the dessert, kitchen, or market, but it is a shy bearer, and the tree is a little tender; yet with these faults it should be in every orchard ; with care it will keep until January. Fameuse.—This is a great favorite in our market and is a delightful dessert apple, but, unfortunately it scabs badly, and if the fruit is not thinned out there will be a great many apples only fit for cider, or for stock. Norton’s Melon.—Medium in size to large, quality very good, ripens from October to January, tree bears large crops every alternate year, hardy and a good grower; it is a desirable variety. Sweet Bough is indispensable for family use and a home market; the tree is a little tender and needs a loamy soil. Golden Sweet with some is a favorite for table use, and as it i8 a great bearer it is profitable to grow for stock, particularly for milch cows; it is too tender for shipping, as the slightest bruise will be perceptible in a few hours after it is gathered. The Jersey Sweet is a crisp, juicy, very sweet, high flavored apple; as a yariety of the sweet apples it is very desirable; tree hardy and a great bearer. The Rhode Island Greening is too well known and too great a favorite to need a recommendation from me; the tree is a little tender, and should be top- grafted on the Northern Spy. Jonathan, a seedling of the Esopus Spitzenberg, but much better, may be classed as the best apple of its season; in market where it is known it always brings the highest price; the tree is hardy and a great bearer. APPLES. 13 The Wagener is a spicy, delicate flavored apple, and is very desirable for family use or market; the tree is rather tender, bears early, but a slow grower. The Baldwin, next to the Red Astrachan, is the most profitable for market ; just now it is the most popular of all the winter varieties, but I claim that it is not deservedly so, as there are many other varieties that are much better; the public taste is running largely in favor of large, showy, red apples. Red Canada, for family use or market, is very valuable; the tree is hardy and productive, and the {ruit is always fair and remarkably uniform in size. The Swaar, on Paradise stock, and on a clay loam, is very desirable, but on a dry, rather sandy soil, it is small and scabs, and some seasons decays on the tree ; as a dessert apple it has few equals. The Roxbury and Golden Russet are both desirable as late keepers; there are few, if any, as good for baking as the Russets, and on that account alone they are valuable. The Northern Spy, for market and culinary purposes, may be highly recom- mended; the tree is hardy and very productive; it needs annual pruning ; comes into bearing in from 10 to 12 years. Newtown Pippins—green and yellow—are both great favorites in the Paris and London markets, and also in the Hastern States: this high reputation is well deserved ; they are late keepers ; a clay loam suits them best, and therefore a light sandy soil should always be avoided. Iam decidedly of the opinion that the apple should be gathered earlier than it usually is. I have always found that those gathered first keep the best, and we all know that the longer the picking is delayed the greater is the loss by droppin I will here allude to the Michigan style of packing apples and its conse- quences: It is a well-known fact that this State produces as good if not better apples than any State in the Union, and it is equally well-known to all intelligent fruit-growers and dealers that, in the Chicago and Detroit markets, Ohio and New York apples sell for 25 cents a barrel more than Michigan apples; now, what is the cause of this difference? I answer, it is owing entirely to the difference in putting them up, and therefore if we wish to compete with these States, we must learn to reject all small and damaged fruit, and by so doing we shall not only increase our profits, but amend our morals too. I would advise every farmer to put his name on every barrel of apples he sends to market, and when the consumer Jearns that his brand can always be relied upon, he will be sure of getting the highest price for good choice fruit. I intended to say something more of the importance of careful handling and packing of apples; but I feel that I have used all the time I am fairly entitled to at this time. THE ELEVEN SUMMER APPLES. BY J. P. THOMPSON. 1. Market List—Strictly for market purposes, and giving, as far as practicable, a suc- eession through the season. 2. Family List—For family or culinary purposes, with a possible surplus for market, and giving a succession, 10 74 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3. Amateur List—For amateur purposes, consisting strictly of dessert varieties, selected’ for high qualities, with ample varieties and succession. APPLES—SUMMER VARIETIES, Market Varieties—Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburgh (second qual-- ity), Maiden’s Blush. Family List—Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Primate, Large Yellow Bough, Maiden’s Blush. Amateur List—Harly Harvest, Carolina Red June (for the Southwest), Sine Qua Non, Early Strawberry, Early Joe, Large Yellow Bough, Summer Rose (in certain localities). The above constitute the summer varieties of apples recommended by the Society at its January session at Lansing, for market, for the family, and for- amateur purposes. Let us review them briefly: THE EARLY HARVEST. This is the most popular early apple extant. The boys and the men who: work in the wheat harvest know and welcome it about the first of July, when it begins to ripen. At that season the Early Harvest tree is the popular and favorite resort of all who relish the rich, sprightly, sub-acid flavor of its delicate fruit. It is of American origin, well known over a large extent of country, east and west, for its beauty and productiveness, and for its excellent qualities for dessert and cooking. Money-can be made with it in the market. Down- ing says it should be included in the smallest list. Pains should be taken to give it rich cultivation, and to thin the fruit, thereby obtaining large-sized specimens, which bring a good price in the city markets. The flesh is tender, white, and juicy, and of refreshing flavor. The skin is smooth, of a bright straw color when fully ripe. Coxe, one of the earliest American writers on this subject, describes it under the name of the Early French Reinette. It is known as the July Pippin, Yellow Harvest, Tart Bough, Prince’s Harvest.. Its present name, Early Harvest, is so appropriate that it is likely to stick.. The rovnd form and spreading upright character of the tree is so well known that we omit minute description. It isa moderate grower. This fruit has a place in the amateur, family, and market lists. There was no other place in which to put it. THE RED ASTRACHAN. Not many apples of European origin flourished in perfection on our western: continent, though occasionally there comes from the north of Europe an apple with cosmopolitan characteristics. Thus the pale sister, the Early Harvest, has a Swedish brother of true sanguine and Scandinavian complexion, of such vigorous habit that by general acclamation he has been naturalized and admitted to the great union list of orchard fruits. No list is complete without the Red Astrachan, which is found in all the States of the temperate zone. It came from Sweden to England in 1816, and in America bears more abundantly than in its native clime. Downing endorses it in emphatic language, and he styles ita fruit of “extraordinary beauty.” It bears abundantly, and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite bloom on its surface, like that of a plum. This is not a first-class dessert fruit, though its beautiful appear- ance will adorn any table. Its chief value is in its prime cooking qualities. The good housewife who delights in an eariy apple, finds in the crisp, white flesh, and the juicy acid flavor of this variety her perfection of fruits for late summer and early autumn pies and sauces. Its cooking qualities render it profitable for market, and this is greatly enhanced by its very handsome, APPLES. ray showy, and fine appearance. For the market it should be picked a few days before it is fully matured. More pains should be taken to obtain large fair specimens which is done by thinning the fruit. The tree is naturally very vigorous, hardy, and productive, and with ordinary care will bring an annual crop. . THE MAIDEN’S BLUSH. This is another remarkably beautiful apple, and it never fails to take the: market by storm. It is not what may be called a rich fruit, though it is fair, tender, and lovely. The rose tint on its pale, yellow cheek, has alt the fresh- ness of the true maiden’s blush. It is a Lady’s Apple revised and enlarged. The flesh is white, sprightly, tender, pleasant. New Jersey, where it originated, may well be proud of this fruit, and Coxe has the honor of first describing it. The west is its favorite home, where it flourishes in all its perfection. ‘The tree is handsome, rapid growing, with spreading head, and bears large crops. The Blush is a better dessert fruit than the Red Astrachan or Duchess, and as we have said, very profitable for the market. It was on exhibition at the January meeting at Lansing. It begins to ripen the latter part of August, and is good until the first of November. It is more strictly a fal] variety, though it commences ripening in summer. THE DUTCHESS OF OLDENBURGH. From the north of Europe comes another hardy, vigorous, productive fruit, and it has all the tough endurance which we connect with its Russian origin. While no one would select it for dessert, it has few successful rivals as a profit- able market sort. It bears carriage better than the Early Harvest or Red Astrachan. It commands a ready sale as a cooking apple. It will stand such Russian winters as that of 1872-73, and for this reason is popular in northwest sections. It is strictly a market variety, and when well packed, can be shipped to distant points. Its appearance is not so striking as the Red Astrachan, nevertheless it is not a plain apple, but its skin is finely washed and streaked with red on a yellow ground. The tree needs little nursing or pruning. There are those who will dispute its classification among the summer market varie-- ties. It has generally been placed in the autumn list, though it ripens late in August, and it made be said that the time of ripening is about the 1st of September. It follows the Red Astrachan. Its faint, blue bloom is character- istic of its Russian origin. Its juicy, sub-acid flesh renders it a great favorite in the pastry rooms of all well kept hotels. These are the four summer market varieties recommended by the Society. Four better summer market varieties cannot be found. The trees of all are vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive, and where you have the trees you are sure: of having apples. FOR FAMILY USE the same three varieties, the Early Harvest, the Red Astrachan, and the Maiden’s: Blush, are recommended. There are, also, two varieties in addition: the large Yellow Bough, and the Primate. THE LARGE YELLOW BOUGH. This variety, commonly known as the Sweet Bough, was exhibited at Lansing in January, by Mr. Gilbert, of Clinton county. It is a harvest apple, and some- times called Sweet Harvest. It ripens the middle of July, and its tender flesh and excellent sweet flavor are universally known and acknowledged. A sweet apple, good for baking, fit for the table, is a necessity in every family summer - 76 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. list. This place is filled by the Large Yellow Bough. Though too sweet for pies or sauces, it is next to the Early Harvest for desserts, and is the favorite of all the sweet-loving children. The tree is an annual bearer. THE PRIMATE. This valuable and delicious apple should have a place in every family orchard. It is the queen of summer dessert. It stretches over the last weeks of summer and late in the autumn; yes, from August to October. Strange that so yaluable a fruit should have no historical origin. Downing says that the true — history of the origin of the Primate has not yet been written. It is a sort of Gipsey, growing in various States, under different and provincial names. Some of these names are suggestive: Rough and Ready, North American Best, July apple ; these and other names are expressive of its season, value, and the strong, hardy and stocky growth of the trees. arly in the season it is a light green, and later a light yellow, not unfrequently tinged with a slight blush. The flesh is fine grained, very juicy, very agreeable. You will always remember the Primate. Its memory lingers like a thing of beauty. The invalid of autumn will be apt to recollect its refreshing power. It is well named, and is among the first of dessert fruits. THE AMATEUR LIST. We now come to the amateur summer list. Here we shall only expect the highest quality of dessert fruit, something fit to eat. Now we cater for the delectation of the palate. In this list we have several varieties, two of which, the Early Harvest and the large Yellow Bough, we have mentioned. THE CAROLINA RED JUNE. The Carolina Red June is said to be a Southern fruit. Carolina shakes hands with Michigan in this handsome fruit. A southern apple does not always flourish in northern soils, but the Red June is an exception. It is the most valuable early apple in northern Illinois and adjacent region, and in southwest Michigan, we find this apple at home. Barry mentions the fact that he has seen good specimens which came from Kalamazoo. It is about as large as the Summer Queen, or medium. Very red on the outside, and very white in the inside; the flesh is very tender, juicy, sub-acid, with a sprightly agreeable flavor. It continues to ripen for four weeks, a valuable quality in a summer fruit. The tree is a fine erect grower, hardy, bears young and abund- antly. SINE QUA NON. If Mr. William Prince, of Long Island, had accomplished no other good work but originate this variety, his name would certainly be cherished by his grateful countrymen. Unlike most of the above varieties, this tree is a slender, slow grower, but the quality of this fruit is of exquisite tenderness and flavor. It ripens two weeks after the Early Harvest. The flesh is a greenish white, fine grained, and moderately juicy. The fruit is round, inclined to be conical, medium, smooth surface, of a pale greenish yellow. Strictly an-amateur fruit. EARLY STRAWBERRY. This is another beautiful amateur variety for the orchard and garden. Though small in size it is one of the most popular summer sorts in the New York market, and originated in that neighborhood. An esteemed author, Mr. Manning, of Salem, describes it as the American Red Juneating. Its surface is smooth, splashed with bright and dark red, on a yellowish white ground. APPLES. v7 Flesh is white, and is distinguished by being slightly tinged with red near the skin. In flavor it is brisk, sprightly, and pleasant. THE EARLY JOE. This is another beautiful and delicious small sized, deep red amateur apple. It hails from the orchard of Heman Chaplin, East Bloomfield, Ontario County, New York, where the Northern Spy and Norton’s Melon originated. The tree will bear high culture, it being of slow growth, though very productive when well fed. ‘The flesh is tender, juicy, with a very agreeable vinous flavor. It is marked “best” by all the authorities, and rules from the middle of August to the middle of September. THE SUMMER ROSE. A small, exquisite, pretty apple, highly esteemed for dessert. It is highly commended by amateurs in Clinton and Ingham counties. The flesh is tender, abounding with sprightly juice. The fruit has a most beautiful waxen appear- ance: pale yellow with a red cheek. It is the summer rose among apples. Tree rather a slow grower but a good bearer. Begins to ripen with the wheat harvest and continues a month, and is better in quality for the table than Earley Harvest. An especial favorite with the ladies. It will be noticed that all the amateur apples are strictly of that class. Of exquisite flavor with high dessert qualities, and from their small size generally thought to be unprofitable for the market; nevertheless we have known the Early Joe, the Early Strawberry, the Early Harvest, and the Carolina Red June, to sell readily in market for one dollar per bushel. These eleven summer varie- ties are good, with few exceptions, in all sections of Michigan. As a general thing we haye too many summer sorts of fruit, but these cover all the needs of the State. THE PRIMATE APPLE. READ AT THE SOCIETY’S MEETING AT BATTLE CREEK, FEBRUARY 26, 1873. In the Michigan Farmer of the 20th inst. I noticed some comments upon each of the eleven varieties of summer apples recommended at Lansing, at the January meeting of this Association. . In speaking of the Primate apple, the writer says: “ Strange that so valuable a fruit should have no historical origin. It is a sort of Gipsey, growing in various States, under different and provincial names. Some of these names are suggestive: Rough and Ready, North American Best, July apple; these and other names are expressive of its season, value, and the strong, hardy, and stocky growth of the tree,” &c. Upon reading this, it occurred to me that some years since I tried to trace this fruit to its origin. Thinking it might be interesting to members of this Association to know that a Michigan man had something to do with introduc- ing this valuable apple to the notice of orchardists, I will, if in order, read to _ you some correspondence had with regard to it, and published in Hovey’s Magazine of Horticulture some years since. Bg: In the volume for 1850 I find the following letter from Charles P. Cowles, Esq., of Syracuse, N. Y., dated August, 1850, and addressed to Mr. Hovey: 78 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. * DrAR SrR,—As you are at the head of all Horticultural publications in New England, I thought you might wish to see the fruit of a new apple grown in this vicinity. Then, if you thought it worthy of circulation through your interesting Monthly Magazine, I would give you a few notes with a descrip- tion, that you may dispose of them as you like. ° “ Asit is not known in this place nor State by the best judges, I safely think it is a seedling. I found a few trees in the Onondaga county, in a town of same name, which had been circulated by grafts ; but nothing further could be traced of its origin. It is much more esteemed than the Early Harvest, with which it begins to ripen. “The specimens sent are of medium size, owing to its great productiveness ; of the quality and beauty you may judge for yourself. I have taken a sketch and a few rough notes, which are at your disposal. “ Fruit above medium size, oblong, largest at the base, gradually narrowing to the eye, distinctly ribbed ; Color green, when fully ripe of a beautiful straw color, tinged with a bright blush on the sunny side; Flesh tender and excel- lent, fine grained, somewhat melting, of yellowish color, abundant in juice of an agreeable sub-acid flavor; S¢alk large and stout, inclining to one side, from one to one and a-half inches in length, deeply inserted in an irregular cavity ; Hye small and closed, segments reflexed, distinctly plaited. An abundant bearer, with the remarkably good peculiarity of ripening a long time as wanted for use. “Tt commences the first of August and lasts till into September. Tree of vigorous growth, making a fine head. Wood of light brown color, resembling the Porter, of stocky growth, like the Gravenstein in the nursery. Leaves glabrous above, quite downy beneath. Owing to its great productiveness it makes but little annual growth. The ends of the twigs are very stout and blunt, and of nearly the same size at the end as at the joint. I propose to call it ‘Rough and Ready’ from the fact of its being first tested during that campaign ; and as it is a familiar one throughout the country, I have sent specimens to numerous amateurs with grafts to test its qualities in different localities with this name.” In the same Magazine, page 507, 1851, I find the following letter from Mr. A. Fahnestock: * DEAR Sir,—As we failed to get the Primate apple at Geneva we procured them at Benton, where the original and first grafting was done by Mr. Lyman Tubbs, the Eastern grafter, who brought the scions from the East with him, and grafted them on a farm which he purchased at Benton. We procured the specimens we now send you from these trees. They are called by him the Harvest apple. They were disseminated afterwards around Benton, Geneva, Brighton, near Rochester, and in Onondaga County, in which last place Mr. Cowles saw the apple and concluded it was a seedling. “The oldest trees near Benton are from thirty to forty years of age, and are the largest of all in the county. Mr. Lyman Tubbs now lives in Michigan, and as I am informed, in Kalamazoo city. “Mr. Peter York, at Benton Centre, when his trees came into bearing, called it the * Primate apple,’ as 1t was about the first and best, as he has so informed us. Mr. Powers, near Geneva, also had his trees grafted, and when they came into bearing and grafts taken from his trees, they were called the ‘ Powers apple.” These apples have been cultivated by Mr. York upwards of thirty years, and by Mr. Parsons upwards of twenty years, and by Deacon Bronson APPLES. 79 twenty years. These apples commence ripening with the Early Harvest, and last for two or three months; they are more mild and pleasant and of larger size. The tree is stocky, upright, with a broad, deep green, heavy leaf. « Perhaps from the above you may be able to find out what the apple is and the true name. In the meantime I would suggest that it be cailed the Harvest or Primate apple; perhaps the latter name would be more appropriate, as the former might be confounded with the Early Harvest, and it is generally known by the name of ‘ Primate.’ (Signed), - “A. FAHNESTOCK, “ Syracuse Nursery. “Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 2, 1851.” In the Magazine of Horticulture for 1852, page 115, I find the following: “THE PRIMATE APPLE.—Some time since we gave some account of the history of this apple, by Mr. A. Fahnestock, of Syracuse, New York. Our correspondent, J. C. Holmes, of Michigan, having noticed Mr. Fahnestock’s communication, in which he traced the apple back to some scions engrafted by Mr. Lyman Tubbs, now of Michigan, he requested his friend Mr. L. H. Trask. of Kalamazoo, to find Mr. Tubbs, and inquire of him where he obtained the scions from, and whether the tree was a seedling, &c. A reply was received from Mr. Trask, and forwarded to us by Mr. Holmes.” The substance of his letter is as follows: “ After so long a time I have been able to see Mr. Lyman Tubbs and pro- cured of him such information as I could, in relation to the Primate apple. “ Mr. Tubbs says he is the man; that he always called it the July apple, and that is the name he had with the scions, which he had from New Jersey while he lived in Benton. He obtained the scions through some neighbors of his in Benton, from an acquaintance of theirs by the name of Bush, who lived in New Jersey; but he does not know in what town or county Mr. Bush resided, and the friends of Mr. Bush who lived in Benton are all dead, or gone away, he does not know where. At this time Mr. Tubbs thinks that this Mr. Bush, of New Jersey, died some three or four years ago. “This is about all the information I could get from the old gentleman ; except, he thinks that the scions he obtained from New Jersey were from a grafted tree, and not from a seedling. Mr. Tubbs also says there are some trees grafted with the apple on the farm he used to own near Galesburg, in this county, where he thinks grafts may be obtained.” Yours truly, L. H. TRASK. Katamazoo, Mich., January, 1852. Mr. Hovey thinks this was a seedling not known beyond the place of its nativity until grafted by Mr. Tubbs. J. C. HOLMES. BATTLE CREEK, February 26, 1873. Pee: CODLINGAMG tir AN ESSAY READ BEFORE THE VOLINIA FARMERS’ CLUB, BY B. HATHA- WAY, OF LITTLE PRAIRIE RONDE, CASS COUNTY, MICH. Believing that the time is at hand when the. fruit-growers of this State will be compelled to investigate the habits of the insect known as the Codling Moth, or in its larval state as the apple worm, I propose to occupy a little time in detailing the results of my observations and experiments with this one most injurious of our noxious insects. There are but few men who have any practical knowledge of this moth, or that know the worm that is the real destructive agent, or can tell to what extent their orchards are infested. ‘The past season has not been go favorable for the multiplication of this insect, I believe, as the previous one, at least in this section, though a part of my orchards were badly infested in spite of my efforts to kill the worms, so much go that I could not save one-fourth of my Rhode Island Greening apples, a variety that seems particularly subject to its. depredations. THE MOTH. This moth is one of the smallest of the miller tribe. It is remarkably lively in its movements, though but seldom seen even where most abundant, but may be recognized by the gold or bronze on its wings when once it is found. The moths are all shy insects, and this is the most shy of them all; besides, it flies. only in the evening or night. It begins its depredations at the time the apple blossoms fall, or a few days later, by depositing its eggs in the calyx or blossom, of the newly formed fruit. And so far all efforts directed to the destruction of this insect in its mature state,—that of the full grown moth,—have been of little or no avail. It is claimed that it does not feed, which is the habit, naturalists hold, I believe, of all this class in their mature state, and cannot, therefore, be poisoned. It hides so cunningly that it cannot be found in the daytime, nor is it attracted by light, as some have supposed, in the night. Consequently our only success- ful method of subjugating this pest must be employed against it in its worm or laryal state. THE WORM. The eggs that are deposited in the calyx of the young fruit soon hatch, and the worms burrow at once into the heart of the apple, feeding upon the pulp until they are full grown, which requires, according to the observations of those naturalists who have given it attention, from 32 to 36 days. When they haye reached the proper state they come ont of the apple, and at once seek a THE CODLING MOTH. 81 secure place in which to go through their transformation. When they have found one they spin for themselves a cocoon, as it is called, and change to a chrysalis, and in about two weeks—the time being longer or shorter, according to the season—they come out full-grown millers, and are ready to lay a new crop of eggs. The time required to effect the change from the worm to the mature insect, though put down by some writers at from 14 to 16 days, I find greatly to vary. During the very warm weather I found that some had made the change, and had escaped in less than the time named, while later in the season the transformation was effected more slowly; indeed, many of the worms of the last brood do not go through their change until spring. I found abundance of these worms not yet changed into chrysalids just before the winter set in, while assorting my apples preparatory to putting them in the cellar. THE VARIOUS METHODS EEPLOYED FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION. It is in the habit or instinct of these worms to seek a secure place in which to ‘go through the transformation above noted, that we find the only available means for their destruction, and all the methods that have been devised that have been at all successful, have had in view the entrapping of the worms. If the principle is correct,—which few, if any, will deny,—it only remains to choose the form or kind of trap that shal! prove to be the most economical of cost and effective in operation. The straw and hay bands have been used to some extent, and found to be an advantage no doubt, though a rather prim- itive device. Later, the cloth bands have been found a more efficient aid, and some, perhaps, are so well pleased as not to desire to look further. There is also a patented device now on trial by orchardists, gotten up by D. B. Wier, of Illinois, and it is claimed to be quite effective, though it is questionable if it is as valuable as its friends claim, or if it is as cheap or available as other devices that exacts no royalty for the privilege of their use. _ These traps of Mr. Wier’s consist of two or more pieces of shingle or thin boards, fastened together at the middle, and also to the tree by a nail or screw. They are fastened to the body of the tree, one or more to each, and also to the limbs when large. You have, many of you, noticed that my apple trees—many of them—the past season have been enclosed by some sort of band, and have wondered what could be the possible use, and some of you have asked me the purpose of them. In order that you may form some idea of how effective these traps may be, I present those for your inspection that I have used, showing the marks of the worms and the manner of their housing up, so to speak, and you may form some idea of the number of these worms that may be destroyed in this way when I tell you that these bands yielded a crop every two weeks or so, after about the 10th of July, until cold weather, and that is was no uncommon thing after the second brood came out to kill 25 to 50 at one time to a tree, and often more. You recognize these bands, no doubt, as the rims to the berry box that I have manufactured and used in my small-fruit business for many years. It seemed to me only last winter, in discussing this subject of the codling moth, and the best means fur its destruction, that I had in these rims a better and cheaper thing for the purpose than had been heretofore devised; and the wonder is not so much that it did not occur to me before, as that in the manufactory of great quantities of veneer, to supply the demand for cheap 11 82 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. berry-boxes all over the country, that some enterprising horticulturist has not long before conceived the idea that here was an abundant supply, and cheap, of a material altogether superior in points of cheapness, durability, and effect- iveness, for the purpose of entrapping these worms to anything heretofore devised. RULES FOR USING THESE BANDS. They can be put upon the trees at any time in the winter, or early spring, whenever there is leisure to doit. But if not put on before, they must be in place from 32 to 36 days after the last blossoms have fallen, as it takes about that time for the worms to grow to maturity. The trees should be fully enclosed by the band. If one will not reach around, two or more can be used. Some of my trees require three. These bands of mine are only 17 to 18 inches long, so that one will only encircle a tree of some six inches in diameter. This trap of Mr. Weir’s that I show you, the inventor recommends that two or more be put on each tree. But with this sort of band, if the tree is enclosed, one is all-sufficient. I have found that I catch as many in one as in several on one tree. I believe that they are all caught that go up or down the tree if the band is properly put on. After the season approaches for the worms to appear, it is well to watch the traps a little, and see when the first goin. ‘This will be in this latitude from the 20th of June to the Ist of July. Then, when two weeks are passed after the first worms are found, the traps should all be taken off, the worms killed, and then replaced, and so every two weeks thereafter, until towards fall, when three weeks may intervene, as the transformation becomes slower. One point is very important—not to Jet them run too long. These bands make a very secure place for these worms, in which to go through their change, and unless we attend to killing them, we will help to multiply instead of destroy them. Even the birds will be debarred in a measure from doing the good they might, if the worms had to seek shelter—as without the bands they would—in the scales of the bark, and other uncertain hiding places. Though these feathered friends of the fruit-grower do not propose to be cheated out of their natural patrimony by the ingenuity of man, as you may see by the holes in these bands made by the striped woodpecker and the chickadee. It may be adduced as an evidence of the value of birds to the fruit-grower, that in the older portions of the prairie regions of the west, as in Illinois, where orchards have long been planted, these insect depredators have been much more troublesome and destructive than in our own State, owing, no doubt, to the comparative small number of birds in those open countries; needing. as they do, the shelter of woods for safety, and the proper conditions for multiplication. This is no small argument in favor of shelter-belts around our farms and orchards, and should have much greater consideration with us than it does as yet. I will suggest also that it may often be important to clean the trees, especially old trees, of moss and rough bark, so that the worms will fail to find a suitable place to spin up in, and go through their change, so they will be all the more sure to seek the trap, and I have no doubt but a wash of lime or lye, or both, would be a great assistance. It must be borne in mind that the work of subduing this pest, if it is sub- dued at all, must be taken hold of by the fruit-growers as a body, and not by one or two in a neighborhood. J may use all energy and rid every worm that THE CODLING MOTH. §3 is hatched on my own grounds, and the moths that are bred in my neighbor’s orchard fly over to mize, and the second brood of worms—which do the prin- cipal damage—spoil my fruit in spite of my utmost care. Of the immensity of the loss to the people of this State from this one insect, but few have any just conception. I believe there can be nothing more easy of demonstration than that this season, in many regions, if not generally, it would equal the amount of all taxes—town, county and State. Last year (crop of 1871), I lost at least two hundred bushels, that, but for the worms, would have sold in the spring for a dollar a bushel, above marketing. This is the most discouraging aspect of this question,—the impossibility of securing anything like a unity of action, or a properly concerted effort against these pests, whether of the field or the orchard. This is abundantly exempli- fied in the case of the Potato Beetle, that is now ravaging the State. And if not more than one in three or four of the mass of farmers will come out and fight to the bitter end an enemy so obvious and palpable, what can be expected when the depredator is so insiduous and unapparent as is this apple worm ? However, men’s necessities sometimes bring them to the apprehension of truths that a prudent forethought and a wise economy may preach in vain. There is reason to believe that not a very great many of these moths survive the winter, and the small proportion of the fruit that is spoiled by these in the depositing of their eggs would not be a serious matter if the product could all be caught in the larval state, so that there would be no second brood, and the pasturing of the orchard to hogs or other stock, if of any value, is in the influ- ence it has in restricting the second deposit of eggs. And here is still a dis- puted point. Some claim that the apples that rear the first brood do not fall with the worms in them, or only to a very limited extent. Consequently the eating of them by stock does not destroy the insect. In my observations I am led to think that this view isa partial one. I have cut open a great many of these first fallen apples, and at all times during the season; and while those falling later have more worms in them, in the earlier ones, even before they were one-fourth grown, I have found worms, and when stock pick them up at once they must destroy a great many. Nor is the value of stock in the orchard confined to the number of the worms destroyed. The instinct of the miller leads it, measurably at least, to shun the trees where stock are. This was very marked in my several orchards the past summer. I had hogs or sheep, or both, in two of them. One of these was the worst infested of either last year, and this year comparatively free, while the one in cultivation, where stock were excluded, gave me nearly all my wormy apples. In closing I wish to say to such of the members of the Volinia Farmers’ Club ‘as feel disposed to give some time to experimenting with this apple worm, that I will-furnish these rims gratis to the number required for 50 or 100 trees, only stipulating that they shall be used as above directed, and the result duly reported to this club. Fruit men in other portions of the State can no doubt obtain the common berry-box material in the flat, and without creasing, cheaper than I can afford these rims, and they would have the advantage of being longer, as they are some 24 inches long. In putting them on they should be soaked in water and tied with twine. Now, gentlemen, it will be some time before the apple trees will be in blos- som again, but in the meanwhile do not forget this little infinitesimal pest that is waiting, no Jess than we, but to spoil the harvest of our hopes. DISCUSSIONS OF THE PENINSULA PARMEE-S’ Cite: FUNGUS NOT THE CAUSE OF DISEASE—THE ADVANTAGES OF 'lOP GRAFTING. OupD Mission, Grand Traverse County, Dec. 18, 1872 Club met pursuant to adjournment, Mr. H. W. Curtis in the chair. J. E.. Savage was chosen Secretary pro tem. Mr. AvERY—It is thought by some that the rot in peaches and potatoes is caused by fungus. Mr. ParMeLEE—I wish just here to make afew remarks in regard to fungus. . The theory of fungoid growth being the cause of disease has exploded. Every particle of air is filled with the spores of fungus; even air confined in a bottle is filled with it. Warmth and moisture of the air is very favorable for fungoid growth. You will notice that the mold on grapes and the rot in peaches is worse when the air is warm and moist. Fungoid growth is not the cause of disease, but is caused by, and will aggravate disease. In other words, there: must first be a derangement or morbid condition, to give spores of fungus a congenial soil. Were it otherwise the spores that fill the air would attack all growth. That derangement is the embryo disease, and fungus one of the results. Mr. Curtis—I wish to inquire if there is any objection to top-grafting - apple trees. For instance take hardy trees—N. Spy, Ben Davis, or some other good growing variety. Set them in orchard and let them grow until they become of bearing age,—until they get good large heads, and without trim- ming,—then graft the main limbs, and when the scions have grown large enough cut the balance of tke limbs off; would not that be a better way than to cleft graft below the limbs? Mr. Savacr—lIt is the general practice with nurserymen when top-grafting to graft when the tree is smaller, putting the scion about the right height for the head and in the leading shoot, and when the scion gets a good start cut off all limbs below the graft. Mr. Avery—At the last meeting of the Club the idea prevailed that the top exerted a great influence on the root. Now we assume that roots of the N. Spy are in every way satisfactory; would the Lady apple or other slow-. growing variety grafted on it exert such influence on those roots? Ifso, I do not see the use of top-grafting such varictics as do not burst in the body. Mr. BrInKMAN—You can grow a Steel’s Red as large in one year, top-- gralted on a good stock, as in three years the ordinary way of root-grafting. I have tried it on a large seedling with the result as stated. Mr. AvEry—If the leaves have already exerted their influence, perhaps Mr.. Curtis’ proposition would be the right one. THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 85 Mr. BrinKMAN—I believe seedlings budded will be as large in one year as in three years root-grafted. Mr. Curtis—I am thoroughly satisfied that there are some varieties, like Steel’s Red, that are advisable to raise that we cannot get in nurseries, that are large enough to set. Now, what is to be done? You grow the Ben Davis in three years large enough to set in the orchard; and then you have got some- thing to graft on, and I have good reason to believe that the roots will help us a great deal. Now, which is the best way to graft, in the limbs, or body? Mr. AvEry—In 1862 I had some grafted four feet from the ground, and they made such a growth that I lost the most of them the following year by breaking off. Mr. PARMELEE—I think that to be the way to raise Steel’s Red. Suppose you have Ben Davis, or some other good-growing variety; the roots will be large, and if we graft a slow-growing variety on it, it will have the influence of those roots to make it grow. I have seen Steel’s Red growing and bearing, and doing as well as other varieties. I would prefer to graft in the limbs as soon as they are as large as the thumb. Mr. BrrnkKMAN—I do not think there is any danger of Steel’s Red winter- killing. . Mn W. PARMELEE—I do not think there is any danger of any tree winter- killing here if the wood is well ripened in the fall. Mr. E. Wa1t—I had rather put two scions in a stock; then if one should ‘die the other might live; if both should live, cut one of them off. Mr. Gray—Does the stock of the seedling have any influence on the fruit ? Mr. Curtis mentioned the circumstance of the Spitzenberg changing into a sweet apple mentioned at the last meeting of the Club. Mr. SavaGEe—I have beard many stories in regard to changing fruits that facts will not warrant, among which is one of splitting the buds of a sweet and sour variety and inserting them in such a manner that they will unite. It is said that each apple grown on that tree will be half sweet and half sour, Another one is to split a cherry tree from the terminal bud to the root, scrape out the pith of the tree and put it together again, and the cherries grown on that tree will have no pits,—and many other stories equally absurd. Such stories have been told until some people believe them to be true. Mr. PArMELEE—The Tulpahocken—or Fallawater it is sometimes called—is a very thrifty-growing tree. I have seen it in St.Joe in many orchards, and they are invariably the largest tree in the orchard. Mr. Stone has one of them in his orchard. Mr. BrinkMAN—The best growing tree in nurseries that I have seen is the Sweet Pear. I think Greening grafted on that would make a straight tree. Mr. Parmelee enquired of Mr. Porter if his Wagener trees bore much this year. Mr. Porter—They did not bear more than specimens. They have borne with me only every other year. They bore a good crop last year and I think kept some better than Baldwin. Jonathan and Baldwin kept about alike. Golden Russet and Rose Russet kept about equally. The Limber Twig will keep all summer, but are shy bearers; they bear on the ends of the limbs. Mr. Avery—They are like the boy’s horse: hard to catch and good for nothing after he is caught. Mr. PARMELEE—The Vandevere Pippin is a very valuable variety. The apple is as smooth as the Maiden’s Blush, not subject to the moth, and is very $6 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. valuable for drying. Will keep until the latter part of winter, and until spring probably in this climate. It is different from the Vandevere Apple. Mr. Curtis—How long will the R. I. Greening keep in prime order for the market raised here, handled with great care and in a good cellar ? Mr. PARMELEE—The R. I. Greening is considered a good keeper. A year ago we had two berrels and they were not fit to eat until April, and kept untit August. Mr. PorTter—I have raised Greenings for the last five years and cannot get them to keep in good order for market longer than April. Mr. ParMELEE—The Greening has peculiarities like the Northern Spy. They ripen unevenly. Some are fully ripe at the time of picking; but a man that has had any experience can tell them at a glance, and they should be picked out. Grown on young trees they will not keep well, but when the trees are large they will keep as well as the Baldwin. Last year the apples were more matured in Berrien County the first of Sept. than they were here the first of Oct. Mr. Avery—I think that the Greening, Baldwin, and Spitzenberg are the best for market. Mr. Curtis—I want to set an orchard in the spring. I have varieties enough now, and do not wish to set more than one variety and I want to haye that the dest, if I can ascertain what that is. Mr. AvEry—How would it do to set one half of the piece to the Lady apple, and the other half to the Wagener, say 68 trees to an acre, which will be 20: feet apart each way? ‘These varieties will do well to set that close together. Mr. Curtis—The objection I have to that is that if the Lady is the best, I want to have them all Lady, but if the Wagener is the best, I want to have them all Wagener. Mr. Gray enquired about the Belmont. He never saw a person but would choose an apple of that variety for eating. They were an early winter variety in southern Ohio. Mr. Curtis—-I saw some at the fair last fall and they were very beautiful. They were from Riel Johnson’s orchard. Mr. PARMELEE—Apples should be kept in tight barrels, the tighter the better, so that the air will not change, and at a low temperature. There should be a thermometer kept in the cellar, and windows for ventilation. 30° to 32° is warm enough and I should not be afraid if it should sink to 28°. The apples in the barrels would not freeze. Atmospheric changes have a great effect in the ripening of fruit. The more uniform you can keep apples the better. Though the temperature of the cellar may change 5° or even 10° the air in the barrels might not change a degree. Mr. Avery exhibited some lurge beets of two kinds which he said were tender, crisp, and nice for eating, which he distributed to members for seed. The club then adjourned until next Thursday. J. E. SAVAGE, Secretary pro tem. THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 87 THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS FOR 1873.—HIGH AND LOW TRAINING OF TREES. OLD Mission, Jan. 2, 1873. This being the annual meeting of the Club, according to Article 4 of the Constitution, the Club met with H. W. Curtis in the chair. After the reading of the minutes of the previous meeting, and of the constitution, the club proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year. Mr. Chauncy P. Avery was unanimously elected President, J. E Savage Secretary, and George Parmelee was re-elected Treasurer. Mr. W. W. Tracy and H. K. Brinkman were elected as committee on business. The Club then proceeded to the discussion of the question before it, viz.: “Fruit and fruit trees.” Mr. Curtis—It seems to me to be of much importance to know how high apple trees should be headed. I am ofthe opinion that trees should be headed high enough so that a horse can go under the branches in cultivation. Elwan- ger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., are training the trees in their nurseries very low, from 14 to 2 feet in length of body. We got our trees at the Painesville, Ohio, nurseries. We think they are nice trees, the bodies are stocky, but they are universally too low. We must certainly cut off the side branches some time. The first lot we got, I trimmed my part up to awhipimmediately after setting. Last year I left them until fall before trimming. If I had wanted to have trees headed low I had just the trees wanted for that purpose. I have been up to Mr. Parmelee’s and have seen his orchard. His trees looked stocky and fine, but according to my ideas they had limbs too near the ground. I asked him If he would not trim them off? He said he should leave the most of them but might cut some of them off? I think the reason they are so low is because they were headed so in the nursery. Suppose we allow Greening trees to head three feet from the ground, in a few years they will occupy the ground. Now how are we to get into the orchard with a team? The limbs of the Northern Spy and Baldwin will run up, but those of the Greening, Rox. Russet and Talman Sweet will go down. Mr. Tracy—How high should they be headed ? Mr. Curtis—Six feet. - Mr. 'Tracy—Could the Greening be headed that high ? Mr. Curtis—Yes. Mr. Tracy—lf you head them that high will not the limbs hang down and be in the way ? Mr. Curtis—I remember I had an orchard in Ohio and the limbs were high enough so we could drive a wagon through the orchard anywhere. The Greenings were top-grafted. Their limbs hung down but were notin the way. If trees were high trained and the limbs hung down too low, they could be propped up, which could not be done were the trees low trained, and while in bearing. Mr. Tracy—The question has been discussed in Agricultural papers a great deal. In one instance after it had been running some time it was ascertained that those who advocated high training were invariably ¢a// men, and the advocates of low training were invariably skort men, and the idea seemed to them so ludicrous, that they dropped the discussion. Mr. E. Franxiin—When I was at work in my orchard I always thought my 83 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. trees were too low, but when picking fruit I always thought them too high. In loose sandy soil I have seen holes around the body of the tree, in some instances of the size of a water pail, caused by the wind swaying the tree. I had an orchard in the south part of the State. The trees were trained high. On the Talman Sweet and Greening the limbs hung too low. Mr. Heppen—On my father’s place the trees were trained very low, so low that one could not see a team in the road by the side of the orchard without getting close down to the ground. ‘Those trees never split down, and it is one of the best orchards in the State. It is now 40 years old, and root-grafted. One tree was high trained, and we always had trouble to gather the fruit from it. The orchard was cultivated 18 or 20 years, and the branches on the most of the trees came together, and in some instances passed each other. Is there any other reason but the conyenience of cultivation, for high training? Mr. Curtis—If Greenings were set alternate with Wagener, low training might do—but an orchard set altogether with Greenings and low trained you could not get through when the trees got large and came into bearing. Mr. Tracy—Some object to high training on the ground that the body of the tree is more tender than the limbs. In Wisconsin trees that were low trained were not killed, while those that had high tops were for the must part killed. High training might be objectionable on that account. Mr. Curtrs—I had two trees in Wisconsin that were low trained,—the limbs came out within six inches of the ground. They promised well for five years; but they are going now the same as the others. The south side of the limbs are dying and dead, half the top of both are dead. But we need not take this point into consideration here. We are not troubled in that way. Mr. ParmMELEE—I want to say a word about this training of trees. We cannot make a mark and say “that is the place for the head.” I have some trees that do not suit me. IfI were allowed to go into a nursery and select as I would wish, I might get all perfect trees, but it is not to be expected that if I were buying a thousand trees that they would be all perfect, and we must do the best we can with those that are not. There are some varieties that we cannot get to head as high as we might wish. I can point to some extremes. Some persons set a tree and prune it up to six feet high, with a top about the size of a hen. Such a man needs experience. It will not do to take off too many side branches at once; it will rob the tree. I favor a good while, six, or eight, or ten years, in getting the tree as high as necessary. 1 do not believe in very high or very low training. You can get something to stand on to gather your fruit. A dry goods box is not the best thing you can get. A man who has much fruit to gather needs a good fruit ladder, and then it makes no dif- ference whether the trees are three or five feet in the body. I do not believe we can get as good color in fruit on low trees as on high. The lower leaves on trees and plants are not healthy. In old orchards the lower limbs need cutting off,—if allowed to shade the ground the moss will cover it and the air will be excluded to a certain extent from the orchard. There are many things about fruit, its fairness and its color, that cannot be explained. I have seen trees that I thought were headed too low. The fruit was not fair. In peaches low trained they generally divide into four or five limbs, and in this way, hay- ing more and more leverage, finally break down. The way to do is to keep a leader if possible, but it is not always possible. I have often seen holes in the ground around the body of trees. They are as apt to be around a low trained tree asa high one. The true cause is setting the tree too deep in the ground. THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 89 It may seem strange to some that setting a tree deep would make it loose in the ground, but such is the fact. You may find some trees in my orchard that are loose, but it is almost always because they are set too deep. Sometimes a tree has no root on one side, and such trees will loosen. Roots left to them- selves scek a level. If they are set too deep they will be too far from the heat of the sun, and from the air and ammonia that is near the surface. You will find that a tree set too deep will make roots slow. The orchard that was on my place when I bought it, was set by the former owner and the trees were all loose. My son transplanted them, and he found in some instances trees that were one and one-half to two feet deep. Mr. Curtis—Mr. Parmelee has alluded to one idea that I had intended to speak of, and that is a leader, and ayoid large crotches. Soon after I came here and hearing the discussion on plant growth, I became satisfied that to cut off a large quantity of limbs would retard growth. The trees I bought seemed to have been cut off four feet from the ground, in the nursery. I could find the old cut, and they were headed out below that; just so sure as we set them in that way they would make crotched trees and this had to be remedied some time. Mr. Scrong decided to leave his as they were. but soon as mine were set I went through them and selected a limb for a leader,—and I had not much trouble to find one, except on the Greening. ‘They were the hardest to find a limb that would do for a leader. I cut all the rest of the limbs off a few inches from the body, and in the fall cut off the stubs. My trees did not grow as large tops, andI do not think made as much body as Mr. Strong’s, but they made a growth, and were free from disease. Last spring I found these whips threw out side branches not as nice on Greenings as on King of Tompkins Co. or Golden Russet, and did not grow as much as Mr. Strong’s, but even he admitted that they were nicer trees. I have my trees now in such a position that I can form the top in four or six feet from the ground as I may choose. Mr. Strong’s stand as they came from the nursery, crotches getting larger every year. These limbs must be cut off some time and it seems to me that the longer they grow without trimming the greater will be the sacrifice. Those I set last spring I did not trim until fall and then not to get a high top but to get a good shape and avoid all crotches. I shall get as straight trees as before. I got an idea from Thomas Tyrer that is worth a great deal. Suppose you have a tree that has no leader, you can select a limb that will make one, then cut another limb from the opposite side of the tree, leaving a stub some six inches long; bring the two together and tie with basswood bark, when you will find that the stub will hold the limb in an upright position. Mr. E. FRANKLIN—I had to do that way with my peach trees three years ago. They winter-killed and branched out the following summer. Nearly half my orchard was in that fix. I treated them in that way, and now you can- not tell them from the rest. I think the nearer the surface a tree is planted the better, so as it is deep enough that it will not dry out. The Club then adjourned for one week. 12 90 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DEEP AND SHALLOW CULTIVATION.—THE TIME TO CEASE THE CULTI- VATION OF ORCHARDS. OLD MIssIon, Jan. 29, 1873. Club met pursuant to adjournment, Mr. C. P. Avery in the chair. “ Culti- yation of Fruit Trees,” continued. Mr. Curtis—I have a subject to place before you to thirk about, and we may at some future time take it up; and that is, how deep is it necessary to cultivate? The inference would be from remarks made at previous meetings that two inches was deep enough. Now, it may be that this shallow cultiva- tion is good and it may not be; not having thought much about it previous to these discussions, [ am not prepared to say. You are aware that they had this subject under discussion in the American Institute Farmers’ Club, and the statement was made that in a certain county in New Jersey, it was the practice to give corn but very shallow cultivation, and they got very good crops. ‘Those who advocated deep cultivation considered there must be some mistake, and a conimittee was appointed to go there and examine into it and make a report. They stated that the soil in that county was naturally under- drained and that it is unnecessary to cultivate as deep there as in other soils, and that where the soil was not underdrained thoroughly, deep cultivation was necessary. Now, a great deal of our soil is like that county in New Jersey, loose, porous, and well underdrained, though I think there is a misapprehen- sion in regard to this in places here. I find on my place that by digging from 18 inches to two feet I come to a hard-pan. Generally on our uplands this will not be reached by the plow, but it sometimes is, and it is found to be very hard and stiff. I think that where this hard-pan is, two inches of cultivation would not be enough to furnish air and moisture. I am inclined to think that you would not find, in a drouth, much moisture below where the ground is stirred. If this is so, would it not be better to cultivate deeper, even if we do break some roots? Suppose we follow this system—let the cultivator run shallow near the tree, but further off let it run deep and break whatever roots are in the way. As I said before, I have not given this subject much thought, and offer these ideas more as suggestions than assertions,—but I believe that with eight inches depth of cultivation, drouth will do us no injury. I can raise a corn crop without a drop of rain from the time it is planted until harvested, by frequent, thorough, and deep cultivation. Mr. AVERY—I think the surface roots should not be broken. Nature keeps her roots near the surface. You will notice the trees in the forest, where they tip over, the roots are all within a foot or eighteen inches of the surface. Mr. Curtis—I always feel pity for such trees. I have been where trees would tip over, but they do not generally do so here, they pull out. Now, I would submit that our apple trees are not natwral trees. If we were to sow apple seeds and let them grow thickly and as they would, those would be natural trees; but the way we raise apple trees is different. We take a small section of a bearing tree and splice it on a young root, make our trees in that way, and that is not natural. Nature does not do business that way. Nature keeps her soil shaded and muiched for moisture. In cultivating trees we must compensate in some way for the want of this shade and mulching. If we keep THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. ok the surface mellow, that will induce moisture, and it may be that two inches is: enough, but I am afraid not. Mr. BrinkMAN—I am glad that Mr. Curtis has alluded to this subject of shallow culture. When I heard the minutes of the last meeting read, it con-- yeyed to me the impression that it was generally conceded that two inches was deep enough to cultivate, and if not intended to convey that impression, that fact should be known. One half of my pear orchard is on clay. I find in cultivating this orchard that on the sand, a double shovel plow does well, bub for the clay portion I find a one-horse plow turning a furrow four inches. deep, to do more good, but still better to turn a furrow as deep as possible,. except when close to the tree. Mr. Parmelee cultivates his trees that way, and I agree with him as to the mode. Another point in regard to this cultivation of fruit trees that has not been touched upon: that is, when to commence and when to quit cultivation. Three years ago there was two-thirds of the nursery stock killed back and many orchards injured by too late cultivation. Now, f should Jike to hear some discussion on this poirt. Mr. E. FrankLin—That would depend on the age of the trees. If the trees were large they could be cultivated later than younger trees. Mr. SavipGe—I understand that our discussions relate more particularly to young trees. Our country is new, and the number of old orchards is so lim- ited that but few would be benefited by a discussion of their treatment. What we have to do with now is the treatment of our young orchards. Before I came here I had but little experience in the management of growing orchards —but three years ago I had the experience common to you alJ. ‘That hard freeze in the last of October in that year injured my yearling nursery stock very much, and the cause was that it was cultivated too late, and was still growing when the frost came. Asa proof that late cultivation was the cause of injury, that portion of my stock that was not cultivated late was uninjured. Also with orchards. Our peach orchard was not cultivated late owing to press of work, and it was injured only on the tips of the limbs, at the same time neigh- bors that cultivated late had peach trees killed to the ground. As to the time to commence cultivating in the spring, we know that the sooner we commence the sooner will the trees commence to grow, and when growth is the object sought, I should say the sooner you commence to cultivate in the spring the better. But for peach trees in bearing there is some danger of spring frosts injuring the fruit while in blossom. I believe it is generally conceded that there is a critical time of three or four days when the fruit buds first open, when a very slight frost will injure them. Now it is my plan with bearing peach trees to defer cultivation until the fruit buds show signs of opening, and. by that means retard the blossoming, then give them a good thorough cultiva- tion and hoeing, and by that means hurry them through that critical time. There is no tree that will feel cultivation, or the want of it, as quick as the peach. As to the time to cease cultivation, I always give my trees a thorough cultivation the last week of July, and do not touch them again until after there have been several hard frosts in the fall. I find that my trees grow as late as it is safe to have them grow, and that they ripen up their wood well. I think that it is a good plan to plow or cultivate an orchard in the fall after there is no danger of starting a new growth, as it can possibly-do no harm, and will leave the ground in better condition for the spring. As to older orchards bearing later cultivation I have no positive knowledge, but should think that it would not do to cultivate much later than the first of August, as. 92 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. it would leave the fruit buds in an unripe condition, and they would be more apt to winter kill. Mr. Curtis—I think that were a vote taken of this Club, it would be unan- imous that the first of August would be as late in the summer as it would be safe to cultivate. [To this there was no objection. ] ‘he most successful frnit-grower in Orleans County, N. Y., was in the habit of plowing his orchard in the fall and dragging-in the spring, then plow the other way, and drag down and cultivate. He would never allow the ground to go more than five or six days without stirring. In plowing he would let his plow run eight inches deep, and if it struck roots let it cut them off—he would never throw the plow out for a root ten feet from the tree. I done so with my orchard in the south part of this State, and raised a good orchard. I do not care how deep you plow, it will do no hurt. If I could not plow more than two inches I would not plow at all. Mr. Avery—The majority of people do not plow more than six inches deep and probably that is not too much. Mr. Smeed, of N. Y., had an orchard that had been for a long time in pasture, the trees looking very badly. He plowed deep and had an enormous yield, eight or nine barrels to a tree. Mr. MArRsHALL—The only way is to plow. The ground needs turning over. I have thought that I could get the ground in such order that cultivating would do, but have never been able to do so. The gang plow is a good tool to work an orchard with. Mr. Curtis—In a dry time stirring the ground will kill weeds. In early spring the ground is alive with weeds. If it is dry the harrow will kill them, but if you have two or three weeks’ rain they will get the start so that a culti- vator will not destroy them. I want something that will draw as easy as a cultivator, cover as much ground, and reverse the soil. We can do this with a gang plow, but it is too heavy. ‘THE IMPORTANCE OF WIND-BREAKS.—ADDRESS OF MR. H. W. CURTIS. OLD Mission, Feb. 19, 1873. Mr. CHAIRMAN,—I am so thoroughly convinced of the paramount import- ance of shelter belts and wind breaks that I ask to be heard further. Winds! Who has not felt their force and seen their power? ‘They lash the waters into foam and strew the shores with wrecks. How our forests writhe in their fury, and the noblests of their monarchs are prostrated! Stand where it has an unbroken sweep, in a severe gale, the fall of snow, and the mercury at or below zero. Yes, stand there and take it! Stand a minute,—stand an hour, —stand and take it ten hours,—ten hours !—How do you feel! It is easier to tell how much, than how. Just as much as Lot’s wife felt after she became a pillar of salt. Iask everybody to think of and reason on the fact that a low temperature, accompanied with a high wind, is absolutely unendurable, and as destructive to animal life as fire or pestilence. On the other hand, a low temperature in still air is hardly noticeable. Eve- rybody, almost, has experienced the entire harmlessness of still, cold weather, THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 93 and would have known nothing of it but for being told by some one who had noticed a thermometer. It is the wind part of our “cold snaps” that hurts,— hurts so terribly! How fearfully does Minnesota and the wind-swept North- west emphasize this fact in their reports of recent storms. Now, whoever heard of one perishing in the woods from cold, if of sound mind and body, with enongh to eat, and the means to build a fire? It may have happened. I never heard of it. What, then.is the difference between shelter and exposure? It is the difference between life and death. In the one case we pass along without danger, or the appearance of danger. In the other, we expose ourselves to the most fearful peril. I believe it is now taken for grant- ed that the effect of wind and cold combined on plant life is the same in nature as upon animal life. An apple tree may endure a degree of cold and wind > without injury, that would kill an ox. Buta degree can be reached in which the tree will succumb; and that degree will be much higher with than with- out wind. ‘That is, it may stand 40° below zero without wind, when it would be killed with 20° in a gale. Fruit blossom buds, especially peach buds, answer to this law. If anybody knows the why and wherefore of this, I do not know who he is. I wish I did. I have heard reasons suggested. The main one is that the moisture, which is the life of the tree, is evaporated so rapidly that it dies. But of the cause, Iam ignorant. Of the fact, nobody is ignorant. Mr. Chairman, we have winds,—high winds,—frequent winds,—heavy winds. With these I know well that we do not get as low a temperature as is common farther south. But we have had eighteen below zero this winter. This isa hint that we may not be reckless\—a hint that the more cautious we are, the more safeguards we throw around us, the greater will be our security. For this region now is an opportune time to consider this subject and urge it upon the attention of the people. The native forests are generally standing. Out of these, farms can be carved, leaving bodies and belts of timber standing, of such dimensions and shape as to secure the needed protection. Nothing bet- ter is wanted than our own maples, and beeches, and hemlocks, and whatever else grows in our forests, for these belts. The people need to know how important they are. They need, also, to have correct ideas of how they should be arranged. The people of this country, as in all new timbered countries, seem to look upon trees as their direst enemies. They seek their destruction by slashing and burning; and act as though they would invoke, if possible, a. timber plague more devastating than the worst of the plagues of Egypt. The place for their dwelling is first hewed out. Down falls every tree, and bush, and shrub. Joy is complete when all is dissolved into ashes and smoke. The house is built, the opening enlarged so as to let in the winds, and they come: with their fury, and drive the snow into and through every crack and cranny,. and pile it up in huge heaps around them. How could misery be made more complete ? There stood the natural trees, which, if let alone or only trimmed and the unstable ones removed, would rob the blast of all its horrors. Suppose that in preparing for a residence, an acre of ground were cleared off, and around it a belt of the original forest were left two rods deep, treated as above suggested. The under-growth would soon become very dense, and the younger trees spread. out their tops, and their bodies grow stocky and strong. ‘lhe old trees would and should soon be removed. But there would stand a wall of live wood. How a man so protected would pity his wind-swept neighbor. Hisapple trees,. i e4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. -and peach trees, and cherry trees, and plum trees, and pear trees, would stand up straight, and have shining bark, and bear great loads of luscious fruit, while his neighbor, to get from his house to his barn, would have to “stub and brace,” and his trees, “poor pitiable things,” swaying and swinging and half ent over, groan to be delivered from such a crushing burden. Suppose again, that around every ten-acre field or every forty rods square, just such a belt were left on all the cleared land of the Grand Traverse region. There then would be nine acres of cleared land where there is now ten. Such belts would occupy just one-tenth of the land. I may be mistaken; and I certainly am if the yield of nearly all ordinary farm crops would not be largely increased. And again, suppose that only an opening thirty feet wide had been made through the center of all our roadways, leaving a border on either side eighteen feet wide of all the under-growth and thrifty young trees. Very soon the tops of these would meet over the road, forming a perfect shade in summer, while the sides would thicken up sufficiently to break the winds in winter, and pre- vent the snow from drifting. Who has not heard or read of the “Lindens” of Berlin, and the great shaded avenues in the suburbs of Paris? Here, through all our highways we could have just as magnificent drives, not by planting out at expense and waiting a long time, but by letting alone what nature has already placed and grown just where needed. What I have said so far is in the interest of all agricultural industries. . But it has a special application to fruit growing. Fruit growers everywhere know how blossom buds are killed by windstorms, when they would pass unharmed through the same degree of cold unaccompanied by wind. I believe that still cold weather has never been known to injure fruit trees, not even peach trees. The cold wind storms have done the destructive work, both to the trees and buds. Stop the winds then, and both are secured, or the per cent of danger lessened. But again, suppose you have grown a beautiful crop of apples on an exposed orchard. Call last fall to mind; from all orchards so situated nine- tenths of the winter fruit was shaken before gathering, before time to gather. Such become cider apples, apples to “dry,” or feed to stock, or to be left on the ground. They are destroyed for keeping. So it is ruin anyway. If the ruin of cold windstorms is escaped, the ruin of having the crop shaken from the trees is almost inevitable. The only safety is protection. It has been said that orchards are self-protecting. The wind evidently strides over the top of forests, the surface of which is thick and even. But our orchards stand in open rows, giving the wind an excellent chance to drive among and get hold of the trees. Jt would seem as though self-protection here must be very slight. Here on our cleared farms the destruction is complete. The windbreaks have got to be grown. What is most available for immediate use? Hard maple set in double rows eight feet apart, and eight feet apart in the row, well cared for, would probably answer an excellent purpose. White pines would be better, but most expensive. Lombardy poplar would probably be less expensive and make a windbreak quicker than anything else. They are easily propagated, ‘grow rapidly and very tall. Mr. Chairman, I deem this subject of the most vital interest. It seems to me that orchards must prove failures if we leave them unprotected. But I have discussed many points with brief sentences and paragraphs, each of ‘which might well do for a lecture. I can therefore only hope that such may be suggestive and lead to careful dnvestigation. Let me not be understood that just an acre for a building spot, THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 95 and just forty rods square, are the exact dimension. I only claim that the proportion of shelter to cleared Jand should be such as to make the protection ample. TRANSPLANTING. Mr. Tracy then opened the discussion on transplanting, as follows: We have practically but two seasons for transplanting, fall and spring. Those who advocate fall planting say that the earth has time to settie about the roots during the winter, and the roots may sometimes even make a small growth, and they generally will become callused over the cut extremities, and s0 be all ready to commence growth in the spring. This is a strong argument, but it is objected to, that if we have cold, dry winds they will carry off more moisture from the limbs and the exposed parts of the tree than the roots can furnish, and the result is that the trees become somewhat shriveled and dried. There must be moisture supplied in the spring to counterbalance this loss, before the treecan commence to grow, and so we may lose far more than we have gained. In spring setting what advantage is gained in this respect is, I think, sometimes lost by delay in setting. Sometimes the setting is delayed until the buds are open. It is true that if the trees are taken up in fall and sheltered, they may be kept back. But still I believe many trees fail by being set too late. We all know that trees make most of their growth during a few days or weeks of spring and early summer; it is fair to conclude that the air is then in the best condition to promote growth. In any ordinary setting it will take some time for the trees to recover from the injuries received in transplanting, and get into condition where growth is possible. and if we delay our setting there is much danger that this time will carry us beyond the most favorable season in growth, and into that which will simply induce a ripening of wood already formed. It is not so much the want of rain, but the dry atmosphere, that is so hard on trees set too late. Another matter: It seems of small importance what day we select to set trees; but I think it is of much importance. When a day is cloudy it would seem that it must be a good day; but it may not be as good as a day when the sun is shining. It wants a moist air. Moist air and sunshine is not so bad as dry air and a cloudy day. I will tell you bow you can make a little instrument with which you can tell the relative difference of moisture on different days. Procure two ordinary thermometers, take them out of the case with the metallic slide attached, fasten them side by side on a board, under one of them suspend a test tube or vial filled with water. Cover the bulb of this thermometer with a piece of linen, letting it hang down into the water in the test tube. The water will pass up this piece of linen to the bulb by capillary attraction,—the same as oil passes up the wick of a lamp,—keeping the bulb moist. Hvyaporation always, as we say, consumes heat, and with this arrange- ment any evaporation from the cloth must draw part of its heat from the bulb of the thermometer, which will consequently stand lower. The more water in the air the less will be the evaporation, and consequently the less will 96 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. be the difference between the two thermometers. The difference between the two with the same amount of moisture also differs with the temperature, but we can easily make or procure tables giving the proportion of water in the air indicated by difference between the two thermometers at different temperatures. In taking up trees the spade should be used with the side towards the tree. The tree can be raised with nearly the same ease in this way, and with less damage than if the spade were inserted at right angles with the roots. After taking up the tree, all bruised or broken roots, also those cut by the spade, should be cut off with a sharp knife, as they will heal over more readily if cut with a sharp implement. The tree while out of the ground should be protected from the wind. I usually use old coffee sacks to cover the trees while taking them to the field to set. I am somewhat at variance with most people in regard to puddling trees. If a tree has been abused, puddling may do some good; but if the tree has been used well, I think it would not be best to puddle. As to depth for setting, I prefer to set the collar of the tree at the surface of the ground. Mp. S. P. Tracy —My father in setting a hemlock hedge put water around the trees, and every spring he had to reset one-half of his hedge. After a time the water was neglected, and now there is a good hedge. Mr. ParMELEE—I like very much this talk about transplanting trees. We must not pay attention altogether to what is told us, if what is told us is against our experience. If experience is against puddling trees, it is best not to puddle. In reference to transplanting in the fall. I apprehend the theory —and it is but a theory—comes from the fact that there is a growth going on in the winter. All nursery men know that root grafts packed away in the cellar from their union during the winter; also upon the other end of the root is a callus formed. It is the same with the trees in the ground. This callus is the preparation for the roots to start; and so far that is all right. But here is one fact: This does not compensate for the moisture stolen from the tree during the winter. If I am against anything, it is fall setting of trees. I have tried it, and never had trees do first rate thus set. I believe there are instances where puddling trees would be beneficial, and that is when they are not fresh. If the trees where not fresh, I would not puddle, for it has a tend- ency to make the fibers hang down in a mass, and they cannot be set out in as good shape as without. The crown of the tree is somewhat dependent on the soil in which the tree grew. If in the clay it will be near the surface of the ground; but if in sand, the crown will be much below the surface. I should set. trees the same as they stood in the nursery, if upon the same kind of soil. In regard to cutting the tops I know there is a difference of opinion between men. I have cut and got a good growth, and have got a good growth without cutting. I don’t know if there is any philosophical reason for it, but if my tree is dry I cut more, but if not I don’t cut. I don’t see the force of cutting off the limbs because the roots are cut, any more than I can see the force of cutting off a man’s arm because he has had a leg cut off. Emumer Lapp—Does it make any difference if trees are not set the same side to the south as they stood in the nursery ? Some claim that it does, and if not so set they will twist around until that side is in its right place. Mr. Tracy—I know of trees at the College that are twisted twice around. I suppose they had forgotten and did not know when to stop. But it is wcll to discuss these questions. ‘There may be more in them than secms. I do not believe it makes any difference which side a tree is set to any point of compass, but would like to hear more on this subject. THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 97 Mr. Curtis—The author of “ Ten Acres Enough,” mentions haying a small peach orchard on his farm. In setting this he cut all bruises, and covered the collar with tar. Ever since he had removed the ground in the spring and had but on tar, and he has had no grubs around his peach trees. Is there anything against putting tar on trees ? “Mr. ParMELEE—A friend of mine told me th at the author of “Ten Acres Enough” never had a plow in his hand. I used tar once to keep off rabbits, but I never will use it again. I had to keep my trees covered up for two years. It is too penetrating, and absorbs too much heat. Mr. Tracy—lI was told to put kerosene on my trees to kill caterpillers. It worked well,—killed the trees and the caterpillars starved to death. I have used carbolic acid, but have discarded it. Tobacco smoke is good. Common white whale oil soap is the best thing I have found to kill insects. But in my experience the best rule is to kill them by hand. Mr. ParMELEE—While Mr. Tracy was speaking I was thinking I would make a good hangman. If I find a bug I want to kill I don’t go and geta goose quill and blow snuff in his eyes. The best way to destroy grubs in the peach is to get down by the tree, poke away the earth, and follow them up; which you can easily do by the gum. It is not much trouble to keep them down in this way. Mr. Tracy—I do not think it is good to use water in transplanting. I have seen trees set out, and a pailful of water poured on them. I have watched the effect of this, and it is to wash the earth from the roots, leaving them loose like they were in a tube. I never use water in transplanting small plants, although I have transplanted some when I had rather set up all night with them than have them fail. There may be instances where water would be good; but not generally. We should take pains to have every particle of the roots in contact with the earth, then if the tree isin good order when set it will be sure to live. A nice collection of apples was displayed in the club room this evening, which were intended for the February meeting of the State Pomological Society, to be held at Battle Creek. They are to be sent to the Treasurer of the Society at Grand Rapids who will take charge of them. ° They were contributed by Messrs. Fowler, Lardie, Curtis, Stewart, Montague, Drew, Parker, Dana, Roberts, and Parmelee. Mr. Curtis also contributed a plate of Vicar of Winkfield pears. There were Maiden Blush and Snow apples in good condition. All were bright, and showed keeping quality. A few sorts showed last year’s leaf blight in their diminished size. TRANSPLANTING OF FRUIT TREES, OLD Mission, Feb. 26, 1873. Club met pursuant to adjournment, Mr. C. P. Avery in the chair. Subject for discussion, “ Transplanting of Fruit Trees,” continued. Mr. B. Montacue—If I were to advise persons setting trees, I should say procure them near home. I believe they will do better than any others. There are no climatic changes for them to undergo; nor do they experience the dis 138 98 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. advantage of change of soil. Another advantage: if you get your trees near home they can be set within two or three days after they are taken from the ground, and that is better than to have them shipped 500 miles and run the risk of being dried up in the box. Sometimes they heat in the box, and experi- ence considerable damage in that way. I should say get as near home as possi- ble. J agree wholly with what was said upon the subject of tree planting last week. I find no points to disagree. In setting trees I think it a good practice to set the tree leaning toward the prevailing winds. The orchard I set three years ago leans to the northeast. I believe had I leaned the trees to the southwest, they would now be standing straight up. I believe trees should be set early for the best success, yet I have had good luck with late setting. I set one tree after it was in leaf and it did well. I think the less sunshine they have the better. I have heard of two trees transplanted while in blossom, one in the night, the other in the day. The one set in the night did well, and bore its crop of fruit. The fruit all fell from the other, and the tree nearly died. If I had not heard what Mr. Tracy said at the last meeting, I should say choose a cloudy day for setting trees. Mr. 'Tracy—I do not wish to be understood that a cloudy day is a bad one to set trees, but that occasionally there is a cloudy day when the air is more dry than it is sometimes when the sun shines. Mr. PARMELEE—We had last night an illustration of what Mr. Tracy said about moisture of the atmosphere. The bushes and trees were covered with frost, occasioned by the invisible moisture of the atmosphere. There is a practice recommended by some in removing trees, to cut off the tap-root. I think this is an erroneous practice. The tap-root is a provision of nature for the support of the tree until it throws out its side roots, which eventually become the main roots. Our greatest difficulty is, we do not have roots enough, and we want all we can get. I think it is better to dig deeper, 60 as to let the tap-root remain on. The tree will dispose of the tap-root as soon as it gets through with it, the same as trees in the forest dispose of theirs. In reference to using water, there may be two sides to the question. In setting trees in a dry time, I have found it an advantage to use water. If we have many trees to set we cannot always wait for weather to suit. I would not pour water immediately upon the roots. The hole should be dug large enough so that the roots can be put in a natural position. Usually the roots are in such position that the earth needs rounding up in the center. After the tree is placed in position and covered to the crown with earth, then pour one or two pails of water around the outer edge of the hole; then fill up with loose earth. There should never be enough water so as to come to the surface when filled with earth. Before putting in water the earth should be pressed in contact with all the roots. The ground will not cake unless you let the water come to the surface. If it is covered three inches it will not cake. Sometimes when my trees are dry I bury them a week before setting, covering all, root and branch, with moist earth. Mr. Tracy—The greatest objection to the use of water is that where the roots branch out, water, as commonly used, washes the earth from them, form- ing a cavity underneath ; and it is of paramount importance that the earth come in contact with all. No matter what the soil is, water poured on the surface will cause the ground to cake. Soif we do use water, we should be care- ful to cover all with earth. Ido not think it needs to be covered as deep as three inches,—one inch will do. THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 99 Mr. B. MontacuE—I know some who practice dipping the roots in water before setting, to make the earth adhere more closely. On the question of mulch. If my land was in such shape that I could cultivate the trees, I would not mulch. If I could not cultivate, then I would mulch. Mr. Avery—Mr. Hoyt, a nurseryman at Rochester, told me that when he was asked if mulching was good, he always looked at the man, and if he thought he was a lazy man, he told him yes, but if he had the appearance of a hard working man, he would tell him cultivation was better. Mr. PaRMELEE—I am satisfied that this great rigmarole about mulching trees in winter to keep them back in the spring has a pernicious effect, and this theory has died a natural death. I don’t want any manure near the roots, nor do I want any black muck; you might as well have manure. Pure black muck is death to a tree; better have pure black sand. Pure muck is mostly carbon—you cannot make a tree stand up in it any more than in a bed of mortar. I do not want any rich vegetable mould put around the roots of trees in setting,—better use the natural soil. In the matter of setting trees leaning, T should like to know more of it. My orchard is exposed, and I do not know of atree that leans. There are some that Jook as if they did, but it is because the limbs are blown up by the wind—sometimes one limb gets hitched behind another. I have not a tree loose that was not set too deep. Mr. Curtis—The first trees I set were peach trees. I plowed the ground and set the trees on theridge. I was very careful toset the tree close up to the board I was using for a guide, following as near as I conld Mr. Parmelee’s instructions. I have never yet ridged up to the trees, and they stand shallow, with the roots near the surface. Those trees under the lee from the southwest wind are not affected ; but those farther out, where the northwest wind strikes them, there is not a tree that stands up straight. They are all leaning badly, and two of them blew down. Just so with my apples: those not protected, many of them, are leaning. I have never seen a Rhode Island Greening tree that was straight. What objection would there be in setting them so that the crook would make them lean toward the prevailing wind? If you will notice the orchards on the Peninsula you will find the trees are all, or nearly all of them, leaning. Mr. Avery—In setting young trees I would turn the side toward the wind upon which the longest roots grow, instead of setting the tree leaning. I believe the inability of trees to withstand wind is owing in a measure to the roots not being evenly balanced. By placing trees with the longest roots toward the wind, the strongest leverage will oppose the strongest pressure. Mr. Tracy—I have heard just the opposite; that the large roots give more growth. and will push the tree over the other way. Mr. PARMELEE—I have set more than 100 acres of orchard, and have not on an average staked one tree in five acres. My experience is that it is best to let the trees go until spring, then set two stakes and tie to both with a loop around the tree; then the tree will not rub on the stakes. Mr. Montacue—lIt seems to me still to be an advantage to set trees lean- ing. The branches do not strike out as well on the windward side. The limbs on the lee are a third longer. If the top on one side is larger than on the other, it has a tendency to draw the tree over that way; but if evenly bal- anced, the tree will stand more erect. Mr. Curtis—At a recent meeting of this club, I ventured to “ hint” to those who contemplate setting trees the coming season. I referred to the severe cold, 100 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. that had occurred at Grand Rapids and Lansing, 38° and 45° below zero, and suggested that nursery stock grown in the vicinity of these places might be injured. The great amount of severe cold that has occurred all over the country then and since makes it doubly important that purchasers should he on their guard. The degree of cold that injures young trees is by no means uniform. It depends much on the condition of the wood when they go into the winter. Well matured wood not grown too rapidly, and consequently not over grown, is uninjured, when soft, immature wood is either killed outright, or so severely damaged that the trees will have a sickly life and die prema- turely. I believe as a general rule 20° to 25° below zero is considered danger- ous. I should not want to risk Baldwins and Greenings or any other varieties equally tender which had endured that amount of freezing; nor would I any of the hardier varieties, unless I knew that they had not been pushed with manure, and that the wood was wellripened. Hard freezing makes trees sickly ; set them ever so carefully and nurse them ever so tenderly, they start feebly, live a sickly life,and die a premature death. Beginners, you want trees,—good, healthy, sound trees,—trees that will yield fruit instead of disappointments. You cannot be too careful now. In my remarks above alluded to I referred to the cold of Grand Rapids and Lansing. I do not now know how cold it has been at Painesville, Ohio, Nurseries, nor at the nurseries in the vicinity of Rochester, N. Y. But before you order trees from either of those places or anywhere else, by all means be sure that they are not damaged. I have seen a published statement that at the Grand River Valley nurseries the mercury only marked 24° below zero, when it went 38° degrees below at Grand Rapids. When it is considered that these nurseries are forty miles inland, and of course beyond the reach of water protection, this seems very remarkable indeed. I do not question the truthfulness of the statement. I only say it is remarkable— very. Mr. Tracy—The Grand River nurseries are peculiarly well situated in respect to land climate, being on an elevated table land, and it is quite possible that the thermometer should stand several degrees higher there than at Grand Rapids or even at the village of Lowell. Mr. AvERY—We have learned much within the last few years, about what shape or formation of Jand is necessary, to the growing of healthy nursery trees, and productive orchards. It is not many years since a large nursery was started on the Genesee River near its mouth, on a plat 150 feet lower than the surrounding country, because the proprietor thought that protected situation was just the place to grow good trees. The fact that he froze out, before he cold out, should warn others about like situations, while other locations on higher rolling land in the same neighborhood grew healthy trees that have made the reputation of Rochester nurseries world wide. So you will remember Ramsdell’s nursery at Adrian, Michigan,—now extinct,—was ruined by extreme cold eight or ten yearsago. ‘This was owing to insufficient atmospheric drain- age. In taking a drive of a few miles with your Secretary the other day, I noticed in orchards growing on low, level ground, nearly one-half of the trees had been reset, and that the bodies had a covering of old bark and moss (nature’s protection against cold), while orchards on land that had an oppor- tunity for the cold air to run off, had smoother bark, and bright butternut colored limbs. Orchards, to be paying investments, set in 45° N. latitude, or any other lat- itude, should never be set on low ground, especially when there is no lower land in connection. THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB—DISCUSSIONS. 101 Mr. PARMELEE—As far as I can get facts in regard to the winter of 1855-6, it was just about such a winter as this has been,—many nurseries that year had trees damaged. One man that I knew procured some that he was told might be damaged. He selected the best and set them as they were. The balance he cut off at the ground. Those which he cut off made good trees, while those he did not ‘cut made but a sickly growth. I shall have to send out to get some varieties that I can’t get here, and am waiting to hear more in regard to the temperature at different points before I order. Mr. Curtis—We have had a cold winter, and there is probably much nurs- ery stock injured. I would caution people in regard to the Illinois nurseries around Bloomington. I have two brothers living 30 miles from Chicago, on the road to Bloomington, and they tell me that the mercury went 34° below zero there this year; we had 8° below at that time. If the difference since then has been as great as at that time, they have had it cold enough there to ruin nursery stock. I don’t say it 7s so; but it may be so. I would suggest that where the snow is two feet deep, the trees will be better than where there is no snow. I have usually bought my trees at the Painesville nurseries, and like them very much. I never have had but one tree but has leaved out. But I am fearful that they are injured this year. I think we have a right to cau- tion people on this point of injury. Mr. Tracy—I endorse what Mr. Curtis has said on this point. If there is injury known we should speak of it. Five, ten, or even twenty cents on a tree is no object. We want to get trees that will live. Persons can get all the trees they want of agents without knowing what they get. It will pay any person wanting trees to go to a,nursery themselves and get their trees. Home grown trees are worth double,—I would rather pay double for trees grown at home, other things being equal, than to buy trees from a distance. It would be a wise way to grow our own trees,—it would cost more, but be an advantage. Adjourned. J. EH. SAVAGE, See’y. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STRAWBER- RIES. AN ESSAY READ AT THE JUNE MEETING IN KALAMAZOO, BY PROF. A. J. COOK, OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, I believe it is very common among us Americans, when we are 1n 1gnorance of the authorship of a witty, wise,—and I might almost add, foolish,—saying, to ascribe it to the eccentric pastor of Plymouth Church. Therefore, I will say that Beecher says that “doubtless God might have made a better fruit than the strawberry, but, doubtless, God never did.” And on this delightful occasion, as we behold the innumerable plates full laden with every variety, seeming to vie with each other in their matchless presentation of color and bloom, we feel to echo the phrase, Never did! You remember in Miss Mulock’s Noble Life, where the little boy was sent into the garden and told not to pluck the berries. You also remember when he returned to his good mamma, with the tell-tale stain upon his lips—how he persistently denied being guilty of disobedience, thus adding sorrow to his fond parent’s heart, by the apparent falsehood. But when at last, questioned by “The Noble Life ”—the rosy lip-stains being refer- red to as evidence of his double guilt, he made the very triumphant, and doubtless, to his loving mother, the very satisfactory explanation,—that he only opened his mouth, and they popped in. Imagine this a garden, and any of us alone in it, suffering under the cruel injunction of “touch not.” Is it not probable that we would show ourselves but children of a larger growth by a personal repetition of the above episode? It is doubtless well to subject children to some temptations, that by resistance virtue may be strengthened. But parents, suffer not yourselves to place such a temptation as the one above recounted in the path of either old or young. And, Mr. President, are not these marvelous exhibitions of the very ne plus ultra of the quintessence of Nature’s most luscious productions demoralizing ? Just think of the moral tension to which all souls who come hither are sub- jected. To only gaze and nothing more. Sir, we encourage envy, theft, and covetousness. Just manage to close or even turn the vision of this argus-eyed throng, but for a moment, and what popping in there would be. And now, Mr. President, if such temptations are too great for us, whom the myriad-minded poet has styled the “paragon of animals,” how can we blame the tiny insects, if they come forth to plunder in this realm of matchless beauty, and unrivaled lusciousness. I believe it is Wordsworth that says, in speaking of mankind: ‘ The good die first, while those whose hearts are dry as summer dust, burn to the socket.” But this is not true of our fruits ; for while our more plebeian fruits are nipped in the bud, tunneled in growth, and feasted on in maturity, while the trunks INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STRAWBERRIES. 103 that bear them up, are riddled by infinite borers, or sapped by sucking bugs, and the leaves and roots that nourished them are skinned, torn, and eaten by scores of slugs, lice, grubs, and caterpillars; the peerless strawberry seems little disturbed by the thousand ills which her sister fruits are heir to. From quite a large correspondence, reaching to nearly all sections of the State, I learn that our favorite fruit is as yet almost wholly free from insect destroyers. To be sure there come unanimous complaints of the “ White Grub,” but even these are not very loud. It would seem then, Mr. President, that with me, “ Othello’s occupation’s gone.” But other localities not distant from us, are not so favored, but are subject to insect visitations; and as these same insect pests are just coming among us, it will not be amiss to describe them just now; that we being forewarned, may be as truly forearmed. THE WHITE GRUB. Lachnosterna fusca, Frohl.—Sub-order Coleoptera. Family Scarabeide. Few insects are more frequently seen by the plowman than that fat, sleek, old gormand, the white grub (see 2 fig.). ‘Turned summarily from its earthen bed, it curls slowly up as if to meditate upon the best course to pursue, in view of so undignified a disturbance. Quite as familiar to _ all of us is the imago of this grub, \. the May-beetle (see 3 and 4 in fig.). “’ All are acquainted withits loud hum, as it comes lumbering lazily into our rooms during the warm eyenings of May and June. This supposed bravery has given it the name of beetle,” aud “ Beetle headed.” The Lachnosterna fusca belongs to the same family of beetles, and is closely related, in both structure and habits, to the rose chafer, which was described in a report read before the society at the last December meeting, and published in the Report of 1872. The May beetle (see 3 and 4 in fig.), comes forth in May and June. Itis of a deep chestnut brown color, heavy and robust in form, and nearly one inch long. Above it is covered with punctures, and on each elytra, a technical term denoting the upper wings, are two or three raised longitudinal lines. Beneath it is thickly covered with yellow hair. The antenne are lamellate, that is the last three joints are prolonged and may be shut close together like the leaves of a book. ‘This peculiarity, as also the form, gives quick determin- ation to the members of this family. The beetles feed in the evening on the leaves of oak, apple, and cherry trees. In 1868, they were so numerous at the Agricultural College, that their hum in * The cnts in this article are all from clectrotypes, procured from Prof. C. V. Riley, State Entomologist of Missouri, by whom the drawings were made. All the Entomological cuts in the Report for 1873 were from the same source. 04 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the various oak trees, was as loud as that made by a large colony of bees as they swarm out from their hive. In June the beetles pair, after which the male soon dies, while the female descends a few inches into the ground, and lays her several score of small spher- ical eggs, after which she dies. The whole life of the imago is not more than ten or twelve days, though some come much later than others. In two weeks the eggs hatch into small white grubs, which for three years feed on the roots of grass and wheat,—in fact are not discriminating in their tastes, for the tender roots of almost all plants, including the strawberry, have to contribute to the support of these plump larve. As the short-horn men say, “They are good feeders,” and especially during the last two years of their sub- terranean life, quickly destroy whatever comes in their way. When fully grown, the white grub (see 2 fig.) is about one and one-half inches long, white in color, with a brown head. They have a somewhat wrinkled appearance, and when disturbed, curl up. Dr. Harris states that in winter these larve descend beneath the action of frost. In May, during the third season of growth, the pupa (see I fig.) may be found in a cell of earth, looking much like the imago, though the color is much lighter. As with all coleopterous pupa, the wings and legs may be seen folded up on the breast. During the months of May and June, of the third year, the beetles will again appear. My friend, Dr. J. B. Barnes, of Owosso, who has grown strawberries exten- sively for a series of years, pronounces the grub their worst enemy. Mr. Nolan, of Benton Harbor, concurs in the opinion. Mr. B. Hathaway bears similar testimony, and further adds that this white grub is becoming a serious pest, and asks for a remedy. REMEDIES. No doubt but that the natural remedies, chief among which are the birds,— especially the robins, blackbirds and jays,—must, at present at least, take first rank. ‘The skunk also does good service in this direction. Several ground beetles prey upon them while in the larva state. As with cut-worms, I believe it would be well to plow the ground sometime before planting, and leave it for w time to the fowls and birds. Hogs, where they can be admitted to the ground, will do a good work. Dr. Barnes states that if plenty of ashes, either jeached or unleached, be placed on the ground before setting the plants, the grub will not trouble them. It has been recommended to crush these grubs by rolling the ground, when, by eating the roots of the grass, they destroy our lawns and meadows. From experiments which I have tried, I think this will do but little good. In such cases I think the better way is to convert them into pork, through the agency of swine. Anchylopera fragaria, Riley.—Strarwberry PLB: Sub-order Lepidoptera.—Family Tor- ici e. This family of moths, so well named leaf-rollers, are very destructive, the more so as their minute size, and perfect concealment, quite enable them to elude the closest scrutiny of those unskilled in their habits. The moths are readily known bytheir primary or anterior wings, which are very wide at the base, making them nearly oblong. The larvex are easily detected by their habits,—folding themselves in a leaf mantle, which they stitch with finest silk of their own manufacture,—after which they use this same gar- ment for aliment, thus making the leaves of our various fruit plants serve INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STRAWBERRIES. 105 them both as food and raiment. Nearly all of the insects of this family are small, and few of our fruit trees, shrubs or vines escape their ravages. The strawberry Leaf-roller, according Sp to Prof. Riley, is a greenish brown Ke larva (see a in fig.), less than one-half LHL, ISS inch long when fully grown, and as is generally true of caterpillars, has six- ; 7 teen legs; tapers slightly from before Strawberry F traverse: Larva; c, Moth. backwards, and by feeding on the pulp of the leaves, causes them to turn sear and die. They pupate in the same leaf, and by the first of July the reddish brown moth (see cin fig.) appears, which expands about one-half an inch. A second brood matures in September. W. R. Strong, of Valparaiso, Indiana, lost in 1867 by this insect, ten acres of strawberries. Illinois has also suffered greatly from them, as has Canada. While so far as I can learn this insect is not yet in our own State, still it may be; as the sun-burnt appearance of affected leaves may lead to an errone- ous view as to the origin of the evil. The following, received a few days since from Dr. Barnes, of Owosso, may refer to this insect: “There is another insect that has given me some trouble. Before I am aware of it there will be patches in the field, the leaves of which seem to be frittered away. I presume that the leaf-roller, as you call it, is the guilty party.” It behoves us to procure our plants from localities surely free from this pest. Prof. Riley thinks that plowing under plants that are attacked either in the spring or fall, when the insects are in the larva, or pupa state, would be sure to destroy them. It isa good practice, in summer, to pluck and burn the brown leaves that appear on our trees or vines, as in so doing we will destroy many leaf-rolling larve. ‘This means might alone suffice in case of the insect under discussion if we had only to protect a small plat of berries. These leaf-rollers on accout of their secluded habits and great destructive- ness, are greatly to be dreaded, as yet we are very ignorant of their habits and transformations; and it is greatly to be hoped, that we of Michigan shall have no occasion to enlighten the world especially as to the injurious species. THE STRAWBERRY SLUG. Emphytus maculata, Norton—Sub-order Hymenoptera. Family Tenthredinide, We are apt to think of Hymen- opterous insects as exclusively our friends. Does not the bee industri- ously gather the tiny drops of nec- tar from every part of Flora’s vast \ domain, canning them so wonder- fully, that we may feast on ambrosia distilled from myriad flowers? Do not the wasps prey upon flies and bugs, thus freeing us from annoy- =<=% ing pests? And who shall say how ——===—=S much we owe to the vast army of . parasitic insects, composing the four Hymenopterous families: Strawberry Slug.—1 and 2, Pupa; 3 and 5, Imago; 4 and Chalcidide, Ichneumonide, Chrys- 6, Larya; 7, Cocoon. ididz, and Protoctrupide? Yet 14 106 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. there ig one family of this Sub-order, the Tenthredinide or Saw-flies, which are great exceptions to the general rule. Few families in the whole order of insects offer so many or so grievous pests, as does this one. These slugs, as the larve are called, not only vex our good wives, by a total ruination of their rose plants, but no less the horticulturist, by destroying his pear and cherry trees, currant and gooseberry bushes, and blackberry and strawberry vines. The saw-flies are so named because of the wonderful apparatus by aid of which are formed grooves wherein the eggs may be deposited. Many of the Jarve are covered with slime, hence the common appellation,— slugs. ‘These are easily told from all other larve by the number of abdominal legs,—there being often as many as sixteen, and never less than twelve. Cat- erpillars generally possess ten,—never more; thus the total number of legs in lepidopterous larvee is never more than sixteen, while in those of sow flies there are from eighteen to twenty-two. The Lmphytus maculatus or strawberry-slug (see 4 aid 6, fig.) has twenty-two feet, is of a yellowish color, shaded with brown. They perforate the leaves with minute holes, and when not feeding, rest on the under side, rolled up in form of a ring. and if slightly disturbed, fall to the ground. ‘They feed in May and June, and when full grown are three-fourths of an inch long. In June they descend into the ground. pupate in an earthen cocoon, and in July come fourth as a black four-winged fly.—(See fig. 3 and 5.) On the back of the abdomen are white spots. The imagines pair, and the female, with her wonderful saws, forms an incis- ion in the stems of the plant, and in this lays her eggs. The larvee from these pupate in the fall, and issue as imagines the next spring; thus as with the leat-roller, there are two broods a year. These slugs are at work in various parts of the State, and may be readily detected by the innumerable small holes which they eat in the leaves. Prof. Riley recommends working the ground in fall, and turning in chickens. Also shaking the larve to the ground and immersing them with a solution of cresylic soap. Should these become troublesome, I believe it will be well to use on the fall brood solutions of whale oil soap, white hellebore, or even Paris green. Some, if not all of these, would without doubt prove effectual. Letters from Spring Lake and southward complain that the cut-worms are very destructive to strawberries, as well as everything else. I have nothing new to offer as to these greatest destroyers. The only way to resist them in our strawberry grounds, so far as I know, is to dig them out by hand, and to work the ground, calling to our aid the birds and fowls. I think that the strawberry crown-borer, so admirably described by Prof. Riley, in our Report of 1871, is not yet among us, and very likely may not come. Yet we can not be too well informed as to all these destroyers, for with knowl- edge we shall be fortified to resist their first attacks, and it is then that resist- ance is most effectual. Nipping insect evils in the bud is by far the best way. Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen:—I cannot close this essay without expressing my gratification, that this Society appreciates the magnitude of the impending evil which so threatens to subvert the agriculturist’s prosperity, and is alive to the necessity of guarding against noxious insects, by a full dis- covery and dissemination of all the truths connected with their wonderful natural history and marvelous habits. GARDEN AND WILD FLOWERS. AN ESSAY BY MRS. JEREMIAH BROWN, OF BATTLE CREEK, READ BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT ITS MEETING FEBRUARY 26TH, 1873. Mr. PRESIDENT,—As a lover of flowers I feel it in my heart to thank this association for its recognition of their “right” to be represented on this occasion. One would think that Pomology and Floriculture should ever go hand in hand, for the good Father has so ordered it, that all fruits shall be preceded by flowers, and they in the most exuberant abundance of exquisite beauty and inimitable arrangement. God could have given us all our fruits from only plain, dull colored flowers. It needed not the delicately tinted and finely tex- tured blossom of the peach to secure the luscious flavor of its fruit; nor was the tasteful clustering and artistic shading of the bouquets of leaves, buds, and blossoms with which our apple-trees are each year adorned, indispensable to produce that most useful fruit. The cherries, plums, and pears too, might just as well have resulted from groups of inconspicuous organs, as from their wealth of snowy blossoms. And yet I fear, with this impressive lesson yearly renewed to them, there are some of our fruit-growers who never think of hay- ing a flower-garden. ‘They ask, “ What is the use of spending time and money for that which will not pay?” Will not pay! That of course means that it will not put dollars and cents into their pockets. I would say to such, look at yonder display of apples; see the rich coloring, the delicate shading, the bril- liant tinting laid there with God’s own pencil. It does not enrich their flavor nor make them more nourishing, neither does it serve to continue them longer in use. Why then are they thus adorned? Because it is the pleasure of Our Father in Heaven, to make beauty an essential element in all his creations. And how forcibly is this truth demonstrated, not alone in the rich and varied coloring of the fruits, but as well in the profusion and loveliness of the flowers of our fruit-bearing trees, shrubs, and plants. To the plodding utilizer this may seem only a waste of effort and material, to the philosophic thinker, it affords a lesson of transcendent worth. What is the wse of flowers ?— “* Uselessness divinest, Of a use the finest.”’ Surround your home with flowers and it will refine, polish, and elevate your family. It will educate your children into a knowledge of the tender loving care of God, who has spread over the whole earth these ‘day stars” to brighten and cheer the rugged pathway of life, 108 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. “To comfort man— to whisper hope, W hene’er his faith is dim: For who so careth for the flowers Will much more care for him.”’ A home with these beautiful surroundings, and, as a consequence, an attract- ive interior, inspires a higher and more unselfish love in children, and this unselfish home love will be a safeguard amid temptation, more potent than the most rigid code of morals to which you can train them. This making home beautiful is, I admit, more especially the work of woman, but a woman has small opportunity for beautifying a home if a husband con- siders all effort in this direction a waste of time. God never intended we should be indifferent to, or neglectful of these loveliest, purest, and sweetest of all his bounties, for they come within the reach of all, as I will prove to you, ana flowers are God’s vicegerents, having a high and holy mission to perform. ‘*TIn the sweet-scented pictures, heavenly artist, With which thou paintest nature’s wide-spread hall, What a delightful lesson thou impartest Of love to all.”’ Then ‘“ Who shall say that flowers Dress not Heaven’s bowers? Who its love, without us, can fancy—or sweet lore? Who shall even dare To say we sprang not there, And came not down that love might bring one piece of heaven the more ?” I believe many an overburdened housekeeper would prolong her life and find in the occupation an element of the purest enjoyment, if she would have a small flower garden and cultivate it herself. We may love flowers and enjoy them in a degree, if grown and cared for by another; but to fully appreciate what they can be to us, we must cultivate and watch over them ourselves. I know of what I speak in this matter of cultivating flowers. Being a farmer’s wife, and commencing this life in a new country, having lived only in a city in earlier years, I was often toil and careworn, as farmers’ wives many times are under such circumstances. When weary and discouraged I have gone into my garden, worked among my flowers, ministered to their needs, enjoyed their beauty and fragrance, and returned te my household duties refreshed, strength- ened, and reinspired to bear the burdens that had fallen upon me, thanking God for this source of pure and refined pleasure. “‘Blest flowers! there breathes not one unfraught With lessons sweet and new.”’ IT feel sure that if to every school-house in our land there were attached a garden, where, at the proper season, teachers and scholars could spend a small portion of the time now allotted to study, it would be a source of inestimable benefit and pleasure in after years, and of incalculably more advantage than the smattering of botany now generally taught. Scholars would acquire an experi- mental knowledge of the wants and requirements of various families of plants, and a taste for and love of these sweet ministers of God, so bright and beautiful. ‘« Ye speak of human life, Its mystery—the beautiful and brief ; Its endless fading midst the tempest strife, Even as a delicate leaf. GARDEN AND WILD FLOWERS. 109 ‘* And, more than all, ye speak Of might and power, of mercy, of the One Eternal, who hath strew’d you fair and meek, To glisten in the sun, ‘ “To gladden all the earth With bright and beauteous emblems of His grace ; That showers its gifts of uncomputed worth In every clime and place” Kight months of the year, even in our severe climate, we may enjoy flowers grown in the open air. You may think this a wild assertion; but did any of you remember last fall, before stern Winter laid his embargo on the mellow soil, to plant in your flower beds a few bulbs of Sncwdrop? If you aid, the sun of “blustering March” will not fail to find the spot, the ice and snow will melt away from that “charmed circle,” and before you would believe it possible for any plant to be warmed into beauty, fair, fragile-looking blossoms, white as the snow-rift that has parted to make room for them, are bowing their gracefully drooping heads, and from their emerald tipped chalices a delicate perfume is wafted on the air, a grateful incense to heaven. Before these “pretty firstlings of the spring” have faded, the snow and ice perchance have disappeared ; then how soon the bright sisterhood of crocuses will burst upon your sight, making your flower-bed radiant with their white, gold, purple and violet; and as if to outvie each other in welcoming the spring, they spread their broad corollas at the kiss of the bright sun, and seem to utter a silent pean of “Glory to God in the highest!’ If there is one who can look upon a bed of these bright emblems of hope sent to cheer us while the earth is bare and drear, and not cry in his very soul— ‘“‘ Blessed be God for flowers! For the bright, gentle, holy thought that breathe From out their varied beauty,’’ he is “past hope.” And see the bees, those “busy marauders,” how they revel in the rich golden feast spread for their regaling! Before these “Spring’s bright children” have departed, the pale-faced Primroses, emblems of modest worth, hold meekly up their white and roseate cups, filled with dewey nectar, a sweet libation for the Easter morning. Then come the early Hyacinths, “redolent of sweets,” and Pansies, that’s for thoughts,” and what tender, loving thoughts come to us from out their match- less beauty, decked in gold and purple that a queen might envy, and a perfume like a sweet breath from “ Araby the blest.” They are the flowers for all the year, for I have dug through the snow-rift and gathered from beneath it a basket of them to grace our table in mid-winter. In April and May, hundreds among early blooming plants, bulbs and shrubs will be in flower. JZilacs in variety all should have, especially the white and Persian, Snow Ball and Spireas; if you have but one of these last, let it be Spirea Prunifolia, which sways in the vernal air its numerous wreaths of tin ¥ double white flowers like fairy roses; the Pyrus Japonicas (flowering quinces), one with scarlet flowers and their coronal of golden anthers, brilliant enough to be called in poetry “ Fairies’ fire ;” the other exceedingly beautiful, its deli- cate waxen petals just enough tinged with blush not to be pure white, the outer edges of them shaded with dark rose. Then there are Daffodils, Jon- quils and Narcissus, so lusciously fragrant; Jrises, Tulips and an endless list of others, and of shrubs and plants a legion, 110 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. My aim is to name only a few as a hint to novices what a succession of bloom can be kept up, and come within the reach of all,—most of the plants so common they can be had for the asking. Of hardy annuals there are innum- erable varieties. Many of these do best if beds are prepared and the seeds planted in the fall. All the others should be put in as soon as the ground can be brought to proper condition in the spring. Always have your ground in good order, and avoid planting small seeds too deep; many of the very small ones scarcely require covering. Never omit among the annuals the Sweet Alyssum. Once sown, it will always be ready to show itself and bloom until freezing weather, and morning and evening it “fills the air with pleasure by its simple breath;” Sweet Peas, too, are delightfully fragrant. By planting in the fall they will bloom all summer. Phlox Drummondii in varieties, double and single, Zinneas, Portulacas, the double ones very beautiful, all of them in a warm spot will create a noonday splendor, when other flowers are droop- ing in the tropic heat. The few I have named, with a bed of Verdenas, will make your garden gay until November. But you will be better satisfied to add a few perennial Phloxes, and some of the perennial Larkspurs, varying in color from white to brilliant blue, purple and red; if planted early, blooming the first year from seed. Aséer's, in variety, will greatly add to your garden, and by planting early and later in spring, or fall and spring, will give a long suc- cession of bloom, amply repaying all the care you may bestow upon them. Convolvulus Minor and Nemophilas will be a pretty addition to your variety. China and Japan Pinks will live two or three years, blooming the first year from seed. 222228 4? 00 " 18, Dy HuMalemenmibershi ps. 2 eee Se kes Oe ee 3 00 foe Mol byideranone by AS: Dyckmare Oye oea) com GN ten nl a eee 50 00 1 18, Bytdonationy by Nc Ps: Husted! au sud Wratten se ae 30 00 19 146 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Oct. a By donation, by J. Gonamstell e220) ee eee ae eee ae $10 00 ‘¢ 138, By life membership, M. 8. Crosby (paid Lone dollar previously) Ble oe eee 9 00 sf 14, By life membership fund in hands of 8. L. Fuller, transf’d to gen’! acc’t, 51 91 a ta By lifemembership John) Suttless 222-2 aes ae eee ey ee 10 00 ef a1, By donationsbyWohniSutilens ca. 2 ee ee ee ee ee ee 5 00 ne 21, By donationeby Hunter ‘Savage. //< S920) Fak ee 20 00 CF .29) Ipyeannualemembership-ac. == 24 Go See ee ead aire 3 00 uC 129. Sy donanongby Dili: ATnOld Gon). 4 23 See oe Lee See ee SE 2 00 NOV IO. by alitemm emipers in: INE sls (ects en ere eae eee ener a 10 00 feos byguiie memipersbnp rds Dy Elis te Clee ac sea mem) ene teen enue 10 00 Cate: by aiieaMenibersnip, 1: l yonse-t oth CEN tem eee een eae 10 00 io) ed, oyaamount transferred from. Vick’s funds... = =)2s222 eee tee eS 15 00 SO viniOy Abay, donation, BD, Jig Shirts 22 eas Ae OS ee a ae eee 2 00 i 15, Geos Tayd Ores eee ee 2 ie 2a A aah s Sym Ste One ey ere eer umn ee 1 00 aS lays oe LVM GW 2 U1) No 5 Ce RTO ey Ameen eter! Osa Wer PSPS 2 50 ome. = dB fii ergs fre yoy Mk ee ope A NRA a Sans ee a 3 00 wo lay sc TAC? Mineo mi Ast A hae Met ee SEEPS es he is 1 50 4 SIGs : AG a DaNist sea Oe os a Le Se eee eee eee eee 20 00 erly Y LOPE Or od (A are Oat et ace ee oe Ay Se ee eye 34 25 Sao Atay Mt abana sWine Wo ses et Ries ere ee eek 2 00 *« 21, By annual memberships, by G. W. Toles, Benton Harbor____-_.__---- 14 00 i 28, By liteymembershipG eo. sarnte leek eames ens ee ee ay ee ee ee 10 00 - 28, By life membership, J. M. Sterling, for himself, Noble, Ives and Wil- amiss, 220s Vote same cee set = Seen oe ee ee eee leh eee Se 40 00 “ 28, By life memberships, L. G. Bragg, J. M. Stevens, T. R. Renwick, N. Sith - ae es MS A Se Gee Ae ee eee ieee a ee 40 00 «* 28, By annual memberships, reported by C. W. Garfield, of the orchard COMMER eee aE a Ee ee eee et 12 00 “° 29; By fruit sold to Martin; at\Fair-_.-_--_- Ra aS ae ee ert ea ee eae 6 00 EDO al sy LON atl OM fe OMT GoM OT eee ee eo eee eee ro nae 2 30 epee dave Onan, hn Ne: REV DOIGS fant Se Ue See eee cere ee eee ae 3 45 PL eorwy Gonation. I> hy eenfritz soe e222 0 eo eee heres eee, enone 4 30 Dec. 3, By annual membership, obtained by Geo. H. Seymour, Dept.Treasurer, atiBattie Creeks ose Teh py Oe aaNet een Ma Ay Me mer ee 33 00 Dec. 3, By fruit donated and sold at Battle Creek meeting_............-.----- 4 60 Y 12; By annual memberships. -- 52 on seosee ces pooner a eee eee 2 00 $2,491 96 TOTAL RECEIPTS, TotsLamount received by.S..L. Fuller, ‘Treastirer..! . 2 g422 fel siei eee $212 56. Total amount received by Henry Seymour be ckedie dl: Us pili dis ee Laan eee 2,448 41. Total receipts for jyear: 18732. 22---<25.20. =. cee eae, bine ee $2,655. 97 RECAPITULATION. Total amount received from: -anntal -memberships=22<2 7 93) 220200 Ee Bes $524 00 ue “ StatewAeonricultural Societys 1 ees) ee eee ee 1,500 00 RSS ss as Life- membership fund’ 2s Soi eee) a es 51 91 a & § Vick’s funds: ~s 22222422242 Mepy Oe ENA ieas Eee 15 00 ce “ for-life membershipses= 94-2204 an Le ines Oe ee 139 00 a from donations and fruit: sold; ete. 2.2 2224222222 22 426 06 2,655 97 Norr.—From the above statement it will be seen that the year 1873, notwithstanding it was an unfavorable fruit year, was a very flourishing one for the Society. The total receipts were larger than for any previous year; the “Society gained a larger number of annual members (524), and of life members, than during any previous year. It will be noticed that annual members joined at all the meetings of the Society: at Lansing, at Bat- tle Creek, at Ada, at Kalamazoo, at South Haven, at the fair at Grand Rapids, at Grand Traverse i in October, and at Battle Creek i in December. These were all large meetings, well gttended, and productive of good results. The donations to the Society were larger than any previous year, bespeaking the confidence and bees of the members. When such & spirit prevails, the Society cannot but flourish. TREASURER’S REPORT. EXPENDITURES. STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES BY S. L. FULLER, TREASURER. wale os, -P Oo peemmuins paid'for year 1872-- 1 2s22=52 2258.0) eae - Meret), hosscerctany S SalAanye S225 5 1 2 DOSE! Bi OE 2 eh) ee ee ell NOVeExpPEnse- Express pPoOSstarte. Stationery eles eo. sees. vo Ne al (SeideSRoypalance paid top Henry seymour,/Preasurers2 2425 Nyasa $212 56 Total paid by Mr. Fuller. ---- eel pea oe Ft Sey Sake ANE i EXPENDITURES PAID BY HENRY SEYMOUR, TREASURER. June 18, To amount paid Prof. Cook for cuts burned in Michigan Farmer office__ Sal SM nOLe XPress, OM HOOKS PiLOMy bOMtAC. 62 oases" ce otic meet epee Ment LO SCCLCtahy GS SAIMLY <2 otc s een tee oa eee em a ivy Mallee tO CHECK and DOstace Stamps. ----. 0) sates sods Loe re eae Soo. Eo M LO Mallen ane lOn Priming sa. oe ae te oes a ee oR OL Es a a ye ees oi), PF SANG) KOSS: 0x 532 ay et Seana el a LD ed tae ivi Oo Haron ds livon. stationery, oldvaccoumt, 1872. - 2 sec ete eee See ue RI WOVE SP TECS OTA OOK Gs eens set nete a ceo Sp he de ny ta es a nS ee ae So hOnpa Deh am Gr nrele Mts inc oe ease OTE WE aD ee oe er eee ae oy eg ae ROLEX PENSe 1 reloN ur and POStacem. stems ene! OL eae Sete oe Rice CpOSinoo as fee ts Sate eS ee eee oa be ae oe ie arOewhO Wecretanyes Salanyess sss cases ee Ale oe IN a eo ee be Se eOPN Ure Gibektap remiims scans Sos ee ee on Ae Te ET iy See Tm ON MNO ase COXmServiCes aS) ClecKc at Main eee oe eke Se ge ee ee 20. Lo Chis. W. Gated. services as Clerk at Wait 202 22 3) el) ee me Ovi ands meht and day Watch at Malteon aso. ss os we r2Oe own: He laitens pickures fof PremiUms=2.- 2. 8see 4 eee oe ** 20, To expense of Superintendent of Pomological Hull, trimming, decorat- Tene ps Clana ne Ream eee eee oe ok te ot BED ae eee aa ‘¢ 28, To Southwick & Wright, for plates for fruit at State Fair___.___.______ eo lO bbs Dikemans silver ware don premiums. -- 20s s sa eee co LO KGInHersttonCOMmmillscees sau Hail oneness eee oe eee ee eee Soo MALOU Me OWES Premiums ss. soos 2 50 ORE Soar ee ee ee SCO Nelo Miss trey: Patteny Premiums: 225.992 co Ros ee cane oe ane ae te coo soln Suttle: premium On Mowers wo. See a ee a OO rel uM UO MITE DON ise ane hese ee eee a ko a gt ney aa TO NEO LIcury Se yiNOUr, SUP COs Meals sn ee Fe et ae Meco LO alve Democrats printing. so2s6- 22s 2 Soe a oe eo ae ero WOME MiCOM a DOORS Sees ere clo ok ae Aare an a hea ee eo Lord sl nivamisdelm ex penser 2-240 Sot 255 Lt oye ns eon es eee Sane Oe OMNES errs teGen reli imi ste ott ene eee nes we te 0 or diy eal Tia eo Loe). te. Arnold. premiums. 2s. S ee oot Nee ee MoT auieMepleMmiumine ioe tc ce th ee ee 2 lee Ye eel Oe RMILG Osta Seep eet rate ee 2 eno en Rg ee et ee MOC ar as Cy Ol GOK See sta San mene sees ere ah een eg a ieee OM ste COO Reg Ye LS ar ot eg tears, ee Na te oe er To E. G Eaton, for silver ware for premiums for 1872___.....-.._..-.- Rowe (atch preniins, SOP Sie sae eae e Seeks tyme Owe te an oe AR GTEEN POV MOLOSsP Remini ee ee sl eg ee Ge gs WhO eR eeeminit & CO. premiline 5... 68 5222s oo ee ek ess VEO) Veen pNTey ypremIUih =o ee er ice es Wee ce i; Rov iGhncGalbert,, preniuink.= 2.7 hae ee. ae otk eee See Se oo See RE OTa Go riMiSdeM ee toce Joe Saye e tees 2 SU ees. fe TO ARS EO waldo Preninitiier ce ao oe eres yee te ee pace 1, To H. E. Bidwell, premiums for South Haven Pomological Society. - -_- Lacs LPs CSD ean 9 et edd i ich Ai all ale EO a ALIN ee aes PPO Chee IS faln psec dnet 4 ce yet nes os ag ee SLOMpAIG Dietrich an denotes: discoumtedaysos 2+ 2 - see ee ee - se 3+ ae ee ge a ore As ee lal > ee oe | ° Ss Lard Ke > iss) =} wy & ~ Loh Oo 5 =e 5 i 1 ' ‘ ' ' ' 1 ' ‘ 1 ' ' ' ' ’ ' ' ' 1 \ ' ' 1 ' 1 H ' ' t t ' 147 148 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.’ Oct. 4.7: Lo, Joe! Seavwy sp remilmaee Sys ey oie oe eee hee aes ee eee ee ee #6 50 a ToC. WS. Dietrich wecenvices as “Clerk at, Hairs 22 eee oe Se oes 15 00 pA FOd. We Dalnald: moter te Ue 2 = os 2 kPa ie See ce eae 16 50 PPA TO ads id. aad hand seaprenoiUnl -< — = eee es ae ee eee ee 3 00 4. To Dysart brov a co. printing (old bill) 18%2 2 eee ee ee 14 00 se TA KO MIS. te arsOnSe@prerniumn. 2 oy Soi. = eae eee ee ent ae 2 ore oe 1 00 CAS Tox: Wi Ganneld vexpenses orchard commit teens aa ye eee 3 85 Se LG PEL Og) ASS LOW AM TORE UMN ULI I a Oo she tee ay es rene ee es Se tee 14 59 Jana a0 Ghass soeattes spremn Tum. Uae oe ere ees ee eet ge Wy 1 00 TO eho, Nw n@ UT SOD rem URN bee s ok Cae OS aire Wn eer ee oe 86 75 SOND seed Mase Oleate}ae Laseeaye kev les ob eon tb hon yaees eae eet mp Nee See eae rec 2. Le ee 2 00 SEU Ge OUN UTS aa SC ETM ETN ONM ata) eee cee ye ae eee ate oe a EE ge onnas A Le 13 50 SOM ue wayOn., EXPENSES EXECU Ve! COM (CC = see ae eee eee eee 27 55 Owe Dietrich, expense making, Teporb OL loie-see=en eee een es = 34 60 aa Wd DICtICN remlUM.5. Soe RES Sk) See Se eee et ee 6 00 ae O eV ice ALNArG? LEMANS jo). 2 02 fae cee oe ee Sey oer ioe 10 506 eae COUN. CUMMIM oS premium sc oas cee =f 2 sake eee eee eee eee eae 5 00 aloe moOvGeo:-Laylor-ypremiulUmMase: 22 Soe = aoe ee ee eee ae ee ee ee ee 19 00 Dd. eooW! RR Hibbard premium, 3-7 225. cases eae eee ee eee eee 22 50 Peay hodrel oh tyonbOoksurom uansin go ses ae ase eet ee ee ee eee 3 21 Vela No Secretary's salarysoi5e2. ose ae SR ee oe eee 90 00 A No AS Sigler. MremilUM seo wee ee sere ee lames ate oe ee eee 24 00 waa.” ok. C:Lmncoin, premitim ): oot see eee SOR ee een, Re ee eee 17 00 ‘waa ‘Poupaper and twine for shipping “books=2 20-22 eee. a eee see 55 hd ost: Dale: Adams; premiumdc =- 22 20 58 * Seek Wate ee eel ee Meee 5 75 seeO, Lotnas, Alford: premitmics. 2 Sheao PA eee eee tee eee ae ee ee 13 06 EP Ord OS. Greg ley air CMT rs. — ae aes oe RNS ye ee ee ere oe 45 25 Soe nO Ps OUMESUUL Crap LOmVU |e ysl 28 ee Se esha er os tare eye tn ee erase gee 15 60 SE on ONT eA aeatts mp reMmiUmManreks so 2k atte ie a coy ee oem ee eee 2 00 EO eo Wvirs, senha: \preMilM 2 eee sone see. ek oe sent ee ney ere een 6 00 sue, Lovobn ‘Suttle; balance on premium 2222 2. 52s ae ne ee 5 00 swaee DoMsecretany SiSalany c= = blots = ee eer re peer re ws oe 190 00 ees OVER pTess and exChan pene 2 joo. ae 5 Meneses el eS ane ee cle ee ence resco ta 60 ret LO eUMteT Savio re Uni MMe oe cre ee ae mean en ee ear 20 00 ae eo oO wires Daniel SChermennorns Premium =. ee see eee ee re 6 00 semoo. “holy sAirnold: premium. 2 oa- = Seek on ae ee eee ee ees 2 00 9 Os We Wie eo arlOw, = PREMIUM 2-0 oc 2 ol cee ne ee ee 2 00 sap0, Lo Hidward Bradfield: premium) (old jaccount)22 552225 eee = 20 00 roO. ore rd. Hoyel premium (Oo) d-account) L812 545 ee ee 15 00 mem.18. To Mr: Slayton; premium at Mair oo. bs: oe ee 5 00 INOVsaD:, Ae OSPOStage nse es PR Sica tae Sate Soe eat ee 2 00 Soy LO UINR ky lustedsibalance on premium == 222.245 eee eee ee ee ee 20 CO 6. Ow. We Eumphrey: premiwna..° 222 S022 so eee ee eee 10 00 ice. Lo drayareon books! eter. S22 Ase eee oe ee eee eo 3 50 eS, shel. Oo. Shirts, premiums 002s STN Se See 2 00 eel. “Rotreizht oni books from’ Lansing. 2222 232080 ee ee ee 15 78 14. To drayage on books from Wansing 2232222 2555 hoster ke ee ee ee "5 rib. Lo George Taylor, preminmye ts. Soot toe a ee eee eee ee eeee 1 00 ‘¢ 15, To W. P. Hubbard, COTE CEE Ser as LNG LC ore ee ee ae 2 50 15: Tol. (Co Lincoln, EL eae ee ona en PADS AC Rr Nay OU aN LEE AA aceite Back Te 1 50 “ 15, To H. P. Hanford, Aan SS rca fe erence daa eh Te b EN AN Fah oa 5 oh d9) a ee EO hoe 3 00 eb, ‘To P. C. Davis, Eth FOE BS os SO eee Re ae Ee 20 00 “15, ToC. Engle, Se ee eae ea cae amie R teh ton Me SAE petit a Be? me 34 25 Ss waOw co Urata Wine Coer tS (00S. See eee oe eee ee 2 00 ‘© 28, To J. M. Sterling, RO es BS SEEN Ss BS Re DOME TTe oe ies certo a 40 00 Pas. LO rape dseSteamge gio) os koe eee ek ee eke ae ee ete 20 00 28, To T. RK. Renwick, OUTTA SO apes pe ik te Tenet awl ol}. Mk WA GD ao ede oe 10 00 * 28, To N. E. Smith, ce huge es ee) oR OT Rp CD ys (eh i RS 10 00 ‘« 28, To expense of orchard committee, reported by C. W. Garfield_...-...- 12 00 ser 29. No secretary 6: Salary. Seco s he aeons ecco ae ee ee eeereeeae ss eos 10.00 “ 29, To expense of orchard committee, railroad fare.._---..--------------- 3 00 ‘© 29, To expense of printing at Traverse meeting. .-..-..--.---------------- 3 00 oo29.) howohn Gilbert. premiumere. sos ce oe occ Cee eee emeeeoaee Ss aon e 2 35 20, To Hh. B. Reynelds: preminmgs!. 322 aoe epee + Senco. oe 3 45 seed, LO: ke es Neen trina eso orem 3 oo ee eiciem aine 4 30 mee; &, Tod. Ws Hamphrey, premium. 22°... 2222s eee eto 3-2 eee 10 00. TREASURER’S REPORT. 149 Pee, 3, To Geo. seymour, Deputy Treasurer ..:.... 0.2 4-..2250 2-2 5-ce ke $7 60 Cast Osmo Ace ee Ingerman Premium n= oss s2 eso. 2. 52 See Rees 2 00 SelM OpBeSH ae heluman PREMIUM mere ae a2 oa pee La Lee 3 00 er Cont L OMPOS(AO Cm seams Lass tee eae pee sce o ke SESE oe sl cs sles See 3 00 Saat ha ee we New AeCCOUME odo > eS Ee Pasty oo ee Ce 31 26 $2,491 96 Note.—By direction of the Executive Board of the Michigan State Pomological Society I have examined the above accounts of the Treasurer, and settled with him accordingly, and find all correct. C. J. DIETRICH, Auditing Committee. Grand Rapids, January 1, 1874. TOTAL EXPENDITURES, Total amount expendedapyaeoale wuller Mreasurers 420542 0 yen eee eee ee $164 01 Momianiount. expended by Henry Seymours=2:+- 2502025554. o4ooe tele Bes 2,460 70 Photahexpenmiiures Lor year 1Ovo. -.: aos se )Reach' Orchard jscos22 sess sess co ee sDage Leases. te Bangor. AOU se 98} 47 Vineyard, for table use_.....-..... N. CliSterling”)2=.-2. 32. /21| Monroe. eae ti Ss 29 AS NINE yards toe idee ee *%~e Aux Peaux Wine Co... “§ SoS Os Oe 24 | 49|Vineyard for profit, succession_.-.|J. M. Sterling BIER. san ecdea 9 re 80s iG 2 pol Apple: Orchard) te ee SU MEST TE eR es so eo Us ee 26 51}Concord Vineyard. -......---...-..- Geo. W. Bruckner-.-.-...-.-- s¢ PeacoO: ae 22 | 52/Raisin Valley Vineyard ..........- ie $2 ee) 2 Ee 22 ‘ Se GU eo 25 | 53|Vineyard of Native Grapes_-_._.... ¢ BERD) wa eete Soe 4 CO ty, Wd 28 | 54 OC for table uses. -... 22 As poriter | Sone 2 iy Spier ous ss 29 | .55 for wines eames 3 Diedrich & Brisacker_....- Detrolt. ae O08 s 45 } 56/Gen’l Nurs‘y—Monroe City Nurs’y mernolde, Lewis & Co..-.-- Monroe. See oO Nn ans 14 | 57|Peach orchard for profit...-........ AyD Pennymane).. 22 f_. 4 South Haven. ea he 14 | 58 FS e060 areas Las Hed indgermanes. 2 or oes dd a a0 tates 15-{ 59) -«& ‘* for profit, with succes’n|A. Cook_.....-__.---...---- | eae as 46 80, “ 15 60 sé 46 66 “ic 73 TSW Bela ts 1 W. Bishop 8 eb PS I RS “oe “ee “a 80. sc 15 61 46 sc 6 oc “cc ss San SeLinderman.... 2S. 2. 6c a6 so BOs P.O. ADDRESS oe Div.|.Class.|N o. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. AND Rewhegee Sept. 7. | N. Hl 1|Collection American Wines,—H.|Urbana Wine Ccmpany,— Mershon wAvent 25. noses! aoe Hammonsport, N. Y. __-- Grand Rapids. > ar ® te i a 7 2|Delaware Wine........------------ Urbana Wine Company BE as ie ee chads x 8 8|Isabella Wine, sweet and sour_--.. ave ss nt ae T: ae 9 4 Iona Wine Witt ee Aen ae St ee se “ce ce Aves “cc “ce 4s hs Pp. 2 6|Collection of Flowers for consery- a’ory and ornamental purposes..|John Suttle__.... 2.2.22... ss. es eae s st 3 7|Collection of Abutilons_...........} ‘“* ct Ke cS Aen “a 4 8) Abutilon, single variety.....-....- st as + oe a RG cf 5 9|Collection Geraniums .__.-..-....- ss SS WY es eer Gs Se 6 10 v3 Zonale Geraniums--__-.- ss aS We cs TE Be sé K 11|Zonale Geranium, single._......... §s sé cs as evr “ 8 12|/Col’n dou! le flowering Geraniums.| ‘ ee we ce teste Un ts 9 13| Double Geranium, single variety _.| ‘‘ oe BS as CA DATS id 10 14|Collection Sceniea Geraniums- ...-. be ge ne oe he sf i 15|/Scented Geraniums, single_......_. se cS w ae era . 12 16|Collection geld, silver, and bronze leaved Geranioms . .___........]. “ SS ee a ew fe 13 17| Variegated leaved Geraniums__....| ‘* gs ss = sf {f se 14 18| Colleciion Ivy leaved Geraniums_.| ‘ se ss iS a of 15 19) EvyeG erential ens sf te ss Ke nee!) (OL se 17 20) Collection of Fuschias .___----.--- es ee ef J ote} ot ss 18 | 2t}Fuschia, single variety.......---- wal age s We pe cea s ss 19 22) Fuschis, double variety.......--...| “‘ ze ee es Se as gs 20 23) Collection Monthly Roses-.-----..| *‘ ne et s SS tax 40 ft 21 24 Monthly Roses d= le eeecaee ee §¢ ss ss as Cleo OY 24 2 |Hoyaiorawaxblant, 62) ee Seeeea) aise os fe ss SS HP Qs ss 25 26|Collecition of Begonias ........--..| *‘ se gs oe oe 9! ae 26) 27| Flowering Begonia, single plant...| “ es sf “s sean Oe $f 2T 98] Ornamental leaved Begonia shes es iD ee oy ss sepia! 28 | 29| Collection Winter Blooming plants} ae cs “ eae aes Ee 29 | 30;Col. Ornamental Foliage plants _.| ‘ ss es fs ee ed ef 80 | 81/Ornamental Foliage Plant, single Waid etiys ERS SUR y caries cae aera Nal “ec “ “ “ ett ORg: ad $1 | 82]Collection Parlor Climbers ____-.-- ss sf es a SO ae | eae 32 | 83)/Parlor Climber, single variety--..- A es : os seer 9): 2 83 StiCollection Gach 22 ee ee rs sg st a SEDEEH OL. BEE 84 | 85|Cacti, single variety .....-..------- sf of e Pe ee eu9: st 85 | 36 Collection Wenge os pig ee ss We By Lt Bee Gs 36 | 37 Native Ferns ._--------- cs ce cr “ Sra Qa uh tes 88] Fern. single variety_..-..-.---.---- &f 6 st ss SEER OL ce 88 | 89|Collection Mosses_._.-....-..-....| “ se ss sf aoe 9: ss 4] 40 3 Baskel Piants -...----.- fs a et ss CAS yap 2; 42 41] Hanging Basket Filled -_..-.-_---- Wie al Ks ee ef OF oe ES 43 49 i WardianlCase senl0 Ss en ey as us st gs Se S| a 44) 43] Bouvardia .__. .__._. ss bs ff Be Sea RQ 1 44)Coliectiun Bedding Plants. -------. se s a as ae 9 WB 2 45 Verhengs- i028) al van a Ue ae £& See: Ce 4 46 “ Banas. ooo kee : ce “s ae Core 9) ae 5 | 47 6: Carnation Pinks_......- fe oe we ed OF Baa BS Gali 48 sé Folisge Plants._.-...--. oe 6 ‘ iy a6 9 us s 49 “cc Culenss. 2 Oe oes ec “cc 6 “ce eon mse 9 | 50 “ Achryanthus.._..--.-.-- My as ss Sy ete) ss 10: is bli Pyrethramee eee eh eee ee us es ss C5 Oat mise 11 | 52] Verbena, single variety....-----_.- es be ee ce OS If Se 12 | &3|Seedling Verbena, 1873 _.---------- Ke 03 ss gS Bas iQ ist 14 | 54|Heliotrope, single cach ___.--__..-- cs 6 es bd Oye sth oe 15). antanay mee.) Se ea re ne $6 se as OOF CO Nimo Pebumiassinete tc lee le peg eee le iss gS “f os Oe ee! ee 1S le cOs | IPeruniasidonble ss 22 a2 un ee ne et es ts ee ee eo: a 19"). 28 Colens getty Bere te ee ee ss ss Mg Sins Ge ne 20uleibe Achnyarthuseets 2. oe.) seen enes se sé ie is 40ST N19: x 21 60) Gensanronte. 25.0 5. oe ee a ies ss sé sé 3 9, cS 23 GUSalwia’ cca 2 see yee were ee ese $f ss ss He Ca tarians 24 | 62] Aloysia (emon verbena)_.......-..| a es bbe “9. sé 25.| 968i \Carnationupinkes- 5 2.1... lsnelee Ke se “ sf he ays a OR | snes} Arceratni sete ns see oars Men DEE ss ie * CORRE lagi bye 4| 65 Collection Petmnias..0 a) Sey eee ity se ss “f as oe gh We 8 | 66 Phlox Drnmmondi-..--.. *s se f se “ 9, cb 9 67 “6 AR TErS ee est 2 “ “cc “cc se Ss fs 10 | 63 OY Ten Weeks’ Stock_..... es Ss ef se CO Gy “ 16 | 69 Ks Chrysanthemums. ....--. ce oC sf ef Bal ees “ Olt aO | Pink, ‘cingleteasn seen. Aa ss ee as ae suie 19) ee 22 | 71|Phlox Drummondi, single.-...--.-] ‘ as y BY oil oe “8 | 72) Aster, single WARIEtW eo. ci ene ae ee oe “ se. “Os alias 24 | 73/'Ten Weeks’ Stock, single variety..| * s ‘s y i et oe es 25 | 74|Zin iia, double, s: ngle variety --co2)) 16s < ee bs seri 9: Ks 29.) Th|Hy brid Perpetual Rose, single v’ty-| ‘ oB s¢ ae CO Ee Uae 80 | 76 Hybrid Rose, single variciy -----..| as Me “ THE STATE FAIR—1873. 157 REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ContTINnNvED. DATE OF a'| es | x 7 mT P.O ADDRESS Ewrey. Div. | Class.| No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. Ra) ee Sept. Collection tender Roses, in bhloom- Joln Sutt! [eee Ba a Grand Rapids. ae ” ‘ 8|Single Koge, iu bloom-_-.--...---.. 2 09 9 Collection Dablias a hah “ “ce «“ cs x! 7 “4c if 80 ss Maweroses 2) ees kas ed ve “c oe 8 Re “ + Dissipilar Dahlia. 22) ee Se ee fe eas & as 84 Galiniiune: A ee ohinik Ai ARB OE ve ss cs ee 85| Lily, single VALCO eo soso woe ae Wh ss sc fet et pe 86 Pan Round Bouguetsseecesenee ee). se U6 ce bs SOLO {OID LOO LOO BD Tim 09 = Dae to tO t t 29 Bey =z S = fo nN en 15 — a - —) ie > | ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' ‘ ‘ - - ~ a o a R. 1 | 159/Colleciion hardy and half hardy anes ChCsadosek eae oe ek ees ee CSE eee DBS. sak a 162 £6 Petuninges 2a aes UC Oty et Lea < 168 of Anntialsitssu ieee a C6 DETER TR Co 2 3 4 7 “ ; 165 4“ Asters ee sethaeoes sora? “ Co ER eae rT 10 18 14 R ac Ss ae ae ae ae “ “ee T se 87) Pair Flat Burauets hess Siders ah Oe Fel oe Se a oniasa serene soe sé oe Ss 16 SS Rustic Baskett. t.2 225 Sel eset eee 3 Bs iso tees 5 SE ce ss * 10. | Spelcial. | 103|/Colleciion Flo »wer Pots and Vascs- Samuel Davis Ae fue aE LS “6 ub eh OS sé bf fdatOrnanental Vases: —Gikimdse ses ee A eee eee eee ub CG oak es OL 105| Plain Vases,—6 kinds. Lat Bye wees ae po Dk Bs A eT Oo ss sae, SOs sae Ni 106] Hanging Baskets, —82 kinds... es ee OC we Cer er ea | eye 11 | 107|Wine, Port, made in California....|G. W. darvis,—A. Brad- Sant Cal aang te bes 11 | 108 Wire, Sherry, madein California___| ford, G Kanids, Agent t TRUM SNe SUE Saha KLE K, 5 | 109 Dried Pe tte ee ee eee SoA Nase 1, Schermerhorn --_--. Graud Rapids. ie be te 6 | 110 PORTS Sh A ts. Sk aoe, Sy en gat. = Oe pete “s co oes pb | ee Te lealitdy (i Wenghesiaceias sees wees SRL “ Cemae, nied Us “ “ uals Ce SD ee pene oe ea ey ek ee a8 CRA: 5 ee ae ue Ce Lr be = Gell Si le ee FW CHEERTOR Sepia ie et eee eee ‘ St eh Re OC oe ee ai Ce LOO Adal) So Rtrawbernieses 22s See by SAY eon Aa Ce a ee Da» se 19) ed Sil). SO blserberries*s eS sce es a ae ee eee “ oh: see es ee AS eae) “Y “whortléberti¢scse 22 sce kee ss ENNIAS ood” Be es Se mC Ck “49 6 Aa leticnth Se TCHIran tsi aes eo oes eee ee “6 CS, | en et eee “s “ CO Be ae AGEs SS spumpkinse oo J 2s sass ee ee Ue CO. ng Mie Ke Oo oe 1:2: “ee 91 119 ae COT Tee es Ce SRS pee ae eee “ce “ Genre | “ “ o“ 12 ae 24 120 ad LOMAtOER = ses. SS se Caw hes Wee Lad ee as is L. 4] 121 Canned applegate eee ee ss Le Mage steree ce OG Ge Salyer ee 5 | 122 pears so ees eee YS a eee as Ch ““ 12. oe 6 128 oe peaches facta’ D Pape are = A ie “ee Ce ae 28 hee 2 ie “cs oc se 42. & 7 124 “ plums Phew ide di _tahs, aks \ Mite pay il “ RENEE 8 ‘“ 6 Sc tendo: oe 8 |} 125 ComeiCHeNblCs eae eee we wee ee ce CT Ree) Mog eee ee ce Ci Ge 9 | 126 “Siberian applesssne st ake. ot io eee Uo aS ies “ 10 | 127 Spy letriwhberntese ose ee ae De MEM arree CC Se $6 Th |-128 55 = TASPDEIieS = slo ae ee ae se 122 oC = nhs: ce 12 } 129 St VDINCEDENDIESSsoc2 eS es ene es Gs wc ners ce se C2 es Lo 13 | 13 ‘> ~whortleberriess. 22. = 5-252 & CD UP ERGs 53 UG Ga e125 sf 15 | 181 cin KPOOSEDELNIER 2 ene eee 2: SONG. at hue cate se ae OLS s0 Je se 16 | 152 & Curranie: eseee Se ees Ue Ud Bhn eee on so oF ays sc 17 | 133 6? Gnie-=plant-3-us Lt Bee ee Ae CE Ge Re De aa ““ oe Tighe eee Aan ir eee | “ee “c ae Caan Segre Pa Gee 7 oe “ “ce oe Spee hh, Cie ea oc se su Ge atts! ame eae Ces a Mica Bid Oppehes ee eee eae as as ot oe “cs we oC UR eae Tes ree al eel le Mrs. G. W. Dickinson ----- ee st Lewis R. Davis .-----------|Bewen Station. be “ i 1p BATT RS ROR RT “ “ ee ah PP aor ee, 73 “ce “o tik ey PER = boi ac ae ae Lida AE aie A Oe “ 6s ia) ae ieee Gan 1h ““ “cr “ce Wet ke RES att Ae “ce oe oe ce rae Oe “ec “é dive ee oe cae ea) ues ace Joseph Gridley .----------- Kalamo ae “e ee ‘i IY Twa a oa Se he oe {geen SAREC RPE T- ‘cc a Ler dpe Sa “ oe Oke Ae een “ec diy obs regi aes oa ee W.. I. Blakelee: -2------- ==. Grand Rapids. Chass aWilde eesese ees ee- Berlin oe ae “ce “ Pb Ss pe a “x Shr ttawontiiy ses wien Bae ae “ “cc ae fin tat iee Saat “ a Ke Ode RCA Way > OD 6c ae £6 Wa “ ac TR wa Cita ee “ec “ “ec ae he Rea “ ‘“ ikeee. ee ne “ “ APE ALU OF ade ie iad Vltata as ur ait oT: “ “ TUAY REESE io) Se ss “ if To he oe ‘s ae ot ac A. Baldwin .-.- Coldwater. C P. Friend -.- Grand Rapids. ae ac “ “ee “ce “ “oe oe H. Julian Allen & Co Niles ““ ae OO eer “ James Craigh Bae eee Lamont . “e DATE OF ENTRY. po eS) | | ES ee ee Div.|Class.|No. ewer ADAH NH OMAGH rt 400 Plate OWN ene ns eee ee James Craigh THE STATE FAIR—1873. REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ContTInvueEpD. ARTICLE. 161 BY WHOM ENTERED. P. O. ADDRESS AND REMARKS. oe é “se “se “ec “ce “ce “e 401 Williams Favorite. -_--...-.- ap2\) <2 - Munson Sweetos.222. 52-222 -- ss st 203 ete Grinastones= 2. sso a225 S22 ae se 404) _*“* Pound: Sweet). 222. -- 5-5-2 ss es 20D ees ay Cabasnay Sto ere ee es oe sf 466),. {ov Hall’Oranges.- #2 she estes ss AOU eOoHOramamer ses. 58 es ee se ae 408 “c ws oe pal oe hl Derm. waar es “ “ce 409 “ “c LTE) rina at «iad ee A ica “ce “ec 410) ** Good\Enourh:-222.5222.22-. he “ ie Sat Mole vet Greening: afces 7 -saeare i a Se Seek a eh CUES baa Soi doeaay” “6 Baldwin, 2. -.-0--) o-oo ooo “ 33 Be Ae | a 16. ze BOR ote Heed Canad den= | ens Shenae s iG Cae ee See $s is 16. fe Siniaeisn os. Goldenitasset. 2a. see sé s nee ane Be xa 16. % Sen est co) Rox Rnssetc secs cncnmoaamen ie re 22) oe sf ce 16. a Boa Cb4on 86“ Wareneretseos oe eons coeene os As ibe a2 ‘ 3 16. % 2077086) “6 “NortherniSpyn esses ee ss ss oY 3 * “A 16, 34 Amott) -6& “Belmonts seece = tae oseer eae pet se C3 oA # 16. - Bo ANG4s) 5 WHAM ensereren] eee eee ae ue ee G3 s§ - 16. ee 44 | 649| ‘* Westfield Seek-no-further._._| ‘‘ x 2 $6 = 16. 5 45 | 650} ‘* MHubbardston Nonsuch..-...- sd 4 i “e ze 16. ¥ 46 | 651| ‘* King of Tompkins Co. --.--- x ae RP osococ “5 i. 16. % 47 | 652] ‘* Yellow Bellflower__.......... Lye ee Spt £6 s 16. c AS*1 "6551 (§. “Talmanisweet=s oop sesssg-- ss Mg ace Ae 2 se ee 16. 49° 1654) (©, TuadiesuSweeti-eo os nce eo Ms eS co ss 16. 51 | 655] “ Grimes’ Golden......-.-.---- ee “ a Re “ “« 16. & 5o° 4 6561. 8 Swaarac gears no “ “ ms eee “ ary ie 53 | 657| “* Esopus Spitzeuberg --.-..--- a “ ee) ae ee 16. SEGssi 6 WMielonee so = eee sear een. oy me pa 1 a6 zs 16. E. 1 | 659/Col. pears grown by exhibitor-_-___. a Wy ae se se 16. y 2 | 660 Plate summer pears se sé as ss * ae F 8 | 661 autumn pears-__ a a “ . : 6. a 4 | 662] ‘* winter pears ¥ sf ne se 16. 13 663 cer Sattlete.- tio tate oe ee J A as .a “ 16, 14\-66#). “° Buffam, ..c022..o. | “ “ “ cai oa 15 | 665] “* Flemish Beauty......--..-...| “ «s “s 2 cS 16. : NG 14666) 56 Seckelue sce oc ee eee nes ve ae QJ « 16. se PA bores) POnondaca elesse te ee ce oe Cae ane Se Cp iy 18 | 668} “ WhiteDoyenne.......-----.- “ “ Tee oes “ "4 16. f 19 | 669] ‘* Beurre D’Anjou ___...._.-.-- KS £ Se riaien a= ss Be 16. z: OTT MGTO}) chs) Sheldon eae scence ee pees So sé JO ae s§ 2 16. ” DEN ACT (ese DEULT EG: DOSE]? 2oces cob eeneose eg a See ec aa $4 - 16. cs PE AOE rd SLIAWIERCE GS: seca eee ee tee Le HL Se Te ease x a7 16. n OT 17613)", “Beurre:Dielie.. 22222 2= HS sf ee ccs “4 B 16. 28 | 674) ‘* Wunter Nelis BN bale ee eee eae “3 16 aS. NGO] N eoay QUINCeRL sts sense sone not oa ss vy pad aese a= as a4 R- aS op Eien Wines ee eee eet ae Pt. Aux Peaux Wine Co--- *§ Ea AS | ra deanna i iS tne 5 2 2 9| ‘© GCrawford’s Late ..---..----..| “ “caine BOTs SOU ss e 16, | E. 15 | 680] ‘© Flemish Beauty........------ a cee pee y Anna) et if a6, B. 2 | 681] Town collection __.....-...-------- Peninsular Farmers’ Club_.|Old Mission., ae gag 1 ae Connty, collection =23)- 22-2 = eee Judge J. G. Ramsdell-_---.. Traverse City.. Re G. 8 | 683 Plate Concord grapes...--.--------- Harlow Bacon_...-----.---- Holland. Bere: iN . 684 E Delawares2s 222202 ee saee Ge es fs coe i 18 | 685 s Northern Muscadine Oy “ce 16. L iS he + pao hee Baal bh eT a eh ‘. i 5 rawford peaches. 16, i 15 | 688|Canned ead eae: =e as pane te a Ae @ 4 vi mie ay i BRA Res Sees Walker. ! : ee ing ehpenne eee oe i ss 16, v a NGO ihemmons Verbena ween eee coe eee oer e ge “ 16. | N. 22] 692 |(Cidervinepar 2. Sete rie ees ve a sé ed 4 a U. 1 | 693) Col. fruit and flower plates._-..-_. Mrs. L. E. Patten J . ae a 10 | 694 Fruit pieces, var’ ties cor’ ctly named|L. E. Patten se oe Swe: 10 oe Mrs. L. E. Patten -...---... Od ee elas. % 7 96] Flower chromo:....-.----.--------- Ma kbPatten. enon sso sg cS ner 8 | 697| Fruit CO rake Vie bce dE Sng. Mra. JH iPatten!-2 222 =... sf se Rae? C. : a Col. ae apples recom’ dby Soc’ y.-|N. & C. Chilson he tes Ye a Battle Creek. i “ 73 “c 16. “ec 3 700| ** win’r “cc (73 “ec i “cc tet Got eI La ce “ec “16, B. 4 | 701|Individual collection _._.....-.---- a RI a = Pg pe s an S16. 8 | 702|Plate Maiden’s Blush......-....... “ SSS, 2s eae RN | MRC “ 6: es 21 | 703 Chenango Strawberry -------- sf SoM, oT eet eee ce es “« 616. se BOT ROL ey NWViaoeneres Se bs kes eee a3 as ef = Se “« 16, “ 90° l’105|' $s o0com caste ne ee “ cide Aree “ “ “« 16.) 30 | 706] “ Summer Pearmain...-----.-- “ ie Beye: ise “ 616, 66 SS olucO| | ass). vAIMO IO WAT . 2--e ok ee a Cone <2 oe Tea ss oe «616. &e A008" «o> Northermispy--o> ss -22- =s-- a SOD he akan eS ce Ss RE SAGE ss SPE TOO | te i Greenimpe. sooo. oo Ue a ey = SS 33 sf “ 16. 6 AS Hio| «5 ~'TalmantSweet.--- -fttt=02 22 oe Soni 1S Ce a o 3 “16, ce 44 71} ‘* Westfield Seek-no-further --_- oS a s6 sé as 16; Go b> | G2 <§ Autumn Strawberry ---.2---- ch i See se cs a se 55 | 718} ‘* Winter Pearmain-._.._...-. Z Us Ae a ee gs U3 Soe aligll (er Seis sWoncordierapes=—------ a= ss Smid Sat ae aS se se THE STATE FAIR—1873. REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTinvep. DATE OF ENTRY. Sept. 16. “STAG oor Gs Se G3 sa 16; se 16: coer Los se 36; So 165 ote Os aS 1G3 Se 10: <= kG; <6: Wn ae calor (oakts sce 16; sc 1G: “a 16, : See: Ace 16; “46, Los se 116. “ 16, “ 16. ““ 16. “ec 16. “ 16. a“ 16. “ec 16, “16, “16. “16. “16, “16. “16, “16, “16. “16. “16, “16, “16. “16, “16. “16, “16, “16, “16. “16, “76, as 1G: ‘6. 1G COST ee iG: ie 16: 16. Dy oe 16, “4 546: at 16. 1G: rays ae 16: eer 16: "Fibs 1G coe, soe “16. “1G: “16. “16. «16, 1G, 165 P.O. ADDRESS Diy.|Class.|No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. AND REMARES. G. 6 | 715 Plate Delaware grapes__---...----- Battle Creek, S 18 | 716 White Sweetwater grapes_-_-- 10) ACh!) so Oe Will GMapPles=se2-—.ss5s-00-s— -| Englishville. “e SOUS USS os PeGreening- .5-.cse. == snes “ SOL | olan Ow Balwant oc tacks ect S eee ia ts bs So |CiZ0 | wae edteds Ganaday-- 0. eee eee sd: Sr Wi sic deeoowe e “ 87 | 721] ** Golden Russet sve ol pein Ae Ss ipa g oe eed. ee “ 88 | 722 LOG Pap aks oa: (SUC pe ive ee aan as “6 Le gt eee! and os “ Son ores | ns'as Wasener- 25 es ee te se Late eee te ~ 66 A0b | takin “foe Northern Spy. .a2-+css os oee Mi ss e 66 As Wei2ole. © ae Haman Rerencese ose ssa eee e: “ 65.|°726| ‘* other -variety__...._--.-.---- ee “ 55 | 727 +“ “6 Ct gas i i peat east | a) 12 | 728]3¢ pk. black walnuts-_...._- - “ 5 | 729|Collection of native nuts - --|Grand Rapids “ 7 iat 3g pk. hazlonutsscs22.% 5-2 ao+-42 mi ‘ “ Ae Colute<*e Shickp nen Utero conta “a ss “ = AL oy we butterauts:: 5s ee eee LC SO eran a aoe se s sc 12 | 733] «& Walnitet re ret eee “ss Lie any 09 ir SR RS | Ch ae D 35 | 734|/Plate Baldwin apples..........---- Wm. H. Stewart_.-.-.-.--- e be “ Senile |, eo Rexs Russet... ce ele cee se ee Ree roe rf <§ “ 37 | 736) ** Golden:Russet...-......--.-- st Caer = ee 3 SPY fe se E 15 | 7387) ‘* Flemish Beauty ........-...- 2 Vee eee Een sf * “ Toei Rise eee Bartleteee eect) ee A So) peeaeeecet os i T. 6") )| Poral design: 5:----.--.-. 2 as---s IWimicN: Rowe--se-osoce-s Walker c 8 | 740|Col. winter apples recom’d by Soc’y|/F. M. Benham “ 11 | 741] “ grapes for market...._......-. ee re : D. 3 | 742 Plate aulumn apples 2 SRT EO x - et 4 | 743 winter ae Sy Wee RP ie oe “6 14 | 744) “ arly Strawberry......--.-.. ss o se 26.| (40) “© “Wall Pippin sie set oe ca eae ee st 6s 80 | 746] ‘© Summer Pearmain.__.--.---- eS st ‘“c De Ta eae Melonaeretoe -- ee ae ao 6 OTe ace 6S Siberianvcraby, .-. 4 cece sh se “ 58 | 749} “* Transcendent crab__-....---- ee . “c 59 | 750; * Large Red LO i at REPS a Ue oe 60 | 751] * Montreal Beauty_..--..------ sf ss ss Cie ozs at sEwslop eas se sce no: aoa We ro ih 8 | 753! ** autumn pears..... : sé oe it 10 | 754) “ Siberian crab......--.- R. 23 | 795) Aster, single variety.....-.---.---- s. Or) (Oe Gladiolus «142... ee G. IS ctor Clintomerapes Ge) ----- 20 woo oC 2 | 793) Collection of fureign grapes........ £ 20) | 00 Eaonticotoneday fi 8) 3 lobes. 3 sé 21 760 Dark “ “ “ pit pt ae te vit 24 | 761|Muxcat of Alexandria_...._....---- a 2z | 762|)Black Hamburg__....-...-----.---- 66 9 LOS NVONIGR eth ies tora ae ee 2 Went On QUIN CERLE Efe joe = a Seo ee F Dealer eyes nl a sles Shelby. J. |Spec. | 766) Blackberries _ F. M. Benham....-........| Olivet, “s ‘“* | 767| Osage seed-__.- ss of os . Vick's special list on OD, es ee 763 Collection of cut flowers.....--- Mranb) Blatte 16g la Ce 11 | 820|Col. grapes, nat., recom’d by Soc’y AG UG: Ase BOT nee < er own by exhibitor __- SG. s 822 Plate Hartford Prolific.......-.---- eee; ss 6 | 823 Delaware Se ce Creed 6CUNieraell peace Go's THs as SaleS2bi- See Concord teas sss ae See eC G. dt 9.) -826} *s Ona.---.-.-- ---------------- eG: ce TOU SOT vests eedlinge lass seen cCn Gy us LTS Wwgsi|ocS! "aDiang vege eso uel Abele scat G: ae TG UG829i- FS") Rebecca eat. ola a. Seas 13 16. ee 19 830 “ Salter eee aa Lee Ca ae 73 i on cli teprity. 95 eR eer ee be Cie Say, 6 LS USR Ii MSs) SINT an pha eine eae oy | a “ Cod WALT SAS Ata Seas ey UG Gi alin Re TG AlSoe lithe nn tan Datesu it neuee win tees OF Set, Bits Lar Be v2 Coes an is 2a 88s | eisai nin cesta Ante eee eae PM LS els) aa a rd Balla I. 6 | 834) ‘ Seedling peaches _._..___.-.. Co hh Sipura ten — ot Tee! ‘ Seat G oaks 26 | 835|/Giant Coxcomb, single.....-.------ CuSMRandalleosss hess 28 Lamont. ss 16. uc 11 | g36|Collection Coxcomb ........-.--._- oe oe te stab: 2 22 | 837|Phlox ace Bingles seeees ‘£ ss se Cer lGh se 25 | 838|Double Zenia, single_____..-.--...-. ae ss $8 Gs] Qe HT 1889} Sinele!Petania ssias os 2 ee es se be es “ 616. ce 12 | 840 Seealing Vierbenaeces) se sake aed oe ee se * 16.| B 1 | 841|County collection__..---.-.----.--- South Haven Pom. Soc’y -- South Haven. 6616; oP 5 | 842 Society A Ala) ty ae plas pre ear en (Dy Se SF cf = SO TIS fied ZONIN848) Atpplesjellyseestaes =e eee cee Jol Weeks en eau ee _|Napoleon. ees 6. 1S. 5 | 844 Gollection | Gladiolus-:2-. 95) ae GeolMaylora i eet Kalamazoo. sc 76, Wy 9 | 845|/Single Gladiolis.cs 22s eees 6 See mes Stake wkd ad * 16.] O 50))846) Grapenvimes sss sere neem ieny cepurean Heh. Kleemant eos sae see Saugatuck. WT OSG 6 | S47 Plate Delaware: 22M 535. SRS eae < Retin eR SA eee ef Reet Ge GG 9 | 84S Tone esc cate ss Soy, AP ARPES 2 Pacer pe WOE SK Cb CM eS ao ete paella ties: (Spee OND oe Beh Borin GUN 2 wy abahatle ne “16. « IPSN CONS (iii Glee | oar eke PUREE TE 6s Ba ae eae Et ec oe a COMI iii cs 18 | 851 SEN TO INTO Ne eh cre a om a 6 COPA IE LA Gal Se Ch Je 2s RS 18 | 852} ‘* Muscatelle ce As ae Else re remearliGs O. 21 | 853) ‘* dark colored foreign grape.__| ‘* Cay ie eat es A at ob 19 | 854) ‘“* Salem,—Rogers 22..._...-... Camngle yen eee Paw haw. Selo els. SSISbo| gis MROx MRUSSeESeter aoe aeeae owe SigMo Pearsall aces sen oe ae Alpine. Vick’s special list over 20: RG: Oe ie os 856] Col. cut flowers.....-..--..------ Mrs. Geo. Smith. .......... Walker. “ee 16. C15 6h AS 857 Sw ACH oh ds oe ae Oe OO eR ECT Ls og “cc 6 ain ee alot en ee nl vaineatiy Posple Row, trai a lea aR ane as flea SL et a lip “ce 8 | 926] ** PLombard Cd reser ar eie. e cc Qs 16, Don G47 Oleander’. coo. see eee ue cee og fe s 16, | « OSU OFS Calta wis gM. al a pa ala erate ss " ch 168 DATE OF ENTRY. Sept. 16. Cora kG: nea oiO; yan ie SeeliGs neh aki Soa G: Sent G: sb 1G: ete age iy} “6 16. “6 16. OmeaLG: eae GO: ena lis steel G: we MG: 8.) 516: be el G- J ANS Se LG: yeas eres G: oper: ce LG: mt 216; <0; -ok6, eG: + 16, “6 46, ss 36; “16, st e716. 46 46, 4h 16, a 16, cl eng (ie “46, 4¢ 16, be 16, “ 46. ae 16 “46, ae 16, aé 16, ie 16, 46 38, a) 16, “16, “1 16, 4 16, “16, “16, 16, “16. "16. 16, “16. “16, “16. “16, “6 46, “16, “16, “16, “6 16, “16, “16, “16, “16, ~e 16, perio: “cc 16. ea, SENG Div.|Class.|No. ARTICLE. STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ContTINvUED. O19 NHioy amore: 2-8 aie, < OL terry Saas |W. R. Hibbard BY WHOM ENTERED. P.O. ADDRESS AND REMARKS. Jackson. 950| Collection Begonias-_......-------- oh 951) Flowering Begonias, single var’y.- ef 4 LY 952|Col. winter blooming plants. .....- es SF ge 953| ‘© ornamental foliage plants ---_- RE es ne 954|Single var. ornamental foliage pl’ts| ‘“‘ “ aS 955 | Collection, Ferns: =~ -2---- 2222S. 8223 she rs s 956) Orangetrea: +22 02s aetna ad ae ob O57 Col antanagel 2) 2 eee ie i: sf 958} ‘* foliage plants for bedding ----- 3 % ss 959 | 46) Coleds2S 8 aoe ee rks sf se O60 (Lantana 2s tee ae eee a * as O61 Salvia ks 22s eae eta 2 ee x Ce es 962|Floral mound or pyramid--_-.-.---- he (Oot (Seve eee eee ss 963} Pair round bouquets ee aoe ope oy Se". ) Upper a 964 ae flat Pigs, Jott [bl is $Y ‘ec 6° 5 Ce eee 77 965| Basket everlasting flowers_........|Mrs. Wm. Rowe ----------- Walker Vick’s special list under 20: 966} Basket everlasting flowers Miss Susie Rowe--....---- a 967 Col. cut flowers22. 322 re eee one oe 968 Disn thus 2st 22 =22 4-525 ss st $f 969 58> CUlt MOWErR soe ae -| Amos Rathbun 23 Grand Rapids 970| ‘* Phlox Drummondi.......---- ee Ye 971 se Asters. eaneadan ann oo) S50 o6 6 8 eo te ee 8 se oe 972 “sé Balsams og ieke ei WS so Seen eS a “ce be | Sap ee Beer “ce es 973 Coe Dianphasst=seeee sss ae eee ae 66 ot ee ecb a ae 974 “ec Pansies eer eee ey Te “cc 68. ee “cc ee 975 ae Stocks (oe Oe eS Sree eee se 66 Fy eee ee ee oe oe 976 SO (GlaGiOliSes =» seesh 3s eS ae BV. OSES - ae 917 “ eyerl’g flowers and grasses--| ‘* SS of Gene er seae 0 ae Vick's special list over 20: 978| (Cok cut Howers==-425-~-- -.<---=2 . G. B. Rathbun-_-..-.--. wo - 979 ‘© Phlox Drummondii-_--....---- a ‘t U2 se 980) e Asters Ve bent 22 “ce Ma “ec ac 981 “oe Balsams Ea dee ee va ac “oe “ce 982 Ss SDIAMT OMS S597 == teak epee eee = As wv ge 983 ae Pansies idee Grn. on in Meee “ee ee “ce ae 984 sc Stocks odode pape 35 ek EI “ “ec “cc ae 935 i’ Gladiolus:2-2 222-2). 2 a Mate Soe 8 ae o 986} ‘ everl’g flowers and grasses -- s Seat ane eae a es 96%.) Callacs2 so aot aeen == Rane bee ee John Suttle 222222 = 26-5525. a as 988| Canned cherries..........-.-- .----- Mrs. W: N. Cook .--..-.--.- ce es 989 ss raspberries <.--2 2 2615552005 es Dt aE a ae se 6s 990 “ Pears fase leds eens ee MG phe, SEF Ae eet eee « “e 991 ee peachens=is 4 a2 =a 5 eee MEAG Ly. SO Petes sole s6 a 992) Pickled peas. i ===<-<2.~2t2222 82 it LaCeRincoln sss sae: Greenville. 993 “ce Cans 4 < ons eee eee te “e oe 994| Strawberry jelly. .-.........------- a sg Ke 995) Collection plums.__..-.-.-.. -.---- James Snow-- Muskegon. 996 Plate Beurre D’ Anjou pears.._--..- a3 sf ee 997 Duchesse D’Angouleme------ BE ss € 998 “ce Buffam ee ee ee ini “c se 999| ‘* Flemish Beanty .-....--.---- £ ss us 1000| ** Louise Bonne..__._-...------ oO - Ke 1001} ** Beeecker’s Gage plums---.---- bas * Lett 8 c= Oye ki ae 22 11041 Sey He wileyectsno--c soot eee CU Ue oy ee oe Cea as 26) |1032}) SS seal Rippin: -.- ---.55-sseese wy ae oO, ea 2 as 6: oe 92-11 O88) «9. Sons thane... ce. eee (a We ee et ae ss “ce 16, ac 83 1044 oc Peck's Pleasant “oe “ce rete eee “e ae 16, “cc 84 1045 “ R. E- Greening aa Fe “ce oe Fee so “ « 16, me 85 |1046) “Baldwin !.2.---....<< as JS ce ee _ (fs 16: UG G6 |1047) ‘© 3 Red Ganada___....-...5228-2 5S ss ec pee Ss 4“ 16, ‘“ 89 |1948 “ Wagener | 5) Ds Pe RC REINTE 3 s6 “ at a && ore 1G: <6 40 |1049) ‘© NorthernSpy_-......-.--.-..- ac as Cee as SOP gl |e 44 |1050| ‘* Westfield Seek-no-further_._. ss ve 2 pene a“ pra ii 46 |1051| ‘* King of Tompkins County--- aC & Va ee “ 1G: <6 48 |1052 st Talman Sweet-....... 22 FS cee Sat ee «cc ac 16, se 52 11053 cc Syrian Bees et te ee ‘ “cc OP ae: és “16, ‘“ 53 )1054) “* Spitzenberg_.......--...--.-- A re a oe “ a“ 16, “ce 88 1055 ec Russet. ok Pep ee oe ee ee “ “ 2s Eee 6s Sag HAGE Ha SE 55 11056] “ Green White Pippin..--.-.--- 6 se ee, ER sc hy FLOS Ty. SS 55 |1057} ‘* William Russet as rE oS eee sé a“ 16, “cc 55 1058 ve Hawthorne ae ye “ec “ ind Se ts Wo Loe 4 |1059) ** winter apples._.__- Josiah Mastin Oakfield. Baie % BOUGHT Se oO Sp zwe nes 2) wg ne Jv iBlanders®_ 2522102252... Galesbure. ce LO lB 1 |1061) Wayne County collection _....._.- J. W. Humphreys......---- Plymouth. LS Kal PRS i 2 HUG2| Ouimcers! eee ee as Chas; 7A Nord --isz:2._-.5--2 CON TG MDE 2 |1063| Plate summer apples__....__. -.-.-- John Gilbert “16, “ BP ROREIY. “88 SS titan ot bes er Os Ki se AY ROR Vers Sec Pepe Cake 0 cys es eee a ee a sb G: Ui 6 | 1066 a6: “ 8 |1067] ** Maiden’s Blush._..........-. st 5s “ 16, «sé 9 1068 se Primate. bos acted ate atice a waa “cc &6 <6: C3 19 }1069} ** Sweet Bough ose Ws es “16, «e TEGO 28 itary d Oe hee 2 tec yn Ws et) SIGs 66 To Gh irs SS ie igneveble tere one ee LG “ ©6116, «c POL ee ee Portens ests ee Us Ce “16, “« Ca IS) SRO AGY ay in A aa aR ‘“ “ ss. 16, s6 29 |10%4)" ‘©. Garden Royale...._-...----- s6 ce “16, se 80 {1075} “* Summer Pearmain.-_-_......-- ae id eG: “ 83 |1076] ** Peck’s Pleasant........----- ef *s 16516; 6s 26 HOLS "Red Ganada-. oa oe s ss “16 “& 89 | LORS) > <<. Wagener: 7. 232 oe Os ss ac 16. os 40 |1079} “* Northern Spy.-.....--....-- 66 6s Chi ase ae 41 | 1080 68) SCION Gf aah ao oo ee os cs “616, “ 49 |1081 Soo "Sa Meh Be ec oe ee 6s Ss “16, “ BD LOSZil). sss eaobverntee se 1 ee ee ay $6 ss TU ipa a oF 14 {1083} *¢ Buffam pears............---- o ss $165 ate 15 |1084) ** Wlemish Beauty_._.....----- ss $5 ace Ger fu Ke 4 |1085/Col. domestic dried fruits__._..-._- &¢ se AGS elas 8 |1086} © = pickled and canned fruits| ‘“ ss SAGs ane’ 5) 1080) Canned: pearse t= joan. 2a eee «6 s§ $6 .16...\..M 21 |1088/ Siberian Crab jelly_.............-- €¢ $s co 516; 2| D.- 6 | 1089 Plate Red Astrachan apples__..... South Haven Pom. Soc’y.. South Haven. OE NG CC 8 |1090 Maiden’s Blush.............- ab 46 16. “cc 10 1091 “ Large Yellow Bough._..____ 46 “cc “cc t os 66 “cc COR G: ‘“ 17 |1092] «© Powell _.......:... aa rate |. use “ “ cit ‘ce “ “ 16. “cc 20 | 1093 OTT eae Ae en Tae REY “c rT “cc “ss mS oe “ Sey peat 21 |1094) <“* Chenango Strawberry ...._-- es es a ert ss Cr ie “c 94 |1095| « Jersey) Sweebheee ree apa “ io “ BRAS i ‘ec sé SO 6: “ 26 |1096} * Fall Pippin oe EE “6 “ee “ Ker, eee ss “s ats 2162 “ec Bo LUD G eee aeons bh 2) ees one eee = “ “ or Tap ak ‘“ “6 pi oa tis 6 84 {1098} « Py, Greening. ......-.-.-2-2 ‘6 “ ‘“ ec aE ‘“ ‘“ $6 916% Ws 85 1099] “© Baldwin _.....__.. “ “ ‘“ Be bey sc “ st 236. af 87 |1100} ** Golden Russet____.. ‘“ “6 ‘ ie 28 ‘c ‘“ SOE o hae ae BS. PIL | = ') 2 Rox. ap ossetee ete ee eee: “ “ “ 65) Sp. ‘“ “ $6 6 LG $9 1102) & AWeaeener: i)... .2cceoeeecsie “ “ “ KE BOT ‘sc ‘“ we". To: 3 49 |1108 & Northern Spy BP Sei ep le ae 6c “cc ‘ CMa ‘cc “c “b 16. “ 41 |1104 cee Belmont att eee “ 73 “c “cc mi 6s ce 170 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—Conrinvep. DATE OF . P.O. ADDRESS Entry. | Div.|Class.|No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. AnD RE Sept.16. | D. | 42 |1105 Plate Wamense! is. 2 Acai bese oe South Haven Pom. Soc’y--|South Haven. eG: ef 43 |1106 Bailey Sweet__.......---..-.. $s se ae ae ae ce SS eELG: s* 47 11107) ‘* Yellow Bellflower__._....--.- ss fe ce mee UG U: Ga als or 48 |1108; ‘‘ Talman Sweet _-.....-- et hey ss es SE ee ce ee rol Gs os 53 {1109} ‘* Esopus Spitzenberg -__-- alan tS ‘ fs coy! ee 6 Oh AIG 25 58 }1110} ‘* Transcendent crab_._____...- he sf st ha a es CFT Vian | a th Loe | tlt) Oso oartlett pears=.—-ssee aaueueee es ce hi Ce eat We ae oe 16. oe 14 1112 “ec Buffam spe Saree ony SiMe ype are “ce ee oe ae im ae 6. Bete 1G: os 10/1118] 3S° oPlemish Beautys--2 222 ef + 3 oe re cS ot 16. ce 16 1114 oe Seckel_ poly POPE Eta vee VN ath one ee ee “ec ee sn 73 “ec ss 16. “ce alee 1115 e Onondagat=2 22 hd +6 “ce “ as ee 6e Saree etal 2 11116} ‘‘ MHale’s Early peaches____.____ se se se as OG &s ce 16. ee 2 1117 “ce Crawford eG B.S 315 a ee ce “ce oe ce oe “ec ee se 16. ee 8 1118 “ec Ja 1b of ee ET a ee oe © ee ee oe “ce ee ye “ “ée sé 16. be 4 11119 os Hale’s Early NEE AEE NS “e “ee “ 3 * 6c se comme; ke 57/120) So > Wiheeleris: Marlyse 2222552008 cs HS se Choon oe G: Sa 7A; oe S111 cr See Crawiond sumarlyss: os 22 omnes a f 32 Ca as ae eel (o, £ ON 1192) *¢" Barnarda(inomas)ss0.5 55.50" $6 ee oe cer ae 2 Ue a“ 16, oe 10 11238 ee Old Mixon Bi A ae ee we “6 “ec ac 5 oe “ec ‘ 16. se 11 1124 oe Jaques MONE Seeks Sg LIS oe Ue 6e ee ee oe te “ec “ec ae as tg L295) OS!) Crawtordysslate cesses ee ae ef ef cr i laa oo ce sé 16. 6 13 1126 & Hill’s Chili fa ks5 ie mbdaahe- teat salad “6 os ee “cc rh “ “ce owiehe 16) eT)" secre ae ere he Cee | Pekin ts 3 oma a a (i Rebeceae. 2a Sere. ere eee Me Are NaN ie SAS ad #8 “& 616. Willd Gress ee se See es mE RenAN Nuseetsce sone Ae te Welawarens-- eee e bers co cess = Se RT! ete Smee se «616: 9|Beurre D’ Anjou pears--_.----.------ sf Hal ty ied! cia ey “é ast 16. ae Diel Se Se ee “ec ayy Cie hid teen Sas calas aa ae 66.116) MemishiBedu tyes S852 2 Sess “ ek Ua, bee S alcos oe eee lG: Prince Ste Germaine assess sesne * ii fies eee fa oe Scarlet Pearmain apples-_---------- ¢ rhe ha et erst phe ss se 16, d Wine ae Sa ee ied WT CE Bee ae ee Pr tee whe ee Ga Any ac Rea eG: 5) Washington Strawberry--...------ es Sikce ad ho eels £8 OP Kise Hawthorndens22ts 34. ost se oeee eae s Seg eee same coe y “er: WIieSteDi SDViseseaie cecnee soe ae ean Se ae, Gate wess id se 1G: 5 Me@lellanint s.2-tee cosas sceeen nes Sf Spay eos ae f Sally Garretson’s Karly....---..----.---- cf fait» Guha eee ee ty 2 dk I Macombensec ocaa a sse eC eke saeco ae SEE dob s ae ee Gg KS 16: Greene's Choice 5.225) 42. 3322-2 3S sf De Wn Sethe oe de sf se 6; Red Candda eee Soo asec se ceee SS sf pane See ED ce BEG} : S| Baileyis Sweet. 2224. =5 So see sf CS) My Se REeeete fs a LG; INOLINEMnIS Dyson sco ee eae eee ne Bok the |) Ponte DRED st en Gp Blenheim Pippin= 32225220222. 20425 ¥f aa cower arts Ages © Se COE RallbPinpin= soc sees see-seaee see e S SS ee eee Ce seal Ge Town" collectioness.-22s24-- a ssseec Hunter Savidge_..-__..-.-- Spring Lake. So 1Gi Mat boquetss. #2. tesserae Seas MTs Plattsc225 2 ss Booss23 Jonesville. SEOs 209} Collection boquets..........-.----- SS A i es Siar 2 ss se SLG Washington Strawberry .-..------- IDS WiOOdManan esa VSS Paw Paw. Oa aks Collection Phlox Drummondii----- Mras Ho. Pia tiee 22 ee sas- Jonesville. Ce tiie 2 te Verbenas-_..... seoee of Ohi a ie EIR SAS ce SEG: 3|Flemish Beauty pears_-_--..-------- He Ms-Bradleyos.c. 2.225252 Bay City. $216. 3 Baldwinvappless..2-s--cacscssen=—5 Osians MaAstIN sas eae ae Oakfield. REST AG: INOrtherniSpy tassels set oo eee sf CU ee cr ares ue ON aN, Warenersaess 2 he hi Steno sane * BO ea wise cr cr ts ae aialins Ten apple trees, three years old....|N. P. Husted_-...--..-----. Lowell. eee 16; INativejprapes sis) =fe-s= +2 seo sees Pe CeDavines eee saeco Kalamazoo. Cages (35 Boquet of dried everlasting flowers|Mrs. W.S. Parsons.....--- Grand Rapids. a AG. Ornamental display of fruit ---.-.- WieeNmRowest2se: se Walker. SoG: : Native grapes, collection__...._--- AL'S ®Howardsa225..s4=5s- 26 Allegan. =F 516: Seedling autumn apples......--.... John eByergs-- ee s-22 o2525 Bainbridge. ‘ 16. ¢ oe winter eS oe Lee e Bly URI SRR Tesh nie ee SeneG: ANRed Cantda cas. e-seacncee Gasca (AS i, inderman=s---.e--e- Grand Rapids. * 16: Malpehocken (oos2co 52245 see e eee Chast) Warener2o- 222222 --- Penn Yan, N.Y. te LOS = Seek-no-far thence 22 seston ease sacs SS Fe gh eee as eae oS ct s¢ ot 16. Wagener ie PREM 1% Teen oR WE Ses wee be C1 IR, ins tos eee ie sé e ec “oT: Maden Re BUS ee Senn ees teem eee sé Wet fyate eee aaah ie ss $6 OFFICIAL LIST OF THE PREMIUMS AWARDED TO EXHIBITORS. Nomenclature.—First premium, best named collection, J. W. Humphrey, Ply- mouth, diploma or $25 ; second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $15; third premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $10. S. O. Knapp, Jackson, chairman pro tem. DIVISION B, CLASS 1. County Oollections.—First premium, Van Buren county, $100; second premium, Grand Traverse county, $60; third premium, Wayne county, $40 ; fourth premium, Clinton county, $30; fifth premium, Eaton county, $20. Report of Committee on State and County Collections—The committee on State and County Collections would respectfully submit the following report: In our examination we found no State collections entered for competition. The counties competing in this division were Wayne, Clinton, Eaton, Van Buren and Grand Traverse, which from their location would seem to fairly represent the Eastern, Western, Middle and Northern portions of the lower 172 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. peninsula. The effect of the severe cold of last winter is quite plainly indi- cated by the want of some of the tender varieties of fruit in some of these col- lections. Wayne and Clinton exhibit fine collections of apples and pears, and some fine specimens of grapes, but no peaches or plums; while Van Buren and Grand Traverse counties, in addition to a fine display of apples and pears, were also able to show fine collections of peaches, plums, and grapes. Wayne county presented the best arranged, the most accurately named, and the largest col- lection of apples, and the excellence of the several varieties were not inferior to any of the others. The apples in this collection were selected from the orchard of John W. Humphrey, Esq., of Plymouth. This orchard was planted by T. T. Lyon, Esq., during the years between 1847 and 1852, and comprises one of the most extensive collections of varieties of any orchard in the State. Clinton county presented the next largest collection of apples, equal perhaps in excellence with Wayne as far as the varieties extended, but not so well arranged or so accurately named. Van Buren county presented the largest display of peaches and pears, and Grand Traverse county the best collection of plums and grapes. The Eaton county collections had only apples and pears that merit notice, and of these the apples seemed to have been selected more with reference to size than excel- lence. In this connection we deem it proper to caution exhibitors against this toocommon error. Apples may be too large as well astoo small. It is not the largest but the best that merits an award. In selecting the best, perfection of form and color, fairness of skin, freedom from worms, and all other visible defects should be considered as well as the size. In determining the best collection of fruit we deemed that superior and numerous specimens of a large variety of commercial fruits should have greater weight than equally good, but more numerous specimens of one or two varieties. With this view we consider Van Buren county entitled to the first premium, Grand Traverse to the second, Wayne to the third, Clinton to the fourth, and Eaton to the fifth, and have so awarded. ’ But while we feel justified under the present system in making this award, we deem the practice of awarding premiums for the best county collection of fruit unjust to the eastern and interior portions of the State. Those counties favored with the softening influences of Lake Michigan can raise with profit a large number of the tender varieties which cannot be grown generally, or with success, in other counties not so favored, while they stand an equal chance in the cultivation of the more hardy varieties. We would therefore reeommend that hereafter the premium list be so changed that counties may be allowed to compete with those varieties of commercial fruits which they are able to raise with profit. As it now stands the county showing the best general collection gets $100; second, $60; third, $10; fourth, $30, and fifth $20,—making in all $250. In place of this we would suggest the following: A first and second premium for best county collections of appies; same for best county collections | of pears; same for best county collections of peaches; same for best county collections of plums, and the same for the best county collections of grapes,— in all not to exceed $200. At present exhibitors are allowed to show fruits out of season, in compe- tition, prepared in any manner that will save their form and color. Under this provision Van Buren county presented many varieties preserved in jars, by a process which is kept a secret by those who preserved them. As the great THE STATE FAIR—1873. 173 object of this society is to publish and disseminate valuable information upon all subjects connected with the raising, protecting, and preserving of fruit, if this provision is to remain in force we would suggest the attachment of the following provision to the resolution: ‘“ Provided the process by which the fame is preserved is given in full to the committee for publication in their report.” All of which is respectfully submitted. J. G. Ramsdell, chairman, Traverse City; Wm. I. Blakely, A. E. Pardee, G. W. Bruckner, committee. DIVISION B, CLASS 2. Township Collections—First premium, W. N. Rowe, Walker township, Kent county, $50; second premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe township,. Monroe county, $30; third premium, Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake township, Ottawa county, $20; fourth premium, Joseph Gridley, Kalamo township, Eaton county, $15; fifth premium, S. M. Pearsall, Alpine township, Kent county, $10. C. N. Merriman, chairman, Grand Rapids; E. J. Shirts, Shelby, G. W. Toles, Benton Harbor, committee. DIVISION B, CLASS 3. Best Society Collection—by South Haven Pomological Society, $20. DIVISION B, CLASS 4. ‘Best Collection Grown by Exhibitor—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, Kent county $25; second premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $15. John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county; Henry Holt, Cascade, Kent county, committee. VICK’S SPECIAL PRIZES. To persons over 20 years of age: Best Collection Cut Flowers—First premium, $20; Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county. Collection of Phlox Drummondii—First premium, $10; Chas. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county. Collection Asters—First premium, $10; Mrs. Asa W. Slayton, Saranac, Tonia county. Collection of Balsams—First premium, $10; Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent. county. Coilection of Dianthus—First premium, $10; Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, Kent county. Collection of Pansies—First premium, $10; Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, Kent county. Collection of Stocks—First premium, $10; Chas. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county. Collection of Gladiolus—First premium, $10; Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, Kent county. Collection of Everlasting Flowers and Grasses—First premium, $10; Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county. Flowers grown by persons under 20 years of age: Cut Flowers, Largest Collection—First premium, $10; Master Chas. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county. Collection Phiox Drummondii—First premium, $5; Master Chas. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county. 174 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Collection Asters—First premium, $5 ; Master Amos Rathbun, Grand Rapids. Collection Dianthus—First premium, $5; Miss Susie Rowe, Walker, Kent county. Collection Pansies—First premium, $5; Miss Susie Rowe, Walker, Kent county. Collection Stocks—First premium, $5; Master Chas. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county. Collection Everlasting Flowers and Grasses—First premium, $5; Miss Susie Rowe, Walker, Kent county. Remarks.—Y our committee were unanimous in every decision, which should be satisfactory to exhibitors. Much credit is due to those exhibitors under twenty years, who have shown a taste in one of the first of accomplishments,— the cultivation of flowers. We only hope that many more may follow their example and add their productions to the ornamentation of our future exhibitions. C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, Mrs. C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, Mrs. C. L. Whitney, Muskegon, Miss Lee Denham, Quincy, Miss M. A. Warrall, Victor, N. Y., committee. DIVISION O.—FRUITS RECOMMENDED BY THE SOCIETY. Collection Summer Apples—Discretionary premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, Kent county, $5; discretionary premium; N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, Cal- houn county, $4. Collection Autumn Apples—Discretionary premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $10; discretionary premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $3. Collection Winter Apples—Discretionary premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $10 ; discretionary premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $6; discretionary pre- mium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $3. Collection Summer Pears—Discretionary premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $5. Collection Autumn Pears—Discretionary premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $6 ; discretionary premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $3. Collection Winter Pears—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $10; discre- tionary premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $3. Collection Plums for Market—Discretionary premium, N. P. Husted, Low- ell, $3. Collection Grapes for Market— Discretionary premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $4; discretionary premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $4. Remarks.—The committee recommend the revision of the whole list of fruits in this division, and a cutting down the number in several classes, especially in apples. Also that the classification of “market,” “family” and “amateur” be abolished, and that a list for succession be adopted. The com- mittee urge that the officers insist on strict compliance with the printed instruc- tions, and that no verbal instructions be given outside the rules. We find the collections very incomplete, and recommend only discretionary premiums, such as the funds of the Society will warrant them in giving. Committee—Judge B. F. Graves, Edward Bradfield, 8. 8. Bailey, A. C. Glid- den, A. Sigler, J. Webster Childs. DIVISION D.—APPLES. Collection of Apples—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, Kent county, $20; second premium, Joseph Gridley, Kalamo, Eaton county, $10; third premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, Ottawa county, $5. THE STATE FAIR—1873. 175 Plate Summer Apples—First premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county, Primate, $2; second premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, Sweet Bough, $1; third premium, Joseph Gridley, Kalamo, Primate, 50c. Plate Autumn Apples—First premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Maiden’s Blush, 2; second premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, Chenango Strawberry, $1. Plate Winter Apples—First premium, A. T. Linderman, Grand Rapids, Red Canada, $2; second premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Wagener, $1; third pre- mium, Charles Alford, Lamont, R. I. Greening, 50c. Plate Early Harvest—Second premium, I. E. I]genfritz & Co., Monroe, $1. Plate Red Astrachan—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, 50c. Plate Maiden’s Blush—First premium, H. Dale Adams, Kalamazoo, $1 ; second, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Plate Sweet Bough—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second, S. M. Pearsall, Alpine, Kent county, 50c. Plate Early Strawberry—First premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, $1. Plate Early Joe—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $1; second pre- mium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, 50c. Plate Summer Rose—I. E. Igenfritz & Co., Monroe, $1. Plate Lowell—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, $1; second premium, James Craigh, Lamont, Ottawa county, 50c. Plate Porter—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, $1; second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, 50c. Plate Keswick Codlin—First premium, W. N. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $1; second premium, I. EK. Ilgenfritz & Uo., Monroe, 50c. Plate 20-Ounce or Cayuga Red Streak—First premium, J. Flanders, Gales- burg, Kalamazoo county, $1; second premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, 50c; third premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, 25c. Plate Chenango Strawberry—First premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Alpine, $1 ; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Plate Peck’s Pleasant—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1; second premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, 50c; third premium, H. Dale Adams, Com- stock, 25c. Plate R. I. Greening—First premium, Norman Cummings, Englishville, Kent county, $1; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c ; third premium, Joseph Flanders, Galesburg, 25c. Plate Baldwin—First premium, Norman Cummings, Englishville, $1; second premium, I. EK. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, 50c. Plate Red Canada—First premium, Norman Cummings, Englishville, $1 ; second premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, 50c; third premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, Wayne county, 50c. Plate Golden Russet—First premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, $1; second premium, J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City, 50c. Plate Roxbury Russet—First premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Alpine, $1; second premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, 50c. Plate Wagener—First premium, Norman Cummings, Englishville, $1; sec- ond premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Plate Hawley—First premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, $1; second pre- mium, Charles Alford, Lamont, 50c. Plate Dyer—First premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, $1. 176 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Plate Jersey Sweet—First premium, James Craigh, Lamont, $1; second pre- minum, Charles Alford, Lamont, 50c. Plate Fall Pippin—First premium, Sonth Haven Pomological Society, $1 ; second premium, J. W. Humprey, Plymouth, 50c. Plate Ohio Nonpareil—First premium, |. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1. Plate Summer Pearmain—First premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet, Eaton county, $1; second premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, 50c. Plate Autumn Swaar—First premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, $1; second premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, 50c. Plate Jonathan—First premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, $1; second premium, W. N. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Plate Talman Sweet—First premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, $1; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Plate Lady Sweet—First premium, I. K. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $1; second premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, 50c. Plate Grimes’ Golden—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $1. Plate Swaar—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1. Plate Esopus Spitzenberg—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co.,$1; second premium, D. Woodman, Paw Paw, 50c, Plate any other variety—First premium, James Craigh, Lamont, Fallawater, $1; second premium, D. Woodman, Paw Paw, Rubicon, 50c; third premium, James Craigh, Lamont, Fall Orange, 25c. Single variety Siberian Crab—First premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, $1. Transcendent Crab—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, 50c. _ Plate Northern Spy—First premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, $1; second premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Belmont—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $1; second prem- jum, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county, 50c ; third premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, 25c. Plate Fameuse—First premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, $1; second premium, I. E. Iigenfritz & Co., Monroe, 50c. Plate Bailey Sweet—First premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, $1. Plate Westfield Seek-no-further—First premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, $1 ; second premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, 50c. Plate Hubbardston Nonsuch—Second premium, L. R. Davis, Bowen, Kent county, 50c. Plate Tompkins Co. King—First premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, $1; second premium, D. Woodman, Paw Paw, 50c. Plate Yellow Bellflower—First premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, $1; second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, 5Vc. Plate Large Red Crab—Second premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet, Eaton county, 50c. Plate Montreal Beauty—Second premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet, Haton county, 50c. Committee—Asa W. Slayton, Saranac; H. E. Bidwell, South Haven; Chas. Alford, Lamont; Joseph Gridley, Kalamo; 8. W. Fowler, Manistee. Notsr.—It will be noticed that for the best plate of winter apples, the Red Canada received the first premium, the Wagener the second, and the R, I. Greening the third. There were twelve competitors in this class. The committee remarked that ‘‘ we decide on the quality of the plate exhibited, and not on the merits of the varieties.” THE STATE FAIR—1873. LG DIVISION E.—PEARS, Best Collection Pears Grown by Exhibitor—First premium, I. E. Igenfritz & Co., Monroe county, $20; second premium, E. Engle, Paw Paw, Van Buren county, $10. Plate Summer Pears—Second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe county, $1. Autumn Pears—First premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet, Eaton county, $2; second premium, C. W. L. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, $1. Plate Winter Pears—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $2; second premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe county, $1. Plate Bartlett—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe county, $1 ; second premium, 8. M. Pearsall, Alpine, Kent county, 50c. Plate Buffam—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Plate Flemish Beauty—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, Mrs. W. N. Cook, Grand Rapids, 50c. Plate Seckel—First premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Walker, $1; second premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, 50c. Plate Onondaga—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, I. EK. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe county, 50c. Plate White Doyenne—First premium, I. E. Igenfritz & Co., Monroe county, $1; second premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, 50c. Plate Beurre d’Anjou—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, $1; second premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, 50c. Plate Clapp’s Favorite—First premium, N: P. Husted, Lowell, $1. Plate Sheldon—First premium, H. Dale Adams, Comstock, $1; second pre- mium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, 50c. Plate Fondante d’Automne—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1. Plate Lawrence—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, I. HE. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe county, 50c. Plate Buerre Diel—First premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, $1; second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe county, 50c. Plate Winter Nelis—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second pre- mium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe county, 50c. Plate other valuable variety—First premium, Wm. N. Rowe, Louise Bonne de Jersey, $1; first premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Buerre Clairgeau, $1 ; first premium, South Hayen Pomological Society, Duchesse, $1; second pre- mium, C. Engle, Duchesse, 50c; second premium, James Snow, Muskegon, L’Bonne, 50c. Committee—H. C. Farnam, Whitehall, Muskegon county; L. 8. Benham, Olivet, Eaton county; E. U. Knapp, Grand Rapids; F. M. Benham, Olivet, Eaton county. DIVISION F.—PEACHES. Early Peaches—First premium, Hale’s Early, South Haven Pomological Society, $2. Cooledge’s Favorite—First premium, Judge J. G. Ramsdell, Grand Tray- erse, $1. Crawford’s Early—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. Barnard—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, E. J. Shirts, Shelby, Oceana county, 50c. z 20 178 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Jacques Rareripe—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. Crawford’s Late—First premium, John Roost, Holland, Ottawa county, $1 ; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Hill’s Chili—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. Stump the World—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. George the Fourth—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. Mountain Rose—First premium, 8. W. Fowler, Manistee, $1. Yellow Rareripe—Second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Committee.—S. L. Morris, Holland, Ottawa county; C. Engle, Paw Paw, Van Buren county; J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, Wayne county; T.8. Purdy, Holland, Ottawa county. Remarks.—The list of peaches is the one recommended by the Society for cultivation in this State, and includes a succession for family, amateur, and market purposes. The committee would respectfully submit the following report: There were but few entries in this division, and in most cases no com- petition, and yet those entered, in our judgment, were of such a quality as to merit a premium. The South Haven Pomological Society exhibits some fine fruit, Crawfords, Barnards, etc. The committee would make special mention of the plates of peaches exhibited by 8. W. Fowler of Manistee; also a plate of Cooledge’s Favorite, from J. G. Ramsdell of Traverse City, which were very fine . DIVISION G.—GRAPES. Collection Native Grapes, Grown by Exhibitor—First premium, P. C. Davis, Kalamazoo, diploma or $20; second premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $10. Collection Foreign Grapes—First premium, A. Sigler, Adrian, diploma or $20. Greatest Number of Native Varieties—First premium, A. 8. Howard, Alle- gan; second premium, Pointe Aux Peaux Wine Co., Monroe, $5. Hartford Prolific—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, 50c. Delaware Grape—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, 50c; third premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek. Israella Grape—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, T. F. Kleeman, Saugatuck, 50c; third premium, Judge J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City. Concord Grape—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, Henry P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana, 50c; third premium, Harlow Bacon, Holland. Iona Grape—First premium, Henry P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana, $1 ; second premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, 50c. Ives’ Seedling—First premium, Henry P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana, $1; second premium, Pointe Aux Peaux Wine Co., 50c; third premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw. Diana Grape—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, $1; second premium, Henry P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana, 50c; third premium, Harlow Bacon, Holland. Adirondac—First premium, Judge J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City, $1. Croton—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. Rebecca—First premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, $1. Any other valuable varieties—First premium, Pointe Aux Peaux Wine Co., Catawba, well ripened, $1; second premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, N. Muscadine, 50c; third premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, Sweet- water, 25c. THE STATE FAIR—1873. 179 Plate Light Colored Foreign Grapes—First premium, A. Sigler, Adrian, $1. Plate Dark Colored Foreign Grages—First premium, A. Sigler, Adrian, $1 ; second premium, T. F. Kleeman, Saugatuck, Allegan county, 50c. Plate Black Hamburg—First premium, A. Sigler, Adrian, $1. Plate Muscat of Alexandria—First premium, A. Sigler, Adrian, $1. Plate of Native Grapes of recent origin—First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw, the Salem ; second premium, J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, the Wilder. ita 8. Lacy, Marshall; Thomas Walte, Berlin ; C. Chilson, Battle Creek. Remarks of the Committee on Grapes.—To secure anything like a fair and impartial test and judgment the committee would recommend that specimens competing in each class be arranged in a group, each class by itself. The col- lections of Messrs. Husted & Bradfield, not inferior to any on exhibition, were not entered to compete. But the specimens on exhibition certainly entitle the collection of each to special mention as comprising all the standard varieties in great profusion and perfection. The committee desire to make honorable mention of each. There were also on exhibition collections of most delicious grapes from the grapery of Capt. E. B. Ward, consisting of fine specimens of Black Hamburg, Chasselas, Muscat of Alexandria, White Frontignan, White Sweetwater, etc., that showed great skill and success in their cultivation. The committee award the first premium in Class 2, greatest number of vari- eties, to A. 8S. Howard, of Allegan, whose fruit was of fine growth and well ripened. The first on exhibition is as follows: lIona, Agawam, Crevelling, N. Muscadine, Catawba, Israella, Hartford Prolific, Rebecca, Isabella, Rogers’ 19, ‘Salem, Wilder, Concord, Delaware, Diana, and Allen’s Hybrid. The collection of the Pointe Aux Peaux Wine Company was scarcely inferior in quality, but was confined more especially to wine-producing grapes of well ripened specimens, indicating a climate favorable to the production of the wine grape. The committee have no sufficient data to determine the keeping qualities of the Diana and Wilder, but would incline to the opinion that the Diana has the preference. The well ripened specimens of so many superior grapes, representing so many different localities, from Wayne and Monroe counties on the east, from Calhoun, Kalamazoo, Van Buren, and Kent, centrally located, and the whole range of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan from Trayerse City to South Haven, answers the question, as to whether Michigan is a grape State, so con- clusively as to place that question practically at rest. The exhibition of well ripened, delicious grapes, is a subject of great gratifi- cation to all, and justifies the most sanguine anticipations as to the future of this most interesting branch of industry. The committee also desire to mention the specimens of foreign grapes exhib- ited by Mr. Sigler, of Adrian, as specimens showing great skill and success in their cultivation. All of which is respectfully submitted. SAMUEL 8. LACKEY, CHESTER CHILSON, THOS. WILDE. Note.—A well ripened specimen of Isabella, by G. W. Dickinson, of Grand Rapids, is worthy of notice. 180 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DIVISION H.—PLUMS, APRICOTS AND NECTARINES. Collection Plums—First premium, James Snow, Muskegon, $10; second premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $5. Plate Washington—First premium, 8. W. Fowler, Manistee, Michigan, $1. Plate Lombard—First premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby, Oceana county, $1. Plate Duane’s Purple—First premium, James Snow, Muskegon, $1. Plate Yellow Egg—First premium, EH. J. Shirts, Shelby, Oceana county, $1. Plate Coe’s Golden Drop—First premium, James Snow, Muskegon, $1. Plate Bavay’s Green Gage—Second premium, HE. J. Shirts, Shelby, Oceana county, 50c. Plate Jefferson—First premium, James Snow, Muskegon, $1. Plate Imperial Gage—First premium, James Snow, Muskegon, $1. Plate any valuable variety not enumerated—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $1. This plum, named “Seedling,” the committee recommend be called the * Husted Plum.” Committee.—Joseph Gridley, Kalamo, Eaton county; 8. M. Pearsall, Alpine, Kent county. Notre.—At a meeting held at Sweet's Hotel the above report was adopted, and the Seed- ling Plum was christened the “ Husted Plum.” The Husted Plum.—This plum was brought to the notice of the State Pomo- logical Society at the festival at South Haven, 1873,where it received a commenda- tory notice from the proper committee. It was again shown, in fine condition, at the State Fair, showing its capacity asa keeper. It cannot be claimed to be supe- rior in quality to other plums of its season, and it is understood that the com- mendations of the committee are bestowed upon it rather on account of its alleged hardiness and ability to repel the curculio. It originated with N. P. Husted, of Lowell, Kent county, Mich., from sprouts growing from the stock of a grafted tree, and has now grown three full crops. Fruit, below medium size, roundish, flattened, regular. Suture distinct. Stalk, half an inch long, slender; inserted in a slight, regular cavity. Apex, slightly depressed. Color, dark, dingy purple. Surface profusely marked with large, roughened grayish specks, many of them considerably elongated trans- versely to the axis of the fruit, and the whole surface covered with a dense whitish blue bloom. Flesh, greenish orange, rich, juicy, vinous; skin slightly astringent; flesh adhering to the very small, nearly round, rather flattened pit. Quality, very good. Season, first to fifteenth of September, and keeps well. Tree a strong upright grower; old wood lightish green ; young wood slen- der, smooth; buds shouldered; foliage small, glossy, flat, recurved. Very hardy, and resists the curculio better than any others. Worthy of trial. eee, GON DIVISION I.—SEEDLING FRUITS. Your committee have carefully examined all seedling fruits and find none worthy of final recommendation save an Autumn Crab, presented by John Byers of Bainbridge, Berrien county. This isa fine fruit, of good color and delicate flavor. A grape presented by the same party the committee would reserve judgment upon until it has received further trial. Committee—H. KE. Bidwell, South Haven, chairman; N. Chilson, Battle Creek; W. I. Blakely, Grand Rapids. Byers’ Beauty—This is a new variety of the Siberian Crab, originating at THE STATE FAIR—1873. “181 Bainbridge, Berrien county, Mich., on the premises of John Byers, at whose request it was named by the State Pomological Society, at its meeting at South Hay en, September 5, 1873 ; it being then just at maturity. It is large of its class, averaging about two inches in diameter. Form ovate, conical, slightly flattened. Calyx very small, partially open; segments reflexed ; set in a narrow, abrupt, but rather shallow plaited or wrinkled basin. Stem one and one-fourth inches long, rather slender, and inclined to one side ; set in a rather deep, narrow, regular cavity; very distinctly marked with yel- lowish grey russet about the stem; aside from which the entire surface of the fruit is covered with rich, dark glossy red, with occasional spots of orange showing through it, and a few small specks of yellowish orange scattered over the surface. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, acid, juicy, rich, and to those who admire a high flayored fruit, very pleasant for dessert. Core open, large (for the size of the fruit), seeds medium in size and number. The tree sprang up among a lot of seedlings intended for grafting, but, the grafts failing in this, it was allowed to grow up, and has now been in bearing nearly twenty years, and has proved hardy and a regular profuse bearer. We regard it as an exceedingly beautiful, and very promising variety. TT LYON: DIVISION J.—QUINCES AND NUTS. Plate Quinces—First premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, Ottawa county, $1; second premium, J. Flanders, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county, 50c. Collection of Native Nuts—First premium, Wm: N. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $2; second premium, H. H. Richards, Grand Rapids, $1. Half-peck Hazelnuts—First premium, H. H. Richards, Grand Rapids, $1. Half-peck Hickorynuts—First premium, H. H. Richards, Grand Rapids, $1. Half-peck Butternuts—First premium, Charles Alford, Lamont, $1; second premium, H. H. Richards, Grand Rapids, 50c. Plate Peanuts—First premium, Charles H. Beattie, Grand Rapids, $1; sec- ond premium, W. N. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Plate Blackberries—First premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet, $1. Committee-—H. Dale Adams, Kalamazoo; P. W. Johnson, Indian Creek. DIVISION K.—DRIED FRUIT. Collection Dried Fruit by any process—First premium (diploma), South Haven Pomological Society. Collection Domestic Dried Fruit—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Green- ville, Montcalm county, $5; second premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county, $3. Dried Apples by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, Ottawa county, 50c. Dried Peaches by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Dried Pears by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Plums by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Cherries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Dried Strawberries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomo- logical Society, $1. 182) ° STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Dried Raspberries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomologi- cal Society, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Dried Blackberries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomologi- cal Society, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Dried Whortleberries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomo- logical Society, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Dried Quinces by any process—First premium, C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, $1. Dried Currants by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Gooseberries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomologi- cal Society, $1; second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Dried Elderberries by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomologi- cal Society, $1. Dried Asparagus by any process—First premium, C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, $1. Dried Pumpkins by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Peas by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Dried Corn by any process—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Dried Grapes by any process—First premium, South Hayen Pomological Society, $1. Dried Crab Apples by any process—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Green- ville, $1; second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Dried Tomatoes by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, C.J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Citrons by any process—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1 second premium, South Haven Pomological Society, 50c. Dried Pie-plant by any process—First premium, ©. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Dried Squashes by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1; second premium, CO. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Sweet Potatoes by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomo- logical Society, $1; second premium, C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Beans by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomological Society, $1. Dried Irish Potatoes by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomo- logical Society, $1; second premium, C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids, 50c. Dried Pound Raisins by any process—First premium, South Haven Pomo- logical Society, $1. Remarks by Commitiee.—A difficulty is found in deciding between fruits dried in sugar, and that in its natural state. It is doubtful if they should be entered in competition, but should have separate lists. We give preference to the fruit in its natural state as arule. This necessarily excludes that dried in sugar from all first premiums. Committee.—Judge 8. L. Withey, Mrs. 8. L. Withey, Grand Rapids. THE STATE FAIR—1873. 183 DIVISION L.— CANNED AND PICKLED FRUITS. Best Collection of Domestic Canned and Pickled Fruit—First premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county, $5. Canned Pears—First premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Peaches—First premium, Mrs. Allen Engle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, Ottawa county, 50c. Canned Plums—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, Mrs. W. N. Cook, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Cherries—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, Mrs. W. N. Cook, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Siberian Apples—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1. Canned Strawberries—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1; second premium, Mrs. W. N. Cook, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Raspberries—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Canned Blackberries—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Whortleberries—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, Montcalm county, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. ° Canned Gooseberries—First premium, Mrs. Allen Engle, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, d0c. Canned Currants—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1; second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Canned Pie-plant—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Tomatoes—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson, Grand Rapids, 50c. Canned Corn—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson, Grand Rapids, 50c. Pickled Peas—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1. Pickled Apples—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1. Pickled Tomatoes—First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Pickled Cucumbers—First premium, Mrs. Annie Lohr, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Pickled Beans—First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. Pickled Catsup—First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, 50c. SPECIAL PREMIUMS. Pickled Muskmelon—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, Ottawa county, $1; second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Pickled Onions—First premium, Mrs. Annie Lohr, Grand Rapids, $1. Pickled Balsam Apples—First premium, Annie Lohr, Grand Rapids, $1. Committee—K. Buell, Kalamazoo; Mrs. H. Dale Adams, Kalamazoo; Mrs. Amos F. Wood, Mason. 184 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. THE WINES OF THE STATE FAIR. REPORT ON WINES, CORDIALS, AND VINEGARS. The committee to whom was referred the examination of the wines and other articles entered in Division N, Pomological Hall, respectfully report that they found the following entries, to which were made the awards and recom- mendations as marked: 1. The Urbana Wine Company of Hammondsport, New York, represented by Mr. Mershon of Grand Rapids, the best collection of American wines, the first premium of $20. In this collection there were a large number of champagnes and light dry table wines of remarkable quality. The gold seal champagne was decreed to be a wine of the very highest merit for delicacy and purity, and a complete freedom from any peculiar flavor of the American grape. Its bouquet was delicious, and its flavor and quality would place it equal to the very best imported French champagne that has ever come under the cognizance of your committee. The champagnes made from the Iona, the Diana, and the Dela- ware grapes, each had flavors of their own, but that made from the Diana was ranked next to the gold seal. To these wines the committee recommend a special silver medal, suitably inscribed. Of the dry wines tested there were the following, which were tried by the acidometer for the purpose of finding out what degree of acid there was in each : Delaware—gave 7 degrees of acid, a light bouquet, and somewhat astringent in flavor. Catawba—7% of acid, heavy bouquet, rich, strong body, but pleasant to the taste, being somewhat sweet. Sweet Isabella—6i of acid, with very light bouquet; a sweet, pleasant bey- erage, with but little strength. lona—6} of acid, a very mild, fine flavor, with a light bonquet; remarkably palatable and agreeable to tastes that are not accustomed to wines. Claret—6} of acid; a mild, light red wine witha medium bouquet, a pleasant astringent flavor, and which would rank as a good claret. Sweet Catawba—was a rich, pleasant sweet wine, with a light bouquet of the grape that made it a pleasant beverage. 2. The Pointe Aux Peaux Wine Company of Monroe, Mich., represented by J. M. Stirling of Monroe, presented the best collection of wines, the product of Michigan ; awarded the first premium of $20. 3. To the same for the best collection of wines, the pure juice of grapes grown in the State, the first premium of $20. Amongst these wines were the following: Concord of 1868—marking 43 degrees of acid, a rich body and fine bouquet ; very pure and agreeable. Concord of 1869—8+ acid; heavy strong wine with an odor of the grape. Red Concord of 1870—+ acid; light bouquet, medium in strength and flavor; rather astringent. Norton’s Virginia of 1860—% of acid; dark high color, quite astringent in taste, a full bouquet, and medium in strength. Delaware of 1870—5 of acid; fine delicate flavored wine, with a light bou- quet; very pleasant. THE STATE FAIR—1873. 185 Catawba of 1871—% of acid; a wine of good body, light bouquet, and some- what sweeter to the taste than the Delaware. Isabella of 1871—6} of acid; a thin wine, light, not very vinous to the taste, and but little bouquet. No. 2 Delaware of 1S70—% of acid; a good body and a rich vinous flavor, with a full bouquet and considerable strength. The awards for these wines are as follows: HieeP RT SCR OORGORIQ WINES 22 at io. 2 ToC te 2 oe te $2 00 pemeteee PEPE YON ne See te ae ee 2 00 BE, SBE pecan ee ane ali a sim lg rae le etal a an ln 2 00 Le Eo ix Secs See il ting et eer pty seed gael ir eninge ae a 2 00 LA TUINSLIN se ecotritps i lt) -lese bag pena memes lee eta a CAG Se aes * Sel Rae ana 2 00 For the best Iona wine, the Urbana Wine Company-----.-.----------- 2 00 Mr. Bradford, of Grand Rapids, as agent for the California wines from Santa Cruz, exhibited a sherry which measured six of acid; a wine rough and astringent, with a strong flavor of the Muscadine; a good, passable sherry. Also a port wine, seven of acid, a sweetish flavor with a somewhat sharp astringent taste, and a medium bouquet. Also a California brandy, an agree- able and smooth-tasted spirit that seemed pure and perfect. To this collection of wines the committee recommended a diploma. J.G. Ramsdell, of Traverse City, exhibited a wine made from the juice of the Jona grape. It was a light, sweet, half-fermented wine, that had a pleasant sharp sugary flavor, in the condition of sweet cider when in the vinous stage of fermentation. ‘To the taste this beverage was much sweeter than any wine tested, yet under the acidometer it marked twelve degrees of acid, showing that it was fully four degrees above the condition required in the must to make a wine. B. Joppe, of Grand Rapids, exhibited two cordials and a specimen of tonic bitters. 1. A maraschino, a fine cordial, beautiful in its coloring, rich and aromatic‘in its flavor, with a honey-like consistence in its body that made it the equal of the famous Sicilian liquor. Silver medal. 2. Creme de la Rose, a highly perfumed cordial of an exquisite purplish shade, sweet, and as a ladies’ liquor of very high merit. A diploma. 3. Elixir, a tonic bitters of a most agreeable aromatic quality, and as a flavor for the dilution and qualifying of the American drinks and beverages, the com- mittee consider it a superior article of its class. A diploma. To Mrs. W. W. Barlow, Grand Rapids, for the best Currant Wine, $2. To J. W. Barnard, Robinson, Ottawa county, third premium, $1. To J. W. Barnard, Robinson, Ottawa county, for best Blackberry Wine, $2. To Point Aux Peaux Company, for best Elderberry Wine, $2. To Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, for best Gallon of Cider, $2; for best Bottled Cider, $2; for best Boiled Cider, $2. To D. L. Arnold, for best Cider Vinegar, $2. The committee find in their book a request that they answer the following questions: Does sugar make wine? No; sugar makes alcohol enough, with the super- abundance of acid, to preserve the liquor from becoming a vinegar in a short time. Is wine culture to be encouraged in Michigan? The committee consider 24 186 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. the making of pure wine a business that is profitable, and which ought not to be discouraged any more than any other business. But the making of com- pounds called wines, which are only flavored and colored with grape juice, and are really mixtures of acid, sugar, water, and grape juice not in fit state of ripeness to make wine, ought to be discouraged. The committee have not met with a white grape wine by which they could judge as to the quality of any variety, so as to answer the question of “ Which is the best white grape for wine ?” “ How does Michigan wine compare with California wines?” Most of the California wines which have come under the cognizance of the members of this committee have been distinguished by their roughness, and by a strong flavor of the Muscatel grape native to that country. This flavor is not pleasant, and the pure wines made in this State from the Catawba, the Delaware, and the Concord grapes, though generally of a thinner character, and more like the wines of the Moselle and the Rhine, are decidedly more delicate, more agree- able to the palate, richer in body, and of a more healthy tonic quality. Such wines as were presented by the Urbana Company, and by the Pointe Aux Peanx Company, would be esteemed of a high order in their several classes in any country, for their purity and freedom from all flavor, twang, or taste, odor or bouquet that did not belong to them as well made pure wines. All of which is respectfully submitted. R. F. JOHNSTONE, Detroit, TALCOTT WING, Monroe, MISS JENNIE ADAMS, Climax, Committee. DIVISION M.—PRESERVED FRUITS AND JELLIES, Preserved Currants—Second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, Montcalm county, d0c. Preserved Gooseberries—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1. Preserved Tomatoes—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1. Currant Jelly—Second premium, James Craigh, Lamont, Ottawa county, 50c. Apple Jelly—First premium, James Craigh, Lamont, $1; second premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, Ottawa county, 50c. Siberian Crab Jelly—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1; second premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county, 50c. Raspberry Jelly—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1; second pre- mium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Washington Plum Jelly—First premium, James Craigh, Lamont, $1. Whortleberry Jelly—First premium, James Craigh, Lamont, $1. Gooseberry Jelly—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1. Purple Plum Jelly—Second premium, James Craigh, Lamont, 50c. Cranberry Jelly—Second premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Grand Rapids, 50c. Transcendent Crab Jelly—Second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Blackberry Jam—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1. Red Raspberry Jam—First premium, J. W. Barnard, Robinson, $1. Committee—Mrs. D. W. C. Taylor, Mrs. F. W. Fairman, Miss Minnie Lyon, F. W. Fairman, all of Plymouth. THE STATE FAIR—1873. 187 DIVISION O0.—NURSERY STOCK. Collection Nursery Stock, product of this State—First premium, N. P. Hus- ted, Lowell, Kent county, $10. Collection Ornamental Nursery Stock—First premium, George T'aylor, Kal-- amazoo, $10; second premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $5. Ten Apple Trees 3 years old—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $3. Ten Apple Trees 2 years old—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $3. Ten Budded Peach Trees—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $3. Ten Grape Vines—First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell, $3; second pre- mium, F. F. Kleeman, Saugatuck, Allegan county, $2. Remarks by Committee—Your committee take pleasure in saying. in con- nection with the awards, that they found all the nursery stock entered of the very finest quality. The extensive collection of hardy evergreens by George Taylor, embracing nineteen varieties, was very superior; hardly less can be said of the stock by Mr. Husted. The fruit trees exhibited by him deserve more than a passing notice, and too much praise cannot be awarded to his justly superior specimens. No finer trees of the apple, pear, cherry, and peach, —especially of the Wagener,—can be found. Of this last we found three-year- olds bending under the weight of fruit. Your committee, from the specimens before them, must express their opinion that no tree planter would be wise in sending out of the State for a supply of fruit and ornamental trees while such truly fine specimens can be found within its own borders. Committee—H. Dale Adams, Kalamazoo; E. Buell, Kalamazoo; Charles Alford, Lamont. Statement by George Taylor of Kalamazoo.—There is one form of plant- ing evergreen trees which is now being entered into by many of our farmers and citizens, and I have no doubt will commend itself the more it is seen. I allude to the form of hedges, belts, clumps, and screens, A hedge of Norway Spruce placed a little way from the mansion house forming a division betwixt the lawn and the grounds without, has always a most pleasing effect. A fine specimen of this may be seen at the beautiful residence of E. O. Humphrey, Esq., Kalamazoo, on the north side of the river, on the Gull road, about a mile from town. Belts of evergreens. planted so as to shelter an orchard or other grounds, are now commended and appreciated by all who have gone into it. And nothing has a finer effect to a house and the grounds adjacent, than clumps of evergreens judiciously placed in a park or lawn where a carriage drive winds its way in approaching the the house. Screens planted and so placed as to form a shelter or wind-break in winter, for sheep and other farm stock, will soon be found to be indispens- able, not only as a saving of feed, but to the improvement of the stock and the profits resulting from it. The most popular evergreen tree, for which there is the greatest demand, is: the Norway Spruce. Its fine, dark green, its thick and finished appearance, with its symmetry of form, make it very desirable for both shelter and orna- ment; it can also be cut into any shape and size so as to suit the situation in. which it may be placed. The Scotch Pine is a rapid grower, and therefore should be placed on the back part of the grounds; as an evergreen tree for forest and shelter, it is one of the best; it will grow also on poor soil, and furnish good timber in twenty years. 188 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. SJ ZZ ZZ LAZZZA THE AUSTRIAN PINE. The Austrian Pine (see cut) is a fine hardy tree, having something of the ‘habit and form of the Scotch Pine, but more dense and shorter in its annual growth ; its form and symmetry is good, and it is therefore well adapted for an ornamental tree. Our White Pine, which is known to the British Islands as the Weymouth Pine, is so well known as to need no description ; it should be planted as a back-ground tree, the same as the Scotch Pine; its fine silvery foliage makes a good contrast when planted in clumps among other evergreen trees. The Balsam Fir, the American Arbor Vite, Red Cedar, and Hemlock Spruce, are all natives of our State, and are well known, but are nevertheless well worthy of a place, and for variety are indispensable in a general collection. DIVISION P.—FLOWERS AND PARLOR PLANTS. Collection of Flowers and Plants for Conseryatory, product of this State— First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $20. Collection of Abutilons—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $2; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. THE STATE FAIR—1875. 189 Abutilon, single variety—First premium, D. L. Arnold, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Collection of Geraniums of all kinds—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jack- son, $3; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Collection of Zonale Geraniums—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Zonale Geranium, single variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Collection Double Flowering Geraniums—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Double Geranium, single variety—First premium, D. L. Arnold, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, 50c. Collection of Scented Geraniums—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Scented Geranium—First premium, D. L. Arnold, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, 50c. Collection of Gold, Silver, and Bronze Leaved Geraniums—First, premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, W.R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Variegated Leaved Geraniums—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rap- ids, $1. Collection of Ivy Leaved Geraniums—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Ivy Geranium—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection of Fuschias—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Fuschia, single variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Fuschia, double variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Collection of Monthly Roses—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Monthly Roses—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Oleander—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Calla—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Hoya or Wax Plant—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Collection of Begonias—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Flowering Begonia—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, 50c. Ornamental Leaved Begonia—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection Winter Biooming Plants, ten varieties—First premium, John Sut- tle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Collection of Ornamental Foliage Plants, ten varieties—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $2; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Ornamental Foliage Plant, single variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50c. Collection of Parlor Climbers, five or more varieties—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. 190 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Parlor Climbers, single variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection of Cacti, five or more varieties—First premium, John Suttle Grand Rapids, $2. Cactus—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection of Ferns—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Collection of Native Ferns—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Fern, Single Variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Orange Tree—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Collection of Basket Plants—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Hanging Basket, filled—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Wardian Case—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. _ Bouvardia—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1 ; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, 50 cents. Committee—Mrs. H. G. Wells, Kalamazoo; Mrs. J. W. Childs, Ypsilanti ; Jeremiah Brown, Battle Creek. DIVISION Q.—BEDDING PLANTS. Collection of Bedding Plants—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $5. Collection of Verbenas—First premium, Charles Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, $2; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection of Lantanas—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $2; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection of Carnation Pinks—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rap- ids, $2. Collection of Foliage Plants for Bedding—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2 ; second premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Collection of Coleus—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $2 ; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection of Achryanthus—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Pyrethrum—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Verbena—First premium, Charles Wilde, Berlin, $1; second premium, D. L. Arnold, Grand Rapids, 50c. Seedling Verbena of 1873 —First premium, Charles Wilde, Berlin, $1; second premium, C. 8. Randall, Lamont, Ottawa county, 50c. Heliotrope—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, 50c. Lantana—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, 50c. Petunia—First premium, Jchn Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, C. 8. Randall, Lamont, 50c. Double Petunia—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Coleus—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Achryanthus—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Centaurea—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Salvia—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Aloysia (lemon verbena)—First premium, D. L. Arnold, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Carnation Pink—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Argeratum—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. THE STATE FAIR—18%3. 191 Committee.—C. L. Whitney, Muskegon, chairman; Mrs. C. L. Whitney, Mus- kegon; D. W. C. Taylor, Plymouth, Wayne county; Mrs. D. W. C. Taylor, Plymouth, Wayne county. DIVISION R.—FLOWERS, HARDY AND HALF HARDY. Collection of Flowers of hardy and half hardy—First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, Kent county, $5; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $2. Collection of Pansies—Second premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $1. Collection Antirrhinums, five or more varieties—Second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1. Collection Petunias—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2 ; second premium; Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1. Collection Pinks, twenty-five or more varieties—First premium. Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $2. Collection Annuals, twenty or more varieties—First premium, W. Rowe, Walker, $2; second premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $1. Collection of Phlox Drummondii—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, Montcalm county, $2; second premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $1. Collection Asters—First premium, A. W. Slayton, Saranac, Ionia county, $2; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection Stock, five or more varieties—First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $2; second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Collection Coxcombs—First premium, Chas. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, $2; second premium, C. 8. Randall, Lamont, Ottawa county, $1. Collection Everlasting Flowers—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $2. Collection Ornamental Grasses—Second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $2. Collection Chrysanthemums—Second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Pansy—First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $1. Antirrhinums—First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, #1. Pink—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Phlox Drummondii, single variety—First premium, Chas. Wilde, Berlin, $1 ; second premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, 50c. Ten Weeks’ Stock, single variety—First premium, Chas. Wilde, Berlin, $1 ; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Zinia, double, single variety—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1; second premium, D. L. Arnold, Grand Rapids, 50c. Coxcomb, single variety—First premium, Chas. Wilde, Berlin, $1; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, 50c. Altheas, single variety—First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, $1. Hybrid Perpetual Rose, single variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Hybrid Rose, single variety—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Single Rose, in bloom—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Committee—S. O. Knapp, chairman, Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. 8. Linder- man, Grand Rapids, Mrs. Amanda Camp. The following awards in classes 8, T, U, and V, complete the list of prem- iums in the fruit, flower, and orchard departments of the Great State Fair at Grand Rapids. 192 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DIVISION 8.—BULBOUS PLANTS. Collection of Dahlias—Third premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. This collection was deficient in variety and quality. Collection of Tuberoses—Second premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Coilection of Gladiolus—Second premium, George Taylor, Kalamazoo, $1. Collection of any other family of bulbous plants—Second premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker, Kent county. This collection was too meagre in variety to merit a higher award. The plants exhibited were good. Dahlia, variety, the Madge Wildfire—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Gladiolus—First premium, F. M. Benham, Olivet, Eaton county, $1. Calladiums, three plants—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $1. Remarks by the Committee—The collection of dahlias by Mr. James Vick, of Rochester, N. Y., though not entered for premium, is so very superior both in variety and quality that the committee feel under obligation to allude to it. We have selected the following named sorts as are, in our opinion, particularly fine: Collection Dahlias exhibited by James Vick, selected list :-— Best White—The Pearl. Best Yellow—The Yellow Boy. Best Dark—The Toison d’Or. Best Scarlet—The Rising Sun. Best Light Scarlet-—The Glory of Summer. Best Crimson—The Flamingo. Best Maroon—The Jas. Cocher. Second best Crimson—The Chas. Bockhouse. Best Dark Maroon—The Monarch. Second best Dark Maroon—The High Sheriff. Best Light Pink—The Formosa. Best Salmon—The Leach. Best Dark Pink—The Vedette. Best Variegated White and Purple—The Dwarf Queen. Best Variegated White and Red—The Gem of the Dwarfs. Best Variegated Yellow and Red—The Chang. The committee regret that the varieties of the Gladiolus exhibited by Mr. Geo. Taylor of Kalamazoo were shown as single flowers instead of spikes, and the committee were unable to judge of the hlooming quality of the varieties. The committee beg to refer to Mr. Vick’s collection of these popular plants. Full spikes of a large number of named varieties were shown, and also a large assortment of seedlings quite as fine as the imported varieties, showing that from this time forward we need not depend upon France for varieties of this kind of plants. The committee would recommend more care in arranging plants and in making entries, so as to bring competing plants together in classes. Committee—Charles Betts, Burr Oak, St. Joseph county; Will W. Tracy, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county; H.B. Holbrook, Portland, Ionia county ; H. G. Reynolds, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county. THE STATE FAIR—1873. 193 DIVISION T. Ornamental Arrangement of Fruit—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $5; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $3. Floral Mound—First premium, W. R. Hibbard, Jackson, $2. Floral Design of any kind—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $2. Pair Round Bouquets—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium W. Rh. Hibbard, Jackson, $1. Pair Flat Bouquets—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, W. R. Hibbark, Jackson, $1. Collection of Bouquets—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $3; second premium, Mrs. E. Platt, Jonesville, $2. Bouquet of Dried Everlasting Flowers—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $2; second premium, Mrs. W. 8. Parsons, Paris, Kent county, $1. Basket of Everlasting Flowers and Grasses—First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker, $2. Hanging Basket of Flowers—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $2. Rustic Basket—First premium, John Suttle, Grand Rapids, $2. Ornamental Vases, six kinds—First premium, Samuel Davis, Grand Rapids. Plain Vases, six kinds—First premium, Samuel Davis, Grand Rapids. Committee—Mrs. J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City ; Mr. and Mrs. N. P. Husted, Lowell; Miss Minnie Lyon, Plymouth; Prof. C. G. Swensberg, Grand Rapids. DIVISION U.—FRUIT AND FLOWER ILLUSTRATIONS. Collection of Fruit and Flower Pictures—First premium, Mrs. L. E. Patten, Grand Rapids, $5. Fruit Piece in Oil—First premium, Henry Seymour, Paris, Kent county, $2; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1. Flower Chromo—First premium, Henry Seymour, Paris, $2; second pre- mium, L. EK. Patten, Grand Rapids, $1. Fruit Chromo—First premium, W.I. Blakely, Grand Rapids, $2; second premium, Mrs. L. HE. Patten, Grand Rapids, $1. Illustration of Single Fruit—First premium, L. E. Patten, Grand Rapids, $2 ; second premium, Mrs. L. EK. Patten, Grand Rapids, $1, Oil Painting (Traverse City and Surroundings)—Special premium, Mrs. J. R. Ramsdell, Traverse City, $2. Oil Painting—Special premium, Mrs. J. G. Ramsdell, Traverse City, $2. The committee would recommend that a Diploma be given to L. H. Patten for his fine display offpaintings, steel engravings, and chromos. Committee—D. S. Beach, Marshall; J. J. Bush, Lansing; 8S. 8. Lacey, Marshall. DIVISION V.—FRUIT BASKET OR BOX. Crate for small fruit, box or basket, discretionary premium, Daniel Crane, Saginaw City. This, the committee think, might become of some practical use, and recom- mend a thorough trial. The committee desire, also, to express their belief that the Fruit Protector, the recent invention of President A. 8. Dyckman, will prove a great conyen- ience to shippers, freighters, and commission men. C. ENGLE, Paw Paw, Chairman Committee. 25 194 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LIST OF AWARDS AND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DIVISION A— ORCHARDS, GARDENS, GREEN-HOUSES, ORNAMENTAL GROUNDS, AND GENERAL NURSERIES. The first premium of this division is the diploma of the Society, valued at $20. Second and third premiums, not to exceed ten and five dollars in value, may be given in cash, books, magazines, newspapers, silverware, etc., as the exhibitor may desire. Class 1.—¥or best apple orchard for profit, without reference to succession in bearing, planted not less than ten years nor less than two acres in extent: L. H. Bailey, South Haven, Van Buren county, diploma; Jeremiah Bridges, Van Buren county, no premium. Class 2.—For apple orchard for profit, embracing a succession of summer, autumn and winter varieties, in bearing, planted not less than ten years, nor less than two acres in extent: IL. 8. Clarke, Cascade, Kent county, no pre- mium; L. P. Curtis, South Lowell, Kent county, third premium ; David Yei- ter, South Lowell, Kent county, no premium; John Yeiter, South Lowell, Kent county, Michigan Farmer for one year; Fred. Yeiter, South Lowell, Kent county, no premium ; J. M. Sterling, Monroe, Monroe county, no premium. Class 3.—For apple orchard for profit, without succession, planted not less than five years nor more than ten years, not less than two acres inextent: W. H. Hurlbut, South Haven, Van Buren county, no premium; W. H. Hurlbut, South Haven, Van Buren county, (young orchard), no premium ; Joseph Dow, South Haven, Van Buren county, no premium. Class 4.—F¥or apple orchard for profit, with succession, planted not less than five years nor more than ten years, not less than two acres in extent: E.R. Sherburn, Covert, Van Buren county, diploma. Class 5.—For apple orchard for profit, without succession, planted not less than one nor more than five years, not less than two acres in extent: J.B. Soule, Fruitport, Ottawa county, diploma; Joseph Gridley, Kalamo, Eaton county, third premium. Class 7.—For orchard of apple trees twenty-five or more in number, in bear- ing, planted not less than ten years, with succession, quality, management and cultivation to govern: Joseph Gridley, Kalamo, Eaton county, diploma. Class 10.—For pear orchard for profit, with succession, planted not less than one nor more than ten years, of not less than one-half acre: Joseph Lannin, South Haven, diploma; D. C: Loveday, South Haven, third premium. Class 12.—For peach orchard for profit, in bearing, without succession, planted not less than four years, of not less than five acres in extent: J. B. Soule, Fruitport, Ottawa county, diploma. Class 14.—For peach orchard for profit, in bearing, with succession, planted not Jess than four years, not less than one acre in extent: J. Dage, Bangor, Van Buren county, diploma; H.J. Linderman, South Haven, second'premium ; A. T. Pennyman, South Haven, third premium; M. T. Smith, South Haven, no premium. Class 15—For peach orchard for profit, with succession, planted not less than one nor more than four years, not less than one acreinextent: J. M. Dean, Grand Rapids, Kent county diploma; J. B. Soule, Fruitport, Ottawa county, second premium; Jerry Bridges, Bangor, Van Buren county, third premium ; A. Cooke, South Hayen, Van Buren county, no premium; JT. W. Bishop, South THE STATE FAIR—1873. 195 Haven, no premium; H. J. Linderman, South Haven, no premium; D.C. Loveday, South Haven, no premium. Class 18.—¥For orchard of plum trees, in bearing, with succession, planted not less than four years, and not less than ten trees: CO. T. Bryant, South Haven, Van Buren county, diploma. Class 22.—For vineyard for profit, without succession, planted not less than four years, nor less than one acre. Geo. W. Bruckner, Monroe, diploma; W. €. Sterling, Monroe, second premium. Class 23—¥For vineyard for profit, with succession, planted not less than four years, nor less than one acre: W.J. Wheadon, Kalamazoo, third pre- mium. Class 24.—¥or vineyard for profit, with succession, planted not less than one nor more than four years, of not less than one acre in extent: J. M. Sterling, Monroe, second premium. Class 25.—For vineyard of native grapes, in bearing, with succession, not less than four years planted, nor less than twenty-five vines: Geo. W. Bruck- ner, Monroe, no premium. Class 26.—For Concord vineyard: Geo. W. Bruckner, Monroe, diploma; N. E. Smith, Ionia, Ionia county, second premium; Wrigglesworth & Histed, South Haven, third premium. Class 27.—For Delaware vineyard: J. G. Ramsdell, Trayerse City, Traverse county (5 years old), diploma; N. E. Smith, Ionia, Ionia county (1 year old), diploma; Wrigglesworth & Histed, South Haven, third premium. It is proper to say here that a very fine Delaware vineyard was entered for premium by N. & C. Chilson, of Battle Creek, but they very modestly with- drew it, as one of the number was appointed on our committee. They havea fine general nursery, and are doing something in greenhouse plants. They found the winter had injured their apple trees, and so cut them off to sound wood at the base, preferring to grow them over again rather than run any risk selling injured stock, and so injure their future trade. Class 28—For vineyard for table use, without succession, planted not less than four years, not less than one acre: Geo. W. Bruckner, Monroe, diploma; J. M. Dean, Grand Rapids, second premium; W. C. Starke, Monroe, not examined through mistake. Class 29.—For vineyard for wine, without succession, planted not less than four years, nor less than one acre: Pointe Aux Peaux Wine Company, Mon- roe, diploma; Diedrich & Brieshaber, Monroe, third premium. Class 30.—For small fruit farm for profit, including strawberries, currants, raspberries, and blackberries, and not less than one acre in extent, and planted not less than one year: Merrill & Son, Kalamazoo, withdrawn September 10. Class 32.—For plat of strawberries not less than one-half acre. L. G. Bragg & Co., Kalamazoo, diploma; Wrigglesworth & Histed, South Haven, second premium. Class 33.—For plat of red or yellow raspberries, not less than one-half acre in extent: Wrigglesworth & Histed, South Haven, diploma; L. G. Bragg & Co., Kalamazoo, second premium. Class 34.—For plat of black cap raspberries, not less than one-half acre in extent: Wrigglesworth & Histed, South Haven, diploma; L. G. Bragg & Co., Kalamazoo, second premium. Class 35.—For plat of blackberries, not less than one-half acre in extent : Wrigglesworth & Histed, South Haven, diploma. 196 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Class 44.—For commercial plant house or range of houses: John Suttle, Grand Rapids, diploma; T. I. Renwick, second premium. Class 45—For general nursery: I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, diploma ;, N. P. Husted, Lowell, Kent county, second premium; Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, third premium; L. G. Bragg & Co., Kalamazoo, honorable mention. Total number of entries, 61. After a brief consultation the committee agreed upon the following scale of points. This scale enabled them to examine and record their views of places: examined with accuracy and despatch. As we have never met with a scale of points in any reports of this or other State or in any work on horticulture, it may be interesting to put this upon record: g a = cD 3 a z 3 Bee Be ee + Ay om Ay CMM oe | Hol G dd (Pate petal Kien Me Be a IRs oe DR Er 15 20 10 10 15 20 25 IPFOUECHON S| Hea Be Re eer ts ORS eee 5 10 25 10 15 10 10 AY Mid Fete pee at ee i PE A ee I ee 5 10 10 15 10 20 5 Variety and Arrangement---..--.---.-- 15 10 10 10 10 15 20 CGA IED o/s ll Nees Eileen er et RIOR elie be ree Bey 10 10 10 10 10 5 15 PrUnIn oO! ease is Os RO ee de sil 10 10 10 5 15 15 15 Health and absence of insects_-__.-_-_-_- 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 iP Teh Ness se ee se es Coe ee 5 5 5 5 5 O: aiweee PASESOTCHAL Occitan Pie ohee ants aes cna ea ese te hall es ei meee eee Sy aa ec meen 10 The standard for greenhouses was as follows: Cisterns and tanks 10, foun- dation 10, number and size of rooms 10, glass and setting 5, screens 5, white- washing 5, sash 5, ventilation 5, heating apparatus and economy of fuel 20, arrangements for propagating 10, potting room 5, convenience and taste in arranging 10, protection from winds 5,market 10, best and greatest number of varieties 20, health 15, freedom from insects 15. It will be noticed that no two sets of these numbers are alike, and none of them sum up just one hundred. In considering the soil, we noticed the nature, condition, depth, subsoil, kind of drainage, preparation, the stumps, stones, hollows, knolls, and adaptation to the kind of fruit upon it. On protection we mark that by lakes, trees, altitude, exposure, average and extremes of temperature. On market we note the time distance, cost, and convenience. Under variety and arrangement we note the best for our climate, or for the particular location visited; great number of varieties, arrangement for ease of picking, packing, and culture; distance apart, vacancies and evenness. Undercultwre we note the kind of culture, depth, when and how fertilized, expense, and tools used. Under pruning we note thinning, staking, trellis, how and when grafted, form of trees, and heads. Under health and freedom from insects we note size, length of shoots or canes, mildew, blight, yellows, stockiness, kinds of insects, methods of destroying, and expense. Under fruitfulness, quantity, quality,—past, present, and prospective. The test orchard, or sample orchard or grounds, were thought to be of much value to a nursery, that people about to purchase may see what they like or dislike. Each member was furnished with a copy of the above standard scale of THE STATE FAIR—1873. 1 points. On visiting each place he takes a blank, upon which he writes a num- ber opposite each standard number. Perfect soil for apples would be 15, if poorer, say 12 or 8. Upon these sheets are often various other marks and com- ments. All these were finally given to the chairman to average and decide who wins the prizes. Hach member makes his own marks without consulting others. Occasionally we compared notes to see who marked highest or lowest. After such an extreme cold winter it seemed for a while very doubtful whether the committee would have much to do this year; but in some respects things looked better as the season passed along. The entries made required three weeks of hard work of the committee, who gave their time for this purpose. It was not uncommon for us to arrive at a place or depart from it at 11, 12, or 1 o’clock in the night. When done we departed on the first train, no matter at what time of day or night. On September 4th we began work at South Haven. This is a new town. Though still abounding in stumps about the suburbs, it is not wholly unknown to the fruit men of Michigan or other States. She has even attracted some attention by her fruit at the Vienna World’s Fair, as well as at our own National Pomological Convention held this year in Boston. At South Haven we found a thrifty Farmers’ Club, the chief interest of which is the discus- sions in reference to horticulture. It is paying well the members and the neighborhood for all the time thus occupied in consultation. These clubs, rapidly springing up in our State, are one of the most favorable signs of the times. Most of these South Haven people know how to do things well. Now and then we saw a place in the vicinity belonging to a man not a member; the culture, variety, and quality of fruit and all the surroundings, told the same story—* behind the times.” We found an abundance of peaches in the majority of orchards, which were not over two miles from the lake. They were then worth at the orchard over $2.a basket. The failure of peaches in other parts of the State has caused a rise in land about New Haven. One young man had last year bought a three-acre peach orchard of his brother, paying $100 an acre. This year he sold the fruit on the trees for $600. He had expended about $50 in cultivation and care of trees. Hon. A. 8. Dyckman had an orchard of 30 acres of fine peaches, yielding about 16,000 baskets, 6,000 more than his estimate in the spring. He is at once president and king: President of the Pomological Society of the great fruit State, and king among our peach-growers. Every man is in luck this year who has a bearing peach orchard. It was a good thing to precede the financial panic. Raising peaches also has its dark side, even at South Haven. Trees become diseased and die. Insects bore the trunks and sting the fruit, unless the owner is ever vigilant. Those who raise much nice fruit attend to their business. They spare no pains, and do everything well. We saw one fine pear and cherry orchard on a rented place, nearly ruined by the slugs. This place was raising insects to stock the whole community. We were told of one man who last year took the first prize on peach orchards. In the distance we saw huge piles of dead trees, and many others had been burned. ‘This man had piled earth about his trees in summer, as is often done, to keep away the borers. In autumn he had removed the banks to allow the trees to harden previous to rebanking them before winter. The severe sudden 198 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. cold prevented this, and in consequence his fine orchard perished. It took the first prize last year, but was not entered this year. At evening, they bring down, on spring wagons, their peaches, plums, cher- ries, or berries, and place them on a boat, well ventilated with cool air. By daylight they are in one of the best markets in the world—Milwaukee or Chi- cago. This is better for the grower than to live back inland six miles, in the suburbs of either place. Pears are generally a bountiful crop all along the lake where the trees are taken care of. Grapes are also fine. Small fruits usually light on account of severe dry weather. It seems to us practicable to irrigate small fruits in dry weather, especially about the times of ripening fruit. No doubt if rightly done this would often increase the yield three-fold. Irrigation can be accom- plished by windmills and in some places by artesian wells. Apples were light and very wormy, with some exceptions. Peaches, pears, grapes, and small fruits, are usually thoroughly cultivated till about the last of August. Some have worked them later rather than to leave a few unsightly weeds; but late cultivation often induces a late growth which will not ripen enough to endure winter. Among the wonders seen on our trip was an apple orchard 16 years old, owned by L. H. Bailey of South Haven. The soil a deep gravelly loam, with clay subsoil for ten feet or more. This he has heavily manured and plowed every year, generally taking off a good crop of corn, wheat, oats, or pota- toes, as well as a bountiful crop of apples. Occasionally he seeds down, but plows under as soon as the grass makes a good growth. ‘The trees are all top- grafted, with not a tree missing. Such a bountiful crop of fine apples is rarely seen east or west, in Michigan or out of it. The greatest yield this year was thirty-one bushels to a tree. This was a Baldwin. There were 450 trees 40 feet apart in his premium orchard, yielding this year 1,200 bushels; last year, 300 bushels; year before, 800 bushels. There are some peach trees between the apple trees. This year the apples sold for three dollars per barrel to go to Mississippi. His apples are all nicely colored on account of the open heads of his trees. They are allowed to branch out about five feet from the ground. We never saw an orchard in which the centers or tops of the trees were so much pruned. The codling moths or worms are caught as they leave the apples, by old cloths held in the crotches of the trees by a brick or stone. These are exam- ined every week, and the enemy killed. ‘The trees at the Agricultural College have been bandaged for several years to catch the moths; but the neighbors have not yet all been induced to do this, and so insects do not diminish. Mr. Bailey’s neighbors all hunt moths in their orchards, and, as a result, apples are quite free from worms. While speaking of moths, we saw one man, Mr. Hus- ted of Lowell, who puts on a band of one thickness of paper. This catches the moths. The woodpeckers peck open the paper and remove them, generally all of them. When the paper is torn into shreds he puts on another. Mr. Bailey, the owner of the orchard spoken of, has a fine farm. He bought it in early times of the government, then went toseeit. He soon sold it again, saving no one but Indians would ever live there. He afterwards bought it back at a large advance. As Mr. Bailey has had considerable experience as a successful grower of apples, we cannot do better than to quote parts of his letter to the chairman of this committee. He writes: “I have had orders for more apples than were raised in South Haven; orders THE STATE FAIR—-1873. ToS from Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, and elsewhere. I have never sold a bushel of number one apples for less than a dollar. Nearly every order called for red apples. I had one order for Wageners, two for Spitzenbergs, and not one for Swaar; but all wanted Baldwins, Spys, and Greenings. The Baldwin has one fault. Those exposed to the sun have bitter, dry, rotten specks under the skin. The Stark, I think, will be the leading winter variety. The Lawyer is first- rate. My fall apples sold for the same price as my winter apples.” Some of the reasons for Mr. Bailey’s success seem to be a good strong soil, thorough eulture, plenty of manure with crops which prevent too rank growth, trimming to let in the light, fighting insects, and good neighbors who do like- wise. With all the rest, we must note the health and fruitfulness of his trees. Shall we not attribute a part of this to the mode of grafting in the top? We have something yet to learn. We are not by any means sure that any of us yet know the best mode of propagating apples. Mr. Bailey’s place is seventy-three feet above the lake and one mile back. The coldest time observed last winter was sixteen degrees below zero. Some fault was found with the varieties and arrangement in this orchard. Not far away was another apple orchard, entered in class three by W. H. Hurlburt. Some of his trees, seven to ten years old, had been cultivated for a few years, then seeded down. A large pile of sawdust was placed a foot deep about each tree. The owner had seeded this orchard to remain so, as he was fully satisfied this is the best way. The best orchard he ever saw was seeded to grass and his should be also. The trees were making a slow growth, not bear- ing very well, and had leaves of a yellow, sickly color. If the committee judged rightly, this orchard, as now treated, will soon be stunted. We saw some orchards of various ages up to 12 or 15 years, which were seeded down to clover or grasses. We saw none which had been seeded for the last three years which looked well or bore well. Whether it is better to leave grass or to leave no grass growing in an orchard can be very easily determined by noticing the good or bad color of leaves, the yield and quality of fruit, and the length of the upper twigs, which ought to be eight to fourteen inches long, if doing well. It is some like judging whether sheep are doing well or not. To determine this point, look at the sheep and not at the pasture ; as long as they are plump and fat they are all right. In a snow storm of November 26, a part of us visited Joseph Gridley of Kalamo, in the western part of Eaton county. This farm is on a slight eleva- tion, with forests not far off to the southwest and northwest. The soil is dark gravelly loam,—a strong soil, much like that called Burr Oak land. Last winter the thermometer was only seen at 20 degrees below zero. After studying the markets east, west, and south, and after observing what trees do best in his neighborhood, he planted, in the spring of 1862, about 1,500 two-years-old apple trees of the following varieties: 400 Ben. Davis, 300 Baldwin, 300 Red Canada, 300 Wagener, 100 Grimes’ Golden, 100 of several others, as Wine Sap, Prior’s Red Russet, Dutchess of Oldenburg. They were set in a wheat field, and we scarce need say made but little growth the first.year. This season, when the land was planted to corn, the trees did better. Quiteanumber, perhaps two-fifths of the trees, were injured, some of them killed. The trees were set 20 feet apart in true quincunx ordev, each at an equal distance from six others. This spring he selected 160 Red Canada trom Bragg’s nursery, Kalamazoo, and set them well. Nearly all died this summer. - Mr. Gridley told the committee that he 200 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. went to the nursery himself and dug up the trees at his own risk, without any assurance from the proprietors that they were worth setting. In that part of the country Mr. Gridley says the Ben Davis yields better than the Baldwin. They are even, beautiful, and open well at the end of a long journey. It sells better than the Baldwin. But his o/d orchard was of most interest to the members of the committee. Mr. Gridley was a pioneer in that part of Eaton county. He went into the woods 26 years ago, cleared a farm, and in six years planted 100 or more apple trees of the following varieties, which were then most prominent: Baldwin, Wagener, Northern Spy, Esopus Spitzenberg, Rhode Island Greening, Hub- bardston Nonsuch, Yellow Bellflower, Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, Falla- water, Newtown Pippin, Black Gilliflower, Westfield Seek-no-further, Hartford Sweet, Early Harvest, Striped Harvest, Red Astrachan, Early Strawberry, Sweet Bough, Maiden’s Blush, Summer Queen, Colvert, Fameuse, Hawley, Fall Pippin, Ribston’s Pippin, Rambo, Golden Sweet, Gravenstein, Porter, Peck’s Pleasant. Here were thirty-one prominent apples. In early days this orchard was known for miles around. Trees 20 years old, of so many choice varieties, in such a new country, are quite remarkable. ‘The orchard has been of great advantage to its owner and his neighbors as a test orchard, helping them in making good selections for younger orchards. The I'ameuse does well, and he considers it the best apple in existence. Westfield Seek-no-further does well; the Spitzenberg does poorly; Greening also; Bellflower fair; Baldwin trees all healthy, but the apples abound in bitter spots near the skin. The Newtown Pippin is a failure; he is grafting over the Colvert; the Fall Pippin is shabby; Rambo not popular; Porter a success; Peck’s Pleasant doesn’t bear much,—is not a success in that county. The trees were planted 20 feet apart in squares; the trunks look healthy, as do also the upper limbs; the lower limbs have been injured by the crowding of trees. He does not manure or cultivate at all now; nothing grows under the trees except a little sickly grass and a few weeds. Most cherries have done well this year. He had over a bushel of peaches on six old neglected trees. He has not failed to raise some peaches but twice since being there. The most popular varieties of winter apples seem to be Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Wagener, King, Red Canada, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Peck’s Pleasant. Several others are rapidly gaining favor where they have been tried. The most popular varieties of pears were Flemish Beauty, Bartlett, Louise Bonne de Jersey, and Beurre d’Anjou. The finest pear orchard (though not entered for premium) seen was on the farm of Mr. Parmelee, at Old Mission, Traverse City. The four-year-old peach orchard of J. B. Soule, Fruitport, contained -860 trees, with but two or three vacancies. They are all Early Crawfords. ‘The trees have a strong solid subsoil. The owner cultivates the soil thoroughly until time to sow buckwheat, then it is sown and the crop plowed under, He was intending to mow a portion this year, and leave it on the ground as a mulch. In Class 14 the diploma is awarded to J. Dage, Bangor, Van Buren county, about twelve miles back from the lake. He has about 400 trees set on three acres of land one rod apart. They have been set nine years, and have borne large crops for the previous five years in succession. The owner said the THE STATE FAIR—187s. 201 yield was 5,000 baskets in 1871, the same in 1872. There were but few peaches this year. Though set too closely, the trees looked as though they were good for some years yet. In Class 15 J. M. Dean, Grand Rapids, wins the diploma against six competitors. On account of the extreme cold last winter we were not expecting to see much of interest about Grand Rapids. Mr. J. M. Dean gave us a fast ride of a mile or so north of the town, going up hill,—up all the way till we were on a high plateau, very high for the Southern Peninsula. We had passed many injured trees, but here we found a healthy, sound peach orchard, though not bearing this year. ‘There were four acres, nearly 800 trees, and not one miss- ing. They are exposed to a long sweep of wind, without protection from trees. They are four years old, and last season bore forty-five dollars’ worth of fruit— none this year. The soil is a heavy sandy loam, with clay bottom. The varie- ties are in about the following proportion: Hale’s Harly, 50; Early York, 100; Crawford’s Early and Late, each 200; Old Mixon, 50; Troth’s Early, 50 ; Smock, 100, with a few other varieties. Omitting some of the Harly York and adding Barnard, Hill’s Chili, Wheeler’s Early, Jacques’ Rareripe, the selection was thought to be very good. The orchard was well cultivated till the first of August. There was no sign of any insects, not even a trace of peach-borers. Mr. Dean said he had never been able to find any. Mr. Dean also showed a four-year-old vineyard of one acre. Sales this year $350, all at home. In this class, one of the committee who visited J. B. Soule, writes on his paper, “a wonderfully perfect yearling peach orchard.” It grades much higher than do several orchards in other classes which receive the diploma of this society. The same can be said of a three-year-old orchard of Jerry Bridges, of Bangor. It is very hard to beat. There are 600 beautiful healthy trees, with two or three vacancies. They bore ten bushels last year—none this. The competition was close in this class. There was but one entry of plum orchards, which is a little surprising to the committee, since plums can be so easily raised in many places. ‘The entry was made by C. T. Bryant, South Haven, consisting of Bradshaw, Lombard, and Yellow Egg. He had 50 fine bearing dwarf pear trees, worthy of honorable mention. ‘They were five years old. If any one thinks we are making too much of the Van Buren county people, he must remember that considerable more than a third of the entries were made in that county. This includes all the orchards of peaches, plums, many of the apples, and a majority of the small fruits, with a share of the grapes. This is not as it should be, since we know that many other portions of the State could do equally well, did the people only try. On Tuesday, September 23d, after’ the grand State Fair, we resumed our work on the orchard, beginning at Kalamazoo. It is fair to say that the grapes at South Haven were abundant and looked well, but they were not then ripe. At Kalamazoo we found Col. Wheaton’s vineyard in fine condition. He had three acres,—two of Concords, one-half acre of Delaware, and one-half acre of Hartford Prolific. The crop he thought was injured 33 per cent by the hard winter and this dry summer; still he has on this four-year-old vineyard ten tons of grapes. The Colonel’s vineyard is on a high elevation. By his method of pruning the grapes are produced at a considerable distance from the roots instead of near the ground. 26 202 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. L. G. Bragg & Co. entered their general nursery. They have a good variety of nice soil for various purposes. Their chief protection from winter lies in greater elevation ; not from any open water or wind-breaks. They have a beautiful spot in preparation for ornamental grounds and test orchard, near which is an excellent packing establishment. They have a very large stock of fine evergreens, mountain ash, and some other ornamental stock. The quantity of ornamental stock is not in very good proportion; they are lacking in some common kinds, and in good sized trees of many varieties. They keep a general variety of trees of the large fruits, though they lack a good assortment of salable cherries and pears. T'his will soon be remedied if we judge from the young trees coming on. They havea good market, and nice tools to economize in labor. They claim to have discovered that buds from year-old peach trees are best for budding stock; that five times as many buds grow as when taken from bearing trees. They have experimented largely on dibbles, and have decided that the best are steel-pointed, being 1? inches in diameter at the large end, eight inches long, besides having a light handle like a shovel. They also have a nice cultivator of their own invention, consisting of a very small plow, a rolling coulter and back, to the left of this a single small shovel plow, all supported on one frame. This enables the workman to run close to the row. They use and like the new Deltoid hoe. N. P. Husted, of Lowell, shows his general nursery, situated on high land where two ridges cross, 250 feet above the river, six miles away. The atmos- pheric drainage (a new term) seems good, and keeps off the frost. They have a fine soil and an extensive establishment, and exhibit much tact and energy. Here are shown also by their neighbors, quite a number of productive apple orchards. The size of their nurseries and variety of plants for sale took some of us much by surprise. The whole establishment is very symmetrical, not lacking in any very essential element. They have a large amount and variety of ornamental shrubbery and herbaceous plants, especially of weeping willows, mountain ash, and horse-chestnuts. Everything was in excellent order. They had all the best tools and contrivances found in any similar nurseries. We cannot speak too highly of their care in fruiting samples of all the kinds of fruit trees offered for sale. We hope the ornamental trees will also receive similar attention. The extreme dry weather at the Lowell Nurseries injured their young stock planted this year. The same should be said of the other nurseries entered at Kalamazoo and Monroe. What can be expected of Ionia, a new interior county, so far north and so far from the lakes? Certainly she must have frozen up last winter. Mr. N. HE. Smith takes us away up 190 feet above the river, a little out of town, passing by the frozen quince bushes and injured apple-trees, to his place, where the Jand slopes in every direction, and is open to the winds. He shows grapes overbearing with nice fruit, and some vines not touched by the frost till October 6th. He exhibits apples on sound trees; thrifty peach-trees promising well for next year, and quinces loaded with yellow fruit. He pointed to six large sweet cherry-trees which had made a fine growth, unhurt last winter, that bore a large crop of fruit. He gives good culture on good soil, and reaps his reward as he goes along. He showed us the best year old Delawares we ever saw. His cuttings of Delawares were also remarkably successful for this year, and excelled the Concords planted near them. His Concord vineyard was overbearing. It was well managed in every other respect. It was hard to credit his account of the temperature last winter marked by THE STATE FAIR—1873. 203: his thermometer. It only reached 18° below zero, while others in the valley,. less than a mile away, went down to 37° below. We repeated the advice often given by his friends that his whole farm on the hill should, by all means, be: set to fruit. We went to Traverse City, October 6th. Here we were placed in an embar- rassing position, by not being able to decide which’ Delaware vineyard was best,. that of J. G. Ramsdell or N. E. Smith, of Ionia. They were both too good for a second premium, so we gave them both diplomas. The one at Traverse is five years old, and bearing a full crop. The vines were remarkably stout for- Delawares. The village and vicinity is not prepossessing to a man accustomed to farm-- ing. There is sand about the town and rolling hills in the distance. Much of the way along the new railroad is very rough, but every traveller must know that it is not safe to judge of a country by what he sees from the car window.. The first thing on a bright morning was to go up about 350 or 400 feet above the bay and take a general survey of the country. We could easily see North- port, 32 miles away, and beyond the open water. The autumn foliage of maples, beeches, poplars, ashes, elms, pines, and spruces, spread all over the valleys and rolling hills, presented a picture grand and beautiful. Such a picture we never expected to see in Michigan. In travelling by team nearly fifty miles, we saw much first-rate soil, capable of producing fine crops of wheat, dent corn, apples, berries, or almost any crop: of farm, orchard, or garden, usually raised in the State. They had just had the first frost of the season, unusually early, nipping some of the tender vege- tation in exposed places. Frequently there is no frost before the end of Octo- ber. We saw peaches in many places, and some quinces, but both had suffered more or Jess last winter. Unquestionably this is the place to raise fine winter apples, remarkable for their high color and long keeping. They look as though they were painted ; Greenings have a red cheek. Mr. Parmelee, one of the leading fruit men there, tells of a barrel of Northern Spy opened the 4th of July, which were every one sound and crisp. Grapes keep long and well. There are quite a number of large old apple-trees raised by the Indians. These are nearly all sound and healthy, but insects and weeds are there, and beginning to show their capacity for increasing. Snow falls early, but the open water has allowed frost to freeze the soil. The snow comes to stay till spring, or till warm weather. There are two seasons, summer and winter. Beets and celery and potatoes may be dug at any time by taking off the snow. As potatoes are not winter-killed they become a weed, and remain for years in a meadow or cultivated field. On the peninsula we saw a large number of pear trees, set four years, which were the nearest perfect in growth and health of any we have ever found. Many apple orchards have been recently set. Grand Traverse must soon become a popular summer resort. We must give up our old notions about cold at the north, and a barren land in the northern counties. At their Union Fair was the finest display of winter fruit we ever saw or ever expect tosee. We wonder why there was only one orchard entered. in that county. Friends, do not be so modest again. At Grand Rapids we examined the commercial plant-houses of Renwick and of Suttle. Both do a growing business in cut flowers, as well as in the sale of plants. In this thrifty, Chicago-Jike town, it is the fashion to trim churches with vines and flowers. Mr. Renwick has a contract to decorate three by the 204 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. year. It is a good custom. These houses have a very good variety of nice, healthy stock. The houses are cheap. Mr. Renwick claims something extra for his curtains on rollers to shade and keep in the heat. In five minutes he can screen the whole or remove it. He also has patented an arrangement to cause a good draught in very long flues. Mr. Suttle does a good business with his vegetable garden, getting two or three crops a year on the same land. We have all heard of the great fruit-belt of Michigan, along the western lake, but who ever heard of Monroe as a place to grow fruit ? There we found luscious pears and apples, bright, sound, rich, and beautiful. There were some of the oldest apple-trees and largest we ever saw. We saw now and then some wonderful pear-trees,—seedlings planted many years ago by the early French settlers. One measured over six feet in circumference six feet from the ground. They bear every year a good crop of early fruit. Unlike most pears, they must ripen on the tree to be good. They then perish so soon that they cannot be shipped any distance. The trees are very tall, so to save the fruit as it falls, straw is spread under the trees. A tree generally returns $30 a year in fruit. There were over twenty vineyards loaded with the best grapes we saw on our trip. The roots on the vines feed on limestone and mar! not far below the sur- face. This is particularly adapted for producing Concords in perfection. Let no one condemn this grape till he has tested those from Monroe. Most of their grapes are made into wine, thus producing a home market. They prefer to sell them for wine because they leave no culls. We were shown two establish- ments for making wine, with all arrangements in perfection. J. M. Sterling, Geo. W. Bruckner, I. E. Ingenfritz, H. Reynolds, and others were patient and attentive to the wishes of the committee. They met us on leaving the depot, each with a well-loaded basket. The islands and points are well adapted to grapes. There is no frost till the end of October or middle of November. We saw a very few curculio, some thrips, and a little mildew, and a few vines killed by the winter and want of drainage. At the Pointe Aux Peaux vineyards we saw Delawares of a very remarkable growth, with much large fruit of fine flavor. Catawba vines, which were not artificially protected or taken from the trellis during winter, well loaded with fruit which had every prospect of thoroughly ripening. Geo. W. Bruckner, it will be noticed, won three diplomas this year on yvine- yards. Glory enough for one man in a single season. Yusef in Detroit Free Press says: “ Arrived at Pointe Aux Peaux the com- mittee were received by Rey. Dr. Mattoon, Joseph R. Bennett, W. A. Noble, Gen. George Spalding, M. D. Hamilton of the Commercial, J. W. Reisig, and J. L. Knapp, and escorted to the wine-house and cellars attached to the vine- yard. The modus operandi of wine-making was explained, and the scrupu- lous cleanliness of everything in connection with the establishment admiringly noted. In the cellars the great wine pipes and tuns of a capacity of five hun- dred gallons each excited the wonder of the spectators. The qualities of native wines made at the Pointe Aux Peaux vineyards, comprising Catawba, Delaware, Ives’ Seedling, and other varieties of still wines, were tested by a portion of the visitors and committeemen and pronounced superb. “The vineyard itself was next visited. It comprises twelve acres of land at the very edge of the lake which encircles it on three sides, the projecting Pointe Aux Peaux being in fact a peninsula. This contiguity to the lake exerts a wonderful effect on the temperature, and gives to the vineyard certain immunity from injurious frosts or winter’s cold. The water opposite is open THE STATE FAIR—1873. 205 all winter, as directly in front of the location is the continuance of the chan- nel of the Detroit river, whose rapid current clears the shore of ice. The soil does not differ materially from that adjacent to Monroe City, lying as it does just above the limestone formation found invaluable to the proper growth of the grape. The individual members of the committee having each noted his opinion, it was announced by Professor Beal, the chairman, that in all the par- ticulars of grading the Pointe Aux Peaux vineyard came fully up to the stand- ard, and consequently the first prize would be awarded to it. That is as much as to say that the Pointe Aux Peaux vineyard was absolutely perfect. Certainly no one could pass through it and come to any other conclusion.” But this is not half of what we saw in Monroe. There are two very exten- sive nurseries, entered by Lgenfritz & Co., and Reynolds, Lewis & Co., each claiming to cover two or three hundred acres. We saw here block after block of trees in straight rows, so we could trace them with slight interruption over a mile. 8. Q. Lent in Michigan Farmer says: “Here are found long rows of Red Canadas worked into the tops of rapid growing trees, looking healthy and vigorous. I. H. Ilgenfritz & Co. have a portion of their nursery grounds lying alongside of the Reynolds nursery, and the whole to a passer-by looks like one immense nursery farm. We were glad to see this pleasant feeling existing between the two firms, indicated more especially by having no division fence to separate their domains. Both of the firms have fine specimen orchards, but neither have as fine specimen trees of the more popular ornamentals as I would enjoy seeing. “Every acre is thoroughly tile-drained at a cost of over $50 per acre. It is heavy, some of it lumpy, but strong and rich and sure to produce well. They have a good market, good tools, and a good variety of good stock. There are a few slugs, caterpillars, and white grubs, but no cut-worms.” 8. Q. Lent again says: “In Mr. Ilgenfrita’s nursery one of the most inter- esting features was this season’s planting of apple stock. Long rows stretch- ing for nearly half a mile, as straight as a compass could line them, of even, thrifty growth, promising a magnificent block of salable trees in two years. We cannot speak too highly of the thorough cultivation practiced by these two firms. It would be a grand thing for some of our farmers to visit these establishments, if for no other purpose than to learn how to pursue a thorough system of drainage and cultivation. “Tt was arich treat to converse with these Monroe men. They are men who have learned what they know of fruit and fruit trees in the school of per- sonal experience, and know whereof they affirm, and withal they are far from being arrogant, but exhibit modesty and culture, and readiness to impart infor- mation without the least bit of ostentatious display. “T feel such confidence in our Michigan nurserymen that I think I am war- ranted in saying they are too jealous of their reputation to place poor or injured stock upon the market. They all have some of as fine stock as can be grown anywhere, and by selling this, and only this, they can establish a name that will bring them abundant success, and make us all proud to advertise them as our own. Asa committee we feel that just as good nursery stock can be grown in Michigan as any other State, and we feel proud of the men who have, through economy and study, acquired the positions they now occupy. We feel justified in saying to the farmers of Michigan, ‘Do not patronize unreliable fruit-tree agents from abroad as long as you can, by a very little 206 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. expense, procure trees just such as you desire by going to your own State nurserymen. ” The four nurseries visited at Kalamazoo, Lowell, and Monroe must contain over 800 acres of Jand, all well managed by men who understand their busi- ness. ‘They have the best varieties and best tools. They are wide awake and up to the times. They have all made good names and considerable money, and are trying to increase both of these. The cold winter injured many of their trees, but we trust they will not sell them. They can supply plenty that are sound and healthy. No entries were made for ornamental grounds. We like to encourage the ornamenting of grounds, not with lavish outlay, but with good economy and ood taste. Re Ate BL fp: ak ‘ WHLIE AN “MTL oa Clg Z en, THE OAK LEAVED MOUNTAIN ASH. The European Mountain Ash is a fine hardy tree; head dense and regular, covered front July till winter with great clusters of bright scarlet berries. The American Mountain Ash is a tree of coarser growth and foliage than the European, and larger and lighter colored berries. ae Oak Leaved Mountain Ash (see cut) is a variety with large, lobed leaves, distinct and fine, ELLWANGER & BARRY, Mt. Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y. 414 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mr. Downing said the Berberry, as far as tested, was a promising hedge plant, but more time was needed to decide fully. Dr. Beadle—Mice will not eat it. Dr. Sylvester had one five or six years old, and was satisfied it would make a good hedge. BEST TIME FOR PLANTING FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, AND EVERGREENS. Mr. Smith would transplant Norways in May or August, but September is too late. Has transplanted trees from eight inches to a very large size in August, and hardly lost a tree. Would not transplant Hemlock or Arbor Vite in July or August. Mr. Smith, of Geneva, thought early in May the best time for transplanting ever- greens. The quicker they start into growth after transplanting the better, and they will do that early in May. If August is wet, may transplant them with success. Mr. Barry agreed with Mr. Smith that the best time is when they will remain dormant but a short time after transplanting. WOOD FOR MANUFACTURING PAPER. Mr. Barry explained that a manufactory of pulp of paper had been started in Rochester. They use poplar, but he did not know what variety. Use pieces from four to six inches in diameter. If farmers could employ their waste lands in growing such wood, it might be well. Mr. Jones visited the factory to see what they use. They havea patent which controls all manufacturing of the kind. Wood works up with less waste than any other paper material. One-fourth of the wood pulp is used to three- quarters of other material. Rags lose one-half in manufacturing; a ton of straw makes 800 pounds of paper, while a ton of wood makes a ton of pulp. Basswood works up well, but the pulp discolors. White Poplar is best wood, but must be cut and used green. Mr. Law said, in Wisconsin they use the common poplar, which is good for nothing else, and grows on poor, waste land. Mr. Craine moved that the next annual meeting be held in Rochester, which motion was carried unanimously. Mr. Barry expressed his satisfaction at the attendance and interest mani- fested in the meeting, and his thanks to delegates from Michigan, Ohio, and Ontario. Dr. Dunham—The Ohio Society is disposed to receive delegates from other States, but have never seen any from this Society. Would be glad to have delegates to their next meeting. Mr. Barry assured him that delegates should be appointed. The meeting then adjourned. WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 415 EVERGREENS, NOVELTIES, AND DWARFS. REPORT OF T. C. MAXWELL, OF GENEVA. Probably never before was there a time when so many intelligent men were so deeply interested in the cultivation and development of ornamental trees and plants,—when this interest was so wide spread,—when so many men were looking for “Sports of Nature,” and striving by the best modes of culture to produce such novelties as will interest the great army of nurserymen and the immensely greater number of amateurs, and it is the opinion of the writer that all who have, or will give this subject unprejudiced thought, will concede that these efforts are not without reasonable and encouraging results,—the horticul- tural world moves. It is true that some of these new things at first appear to some as deformities, unsightly and unworthy of a place in good collections, and so are hastily con- demned, yet when we become acquainted with their peculiarities and see them used by men of skill and taste we can but see that they will add greatly to the interest and beauty of the picture we make about our dwellings and in our parks and cemeteries. : On Mt. Honnis, Fishkill on the Hudson, is found a sport from our well known Hemlock. The species we all know is remarkably graceful and beauti- ful, lofty and grand, but this sport grows down as persistently as the Kilmar- nock Willow,—a real deformity, and yet on Mr. Sargent’s lawn it is one of the most interesting and ornamental plants in his entire collection—*a thing of beauty,” with which scarcely another tree or plant on these most beautiful grounds or in all the land can compare. In England, a nurseryman is sending out a Juniper, “hardy as an oak,” of a beautiful golden yellow through and through. He says “we may a few years hence hope to see our lawns and pleasure grounds adorned with pyramids of gold,” and we are told that in France is found a Birch with leaves as purple as the Purple Beech, and we hear in one direction of a Dwarf Weeping Spruce, and in another of an upright larch, and in another of a variegated spruce, and a Golden Arbor Vite, and of various other sports, some of which we can but hope will prove valuable acquisitions. The numerous variations in form of growth, shape and color of leaf, are adding largely to our list of choice valua- ble trees and plants for ornament. We are getting variegations of leaf, yellow and white, in nearly all our orna- mental trees and shrubs, both evergreen and deciduous, and a few cases of tri- colors. Some of these sports are very beautiful, and yet they appear to many persons who only give them a passing glance, as sickly specimens, only fit to be thrown away, and in this careless way, no doubt, many valuable things have been lost, but the time has come when any thing remarkable in shape of tree, shape or color of foliage, should have a careful trial, and if found worthy, propagated and disseminated. The word “evergreen” in many minds is so associated with the green of our old Balsam, Fir, and Norway Spruce, that they will scarcely accept as an ever- green any variation from the color of these well-known trees, but if they will examine the best catalogues of this country as well as Europe, or what is worth a hundred times more, examine a good collection of trees and plants, they will be interested to notice the many beautiful hues of green evergreens, the white 416 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. evergreens, some spotted with white foliage all through the plant, and others white only on the ends of the branches,—the blue or glaucous evergreens, some of which are exceedingly beautiful,—the yellow evergreens, some yellow all through the tree, and others only on the ends of the branchlets of the current year’s growth, and in some varieties this yellow and white foliage is sound and hardy,—the white will probably prove more liable to burn in the summer than the yellow. Perhaps it will not be out of place right here to say, that I think the best way to bring out the greatest beauty in these variegated evergreens is to give them a good place where they will make a reasonable growth every year, and then clip them in regularly, so as to get a full supply of new branchlets all over the plant, just where we want them. In this country where we see so many small sized yards and lawns—so many containing less than an acre of ground, I think our best dwarf evergreens are worthy of a thousand times more attention than they have heretofore received. It seems but a very few days since I planted near my front door a beautiful Austrian Pine,—it was very beautiful, and though some distance from the street, many times we have seen people stop and look at it, and come into the yard and walk around it, but now it is so large it obstructs the view, detracts from the appearance of my house, looks out of place and must be cut down. If I had planted a handsome Dwarf instead, and placed the Pine some distance from the house, I might have saved the tree, and added largely to the beauty of my place. We do not want our houses overgrown with trees,—we must have the sun- shine about them. Neither do we want large trees only standing about us as so many stiff sentinels. The beauty of many a nice little home is spoiled hy large trees. It is the opinion of the writer that we should plant our larger trees some distance from the house, if possible,—on small places near the out- skirts of the lot, and then how beautiful and effective the dwarfs inside, and then the open clean lawn, in the whole plan using care to produce variety without regularity. For groups near walks and drives, and near the edge of the lawn, nothing can be more interesting or effective than these fancy and dwarf evergreens. It is an encouraging fact that, in different parts of our country may be found men of wealth and taste, who are collecting on their own private grounds all the varieties of evergreens that can be found, and so well are they pleased with their efforts and specimens, that others are following the example. The list of fancy and dwarf evergreens is a very interesting one, and con- tains a good variety of form and color, and gives the planter a wide range for selection in forming his combinations and contrasts. I will name a few of the choice, hardy sorts, beginning with the old neglected, but best of all the Spruces, the Abies Alba—The White Spruce makes a medium sized tree, is moderate in its annual growth, and has the most beautiful silvery grey foliage and a com- pact conical form. It is a tree that will inspire new love and admiration every year. The Black Spruce, sometimes sold for the White, is unworthy of culti- yation as an ornamental tree. Abies Alba Glauca—This variety of our White Spruce has very marked sil- very glaucous foliage,—makes a small tree and is exceedingly beautiful,—a per- fect gem. Abies Excelsa Conica—A very handsome dwarf,—erect, compact and regular in form,—a very neat, cheerful little Spruce. N/a. 15 st, Ba Caps ees PEERS) } Rar TE wt % This belongs to that interesting class of ornamental trees known as weeping or drooping deciduous trees. The Cut Leaved Weeping Birch is an elegant erect tree, with slender drooping branches and delicately cut leaves. Eaves ELLWANGER & BARRY, Mt. Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y. Or oo 418 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Abies Excelsa Pyramidalis—As its name indicates, this is a beautiful dwarf pyramid. Abies Excelsa Parviformis—This Spruce is quite dwarf in its habit, and has its branches more horizontal than Conica,—is exceedingly slow in growth and is one of the most interesting of its class. Abies Excelsa Pumila—A very dwarf variety, seldom growing above two feet high, with dark foliage and with distinct bushes and close habit. Abies Excelsa Pigmea—This is a very small dwarf, only growing one foot high,—quite curious. Abies Excelsa Pendula—The branches of this variety are as pendent as those of the Kilmarnock Willow,—with a little care in training it makes an inter- esting, elegant tree. Abies Canadensis Nana—This is a very dwarf variety of our common Hem- lock, and is compact and beautiful. Picea Pichta—This Siberian Silver Fir isa medium sized tree, thick with rich dark foliage, which it does not lose like our Balsam Fir, andis “hardy as - an oak.” One of the best. Picea Hudsonica—The Hudson Bay Silver Fir is a very dwarf and interest- ing variety, growing only about three feet high,—one of the best dwarfs. Picea Pectinata Pendula—A weeping variety of the European Silver Fir,— with a little care in training it is very ornamental. Pinus Cembra—This Pine is of slow growth; makes a handsome conical small tree; erect and regularly branched, and has three-ribbed leaves, green and white, giving it a beautiful plume-like appearance; it is worthy of a place in the best collections. Pinus Mugho—A small shrub, with numerous branches and short leaves, forming a dense mass of wood and foliage and perfectly hardy. These two pines are not new, of course, but I think worthy of more attention. Juniperus Sinensis—The Chinese Juniper is but little known in this coun- try, many nurserymen even being unacquainted with it; it is perfectly hardy. If it stands in a rich place and is inclined to grow too fast and loose, it should be pinched, when it will make a compact, conical shrub, bright and beautiful,— one of the most ornamental in attraction. Juniperus Sinensis Variegata—This is like the preceding, except its beauti- ful green is interspersed with the branchlets of white. Juniperus Japonica Aurea—This is & close-growing fine-leaved variety, with the top of the plant beautifully golden; very attractive in the summer, but browns somewhat with the frosts of autumn and winter. Juniperus Sabina Variegata—This variety of the Savin Juniper has foliage spotted with white and yellow, and is distinct and hardy. Juniperus Virginiana Glauca—The light glaucous color of this tree is very pleasing and ornamental. If you wish for a dense dwarf specimen, clip in the tops of the branches. Juniperus Virginiana Variegata—This is another variety of the Red Cedar, with the foliage distinctly marked with yellow,—perfectly hardy. Juniperus Virginiana Pendula—The Weeping Red Cedar, has graceful, drooping, slender branchlets, and is a desirable addition to our Weeping Ever- greens. In the long list of Arbor Vites, we have some few very handsome dwarfs. They brown some in the winter, it is true, but is it not pleasant to see them brighten up in the spring? You sometimes get on a long, sad face, but before your true friends condemn you, cheerfulness comes again. ~ WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 419 Thuja Dumosa—A real Dwarf Arbor Vite, growing only about three feet high, with short flat branchlets, of a peculiarly beautiful green in the summer; browns in winter. Thuja Cristata—A dwarf, compact, curious novelty,—a really interesting addition to this class of Dwarf Arbor Vites. Thuja Nana—(Hooper’s Dwarf)—This beautiful dwarf originated with the distinguished nurseryman whose name it bears. It is very compact and bright, —one of the best. Thuja Vervaeneana—A very pretty and distinct variety, with slender branches and a beautiful golden color. — Thuja Pendula—The Weeping Arbor Vite, like all the weeping evergreens, needs a little care and skill in its management, when it makes a very satis- factory appearance. Thuja Pyramidalis—This variety is remarkably upright and compact, forming a slender pillar of green; it is quite desirable and attractive, Taxus Adpressa Stricta—This is another erect, compact evergreen; has dark, glossy, green leaves, and is without doubt one of the most hardy of its species. Taxus Canadensis Variegata—This is a variety of our American Yew, with foliage handsomely striped with yellow. With a little annual clipping, it will form a very compact bush, and present a very cheerful appearance. Taxus Washingtonii—OFf this plant, Messrs. Hoopes Brothers & Thomas say, “A rare novelty, of quite vigorous growth, very beautifully variegated, with deep golden yellow spots and stripes.” Iam very much pleased with the small plants we received about a year ago. Some of the Biotas and Retinosporas are wonderfully beautiful, but the fear that they are not sufficiently hardy deters me from any definite description. Those who are interested in evergreens, and can afford it, should give the best of them a trial, protecting with evergreen boughs during winter. Some of the sorts may prove valuable. T. C. MAXWELL. REPORT ON ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. Mr. George Ellwanger presented the following report of the Committee on Ornamental Trees and Shrubs: In presenting the annual report of new and rare ornamental trees, shrubs, etc., and also of those varieties better known and entitled to more than or- dinary consideration on account of their partieular adaptability in rendering our homes cheerful and pleasant, and our country more beautiful and inviting, we wish especially to direct attention to what is, unfortunately, too much neg- lected,—the planting of ornamental trees and shrubs, a thing within easy access of all, even the most humble; and whose benefits are shared, not only by the present, but also by the generation to come. A home is hardly a home, despite the many attractions that may be within, unless something without, with its cheerful presence, serves to add to its at- tractiveness as well,—from the rose bush or flowering shrub, distilling incense from each opening bud; the Virgin’s Bower or ivy vine, that weave their in- tricate net-work around the porch, to the shade tree that offers its leafy um- brage to the passer-by, or the evergreen that, even in winter, suggests warmth and bids defiance to the chilling blast. Trees are without, what pictures and works of art are within. They clothe 420 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. nakedness; they relieve the eye; they are a never-ceasing well-spring of pleas- - ure that but endears itself as age sets his footprint on the decaying branch and withering bough. Who, in the recollections of his early home, were he fortunate enough to have passed his younger days surrounded by sylvan charms, has them not im- pressed upon him all the more vividly from the associations that old trees carry with them? Apart from the infinite variety of form, size, and shape assumed by trees, their variance is none the less striking in their manner of fruitage, their dissimilarity in habit, and their diversity in colors of foliage. Nor must we forget the exquisite tints and gorgeous apparel that clothes our trees in autumn,—their annual tribute to the passing year, as well as the effect produced by the different colored berries and bark of many of our trees and shrubs in the winter, such as the Prinus (the Flamingo of the Swamps), the Viburnum Oxycocus, the family of the Euonymus, the different varieties of the Berberry, the coral-colored berries of the Mountain Ashes, the amber-hued rind of the Golden Willow, the lustrous red bark of the Dog-Wood, and the silvery sheen of the Birch. With all these means at his command, it becomes, so to speak, an easy task for one imbued with a love for the beautiful, as mani- fested in these,—Nature’s most varied specimens of handiwork,—to produce, with a little judicious attention, almost any desired effect in landscape gardening ; and by the planting of but a few trees and shrubs to give an entirely new aspect to one’s surroundings. On the other hand, while trees serve so materially to beautify and em- bellish, they offer incentives equally as great in a pecuniary point of view to those who will incur the trifling labor and expense that attend their planting and early care. The man who has surrounded his home with these objects of refinement and beauty reaps his own reward, not only in the individual gratification which can not fail to ensue therefrom, but equally as well in the advanced value that always accompanies this small labor and outlay. While we do not wish to savor of egotism, and while we acknowledge its many short-comings, we would call attention to our own fair city of Rochester, and ask what renders it so attractive to the stranger who enters its leafy pre- cincts? Walk down its shaded streets, its closely planted avenues, pause before its spacious and well-cultivated yards that surround so many of the houses of both rich and poor, and the reason is at once manifest. Walk along the leafy avenues of New Haven, where the pride of our forests, —the American Elm,—wayes its lissom branches in many a graceful curve over the passer-by; and grateful for the welcoming shade, one instinctively murmurs a benediction on the providence of those whose seed sown, now brings forth its fruits a thousand fold. We will here take occasion to call attention to the effect that may be pro- duced by a proper assortment, either planted singly or in groups, of those varieties which present so great a diversity in the color of their foliage or flow- ers. With, for instance, a bed of Magnolias (the light flowering Chinese), or the Scarlet Japan Quince in the foreground, what an array of color can be formed with a background of Forsythias in their yellow dress, or a group of Judas trees in the full glory of their pink habiliments. And a little later in the season what contrasts can be made by a proper placing of the different colored Hawthorns, the Philadelphus, the Magnolia Soulangeana, the many colored Lilacs, and the hosts of other flowering Shrubs. PRUNUS TRILOBA. A highly interesting and desirable addition to bardy shrubs; flowers semi-double, of a delicate pink, upwards of an inch in diameter, thickly set on the long slender branches ; native of China; hardy. ELLWANGER & BARRY, . Mt. Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y. 422 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Then the white-leaved Linden, the Virgilia Lutea, the Birches, the Chion- anthus Virginica, the Snowball, and the many other light barked and white foliaged or white flowering trees adapt themselves wonderfully in contrasting with and heightening the effect of the numerous red flowering and darker foliaged trees. These deciduous trees and shrubs fulfill well their mission during the spring, summer, and early autumn, but in winter, if we would have an eye to the pic- turesque in color, we must call into requisition the well-filled category of deciduous trees and shrubs, of which some have already been enumerated, that distinguish themselves for the hightened color of their bark, or the brightness of their berries; or what is still more beautiful, when frosts and snows sur- round us, the varied and numerous brilliantly-foliaged evergreens, which retain their tints when everything else in nature has shed its leaves or has become browned and seared by the colder temperature. The Yew Elegantissuma, the varieties of the new golden Arbor Vites, such as the Semper Aurea, Peabody, etc., etc.; the different varieties of the silver- foliaged evergreens, like the Juniperus Venusta and Virginica Glauca, with the darker foliaged Coniferes interspersed here and there to form the contrast, can be made, if placed with an artistic eye, to shed sunshine on the wintry landscape, and envelop it with a mantle of cheerfulness and warmth. It is gratifying to observe the improvements that have taken place within the past few years in the planting and subsequent cultivation of fruit trees. If we will take the trouble to observe, we will find, that as this branch of rural improvement is developed, refinement, intelligence, happiness and prosperity are its invariable results. Equally, it not in a more measurable degree, does this hold good with the planting of ornamental trees and shrubs. Then, let us each and all do our part; and let every one who has a place or yard, however small, plant it with some of the many beautiful trees and shrubs that he can select from, thus contributing to his own comfort and happiness, improving the taste of those around him, and administering to the welfare of all. GEORGE ELLWANGER, Chairman. I append herewith a list of new and rare ornamental trees and shrubs: NEW AND RARE DECIDUOUS TREES. Acacia Viscosa Bella Rosea—Flowers delicate flesh-colored, fringed with yellow; fine dark foliage, and vigorous grower. A very desirable variety. Alnus Firma—A thrifty, medium-sized tree from Japan ; foliage resembling a Morello Cherry—very distinct. Alnus Incana Laciniata—A very choice, beautiful variety; leaves deeply cut. Alnus Japonica—A very distinct Japanese variety with cherry-like foliage. Pyrus Malus Carnea Pleno—A beautiful variety with flesh-colored double flowers. Fagus Quercifolia—Resembles the fern-leayed ; distinct cut foliage ; a dwarf grower. 4isculus Hetorophylla Dissecta—Leaves deeply and finely cut; a very novel and attractive variety. Aisculus Memmingerii—Beautiful white spotted foliage, curious and orna- mental. Tilia, red fern-leaved—Foliage deeply cut, the bark on young growth rose- colored. a es SOT S SN SU ETA SWS § (SY Qu Ve ti Ny ! ae Va G Vertaal ie ( LSS tly AWW MZ Uf Ss hy HUAN, ae Ms Bis WESpes S. Daye Mi hie = tn AES LE gti ID co THE AMERICAN ARBOR VITA. This is a hardy handsome bush or low tree, well adapted for hedges and screens. In most parts of the West no Evergreen trees are to be seen in the forests or by the roadside, hence there is more occasion for planting them in gardens and door yards, to relieve the monotony of landscapes in winter, and tor the same reason Evergreens are regarded as imparting more of an air of taste and refinement to a residence than other species of trees and shrubbery. N. & C. CHILSON Marshall St. Nursery, Battle Creek, Mich, 424 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Acer, Wier’s cut-leaved—A vapid grower; shoots slender and drooping; in habit about as graceful as the cut-leaved birch. The foliage is abundant, sil- very underneath, deeply and delicately cut. ‘The leaf stalks are long and tinted with red on the upper surface. We believe it will rank among the most interesting lawn trees, and may be easily adapted to small places by an occa- sional cutting back, which it will bear to any degree as well as a willow. Quercus pedunculata lacinata—An elegant tree; foliage deeply cut; one of the best cut-leaved trees. NEW AND RARE EVERGREENS. Biota Semper Aurea—A new variety of the Aurea, which retains its golden tint the year round. So far it has proved hardy with us. A desirable acqui- sition. Juniperus oblonga pendula—A native of Japan, of drooping habit; distinct and ornamental. Juniperus Chinensis Aurea (Young’s Golden Juniper)—This is no doubt the most distinct and beautiful of all the Yellow or Golden Conifers ; a vigor- ous grower. Juniperus Venusta—Foliage of a beautiful glaucous green color; erect and rapid grower. ‘This is one of the handsomest Junipers we have seen. NEW AND RARE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. Deutzia Crenata fi. alba plena—A very fine profuse flowering shrub; flowers pure white, fine, and distinct. Hydrangea Japonica Alba—A charming shrub ; flower of delicate rose-color, changing to white. Hydrangea Japonica Macrocephala—Very large individual flowers; petals white, returning to rose as they acquire age. Hydrangea Otaksa—F oliage of a beautiful deep green. The plant produces immense trusses of rose-colored flowers in profusion ; free bloomer. Lilac Alba Grandiflora—Very large pure white trusses. The finest white lilac. Lilac Cerulea Superba—F lowers light purple in bud, but when fully open a clear blue; truss very large. The finest of its color in cultivation. Lilac Ville de Troyes—Dark purple; large panicle ; fine. Spirea Fontenaysii—Vigorous and free bloomer; large panicles of white flowers. . Weigela Gustave Mallet—Red flowers; very showy; free bloomers. ‘The chair remarked that these reports were very valuable, and if preserved, as they would be, would haye a great permanent interest and importance. SELECT LIST OF DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR SMALL PLACES. Alder Imperial. Kolreuteria Paniculata. Beech, purple (River’s smooth-leayed). Judas Tree. Beech, fern-leaved. Laburnum, English. Elm, Blandford. | Magnolia conspicua. Elm, purple-leaved. Magnolia speciosa. Elm, serrated-leaved. Magnolia soulangeana (see cut Linden, red-twiged. | page 409). Linden, white-leaved (see eut page 401). Magnolia norbertiana. pte 2 *, — {e = Z ar \ ! NS, Ce ) ee N aa) <= AS ANN d= dN 0 AN . SE MZ N < K WEEPING WILLOW. with large oc MARN THE KIL gly graceful tre one of the finest of this ’ ’ e This is an exceedin class of trees ; glossy leaves ; N. very hardy. & C. CHILSON, Nursery, Battle Creek, Mich. St. shall Mar D4 426 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. LIST OF DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR SMALL PLACES—OContinued. Acacia Bessoniana. Ash, aucuba-leaved. Cherry, large double, flowering. Horse Chestnut, double, white. Horse Chestnut, red- flowering. Maple, purple-leaved (see cut page 405). Maple, Norway. Oak, pyramidal. Oak, scarlet. Virgilia Lutea. Apple, double white- flowering. SELECT LIST OF WEEPING Ash, European, weeping. Beech, weeping. Birch, cut-leaved (see cut page 417). Birch, elegans pendula. Birch, Young’s new weeping. Cherry, dwarf weeping. Cypress, glyptostrobus pendula. Elm, camperdown. Magnolia tripetela. Mountain Ash, oak-leayed (see cut page 413). Peach, double white. Peach, double crimson. Sweet Gum. Thorn, double white. Thorn, double scarlet. Thorn, Paul’s new double scarlet Willow, rosemary-leaved. DECIDUOUS TREES. Elm, rough-leaved. Linden, white-leaved weeping. Mountain Ash, weeping. Poplar, grandidentata pendula. Willow, American weeping. Willow, Kilmarnock (see cut page 425). SELECT LIST OF FLOWERING SHRUBS. Altheeas, double bine. Altheeas, double variegated. Almonds, double pink. Almonds, double white. Calycanthus Floridus. Cornus Mascula, variegated. Currant, double crimson. Deutzia, crenata. Deutzia, gracilis. Filbert, purple-leaved. Forsythia Fortunei. Forsythia viridissima. Honeysuckle, pink. Horse Chestnut, dwarf white. Hydrangea, paniculata grandiflora. Lilac, Chinese white. Lilac, sanguinea. Lilac, Glory of Mt. Hope. Prunus triloba (see cut page 421). Purple Fringe. Quince, Japan white. Quince, Japan scarlet. Spireea, Reevesii robusta. Spirea, Fortunei. Spireea, callosa alba. Viburnum lantanoides. Viburnum plicatum. Syringa, double-flowering. Syringa, pubescens. Weigela, alba. Weigela, Hortensis Nivia. Weigela, Gustave Mallet. White Fringe. SELECT LIST OF CLIMBING SHRUBS. Ampelopsis, American Ivy. Aristolochia Sipho. Clematis, European sweet-scented. Clematis, Azurea grandiflora. Clematis, Jackmanii. Clematis, Prince of Wales. Honeysuckles, Chine:e. Honeysuckles, Hallieana. Honeysuckles, monthly fragrant. Honeysuckles, Magnevillea. Wistaria, Chinese purple. Wistaria, Chinese white. Wistaria, magnifica. Wistaria, frutescens alba. THE NINE. STRAW. BERRIES. HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NINE STRAWBERRIES RECOM- MENDED BY THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. BY A MICHIGAN STRAWBERRY AMATEUR. The Society has recommended nine strawberries for culture in this State. Wilson’s Albany for market; for family purposes, Wilson’s Albany, Charles Downing, Green Prolific, Michigan, Downer’s Prolific; for amateur purposes, Downer’s Prolific, Michigan, Charles Downing, Agriculturist, Lennig’s White, Green Prolific, Kentucky (late), Triomphe de Gand. In attempting a sketch of the origin, introduction, and characteristics of the strawberries recommended by the Pomological Society, it seems to me most convenient and natural to consider each in the order of its origin or introduc- tion ; leaving all questions of precedence on account of season, quality, or pro- ductiveness, to be developed in the course of the discussion. Starting out with this purpose, our attention is first drawn to Wilson’s Albany, which constitutes the total of the recommendation for market purposes. No. 1.—WILSON’S ALBANY. We find the first published notice of this variety in the Michigan Farmer for September, 1857, in a note, saying: “ Wherever this strawberry has been cultivated the past season it seems to have done well, and to have given satis- faction as a prolific bearer.” In the Horticulturist for October, J. Jay Smith, at that time editor, acknowledges the receipt of plants for trial, from the orig- inator, John Wilson, of Albany, New York. It is evident, however, that it had been already considerably disseminated, from the fact that, at a meeting of the Fruit Grower’s Society of Western New York, held at Rochester, on June 30th, 1858, a vote was had upon sixteen varieties of strawberries to be proposed for market purposes, in which this variety lacked but a single ballot of standing at the head of the list, its successful competitor being Early Scarlet,—a variety now laid aside and almost forgotten. At the same meeting, a vote was also had upon a list of varieties to be proposed for amateur purposes, in which the highest number of ballots was given to the Hooker,—then new, but now laid aside. In this vote the Wilson stood even with the Hovey, with Burr’s New Pine, Early Scarlet, and Hooker, only, in advance of it. In the course of dis- cussion, Mr. Barry, of Rochester, asked Mr. Hooker, the originator and intro- ducer of the Hooker, which he considered the best, the Hooker or the Wil- son ?—a trying question, certainly, under the circumstances. Mr. Hooker, however, seems to have been adequate to the emergency, replying, the Hooker was, in his estimation, best for amateurs, though the other might be best for market. 425 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. During the year 1858 the Wilson seems to have achieved a very extensive notoriety, as a productive and desirable market variety ; almost the only objec- tion made to it being its extreme acidity; but against this its eminent hardi- ness, large size, great productiveness, and the long time it continues in season, pleaded strongly and conclusively for popularity. The American Pomological Society, at its session held in New York in Sep- tember, 1858, recommended it for general cultivation. At Boston, and perhaps a few other places, it seems not to have become very popular. The editor of the Magazine of Horticulture, C. M. Hovey, in particular, seems to haye been very persistent in his opposition to it,—an oppo- sition which may be suspected to have derived edge from the consideration that his time-honored protege, the Hovey, was its chief competitor for favor in that locality. In his issue for July, 1860, he says: “ Wilson’s Albany has fruited with us this year in fine condition, and has come fully up to our expec- tations, as one of the sourest, most dirty-colored, and disagreeable flayored of all recently introduced sorts. The chairman of the fruit committee at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society made the very apt remark that it was an excellent sort to make vinegar of. Our excellent correspondent, Dr. Kennicutt, has already informed our readers that he did not like its elderberry flavor,—and he was quite correct, for it is medicinal enough. Besides, it is soft, watery, unfit for carriage, has a very large calyx and is hollow at the core ; its only good qualities are hardiness and productiveness, which will please anybody. Speaking of these latter qualities to a cultivator, he thought they were no addition, for the more one had of them the worse he was off. Wherever straw- berries are grown for the table and not for sale, the Wilson will find few admir- ers. Since writing the above, we learn that the fruit committee of the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society has passed a unanimous vote that the ‘ Wilson’s Albany is unworthy of general cultivation.’ ” In 1862 a Strawberry Show was held at the office of the American Agricult- urist in New York, at which the Wilson carried off the first premium as the best market berry. In June, 1867, the Western New York Fruit Growers’ Society re-affirmed their conclusion of 1858 by a vote upon the best six varieties for amateur pur- poses. Twenty-eight ballots were cast, on all of which the Triomphe de Gand appeared, while twenty-two proposed the Wilson. Like the Bartlett among pears, and the Baldwin among apples, the Wilson seems to possess the capacity of adaptation to a greater variety of soils and cli- mates than almost any other known variety of this fruit; while its superior hardiness and vigor enable it to bear, with comparative impunity, not only the scorching of the sun in summer and the freezing and thawing of winter, but also the varied treatment to which it must of necessity be subjected at the hands of ignorant or thoughtless planters and growers. If in addition to these considerations we allow for its great productiveness, with the size, high color- ing and great firmness of the fruit, we can hardly be surprised that almost from its first introduction, it has assumed a leading if not an exclusive posi- tion as a market fruit. On account of its superior firmness it seems to be pre- ferred to all others for canning. Although not the earliest it is among the first as well as the last to appear in our markets. This season, 1873, Wilson’s, —home grown,—appeared in our market June 7th; at about the time of the ripening in my grounds of the first specimens of Charles Downing and Green Prolific. THE NINE STRAWBERRIES. 429 Downing in his revised work on Fruits, speaks of it as follows: “ Although not of high quality, because of its superabundance of acid, yet no variety has become so generally cultivated as the Wilson’s Albany. The vine is very hardy and vigorous, very productive, commencing to ripen its fruit early and con- tinuing to the latest. Hermaphrodite. Fruit large, broadly conic, pointed. Color, deep crimson. Flesh, crimson, tender, with a brisk acid flavor.” No. 2—THE TRIOMPHE DE GAND. This strawberry, originating, as its name indicates, in Belgium, seems to have been introduced into the United States by several of our leading fruit growers; and (perhaps on account of the prevailing impression as to the unproductive- ness of foreign varieties) to have been laid aside with but a slight trial. Possi- bly, however, its subsequent success may be measurably due to the elevation of the standard of culture among us, and the introduction of the system of “hill culture,” so indispensable to the success of the European sorts. Be this as it may, we find this variety after a trial of ten or more years in our country only well enough known or appreciated to receive two votes as an amateur fruit and one as a market variety at the June meeting of the Fruit Growers’ Society of Western New York in 1858. At the session of the American Pomological Society, held at New York in September, 1858, it was placed on the list of varieties that promise well, although it was charged with lack of productive- ness. In June, 1862, at the strawberry show held at the office of the American Agriculturist, this variety drew the first prize as the best for general (family) cultivation ; also the first prize for the best and largest three berries of one variety,—weight three and one-half ounces. It also drew the premium of the Salem (Mass.) Horticultural Society for the best quart of strawberries. At the strawberry show of the American Agriculturist in 1862, we find the Triomphe De Gand side by side with the Wilson, again carrying off the high- est premiums. This variety was again quite fully discussed by the American Pomological Society at its session at Philadelphia in September, 1860, and as its popularity as well as its dissemination is no doubt largely due to the thor- ough culture and eminent success in consequence, of the late Rev. John Knox, of Pittsburg, Pa., who also disseminated it very widely, it may not be uninter- esting to quote his remarks during the discussion, which were as follows: “I have fruited the Triomphe de Gand for three years. Out of one hundred varieties I have under cultivation, I regard it as the very best of them all. I have fifty acres in strawberries, and would be very glad if the whole were changed to Triomphe de Gand. It seems to me there is scarcely an excellence it has not. The plant is hardy and very vigorous, as much as the Wilson. I think the healthiest and most vigorous plants I ever knew on my place are of this variety. The fruit is large and luscious, bright and glossy, attracts atten- tion, and brings the highest price,—from twenty-five to fifty cents per quart. Iam not able to supply the demand. From my place at Pittsburg they have been carried to Cincinnati, where they profess to know something about straw- berry culture, and they sent back for more at fifty cents per quart. I think the question should not be what mode of culture is necessary, but what kind will pay best. The mode of culture required by the Triomphe de Gand, and for other foreign varieties, is that which pays better with us than any other. The only mode of culture adopted in Pittsburg is in hills. We place them in rows two and a half feet apart one way and twelve inches the other. It forms quite a number of stools, and bears remarkably well.” 430 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. During the same discussion Mr. Barry remarked: “The Triomphe de Gand has been tested all over the country, and everywhere the experience has been, that it is a large berry, excellent in flavor, standing the sun well in summer, and enduring the cold of our winter without injury. It, is also quite pro- ductive.” Again at the session of the same Society at Boston, in September, 1862, this variety was very fully considered. In the course of this discussion Mr. Barry remarked: “We imported the Triomphe de Gand originally from Belgium ; we had it for eight or ten years; for along time we confined it to a small spot, having no faith in foreign varieties.” * * * “Itis found to possess a greater degree of hardiness and vigor than any other foreign variety, and has attained a greater degree of popularity in our section than any other strawberry.” * * * ““T don’t say that for profit it will come up to some other varieties.” In 1864, at the “ Agriculturist’s Show,” this variety took the first prize as the best market berry, also for the largest three berrics,—also a special prize. At the June meeting of the Western New York Fruit Grower’s Society, in 1867, twenty-eight members balloted upon a selection of six varieties for ama- teur purposes; all the ballots included Triomphe de Gand,—Wilson’s Albany standing at twenty-two. Downing’s description characterizes this fruit so fully, as well as justly, that we give his notice, entire, as follows: “'The Triomphe de Gand isa Belgium variety, which appears to stand our climate and produce more crops in more localities than any other foreign sort. The vines are vigorous, hardy, moderately productive, and well suited to strong clayey soils; requires high cultivation, and to be grown in hills. Hermaphro- dite. “Fruit, large, roundish obtuse, sometimes coxcomb-shape, bright, rich red next the calyx, almost greenish white at point, glossy as if varnished; seeds light yellow, brown near the surface. Flesh firm, white, a little hollow at core, juicy, with a peculiar, rich, and agreeable flavor.” No. 3.—DOWNER’S PROLIFIC. This variety seems to have been first introduced to the public in 1858 by means of the following certificate: * At the request of J. S. Downer, proprietor of Forest Nursery, near Elkton, Ky., we, the undersigned, met at his house on the 29th day of May, 1858, to examine a seedling strawberry raised by him, and now bearing its third crop of fruit, and after a careful examination of the plants and fruit, and a compar- ison with a number of the most popular varieties of this fruit under cultivation, such for instance as McAvoy’s Superior, Hovey’s Seedling, Hooker’s Seed- ling, Burr’s New Pine, Myatt’s Deptford Pine, Longworth’s Prolific, etc., we submit the following report and description : “Vines remarkably large and vigorous, of a pale green color, resembling Peabody’s New Hautboy; fruit stalks long and erect, fruit of the largest size, roundish oval, of a bright scarlet color. Flesh moderately firm, rich, juicy, high-flavored, and excellent. Ripens early, and continues in bearing for a long time. Flowers hermaphrodite. “ We regard the introduction of this strawberry, which we propose to call Downer’s Prolific Seedling, as a triumph. Its productiveness surpasses any- thing that we had ever conceived of in this fruit. We counted upwards of fifty very large, ripe berries upon a single plant, with a great number of unripe ones, in the various stages of development, from the bloom to the perfect berry, and this, perhaps, was not more than an average of the entire bed. THE NINE STRAWBERRIES. 431 *“ Some of us have had considerable experience in strawberry culture, and we are unanimously of the opinion that, taking all the qualities of this strawberry into consideration, it is, for this latitude, worth more than every other variety of this fruit with which we are acquainted.” This certificate was signed by six gentlemen, whose high character and standing were certified to, under the seal of the county court, by the clerk of Todd county, Ky. No special effort seems to have been made to attract public attention to this fruit; hence it was but slowly disseminated, still we hear of it from time to time and almost always favorably. Ata strawberry show at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in June, 1864, it ranked along with Triomphe de Gand, Wilson, and Russell, as best. In 1866, F. R. Elliot says, in an article contributed to the Horticulturist: “We have fruited it for several years, and do not feel that we can do without it, although it is too soft for market purposes. It is a great bearer, carrying its fruit high and clear of the ground. It commences ripening among the very earliest, and holds it until the very last. In quality, unless fully ripe, it is too acid; but when fully ripe it is delicious, and, with a little sugar, makes cer- tainly as good, if not the best mingling of sugar and acid of any of the straw- berry family.” From the reports of the West Jersey Fruit Grower’s Association in 1866, the Downer’s Prolific seems to have stood third on the list of desirable and profit- able varieties; and in one or two localities it was even said to yield one-half more than Wilson. Under the head of editorials the following very just and well considered notice of this variety will be found in the issue of the Horticulturist for July, 1867: “Comparatively little known, the Downer is nevertheless a variety of considerable value, in its hardiness of vine, great productiveness, almost if not quite equaling the Wilson, and in maturing its fruit very early, among the very earliest, and continuing it until the last. Too soft for market, where transportation by cars is necessary, and if picked before fully ripe a little acid, yet in the garden of the amateur, where it can fully ripen, there is hardly any one early sort its superior, all things considered.” Almost upon its first introduction, it fell into the hands of one of the most enthusiastic and successful cultivators at that time in the vicinity of Detroit, and with whom it was eminently successful. Plants obtained of him also proved highly satisfactory in my own grounds. I add Mr. Downing’s descrip- tion—* Raised by J. 8. Downer, Kentucky. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous, very productive, early. Valuable for near market growing. Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, light clear scarlet. Flesh rather soft, juicy, rich, but a little acid.” No. 4.—LENNIG’S WHITE seems to have been first prominently noticed at the session of the American Pomological Society held at Boston in the year 1862, where it was introduced for discussion by Wm. R. Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, and, as Lennig’s White Pine Apple, he characterized it as follows: “A very large fruit, white, tinged with pink, and extremely delicate. It is the only strawberry to which the epithet buttery can be, with entire propriety, applied. It is thoroughly buttery, and of the most exquisite flavor.” At the Agriculturist’s strawberry show in June, 1864, it took the first prize among the white strawberries. 452 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, The editor of the Magazine of Horticulture, in January, 1865, in his review of the past year remarks: “ Lennig’s White has proved a very excellent straw- berry, new in color, a good grower, fair size, abundant bearer, and rich in quali- ty.” In certain places it has the synonyms, “ White Pine Apple” and “ Albion White.” The following statement of its origin, etc., is extracted from the Gardener’s Monthly for October, 1855, written by the editor in answer to the queries of a correspondent: “Lennig’s White strawberry was raised by an amateur in Germantown and distributed freely by him to his friends, at a time when the Albany Seedling was in everybody’s garden. Neighbor got ‘Albanys’ from neighbor, and as many had been trying the ‘ White,’ after a while found ‘a new seedling’ coming up accidentally amongst their ‘ Albanys,’ and hence the White Albany originated in many a score of gardens here. A few pomolo- gists also found them. And the editor of the Germantown Telegraph named it the ‘White Pine Apple,’ without knowing anything about the Ananas of the French catalogues. A committee of the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania also ‘found’ it and they named it ‘ Albion,’ and this is how it came to have ‘all these names.’ Lennig’s White is the proper name.” Downing’s notice of it is as follows: “Origin, supposed Germantown, Pa. This is one of the very finest flavored sorts grown; but unfortunately it pro- duces but very moderate crops, and is therefore unsuited to any but amateurs. Plants vigorous. Hermaphrodite. “Fruit, large, roundish obtuse conical. Seeds reddish, not deep. Color whitish, tinged with red. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, delicious pine apple flavor.” No. 5.—THE GREEN PROLIFIC is indebted to the editor of the Magazine of Horticulture for an early notice of its origin, in the October number for the year 1863, as follows: “ This is the name of a variety produced by Seth Boyden, Esq., of New Jersey, from Hovey’s Seedling and Kitley’s Goliath. * * * The plants are very hardy, vigorous growers, with very large, dark green foliage; fruit large, very uniform, round, orange scarlet, good flavored, solid, parts readily from the stem, grows well up from the ground, and is extremely prolific; even more so than the Wilson or Downer’s Prolific. It should be grown in drills or single rows.” Speaking from the experience of the same year, a committee of New Jersey growers remark: “The Green Prolific is a strong plant, with hardy leaf, and is exceedingly productive. The berries are large, but a little inclined to be soft.” F. R. Elliot, of Ohio, in a communication to the Horticulturist, in August, 1866, remarks: “ With Triomphe de Gand we have imbibed a peculiar aroma, and with Green Prolific obtained, when fully ripe, the nearest to the perfect in quality of strawberry.” 'To which he adds: “In productiveness, few varieties are its equals. In size of fruit its average is above medium, while they are uniform, not a few large and the remainder quite small, as in some varieties.” At Boston it is characterized, after full trial, as a strong plant with very hardy leaf, and exceedingly productive. At the June meeting of Western New York Fruit Growers, for the year 1867, of twenty-eight ballots for the best six amateur varieties, it received four. It has been grown in our State for several years, and seems to have given eminent satisfaction as an amateur or family variety. Downing notices it as follows: ‘“ Plant hardy, very vigorous, very produc- tive, and is highly valued by some as a market sort. Pistillate. THE NINE STRAWBERRIES. 433 “Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, orange scarlet. Surface soft, centre of flesh firm, rather acid.” No. 6.—THE AGRICULTURIST came out under circumstances well calculated to attract a large share of public attention. Originated with the late Seth Boyden. of New Jersey, cotempora- neously with Green Prolific, it was first exhibited at the annual strawberry show of the American Agriculturist for the year 1864. The immense crop of enormously large berries exhibited upon the plant, occasioned an excitement of the horticultural portion of our people such as has doubtless left an indelible impression upon the minds of many. The natural result was an immense de- mand for plants, and its dissemination ; indeed so decided was this feeling that its more really valuable cotemporary the Green Prolific, seems to have been in a measure forgotten or ignored. At the session of the American Pomological Society held at Rochester, in September, 1864, this variety was discussed and very highly landed. Mr. Mead, formerly editor of the Horticulturist, had seen berries measuring between seven and eight inches in circumference; color and quality not the best, but good. In an article contributed to the Horticulturist, in August, 1866, by F. R. Elliott, of Ohio, the average conclusion of the public after a fair trial of this variety is so well set forth that I extract therefrom as follows: “This sort, originating at the same time and by the same grower, as the one just named, (Green Prolific), has had so much more of puffing, that it is found ten times where the Green Prolific is once. Its vines are not as strong and vigorous as the Green Prolific, it is not as good a bearer; the fruit is quite irregular in form, many of them quite a cockscomb shape, while others have a neck, and are long and pointed. It is a handsome scarlet, with long, pointed, light yel- low seeds; flesh, moderately firm, a pleasant flavor,—above mediocrity, but not really rich ; desirable to the amateur, but not to the grower for marketing pur- poses. Its trusses bloom abundantly, but do not set well in all cases; and its footstalks are so low that the fruit lies too much on the ground. In hills, and with extra culture, doubtless it will show well.” At the fruit-grower’s meeting in Western New York, in June, 1867, the Agriculturist received sixteen of the twenty-eight votes, heretofore spoken of, as one of the best six varieties for amateur cultivation. The following from a New Jersey grower fully accords with my observa- tion of this variety in Michigan: “Sometimes gives good crops, and when well grown is not surpassed in quality, and about half the berries are of the largest size; but it does not always yield well, and, unless well grown, is fre- quentiy about as poor a specimen of a strawberry as I ever tasted.” Downing notices it as follows: “ Plant vigorous, foliage dark green; hardy and very productive. Pistillate. “Fruit large, roundish conical, elongated, often with a neck. Surface some- what uneven; first berries often cockscomb shape, deep crimson. Flesh dark red, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich.” No. 7.—THE CHARLES DOWNING is yet another of the creations of Mr. J. S. Downer, of Kentucky. It was: exhibited at New York, in 1867, and was introduced to the notice of the American Pomological Society at its session at St. Louis, Mo., in the September a0 454 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. of that year. The stock of plants however was transferred to parties at New York, by whom it was disseminated. The editor of the Garduer’s Monthly, in his issue for August, 1867, in speak- ing of specimens grown at New York, says: “It is large,—Mr. Thompson, of Staten Island, weighed twenty-eight which made one pound,—and the berry is firm, of good flavor, and fine color. The committee of the American Institute (Thurber, Ellis, J. J. Thomas, and Meehan), were favorably impressed with it, and would have awarded the Greeley premium of $50, for the best seedling strawberry, which should equal the Albany Seedling in good qualities, but be superior in flavor, only that of their own knowledge they could not say,—the plants exhibited being only young runners of last fall,—that it would be as productive as Albany. It appeared as if it might do that. Speaking of it in 1869, Mr. Charles Downing remarks: “It was grown quite extensively, and was quite equal to what its originator and friends claimed for it. * * * From all I could see and learn of it from others, it will prove a valuable market and family sort; although one grower in New Jersey said the leaves browned a little in the sun.” In August, 1869, the editor of the Horticulturist remarks: “It has not been our fortune, in years, to meet with a variety which combines so well the merits of quality and productiveness as this. In quality, it is far superior to the majority of the new kinds, and really better than any of those we have already named (Wilson, Nicanor, Boyden’s No. 30, Triomphe de Gand, Agri- culturalist and Jucunda among them), although it has a little acidity about it which the Triomphe and Jucunda do not possess.” At Boston the success of this variety seems to have been but partial; although in central Massachusetts an experienced grower considers it the most desirable sort, of medium season. In August, 1870, after another year’s experience the editor of the Horticult- urist remarks: ‘ Fully equal to all we have ever said of it; * * * best for family use; not suitable for other than a near market.” L. 8. Fairchild, of Rolling Prairie, Wisconsin, says, in the Gardener’s Monthly for October, 1870: “Charles Downing bears well; fruit large and excellent.” ; In 1872, in an essay read by James Draper, of Worcester, Mass., before the Worcester county Horticultural Society, on “Strawberries: Their Varieties and Culture,” he speaks of this strawberry as successful, and in every respect desirable for that locality. In June, 1872, Dr. F. M. Hexamer delivered an interesting address at the rooms of the Farmer’s Club, American Institute, New York, which he accom- panied and illustrated with a fine display of about thirty varieties of strawber- ries. He says: “ Hor the main crop, there is one kind which has stood the test of years on all soils. Of it there are more raised and sold than of the thousand other varieties combined. It is sour but firm, carries well, looks well, and is good for everything, except to eat for the connoisseur. It is, how- eyer, the great berry, and its name of course is Wilson. Its rival is the Charles Downing, which seems to be proving itself fully as hardy, fully as prolific, and on the whole, the most valuable acquisition we have gained in the past six years. If there was but one single variety he would choose above all others, for all purposes, it would be the Charles Downing. It succeeds well in either sandy soils, heavy clay soils, in beds, hills, or rows, unless choked with weeds.” An equally high report of its success in Montgomery county, Ohio, is given THE NINE STRAWBERRIES. 435 by W. F. Heikes, at the June meeting of the Montgomery county Horticultu- ral Society ; who concludes his notice of this variety by saying: “For my own garden and table I would give the variety preference over all others.” In Michigan it is understood to be generally satisfactory. My own experi- ence and observation of it are certainly of a highly encouraging character. Downing says of it: “Plant very vigorous and very productive. Herma- phrodite. “ Fruit very large, nearly regular, conical, deep scarlet. Seeds brown and yellow, rather deep. Flesh quite firm, pink, juicy, sweet, rich.” No. 8.—THE MICHIGAN Is a seedling, originating with B. Hathaway, of Little Prairie Ronde, Cass county, Michigan, who sent it out on orabout the year 1858. During this year some account of several seedlings of his, designated by numbers, was contrib- uted by him to the Western Rural; of these number, one is understood to designate the variety subsequently named Michigan. Of this he says: “For field cultivation it will take the lead; the berry is light scarlet in color; about the size of the Wilson; with fewer small ones; hang on the vine well; and as to fruitfulness it is a marvel to behold. One hill, in no way remark- able from the other, produced one and one-third quarts, or at the rate of four quarts to three hills.” In the “editor’s portfolio” of the Horticulturist for October, 1869, under the head of “ Hints on Selection of Varieties of Fruit for fall transplanting,” we find the following notice of this variety: “As far as our experience has gone, we have found it the finest in growth of all the varieties we cultivate. Ti seems to succeed in any soil, and especially a sandy one, and we have hopes that it will justify the anticipations we have formed of it. We observe that Messrs. Purdy & Johnson are also highly pleased with it. ‘The plant is the nearest, in foliage and vigor, to the Wilson, of any sort we have ever tried.’ Fruit light scarlet, uniform in size; round to flattish; medium to large; very productive; flayor excellent; firm, and will undoubtedly bear carriage a long distance.” During the same month, the Gardener’s Monthly, under the head of “ New and Rare Fruits,” notices the Michigan as follows: “ While on Mr. Adair’s grounds, at Detroit, last summer, he pointed out this variety in his collection. It was not in condition for us to offer an opinion. but Mr. Adair spoke very highly of it.” It was introduced in 1868. An exchange says of it: “ Raised by B. Hathaway, of Little Prairie Ronde, Michigan; a week or ten days later than the Wilson, said to keep better, more even size, and finer fruit.” It seems still to have maintained its standing in 1870, as we find the Horti- culturist, in August of that year, indulging in a “chat about strawberries,” in which he remarks: “ Michigan Seedling is exceedingly vigorous, with dark green, healthy leaves, and extremely large stools; very productive ; fruit only of medium size; light crimson color; moderately firm; not as much so as the Wilson ; flavor pleasant, excellent, and good ; desirable for family use.” In a series of notes on strawberries in central Massachusetts, Mr. James Draper, of Worcester, heretofore quoted, thus speaks of its success there dur- ing the trying season of 1870: “A hardy, healthy, vigorous plant; enor- mously productive; fruit of the average size, and fair quality; very promising.” It was sent to me by the originator soon after its introduction to the public, together with two others. I tried it in rows and also in beds with very satis- 436 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. factory results; and became so well satisfied of its desirableness as a family fruit that, in the spring of 1872, 1 planted a plat of it for the main crop,— placing but a single plant in a hill, at distances of two and a half feet by one and a half. The runners have been kept closely cut. Last fall the stools from each of these single plants would doubtless have averaged from eighteen to twenty inches across. A few days since, spring of 1873, I counted the blos- soms and fruit upon a few stools and found they varied from 330 to over 350) to each plant, and I doubt not the average of the whole plat would have been as high as 300 to each plant; a very large share of which promise to mature fruit unless the drouth of the last few weeks shall prevent. Although the variety is hardy, vigorous, and exceedingly prolific, I do not regard it as firm enough to bear transportation, except to near markets, besides which its color is so light even at full maturity that buyers will be inclined to pass it by as unripe. Its lack of firmness is also an objection to it for canning purposes. Still its many valuable qualities render it desirable for home use. Ripe at Plymouth this year (1873) June 16th. Mr. Hathaway, in his description of the variety, characterizes it as “ stami- nate.” This, as generally applied to the strawberry, is understood to mean that the blossom possesses the stamens or male organs in perfection, while the pistils or female organs are imperfect. Such blossoms can seldom, if ever, produce fruit. I infer that Mr. H. meant to be understood that the blossoms: are perfect, in both stamens an@ pistils, in which case they should be charac- terized as hermaphrodite, which I understand to be the case with this variety. The Michigan is not described in Downing’s revised work.* No. 9.—THE KENTUCKY is yet another seedling originating with that eminently successful originator of new strawberries, the late J. 8. Downer, of Kentucky. It was introduced in the year 1869 by Wm. Parry, of Cinnaminson, New Jersey ; who brought it to the notice of the editor of the Gardener’s Monthly, by whom the following notice and description was inserted in his issue for August of that year: : “The Kentucky Late Strawberry.—While our markets have been well sup- plied with early strawberries, we have not given so much attention to large late varieties as their importance would demand; consequently good strawberries become scarce before raspberries make their appearance. We were shown some very large fine strawberries on the 19th of June, introduced by Wm. Parry, of Cinnaminson, New Jersey. The plants are strong and vigorous, with long, stout fruit stalks, hearing the berries well up from the ground; blossoms per- fect, fruit very large, bright scarlet red, beautiful and firm, bearing carriage well, excellent quality and very productive; called the ‘ Kentucky,’ a seedling raised by J. S. Downer, of Kentucky, from Downer’s Prolific, which from all we can learn will prove a yaluable late variety.” The variety was figured also in the next month’s issue. The editor of the Horticulturist also notices this fruit in his portfolio for * Nore.—Under date of April, 1874, Mr. B. Hathaway, the originator of the Michigan, writes the Secretary as follows concerning it: ‘‘ Whoever knows about the Michigan Strawberry, as it does for me, knows it has not been overpraised ; at least its performance on my grounds has not been overstated. That it has failed on other soils seems probable; and on the sand I have reason to think it has not given satisfaction. With all the failures conceded that may be claimed, I think it will be found to have been more successful in the west than any one of the hundreds of new sorts brought from the east in the last fifteen years, with the exception alone of the Wilson; and here it pays me better than that variety, because of its lateness. The drouth last year spoiled all my strawberries ; I only sold $25 worth from one-half acre, and the dry weather wes so prolonged that I made but few plants, and the past winter has been very severe on those, not being covered at all.”’ THE NINE STRAWBERRIES. 437 August of the same year, closing with the remark that: “Upon cutting with a knife, it will be found unusually white, and firm in flesh,—very desirable points for preserving or canning.” In November, 1870, James Draper, of Worcester, Mass., gives his experience with this variety, as follows: “Kentucky (new) I fruited to some extent, and I believe it will become one of the most popular late varieties on the list. Season very late; fruit very large, firm, of the finest quality, and enormously productive; plant vigorous, healthy, and hardy ; satisfactory in every partic- ular.” As early as March, 1872,—and, of course, upon the experience of only the previous two years, Dr. F. M. Hexamer, an extensive grower, of Newcastle, New York, includes it in a list of ten varieties, “as best adapted to the widest extent of territory, and the different systems of cultivations,” and for planting especially upon light soils. In June, 1872, James Draper, of Mass., again speaks through the Horticult- urist as follows: “The Kentucky is the latest ripening berry that we now have. The fruit is equal in size to the Downing, but not quite as attractive in appearance, being somewhat irregular in shape, and of a dull red color, but it is a heavier bearer, and much superior in quality. For all kinds of soil, and especially for a light sandy one, where many kinds will not flourish, these have given the best of satisfaction, whether grown for home use or the market.” In his June address before the American Institute Farmer’s Club, Dr. Hex- amer says of Kentucky: “On light soils it is excellent. Does not have a high flavor; not as good or as prolific as Boyden’s No. 30. It is not quite as late as the Napoleon Third ; a good variety for market or home use.” In the report of W. F. Heikes to the Montgomery county Horticultural Society of Ohio, heretofore quoted, the Kentucky is also very highly recom- mended for that region. I have but little knowledge of its trial or success in Michigan. I received it last year from Mr. Hathaway, together with a number of other varieties, and can only say that the vigor of the plants and the few specimens of the fruit produced the present season (1873) seem to point to the probability of its success ; and I have been led to infer that Mr. Hathaway, from his experience with it, considers it promising. Hermaphrodite. The notice and description in Downing was furnished by the introducer, Mr. Downer not having seen the fruit at that time. THE ASH AND THE LARCH. BY ARTHUR BRYANT, OF ILLINOIS. Since the writer, in an address before the oldest agricultural society in Ilinois, in 1850, first urged upon the farmers the importance of tree-planting on the prairies, the subject has been persistently pressed upon public notice by the horticultural societies of Illinois. The idea of forest-planting is becoming popular; and as its inception was gradual, there is reason to hope that its in- fluence will be lasting. Sudden and violent outbursts of zeal seldom produce permanent effects,—witness the White Willow fever of a few years since. One enterprise of the kind, well worth notice, has been undertaken, during the past year, by Robert Douglass, of Waukegan, who has begun to plant a tract of three hundred acres with forest trees, upon a system which, if successfully car- ried out, will do much to determine and illustrate the best mode of proceeding. In the present report remarks will be made upon three or four of the most useful forest trees suited to the climate of Northern Illinois. The planting of the White and Burr Oak, the Black Walnut and the Butternut, is, doubtless, well understood by all who have paid any attention to the subject. The White Ash is one of the most important timber trees in the northern parts of the United States; but, unfortunately, is not so easily raised from seed as those above mentioned. If the seed be sown soon after gathering from the tree, without drying, it will come up well in spring; but if dried, a great part will often fail to vegetate the first year, even if kept through winter in damp sand— care must be taken not to cover too deeply. Probably forest trees, as well as others, often fail from this cause. When self-sown they commonly have no other covering than leaves or a little earth, when concealed by mice or squirrels. If sown in autumn, Ash seed should be covered with litter during winter to prevent washing out by rains. It seems very probable that the seed of the Green Ash is often gathered and sown as that of the White. The Green Ash is common along streams in the West,—it produces seed more frequently than the White Ash, and upon small trees, and is therefore more easily collected. The seed vegetates with greater certainty than that of the White Ash, even if sown dry; and the young trees grow more rapidly for the first year or two. When in leaf, it may easily be distinguished from the White Ash; the timber is similar in quality, but it has the disadvantage of never becoming a large tree. Nott.—We are indebted to O. B. Galusha, the able and industrious Secretary of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, for four of the best papers in this book, viz.: Those by Arthur Bryant, Prof. Riley, Dr. Le Baron, and Prof. Burrill.—Sxc. THE ASH AND THE LARCH. 439 The White Ash is somewhat variable in its characteristics, and some of these yariations have formerly been named and described by botanists as permanent varieties, or even species. {t belongs to northern latitudes, and only obtains its fullest developments in colder climates than that of Northern Illinois. The Blue Ash abounds in more southern latitudes than tke White; it is in every respect as valuable, and has the advantage of being more durable. The combination of strength, lightness and elasticity in Ash timber renders it superior to any other native wood for many purposes, and the demand for it must always be extensive. Much has been said and written in praise of the European Larch, but never- theless, little if any notice has been taken of its peculiar fitness for railroad ties. No way of making a railroad track has been found to answer the purpose so well as that of laying the rails upon cross timbers; consequently, while rail- roads exist the demand for ties must be very great. In Great Britain the Larch is used for that purpose in preference to any other wood. The shape of the tree renders it peculiarly fit for ties—when closely grown, it is tall, straight, destitute of large branches, and tapering very gradually from the base. ‘The wood, beside being very durable, is solid, giving a firm hold to spikes. Another advantage is the much greater quantity of timber which may be obtained from any given number of acres of Larch than of most other trees. If we may believe English writers, ten acres of Larch will afford as great a quantity of ship timber, as seventy-five acres of Oak. Larch can be grown more thickly than Oak, and does not divide at the top into large branches; consequently, a greater portion of the tree is available for use. The writer has Larch trees which, being thickly grown, have, in fifteen years, attained the height of fifty feet, with a diameter of from eight to twelve inches. The European Larch should never be planted upon wet land. The American Larch has been eulogized as fully equal to the European in durability. Michaux describes it as possessing the same properties. In the British provinces, north of the St. Lawrence, and in Newfoundland, where it is highly esteemed, it grows upon uplands, forming large masses of forest. In the United States it is found only in swamps,—never on upland,—a fact which Michaux regards as evidence that the climate of the northern limits of the United States is too mild for its constitution. From all the testimony the writer has been able to collect from those who have used it, it appears that when grown in swamps, in the United States, it is by no means remarkably durable. Whether this is owing to soil or climate, is a matter of uncertainty. The European Larch is found principally in the central and southern parts of Europe, and is therefore better suited to the climate of Northern Illinois than the American species, which reaches perfection only in a much colder climate, and is, likewise, of slower growth. It may not be improper here to notice recently published opinions of men of note in regard to one or two subjects which, although not strictly belonging to timber-planting, are often discussed in connection with it: Mr. Thomas Meehan, in an article published in the New York Tribune, and copied into the Prairie Farmer, criticises a paper read by Prof. Hough, before the American Associat’on, and takes the ground that trees do not affect cli- mate. He also asserts that the crops with which the farmer covers the soil are a full compensation for the absence of forests as far as the retention of moist- ure is concerned. In a notice of the report of the Agricultural Department, 440 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. for 1872, in the Gardener’s Monthly, for January, he uses the following language: “The report of the botanist goes over the various statements made over and ever again, on the flimsiest of foundations, that great changes of climate have eccurred in various parts of the world by the cutting away of forests. It is time that sensible men had dropped this nonsense.” Mr. C. V. Riley is reported as having expressed similar opinions at the last meeting of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, and as having made the surprising statement that there is at present more timber in the State of Illinois than there was twenty years ago. It is not proposed to enter upon an elaborate argument upon these subjects, —the limits of thisreport will not permit,—and they may attract more interest in discussion than in a written essay. A few brief suggestions only will be made. That the climate of many parts of the earth has been unfavorably affected by the total destruction of forests, is an opinion held by men of greater scien- tific attamments and more extended observation than Mr. Meehan. That he should designate the foundations of this opinion as being of the flimsiest «character, savors somewhat of arrogance; particularly, as some of his assertions do not appear to rest upon a very substantial basis. But to the point: Meteorological tables, showing the temperature and the depth of rain-fall, furnish the only recorded means of deciding in regard to a change of climate. Let us suppose a comparison of the records of temperature and moisture of two periods of ten years each. Let us also suppose these periods separated by an interval of fifty years, during which time a tract of country is settled and cleared of forests. The average temperature in the two periods may be nearly the same; there may be little difference in the rain-fall; and yet in the latter period, the atmospheric conditions, the variations of heat and cold, of dryness and moisture, may be so changed by the destruction of the woods, as to affect injuriously the productions of the soil, and lessen the comfort of animal life. Eyery one knows that a man can endure a much greater degree of cold in the still atmosphere of a forest, than when exposed to wind on the open prairie. Why may not the same be true of vegetable life? It is not true that the grain and grass with which the farmer covers the land, prevent the evaporation of -moisture as effectually as a forest; or even as the growth on unpastured prai- -ries. Much of every farm is closely pastured through the growing season ; the removal of small grain and hay leaves the land naked from midsummer -onward; the rains run off more quickly than from woodland, and evaporation sis‘more rapid; so that if the rain-fall be not diminished, there is a diminution of its beneficial effects. Peaches were formerly plentifully produced in New England; they can no longer be grown there, and the removal of the forests is believed to be the cause. Mr. Meehan seems inclined to doubt that the drying ‘up or diminution of springs and streams is a consequence of the loss of the iforests. What other cause can be assigned? The writer has reason to know “that the atmosphere and soil of the State of Illinois have becon-e drier during the forty-three years which he has inhabited it, in consequence of the destruc- tion of the native grasses and other plants which clothed the prairies, and the cultivation of the earth. Many facts might be cited in evidence. THE ASH AND THE LARCH. 441 SOME POINTS OF EXCELLENCE POSSESSED BY THE EUROPEAN LARCH.—BY E. Y. TEAS, OF INDIANA. It is unfortunate and detrimental to the immediate and general introduction of the Larch to its rightful and proper position as a timber tree in our country, that claims have been made for it that are apparently untenable, or at least un- wise, and unnecessary to establish its surpassing value and excellence as a tim- ber tree. We do not believe it was intended by our Heavenly Father to unite all the desirable qualities and possible excellencies of timber, for all the varied needs and uses of man, in one single tree; but that many species possess un- doubted excellence in various respects. While we believe the European Larch possesses definite, decided good qualities, in some respects superior to almost any other kind of timber, these merits do not exclude many other trees from positions of great value in timber culture. It was unfortunate for the Larch that, in consideration of its great success in some parts of Europe, in certain and peculiar situations, the same tree shou!d be claimed to be equally well adapted for all situations and all climates in our country, while we scarcely possess a township of land, in our whole domain, similar to that on which the peculiar virtues of the Larch were first manifested in Hurope. The old Duke of Athol, who first conceived the idea of Larch culture in Britain, was not at first sanguine of success, but, with Scotch shrewdness, at first planted only a few trees by way of experiment; and these he located not on his rough, high- land cliffs, that he most desired to cover with forest growth, but in the rich, level land, where they could receive constant attention and care. These succeeded so well that other plantings were made at higher and still higher elevations, with uniform and unyarying success; until during the life- time of the Duke who began the experiment, many millions of Larches were growing and flourishing on his estates near Dunkeld. When I visited these plantations in the summer of 1867, I found Larches on the high rocky lands in this picturesque region flourishing thriftily beside oaks planted at the same time,—the latter being less than one-tenth the size of the Larches, and com- pared with them, quite useless for timber. The Larch is found to flourish at a greater elevation and on thinner soil than any other timber tree; the leaves, dropping annually, enrich the soil more rapidly than the foliage of any other tree, and the timber is more valuable in the market than any other products of such soils. My inquiries, which were not as thorough as I now wish they had been, lead me to the belief that the Larch attains its most rapid, healthy development, and produces timber of the greatest value on the rough, hilly and rather barren land of the Scotch highlands, and on similar lands in England,—about Bristol and elsewhere; that the growth, health, vigor and product are not as satis- factory on the rich and more valuable farming lands of the level district. In regard to the durability of Larch wood, it seems to be a well attested and undeniable fact, that in some localities it has proved to be the most durable of any known wood. It is well known, however, that a given kind of tree varies greatly in texture and quality, when grown in different kinds of soil, climate, or under other circumstances affecting the growth of the tree; and it is folly to expect to grow Larch timber on the rich prairie soil of Illinois, similar in texture or value to that grown on the Alps or Scotch highlands. In forest culture, as in agriculture, in our United States, a mixed husbandry will be 56 442 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, found most advantageous; each person selecting for his own locality, needs, market or personal taste or preference, such varieties of timber as an intelli- gent judgment dictates. One thing is evident to every observing, thinking man, and this is that the exigencies of our times demand, more than almost any other one thing, a united, well directed and widespread effort at timber culture. In my own State, a few years ago, the great drawback to its settlement and de- velopment was the superabundance of timber that interfered with agricultural pursuits. Now, the first and leading question of the seeker after real estate in our section is, “ How much timber land have you?” and the price of land depends upon this more than upon the quality of soil or many other important requisites. LEGIURE, ON. ENTOMOLOGY. BY PROF. C. V. RILEY, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF MISSOURI. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,—Eight years ago, I wrote my maiden essay for the State Horticultural Society, of Illinois, on the codling moth. It was read by that veteran horticulturist who has been carrying on his investigations this last summer in Germany and Austria,—and whose presence we all miss here to-night,—Dr. Waters. ‘To the kind approval which that essay met, I owe no little of that enthusiasm which has, since that time, sustained me in my efforts to unlock nature’s secrets. I am proud to say that there was not a single fault of commission in that article; but since then we have learned much that was then unknown about this codling moth. I will present to you the more important facts; I cannot give you a full account. It would occupy more time than we shall have to-night. First, This codling moth is an imported insect. There was a time when it had no existance in this land, and it furnishes us with an excellent illustration of the importance of preventing the importation of noxious insects. If we had had the knowledge we now have, we might easily have prevented its intro- duction, thus saving the immense loss which it has caused. The mellowing and vivifying influence of the vernal year causes our codling moth to burst the silken cerements which had held and enwrapped it during its long winter torpor and sleep. After meeting her mate, the female flits from tree to tree, and deposits her eggs in the calyx of the new-formed fruit. I have here a sketch showing the different stages through which it goes. In a few days this egg produces an insect which makes for the heart of the young fruit. There it riots around the core, causing perforations and excavations filled with its own excrement. It takes about twenty or thirty days to attain its full growth. It has then changed color, and the head and cervical shield, which were formerly black, have become brown. This larva now issues from the fruit. It generally leaves the fruit during the night, either by letting itself down by a silken web, or by crawling down the trunk of the tree,— about half get to the ground one way, and half the other. Its object in descending the tree is to find some sheltered spot in which to spin its cocoon. Having found this place, it begins to spin its cocoon, which it always covers on the outside with the particles of the bark of the tree. The normal spin- ning place is under the loose scales of bark of the tree, so that it is very diffi- cult to find it. Within this cocoon the larva changes to a chrysalis. ‘This stage lasts about twelve days, during which time it remains without food or 444 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. motion. It then works its way partly out of the cocoon by these spines [illus- trating] and gives forth the moth. At first the wings are damp. You can see them expand. or grow. They are little pads when they first come out of the chrysalis, but in the course of ten minutes they are fully expanded. This moth is inconspicuous because it is entirely nocturnal in its habits. It is brown,—has two large spots near the tips of the wings, of brown, and of metallic luster, and is very pretty. In this manner the transformations of this little moth are gone through— those transformations which, from time immemorial, have been looked upon as emblematic of man’s immortality,—the groveling worm representing ‘our earthly condition. There are two broods each year. This was long suspected by us in the West, but eastern authors had not regarded it so, and I had the honor of demonstrating it. The larva of the first brood frequently co-exist with those of the second,—thus the later individuals of the first brood will be frequently found in the same apples as the earlier individuals of the second. Now, let us make a few practical suggestions: First, I will refer to the direct killing of the insect. We can take advantage of the larva habit. You are all, as members of this Society, conversant with the different kinds of bandages that haye been employed for this purpose. The main point I wish to convey is, that whatever bandage is placed around the tree, it should be placed on the tree by the first of June, in this latitude; or it may be delayed a little in the more northern parts of the State with impunity; but it is safe to have them on by that time. They should be examined six or seven weeks after the blossoms fall from the tree. Dr. LeBaron gives seven weeks for the northern part of the State, after the blossoms have fallen; and, for the lati- tude of St. Louis, I would say six weeks. They should then be examined four times, at intervals of ten days, and once after the apples are all taken off the tree. Now, with regard to the best bandage: as Mr. Wier is present it will be best for me to read what I have said about the best kind of bandage in my last report: “ WIER’S APPLE-WORM TRAP. “Fully resolved to test this trap thoroughly, in comparison with other methods of allurement, I commenced (having, of course, purchased the right to use!) as early as the first of May to prepare a number of trees as follows: ist. With Wier’s trap screwed on in different positions,—some trees haying single traps, either on the north, south, east, or west sides, and placed at dif- ferent heights from the ground, and some having as many as three traps; 2d. Strips of old sacks, four inches wide, and lined on one side with pieces of lath tacked on transversely, and at such distance from each other that, when brought around the tree, they formed an almost complete wooden ring; 3d. Bandages of various kinds of rag; 4th. Hay ropes; 5th. Paper bandages, made of the cheapest kind of straw paper, folded several times, and in widths varying from three to six inches. In order to insure the utmost accuracy, these several traps were regularly examined every twelve days throughout the season, anda careful account kept of the worms or chrysalides found under each ; and where it was a question as to the comparative merits of the differ- ent traps, they were placed on trees of the same variety. The results of these experiments,—not to waste space with the Sona array of figures,—may be thus summed up: LECTURE ON ENTOMOLOGY. 445 No apple worms were found until the 14th of June, and, though many other insects had previously taken advantage of the shelter, not a single plunv curculio was found. While, therefore, there is no harm in having the band- ages on as early as recommended last year, in ordinary seasons, little, if any-. thing, will be Jost by waiting till the first of June. Where three of the Wier traps were on the same tree, I obtained more worms than where there was but one; and where there was but one, there was no difference in favor of position as regards direction or altitude,—taking the season through. The Jath canvas encircling the tree secured, on an average, five times as many worms as any single Wier trap. The rag, paper, and hay bandages allured almost as many, and either kind more than the single Wier trap. I hope, therefore, that the patentees have already realized the anticipated. fortune from their invention; for while I should be sorry to injure their chances in the least, truth compels me to state that, after a year’s trial, I am not quite as favorably impressed with the usefulness of this shingle-trap as 1 was before trial, and am more thoroughly confirmed in the opinion expressed last year, that ‘notwithstanding all the theories of my friend Wier, it must always be inferior to any trap that encircles the tree.’ I do not wish to detract from its merits one jot, and where old shingles are abundant and other mater- ial scarce, the former will still prove valuable for the reasons given a year ago 3: and Mr. Wier would deserve our thanks for showing us how to use them, did he not persist in claiming too much for them, and in making us pay for their use. “Time, expense, and efficiency considered, and so far as one year’s compar- ison will warrant conclusions, I place the different materials enumerated in the following order of merit: “1. Paper bandages. Common straw wrapping-paper, 18x30, can be bought for sixty cents per bundle. Each bundle contains two hundred and forty sheets, and each sheet folded lengthwise thrice upon itself will give us eight layers, between two and three inches wide, and be of sufficient length to encircle most ordinary trees. It is easily drawn around the tree and fastened with a tack,. and so cheap that when the time comes to destroy the worms, the bandages containing them may be detached, piled in a heap and burned, and new ones attached in, their places. If eight bandages are used to each tree during the season, the cost will be just two cents per tree; and the owner could well afford to treble the number of sheets, and keep three on each tree, either together or in different places. “2. Rags. These have very much the same effect as paper, but are more costly and difficult to get of the requisite length. Where they can be had cheaply, they may be detached from the tree and scalded with their contents. “3. The Wier trap used as recommended last year, is perhaps the next most useful; but both cost and time required to destroy the worms are greater than in the first two methods. “4, The lath-beit is the very best of all traps, as far as efficiency goes; but it is placed fourth on the list, because of the greater cost and trouble of making. On the same kinds of tree (Harly Harvest), and in the same orchard, I have taken, with this belt, between June 15th and July 1st, as many as sixty-eight and ninety-nine larve and pups, against fourteen and twenty in the single Wier trap. “5. Hay-bands, on account of their greater inconvenience, I place last. “The experiments were mostly made in a large and rather neglected orchard, belonging to Mr. Spencer Smith. 446 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. “« All these methods are good, and the orchardist will be guided in his choice by individual circumstances.” I should state here, by way of parenthesis, that all these bandages are most effectual on young and smooth trees; because, on older ones, where the bark is rough, a great many worms spin up before they leave the tree, and before reaching the bandages, and others spin up below the bandages, hence the importance of scraping. We see here again how perfectly absurd is the claim that all the worms will be attracted to a single one of the Wier traps. They will be attracted to the most cosy place of shelter, whether that be afforded by the bark of the tree, by the Wier trap, or by any other trap. We can also do much by destroying the worms before they leave the fruit. It has generally been recommended to pick up all the apples, or cause them to be devoured by hogs or sheep, but many varieties of the apple trees do not drop their fruit until after this werm has issued. Now here is a problem for our Agricultural College students to work at. The absence of the worm is generally known by a mass of frass on the outside of the apple. Now, it would be futile to go toa great deal of expense, when the worm had left before the fruit fell from the tree. With regard to pears, I have been informed by Parker Earle that the worm invariably leaves before the fruit falls from the tree. Another method is to use a hook at the end of a pole, as suggested by Dr. Le Baron. I mention these little facts because they may not occur to many of you, and I know many of you may profit by them. There are many indirect ways of fighting this insect,—first of all, by encour- aging its parasites. I have discovered that two parasites prey upon the codling moth. Some of the college students before me may want to know what I mean by parasites. IfI told you of a bug that deposited its eggs on the bodies of sheep or other animals; that that egg hatched out into a serpent, which fed and flourished in the fatty portion of the sheep, without injuring it, for a time, apparently ; that on the contrary, the sheep so infested would be able to live without food, whereas without the parasite it would die; that after a time the serpent ate its way through the sheep, burrowed into the ground, and after remaining there an indefinite time, would struggle through the earth and issue as a bird, like its parent, the story would appear ridiculous. Yet it is hardly more wonderful than the actual facts of parasitic insect life. Bui I will illustrate the parasitic theory of the insect world by showing you the tomato worm. [Here the lecturer illustrated, at some length, the curiosities of parasitism by means of drawings on the blackboard, which cannot be produced here. ]} In referring to the common tomato worm, he remarked : There is a peculiar little microgaster, a little fly that comes along and inyari- ably settles on the back or head of the worm, knowing very well that it can- not there be injured.. It punctures the skin of that worm and inserts an egg, or perhaps forty or fifty. The maggots hatched from these eggs feed on that worm,—which in time becomes sickly, until at last the little parasites are fully grown, and then they spin cocoons on the back of the worm, from which, eventually, little black flies, like the parent, issue. Now, this is primary para- sitism; but there are secondary, tertiary, and even quaternary parasites. And So it is, in the language of Swift: “So naturalists observe a flea Has smaller fleas that on him prey ; And these have smaller still to bite ’em, And so proceed, ad infinitum.” LECTURE ON ENTOMOLOGY. 447 We frequently have no less than four distinct parasites feeding on one another, and all of them on a vegetable feeder. Mr. Galusha—Is it invariably the case that parasites are much less in size than those upon which they prey ? Mr. Riley—True parasites, as distinguished from cannibals, invariably and necessarily are. I have mentioned two parasites on this apple worm. I will try to describe one: it is the macrocentrus delicatus. ‘This fly punctures the worm while yet in the heart of the apple, and spins its cocoon inside the cocoon of the apple worm. This is a yellow fly; the other is a black fly, pimpla annulipes. Instead of destroying it before it has assumed the chrysalis state, it does not destroy it until after. Besides these, I know that two cannibal beetles—the Pennsylvania soldier beetle, and the two-lined soldier beetle, as well as the ants and cockroaches,— destroy it as it leaves the fruit. Then there is a species of ¢rogosita which Dr. LeBaron and I have found in the bandages, destroying the worm. I mention this to show that it has its enemies notwithstanding that it lives in the center of the apple, and descends from the tree at night. With regard to liquids or lights, I will simply say they are of no practical use. Both modes kill as many of the enemies of the codling moth as of the codling moth itself. A few words as to its food plants: The apple is essentially its food plant, but in late years I have seen it in pears, plums and peaches, and it breeds in wild crabs. From these facts we see how foolish is the suggestion of Dr. J. 8. Parker, of Ithaca, New York, to exterminate the codling moth by ceasing to grow apples for one or more years. It would thereby simply be forced to breed in other fruits. Mr. BARLER—At what time is the egg deposited ? Mr. Rrtey—Just about the time the blossoms are falling and the fruit is forming. I should have stated the difference between the first and second broods. In the first brood the egg-state lasts about ten days, the larva-state about thirty days, the chrysalis-state twelve to fourteen days. * The second brood, however, remains in the larva-state all through the winter, no matter whether it leaves the fruit in August or November. This fact I first recorded in this country, not knowing that the same fact had been recorded by a French author in 1850. Another point that I have not mentioned, and among others which I have not had time to mention, is the necessity for destroying these winter cocoons in our cellars and storehouses. The necessity of destroying them becomes ap- parent, because we keep them out of the way of the natural enemy that would otherwise devour them. A Mremper—Could you find them in an apple barrel that was hooped up ? Mr. RrneEy—Yes, sir; under the hoops—great numbers of them. A MrmBer—Did I understand you to say it was purely nocturnal ? Mr. RitEy—It might fly, to endeavor to escape, in the day, but it is essen- tially a nocturnal insect. I have found the moth at rest in the day-time under the bark, and I have found it in the house. Even in confinement it rests during the day, and becomes active during the night. A MEmMBER—Are they not attracted by light ? Mr. Rinny—Very slightly, indeed. If you have a light in the orchard, and some way to secure them, you will find a few of them among hundreds of other species. 448 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Mr. Hueer1ns—I had apples in my cellar, in which there were two windows. I moved these apples, and put in a stove, and I was quite surprised to find, in the middle of the day, a number of these codling moths active in trying to get ont. I would like that fact explained. Mr. RitEY—It was quite warm enough for them to fly, and they tried to get to the light because they imagined the window a hole of escape. ‘Though the moth is nocturnal, it can nevertheless discriminate between light and dark. Following its natural instincts, it wants to get to the orchard. It does not un- derstand that there is a window there, or glass. That is the reason that it beats upon the glass. A MrmBer—Do not codling moths fly around our lamps in the evening? Mr. Ritey—The codling moth is very rarely found around our lamps. I have tried it, and even where insects pattered on my windows and got into the room, making a noise like a hailstorm, I would very rarely find codling moths among them, though I knew they were abundant,—there were apple trees in- fested by them not two rods away. Mr. Burritt—Is it known whether they eat any thing? Mr. Ritey—The moth has a short tongue, and may feed to a slight extent on liquid sweets; but that it is attracted by sweets Ido not think. But certain kinds of beetles which prey upon it are so attracted. To give you briefly a summary:. The codling moth is an imported insect. Place no confidence in the light and bottle systems, but rely on bandages; have your bandages on by the first of June; examine them six weeks after the blossom falls, and then four times subsequently, at intervals of ten days, and then once when the fruit is gathered; be sure to destroy the cocoons in store- house; and, lastly, encourage winter birds. THE BIRD QUESTION. BY DR. Wm. LEBARON, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF ILLINOIS. In the course of the discussions which have taken piace at our horticultural meetings, a number of topics more or less intimately connected with my own department of practical entomology, have sprung up, and have elicited a good deal of interest, but have generally been very partially and imperfectly treated. One of these subjects is that which is commonly referred to as the bird ques- tion. It has appeared to me that it might be interesting and useful to take a more comprehensive view of this subject than has been ordinarily done, for the purpose of determining what is the true relation which birds bear to hort- icultural and agricultural interests. We are liable to form erroneous opinions of things from the imperfection of our knowledge concerning them, and fully as often, perhaps, from taking a partial or one-sided view of them, as they may happen to affect our own per- sonal interests. And so it is with the bird question. One man, with refined tastes and a strong affectional nature, and who, we will suppose, has never been much annoyed by these creatures, regards birds as one of the chief ornaments of his grounds, and one of the delights of his life. If his birds should leave him or be destroyed, he would feel it as an irreparable loss, an aching void in his surroundings. He looks at them from the sentimental or. romantic point of view. In his mind they have become indissolubly associated with the varied and pleasing changes of the seasons; they usher in the vernal year; they en- liven the summer solstice; and as they flit silently past, in their changed and plain plumage, on their southward migrations, in the fall of the year, they seem to be in perfect harmony with the falling leaf and the sombre tints of autumn. Another man, not necessarily less refined, perhaps, but who may have a some- what sharper eye to the utilities than to the amenities of life, and who may have turned his attention to the cultivation of some of those smaller and more delicate fruits which are so yery tempting to birds, as well as men, or who may have happened to plant his corn-field along side some bushy meadow where blackbirds naturally congregate, finding himself much annoyed, and, it may be, seriously damaged by these creatures, regards them in a very different light. If he ever had any partiality for birds it will to become rapidly dissipated ; their charms will be much less apparent. In short, he will regard them as nuisances. Let us look at this subject a few moments; first, in its general aspects, and then narrow down our inquiry to the practical points at issue. Every one 57 450 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. knows, in a general way, that birds are one of the great instrumentalities of nature for keeping in check the various tribes of insects, but no one, who has not examined the subject, is aware of the extent and importance of this agency. Almost all the land birds, except the larger birds of prey, subsist more or less upon insects, and more than half of them live upon insects either chiefly or exclusively. The land birds, with respect to their food, may be divided into three classes, the omnivorous, the tnsectivorous, and the granivor- ous. 'The following are the principal omnivorous families: The starlings, the orioles, the blackbirds, the crows, and the jays, the domby-cille, or cedar-birds, and the titmice. These birds, as a general rule, feed indiscriminately upon berries, seeds, and insects. The principal insectivorous families are the night-hawks, the swallows, the shrikes, the fly-catchers, the sylvia, or warblers, the wrens, the sialiete, or blue- birds, the creepers, and the woodpeckers. All these birds live exclusively, or almost exclusively, upon insects. sea

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Seco. 5552 eee RUTH OT sts ees ee SS Ee ten 2 (Ue epee ee es 25 BCL yt oe AS os 8.708. ao see cece Ske eee Sterling esac ace eee. See ee 4.3821, |s--se-s 2-25) 55s eee Wianener =e) Storch ee Bee ey Pe ols gla hese eee ye 800 Wiashin e tone. Jie. eee Bae ke 11,220 114) s)5 ae wAntsroR: COUNTY..25.42.52 8825222 pee ee ee te eee [Peni eee 7,798 INVERN as Sie SE See eR a Sees a tee a LE ee See Ree eee eee ee 425 Bear Waker: os Oe ee aie ot Ailes Sar cate ee eei ss Se renin orate 2,188 STOW Tre resis et ies ee ee eee oe Ss eens (ema acer ate 1,405 Glens ass eee ee: er oe oe ee On ae eee 780 I ATISCCC ne Pies © ye ee Le SS oO ee ee Re eae e 180 WEG REE eae ee eee ek eh Wee ela tadoeess 1,245 MNEKANI Aer ere te ee OO Sak ee eet oe koa 430 elensanton se asec ee ee eRe ede ee ere ee eos 1,205 PRROUNTTE COUNTY ost 2 ean ee 5 Soe needs Co eRe Aalst accents 700 3 LE eels ae Se = © 8 see 2 2 | ae et ae ee ee 700 MACONS COUNTY Se)h 2205. 52.2 ies ee G30 za Resco sess 1,645 PATTI DCs 2 So 3 Se a See oo Cen cele dosc see esos 385 ECS rl eemeenetee Be d ge ng eee sts ake es eae 450 Pere Marquettes-2-. 4.08. 2222228 250 ase ss ease 500 TRINHGIOIO Sa SS eo SI eee I ant ue | ot SE es | nae eer a 110 BUMIMI GS sees oe Ae ee SCORE a aaesaseo as 150 472 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Wine. (Gallons.) Value of Pro- ducts of Mar- ket Gardens. CouUNTIES, TOWNSHIPS, CITIES Value of Orchard AND WARDS. Products. MrpiANDMCOUNDYL 2 <2 532 Reus $400 OUR ET se i pean nena 3 21 10 Mmeragll oop) ee Ore oo 165 ligt 07s) ee eee, ees EL ae 2 ee eee 25 LUCOVE oie le Sas SES aed ee ed ee 200 MONROE MC OUND es 55. 2 ee le 110,021 ANG GY Doses OEE 5 Fe SN 2 ee 4,648 TB-{exalitay 0), A Re a Ae ae ana ae Sie Pe ee 14,580 PES mea pete i eat a NS SE 2 225 TIMER Es eimai. Gees Soy 15,121 LBYOK2) 2c eee aes eae em TO 6,762 PBR me ape ns ata eg i el 2,801 ENC tO Wil eis 5c a I 5,075 FN sae ar cli ap 9 5 4 4,200 1b) Sine Ene nore aioe 2 oo A ee 8,335 ONC OTe ege 2 Sed.) eek cae 6,401 UIC 2 3 Se Ree mee ce, See red 8,385 IVECO TINO ee ah hg tary pe Ne 5,543 Mionroel City es4). aay ea ORE 1,895 BLS. AVVISTE eg years Sieg ga Mth Wapping 2 wile 230 CURT OE see Pee ea ee ee Le 70 SCPAVVATC te. Cs eS A he ae 1,595 TRG haha t heel eeeky aeee ae OS Fee oo ee gD 9,835 Summenrheldes Ref su2. ci A Oe 7,220 NViDIbC LONG ih el <2 ees 8,495 MONTCALM COUNTY ...552).283 22h 25 2. 15,079 JEN OVOy TINS) ok ae 2 ee Pee cae <7 ee 1,851 BUST el ps Pe 0 lo EE Oe 3,002 (CNG) oe ae Oa Ae ee mailer 2 a 134 CTS 5 0) Nees epee eg Se 246 1D 5 ae ee ee eee tes) eer Pere aes pene See 2 IDLO S) Tk See peers Te FTES J I ys, aan eee 6,648 IDET 0) 2) 1 ee ee I< Ro 1,712 Maple Valleys) 2 sa ecru ee 24 Wonpcalmiy eebae oe it a ieee 2 oe 1,055 I TENSOR tee Oa eee eye Rae ote a 302 7 BA SAO. (0 US ae NR pean Tey OE eee PP 30 SUG AVS A, GaN oe eek bea rind red SNe har ae! | 45 RV TATE Leth See rE aly WS Oe Ag ee pa 35 MISKEGONT COUNTY ol yt 2.2) ee ee 9,348 BS Me mone swan ger fee ele eee 10 (CE EGO EAR by C0 A arate eae OS 3,459 Wedari@reeksrey rs fy yas ee ts bere 117 TEE Ws) 1 Vase ccc ee eee ened eee een, mR UNO GIE Tt Oy os A ee ee ee Le ee 3 LJ 0 Re ese 274 OMI ANGS 0! Fh. Pacha hat hes ay ss oo 155 | CERLSEL Gh a eh ie et ae erate oe 0 2s ee 240 GOV CL Ra ae Lehi ee ie SE eee aR nee a 125 Minorlan ds sae ye et ls Cee te 582 Mluskerom as Psy ye ep ces ge ae 80 Muskegon City PO Wiard= Sir eh a eee ee te 600 INORCOMSs heey kre eee eet aes 726 Oceana 520 STATISTICS OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS. 4%3 CouNTIES, TOWNSHIPS, CITIEs Value of Orchard AND WARDs, Products. MuskEGON County (Continwed). IRBVENN Seema = a7 ace ene wnolene ascin = $1,797 NWWanteprUVers . Sue Lt See a ek 663 iwemmawao COUNTY 22). 2. 2. 2pe.s.5.. 24 6,961 NST ACN ES Te SS EE Se eee 1,730 1 ECO 0 Se ag ae ce co eee 40 LATA Ee SS 730 rid MetON =e sees eco ss eas he 450 IRTOOK Se. a2 Soe hea eon gee MCS 85 RUTOLOM a ees a ae eee pe ce 910 121 1 eR gm SR SO SE es 2 IP ro 1,396 1D Citi eS Re ee ee 385 TBO) IS) ee eras Ae el fel eee 800 LSS ARE ae ie 2 ee ee 125 LSJ OVC TKS Uo eet Ma Se A Pd 145 SCEDIANG 232055 Oi ct ds em oe ae 165 LO REMAND! COUNTY =- 92 -ue eee eee o S 205,804 PAM CISOMia a= em Se oie Mee a 712 INSOLE A a ee 4,805 IBIGOIMEL Se ca ee 5 ai oe Se 17,279 ST OMe oo el eee a ee i 405 AVOIMNIMEN Ck os a kee one = als yan ee er ae 12,739 AEMMN SONY 2. so = Ae oS oe oe 16,880 CEORONGLO V0 Hi aa ae: ee 17,022 PEMA Cc, ee i ae i 15,926 “STU SRN es | ae eae kak’ (ae eee 4,070 Re BNGeNCG 8 = 22 2S. Soa Seer eV 4,360 "LEO SA SS CS a a ek Ye ee 14,140 PNT OT ees seks ae LS 3 12,335 ONT RE Re a a Cae OAS 18 652 CLETUS FES a ae Ea 3,785 ORION aes Mee oes ie ae ed et Beast 560 OU CBN 0 me ee SU i 845 ROMIRGING ose VR scare 2) Soe oo 8,240 PE OMUMIAC Ole seen eae yn oe oka 3,770 ROSC Meera he ok ects he ants Be ore aoe 3,195 OVA Og sat. eee eS eo ee le 2,895 PAOUURTLEM ics 2 Se ore Se eae tak Oe 1,990 Punimcheldts 265 ce, ae oa. ee eye 3,291 PROV Aeis ooe ee ae 4 296 DMLeTIONG: 143. oe et 7,850 Wiese Dbloonmreld. (2 2.2 ee ue | od 22,650 Romite Liaise ae oS aa Ee es 3,112 MGRANA. COUNTY, «oon 2528 Jee eae a one 1,170 1 CE TS 5 ae a a RR 100 rere 2 eet See iadene pod Me 150 JEDIT eae es, ee ki ee 590 SEL) Ce ae a mre C2 AAT Se NR 150 A.A CED HB SO (a a i IIS 180 l\ONTONAGON (COUNTY... 22-5242. 25.02) 715 Smienaponeese ee in Ae ie a eee 715 ROGKARIA sor See Suc a) haya evan Do) ee ee 60 Wine. (Gallons.) Value of Pro- ducts of Mar- ket Gardens. Ss Be a a 474 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Counties, TOWNSHIPS, CITIES Valueof Orchard} Wine. vole ors AND WARDS. Products. (Gallons.) | ;et Gardens. OSCKOIA, COUNTY «2.202 ee sects coe See SIO Weceos nt 2222S o Richmond 2b soo. see ek eee eee oe LD SEN ts | Se eee Dera waA COUNTY -.2-e tor eM Sol 48 360 552 $6,390 Maleniales oer teen eee ee STN FAP es Rov fc, eee egene mas es 1,585 BlendOnss 222s ween a. oe Sees 166 tAleoe ee Pee Ee eee Ghestersstee bis seco ceo steeeuee te D284 d[ te ce as bile os Se Oreckeiyiesseecet een. 2 ses ooo - ASSO 5 Hale ae 60 BILE) 0 en DSTO ee eee Crandghaven*aeee -. 222k eee ecco ee 755 150 + Nias See RaNe ee 2 Eiolantdisses se A Seow ee eeu HidS bop ee eee a MATMESTOW Net one <2 Gao eee eke 890.5 Hee ee 50 “CUS o e p, e 580 9: vise ROK ON see eecnks Siew ee. See. wo Soe De Ae %5 NROMINSON es acee ee See EE oe ee at oie (3 tee ep eae ere lee el Spmnp awakes 2.82.25 .- le eee 19.8 lle Wap ae eee 1,306 PANNA Pes: Gere eee ten Se noe 8371 eee See ET DA Se Ek Ra a T2080 i Giseran nes a8 3,314 SAR ee See epee poemeees Reese eran os 3,443 400 | 2225 25s5ugeee SAGINAWMCOUNDY Ais spo nae 140 ichlandwssi 265 sso seees NEES 2 1209 2] ete | eee POPIRAWA Loe h ERE 26Ge tio Meee a 1,129 90 1,608 SaginawaGity ssceehe tee es Pees OD: ani ae eens 292 SpaWIdINe. lust slice keeseoeeee ese. 2 BOO Hh Ae 95 Ue aT) CS tery sae es eee aoe 100 = Acces 5 ets eee Miaminouins ses ees tees ie eet DOS EIUE 2 28S en alee ee ee ee ae 270 ‘(Rromastownlese: iste eee Sees eae QO a Sod ee eee MMttAUAWASSCOo- fe cc ose eo eee eee oe 255 Os esses eee DANTMACZOOUNDY 2.5 2252 2c. sess eee Se 62340 65) eels 2,339 PAM LCS = 2 BAN weit nt srt MURR es 2 oiiate Shen ea einem apes | LENS aero edits Paaiebiniis ae sheen oe et en BRA oe Dee RE ae oe ee 36 MO PCRAMPLONS . a2 3 Js eae ee oc tke Rates SRd Vem A eA e eenea ne 100 Mclawares ee milo se Lek ME oe OO woth sues pre eoalis 458 Horestersseee ees soos QOD tr] ieee hen eee ar 1,110 PERRET OT tee ree eat A. (A cet NO 2 250s erates Se eee ECR eaiaeee ome 2 SAME oe US Dal Set eee een eae 165 MIPSIOUIONS. Soo oe ects eke pc eS Poe SA ie =| Gites Se ae 25 IETS KERNS Se es eee ces ae ue UO etl s 2b reen es 4 Fa Ren See ee eee TAIT SOEs Se ce ed eee eee I eae eet as 295 Mindemesii bso r ose Ao AE fil | aia gel 100 San aes 2s Set wees eh oe ee ai AOL baie bs eRe ee ook eee DDCAK ers kG EI ed ee TOO) oso eee Sot eee Myashington 2). oevi ye ak Se BOW areas sera cons ee eee AVWiatentowin eats. 2 ol eee = ak ees SO. ee eee te a UW COOPER cere MM oe BO50 er reece tao L os eee SHIAWASSEE COUNTY....-.-------.------ 64,104 68 14 PANT UPAT TR es eee 29 ese A ee as = es BAO ee eo ae a ee er STATISTICS OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS. CouUNTIES, TOWNSHIPS, CITIES AND WARDS. SHIAWASSEE County (Continued), BennINGLONe eases Ho Sa oa AE eso IBV OAD) AE Se eae = alee es RE CELE OT ee i ee Raginmia Cuyc-2 22-222 -seee ee 1 DED EYE Cs ea Bie ie ase ope pee a Hazleton Wiradileburyee ==. 22-22 s255 5-2 eee iNew Havens. -- 2222-2 - fs

ay £4 : . ee ly “4 , Lctiy te , 4 - she « a Lp i P : im 4 My mI i ima ; b J ; j ‘ ; f “ } | * - I ‘ff f A j oa ou i j y4 i y " 4 ne? . oe 7 ‘ f as A i 1 \ J M ey) Ab : uJ @ FAN hh Rae Seu! : 5 dd Seen, Alp ag ye ples ui on ato : Ns, WPA LA man tae aoe oe 7 ee v? ey feos Pee Se ea eee - : a Bp NE feo st My oryees gen’ y oe nye 7 op Hiaips ° Grew ey & ys ae ms \ i 7 ous oe vee Rea | ae ¥ 1 ‘ db : é 7 , nee i 7 ore: b 7 wat 1 MeO PRC est hal iat hex : aay! Yalta & yp ¢ ib fa nok ry Pe A Rte oe ¢ EIN tex A. Adrian Meeting, : ae Lectures, Papers, and Essay i 8. Dyckman, Inaugural at Lansing, January 21, 1878, i. 8. Clubb, on the Cherry, ; W. J. Beal, on Advantages of an Arboretum, Jer. Brown, on Apples, ‘ On Garden and PWwild Flow ers, B. Hathaway, on the Codling Moth, H. W. Curtis, on Wind-breaks, A.J. Cook, on Insects Injurious to Strawberries, On Insects Injuric us to Plants and See President Phillips’ Second Annual, : J. E. Bidwell, concerning South Haven, Sanford Howard (late), on Fruit Culture at Grand Traverse, L. H. Bailey (a lad), on Birds, : A. T. Linderman, on Orchard Drainage, : S. Q. Lent, on Orchards and Vineyards of Michigan, (AAS ba Lyon, on Judge Ramsdell’s Fruit Farm, R. C. Kedzie, on Trée Protection, fe 5. Dyckman, at Battle Creck, . ©. Holmes, Early History of Horticulture in Michiga 7. T. Lyon, on Orchard Protection, : : A. Bryant, on Ash and Larch, E. Y. Teas, on European Larch, CON. Riley, on Hntomology, Wim. Le Baron, on the Bird Question, : T. J. Burrill, on Aggressive Parasitism of Fungi, Addresses at Adrian, A. S. Dyckman, on the Peaches of the Michigan Peach Belt, i. J. Thomas, on Horticulture for the People, . J. Beal, on the Apple Tree, : : i Sigler, on Grape Culture, J. W. Helme, on Honey Locust as a Hedge Plant, E. H. Beebe, on the ones Locust, Ants,—W hite, Apples— Essay by Jeremiah Brown, The Eleven Summer Apples by: j. PB: _ Thompson, The Primate, The Baldwin, The Wagener, é Trees Dying, Causes of. The Rubicon, or Paw Paw, Hardy, . Most Bootitabic Varieties, Trees, Apple-worm Trap, 4 Arboretum,—Paper by Prof. W. J. Beal, Ash and Larch, : : 020 INDEX. B. Bailey, Master L. H. aa on Birds, Banner County, Bark Lice, . Battle Creek, Chilson Bro.’s Nursery, Beal, Prof. W. J., on Arboretum, On the Apple- -tree Beebe, E. H., on the Honey Locust, : Bidwell, de E. , Address concerning South Hav en, Birds and Insects, ‘ Birds, Master L. H. Bailey’ s Essay, Bird, the ‘‘ Bird Question,’”’ Birds, Useful, . Blackberries, Winter Protection of, Most Profitable, E Blight, in the Pear, Borer,— Apple Peach, . Brown, Jer, on Apples : Brown, Jer., on Garden and W ‘ild Flowers, Bryant, Arthur, on Ash and Larch, Burrill, on Ageressive Parasitism of Fungi, C. Chamberlain, J. E., Letter on Peach Yellows, Cherries, : 2 i : Most ier ofitable, Circle of Fruits, Clubb, H. 8., Letter in ‘Answer to Pe ach Circular, Address. on the Cherry, : Codling Moth, remedies for, Hathaway, on, Protection Against, Trap, Collection of Fruit, What Constitutes a, Collins, L., Letter on Peach Yellows, Cook, Prof. A. J. Essay on Insects Injurious to Str awberries, Paper on Noxious Insects, Counties, Products of Several, The ‘“‘ Banner” County, Creation, Works of, Cultivation, Deep and Shallow, Time of Ceasing in Orchards, Currants, Mcst Profitable, Curtis, H. W. , Address on Wind- breaks, iDE Day, John E., Letter on Fruit Crop in Macomb facie 4 Deciduous Trees, New and Rare, Decline of Varieties, Dietrich, C. J., Letter in Answer to Peach Circular, Dignity of Intelligent Labor, Diseases— Ow the Peach Tree, Of the Pear Tree, Downing, A. J., on Yellows in Peaches, Downing, Chas., Letter on Peach Yellows, Drainage, Orchard, : : ‘ Dried Fruit, : : a Dwarf Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, ete, Dyckman, A. 8.— Address at Lansing, January 21, 1873, Letter on Peach Yellows, A 5 Address at Battle Creek, December 2, 1873, Address at Adrian on the Peaches of the Michigan Peach ‘Belt, INDEX. EK. Engle, C., Letter in Answer to Peach Circular, Eriol, Necessity of a State, 2 . Entomology, by Prof. Riley, F : Essays, see Addresses, etc, Evergreens, Pruning of, New and Rare, Best, Ornamental, : Excursion to the College, E. Fahnestock, A., Letter on the Primate Ape Fairs, Policy of Union, : Fertilizers, Fewer Varieties and Larger Orchards, Figs, . : : Flies, Green and Black, Flowers at State Fair, Frost-killed Trees, How to restore, Fruit, New Varieties of, : Nomenclature of, Dried, What ‘Constitutes a Collection of, Preserving, : Fruit Growing at South Haven, Fruit Culture : at Grand Traverse, Fruit Buds, : Fungi, Parasitism of, : Fungus Not the Cause of Disease, (See also Yellows in Peaches, pp. 11-43. ) G. Garden and Wild Flowers, Grading of Orchards and V ‘ineyards, Graftine— In top, Grand Rapids, Grand Rapids Eagle’ s Account of J. M. Dean’s Peach Orchard and ‘Grapery, Grand Traverse, Fruit Culture at, Grand Traverse Fruit Farm, Grand Traverse Union Agricultural Society, Grapes— Paper by T. T. Lyon, Grapery in Kent County, Sundry Crops in 1872, For Wine, 3 Best and Har diest, Pruning, Winter Protection of, Most Profitable, Culture, Grass for Orchards, ‘Gum, Should it be Removed from Trees 2 ? H. Hanford & Co., Letter in Answer to Peach Circular, Hathaway, B. | Essay on Codling Moth, Hedge Plant, "Best Deciduous, ; Best Evergreens for, The Honey Locust, 3 Helme, J. W., on Honey Locust as a Hedge Plant, Henrietta Vineyard, near Monroe, : : History (Early) of Horticulture in Michigan, Holmes, J. C., Early History of Horticulture in Michigan, Honey Locust as a Hedge Plant, D1 Page. 28 129-32 443-8 411-12 424 412 415-26 241 78-9 223-4 307-9 313 252 497-9 225-8 "264, 506 51, 114-16 114-16 247-8 253 377-9 eae 23-6 ee 272 457-60 84 107-13 207-8 84-6 211-12 219-20 123-6 216-18 315-18 60-70 219 245 262 509-10 379-80 404 408 509-12 374-5 357 28 80-3 412 412 513-15 513 221-2 337-48 337-48 515-15 522 INDEX. Horticulture for the People, : In Michigan, Early History of, Pleasures of, Hospitality of the Horticulturalist, Howard, Sanford (late), Paper Concerning Fruit Culture at Gr and Traverse, Husted, J; D., Letter in Answer to Peach ‘Circular, I. Insects Injurious to Strawberries, Insects, Various, And Birds, Difficult to Conquer, Injurious, Prof. Cook’s Paper, K, Kalamazoo County, History of Fruit Culture in, ; Col. Wheadon’s Vineyard and Bragg & Co.’s Nursery, Kedzie, Dr. R. C., Address on Tree Protection, Kent Scientific Institute, Letter from, i Labor. dignity of intelligent, Lake Shore Agr icultural and Pomologi ical Society, Report of, Larch and Ash, Larch, European, Lay, E. D., Letter From on Peach Yellow SL Leaf- roller, Strawberry, F ; F Le Baron, on the Bird Question, Lectures, ‘see Addresses, etc, Lent, 8. Q Papers on Orchards and Vineyards of Michigan, Letters— E. D. Lay, on Peach Yellows, A.S. Dyckman, on Peach Yellows, A. R. Nowlen, on Peach Yellows, L. Collins, on Peach Yellows, J. HE. Chamberlain, on Peach Yellows, T. T. Lyon, on same, ©. Engle, in Answer to Circular to Peach- erowers, GSE Linderman, in Answer to Circular to “Peach- growers, Hanford & Co. in Answer to Circular to Peach-growers, HH, S. Clubb, in Answer to Circular to Peach- -growers, Crd. Dietrich, in Answer to Circular to Peach-growers, 10), Wave Waters, in Answer to Circular to Peach-growers, S. B. Peck, in Answer to Circular to Peach-growers, AO Husted, in Answer to Circular to Peach-growers, 8. L. Morris, in Answer to Circular to Peach-growers, Chas. Downing, on Yellows in Peaches, : A. Fabnestock, on the Primate Apple, LL. H. Trask, on the Primate Apple, James Vick, on Certain Flowers, John E. Day, on Fruit Crop in Macomb ‘County, Myron H. Norton, on the Baldwin and Wagener Apples, Judge Ramsdell, : : : Kent Scientific Institute, Lice, Plant, Bark or Scale, Linderman, A. T., ’ on Orchard I Drainage, A : : Linderman, lec She Letter in Answer to Peach Circular, Locust as a Hedge Plant, : : ; Lowell, Lyon, 1 a ea Letter on Peach Yellows, Paper on Grapes, Description of Judge Ramsdell’s Fruit Farm, Paper on Fruit Protection, ; PAGE. 487-95 337-48 494-5 511-12 123-6 30 102-6, 286, 364-6 104-5 449-56 c =) ~t a) | | be o © WO WW vd | DOM | aD co BD ~2-2 CO WW [o'o} INDEX. 523 M. PAGE. Macomb County Fruit Crop, ; : ; : ; 3 é ; : 237-8 Meetings of State Pomological Society, : é - ; : : : : . 2338-3834 (See State a i Boece) Meteorology, ‘ : ; : ; ; : . 9888-91, 398-6 Michigan’s ‘Advantages, : : ; : : : : : : ; ; : 495 Mildew on Peach Trees, : ; : : : : ee. : : : 16 Monroe... : : : ° ‘ : 3 : ‘ . 218, 214 Nursery of Igenfritz &Co, . 5 : ‘ : : A : ‘ : 221 Nursery of Reynolds, Lewis & Comme j A ; : ; ; 5 5 221 Monroe County Vineyards, . ‘ 5 : ‘ : : 221-2 Morris, 8. L., Letter in Answer to Peach Circular, ; : . : : § 31 N. New York (Western) Horticultural Society, . ‘ : : : : : . 398-426, Nomenclature of Fruits, : : ; 114-16. Norton, Myron H., Letter on the Baldwin and Wagener vr Apples, : , : . 240-1 Novelties in Tree Ornamentation, , : ; , : 415-26 Nowlen, A. R., Letter on Peach ‘Yellows, : é : : 4 { ; 22) Nurseries, : ; : : ; 3 : Abpea 3-15, 339-41 Great Extent of, ; ! : ‘ : ; ; 5 : ; ; ; . 489-90 O. Ode to Pomona, ’ : 2 : 3 : : : . 291-2 Officers of State Pomological Society, : : : A 4 : : : . 284, 329 Of One Hundred, How Many? . : : j p ; : 2 : . 1389-42 Orchards— At Qld Mission, .. : : ; : : : : : : : . 229-31 Drainage, P ; ‘ : ? é : : é ; ‘ ‘ : 138-4 Grasses, ; , , ; ‘ ; : ‘ : 5 ; . 874-6 Products of Michigan, : ; ‘ : : : ; : j : 461-77 Products of Several Counties, ; : ; : : ‘ : ‘ 3 : 298 Protection, . 5 j ‘ ; ; : : ; , : A F 387-97 Seeding, E z ‘ ; : : é : . 874-5 Orchards and Viney ards of Michigan, ned ; : : : P 31-7, 207-15. P; Papers, see Addresses, etc, Parasitism of Fungi, . ; : : F : : : i : ‘ . 457-60 Peach— Diseases of, . : ; : 4 : : 3 : : . 11-48, 282 Yellows in, p ; : s , ; : : i Q ; 11-48, 258, 260-1 Mildew on, ; : ; : ; é ; A ; ; ! Ge a Circular to Growers, ‘ ‘ : : : ‘ : : ; : és Letter from EK. D. Lay, aN las , : ; : s : s ‘ 30 Varieties, . : : : Serre A ; ; , ; 51, 114-16 Orchard in Kent County , 5 0 : : ; : : 5 : : 219 Buds, . ; : , ; ‘ ‘ ; : E : . 241-2 Sundry Crops i in 1872, , 7 : : ; : : : 5 : ‘ 245 How Trees are Killed, ; ; ; ; 3 : : F : ; b 285 Festival at South Haven, ; f ; : , : : j ; : . 295-308 Snow’s Orange, 2 A) ike 4 : i A A A : : 821 Planting, . : t ‘ : é 2 : : ; ; 3 349-50, 373-4 Pits, : : : : , : ; ; ; : 5 349-50 Miscellaneous Matters, ; ; E : : : : f ; ; . 849-82 Dying Trees, . 5 : ‘ F ‘ ; : ; : ‘ ; 862-4 Protection for Winter, : ; ‘ : : : 3 : ; ; . 871-2 Tree Heading, : : ‘ : : : : : ; : , P 376-7 Most Profitable, 2 , 3 4 : ‘ : : 407-8, 410 Peaches of the Michigan Peach Belt, ‘ : : , é , : . 481-6 Pears, Hardy, . ; ; ; : 5 : ; : . 824-5 Trees, Culture, Diseases, ete, any Ue . : ; ; : : ; : 368-7 Most Profitable, ; : ; ; j : ; k 3 A : ‘ | 407 Gen Nh Miah ei yyeeihe ek he ke bua soy a? yr arr D24 INDEX. PAGE Peck, S. B., Letter in Answer to Peach var cular, : 5 : ; : : F 3 Peraralar Farmers’ Clabsy ; , ; ; : . : : 84-101 Election of Officers, . : : = : 4 ; : : : 87 Phillips’ (Pres. ) Second Annual Address, : : : 5 5 : : : 117-18 Planting Better Than Building, : : : : : 5 : ; : . 492-3 Every Man Can Plant, . ‘ p : 5 . : 5 : ; ; 493 Of Trees, ; : ; : 5 : : : : ‘ : ‘ . 414 Plant dice, . : ‘ , ; : ‘ : 497-9 Point aux Peaux Wine Company’ s Vineyard, 2 é F 4 P : , ; 222 Pomological Society, Meetings of State, : : . é . : : . 233-384 (See State Pomological Society.) Pomona, Ode to, 5 . : f : : : : ? : ; i . 291-2 Preserving Fruit, . F : : : : : : ; : : : 377-9, 488 Products of Michigan, ; , ; : : : : : ‘ ‘ . 461-77 Profitable Varieties of Fruits, ‘ : ; ; : F ; : é ; 406-11 Proportion of the Various Fruits, : ; : : : : : ; . 189-42, 266 Protection of Fruits, ; ‘ ‘ , , : ‘ ; i : . 9887-97, 392-7 Byarees..) |. - : : : ; : : ; ; : . 4 . 271, 290 Of Grape Wines: a : . : ; ; : ‘ : : 404 Of Blackberries and Raspberries, : ‘ - : : : : ; , 406 Pruning Trees When Transplanted, : : : ; : ; ; : : 411-12 R. Rainfall, : : : : 5 ; : : . 9388-91 Ramsdell, J udge a G., Letter from, ; : é . : E : : 3 322-3 His Fruit Farm, : - ‘ . : ; ‘ : : : . 216-18 Raspberries, Winter Protection of, ; : : : F : : ; ‘ 406 Most Profitable, . ; : : : : : : : ‘ : ‘ , A411 Red Spider, . ‘ ; é : : ‘ A : , : : i ‘ 503-4 Riley, Prof. C. V., on Entomology, . : : . P : ; : ‘ . 4438-8 Roadside Trees, ; : ; : . 3 : : 3 : - ; : 393 Rose Slug, : : : ; : : : : : t 3 ; ; 501 5. Scale Lice, . : : ; : : : : : : f : : . 499-500 Seedlings, . , < : 5 . : - : : : : : C 247 Seeding Orchards, : : P : : 5 ; : ‘ : 374-5 Shelter for Fruits, . , ‘ : : j : , j ; . 271, 290, 387-97 Shade, Cherry Tree for, : : : ; : : : : , 47 Shrubs, : : : : ‘ : : ; : ¢ . 415-26 Sigler, ‘Artimus, on Grape Culture, ; : : : é 5 : : é 509-12 Signal Service, . : : 4 : : : ; : : : . 259-61, 389 Slug, Rose, . ; : . - . : 5 : : : ; : ‘ 501 Strawberry, ees ; : : : 2 : : F i ; ; . 105-6 Societies— Lake Shore Agricultural and Pomological, . : : ; 5 : . 50-4 Peninsula Farmers’ Club, . ;: : : : : 4 ; f : 84-101 Soils, Treatment of Orchard, . . ; A : : : a 402-4 South Haven Pomological Society, Discussions of, : , : : . . 3849-82 ‘South Haven Fruit Growing, : : A : ; : ‘ p ; : 117-22 Spider, Red, : ¢ : : ; Me eas : : . 503-4 Spring Lake, Soule’s Orchards, ; : ; : : : : : : : 211 State ‘Entomologist, Necessity of Cee j , : : ‘ : : : . 129-82 State Fair, 1873, . : : F : : ; : ‘ . 152-206 State Pomological Society J Meetings— January, ‘ é : ; 4 : : , : 3 : . 235-54 February, ‘ : F d : s 2 : : : . : 255-68 May, . ; , : : 2 : : ; : : : : ; . 269-74 June ; F ; E : : : : 3 : 275-94 September (Peach Festival), : : : : , : . : : . 295-308 October, . é : 3 : : : : : : : 309-18 December, A : ; : : : : . 819-84 ‘State Pomological Society, Election of Officers, : ‘ : : : : : 829 Officers of, . i , 5 = : ; ; : , 234 ————— ee INDEX. 525 Pace Statistics of Orchard Products of Michigan, . . : F ; : : : 461-77 Sterling's (J. M.) Apple Orchard near Monroe, : ; ; ‘ : : : 222 Strawberries, Amateur Culture of, ‘: ‘ ; ; : : : ; 135-8 Insects Injurious tone : : . : : : : : - 102-6, 364-6 Ueaf-roller, . ‘ ; ‘ ; : : ‘ . ‘ : ; : 104-5 Slug, : : : : : - : ; : : : ; . 105-6 Most Profitable, , - ; : : s : I ; : : : 411 Miscellaneous, . 827 Strawberries, The ’Nine—Wilson’s Albany, Triomphe de Gand, Downer’s Prolific, Lennig’s White, Green Prolific, Agriculturist, Charles Downing, Michigan, and Kentucky, : : : : : : 5 : . . 427-37 i Teas, E. Y., on European Larch, . : : - ; : . : e : 444-2 Text-book on Agricultural Meteorology, : : : : ; ; : 394 Thomas, J. J., Address on Horticulture for the People, : : . : ¢ 487-95 Thompson, J. P., ‘‘ The Eleven Summer ed Ge hie, : ; : ; : . 73-7 Thrips, : - : 4 : ; : : 501 Time, Best for Planting Tr CEGh a. 5 5 5 : ; : 3 : ‘ : 414 Timber, Cherry, : : : : : : : t : : : : 5 48 Protection, 5 3 = a 5 4 : ; 3 ; : : A . 392-5 Top-grafting, . : : : : : : : 5 84-6 Trask, L. H., Letter on the Primate Apple, : 4 5 A : 5 ‘ : 79 Training of Trees, High and Low, : 5 A : : ‘ : . : 87-9 Transplanting, : 4 : 5 - : : : : ; é : , . 95-101 Trap for Apple- -worm, : : : : : : : ; 3 d : : 444-8 Treasurer’s Report, : : : : : : F : : ‘ : : . 145-51 Tree Protection, z : : 2 : ‘ : ; ‘ F : : . 271, 290 Planting, : : : , : : ¢ : 5 : : - ; . 8938-4 Heading, 5 ; : ; : . : : : C : : : > 376-7 Pruning, : ; é ; ; : F - : : . : . 411-12 U. Union Fairs, Policy of, ‘ ; ; : f ; : : ; : : . 228-4 We Varieties, New, of Fruit, : ¢ : : é : : : : : 51, 114-16 Vick, James, on Sundry Flowers, : : : . : ; é 5 : . 225-8 Vineyards of Michigan, . . : . : : ; ; : : . 1-7, 207-15 In Monroe Uounty, ; : : : : - ; 4 : : : . 221-2 W. Waters, D. R., Letter in Answer to Peach Circular, : : : : 2 ‘ 2 Western New York Horticultural Society, . 5 ; : 2 : : . 398-426 Riteaton’ on’s (Col.) Vineyard at Kalamazoo, aed oget Vids de og er A cies : 212 White Ants, 4 5 : 3 - : : ; : ‘ : : : 502-3 White Grub, 3 Se : : : : ; : : : F ; : 103 Wier’s Apple- worm Trap, ‘ : : : : : : ; : ; ; 444-8 Wild Flowers, : : : A : : - ; : : . : . 107-13 Winds, A c C A : ‘ ; : : : 3 394-5 Wind- breaks, Curtis’ ‘Address, | . : : ; : : : 5 F ‘ : 92-5 Wine, c : : : : 7 : : : . 184-6, 249-50, 262 Grapes, : : : : : é - : : : : 262 Winter Protection of Grape- -vines, : : ; ; : ‘ : : : ; 404-6 Wood for Paper Manufacture, F : 2 : ‘ : : : : : 414 - ¥ Yellows in the Peach, : . : ; : : : : : . . 11-48, 258, 260 ot oo oO Insects, ; Austrian Pine, Dablias, Phlox Drummondii, Gladiolus, Asters, ; White. leaved Linden, Purple-leaved Maple, Magnolia Soulangeana, Oak-leaved Mountain Ash, Cut-leaved Weeping Bir ch, Prunus Triloba, 5 American Arbor Waters Kilmarnock Weeping Willow, INDEX. 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