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FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

eg EN Eng EE Ne, ks

oF THE

STATE =POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

MICHIGAN.

L \ BRA rN

NEW Ye «
ROTA Ni

SAR SES é

i QUAF RIS Peni NSU AM —
MOENAM CIRCUMS P 10 Fagg

BY AUTHORITY.

LANSING:
W. 8S. GEORGE & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS.
1875.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

OP THE

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CascapDE, Kent Co., December 31, 1874.

To the Secretary of Stale:
S1r,—Section six of an act to provide for the incorporation of societies for

the promotion of pomology, horticulture, and the kindred sciences and arts, in
the State of Michigan, approved April 15, 1871, provides that “it shall be the
duty of the Secretary of said State society to make and transmit to the Secre-
tary of State a report of the transactions of said society, including copies of
papers read at its meetings, reports of exhibitions held, and of facts collected
by correspondence or otherwise, at the end of the month of December of each
year, said report to be printed in similar form and number of copies as the
reports and transactions of the State Board of Agriculture and State Agricult-
ural Society, under the direction of- the Secretary of State.”
In compliance with the above legal requisition, I respectfully submit for
publication the accompanying Report for i874, with supplementary papers.
J.P: THOMPSON:
Secretary of the Michigan Siate Pomological Society.

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CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

OF

THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A CONSTITUTION:

The constitution was adopted at the city of Grand Rapids, July 5, 1871.

At’a meeting of the society, held May 7, 1872, at Grand Rapids, two amend-
ments were adopted.

The first amendment struck out the article locating the office of the society
in the city of Grand Rapids, Kent county.

The second amendment provided for a Vice President in each county, so far
as may be deemed necessary or practical.

The following is a copy of the constitution as it stands, March 1, 1875:

* ARTICLE I.—OBJECT.

The object of the Society is to develop facts and promulgate information as
to the best varieties of fruit for cultivation in the State of Michigan, and the
best methods of cultivation.

{ ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS.

The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, a Vice President in
each county so far as may be deemed necessary or practical; a Secretary, and
as many local Secretaries as may be deemed necessary ; a treasurer, and an
Executive Committee of six members, exclusive of the President, Secretary,
and Treasurer, who shall be members ez officio. Of this committee four shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of said
committee: Provided, Hach member shall haye been notified in the usual
manner of such meeting. All the above officers to be elected annually by bal-

*NotTE To ARTICLE I.—It will be noticed that Article I. of the Constitution defines the object of the
Society to be ‘‘ to develop facts and promulgate information as to the best varieties of fruit for cultivation
in the State of Michigan, and the best methods of cultivation.”” This means Pomology, which is the art or
science of fruits, or of raising fruits. Various attempts have been made to extend or widen the name of the
Society, meaning thereby to extend its object and aim.

By general consest it has come to be understood that the Society also embraces :

1st, Horticulture, or the art of cultivating gardens.

2d, Floriculture, or the art of cultivating flowering plants.

8d, Arboriculture, or the art of cultivating trees and shrubs, especially for ornamental purposes, as well as
for timber, All these kindred arts and sciences are embraced in the annual premium list of the Society, and
receive attention at all the meetings, £0 that instead of calling the Society ‘‘The Michigan State Pomolog-
ical, Horticultural, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Society,” it is simply called, for the sake of brevity and
convenience, ‘‘ The Michigan State Pomological Society.”

+ Nore To ARTICLE II[.—It has happened that the Society has elected for Vice Presidents gentlemen who
were not members of the Society. By general consent such elections are held to be aull and void, and that
it is not competent to elect a non-member to an office of the Society.

6 ! STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Jot, except the Executive Committee, whose terms of office shall be so arranged
that two vacancies shall occur annually.

ARTICLE IlI.—ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting for the election of officers shall be on the first Tuesday
in December in each year; the officers elecied at such meeting to commence
service on the first of January following.

ARTICLE IV.—EXPIRATION OF TERM OF OFFICE.

The officers shall remain and perform their respective duties until their suc-
cessors are elected and have accepted, but the regular term of office shall
expire on the 31st of December in each year.

ARTICLE V.—TIME OF HOLDING MEETINGS.

The Society may hold a meeting on the first Tuesday of each month, at such

place as the Executive Committee shull designate.
ARTICLE VI.—MEMBERSHIP FEE.

Every person who subscribes, or who may subscribe to these articles, and pay
to the Treasurer the sum of one dollar per annum in advance, shali be entilled
to membership, unless otherwise voted at a regular meeting of the Society.

ARTICLE VII.—DISBURSEMENTS.

No money shall be disbursed except on an order signed by the President and

countersigned by the Secretary by direction of the Executive Committee.
ARTICLE VIII —AMENDMENTS.

These articles may be amended at any regular meeting of the Society, by a
majority vote of such meeting, provided one month’s notice shall have been
given of such amendment.

ARTICLE IX.—AMOUNT OF PROPERTY.
The Society may hold personal and real estate to the amount of twenty
thousand dollars.
ARTICLE X.—BY-LAWS.
By-Laws may be passed at any regular meeting, but a month’s notice may
be required.
ARTICLE XI.—TREASURER’S BONDS.

The Executive Committee shall require of the Treasurer such security as
they may deem necessary for the safe keeping and proper disbursement of the
funds of the Socicty in his hands.

BY - LAWS.
SECTION I —THE PRESIDENT.

1. The President shall be the executive officer of the Society and of the
Executive Board.

2. He shall see that the rules and regulations of the Executive Board are
duly observed and enforced, and in the absence of established rules touching

BY-LAWS. 7

particnlar cases and when beyond the reach of the Executive Board, he shall
have power to institute rules, by and with the consent of the Secretary, pro-
vided such rules be not in conflict with any established by the Board, sub-
ject, however, to the action of the Executive Board at its subsequent meeting.

3. In conjunction with the Secretary, the President shall prepare regularly
an order of business for the meetings of the Society.

4. The President shall have the best interests of the Society at heart, and
shall lead in forwarding any enterprise that shail add to the use or popularity
of the Association, but shall not have power to act npon any important matter
connected with the Society without first consulting the Executive Board.

SECTION IJ.—VICE PRESIDENTS.

Any one of the Vice Presidents shall, in the absence of the President, at
any meeting, preside and perform the duties of said office.

SECTION III.—SECRETARY.

1. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, financial, auditing,
and accounting officer of this Society.

2. He shall attend all meetings of this Society and Executive Board, and
shall keep an accurate and faithful record of the proceedings. He shall sign
all certificates of membership, all awarded diplomas, and have charge of the
Society’s books and papers, and any other property given into his care by the
Society, and shall be responsible for the same.

3. He shall also be custodian of the seal of the Society, and affix the same
to all important documents.

4. He shall seek by every praiseworthy means to have the meetings of the
Society announced in a public manner throughout the State, and shall use
every endeavor to have the important proceedings of the Society, as well as the
prominent papers, read before the meetings, published, and thus placed in the
hands of all the interested inhabitants of the State.

5. It shall be his duty each year to prepare for publication the annual re-
port, the same to contain an exact proceedings of the Society, and such other
matter as shall be deemed proper by the Secretary, in conjunction with an
advisory committee from the Executive Board.

SECTION IV.—TREASURER.

With the Treasurer shall be deposited all of the funds of the Society, and it
shall be his duty to keep an accurate account of the income and disbursements
of the Society, and shall be prepared to report the condition of the Society’s
finances, when called upon to do so by the Society or Executive Board.

SECTION V.—EXECUTIVE BOARD.

1. The Executive Board shall be the judicial body of the Society, and shall
enact all laws, rules, and regulations for the government of the association,
shall have full charge of the annual exposition, and shall fix the salaries of the
officers.

2. The Board shall have power to displace any officer for neglected duty or
abuse of position, and shall fill all vacancies by appointment. This Board
shall have four regular meetings during the year, the times and piaces for the
same to be settled by themselves. Ocher meetings may be called by the Presi-
dent, or a majority of the members of the Board.

8 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

3. This body shall consider it their duty to look after the general welfare of
the Society ; devise new methods of improvement; keep the Society upon a
sound financial basis, and provide for every necessity as it shall arise.

4, All measures of importance shall be submitted to this Board, but may be
referred back to the Society for final decision.

5. The Executive Board shall make out a report through the Secretary for
each meeting of the Society following the regular or special meetings of the
Board.

6. The election of the Executive Board shall be arranged as follows: Two
members shall be elected for one year, two members for two years, and two
members for three years, at the next annual election ; after which two mem-
bers shall be elected annually, the term of office being three years.

SECTION VI.—MEETINGS.

The Society shall have four regular meetings in the year, to be denominated
quarterly sessions, the times and places to be decided upon by the Executive
Board, they being guided by invitations sent in from different portions of the
State.

SECTION VIL—AMENDMENTS, ADDITIONS, BTC.

Any addition or revision of these laws may be made by a two-thirds vote of
the members present at any regular meeting of the Society, one month’s notice
haying been given.

SECTION VIII.

This Society, in its regular or special meetings, shall be governed by ordi-

nary parliamentary usages.

WEE PAST, PRESENT, AND KOULURE: OF
MICHIGAN POMOLOGY.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE PARMELEE, PRESIDENT OF THE
MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GENTLEMEN :—There are hidden springs impelling the action of societies as
well as of individuals.

The inspiration which dictated to the lamented A. J. Downing the first lines
of his preface to “ Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,” is one of the elements
which sustains the life of this Pomological Society. He thought he could “be
pardoned for talking about fruit trees,” because his hours spent in orchards
and gardens took an additional charm from the presence of the noble Hudson,
though it is begirt with barren mountains, giving to the voyager upon it the
impression of “patches” to the little tillable spots which are the sites of its
beautiful towns and scattering farms.

Here and there a little fruit amid barren mountain wastes had its effect upon
him. The love of it, more than a money consideration, led him to initiate the
great work which his brother has so well completed.

Is it strange, then, that Michigan, with near or quite a thousand miles of
water front on its lower peninsula, with nearly continuous arable lands, form-
ing almost a continent suitable for fruit production,—is it strange, I say, that
this great State should contain a body of men who will undertake the work
this Society is doing without a money compensation,—for the love of it?

All great unpaid labors have their compensation. Ours is in the practical
knowledge which we borrow from each other, and the satisfaction of seeing
the interests of Pomology advance as do all the great industries of the day.

I propose now to hold a check on the natural tendencies of the occasion to
talk of the beautiful and the lovely in our theme, and to confine myself to the
business side of the subject.

It is well to look over the field and see where our work lies; to see the
needs of the present, and to appreciate our difficulties and our helps.

If nearly every acre of this great peninsula is suited to the production of
some one or more of the valuable fruits of the temperate zone, we haye a grand
field to contemplate in taking our survey.

We cannot take time to particularize in the consideration of our long list of
Michigan fruits and our thousand townships in which the business we try to

10 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

foster may become more or less practical; but there are general principles of
great importance to which I invite your attention.

CLIMATE INFLUENCES PRODUCTION.

All wide differences of climate resalt in an equally wide difference of pro-
cuctions.

The valleys of the Amazon and of the Mississippi differ widely in climate,
and the productions of the one are entirely strange to the other. To the den-
izens of the first, the trees, the shrubs, the flowers of the Jatter are new.

From the Hudson to the St. Johns of Florida the change is complete.
Measuring these differences by the vegetable growths, we may say that every
tree, shrub, and flower bas its climatic home. With some the breadth of that
home is great, but with every product there is a place of highest perfection.
Every fruit and vegetable, as well as every tree, has its true home, and from
this point all shade off with more and more imperfections as we approach the
limits of their existence. Thus, the apple is not to be found growing with the
orange, nor the orange with the apple. ‘The palm cannot flourish with the
birch, nor the birch with the palm. The potato and the plantam will not
thrive together. Some trees and fruits bear a wider range of climate than
others, but all are at home somewhere, und all are alien to some clime.

THE POWER OF CLIMATE.

It is, mainly, the power of climate and not of soil that holds each produc-
tion to its own region. We cannot ship a vessel-load of orchard soil from the
banks of the Hudson to Cuba and raise the Swaur apple or the Esopus Spitz-
enberg. We must be content to leave each production to its proper place.
And we will do well to remember that all great staples. in their home, are
king. We know that cotton is king in the South. wheat is king in Minnegota,
sugar in Cuba, oranges in Sicily. grapes in Portugal, and teain China. People
in all countries learn to mike, by the aid of commerce, their own staple prod-
ucts their main sources of wealth. So, as the agriculture varies, the sources
of wealth differ; there are regions for sugur, fur cotton, for coffee, for rice, for
wheat, corn, tob.ceco, potatoes > for apples. pears, plums, and grapes: for
oranges, figs, and bananas; and in the natural home of each staple product it
builds up the wealth of the country ; and in regions where such products gain
& prominence, there you find the most intelligence bearing upon their culti-
vation und marketing. It you wished to learn the art of cane-growing and
sugar- making, you would go to Cuba or Louisiana; you would study orange
culture in Sicily or Florida, rice-culture in the Caroliuas or China. To post
yourself on the production of coffee you would visit the countries which pro-
duce it successfully. So of the various spices, tropical fruits, and the fruits of
temperate climes.

MINOR MODIFICATIONS OF CLIMATE.

Wherever the important products of the world bave a climatic home, there
they naturally and properly become specialties.

I have referred to che greater variations of climate and production.

There are lesser differences which sometimes have a great bearing on the
value of productions: and some modifications by soil are. also, important. As
the results of some of these minor modifications of climate we have the Sea.

“Island cotton, the superior coffte of Arabia, and the better and higher-priced
hops of England and California.

PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF MICHIGAN POMOLOGY. 1k

The exceedingly valuable wines of some vineyards of Europe afford a good
illustration of the enhanced value of a product when a slight modification of
climate is seconded by favorable condition of soil. Among the soils of the
most celebrated vineyards in various parts of Europe there is no identity of
mineral composition; but, in that respect, a striking dissimilarity ; their iden-
tity is in their uniform poverty. Their climatic advantage is due to airiness
of their elevated situations. While these poverty-stricken hills grow a wine
worth ten dollars per gallon, the rich valleys in sight grow a wine which sells.
for ten to twenty cents the gallon.

These are only a few ot the products of which minor climatic differences.
greatly affect the value. Small variations of winter extremes determine the
success or failure of many tree fruits; and, on the other hand, excessive sum-
mer heats stand in the way of the production of some fruits in regions where
the character of the winters is not adverse. In none of the great continents
are the central parts productive of the valuable fruits. The fruit regions of
the world have their climates favorably modified by the influence of bodies of
water. The exceptions to this rule are quite insignificant, and are generally
owing to altitude.

SPECIALTIES.

Is there any reasonable objection to specialties in countries where favorable
peculiarities fit them for the most profitable production? Is there any reason-
able objection to the State of Michigan making the most out of what nature
has dove for her? If there is, it will be hard jor her farmers to see it while
the money profit stands prominently before their eyes. ‘There is no such ob-
jection. With our unequaled water influences, with our location in the midst
of the populeus and wealthy Northern States, and with profitable markets.
open to us on all sides, we shall drift m re and more into fruit production.

OUR FRUIT INTEREST

has already advanced to considerable proportions. Starting from the old Dous-
man apple orchard on Mackinaw Island, and the old French apple and pear
trees on Detroit river, all seedlings, we have gone to net results of many
millions. Within the memory of some of us here our present great interest
has grown from nothing. We have passed the day of wild speculation in fruit
lands, the “ Belt” proving to be too wide a matter for monopoly, as. from cen-
ter to circumference, various valuable fruits can be grown profitably. Our
constantly increasing and cheapening transportation facilities are opening to
us a great number of good markets.

Our best keeping apples can go to Europe in good condition, and to Lounisi-
anaor Texas, while the nearer Kastern and Western markets are ever ready to
take the bulk of the crop.

Our peaches. pears, sweet cherries, and grapes do not have to go far for good
markets, and the increasing demand will admit of a very great increase of pro-
duction.

OUR ENEMIES.

We have gone far enough in fruit prodaction to find an insect war upon our
hands. ‘This must be fought out. Fruit men and farmers generally are com-
ing to the conclusion that injurious insects have had things to» much their
own way. To fight our enemies we must know themthorougbly. Here is our
weak point. Hvyery cultivator who has paid much attention to this great draw-

12 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

back finds it difficult to give the time necessary to post himself thoroughly,
and he does not find the full knowledge, in books, which he desires. He feels
that there should be, somewhere, a work initiated that shall improve our
knowledge and facilitate our work of keeping down these enemies. Can such
a work be done so effectually, so speedily, so cheaply, as by strengthening the
entomological branch of the Agricultural College so as to allow the professor
to give the main part of his time to investigations relating to economic entom-
ology? Ina matter of such vast importance if would seem that the State
should undertake to do what individuals haye, so far, mainly neglected.
Every interest of the farm, orchard, and garden cries out for something to be
done in this direction.

, OUR FAILURES, AND WHAT IS WANTED.

We have made some progress in fruit production, but there is need of much
more, not alone in acreage, but in methods, in quality, and in varieties.

Good orchards in the State are paying more clear profit than any other
branch of husbandry; but we have multitudes of trees and many orchards
that are of no special value, and such are being planted every day.

One man said, “I would give five thousand dollars to-day if I couid change
my varieties.’ Another man says, “My orchard would be worth twenty
thousand dollars more if it was of the best varieties.’ In another man’s
orchard one-fifth pays more than the other four-fifths.

Besides worthless varieties there are great numbers of trees that are nearly
worthless by foolish pruning, rendering them incapable of carrying a heavy
crop without splitting down.

Quite commonly good orchards are found in which most of the fruit is
worthless from insect depredators.

These evils can be remedied.

Our Society does not expect to work miracles. We expect to labor patiently,
and slowly and surely to benefit the Pomology of the State. Weexpect to add
to our individual stock of practical knowledge, and hope to keep others from
making again the mistakes which we have made.

And we hope to see, and believe we shall see, our fruit culture very largely
and profitably extended.

We hope to see none of our farm products diminished, but we do expect to
see our lumber production decrease. We believe that as the oak and the pine
disappear they should be succeeded, to a great extent, by theapple, pear, plum,
peach, or cherry tree.

As the heavy lumber trains disappear by forest exhaustion, products of the
farm must freight those cars; and, as that result is reached, we expect to see
long trains of the fruits in their season.

We expect to see fruit production a specialty. The outcry against special-
ties, where nature has made an adaptation, belongs to the past,—to the days
when the commerce of the world was carried on in the insignificant galleys of
the Mediterranean, and the land transportation was by pack horses or camels.

If the cheap transportation by sail and steam vessels and the railroads, of
to-day enables you to produce and lay down your own product in other States
cheaper than they can produce it, then that product, to you, may be a
specialty.

The cheapening of transportation inevitably tends to specialties, and those

i]

PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF MICHIGAN POMOLOGY. 13:

specialties result in wealth, the world over. We believe that in this industry
there is a broad foundation for future wealth.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE STATE.

Surely no State east of the Rocky Mountains has such an extended area
suited to the production of first-class apples. And, with our nearness to non-
producing regions, giving us the best of markets, and with our adaptation to
the production of the other staple fruits of the temperate clime, we are not
behind. We are surely favored beyond the adjoining States.

OUR PRIENDS.

Our Society needs the co-operation of all the intelligent fruit-growers in the
State; we are steadily drawing them to our aid.

In some of the counties, the people have not had a convenient opportunity
to meet with us, but wherever we have met we have gained valuable friends..
We must keep what friends we have, and we want more.

We want friends and we want help, because we are reaching for grand
results.

We work to see the aggregate acreage of fruit multiplied by a large figure;
to see valuable sorts instead of worthless or indifferent ones; to see good
management, such as shall result in heavy crops of the fairest fruit; to see
trees pruned so as to be able to bear their burdens; to redeem from insects the
millions of dollars that are now destroyed; to place the whole business of
packing and shipping on an honest basis; to freight the long trains with
Michigan fruit; and to see it one of the great money resources of the State.

We must not be afraid of new ideas: they are the foundation of all
progress.

Pomological literature has its errors. We must try every theory by the test
of practical results, and by that comparison it must stand or fall. This will
make the teachings of our Society a valuable guide to the cultivators within
our own borders.

The State itself suitably acknowledges the value of our work by publishing
our report.

The State Agricultural Society takes a sensible view vf the matter, and
stands by us generously.

The State Agricultural College helps us cordially and well, as it has oppor-
tunity.

A large number of the best farmers and orchardists are heartily with us.

OUR PROSPECT

for another year’s successful work seems to be good.

If love of the work is our mainspring of action, we very properly have an
auxiliary to it in the pride we feel in the advancement of the State in wealth
and its attendant blessings.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES
OF FPAUIisS:

COMPILED FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES, FOR THE USE OF THE MICHI_
GAN POMOLOGICAL SOCILTY.

We have no desire, and it is not our purpose or intention to encourage the
planting and cultivation of a too extensive list of fruits. There are, already,
too many varieties in use in this as well as in other States.

The list of Apples could profitably be reduced three-fourths, and then
enovgh would be left for all useful purposes.

But there are many young beginners who are calling for catalogues of fruits
and {fruit trees, and they ask us to give them a list for referencein this Annual
Report. We beg most earnestly co warn all new beginners in fruit culture to
be cautious and not be misled by catalogues or lisis. These, unintentionally,
are often decept:ve. The best way is first to consult the oldest and most ex-
perienced fruit growers in the immediate locality or neighborhood of your
labors. The experience of such men is the best, because they know the soil
and climatic influences with which you have to deal. ‘The varieties that have
succeeded with them are likely to succeed with you.

By all means beware of planting too large a number of summer and autumn
varieties of apples. The State of Michigan is already overloaded with such,
and if the hard winter of 1875 has thinned them out it will prove a good
thing, for useful and profitable varieties can be put in their unprofitable space.
The profit of Apple Culture is in the best long-keeping winter varieties, and
to the WINTER APPLE we advise the apple culturist to turn his attention.
Concentrate on a few leading valuable varicties, and there are but few of these,
and they can be counted on your fingers. Consult the great standard works
of Downing, Thomas, Barry, and Warder, and, especially. Co not fail to con-
sider carelully the list of fruits recommended by the Michigan State Pum-
ological Society.

APPLES.

The eleven Summer Apples recommended by the Society are as follows:
Market—Karly Harvest, Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburgh (second
quality), Muiden’s Blush.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 15

Family—Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Primate, Large Yellow Bough,
Maiden’s Blush.

Amateuwr—Early Harvest, Carolina June (for the southwest), Sine Qua Non,
Early Strawberry, Early Jue, Large Yellow Bough, Summer Rose (in certain
localities).

The fifreen Autumn Apples recommended by the Society are as follows:

Marke!—Lowell. Porter, Keswick Codlin. Twenty Ounce.

Lamily—Lowell. Chenango Strawberry, Porter, Hiwley. Dyer. Jersey Sweet,
Blenheim P.ppin, Twemry Ounce, Fall Pippin, Ohio Nonpareil, Haskell Sweet.

Amateur—Garden Royal, American Summer Pearmain, Chenango Straw-
berry, Autumn Swaar, Jersey Sweet, Hawley, Dyer, Haskell Sweet, Full Pip-
pin. Ohio Nonpareil.

The Winter Apples recommended by the Society are as follows:

Market—Jonaihan. Peck’s Pleasant, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Red
Canada. Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet (variably successfut), Wagener,
Northern Spy (for special localities).

Family—Bvlmont, Fameuse. Bailey Sweet, Westfield Seek-No-Further,
Hubbardston Nonsuch, Peck’s Pleasant, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Green-
ing, King of ‘tompkins County (for special localities), Yellow Bellflower,
Wagener, Baldwin, Talman Sweet, Red Canada, Ladies’ Sweet, Golden Kusset,
Roxbury Russet (v/riably suecessful).

Amateur—Shiawassee Beauty, Bailey Sweet, Melon, Jonathan, Peck’s
Pleasant, Northern Spy. King of Tompkins County, Belmont, Hubbardston
Nonsuch, Yellow Bellflower, Wagener, Rhode Island Greening, Grimes’
Golden, Swaar, Esopus Spitzenberg, Red Canada, Ladies’ Sweet, Gulden
Russet.

CLASS I.—SUMMER APPLES.

Astrachan Red—Large, roundish ; nearly covered with deep crimson, over-
spread with a thick bloom; juicy, rich, acid, beautiful. The tree is a vigorous
grower, with large foliage, and a good bearer. August.

Benoni--Medium gs ze, round:sh, oblong; red; flesh tender, juicy, rich.
Tree vigorous and erect; productive. Angust.

Bough, Large Sweet (Large Yellow Bough)—Large; pale yellow; sweet,
tender, and juicy. Tree a moderate, compact grower, and abuadant bearer.
August.

Duchess of Oldenburg—A large, beautiful Russian apple; roundish ;
streaked red and yellow; tender, juicy, and pleasant. A kitchen apple ef best
quality, and esteeined by many for the desserr. Tree a vigorous, tine grower,
and a young and abundant bearer. September. Succeeds well in the North-
west where most varieties fail. We place this variety on the list of summer
apples. though many rate it an antumn sort.

Early Harvest (Yellow Hurvest)—Medium to large size: pale yellow; ten-
der, with a mild, fine flavor. Tiee a moderate, erect grower, and a good
bearer; a beautiiul and exceilent variety for both orchard and garden. Mid-
dle to end of August.

Larly Strawlerry (Red Strawberry)—Medinum size; mostly covered with
deep red; tender, ulmost melting, with a mld, fine flavor. Tree a moderate,
erect grower, and a good bearer; a beautiful and excellent variety for both
orchard and garden. Middle to end of August.

Larly Joe—A beautiful and delicious, small-sized, deep-red apple. Tree

16 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

rather a slow, but upright grower, and a most profuse bearer; originated in
Ontario county, N. Y. Last of August.

Early Pennock—Large ; striped red and white. Tree hardy and produc-
tive; popular in the West. August and September.

Golden Sweeting—Large; yellow; a very fair, fine sweet apple. Tree a
strong grower, spreading and irregular; a good bearer.

Maiden’s Blush—Uarge; beautiful pale waxen yellow, blushed with brilliant
crimson; acid, aromatic; an early, regular bearer, very productive. Tree vig-
orous and hardy; very popular. August to October.

Primate (Rough and Ready)—Medium size; pale yellow, with a blush on
the sunny side; resembles Summer Rose; tender, mild, and good. ‘Tree vig-
orous, and a good bearer. August and September.

Red June or Carolina Red—Small or medium; deep red; good; produc-
sive, hardy. Popular at the South and West. August.

Sine-qua-Non—A native of Long Island, named by the iate Wm. Prince.
Fruit roundish conical, about medium size, smooth, pale greenish yellow.
Stalk slender. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and of a delicate and very
sprightly flavor. Good. The young trees are rather slow and crooked in
growth. August.—Downing.

Spice Sweet—Large, fine waxen yellow color; sweet, with a peculiar spicy
flavor. August and September.

Summer Bellflower—A large, handsome, and excellent variety, from Dutch-
ess county, N. Y.; resembles the Winter Yellow Bellflower; a good grower and
bearer. August and September.

Summer Rose—Medium size, roundish; pale yellow, with a red cheek; ten-
der and delicious; has a beautiful waxen appearance. Tree rather a slow
grower, but a good bearer. Middle to end of August.

Sweet June (Hightop Sweet)—Medium size; yellow and red. ‘Tree very
hardy and productive. An Eastern variety, but popular in the West and
South. Last of July.

Summer Queen—Large, conical; striped and clouded with red; rich and
fine flavored. Tree grows rapidly, with a large, spreading, irregular head.
August.

Sops of Wine—Medium size, oblong ; dark crimson ; flesh stained with red ;
juicy, sub-acid. ‘Tree a fine grower, distinct, and quite productive. August
and September.

Tetofsky—A very handsome Russian apple. ‘Tree very vigorous and pro-
ductive. July and August.

Wiliams’ Favorite—Large, oblong; red, rich, and excellent; a moderate
grower and good bearer; very highly esteemed in Massachusetts, especially
around Boston, where it originated. August.

CLASS II.—AUTUMN APPLES.

American Summer Pearmain—Medium size, oblong; skin smooth, covered
with streaks and dots of red; tender, juicy, and rich. Tree a slow but erect
grower; bears early and abundantly. September; in use for several weeks.

Alexander—A yery large and beautiful deep red or crimson apple, of
medium quality. Tree vigorous and moderately productive. October and
November.

Autumn Strawberry—Medium size, streaked light and dark red; tender,
juicy, and fine. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, productive ; one of the best
of its season. September and October.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. uly;

Autumn Bough—A large, beautiful, and excellent apple, resembling the
Sweet Bough, but a month or six weeks later.

Blenheim Pippin—An old variety, originated at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire,
England. Tree a strong and vigorous grower, a regular and abundant bearer.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, yellowish, becoming deep orange, stained
on the sunny side with dull and dark red stripes. Stalk short and stout, in a
deep cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep, broad basin. Flesh yellow, break-
ing, very sweet, pleasant. Good. October, December. Valued mainly for
cooking.

Cogswell—A large, beautiful striped apple, from Connecticut; of good
quality, and productive. October and November.

Colvert—Large; greenish yellow, striped and shaded with dull red; tender,
brisk sub-acid. Tree a strong grower and an enormous bearer. October and
November.

Fall Pippin—Very large, roundish, oblong; yellow; flesh tender, rich, and
delicious. Tree vigorous, spreading, and a fine bearer; esteemed generally.
October to December.

Fall Jenneting—ULarge, oblate; pale greenish yellow, with a slight blush ;
flesh tender, juicy, and sub-acid. November.

Gravenstein—A very large, striped, roundish apple, of the first quality.
Tree remarkably rapid, vigorous, and erect in growth, and very productive.
September and October.

Haskell Sweet—Origin, farm of Deacon Haskell, Ipswich, Mass. Tree vig-
orous, upright, spreading, and productive. Young wood light grayish brown.
Fruit medium or above, oblate. Color greenish yellow, sometimes with a
blush. Stalk short, inserted im a rather broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed.
Basin broad and large, of medium depth. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, very
sweet, rich, aromatic. Very good to best. September, October.

Hawley—Large ; waxy yellow, rarely blushed ; very pleasant, mild, sub-acid,
rich. August to September.

Hawthornden—A beautiful Scotch apple, medium to large size, pale yellow
and red. Trees haye strong shoots, with low, spreading heads; constant and
abundant bearer; excellent for cooking. Resembles Maiden’s Blush. Sep-
tember and October.

Jefferis—From Pennsylvania, medium to large, striped, mostly red; fine
quality, productive. September and October.

Jersey Sweet—Medium size, striped red and green, tender, juicy, and sweet ;
a strong, fine grower, and good bearer; very popular, both for table and cook-
ing. September and October.

Keswick Codlin—Large, oblong, pale yellow, acid. Excellent for cooking.
July to October.

Lowell—Large; bright, waxen yellow, oily; flavor brisk, rich, sub-acid. Tree
hardy and vigorous. September and October.

Munson’s Sweet—Medium to large, pale yellow with a red cheek, tender,
juicy, and good. Tree a very fine grower, and good bearer. October and
Noyember.

Ohio Nonpareil—Large to very large, smooth, yellow, covered with bright
red, very handsome; flesh tender, juicy, fine grained, sub-acid, rieh. First
quality. September.

Porter—Medium size to large, oblong, yellow; flesh tender and of excellent

flavor. ‘Tree a moderate grower; very popular in Massachusetts. September.

3)
2

18 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Pomme Royal (Dyer)—Uarge, roundish, yellowish white, with a brown tinge
next the sun; crisp, juicy, and high flavored. Tree a fair grower and abun-
dant bearer. September and October.

Pumpkin Sweet (Pumpkin Russet)—A very large, round, yellowish russet
apple, very sweet and rich. ‘Tree a strong, rapid grower, with a large, spread-
ing head; valuable. October and November.

St. Lawrence—lLarge, round, streaked red and greenish yellow; a very
beautiful, productive, and popular market apple from Canada. October.

Chenango Strawberry—tLarge, oblong, red and yellow; handsome. ‘Tree a
fine grower, and very productive. September.

Twenty Ounce (Cayuga Red Streak)—Very large; greenish yellow, boldly
splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red; brisk sub-acid. A hand-
some, showy fruit. October and January.

Garden Royal—Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate, very
slightly conic. Color greenish yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with rich
red, a little dull or grayish toward the stalk. Sprinkled with light and gray
dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx open or partially
closed. Segments sometimes a little re-curved. Basin shallow, slightly un-
even. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild, sub-acid, aromatic. Best.
Core smal]. Last of August, September.

CLASS ITIL—WINTER APPLES.

Baldwin—ULarge, bright red, crisp, juicy, and rich. ‘Tree very vigorous, up-
right, and productive ; considered in Massachusetts the dest winter apple; ten-
der in some parts of Michigan. December to March.

Bailey Sweet—Very large, deep red; flesh tender, rich, and sweet; a superb
and excellent sweet apple; originated in Wyoming county, N. Y. The tree is
a vigorous, upright grower. November to January.

Bellflower (Bellefleur) Vellow—Large yellow, with a tinge of red on the
sunny side; flesh crisp, juicy, with a sprightly aromatic flavor; a beautiful
and excellent fruit. This desirable fruit is unfortunately an unreliable bearer.
November to April.

Ben Davis (New York Pippin, Kentucky Streak, etc.)—A large, handsome,
striped apple, of good quality. Tree very hardy, vigorous, and productive; a
late keeper; highly esteemed in the West and Southwest.

Belmont (Gate)—Large, pale yellow, with a red cheek and distinct carmine
dots; tender, mild, and fine flavored. Tree a fair grower, and very produc-
tive; succeeds very well in N. Ohio and W. New York. November to Febru-
ary.

Cooper’s Market (Cooper’s Redling)—Medium size, conical, red, handsome ;
qualitv good; a late keeper. Tree hardy and productive. December to May.

Dominie (Wells of Ohio)—A large, fine striped apple, resembling the
Rambo; a fine grower and profuse bearer ; succeeds very well in nearly all the
Western States; attains a great size in Illinois and Iowa. December to April.

Fallawater (Faldenwalder, Tulpehocken, Pound, etc.)—A very large and
handsome well marked apple, from Pennsylvania, quality good. Tree vigor-
ous, bears young and abundant. November to March.

Fameuse (Snow)—Medium size, deep crimson, flesh snowy white, tender
and delicious. Tree vigorous, with dark wood; a beautiful and fine fruit:
succeeds particularly well in the North. November to January.

Green Sweeting—Medium size, greenish, tender, sweet, and spicy ; one of

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 19

the very best long keeping sweet apples. ‘Tree a moderate and erect grower.
November to May.

Grimes’ Golden (Grimes’ Golden Pippin)—An apple of the highest quality,
equal to the best Newtown Pippin; medium to large size, yellow. Tree hardy,
vigorous, productive; originally from Virginia; grown in Southern Ohio.
January to April.

Hubbardston Nonsuch—lLarge, striped yellow and red, tender, juicy, and
fine; strong grower and great bearer. Native of Massachusetts. November
to January.

Jonathan—Medium size, striped red and yellow; flesh tender, juicy, and
rich, with much of the Spitzenburg character, shoots light colored, slender,
and spreading; very productive; a native of Kingston, N. Y. November to
April.

Ring (of Tompkins County)—A superb red apple, of the largest size and
finest quality. Tree a good grower and bearer; hardy. November to March.

Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet (Pound Sweet)—A very large, round, greenish
apple, excellent for baking. ‘Tree one of the most vigorous and productive.
October to December.

Lady Apple (Pomme d’Api)—A beautiful little dessert fruit; flat, pale yel-
low, with a brilliant red cheek; flesh crisp, juicy, and pleasant. The tree
forms a dense, erect head, and bears large crops of fruit in clusters; the fruit
sells for the highest price in New York, London, and Paris. November to
May. There are four or five varieties of these described by authors, but this
is the best.

Ladies’ Sweet—ULarge, roundish, green and red, nearly quite red in the sun ;
sweet, sprightly, and perfumed; shoots slender but erect; a good bearer.
Originated in Newburgh, N. Y. One of the best winter sweet apples. No-
vember to May.

Melon—Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. ‘Tree of rather slow growth while
young, a good bearer. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. One of the
best and most valuable sorts for the dessert; a little too tender for shipping
long distances.

Monmouth Pippin (Red Cheek Pippin)—Large, greenish yellow, with a fine
red cheek; juicy, tender and good. Tree erect, vigorous, and productive.
Keeps well till March or April.

Mother—Large, red, flesh very tender, rich, and aromatic. Tree a good
bearer, succeeds well in the North ; supposed to have originated in Worcester
county, Mass. November to January.

Northern Spy—tUarge, striped, and quite covered on the sunny side with
dark crimson, and delicately coated with bloom. Flesh juicy, rich, highly
aromatic, retaining its freshness of flavor and appearance till July. The tree
is a remarkably rapid, erect grower, and a great bearer; like all trees of the
the same habit, it requires good culture and an occasional thinning out of the
branches, to admit the sun and air fully to the fruit. Both leaf and blossom
buds open a week later than most other varieties —From Barry & Ellwanger’s
Catalogue.

Newtown Pippin—One of the most celebrated of American apples, on ac-
count of its long-keeping and excellent qualities, and the high price it com-
mands abroad; but its success is confined to certain districts and soils. It
attains its greatest perfection on Long Island and on the Hudson. In Western
New York and New England it rarely succeeds well. It requires rich and

20 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

high culture. Tree a slow, feeble grower, with rough bark. November to
June.

Oriley (White Detroit, White Bellflower, Warren Pippin, Jersey Greening,
Woolman’s Long, etc.)—A large, oblong apple, of the first quality; succeeds
well in the West. ‘Tree erect, vigorous, and productive. December to March.

Peck’s Pleasant—ULarge, pale yellow, with a brown cheek ; very smooth and
fair; flesh firm and rich, approaching the flavor of a Newtown Pippin. Tree
erect and a good bearer. November to April.

Pomme Grise—Small, grayish russet; very rich and highly flavored. Tree
a moderate grower but good bearer; very valuable in the North ; is frequently
shipped from Canada to England. November to April.

Pawpaw (Western Baldwin, Rubicon, Ball Apple)—Origin, Pawpaw, Mich.
Tree hardy, a good and regular bearer. Young shoots dull grayish reddish
brown. A new apple, esteemed in its place of origin for its productiveness
and beauty of appearance. Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly oblique,
yellow, shaded, and mostly overspread with bright rich red, faintly splashed
and mottled, moderately sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk medium. Cavity
deep, narrow. Calyx partially open. Segments a little re-curved. Flesh yel-
lowish, juicy, firm, rich, brisk, subacid. Very good. December to June.*—
Downing.

Rawle’s Genet (Rawle’s Janet, Never Fail, etc.)—Medium to large size; yel-
low, striped with red; crisp, juicy, rich ; a prolific bearer. One of the most
popular winter apples in the South and Southwest.

Rambo—Medium size ; streaked and mottled yellow and red; tender, juicy,
mild flayored. Tree a good grower and bearer. A widely cultivated and es-
teemed old variety. Autumn in the South; October to December in the
North.

Reinette, Canada—Very large; flattened, ribbed; dull yellow; flesh firm,
juicy, and rich. Tree a strong grower, spreading, and good bearer. In France
it is considered the largest and best apple, and proves excellent here. Novem-
ber to March.

Red Canada (Old Nonsuch of Massachusetts)—Medium size; red with
white dots; flesh rich; subacid and delicious. ‘Tree a slender grower. One of
the best apples. November to May.

Rhode Island Greening—Every where well known and popular; tree spread-
ing and vigorous; always more or less crooked in the nursery; a great and
constant bearer in nearly all soils and situations; fruit rather acid, but excel-
lent for dessert and cooking. ‘Towards the South it ripens in the fall, but in
the North keeps well until “March or April.

Ribston Pippin—Large; striped yellow and red; crisp, juicy, sprightly.
Tree spreading and productive. October or November. <A celebrated Eng-
lish apple ; succeeds well in the most Northern localities.

Russet, Golden—Medium size, dull russet, with a tinge of red on the ex-
posed side; flesh greenish; crisp, juicy, and high flavored. ‘Tree a fine
grower, with light colored speckled shoots, by which it is easily known; bears
well; popular, and extensively grown in Western New York. November to
April.

ae English—Medium size; greenish yellow russet; flesh crisp, with a
pleasant subacid flavor. Tree stout and upright; a certain and exceedingly
productive bearer. Keeps till June.

Nore.—At the Battle Creek meeting of the State Society it was voted to cal] this apple the Rubicon,

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 21

Russet, Roxbury or Boston-—Medium size to large; surface rough; green-
ish, covered with russet. Tree vigorous, spreading, and a great bearer. Keeps
till June. Its great popularity is owing to its productiveness and long keep-
ing.

(eM Pe pale lemon yellow, with dark dots; flesh tender, rich, and
spicy. Tree a moderate grower, with dark shoots and large gray buds; with
good culture it is one of the very best of apples. November to May.

Seek-no-further (Westfield)—Medium to large; striped with dull red, and
slightly russeted ; flesh tender, rich, and excellent. Tree a good grower, and
fruit always fair. November to February.

Shiawassee Beauty—Originated in Shiawassee county, Michigan. Tree a
strong, upright grower, until in full bearing, when it becomes partially
pendent; very productive. Young wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy.
This variety resembles Fameuse, but its wood shows its distinctiveness. —F'rom
Downing’s Fruit and Fruit Trees of America.

Spitzenburg, Esopus—Large; deep red, with gray spots, and delicately
coated with bloom; flesh yellow, crisp, rich, and excellent. Tree rather a
feeble, slow grower, and moderate bearer ; esteemed in this State as one of the
very best. November to April.

Tolman’s Sweeting—Medium size; pale, whitish yellow, slightly tinged with
red ; flesh firm, rich, and very sweet; excellent for cooking. ‘Tree vigorous,
upright, and very productive. November to April.

Vandevere (Newtown Spitzenburg of the West)—Medium size; yellow,
striped with red, and becoming deep crimson next the sun; flesh yellow, rich,
and fine. ‘Tree a fair grower and good bearer; succeeds best on light, warm,
dry soils. October to March.

Wagener—Medium to large size; deep red in the sun; flesh firm; subacid
and excellent. ‘Tree very productive; an excellent variety, introduced from
Penn Yan, Yates county, N.Y. December to May.

Winesap—Large ; roundish; deep red; medium quality; keeps well. Tree
a fair grower and good bearer; succeeds well in the West, and is there valu-
able and popular. December to May.

Willow Twig—Large; roundish, striped; quality good. ‘Tree very hardy,
and a great bearer. Keeps well. <A valuable orchard variety in some parts of
the West. December to May.

White Winter Pearmain—Large, oblong; pale yellow; beautiful and very
good. Tree a good grower, hardy and productive. Highiy esteemed at the
West and Southwest. January to April.

VARIETIES RECOMMENDED AS DWARFS.

Summer—Red Astrachan, Red June, Early Harvest, Sops of Wine, Duchess
of Oldenburg.

Autumn—Gravenstein, Maiden’s Blush.

Winter—Baldwin, King of Tompkins County, Lady Apple, Northern Spy,
Esopus Spitzenburg, Winesap, Wagener.

CIDER CRABS.

Hewes’ Virginia Crab—The Virginia crab makes a very high-flavored cider,
which by connoisseurs is thought unsurpassed in flavor by any other, and re-
tains its soundness a long time. It is a prodigious bearer, and the tree is very
hardy, though of smallsize. Fruit small, dull red streaked with greenish yel-
low; flavor acid, rough, and astringent.

a2 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Red Crab—Similar to the preceding in qualities for cider, but is of larger
size.

Waugh’s Crab—Similar to Hewes’ Crab; superior to it in size, but not as
large as the Red Crab. The trees of this variety are the strongest and most
upright in growth.

SIBERIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN APPLES.

The varieties of Siberian Crab Apples (Pyrus baccata) have heretofore been
mainly valued for their handsome flowers and the beautiful appearance of the
tree when loaded with fruit. Within the past year or two, however, consider-
able attention has been given to their cultivation by fruit growers in our
Western and Northwestern States, because of the superior hardihood of the
trees. Large numbers of seedlings haye been grown, some bearing full eyi-
dence of the paternity of the Pyrus baccata, others possessing more or less of
the Pyrus malus, apparent more in the flesh and improved quality of the fruit
than in the habit of the trees. They are all valuable for cider, preserves, and
cooking, and some of the improved varieties, more truly perhaps, Siberian
Apples, are quite pleasant, and rich for the dessert. The great hardihood of
the trees, and their productiveness, make them highly valuable for sections
where the better varieties of the Pyrus malus do not succeed. In description
of these varieties the terms, “ medium, large, or small,” must be considered as
applied in comparison with the Siberian Crab.— From Downing’s Fruit and
Fruit Trees of America.

Hyslop Crab—Large ; produced in clusters ; dark, rich red covered with a
thick, blue bloom; flesh yellowish ; good for culinary uses and cider.

Red Siberian Crab—Small, about an inch in diameter; yellow, with scarlet
cheek ; beautiful. Tree is vigorous and erect; bears when two or three years
old. September and October.

Large Red Siberian Crab—Large; skin pale red and yellow; highly
esteemed for preserving. September and October.

Large Yellow Siberian Crab (Golden Beauty)—Fruit similar in size to the
foregoing ; light clear yellow, often inclining to amber, with a warm cheek.
September and October.

Marengo—Large; bright red on yellow ground ; flesh yellowish white, crisp,
juicy, a little harsh until fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid.
Early winter and late spring.

Montreal Beauty—TVhis is one of the most beautiful of all Crabs in appear-
ance. Large; bright yellow, mostly covered and shaded with red; flesh yel-
lowish, rich, firm, acid. September to October.

Oblonga—Fruit elongated, conic; light yellow. almost white, marbled and
striped with crimson and carmine, and covered with a thin bloom. The
most beautiful of all the Crabs.

Transcendant—Medium to large; golden yellow, with a rich crimson red
cheek in the sun, covered with a delicate white bloom; when nearly ripe the
red nearly covers the whole surface; subacid; when fully mellow it is pleas-
ant and agreeable. Early antumn.

CHERRIES.

The cherry succeeds well on dry soils, and is susceptible of being trained in
any form that taste or circumstance may require.
For orchards, where there is ample room for large trees, and in climates

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 23

where it is not subject to the bursting of the bark, standards with four or five
feet of clean trunk are preferable.

For door yards, where shade and ornament are taken into account, stand-
ards of the free-growing sorts, with erect habit and large foliage, are the most
suitable.

For fruit gardens, and particularly those of moderate extent, and in local-
ities where the bark of the trunk is liable to bursting, the pyramidal or con-
ical trees, dwarf or low standards, with two or three feet of trunk, and the
dwarfs, branching within a foot of the ground, are the most appropriate and
profitable-— Barry.

The hardiest cherries are the Kentish (or Early Richmond), the Dukes, and
the Morellos. These succeed well at the farthest lmits, both North and
South, in which the cherry can be raised; and when all other varieties fail,
they may be depended upon for regular crops.—Downing.

The classes known as the Heart and Bigarreau cherries (rapid-growing
trees, with large foliage and sweet fruit), do not, however, succeed uniformly
well in all parts of the country. Especially is this true in some parts of the
West and South, owing to the body of the tree cracking, exuding a gum, and
often dying outright before it attains to a bearing size. The cause of this
difficulty arises chiefly, if not altogether, from the fact that in our rich, allu-
vial soils there is a tendency to over-luxuriance in growth. Anything, there-
fore, that checks this tendency will be conducive to the longevity and produc-
tiveness of this tree.—Jlgenfritz.

The Kentish (or Early Richmond) is the hardiest, most productive and
regular bearer of all cherries. While it is not first-rate in flavor, its other
unrivaled qualities make it the most popular variety in cultivation.

The cherries recommended by the Society are as follows:

Market—Kentish (or Early Richmond), Louis Phillippe, May-duke, Belle
Magnifique.

Family—Keutish, May-duke, Louis Phillippe, Belle Magnifique.

Amateur—HKarly Purple Guigne, Kentish, May-duke, Reine Hortense, Belle
de Choisy, Late Duke, Louis Phillippe, Belle Magnifique.

Mr. Parmelee, Chairman of Committee on Cherries at the Ionia meeting,
reported the following list for cultivation: For hardy yvarieties—Kentish (or
Karly Richmond), English Morello, Reine Hortense, May-duke, Belle Magnif-
ique. Less hardy varieties—Early Purple Guigne, Elton, Yellow Spanish,
Rockport, Black Eagle, Knight’s Early Black.

CLASS I.—HEART CHERRIES.

Fruit heart-shaped, with tender, sweet flesh. Tree of rapid growth, with
large, soft, drooping leaves.

Black Hagle—Uarge, black; tender, juicy, rich, and high flavored. Tree a
rapid, stout grower, and productive. Ripe beginning of July.

black Tartarian—Very large; purplish black; half tender; flavor mild
and pleasant. ‘Tree a remarkably vigorous, erect, and beautiful grower, and
an immense bearer. Ripe last of June and beginning of July. One of the
most popular varieties in all parts of the country.

Belle @ Orleans—An early French variety; medium size; pale red and
white; tender and delicions. Tree a fine grower and hearer. Ripens just
after Early Purple.

24 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Coe’s Transparent—Medium size; pale amber, red and mottled next the
sun ; tender, sweet, and fine. End of June here. Tree vigorous and erect.

Downer’s Late Red—Rather large; light red, tender, and juicy; slightly
bitter before fully ripe. Tree a vigorous, erect grower, and productive. Late.

Early Purple Guigne—Small to medium size; purple; tender, juicy, and
sweet. Growth slender and spreading. First to middle of June.

Elton—Large, pointed; pale yellow, nearly covered with light red; half
tender, juicy, rich, and delicious. Tree vigorous, spreading, and irregular.
End of June.

Gov. Wood—The finest of Dr. Kirtland’s seedlings of Ohio; clear, light red ;
tender and delicious. Tree a good grower and most productive. End of
June. Hangs well on the tree.

Knight's Early Black—Uarge, black; tender, juicy, rich, and excellent.
Tree vigorous and very productive, branches spreading. Lipe a few days be-
fore the Black Tartarian.

Sparhawk’s Honey—Medium size, roundish; light red, tender, sweet, and
delicious; stones large. ‘Tree a vigorous, pyramidal grower, and very produc-
tive. Ripens with Downer’s Late, and hangs long on the tree. A great favor-
ite with most people.

White French Guigne (probably the “Merisier a gros fruit blanc” of the
French)—A distinct and beautiful cherry, rather large, creamy white; flesh
tender and melting ; juice colorless, sweet, with a scarcely perceptible degree
of bitterness; not attacked by birds, like red and black cherries. ‘Tree is vig-
orous and very productive. Middle of July.

Wilkinson—Medium size, black; tender, juicy, and rich. Tree vigorous,
erect, and productive ; ripens late. Succeeds Downer’s.

CLASS II.—BIGARREAU CHERRIES.

These are chiefly distinguished from the preceding class by their firmer
flesh. Their growth is vigorous, branches spreading, and foliage luxuriant,
soft, and drooping.

Bigarreau, or Yellow Spanish—Large ; pale yellow, with a bright red cheek
in the sun; flesh firm, juicy, and delicious; one of the best, most beautiful,
and popular of all light colored cherries. Tree vigorous and productive.
End of June.

Butiner’s Yellow—Medium size; pale yellow; flesh crisp, juicy, and sweet.
Tree vigorous and productive. Its peculiar and beautiful color makes this
sort desirable. End of July.

Black Hawk (Dr. Kirtland)—A large, firm, black cherry, resembling the
Black Eagle, but earlier, and much firmer.

Cleveland Bigarreau (Dr. Kirtland)—Large; clear red and yellow, juicy,
sweet, and rich. ‘T'ree fine grower, spreading, and productive. LHarly.

Gridley, or Apple Cherry—Medium size; dark brown, nearly black; flesh
very firm, sprightly, subacid, high flavored. Tree grows rapidly and erect,
and bears immense crops. Its firmness and Jateness make it very valuable for
market. Middle to last of July.

Monstreuse de Mezel (Great Bigarreau)—A French variety; very large, dark
brown, firm. Tree vigorous, spreading, irregular. Middle of July.

Napoleon Bigarreau—A magnificent cherry of the largest size; pale yellow,
with a bright red cheek; flesh very firm, juicy, and sweet. Tree is a vigorous
grower, and bears enormous crops. Beginning of July.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 25

Rockport Bigarreau (Dr. Kirtland)—Large ; pale amber in the shade, light
red in the sun; half tender, sweet, and good. ‘Tree remarkably vigorous,
erect, and beautiful. Ripe same time as Black Tartarian.

Tradescant’s Black Heart (Elkhorn)—Very large, black; very firm, juicy,
and good. Tree vigorous and upright, with peculiar gray bark. A great
bearer, and so late as to be very valuable. Middle and last of July.

CLASS III.—DUKE AND MORELLO CHERRIES.

These two classes of cherries are yery distinct from the preceding. The
trees are of smaller size, and grow more slowly; the leaves are thicker and
more erect, and of a deeper green. ‘The fruit is generally round, and in color
varying from light red, like Belle de Choisy, to dark brown, like May-duke or
Morello.

The Dukes have stout, erect branches, usually, and some of them, like
Belle de Choisy and Reine Hortense, quite sweet, fruit; while the Morellos
have slender, spreading branches, and acid fruit invariably. These two classes
are peculiarly appropriate for dwarfs and pyramids, on the Mahaleb stock,
and their hardiness renders them well worthy of attention in localities where
the Heart and Bigarreau are too tender.— Barry.

Belle de Choisy—Medium size; amber-shaded and mottled with red; ten-
der, melting, sweet, and rich ; rather a shy bearer. Tree makes a pretty pyr-
amid. End of June.

Belle Magnifique—A magnificent, large red, late cherry, excellent for cook-
ing and fine for table when fully ripe; rather acid, tender, juicy, and rich.
Tree a slow grower, but a most profuse bearer; makes a fine dwarf or pyra-
mid on the Mahaleb. Last of July. Very valuable.

Carnation—Large; light red, mottled with orange; tender, juicy, a little
acid, rich, and excellent. Tree is a good grower and profuse bearer; makes a
fine dwarf. Middle and last of July. Very valuable.

Donna Maria—Medium size; dark red; tender, juicy, rich, acid; fine for
cooking. ‘Tree small; very prolific. Supposed to be identical with “ Early
May” of the West. Middle of July.

Early Richmond, or Montmorency—An early red, acid cherry; very valu-
able for cooking early in the season. Ripens through June.

Guigne Noir Luisante—Large; dark brown, nearly black; beautiful, acid,
rich. ‘Tree small, erect; moderate bearer. Late ; last of July.

Jeffries’ Duke—Medium size; red, tender, subacid; branches erect and
stiff; makes a beautiful pyramid. Middle of June.

Late Kentish (Common Red)—Medium; dark, lively red when fully ripe;
abounding with a highly acid juice. Middle of July. This is the common
Pie Cherry of the country, and although not as popular as formerly, on ac-
count of its growing disposition to unfruitfulness, it still retains favor because
of its hardiness and estimable culinary qualities.

Late Duke—Uarge; light red; late and excellent. Tree makes a nice
dwarf or pyramid. End of July. Valuable.

May-duke—An old, well known, excellent variety; large; dark red; juicy,
subacid, rich. Tree hardy, vigorous, and fruitful; ripens a long time in suc-
cession ; fine for dwarfs and pyramids. Middle of June.

Morello English—Uarge ; dark red, nearly black; tender, juicy, sudacid,
rich. Tree small and slender; makes a fine bush on the Mahaleb. If trained
on a north wall it may bein use all the month of August. Valuable.

10

26 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Montmorency Ordinaire—A beautiful large, red, acid cherry ; very hardy ;
ripe middle to end of July.

Plumstone Morello—Uarge, dark red; rich and fine; the best of all the
Morellos. ‘Tree a slender, slow grower; makes a nice bush on the Mahaleb.
July and August. Valuable.

Reine Hortense (Monstreuse de Bayay)—A French cherry of great excel-
lence; large, bright red; tender, juicy, nearly sweet, and delicious. Tree vig-
orous, and bears well; makes a beautiful pyramid.

Royal Duke—One of the largest and finest of this class; ripens after May-
duke.

PEARS.

The pears recommended by the Society are as follows:

SUMMER.

Market—Madelaine, Osband’s Summer, Tyson.
Family—Madelaine, Doyenne d’Ete, Bloodgood.
Amateur—Madelaine, Doyenne d’Ete, Bloodgood, Beurre Giffard, Tyson,
Rostiezer.
AUTUMN.

Market—Sterling (especially adapted to light soils), Bartlett, Buffum,
Flemish Beauty, Seckel, Onondaga, White Doyenne (for certain localities),
Beurre d’Anjou.

Family—Clapp’s Favorite, Sterling, Bartlett, Seckel, Flemish Beauty, Onon-
daga, Beurre d’Anjou, Sheldon.

Amateur—Clapp’s Favorite, Bartlett, Washington, Seckel, Fondante d’Au-
tomne (or Belle Lucrative), Beurre Bosc, White Doyenne, Sheldon, Beurre
d’ Anjou.

WINTER.

Market—Beurre Gris d’Hiver Nouveau, Lawrence, Beurre Diel.

Family—Lawrence, Beurre Diel.

Amateur—Winter Nellis, Beurre Diel, Beurre Gris d@’Hiver Nouveau, Law-
rence.

The pear very justly ranks as one of the most delicious fruits of modern
times. It has been placed first by nearly all modern amateurs, on account of
its fine, juicy texture, exquisite flavor and aroma. Of late years more atten-
tion has been given to the cultivation of this favorite fruit, and those who
have entered upon its cultivation for market intelligently, have found it to be
one of the most profitable employments.

In the standard form the pear undoubtedly succeeds the best and with the
least care. When once wel) established in a favorable soil and situation, it re-
quires but little attention. An occasional cultivation of the soil about the
tree and a light pruning is all that is necessary to insure its success.

Soil—The soil most congenial to this fruit tree is a strong, clay loam, but
will succeed in any good soil, provided it is moderately rich, and dry. A soil
saturated with stagnant moisture for a large portion of the year, is totally un-
fit for this purpose.

Distance—The usual distance at which to plant standard trees is about
twenty-five feet, each way. If the soil is not very strong, twenty feet is sutf-
ficient.

Selection of Trees for Transplanting—Owing to the pear not making many

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. ar

fibrous roots, the planter will find it to his interest to select small, thrifty
trees, two or three years old, and from four to six feet high. Such trees, if
properly planted on good soil, can hardly fail to do well, while older and
larger trees are more liable to suffer injury from the operation of digging and
transplanting.

Dwarf Pears— These are budded on the Anger’s quince, which is the best
stock for this purpose. In favorable localities, and with careful culture, they
are often made to yield good crops; but for general cultivation we would rec-
ommend the standard tree.

Picking and Ripening—Karly and autumn pears should be picked ten
days before fully ripe, and allowed to ripen in the house. This greatly im-
proves the flavor of nearly all kinds, while some are nearly worthless if
allowed to ripen on the tree. Winter pears should be picked before severe
frosts, and placed in a cool cellar, till it is desired to ripen them; when if
placed in drawers in a warm room they will ripen in a few days.—/. FE. Ilgen-
fritz & Co.

Thin the Fruit—When pear trees are heavily laden with fruit, they should
be thinned when about one-third grown; else the fruit will be poor and the
trees injured.—Patrich Barry.

CLASS I.—SUMMER PEARS.

Leurre Giffard—An excellent variety, larger and better than the Madeleine,
and ripening shortly after it. Tree slender, but healthy; hardy; a free
grower, and yery productive.

Bloodgood—An American pear of the first quality; medium size; buttery,
melting, and rich. ‘Tree a fair grower and good bearer. August.

Doyenne d’Ete (Summer Doyenne)—A beautiful, melting, sweet pear,
rather small. Tree a fine grower and bearer. First of August.

Dearborn’s Seedling—Rather below medium size; pale yellow; melting and
delicious. Tree a rapid, fine grower, and bears young and profusely; one of
the very best early summer pears; ripe immediately after the Bloodgood.
About the last of August.

Edmunds—Introduced by Barry & Ellwanger. Fruit large, roundish,
stalk very long; skin smooth, pale lemon yellow; flesh fine-grained, buttery,
melting, with a peculiar, delicate, agreeable aroma. ‘Tree a very strong, up-
right, handsome grower, and an abundant bearer. Succeeds well on the
quince. September.

Madeleine (Citron des Carmes)—One of the earliest of fine pears; ripe last
of July and first of August; melting and sweet. ‘Tree a fine grower and very
productive.

Osband’s Summer-—A medium-sized, excellent fruit; melting, mild, and
pleasant-flayored. ‘Tree a fair, erect grower, and very productive. Middle of
August. Origin in Wayne county, New York.

Rostiezer—Medium size; yellowish green, with a brown cheek ; flesh juicy,
sweet, and high-flavored. The tree is vigorous, with dark-colored shoots ; of
German origin. August.

Tyson—Rather above medium size; melting, juicy, sweet, and fine-flavored.
Tree a very vigorous and rapid grower; one of the finest summer varieties.
Origin, Jenkintown, Pa. August.

CLASS II.—SELECT AUTUMN PEARS.
Jartlett—One of the most popular pears; large, buttery, and melting, with

28 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a rich, musky flavor. A good erect grower; bears young and abundantly.
Middle to last of September.

Brandywine—Medium size; yellow and russet; melting, high-flavored,
first-rate. A free grower and productive. August.

Buffum—Resembles the White Doyenne; buttery, sweet, and fine-flavored.
Tree remarkably vigorous, upright grower; productive. Last of September.

Beurre @ Anjou—Fruit large; skin greenish, sprinkled with russet, some-
times shaded with dull crimson; flesh whitish, melting, with a brisk, vinous
flavor. Tree a fine grower and good bearer. October and November.

Beurre Bosc—A large and beautiful russety pear; very distinct, with a long
neck; melting, or nearly so, high-flavored and delicious. A good grower,
though rather irregular, and bears well. September and October.

Beurre Hardy—A pear of good size; cinnamon russet; melting and fine.
Tree a very strong grower and good bearer. October.

Beurre Superfin—A large, fine, melting pear, of sprightly, subacid flavor,
like the old Brown Beurre, which is superseded. October.

Beurre de Waterloo (Fondante de Charneu, Duc de Brabant, Desire Van
Mons, etc.)—A large, handsome pear, of first quality, of a honeyed sweetness,
and delicate perfume. A good grower and bearer. October.

Belle Lucrative (Fondante d’Automne)—Large; melting and delicious. A
fair, upright grower, and bears early and abundantly; first quality in all re-
spects. September and October.

Clapp’s Favorite—A splendid pear, resembling the Bartlett, ripening a few
days earlier; a cross between that variety and the Flemish Beauty; tree re-
sembles the latter.

Conseiller de la Cour (Marechal de la Cour, Duc d’Orleans)—A splendid,
large fruit, of fine quality, ripening in November. Tree vigorous, and suc-
ceeds well on the quince.

Duchesse @ Angouleme—The largest of all our good pears. It attains its
highest perfection on the quince, and is a beautiful and vigorous tree. Octo-
ber and November.

Doyenne Boussock—A large pear of good quality, resembling the White
Doyenne. Tree a strong, rapid grower, and abundant bearer. Should be
picked early. September.

Doyenne White—A well-known and almost universally esteemed variety, of
the highest excellence. Tree a vigorous grower, productive, aud hardy; suc-
ceeds well in most parts of the West; but cracks, and is no longer reliable in
New York and the Eastern States.

Doyenne Gray—Similar in quality to the preceding; fruit of a reddish rus-
set color. Tree not quite so strong a grower.

Flemish Beauty—A large, beautiful, melting, sweet pear. Tree vigorous
and fruitful ; succeeds well in most parts of the country. September and Oc-
tober.

Howell—One of the finest American pears; large, handsome ; sweet, melt-
ing. Tree very vigorous, hardy, and productive. September and October.

Louise Bonne de Jersey (Bonne Louise d’Avranche)—A large, beautiful,
first-rate pear; yellow, with a dark red cheek; melting, buttery, and rich.
Tree a rapid, erect grower, and most abundant bearer; best on the quince.
Should be in all collections. September and October.

Napoleon—A large, juicy, melting, fine fruit. Tree vigorous, hardy, and
productive; bears young, ripens in November, and may be kept till December.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 29

Onondaga (Swan’s Orange)—A yery large, melting, sprightly, high-fiavored
pear, sometimes slightly astringent. ‘Tree vigorous, hardy, and extremely pro-
ductive. October and November.

Paradise d Automne—A large, fine, russet fruit; melting; first quality ;
resembling Beurre Bose. Tree vigorous, but irregular; bears well. October.

Paul Ambre—Medium to large size; beautiful and excellent, resembling
the Beurre d’Anjou in texture. ‘Tree vigorous and very productive.

Seckel—The standard of excellence in the pear; small, but of the highest
flavor. Tree a stout, slow, erect grower. September and October.

Sheldon—A pear of the very first quality, from Wayne county, New York; |
large, round ; russet and red; melting, rich, and delicious. Tree erect and
handsome, and bears well. October and November.

Stevens’ Genesee—A large, roundish, handsome, melting pear. ‘Tree vigor-
eus and highly productive. September and October.

Sterling—Origin, Livingston county, New York; grown from seed brought
from Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood grayish-yellowish
brown; an early bearer and productive. Fruit medium, nearly round,
slightly oval, very obscurely pyriform. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting,
with a very sugary, brisk flavor. Good to very good. Ripens last of August
and first of September.

Urbaniste (Beurre Picquery of the French)—A large, melting, buttery pear
ef first quality. Tree a moderate, compact, beautiful grower. October to
November.

Washington—A beautiful American pear, of very excelient quality, which is
a native of Delaware. It was discovered there in a thorn hedge, near
Naaman’s Creek, on the estate of Colonel Robinson. It is one of the most
attractive and distinct of our native dessert pears. Young shoots slender,
diverging, reddish-yellow brown. Fruit of medium size, oval-obovate, regu-
larly formed. Flesh white, very juicy, melting, sweet, and agreeable. Very
good. Middle of September.

CLASS ITI.—SELECT AUTUMN AND EARLY WINTER PEARS.

beurre d’ Anjou (Nec Plus Meuris of the French)—A large, fine pear, but-
tery and melting, with sprightly vinous flavor. Tree a fine grower and good
bearer.

Beurre Diel—One of the largest pears; buttery, rich, and fine; sometimes
gritty at the core on pear stock; generally first-rate on the quince. Growth
very strong and rapid, with large, roundish leaves.

Beurre Langelier—Large; greenish yellow and red; melting and fine.
Tree a superb grower; not an early bearer.

Beurre Clairgeau—Very large, pyriform ; yellow and red; texture of Beurre
Bose. Nearly melting, high-flavored. Tree a good grower, and an early,
abundant bearer; a magnificent market fruit; one of the finest acquisitions.

Boyenne du Comice—A large, fine, new, melting pear; originated in Angers,
France. Tree hardy, and a fine grower; succeeds well on the quince. Re-
garded as one of the best foreign varieties introduced during the last twenty
years.

Dana's Hovey—Small, but of very fine quality, and keeps well. Named
after Mr. C. M. Hovey, of Boston.

Emile @ Heyst—A large, pyramidal fruit, of the first quality. Tree vigor-
ous; a great bearer and good keeper.

30 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Lawrence—Size medium to large, obovate; golden yellow; flesh melting,
with a rich, aromatic flavor. Tree a moderate grower and an abundant
bearer. The most valuable of all our early winter pears.

Mt. Vernon—A vigorous grower and early bearer; fruit medium to large ;
juicy and melting. November and December.

Oswego Beurre—From Oswego, N. Y. Medium size, round; russet; melt-
ing, with a rich vinous flavor. ‘Tree very hardy and productive.

Souvenir d’ Esperen—A fine, late autumn pear, resembling the Winter Nelis
in appearance and quality.

Winter Nelis—One of the best early winter pears; medium size; greenish
russet; melting and buttery, with a rich, sprightly flavor. Tree a slender,
straggling, but free grower.

CLASS IV.—SELECT LATE WINTER PEARS.

Beurre Easter (Doyenne dHiver of the French)—A large, roundish, oval
fruit, yellow, with a red cheek; melting and rich. Tree a good grower and
most abundant bearer; best on the quince; keeps all winter. One of the best-
keeping table pears we have yet tested.

Beurre Gris d’Hiver Nouveau—A large, melting, first-rate early winter
fruit. Tree a moderate and irregular grower, but good bearer. Keeps till
February.

Bezy Sanspareii—Medium to large; roundish; yellow; melting, sweet, and
good. Keeps well till February or March. Tree vigorous, very erect, and
productive.

Lergamote d’Esperen—Promises to be one of the most valuable keeping
pears. Tree a fine grower. December to January.

Columbia—An American variety; large, melting; fair quality. Tree a fine
grower and good bearer. December to January.

Doyenne d’Hiver d’Alencon, or Nouveau—A long-keeping variety, resem-
bling the Easter Beurre. Tree vigorous, and makes a beautiful pyramid on
the quince; an abundant bearer. ;

Glout Morceau—A large, excellent, melting pear. Tree forms a perfect aad
beautiful pyramid on the quince, but needs to be five or six years old even on
the quince before it yields a crop of fine pears; very distinct in wood, foliage,
and habit. December and January.

Jaminette—Large, roundish; russety; half-melting; good. Tree one of
the most vigorous and beautiful, with large, rich, glossy leaves. January and
February.

Josephine de Malines—Medium to large size, roundish; pale straw color ;
flesh rose colored; melting and delicately perfumed; first quality. Tree a
moderate grower, with small leaves; fruit borne in clusters; succeeds well on
the quince, though not a handsome grower. ‘This variety improves as the tree
advances in age. One of the most delicious of our long-keeping table pears.

Pound (Angora, Uvedales St. Germain, etc.)—A monstrous fruit, and very
beautiful; yellow, with red cheek. Tree very vigorous and preductive. For
stewing.

Vicar of Winkfield, or Le Cure—A large, long pear, fair and handsome, of
good quality when well grown; if tree is overloaded and specimens small,
they are worthless. ‘Tree a beautiful, vigorous grower, and very productive.

FOR CULTIVATION ON THE QUINCE.
The following varieties are particularly recommended for cultivation on the

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 3k

quince. All are vigorous and handsome growers, hardy, and bear well.—
Barry.

Summer—Beurre Giffard, Brandywine, Tyson, Osband’s Summer, Edmunds,
Clapp’s Favorite.

Autumn—Belle Lucrative,’ Urbaniste, Duchesse d’Angouleme, Beurre
d@’Anjou, Doyenne Boussock, Beurre Diel, Buffum, Beurre Langelier, White
Doyenne, Beurre Superfin, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Howell.

Winter—Kaster Beurre, Glout Morceau, Vicar of Winkfield, Jaminette,
Doyenne d’Alencon, Lawrence, Josephine de Malines.

PEACHES.

To secure healthy, vigorous, and fruitful trees, and fine fruit, the following
points must be well attended to in peach culture: 1st. Keep the ground clean
and mellow around the trees, and give it an occasional dressing of wood ashes.
2d. Keep the heads low—the trunks ought not to exceed three feet in height.
3d. Attend regularly every spring to pruning and shortening the shoots of the
previous year’s growth. This keeps the head round, full, and well furnished
with bearing wood. Cut weak shoots back about one-half, and strong ones
one-third; but see that you have a sufficient supply of fruit buds. Sickly
and superfluous shoots should be cut out clean. It should always be borne in
mind that the fruit is borne on wood of the last season’s growth, and hence
the necessity for keeping up a good supply of vigorous annual shoots all over
the tree. The plum stock is advantageous in stiff clay, cold, and damp soils.
—fharry.

The peach borer,a white grub about three-fourths of an inch long, fre-
quently does a great deal of injury to this tree by girdling and devouring the
bark just beluw the surface. Its presence may be discovered by removing a
few inches of the soil, where will be found a sort of gum, mixed with the
castings of the grub, resembling saw-dust. It is then easily removed and de-
stroyed. A half peck of air-slacked lime or leached ashes placed around the
trunk of the tree in May, and allowed to remain until October, affords a good
protection against the depredations of this pest. In the cultivation of the
peach we would recommend the shortening-in system. This should be done
in February or March. Cut off from one-third to one-fourth of the previous
year’s growth. This course should be pursued every year. There is a great
difference, in the appearance at least, between those that have been shortened
in and those that have been left to themselves. The trees so treated live
longer, are broken down less by the wind, produce larger and better fruit,
which is more easily gathered than from trees grown by the old method.—
Llgenfritz.

The peaches recommended by the Society are as follows:

Market—ale’s Early (dry soil and open exposure), Wheeler’s Early, Cool-
idge’s Favorite, Honest John (of Michigan), Crawford’s Karly, Barnard (of
Thomas), Old Mixon Free, Jacques’ Rareripe, Crawford’s Late (on clay), Hill’s
Chili, Smock Free (southern lake shore), Keyport White (southern lake shore),
Stump the World, Foster (of Downing).

Family—Hale’s Early, Coolidge’s Favorite, White Imperial, Barnard (of
Thomas), Honest John (of Michigan), Crawford’s Early, Old Mixon Free,
Crawford’s Late, Hill’s Chili, Smock Free.

Note By SecrETARY.—It must be recollected that the shortening-in process, recommended by Mr.
Barry and others, is entirely discarded by the most extensive peach-growers of Michigan.

32 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Amateur—Hale’s Karly, Serrate Early York, Coolidge’s Favorite, Grosse
Mignonne, Large Early York, George the Fourth, Crawford’s Early, Barnard
(of Thomas), Old Mixon Free, Old Mixon Cling, White Imperial, Late Red
Rareripe, Crawford’s Late, Hill’s Chili, Davis’ Late (local name), Keyport
White (local name), Tippecanoe Cling.

Barnard (Early Barnard, Yellow Barnard)—Rather large, roundish, suture
distinct, mostly covered with dark brownish red; flesh deep yellow, red at
stone, juicy, rich, very good. Tree hardy and a great bearer. Flowers small.
This is a seedling of the Yellow Alberge, which it much exceeds in quality.
September.— J. J. Thomas.

Bergen’s Yellow—A large, yellow-fleshed peach of the finest quality, but a
moderate bearer. Beginning of September.

Cole’s Early Red—Medium size; mostly clouded and mottled with red:
flesh pale, juicy, rich, and delicious. Tree vigorous and an abundant bearer.
Middle of August.

Coolidge’s Favorite—A most beautiful and excellent peach; skin white, del-
icately mottled with red; flesh pale, juicy, and rich. Tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. End of August.

Crawford’s Early—A magnificent, large, yellow peach, of good quality.
Tree exceedingly vigorous and prolific; its size, beauty, and productiveness
make it one of the most popular orchard varieties. Beginning of September.

Crawford’s Late Melocoton (Crawford’s Superb)—Really a superb yellow
peach; very large, productive, and good; ripening here about the close of the
peach season. Last of September.

Early York (Karly Purple, Serrate Karly York, etc.)—Medium size; on
young, thrifty trees large; greenish white, covered in the sun with dull pur-
plish red ; flesh juicy, rich, and excellent. Tree a fair grower and very pro-
lific; one of the best early orchard varieties. Middle of August.

Early Tillotson—Medium to large; white and red; flesh white, melting,
and rich; one of the best varieties, but the tree and fruit are both liable to
mildew badly. Same season as Early York.

Foster—A new, very large peach. Originated in Medford, Mass. Resem-
bles the Early Crawford in appearance, but is much larger and somewhat
earlier. Tree as hardy and productive as that well known sort; has received
the highest encomiums from Massachusetts horticulturists.

George the Fourth—Large ; white, with a red cheek; flesh pale, juicy, and
rich. Tree vigorous, and bears moderate crops of the best quality. End of
August.

Grosse Mignonne—Large; dull white with a red cheek; flesh pale, juicy,
with a rich, vinous flavor; a free grower and good bearer. In England it is
called “ the best peach in cultivation.” End of August.

Haine’s Early—targe ; white, with a red cheek; flesh pale, juicy, and de-
licious. Tree hardy and very productive; one of the best varieties. Middle
of August.

Hale’s Early—Raised in Ohio; medium size; flesh white, first quality ;
ripens rather earlier than the Early York.

Heath Free—A large, late peach, of medium quality. Succeeds well in
some places.

Heath Cling—Very large ; creamy white; an excellent late variety; popular
im the South, where it succeeds well.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 33

Honest John—F¥ruit large; skin pale yellowish white, dark red cheek on one
side; flesh pale, marked with red at stone. Last of August. Freestone.

Jacques’ Rareripe—A superb yellow peach, fully as large and as good as
Crawlord’s Early, and ripening a week or ten days later.

Large Early York—A large and beautiful variety ; white, with a red cheek ;
flesh juicy and delicious. ‘T'ree vigorous and productive; one of the very
best. End of August.

Late Red Rareripe—Fruit large ; skin fine pale greenish white, with lively
red cheek; flesh pale greenish white, quite red at the stone, with a sweet and
rich flavor. Last of August. Freestone.

Lemon Cling—A very large and beautiful lemon-shaped variety; light yel-
low, reddened in the sun; flesh yellow, rich, and vinous; excellent for pre-
serving. ‘l'ree hardy and productive. Hnd of September.

Monstrous of Doway—<A large, French variety, of great excellence; nearly
all red; melting and rich. End of September. ‘Tree very robust and prolific.

Morris White—Medium size; dull creamy white, tinged with red in the
sun; flesh white to the stone, juicy and delicious. Tree a moderate bearer ;
highly prized for preserving, on account of the entire absence of red in the
flesh. Middle of September.

Mountain Rose—WLarge; bright red; very handsome; good. One of the
best early peaches. July and August. Freestone. The Mountain Rose is
highly recommended by Mr. Thomas Archer, and other fruit-growers, at St.
Joseph.

Old Mixon Freestone—Large ; greenish white and red; flesh pale, juicy, and
rich. Tree hardy and productive; a standard orchard variety. Middle of
September.

Old Mixon Cling—Very large and excellent; one of the finest clings. End
of September.

Red Cheek Melocoton—A famous, old, well known, and popular variety;
large, oval; yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and vinous.
Tree very hardy and prolific; valuable for the orchard. Middle to end of
September.

Snow Peach—A beautiful fruit, medium size; skin and flesh clear creamy
white throughout. ‘Tree hardy and productive; blossoms white and shoots
greenish; very distinct, and one of the most desirable of white peaches for
preserving. Beginning to middle of September.

Scott’s NonparetI—A very large and fine yellow peach, from New Jersey.
Highly esteemed as a valuable market variety. Middle to end of September.

Stump the World—A New Jersey variety; red and white; handsome, good
size, and fair quality. Very productive. End of September.

Smock Free—A late, hardy, productive peach; valuable for the orchard at
Cleveland and west of that. October.

Surpasse Melocoton—A large, pale-yellow-fleshed peach of the highest qual-
ity. A strong grower, and productive; raised by us from seed. Hirst to mid-
dle of September.—Hilwanger & Barry.

Susquekhanna—A very large and superb yellow peach from Pennsylvania;
melting, rich, and fine. End of September.

Troth’s Harly—An early, white-fleshed peach, resembling the Large Early
York. Of the same season.

White Inperial—Rather large; whitish yellow, reddened in the sun; juicy,
sweet, and delicate; good grower and moderate bearer. Last of September.

re)

34 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Wheeler’s Harly—Is a good grower and hardy, except that it is quite as sub-
ject to curled leaf as any seedling. It is extremely liable to overbear; the
fruit is medium size, of very bright appearance, fair quality, quite exempt
from rot, and ships well.

Tippecanoe Cling—A large and handsome clingstone, originated by George
Thomas, of Philadelphia. Its lateness and beauty render it a valuable kind.
Leaves with reniform glands; flowers small; the shoots dark purplish red ;
fruit very large, nearly round, a little compressed on the sides, skin yellow,
with a fine red cheek; flesh yellow, juicy, with a good vinous flavor. It
ripens from the 20th to the last of September.

RIVERS’ SEEDLING PEACHES (ENGLISH).

The following, raised from seed by Mr. Rivers, the eminent fruit-grower and
nursery-man of Sawbridgeworth, England, are highly recommended. We
subjoin his descrintion of them.—Hilwanger & Barry.

Comet—Large, nearly round; orange, with a crimson cheek; melting, sweet,
and good; ripens early in October.

Crimson Galande—Medium size, often large; deep crimson; flesh tender,
melting, rich, and deliciously flavored ; a freestone peach of the most hardy,
prolific, and vigorous habit; middle to end of August.

Dagmar—tLarge; melting and rich; skin very downy, and of a deep crim-
son; very handsome. Ripe early in August.

Dr. Hogg—Uarge; firm, yet melting; often stained with red under the
skin ; flavor rich and sugary. A freestone peach. Hardy, vigorous, and pro-
lific. Middle of August.

Karly Albert—Uarge; nearly oval; melting and excellent. Succeeds the
Karly York peach.

Early Alfred—Above medium size; melting, and peculiarly rich and agree-
able. A most delicious freestone peach. arly in August.

Early Beatrice—Medium size, with a marbled red cheek; flesh melting and
very juicy; flowers large; glands small, kidney-shaped. This remarkably
early peach was raised from a stone of my seedling White Nectarine, and is
the earliest sort known.

Early Leopold—Medium size; pale yellow and red; very rich and excellent ;
glands kidney-shaped; flowers small. Succeeds Harly Rivers.

Early Louise—Medium size; bright red, melting, very juicy and excellent.
This is nearly as early as Harly Beatrice.

Early Rivers—Large; color pale straw, with a delicate pink cheek ; flesh
melting, or rather dissolving, with a rich, racy flavor most remarkable.
Ripens three or four days after Early Louise.

Early Silver—Very large; melting and rich, with the vinous flavor of the
White Nectarine, its parent. Early in August.

Lady Palmerston—Uarge; melting and very good; skin greenish yellow,
marbled with crimson; very handsome; flesh pale yellow. This fine peach
ripens toward the end of September, and is a most distinct variety.

Large Early Mignonne—Very large; pale straw, with a rosy cheek. Ripens
first week in August; melting and very rich.

Lord Palmerston—Very large, the largest of peaches; skin creamy white,
with a pink cheek; flesh firm, yet melting, very juicy and rich. Season from
middle to end of September.

Magdala—Size medium, shape inclined to oval, skin nearly smooth, like a

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 3d

nectarine; color creamy white, marbled and blotched with crimson; flavor a
combination of the peach and nectarine; quite original and exquisite. Sea-
son middle to end of August.

Prince of Wales—Very large; color deep crimson; melting, rich, and ex-
cellent ; a very fine peach. Middle of September.

Princess of Wales—Very large; one of the largest peaches known, and one
of the most beautiful, its color cream, with a rosy cheek; melting, rich, and
excellent.

Rivers’ Early York—Medium size; skin marbled with red; flesh so melt-
ing and juicy as to dissolve in the mouth, leaving no fibre. Season early in
August.

The Nectarine Peach—Very large; pointed, with a smooth, nectarine-like
skin; flesh melting, rich, and racy. Season the middle of September.

PLUMS.
DISEASES AND ENEMIES OF THE PLUM.

The prevalence of that disease of the plum commonly called the “black
knot,” and of the insect known as the curculio, has of late discouraged people
generally from giving to the plum its merited share of attention. It is not to
be denied that these are obstacles of considerable magnitude to indifferent,
slovenly cultivators; but we are satisfied, from actual experience, that nothing
more than ordinary industry and perseverance is required to overcome them
entirely. Western New York is not exempt from these difficulties, any more
than other localities; we hear complaints about “knots” and “curculio” all
around us; yet we are able to fruit, in the most successful manner, some 70 or
80 varieties of plums annually, getting not merely a few scattering fruits, but
full crops, weighing down the branches, as all will acknowledge who have seen
our trees.

This success of ours is not due to any extraordinary skill, nor to any pecu-
liarity of soil or climate, but to reasonably good care and culture.

Nothing is more favorable to the growth of the black fungus, or knot, than
neglect. We have seen trees growing in grass in some uncultivated door yards
transformed into a mere mass of black knots, while trees in neighboring gar-
dens, under good cultivation, were entirely exempt. In our specimen plum
orchard we have never lost a tree by this disease; it does occasionally make
its appearance, but we instantly remove it. Our preventives and remedies are
good, clean culture,and prompt amputation.

As for the curculio, we find no difficulty in protecting the crop from it, by
merely employing a little extra labor. When the trees blossom, and as the
fruit begins to set, we dress the ground about the plum trees, and make it
very clean and smooth. Then as soon as the curculio commences its opera-
tions, we spread a large sheet, prepared for the purpose, around each tree, and
jar.it so as to shake down all fruits that have been stung, as well as all the
curculios. Both insects and stung fruits are destroyed, and the ground is
swept as clean as a floor. This work is performed daily, and insures a full
crop. The work is done quickly; a dozen trees in a garden can be attended
to daily in less than half an hour’s work of aman. Let those who really de-
sire to grow fine crops of delicious plums try this system, and follow it up rig-
idly, and they will be successful—Barry & Ellwanger.

Should the insects be very abundant, they may be destroyed by throwing

36 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

them into a pail of hot water, or better stil], into a small tin vessel of kero-
sene, by varying the contrivance as follows: Instead of the stiffeners across
the ends, formed by single rods, let them be two short rods, meeting in the
middle. When the middle rod is pulled out these will form a sort of hinge,
so that the two sides of the sheet may be folded up like the covers of a book,
and the insects thrown down into the trough thus formed, and thence into the
yessel. In dislodging the insects from the tree, much depends on a sharp,
stunning blow. It may be given by the stroke of a mallet, upon the short
stump of one of the smaller limbs, sawed off for this purpose, and which pre-
vents bruising the bark. Or a mallet may be thickly covered with woolen
cloth encased in India-rubber, to prevent injury to the tree; but the jar is
less sudden in this case. The late David Thomas (who first proposed jarring
down on sheets), in a communication to the Genesee Farmer, in 1832, says:
“Not three days ago I saw that many of the plums were punctured, and be-
gan to suspect that shaking the tree was not sufficient. Under a tree in a re-
mote part of a fruit garden, having spread the sheets, I therefore made the
following experiment: On shaking it well, I caught five curculios; on jarring
at with the hand, I caught twelve more; and on striking the tree with a stone,
eight more dropped on the sheets. I was now convinced that I had been in
an error; and calling in the necessary assistance, and using a hammer to jar
the tree violently, we caught in less than an hour more than two hundred and
sixty of these insects.” With large trees, it may be necessary to jareach limb
separately, by means of a pole.

The best time for this work is in the cool of the morning, when the insects
are partly torpid with cold, and drop quickly. At mid-day they retain their
hold more tenaciously, and more quickly escape. The work should be com-
menced very early in the season, as soon as the fruit begins to set, or is not
larger than a small pea. With properly stiffened muslin frames, a few minutes
are sufficient for many trees, and labor equal in the aggregate to that of a
single entire day may save large and valuable crops.

The time required to attain a sufficient size for the orchard varies much
with different sorts. The Imperial Gage, the Washington, Huling’s Superb,
and others, grow rapidly, and usually produce good trees in two years from
the graft or bud; while such slow-growing plums as the Primordian, Green
Gage, and Red Diaper require a longer period.

Sotl—T he best soil, usually, is a strong, rich, clayey loam. On many light
soils the tree grows with less vigor, independently of which the crop is moro
frequently destroyed by the curculio, a pervious soil affording a more ready
place of shelter for the young insects, on their escape from the fallen fruit.
A few varieties are well adapted to rather dry as well as light lands.

In planting orchards, a suitable distance is one rod apart, giving one hun-
dred and sixty trees to the acre. Tne ground should be manured and kept
well cultivated, as the plum, especially when young, is sensitive to the effects
of the weeds and grass of neglected culture—J. J. Thomas.

STANDARD PLUM TREES.

These are generally four to five feet in height, and like all the stone fruits
should have heads near the ground, making what we term dwarf or low
standards.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 37

DWARF AND PYRAMIDAL PLUM TREES.

These are adapted to garden culture, being just as easily grown in the
bush or pyramidal form as the pear or cherry.

The plums recommended by the Society are as follows:

Market—Washington, Lombard, Duane’s Purple, Yellow Egg, Coe’s Golden
Drop, Canada Egg (local).

Family—Sheldon, Washington, Prince’s Yellow Egg, Coe’s Golden Drop,
Bavay’s Green Gage, Canada Egg (local).

Amateur—Green Gage, Huling’s Superb, Columbia, Jefferson, Imperial
Gage, McLaughlin, Coe’s Golden Drop, Bavay’s Green Gage, Canada Egg
(local).

Bradshaw (Large Bl
violet red; juicy and good. ‘Tree erect and vigorous; very productive.

Bryanstone Gage—An English plum of excellent quality ; greenish yellow;
sweet. Tree of great vigor, and productive.

Bleeker’s Gage—Above medium size; roundish oval; yellowish; flesh yel-
low, juicy, and rich; parts from the stone. ‘Tree a fair grower and produc-
tive. Last of August.

Coe’s Golden Drop—Large and handsome; oval; light yellow; flesh firm,
rich, and sweet; adheres to the stone. ‘T'ree a fair grower, and very produc-
tive. Valuable not only on account of its large size and fine appearance, but
its lateness. Last of September.

Duane’s Purple—Very large and handsome; oval; reddish purple; flesh
juicy and sweet; adheres to the stone. Tree a good grower and very produc-
tive. Beginning of September.

Fellemberg—A fine, late plum; oval; purple; flesh juicy and delicious ;
parts from the stone; fine fordrying. ‘Tree very productive. September.

Green Gage—Small, but of the highest excellence. Tree a slow grower.
September.

General Hand-—Very large; yellow, handsome; parts freely from the stone.
Tree very vigorous and productive. September.

Goliath (Nectarine)—A very large, purple plum, rivaling the peach in
beauty ; second quality; strong grower and great bearer. Beginning of Sep-
tember.

German Prune—Medium; oval; purple or blue; juicy, rich, fine. Tree
very productive. September.

Imperial Gage—Rather large; oval; greenish; flesh juicy, rich, and deli-
cious; parts from the stone. One of the best growers; most productive and
best of plums. Middle of August.

Jefferson—A fine American variety; yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh orange-
colored, juicy, and rich; parts from the stone. Tree a slow, poor grower, but
productive. End of August.

Lawrence’s Favorite—Rather large, roundish ; yellowish green; flesh juicy,
melting, and rich; parts from the stone. Tree vigorous and very productive.
Middle and end of August.

Lombard—Medium size, oval; violet red; flesh yellow, juicy, and pleasant.
A great bearer, and peculiarly well adapted to light soils. September.

Lucombe’s Nonsuch—An English variety of rather large size; roundish ;
yellowish green, distinctly streaked with yellow and orange. A good grower
and very prolific. Middle to end of August.

; dark

38 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Monroe Gage—Rather above medium size, oblong oval; greenish yellow;
flesh juicy, with a very rich, sugary flavor. Tree vigorous and productive.
September.

Magnum Bonum, Yellow—A very large and beautiful egg-shaped yellow
plum; a little coarse, but excellent for cooking. ‘Tree vigorous and very pro-
ductive. End of August.

McLaughlin—Uarge, round; greenish yellow; sugary and fine, first-rate.
End of August.

Ontario —A seedling of ours; large, roundish; yellow-marbled ; adheres to
the stone; of good quality and very productive; ripe early in August.

Orleans, Smith’s—A large and excellent variety ; oval; reddish purple, with
a thick coat of bloom; flesh yellow, firm, juicy and rich. ‘Tree vigorous and
very productive. August and September.

Peter’s Yellow Gage—ULarge, nearly oval; bright marbled yellow; flesh rich
and juicy; very good. September.

Prince Englebert—Very large and long; deep purple; rich and excellent ;
from Belgium. End of August.

Pond’s Seedling, or Fout Hill—A magnificent English plum; form of Mag-
num Bonum; light red, changing to violet; flesh rather coarse. Tree a good
grower, and most abundant bearer. One of the most attractive in cultivation.
September.

Prune D’ Agen, or Robe De Sergent—A French variety ; first quality for dry-
ing. ‘Tree very prolific. September.

Reine Claude De Bavay, (Esperen)—One of the best foreign varieties, as large
as the Washington, and of fine flavor; roundish oval; greenish, marked with
red in the sun. ‘Tree vigorous and remarkably productive. Middle to end of
September. Hangs long on the tree.

Shropshire Damson—A medium sized, dark purple variety, esteemed for pre-
serving. October.

St. Lawrence—A seedling of ours, from Smith’s Orleans; superior iu size
and quality to the parent. Large; dark purple; cling; ripens middle of
August.

Victoria (Sharp’s Emperor)—One of the most magnificent plums in culti-
vation; of the largest size; fair quality; purplish red color. Tree a strong,
irregular grower, and most abundant bearer. September.

Wangenheim—Medium size; dark blue, oval; quality excellent; one of the
finest of that class designated as prunes.

Washington—A magnificent large plum, roundish; green, usually marked
with red; juicy, sweet and good. ‘l'ree vigorous and exceedingly productive ;
one of the very best. End of August.

Yellow Gage—Large, vellow, oval; flesh yellow, juicy and rich. ‘Tree re-
markably vigorous and productive. An excellent and profitable variety. Middle
of August.

IMPROVED NATIVE PLUMS.
BY W. F. HEIKES OF DAYTON, OHIO.
The ravages of the curculio have of late years increased to such an extent
as to cause the almost total failure of the crops of the finer varieties of plums.
Notwithstanding all the remedies advocated to prevent the curculio from de-

stroying the fruit, this insect has proven too strong in numbers; and excepting
in a few isolated cases, where unusual pains have been taken to guard against

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 39

this pest, the labor required to grow a few plums is worth more than the result.
Our native varieties, such as the Chickasaw and others, being less liable to be
injured by the curculio, have induced several horticulturists to experiment with
them in order to produce improved varieties, which would at least possess one
great advantage over European varieties, in being curculio-proof. The Chick-
asaw type has furnished the best material to experiment with: its offsprings
are all very vigorous growers and abundant bearers. We name a few of the
most meritorious :

Wild Goose—Originated in Davidson county, Tenn. Its name is claimed to
have been derived from the fact that a pit of a plum was found in the crop of
a wild goose, and being planted produced this variety. Other stories, equally
unfounded, give it a different origin. The fruit is large, 14 to 1? inches long,
14 broad; color bright vermilion red, with numerous minute white dots
towards the apex; stalk very slender, short; flesh rather coarse, juicy, vinous
and pleasant. Compared with the finer foreign varieties can be classed as sec-
ond-rate in quality. Treevery vigorous; leaveslight green; very productive;
maturity beginning of June. * * * Asa market fruit it is very desirable,
combining fine size, beautiful color and good quality. * * * *

Newmans—Another offspring of the Chickasaw. Fruit medium, oblong;
smaller than the foregoing. Color bright vermilion. Flesh rather coarse,
juicy, and with a pleasant vinous flavor. Adheres to the stone. * * Tree
vigorous. * * * Foliage smaller than the Wild Goose. In fertility it is
truly astonishing, and its fruit ripens about July 10th, lasting until the middle
of August. It can not compare in point of quality with the best foreign varie-
ties, but it is sufficiently good to merit extensive cultivation. Besides, it is
perfectly free from insects and ripens at a period unusual for this class of fruit,
—remaining in season nearly six months.”—P. J. Berchmans, in Farmer and
Gardener.

Langsdon—Ildentical with the cherry plum, except that it is more than a
month later in ripening: the cherry plum ripening the last of July, while the
Langsdon ripens in September. It differs from the Miner in being more glob-
ular, with a longer stem and having a deep suture, which gives it the appear-
ance of a very large cherry. The thick, tough skin common to this species
renders it nearly cwrculio-proof. ‘There are one or more orchards of the Langs-
don near Louisville which are very profitable: al] plums being out of season
they sell for eight to ten dollars per bushel in that market, and will bear ship-
ping to the most distant markets——D. L. Adair, in Journal of Horticulture.

Miner—This is also an improved variety of the Chickasaw, claiming the
same advantages in being exempt from the attacks of the curculio as the above
varieties. Medium in size; dark, purplish red, with a fine bloom. In quality
is similar to the foregoing. September.

Cherry (Early Scarlet, etc.)—The origin of this species is in some doubt, and
while it may not prove to be a native variety, its freedom from the depredations
of the cwrculio, and its enormous fertility, gives it very properly a place in this
class. Itis a beautiful, early fruit, ripening before most other plums, and this
comprises one of its chief merits as a market fruit. In size it measures about
an inch in diameter; is of a lively, red color, with a thin bloom.

These varieties of native plums, planted in conjunction with the Damson,
form a list which the orchardist may accept with confidence. They are all
hardy, vigorous, abundant bearers, and coyer a season of ripening from the first
of June to the last of September.

40 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GRAPES.

The culture of the grape within the last ten years has attracted a great deal
of attention throughout the United States. Many vineyards of large extent
have been and are still being planted in various portions of the country, and
are proving a great pecuniary success. ‘The many new and excellent varieties
of native origin should no longer leave any doubts in the mind of the culti-
yator as to the result of the investment. While some make this branch of
horticulture a specialty, from pecuniary motives, every one owning a garden
spot should devote a portion of it to a few of the best varieties. Of the many
good sorts worthy of cultivation, we would particularly recommend the Con-
cord and Delaware for common garden culture. These varieties have proved
almost perfectly hardy in Michigan, particularly the Concord, which is very
strong and vigorous in its habits of growth, very productive, and fruit nearly
of the best quality. The Delaware, though not quite so hardy and strong
grower as the former, is nevertheless very productive, quite early in its season
of ripening, and the fruit of the very best quality, both for the dessert and
wine.—Llgenfritz.

The following paragraph upon the best soil for the grape, is from “ Down-
ing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America :”

«The universal experience in all countries has established the fact that a
warm and dry soil is the very best for the vine. Where vineyards are culti-
vated, a limestone soil, or one composed of decaying calcareous rocks, is by
far the best; but where, as in most gardens, the vine is raised solely for its
fruit, the soil should be highly enriched. The foreign grape will scarcely
thrive well here on a heavy soil, though our native varieties grow and bear
well on any strong land; but the essence of all that can be said in grape-cul-
ture respecting soil, is that it be dry and light, deep and rich. Frequent top-
dressing of well rotted manures should be applied to vines in open borders,
and this should every third or fourth year be alternated with a dressing of
slacked lime.”

A little attention at proper seasons to the culture of the vine will afford a
family a gocd supply of fruit of good size and flavor. Grape vines are orna-
mental, and may be planted where shade is required on the sides of buildings,
arbors, and trellises. They require a rich soil, with a dry subsoil Chilson.

The grapes recommended by the Society are as follows:

Market—Hartford Prolific, Eumelan, Delaware, Israclla (on suitable soils),
Concord, Iona, Ives’ Seedling.

Family—HUartford Prolific, Delaware, Eumelan, Concord, Diana (for keep-
ing), Agawam (for keeping).

Amateur—Adirondac, Creveling, Eumelan, Delaware, Israella, Iona, Croton
(trial), Rebecca, Allen’s Hybrid, Diana (for keeping), Wilder.

CLASS I.—BLACK GRAPES.

Adirondac—One of the best of the newer grapes; bunch large; berries
large, tender, and sweet; quite as early as the Hartford Prolific. Vine similar
in wood and foliage to Isabella, but less vigorous.

Alvey—Bunch medium size, compact; berries small or medium; no pulp;
sprightly, vinous; promises to be one of the best for wine. LRipens with us
about same time as Isabella.

Barry (Rogers’ No. 43)—Bunch rather short: berries roundish, much like
Black Hamburg; delicate, sweet, and tender. Ripens with Concord.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 41

Black Hawk—Bunch medium to large; berry large, nearly round; flesh
somewhat pulpy.

Cornucopia (Arnold’s No. 2)—Bunch large, compact, shouldered; berry
medium ; flesh sweet, with an agreeable, sprightly flavor. Ripens with Con-
cord.

Canada (Arnold’s No. 16)—Bunch above medium, shouldered ; berry above
medium size; flesh free from pulp, juicy, with a distinct foreign flavor.
Ripens with Concord.

Canby’s August (York Madeira)—Bunch medium size, compact; berry me-
dium size, sprightly, vinous; will bea good wine grape. Ripens before the
Isabella. Vine hardy, moderately vigorous; foliage rather small. Origin,
Pennsylvania.

Clinton—Bunches small and very compact; berries small; sprightly; keeps
well; one of the most free, rapid growers and profuse bearers. Ripens earlier
than the Isabella.

Concord—One of the best, well-tried, native grapes. It is of very large size,
both of bunch and berry; quality good; color black, covered with a thick,
bluish bloom; flesh moderately juicy, rather buttery, very sweet. It is per-
fectly hardy; vigorous in its habits of growth, very healthy, and very produc-
tive. Ripens two weeks earlier than the Isabella. We think there is no grape
which has given so universal satisfaction as this, and it is constantly increas-
Ing in public favor as the variety becomes older. No family should be without
it.

Creveling—aA fine grape, nearly as large in bunch and berry as the Isabella;
bunch rather loose. Ripening almost as early as the Hartford Prolific; very
valuable.

Essex (Rogers’ No. 41)—Bunch medium size, shouldered; flesh tender and
sweet, with a highly aromatic flavor. Ripens early.

Eumelan—Bunch good size, compact, shouldered; berry medium; flesh
tender, sweet, sprightly.

Herbert (Rogers’ No. 44)—Bunch rather long and loose ; berry medium, ten-
der, sweet, and rich. Harly and productive.

Hartford Prolific—A hardy, profuse-bearing, and tolerably good grape.
Ripening very early, and valuable on this account.

Isabella—Bunches long, large, loose: berries large, oval, juicy, sweet, and
musky. A vigorous grower, hardy, and immense bearer. One of the most
popular of all our native grapes. Requires a good season to mature perfectly
in all parts of Michigan.

Israella—Raised by Dr. Grant. A grape of fair quality, ripening shortly
after the Hartford Prolific; promises to be valuable for market.

Ives’ Seedling—Regarded as a very promising wine grape in Ohio; hardy
and'productive ; about same season as Isabella.

Merrimack (Rogers’ No. 19)—Bunch medium to large; berry large, sweet
and rich; ripens early.

Norton’s Virginia—Bunches long, rather loose; berries small, no pulp,
vinous; esteemed one of the best wine grapes in Missouri.

Othello (Arnold’s No. 1)—Bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry large ;
flesh solid, juicy, sprightly ; ripens with Delaware.

Roger’s Hybrid, No. 2—“ Bunch large; berries large; ripens with Isabella.”
ss oN IN Gas3 Would all make superb market grapes, if the
ss 04, NOES bunches were not so variable in size, owing to
oa = No; 39 the fruit not setting well.

42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Salem (Rogers’ No. 53)—Bunch and berries large; dark red; flesh tender,
nearly free from pulp, sweet, aromatic and well flavored. Vine healthy, vigor-
ous and productive. Ripens soon after Delaware.

Sherman—Bunch small, rather compact; berry medium, similar in flayor to
Clinton, and ripens about same time.

Telegraph (Christine)—Fair quality, and said to be as early as Hartford Pro-
lific.

To Kalon—Bunch and berry large, tender, sweet, excellent; vigorous and
productive; ripens before Isabella. One of the best of our native grapes.

Union Village (Ontario)—Both bunch and berry very large; a magnificent
grape in appearance, and in quality nearly as good as Isabella; ripens a little
earlier ; vine very vigorous, with large, healthy foliage.

Wilder (Rogers’ No. 4)—Bunch variable, sometimes large, often small; flesh
tender, with a slight pulp. Ripensas early as Concord; a good keeper.

CLASS II.—RED GRAPES.

Agawam (Rogers’ No. 15)—One of the best of the red ones; bunch variable
in size; sometimes large and handsome; flesh tender and juicy.

Catawba—Well known as the great wine grape of Ohio, Kentucky, ete. ;
bunches large and loose; berries large, of a coppery-red color, becoming pur-
plish when well ripened ; two weeks later than the Isabella; requires the most
favored soils and situations, good culture and warm seasons to mature perfectly
in Michigan.

Delaware—This fruit has fully maintained its reputation as the finest of our
native grapes. The vine is comparatively slender, but grows freely. Small
vines, the second year after planting, have made two shoots each, 12 feet high,
and well ripened to the top, with ordinary culture, on our grounds. It proves
quite hardy in this climate, and ripens two or three weeks before the Isabella.
Bunch small and compact; berries small, light red, with a violet bloom ; beau-
tiful. Sweet, sugary and vinous, with a musky aroma; equal to the finest
foreign varieties. It justly claims the best place in every garden.

Diana—About the same size and color of the Catawba, of which it is sup-
posed to be a seedling; a beantiful and delicious grape ; ripens about the same
time as the Isabella. Vine remarkably vigorous; rather a shy bearer while
young.

Gaertner (Rogers’ No. 14)—Bunch and berry medium to large; aromatic;
Tipens early.

Goethe (Rogers’ No. 1)—Bunch and berry large; flesh tender, melting, sweet
and delicious ; very late.

Jona—Raised by Dr. Grant; has already been widely disseminated and test-
ed. Is regarded as a very promising grape both for table and wine. One of
the finest in quality.

Lindley (Roger’s No. 9)—Bunch long and compact ; flesh sweet ; ripens soon
after Delaware.

Massasoit (Rogers’ No. 3)—Bunch medium, shouldered; berry medium;
flesh tender and sweet; early as Hartford Prolific.

Mottled—Medium-sized bunch and berry; a seedling of Catawba from Kelly’s
Island; ripens early.

Perkins—A large, handsome grape ; ripens early; sweet, pulpy, foxy; very
hardy, vigorous, healthy and productive. Origin, Massachusetts.

Requa (Rogers’ No. 28)—Bunch large, shouldered; berry medium; skin
thin; flesh tender and sweet.

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 43:

Rogers’ Hybrid No. 5—* Bunch medium ; berries large, dark red; one of
the earliest.”

“6 « No. 7—* About the color of Catawba; does not set the fruit
as well as the others.”

a « No. 8—* Bunch large; berries large; color amber red; late.”

e « No. 30—* Bunch large; berries large, light amber; ripens
with Diana.”

a “No. 42—* Large berry; late; may be classed as amber color.”

Venango (Miner’s Seedling)—A large, handsome grape; sweet, but foxy;
very vigorous, productive and early.

Walter—Bunch medium, shouldered, moderately compact; berry medium,
round; flesh juicy, sweet. Ripens with Concord.

CLASS Ill.—WHITE GRAPES.

Allen’s Hybrid—A delicious grape of Chasselas character; very much sub-
ject to mildew.

Autuchon (Arnold’s No. 5)—Bunch long, moderately compact, often shoul-
dered; berry medium; fl-sh sprightly, rich. Ripens with Delaware.

Croton (Underhil])—Said to be across between the Delaware and Chasselas
de Fontainbleau. Bunch large, berry small; quality excellent. Ripens be-
tween Hartford Prolific and Concord.

Lydia—aA seedling of Catawba; earlier, of good quality; one of the best of
our white grapes.

Mazxatawney—F rom Pennsylvania; of good quality; ripens about same time
as Isabella; resembles Rebecca.

ebecca—A fine and delicious grape; berry and bunch medium size; vine a
free, slender grower and abundant bearer; quite hardy; ripens almost as soon
as the Delaware. We regard it as the highest-flavored of our native grapes;
recommended particularly for careful garden culture— Barry.

SELECT FOREIGN GRAPES.—GROWN IN VINERIES.
CLASS I.—BLACK OR PURPLE GRAPES.

Black Prince —Large, oval; bunches long, rather open; sweet and fine. A
profuse bearer.

Black Frontignan—Berries medium size, round ; bunches long; flavor rich
and musky; prolific.

Black Hamburg—A fine grape, and a general favorite for the vinery ; bunches
are large, very much shouldered—that is, branched; berries large, sweet and
rich.

Black St. Peters—Buunches large; berries large; late; hangs well after being
ripe; valuable.

Black Muscat of Alexandria—(See Muscat Hamburg).

Due de Magenta—A large grape; flesh juicy and very rich ; vigorous; ripens
three weeks before the Black Hamburg.

Early Black. Bordeaux—Berries round, above medium size; bunches short ;
flesh melting and very rich; one of the finest early purple grapes known.

Jura Muscat—Bunches long and tapering; berries above medium size, oval,
and well set; flesh richly flavored with a fine muscat aroma.

Lady Downs—Berries large, oval; flesh firm, sweet and richly flavored with
a fine aroma; one of the best late grapes.

Madresfield Cowrt—Berries very large; rich muscat flavor. A superb grape.

44 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mill Mill Hamburg—Berries round, very large; bunches large; one of the
best late sorts.

Muscat Hamburg—An English variety of great reputation; equal to the
Black Hamburg in size and beauty, with the musky flavor of the Muscat of
Alexandria.

Muscat Lierval—Berries round, medium size; deep purple; flesh rich and
sugary, with a slight muscat flavor; a new and very early sort.

Muscat D’ Aout—Berries medium sized, round, inclining to oval; skin deep
purple; flesh very rich and juicy, with a slight muscat flavor. An early grape
well adapted to pot culture.

Purple Sweetwater (Black Sweetwater)—Bunches small, short and compact ;
berries round ; flesh tender, juicy, and very sweet.

Trentham Black—Bunches large, tapering and shouldered; berries oval,
large ; flesh abundantly juicy, very rich, sugary and vinous. A great bearer
and a good grape.

CLASS II.—RED GRAPES.

Grizzly Frontignan—Bunches large; berries large and beautiful, early, and
have a rich, musky flavor; fine.

Lombardy (Flame-Colored Tokay )—Bunches very large ; shouldered, closely
set and handsome; berries large and round, inclining to oval; flesh firm,
sweet and well flavored.

Rose Chasselas—A beautiful large grape; a sure and abundant bearer; ex-
cellent.

CLASS III.—WHITE GRAPES.

Bowood Muscat—A superb grape, which supersedes the Muscat of Alexan-
dria and Canon Hall, being quite as large as either; sets well, and ripens well
in cold vineries. Bunches very large and well shouldered; berry large, of a
bright amber color at maturity, with a sugary, muscat flavor.

Buckland’s Sweetwater—A splendid grape; hardy and prolific.

Chasselas Musque (Muscat Blane Hatif )—Bunches long, loose ; berries me-
dium size, with a fine musky flavor; excellent; cracks occasionally.

Chasselas Duhamel—Berries round, large, pale amber, rich, juicy and good.

Chasselas Vibert—Berries round, very large; flesh juicy, rich und agreeable ;
a robust grower and an excellent grape.

Chasselas Royal—Berries round, large ; bunches short and thick; shouldered ;
a great bearer; a new and excellent grape.

Golden Chasselas—A large, handsome grape; hardy, productive and excel-
lent; resembles Royal Muscadine.

Golden Hamburg—A magnificent grape from the Sweetwater and Black
Hamburg.

Golden Champion (new)—Bunches large; berries very large; flesh firm and
very juicy. A superb grape.

Primavis Frontignan—Bunches very large; berries round, large, rich, juicy
and excellent; the finest of the Chasselas Musque race.

Royal Muscadine, or Chasselas de Fontainbleau—One of the finest varieties ;
bunches sometimes weighing five or six pounds.

White Frontignan (Muscat Blanc of the French)—One of the oldest varie-
ties; bunches pretty large; berries roundish, rich and quite musky.

White Muscat of Alexandria—This is a most delicious variety, considered

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 45

the same as the imported “ Malaga;” bunches large, branched and loose;
berries large, fine and rich, with a high musky flavor; sets badly in cold vine-
ries usually.

White Sweetwater—Bunches of good size; open; berries of medium size,
round, sweet and watery ; occasionally produced in tolerable perfection in the
open air; early.

SMALL FRUITS.

The small fruits recommended by the Society are as follows:

STRAWBERRIES.
Market—Wilson’s Albany.
Family—Wilson’s Albany, Charles Downing, Green Prolific, Michigan,
Downer’s Prolific.
Amateur—Downer’s Prolific, Michigan, Charles Downing, Agriculturist,
Lennig’s White, Green Prolific, Kentucky (late), Triomphe de Gand.

RASPBERRIES (RED).

Market—Philadelphia, Clark (on lake shore).
Family—Philadelphia, Purple Cane.
Amateur—Brinkle’s Orange (tender), Philadelphia, Clark.

RASPBERRIES (BLACK CAP).

Market—Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster.
Family—Davison’s Thornless, Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster.
Amateur—Miami (old), Davison’s Thornless, Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster.

BLACKBERRIES.

Market—ULawton (where hardy), Kittatinny.
Family—W ilson’s Karly, Kittatinny.
Amateur—Wilson’s Early, Kittatinny, Lawton.

CURRANTS.

Market—Cherry, Red Dutch, Victoria.
Family—Cherry, Red Dutch, White Dutch, White Grape, Victoria.
Amateur—Red Dutch, White Dutch, White Grape, Victoria, Black Naples.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Market—Houghton, Mountain Seedling.
Family—Houghton, Downing.
Amateur—Houghton, Downing.

BLACKBERRIES.

Crystal White—Fruit medium; light creamy white; translucent, sweet,
good. Only valuable as a curiosity.

Kittatinny—Fruit large to very large: rich glossy black ; moderately firm,
juicy, sweet, and excellent. It has within a few years become widely dissem-
inated, and everywhere proves of the highest value. Canes quite hardy and
very productive. Ripening early and continuinga long time. ‘The most prof-
itable market sort.

Lawton (New Rochelle)—Fruit very large; intensely black when fully ripe.
When mature the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender, with a sweet, ex-

46 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cellent flavor. It is of a very vigorous growth, hardy, and exceedingly pro-
ductive. Ripens about the first of August, and continues in bearing a long
time.

Sabie Queen—A new variety, lately introduced from Massachusetts, whence
it comes described as in size, beauty, and fruitfalness equal if not superior to
the New Rochelle.

Wilson’s Early—F¥ruit large, black; flesh firm, sweet, good. Valuable be-
cause of its earliness in ripening.

RASPBERRIES.

To keep a raspberry bed in good, productive condition, the old, weak, and
dead wood should be cut out every season, as soon as the crop is gathered, to
give strength to the young shoots for the next year’s bearing. In spring, the
weakest suckers should be removed, leaving five or six of the strongest in each
hill. The ground should be spaded, and a top dressing of manure given.

Protection—To guard against injury by the winter, the canes may be
tied to stakes and covered with straw, or they may be laid down in the autumn
and covered with a few inches of earth, leaves, litter, or branches of ever-
greens.— Barry.

Antwerp Red (of the Hudson river)—This is an excellent variety, and very
popular in market. Three-quarters of an acre of land on the Hudson, planted
with it, yielded $330; and three acres in the same locality, $1,500 in one sea-
son. The berry is large, conical, dark red, rich, and juicy. Very early.
Canes have a few small purple spines.

Antwerp Yellow, or White—Fruit large, pale yellow, sweet, and rich; a
beautiful and excellent fruit, but not so well adapted to marketing as the pre-
ceding; tender. Canes thickly covered with greenish spines.

Antwerp Red—This is the genuine Red Antwerp, quite distinct from the
Hudson river variety; finer flavored, but not so firm, nor so valuable for mar-
ket.

Catawissa—Fruit medium; dark crimson, covered with a thick bloom.
Well suited for amateur culture. In order to obtain the best crops, the canes
should all be cut away in the spring, and as the new sprouts grow they should
be thinned to four to six canes only. Ripens first of August, and continues a
long time.

Clarke—Fruit large; bright crimson; flesh rather soft; juicy, sweet, and
excellent. Foliage large, flat, and thick, and endures heat and cold better
than any European variety we have. Valuable as a family fruit.

Davison’s Thornless—This variety differs from the American Black Cap
only by its ripening a few days earlier. It is about as vigorous, not quite as
large, but a little sweeter, and the canes without thorns, except a small one on
the leaf stalk.

Cincinnati Red—A vigorous, upright grower; productive; fruit medium ;
light crimson, with a slight bloom ; flesh tender, with an excellent flavor.

Doolittle (Improved Black Cap)—The fruit of this variety is an improve-
ment on the American Black Cap. One ef the best of its class as a market
fruit.

Golden Thornless—A large variety of the American White or Yellow.
Moderately vigorous and productive, and has but few spines.

Herstine—Plant a good grower; most abundant and early bearer; suckers
moderately ; fruit large, oblong, with small grains and crimson color; flavor

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. AY

subacid and very good. This new seedling promises to supersede all other
red varieties now under cultivation, as it confirms all the requisites heretofore
wanting, viz., beauty, great productiveness, very large size, bright scarlet color,
and superior flavor.—Wm. Parry’s Circular.

Lum’s Everbearing—Vhis variety is very much like the Ohio Kverbearing
Black Cap. Like the Catawissa, it is advisable, whén a full autumn crop is
desired, to cut away the canes in spring.

Mammoth Cluster (McCormick)—A variety of the American Black Cap,
with stronger and more vigorous canes, having fewer spines, and more pro-
ductive, and is the largest and best Black Cap yet produced. Fruit similar in
form to American Black Cap, but of much larger size, of deeper color, more
bloom, juice, and sweetness.

Ohio Everbearing—It is precisely like the American Black Cap in all re-
spects except that it has the valuable property of bearing abundant crops of
fine fruit till late in the season.

Orange (Brinckle’s Orange)—This is unquestionably the largest and finest
light-colored raspberry yet known, and deserves a place in every garden ; fruit
large; color, beautiful orange; excellent.

Philadelphia—Fruit medium; dark crimson or purplish red; flesh mod-
erately soft, mild, subacid, good. The canes are hardy, vigorous, and very
productive. The most profitable red market sort.

Purple Cane—Medium size; purplish maroon, slight bloom; flesh soft,
juicy, and rich. A native sort.

Seneca Black Cap—A variety of the Black Cap. It is larger and later than
Doolittle; very vigorous, very productive; fruit rather larger than Doolittle;
not as black, but with a shade of purple; light bloom; juicy and sweet.

STRAWBERRIES.

No garden should be destitute of this delicious fruit. They are easily grown
and productive. One rod square, well treated, should yield at least two bush-
els. The ground should be deeply spaded and weli manured. Put out the
plants in rows two feet apart, in hills twelve or fifteen inches distant. They
can be planted at almost any season of the year. Ofcourse, if planted in warm,
dry weather, they must be watered and shaded. The runners should be kept
cut off, which can be easily done with a sharp spade. In the winter, leaves,
coarse manure or litter should be placed around and over them.

Time to Mulch Strawberries.—Whatever may be said of the best time to
mulch strawberries to protect them during the winter’s cold and the spring
frosts, my experience rests in putting on the mulch just after the ground has
become frozen,—say one to two inches deep; cover the line between the crowns
of the vines four inches deep, and over the crowns put only one inch. Straw,
leaves, bog hay, or coarse grass litter, is all that is requisite-—Cor. Country
Gentleman.

Agriculturist—Fruit large ; deep crimson; flesh dark red, quite firm, juicy,
sweet and rich. Hardy and productive. Pistillate.

Loyden’s No. 80—Very large; bright crimson; flesh quite firm, juicy, rich
subacid. Plant vigorous and very productive.

Burr's New Pine--Medium ; light crimson; flesh tender, juicy, with a sweet,
rich, aromatic flavor. Vines moderately vigorous; productive. One of the
most desirable for the amateur. Flowers pistillate.

Charles Downing—Fruit very large; deep scarlet; flesh quite firm, pink,

48 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

juicy, sweet, rich. Plant very vigorous and productive. This is one of the
most desirable varieties in cultivation. Flowers perfect.

Downer’s Prolific—Fruit medium to large; light, clear, bright scarlet; flesh
rather soft, juicy, rich, but a little acid. Plant vigorous and very productive.
Valuable for near market growing. Flowers perfect.

Fillmore—F ruit medium to large; rich, deep scarlet; flesh moderately firm,
rich acid. Plants moderately vigorous. Valuable for amateur culture under
high cultivation. Flowers pistillate.

Green Prolific—Fruit orange scarlet ; surface soft; centre of flesh firm, rath-
er acid. Plant hardy, very vigorous, very productive, and highly valued by
some asa market berry. Flowers pistillate.

Jucunda (Knox’s 700)—Fruit large to very large; bright light scarlet; flesh
light pink, moderately firm, sweet, not high flavor. This variety does extreme-
ly well in some localities under high cultivation.

Kentucky—Fruit large to very large; bright scarlet; flesh white, firm, juicy
rich, sweet and of excellent quality. Plant strong, vigorous, very productive,
with long fruit stocks bearing the berries well up from the ground, and the
foliage standing the heat of summer and cold of winter, and is a week later
than most varieties. Flowers perfect.

Lennig’s White—Fruit large; color whitish, tinged with red; flesh soft,
tender, juicy, sweet, rich, delicious pine-apple flavor. Plants vigorous, moder-
ately productive. One of the finest-flavored varieties in cultivation ; well
suited to amateurs. Flowers perfect.

La Constant—A magnificent foreign sort, which, under good management
and high culture, is seldom surpassed. Very large, regular, conical ; bright
crimson; fine flavor; flesh quite firm. Plant rather a dwarf grower, but
quite productive. Staminate.—Llgenfritz.

Michigan—Is a seedling, originating with B. Hathaway of Little Prairie
Ronde, Cass county Michigan, who sent it out on or about the year 1868.
During this year some account of several seedlings of his, designated by num-
bers, was contributed by him to the Western Rural. Of these, No. 1 is under-
stood to designate the variety subsequently named Michigan. Of this he
says: “ For field cultivation it will take the lead; the berry is light scarlet
in color; about the size of the Wilson, with fewer small ones; hang on the
vine well; and as to fruitfulness it is a marvel to behold. One hill, in no way
remarkable from the other, produced one and one-third quarts, or at the rate
of four quarts to three hills."—7. 7. Lyon.

Nicanor—Having fruited this variety for eight years, and the last four years
grown it extensively for market, we feel no hesitation in recommending it as
the most hardy, vigorous, and productive that has yet been introduced. Fruit
of uniform, moderately large size, roundish, conical; bright scarlet; quality
good. It begins to ripen with the earliest, and continues a long time.—ZUl-
wanyger & Barry.

President Wilder—Fruit large to very large; bright crimson scarlet; flesh
rosy white, quite firm. juicy, sweet, and rich.

Russell’s Prolific—Fruit large; scarlet, changing to crimson; flesh rather
soft, mild, moderately rich, pleasant. Vines vigorous and productive. Pistil-
late.

Triomphe de Gand—A Belgian variety, which appears to stand our climate
and produce more crops than any other foreign sort. The vines are vigorous
and healthy, hardy, moderately productive, and well suited to strong, clayey

POPULAR AND VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 49

soils. Requires high cultivation and to be grown in hills. Fruit large;
bright, rich red near the calyx, almost greenish white at the point; glossy as
if varnished ; flesh firm, white, juicy, with a peculiar rch and agreeable flavor.
Flowers perfect.

Wilson’s Albany—Although not of high quality, yet no variety has become
so generally cultivated as the Wilson’s Albany. The vine is hardy, vigorous,
and productive, commencing to ripen its fruit early and continuing to the
latest. The most profitable market berry for general cultivation.

APRICOTS.

The Apricot is one of the most delicious of our dessert fruits. It ripens be-
tween cherries and plums. The remarks on the curculio under the head of
plums are applicable to the Apricot. The tree may be trained on walls, but a
northern or western exposure is best. It is recommended to shorten in the
limbs of the Apricot as was remarked also of the peach.

Breda—Small, skin pale red in the sh219, reddish-purple in the sun; flesh
orange color, juicy, rich, with a pleasant li:vor; kernel sweet. Last of July
and first of August.

Early Golden (Dubois’ Early Golden)—Fruit small, roundish oval; pale
orange color; flesh yellow, moderately rich and sweet. Tree vigorous, with
long slender branches. Middle of July.

Large Early—Uarge, orange, with a red cheek ; flesh sweet, rich and excel-
lent; parts from the stone. Tree vigorous and productive. Beginning of Au-
gust.

Moorpark—One of the largest and finest Apricots; yellow, with ared cheek ;
flesh orange, sweet, juicy and rich; parts from the stone. Very productive.

Purple, or Black Apricot—This is quite distinct in all respects from others,
yery much like a plum; small, pale red, purple in the sun; flesh yellow, juicy
and pleasant. The tree has slender, dark shoots, and small, oval, glossy foli-
age. Itis.as hardy asa plum, and therefore worthy of attention where the
finest sorts are too tender. Angust.

NECTARINES.

The Nectarine requires the same culture and management as the peach, from
which it differs only in having a smooth skin, like the plum. It is extremely
liable to attacks from the ewrculio, and needs the same remedy as recommended
for the plum.

Boston—Fruit large and handsome. September.

Elruge—Medium size, greenish-yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh green-
ish-white, juicy and high flavored; excellent. Beginning of September.

Red Roman—Greenish-yellow and red, rich and good. September.

Hunt’s Tawney—Medium size; pale orange, with mottled red cheek ; flesh
juicy, melting, rich and good.

QUINCES.

Apple or Orange—Large, roundish, with a short neck; of a bright golden
yellow color. Tree has rather slender shoots and oval leaves; very productive.
This is the variety most extensively cultivated for the fruit. Ripe in October.

Angers—A strong, rapid-growing sort; has large fruit, of fine quality.

Rea’s Mammoth—A very large variety of the Orange Quince. A strong
grower, and productive.

~
‘

50 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

MULBERRIES.

Black English—Fruit large and fine ; delicious flavor. Slow grower.

Downing’s Lverbearing—Fruit large; rich, juicy; high, vinous flavor. Tree
very vigorous and productive.

White—Fruit small; sweet and good.

MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS.

Berberry, Common Red—Fruit small; crimson; is too acid to eat, but it
makes an agreeable preserve and jelly, and an ornamental pickle for garnish-
ing some dishes.

Berberry, Purple—Fruit similar to above, except that the fruit and leaves
are purple.

Chestnut, American—One of our handsomest and most valuable timber
trees; magnificent in foliage and bloom, and prodigal in the supply of nuts,
which find their way into the pockets of every schoolboy in the land.

Chestnut, Spanish—An European variety. The nuts are of larger size than
the American variety, but not as sweet.

Juneberry, Dwarf (Service Berry)—This variety of the Juneberry attains
the height of from six to eight feet. Bush is hardy and extremely productive.
The color of the fruit is a bright crimson, overspread with purple. The fruit
is prized in culinary preparations and for the dessert. One of the most bean-
fal fruits in cultivation.

MONEY IN "ORCHARDS:

AN ESSAY READ BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY IN REPRE-
SENTATIVE HALL AT LANSING, FEBRUARY 11th, 1875, BY
HON. EMMONS BUELL OF KALAMAZOO.

GENTLEMEN :—It is with no small degree of diffidence that I appear before
this society to read an article on fruit, before members many of whom have
spent almost a lifetime in the production and marketing of fruit. But in re-
cording my thoughts I shall be excused if I fail to enlighten you of more
extended experience and observation.

Perhaps it will not be out of place or unacceptable if I first state

HOW TO GET AN ORCHARD.

In the fall go to the nearest reliable nursery and select good, thritty two or
three-year- old Northern Spy trees. Carefully take them up, securing plenty
ef roots without bruising. Take them home and heel them in, in a protected
situation. In the spring set them out with great care,and mulch them. As
this is to be a market orchard, but few varieties will be desirable. Now proceed
bo top-graft almost or all of them to Red Canada. Parties will add other
varieties, as they may wish to have a little personal experience of their own,
rather than learn wisdom by observing the experience of others.

THE RED CANADA,

perhaps, in tree and fruit combined, comes more nearly in making up all the
requisite qualities desired in a winter apple for market of any on the list.

The tree is hardy, a fair grower, and in style of top all one can wish. In
fruit it is a good bearer, a good handler, and keeps well; in quality unexcep-
tionable, whilst its bright red color makes it v ery attractive, as the high price
it brings ia market fully attests.

But if you must add the Baldwin, Wagener and King, etc., do not fail to
put them on Spy stocks. Give the ground good cultivation the fore part of
the season, and wash the trees with soft soap ‘about the first of June for a num-
ber of years.

GATHERING THE FRUIT.

The apples should be picked in baskets with great care, to avoid bruising,
and turned on a table made for the purpose of assorting them. This table
should be of about the following dimensions: Two inches higher than a barrel,
six feet long and three wide, with a strip two inches wide nailed on around the

52 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

table, to prevent the apples rolling off; spread an old blanket, or quilt is bet-
ter, on the table to prevent bruising.

ASSORTING AND PACKING.

In assorting the apples from this table, make two grades—one of perfecs
apples, the other of the poorer quality. The worthless for market throw one
side for cider. First, place two courses of apples in the bottom of the barrel,
with the stems down; then proceed to put the apples in, not dropping them,
but reach the hand down so they will not bruise in the least. Shake the barrel
gently two or three times whilst filling. Too little attention is paid to this
matter of assorting. ‘Take three barrels as they are ordinarily put up, and
make two barrels of good quality and one of inferior. The two extra barrels
will sell for more money in market than the three unassorted. The perfect
apples will keep much longer, thus favoring the chances for better prices.
Then it is with no small degree of pleasurable satisfaction to know you have
as good apples as any of your neighbors, when they call for an evening social
chat and you bring out your beauties to their wondering gaze!

THE ORCHARD GROUND

devoted to some hard crop may be made to pay for care and cultivation of the
orchard till it is in good bearing condition.

AMOUNT OF FRUIT PER ACRE.

An orchard will contain about fifty trees to the acre. I think they may
safely be estimated to produce one barrel per tree for a great number of years,
or whilst in good condition. This would give fifty barrels per acre each year,
and at two dollars per barrel would be one hundred dollars per acre. I think
a good orchard, with care, and composed of the best varieties, will exceed
rather than fall short of these estimates.

The above estimates are made from the amount of apples produced by
young trees for the past five years, composed of Red Canada, Wagener, and
Maiden’s Blush.

Three-fourths of the orchards put out twenty years ago throughout the
country are composed of varieties to a great extent almost worthless. Persons
owning such orchards cannot see any profit in fruit,—like the man who has
an orchard of one hundred trees, twelve of these being of choice varieties are
of more yalue than the other eighty-eight.

MARKETING.

Much might be said under this head. Perhaps one-half of the apples
throughout the State are gathered and turned into a wagon box and taken
from three to ten miles, over rough roads, to market. You can imagine their
condition,—I cannot describe them. Here the purchaser culls out perhaps
one-third and puts one side as worthless, paying you probably fifty cents per
bushel for those he deems fit to ship. The refuse apples, having taken them
to market, you do not feel inclined to be seen taking them home again, so you
leave them with this fair, conscientious dealer, who, as the shades of night
gather around, he also gathers up these cast-off piles of apples and quickly
deposits them in barrels, and the next morning they are on ,the way to some
large boarding-house, hotel, or Alden dry-house in Chicago, while you, by a
few sharp applications of pure Saxon from your better-half, have waked to the

MONEY IN ORCHARDS. 53

eonsciousness of having been cheated. This may be called glutting the mar-
ket with a vengeance. A better way would be, if your fruit has been put up
as here described, to send it to some reliable commission man,—as some such
may still be found,—to be held for sale as the condition of the fruit and mar-
ket would best warrant a fair price; or better still, perhaps, be put into a cool,
dry cellar and held for a home market.

Apples that at the time of gathering last fall would bring only a dollar and
a half or two dollars at best, have been sold within the past month for from
three to five dollars per barrel.

There is a profit in raising fruit for market; therefore, you who have a taste
for it, plant trees, especially apple trees, and do not forget the pear and peach,
and also the grape and smaller fruits.

THE DESTINY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN.

BY HON. WM. L. WEBBER OF EAST SAGINAW, AND READ AT THE LAR-
SING MEETING, FEBRUARY, 1875.

GENTLEMEN :—As Patrick Henry observed in one of the discussions preced-
ing the Revolution, now an hundred years since, “I know no way of judging
the future but by the past.” Allow me, therefore, to call your attention to some
facts of the past and some of the present, and from a consideration of these
facts we shall have no difficulty in judging of the probable future.

The State of Michigan embraces an area, as reported by the Commissioner
of the General Land Office of the United States, of 36,128,640 acres, of which
approximately ten and a half million acres are contained in the Upper
Peninsula leaving about twenty-five and a half million acres for the Lower
Peninsula.

Although the Upper Peninsula, an empire by itself, might properly be called
Northern Michigan, yet the expression, as ordinarily used, is confined to the
Lower Peninsula, and has heretofore been applied to that portion of the Lower
Peninsula which is in fact the central portion thereof.

WHAT AND WHERE IS “‘ NORTHERN MICHIGAN 2”

In 1837 the Legislature passed “An act providing for the construction of
certain works of internal improvement, and for other purposes,” by which if
was provided that surveys should be made for three railroad routes across the
Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the first to commence at Detroit, and to termi-
nate at the mouth of the St. Joseph river on Lake Michigan, to be called the
Central railroad; the second to commence at the navigable waters of the River
Raisin, and, passing through Monroe, to terminate at New Buffalo, to be called
the Southern Railroad ; the third to commence at the mouth of Black River,
now Port Huron, and to terminate at the navigable waters of Grand River, in
Kent county, or on Lake Michigan, now Grand Haven, and to be called the
Northern Railroad. At that time the line of the Northern Railroad, as above
designated, extended through what was known as Northern Michigan. As a
matter of fact, however, about three-fifths of the area of the Lower Peninsula
lies north of that line. If the Lower Peninsula be divided by a line equi-
distant between the southern boundary of the State and the Straits of Mack-
inaw, being a line on the north side of town 15 north, extending through the
northern part of:the counties of Midland, Isabella, Mecosta, Newaygo and
Oceana, it will be seen that in the Lower Peninsula lying north of that line

THE DESTINY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 59

there areabout ten and a half millions of acres, and about fifteen and a half
millions of acres south of the line, and by this division the Northern Railroad
line above mentioned was about fifty miles south of the center of the Lower
Peninsula.

Dividing the Lower Peninsula into equal areas and the dividing line extends
along the northern line of township 11 north from Port Sanilac, on Lake
Huron, near Saginaw, St. Louis, Howard City and Newaygo to the mouth of
White River, on Lake Michigan, about twenty-five miles north of the line of
the Northern Railroad, and having approximately thirteen millions of acres
north and the same quantity south of it, so that in fact the central portion of
the Lower Peninsula is north of what has heretofore been regarded as Northern
Michigan, and the larger portion of those northern counties, as heretofore
called, of Saginaw, Gratiot, Montcalm and Muskegon, are in fact in the south-
ern half of the Lower Peninsula. In speaking of what is ordinarily called
Northern Michigan I shall be in fact speaking of Central Michigan.

THE SURFACE AND ELEVATION.

The general surface of the country through this portion of the State has an
altitnde above the sea greater than the more southerly portions of the State.
Those who judge of the country from some of the earlier maps published, which,
assuming to represent swamp lands by a heavy shade, were found covered with
large black patches extending over a large portion of the surface, form an
erroneous notion on this point. Lakes Michigan and Huron are substantially
identical in their elevation above the sea. As compared with the surface of
Lake Michigan, Kalamazoo has 138 feet elevation; Morley, 300 feet; Big
Rapids, 340 feet; Reed City, 455 feet; Clam Lake, 690 feet; the eastern part
of Lake County, about 600 feet, and the western part about 150 feet; Clare
County, from 400 to 500 feet, and Osceola County about the same, while there
are points on the Grand Rapids & Indiana railroad, and also on the Jackson,
Lansing & Saginaw railroad, which reach an elevation of over 800 feet above
the level of the lakes.

THE WATER.

This portion of the State is abundantly supplied with numerous springs of
pure, cold water, which form the sources from which arise the many streams
which flow throngh this section.

THE SOIL.

The soil is greatly diversified, some portions being rich alluvial with clay
subsoil, others loam, gravel, and clay intermixed, and for agricultural purposes
is unsurpassed by any other portion of the State.

THE TIMBER.

The timber is of all qualities,—pine, hemlock, oak, beech, maple, basswood*
rock elm, black cherry, white-wood, black ash, etc., ete.

THE PINE LANDS.

An erroneous idea is entertained by many concerning the character of the
soil on which the pine is found. In most cases the pine grows intermixed
with hard wood, or in clumps surrounded by beech and maple, sometimes
found in belts interspersed with other timber; but even where pine is almost
the only timber upon the ground, it hag been found that the soil is capable of

56 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

producing excellent returns to the agriculturist. It is true the pine stumps
are an incumbrance and somewhat difficult of removal, but time and labor
will remove them; and as the soil is capable of producing good crops, the
time will come when as good returns will be had from land once covered with
heavy pine as from the average lands covered with hard wood.

MEANS OF ACCESS.

Surprise is often expressed that so desirable a portion of the country should
not have been settled earlier; that the tide of emigration which has been
flowing through the States so many years had not been turned into this un-
developed portion of it. But it is known that the means of access to this por-
tion of the State were very uninviting, and besides, when the rich prairie
lands of the West offered to the settler farms already improved, ready for oc-
cupancy, it is not surprising that they should be preferred to heavily timbered
lands which required the labor of a generation to bring them to the point
where they could be cultivated as cheaply and as easily as the prairie farms at
first. In fact, had it not been for the wealth of timber, it is probable that this
portion of the State would have lain a wilderness for many years yet.

THE REAL PIONEER.

The lumberman was the pioneer roadmaker and the pioneer agriculturist of
this portion of the State. In order to reach his lumber camps it was neces-
sary that roads should be made. But these camps being at so great a distance
from a supply, the cost of transportation was such as to make it desirable that
auch articles as were needed in camp should be raised where they were wanted,
and the result was that the lambermen turned their attention to farming for
the purpose of supplying their own wants, and their experiments demonstrated
the capability of the soil. But with them agriculture was only resorted to as
a means to enable them with greater economy to carry on their lumbering
operations, and consequently they limited their supply to the demand. In
fact, had a surplus been raised, there were no modes of transportation by
which it could have been profitably taken to market. But while the agricult-
ure of the country was inaugurated and the capability of the soil demonstrated
by the lumberman, yet, as the expense of transporting the surplus was pro-
hibitory, no effort was made to raise more than was wanted to supply the home
demands. Now, however, as the country is opened up by railroads, so that
better facilities both for ingress and egress are afforded, many have availed
themselves of the opportunity to secure permanent homes, with the intention
of devoting their entire time to agriculture and kindred pursuits.

HEALTH.

Many have supposed this portion of the State to be unhealthy ; that fevers
and agues ware the common lot of its inhabitants. This idea, however, has no
foundation in fact. While it is true that the inhabitants are not entirely ex-
empt from sickness, yet a personal observation of over twenty years justifies me
in saying that there is far less sickness than attended the settlement of the
more southerly portions of the State—less by far than attended the settlement
of Western New York or Northern Ohio. I do not think a healthier region is
to be found than upon the eleyated lands of this central portion of the State.
Its pure water and clear and bracing air will demonstrate to any one visiting
the country that the stories told of disease and death in this region must have
originated in connection with that notion of an earlier day that Michigan was

THE DESTINY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. a7

one graud swamp. You remember the report made by the Surveyor-General of
Ohio, in 1815, quoted by Hon. William A. Howard in his oration on the occa-
sion of laying the corner-stone of the new capitol, in which it is said, among
other things, that the country was very low and swampy, with intermediate
spaces of poor, barren, sandy land, on which scarcely any vegetation grows,
except very small scrubby oaks, and that taking the country altogether, so far
as explored, and to all appearances, together with information received con-
cerning the balance, it was so bad that not more than one acre out of 100, if
there would be one out of 1,000, would in any case admit of cultivation.

With our present knowledge of the country we can afford to laugh at this
report ; but the same information, or want of it, which would justify the Sur-
veyor-General in making such a report and placing it on file as official would
lead the people generally to believe that Michigan was substantially uninhabit-
able; and such beliefs once popular yield only to absolute demonstration of
their falsity. When proved to be false in part it did not seem to be considered
as evidence that they were false altogether.

AN EARLY AND MORE RELIABLE REPORT.

There were those, however, who seemed to be better informed concerning
Michigan, even in that early day. In a work on geography by Jedediah Morse,
D. D., thirteenth edition, published in 1813, the Territory of Michigan is thus
mentioned: “In 1796 the port of Detroit was ceded by the English to the
United States, and this fine peninsula was formed into a county called the
County of Wayne. In 1805 itreceived the name of the Michigan Territory, was
formed into a district government and a governor appointed over it. The
country is improving, and when the lands are put on sale it is thought the
population will rapidly increase. The greater part of the inhabitants of this
country are Catholics. The Protestants have no settled minister. * * *
According to the census of 1810 the population was 4,762. * * * The
climate is cold and healthy. Winter sets in about the middle of November,
and lasts till the middle of March without much variation. The general face
of the country is flat. Nothing like a mountain is known. It is estimated
that upwards of 20,000,000 acres of this Territory is excellent. The agricultural
products of 1810 were 20,000 bushels of apples; 10,000 bushels of maize ;
12,000 bushels of wheat; 8,000 bushels of oats; 100 bushels of barley; 1,308
bushels of buckwheat; 12,540 bushels of potatoes; 3,024 bushels of turnips;
1,000 bushels of peas, and 1,500 barrels of cider.”

Let the curious compare this agricultural production of 1810 with the census
tables of the present. Of course, we have no means of knowing from whence
the reverend doctor obtained his information concerning the face of the coun-
try, but certainly it was much more reliable than that furnished by the official
report above alluded to.

The writers of those days spoke from what information they had before
them, but they had no knowledge on the subject. They spoke of it as the
early geographers mentioned the “Great American Desert,’—from report.
Now, however, we can speak from actual knowledge, and it is well known that
the Lower Peninsula of Michigan furnishes as great an area of tillable laud
valuable for agricultural purposes in proportion to the number of acres within
its boundaries as can be found anywhere within the United States in like
limits.

8

58 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE PROGRESS.

The progress which has been made in development as between the northern
half of the Lower Peninsula, computing by areas, and the southern half, will
appear in the following figures. The southern half shows of improved land
as shown by the different censuses:

Acres
SR Ag eee or ASN ec a eS Sah tee, ke eee ee 2,097,958
TG ED aS ee ae Po Sa MT, 2 A CS, pe EME A 3 3,083,411
Flees 7) nee et ae ti NN Se ee see Ss al NE rE ae ee ..-4,845, 166
SS ee ee ee ee ee Seine oa 2 iP eae eee ne SoS. ae 5,163,473
The northern half shows of improved lands:
Acres
ise Sates ae ls ciel oh eee ese Se oe ee 10,350
ees Sr ee te aye te ers ee nh eee 84,095
es en mea ne ee cee She oe Se eI es Sa ees 234,134
FYE an o5 hi a ea nl ee oe mene eae ort ty Ud One ea = 398,959

THE POPULATION.

The population of the southern half, as shown by the census of 1864, was
726,021; in 1874, 1,066,399. The population of the northern half in 1864
was 49,497; in 1874, 204,648. The per cent of increase in the southern half
in ten years is about 47; and in the northern half, 513. Northern Michigan
is attractive, as is shown by the fact that several of the counties in the south-
ern half of the State show a decrease since the last census.

ORCHARDS.

Referring to the specialty of this Society, the census of 1874 shows devoted
to orchards in the northern half 153,123 acres, and it seems to be demonstrated
that that portion of the northern half of the peninsula which lies along Lake
Michigan is capable of increasing its fruit production to an almost: indefinite
extent, while apples, pears, plums, and small fruits thrive in nearly all sections.

THE FUTURE LUMBER INTEREST.

In considering the future of the agricultural interests of the northern half
of this peninsula, the fact that a large portion of it is covered with valuable
timber is not to be lost sight of. Of pine alone there is probably sufficient to
make fifty thousand million feet of lumber. The wealth of the State will be
promoted by handling this immense quantity only so fast as the timber may
be required at remunerative rates, and erecting and operating such manufac-
tories as will fit it for the consumer’s use before transportation, so that Mich-
igan may receive the full benefit of its native wealth. And that policy which
should cut this timber and force it upon the market faster than demanded, or
which should send it in a coarse and unfinished condition into other States for
the finer manipulations, would be an unwise one. Properly treated, the lum-
bering interest and the agricultural interest should go band in hand and sup-
port each other. A home market is always more valuable to the agriculturisé
than a foreign one, and the Jumbering which goes on in the immediate vicin-
ity will not only furnish a market for the surplus products of the farmer, but
also employment for himself and his teams when their services may not be re-
quired upon the farm, and at remunerative prices. Growing, as the pine does,
in belts and groups intermingled with hard timber, probably two-thirds of

THE DESTINY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 59

the space may be reclaimed for agricultural purposes, without material injury
to the pine timber.

THE DAIRY INTEREST.

Another interest which this country is capable of fostering and rendering
of great value is that of the dairy, which has proved so successful in the Mo-
hawk Valley in New York. Our latitude is about the same as theirs,—our
winters are no more severe. Our soil is equally productive, large areas are
natural grass lands, particularly in the Saginaw Valley, and I have no doubt
the near future will witness the building up of large interests in this direction.
Butter and cheese comprise so much value in small compass as to make the
question of transportation comparatively an easy one, and with such a foreign
demand as seems to be almost unlimited, no reason exists why this interest
should not become a prominent one.

The census of 1870 shows a production of butter in the entire State for one
year of 24,300,139 pounds, while of cheese there were but 644,914 pounds, there
being but thirty cheese factories in the State. The future will change all this;
while we shall not produce less butter we shall have more cheese. To show
the progress cheese factories and cheese manufacturers have been making in
the United States, let me state the fact that, for the year from July 1st toJune
30th, 1859-60, there was exported from all ports in the United States to all
foreign countries 15,515,799 pounds of cheese; for the year 1869-70, 57,296,323
pounds, and for the eleven months of the year 1873-74, 75,838,443 pounds.
With a natural capacity unsurpassed in that regard, Michigan cannot long re-
main behind in this manufacture, and I shall be greatly surprised if the census
reports of 1880 do not show a largely increased production from the dairy.

SOME ADVANTAGES OF THE STATE.

It was long ago asserted, and Iam not aware that the truth of the assertion
has ever been questioned, that the wealth of a State consists in its agriculture,
manufactures and commerce. Considered with reference to either of these,
there is no State possessing advantages superior to our own.

Aside from our long Jake coast line and from our navigable rivers, the con-
struction of railroads has added largely to our commercial facilities. In 1854
Michigan had 444 miles of railroad; in 1864, 898 miles; in 1874, 3,253 miles.

While that portion which I am speaking of as Northern Michigan had ten
years since not to exceed fifteen miles, it now has 590 miles of railroad. We
have eyery reason to believe, then, that the development of Northern Michigan
in each of the three sources of wealth—agriculture, manufactures and com-
merce—will be increased in the future ina largely increased ratio over the
past; in fact, this portion of the State is just ready to begin the work of im-
provement in earnest, and we may safely look for results accordingly. The
older States every year send more and more of their hardy young men into
this undeveloped country to seek their fortunes. They can find no better
place. We welcome them to the labors and the profits of the work. There is
enough to do. All that is required is intelligent labor to work out this latent
wealth into productive capital. The western prairies, where the extremes of
temperature, the fierce wintry blasts, unbroken by timber belts, and the recent
terrible grasshopper scourge have proved so disastrous, are not considered so
desirable as formerly. The result will be that Northern Michigan will be vis-
ited, its capabilities inquired into, and, being known and understood, we wish
no further assurance.

‘60 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I have not spoken of the production of salt, which admits of expansion only
limited by a remunerative demand, nor of the immense water-power abound-
ing throughout this Northern Michigan; nor of the educational facilities.
which, although the country be new, rival the older States. The time allotted
me will not admit of detail, and I therefore content myself with these general
remarks.

CONCLUSION.

‘Gentlemen, I have alluded briefly to a portion only of the resources of the
country, to a few only of the many features which make this portion of
the State desirable to the enterprising and the hardy pioneer. It is true that
there are more or less hardships and privations attending a removal from an
old and settled society into one in process of formation, but these here now are
are as nothing when compared with those endured and submitted to by the
people who forty years ago settled the southern part of the State; and besides,
pioneer life has its attractions. We all seek excitement and call it enjoyment.
It permits time to pass unnoticed. In older societies this excitement is sought
in recreation not always harmless—often the contrary. In pioneer life the
excitement is found in the change that is constantly going on about you, which
you are helping to produce. You feel that you are helping to build up a State
and that you are a part of it. One never feels his own littleness and insignifi-
‘cance so much as when amid a throng. One never feels so independent, so
‘much a man, as when on a farm all his own, subdued from a state of nature
by himself. A more self-reliant people of independent thought cannot be
found than in the portions of our own country undergoing the process of de-
velopment. With such a country and such a people, considering the past and
the present, the destiny of Northern Michigan is not a matter of uncertainty.
Each may read it for himself. If any doubt whereof I have spoken, let him
go and see for himself, and he will exclaim as did one on a former occasion,
“ The half has not been told me.”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN NEW
VOR AORTICULEURAL SOCIETY

REPORTED AND CONDENSED FOR THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY BY P. C. REYNOLDS, HORTICULTURAL EDITOR OF THE
AMERICAN RURAL HOME, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.

This distinguished Society has a Committee on Nomenclature, a Committee
on American Fruits, a Committee on Foreign Fruits, a General Fruit Com-
mittee, and Committees on Entomology, Ornamentai Trees and Plants, Gar-
den Vegetables, Ornithology, and Botany. Its officers are as follows for 1875:

President—Patrick Barry, Rochester.

Vice Presidents—E. A. Bronson, Geneva; H. E. Hooker, Rochester; J. H.
Babcock, Lockport.

Secretary and Treasurer—P. C. Reynolds, Rochester.

Executive Committee—W. C. Barry, Rochester; J. B. Jones, Rochester ;
E. W. Sylvester, Lyons; T. C. Maxwell, Geneva; E. Moody, Lockport.

Committee on Native Fruits—J. J. Thomas, Union Springs; Charles Down-
ing, Newburgh; W. C. Barry, Rochester; 8. D. Willard, Geneva; W. B.
Smith, Syracuse.

Foreign Fruits—George Ellwanger, Rochester: T. C. Maxwell, Geneva;
C. L. Hoag, Lockport.

Nomenclature—Charles Downing, Newburgh; P. Barry, Rochester; J. J.
Thomas, Union Springs; D. W. Beadle, St. Catharines, Ont.; George G. At-
wood, Geneva.

Entomology—Hugh T. Brooks, Pearl Creek; Dr. A. Merrill, Geneva; C. L
Van Dusen, Geneya; Mr. Saunders, Ontario.

Ornamental Trees and Plants—George Ellwanger, Rochester; W. 5S. Little,
Rochester ; T. C. Maxwell, Geneva; S. S. Graves, Geneva.

Garden Vegetables—K. 8. Hayward, Rochester; John Crane, Lockport ;
J. W. Gray, Albion.

Ornithology—George T. Fish, Rochester; H. T. Brooks, Pearl Creek;
David Henry, Geneva.

Botany—W. C. Barry, Rochester; J. J. Thomas, Union Springs; D. W.
Beadle, St. Catharines, Ont.; C. M. Hooker, Rochester.

62 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The twentieth annual session of the Society began in the Common Council
Chamber in the new City Hall, Rochester, Wednesday, January 6th, 1875.

The Society was called to order at 11 o’clock by the President, Patrick
Barry, of Rochester. In his opening remarks he spoke of the importance of
giving additional vigor and enterprise to the actions of the Association, and
acknowledged the liberality of the press of the city in publishing full reports
of their meetings whenever held. He was satisfied that the Society had done
a good work already. The field was an extensive one, and there is still much
to be done. He then spoke on the importance of fostering a horticultural
taste, Which would awaken an interest in the proceedings of the Society. The
subject of fruit culture had made great progress, but there were still thousands
of acres that could be profitably devoted to fruit-crowing. He noticed that
we were within twelve hours of the great fruit markets of the country. The
culture of pears he also noticed could be progressed greatly now that the blight
had almost disappeared. He then spoke of the prosperity of the Society, and
on the importance of pnblishing its proceedings in pamphlet form.

In this connection the President spoke in high terms of the enterprise of the
Michigan State Pomological Society, which had published a large volume of
its transactions, and of their liberality in presenting our Society with some
fifty copies, which would be distributed among the members, and should be
appropriately acknowledged.

C. P. Avery was present, he said, as a delegate from that Society, and from
the Peninsular Farmer’s Club, with a collection of fine apples from both of
the societies. '

The Committee on Business reported the following subjects of discussion,
after reports of committees should have been received :

1. How can the fertility of large orchards be most economically maintained ?

2. What variety of apples, according to the latest experience, can be recom-
mended for extensive market orchards in Western New York, for shipping?

3. Will the experience in pear culture thus far in Western New York justify
the Society in recommending the planting of large orchards for profit? Can
dwarf pear trees, or pear trees on quince stock be recommended for profitable
culture? What varieties can be recommended to be grown as standards, for
profit, and what as dwarf?

4. Would it be advisable for societies or individuals interested in pear culture
to combine in offering a large reward for the discovery of the cause of the dis-
ease known as “ fire-blight,” and a practical remedy for the same ?

5. What is the best kind of package for shipment of pears to distant mar-
kets?

6. Can this Society so far influence coopers as to have all fruit barrels made
of legal size? |

%. Can any action be taken by this Society to induce railroad companies to
transport fruit on the same terms as any other farm product ?

8. Can unity of action be secured among fruit growers for the destruction of
the codling moth? What remedies for that and other insects injurious to
apples have been tried, and with what results ?

9. Can the blackberry be recommended for extensive cultivation as a market
fruit, and if so, what variety ?

10. Has the introduction of new varieties of fruit within the past twenty
years been productive of any real advantage to the public?

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 63

ti. What new varieties of fruit have given promise of superior merit in 1874,
apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, grapes and small fruit ?

12. Planting country roads, streets, boulevards, etc., what are the most suit-
able trees ? W hat the proper distance apart ? Should the trees be planted in
single or double rows, and be all of one sort, or mixed up to produce the best
effect ? What the best time for planting ?

15. Plantations for shelter,—what trees most suitable, and what the most
judicious arrangement as regards shelter and picturesque effect ?

14. What are the best Magnolias for general planting in Western New York,
and what the most favorable time for transplanting them? Does it increase
the hardiness of the Chinese Magnolia to work them on the native species—
Acuminata ?

15. What varieties of the Clematis have proved hardy and otherwise desir-
able for planting in Western New York ?

16. As an average in years, which is most profitable,—raising fruit for mar-
ket, or raising farm crops and domestic animals ?

17. What general selection of fruits and proportions of each would be best to
keep up a yearly family supply ?

18. What method should be adopted to secure improved varieties of fruits
and vegetables ?

REPORT ON NATIVE FRUITS.

J. J. Thomas, chairman of the committee on native fruits, read the fol-
lowing:

The committee present a few scattered notes on some of our native fruits,
which are intended rather as suggestions to further trial and examination than
as established facts. The chairman addressed most of the members of this
committee, and has obtained some information, and as he has had no oppor-
tunity for conferring with any of the members since this report was written,
he must take the responsibility of any errors it may contain.

Appiles—No varieties entirely new have been presented, but the suggestion
is offered that more attention be given to a thorough trial of some varieties
which have proved profitable and valuable in other regions of the country.
Among these may be named—

The Champlain of Northern Vermont, a very fair and handsome fruit,
whitish yellow, oblong conical, of a good, pleasant flavor, and esteemed as an
agreeable table fruit. It is one of the most valuable and popular sorts cul-
tivated on Grand Isie, the fruit garden of Vermont.

The Tuttle apple of Connecticut, of which specimens were forwarded by
Charles Downing, is a rather large, roundish fruit, striped dark red, flavor
pleasant, subacid, and good or very good in quality.

The Baker and American Golden Pippin, largely cultivated in some parts
of Westchester county, are highly esteemed as market apples by some culti-
yators. The Baker is rather large, roundish, with broad red stripes and
splashes on yellow ground, the flesh mild, subacid, aromatic, good or very good
in quality. The American Golden Pippin is more generally known: a large
greenish yellow fruit, with a mild, subacid, slightly aromatic, and very good
flavor.

Chenango Strawberry is becoming gradually introduced into some parts of
Western New York, and promises to become one of our best autumn varie-
ties. Its handsome, lively red appearance and its pleasant flavor will be likely
to render it popular.

64 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In addition to these, President Barry informs us that he received, Novem-
ber 30, a splendid seedling apple from L. J. Fish of Martinez, Cal.; a seedling
of Yellow Bellflower, large, golden yellow, firm, juicy, and rich, said to keep
as well as the Newtown Pippin.

The chairman of your committee received from Charles Arnold of Paris, .
Ontario, specimens of four new varieties of the apple, obtained by crossing
the Northern Spy, Wagener, and Spitzenburgh ; one of which was a large and
beautiful fruit, three inches high and nearly four inches in diameter, oblate,
obtusely ribbed, deeply shaded and striped dark red on yellow ground, with a
smooth, polished skin, a white flesh, tender, rather acid, and an agreeable and
pleasant flavor, presenting the characteristics of both Wagener and Northern
Spy, and if the fruit should always prove fair, and the tree a good grower and
bearer in other localities, it would doubtless prove valuable as a market sort.
This is mentioned as an encouraging result of crossing. The other sorts were
less striking.

Pears.—From a few notes kindly furnished by our President, P. Barry, the
following are selected: ,

A seedling of Flemish Beauty, from A. Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., is of
full medium size, very handsome, half melting, and sweet. Foote’s Seedling
Seckel is large and fair, and fully equal to that sort in flavor. From the same
source, a seedling pear named Hoosic, is large, resembling Beurre Diel, melting
and of first quality. These were received October 5. About three weeks
later, Foote’s White Seckel was ripe, a very handsome, medium-sized fruit,
with skin of a pale waxy white or straw color, not quite melting, but refresh-
ing and very good. A week later, or at the end of October, a seedling Vir-
galieu, of large size, and very good, was received from the same source.

In addition to the above, a seedling pear received from Dr. 8. L. Chase of
Lockport is worthy of further attention. Had we seen it earlier in the season
we should have pronounced it a large specimen of Doyenne Boussock, but this
was ripe about the middle of October, and had some marks unlike those of
the Boussock. Its large size, fine appearance, and good quality entitle it to
further notice.

Peaches.—A great improvement has been made within a few years in the
acquisition of several varieties much earlier than any good sorts previously
known. The earliest which we have yet met with is Amsden’s June, of which
specimens were received from J. C. Teas of Carthage, Mo., on the 15th of
July, which ripened on the 8th of July, and came in good condition. We
were informed that they were some of the later specimens on the tree, and
that in a previous year they had ripened on the last day of June. Allowing
three weeks’ difference between Western New York and Southwestern Mis-
souri, it would bring the ripening of this peach at Rochester about the last of
July or the first of August, or two or three weeks earlier than Hale’s Early,
and more than a week earlier than Early Beatrice,—a small, beautiful, and ex-
cellent foreign peach. Early Alexander may possibly be as Early as Amsden,
but we cannot give distinct information on this point, not having met with it.
The specimens of the Amsden which we received were about an inch and
three-fourths in diameter. We were informed that some had measured two
inches and a quarter, but they would not be so large grown farther north. A
seedling peach of large size, fine form, and excellence of quality was exhibited
at the late State Fair in Rochester by N. B. Hyatt of Pulteney, Steuben
county, New York, which originated on the farm of G. P. Hayden of thas

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6D

place. It bore a few specimens in 1873, and nearly a bushel last year
Through the omission of some technicality, it did not receive a premium, but
Charles Downing and the chairman of your committee regarded it as a fruit
of high merit and much promise, so far as they could judge from seeing the
fruit alone on a single occasion.

Raspberries.—The chief attention to raspberries has of late years been given
to varieties of the Black Cap. In addition to the older standard sorts, such as
Davison, Doolittle, Seneca, and Mammoth Cluster, two varieties of merit have
more recently originated in adjacent counties, namely, the Ontario and Ganar-
gua. The Ontario is a good grower and bearer, and the fruit rather large and
of good quality. While it will prove a good sort for the family, it is too dull
in color to become a popular market variety. Ganargua is a very vigorous
grower, quite spiny, a profuse bearer, and continues to ripen for several weeks.
The only drawbacks mentioned against their wide culture for market are the
successive ripening of the berries and their moderately showy appearance ;
while on the contrary, its rapid growth, early bearing, productiveness, and the
perfect, well-rounded berries, distinguish it as a variety of much merit.

Grapes.—The great number of new sorts which, through the industry and
intelligence of grape-growers, are springing up and presenting their claims
in all parts of the country, render it impossible to give a full report, or
to properly adjust their claims to popular favor. It is therefore suggested
for the consideration of the Society, whether the appointment of a special com-
mittee on this subject would not be appropriate ; to meet at a proper time in
autumn at Rochester, Syracuse, or other central place, having previously an-
nounced such meeting, and invited grape-growers to send specimens of new
sorts in sufficient quantities for thorough examination. ‘The committee could
in this way determine with considerable accuracy their qualities and claims as
table grapes, by testing their relative degrees of excellence—although, as a
matter of course, years would be required for determining their growth, pro-
ductiveness, hardiness, etc., in different localities in order to settle all points
relative to their merits, value and general adaptiveness. In this way we might
have much more of the comparative excellence of such noted varieties as have
been presented to the public by J. H. Ricketts of Newburgh, Jacob Moore of
Rochester, J. B. Moore of Concord, Mass., Dr. Parker of Ithaca, G. W. Camp-
bell of Ohio, J. W. Prentiss of Pulteney, N. Y.,and many others.

Before closing, it may not be entirely out of place to mention a single hardy
grape which has recently attracted some attention, and which we have had an
opportunity of examing the past season. This is the Worden grape, now culti-
yated by B. Smith of Meridian, Cayuga county, N. Y. It has much of the ap-
pearance of the Concord, both in vine, bunch and berry, but is perhaps rather
larger than the Concord, distinctly better in quality, and quite as early as the
Hartford, as was evident on comparing the two sorts side by side growing on
the same ground.

J. J. THOMAS,
Chairman of Committee.

The President remarked in relation to the Ricketts grapes that in his opin-
ion they were the greatest acquisition the country had ever had.

A member asked for something farther about the Worden grape.

Mr. Thomas said it was worthy of attention. He compared it in hardihood
and strength to the Concord.

A member asked for information in relation to the distinctive characteristics

9

66 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of the Amsden peach, whether it had ripened naturally or some artificial means
had been used ?

Mr. Thomas was satisfied from the character of the grower, and other cir-
‘cumstances, that the peach was fully ripe.

Dr. Sylvester wished to say something further about the Worden grape. He
had cultivated it for four years and found it a hardy grower and early enough
for all practical purposes. It originated in Oswego, and, as it ripened in that
climate, certainly ought to be successful in places south. His vines had fruit-
ed every year.

Mr. Tuttle of Wisconsin asked if Worden does not drop? Sylvester re-
plied, Hangs as well as the Concord.

Mr. Craine of Lockport said that Rogers’ 39 is the grape—earlier than Hart-
ford—black, sweet, excellent.

The report of Committe on Nomenclature was now taken up. The Presi-
dent stated that the chairman of the committee, Mr. Downing, was unable to
be present, but had sent his report in writing. This was read by the Secretary
as follows :

REPORT ON NOMENCLATURE.

Kaign’s Spitzenburgh and Long Red Pearmain.—Having been of the opinion
for some time that there was an error as to these apples being identical, I have
spent much time to ascertain if it was so or not, and have come to the con-
clusion that they are two distinct kinds, and that the fruit books, so far as I
know them, have made a mistake in giving one a synonym of the other.
Downing, in his second or last revised edition, has fallen into the same error.
The description of Kaign’s Spitzenburgh, except as to origin and growth of the
tree, answers to that of the Long Red Pearmain, a variety known in many por-
tions of the west under various names, but no author that I am aware of gives
its origin.- I have made inquiries of many pomologists and fruit-growers with-
out success, until lately a friend informed me that the Economites at New
Harmony, Ind., some time after taking possession of their property, some fifty
years since, discovered a strong seedling tree, near a mud-hole, bearing fine
apples, and gave it the name of “ Mudhole;” and this is probably the origin of
the Long Red Pearmain, as upon a close examination these two last appear
identical. Many years since I obtained grafts from different persons, in vari-
ous localities in the west, under the following names: Long Red Pearmain,
Red Pearmain, Kaign’s Spitzenburgh, Long John, Striped Pearmain, Park,
ete. all of which were in fruit the past season, and were identical; besides,
‘specimens of all the above varieties have been sent me during the past sea-
son, also Wabash Bellflower, Pound Royal of Indiana, etc., and all prove to
be the Long Red Pearmain.

The following are the names to Long Red Pearmain, so far as I have been
able to find out:

Red Pearmain; Kaign’s Spitzenburgh, incorrectly; Long John; Red Spit-
zenburgh; Striped Pearmain; Lady Finger, incorrectly ; Winter Pearmain ;
Long Pearmain; Red Winter Pearmain, incorrectly; Scarlet Pearmain, incor-
rectly; English Pearmain, incorrectly ; Red Bellflower, incorrectly ; Red Pip-
pin; Red Phenix; Pearmain ; Kentucky Gilliflower; Kentucky Bellflower ;
Sheepnose of some; Hudson Red Streak; Wabash Bellflower; Russam; Park,
not of Kansas; Mudhole; Pound Royal of Indiana.

The true Kaign’s Spitzenburgh is a distinct variety, and has no synonyms

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6%

that I know of. This apple was first described by Willian Coxe in his work on
fruit, in 1817; also by A.J. Downing, in his first edition of “ Fruits and Fruit
Trees,” in 1845. I received grafts of this variety from the Coxe orchard about
thirty years since, which was in bearing the past season on the same grounds
with Long Red Pearmain, which gave me a good opportunity for comparison,
and I am satisfied they are distinct.

I do not consider either Kaign’s Spitzenburgh or Long Red Pearmain of
much value, now we have so many better kinds, the object being to correct
mistakes. IfIam not correct as to the history, etc., of the above two apples,
will some person who is better posted give us some light on the subject ?

CHARLES DOWNING.

Since the meeting Mr. Barry has forwarded the following list of synonyms

prepared by Charles Downing at their several dates:

Synonyms January 7, 1873.

AtomaticsGalyilece. oneness sees syn. to Aromatic Carolina.

BACKS pltzeGWUTO Nan ee eet a ae easel Flushing Spitzenburgh.

AG east ee seen 2 ee ee re eee Black Coal.

boston Pippi s2S 57 OSes A ee ee Golden Pippin.

1 SYEVI (shal 0 )-(2 pete Si gs eee ae gn Primate.

OLY A fin 20 angele Ae TSS Kirkbridge White.

CanperMammothixenahase 20 oss. te eee toce Gloria Mundi.

Oranberry (incorreptly,) yeh a2. . poe on Black Coal.

arly Washimetomitsts 2b blo ak eine Sops of Wine.

arly baldwinees-Macutete $2.3: noo sesee Primate.

BnclishyKings joven iets ae a nko Alexander.

iBireniche le cari aimee) 5- qatles Se re ain Autumn Pearmain.

RitbeNInGeVvereat ne. Merrie 8. oc en American Pippin.

Highland Pippin------- pleed eR sgels ai dys eet Pas Primate.

POO WOR aS Ie SUP st. 8 eine Black Coal.

Jersey, LearmameVans sland 28 Cekcceeee= Autumn Pearmain.

Jenking; Summer Pippinie3. =... ssn eee Primate.

iarce summer Pearmainieit 2... aes ce Buckingham.

Hiagee Sar ly 26S. 2 sete EL lose ioe .---Summer Rose.

Miloore ponent yess See oS ne ec cmciace Moore’s Sweet.

Mountain Hloramssss estes on les Ske oes Gloria Mundi.

iMontoomery sweet. tse 4. oe 35 oak se Autumn Sweet Bough.

Pound: Royal. (anconectly)s3.. =... .-...--- Lowell.

eth ge(0) Ole got Pe ees C2 9 2 an eee Primate.

TEIDISGSEDV OLB Wed (eve) kee es Ree to al pe eg Summer Hagloe.

SHclbOIrne SWeeln ste eel a oe ce oes Spice Sweet.

pltrapsnire Vines uate sisson Sops of Wine.

NTSB ETE) Eee Ay, Po ae White Juneating.

Selon Maye bippins seen es ook ee ce ee White Juneating.

enmmesseeebiathy Ned sek aa. eee tonsa Early Strawberry.
Synonyms, January, 1874.

ey lleld.:sateteet ats a eae wore eg ws syn. to Rock Sweet.

Broad, Applet) sata bub see gnc! Sp oc clonce Gens Pennock.

Green Sweet of Indiana-- =: 5.52.4 -.------.- Victuals and Drink.

EEGOVEN S)JUNG. =o nsizaj26 Sx sael peice eect ae ie Yellow June.

PB MIADA src isis eto cee et act oe bedi Washington Strawberry.

68 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Mermimoge se NS JSS SCL Se iE ns Porter.

wewetL Ss wourmped a. JL ROE ee Bee ae ees Jewett’s Best.

Kanesbury Russett 25. 25.02 S23 Re Pumpkin Russet.

Marilandicate. Sol 122 Leva See Sis ee See ae: Early Harvest.

Kentucky ‘Gilliflowerstwces) Sook tLe eee as Long Red Pearmain.

Mneen of the Desert. 35. 2.'0 22 3-2 aes Newtown Spitzenburgh.

MODMBON SiS Leake Aha. the ee es Ben Dayis.

Ritimer= 0k. Vee sce ee es oe od ee Jackson.

ROMS yy ies ae OS “pee ot ih See ae Macomber.

Rock 2Agopletsct AS ee ress Sy iad 2s SENS Speen ae! Lansingburgh.

Red’@heek Bellflower=: s'-- 2 .- 05. sp eee oe Ewalt.

Simped i shropsnires i 2o. 2 28 Ole ee Sops of Wine.

Williamson, #2 0-526. ook ee eee Domine.

Welch's) spitzenburgh. = G5. Se Red Canada.

WaddellsElallien Sou Ba 228 Ll ee eee Shockley.

Washingtonof Maines’: . > tess Uae ce ce ees Washington Strawberry.

WihitesWater Sweet wes. ep eo oe ee ee Wells’ Sweet.
Additional Synonyms, January, 1875.

IBontord so 585. (-- sie oS ee syn. to Pryor’s Red.

Warlyi@onagress 4. See ah ee ce tiae ese Gravenstein.

HOxrAp ples: ANE BEUN e e t American Golden Russet.

MavesubmsseG (2 SNe A ee SHeRNE ete ads Hunt’s Russet.

Harmer s Prong sitee Mh ie Bo Dek ola cece Hubbardston Nonsuch.

Green Winter Pearmaimie - ccc ccc cote ceees Autumn Pearmain.

Golden Russet of Massachusetts........------- Hunt’s Russet.

PR OoveR. < USL RUE ee oe Fane tase French Pippin.

(lane! ee: ase PUN TANG ee teeter ence Summer Sweet Paradise.

Heikes Summer /Qucenvsivr. - cee oeeeces Early Pennock.

Jeerson, Pippin sess Wate. ee Se eee Rawle’s Genet.

iennebeci Seedling 1 ANH 24 0222 oo cee ep eee Winthrop Greening.

timber wig Russet oes oe ce eh re Golden Russet of New York.

iiocan’s Northern Pippin’... 2. no. Stk case Minkler.

North Carolina Vandevere.......----...----- Horn.

New England Russete2 332640 cee tee Hunt’s Russet.

New England Golden Russet..-........-.....- Hunt’s Russet.

Rotter siuarly, 92 Aon ut Me 2 ae eee eens Knowles’ Early.

Pounds.) Rly eo. oe ee ee Large Yellow Bough.

RCO GENAIVGSE (2 2 AGAMUITIND ay oa te ele Carolina Red June.

ussetpeearmainceh. SCR Uue ee leeeee ee eke Hunt’s Russet.

AE bay 25 a a re LEE ST 9 ee Early Ripe.

IWiwikemancwmne ae Pe Mahe ne oo a lees Baltimore.

Yellow Summerubenrmain: fe cwicence Porter

REPORT ON ENTOMOLOGY.

Hugh T. Brooks of Pearl Creek, Wyoming county, chairman of committee,
read the following report:

Your committee assure you that the bugs are having a good time generally.
Nobody about here disturbs them much. When we don’t like the taste of the
worm in the apple we spit him out, and don’t allow ourselves to swear, even
when we habitually practice that vulgarity. When cucumbers and melons
disappear we expected it, and meekly moralize on the transitory nature of

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 69

earthly things. Little given to resignation as a rule, we flare up terribly if
somebody carelessly spatters our clean clothes or kicks our worthless spaniel ;
but we see worms devour our currants and cabbage with a look of heavenly
resignation that beats all our Sunday attitudes.

Formerly, bugs seemed to respect the old Jewish arrangement, and took
about a tenth. This we did not seem to mind at all; chronic grumblers said
nothing, and horticultural societies didn’t even inaugurate entomological com-
mittees. Bugs, like some other folks, being progressive, are frequently allowed
to take the whole, and now, in their behalf, we feel authorized to extend to you
assurances of their very distinguished consideration.

But the question now arises, How long can you continue this? Insect dam-
ages are known to exceed, every year, in the United States, $1,000,000. There
are many damages that money cannot measure. Shrubbery, watched and
nourished with tender care, perhaps planted by loved ones departed, punctured
by a little worm and turned to dry wood: can you enter that upon your
ledger ?

Assuredly, we need concerted efforts to overcome our insect enemies. We
must all work together. If one man il/s worms and another breeds them,
the breeder will get on the faster. But where is the right to propagate nui-
sances? We might as well set up a pest-house as a worm factory; as well
send out our pigs and poultry to depredate upon our neighbors as our codling
moths.

We are informed that our Michigan friends have met the crises resolutely.
One of their pomological associations resolved that if any fruit-grower neg-
lected to bandage his fruit trees and destroy the codling worms, the society
would do it for him. Eyery man did his duty, and the past year the fruit was
greatly improved.

The Codling Moth—This insect is receiving much attention from entomol-
ogists and pomologists everywhere, for it threatens our most valuable fruit, the
apple, with utter extermination. Many orchards are rendered worthless by it.
Orlando Kelly of Wyoming county, living in as good an apple district as there
is in our State, says that nine out of ten of his apples had worms in them.
The same is true of numerous orchards all through the country. A pomol-
ogist residing in one of the best fruit districts of Michigan, speaks of the
apple crop as a total failure in consequence of the codling worm. Similar
lamentations come from every quarter.

It gives frightful interest to these insect depredations when we consider that
the repeated destruction and failure of the young fruit will lead to shy bearing
and sterility from the force of hadit. Animals that prematurely cast their
young from injury, soon do so from force of habit; and we may well infer that
trees which drop their immature fruit from the sting of insects, will soon
utterly fail to perfect their fruit, even if insects do not trouble them. With
trees, as with us all, good habits are quite indispensable to usefulness.

The codling moth came to us as one of the benefits of our foreign com-
merce. Our protectionists must have been asleep, or they would have sub-
jected him to a prohibitory tariff. It illustrates the importance of entomolog-
ical knowledge, when we consider how much we have lost by not knowing
these enemies, and suppressing them when they were very few. If we had
killed them all during the first two or three years of their sojourn, at an ex-
pense of a thousand dollars apiece, we should have made a good deal of money
by it.

70 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

On the approach of warm weather the moth leaves its cosy silken nest,
where it has spent the winter in the worm or larve state, finds its mate, and
flies from tree to tree in the night, putting its eggs, about fifty in number, into
the calyx of the apple and sometimes other fruits, and only one egg in a
place, which is a very damaging circumstance, as the rascal spoils as many
apples as it has eggs to bestow.

The eggs hatch in about a week, and in twenty or thirty days we haye a
pinkish worm which has eaten its way to the core of the apple; it now
comes out and finds some crevice or shelter, where it spins up and remains
from twelve to eighteen days in the chrysalis state, and then comes out to
enter upon its mischievous work. This is a beautiful little moth, very seldom
seen, ash-gray and brown, with a large tawny spot, streaked with bronze and
gold, on the inner angle of each front wing.

The second brood appear from the middle of July to about the middle of
August, and are by far the most numerous and destructive. We should kill
the first brood, and then we are rid of the second.

This codling nuisance, like certain devils in Scripture, don’t yield to mild
treatment. You can’t frighten them with scarecrows, nor coax them with
sweets, but you must fight them by any and all methods known in civilized
warfare.

1. Examine trees and pick all wormy fruit, which you will readily detect by
the rusty excrements that protrude from the orifice and by the color of the
calyx. Put this fruit in water or destroy it. Picking and thinning our fruit
cannot be commended too highly. We thus get size and quality. Large, fine
fruit measures well, and sells very high when brought to the right market.

2. Carefully remove all moss and rough bark in early spring, so that the
worm cannot find shelter on the tree.

3. As soon as the apple is formed, or about the middle of June, take strips
of cloth or strong paper, twelve or fourteen inches wide, and double into
three folds; put them round the body of the tree, and tie them fast with cot-
ton yarn, or fasten with a tack. Two or three bandages are better than one.
About the middle of July take off these bandages, and with your fingers mash
any worms that have taken lodgment there, and replace the bandages. Do
this every week, or at farthest every ten days, till the last of August. HExam-
ine again a month later.

4, Whenever practicable, let hogs or sheep, or both, occupy the orchards, as
some of the fruit falls to the ground before the worm leaves it, though gener-
ally he gets into a safe place before he falls., ;

It has been suggested that the instinct of the moth induces it to ayoid de-
positing its eggs in trees that are frequented by dangerous animals, and those
who have studied most into the inscrutable nature of animal instincts will
not dismiss the suggestion without consideration.

Mr. 8. B. Peck, a Michigan pomologist of much observation and experience,
believes that the same worm frequently enters and destroys several apples, for
you can always finda great many more bad apples than you can worms.

My friend, Mr. Oliver Chapin, has just put into my hands the following
from the report of a Western pomological meeting, and I ask you to observe
for yourselves and see how much there is in the suggestion :

“‘D,. B. Weir made a report on entomology, devoting most of his remarks to
the Turnished Plant-bug (Capsus oblineatus), which has done great damage to
growing vegetation. He attributes much of the sterility, so-called, of apple,

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. om

pear, and other trees to this insect, which sucks the juice from the peduncle
or stem of the blossom. The scabby and irregular fruit, when grown, he also
says, is caused by the insect puncturing the growing fruit. The various acari
also do much damage to raspberries and blackberries by sucking the sap from
the leayes while in growth, thus depleting the plant of its vitality, and much
of the damage attributed to winter-killing is due to this minute insect.”

May we not hope that the above remedies will be vigorously applied? The
Colorado potato beetle is now a subject of great anxiety in our State. Nextin
importance to wheat the poéato demands our best endeavors for its protection
and preservation. So great has been the destruction of this household neces-
sity at the West by grasshoppers and drought that it is at present in many
sections the dearest article of food in the market. It has been a very profit-
able crop in this vicinity, and we cannot urge too strongly that growers heré
should make a concerted and determined effort for the destruction of its re-
lentless enemy.

We need scarcely inform any grower that ie potato bug may be rendered
harmless by dusting the vines with Paris green mixed with fifteen times its
bulk of flour, ashes, or plaster. Repeated applications of this is perfectly
effectual. It is probable that its stay with us will be short, as this and several
other insect pests haye a more congenial climate at the West, where they
originated, than here. From careful inquiry we learn that they have put in
appearance this year in every part of our State, doing some, but not serious,
damage; and those who kill the bugs will profit by the indifference and neglect
of those who do not.

Paris green may perhaps be used so freely as to poison the land, but the
amount required for the destruction of the insect will do no damage what-
ever. The beetle does not eat the vine, but when the little yellow eggs on the
lower side of the leaves hatch, the slug, or larva, commences the work of de-
struction ; then you must apply the remedy without delay. The Paris green
may be dusted on early in the morning by a large pepper box attached to a
handle two feet long, care being taken to keep to the windward, as it is a con-
centrated poison.

Perhaps a better way is to dilute a tablespoonful of the green in a pailful
of water, stir it well, and sprinkle the vines carefully with it, using a water-
pot with fine holes, so constructed as to concentrate the liquid more than is
usual,

We have two or three crops of worms in a season, and we earnestly recom-
mend picking the first ones off, as perhaps that might save the necessity of
future applications; but if this is not done, it may be necessary to dust and
sprinkle three or four times.

Your entomological committee, Mr. President, feel that they have very
graye responsibilities. A great many women need aid and comfort in their
domestic difficulties. We hate to mix ourselves up with private affairs, but we
can’t help it. Husbands expect and require good dinners from poor materi-
als. They are absurder and meaner than the old Egyptians who wanted
“brick without straw.” A good kitchen garden is one of the possibilities of
rural life. In its best state it isa perfect fountain of good things, but every
tin peddler knows that our country gardens are a fizzle and a fraud on the
women who coax them into a feeble existence, when they are allowed to “ go
to the bugs!”

Currant sprouts cost nothing, but being persistent growers, we had them

42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and they did great service. The worm spoiled the currants, and we meekly
gave them up.

Now, this is to bear witness that white hellebore dusted on the bushes when
the dew is on will save the currants, and any one who has lost his bushes
should forthwith replace them and take care of them.

One of two or three things that we expect to find in country gardens
besides weeds is cabbage. A green worm about an inch long acquired a taste
for them and quietly took them.

Sprinkle on soapsuds, or salt, or dust from the road, and the worm will be
disgusted. Shake into the cabbage cayenne pepper, or sprinkle on boiling hot
water, and you will soon be rid of him. A moderate application of hot water
will not injure the plant, as it has a thick, tough leaf.

Coop a hen among your squash vines with a brood of chickens, and the
chickens will take care of the squash, if you only plant plenty of seed.

Don’t fail to put boxes, twelve inches by fourteen, round your cucumbers,
and ten inches high. Do this when you plant, and then it will be done.
Neglected gardens don’t pay: well cultivated ones do pay.

We conclude by earnestly invoking your aid during the coming year in a
determined effort to rout all our insect enemies. We demand it asa duty you
owe to your country and your kind.

Allow us to ask that you will communicate with this committee in reference
to your success and disappointments: give us your experiments and experi-
ence.

Do all you can,—at least do something. The man who can lay his hand in
vours, and, looking you in the face, declare that he has killed, or very seriously
crippled, one codling worm, has not lived in vain, as we fear some people have.

Dr. E. Ware Sylvester, of Lyons, read the following report on the same sub-
ject:

Phylloxera Vastatrix—Since the last meeting of this Society, the reports in
reference to the success of the sulphuret of carbon seem to be in a measure
contradictory; at all events, it has as yet not been so successful as to command
the entire confidence of the grape-growers. In some portions of Europe the
Phylloxera extends rapidly, while in other sections the vines seem strong
enough to resist the attacks of the insect. A congress has been, or is about to
be, held in Paris, to discuss the subject: and there are eleven questions pro-
posed for consideration at this meeting, embracing the whole range of topics
connected with this disease.

Some carefully instituted experiments by the Department of Agriculture at
Washington seem to establish two facts, so far as one series of experiments can
do: That the Jeaf-gall louse (Pamphygus Vitifolia) is not identical with the
root-gall louse (Phylloxera Vastatrix); and second, that the root-gall louse
will transfer itself to neighboring vines, and is catching as small-pox is catch-
ing. Experiments in Kurope favor the last conclusion.

The main remedy appears to be: healthy vines, well cultivated. This has
made a demand in EKurope for cuttings and vines of our stronger American
vines (our own beloved Concord among the number), which are reported there
as having vigor of constitution sufficient to resist the attacks of the Phyllox-
era. :

In this country the disease does not seem to be spreading rapidly, and if our
vineyardists exercise their usual common sense, and do not give their vines the
gout by over-feeding, or the Phylloxera from under-feeding, there is in all
probability a successful future for the American grape growers.

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SALIX. (WILLOW.)

8. Babylonica. Babylonian or Weeping Willow. A native of Asia. Our common and
well known Weeping Willow.

8. purpurea pendula. American Weeping or Fountain Willow. A dwarf slender species
from Europe. Grafted five or six feet high, it makes one of the most ornamental of small
weeping trees, hardier than the Babylonica. ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Rochester, N. Y.

T4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Canker Worm or Army Worm.—Anisopteryx Pometaria.—These worms haye
nearly disappeared from the neighborhood of the writer, having been destroy-
ed by a late frost, parasite, or some other agency. Some attempts at destroy-
ing them were made with partial success, but the very general failure to put
in an appearance is due to some cause not human.

The Currant or Gooseberry Worm, which has so long deprived many of
currants, has mainly moved eastward, and was last season luxuriating in the
vicinity of New York city. A very small supply of white hellebore was suf-
ficient to destroy the few that remained in this vicinity, but we have a new
aspirant for attention. It feeds on the currant and gooseberry leaves, and is
named

Ellopia Ribearia—It is easily distinguished from ‘the other gooseberry
worms, from the fact that it is a measuring or span worm, about one inch long
when full grown, quite yellow in color, with white and black spots. It appears
in June, attains full growth in July, goes into chrysalis state, emerges a yel-
low miller with spots, and deposits its eggs, which do not hatch until the fol-
lowing summer,—a very fortunate circumstance, as it gives us but one brood
for aseason. When the worm is disturbed on the bushes, it spins down to the
ground like the canker worm. But the unfortunate thing about this visitor
is, he seems to relish white hellebore; perhaps he thinks it for an appetizer.
I shut up several in a ventilated box with an an abundance of hellebore, but
they were alive and in fair condition after a week. C. V. Riley (the accom-
plished entomologist, to whom the fruit-growers are under many obligations),
suggested that my hellebore was not good; but I used some from two differ-
ent stores, either of which were effective on other worms. Imade a strong de-
coction of tobacco, and placed them in it, but it had no more effect upon them
than an old pipe does upon an old smoker. I made a strong solution of Bu-
chan’s carbolic compound, but it would not destroy the Ellopia.

Mr. Riley suggested Paris green and water on bushes not bearing fruit, but
the Ellopia had all retired into the pupa state before his suggestion arrived.
As there is but one’crop of them in a season, we can hand-pick them. It is
recommended to all members of the Society who have stock in this new ar-
rival, to experiment next season, and find some easy method of extermination.

The Colorado Potato Beetle seems to be gradually moving eastward in irreg-
war columns, and is less destructive than at the West. It was in the midst of
us during the last summer, but did not seriously diminish the amount of the
potato crop. It is thought by those who have‘tried it, that if taken in season
they can be exterminated with Paris green, at an expense of about five dollars
per acre; and in some localities a parasite has come to our aid, so that these
beetles are by no means a source of so much anxiety as formerly.

Mr. A. C. Younglove said it is very difficult picking off the new currant
worm described by Dr. Sylvester, as they are very active, and hide among the
leaves.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC., BY GEO. ELLWANGER.

There having been fewer novelties introduced than usual in the way of
hardy ornamental trees and shrubs during the past year, it has occurred to us
that an enumeration of the various hardy Magnolias might prove acceptable
in place of our usual report of newly-introduced ornamental trees and shrubs.

Among the many materials offered to the landscape gardener for the adorn-
ment of the lawn, the park and the pleasure ground, the Magnolia, in its

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TILIA EUROPHA—VAR. ALBA PENDULA.
(WHITE-LEAVED WEEPING LINDEN.)

White-Leaved Weeping Linden. A very beautiful tree, with large foliage, and slender,
drooping shoots. ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

76 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

numerous species and varieties, claims his special attention as one of the most
desirable in the entire list of ornamental trees and shrubs. While there are
many other arboreal productions, each possessing its own valuable characteris-
tics, and which are indispensable in every well-arranged place, there is no tree
or shrub, in our opinion, whether deciduous or evergreen, that can compare
with the Magnolia in effectiveness, or take its place in all well laid out publie
or private grounds. Its superior stateliness of form and splendor of growth,
the size and richness of its foliage, and its lavish yield of fragrant flowers, all
tend to place it in the foremost rank among hardy ornamental trees and shrubs.

Its proper place is on the lawn, where it shows to fine advantage in contrast
with the green; or it may be planted effectively on the border of lawns, with
an evergreen in the background to heighten the contrast. Planted in groups,
it yields to no rival, and its effect in the early spring is grand beyond descrip-
tion, illuminating the whole landscape and loading the atmosphere with its
rich perfume.

The Magnolias are all either indigenous to America or Asia, and occupy very
similar parallels of latitude. The Chinese varieties possess the peculiarity of
coming into bloom before the appearance of the leaves. On their own roots
they are all of slow growth, growing at best into low, bushy trees, and on that
account are admirably adapted to be planted with the larger varieties of
shrubs, or to claim a place in small grounds where there is not room for any-
thing larger. Where the space is abundant, however, to give room for a finely
developed tree, they should be budded on the Magnolia acuminata, which adds
materially to their vigor, hardiness, shapeliness and size. The French inarch
them on the purpurea, a dwarf Chinese variety of less vigor than the others,
but more easy of propagation. The acuminata, however, is far preferable
with us.

The Magnolia, very erroneously, has long been considered by many a tender
tree. This idea has obtained prevalence, doubtless, from its extreme shyness
to being transplanted. No roots, to my knowledge, are so sensitive to the ex-
posure of the wind, or sun, as are those of the Magnolia; hence the poor suc-
cess in transplanting them.

It often occurs that after being moved they survive for a few months, main-
taining a sickly existence, and having made no roots, perish in the winter,
thereby, unfortunately, strengthening the impression that they are not a hardy
tree.

To ensure success in their transplanting, they should be moved in the spring,
never in the fall,—and the Chinese varieties at that period when they are
coming into bloom, and, consequently, before the leaves have made their ap-
pearance. Great care should be exercised in their removal, the fibrous roots
being preserved as nearly as possible, and carefully guarded from any exposure
to wind or sun. For this purpose a cloudy or rainy day is preferable. While
almost any good soil is sufficient to ensure their growth, they succeed best in a
soil which is warm, rich and dry.

The varieties embraced in the annexed list, with but one or two exceptions,
are all of sufficient hardiness to endure the rigors of even a New England
winter. On our own grounds we have a number of specimens over thirty
years old, as hardy and thrifty as our native oaks. In enumerating varieties I
shall call attention only to those which have for years come under my obser-
vation on our own grounds.

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MAGNOLIA SOULANGEANA.
(SOULANGB’S MAGNOLIA.)

M. c. Soulangeana. Soulange’s Magnolia. A hybrid raised from seed at Fromont, near
Paris. In habit it closely resembles M. conspicua. Shrubby and branching while young,
but becoming a fair sized tree. Flowers white and purple, cup-shaped, and 8 to 5 inches in
diameter. Foliage large, glossy and massive. It forms a handsome tree worked upon the
M. acuminata, One of the hardiest and finest of the foreign Magnolias.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

2
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AMERICAN VARIETIES.

The Magnolia acuminata, or Cucumber tree, as it is often called, from the
resemblance of the young cones to a cucumber, forms in its well developed
state one of our noblest and most finely proportioned trees, often growing in
our forests to a height of sixty or seventy feet, and attaining a diameter of sey-
eral feet. The leaves are large on young trees, and the flowers, which vary
from five to six inches in diameter, are yellowish white, tinted with bluish pur-
ple. In autumn the cones open, displaying the coral-colored, polished seeds,
and adding greatly to the charm of the tree. The Acuminata, as previously
mentioned, is invaluable as a stock upon which to work the Chinese and other
slow-growing varieties.

The Magnolia acuminata variegata is a variety of the preceding, with the
foliage and young wood striped with yellow. It is also of superior growth, and
is very distinct and fine. It originated on our grounds about fifteen years
since.

The Magnolia tripetela, one of our best known varieties, is of medium size
with immense leaves, growing in clusters, and large white flowers five to seven
inches in diameter. This variety isseldom seen witha singlestem. Its natural
habit is to throw offsets from the base of the trunk, which, when allowed to
grow, add to its attractiveness. Its period of flowering is June, and while not
nearly as fragrant as the Chinese varieties, its immense leaves at the end of the
branches and showy cones of seeds render it a highly ornamental tree.

The Magnolia Thompsoniana is one of the most unique and attractive of its
species. “Any one who has passed a tree in bloom, or even possessed one of its
wonderfully fragrant flowers becomes enamored of it atonce. The Thompson-
iana is a hybrid of the glauca and tripetela. It commences to flower about the
middle of June, continuing more or less during the summer. It is the rarest
as wellas the most fragrant of all the Magnolias. It is, however, difficult of
propagation. It continues growing until the latter part of September. The
young wood does not always ripen well on young plants, and should be pro-
tected with straw or mats during the winter, and planted where they will be
sheltered from the west and northwesterly winds.

The Magnolia glauca, or swamp laurel, is of low growth, with extremely fra-
grant flowers and laurel-like leaves. As its name indicates, it is a favorite of
moist soils, never succeeding on limestone soil, unless budded on the Acumi-
nata. Owing to its bushy growth and handsome, fragrant blossoms, it is ex-
tremely valauble as an ornamental shrub.

The Magnolia glauca longifolia is a variety of and similar to the foregoing,
but different from it in being more vigorous and in its finer foliage.

The Magnolia macrophylla, were it not for its sensitiveness to the cold, would
prove one of our most invaluable ornamental trees. It is a native of North
Carolina, where it grows very luxuriantly, the flowers and foliage both growing
to extreme size. The Macrophylla is among the rarest of the native Magno-
lias. It is not hardy as far north as New York in exposed situations. If
planted, however, with judgment, in warm soil and a protected situation, it
often does well. At any rate it is worthy of a careful trial. We have had it
flowering on our grounds for several years.

CHINESE VARIETIES AND THEIR HYBRIDS.

Magnolia conspicua (Chandelier or Yulan). In many respects this is the
finest of the Chinese varieties. We have always held it in the greatest esteem,

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THE MAGNOLIA.

MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.

(CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA.)

A beautiful, pyramidal-growing tree, attaining from 60 to 90 feet in height. Leaves 6 to
9 inches long, and bluish-green ; flowers yellow, tinted with bluish purple ; fruit, when
green, resembling a cucumber; hence the name. See above cut.
eee Ta & BARRY,
Rochester, MW. Y.

80 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

owing to its being the earliest flowering of all the Magnolias, as also from the
matchless whiteness ofits flowers. If placed in contrast with evergreens or the
Forsythia viridissima, which begins blooming at nearly the same time, its
effect is almost startling. It has aptly been christened “ Chandelier,” for there
is nothing to compare with it in lighting up the landscape of early spring. Its
flowers are large, white, and extremely numerous, often numbering thousands
on a single tree.

Magnolia souiangeana. This fine variety is a hybrid of the conspicwa and the
purpurea. While in general habit it closely resembles the former, it lacks its
wonderful effectiveness, owing to the flower being tinged with purple. Coming
in blossom, however, a few days later, the flowers are not so liable to injury
_ from the late spring frosts in the Northern States. Perhaps the Soulangeana
has been more disseminated in this country than any other variety.

Magnolia Norbertiana. It is also a hybrid between the conspicua and the
purpurea. It differs from the varieties previously mentioned, in its flowers
being much darker, and, therefore, we regard it as superior to the Sowlangeana.
This variety is still scarce.

Magnolia Lenne. The Lenne seems to be closely related to the Norbertiana,
and is doubtless of similar parentage. In color it is darker, and in size some-
what larger. It is a decided acquisition.

Magnolia speciosa. In habit of growth this variety resembles the Soulange-
ana. The flowers are smaller and of a lighter color. They also come into
bloom a few days later, and continue some days longer than any of the other
sorts. It is a remarkably profuse bloomer. For florists itis the best for cut
flowers.

Magnolia purpurea (Chinese purple.) The Obovata is a charming dwarf
variety, hardly ever seen over five or six feet high. It has showy purple flow-
ers, and blooms in the latter part of May or in early June.

Magnolia rubra (Chinese red.) This is a variety of the preceding, of more
slender and erect habit, with larger flowers of a deep purple color.

TREE AND HERBACEOUS PONIES.

Mr. W. C. Barry, from the same committee, presented the following report:

Two artists there are—the writer and the painter—whose duty it is, each
from his own standpoint and after his own manner, to describe and picture
facts and objects so that they may be at once and unmistakably realized and
recognized by minds of all capacities. But all will acknowledge that the value
of their means for this work are not to becompared. ‘The painter has at hand
the inexhaustible resources of his palette, which enable him to represent colors
and forms the most diverse, while he at the same time addresses himself to the
most powerful organs which realize the slightest shades and appreciate the
differences between them. On the other hand, the writer has at his disposal
but a few technical terms insufficient to express his ideas—which ought to be
palpable, materialized, so to speak. These terms, of which the signification is
very limited, can not give expression to an unlimited number of things, the
harmony of which exists in the depth of striking contrasts, which the most
gifted of painters accomplish only with the greatest difficulty ; while the writer
sinks beneath his task, and is only prompted to do his best, trusting that the
fancies of his readers will add the finishing touches which the brain imagines,
but to which language can not give utterance.

Fully impressed with the difficult task of attempting a description of these

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SIBERIAN ARBOR VITA.

Siberian Arbor Vite. The best of all the genus, for this country; exceedingly hardy,
keeping color well in winter; growth compact and pyramidal. Makes an elegant lawn
tree; of great value fcr o:nament, screens and edges.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Ftochester, N. Y.

11

82 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

beautiful flowers, we trust our hearers, appreciating our position, will be indul-
gent, assured that their minds and fancies will amply compensate the insuffi-
ciency of our means. We think it is safe to assert that, at the present time, no
class of plants of equal value is receiving less attention in horticultural litera-
ture than the Peony. Is it because the Pzony is too well known, and there-
fore common? or because it is not deemed worthy of notice? Ifsuch be the
case, we cannot concur ia such opinions, and if we shall do something towards
awakening and reviving interest in this one of the most striking and valuable
floral productions of China and Europe, we shall be pleased.

Ponies are commonly divided into two classes, Tree and Herbaceous, the
latter again divided into sub-classes. The former is a native of China, and was
first noticed in the year 1656, on the return to Europe of the first embassy of
the Dutch East India company. ‘The attendants of this embassy having had
freer access to that country than had been granted to any previous embassies,
visited all the country from Canton to Pekin, even the gardens of the Em-
peror; and as the result of this visit, published a work describing, among other
things, the Pine Apple, the Tea Plant, as well as the magnificent flower of the
Moutan, or Tree Peony. This volume, however, received little attention, being
considered only as a collection of travelers’ tales. The description of the Peony
therein given was very full and complete, but the plant remained unknown in
Europe until the late Sir Joseph Banks gave instructions to several merchants
trading at Canton to inquire for the Moutan, and numerous plants were im-
ported in the year 1794.

It is said to have been cultivated in China for upwards of 1,400 years, and
some of the Chinese authors say was first discovered growing among the moun-
tains in northern China, whence it was brought into the southern provinces,
and there cultivated with the same mania as tulips have been in Europe, some
choice varieties of the Moutan having been sold in China for 100 ounces of
gold. he Tree Peony sold at high prices when it first came into the hands of
nurserymen at London, Monsieur Noisette,a nurseryman in Paris, receiving
for them more than $300 each. This Moutan is the parent of all the beautiful
varieties of tree Peonies now cultivated. Tree Peeonies fill up a blank between
deciduous flowering trees and flowering shrubs. In mixed borders they are
invaluable, as well when grown as single specimens on the lawn. ‘They are
quite hardy, but slight protection greatly improves them. They thrive in any
good garden soil, enriched with well-decayed manure. September and Oc-
tober are the months best suited for their planting. Good plants set at this
time produce quantities of flowers the second or third year after planting.
Each year the plants increase in size and beauty, and soon become the most
showy and attractive features of the garden. They are the first of any of the
varieties of ponies to flower, and put forth their blooms early in May.
Being naturally of what is termed slow growth, they are not propagated by
division to any great extent, but chiefly by grafting upon the roots of the
herbaceous varieties, which is done in August. The grafts are placed in
frames, where they unite, and are transplanted the succeeding year into
nursery rows.

To assist those who desire to form a collection, we name the following
choice sorts. Any description, however complete, would fail to do them jus-
tice, so we only give the distinguishing colors.

Alba Variegata—One of the most striking double varieties. The ontside
petals are pure white, and center purplish red.

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YOUNG’S WEEPING BIRCH.

Young’s Weeping Birch. Mr. Young, to whom we are indebted for this tree, says:
‘‘The ordinary Weeping Birch is generally and deservedly admired, as one of the most
graceful objects in our landscapes, so that beyond a brief description of its origin it is not
necessary to say more of this variety than that it is the most beautiful of all the Weeping
Birches. It was found in the neighborhood of Milford, England, some few years ago,
trailing on the ground, and it was with some difficulty grafted on stems, and now forms
pendulous heads, drooping to the ground in fine, thread-like shoots several feet in length.”

84 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Arethusa.—Light rose, shaded with purple. This is a very large and fra-
grant variety, and a vigorous grower.

Banksii (Chinese Double Blush).—Pale rose-colored flowers, four to six
inches in diameter.

Gumpperti.—One of the finest kinds, producing bright rosy-pink flowers
of great size and perfection.

Incarnata Flore Pleno.—A fine white variety; fine, large, fragrant flowers.

Kochlerti.i—This is a choice dark rose-colored variety. Blooms large and
plant vigorous.

Le Fevreiana.--A very large and showy variety; bright pink flowers with
rosy center.

Pride of Hong Kong—A striking variety; flowers of great size, light
cherry-red with purple center.

Reine Elizabeth—Blooms of immense size; rosy-crimson in center, shading
off to a light rose toward the margin.

Rosea Odorata—Rose tinged with lilac; very large and flat.

Schultzii—A beautiful and fragrant kind; carmine-colored flowers deeply
shaded with rosy lilac.

Zenobia.—A large, fine, white variety.

Herbaceous Peonies are usually classified as Officinalis, Paradoxa, and Chi-
nese varieties,—the two first being European and the third Chinese sorts.
These flower in succession, the first being the Officinalis varieties, then the
Paradoxa, and the Chinese last. The Chinese varieties are particularly fine,
and we regret not being able to give such a description as would induce every
person who is the fortunate possessor of a garden to plant the entire collec-
tion. Herbaceous Ponies increase rapidly in size, and soon form a large
clump, and like all herbaceous plants, they should be divided occasionally, and
the thriftiness of the plants will thus be greatly promoted.

The most gorgeous floral exhibition we have ever seen was an acre of
Peonies in full flower. Will you review with me some notes made on the
ground ?

Ambroise Verschaffelt—This is one of the newest kinds, and up to the pres-
ent time one of the best dark varieties known. The flowers are purplish
crimson and full.

Carnea Striata—Flesh-color, striped with red; very fine.

Charles Verdier—Another new and superb variety, producing light rose
flowers, of great size and perfect form.

Delachii—A striking and beautiful dark variety. Flowers purplish-crim-
son.

Festiva.—This is a sort of which too much cannot be said in praise. Who-
ever possesses a plant of Festiva Peony has something which will procure
more pleasure and greater satisfaction than money can afford, applied in any
way you choose, or in the acquisition of any object whatsoever. Imagine a
plant three feet high, with beautiful dark green, glossy foliage, and peering
away above ten to fifteen large heads of bloom, each six to nine inches in
diameter, pure white, marked here and there with bright streaks of carmine,
just enough to show how pure the white is and how beautifully the carmine
contrasts with it. Match this with an Ambroise Verschaffelt or a Delachii,
and you have a picture, or a pair of them, fit for the great and mighty ones of
the earth to admire, but within the reach of the humblest citizen to possess.

Grandiflora Carnea Plena—A variety of extraordinary size. A nursery

o—

Vay ene
fins

WEEPING MOUNTAIN ASH.

American Mountain Ash. A tree of coarser growth and foliage than the European, and
producing larger and lighter-colored berries.

European Mountain Ash. A fine, hardy tree, head dense and regular; covered from
July till winter with great clusters of bright scarlet berries.

Weeping European Mountain Ash. A beautiful variety, of rapid growth and decidedly
pendulous and trailing habit. One of the most desirable lawn trees. (See above cut.)

ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

86 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

row of this, with its hundreds of enormous white blooms, edged with blush, is
something to gaze at and admire.

Alongside, in another row, we see Humet, with its large and showy purplish
rose flowers. Such a profusion of beauty: it seems too bad that it must fade
and pass away. Now we come to Jules Lebdon, with its brilliant and dis-
tinct carmine-red flowers.

Louis Van Houtte—Is one of the dark crimson sorts, which produce a
marked contrast among the fancy-colored varieties.

And another, the Louis Van Houtte (Calot’s introduction),—bright pur-
plish cherry color,—is a charming sort.

Here we see in quick succession Marechal Vaillant, a new kind, of a dazzling
purplish-violet color, Mad. Victor Verdier, crimson rose, with light violet, very
large and full.

Monsieur Boucharlat—A superb variety, of a bright rosy lilac color, large
and full; flowers imbricated like a rose.

Plenissima Rosea Superba.—vVery large, globular, and full; deep rose color,
slightly tinged with salmon, and what a relief to meet a dark sort again !—the
well-known Poéésii, dark purplish-crimson,—but now superseded by finer sorts
of similar color.

We have now reached the tallest grower and most showy variety in the col-
lection, called Purpurea Superba, producing very large purplish-crimson
flowers.

Queen Victoria—With its immense blooms, outside petals rose, inside flesh-
colored,—is another sort, which might be justly styled gem of the collection.

But we have seen enough. We must leave the examination of many other
varieties for another visit.

Mr. Crane of Lockport stated that the chairman of the committee on gar-
den vegetables was absent. He had, during the season, been paying more at-
tention to the cultivation of tomatoes. He had been pleased with the Hatha-
way variety, and was disappointed in Gen. Grant. On good soil it was rough
and poor.

Mr. Crane saw an experiment by a woman in treating the cabbage worm
with a strong solution of soft soap. It destroyed the worms without injuring
the cabbage.

REPORT ON ORNITHOLOGY.

George T’. Fish of Rochester, chairman of committee on ornithology, read
the following :

Your committee on ornithology have nothing that will be particularly new
to report at this time, but we regard the subject sufficiently important to de-
mand “ Line upon line and precept upon precept.” A report was prepared for
the last annual meeting, but none of the committee being present when reports
were read it was not submitted, but after some changes was published in one
of our daily papers. While it is pretty generally admitted that birds as a
class are benefactors, there are nevertheless those, and among them some intel-
ligent horticulturists, who wage war upon certain species because of their
fondness for fruit. It is thought by some that as the birds have not entirely
exterminated our insect enemies, their assistance is of little consequence. A
French naturalist ascertained by careful investigation that a single insect
might, in five generations, become the progenitor of five thousand millions of
descendants. With these appalling figures before us we are forced to the con-

a SA RNs
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DWARF AMERICAN ARBOR VITZ.—TOM THUMB.

Tom Thumb. A dwarf variety of the American Arbor Vite, which originated on our
grounds, It is remarkable for its slow growth and compact, symmetrical habit. We have
no hesitation in recommending it as an acquisition of much value in the class of small,
hardy, evergreens, for the decoration of gardens, lawns, or cemeteries, where large trees
may not be admissible. Will be found useful for small evergreen hedges.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N.Y.

88 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

clusion that were the birds destroyed, a desolation would resuit, compared with
which the grasshopper plague of the West would sink into insignificance. The
vocal melody of birds would give place to constant buzzing, scraping, hissing
sound of insects, not long, however, to be endured, for the destruction of veg-
etation must inevitably be followed by the destruction of animal life. It is
evident God designed that the birds should hold theinsects in check. Can we
afford to dispense with even a part of their assistance because it costs us some-
thing in fruit? We are willing to pay money for fertilizers and for labor.
We even pay men for destroying insects, and regard it as a profitable invest-
ment. It is unreasonable to demand that the entire work of the birds shall be
gratuitous. ‘The tax which nature levies if not paid willingly may increase
with time, but can no more be avoided than that levied by the laws of man.
Men may sometimes be cheated —nature never. Who can doubt that the vol-
untary tax which is now being levied in the interests of humanity upon the
people of this country in behalf of the western sufferers, might have been to
a great extent avoided by planting forests as homes for the birds on our west-
ern plains? In view of the generous response to the calls of the needy, ought
not the following couplet to be changed ?
“Man’s inhumanity to man

Makes countless millions mourn.”’
That it may conform to the professions of modern civilization, and at the same
time be more classical, we suggest that it should read:

Man’s inhumanity to birds

Makes countless insects buzz.

The prosperous manufacturer annually recognizes the aid he receives from
those in his employ by a Thanksgiving dinner or a holiday gift—this in addi-
tion to the regular wages. ‘The birds work “without money and without
price,” and we begrudge them a holiday in our cherry trees; or, if after their
summer’s labors are concluded they assemble in the vineyard to partake of a
Thanksgiving dinner and to congratulate themselves on the millions of insects
destroyed, we meet them with a warm reception of cold lead.

It is said of the American savage that if he is slow to forget an injury, he
never forgets a kindness; but how different with the civilized American! By
him the birds are destroyed while in the act of guarding his property. We
seem to remember and cherish those traditions which call forth our combat-
iveness, rather than those which develop our better nature. “ He shall bruise
thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel,” seems to be remembered rather than
the record in the same ancient book of a bird that bore across the wide waste
of waters the olive branch of joy and peace.

The bird’s power of flight through the air must be of peculiar interest to
man, until, in the march of improvement, those Utopian days shall come when
he shall, in imitation of the feathered race, navigate the air with the same con-
fidence that he now does the waters. What wonder that the Pantheist should
worship birds! No other class of animals combine such rare beauty, grace,
fleetness, endurance, sweetness of song, and skill in architecture. What a
marvellous provision of the Creator that creatures which live on the most
loathsome, noxious, and disgusting objects should notwithstanding be en-
dowed with more points of superiority than any other of the lower animals !
In view of their important mission, has not God endowed them with these
wonderful attributes that they might find favor and protection even at the
hands of the heedless and unthoughtful ?

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CAMPERDOWN WEEPING ELM.

Camperdown Weeping Elm. Grafted 6 to 8 feet high, this forms one of the most pic-
turesque drooping trees. It is of rank growth, the shoots often making a zigzag growth
outward and downward of several feet in a single season. The leaves are large, dark
green and glossy, and cover the tree with a luxuriant mass of verdure.

ELLWANGER & BARRY.

90 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

But our report has assumed more the form of an appeal in behalf of our
friends. In conclusion, then, we would recommend that the birds be protect-
ed. If an attack is made upon one species, the whole class accepts it as a gen-
eral declaration of a war of extermination. Rather than attack any, let us
plant hedges and groves to encourage the timid kinds which are fast disap-
pearing from the more thickly settled parts of the country. With all the
modern facilities, what more interesting study for the young than Ornitholo-
gy? Itis undoubtedly quite as good a discipline for the mind and far more
useful to the young horticulturist than the study of ancient languages. We
would recommend its study as an additional protection to birds and to our hor-
ticultural interests. While we should protect the birds as a class, we think ex-
perience has shown that the pugnacious character of the English sparrow ren-
ders him an undesirable settler. Our domestic birds, more peaceable in their
nature, incline to leave him the whole field, and we think his introduction to
this country no improvement on nature’s plan. It would seem to be better to
encourage by every means an increase of our native tribes.

GEORGE T. FISH, Chairman.

Mr. Maxwell asked if any one could explain why the robins went south last
fall before the Delaware grapes were ripe, contrary to their usual custom.

Mr. Hooker suggested they came to Rochester, Mr. Younglove thought they
all emigrated to Vine Valley, and Mr. Sylvester was sure a large delegation was
sent to Lyons.

Mr. Craine of Lockport said he thought the robin was a poor insect de-
stroyer. A few wrens and pheebe birds would destroy more insects than a
thousand robins, the latter waging war principally on angle worms and other
harmless varieties.

Mr. Thomas said that too much care could not be exercised in regard to the
recommending or commending any kind of bird or even insect. It was very
difficult to discriminate between those beneficial and prejudicial to fruit in-
teresis.

Dr. Sylvester—The report alluded to English sparrows. This bird has the
reputation of destroying fruit as well as insects: is there any person here who
knows that it destroys fruit ?

Mr. Fish—Robins destroy angle worms early in the spring, but afterwards
feed upon others. We know that birds destroy both predaceous and destruc-
tive insects.

Mr. Craine had watched robins and observed that they ate angle worms in
spring, and by the time it was too warm and dry for them, fruit began to
ripen, and they fed upon that the remainder of the season. The King Bird
destroys a great many insects, but it also destroys bees.

DISCUSSIONS.

The reports being all in, the discussion of the various topics presented was
taken up. ‘The first subject was as follows:

“ How can the fertility of large orchards be most economically maintained 2?”

Mr. Oliver Chapin of East Bloomfield has plowed in weeds of all kinds,
including thistles and quack, but has now seeded down. He plowed four inches
in depth; trees have made good growth, but have not generally borne well.
Trees from twelve to twenty years old, principally Baldwins. Soil gravelly
loam, with a stiffer subsoil.

Mr. H. E. Hooker of Rochester said the fertility of small orchards could

sap SIN
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UMILLER

SALISBURIA. (MAIDEN HAIR TREE OR GINKO.)

A remarkable tree from Japan, combining in its foliage characteristics of the conifer
and deciduous tree. The tree is of medium size, rapid growth, with beautiful, fern-like

foliage.

Rare and elegant, ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Rochester, N. Y.

92 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

easily be maintained by manuring and application of other stimulants. He
was not in fayor of plowing and thus breaking up the surface roots of the
trees. His best bearing trees were those whose surface roots had not been dis-
turbed in thirty years. ‘Top dressing might be beneficial.

Mr. Reynolds wished to hear from men who had tried various experiments
in their endeavor to maintain fertility.

Mr. Green of Rush said he had a young orchard approaching bearing age,
and wished to learn some facts in regard to the use of sown corn, clover, etc.

Mr. Moody of Niagara advocated plowing, guarding against the breaking of
tender roots. One great thing to be done in order to save our orchards was to
destroy the fungi which attacked them. He had planted a 100-acre orchard,
and was not intending to put upon it any stable manure. He thought the soil
strong enough to sustain the strain without any help save from minerals. He
looked for the greatest results from the use of salt and lime as fertilizers.

Mr. Root of Skaneateles found no difficulty in keeping up growth by plow-
ing if you took off but one crop. Plow a few years until the trees come in
bearing, and then seed down. Afterwards spade around the trunks and apply
ashes, also washing with soft soap. If soil is stirred, it will increase in fertility
if no crop is taken off.

Mr. Allis of Holley, recommended plowing. He thought the best plan was
to sow buckwheat and then keep fowls to run in the orchard and eat the buck-
wheat and destroy the insects. He had noticed wherever he was that orchards
bore the best apples where fowls were allowed to run at will in them.

Mr. Langworthy wished to inquire if any one present had tried girdling in
June. He had seen the best results from this method. He thought it was the
most beneficial in stimulating bearing.

Mr. Root had goed results from this practice.

Mr. Smith of Syracuse wished to hear the man who had displayed such
elegant fruit before the association. Therefore Mr. Avery of Michigan said that
he came from a county which eight years ago was entirely occupied by maple
growth. The land was quite new. They were not obliged to resort to plow-
ing. About the middle of July they sow buckwheat, and when apples are
ripe, walk into the orchard and pick them, paying no attention to the buck-
wheat, but just before winter plow it *, and it comes up the next season.

Mr. Barry said a large orchard must be treated exactly as a small one was.
Every man knew that after a few years’ bearing an orchard required feeding,
and some source of strength must be discovered. He recommended the grow-
ing of root crops to feed cattle and use the manure for orchards. Many nur-
sery men did this and found it profitable. In their own nursery they kept the
ground constantly plowed, and gave an occasional top-dressing. But they
found nothing so effective as stable manure. Apple orchards would not need
so frequent dressings of manure as pear. He strongly recommended the use of
salt, lime, ashes, manure, and various composts, etc., applied alternately.

Dr. Sylvester of Lyons planted his orchard twenty-eight years ago, and from
less than ten acres had 1,000 barrels this year. He does not keep stirring the
surface, because he believes it wastes the fertility. Does not believe in using
large quantities of stable manure in pear orchards, for it would cause blight.
If his trees make three inches of wood yearly, he is satisfied.

Mr. Chapin plows his trees and gets wood, but no fruit. What he is after is
fruit, not wood. He manures with a mixture of muck and barn-yard manure.
Another year will put on a light dressing of gas-lime, spread thinly over the

PESOS

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CLADASTRIS TINCTORIA.—Syn”. VIRGILEA LUTEA.

(YELLOW WOOD.)

One of the finest American trees, resembling the Robinias, with long racemes of white,
sweet-scented flowers in June, ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

HES STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

surface in autumn or winter. A compost of muck and gas-lime is not expen-
sive. In answer to question, has used over 2,000 bushels of gas-lime, at the
rate of 120 bushels to the acre. Has put on four loads to the acre, fresh from
gas house, around the apple trees in winter without injury. He composts gas-
lime with muck, but not with barn-yard manure. Lime is not in itselfa
manure, but decomposes fertilizing substances locked up in the soil. The sul-
phur is separated from the lime by the frosts of winter so as to do no injury.
If he could obtain neither muck nor gas-lime, would apply plaster, ashes and
lime. Apples would probably go on bearing indefinitely if we removed no
fruit. His orchard that has not been plowed in eighteen years, received some-
thing every winter,—muck, ashes, lime, etc. Does not want to take off the
grass, but would mow it and let it rot.

Mr. Smith of Syracuse thought that the use of gas-lime was worse than
useless. He wouldn’t have it on his place. The use of just such fertilizers
was of no good whatever. Theory wouldn’t fertilize the soil. If the trees were
given the benefit of the products of the soil, whether grass or anything else,
they would be all right.

Dr. Sylvester—My neighbors say that I always have fruit, while they fail on
similar soil.

Mr. Root thought the case depended altogether on the nature of the soil.
A stiff clayey soil wanted stirring up, and a light sandy soil did not require it.

Mr. Lay said he found the best results arising by allowing hogs to run in
the orchard.

In response to a question, Mr. Barry said that coal ashes were very good for
clayey soil, and also recommended their use on other kinds of lands.

Mr. Crane has made experiments with coal ashes and manure, and had seen
double the results from their use.

EVENING SESSION.

Vice-President H. EK. Hooker in the chair.

The discussion of the first question was resumed. Hugh T. Brooks of
Wyoming said that fertilizing orchards isa pressing necessity. Most of our
orchards are half starved, and in consequence not half so productive as they
might be. People had better think twice before they plant large orchards,
unless they are sure of a large supply of manure. He would not speak of pear
trees, but apples require more manure than is generally supposed. He made a
hog-pen near an apple-tree forty years old, and in ten or fifteen years it had
doubled its size and productiveness. God makes a better soil than youcan. A
virgin soil is best, and should not be required to produce other crops if planted
to orchard. he tree and the fruit take from the soil a great variety of ele-
ments, among which are potash, lime, and the phosphates: these should be
supplied. About thirty per cent of the leaf of the apple-tree is lime, which
should be supplied. Lime is serviceable for the necessary material it furnishes,
and as a corrective of the noxious matter in the soil, and also to quicken and
render available inert material. Being available in unlimited quantities, and
cheap (which can not be said of most manures), we ought to use it very largely
on all soils that require it, and most soils do require it. Mulching trees with
weeds, coarse manure, muck, sawdust, shavings, coarse grass, and about every-
thing else, furnishes some good material to the tree, protects from drouth, and

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96 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

keeps the soil in a loose and desirable condition. Remember that you must
manure with everything that you carry off with the crops.

J. J. Thomas did not believe that the same rule would apply to two differ-
ent neighborhoods. He knew a nurseryman who raised fine trees with ashes,
but they failed with him.

Mr. Craine thought the next best thing to barnyard manure is to plow un-
der green crops. Why don’t they furnish all that we get from barnyard
manure ?

The second topic, “What variety or varieties of apples, according to the latest
experience, can be recommended for extensive market orchards in Western New
York ?” was then taken up.

Quite a number named Baldwin, Greening, and Russet. Brooks named
Twenty Ounce. Maxwell said it cost as much to grow two barrels of Green-
ings as three of Baldwins. Herendeen named Maiden’s Blush. Some one
named Northern Spy.

Mr. Babcock named Baldwin, Greening, Roxbury Russet, Twenty Ounce,
King, and said that the Mann apple is very promising with him at Lockport.

Of all the varieties mentioned, the one almost universally favored was the
Baldwin. Considerable discussion, however, for the first place was excited be-
tween the friends of the Baldwin and the Hubbardston Nonsuch. In some
respects it was admitted that the latter excelled the former in flavor, but was
not so good a keeper, nor was it by any means so good an apple for market
purposes.

Dr. Sylvester stated that years ago, when Horace Greeley offered a prize for
the best apple for the million, he was on the committee of award. The prize
was awarded the Baldwin, but the Hubbardston Nonsuch was the next in
favor.

Mr. Thomas spoke in regard to the different varieties most likely to be at-
tacked by worms, etc. He mentioned the Westfield Seek-no-Further as resist-
ing the attacks of the codling moth. He considered it one of the best apples
for family use.

Mr. Ely of Brighton considered the Northern Spy the poorest apple one
could raise for market purposes. Liable to spot and decay, they were disliked
by dealers, as they could not be kept.

Mr. Tuttle of Wisconsin said that in his State they could not grow Bald-
wins or Rhode Island Greenings. The Northern Spy was formerly regarded
by them as extra hardy, but of late it had degenerated and would not keep
well, whether raised there or brought into market from abroad. The Baldwin
and the Rhode Island Greening, therefore, were regarded as the best apples
they could find in the market.

Dr. Sylvester spoke in favor of the Tompkins County King, saying that
they had obtained a higher price for it than for any of the others. Members
from other parts of the State, however, stated a different case. Some objected
to the quality of the Baldwin, but the fact that it is such a great and uniform
bearer, good color and good keeper, commends it to the grower of apples for
profit.

Mr. Lazenby of Cornell Institute had seen the King in Ithaca in fine con-
dition in June, and it sold for $3.50 a barrel.

The third topic was then taken up, as follows:

“Will the experience in pear-culture thus far in Western New York justify
the Society in recommending the planting of large orchards for profit? Can

BETULA. (BIRCH.)
ALBA PENDULA ELEGANS.
At the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867, this tree attracted marked attention, being

exhibited there for the first time. The accompanying engraving gives a correct idea of its
habit of growth. The branches run directly towards the ground, parallel with the stem.
Its elegant pendulous habit, beautiful foliage and branches, entitle it to be regarded as one

of the greatest acquisitions of many years in this Class.

13

98 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

dwarf pear-trees or pear-trees on quince stock be recommended for profitable
culture? What varieties can be recommended to grow as standards, for profit,
and what as dwarf ?”

Mr. Willard answered: “Yes, on proper soils.” Some said: “ Yes, if of
proper varieties ;” and others answered in the affirmative, provided they re-
ceived proper culture.

Mr. Maxwell would answer the portion of the question relating to dwarfs in
the affirmative, if they received proper soils and culture, and were of proper
varieties.

Dr. Sylvester has an orchard of dwarf pears, in grass, which he manures
every year, and it has paid him over $500 per acre yearly. His Louise Bonne
have averaged $1,000 an acre. It don’t cost him more than $10 an acre for
manure, while farmers will put $20 worth of manure on an acre of corn.

Mr. Moody recommended the Beurre @’Anjou and Duchess for growth on
quince stocks.

Mr. Rathbone of Genesee did not think Beurre d’Anjou equal to the Duch-
ess, and in his experience it was by no means so fine a grower.

Dr. Sylvester said the Louise Bonne would grow double the quantity in the
same field that the Duchess would.

Mr. N. Bogue of Batavia read the following statement: Ten years ago last
October, Mr. John Taylor of Elba, Genesee county, planted three acres to
Dwarf Duchess. The cost of the trees was $500. Hstimated cost of prepar-
ing ground and setting trees, $200, making, as first cost on the orchard, $700.
For the first six years there was no fruit marketed from the orchard. The
first crop sold was twenty barrels of choice quality. Three barrels were filled
each with 150 pears. This crop brought $10 per barrel, making $200; eighth
year, 180 barrels at $6, $1,080; ninth year, 220 barrels at $5, $1,100; this year,
204 barrels at $5.50, $1,122. During this time potatoes have been grown in
the orchard of sufficient value to pay all expense of culture and rent of
ground. Cost of trees and setting, $700; interest on same, $490; total,
$1,190. Received from same, $3,502—less $1,190, leaves $2,402, or a profit of
$240.20 per year for three acres, or $86.06 for one acre. Now, this is not all,
for the orchard has just begun to bear, and the ratio of profit must be greater
as the trees continue to grow.

Mr. Sharp had two pear orchards, one a success and the other a failure.
The cause of the failure was that no cultivation was put upon it. His two
orchards taken together, however, were profitable, and more so than raising
wheat or any other grain.

Mr. W. C. Barry said that the trouble with manuring trees was that no judg-
ment was used. In their grounds no manure was used until the trees gave evi-
dence of requiring stimulus. This was then put on in the fall, and is not
used again until the trees again look unthrifty.

Considerable discussion then followed upon the question whether it was or
was not profitable to cultivate pear trees in this State. The greater part of
the members seemed to think pears would pay if proper judgment was used in
regard to soil, varieties and cultivation.

Mr. Barry said pear culture was a success, if only men knew how to choose
the proper mode of treatment. Probably there were but few men in the meet-
ing who knew even how to prune a pear tree properly.

Mr. La Rue thought there are more failures than success in pear culture
so many trees are destroyed by the blight. One or two gentlemen from Yates

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IMPERIAL CUT-LEAVED ALDER.

Imperial Cut-Leaved Alder. This charming variety is as yet very little known, owing,
no doubt, to the difficulty experienced in its propagation. It is a stately tree, of graceful,
slender growth, with large and deeply laciniated foliage; at the same time vigorous and

perfectly hardy. Unsurpassed as a lawn tree.
ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Rochester, .. ¥.

100 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

county, Mr. Ely of Rochester, and some others thought the numerous failures
from blight very discouraging to pear culture.

Mr. Willard declared that nothing had been offered to prove that pears on a
proper soil, with proper culture, and with proper varieties, are a failure.

THURSDAY’S SESSION.

The president, P. Barry, in the chair. The president announced the pres-
‘ence of Mr. J. J. Harrison of Painesville, Ohio, delegate from the Ohio Pomo-
logical Society.

The discussion of the third question was resumed.

Mr. Moody of Lockport said many failures arose from selecting poor ground.
They want good culture and dry ground; in such a case he thinks pears can
be grown as cheaply as apples, and with as good profit.

Mr. Chapin said his five acres on wet land were successful, yielding good
crops, while the balance of the thirty acres on good wheat land failed.

President Barry would not recommend pear culture in the way it is gener-
ally done, but it must be done in the right way. Farmers must cultivate their
crops properly to succeed, and so must pear culturists. Land must be dry.
Can be drained from $50 to $60 an acre. In 1865 they planted five acres of
select varieties, mostly late. They stood in nursery, surrounded by nursery
stock, and received no extra culture. About half of the trees were Lawrence ;
remainder Bosc, Anjou, Clairgeau, etc. They have borne for several years, and
bore last year a good crop of fair fruit. Clairgeau ahead in productiveness ;
Lawrence produced nearly half the fruit; is a moderate, uniform bearer. We
are remarkably well situated for fruit culture, being within ten or twelve
hours of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, the best markets on the conti-
nent. How much better situated in this respect than California!

Fourth question—* Would it be advisible for societies or individuals inter-
ested in pear culture to combine in offering a large reward for the discovery
of the cause of the disease known as pear blight, and a practical remedy for
the same?”

Mr. Smith thought the blight was growing less. He proposed that a pre-
mium should be offered some scientific man to inyestigate the “ pear blight.”
Too high culture, he thought, would increase the blight.

Mr. Bronson said his experience confirmed Mr. Smith in his assertion that
high culture would increase the blight.

Mr. Barry said manure should be applied as a top dressing in the fall:
plowing in he considered dangerous.

Dr. Sylvester gave his experience of a remedy for the blight,—diluted car-
bolic acid,—which he had used for three years. He thought the infection was
carried by the saw from tree to tree. He therefore directed the saw to be
wiped off with carbolic acid. He thought we might find in this a remedy,
though we do not know the cause of the disease. Uses one ounce of crystals
to a gallon of water, applying with a swab to stump of limb.

Mr. Thomas said he had done nothing, and his trees had not been affected
by the blight.

Thomas Wright had a tree which blighted, all but a sprout, which he saved
by cutting off the rest. Since had done well.

Ay

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SALIX ROSMARINIFOLIA.
(ROSEMARY-LEAVED WILLOW.)

Rosemary-leaved Willow. When worked 5 to 7 feet high, a very striking and pretty
round-headed small tree. Branches feathery; foliage silvery.
ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

102 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The question (No. 5) was then taken up. It is as follows:

“What is the best kind of package for shipment of pears to distant markets ?”

Dr. Sylvester said he had been compelled to change his style of package.
During the war he had shipped in crates, but since then so much inferior
Southern fruit had been shipped in that form that they had become unpopu-
lar. At present ships pears in half barrels, except very choice ones, which he
ships in bushel crates, every one wrapped in paper.

Mr. Babcock gave his experience in shipping early pears a long distance.
He found that open crates had done the best for him. In barrels they often
arrived at their destination over-ripe.

Mr. Maxwell and Mr. John Morse of Cayuga Bridge used half barrels
almost altogether.

Mr. Root inquired if pears would not lose their flavor in open crates.

Mr. Spence said New York men regarded half barrels as the best, but they
should be aired.

Mr. Sylvester said airing depended upon the season. arly in the season he
aired, but left barrels unaired late in the season.

Mr. Rathbone had found shipping in full barrels pay the best when the
prices were low.

Mr. Parce of Fairport had found half barrels the best.

Mr. Barry spoke in favor of open crates.

The sixth question, which is as follows, was then taken up:

“Can this Society so far influence coopers as to have fruit barrels made of
legal size?”

Mr. Sylvester thought this a serious matter, and recounted the efforts which
had been made to change the law, as it now is. He had found it impractica-
ble to get coopers to make their barrels the legal size. He told of his diffi-
culty in procuring uniform packages.

Mr. Moody said the Niagara fruit-growers had got up a bill to inflict a pen-
alty for making barrels smaller than the legal size, which passed the lower
House, but was thrown out by the Senate.

Mr. Babcock read the draft of the bill in question, which is in the form of
an amendment to the present law. He thought there would be no difficulty
in procuring its passage by the Legislature. The making of small barrels, he
said, often worked against the fruit-growers of Western New York. He
wanted uniformity.

Dr. Sylvester said dealers in cities largely opposed legislation in this respect.
He complained that barrels were not made uniform.

Mr. Chapin recounted the difficulty of making barrels exactly the same size.
He did not think barrels could be made uniform.

Mr. Babcock said what we wanted was a restriction against making barrels
smaller than the legal measure. He moved the appointment of a committee
of three to procure the passage of a proper amendment by the Legislature.
The motion was carried.

Question No. 7 was then taken up. It is as follows:

“Can any action be taken by this Society to induce railroad companies to
transport fruit on the same terms as other farm products ?”

Mr. Bogue of Batavia said there was a manifest injustice in shipping prices
of apples from Batavia to New York. Potatoes were shipped for about half
the sum that apples were.

NORWAY SPRUCE.

Abies Excelsa, Norway Spruce. From Europe. An elegant tree, extremely hardy and
of lofty, rapid growth. The branches assume a graceful, drooping habit when the tree
attains 15 or 20 feet in height. One of the most popular evergreens for planting, either as
single specimen trees or in masses for effect or shelter. It is one of the best evergreen
hedge plants. ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Rochester, N. Y.

104 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Chapin said the charges on grapes from Victor were 92 cents, while
those on potatoes were only 25 cents.

My. Barry explained that it was on account of the more perishable nature of
the goods that extra charge was made.

Mr. Younglove said he never knew a case where the railroad company had
lost a dollar by goods perishing on the way.

Dr. Sylvester mentioned how the railroad company carried a larger weight
of vegetables farther than they would carry fruits for the same price.

Mr. Sharp said the railroad companies would carry cheaper if we had some
other means of sending them. ‘They would then carry them cheaper without
asking.

Mr. Willard said that railroad companies understood their business. He re-
garded the question as an impracticable one.

Dr. Sylvester moved a committee of three to confer with superintendents of
freight in regard to transportation of fruits.

Judge La Rue moved an amendment that the committee also confer with
express companies.

Dr. Sylvester accepted the amendment.

The motion was carried,

Question eight was then called up, which was as follows:

“ Can unity of action be secured among fruit-growers for the destruction of
the codling moth? What remedies for that and other insects injurious to apples
have been tried, and with what results?”

Mr. Lazenby of Cornell Institute said that during the last season he had
charge of a portion of the University farm. Studied with care the working of
insects. Found on some trees 200 to 300 codling worms, only one in an apple.
The orchard was mainly Kings and Greenings. Found most of the worms in
the Kings, and but few in Greenings. Thought it might be because the calyx
of the former was more open than that of the latter.

Mr. Green of Rush had tried Paris green on the potato beetle, and found
that a small quantity was more effectual than a large. Used it as a solution,
and found that when a small quantity, about a tablespoonful to three gallons
of water, was used, they would eat the leaves wet with it,and die, but too much
would repel them.

Mr. Craine endorsed Mr. Green’s statement; said he could find stain of green
on the leaves two weeks after,—stuck like paint.

Mr. Chapin recommended the destruction of the codling moth now, which
could be found under the hoops of barrels in the cellars and in the bins. The
seed for another years’ crop would thus be destroyed. He advised destroying
wormy apples and also inferior fruit. He thought the moth could be destroyed
by a little labor.

Dr. Sylvester cautioned growers against using Paris green too freely.

Mr. C. P. Avery of Grand Traverse, Michigan, said they have a parasite—
the lady bug—that is checking the potato beetle there. Some who used Paris
green lost more potatoes than those who did not, as it destroyed the parasite as
well as the beetle. He then proceeded to relate how they fought the codling
worm in his section. The Old Mission Farmers’ Club resolved that all the
apple-trees on the Grand Traverse Peninsula—a tract about twenty miles long
by one wide—should be bandaged last summer. If any individuals refused to
do it, the club would do it at its own expense. The result was all bearing trees
were bandaged. They used coarse brown paper, three thicknesses, folded fan-

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PINUS AUSTRIACA.

(AUSTRIAN, OR BLACK PINE.)

Austrian or Black Piae. A native of the mountains of Styria. Tree remarkably robust,
hardy and spreading ; leaves long, stiffand dark green; growth rapid, Valuable for this
country. ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Rochester, N. Y.

106 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

like, so that the worms climbing either up or down the tree could enter the
bandage and find a dark hiding-place in the middle. Bandages should be made
from four to six inches wide after folding, and may be tied on with twine, or
nailed on with tacks. They put them on about the time the Wilson straw-
berry begins to ripen, and ten days thereafter examine them, pinching the
worms, or may run the bands through a clothes-wringer. They examine once
a week through the season. The year before about one-third of his apples
were wormy; this year in 800 bushels there was scarcely a wormy apple. Tied
five bands on some trees, and found 200 worms on upper and lower, 60 on the
next, and only 13 on the middle one. Just before winter they plow under the
grass and weeds, and bury such worms as may cling to them.

Mr. C.M. Hooker said that Paris green will destroy the canker worm, if trees
are dusted with it as soon as they appear.

Question No. 9 was then taken up. It is as follows:

“ Can the Blackberry be recommended for extensive cultivation as a market
Fruit, and tf so, what variety ?”

Mr. Jones, Mr. Lay and Dr. Sylvester pronounced in favor of the Kittatinny.

The tenth question:

“ Has the introduction of new varieties of fruit within the past twenty
years been productive of any real advantage to the public?” was the next in
order.

Mr. Hooker thought we derived benefits from the introduction of new fruits,
though not in a direct manner; but the only sense in which we have really im-
proved is in developing new varieties, which are of advantage to us. We do
not improve actually on the original given us by the Creator. To get size in
fruit, we have to sacrifice something else for it.

Mr. Barry said that there was no doubt that many fruits of great value had
been introduced during the past twenty years. He gave instances on this
point. He also said that the introduction of new varieties stimulated progress
in fruit culture. He spoke of the great success of Mr. Ricketts, who had intro-
duced many magnificent varieties of grapes.

Mr. Brooks thought the society should thank all experimenters, whether they
succeed or not.

The following resolution was adopted:

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be and are hereby tendered to the Michigan
State Pomological Society for its liberal donation of fifty copies of its valuable transactions
for the year 1873, and for its courtesy in sending delegates and collections of splendid fruits
to this meeting, and in giving publicity to our proceedings by printing them in the trans-
actions, Carried.

The eleventh question was then taken up. It is as follows:

“ What new varieties of fruit have given promise of superior merit in 1874
—apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, grapes and small fruits?”

Mr. Lay spoke of Rogers’ Hybrids, Nos. 4, 15 and 39, as having done excel-
lently with him.

J. B. Jones spoke of the Ganargua Hybrid raspberry. It claims to be a hy-
brid between the common black and red raspberries. It is vigorous, produc:
tive, firm to ship, a little tart; thinks it will make a valuable fruit.

Mr. Babcock was opposed to commending the Worden grape. It is so like
the Concord that it is difficult to distinguish between them.

Mr. Smith of Syracuse, thought if Mr. Babcock could see them growing to-
gether, in the grounds of the originator, he would see the difference.

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FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR—VAR. PENDULA.

(EUROPEAN WEEPING ASH. )

The common, well-known sort; one of the finest lawn and arbor trees. Covers a great
space and grows rapidly. ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

a

108 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

[The Secretary would here say that a mistake was made by the reporters of
the daily press, and followed by him, in reporting J. J. Thomas as saying, in
the discussion following “ Report on Native Fruits,” that the Worden grape is
worthy of the wtmost attention. Mr. Thomas denies using the word wtmost.|

Mr. Younglove spoke of several varieties of grapes Which promised well dur-
ing the past season, especially Rogers’ Nos. 4 and 43, as black grapes, which
are very much alike. In red grapes, he spoke of the No. 15, and the Salem,
which, at a certain stage, were not distinguishable. He said that the last year,
however, the Salem cracked badly.

Mr. Long of Buffalo said the Salem mildewed badly with them last season,
while twelve other varieties did well, and were fine. -They have fruited Salem
only one or two years, and know nothing of its profitableness.

Mr. Younglove said that the fruit of the Croton is the finest in quality of
any, but mildew destroys it. Vineyards five or six years old are not producing,
but going down hill.

Mr. Crane said that he found the Croton the reverse of what Mr. Younglove
had found it. His vines are five or six years old.

Mr. Younglove said the originator of the Croton had admitted that it was a
failure for vineyard purposes.

Mr. Babcock spoke of the keeping qualities of the Rogers’ Hybrid grapes,
which he thought were worthy of consideration.

Mr. Lay said the No. 15 kept even better than the Diana, and the flavor im-
proves.

: Mr. Quinby wanted something said about peaches. On his motion the
question of peach culture was taken up. He said it was well known that a
large trade was being done, and that it was very profitable. He gave statistics
on this point, and the names of men who had succeeded well in peach-culture.

-My. Barry said that the peach crop was, as a general thing, an uncertain
crop. There were some spots, however, where they had succeeded.

Mr. Younglove hadn’t seen a failure in his valley in ten years. He said they
could make more with grapes than peaches, which did well enough as a “ side
issue.” He pronounced grapes far more profitable than peaches.

Mr. Thomas spoke of the Early Beatrice peach as a very handsome fruit.

Mr. Langworthy spoke of the Buchan peach, which he thought would bean
acqtisition.

Mr. Hooker questioned the correctness of the name of the Champion grape.

Mr. Lay claimed that it was a Tallman seedling which was originated near
Syracuse. He said the Tallman seedling varied on different soils.

Mr. Donnelly said a friend bought one of the first Tallmans brought into
this city, and had since bought of him a Champion, and they were very wlike.

Mr. Barry considers it a promising grape.

The question whether plum-culture was profitable or not was then taken up
at the request of a member.

Mr. Thomas said he had seen considerable of plum cultivation, and thought it
was rather precarious. He said he had killed several trees by mistake in allow-
ing them to overbear.

Mr. Barry said that plum-culture was being extended in the eastern part of
the State and in the Western States. _

Mr. Moody said plums succeeded well in Niagara county.

Mr. Quinby spoke of French and German prunes as doing very well.

Mr. Brooks offered the following resolution :

ABIES ALBA.

(WHITE SPRUCE.)
White Spruce. A native tree, growing 40 to 50 feet high, of fine pyramidal form,
Foliage silver gray and bark light-colored, ELLWANGER & BARRY,
Rochester, N. Y.

110 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Resolved, That this Association looks forward with great interest to the approaching
Centennial celebration at Philadelphia, and we promise to the gentlemen who have it in
charge our hearty sympathy and co-operation, and our determination to be represented by
a full delegation, and by the horticultural products for which our State is so widely cele-
brated.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE TO EXAMINE FRUIT ON EXHIBITION.

Your committee find the following articles on exhibition:

Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester—50 varieties apples; 25 varieties
pears, in fine state of preservation, making a splendid display for this season
of the year.

Peninsular Farmer’s Club of Michigan—50 varieties of apples, which show
the superior quality and beauty of Michigan apples to great advantage.

Dr. Sylvester of Lyons—A seedling grape.

Messrs. Frost & Co. of Rochester—Beurre d’Anjou pears in fine condition.

M. B. Bateham, Esq., of Painesville, Ohio—Four varieties of new Western
apples.

H. EK. HOOKER, Chairman.

Mr. C. P. Avery handed the Secretary the following: The apples exhibited
by Mr. C. P. Avery of Old Mission, as delegate of the Michigan State Pomo-
logical Society, were mostly grown in the town of Peninsula, county of Grand
Traverse, by members of the Peninsula Farmers’ Club of Old Mission, and the
balance were grown at Ionia, Ionia county. This fruit was on exhibition at
the annual meeting of the State Pomological Society at lonia, December 1,
1874, and exposed one week to the handling of the people and the heat of a
crowded room; consequently I am not as well able to show the keeping quality
of our Grand Traverse apples by these samples as I should wish, owing to the
previous handling. But by actual experiment in the same cellar with apples
grown in the best apple sections of New York, I find the keeping qualities of
the Traverse apples to be equal, and in most cases some four weeks longer.
Being satisfied that much of the demand for cooking apples in the future is to
be supplied by the new process of drying (or evaporating), especially during
the latter part of winter and spring, we are now paying more attention to
high-colored, subacid, long-keeping eating-apples, such as the Wagener, Jona-
than, and Red Canada.

Adjourned sine die.

THE HOME, AND "ORNAMENTATION TOR
HOMES.

BY MRS. JEREMIAH BROWN OF BATTLE CREEK.

GENTLEMEN :—You have given me a subject, significant, far reaching, and
of deeper meaning than its simple title indicates. It is susceptible of endless
illustration, and would require a wiser head and more skillful pen than mine
to do it full justice. I trust that it will not be considered out of place here if
I quote the words of the Rev. E. H. Chapin, for I imagine all who haye ar-
rived at the idea of adorning their homes realize the responsibilities that abide
in that home, and will be strengthened in the desire to make it all it should
be by the words of so eminent a thinker, which, if not given precisely in the
line of our subject, yet seem to me very nearly connected with it. He says:
“Tf we make home only a place to eat and sleep in,—if we areemployed mere-
ly in making provision for it and securing temporal good; then the Divine
purpose is not fulfilled.” * * “In the soil of home grow filial love, frater-
nal affection, the sentiments of mutual dependence and mutual trust ; yes, even
the religious reverence which man carries into the higher postures of the soul,
and by which he is taught to conceive of the Heavenly Father.” The sub-
ject, then, of making homes attractive and educative, is fraught with vital im-
portance to every individual, every community, every country ; most especial-
ly to a Republican country.

Home! The sacredness of home is our bulwark of safety. From this cen-
ter radiates all that is known of honor, morality, patriotism and all the higher
principles which endow a free people with wisdom for self-government. Then
how imperative the duty to make a home such as will lead to the highest de-
velopment of the minds and souls of its members.

In view of the inimitable ornamentation in all the works of the Creator, we
are taught the lesson that this ornamentation is an essential teacher and in-
spirer to the souls that have been attuned to its appreciation, and every step
taken in our homes, in this direction, is an advancement toward the higher
and better.

In a large degree the home is what the mother makes it, what kind of an at-
mosphere her life and character breathes through it. Here again I must bor-
row the language of Dr. Chapin. “The most exaggerated conception of a
mother’s influence cannot furnish any reason for a father’s neglect, * * *
With all that she can do, the home that does not feel his sympathy is not a

112 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

home.” Fathers, I pray you remember this and profit by it, and so aid the wife
and mother to make a home such as will help to develop all the higher quali-
ties of the soul and mind of your children. “The child will grow, the child
will learn to think and feel. Whence shall come the breath of its very life,
and the incentives by which it shall unfold for good or evil ?”

But I am occupying too much space and time with abstractions. I must
hasten to the practical, and hint at possibilities within the reach of even the
unfavorably cireumstanced. It is of course presumed that comfort in the
home has been reached, before the idea of ornamentation has found admission.

HOW TO BEGIN ORNAMENTATION.

Do you ask where shall I begin? I answer, in your sleeping rooms. Let
your children’s eyes open each morning on a window shaded with a snowy cur- -
tain, if it be made only of ten-penny cotton, and in summer vines and creep-
ers, if possible, should hang their verdant wreathes around it, and the cheerful
morning-glory peep in to gladden the young eyes and hearts. Have some pic-
tures, if they are only prints cut from some periodical; many of them are
beautiful and artistically executed, and convey sweet and touching lessons of
benevolence, sympathy and affection. If you can not, or do not wish to af-
ford frames, lay them on a piece of stiff pasteboard, put a pane of window
glass over each, and bind them by pasting around them a strip of dark fancy
paper, which you can get at any stationer’s, and an old pasteboard box can al-
ways be found about the house. A bright chromo, too, is very desirable, such
as all our seedsmen and florists now send out, which 25 cents will procure, if
you do not patronize them in any other way. Remember, “ A thing of beauty
isa joy forever,” and the young eyes that have beauty to gaze upon have al-
ready in a degree learned to value it. Have your beds covered with white, no
matter how cheap the material, for it is important that all the appointments of
a sleeping room convey an idea of purity.

ORNAMENT THE KITCHEN.

The next most important portion of the home to be made attractive is the
kitchen. <A bright, amusing or comical picture or two can nog fail to arrest
attention, and will lighten the monotonous, ever-recurring, never-ending
household duties to be performed there. In the warm season, hang green
branches over the doors and windows, and at angles, for the double purpose of
adornment and to keep flies from paint and walls. Leta bed filled with bright
flowers lie before the doors, and creepers drape the windows and door casings,
and be trained to shade them. Such surroundings divert the mind, make the
toils of daily life less wearisome, and give zest to the performance of them.

There is no fear, with this attention to bed rooms and kitchen, that other
rooms of the home will lack any effort that comes within the knowledge or
ability of the ministering spirits, who find joy and

‘“Peace in love’s unselfishness,’’
and by adorning home, are ever
“ Weaving through the poor details
And homespun warp of circumstance,
A golden woof-thread of romance.”’
THE COUNTRY,

to one who walks through it, with eyes to see, affords rare opportunities for
gathering beautiful grasses, than which nothing is prettier or more graceful

HOMES AND ORNAMENTATION OF HOMES. 113

to fill vases or group over pictures. From early June to November you can
find them in great variety. They should be cut just when in most perfection of
beauty ; some when in full bloom, others not quite so soon, and be dried quickly
in a warm, dark place, that they may retain their color. A dark closet is the best
place. Some should be tied in bunches and hung up, others tied together and
set into a glass, a vase, or a bottle will answer, that they may retain their erect
or drooping habit, according to their nature. I consider it in bad taste to
color grasses or mosses. If it is done great care should be taken to give them
a natural tint, but they can be renewed every year, at least such as do not retain
a pretty color, and this is preferable to coloring them. For those who like to
attempt improving (?) grasses, let them dip them in gum water and then light-
ly touch them to Epsom salts, or sprinkle over them a frosting which can be
procured at the druggists, such as is used on artificial flowers. In every walk
you may take, you will find curious or pretty stones. The waters of every
rippling stream, every murmuring river, or silvery lake, flow over, or lave on
their borders, beautiful pebbles and shells, which, gathered and arranged, will
form an interesting cabinet; and the shells, boiled in strong soap-suds and
brushed clean, will become snowy white, and can be formed into various beau-
tiful ornaments. Brackets, frames, wall and hanging baskets can be decorat-
ed with these shells. Cones can be used for the same purpose, and with these
can be imitated the most exquisite wood carving. Indeed, if graceful designs
are wrought out, no carving can equal them, and I know of no prettier sets of
brackets, baskets and frames than can be made from these cones, taking them
from those of the pine, Norway spruce (these large ones, the scales must be
separated), Scotch pine and all, down to the smallest of the larches, and the
tiny ones of the Arbor Vite. Flowers, leaves and buds can be represented
with far more delicacy than by any carving. I use the best of glue to fasten
them, and when varnished the rich shades of brown are beautifully brought
out. One who has not seen fine work of this kind can not imagine how beau-
tiful it is.

WINTER IN DOORS AND OUT.

This charming picture Mr. James Vick has made the subject of one of his chromos. It
represents a stand covered with winter flowers, house plants, etc., while from the window
are seen the leafless trees, the snow-covered hillside, and other evidences of winter.

15

114 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

For hanging baskets stiff pasteboard is used. ‘These, tastefully made and
filled with dried grasses or with mosses and everlasting flowers, are as pretty
and ornamental as anything can be, even for the more richly appointed rooms
of the wealthy. If you cannot, or do not (as it seems to me everybody should)
cultivate afew plants, the Everlastings (Helichrysums, Rhodanthas, Acrolinums,
and others of similar nature), make rather pretty, though somewhat artificial-
looking winter bouquets, but are much better than no flowers. Most of them
should be cut just as the buds are about to open, the very double ones can re-
main on until nearly fully expanded; then dry them as directed for grasses.
I can not better convey my idea of how to ornament a home, where means are
limited, than by describing my own living or sitting room.

OUR HOME.

First of all, our house is a small-windowed, low-roofed cottage, such as were
built forty years ago. The walls are papered with a neat, light paper. There
are two south and one east window, the sills of which are broad shelves filled
with pots of geraniums, fuchsias and other plants. Near one is a flower stand,
also filled with plants, among which are ivies and Madeira vines trained over a
wall and picture. There are three hanging vases, with ¢radescantia viridis in
one, tradescantia zebrina in another, and German Ivy, or Stzaria, in the third,
all hanging from brackets fastened to the wall at suitable points, with some of
their luxuriant branches trained over pictures that are near them. I haye
many bright flower chromos framed in the primitive manner I have described,
and three or four other pictures, an engraving of American authors, a sunset
scene on the Hudson (oil painting), and two other fancy pictures. The flower
pictures are distributed around the room among the others, and around among
them, arranged in such a way as to have the effect of vines trained about the
pictures and over doors and windows, are delicate twigs and slender branches
of the arbor yite. This has been renewed twice during the winter, and you
may imagine that when the snow drifts were piled all over the country, and

“The wild wintry winds
Idly raved round our dwelling,”
we had the warmth and brightness of summer within. And so may all who
do not mind a little expense, and love to make home pleasant and attractive.

In early summer I substitute asparagus for the evergreen. It is light and
graceful, and will keep nicely for a week. Later, when the oaks mature their
foliage (before, the leaves wilt quickly and omit an unwholesome odor), I use
small twigs and branches of these trees. When in autumn colors, they are un-
exceptionably handsome for decorative purposes. Such is my home living
room from year to year, and to my children I pray it may ever be a bright
and inspiring picture in their memory.

Of parlor ornamentation I will only say, in mine, with hanging baskets,
brackets and pictures, the treasures of sea and land have helped to instruct my
children, and show to them how bountifully the heavenly Father has ministered
to the love of the beautiful.

AUTUMN WORK.
Allow me to urge you, as autumn approaches, to secure an ample quantity

of leaves as they assume their rich coloring. The sumac, with its scarlet,
crimson and gold; the maples, rich in their varied and gorgeous tintings, each

HOMES AND ORNAMENTATION OF HOMES. 115

leaf a picture of itself, with its dottings, shading, and veining, one is ready to
exclaim :
‘See (and scorn all duller
Taste) how Heaven loves color :
How great Nature clearly joys in red and green,—
Utterance, mute and bright,
Of some unknown delight,
And a thousand flashing hues, made solely to be seen.’’

These leaves are treasures for the decoration of homes. Take them as soon
as the bright colors are developed, and have several folds of soft paper or
cloth on a table, lay the right or upper side of the leaf down, pass a flat-iron,
not hot enough to sere, crisp, or fade the colors, over the leaf until it is rather
dry. Youcan do many as they grow on the twigs, and for most purposes the
arrangement is far prettier than any you can make. It is said that touching
the leaves very lightly with a feather dipped in any thin kind of oil will im-
prove their beauty. I have never tried it, but it is easy enough to experiment
in that way.

Premising that you have a fine collection of ferns, which you have gathered
and pressed as they have matured through the summer, with a store of these
bright leaves you have the materials for lovely wreaths, groups, and bouquets,
which will serve for a variety of very delicate and graceful adornment, partic-
ularly if you have pressed ferns. The common running myrtle pressed makes
a pretty green to mingle with the colors. During the last winter I saw a suit
of richly furnished parlors, whose walls and lace curtains were beautifully dec-
orated with garlands, groups, and bouquets of these richly colored leaves.
Among them was a delicate and exquisite tracery of green from pressed ferns.
The effect was beautiful, exceedingly. While adorning our homes with the
rich treasures so lavishly scattered around us, let us néver forget that our

‘«Father made them all.”’

He could have provided for all the needs of the body, without any regard to
beauty. The life of the physical does not need it. Then, truly, its mission is
evidently to furnish food for the soul, the divine in man, and it seems to me
that it is almost crime to ignore it, as too many do. Every home in the coun-
try, however humble, should be set amid flowers, shrubs, and trees. Creepers
should wreath and drape its doors and windows, that a portion of the grace
and adornment of nature may smile upon its inmates, refining and elevating
their ideas, inciting them “to look from Nature to Nature’s God.” I feel
that in this my poor effort I have only reached the A B C of the “ ornamenta-
tion of homes;” but if I lead one to see more of the good Father in His
glorious manifestations of the beautiful, I shall be content. May all so live
and learn as to more and more appreciate

«“* * * that unwearied love

That planned and built and still upholds a world
Se clothed with beauty.”’

To each one let me say:

** Acquaint thyself with God, if thou wouldst taste
His works. Admitted once to His embrace,
Thou shalt perceive that thou wast blind before :
Thine eye instructed and thine heart
Made pure, shall relish with divine delight.
Till then unfelt what Power Divine has wrought.”’

PREMIUMS; FOR'‘ORCHARDS, VINE YARD=s,
AND NURSERIES.

AWARD OF PREMIUMS OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE OF THE MICHIGAN
STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1874.

DIVISION A.—ORCHARDS, VINEYARDS AND GARDENS.

Ata meeting of the Michigan State Pomological Society, held at Spring
Lake October 14th, H. Dale Adams of Galesburg, Kalamazoo county, an-
nounced the following awards:

CLASS I.

For best apple orchard in bearing, for profit, planted not less than ten years,
and not Jess than two acres in extent. First premium, diploma, N. E. Smith,
Tonia. Second premiuni, Wm. Marshall, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.

CLASS III.

For best apple orchard for profit, planted not less than five years, and not
less than two acres in extent. Pirst premium, diploma, George Parmelee, Old
Mission ; second premium, A. K. Montague, Traverse City.

CLASS IV.

For best apple orchard of 25 or more trees in number, planted not less than

ten years. First premium, diploma, John Alliston, Old Mission.
CLASS V.

For best specimen apple orchard, 25 or more varieties in number. First pre-

mium, diploma, Reynolds & Tracy, Old Mission.
CLASS VI.

For best pear orchard for profit, in bearing, planted not less than two years,
of not less than half an acre. First premium, diploma, C. Engle, Paw Paw,
Van Buren county.

SPECIAL CLASS.

For best pear orchard, ten acres in extent, general good condition to govern.

First premium, diploma, George Parmelee, Old Mission.
CLASS VIII.

For best peach orchard for profit, in bearing, planted not less than ten years,
nor less than five acres. First premium, diploma, C. Engle, Paw Paw; second
premium, J. B. Soule, Spring Lake.

PREMIUMS FOR ORCHARDS, VINEYARDS, ETC. 117

CLASS IX.

For best peach orchard for profit, in bearing, planted not less than four years,
and not less than one acre in extent. First premium, C. Engle, Paw Paw;
second premium, Thos. Petty, Spring Lake, Ottawa county, Mich.

CLASS X,

For best peach orchard for profit, with succession, planted not less than one

nor more than four years. First premium, diploma, J. B. Soule, Spring Lake.
CLASS XII.

For best plum orchard in bearing. First premium, diploma, J. B. Burney,
Old Mission.
CLASS XIII.
For best plum orchard, planted not less than four years, and not less than

ten trees. First premium, diploma, Peter Collar, Adrian; second premium,
E. H. McCallum, Old Mission.

CLASS, XIV.

For best cherry orchard. First premium, diploma, Elton variety, George
Parmelee, Old Mission; second premium, English Morello variety, George
Parmelee, Old Mission.

CLASS XVI.
For best quince orchard. First premium, diploma, C. Engle, Paw Paw.
CLASS XVII.

For best vineyard for profit, planted four years, not less than one acre in ex-
tent. First premium, diploma, N. and C. Chilson, Battle Creek; second pre-
mium, Antoine Weir, Monroe.

CLASS XX.

For best vineyard native grapes, in bearing, attached to village or city lot.
First premium, diploma, John C. Zeigler, Saginaw City; second premium,
Thomas Doyle, Monroe.

CLASS XXI.
For best Concord vineyard. First premium, diploma, George W. Bruckner,
Monroe; second premium, N. E. Smith, Ionia.
CLASS XXII,
For best Delaware vineyard. First premium, diploma, N. KE. Smith, Lonia.
CLASS XXIII.
. For best vineyard for table use, with succession. First premium, diploma,
Henrietta Bruckner, Monroe.
CLASS XXIV.

For best vineyard for wine. First premium, diploma, Pointe aux Peaux

Wine Company, Monroe (12 acres in extent).
CLASS XXVIII.

For best plat red raspberries. First premium, the Philadelphia variety (7

acres in extent); George Parmelee, Old Mission.
CLASS XXXII.

For best suburban ornamental grounds. First premium, diploma, 8. O.
Knapp, Jackson.

118 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

CLASS XXXIV.

For best garden attached to village or city lot. First premium, diploma, E.
F. Guild, East Saginaw.
SPECIAL CLASS.

For best foreign grapery under glass. First premium, diploma, Artemas
Sigler, Adrian.
CLASS XXXVIII.

For best collection growing hardy flowering plants. First premium, diplo-
ma, 8. O. Knapp, Jackson.

CLASS XXXIX.

For best private plant house. First premium, diploma, 8. O. Knapp, Jack-
son.
CLASS XLI.

For best general nursery. First premium, diploma, I. E. Igenfritz & Co.,
Monroe ; second premium, John G. Greening, Monroe.

The second premium is a life-membership. The work of thiscommittee is of
the first importance, and it should be sustained by the united action of the
State societies. It will be seen that the action of the committee pervades all
sections of the State, and that the Grand Traverse section, together with Mon-
roe, Van Buren, Ottawa, Ionia and Lenawee counties, win a fair share of pre-
miums.

REPORT OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE
FOR 1874.

BY CHARLES BETTS, AGRICULTURAL EDITOR OF THE DETROIT TRIBUNE,
AND CHAIRMAN OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE.

GENTLEMEN OF THE STATE PomoLoGicaL Society: The committee ap-
pointed to examine the orchards, vineyards, nurseries, gardens, etc., entered
for premiums under the rules of the State Pomological Society, respectfully
report that they have performed the duty assigned them with as much care
and thoroughness as circumstances permitted. They beg to say, however,
that could they have given more time to the work in each locality visited, this
report might haye embraced a wider range of subjects, and the committee
would have been enabled to have gathered together here in a more systematic
plan, a larger amount of practical information.

The real work of the Orchard Committee, or the true purpose for which the
committee is sent out by the Society, as we understand it, is not merely to
compare the entries made in the different classes with each other, and award
the premiums to which such entries may be entitled, but also and chiefly to
obtain from fruilt-growers in the localities visited local facts in relation to the
general business of fruit-growing,—embracing soils, varieties of fruit, adapta-
tion of varieties to certain soils and locations, hardiness and feebleness of trees,
productiveness and unproductiveness, etc., etc.; to gather up and bring together
these facts, generalize and average them in a way which will make them of
general interest and value, and which will afford to some extent a sort of chart
or guide to whoever may wish to cultivate fruit or gardens, either for profit or
pleasure, for commercial purposes or for home consumption.

THE ORCHARDS OF C. ENGLE, PAW PAW.

With this view as to the work before them, a portion of the committee first
visited the orchards of Mr. C. Engle, near Paw Paw, in Van Buren county, on
September 1. The location of these orchards is a point worthy of some study,
and required more time than the committee found at their service. The
orchards are upon high ground, or rather upon a hill, from which extended
views of the east may be had. The surface of this hill is not flat nor regular,
but varied with ridges or depressions, but with a general inclination rather to
the east and south.

120 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

On the south and east, at the foot of the elevation, there is a broad belt, or
stretch of low land, which gradually rises toward the east,—not abrupt enough
anywhere to obstruct the free passage of wind currents which might in cold
weather find here a passage or channel. The conformation of this intervale
land is such that the cold air which would fall in here from its specific gray-
ity is not liable to stagnate, but is easily and naturally drained off to the east
or south. ‘This peculiar formation prevents any body of very cold air from
enveloping the orchards on the high ground. Wherever such a conformation
of surface is found, the growing of fine fruit may be undertaken with a good
assurance of success, so far as local climate is concerned.

It is believed that the more tender kinds of fruit should never be planted on
the sides of a bluff or hill surrounding a lake, marsh, or gulch, where there is
not a free outlet in at least two directions for the air to drain off readily.
Those who have planted such fruits on the sides of elevations enclosing en-
tirely a low plat of ground so that the air is hemmed in and there is no
escape, are often disappointed in their expectations of a fine crop of fruit, we
doubt not. The cold air accumulates and fills the basin, and the fruit-germs
are for a long time immersed in it, till their vitality is destroyed. Tender
fruit-germs cannot endure the constant presence of a cold, damp atmosphere
any better than the roots of the trees or vines can stand the presence of sur-
plus water.

THE ORCHARDS.

The orchards of peach, pear, and quince at Mr. Engle’s were in full bearing.
The work of gathering and boxing the fruit was in active progress among the
Early Crawfords. The soil of these hills is a gravelly loam in which there is a
good percentage of clay, so that we may term it a gravelly clay loam, rather
than a gravelly sandy loam. It is a soil well adapted to the peach and the
vine.

We first made an examination of a peach orchard of Early Crawfords and
Barnards,—200 trees twelve years old. The trees branched at about four feet
from the ground. They are uniform in size, and there has apparently been but
few deaths since the orchard was planted. There were no signs of borer, no
ruptured bark, no dead branches. The trees are healthy and are ripening a
very full crop of peaches, which are very uniform as to size, and large enough.
Mr. Engle practices cutting back about one-third of the last year’s growth. He
does this in February in warm weather, and for two reasons: it keeps the tops
within bounds, and it saves thinning the fruit to a certain extent,—saving about
one man’s time in thinning. The health and vigor of this orchard, together
with the heavy crop of fruit at the age of twelve years, evince the soundness of
the treatment it receives. The other peach orchards, both of Hill’s Chili and
late Crawford, were in an equally healthy condition, and were carrying as much
fruit as they could ripen well. The Barnards we judged would outbear the
Crawfords. The committee were well pleased with everything in and about
these peach orchards.

The pear orchard is located south of the twelve-year-old peach orchard, and
embraces a large number of the popular kinds. But the old mystery is on
many of them—blight! Fine, thrifty trees are poisoned by its fatal breath ;
yet there are some which escape. Bartlett is the most profitable ; trees healthy
and bear well. Beurre d’Anjou healthy,—bears good crops of the finest fruit.
Doyenne Boussock nearly as good, but not quite so regular in bearing. Beurre

REPORT OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE. 121

Diel good every way. Louise Bonne de Jersey and Duchesse are good as dwarfs.
The Church bears regular, good crops of the best and handsomest fruit;
healthy. Bloodgood bears well and sells high. Lawrence is very hardy, and
yields good crops of first-rate fruit. Winter Nelis and Beurre Gris d’Hiver prove
every way satisfactory as winter pears, and keep with as little trouble as apples.
The Flemish Beauty blights 25 percent; Vicar blights occasionally; Madaline
and Onondaga blight 90 per cent here. A row of pears standing between two
rows of peaches were not blighted at all, though they are the same varieties
that are blighted in the orchard. Mr. Engle accounts for this on the supposi-
tion that the peach trees deprive the pears of a portion of the nourishment
they would take up through the roots, resting this again on the theory that
blight is caused by excessive absorption at the roots. The blight through the
orchard came upon it after the entries had been made.

The orchard of quinces numbered 200 of fair-sized trees. They were healthy,
and bearing very well indeed. ‘This soil is not what is termed quince soil, as a
heavy clay loam, well drained, suits it best, but Mr. Engle gets abundant and
regular crops, and the fruit sells readily at good prices.

These trees began to bear at three years from setting. At eight years they
yielded from one to three bushels per bush, which sell in Chicago or Detroit
for $2 a bushel.

About 200 bushes may be planted on an acre. These quince trees or bushes
receive a handful of salt and a mulch of barn-yard manure annually.

The success of Mr. Engle with the various fruits ought to awaken a general
interest in the growing of peaches, especially in this vicinity, and the commit-
tee learned with pleasure that at or near Lawton, in the same county, there
are some excellent peach orchards and promising vineyards.

Battle Creek.

On the 22d of September three members of the committee, namely: H.
Dale Adams, C. P. Avery, and Chas. Betts, recommenced work at Battle Creek.
The Delaware vineyard entered here belonged to the Messrs. Chilson Brothers,
and is situated on the * Marshall road,” east of the town a mile or so. The sit-
uation of this vineyard and the condition of the vines, taken together, were a
surprise to the committee. The vines are planted on low ground,—so low that
most grape-growers would pronounce it unsuitable for the vine. The soil isa
peculiar admixture of sand and some clay, but the sand partakes strongly of
the nature of fine beach sand, such as is found along the southeastern
shores of Lake Michigan. In some places the subsoil is clay, in others quick-
sand. But here are four acres of grapes in superb condition as to growth,
health of vine, and bearing. The three acres of Delawares which occupy
the lowest part of the ground are exceedingly thrifty, and heavily laden with
fruit of large and uniform size. They are mostly grown to stakes three feet
in height, through the top of which is inserted an inch pin twenty inches in
length, which serves to attach the main branches of the vine to. The balance
of the vines is trained upon a trellis two wires high. The fruit on the vines
trained to stakes was plainly larger than that grown on the trellised vines.

What puzzled the committee exceedingly was to find vines so healthy and so
loaded with fruit of good size and fine flavor, on a soil apparently, and accord-
ing to our own ideas and notions respecting things of this sort, better adapted
to the growing of red-top grass than to grape-vines of the tendersorts. There
was no leaf-blight, no mildew. The cultivation consists of pruning in au-

16

122 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tumn, laying the vines down in straight rows and back-furrowing toward them,
leaying the ground in ridges, with the dead-furrows to receive the surface-
water in the middle. In the spring the furrows are harrowed down and then
reversed. The plow is not used again till the close of the season’s opera-
tions.

When the vines are in full bearing, as they are this year, they are cultivated
down to the latter part of August. It is believed that this late working helps
materially to give size to the fruit, and where the vines are bearing to their
full capacity, or nearly so, there is no danger to be apprehended from late wood
growth, as the nourishment all goes to the fruit. The ground is kept level
through the season of growth.

Adjoining the Delawares about an acre is planted with Concord, and with a
few other varieties, among which are several of the Rogers Hybrids. Among
these the 19 is preferred here, for its good size, color, bearing qualities, and
healthfulness. No. 4 makes a good show.

Adjoining the vineyard is a half-acre of New Rochelle blackberries, which
the past season yielded 1,400 quarts. The plants are bent down in the fall as
a protection against winds.

On the morning of the 23d the committee visited a peach orchard on the
farm of Mr. Charles Merritt, which was planted on a piece of ground surround-
ed by forests on all sides. Mr. Merritt could not accompany the committee,
and their conclusions as to the advantages and disadvantages of such a loca-
tion for a peach orchard were drawn solely from observation. The trees ap-
peared to be sickly, and though not many years old, gave tokens of decrepi-
tude and disease too plainly to be overlooked. There were borers at the collar
and blight among the branches. It seemed like raising a colony of highly re-
fined young people in the midst of a nation of barbarians, and the committee
were not favorably impressed with the plan.

Kalamo.

At one o’clock on September 23d the committee left Battle Creek for Kal-
amo, Eaton county, to examine the entries made by Joseph Gridley. Mr.
Gridley’s orchard of 100 trees for profit consists of the common standard
varieties, about thirty of which are here represented, mostly in bearing. The
trees are healthy and vigorous, and are well cared for. The soil is nearly of
first quality for apples, and it would be a wonder to find an orchard in poor
condition on such land if it received any care at all. The committee gained
no new or important facts from the examination of this orchard which will
add value to this report. The young orchards, both of apple and peach, look
remarkably promising, and have had excellent care so far.

The soil of Eaton county appears admirably adapted to apple-growizg. The
trees and the fruit which came within our observation confirm this view. The
soil is a gravelly clay loam, and the surface quite rolling. Now and then a
limestone was noticed along the roadside. These qualities indicate a good soil
not only for apples, but for pears, plums, and quinces also. -

Jackson—Mr. Knapp’s Place.

Leaving Kalamo early on the morning of the 24th, we took the cars at
Charlotte and reached Jackson a little before noon, and repaired at once to the
residence of Mr. S. O. Knapp, who had entered “Suburban Grounds” and

“ Private Conservatory.”
Mr. Knapp’s place is within a few blocks of the business part of the city,

REPORT OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE. 123

and the grounds are about six or eight acres in extent. The mansion stands
on the highest portion, having a level plateau about it of several rods each
way ; then the surface slopes off gently to the north and east. This is not an
extensive place which—
‘““ Wrapt all o’er in everlasting green,
Make one dull, vapid, smooth, and tranquil scene ;”

but the visitor gets an idea of extent by the diversity and succession of inter-
esting objects. Greatness of dimension does not always produce greatness of
character in a place. Greatness of character in garden scenery does not de-
pend upon the length and breadth of the walks, but rather upon the variety,
contrasts, and sometimes novelty of the objects introduced. No real improver
wants his work estimated by the acre. The pleasure grounds near the dwell-
ing may be considered as a part of the house itself, or rather as an interme-
diate apartment between the house and the less artistic portion,—a connecting
link between the two.

In improving his place Mr. Knapp has, we think, proceeded very wisely and
cautiously, and has therefore done nothing he or any one else wishes undone.
With the true understanding of a lover of nature, he has preserved all the
natural features of the place. No monotonous walk is chiseled out and
graded and graveled, but the form of the ground is just as nature left it; and
if you indulge in a walk you haye nature’s carpet to walk upon. The native
trees remain, and others have been added where it could be done to heighten
the natural expression. Immediately about the house are numerous works of
art,—rock work, fountains, vases, flower-beds, rare trees, and also some native
boulders of rare formation. The beauty of the place, as we have already
hinted, consists more in its naturalness than in its artistic adornments.

There are no walks except those which are necessary; no iron or marble
lions or ugly dogs crouched beneath the trees, looking as if prepared and de-
termined to spring upon the unsuspecting wayfarer; no deer, or antelope, no
stone peasants or slave girls with rustic implements; simply grass, trees, plants,
flowers, rocks, water. ‘The place is inclosed on the north and west sides with
a broad, low stone wall, surmounted by a wood paling, we think. The stone
used in the fence were taken from these grounds mainly.

Mr. Knarp has avoided the mistake which many, if not most improvers run
into—that of doing everything according to a certain system, becoming mere
mannerists, making every natural thing, every natural feature, look like artifi-
cial ones. It affords us great pleasure to state that there is none of this studied
mannerism here. There is congruity of parts; there is utility and order,
without any sacrifice of natural beauty.

‘“‘ Blessed is the man in whose sequestered glade,
Some ancient abbey’s walls diffuse their shade ;
With mould’ring windows pierced and turrets crowned,
And pinnacles with clinging ivy bound.”’

But that mind must be insensible indeed, and barren of every sense of beauty
and taste, which does not admire such simple scenes as these—even if the wood
“ glades,” the old “ abbey walls,” and the “ ivy-crowned turrets” are absent.

We now come to the conservatory or plant-house, the first merit of which is
its exceeding cheapness of construction. In addition to this the cost of oper -
ating it is trifling. A very little fuel warms it, and it is easily reached from the
living room of the house. It consists simply of an extension of the basement,
or cellar, on a part of the east and south walls, affording a warm, sunny aspect

124 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

for the better part of the day. Itis warmed by means of a fire-box made of
brick, just in the main wall of the house at the bottom, with a flue connecting
with the chimney, which reaches down to the basement. The front door was
made at a foundry in the city. A small saddle boiler, made by Hitchings,
with some gas-pipe procured at home, complete the heating apparatus. The
roof is a lean-to, the upper ends of the rafters resting against the house. On
‘the top of the outer wall, all around, there is a double-glazed sash about eight-
een inches wide, and on ‘the top of this sash rests the plate which receives the
lower ends of the rafters.

Shelves for the plants are constructed around the outside, and also in the
central portion of the house looking south. There is an out-door entrance
which is used in warm weather.

The entire cost of this house, Mr. Knapp assured the committee, did not ex-
ceed $350, and his chief object in entering the place was to gain the attention
of amateur cultivators of plants and lovers of trees, and the quiet enjoyments
of rural life, and correct a prevalent mistake among this class that these pure
‘sources of pleasure and comfort are too expensive for anybody but those pos-
sessed of large wealth. Mr. Knapp has demonstrated here that the expense is
not great, and thousands in the cities and villages, and throughout. the coun-
try, may have these cheap houses, manage them themselves, and obtain from
them more real enjoyment than from any other source requiring the same ex-
pense. Hven cheaper plant-houses than this may be constructed, and prove a
source of constant pleasure, instruction, and enjoyment to the family and to the
neighborhood.

This house is filled with rare plants, among which are varieties of ferns,
palms, caladiums, echeverias, alocacias, ceperonias, cannas, begonias, etc., etc.,
a list of which will be appended to the ‘published report of the committee.

Mr. Knapp has succeeded in growing palms from seed without difficulty by
soaking the seeds in warm water, then sowing on loose soil, and covering with
sphagnum moss. ‘They germinate with as much certainty as peas.

Your committee indulge the hope that the exemplary work of Mr. Knapp
may find many imitators among our well-to-do citizens, both in town and
country. Such places are constant teachers of the art of rural adornment and
taste, and their influence in neighborhoods is wide and enduring.

At Adrian.

The committee reached Adrian on the 24th. There was one entry in the
the city, and one two miles out. The one in the city was the cold grapery
and grounds of Mr. A. Sigler. Itis but just to state that Mr. Sigler’s object
was not to gain praise or award, but to prove to persons of taste and to those
desirous of having the finer fruits that they can have their reasonable wishes
gratified at a very small expense indeed. Mr. Sigler has constructed a
cheap grapery on the rear of his city lot, with glass on two sides, and a lean-to
roof, with so little outlay of cash as to surprise most persons. And here we
found growing Black Hamburg, Rose, and White Chasselas, White Muscat of
Alexandria, White Tokay, Bowood Muscat, and many other varieties, about
thirty in all. The White Tokay is worthless except for wine.

These vines afford an abundance of the finest fruit for home use a good part
of the year, besides a large portion which finds its way to the tables oF friends,
and at a trifling cost.

This grapery was constructed with an eye to cheapness and effectiveness.

U

REPORT OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE. Ue

”

q

No needless expenditure, no trifling outlay is visible anywhere. It was built
to demonstrate the fact that any one with a little knowledge of grape culture,
or with the disposition to get knowledge, and with a little means and time,
can have a cold-grapery and fine grapes. A lean-to like this may be erected
against the south side of any outbuilding, or independent of any other build-
ing.

Every foot of ground on Mr. Sigler’s lot is made to produce fruit of some
sort.. He has several varieties of pears, and early purple Guigne, Black Tarta-
rian, and Black Eagle cherries.

The other entry at this point was two milesout. Toreach this and get back
to the city in time for the eight o’clock train to Monroe, required an early
movement. Through the assiduity of Mr. Sigler and his wife two buggies
were provided, and we were on the road by five. The gates of the morning
opened as we rode toward its portals, and we reached our destination at an
early hour, even for farmers. Here was an entry of a plum orchard and one
of apples. The plum orchard consisted of sixteen bearing trees, which had
yielded this season about ten bushels of fruit. The fruit sold in Adrian
for $5 a bushel. The curculio was destroyed by jarring down on sheets. This
was begun as soon as the fruit was formed, and continued till no more were
caught. The trees bore all they could sustain and mature. They are young.
The soil is clay loam resting on clay, and is well adapted to plum and pear
growing.

The apple orchard, consisting of about 400 trees, is beginning to bear. The
chief varieties are Roxbury Russet, Greening, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Wag-
ener, Red Canada, King of Tompkins County, Peck’s Pleasant, Golden Rus-
set, etc..—too many varieties by half, probably. A majority of the committee
are of the opinion that more money can be made with the Northern Spy alone
than with so many varieties. Mr. Coller thought he would as soon trust the
Baldwin as any variety. The Northern Spy, Red Canada, and Golden Russet
were the only ones not injured by the cold. Many of the trees were found
with the bark bursted on the southwest side of the trunk. Baldwin does well
on Northern Spy and on Golden Russet stocks. The twig-borer attacks the
Golden Russet invariably. Next to Baldwin, Mr. Coller gives preference to
Rhode Island Greening; but here we found the bark bursted and the fruit
falling badly. The committee conclude that all varieties liable to bark burst-
ing should be grafted to hardy stocks either at standard height or in the tops.

Mr. Coller keeps his trees under culture; and they are pruned up so that
teams may walk beneath the branches. There are some trees on this farm of
forty years’ planting, and are remarkable for size and health. We rode back to
the city with spirits swimming in the brisk aura of a most delightful autumn
morning, bid adieu to our kind host and hostess, and took the cars for the old
town of Monroe.

At Monroe.

The entries at Monroe were the Monroe City Nurseries, owned by the Messrs.
Ilgenfritz, the Point aux Peaux vineyards, and the vineyards of Henrietta and
George W. Bruckner, located southeast of the city.

The committee were met by Mr. I. E. Ilgenfritz, and taken bodily to his res-
idence on the banks of the River Raisin and cared for most generously and
kindly during their pleasant stay. The Monroe City Nurseries cover nearly
300 acres, lying north and west of the city. The soil is mostly a heavy clay

126 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

loam, resting on clay and lime rock, which at various points crops out at the
surface. Limestone is intermingled with the soil pretty freely. The ground on
which these nurseries stand has been thoroughly underdrained with tile to a
depth ranging from four to six feet. With asoil like this and in this condition
none but healthy trees can be grown, unless the climate is too severe for some
varieties. The committee were pleased to find very few unhealthy trees upon
the whole 300 acres. It is a rule of this establishment to discard all trees not
sound to the core. The committee were assured that in no case is a sickly or
diseased tree sent to the patrons of this nursery, unless it escapes the careful
examination of the proprietors. The committee take pleasure in expressing
their belief that this honorable as well as prudent maxim is conscientiously
adhered to. ‘The immense blocks of trees are in rows as straight as a line can
be drawn, are very uniform in size, stocky, well rooted, and straight.

On a portion of their grounds adjoining the depot of the Michigan Southern
railroad, these gentlemen have erected large and commodious buildings for the
reception of trees from the nurseries when dry, and for packing and boxing in
during stormy weather. In the basement of one of these buildings a large por-
tion is set apart as a place to heel trees in, to keep over winter. The other
building is of stone, 50x100 feet, and is devoted exclusively to this purpose.

Peach trees which, if left in the ground all winter are often very seriously
injured by the cold, or which if heeled in the open ground are not wholly free
from injury, may be kept here as fresh as when taken up. Of course such trees
will suit the planter much better than if they had been exposed to winds, sun,
and storm all winter. Such keeping is a very good guarantee that they will
grow.

The vineyard owned by Miss Henrietta Bruckner contains 1,000 Concord
vines, and besides, some Delawares, Crevelings, and Hartfords. The Hartfords
were gone, though we found a few dried and very sweet. The Crevelings were
surprisingly fine, and delighted us by their sweet and pleasant flavor and aroma
and their freedom from sour core.

The Concords were heavily loaded, and the fruit was of excellent quality
and most thoroughly ripened. This vineyard receives very careful culture.
Level culture is the rule—no ridging up the vine-rows. The thrip is very
plentiful here, and some believe it injures the Delaware vine and fruit. From
between fifty and seventy-five vines of the Delaware in this vineyard, 432
pounds of fruit were gathered. In one corner of this vineyard a small block of
Marthas had been planted, but they had died out and out—not one left. The
cause could not be ascertained. ‘T'o look at the Catawbas, Delawares, Concords,
and Creyelings growing most vigorously and loaded with fruit, one would say
that any vine would prosper here. The soil is the same clay loam, filled with
broken limestone; surface nearly level. A short distance farther to the south-
east is the Raisin Valley vineyard belonging to George W. Bruckner. It was
planted in 1869, and covers eight acres. Root pruning has been tried here as
an experiment, but with results not very well determined, though the system
is regarded by the owner with some favor. The method pursued is to take off
entire some of the upper roots—a practice which few fruit-growers would feel
safe inadopting. We forgot to mention that the vines in the vineyard belong-
ing to Henrietta Bruckner are trained to a wire trellis —large posts being placed
at the ends of the rows, the wires drawn horizontally and supported by smaller
posts. But in the vineyard here the vines are grown to stakes, which admits
free working both ways. Stakes are thought to be cheaper than trellis. Some

REPORT OF THE ORCHARD COMMITTEE. 127%

portions of this vineyard are sandy, with clay subsoil, but the vines are more
vigorous where the soil is clayey. ‘The Delawares here are of prime quality.

We next visited a vineyard on Snake Island, owned by the same gentleman.
This island lies a few rods from the main land, in an arm of the lake. We
found a little chalowpe ready to take us across, and made our way through the
grass and lilies which grow up quite thickly. The island is only a few feet
above the water, and is surrounded by grassy borders. About this island a
variety of the lotus grows quite plentifully, which is very rarely found in this
country. It is the white flowering.

The island was called Snake Island, from its supposed resemblance in
form to the renowned but ugly reptile of that name. It contains ten or
twelve acres, of which four acres are in grapes and one acre in pears. The soil
is a black loam resting on clay. No lime rock or stone of any kind appears
here. The grapes are very sweet. Isabellas are ripe September 26th; Cataw-
bas nearly so. The vines are trained to stakes, and they have made a most
vigorous growth. The leaves are enormous in size, and for healthful appear-
ance they are not equaled by any which the committee have seen in their ex-
aminations. Some of the Catawbas, received by members of the committee
a week later than the date of their visit, were fully ripe, and were equal in color,
flavor, and aroma to the Catawbas of Kelly’s Island.

Before leaying the island an important occurrence took place, which, as a
matter of history, may as well be recorded here. The name of the island was
formally changed to “ Bruckner’s Lotos Island,” by your committee and a few
of the citizens and ladies of Monroe. There is no longer a Snake Island in
Michigan, but there is a “ Lotos Island,” lying quietly in view of the city of
Monroe in the still waters of an arm of Lake Erie, covered with fine fruit of
vine and tree and surrounded by the fabled lotos of the Nile and of Cashmere,

Point aux Peauz.

A ride of an hour and a half brought us to this celebrated vineyard, which
was thoroughly examined by the orchard committee of 1873. It lies near the
mouth of Detroit river, and in sight of the pier at Monroe Harbor. ‘The
ground is level here and all about. In no place else can there be found so
much quiet repose as nature exhibits in this shore belt from Toledo to Detroit.
There is no sign of upheaval anywhere, or of the action of any violent forces
beneath the surface. But the soil is strong and productive, and there is slant
enough one way or another for drainage.

The Point aux Peaux vineyard is owned by Messrs. Stirling, Noble, Wil-
liams and Ives. There are twelve acres in vines; and they lie fronting the
shore, with the buildings, a grass plat, and a drive between them and the water.
In this grass fruit trees are growing—some very old, large peach trees in full
vigor. In the spring of 1866, 900 each of Catawba, Delaware, and Concord
vines were planted. The rows are the usual width apart, and the vines are
grown on a horizontal trellis of wire put up in the usual way. The Jower wire
is twenty-two inches from the ground, the others are sixteen inches apart.
The vines are penned after the leaves have fallen, and laid down, and the ground
backfurrowed towards the rows. In the spring they are taken up and fasten-
ed to the lower wire. <A short bend is given them at the point where they are
first tied, which checks the rapid flow of sap, and aids the formation of fruit
germs. No summer pruning is done at all; the vines are kept neatly tied to
the trellis, and all the foliage is retained to assist in the perfection of the

128 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

fruit and better ripening of the wood. The furrows which in the fall were
turned towards the vines are now reversed, and level culture is pursued. The
vineyard and everything about it were in complete order.

The Delawares were mostly gone, 13,157 pounds having been sold from an
acre and two-thirds. But this was not the whole crop, as the families of the
four proprietors were supplied as well as others. Those sold brought six cents
apound. The Oporto grape has been tried and abandoned. Cultivation of
the ground is kept up till the latter part of August. The thrip was everywhere
on the vines, but caused no apparent injury except in one locality; and their
presence here we could not explain. The drain from the wine-cellar runs
across one portion of the vineyard, crossing the rows of vines for a length of
six oreight rods. Directly over the line of this ditch the thrip were plentiful,
and standing at a distance the course of the drain cuuld be traced by the work
of this insect.

From the vineyard we were shown into the press-room and wine-cellar. The
establishment is well provided with all the needed appendages and apparatus
for wine making and testing. There is a cleanliness about the place which is
agreeable. The wood-work is painted; the floor is scrubbed daily during the
Wine-making season. As a general rule wine presses and cider presses are
about as filthy places as can be found. ‘Two presses are used here which work
up the crop in a few days.

The wine-cellar is a large room only partly under ground, the level surface
here and nearness to the water preventing deep cellars. It is filled with pipes
and cusks of wine of different ages. These pipes hold from 105 to 140 gallons,
and are as high as the shoulders of acommon-sized man. Samples of the wine
were drawn from the different receptacles for the committee to examine.

These wines are all pure,—there are no adulterations, though wine of differ-
ent qualities is made and sold at different prices.

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINE-
YARDS OF MICHIGAN.

BY H. DALE ADAMS OF GALESBURG.

THE ENGLE ORCHARDS.

On the first day of September, 1874, at Columbus Engle’s, near Paw Paw, in
Van Buren county, the work of the Orchard Committee began. Mr. Engle had
four entries for examination ; two peach orchards, one pear, and one quince.
Leaving the Michigan Central railroad at Lawton, through the kindness of
Mr. F. M. Manning, superintendent of the Paw Paw road, we were dropped at
the Engle crossing a few rods from the farm dwelling. The first notable object
that met our eye on stepping from the car was the Willard Observatory on the
grounds of the Paw Paw cemetery, occupying the highest point in the cemetery
grounds, and erected by Isaac Willard, an early settler of that locality. It isan
octagon shaft, thirty feet in diameter at the base, and one hundred and thirty-
two feet in height to the cupola, and built on an eminence nearly, if not the
highest, in Van Buren county, it commands a view of the surrounding country
as far as the eye can reach. I speak of this only because it is at this place, and
at an elevation co-equal, that the Engle orchards are to be found, and from
this observatory Mr. Engle informed us he could point out nearly all the loca-
tions suitable for orchard purposes for many miles around.

The peach orchard in class 8 was first examined, and here we found Mr.
Engle in the midst of his luscious Crawfords, picking at the rate of 400 boxes
of one-third of a bushel each per day, The location of these orchards deserves
more than a passing notice, and consists of a series of hills or knolls, mostly of
only a few acres in extent, with deep valleys intervening, and leading in the
direction of every point of the compass. Only the higher positions were occu-
pied with the peach. The valleys and most of the hills near the base were
planted to the apple, the pear, and the quince. The soil is what would be termed
a gravelly loam, with sufficient clay to give it substance and not enough to in-
terfere with perfect drainage. In the opinion of the committee no soil can be
found better adapted to the peach than the soil of these orchards. The first
orchard consisted of 900 trees planted twelve years, and about equally divided
between Early Crawfords and the Barnard. Thorough cultivation has its re-
ward here—not a weed to be seen, the whole orchard as mellow as the best of
fallow prepared for a wheat crop. Shallow plowing in the spring and after-
wards the two-horse wheel cultivator has done the work. Three times each

17

130 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

way between the rows of trees have these orchards been over with the cultiva-
tor this season ; the last time on July 15th.

Severe cutting back of the trees, commencing as soon as warm weather will
permit in the spring, is one of the marked features in the management of
these peach orchards, and to it the owner attributes much of the thriftiness
and vigor of the trees as well as the size and quality of the fruit. Thinning
the fruit also is thoroughly practiced. Three times have these trees been
thinned of their overburthened loads of fruit this season. One man will
average fifty trees per day if cut back. The curculio is the worst of all the
insect depredators, and is caught by the jarring process, on canvass stretchers
attached to a barrow,and wheeled from tree to tree. ‘The borer, so fatal to the
growing of the peach in many localities, has no lodgment here; a diligent
search by Mr. Sleeper, the entomologist of the committee, failed to find their
presence anywhere.

The next orchard examined was entered in Class 9, Division A, and con-
tained 200 trees, planted four years, two varieties only, Jenny Lind (Hill’s
Chili) and Late Crawford, about 100 each. These plants are all seedlings, or
grown from pits, and Mr. Engle claims they are as true to name and more so
than most trees bought of nurserymen as budded trees. The Jenny Lind are
almost invariably true to variety grown in this way. The Crawfords vary
some, but those not genuine are easily detected in the seedling row. We failed
to discover any variation among the varieties named in this orchard. Should
have pronounced them budded trees and true to name. This, like the orchard
first named, was heavily laden with fruit, which had already begun to color
finely. Altogether this was, without exception, the finest 200 peach-trees
found in any one orchard visited by your committee in their examinations.
Like the one first mentioned, it secured a first premium. A subsequent visit,
on the 2ist of October, after the examination of the other orchards had been
completed, and when the fruit had long since been gathered, fully confirmed
the decisions already made. Five thousand five hundred boxes of one-third
bushel each were gathered and sold from these two orchards this year, bring-
ing an average of 76 cents net per box, and found a market mostly on the line
of the M. C. BR. R. east of Lawton, Detroit and Jackson taking the most.

A few pertinent questions elicited the following replies:

1. To what do you attribute the thriftiness and vigor of your trees? Ans.
Thorough cultivation and severe cutting back.

2. What is your theory of protection? Ans. The wind currents, in passing
over this section, are caught in the valleys and drift rapidly off, following their
courses, the colder portion settling along the bottoms, leaving the warmer to
drift over the more elevated plain.

3. What is your most profitable variety? Ans. Jenny Lind (or Hill’s Chili),
and Late Crawford next. Old Mixon is a good peach, but too soft for market.

4, Are you troubled with birds injuring any of your fruit crops? Ans. Yes,
especially small fruits; cherries the worst.

5. What remedy do you apply? Ans. Kill them. I have no more hesi-
tancy in killing a bird for the same reason than a curculio, the laws of the
State to the contrary notwithstanding.

The pear orchard in class No. 6 has no competitors. A heavy wind a short
time previous to our visit destroyed one-half the fruit, but still left enough for an
average crop, perhaps more. Among a large number of varieties found, which
were especially fine, were Bartlett and Buffum. A variety called the Church

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 131

resembles the Doyenne d’Ete, and I think may be found identical, was also in
great perfection. The blight has proved fatal to many of the fine specimens of
this enterprising cultivator. The Onondagas were all ruined. The Flemish
Beauty, Louise Bonne de Jersey and Bartlett were slightly injured. Winter
Nelis, Duchesse, and many other sorts were found in a deplorable condition.
The Bartlett thus far was named as the most profitable variety and the Buffum
next.

An exceedingly fine row of pear trees of large size, and free from blight or
injury of any kind, was noticed growing between rows of peach trees, and Joaded
heavily with choice specimens of fruit, mostly Bartlett and Flemish Beauty.
On inquiry as to their fine condition, while within a stone’s throw of the same
varieties so badly injured, we were told it was in the condition of the soil.

The peach being a gross feeder appropriated nearly all the crude vegetable
manures with which his orchards had been liberally supplied, and he had found
where this class of manures had been applied to the pear in greatest quantity,
they had suffered most from blight. There were about forty trees in this row,
mostly Bartlett, and finer specimens of fruit are seldom found than were bur-
thening the branches of these beautiful trees. The location, soil, cultivation,
etc., of this orchard, and also of the quince, which was next examined, were
the same as the older peach orchard, of which it was an adjoining plat.

The quince trees were planted in cross sections of the apple orchard, and
equally dividing it from north to south and from east to west, and was thus
planted to test the adaptability of the varied soil to the growth of the quince,
of which Mr. Engle had had no former experience. The trees encountered
nearly every variety of soil, from heavy clay to sand and gravel, but no per-
ceptible diiference was discovered in the growth, health, or productiveness
of the trees. The only ey manifest as yet was by the twig borer in the
early part of the season, and that not material. How unlike the pear trees only
a few rods distant, and nearly ruined by the ablighs ! A bountiful crop of fine
quinces rewards the owner for his labors here.

THE GARDENS AT SAGINAW.
The Sa gin LW pein furnished but two entries in Division A. Both were in
class 34, * ruit garden attached to village or city residence, to include a suc-
cession.” at first was by John C. Zeigler, and the next by H. F. Guild. On

examination, neither seemed to properly belong to this class. Mr. Guild’s was
the nearest approach to it, and was left in we compete with Dr. 8. J. Hutchin-
son of } Northport, Leelanaw county, and Mr. Zeigler’s entry was transferred to
class 20, in competition with Thomas Doyle of Monroe. Mr. Guild’s garden
was examined on September 16, during the State Fair, and found to comprise
what would be better termed a family garden than,a fruit garden.

Everything here was found in neat order; all the ground utilized to the
fullest capacity, both in regard to profit for family use and attractive beauty
to the household; vegetables in their season, with successive crops of peas,
beans, corn, lettuce, cabbage, etc.; small fruit in abundance, strawberries in
variety, raspberries of ‘several sorts, with evidence of having borne heavy
crops, of which were found several magnificent clusters of a second crop,
blackberries, currants, and gooseberries, with a few cherries and peaches just
coming in bearing, make up the list of fruits in this small garden. Passing
from the useful to the beautiful, were found flowers on every hand,—annuals,
perennials, bulbous, and tuberous-rooted, in-doors and ont, flowers everywhere.

132 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Several wardian cases of the owner’s own make, well filled with rare exotics
of his own growing, were adorning the parlor windows, and still more, there
was found room on one side of the dwelling sufficient to attach a small con-
servatory, which this enthusiast was busy erecting for winter use, and all in-
cluded within the limits of an ordinary village lot of perhaps eight by twelve
rods in dimensions.

From Mr. Guild’s, in East Saginaw, to J. C. Zeigler’s, Saginaw City, was our
next move. This garden was all occupied with hardy grapes, planted and
trellised in squares, each square or plat containing eight vines, or three on a
side including the corner ones, which were trellised at either angle, the dis-
tance apart, from vine to vine, being six feet, making the plats each twelve feet
square, and these squares separated by alleys six feet wide, an economical and
conyenient plan for garden culture. The varieties in cultivation here were
Concord, Catawba (which is too far north to ripen well), Isabella, Clinton, and
a variety purchased of an Eastern vender for Israclla at $1 per plant, which
proved in the hands of the committee to be Isabella. Three-fourths of these
vines at Mr. Zeigler’s were Clintons, and grown expressly for making a sour
wine suitable to the German taste, samples of which were tested by the entire
committee and found fully up to the standard of this classof wines. Nothing
special in the cultivation or management in general from ordinary culture was
manifested here. Mr. Zeigler would do well, however, to adopt a more vigor-
ous system of pruning on the renewal plan.

CHILSON’S VINEYARDS.

September 22d was agreed upon to complete the examination of the eastern
and southern portions of the State, and the vineyards of the Messrs. Chilsons
of Battle Creek were taken as the starting point. In company with Mr. Avery
we were joined at Galesburg by the chairman of our committee, Mr. Betts.
The Messrs. Chilson had entered a vineyard for profit in class 17, four years
planted and not less than one acre. In this vineyard were 2,900 vines planted
five years, eight by ten feet apart,on a somewhat sandy soil underlaid with
clay from one to two feet from the surface. The cultivation is very perfect,
and performed by plowing first in early spring, and afterwards through the
season with the two-horse wheel cultivator as often as once in ten or twelve
days up to the first of September. The location is flat, nearly level, slightly
descending to the north, about twenty feet above the Kalamazoo river, and dis-
tant one-half mile. The varieties were in the main Delaware and Concord,
a few Isabellas, some Dianas, which were found in greater perfection here than
elsewhere in our travels. They have also on trial several of the Hybrids, such
as Rogers’ Nos. 4, 15,19, 14, 22, etc. Nos. 4 and 16 (Wilder and Agawam)
were notably the best on the list thus far; but side by side with the Delaware
and Concord they hold no fayorable comparison. About one-half of the 2,900
vines were Delawares, part trained to wire trellises and balance to stakes.
They use but two wires; they should have added another and run the canes
higher. In pruning they practice the renewal system, or, as it is frequently
termed, the long cane system. It appeared here best applied to the Concord.
The vines when set were yery feeble plants, and aa unfavorable season caused
many failures in the plat; the places have been filled since, causing an uneven
and somewhat unfavorable appearance, many of the vines not yet in full
bearing, but enough were to stamp this vineyard, for this season at least, the
most productive as well as profitable of any in its class.) Nowhere have we

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 133

found the Delaware in such perfection as at this place. Thousands of pounds
of premium bunches could have been gathered from these vines at the time of
my first visit, September 9th, and enough were remaining on the 22d to satis-
fy your committee that this vineyard would be hard to excel. Their picking
and marketing commenced on September 7th. The city of Battle Creek fur-
nished a ready market for their entire crop at ten cents per pound for Delawares,
and five cents for Concords. It is worthy of note here to mention the man-
ner of preparing and sending this fruit to market. They were marketed in
the common peach basket, and great care exercised in picking and handling
before taken to the assorting and packing house, then every bunch looked
over and all imperfect berries removed before the final packing, each basket
weighed to make sure that the full ten pounds were in. Three tons of Dela-
wares and one-half as many of other varieties was the product of this season.

AT BATTLE CREEK.

We filled an interval of time by visiting several places of interest to horti-
culture. Through the kindness of Mr. C. Chilson we were first shown to the
fruit farm of Jos. Merritt. The main object was to examine a peach orchard
which has suffered to a greater extent by the severe winter of two years ago
than any other in that locality. The trees were largely Early Crawfords and
planted about eight years. Mr. Merritt prepared about four acres by clearing
out the center of a forty-acre forest of second growth oak and hiekory, very
dense and tall; all the surroundings indicate as good a situation for the peach
as can be desired. Now for the result: Nearly one-half the trees were killed
outright, and the balance so nearly so that after the severe cutting in of the
branches the following spring and the excellent care in other respects, by cul-
tivation, etc., of the proprietor, they must be counted to-day as nearly worth-
less. Compare this orchard, surrounded by forest protection, with the Engle
orchards so fully exposed, and the theory of forest protection falls at once.
We then drove to the fruit preserving establishment of Helling Brothers.
They are extensive fruit dealers in Philadelphia, and are erecting this building
for preserving fruit in a green state for the market at any season of the year.
The walls are of solid masonry, 30 inches thick. The building is 120 feet long
by 50 feet wide, 12 feet in height, clear, for store-room, covered with an iron
floor above for ice chambers; its capacity is 10,000 barrels of fruit. The
Hellings have for many years noticed the excellent quality of our fruits, and
an investment of $30,000 in an establishment of this character speaks loudly
in favor of Michigan as a fruit-growing State. Near this establishment were
the cider works of Walter S. Hicks, which we found in full blast, three ten-
barrel presses of Boomer & Boscher patent in operation, two of which were
used for cider and one for pressing over the pomace for vinegar. The large
grinder works up 200 bushels of apples per hour. The cider is all double
rectified, and the machinery is driven by a ten-horse-power engine.

From the cider works we drove to the River Side rural home of Jeremiah
Brown. Found Mr. Brown absent in the city on our arrival, but the absence
of his genial countenance was in a measure made up by the kind reception we
met with at the hands of his amiable niece, Miss Sarah Hoeteling, who gave
us full permission to ramble throughout the entire grounds. We found many
things at this place worthy of notice at greater length than we are permitted
to give at this time, hoping at some future time we may be able to give an ac-
count more worthy of the place. An excellent plat of the Philadelphia rasp-

134 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

berry showed the masterly hand of a successful horticulturist, nor were the:
pear, the peach, or apple orchards lacking in the essentials requisite to ensure
success. ‘The flower garden was a gem in itself, as might have been expected
in the careful hands of such a passionate admirer as Mrs. Brown, whom we
regretted to find absent. Mr. Brown returned in time to spread before us the
hospitable board of cake and wine, for which his house has ever been noted,
and we spent a few moments in horticultural converse. .
From Chilson’s our route was to Bellevue by rail and eight miles due north
by wagon to Joseph Gridley’s in Kalamo, Eaton county. Mr. Gridley bad
three orchards on the list, one planted ten or more years, of twenty-five or more
trees, and a peach orchard in class 10. These were the orchards entered last
year, and nothing particularly new or interesting beyond the report of the
committee at that time seems to have been developed since. Mr. Gridley ac-
knowledged to have been mistaken in the Ben Davis apple, of which he gave
the public an account through the horticultural press some time since,—the
variety not proving to be the Ben Davis. An early start in the morning anda
ride through a rolling country of timbered soil which must ere long be
planted largely to orchards, and especially the apple, for which this section of
country is most surely adapted, brought us to Charlotte, the county seat of
Eaton county, in time for the Jackson bound train over the Grand River Val-
ley Railroad, reaching Jackson at 11 A. M.

THE COMMITTEE AT JACKSON.—GROUNDS AND HOUSES OF 8.0. KNAPP.

A walk of a few minutes brought us to the fine residence and magnificent
grounds of 8. O. Knapp, Esq., who had an entry in class 33, “ Suburban Orna-
mental Grounds,” and in class 38, “ Collection of Growing Hardy Flowering
Plants,” and one in class 39, “ Private Plant House.” These charming grounds
were found to comprise about five acres, occupying an elevated and command-
ing position in the south-east portion of the city. They are enclosed on two
sides by a wall of solid masonry over sixty-five rods in extent, and elevated
above the street about five feet, the enclosed grounds being level with the top
of the wall and caused by grading down the street. You enter the grounds by
an iron gate, and up a flight of stone steps. The first attraction on entering
these grounds on that dry, hot, and dusty September day, were several foun-
tains in full play. They are supplied with water by the Holly water-works of
the city, which have been indispensable to the luxuriant growth and unsur-
passing verdure of the trees and plants throughout this season of excessive
drouth. We were met at the door by Mr. Knapp, and stated to him that our
time was limited, as we desired to reach Adrian that evening. We were first
shown the plant houses (there are properly two) attached to the dwelling, and
sunken below the surface sufficient to bring the bottom on a level with the
house cellar, with which they communicate by doors opening into a small room
partitioned from the main cellar. This room is used for potting plants, storing
mould, sand, and tools used in the management of the house and plants. A
quantity of the finest leaf mould and sand was noticed stored here in bins,
ready for use at any moment. ‘The houses occupy the south and east sides of
the dwelling, the one on the south lapping by sufficient to cover the endof the
other. A ventilating shutter connects the two at this point. ‘They are single
span or lean-to roofs, about 400 feet of glass in all, double-glazed. The heat-
ing apparatus is Hitching’s saddle boiler, of small size. The whole structure,
heating apparatus and all complete, cost not more than $400. The houses

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 135

were both filled and arranged in the finest order for pleasing effect, and many
of the rarest exotics were here found in the greatest perfection. Among the
specimens noticed were a fine collection of palms, many of them grown from
seed by the skillful proprietor, who, by the way, is at once architect, gardener,
and florist combined. None of the plants have had the care for a day of a pro-
fessional florist. ‘There were Euphorbias, Splendens and Jacquiniffiora, Hoyas,
ten varieties of Caladiums, Cyperus, etc. Several fine orchids were hanging
from the walls. Tree Ferns in variety. ‘wo fine specimens of Feronia,
Gigantea and Verschajfeltti, Olocaceas, Macrohibra, and Zebrina, Pepperonias,
Bananas. I also noticed a fine plant of Cissus. Among the Ferns, two fine
specimens, Asplenium and Alatum, were particularly attractive. ‘There were
also Crotons in variety; Pancratums, Aspidistras, Vincas, Cupheas, Tradescan-
tias, ete., in variety too great to be mentioned here; in fact, but few of our
largest commercial plant-houses can boast of a greater variety or rarer specimens
of exotic plants than were found in these unpretending, cozy little plant houses
of 8. O. Knapp of Jackson. Many personsof comparatively large incomes have
neglected adding these luxuries to their surroundings, in consequence of the
great expense supposed to be necessary to put and maintain them on a scale
with the other requisites of a well-ordered establishment. Most people, should
they consult an architect for plan of house, would hardly get through with
him with less perhaps than one or two thousand dollars for building, and
then the gardener would be likely to add as much more, and before they would
be through with these professional gentlemen they would find themselves danc-
ing to no trifling music in the matter of dollars and cents expended. But here
isa gentleman who has demonstrated that all these interesting and beautiful
adornments may be had on a scale grand enough to satisfy the most fastidious,
for the outlay of only a few hundred dollars. I doubt very much if these two
tasty houses, with appurtenances and care of the same to the present time, have
cost the owner in dollars and cents to exceed the sum of $400. The suburban
grounds were no less interesting; enough of the native trees—which were
mostly oak and hickory—were left remaining to give the grounds a decidedly
park-like appearance. Many ornamental trees and shrubs haye been added
from time to time as taste and variety seemed to require to make up the finish.
Among them were noticed the common sweet and horse chestnuts, with
evergreens in great variety. A beautiful grotto of rock-work, wherein was
playing an elegant fountain, of unique design was especially conspicuous.
Curious vases, and plant stands of pottery of rare design, filled with appropriate
plants, were interspersed throughout the ground—all combining to make up
the design in full, and render this charming place, without an exception, the
most delightful “ abiding place for man” that our beautiful Peninsular State
can boast. Nothing is lacking here but the charming scenery and distant land-
scape, so often met with among the highlands of the Hudson, to render this
place equally attractive to the beholder. Indeed, to a person long familiar, as
the writer has been, with many of those charming retreats, he could not help
but recognize a striking resemblance.

Apart, and enclosed by a neatly trimmed arbor vite hedge, was found a grand
display of hardy flowering plants. In looking over this gorgeous collection one
would be led to conclude that Vick and Henderson and Briggs and Bliss
had chosen this for a tilting ground for the smiles of the goddess Flora, and
each proclaimed a victor without even stain upon their knightly escutcheons.
But “tempus fugit,” we are admonished. No more time can be spared here,

136 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and we hie with rapid footsteps to the southern-bound train, ever and anon
casting a look behind toward the graceful scenery we were permitted no longer
to behold.

AT ADRIAN.—SIGLER’S GRAPE HOUSE.

On arriving at Adrian we were met at the depot by Dr. D. K. Underwood, a
member of our committee who escorted us to his residence. On our way we
stopped to see the Concord grape vine of Mr. Bury, that was fruiting amber
colored fox grapes, an account of which has been the rounds of the agricul-
tural press. We found the grapes, as the doctor informed us, fox grapes, re-
sembling the old Connecticut fox grape. This is evidently a grafted vine—the
Concord cane, or graft, dying, and the vine sprouting again below the graft.
There are numberless cases of this kind happening every season. I have a
like case on my own grounds; but these Adrian people will have it that
through some freak of nature this Concord vine has gone to bearing fox
grapes. We decline to discuss the matter, and so let it end; perhaps another
season this foolish vine may behaye better, and again produce Concords, or
some variety better still.

Mr. A. Sigler of this city had entered a fruit garden in class 34, which
proved on examination to consist almost entirely of foreign grapes grown un-
der glass. It did not seem appropriately to belong to this class. It was trans-
ferred and made a special class—No. 35. Mr. Sigler has been remarkably suc-
cessful in the growing of foreign grapes. He is a jeweler, and has an exten-
sive business,—the largest establishment of the kind, I believe, in the city,—
and from the leisure hours spared from this business has built, with his own
hands, about 1,200 square feet of glass, prepared the border, and planted,
trained, and attended personally to the entire management of the vines from
first to last. Thirty-four varieties of foreign, with a few natives for experi-
ment, were enclosed in this grapery. Nearly all the most popular of the older
varieties were in the collection, with many of the newer sorts. At the head
of the list stands that indispensable variety, even to the smallest collection,
the Black Hamburg, followed by Wilmot’s Black Hamburg, White Hamburg,
White Nice, Rose Chasselas, White Muscat of Alexandria, Black Prince,
Black St. Peters, Barbarossa, Bowood, Muscat, ete. The newer sorts no-
ticed were Duc de Magenta, Lady Downes, Mrs. Prince’s Muscat, Trentham
Black, Alicante, Champion Hamburg, etc. Of the native varieties none bore
evidence of success under the close confinement of house culture, and their
places should be filled with the better of the foreign sorts. In the way of
management, no portion of this house was arranged to pursue the forcing
plan. Itis what would be termed a cold grapery. There are too many vya-
rieties, and I advise Mr. Sigler to throw at least half of them out, and two-
thirds would be better still—one Black Hamburg is of more value than ten
White Hamburgs, or an equal number of White Nice, and so of many other
varieties besides. Mr. Sigler was, however, experimenting with a plan of heat-
ing by a subterranean furnace, with a view of using a part of the house for
forcing, the result of which has not as yet been fully determined. Hundreds
of pounds of fine clusters, some of prodigious size, were still on the vines,
and your committee availed themselves of the profuse generosity of the pro-
prietor in testing their merits, until I noticed—well—that our chairman
(Brother Betts is an ardent lover of grapes) began to assume aldermanic pro-
portions. But little trouble has been met with here, under the watchful eye

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 137

of the manager, with the mildew, so fatal to the successful cultivation of for-
eign varieties in this country. The timely use of sulphur dusted over the
vines showing the least indications of the disease is found sufficient. The cost
of this entire grapery, Iam told, has not exceeded $300, and were the propri-
etor to strike a balance between the market value of the fruit and the cost of
production there would be found a margin largely in fayor of the investment.
But few are marketed,—the large-hearted proprietor preferring to please the
taste of his numerous friends to the profits of sale. Mr. Sigler might greatly
increase the products by growing a number of vines in pots which could be
accommodated in his house without inconvenience. He has set a worthy ex-
ample to those living in crowded villages and cities, and whose grounds are
necessarily confined to narrow limits. Verily he has his reward, and may he
have many followers.

COLLAR’S ORCHARDS,

From Sigler’s we were driven out some three miles to view the plum and
apple orchards of Peter Collar,—Betts and Avery were obliged to accept a seat
with Sigler (through whose kindness in furnishing us with elegant convey-
ances and pleasant company we are greatly indebted), while we were invited
to the side of his most charming wife,—who draws a rein with no less dex-
trous hand,—nor is she, by the way, less devoted or enthusiastic in matters
pertaining to horticulture and floriculture than her generous and admiring
spouse. At Peter Collar’s we found 18 trees in the plum orchard, planted four
years, all of one variety, the Imperial Gage. The site of the orchard was a
slight elevation or knoll; soil gravelly; trees appeared to haye borne a heavy
crop; they were healthy and of thrifty growth. No other means than the
jarring process for catching the curculio has been practiced. A little less than
one bushel per tree was the average crop this season, and the price obtained
in market was $5 per bushel.

From the plum to the apple orchard, entered in our committee book, our
pathway led through an apple orchard set 35 years; many of the trees were of
mammoth size,—our curiosity led us to measure the trunks of some of them.
Several were found six feet in circumference, sound and vigorous still,—this
was not entered. The one entered in class 2 was found in many respects de-
fective. First, the location was too low, land too level, soil heavy clay; then,
again, the trees were headed too high,—most of them six or seven feet to the
branches. A good selection of varieties was a redeeming feature,—Baldwin,
Greening, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Wagener, Peck’s Pleasant, etc. Most
of the Baldwins were grafted on the Golden Russet. The orchard had been
planted eight years, and suffered greatly by the winter two yearsago. The borers
were lively at work in many of the injured trees, especially in those of the less
hardy sorts, such as Baldwin, Greening, and Wagener. One row, the entire
length of the orchard, of the Northern Spy, were a superb lot of trees,—not
one missing or injured,—of large size, trunks six inches in diameter. A fair
estimate would put the orchard at $1,000 more value had they been all of this
variety. An adjoining row on one side were the Wagener, not one-half the
size, and many of them badly injured and really worthless. This orchard, in
common with many others in different parts of the State, had suffered by the
twig borer. ‘The orchard was in corn and well tended, and had made a fair
growth.

We were back again at Adrian in time for the 8 A.M. train for Monroe.

18

138 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Dr. Underwood was too ill to accompany us. A sandwich and a cup of coffee
sufficed for a breakfast, and aboard the train for Monroe, where we arrived in
time for a substantial dinner at the hospitable mansion of I. E. Ilgenfritz, who
is the nursery king of the State.

THE MONROE NURSERIES.

The Messrs. Ilgenfritz had entered a general nursery in class 41. Directly in
front and adjoining the Michigan Southern railroad depot are the extensive
packing houses and ornamental grounds of this establishment. A description
of the buildings and grounds may not be inappropriate here: The main pack-
ing house is 40 by 156 feet, two stories high, with cellar for heeling in such
trees and plants as are required for spring sales and would be likely to take
injury through the winter if left in the open ground ; another advantage is, it
facilitates early shipments in spring. ‘This cellar extends under the entire
building, and is entered at either end by doorways of sufficient size to admit
of team and wagon loaded with trees. The bottom is laid with a coat of
cement four inches thick, and this again covered eighteen inches deep with
fine soil for laying in the roots of trees and plants. Here thousands of trees
and plants can be safely stored out of all danger of injury from wind and
weather, ready for shipment a month or more before any can be moved from
the open ground. In fact, at any time during the winter months, should mild
weather occur, they can be handled with safety from these cellars. The ground
floor is used for boxing, marking, etc., and affords ample room for thirty or
forty men to work. On one end of this floor are the business offices, and un-
derneath the grafting room. The upper story is used for manufacturing and
storing boxes used in packing trees, and for the storing of tools, etc. So in-
dispensable to their extensive business have the proprietors found the heeling
cellar above mentioned, that they were erecting, and had nearly completed
another building 50x100 feet, with walls of masonry fourteen feet high, and
set in the ground six feet, to be used exclusively for this purpose. It is con-
nected with the main building by an open shed, 40x100 feet. This is used for
a packing shed and for storing moss, etc. The ornamental grounds attached
to these buildings are nine acres in extent, and were made up of city lots coy-
ered with dwellings, which the Messrs. Ilgenfritz have purchased and torn down
or remoyed, until they have the present area all to themselves, and situated in
one of the most advantageous and pleasant parts of the city. The grounds
were somewhat low in their natural state, and the proprietors have been at
great expense in filling and leveling. They have covered several acres with
fine soil for the growth of ornamental plants to the depth of from two to six
feet. It was a vast labor, but Mr. Ilgenfritz remarked: “The soil should be
laid on until it pleased him, if it required a depth of ten feet.” There is “a
heap of yim” in this man, I. E. Ilgenfritz. These grounds were in part already
planted to the finest varieties of ornamental flowering plants and shrubs, and
the coming season they will be entirely filled. From the ornamental grounds
we accompanied the proprietors to the farms where the heavy stocks of fruit
and ornamental trees are grown. There are three in all, covering upwards of
300 acresin extent. And such stocks of trees were wonderful. The quantities
of special leading varieties—50,000 Baldwin, 50,000 Greening, 20,000 and 30,-
000 Spy, Canada, etc.,—were no unusual quantities to be found in single blocks.

The soil where these nurseries are located is a rich alluvial, underlaid with
clay, covering the limestone formation at most but a few feet below the sur-

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 139

face, and cropping out in numerous places. The cultivation was the nearest
perfection to be met with anywhere. I much doubt if throughout the whole
extent of these grounds a barrow load of weeds could have been gathered. All
the grounds are underdrained. Mr. Ilgenfritz informed us not a rood of
ground was used for nursery purposes without first being thoroughly tiled,
the cost of which varies from $40 to $60 per acre. In the way of the newer
varieties of fruit tree stock, these men were found no way behind their eastern
and western competitors. Among the apples were Grimes’ Golden and Ameri-
can Beauty in large quantities, and many other novelties, I was surprised to
find in such quantities. ‘This seems to be the soil for growing the pear; finer
specimens, of all ages from one to three and four years old, can be found no-
where in the State; nor have I ever seen finer blocks of pear trees at Roches-
ter, Geneva, or Syracuse, and the quantity fully up to the demand. The cherry
and peach are not so heavily grown; but the proprietors have a keen eye to
the prospective demand and plant in proportion. And yet one important
branch of this extensive establishment was hardly up to the demand of the
times; I refer to the ornamental department. They should have some glass
houses, a propagating house, a specimen plant house, etc., and now that they
are finally established on their newly acquired, and long coveted, grounds, they
should be added at once. Preparations were already being made for their erec-
tion, and early in the coming season will find them completed. The increasing
demand for hardy evergreens must require a much larger stock than were no-
ticed here, and on inquiry we were imformed that they were preparing for a
heayy stock in this department the coming season. Their one and two-years-
old grape vines were particularly fine; one block of 11,000 Concords, this sea-
son’s cuttings, were extra. Butin the immense stocks of the apple, their fine
growth and healthy condition, the uniformity of size and form of tree, the
neatness and order of planting, with rows as straight as lines of light, and ex-
tending in some blocks for a mile or more in length, are found an abundant
source of meritorious praise. Some idea of the magnitude of this establish-
ment may be gained by referring to the amount of stocks planted during the
past three years. On referring to the registry for 1871 the planting for that
year footed to upwards of 600,000. In 1872 their setting reached 650,000.
These two lots were cut to the ground in the spring of 1873. They are a mag-
nificent lot of trees now, and ready for market, standing from five to seven feet
high, well branched, and as desirable a lot to select from as one would wish.
In 1873 400,000 were planted. Again in 1874, 400,000 more. The fall of 1875
and spring of 1876 will find this establishment in possession of nearly one
million trees ready for market. Tree planters of Michigan! give these gentle-
men a trial; they are worthy of your patronage, and your own interests will
be served by so doing. They have had their share in the disasters of the un-
precedented cold winter of 1872 and 1873; the loss was very great. After
becoming convinced of the damage done, they resolved to destroy all that were
known to be injured, and upwards of $20,000 worth were committed to the
flames.

Mr. John C. Greening has a nursery southeast of the city, entered in the
same Class as Messrs. Ilgenfritz. This is a new establishment, commenced
three years ago. Most of the stock were in good condition and doing finely,
but the drouth had told heavily on much of the stock planted this season.
An extra fine block of two-year-old pear trees were noticed, and several thou-
sand grape vines, one and two year’s cuttings, were especially so. One block of

140 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

five acres of this season’s setting of root grafts was not excelled by any yet
examined. A Concord vineyard of two and a half acres attached to the nur-
sery, and another of five acres adjoining, and loaded with luscious clusters of
grapes, were timely approached by your committee.

The nursery establishment of Reynolds, Lewis & Co., although not entered
on our books, must not be forgotten, nor be passed over without a word in its
favor. This establishment is next to the Messrs. Ilgenfritz’s in size, and much
of it adjoining, with nothing, apparently, to mark the dividing line; and one
had to be told when they were leaving the one and trespassing on the other.
Notwithstanding the committee gave it no formal examination, enough could
be seen to warrant us in saying that, in most respects, it was fully up to the
demands of the times. Any persons visiting Monroe in quest of fruit trees
would hardly fail, among three such establishments as those mentioned, to
find a supply to their satisfaction.

THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS OF MONROE.

The vineyards of Monroe cover upwards of 200 acres. The first planted
‘was by Joseph M. Sterling in 1863, and it consisted of 2,050 vines, mostly
Concord. It stands to-day among the best in the Raisin Valley. The late
Christopher Bruckner next planted about 300 vines in 1864, and from the suc-
cess of these beginnings many others have been induced from time to time to
embark in the business until it has reached its present magnitude, and bids
fair to be doubled and perhaps quadrupled within the next five years at least.
There were six vineyards on the committee book, and entered in five different
classes. ‘The soil of these vineyards, like that of the Ilgenfritz nurseries, is a
rich alluvial, with heavy clay subsoil, underlaid with the limestone rock at
a variable depth of from one to five feet. I think none of the vineyards
examined were an exception in this respect. The management throughout,
from the planting of the vine, the after culture, the varieties planted, to the
-disposition of the fruit, seems to be nearly the same among all these vineyards,
and what may be said of one may appropriately apply to the rest, with few and
slight exceptions. They are planted eight feet apart each way, and trained to
wire trellis, using three wires stretched from heavy posts set thirty feet apart and
subdivided into sections by cross alleys 300 feet distant from each other, thus
each wire is 300 feet long; the end posts which receive the strain of the wires
are set at an angle adverse to each other. The first wire is fastened 22 inches
from the ground, the other two 16 inches from each other; this brings the
top wire 43 feet high, which is found to be so nearly the proper height as to
be universally adopted. The renewal or long-cane system is generally prac-
ticed here in pruning. The varieties are largely Concord and Delaware; per-
haps three-fourths are of the former variety, the Delaware following next, then
‘Catawba and Norton’s Virginia. This latter is grown especially for coloring
the wine of the Concord and Delaware. Some others of the older varieties were,
to a limited extent, found, and many of the newer sorts were on trial. About
seventy-five per cent of the grapes grown are manufactured into wine. ‘The
cultivation is constant through the summer months,—no grass or weeds are
allowed a place in these vineyards. Some use the two-horse wheel-cultivator,
but most use a single-horse pattern, manufactured in the city, an excellent
implement, and well adapted to the heavy soils of that locality.

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 14t

THE BRUCKNER VINEYARDS.

The first vineyard examined was that of Henrietta Bruckner, a young
maiden, and bequeathed by her father, the late Christopher Bruckner. A
goodly inheritance from a wise father, and most sacredly appreciated by a duti-
ful child. It was christened in her honor, and named the “ Henrietta Vine-
yard.” It contains two acres, and was planted in 1868. In this and the one
adjoining, owned by her brother, the limestone crops out so near the surface
as to make it difficult to cultivate. The surface was literally strewn with
fragments of the rock broken loose by the plow, and some spots were noticed
so destitute of any soil whatever that it seemed impossible for anything to
root or grow at all, and yet the most luxurious vines and the finest fruit were
found on many of these spots. One thousand of the vines in this Henrietta
vineyard are Concords, the balance Delawares; and to this little vineyard be-
longs the credit of producing the largest and most even clusters of the Con-
cords anywhere found in our journeyings, and the Delawares equal to the best.
Adjoining this was the one entered by George W. Bruckner in the same class,
No. 23. This vineyard contained more of a variety, and was a sort of trial
plat, but as usual the Concord predominated. Very fine Norton’s Virginia,
Ives, several of the hybrids, the Iona, which is very poor in these Monroe
vineyards. The Hartford Prolific is in perfection here. We found the vines still
loaded, although a month after ripening, with the berries clinging to the stem
and partially dried, resembling fine layer raisins, and very sweet to the taste.
A few vines of the Creveling were found with fine clusters, which was pro-
nounced by all present the finest eating grape yet tested. The Concords on
these two yineyards were all contracted to the Monroe Wine Co. at four cents
per pound. The average picking up to that time was slightly more than ten
pounds per vine. On inquiry as to how near should the Concord be planted,
Bruckner says not less than 8x8 feet,—any nearer would be a decided injury.
Here I might mention we found only one vineyard planted nearer. They were
Concords, and planted 4x4 feet,—a perfect failure, and the only one in this
region.

Adjoining these vineyards of the Bruckners was one of twelve acres belong-
ing to the Detroit Wine Co., and others still added to these until the entire
block contained upwards of forty acres, like one solid vinery, which it was in
fact, no fences intervening to mark the boundary of each vineyard. Standing
on a slight eminence, the debris of an abandoned lime kiln on the margin of
the Henrietta vineyard, there were visible, at no greater distance perhaps than
eighty rods from our standing point, vines from which, at that time, were
hanging not less than one hundred and fifty tons of this most luscious fruit.

The “ Raisin Valley” vineyard of G. W. Bruckner contains eight acres, and
was next visited. It differs from the others in the vicinity only in respect to
soil, A sandy ridge passes through the center of it. Here the vines were less
luxuriant and appeared to have suffered greatly from the drouth, the quantity
per vine measurably less, and the bunches inferior in size.

Our next move was to Snake Island vineyard, also owned by G. W. Bruck-
ner. This and several other islands are situated in the bay at the mouth of
the river Raisin; it is distant from the main land about a mile, and was reached
by our party in row boats. These islands are small, of only a few acres in ex-
tent. The soil, like the main land, is black alluvial, and scarcely above the
surrounding waters. The trellised vines appeared from the distance of half a

142 , STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

mile to be growing from the water’s surface. All the land on this island is
scarcely more than two feet above the waters that surround it. It contained
about four acres, three of which were planted to the grape; 680 vines were
Catawba, which were fully ripe at the time, September 26th. A marked fea-
ture of this vineyard was the surprising luxuriance of the vines; they sur-
passed anything I ever saw; any number of leaves of Catawba or Concord
would measure a foot and more in diameter. This island was evidently a fa-
vorite resort of the red man before the advent of his pale-faced brethren, as
large numbers of relics, such as arrow-heads, stone hatchets, spear-heads, etc.,
are constantly being turned to the surface by the plow and cultivator. A large
stone near the cottage (a small building, and the only one on the island) was
hollowed several inches deep in sharpening their hatchets or tomahawks. At
a little distance lies Seminary and Sterling islands. The former is owned by
Prof. Erastus K. Boyd of Monroe Female Seminary, and boasts of a vineyard
in no way inferior to the best.

AT POINT AUX PEAUX

The Point aux Peaux Wine Co. enter their vineyard of twelve acres. It is
eight miles from the city, and occupies a prominent point or peninsula extend-
ing into the lake. This point was the trading post of the early French traders
in their barter with the Indians for their furs, hence the name “ Point aux
Peaux ” when rendered in English is “ Point of Skins.” Twelve thousand
vines are in this vineyard; the ‘Concord in lar gest quantity, but Delaware and
Catawba are largely grown. The grapes in this vineyard are all manufactured
into wine, and enough of Ives and Norton’s Virginia are grown for coloring
the juice of the other varieties. The first vines were planted in 1866, and the
balance in 1867. The Delawares were sold this season to the Detroit Wine
Co. at six cents per pound, and nearly all deliv os ed at the time of our visit.
One and two-thirds acres produced 13,157 pounds. For a vineyard of its ex-
tent, none were found in our examinations that equaled this in perfection of
management, and it certainly reflects great credit on the gentlemanly proprie-
tors, Mes ssrs. Sterling, Nobie, and others whose names I did not learn. ‘Their
wine cellars, mashing and pressing rooms were models of neatness, showing

the care and scrupulous cleanliness throughout necessary in manufacturing
this delicate beverage. In the wine cellars were noticed arranged in rows on
one side, twelve casks of 500 gallons capacity each, and as many more of
smaller size, with kegs and barrels in such ‘numbers as to so completely fill this
cellar that but little standing room was found for persons of the modest pre-
tensions of your committee. The casks were mostly filled with wine, the vint-
age of former seasons. ‘The wines of hte firm have a flattering reputation
wherever they have been tested, and the demand bids fair to exceed the sup-
ply ; it is sold almost exclusively for sacramental and medicinal purposes, and
ranges in price, for ten gallons or more, at from one to two dollars per gallon.

At Thomas Doyle’s we found a garden well filled with grapes and other
fruits, which for order and neatness was worthy of more general imitation. In
finishing up the record of our labors at this steady old city of Monroe there
are many things necessarily omitted. We hope, ere long, to advert to these
subjects again, and supply such omissions as are appropriately connected with
horticultural progress in our State.

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 143

AT IONIA.

From Monroe our next entry was that of N. E. Smith of Ionia, 150 miles
distant. Our route was by the Flint and Pere Marquette R. R. throughout the
counties of Monroe, Wayne, and Oakland to Holly, and thence by the D. & M.
R. R. through the counties of Genesee, Shiawassee, Clinton, and Ionia, to Ionia
city. At Holly we were obliged to wait several hours for a train in the direc-
tion of Ionia, and learning of a large apple orchard some two miles north of
the village we concluded to pay it a visit. A brisk walk of thirty minutes
brought us to George Pearson’s, who, on putting in an appearance, eyed us |
somewhat suspiciously,—taking us, evidently, for a trio of sharpers: Avery no
doubt filling the bill of the life insurance man, and Betts the book peddler,—
but on assuring him we had no design on him, simply wished to see his or-
chard for the benefit of the State Pomological Society, we were heartily wel-
comed. The orchard contained twenty acres, planted nine years, mostly to
the Baldwin; on quite an elevation sloping to the east; soil heavy clay mixed
with gravel; a good soil forthe apple. Many of the trees had suffered severely
from the effects of the severe winter of a year and a half ago. Mr. Pearson
would not set root-grafted Baldwins again; would plant the Northern Spy
and top graft; the Baldwin fails always in the trunk of the tree; nor would
he plant Greening, Fall Pippin, Spitzenburgh, or Golden Russet; the first is
too tender, the Pippin and Spitzenburgh are poor bearers, and the Russet is un-
saleable.

At Ionia we parted company with our chairman, Mr. Betts, with many re-
grets. His amiable disposition, his cheerful countenance, his close observations
and practical suggestions, were qualities we could ill dispense with. Pressing
business engagements demanded his presence at home, and Mr. Avery and my-
self were obliged to finish the work at Ionia, when it was thought advisable to
adjourn unt il the followi ing week. At this place we arrived in time fora break-
fast with Mr. \N. H. Smith, who had an apple orchard, a Concord and a Dela-
ware vineyard entered. The apple Hato had been set fifteen years on a
heavy opening soil, two hundred feet above the Grand river, and distant about
one mile. This was without exce ption the best apple orchard on our list of
entries. Most of our standard varieties in cultivation in this State were found
in this orchard, and all, without exception, i the greatest perfection. Mr.
Smith had well cultivated the ground this year, and sown to turnips, which
were a failure in consequence of the drouth. No orchards throughout the

ength of our travels exhibited such perfect health as this, and the trees, for
the time planted, were of prodigious size. The crop of fruit was enormous, and
the finest speci imens of Northern Spy, Baldwin, Greening, Fall Pippin, Talman
Sweet, and in fact all the varieties in this orchard were of great size, and re-
markably free from blemish of any kind; hardly a specimen could be found
injured by the codling moth. Mr. Smith attributes the freedom from injury”
by the codling moth to cultivation. Before he commenced cultivating his or-
chard annually he lost one-half by codling moths. This orchard is in a very
exposed situation; nothing to break the force of the winds from the south and
west or the north, for a long distance at least. It was suggested that some
protection would be advantageous, when Mr. Smith remarked that he would
not have any if it could be furnished for nothing fifty feet high. Mr. Smith’s
vineyards ranked very high in the scale of comparison, and especially the Con-
cord. The renewal, or long-cane system, which is adopted at this place for

144 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

pruning, has been found so nearly correct in the management of our rampant
growing, hardy grapes of the north as to be universally adopted by the most
successful vintners in the northern States. The pruning and cultivation at this
place was not, perhaps, as systematic and complete as that practiced among
the vineries of Monroe; still, it must be acknowledged that the fruit for qual-
ity, and quantity as well, was fully equal this season to the best found at that
place. The vines were trellised to posts, set eight feet apart, using wooden
slats. It would be better to use wire, as the less number of posts required
would make up for the extra cost of wire. They were also trained rather too
low; another line of wire or slats sixteen to twenty inches above would be far
better. This Concord vineyard was bearing an average of twenty pounds to
the yine—much too heavy a crop to be often repeated, The Delawares were
planted three years, and tied to stakes which were much too small and too
slightly driven, as many of them were found borne to the ground under the
weight of vine and fruit. This vineyard also ranked very high, and came the
nearest in point of perfection of fruit to the Messrs. Chilson of Battle Creek
of any examined, and had it been one year older, would have been a formidable
competitor. The show of fruit, for size of bunch and berry, was nearly if not
quite equal.
THE GRAND TRAVERSE DISTRICT.

A week’s rest and some attention to business at home, and we are on the
road to the Traverse region. Arrived at Traverse City at 7 o’clock P. M., after
a ride of twelve hours over the G.R. & I. R. R. Only two members of the
committee, Sleeper and Adams, were found able to make this trip. Secretary
Thompson joined us at Grand Rapids and accompanied us throughout. We
were met at the depot by many of the people of that interesting locality, and
taken in charge and hospitably entertained by the Hon. Perry Hannah, of the
enterprising firm of Hannah & Lay. Our first work was among the orchards
and gardens of Old Mission, on the Peninsula between the east and west arms
of Traverse Bay, and twenty miles distant. An early start, in company with
Prof. Tracy and Mr. Wm. Marshall of Old Mission, by the wagon road, which
led us through an interesting and picturesque country, with many of the finest
landscape views constantly in sight, we brought up at the Tracy farm fully
prepared to do justice to the bountiful board spread for our use by the accom-
plished lady of the lithesome Professor. Secretary Thompson had arrived in
advance by boat at Old Mission. We joined him at Mr. Parmelee’s in the
afternoon. In this vicinity there were eight apple orchards, one pear, two
plum, two cherry, and one plat of raspberries entered for our inspection. ‘The
plat of raspberries entered by Geo. Parmelee were first examined ; it contained
seven acres, all of one variety, the Philadelphia. They showed great care in
planting and after culture. They were in hills 4x6 feet apart, and bore unmis-
takable evidence of haying yielded an enormous crop. Many were not gathered
for want of preparation to handle such an unexpected crop. Too much ofa
good thing, friend Parmelee. A rampant growth of canes betokens a crop
prospectively greater even than that of the present season, and the owner will
study his interests best by timely preparation for their disposal.

Our next work was an apple orchard, planted two years, all Golden Russet,
and twenty acres in extent. This variety attains a perfection in this locality
unsurpassed in any other section visited; hardly a missing tree was found in
the whole twenty acres. The ground was cultivated in corn the first year and

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 145

eats and peas mixed the present season. The health, vigor, and form of these
trees was as near perfection as could be desired. Select the finest and best
formed tree your fancy indicated, and it would be no more than a fair sample
ef all the rest. Next adjoining was the pear orchard of twelve acres. <A part
has been planted six years, some three years, and the balance two years. The
varieties are mostly Bartlett, Sheldon, and Beurre @Anjou. This latter Mr.
Parmelee regards as too feeble a grower. A few other sorts, such as Flemish
Beauty, Seckel, etc., make up the balance in varieties. This orchard was a
beauty; I doubt if a finer one, all things considered, can be found in the State;
it reminded one of the celebrated Yeomans orchard, of Walworth, N. Y., in its
best days, except those were dwarfs and this orchard is all standard trees. The
eherry orchards have been planted three years; fifty trees each of Elton and
English Morello. They produced a large crop of wheat this season and made
a heavy growth of wood. They were twice the size of trees usually set the
same length of time. Your committee unhesitatingly pronounced them the
finest 100 trees they had ever seen in one plut; symmetrical in form and in
perfect health. Surely Mr. Parmelee must have an artist’s eye to render his
trees to such perfection in form. Mr. Parmelee’s entire orchard contains 120
acres in one body, no division fences intervening.

The plum orchard of Mr. Barney was next attended to. There were fifty
trees, in two rows sixteen feet apart, and eight feet apart in the rows; much
too close; evidently planted with a view of removing every alternate tree in
the row, which cannot be done now without destroying the trees removed. It
had better be done, however, and the sooner the better. The Ransom process
for trapping the curculio, so much in practice at South Haven and along the
Lake Shore, is the only system practiced here. In the absence of the owner
we had no means of ascertaining the varieties. The trees were healthy, vig-
orous, and of large size for the time planted, being set five years.

Next in order was the plum orchard of Mr. McCallum. This contained two
acres, set five years, and twenty feet apart each way; a much better orchard
than the one last mentioned. The cultivation had been much neglected the
present season ; it had been planted to corn and squashes, and the crop appar-
ently left to care for itself. A prolific growth of weeds was the consequence.
We were informed that the owner was building two houses, superintending the

_Alden drying house of Reynolds & Tracy, and had, besides, much other busi-
ness on hand,—too many irons in the fire.

William Marshall has the finest bearing apple orchard found on the Penin-
sula; has been planted thirteen years and contains ten acres, nearly square.
There were four rows of Golden Russets, four of Baldwin, four of Greening,
and the balance mostly of the best standard sorts. This orchard was thor-
oughly cultivated, without cropping, and in addition the trees were heavily
mulched with coarse litter. Mr. Marshall has found that a crop of grain grown
in his orchard has always been at the expense of the crop of fruit. The trees
this season were bending to the ground with their loads of most perfect fruit.
The Golden Russet is in great perfection and evidently the “ boss” apple in this
locality. We were informed that the four rows of Golden Russets had proved
of greater profit up to the present time than all the balance of the orchard.
We set this orchard down as the nearest perfection of any found yet, if we ex-
cept Smith’s of Ionia. Order reigns supreme here,—garden, orchard, field, and
A haye suffered in no respect for want of attention at the hands of William

arshall.

19

146 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Windsor Golden’s was next on our line of march. He has an apple orchard

planted the same time with Marshall’s, thirteen years. It occupied a rolling
piece of ground descending to the west to quite low ground. ‘This portion was
planted to Golden Russet, and has suffered greatly by the severe winter ; in
fact, many of the trees throughout the entire orchard bore traces of serious in-
jury from some source. On enquiring as to its previous management, found
that the season previous to the cold winter of 1872 and 1873 it was thoroughly
cultivated and kept in a vigorous growing state until late in the fall; it is evi-
dent that the following severe winter found these trees in a succulent and un-
ripe state, and hence the injury. The varieties were the usual standard sorts
—Baldwins very superior, Greenings good, Northern Spy below an average as
to quality, and this we found to be the case generally with this variety in the
Traverse region. A large number of T'alman Sweet were noticed, quite too
many for profit; they should be graftcd to Baldwin or Greening.

The orchard of Benjamin Montague, although not on the list of entries,
would compare favorably with many that were. It was well cultivated, not a
weed found growing; trees of splendid form. Here were some of the finest
specimens of Greenings found on the Peninsula. <A few trees of Easter Beurre
pear loaded to their uttermost capacity with specimens of fruit which were
marvels of beauty, and colored on the sunny side to a deep crimson; and I
might mention here that the coloring of the fruits of this section is a pecu-
liarity not found to exist to the same extent in any other locality in our State.
The Greenings, almost universally, were found to equal in brilliancy the
Maiden Blush grown in the more central and southern portions of the State,
and the same may be said of the Fall Pippin, the Roxbury Russet, and many
other varieties. ‘The Talman Sweet was not recognized, in consequence of the
brilliant crimson cheek on the sunny side. Mr. Montague had set a new ap-
ple orchard of 400 trees, mostly Greenings, which were found under the careful
management of this gentleman in a very flourishing condition.

Messrs. Reynolds & Tracy enter a specimen orchard in class 5, quality prime
consideration. The orchard exhibited contains fifty-three varieties, one tree
of a kind, with vacancies left for eieven more to complete a plat of sixty-four
varieties. This isan experimental orchard to test varieties not yet introduced
in that region; the test embraces the most prominent varieties in order of
ripening from earliest to the longest keeping sorts, commencing with Red As-
trachan and ending with Rawles’ Janet. It was planted the present season,
and had made an excellent growth in the main. This trial orchard must
evidently be of great service in aiding the future orchardist in making selec-
tions suitable to that locality. But I fear Mr.'Tracy will find to his cost much
serious disappointment, and but few dimes as a reward for his pains. Adjoin-
ing was the main orchard, planted for commercial purposes, containing thirty
acres; this was of more uniform size, being confined to fewer varieties, and this
orchard contained only sorts omitted in the specimen plat. Around the trees
were noticed bands of stiff roofing paper twice the size of the diameter of the
trees, and not in contact with them, for the purpose of preventing the cut-
worm from ascending the tree and devouring the foliage. These pests seem to
be very destructive in this western region, and also along the lake shore from
Spring Lake to St. Joseph. Will Prof. Cook tell us whether these are identical
with the cut-worm that destroys our corn in early spring in the central part of
the State? Most of the Reynolds and Tracy orchards were in sod or crop of
some sort, with cultivated strips of from four to six feet wide on either side of

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 147

the row. This was the system universally practiced in this section with the
newly-planted orchards, when the ground was in grass or crop. Cast your
eyes in any direction along the line of trees, and no variation was perceptible.

Mr. Tompkins has 430 apple trees, mostly Golden Russet,—a few Baldwins,
Greenings, and Wageners. They also were cultivated in strips planted to
corn. ‘They had been set two years. The pruning in this orchard was badly
done, or not done at all. He could learn a valuable lesson in this branch of
horticulture by a visit to his neighbor Parmelee or Benjamin Montague. We
were told, however, that the trees were a refuse lot when purchased, and bought
at a low price, no others being available at time of planting.

John Allison hasa good orchard of small size, planted thirteen years. It was
found in clover sod; it should have been cultivated. The trees were of large
size for the age, and in perfect health. Two rows were Northern Spy, and
extra fine specimens they were. <A few trees of Esopus Spitzenburg were
noticed carrying an enormous crop free from codling moth.

An orchard of about 100 trees set four years, owned by J. E. Savage, and
cultivated in strips, balance to clover, was found to be injured by the winter
to a greater extent in proportion to number of trees than any hitherto exam-
ined in this locality. Pruning bad here; trees headed much too high; would
refer him also to friend Parmelee for instruction as to proper mode of pruning.

The last orchard examined in this vicinity was that of A. K. Montague,
about mid-way between Old Mission and Traverse City. It contained thirty
acres. All, or nearly all, was in crops of some kind—principally in corn and
potatoes, with a few acres to corn sown for fodder. The trees were nearly all
Golden Russet,—had made a heavy growth, but many of them were in bad
shape, headed as much too low as the preceding one was too high, most of
them not more than two feet from the ground. Had the pruning been
properly done, this orchard would have ranked very high and held the Par-
melee orchard in close competition.

Before taking leave of this promising fruit section, we must not omit to
mention the nursery establishment of C. P. Avery, a member of our Orchard
Committee. This is a new enterprise with friend Avery, whose modesty would
hardly allow us to mention his establishment at all were himself consulted ;
nevertheless it is but justice to say we found several blocks of fine, thrifty, and
healthy trees which would do credit to many older and more extensive estab-
lishments.

The people throughout this entire section are persistent and thorough in
their determination to hold in check or destroy the insect enemies to fruits
and trees. Hardly an orchard was seen without the bands for catching the
codling worm, and persons who neglect this precaution find neighbors willing
to do the work for them. Altogether it may be said of this region, as a fruit
section, it bids fair to equal, if not rival, many of the older and apparently
more favored portions of the State. It seems to be especially the home for the
apple and the pear,—many of our leading and most popular sorts attaining a per-
fection here unequaled in any other locality in our State. The Greening, the
Baldwin, the Golden Russet, and many other sorts, are nowhere excelled. All
the smaller fruits, except the grape, perhaps, are grown as well as in many, and
better than in most other sections of the State. The grape was not up in
quality to those grown in the interior or the more southern localities, and still
the vineyard of Judge Ramsdell, at Traverse City, showed unmistakable evi-
dence, under his dexterous and careful management, of being a success. The

148 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Delaware, the Ionia, the Concord, and several of the hybrids ripen in perfee-
tion, as was well attested by samples of wine as well as fruits, which your com-
mittee examined.

But these people are a determined race, and any deficiency of variety or soil,
or anything else attainable, they are bound to supply. They have a fine
climate, a fertile soil, a ready market, and are bound to succeed. Nowhere
within the borders of our State can a people be found more fully alive to the
subject and success of horticulture than these people of the Grand Traverse
region.

AT SPRING LAKE.

The peach orchards of Spring Lake as a whole were found not quite up to
the better class of orchards in many other sections of the State. The severe
winter of 1872-3 left its trace in mostly all of them. It came like an ava-
lanche, and the shock was terrible; add to this the neglect of culture and the
proper cutting back, which was in most cases neglected, and the result stands
to-day a monument of disaster. The sandy nature of the soil, with little nat-
ural elements of fertility and none of any amount supplied, must ever in like
seasons of great severity place the growing of the peach in great peril. &
speak of these conditions and the results only because I found they existed al-
most universally at this place; and yet it must be acknowledged that there
were found some notable exceptions. The orchard of Thomas Petty and Frank
Hall, and also the young orchard of J. B. Soule, stood well up in the scale of
merit. ‘There are without doubt many farms about Spring Lake that have as
good soil for the peach, and possibly the apple and the pear, as in many other
sections of the State, but the orchardists of this locality seem to have passed
them by. preferring the more convenient and easier cultivated sandy soils im-
mediately bordering on the lake and along the margin of the Grand river. ‘These
light, sandy soils are well enough during the earlier stages of orchard culture,
but when the trees have attained the growth of afew years with the attendant
crops of fruit, the strain is too heavy without some extra fertilizing material,
which appears difficult for these Spring Lakers to obtain. Their greatest re-
liance should be in seeding to clover and a liberal use of land plaster, to be
turned under as often as once in two or three years, in June, or when in full
bloom. Another one of their great needs is an active, live, and energetic
Horticultural Society. They have a Horticultural Society, but judging from
the effect it is haying on the fruit interests of this locality, it must be in a sorry
condition, to say the least; all the enterprise in a fruit direction appeared to
be wrapped up in less than half a dozen individuals. Had they a society as
energetic as the South Haven Pomological Society, or the Peninsular Farmer’s
Club of Grand Traverse, a marked improvement in the development of the
fruit interest would be manifest at once.

Their system of pruning the peach may have its advocates and succeed with
some, but as a rule can never obtain the best results. I do not remember ever
to have seen a more objectionable system practiced, unless it may be among
orchards farther down the “belt.” The long, naked arms or main branches,
without a lateral from the body of the tree to near the extremities, may serve
to let the sun and air to the center of the tree, only to find neither foliage nor
fruit to appreciate the favor. Many of these long branches were noticed
broken from the tree by their own weight when racked by the winds or by the
weight of fruit. The shortening system I am well convinced would be much
preterable in this locality.

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS, 149

The orchard of Thomas Petty was by a large per cent the best of any en-
tered at this place in full bearing. 'The location was a hillside sloping to the
southeast. Soil quite sandy; nearly as much so as any found in this locality.
In cultivation it ranked perfect. The cultivator and harrow were put in re-
quisition as often as once in ten days or two weeks during the season, keeping
the weeds down and inducing moisture in the soil. No crops are allowed to
mature. Itis sown to rye in autumn to keep the sand from blowing away
from the trees and for fertilizing by plowing under in the spring. All the fa-
cilities for manuring are taken advantage of, and ashes, lime, muck, and barn-
yard manure are applied as a top dressing. The pruning was less at fault than
any found elsewhere at this place. The trees were more compact and sym-
metrical, with less of the sprawling habit noticed generally where the shorten-
ing system is not in practice. There were no borers to be found. Mr. Petty
has an eye on them; he goes over his trees twice a year, and prefers the month
of June for his work. He has not taken any especial pains to trap or jar, for
the curculio is not much trouble to him as yet. His varieties are Early and
Late Crawfords, Hale’s Early, Barnard, Smock, and Hill’s Chili. Considers
the Late Crawford the most profitable for market, and still the Smock netted
the most money this year; this orchard of about 1,000 trees netted $1,600 this
season. Mr. Petty is a careful, industrious, and observing man, and has the
best orchard examined in the vicinity of Spring Lake, and was a close com-
petitor with the Engle Orchard at Paw Paw.

The two-years-old orchard of A. B. Soules was a yery perfect orchard of ten
acres in extent. It was brim full of merit, not a tree missing, all of uniform
size, well grown, and in most perfect shape. It was the only perfect two-years-
old orchard met with while on our journey. I much desire to sse the shorten-
ing in system practiced in the management of this orchard, and contrasted
with the straggling skeletons with which it is now surrounded.

The bearing orchards of A. B. Soule, J. B. Soule, and Hunter Savidge, were
all severely injured with the cold winter, and that of Mr. Savidge was about
one-half planted anew—this might better have been done with the others
abuve mentioned—many of these orchards were alternated by planting the
apple among them in quincunx order. This mixing up of orchards with dif-
ferent species is open to many objections which it is unnecessary to mention
here. They are all pruned on the long-arm plan, and most wretched appearing
specimens many of them were. The varieties embraced most of the leading
market sorts, with the Crawfords in greatest numbers.

Frank Hall, next to Thomas Petty, has the best bearing orchard here. Not-
withstanding it had been injured like the rest by severe cold, it was found to
be really a good orchard. Soil light, genuine Spring Lake sand, sown to
winter rye for the same purpose as was Mr. Petty’s. The cultivation, pruning,
and management in general was a repetition of Mr. Petty’s plan, and marked
next to his in all points of quality and perfection.

With the orchard of Theodore Curtis on the west bank of Spring Lake we
finished up the work at this place. This was quite a large orchard when first
planted six years ago, but the winter has done a work of destruction here with
no light hand. Iam willing to believe whoever saw this orchard during or
previous to the autumn of 1872 beheld one of great promise. ‘The soil here is
some heavier than east of the lake, but the location is most too flat and level.
There is not much of an orchard left now; with the utter neglect in cultivation
and pruning and the management in general through the past season, it is
hardly possible to consider it in a condition otherwise than hopeless.

150 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A few words on the importance and character of the orchard committee. There
1s perhaps no work done through the instrumentality of the State Pomological
Society that ranks in importance and vital interest to the fruit growers of the
State with this work, and none so difficult to perform. Its magnitude and
character is such that it is difficult to find persons that can, or are willing to,
sacrifice the time and expense necessary to perform the duties required. To
one of your committee it has involved the present season not less than twenty-
four working days in examining the orchards, gardens, and vineyards on our
list of entries, and upwards of 1,300 miles of travel by rail, traversing twenty-
five different counties of the State. Here is too much work for the time given,
but we could spare no more. I must repeat the suggestion of a former com-
mittee that ¢iree men are sufficient. Our committee of five was too large, and
much difficulty was experienced and time lost in endeavoring to get them to-
gether and keep them long enough to finish the work in one locality. Most of
the time not more than two, or three at best, could be kept together, and much
of the work was done by one alone. I believe that three are better than more,
and two better than three, and that one thoroughly competent person who
could spare the time, and if necessary call to his assistance pomologists in the
different sections visited at the time of examination, would be far better than a
greater number, and the work would be done with less expense and more ef-
fectually. This person could take abundance of time, and should be allowed
a reasonable compensation per diem for his work.

THE COMMITTEE MAKE THEIR PARTING SALUTE.

It is exceedingly appropriate to say that our acknowledgments are due to
the pomologists of the various places we were called to visit, and especially are
we under many and lasting obligations to our friends of the city of Monroe and
vicinity, to the people of the Grand Traverse region, to the Pomologists of
Spring Lake, Adrian, Battle Creek, Jackson, and Ionia, for the manifold at-
tentions and kind hospitalities that greeted us on every hand. They have
loaded us down with a debt of gratitude too great, I fear, for us to cancel,
with the uncertainties of human events before us. They have our heartfelt
thanks and kindest wishes. We cannot close without contributing our feeble
testimony to the very liberal and generous spirit extended to us by the several
railroad companies, and for the material help in furnishing us free passes over
their respective roads. We would especially acknowledge our obligations and
extend the thanks of our society to the Grand Rapids & Indiana, to the Flint
& Pere Marquette, to the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore, and the Detroit &
Milwaukee Railroads, who rendered us all the aid we could desire in furthering
the progress of our work, and we only regret that the Michigan Central and
the Michigan Southern saw fit to treat our society with a less liberal policy.
These roads are old roads, and haye grown rich in the development of the agri-
cultural and horticultural interests of the State, and would have suffered in no
material manner had they passed our committee over their lines, thus aiding
our society in the same spirit with the other roads of the State. Nor would
we omit to mention the liberality of Messrs. Dexter & Nobles of Elk Rapids,
in placing at our disposal their steam yacht the “Jennie Sutton,” during our
stay at Traverse, and also for their kind invitation to view the scenery around
the inland lakes from Elk Rapids through Intermediate, Torch, and other
lakeg seventy miles distant, and back, free of cost, on their elegant steamer
Queen of the Lakes. It was asad disappointment to us that time would not
permit of our accepting their very kind invitation.

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS. 151

A word further as to the future pomology of our State.

While her cultivators have done much, I might say everything to encourage
them, let no one for a moment believe that he has only to plant and simply
gather his fruits. It will require care,—thoughtful and intelligent care; a
constant watchfulness is demanded at eyery step ; unpropitious seasons, the
excessive cold of winter and the drouths of summer have to be provided for.
Insect depredators are constantly appearing and multiplying their species, re-
quiring his constant vigilance to exterminate or hold in check. Locations for
special kinds of fruit have to be studied, and soils properly adapted to the dif-
ferent species must be selected and deficiencies supplied, and many other requi-
sites must accompany his steps before success is made sure. Still, as I have
said, they have many things to encourage them; the advantages of location,
climate, and variety of soils adapted to the growing of nearly all the valuable
fruits of the temperate zone, are unsurpassed by any State of the union. The
influence of the great lakes by which she is nearly surrounded, modifying the
winter’s cold and checking the summer’s heat through the length and breadth
of our State (for I am not one of those who believe that the influence of these
waters is confined to the narrow limits of a few miles along our western bor-
ders), are advantages enjoyed by none other. Her position, midway between the
*oreat west ” and the} Atlantic States, and within easy range of either, must
ever afford an early market for her productions. Nor is it stretching the line
of prophecy to say that at no distant day the Raisin shall rival the Rhine in
the value of her vintage, and Michigan stand unequaled among the States of
North America in the wealth of het horticultural productions.

THE CODLING MOTH.

ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE IONIA MEETING OF THE STATE POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY BY PROF. A. J. COOK OF THE STATE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

What wonder if some of you, upon noticing the subject of this address to be
given at this meeting, in view of the fact that the same theme has been dis-
cussed at nearly every previous meeting, did bethink you of twice-told tales
vexing the ears of drowsy men; yet I offer no apology for bringing it again to
your attention. Our worthy secretary, so alive to the best interests of pomology
and pomologists, gave ez-cathedra commands that I should do so, and more,
that I should cover the whole ground, explaining every point both small and
great. The whole people demand more information, while the importance of
the subject calls loudly for the fullest investigation, and no less that the
truths, scientific and economic, should be scattered broadcast so soon as
gathered.

Why is it that every newspaper, magazine, and association of France is at
present teeming with discussions of the grape vine Phylloxera? Is it the gen-
erous reward offered for a remedy of the evil? Oh no! but rather that the
extraordinary annual destruction of $300,000 worth of property awakens the
most vehement effurt to learn fully the nature of the evil, its cause and pre-
ventive.

CODLING MOTH.
(Carpocapsa pomonella—Linn.) Sub-order Lepidoptera. Family Tortricida.

The Codling Moth is the Phylloxera of our fruit-men, which, to quote from
Secretary Thompson, destroys annually more than the State Agricultural Col-
lege has cost, from first to last, and will, unless checked, destroy enough in ten —
years to pay for our State Capitol. How wise then to give it a full discussion
at each and every one of our meetings, till the perfect knowledge of its natural
history and habits is the common property of all the pomologists of our great
fruit State.

I am the more willing to discuss this subject again at length, as from my
own researches, and those of others, I am enabled to speak more fully and defi-
nitely in respect to many of the phases in the history of this interesting
insect.

Should I fail to be sufficiently explicit in any particular, I hope that in the

THE CODLING MOTH. 153

discussion which shall succeed the lecture attention may be called to such
points, that eyorything may be made entirely clear to every one.
> The Codling Moth at this time, or dur-
ing the winter, hibernates as a larva (see ¢
sees TH “eut), or in common parlance a worm;
w yet this larva is not at all unprovided to
”’ resist the winter’s cold, for ere it betook
itself to its long quiescence, it spun its
silken robes or cocoon (see 7 in cut), not
to assume the pupa state, for usually from
the time it spins its cocoon, which occurs
from the middle of August even to Decem-
ber, it remains a worm or larva usually
till the next spring. Nor has its won-
drous instincts left it all exposed to those
best friends of the husbandman, the in-
sectivorous birds, for this larva does not
don its winter robes till snugly ensconced
(a) Portion of apple eaten ; (8) Place of in some crevice, under some bark, beneath
entrance ; (¢) Larva leaving the apple; (@) some board, or forsooth within the foldsof
Pupa ; (f) Imago with wings folded ;
Same with wings expanded; (2) Head of Some suspended cloth or paper, it seems
larya magnified ; (/) Cocoon. hidden from clamorous bluejay or prying
sap-sucker.

PUPATION OF WINTER LARVA.

Thus these whitish larve, often tinged with pink, less than three-fourths of
an inch long, with black head, sparsely covered with hairs, and possessing six-
teen legs, remain till two or three weeks before the moth appears, when it as-
sumes the pupa condition (see din cut). ‘The pupa is brown, less than one-
half of an inch long, while along the back of each segment or ring (these
rings along the posterior of the chrysalis are plainly marked features of all
lepidopterous pupz), may be seen two transverse rows of minute spines. After
remaining in this condition for two weeks, more or less, they change to the
imago state (see f and g in cut).

WHEN DO THE SPRING MOTHS APPEAR ?

Dr. LeBaron, in his admirable discussion of this insect, contained in his third
annual report as Entomologist of Illinois, gives as the time of the appearance at
Chicago from May 12th to May 20th, which dates agree with my own experi-
ence for several successive years. Prof. Riley, State Entomologist of Missouri,
whose good work in scientific and economic entomology has carried his name
and fame even to Europe, saysin his fourth annual report that the spring moths
come with the apple blossoms. Now while these statements are generally cor-
rect, the past season has given a strange and wonderful variation, which may
teach us that we should glean very many and oft-repeated facts in natural his-
tory before generalization is safe, for true it is that these spring moths ap-
peared in our State as early as February. Noticing in a February number of
the South Haven Sentinel that L. H. Bailey of that place,—who, by the way, is
setting the youth of our State an example worthy of imitation by his earnest
work in natural history,—reported to the pomological society of that place the
appearance of codling moths, thinking that there must be some error, I sent

20

154 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to Mr. Bailey and obtained some of these early visitants, which surely enough
were the veritable carpocapso pomonella. In April they commenced to appear
with us in Lansing, and thus on I saw moths flying till the very last week of
June.

DESCRIPTION OF MOTH.

Right here let me describe the imago (see f and g in cut), for true is it that
there is an astounding ignorance, even among our leading fruit men, as to the
appearance of this moth. Only last summer one of the most intelligent and
best informed pomologists of our State came to my house and reported the
codling moth in swarms about his apple trees. Upon inquiry I found this was
a daily occurrence; I told him this must be incorrect, as the codling moth
was nocturnal, not flying by day unless disturbed. I then asked the color, and
found that they were white. Surely the ignorance as to some of our most com-
mon insects is quite as extreme, and far more rea], than was that of the affected
Miss who, upon return from boarding-school, asked her brother if those hay
stacks were plows.

The moth with wings folded is three-eighths of an inch long, and expands
more than six-eighths of aninch. The head, thurax, and abdomen are slim,
—the two former gray, specked with brown, while the last is ringed alternately
with gray and brown. The primary or fore wings are beautifully mottled with
gray and brown, while towards the tip is a large brown spot, with the lustre of
copper; beyond this and tipping the wings is first a gray, then a brown band.
The secondary or back wings are a lustrous brown with a light fringe. Be-
neath, the primaries have a copper lustre, while the secondaries are more gray-
ish. The eyes are black, between which are situated the antennx, which are
about two-thirds as long as the body. The tongue, or sucking-tube, is not
obsolete, as might be supposed, but is about twice as long as the head.

HABITS OF THE MOTH.

These moths, I have found by repeated experiments, will not live in confine-
ment more than a week; that they are as short-lived when unconfined is
doubtful.

Many lepidopterous insects take no food when fully matured, or in the imago
state; yet I have found, as reported by Dr. LeBaron, that they will sip sweet-
ened water when in confinement. As Dr. LeBaron states, they doubtless sip
the liquid sweets of flowers, very like the apple blossoms.

These moths are nocturnal, remaining quiet and concealed by day, though
they will move if disturbed. They are seldom seen except they pupate in our
cellars or kitchens, and eoming forth usually in the night fly to the windows
in their desire to get where they may revel in the midst of perfume and bloom,
and are impaled on the window pane, where they remain often for two or three
days. Last fall (1873) we kept affected apples in our kitchen, and all through
the weeks of late spring and early summer my wife caught these moths upon
our windows, some of which I have brought along that you may examine them
and hereafter know the moth.

These moths soon pair, and then the female is ready to sow the seeds of
future destruction,—for which work she is well prepared, as by examining her
ovaries with a high power we may count as many as fifty eggs. Many of you
are familiar with the fact that in examining the ovaries of our fowls we find
groups of eggs of different sizes; these groups develop successively, from those
with largest eggs to those with smallest, at successive periods of ovulation or

THE CODLING MOTH. 155

egg laying. This is no truer of fowls than of all our higher animals, even to the
genus homo. Now, Dr. LeBaron claims to haye discovered such gradations of
size in the ova of the codling moth, and thus reasons that the moth, under
normal conditions, doubtless lives for quite a period that the lesser ova may
develop. I have been unable to find such gradations in the size of the ova,
even with a high power. If their longevity is greater than one week, it seems
strange that they die so soon in confinement, as moths and butterflies, if vir-
gins, will often, aye generally, outlive their sisters who are subject to the usual
conditions. I have myself confirmed the truth demonstrated by the renowned
Reamur, who kept a virgin butterfly for two years in his hot-house, by keeping
virgin moths alive for weeks, when in nature they would scarce have lived
so many days. Hence from analogy we would pronounce the moth as short-
lived. After all, Dr. LeBaron may be right. Positive experiment, not induc-
tion, settles points in natural history. We shall speak again as to these dif-
ferent sized eggs and their bearing on the longevity of moths in the sequel,

WHEN AND WHERE THE SPRING MOTHS LAY THEIR EGGS.

As we have seen, the spring moths are extant from the time the trees blos-
som till the very last of June. So we may say that egg-laying by these moths
commences as soon as the young fruit forms, and continues through June.

These eggs are, with scarce a single exception, placed on the calyx or blow
of the young fruit. During the last of May of the past season I found num-
bers of these tiny eggs thus placed, and showed them to my pupils. If farther
argument was needed on this point, we have it in the persistent path of entry
of the young larva, which is invariably by the withered blossom of the fruit to
the core.

Another question of much interest relates to the number of eggs deposited
in each apple. Here one can answer with positive certainty that only one egg
to an apple is the rule with the codling moth. Upon very thorough examina-
tion during the past season, I never found two eggs on the same fruit. Again,
very early in the season I never found two larve in the same apple; and when
later I did find two larve in a single fruit, one was invariably smaller, a point
which has been remarked by many entomologists. This smaller larve was
evidently from another mother. Why the moth thus scatters destruction so
broadly can but be conjectural. Professor LeBaron suggests that early the
apples are so small that two larve would find too great a struggle for life, hence
it may be that natural selection has developed this peculiar instinct. That
this same practice should adhere later, when the necessity has disappeared,
would argue that instinct, not reason, was the controlling power.

THE EARLY LARV 4.

After about a week, the time varying slightly with the season, the eggs hatch,
the young larva goes immediately to the heart of the apple, where it has a very
safe retreat in which to laugh and grow fat, being very successful at least in
the latter respect. After about four weeks of reveling in the rich apple pulp,
the mature larva leaves the apple, sometimes througi the old opening of in-
gress, though far more frequently the opening for egress is through the side of
the apple which has been made previous to the tithe of exit. While eating
the larva fills the space eaten out with its feces. These filthy droppings may
be seen in affected apples, forming a projection about the opening at the blos-
som, as also the opening where the larva is to escape. This exudation of fecal

156 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

matter, not unlike iron rust in appearance, enables us to determine affected
apples, even though they are in the very top of the tree.

After the mature larva leaves the apple, it at once seeks some secluded space
in which to pupate. Ifthe apple is still pendant from the tree, the larva either
crawls down the tree in quest of crevice or protecting bark, or perhaps rarely
drops by a thread spun from the mouth to the earth. If the apple has previ-
ously fallen to the ground, the larva comes forth, and in company with its kin-
dred, which possibly has swung down by a rope of its own manufacture, seeks
for a place of concealment. If there is no board, stump, or clod near by,—in
other words if clean culture is practiced, these lary also betake themselves to
tthe tree trunk, and go up as the others come down, and for the same purpose.
Having found the coveted seclusion, the larva soon commences to spin its co-
coon, and having completed this silken covering, and having rested for a brief
period, the larva transforms into a pupa.

THE PUPA STATE.

As a pupa or chrysalis, the insect is mostly quiet, only moving the posterior
rings when disturbed, and in common with all chrysalides, possesses no mouth,
and of course fasts during this period. After a brief fortnight of quiescence, the
anterior extremity of the pupa case bursts open, and the beautiful moth emerges.

Thus we conclude that of this first brood the moths appear from the middle
of May to the last of June, while the larve which come from their eggs will
be feeding from the Jast of May till the last of July, and a few even early in
August, and as the pupa state continues two weeks, the second brood of moths
wil) emerge from early in July (the earliest I have ever reared appeared July
12th), to near tke middle of August. Hence it will be seen that these two
broods overlap each other, the earliest of the second brood of moths coming
forth, doing their mischief and dying, ere the latest of the first brood even ap-
peared.

This second brood of moths conduct themselves very mudh as did the first,
though from choice, as also from necessity in part,seem to select the winter
fruit on which to depredate, and sometimes deposit the egg on other parts of
the apple than the blow—at least the hole where the later larve pierced the
fruit is not infrequently along the side, though in general this is as before.
The later moths, perhaps the late moths of the first brood, often deposit in an
‘nhabited apple,—though this is the exception,—hence the finding of two larva
in the same fruit.

The larvee of the second brood behave in all respects as did the first, bub
tardy ones remaining in the apple even till winter. The larve seem to know
that hurry is useless, taking things very leisurely ; and even though they desert
the apple in August, they only seek a corner to hide in and spin their cocoons.
And what a strange phenomenon we have here; the early larve changing to
pup almost immediately upon maturing, while these late ones, though the
weather may be as warm, though all influencing conditions, so far as we can
see, are the same,—remain as larve for weeks, aye, even months,—generally
even till the succeeding May. Why the numerous exceptions of last year, is a
problem not easily solved. Should we urge the warm season, which we might
do with some show of reason, especially as many other insects, as the tent-
caterpillar, either hatched or developed prematurely, we would doubtless be
answered that South, where the climate is much warmer, this insect’s habits
re the same as here. Thus we are left in the dark.

THE CODLING MOTH. 157

Having thus portrayed the natural history and habits of this incorrigible
pest, we are prepared to discuss the remedies. The great desideratum in the
Way of preventive is to capture the moth, thus nipping the whole evil in the
bud; but as yet we are unable to accomplish this. Yet, having full faith that
man’s wisdom and inventive faculties are entirely commensurate with his
needs, I most thoroughly believe that this discovery is to be made. And, Mr.
President, I would favor the offering of a prize of not less than $100 to the one
who should determine a practical Codling Moth exterminator. If, as Prof.
Riley says, this is impossible, no harm can result; if it brings success (I use
the indicative mood) it would be worth millions of dollars.

The common opinion that lights will attract these moths, and that they
may, in consequence, be destroyed by building fires, is, as stated in the report
of 1872, wholly erroneuus. The fact already noted, that these moths are some-
times seen on the window panes, though in the day-time, may have led to this
opinion, though it is far more likely that it originated in the fact that many
moths are thus attracted, and that even intelligent people are entirely ignorant
as to the special markings of this particular species.

Nor is there warrant for the remark that sweet liquids or adhesive syrups
will entrap them. I have spent considerable time and thought in experiments
of this kind, but as yet with no marked success. It is clear, then, that our ef-
forts must be directed against the larve and pupe.

THE HOG TRAP.

The policy of turning swine or sheep into the orchard has long been adyo-
cated, and of late has an enthusiastic champion in our secretary. Now there
is no doubt but that this method is excellent so far as it goes, and as every
aid in such a contest is worthy to be brought into requisition, so as our worthy
secretary cries “swine” I will add a hearty “amen.” Yet in our enthusiasm
in behalf of so cheap and available a trap, let us not forget that scarce more
than half of the larve ever reach the ground at all, as they leave the fruit be-
fore it falls, and hide about the trunk or limbs without ever leaving the tree ;
and as swine are very far removed from those beings which are said to possess
wings, they are all powerless in the destruction of about half of these insects.
Asa society we ought not to stop short of the very best remedies known in our
recommendations. While we may mention the less useful ones, we should
emphasize the most perfect.

That only about half of the larvae do come to the reach of either swine or
sheep may easily be determined by each of you. Examine affected apples
never so early in the season, which are still hanging on the trees, and that too
on trees which drop their apples the worst, and you will almost invariably find
that full half of the apples are empty of the larvee; and closer examination
will reyeal the culprits concealed about the branches and trunks. That these
did not swing to the ground and crawl upI proved by the following experi-
ment. I took a tree under which there was nothing that could secrete the
larve, and the bark of which was perfectly smooth ; around this tree I put five
bands. Six examinations of these bands gave five hundred and forty larve,
which were distributed as follows: The lowest band gave one hundred and
eighty, the second ninety-seven, the third thirteen, the fourth sixty-eight,
while the upper band gaye one hundred and eighty-two. We thus see that the
two topmost bands caught two hundred and fifty larve, the lowest two hun-
dred and seventy-seven, and the middle one only thirteen. The limited num-

158 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

-ber under the middle bands is quite significant as showing that very few
passed three bands either from above or below.

Professor LeBaron, after some very admirable experiments with bands, con-
cluded that only one-half the larvee ever reach the ground.

Both Prof. Beal and Mr. Garfield have examined closely the past season, and
both gentlemen found that a majority of the apples were deserted before fall-
ing from the trees.

Thus we see that hogs, though good, especially where orchards are not free
from stumps, or are not kept clean, can never more than supplement the
better remedy. ‘Then, Mr. President, shall we as a society adopt a wise course
if we make swine our clarion note, while afar better remedy is in easy reach of
all? Or shall we not the rather give to the hogs the minor key, while bands
shall sound out clear from the major.

BANDS.

It is gratifying to me to find that all who have been wise and used the
bands, finally adopt what have from the first seemed best to me. The woolen
cloth bands, four or five inches wide, and passed once around the tree and
fastened with a long tack, which is not driven fully to the head.

WHEN AND HOW TO MANAGE THE BANDS.

The bands should be adjusted by the 20th of June, as very soon after this
the larvee will commence to leave the apples. The first examination should be
made the first week of July, which, very likely, in late seasons may be fruitless,
though so early an examination is safest. If such trees as the Early Harvest
are first examined, we may soon learn if we are too early. It is very evident
that the period between successive examinations should never exceed the
briefest period of pupation. And Prof. Beal’s experiments the past season of
excessive heat, prove that twelve days is too long. Bands cleared entirely of
cocoons, and then examined in twelve days again, revealed many empty pupa
skins, showing that the bird had flown. So we say examine every ten days.
As all the first brood have developed by the last week of August, and as the
second brood do not leave the cocoon till the next year, no examination need
be made after the last week of August till early winter, when a last thorough
examination should be made.

To recapitulate: adjust the bands June 20th, and examine the same July
Sth, 18th, 28th, August 7th, 17th, 27th, and December 1st.

HOW TO DESTROY THE LARV Z.

Upon thorough consideration of the subject, I think there is no way of des-
troying the larve equal to that of withdrawing the tack, carefully unwinding
the band, and crushing all larve and pupe with the fingers. Prof. Beal agrees
with me that for safety and speed there is no method equal to the above.

Of course all good pomologists will keep the rough bark all scraped off; this
may be done at any season of the year. Smooth trees are most benefited by
the washing with soap-suds, the first of June, which no one can afford to omit.
Of course without the removal of the rough bark the bands will not do their
full work. Clean culture, and the removal of all wood, boards, etc., beneath
the trees is very important; especially if we dispense with the hog-trap. Those
who have not yet used the bands should seek out and destroy the larve under
the rough bark of their trees during the winter, while all should destroy all of
the larvee which may have hidden in crevices about their apple bins and bar-

THE CODLING MOTH. 159

rels. The little silken cocoon will give quick indication of their presence or
wherealaouts. Yet these insects are no exception to the rule of insect secre-
tiveness, and we can not hope to destroy even a moiety of these cellar residents.
Why could we not arrange to have our apple-cellars moth-tight, and then by
the first of May shut them up, and thus effectually cage these miserable mis-
chief-makers ?

DR. LE BARON’S THEORY AGAIN.

We have seen that the first brood of moths are around as late as the last of
June, while their pupe all disappear the last of August. Now remembering
that the eggs exist one week before hatching, the larve four weeks eating, the
pup two weeks quiescent, where, then, is the time for the moths, that those
smaller ova may develop? Yet, supposing that the second brood of moths
have those smaller ova, which have to develop for some days, mayhaps weeks,
within the ovaries, and that the moths are sufficiently long lived for this, and
we may have the solution of the enigma which inhabited apples, even in De-
cember, present.

NATURAL ENEMIES.

Among the most important of these are tke birds, especially the robin, blue-
bird, and sap-sucker. Could I put before you an exact showing of the enor-
mous benefits from these feathered friends, I am sure you would be filled with
astonishment, admiration, and gratitude. This is why some of our fruit men
have erroneously supposed that a single “ worm” run riot, and instead of play-
ing havoc with a single apple or pear, destroyed dozens. Why, say they, the
“worms” are but a small fraction in numbers to the injured fruit. Yet they
neyer saw a full grown larva in an apple without seeing at the same time a
large excavation, showing that the devastator is no new comer. Could they
haye seen the thousands, aye, millions of larvee which haye been picked up by
their bird friends, a friendship too often one-sided, they would reason better.
Especially serviceable in this good work is the sap-sucker. Prof. Beal objects to
the paper bands, because they become so riddled with holes by these vigilant
benefactors in quest of these destructive larve and pupx. Nor do they tire
with the coming of those “ melancholy days, the saddest in the year,” for all
the long winter through they are still engaged in the same worthy labor.
How mean, then, to denounce them because they occasionally seek to gratify
their architectural taste by huney-combing some evergreen or fruit tree, that
they may rinse down their larval tidbits by lapping the oozing sap, even if
they do semi-occasionally, nay, quadri-occasionally, destroy a tree. Oh, that all
of us were as sure, when the books are opened, of as bright a record of noble
philanthropic work as these birds!

Last July I received a letter from Hon. Henry Chamberlain of Three Oaks,
Berrien county, in which he stated that Mr. R. B. Goit had discovered a worm
which preyed upon both the larve and pupe of the codling moth.

I afterward corresponded with Mr. Goit in regard to this “ worm,” receiving
from him specimens of the same, with a more full account of their good work.
These “ worms” are more properly grubs, or the larve of beetles. I did not
succeed in rearing any of them, but sent one to Prof. C. V. Riley, who pro-
nounced it the grub of a beetle of the family Clerid@, a family which contains
the grub or larve which, in Europe, destroys the young bees. Another of
this family also destroys hams, often doing ruinous work.

I think Prof. Riley is wrong, and that this larve rather belongs to the family

160 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Trogositide, and if not the identical species, is nearly related to the grub de-
scribed by Dr. Le Baron, as found by Dr. Reed in Muscatine, Iowa, in his third
annual report, page 182.

These larve are whitish, depressed, tapering anteriorly, with a brown head,
and with two brown spots on each of the first three segments. The last seg-
ment terminates in a horny plate, extending backwards in two horny spines,
The specimens sent me ranged from Jess than a quarter to more than a half
inch in length. I presume the latter may have been nearly full grown, though
Mr. Goit stated that he had seen them one-third larger. I think these are of
the genus Trogostla, possibly 7. corticolis, Mel., which Dr. Le Baron has taken
under the bands, and which I have frequently taken at Lansing. I hope the
following season to remove all guesswork in the matter.

Mr. Goit, who, by the way, seems an excellent observer, saw these grubs de
your both larvee and pupex, but mostly pup, which were eaten in large num-
bers. Some pup enclosed with those sent to me, were used for a lunch while
en the journey.

Prof. Riley describes the larve of two more of our common beetles, Chanuli-
ognathus Pennsylvanicus, and Telephorons bilineatus, Say, both of which feed
on the larve of the Codling Moth.

These beetles, specimens of which I have before me, are soft-winged, belong to
the family Lampyride, which also includes our common fire-fly, or more
properly fire-beetle. ‘These beetles feed on the honeyed sweets of flowers, and
during the bright September days of last autumn, I caught a large number of
the former, which fairly swarmed on our Minnesota bee plant, which, from its
showy bloom and myriad insect visitors, was an attractive feature at our
apiary.

These grubs, as described by Prof. Riley (see his 1st and 4th reports), are of
a rich, velvety brown, with longitudinal rows of lateral black spots. The last
named has an interrupted dorsal stripe of white. These beetles are caught in
bottles of sweetened water suspended in the trees, which, as we thus see, are
not only valueless, but a positive evil.

Nothing need be said in reference to parasites further than what appeared in
the report of 1872.

I have thus risked taxing your patience by this detailed account of one of
our worst insect pests, believing that the importance of the subject would far
more than justify it. Not to weary you longer, I close with the following
amended summary from Prof. Riley’s third report:

“The Apple Worm or Codling Moth is an important insect. There are two
broods a year, and the second passes the winter within the cocoon in the larvae
state. Use sheep or hogs in the orchard whenever it is possible to do so. Put
no confidence in lights or bottles, but rely on the bandage system. Have the
bandages in place by the 20th of June, and destroy the cocoons, larve and
pup underneath them every ten days, commencing, when necessary, as early
as July 8th, continuing till August 30th, and again at the close of the season,
after the fruit is harvested. Destroy, as soon as the ground thaws in spring,
all insects within cocoons found around store-houses, or under bark, where
trees were not bandaged the previous year. Urge your neighbors to combine
with you in the work.

HOW. PLANTS . GROW.

AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT IONIA,
DECEMBER 2, 1874, BY PROF, W. J. BEAL, AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE, LANSING,

SOURCE OF FOOD,—ELEMENTS NECHSSARY.

All substances, so far as known, are made of a little over sixty simple ele-
ments.

Chemists have proven that fourteen of these elements (bodies which have
never been decomposed) are essential to the growth and maturity of every
common flowering plant, and of animals too, since they feed upon plants.

One of the most common and characteristic elements of plants is

Carbon, (C.) which exists nearly in a pure state as charcoal, lamp-black,
black lead, and the diamond. It constitutes about 46 per cent of plants.

Oxygen, (O.) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, constituting a large part
of the air we breathe. It combines with most other elements with great read-
iness. It constitutes more than one-half of the aggregate materials of the
globe, about 40 per cent of plants.

Hydrogen, (H.) is a gas without color, odor, or taste. It is the lightest sub-
stance known. It unites with oxygen to form water. United with carbon it
forms the chief ingredients of many compounds, as volatile oils, coal gas, ben-
zines, tallow, etc. About five and a half parts out of 100 in plants by weight
are compounds of hydrogen.

Nitrogen, (N.) is abundant in the air, as an inert gas, without color, taste,
or smell. It constitutes about two per cent of plants, existing in a greater
proportion in the seeds, and young stems and leaves which are edible.

Sulphur, (S8.) is well known as a yellow substance in the form of brimstone.
It exists in small quantities in all plants, perhaps 15 parts in 10,000.

Phosphorus, (P.) is never found free in nature. It consists of about four
parts in 100 of plants. It constitutes the chief value of bones as a manure.

The above are the six most important elements of plants.

Silicon is never found naturally in the free state. Combined with oxygen
it forms silica, an exceedingly abundant substance in sand and in most soils.
The other elements necessary to plants are chlorine, potassium, sodium, cal-
cium, magnesium, iron, manganese. Still others are sometimes found.

The above fourteen elements are chiefly obtained from oxygen of the air,

21

162 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

water, carbonic acid, oxide of iron, chlorides, silicates, magnesia, oxide of man-
anese.

: Water is the most abundant compound in plants. It constitutes 91 parts

out of 100 in fresh turnips, 90 of strawberries, 84 of apples, and 12 out of

100 of dry corn.

It holds in solution the solids, and gases to some extent, much of which are
used to build up the plant.

Plants have the power of decomposing these compounds and of making
new materials of them, or of re-arranging them.

Plants are made up of minute cells. Hach cell wall when alive and active
is composed of two coats, a thicker outer coat surrounding a delicate inner
coat. In wood and bark and some other parts which split or tear into strips
or strings, the cells are long, and usually tapering and overlapping at the ends.
In the pulp of apples, peaches, shells of walnuts, vegetable ivory, leaves of
mosses, all sea weeds and fungi and lichens, and many soft and delicate parts
of plants, the cells are not more than two or three times larger in one direction
than in the other. The outer cell wall, which alone remains in many mature
cells, is composed of cellulose, which is found nearly pure in cells of cotton
and fibers of hemp and flax.

TAgnin is found with cellulose in woody fibre and hard shells of nuts, ete.

Starch is free in the cells of wheat, corn, potatoes, and many other plants.
This is the form in which many plants lay up a store of nourishment for fu-
ture use.

Dextrine is starch in a soluble condition.

All bodies in the cellulose group contain twelve parts of carbon, and ten,
eleven, or twelve molecules of water.

Besides these there is a group of vegetable acids, as oxalic in sorrel, malic in
apples, tartaric in grapes, citric in lemons.

There are fats and oils, resins and wax, containing much less oxygen than
exists in the cellulose group. They are mostly composed of oxygen and hy-
drogen.

Lhe albuminoids or protein bodies differ from the above in containing five
elements instead of three. They contain fifteen to eighteen per cent of nitro-
gen, a little sulphur, and sometimes a small amount of phosphorus.

The albuminoids are abundant in seeds and all young growing plants. Al-
buminoids exist in the sap of all plants in small quantity. Such parts also
contain vegetable fibrin, gluten, caseine. The exact formule of all these is un-
certain. ‘They are easily decomposed. They are very important in food of
animals. Albumen is found nearly pure in the white of an egg.

Chlorophyll (leaf green) exists in small quantities in all parts which are
green. It isin the form of granules floating in the transparent cells. Prof.
Johnson thinks the quantity of chlorophyll no greater in plants than dye in
colored fabrics.

The above are the materials of which plants are made. ‘They are the bricks,
lumber, lime, nails, glass, and paint of the structure. Plants alone absorb in-
organic or mineral substances, which are re-arranged or assimilated. With this
assimilated material new cellsare formed. The plant grows.

The dreams of those who studied Liebig’s writings twenty-five years ago
haye not been realized. As I understand it, he. believed any one could ana-
lyze a handful of soil from a field, and then tell just the kind and quantity of
fertilizer needed to produce any kind of crops.

HOW PLANTS GROW. 163

An artificial soil may be made up in just the right proportions of just the
right materials for any crop, and yet be absolutely sterile, because the materi-
als are not in a condition to be absorbed by the plant.

The falsity of this notion need not seem strange to us after considering the
opening sentence in Johnson’s How Crops Feed, which reads: ‘A multitude
of observations has demonstrated that from 95 to 99 per cent of the entire
mass (weight) of agricultural plants is derived directly or indirectly from the
atmosphere.” ‘This does not, of course, mean that plants feed entirely upon
oxygen and nitrogen, the two chief ingredients of air, but that the air con-
tains nearly all, but not all, the other elements in sufficient quantity to sus-
tain plants. These are absorbed by rain and snow and dew, and brought
down to the plant. So much depends upon the degrees and variations of
moisture and heat and light, which are, at most, beyond our control; so little
is furnished by the soil, that it leayes a large element of uncertainty as to the
results after applying any particular fertilizer.

Different varieties of the same species behaye differently under the same treat-
ment.

So much depending upon the weather, we see the need of a good knowlege
of meteorology as well as of chemistry and vegetable physiology.

Time and space will allow me to merely quote a table in How Crops Feed,
page 98, giving the source of food to plants as taken from the atmosphere:

( Oxygen, by roots, flowers, ripening fruit, and by all growing parts.
Carbonic acid, by foliage and green parts, but only in light.
Ammonia, as carbonate, by foliage, probably at all times.
ee Water, as liquid, through the roots.

Plants. wiinous acid t United to ammonia, and dissolved in water through the roots.
Ozone inebetai
| Marsh gas 5 Uncertain.
+ Nitrogen
Not absorbed } Water in state of vapor.
Oxygen, ‘ :
Exhated | Ozone? By foliage and green parts, but only in light.
by Marsh gas, in traces by aquatic plants.
Plants. Water, as vapor, at all times.

Carbonic acid, from growing plants at all times.

Observe that buds, flowers, roots, ripening fruit, ete., give off and take in just
the reverse of green leaves in light.

Although the air contains only 6 parts in 10 000 of carbonic acid, the air of
the soil contains 10 to 390 times that proportion. The composition of plants
changes with their growth. There is the greatest activity while flowering.
They take up different proportions of certain kinds of food at different times
during their growth. They require a change of diet.

The seed of plants requires more of some kinds of nourishment than the
petals, stamens, or any other parts. For example: An analysis of the ash of
the oat-plant shows in the lower stem, of silica 14.1, middle 9.3, upper stem
20.4, lower leaves 34, upper leaves 41.8, ears 26.0, chaff 68, husk 74.1, kernel
1.8. In an analysis of eight parts of the plant (leaving out the seed) the lower
stem contains less silica. Seventy-five years ago, when silica was found in the
straw of wheat and oats, the conclusion was at once drawn that it serves to
stiffen the plant, and serve the purpose of bones in animals,

Johnson says: “Two circumstances, however, embarrass the unqualified
acceptance of this notion.” The proportion of silica is not greatest where most

164 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ig needed to agree with the theory advanced. The upper stem contains four
times as much silica as the lower, and the chaff and husk about thirty-seven
times as much. ‘To make the theory have much weight, we ought to find the
greatest amount of silica where there is the greatest strain.

As before mentioned, all plants are composed of one or more cells. An ac-
tive, complete cell consists in a permanent cell wall lined with a delicate mem-
braue, and within these a semi-fluid called protoplasm, containing a vast
number of very small granules. In some parts of the cell may be seen a round
body called the nucleus, and upon this a nucleolus.

Every fiber of cotton is acell. These are sometimes two inches in length;
but in woody tissue cells are not often over one-fifteenth of an inch long.

Elder pith is made of large cells, but it would take 100 of them side by side to
reach an inch, and about 50 to reach an inch ifplacedend to end. In growing
plants these cells are multiplied with great rapidity, each one dividing into
two or four or more cells. Ina puff-ball sometimes three or four millions of
cells are formed in an hour.

In a very young plant of the highest classes the cells are much alike, but
as they grow older the cells become more diversified in form.

In some of the simplest plants, as the yeast plant, red snow, many other
fungi and minute sea weeds, each plant is a microscopic cell.

The plan of our higher plants is very simple, and consists of only root, stem,
and leaf in some form or other.

If we examine a young apple tree a year old, we shall find it made up of a
lot of internodes and nodes placed above each other, a node at the top of an
internode bearing a Jeaf, which produces a bud just above it. This bud becomes
a branch essentially like every other branch on the tree. The trunk, at last, is
composed of the enlarged young stem. ‘The Designer of all plants has vastly
added to our enjoyment by not making all leaves alike on every plant.

Leaves appear as dry scales on buds, as thick fleshy masses on the bulb of a
lily, as thick heavy leaves on century plants, as pitchers or fly traps, as spines,
as tendrils. They are simple, as in the apple, or compound, as in the rose, pea,
and honey locust. The parts of flowers are nothing but leaves.

Stems of plants exist in great variety. The runner of the strawberry, the
slender stem of the morning glory, the stout stem of the tree, the spine ofa
hawthorn, the underground stem of quack grass and June grass, popularly
called roots, the thickened tuber of a potato covered with buds, the stumpy
cacti of Mexico, and the giant redwood of California, are good examples.

ROOTS

vary too. They are fibrous in wheat or fleshy in the peony and turnip. They
are annual or they may last for years.

Roots elongate at the end only, or rather the one-sixteenth of an inch bark
of the end. In our trees they expand in size by annual layers the same as the
trunks and branches. The soil has much to do with the length and number
of roots. In light, poor soil I find roots of June grass four feet below the
surface.

People are apt to underestimate the length, amount and importance of the
roots of the finer grasses, wheat, oats, ete. Some roots of clover and Indian
corn are large enough to be seen by every one on slight examination. A young
wheat plant, when pulled up, only shows a small part of its roots. They go
down often four to six feet. It needs very careful examination to show that

HOW PLANTS GROW. 165:

clover and Indian corn have any more weight of roots than June grass. They
probably do not contain more.

The roots of a two-year old peach tree in light soil were found seven feet
four inches long. In dry light soil, this season, we pulled up one parsnip three
feet long, and another three and a half feet long. Small roots were even longer.

The noted buffalo grass on the dry western prairies is described in the agri-
cultural reports at Washington as having very short roots, but Mr. Felker, one
of our college students, found they went down seven feet.

The roots grow best where the best food is to be found. They grow in
greater or less quantity in every direction. If one finds good food, it flourishes
and sends out numerous branches. Many of the smaller roots of trees die
every autumn when the leaves die, and others grow in spring. Near a cherry
tree in my yard was a rustic basket without a bottom, filled with rich soil.
On removing the basket and earth, cherry roots were found in large numbers
near the top of the soil. They had grown full of small branches where the
soil was good. Roots in soil will grow up just as well as down.

Every wood-chopper knows that we can tell the age of trees in our climate
by counting the rings or layers of wood on the stump. ‘The cells which make
up the stem are larger early in the year than they are near the close of the
year or time of growth.

The stems of Indian corn and of palms do not have much wood in their
structure.. What they have is in the form of woody bundles or threads scat-
tered without order throughout the stem. We cannot tell the age of a palm
tree by its diameter, but can tell approximately by its height. The woody axis
of a tree is a series of cones placed one over the other, like a lot of funnels,
except that the last one is the longest and completely covers all the rest. We
may tell the age of a young apple tree or peach tree by counting the scars left
each spring where the hard bud-scales fall off. It was once thought that the
heart-wood was entirely dead and served no purpose to the tree except to give
it support, but later researches show that “living processes” go on to some ex-
tent in the heart wood. The growth of wood in our trees is confined entirely
to the cambium, or new layer, each year.

Most flower stalks grow up, but some hang down or bend down and push
themselves into the soil to ripen seeds, as do the peanut and scme polygalas and
wild beans.

Still, most, if not all, young stems grow up and the roots turn down. Vari-
ous attempts to explain this on mechanical principles have all failed. We can-
not tell why they grow as they do any more than we can tell why young ducks
take to the water.

LEAVES

when very young appear as a little projection of one piece,—as they advance
woody bundles or frame work are developed. Leaves have been called the
lungs of plants. In a certain way they are a temporary stomach as well as
lungs. Yet I have known a graduate in a Greek and Latin course to cut off
the leaves from his grape vines to let in the sun to ripen his grapes in Septem-
ber. Leaves are a chemical laboratory, a factory to assimilate raw materials
ready for plant fabric,—to build up all parts which grow.

Leaves put the plant in close proximity to the air and light of the sun. They
regulate to some extent the escape of water, which comes up from the roots.

166 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE CIRCULATION OF THE SAP

is commonly given in the text books as a very simple matter which every
school-boy is expected to know and understand. Late researches indicate to
me that no one yet is able to give good and satisfactory reasons for all the
movements of sap in plants.

At certain seasons of the year some plants are full of sap. If cut or bruised
some of it runs from the wound. A majority of plants, however, will never
run sap if they are tapped at any season.

The sap in a maple tree in spring acts very much as though the bark were a
tight cylinder filled with water to the top. The materials dissolyed in water,
and all taken in by the roots, are called the crude sap. This exists only in
theory, as it is at once more or less mixed with the assimilated sap.

Field and garden plants absorb most of their nourishment through their
roots in the soil.

Soil-water alone does not appear to contain all the materials necessary to
nourish plants, except in very rich soil. The leaves take in carbonic acid.

Some plants thrive in damp air attached to trees which may be living or
dead. They receive their food in the form of air, vapor, or perhaps occasionally
as a liquid.

Some of the higher plants which live in water may take their nourishment
through the leaves as well as through the roots. Some of the lower water
plants (sea weeds) absorb nourishment from the water by all their parts. ‘This
of course must be the case with all our one-celled plants, which are quite nu-
merous in variety and large in numbers.

. Johnson says agricultural plants take mostly hygroscopic water through their
roots. That is a water which is not perceptible to the senses.

Rice, willows, and many other plants take freely what is called bottom water,
or standing water. Some writers maintain that the passage of sap through
plants can be satisfactorily explained on mechanical principles alone, while
others as strongly maintain that it is still unexplained, and attribute the phe-
nomena to the vitality of the plant.

Osmose is one of the mechanical principles usually urged to account for the
rise of sap to the leaves. This may be briefly stated as follows: When two
liquids or solutions are of different density, or have a different attraction for a
porous membrane which separates them, the liquids will usually each pass
through the membrane and soon mix with one another. Endosmosis “ de-
pends upon the attraction of the membrane for the two liquids” (Dalton, p.
295).

If water be one of the liquids and albumen the other substance, the water
will pass through the membrane to the albumen, but no albumen will pass in-
to the water. Other and more complete explanations are given already in
Dalton’s Human Physiology. Capillary attraction is supposed to exert much
influence on the ascent of sap. This is an operation familiar to every one as
exhibited in the ascent of oil in the wick of a lamp.

Unless the air is saturated with moisture much vapor is constantly passing
off through the leaves. This must aid in causing water to enter the roots.
Mr. Herbert Spencer has shown that the motion of plants, swaying to and fro
by the wind, is a great aid in causing sap to ascend; yet, sap gets up easily
enough though, when plants grow in perfectly still places.

HOW PLANTS GROW. 167

DIFFUSION OF LIQUIDS

with each other is thought to assist in the movements of sap. Thomas Gra-
ham divided substances into erystalloids, such as salt, sugar, etc., and colloids
such as starch, gum, and gelatine. Crystalloids move freely through mem-~
branes to mix with colloids, but the reverse is not the case.

There is no fact better established in vegetable physiology than this: that
the sap of plants goes to the green leaves or surface of the plant and there
becomes changed or re-organized into material fit to nourish the plant.

Over 100 years ago, in trees the sap was thought to go up in the young wood
and descend in the cambium layer. Numerous facts seemed to prove this.
A thread or wire tied closely about the tree causes a bunch or ring to form
above it.

In conifere (pines, spruces, cedars, larches, etc.), the wood cells are all
nearly alike. There are no vessels or ducts. In such plants the sap ascends
in the wood cells, passing from cell to cell through vast numbers of partitions
in its course to the leaves. In all woody plants of our climate except the
conifer@, there are numerous ducts or vessels, long tubes much larger than
the wood cells. The older botanists believed (and some of the later) that sap
ascends in these vessels, while mos¢ recent botanists believe the sap ascends
through the woody tissue. The vessels are sometimes full of sap and some-
times full of air.

If a limb containing good leaves is cut off and placed in an alumed decoc-
tion of logwood or magenta, the dye will ascend more or less rapidly, accord-
ing to the evaporation of the leaves. <A cross section of the limb near the
liquid shows all the wood cells full of colored sap and the vessels empty. <A
cross section higher up at a certain time shows a few wood cells full of colored
water, and these are all in the form of a ring just about a vessel. Here too
the vessel is empty.

Herbert Spencer concludes that the fluid goes up in the vessels and passes
sideways to the woody tissue. The mechanical and physical forces mentioned
probably aid in the circulation or movement of the sap, but they alone do not
seem to satisfactorily explain the whole subject. In petals, for example, or
any parts of the flower or leaves which are not green, I have hundreds of times
noticed under the microscope that some of the cells may be filled with a clear
liquid, and others next to them, separated only by a cell wall, are filled with a
liquid which may be deep blue or red or violet. How is this if sap is under
the control of osmose? More than this, orange-colored flowers appear so be-
cause some cells are full of a red fluid while the cells next to them are full of
a yellow fluid. How can we explain the fact that liquids pass up and down
long drooping branches of elms and willows?

In the turnip and beet the crude sap goes from the roots to the leaves, and
then some of the nourishment goes back to thicken the root, which stores up
food for future use, as a bear gets fat in autumn and lives on fat all winter.
In spring the nourishment in the root of the turnip goes again into the stem
and leayes above. By culture and selection a wild, worthless plant on the
coasts of Britain has changed into several forms, and is now known as cabbage,
kale, broccoli, Brussels-sprouts, cauliflower and kohl-rabi. In the cabbage
the nourishment is partly stored in the stem, but largely in the leaves; in
Brussels-sprouts, in the buds or branches; in cauliflower, the flower stems; in
kohl-rabi, the stem is gorged with food. Here the same species is made to

168 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

take Gn several different forms, by using different parts as a storehouse of food
for future use.

In different plants we find nourishment stored away in parts which are com-
monly used for other purposes. ‘he storehouse is in the leaves of the century
plant. In fruits and seeds, we find it now in the cotyledons of beans and peas,
in the albumen of buckwheat and corn, in the calyx of the apple and winter-
green berry, in the top of the flower-stalk in the strawberry, in flowers, leaves,
and stem of the pineapple. It looks to me as though there was some mysteri-
ous faculty or unknown quality in plants which we have not begun to under-
stand. Cut offa branch covered with leaves and insert the top end in a liquid,
whd the water goes freely in the opposite direction to its usual course. ‘T'rees
have been pulled up, the tops buried, and roots left in the air. In this invert-
ed condition, leaves and buds have grown from the roots in air, and roots have
grown on branches in the ground, the trunk serving as a medium either end up.

Sap rises often when there are no leaves on the plant. The wood of the
maple is gorged with sap before the leaves are developed in spring, when the
entire surface of the trunk is covered with dry bark and bud-scales. Cut the
tree on a cold day and no sap comes forth; cut the tree in bright, warm sun-
shine of March, and it flows rapidly. ‘The latter phenomena are explained by
supposing that minute particles of air in the cells contract in the cold and ex-
pand by heat, forcing the sap to rise higher or escape from a wound in the
bark. The escape of water from the leaves is not necessary for the growth of
plants. They often grow most rapidly when the air is saturated with moisture,
as on rainy days, and when plants are confined in a Wardian case.

Quite recently President Clarke and the rest of the Faculty of Massachusetts
Agricultural College, have made some very valuable experiments on the circu-
lation of sap in plants. I can here only refer to a few of them. Of the trees
or plants which produce a flow of sap when cut, “each species has its own
time of beginning,” and running its course till it ceases for the time.

Sap flows slower and with less force as we go up the tree. Some of Presi-
dent Clarke’s experiments showed that a maple tree will run twice as much
sap when tapped on the north side. He has since found that, in most cases,
maples produce most sap when tapped on the south side. When sap is run-
ning insert a gauge in one side of a tree to indicate the pressure; tap the other
side and immediately the gauge indicates a lower pressure. Closing the hole,
in ten minutes the gauge rose again to its former level, by re-absorption from
the roots. A tall maple tapped in the top did not flow a drop; half way down
the pressure was half as great as near the ground.

A gauge in cold weather in spring indicated a suction equal to a 25.95 feet
of water: as the sun came out it changed till it represented a pressure of water
44 feet high. On May 4th a birch tree showed a pressure of water equal to 84.77
feet in height. A birch root, on April 30th, an inch in diameter, a foot under the
cold soil, shaded by trees and leaves and on the northern slope, lying in a
_ horizontal position, was cut off from the tree and a gauge attached to it. At
noon the gauge showed the enormous pressure of 85.80 feet of water. ‘ This
wonderful result showed that the absorbing power of living birch rootlets,
without the aid of the numerous helps imposed upon them by ingenious
philosophers, such as osmose, exhalation, dilatation, contraction, oscillation,
capillarity, etc., etc., was quite sufficient to account for the most essential of
the curious phenomena connected with the circulation of the sap.”

“In conclusion,” says President Clarke, “ we may as well admit that life is

HOW PLANTS GROW. 169

still a special force, and not to be resolved into any other sort or combination of
attractions or repulsions, whether called electricity, osmose, or any other
name.”

In an excellent Manual of Botany recently published by Robert Brown in
England, he says, “ the cause of the ascent of the sap is by no means placed
beyond a doubt.” The eminent German, Hugo von Mohl, one of the best
of authorities who has investigated these subjects, places the circulation of sap
among the unsolved questions.

It is, and always has been thought to be, more difficult to explain the descent
than the rise of sap, and yet our students are asked by our county superin-
tendents of schools to explain the circulation of sap in plants, and Wood in
his text-book, extensively used in our schools, is supposed to explain it fully
in about half a dozen pages.

RESPLRATION.

As was shown by the table, oxygen is given off in the light by foliage and
all green parts of plants. Carbonic acid (CO’) is decomposed, the carbon re-
tained and the oxygen given back to the air. By this process plants are taking
up what is given off by animals and what is deleterious to them; they give off
oxygen, which animals must have for breathing. This is only one of the
points in which plants and animals mutually aid each other. This is the
beautiful “ compensation ” notion referred to last evening by Mr. George Parme-
lee. It is not yet exploded, although as before stated and shown on the chart,
certain parts give off carbonic acid, and the leaves allow some to run to waste,
or go back to the air at night.

There is no fact better established in the growth of plants than this: that
plants take in carbonic acid by their leaves, decompose it in the light, retain-
ing the carbon and giving off oxygen. Less carbonic acid is given off by
healthy growing plants than is absorbed. This is beyond controversy.

Fungi, that is toad-stools, puff balls, moulds, and the like, are plants which
do nothing,—or assimilate nothing,—but only use that which other plants have
‘collected from the mineral world. They are scavengers,—parasitic in one
sense.

THE EVAPORATION

of moisture from the leaves is well known. It passes off in large quantities
from growing plants, at all times, in air not saturated with moisture.

In the greenhouse at the Agricultural College, thrifty plants of the colocacia,
or caladium, a common, large-leaved plant, have often been seen to give off
water in little drops, coming from a small hole at the end of the leaf. The
water comes into two little veins, one along each side of the leaf, and finally
meets at the top, where the drops may be seen to escape with a little force.
Other plants have been found to do the same thing. The water has never been
analyzed to my knowledge. This is not new. Several pitcher plants secrete a
liquid in their pitchers and drown insects, of which they make a rich liquid
manure. ‘The plants are especially contrived for catching insects by stiff hairs
pointing down. Some of them secrete a sweet substance about the mouth of
the pitcher to entice the flies and bugs into the fatal pit, where they are drowned
and eaten up by the plant.

Herbert Spencer thinks he has discovered some apparatus in the leaves to
serve as glands to collect the assimilated sap and then return it to the parts
below. How the sap is assimilated in the leaves no one pretends to know.

a2

170 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GYRATION OF SAP IN CELLS.

In certain cells of many kinds of plants, under the microscope, the sap, with
floating granules, is seen to slowly pass around the sides of the cell like an un-
easy animal trying to escape from a yard. No satisfactory cause has been given
for this circulation. I have watched it for hours without perceiving that any
of the sap passed out or into the different cells.

GERMINATION

is called a growth in one sense. Seeds when moistened, exposed to the air anda
certain amount of heat, germinate. Some seeds will germinate near the freez-
ing point, while the most favorable temperature for growth of seeds of wheat
is 80°, corn and squash 93°, cocoanut 120°. The germinating seeds assimilate
nothing for a while, but live on matter within or next to the embryo, matter
which was deposited there by the parent plant. By the time this is used up,
like the chickens just hatched, they are ready to go alone, and begin to work
for themselves. Sprouting of potatoes in spring in the cellar is a growth which
takes place at the expense of food stored up the year before.

Plants need a season of rest from growth. If a lilac or rosebush, or apple
tree, or grape vine, be watered and warmed and fed continually, it wiil become
diseased and die in a few years. That plants have a season of rest is often if
not always true the world over. Flowering, and especially seeding, is an ex-
haustive process to all plants. If not allowed to flower or produce seeds, they
will become stronger and less inclined to die. Mignonette and many other
annuals so treated will become perennials.

All the higher plants produce seeds after a process of

FERTILIZATION.

There are occasionally exceptions for a generation or two, but probably not
for many years. In almost all the lower plants,—the ferns, the mosses and
lichens on the old logs, rocks and fences, the shining green water plants of the
frog pond, the rust, smut, mildew and mould (which are plants), have nearly
all been found to have something answering to stamens and pistils, or some
kind of fertilization.

Some low water plants occasionally come in contact with each other; the
contents of two separate cells meet and make only one new cell; this grows
and branches by division for a time, when the conjugation of cells again occurs.

Desmids (water plants of single cells, found in our ponds) grow by division.
They also produce spores, answering to seeds, but occasionally—once a year,
perhaps—comes this blending of two cells to make one, called a kind of fer-
tilization.

MODES OF FERTILIZATION IN HIGHER PLANTS.

Intimately connected with this subject of plant growth is that of the man-
ner in which this is brought about in different plants.

One of our plants, smi/az, has such a stinking odor that blow flies lay their
eggs on it, probably deceived, thinking it to be carrion. In this visit the fly
carries the pollen from flower to flower. The agency of wind and insects in
fertilizing plants is a fascinating subject for two long lectures.

Flowers are furnished with nectar and gay colors to attract insects, which
are well paid for their visits. The ingenious contrivances by which insects are
made to serve plants in crossing them is wonderful. “ Where free lunches are

HOW PLANTS GROW. 172

provided, some advantage is generally expected from the treat.” The above
quotation some of you may be familiar with : I am not.

NATURE IS LAVISH.

If a plant is contrived with underground flowers, like our wild violets, which
bear seeds all summer, but little pollen is formed to fertilize each flower ; but
there is enough. If insects are to aid, we find more pollen, and if the fickle
wind is the chief agent, we often find vast quantities (34,000,000 grains in a
conifer, perhaps) for each seed. Nature is lavish with her treasures. All of
our trees and shrubs start with more young seeds (ovules) than they usually
ripen. The cherry, the peach, the plum, haye two in each pit, but seldom
ripen but one. ‘The oak, chestnut, and horse-chestnut have three cells with
two ovules in each,—six ovules where one seed generally ripens. The bass-
wood has five cells, with two ovules in a cell,—ten ovules to ripen but one
seed. Soall over the animal world there is a wise provision made for many
failures.

In growth of plants there is

ORDER AND DESIGN.

There is design in the array of fractions which express the arrangement of
Jeaves and buds and flowers on the stem, in the way the different parts of a
flower are arranged with reference to the other parts, or the leaf near which
they grow. There is order in the way in which leaves are packed away in the
bud, as well as the manner in which they hang from the tree. There is order
in the arrangement of the seeds in the pistil, and in the bursting of the pistils
to distribute the sceds. Plants grow to produce seeds, which are to keep up a
succession.

THE MOTIONS

of plants is a theme of much interest, and for some years have attracted con-
siderable attention. I will ouly mention one or two. The drosera, or sun-dew
of our marshes, is a small plant with leaves covered with sensitive hairs, which
have sticky glands at the ends. ‘These move towards and catch small flies,
which they then proceed to digest and use up. I have seen eighteen small
flies caught on one leaf no larger than a cent. Another foreign plant has two
small leaflets and one large one. The two small leaflets keep up, in warm
weather, alternate, jerking motions, perhaps to scare off the flies,—nobody
knows. The sorrel, and locust, and many plants, change the shape of their
leaves at night. A grape vine or hop vine climbs above the top of a post, then
tips over and swings clear around and around, sometimes making a complete
revolution once in two hours. I have seen a hop vine go up over four feet be-
fore tipping over. Some plants swing around one way, some the other, and
some are indifferent. These are all matters worthy of study.

LIMITS OF GRAFTING.

You all know that we can only graft successfully plants which are closely
related,—plants which at least belong to the same natural order, as the pear on
quince or thorn. I know of some large stumps of horse-chestnut trees which
an ignorant gardener spoiled by trying to make scions of chestnuts grow in
them. The name chestnut deceived him: he had no idea the plants were not
related, and not of the same natural order. He lived near neighbor to J. J.
Thomas, too, showing that one person will not necessarily absorb information
by living near another who happens to be well informed.

172 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

WHEAT TURNING TO CHESS.

I will close with one more example. A year or two ago the editors of a
western paper sent me a specimen which was sent them. It was a small stalk
of chess with seeds upon it, and on one of its roots was the remains of an old
kernel of wheat. The person who sent it says: “ Here is certain evidence
that wheat turns to chess: there is no theory this time, for here is the bearing
chess plant, and there below is the old wheat shell from whence grew the
chess.” Now here comes in one case where some knowledge of the ways in
which plants grow, is of value. Wheat, corn, chess, oats, barley,and many
other plants, are monocotyledonous. From the seed bursts out a very short,
stumpy swelling called the radicle. The radicle becomes quite long in the
common bean and pumpkin vine, and raises the seed leaves out of the ground;
but in wheat, and the large class to which it belongs, this radicle remains very
short,—not more, probably, than the eighth of an inch long. From the end,
in three or more places, burst out some fibrous roots. Such plants never have
tap roots, which I have heard theorists talk about,—self-styled practical men.
If this specimen spoken of grew from wheat, it must have several little roots
close to it, or coming from it, and the stem going above it to the surface. I
placed the specimen in a saucer of warm water and left it over night. The
next morning the part looking like a wheat kernel had separated from the
root. I placed it under a microscope: it was the skin or bran of an old wheat
kernel which a root from the chess plant had grown into after the little nour-
ishment which might be left there. In hunting for plants during my life, I
suppose I have twenty times pulled up a plant which had thrust one root into
a small snail shell; but I never supposed for a moment that the snail had turned
to a root which had produced the plant.

It is an easy matter in almost every case to find the old chess kernel from
which grew the stem above ground. Dig up some of them and gently wash
them: then look with care. Good looking, good eyes, and a knowledge of
how to use them, are a great help to any one.

SIGNAL SERVICE.

BY R. F. KEDZIE, METEOROLOGIST OF THE SOCIETY.

A division of the Signal Service Bureau was established a few years ago by the
general government for the ostensible object of benefiting commerce and agri-
culture. The object of this bureau seemed to be a most laudable one, when we
reflected that if the sailor could have a few hours’ warning of a terrible storm
of wind, he could make all snug above and below and bid defiance to any tem-
pest ; and that the farmer and fruit grower, seeing the signal of danger, could
save at least a portion of his crops from destruction and loss. Then it seemed
as if the millennium had come for farmers and pomologists. We shall suffer no
more from loss of fruit by frost, for forewarned is forearmed. No more loss by
rain, for we shall be warned in season, and our crops shal] be housed in safety ;
and from the State Agricultural College, and from other agricultural colleges
all over the land, petitions were sent to Congress, praying that the Signal Ser-
vice be established.

As the Signal Service has been in active operation for several years, let us
see how well it is doing the work it started out todo. The value of this office
to commerce is very great. By the display of bulletin reports, of reports at
the river stations giving the rise and fall of rivers, of large weather maps, and
last but not least, by the display of day or night signals at designated stations,
on occasions of supposed especial danger, many a ship has been warned of the
threatened storm, and lay snugly in harbor, when to have ventured out on sea
or lake would have been followed by damage to the vessel, or even the loss of
the vessel itself. All honor, then, to the government for reaching out its pro-
tecting hand to those “who go down to the sea in ships, who do business in
great waters.”

But the Signal Service was not designed for the protection of commerce
only, but also for the benefit of agriculture. 'T’o be sure, we receive daily prog-
nostics concerning the weather, but the weather has done its worst and gone
before these reports are received. We have also five signal stations in this
State, viz: Detroit, Grand Haven, Marquette, Escanaba, and Alpena. But as
far as the benefit to agriculture is concerned, these observers might as well be
on the top of Mt. Washington. The Signal Service seems to have turned a
deaf ear to the interests of the farmer and fruit grower, and while sparing no
pains to protect our shipping, has overlooked our corn-fields and orchards.
That the interests of the farmer and pomologist are as important as those of
the sailor, will be readily conceded. When we remember that the capital in-

174 . STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

vested in farms is to the capital invested in vessels as a thousand to one, it will
at once be seen that if timely warning could be given of the approach of
storms that thousands of dollars could be save to this State alone.

Of the extent and severity of a storm, we can have but a feeble idea because
it is unseen. It comes in a wave of cold air, blasting fruit buds and fruit
trees, and is gone before we can protect our trees from its chilling blight.
You remember the Mill River disaster,—how the deacon mounted his horse,
and galloped down that valley of death, giving warning to the inhabitants
that the reservoir would soon give way, and the fearful volume of water
would carry every thing before it. But that body of water went only at the
rate of twenty miles per hour. How feeble a thing compared with a storm!
Here we hare storms extending over a vast extent of country, and proceeding
at the rate of a hundred miles an hour, when it comes in all its terrible
reality and spreads like a great cloud over the land, destroying the prospects of
many a farmer, who, struggling with poverty and sickness to eke out a scanty
subsistence, sees the result of his year’s toil offered up to the insatiable appe-
tite of the elements. ‘Thrice terrible when we know that had he been warned
of the coming danger, a portion of the crops at least might have been saved.
The cold winter storms which do so much damage to fruit, are usually formed
in the wilds of Dakota, that desolate region cursed with Indians, grasshoppers,
and Jay Cooke’s Northern Pacific Railroad. Thence coming down upon us
like a vast polar current, it nips our fruit buds, and compels us to bid farewell
to many of our most delicious fruits.

The Signal Service officer is in telegraphic communication with all parts of
our country. By noting the temperature, and watching the fluctuations of
the barometer, he is enabled to know the severity of storms, and the direc-
tion in which they will proceed. If signal stations could be established in
various parts of our State, and some signal given of the approach of a storm,
such as the raising of a flag, or the firing of cannon, a portion of the crops
could be gathered, at least.

As an example of what may be done for protection of fruits, we will cite a
a single case. In France, when danger is feared from frost, fires of coal tar
are builf around the vineyards, and the smoke floating above them entirely
prevents the formation of frost. Ifin this country we were warned of the com-
ing of frost, might not similar means be tried, and with similar results ?

In looking over the past, what a sad history is presented of the waste of
farm productions which might have been prevented by proper foresight. In
the year 1857, after the wheat was cut and in the shock, several days of rainy
weather caused the grain to sprout, and the wheat was so utterly ruined that
the housewife said that “she had to shut not only the oven door, but the
doors of the house also, to prevent the bread from running out into the yard.”
During one fall, a few years ago, while the trees were loaded with apples, there
was a sudden change in the weather, a few inches of snow fell, and the conse-
quence was, that the apple crop of this section was almost an entire failure.
The signal officer was probably aware of the coming of this storm, and with
signals of warning given at different stations in our State, almost the entire
crop might have been saved.

Many attempts have been made by the people of this State to have signal
offices established, and have failed. The Agricultural College offered the serv-
ices of a telegraph operator, gratis, if the government would establish a signal
station there. The signal officer replied, very curtly, that they had received

SIGNAL SERVICE. 175

hundreds of applications of the same character, and showed very plainly, by
the spirit of his reply, his total indifference in the matter.

In view of these, and many other facts which time does not permit us to
state, I offer the following resolution:

Resolved, That the State Pomological Society memorialize the Legislature of this State, to
pass a joint resolution requesting our Senators and Representatives in Congress to so extend
the scope of the Signal Service as to give the benefits of the Signal Service to agriculture in
the following particulars: First, during the period of active operation in agriculture
(April to November) to give warning, by telegraph at every telegraphic station in the country,
of the approach of storms and of their probable severity ; also of the approach of waves of
cold, their central path, and their probable extent and severity.

The resolution was adopted by a unanimous vote of the Society.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

ITS HISTORY, PROGRESS, AND NEEDS IN THE UNITED STATES.

BY PROF. A. J. COOK, OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGH.

A few years ago that speaker or writer who should be bold enough to even
mention seriously that science might and ought to be applied to advance the
practical arts, would not only have been held in derision by the unlettered and
practical folk, but even his brother scientists would have regarded him as an
unworthy member of their fraternity. The practical man held—as many
hold even to-day—that the idea of applied science was absurd, while the
student of science maintained that his pursuit was by far too exalted to stoop
to the ignoble work of ministering to mere human desire. But it is my happy
privilege to record a very great and rapidly growing change in the opinion of
both the above classes. ‘he leaven of our Christianity has worked in the
hearts of our scientists, and they feel that the noblest of all work is to lighten
the burdens of weary humanity; that while all truth is precious, that truth
which elevates the condition of our fellow man is glorious. On the other
hand, the geological erudition of Murchison, who revealed the vast hidden
treasures of Australia; the researches of Prof. Coste, which established the ex-
tensive business of oyster-planting, leading to the conversion of whole shores
of waste acreage into most profitable plantations; the valuable truths elicited
by the noted Pasteur, who not only discovered the cause, but also a preventive
of the terrible pebrine, which threatened the total ruin of silk manufacture, by
the extermination of the silk-worm ; not to mention the more familiar cases of
Franklin, Morse, Farraday, and,—to come to our own science,—the many
practical discoveries in economic entomology, which enable us to feast upon the
bounties of nature in lieu of yielding up her most priceless blessings to the
hordes of eager insects ever present to snatch them from us—all these results
make the wise producer,—the far-seeing laboring man,—no longer to ignore
scientific research, or to doubt its practical benefits, but rather to acknowledge
its vast importance, and give it all possible aid, that they may reap the fullest
rewards from its most perfect accomplishments. Add to this the fact that
each year records enormous losses, and often deplorable suffering, as at the
present time, through the ravages of the chinch-bug and locust, along our
western prairies, from a foe, before which the farmer and fruit-grower are all
powerless, and we can easily understand why it is that there is an increased

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. LOE

and growing appreciation of the benefits of applied entomology. Thus it is—
noting that economic science is rapidly growing into appreciative favor among
all classes,—that it is no unwelcome labor to comply with the request of the
officers of this society and consider the history, progress and needs of the
special branch with which I am most interested.

You will be surprised to learn that while those animals which claim the
attention of the entomologist—the insects—far outnumber all other animals,
and that while their consideration has been so extensive that Dr. Hagen, who
has published the names of the authors and articles treating of them, had to
employ two large volumes for the purpose, and that while their injuries are so
patent, so extensive, and so difficult to understand and to guard against, that,
especially in this country of agriculture, which bids fair to become the world’s
great granary, you may easily count on your fingers all those who have done
real earnest, telling work in economic entomology. The first person to engage
in this important work labored so nobly and so well that, though the pioneer,
he has searce had his peer in this or any other country. Irefer to Dr. Thaddeus
Wm. Harris. Says an eminent American botanist, in speaking of this great
man: “ Of other genuine naturalists I have read, but he is the only one I ever
knew.” It is said that Dr. Harris’ father composed for Mr. Everett’s youthful
recitation the familiar lines:

“You’d scarce expect one of my age
To speak in public on the stage,”’

which might be thus parodied in reference to his distinguished son :

‘“You’d not expect one in that age
To glean so well from nature’s page.”

Dr. Harris’ indefatigable labor and untiring energy will be better understood
when we remember that, in addition to his extensive duties as librarian of
Harvard College and voluntary lecturer in natural history in the same institu-
tion (and it is an interesting item of history, recorded by 'T. W. Higginson,
that this was the only instruction given at Harvard College in natural history
from 1837 to 1842), he copied the works of those authors which he must have,
but which he was too poor to possess. Says T’. W. Higginson, one of Dr.
Harris’ pupils, in referring to this “ immense preli:ninary labor:” “ The saying
of Rivarol that ‘ genius is only patience,’ never had a better illustration.” Hig-
ginson thus speaks of Dr. Harris’ enthusiasm, which, very like, was more due
to the fascinating subject-matter than to the man: “ Dr. Harris was so simple
and eager, his tall, spare form and thin face took on such a glow and freshness,
he dwelt so lovingly on antenne and tarsi, and handled so fondly his little
insect-martyrs, that it was enough to make one love this study for life, beyond
all branches of natural science, and I am sure that it had that effect on me.”

What better shows the lack of respect for scientific study at that time than
Dr. Harris’ own words, penned in 1839, in a letter congratulating Mr. Double-
day, a noted entomologist of England, and superintendent of the British Mu-
seum, “ As not having to work by stealth, feeling all the time that if discovered
you will be exposed to the ridicule and contempt of those who can not per-
ceive in such pursuits any practical and useful results.”

Dr. Harris’ great work, “Insects Injurious to Vegetation,” first published in
1841, and now published by Orange, Judd & Co. of New York, is truly a model,
being thoroughly scientific, yet so clear and explicit that the most unscientific
read it with eagerness and delight. I regard this treatise of such inestim-

23

178 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

able value that I do not hesitate to urge every fruit grower to add it to his
library, for all will concede that it is incomparable in the direction of economic
entomology.

For this volume, which has saved millions to our country, and which has
been received with enthusiasm in all the countries of Europe, and which is an
imperishable honor to Massachusetts, Dr. Harris received the sum of $175.00.

It will never cease to be a subject of regret, to all who desire the promotion
of science, and especially science as related to practical life, and most of all to
the citizens of Massachusetts, that science could not have had the exclusive
attention of so gifted a naturalist. And I feel more than certain that when
you come to know the importance of his labors, you will not think I have
dwelt too long on this part of my subject.

The next name which deserves mention is that of Dr. Asa Fitch, so long
State Entomologist of New York, whose valuable reports from 1855 to 1861
form, perhaps, the most important part of the very excellent agricultural re-
ports of the Empire State. specially the early reports of this able and justly
celebrated worker, are of exceeding value, as exemplified by the remarks of
competent judges, that they saved annually to that State alone the sum of
$50,000. Surely Dr. Fitch’s appointment was not very bad economy, as his
salary was never more than $1,000. Itis much to be regretted that Dr. Fitch’s
age and strength did not permit a continuance of the good work, and it is great-
ly to be hoped that the great commonwealth will soon find a worthy suc-
cessor.

These reports are very full in their discussion of injurious and beneficial
species, afford us very clear descriptions of those insects which we shall have
most to battle, and are not without most valuable suggestions as to the best
means to wage a successful warfare against our worst insect enemies.

These reports, as issued by themselves, were in such demand that it is ex-
ceedingly difficult to procure copies, but they are given in the transactions of
the Agricultural Society, and of themselves are of sufficient value to warrant
great effort by Agriculturists and Pomologists in securing these reports.

Dr. Fitch, by his most patient and pains-taking experiments, has developed
many new facts in reference to insects already known and described, has dis-
covered several new enemies, giving details as to their history and habits, and
many parasites and predaceous insects, those best friends of the Agriculturist.

I am happy to state that Dr. Fitch, like Dr. Harris before him, was quick to
appreciate the valuable services of the birds, not withholding the just meed of
praise from even the robin, blackbird, or crow, for too well did he know their
surpassing worth as abettors in the work of insect extermination. Very likely
his influence led to the appointment of the Committee on Ornithology by the
Horticultural Society of his State, a feature we might well imitate.

The next person deserving of mention in this history is the lamented B. D.
Walsh, State Entomologist of Illinois. Dr. Walsh was not only a very able
scientist (my respected friend and teacher, the distinguished Dr. H. Hagen of
Harvard University, once told me that he had met no more able entomologist in
the United States than Dr. Walsh) but was so utilitarian in his‘ideas, that prac-
ticality shone in and through all his vast knowledge and able researches. His ex-
centric style, plain, outspoken manner, and trenchant wit, secured the popular
attention no less than that of the scholar. I well remember how, at an enter-
tainment in Chicago, where were gathered many of the ablest scientists of the
Jand, that he seemed the very center of attraction. Dr. Walsh, in common

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 179

with every true scientist, hated all pretension, and was in every respect thor-
oughly honest and genuine.

Many of our worst insect enemies were first described by Dr. Walsh, and by
careful and persistent experimentation, he discovered, and freely gave to the
world many of our most valuable remedies.

The safety with which the true scientist may prophesy, is well illustrated in
many of Dr. Walsh’s articles, as for instance, his predictions in reference to
the new potato beetle (Doryphora 10-lineata, Say), and hateful grasshopper
(Caloptenus spretus, Uhler), which time has fully verified.

Dr. Walsh was about the only entomologist I have ever known, who failed
to appreciate the good wrought by birds. I have sometimes wondered if the
loss of some favorite fruit during the earnest period of childhood combined
with the proverbial “stick-to-it-iveness” of English prejudice, might not ac-
count for this eccentricity.

Dr. Walsh was assistant editor of the first volume, and sole editor of the
second yolume of the Practical Entomologist, published by the Entomological
Society for the years 1866-7. He was also associated with Prof. Riley as editor
of the American Entomologist, in 1868-69-70, up to the time of the sad acci-
dent which bequeathed such a severe loss to our country. He also issued a
valuable report during his first year as State Entomologist of Illinois. I most
earnestly recommend that all our Michigan fruit growers become possessors of
these several yolumes, which I can assure you, you will find unsurpassed in
practical value, and so entertaining that they will attract and stimulate your
children to observation, and help to beget a taste for nature which will prove
invaluable.

Dr. Walsh’s re-appointment as State Entomologist of Illinois, with a salary
of $2,000, together with the speedy appointment of a successor, after his
lamented death, is also significant of the good work he did in practical ento-
mology.

The next name for consideration is no stranger to you, for Prof. Riley’s good
work has been richly appreciated by every thoroughly-informed husbandman
in our country. Prof. Riley labors with great advantage, in that his able pen
is greatly aided by the truthful delineations of a no less skillful pencil, and not
only for his zeal and energy in pushing entomological investigations, but also
for his faithful illustrations, he justly merits the gratitude of us all.

Prof. Riley was the first to describe and unravel the history and transforma-
tions of many of our most destructive insect foes, as instanced by the climb-
ing cut-worm, so destructive along our western coast. He has also worked up
the history of a little moth, not only new to science, but of new generic char-
acters: Pronuba Yuccasella, Riley, on which several of our beautiful Yaccas
seem absolutely dependent for fertilization, and which adds another chapter to
that wonderful story of inter-dependence between flowers and insects com-
menced by the renowned Sprengal and so ably continued by Darwin and oth-
ers. Prof. Riley has also studied up the curious history of that terrible
scourge of Europe the grape Phylloxera: the Phylloxera vastatriz, proving,
as I think, though not satisfactorily to Prof. Glover, that the leaf and root lice
are identical, and that the insect so destructive in Europe is a native Ameri-
can, which, fortunately for us, goes abroad to wreak its worst injuries. Prof.
Riley’s study of this insect demanded a journey to Europe, and for his valua-
ble discoveries he has received not only the praise of Huropeans, but French so-
cieties haye openly yoted him thanks, while the Minister of Agriculture and

180 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

Commerce has bestowed upon him a gold medal in appreciation of discoy-
eries made in economic entomology. As stated in the letter conveying the in-
formation to Prof. Riley, this well deserved compliment is proof that his talents
and labor are recognized by very high and competent judges.

For the past six years Prof. Riley has been doing most admirable and
telling work as State Entomologist of Missouri, and his continuance in of-
fice for all this time with a salary of $3,000, no less than the vehement pro-
tests called forth from all quarters when the governor, in a fit of false econ-
omy, recommended a year ago the discontinuance of his office, show full well
that honor may come even from one’s own country.

Prof. Riley first came into notice as the able entomological editor of the
Prairie Farmer, while his various articles as assistant editor of the American
Entomologist, added essentially to the exceeding value of that periodical,
which I once heard the editor of the American Agriculturist commend as a
model journal. Prof. Riley’s six reports, as entomologist of Missouri, so well
and completely illustrated, form almost a cyclopedia in economic entomology,
and will prove an enduring monument to the wisdom of that State. These
reports are published not only in pamphlet form, but are embraced in the ag-
ricultural reports of that State, and should be found in the library of each
member of this association.

Illinois, fully appreciating the loss which she had incurred in the death of
Dr. Walsh, at once endeavored to fill his place, and was so fortunate as to
select for his successor the present able entomologist of that State, Dr. Wm.
LeBaron, who, by his exact observation, careful statements, painstaking labor,
and striking modesty, reminds one of Dr. Harris. Especially to be commended
is his simple, direct method of stating his points. Dr. LeBaron has made
some valuable additions to entomological knowledge, as for instance the dis-
covery of a minute chalcid parasite (Aphelinus mitilaspidis, Le Baron) upon
the apple tree bark-louse (Aspidiotus conchiformis, Ganelin), as also the means
of transporting this valuable destroyer, that it may be introduced, and its bene-
fits gained by every locality. And the discovery of an improved method of
fighting the canker-worm (Anisopteryz vernata, Peck), which is very opportune
for us, in whose State this insect has done no inconsiderable damage during
the past season.

Dr. LeBaron has now issued four valuable reports, which compare favorably
with those already mentioned. It is greatly to be desired that neither acci-
dent nor other circumstance will remove this second able State Entomologist
of Illinois from the field of economic entomology, all so white for the harvest.

We next speak of Dr. A. 8. Packard, one of the able editors of the American
Naturalist, and author of our best hand-book in entomology, “ Guide to the
Study of Insects.” While Dr. Packard occupies a first place among the work-
ers in scientific entomology in our country, he still has done good work in ap-
plying the science. His three reports as Entomologist of Massachusetts,
though unpretentious in size, are quite meritorious.

I have been frequently asked what book a person should procure who wished
to commence the pursuit of this fascinating science in real earnest. 'To those
who wish not merely to learn the practical part, but who desire to lay hold of
the very foundations of the science, there is no American work comparable
with Packard’s “ Guide.”

This history would be far from complete were I to omit mention of the en-
thusiastic entomologist of the Agricultural department at Washington: Mp.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 181

Townsend Glover. This indefatigable worker has not only described, but very
fully illustrated, many of our most dreaded insect foes, drawing not only the in-
sect but the plant or part of the plant liable to attack, and what is more surpris-
ing, he has done all his own drawing and engraving. It is to be deeply re-
gretted that the Department of Agriculture, so busy in distributing noxious
insects through its often worthless seeds (for several of the most injurious in-
sects in our college cabinet I am thus indebted to the Department of Agricul-
ture) can not set in motion those blocks so beautifully engraved which remain
idly corded in Mr. Glover’s study, and which are so full of promise.

The various societies of our country, agricultural and horticultural, are also
doing good work in this direction, developing new truths through the careful
observation of their many intelligent workers, and especially disseminating
the information already gleaned by others. Itis gratifying to receive so many
evidences that our own society takes high rank in this respect, as it has re-
ceived high and deserving praise for this part of its work.

Our Agricultural Colleges, too, are doing their part in this direction. Both
Towa ana our own college have special professors of entomology, while ento-
mology appears in the course of several others. In these colleges the practical
bearing of entomology receives, of course, a generous share of attention. In
our college all students who pursue the course spend nearly a half year in this
study, which, of course, includes scientific and practical apiculture. In the
museum there is first, a faunal collection of our State; secondly, a scientific
collection, containing one species for each genus; and thirdly, a practical col-
lection, containing plainly labeled specimens of both our injurious and bene-
ficial species, the label also denoting where and how each works its injuries or
benefits. These specimens are always open to inspection, not only by our
students, but also by a// who are interested in the subject. It is the desire too
to conduct the apiary in the most scientific and approved manner, and all the
students are brought personally to engage in the various manipulations re-
quired in successful bee-keeping. Asa proof that these colleges are able expo-
nents in this important work, I am most happy to relate that during the past
year three of the graduates of our college have published quite extensive re-
ports on this subject, two others have lectured several times before farmer’s
clubs, which lectures were afterward published in the local papers, while still
another occupied the position as entomologist of the orchard committee, sent
out by this society. And yet another of our students was employed to take sole
possession of one of the most extensive apiaries in the United States.

Having thus treated so fully of the history of economic entomology in our
country, it is hardly necessary to consider its progress, as gratifying progress is
implied in the history. When we remember the lack of means, sympathy, and
appreciation received by the great pioneer (Dr. Harris), and then consider that
to-day several States have live, active entomologists, well supported and appre-
ciated; that several of our agricultural colleges are forming a very hot-bed for
the growth and nourishment of the science and its application; that the
practical entomology of the United States has already quite a library, though
the work of but a few earnest students; that our agricultural a nd horticultural
press are fully alive to our needs in this direction, and last but by no means
least, that societies all over our land, composed of energetic, practical, intelli-
gent men, are giving earnest heed to the subject, surely we need nothing fur-
ther to assure us that the lever of self-interest is already at work, and has thus
early begotten a considerable progress, which bespeaks far better and more tell-
ing labor in future.

182 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

We next come to the practical part of a most practical subject: the needs of
economic entomology. The first need of which we shall speak is that of
purely scientific investigation ; a need which entomology shares with chemis-
try, botany,—in fact, with all the sciences. It was this need that the immortal
Agassiz advocated so eloquently, and with such telling effect as to lead to the
establishment, maintenance, and wondrous growth of the great Agassiz Mu-
seum, and to the founding by private enterprise of the school on Penikese
Island. And who shall say but that his eloquent appeal in behalf of svientific
research in the beautiful city of the Golden Gate ied to the munificent be-
quests of Mr. James Lick ?

How earnestly, too, did Prof. Tindall urge bequests in this same direction in
his last address in America, and how well did he show his faith by his works,
in devoting the large amount acquired by his lecturing tour in this country
entirely to the promotion of what he so eloquently advocated.

So great is the lack in this direction that many of our most common objects
have never yet been fully irvestigated. That most common of all animals, the
house-fly, though found in all countries, and though so well known as an
imago, never had its life-history fully investigated till about a year since, the
offering of the “ Walker Prize” for its fullest and ablest investigation called
forth from Dr. Packard a yery complete monograph of its development, history,
transformations and habits. Prof. Riley has been teaching for several years
that the common cotton-worm moth (Anomis xylina, Say), that terrible
scourge of our southern States, hibernated in those regions during the winter
as an imago or moth. Mr. A. R. Grate, one of our first scientific entomolo-
gists, having observed for several years in Alabama, states that the moth can
not endure so rigid a climate as that of the cotton States; that they all die
off, and each year suffers from a fresh immigration from regions further south.
If ignorance and doubt are so apparent among the most common and familiar
insects, what shall we say of the thousands which are never seen or dreamed
of,—though often working the most dire injuries—except by the eager, observ-
ing entomologist. Hence we see that both field work and work in the study are
crying aloud for laborers. In respect to scientific investigation we are far be-
hind France, Germany, and even England, where the most able and experi-
enced scientists are employed by government to the almost exclusive work of
original investigation in science; and could our governments, state and na-
tional, be certain of obtaining the right men, they could adopt no wiser policy
than that of keeping them engaged in just such important labor, for only as
the results of such labor shall we know the nature of “yellows,” blight, scab,
ete., etc. Short-sighted indeed are those agricultural writers and others who
scoff at the Bussey Institute and agricultural department of Yale College, even
though no student should ever darken the halls of either institution, so long as
the able professors continue in such important investigations as at present
engage their attention.

Personal observation and careful experiments by the most scientific and cul-
tured entomologists is a most pressing need, and that, too, right here in our
own State. The first demands visits, for the purpose of investigation, to every
part of the State, so that when Mr. Bidwell writes of a new borer attacking the
peach trees in South Haven, Mr. Wm. Strong of the apples being severelv
attacked by a caterpillar in Kalamazoo, Mr. Sleeper of a new weevil attacking
the plum at Galesburg, Mr. Drew of whole orchards succumbing to a new
measuring caterpillar in Oakland, the several cases may receive the most able

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 183

diagnoses, and that at once. These cases, and many more, have been sent to
the writer within a year past.

How apparent, too, the need of experiments, such as require the most
thoughtful, pains-taking, and accurate attention.

We know that white hellebore will destroy the currant slug (Nematus ven-
_ tricosis, Klug), but the equally destructive drop catterpillar (Arbrazis ribearia)
which appeared in great numbers in South Haven the past summer, awaits a
satisfactory remedy, and the same is true of that worst pest of the apple or-
chard, the codling moth. I might mention a score of cases where experiments
were just as imperatively demanded. Does not the great saving to our peach-
men, by the simple method of fighting the curculio, discovered by Mr. Ransom
of St. Joseph, suggest that many of our preventives, which are considered sat-
isfactory, are capable of very marked improvement ?

A third need that economic entomology may work its most perfect work is,
that by free use of the press, all our farmers may learn what is their true pol-
icy in warding off these terrible enemies. For it is imperative that this war-
fare find recruits on every farm, and in every orchard and garden. The most
perfect preventives cannot work their best cure, without the most perfect con-
cert of action. Do you ask how all this can be accomplished? You may de-
mand and see to it, that a State Entomologist is appointed who shall give his
entire attention to this matter, or you may give it solely into the charge of the
Entomological department of the Agricultural College. Heretofore the Pro-
fessor of this department of the College, has had to teach from three to fiye
hours daily, which together with the entire charge of the Zoological and Geo-
logical museums, and the Apiary, has left little time or energy for any outside
work. Iam happy to state that he is to be considerably relieved from such a
press of necessary duties for the coming year, and this will doubtless be more
and more the case, as the College comes to possess more means; in which case
such work and investigations as indicated above, may largely engage the atten-
tion of this department, thus greatly benefiting the farmers and fruit-growers
of the State, as also exerting a valuable reflex influence upon the College itself.
There is no question but that a limited amount of teaching would add to the
influence and accomplishments of the investigator, and it is equally true that
the work as indicated above, in its full scope, would also enable the teacher to
be more efficient in imparting instruction.

Heretofore the College Entomologist has been so occupied that experiments
must needs be very limited, while time for visits and examinations in various
sections of the State, saye in vacations, was entirely precluded. Already the
College has scattered active observing entomologists on farms all about our
State, already has arranged a fine cabinet for study and comparison, which is
much consulted by others than those at the College, already made experiments
which have worked ont some valuable results, and with more opportunity,
which even now is being offered, still greater benefits will be received by the
College, and greater good will be extended to our most important industries
throughout the State.

LAKE MICHIGAN:
HOW IT AFFECTS FRUIT CULTURE.

READ BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BY HENRY 5. CLUBB.

After describing the east shore of Lake Michigan at the Ionia meeting of the
Michigan State Pomological Society, a question was raised by a gentleman
present in relation to the influence of Lake Michigan on fruit culture. As no
one took up this question, I have essayed to introduce the subject as a fitting
Sequence to my former paper. Not that I expect to exhaust it, but enough
will be accomplished if I shall write that which shall eventually lead to an
accredited theory when it shall have been thoroughly investigated.

THE SUBJECTS TO BE CONSIDERED.

The effect of the various seasons on the lake; the influences exerted when
so affected ; the varied temperatures of the atmosphere under certain circum-
stances, and the power and influence exerted by the lake on the adjacent
country, are all subjects of deep interest to the lake shore horticulturist, and
are worthy the most careful investigation.

THE LAKE IN THE SPRING.

The spring season finds Lake Michigan a mass of water nearly covered with
floating ice. The storms of March and the rains of April haying broken up
the ice in the rivers, large quantities of ice find their way to the lake, where
they are driven hither and thither at the mercy of the winds and the waves.
Sometimes there are drifts and gorges of this ice on the west side, but more
frequently it hugs the east shore, and is so extensive that the blue, open water
beyond is scarcely distinguishable from a dark cloud on the horizon, as one
stands on the east shore. None but the most daring navigators with the stout-
est-built propellors will venture through this terribly seething, and sometimes
terrific mass. Milwaukee and Grand Haren are, at present, the only harbors
kept open throughout the ice season.

THE LAKE SHORE ICEBERGS.

The shore is usually protected by a pile of ice from twenty to fifty feet in
height, which has been thrown up during the winter by the action of the
wayes.

LAKE MICHIGAN. 183

EFFECT ON ADJACENT LANDS.

The effect of this floating ice, and this pile of ice and snow on the shore, is
to retard the season. The prevailing winds being from the west, southwest
and northwest, the east shore is kept backward by the cool breezes, which per-
meate the fruit trees and prevent that early expansion of the peach-buds so
much deplored on the west side of the lake, and which renders the destruction
of peach prospects so common every spring in the western and southern States.
Not until summer weather is fairly established and danger of lake frosts over,
does the water of Lake Michigan become warm so as to melt the ice and the
sun dissolve the ice wall so as to allow the breeze which passes over the lake
to permit the expansion of the fruit buds on the peach trees of the eastern
shore.

GRADUAL ADVANCE OF SUMMER.

As the season advances the water of the lake, which has hitherto been so
much cooler than the atmosphere received from south and west, gradually
warms by the influence of the sun’s rays and the land breezes. It is much less
changeable in its temperature than the land breezes. It warms slowly, but
when warmed it retains the heat proportionately with its depth and volume.

CONSERVATIVE TENDENCY.

The effect of this warm condition of the lake water is to prevent sudden
changes on the lee shore. Regularly as the tides of the ocean the summer
breezes traverse the land and water along the lake shore. In the forenoon the
breeze is usually towards the Jake, and in the afternoon a lake breeze comes
over the land, modifying the temperature and making the hottest days of July
and August pleasant and agreeable, healthful alike to animal and vegetable
life. This is the true system of ventilation, of atmospheric drainage, and where
the sloping hillsides are favorably formed, almost certain is the exemption from
summer frosts.

ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE.

As summer proceeds with its work of perfecting fruit, the lake has not only
a protecting but a fertilizing influence. ‘The intense heat of the sun is exerted
on a large expanse of water, and the atmosphere is laden with the moisture
drawn up during the day, and in the dryest season dew comes to the aid of ex-
hausted nature, and, wherever cultivation of the soil is properly attended to,
the cooled earth condenses the moisture and absorbs it, producing the best
possible condition for growth. In calm, summer weather, this condition is
probably best secured along the lake shore, as during strong winds the moist ~
air is apt to be carried further inland before the earth, cooled by cultivation,
can condense and absorb the moisture, and immediate proximity to the lake in
strong summer winds may be no great advantage, but as summer is the period
of calm and the winds are seldom strong or violent, the moist lake air is an
important element of fertilization. Itis a fact, well-established in my observa-
tion of Ottawa county, that land within six to ten miles of the lake is less
liable to suffer during a long period of dry weather than land further east.

SOIL RETAINING MOISTURE NEAR THE LAKE.

Plunge the hand into the loose sand of our lake shore during the most severe
drouth of summer, and you find moisture within a few inches of the surface,

20

186 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

while digging twelve to eighteen inches deep in the ploughed field twenty
miles from the lake will fail to develop any indications of moisture.

THE FALL SEASON.

After serving to enlarge and perfect the fruit by its moistening influence,
the lake is still at work. It again assumes the office of protector, but in a dif-
ferent manner: in the spring it protected the fruit by holding it back, by re-
tarding the swelling of the buds, by its cold atmosphere; but in the fall it
performs its functions by retaining and exerting its acquired heat. The deep
water of Lake Michigan is as slow to give up its summer heat as it was in the
spring to yield its winter cold. It is to Michigan in the fall and early winter
what the Gulf stream of the Atlantic is to Europe. It prolongs summer and
fall weather along its eastern shore, along the western counties of the State, far
beyond the period of killing frosts in the interior counties or on the western
shore of the lake in Wisconsin and Illinois. It keeps off early fall frosts even
more effectually than it avoided or warded off those of early summer. The
fruit upon the latest varieties of the peach and several varieties of grapes have
ample time to perfect to thorough ripeness before the frosts intercept their
work, while the young fruit buds, for the succeeding season, develop, stop
their growth, and the young wood ripens so as to withstand the rigors of suc-
ceeding winter storms and cold.

FALL SEASON PROLONGED IN THE NORTH.

It seems that the gradual flow of water from the southern extremity or head
of Lake Michigan to its northern exit at the Straits of Mackinac, has the effect
of reversing the usual experience in northern latitudes. Instead of cold and
frost setting in earlier in northern than in southern Michigan, the very op-
posite is experienced, and several weeks after peach trees have been denuded
of their foliage at St. Joseph and other regions south, they are in full leaf at
Northport, in Leelanaw county, and other places around Grand Traverse Bay.
The influence of the lake stream ishere as marked as is that of the gulf stream
in England and other portions of northern Europe where the temperate season
is prolonged, along the sea-coast many weeks longer than in the same latitude
on the western shore of the Atlantic, or even in the interior of Europe.

THE LAKE IN WINTER.

Long after the small lakes and principal rivers of Michigan have become
frozen over, Lake Michigan maintains its high temperature and consequent
freedom from ice. Its breezes constantly temper the wind to the necessities of
the fruit grower along our western coast. It remains substantially open, in
fact, during the whole winter, making a difference during every cold period of
from ten to twenty degrees in favor of the peach belt.

FIRST EFFECT OF COLD ON THE BEACH.

The first effect of a sharp frost on the lake shore is a matter of peculiar in-
terest. Before ice forms to any extent on the lake, the effect of a frost on the
lake shore is to coat over with ice the beach and every article upon it near
enough to be touched by the spray. Walking along on the beach of the lake
when the temperature is down to 20° or 15°, everything is not only glazed over
with ice, but is frozen fast to its place on the sand. You see a beautiful peb-
ble glistening in the sunlight, you naturally stoop to pick it up to examine the
dazzling object, but to your disappointment the stone is fast, and your effort is

LAKE MICHIGAN. 187

in vain. The sun darting his full rays upon the scene and the whole shore is
illuminated with dazzling brightness. Every stone, the sand, and even the
usually dull and uninteresting drift-wood reflects with brilliancy the clear,
bright rays. ‘The cold continues; the waves dash with monotonous music on
the shore, and the ice thickens on the beach. Drift-logs from being thinly
coated with ice gradually assume new forms. Icicles form rapidly ;

«The pendant icicle ; the frost-work fair,
Where transient hues and fancied figures rise ;’’

every particle of drift-wood becomes an object of interest and of beauty; the
ice combines, perhaps, with snow, and form objects of beauty in form,
exceeding in grace and exquisite delicacy the finest creations of the sculptor’s
art. Forms arise as different from the original log or stone as can well be
imagined, all dressed in the purest robes of white and crystal. No matter how
common the shape or how worthless and unsightly the drift, it is now reformed
and renewed into an object of surpassing and astonishing interest. The forms
are so varied that every step is accompanied by a new surprise. The scene
becomes bewildering, and the idea becomes irresistible that the simplest oper-
ations of nature can suddenly transform the most commonplace objects into
subjects for wonder, admiration and enchantment.

A NATURAL BREAKWATER.

All these works of sculpture are produced when the lake is in its ordinary
mood without extra commotion. As winter advances the ice thickens, and
snow perhaps mingles with the spray still more abundantly ; every day a new
aspect is presented by this new-formed shore. Beginning with these simple
and afterwards wonderful formations, if the cold continue, the bulk of ice and
snow increases in thickness until it assumes the form of an immense but some-
what irregular wall, skirting the lake at the point where the force of the waves .
is usually expended. This wall forms a natural breakwater, against which the
wayes dash with a violence increased by the stubbornness of the resistance it
presents to the course of the waves up the beach. ‘The greater the resistance,
the more abundant the spray, and, with the temperature of the air perhaps
near to zero, every assault made by the waves increases the height and thick-
ness of the barrier. So far from breaking down the wall, their action adds to
its strength, until it becomes an imposing barrier.

WINTER STORMS.

But all this comparatively quiet work is only preparatory to the coming
conflict. The lake, as the cold continues or increases, becomes partially covered
with ice, which is broken up into pieces by every windstorm. This broken ice
is dashed up with great violence against the ice-formed barrier on the beach,
and in violent storms thrown completely over the ice wall, is piled up upon
it and greatly augments its breadth and height. Storm after storm succeeds,
until what was once simply beautiful in its form and sunlit glittering, be-
comes now grand and majestic. Ice is piled on ice, and the whole dashed
with water and frozen until a solid mass is formed firm as a rock, rivalling the
lake-bluffs and hills in their height and dimensions, and far exceeding them in
brilliancy whenever favored with a brief interval of sunshine.

188 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

EFFECT OF THE WINTER’S WORK.

But what has all this commotion and this gigantic wall-building to do with
the effect of Lake Michigan on the fruit-growing of its eastern shore? I re-
ply, it is the method this lake has, not only of protecting the ordinary banks
of the lake from incursions during the winter storms, so that the farmer on
the shore may not lose his acres, but this mass of ice forms one of the princi-
pal agencies of the lake in retarding the expansion of the peach-buds during
the spring. It is the great refrigerator or reservoir of cold that holds back the
peach-buds until the danger of a late frost has passed. It is the fruit-grower’s
ice store, piled up without any of his labor and placed just where it is needed
for protection from that sudden transition from winter to summer so remark-
able in this latitude. Under its cooling influence the peach buds “ bide their
time ” and do not burst into blossom until danger of blighting frost is over.
This accumulation of cold, so to speak, is just as important in the spring as
was the store of warmth in the fall. The whole effect is to prevent sudden
transition from heat to cold and from cold to heat. The lake is the great
evener of the temperature at all seasons, counteracting all extremes of tem-
perature and modifying the effect of all sudden changes.

THE SNOW DRIFT.

Nor is this great ice wall and its accompanying fioe of broken ice in the
lake, important as they are, the only provision made by the lake to protect the
fruit husbandry of the adjacent country. The operations of the lake breezes
on land during the terrific snow storms of winter are of similar importance.
The snow that would, were it not for the wind, fall on the lake, is takem over
the coast, on and on, from one to six and frequently ten miles, where it is
drifted to great depth. Were it not for the wind this snow would cover the
ground twelve to twenty inches evenly, and the first few days of warm weather
would dissolve it; but piled in immense drifts it continues for weeks giving
forth its cooling influences gradually; retarding vegetation in locations that
would otherwise be but little benefited by the lake, and thereby carrying lake
benefits further inland than could be secured without. So important is this
snow drift regarded by some fruit men that I have heard it claimed as mark-
ing the true peach belt. But I am inclined to regard it as a wise provision for
widening and increasing the security of that belt.

WHERE THE DRIFT FORMS.

This drift does not form in gulleys or on low spots alone. It is just as like-
ly to form on high as on low land, wherever some obstruction to the course of
the wind renders the location favorable for a drift. A peach orchard that is soe
located as to attract the drift, as is often the case within the limit named,
secures almost certain protection from winter and spring frosts. In such
localities figs could be grown with almost the same certainty as peaches, the
snow being a most perfect protection for these exotics.

THE ROUTINE.

I have now passed in review the operations of Lake Michigan during the four
seasons of a year. These operations are varied at different seasons, but all pro-
duce the ultimate effect desired on the adjacent country. Different years alse

LAKE MICHIGAN. 189

modify these operations, according to their severity of heat in summer and
cold in winter, but the general routine is as I have related.

THE RESULT ON THE EAST SHORE.

These varied functions performed by an insensible body of water, producing
results worthy the highest intelligence and wisdom, are among the mysterious
phenomena which fruit-growers are learning to appreciate in studying their
fayorite pursuit. Poets and theologians each clothe this subject with their
peculiar graces of language. Thompson, speaking of the seasons, says :

‘* These as they change, Almighty Father, these
Are but the varied God.”’

It remains, however, for the pomologist to gratefully accept these wonderful
provisions for his special advantage, and co-operate with them in making the
eastern shore of Lake Michigan that perfect garden of luscious fruits which is
evidently its glorious destiny.

DAUGATUCK AND GANGES=
THE FRUIT REGION OF THE KALAMAZOO.

A REPORT TO THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1874, BY HENRY
S. CLUBB.

The development of those localities in Michigan adapted to the cultivation
of the choice fruits of the temperate zone is of such vast importance to the
interests of our State that I deem no apology necessary for presenting a de-
scription of the fruit region near the mouth of the Kalamazoo river as one of
great promise.

UNBIASED DESCRIPTION.

Not being either a resident or owner of land in this region, and having inter-
ests in a fruit region thirty miles north of the Kalamazoo, I trust I shall be
enabled to give a disinterested description,—one which shall not subject me to
the charge of partiality on account of those interests. I would that fruit men
generally should take an honest pride in localities possessing merits regardless
of their own pecuniary or property interests. Every locality should be viewed
on its own merits, without regard to other locations.

EACH REGION WORTHY OF SEPARATE STUDY.

In a somewhat extensive examination and careful inspection of the localities
along the east shore of Lake Michigan, I have arrived at the conclusion that
each location is entitled to credit for advantages peculiar to itself, and any
account of the fruit regions of Michigan which should characterize all from an
inspection of one or two, would fall far short of doing justice to the subject or
to the regions indicated. While there are undoubtedly advantages common to
all the lake shore harbors and their surroundings, there yet are peculiar fea-
tures connected with each which no general description can reach. Evyery
locality is a study by itself, and should be separately considered.

A GOOD HARBOR ESSENTIAL.

With all the separate regions of the lake shore, a harbor connecting the local-
ity with Lake Michigan is the central point of attraction. Proximity to a good
harbor has more to do in determining the value of a location for a fruit farm
than any other one consideration. As the practice of drying fruit for market
on an extensive scale shall become general, this feature may lose some of its
importance, although drying factories are now, for the most part, located well

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES. 191

tor shipping facilities. The time will come when good drying or canning
facilities will be established in close proximity to orchards, with less regard to
shipping the dried fruit than the transportation of fruit from orchard to fac-
tory.

THE KALAMAZOO HARBOR.

The harbor formed by the Kalamazoo river, forming the shipping-point of
this region, is a good one,—about equal, perhaps, to that at Manistee, one of
the best on the shore. It has been improved by the construction of piers, and
now has an average depth of twelve feet on the bar at the mouth. The policy
of completing all the harbors in the order of their importance has been adopted
by the United States government, and if political changes do not affect this
policy, the harbor at the mouth of the Kalamazoo will, in a few years, be made
accessible to the largest steamers. Advancing up the stream around a beauti-
ful bend in the river,

KALAMAZOO LAKE,

an enlargement of the river, forms a spacious harbor for the villages of Sauga-
tuck and Douglas. It is nearly a mile wide, and about a mile and a half in
length. It is well protected from lake storms bya range of hills between it and
the lake.

THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.

The country tributary to this harbor consists of the two fractional townships
of Saugatuck and Ganges, in Allegan county. Saugatuck in 1874 had a pop-
ulation of 2,205, Ganges 1,120; total, 3,325. ‘Taxable land in Saugatuck,
15,299 acres; in Ganges, 18,420 acres; total, 33,719, of which 8,829 acres are
under cultivation and 1,186 acres planted to fruit trees, 21 acres in grape vines
and about 10 acres in small fruits. About three-fourths of the orchard land is
planted with peach trees, and the other fourth with apple trees.

ELEVATION, SOIL, ETC.

The land in these townships varies in elevation from 25 to 150 feet above
the lake level. The lake front of twelve miles is mostly open to the lake, ex-
cept about three miles at the north, where it is divided from the farming land
by a ridge of sand hills mostly covered with a thick growth of timber. The
general character of the land is rolling, the hills being chiefly sandy and
gravelly loam, although some are of clay, and the depressions are mostly a
rich, black vegetable mould well adapted to market gardening, small fruits,
etc. Itis very productive, yielding, with proper culture, immense crops of
corn. Onions yield 350 to 400 bushels to the acre on this black soil. The
high land is well adapted to orchards: the clay for apples, pears and quinces,
the sandy and gravelly soils just suitable for peaches and grapes, which grow
with great vigor. Most of the peach orchards are young and thrifty, while
those that are ten to fifteen years old show excellent preservation, and are just
coming into good bearing condition.

POINT OF VIEW.

The best point of view of this interesting country is the top of a hill known
as “ Baldhead.” It isa sand hill between Lake Kalamazoo and Lake Michi-
gan. It has an elevation of about 200 feet. It is covered with forest except
on the western slope and on the top, which is white and bare: hence its name.

192 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL VIEW.

Standing on this elevation the two villages of Saugatuck and Douglas, with
Lake Michigan between, are seen to great advantage. Between the hill and
Douglas is the magnificent peach orchard of B.S. Williams & Son, known as
the premium orchard since the State Pomological Society awarded it that honor.

THE VIEW SOUTH.

To the south the range of hills, of which Baldhead is the most prominent,
extends about a mile along the shore, gradually diminishing in altitude until
reaching the level banks where the lake shore road continues for some distance
within a few feet of the clay bank, and where, in fact, that bank has been at
places washed away by the action of the waves forty or fifty feet below so as te
encroach on the road, making dangerous places for night travel.

FARM HOUSES ON THE SHORE.

Along this road are several good fruit farms, the houses of which are in some
instances wholly exposed to the lake. Others have partial wind-breaks of
forest trees. It is found where the lake shore is abrupt, as it usually is on clay
banks, houses about fifteen or twenty rods from the brink are in a great meas-
ure protected from the force of the storm by the bank, even if level on top and
entirely denuded of forest growth. The storm, however, regathers strength
farther from the lake, and rising ground beyond will receive its full force.

VIEW NORTH.

The sand hills on the north side of the Kalamazoo extend along the shore,
under the shelter of which are numerous small farms and orchards. The soil,
however, is not generally as strong as farther from the lake and on the south
side close up to the shore.

THE DISTANT VIEW—EAST.

In all the region taken into view from the hills, the greatest diversity of soil
and surface is visible. Taking the field glass the dim distance in the east
brightens up as the sun gleams forth on distant hills, forest, clearings, orchards,
little lakes, and the winding river. Not only the township of Saugatuck, but
Manlius and Heath become visible, where the farming lands attain an elevation
equal to that of the lakeside hills.

THE VIEW WEST—THE BAY.

On the west of the sand hills the lake shore describes a graceful curve, form-
ing a bay about five miles wide and of great natural beauty. At the center of
this bay is the mouth of the Kalamazoo, the lighthouse and the piers. The
bay has a beach of sand north of the harbor, and of stones on the south, the
whole being plentifully spread over with drift-wood.

THE BAY SHORE.

Along the shore of this bay is a most romantic region of hill and dale, with
forest trees of several prominent varieties, interspersed by the meanderings of
the river, forming landscape and water views of great beauty. It is a natural
park for the inhabitants of the neighboring villages, and is used in the sum-
mer season for picnics and encampments. It is interspersed by pleasant walks
and drives, mostly originated by Indian trails, but kept open by pleasure-

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES. 193

seekers who delight in climbing the hills, descending into the valleys, passing
along the natural avenues, tarrying in the charming nooks and pleasant dells,
and listening to the music of the waves and the birds.

WATER PRIVILEGES.

The water privileges of this region are numerous. Silver Lake is a long arm
of Kalamazoo Lake, as long, but not so wide as the lake itself; the Kalamazoo
River has some sixteen miles of navigable frontage. Goshorn Lake, on north
hne of Saugatuck township, supplies both mill and tannery ; Lake Hutchin-
son, in Ganges, is the head-water of Black River, which waters six sections of
land in that township. It isa beautiful lake, surrounded by well cultivated
farms. Numerous springs and streams are found in every direction, scarcely
a quarter section of land being without its living water-course. ‘These streams
and lakes often modify the effect of the eastern winds, over which the great
lake can haye only a secondary effect. They can, in some cases, be made
available for irrigation, and will probably make cranberry culture a profitable
pursuit in this region.

THE FARMS AND ORCHARDS,

By invitation of the Lake Shore Agricultural and Pomological Society,
which has its headquarters at Douglas, and which meets alternately at Doug-
las and near Pier Cove, I recently visited this region and prepared for publica-
tion a pamphlet, giving some account of this interesting fruit region. In that
report | have made note of about 163 farms and gardens, showing what has
already been accomplished. From that report I make the following extracts :

THE PREMIUM ORCHARD.

Messrs. B. 8. Williams & Son have the honor of owning the forty acres on
the southwest side of Kalamazoo Lake. Two and one-half acres in grapes,
planted eight feet apart, in 1869; the first crop, in 1872, consisted of a ton
of Concords; in 1873 all varieties bore, aggregating ten tons. Less than an
acre of Concords bore more than fiye tons. ‘The other varieties are Dianas,
Ionas, Hartford Prolifics, Ives’ Seedlings, and some Rebeccas and Salems. The
Concords are the heaviest and surest bearers. Jonas and Dianas do not ripen
so early here as further from Lake Michigan. The orchard being close to the
lake shore, and partially sheltered by hills, the air is cooler in summer than
further inland. The falling off of the Hartford grapes, Mr. Williams thinks,
can be in a measure obviated by pinching back and thinning out the bunches.
The Hartfords sell readily for Concords in the market, and fetch a better price,
as they market before Concords can be marketed. The Delawares, for the past
three years, were badly injured by the cut-worm, but after that they made
good growth, and came into good bearing. Planted 600 peach trees in 1867,
850 in 1869, and 2,000 since, filling up vacancies; making the present an
orchard of about 3,000 peach trees. Those planted in 1867 and 1869 pro-
duced 5,500 baskets in 1874, notwithstanding many of them had died from
various causes. The peaches consist of Early and Late Crawford, Jacques’
Rareripe, Early Barnard, Old Mixon, Hill’s Chili. Old Mixon and Jacque’s
Rareripe proved the most profitable peaches. Jacques’ Rareripe was most
profitable while young, but Old Mixon became more profitable as it gained in
age. The Karly Barnard coming in with the Early Crawford, is less profitable
than it would be without that formidable rival. Seventy-five Hale’s Early did

25

194 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

not prove so profitable, because people were afraid to purchase them on ac-
count of a supposed tendency to rot. They, however, bore well, and some
years they show no symptoms of rotting. One hundred and twenty-five stand-
ard pear trees, planted in 1870 and 1871, not yet in bearing. Fifty sweet
- cherries, planted in 1869 and 1870, are making excellent growth. Six hun-
dred apple trees, planted at various times, are making good growth. One-
quarter acre of raspberries and blackberries. Strawberries raised between the
rows of peach trees. Rows three and one-half feet apart. Cultivated two or
three years, and then plowed in. Produce about 130 bushels of strawberries to
the acre. The Wilson’s Albany is the variety used. ‘This fruit farm is one of
the best in the State. It is located so as to receive the full benefit of the lake
breezes, the west, southwest, and northwest, while Lake Kalamazoo tempers
the northeast wind fall and spring. The residence is well located on an emi-
nence, commanding a good view of the lake, and of the villages on each side,
and itself forming a prominent feature of the landscape.

THE LARGEST ORCHARD.

Messrs. Williams & Wiley own the largest peach orchard in the region. The
farm consists of 110 acres, in Douglas. Forty acres peach trees. Commenced
planting in 1867. Shipped in 1874 15,200 baskets of peaches. Two acres of
grapes, consisting of Concords, Delawares, Ives, Hartfords, Dianas and Jonas,
all of which ripen well. The Diana grape was in excellent condition Decem-
ber 13th, and the Iona only slightly shrivelled. Mr. Wiley thinks the Diana a
profitable grape on account of the keeping quality. Its flavor improves by
keeping, as the muskiness is diminished, and aimost entirely lost by keeping a
few weeks. This firm is preparing to plant another forty acres to peaches in
1875; theirs will then be one of the largest orchards on the lake shore. It is
located about a mile east of Lake Michigan, on a fair elevation and slightly
rolling land. The soil of the farm is diversified both in quality and altitude,
the highest and most sandy land being selected for peaches. Mr. Wiley has a
simple contrivance for drying fruit, and dries a large quantity of peaches with-
out peeling.

UTILIZING SWAMP LAND.

Mr. Van Renselier Wadsworth has demonstrated the value of swamp land on
his farm. He has 80 acres on Town line road: 900 apple trees. Also 80 acres
on the Hooter road, two miles south of Douglas. This last named farm was
principally black ash swamp, the soil being an average of five feet in depth, of
black muck. It was chopped over about twelve years ago. Mr. Wadsworth
first completed a drain, which had been commenced by commissioners, and
haying succeeded in carrying off the water, he cleared up and burnt over his
land, and from one acre he raised 400 bushels of onions in 1874. He is so well
pleased with this success that he has prepared ten acres for onions in 1875. He
raises the Early Danvers variety. He uses Comstock’s onion weeder, cultivator
and drill, which facilitates the labor, and makes onion raising on a large scale
practicable and profitable.

GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT CULTURE.

Mr. Joseph Hattersley, an intelligent English gardener, has eight acres at Pier
Cove. About 500 peach trees; 2,000 grape vines; numerous currant and
gooseberry bushes; grows red, white and black currants for market quite suc-
cessfully. Two dollars and a half a crate, or $5.50 a bushel, is the price real-

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES. 195

ized for currants. Mr. Hattersley’s method of trimming currants is to preserve
the tree form, trimming off all suckers. He keeps the ground well cultivated
and clean. He says that a barrel of currants grown on this plan will produce
a barrel of wine, whereas it will take several barrels of currants grown on
suckers to make one barrel of wine. Mr. Hattersley claims to have budded the
first tree and planted the first grapes and pears in this vicinity.

BOYS WHO STAY ON THE FARM.

Mr. 8. I. B. Hutchinson, near Pier Cove, with his two sons, caltivate forty
acres. Hight hundred peach trees planted in 1863-4-5. In 1869 gathered
about 1,850 baskets; good crops since. In 1874, 3,000 baskets were produced.
The peaches were held in high esteem in Chicago. Will plant 1,000 peach and
150 apple trees in 1875. Nine hundred apple trees, 600 of which are com-
mencing to bear, producing 200 bushels in 1874. Six hundred and fifty grape
vines,—Concords, Delawares and Dianas. Shipped in 1874, 362 ten-pound
baskets of grapes.

Is it likely Mr. Hutchinson’s sons would do any better by crowding the pro-
fessionsin acity? Their prospects are improving every year.

TO BE A MODEL FARM.

Mr. Augustus Perrotet, with the intention of making a model farm, has com-
menced on eighty acres on the lake shore in Ganges, 1,000 peach and 1%
apple trees; 1,200 grape vines. This orchard has a wind break of forest,
forming a very romantic grove along the lake shore. The land rises gradually
from the lake shore to an elevation of about 100 feet. The dwelling is about
forty rods from the road, and in front of it isa heavy soil on which grass grows
luxuriantly, forming a good lawn. The fruit trees are planted on the highest
land, and the whole farm is being planned for a model farm, Mr. Perrotet having
all the taste of an artist combined with the skill of a practical} horticulturist.
Every variety of soil, elevation, and aspect is found in various portions of this
farm, and its close proximity to Lake Michigan renders its climate all that can
be desired for a model fruit farm.

CORNER’S SEEDLING PEACH.

Mr. William Corner has 100 acres on the Town Line road; 400 apple and
1,200 peach trees; 1 acre grapes; 1,600 baskets of peaches in 1873 and 1,775
in 1874. Only three and one-half acres of the peaches are yet in bearing. One
hundred and fifty rods of ground planted with trees grafted with a seedling
raised by Mr. Corner, produced in 1874 1,500 baskets of peaches. This seed-
ling resembles the Early Barnard, but is more thrifty and larger. Mr. Corner
first raised this seedling, and, finding it a desirable peach, top-budded from it
with the above result. Some roots budded in 1873 were attacked by a small
beetle that was destroying the buds. Mr. Corner, on making the discovery,
plowed to the rows and carefully covered the buds, using the hoe to be sure of
covering all. When the bugs disappeared in three or four days, the buds were
uncovered and the crop of trees saved. Others whose buds were attacked in
the neighborhood by the same insect lost the entire crop. Mr. Corner has also
1,400 black, red, and white currant bushes trimmed on Mr. Hattersley’s plan,

MANURING PEACH TREES.—ONION CULTURE.

Forty acres at Plummerville: 2,500 peach trees, half of which were planted
in 1866 and the balance in 1874; 120 apple trees planted in 1859, and one acre

196 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of strawberries. The old trees produced 1,600 baskets of peaches in 1874.
Eight hundred grape vines. Only lost five or six trees during the severe winter
of 1872. Stops cultivating peach trees in the middle of July. This orchard
has been manured with tannery waste, and is in a very thrifty and healthy
condition, with promise of an abundant crop in 1875. The peaches on this
enriched orchard are very large, but not so numerous as they would haye been
on poorer soil. Between the elevations is black soil, which on being drained
has been proved to be splendidly adapted to onions, 750 bushels of which were
produced in 1874 from two acres. Mr. Hawley is making a specialty of the
Yellow Danvers onion, and is producing not only large crops for market, but
raises fine seed of this variety, grown from selected onions. For this he has a
great demand, and intends to plant 200 bushels of onions in 1875, from which
he expects to supply the increasing demand for seed. Many farmers, seeing
Mr. Hawley’s success, are preparing to sow onions in 1875, and they all prefer
seed known to be raised from solid, globular onions, and Mr. Hawley plants
none other. Mr. Hawley has adopted the plan of sowing oats with strawber-
ries, so as to mulch them with straw that will not blow away.

WINE MAKING IN SAUGATUCK.

Mr. Richard B. Newnham has a two-acre Jot in Saugatuck: forty pear, 100
peach, and thirty-five apple trees; three-fourths acre of grapes. his inter-
esting garden was commenced seven years ago as a clearing. Peach trees
planted four years ago and now in good bearing. From fifteen trees of Hale’s
Early, Mr. Newnham gathered in 1874 sixty baskets of peaches. One Early
York produced twelve baskets. Crawfords did not bear as well. Twelve trees
of Stump the World, planted four years ago, yielded over twenty baskets.
Very fine quality. All these trees were thinned carefully, but the Early York,
with its twelve basketfuls, split badly with its weight of fruit. Pear trees bear
so well as to require thinning. They have suffered from sun-scald on the south
side of the standard trees, the bark turning black where unprotected from the
summer sun. Where protected from the sun’s rays they remain sound and
without blight. Where injured in this way, the trees have been restored by a
plaster of cow dung. Duchesse D’Angouleme, White Doyenne, and Bartlett
are especially liable to overbear. Of grapes, the Creveling, Iona, and Clinton
are remarkably successful. Gathered in 1874 three bushels from one Clinton
vine six years old. Made 100 gallons of excellent wine, besides otherwise using
a large amount of grapes. The Iona wine was particularly rich with aroma
and boquet. Mr. Newnham mashes the grapes, and as the mash runs from the
press sugar is added. It is then allowed to ferment in a cask, and when fer-
mentation stops, the cask is bunged close, allowed to stand several weeks till
clear, and then racked off into anothercask. His wine sellsreadily by sample.

HIGH CULTURE FOR GRAPES.—EXHIBITING VINES IN BEARING.

Mr. Theodore F. Kleeman: Ten acres south of Lake Kalamazoo. Four
acres grapes, 300 peach, 20 pear and 20 apple trees. Grapes consist of Jonas,
Delawares, Clintons, Burgundies, Muscatells, Catawbas, and Dianas. The Mus-
catells are much larger than Concords. Also several grapes imported direct
from Germany, consisting of Silfani, a small green grape about the size of the
Delaware; the Golden Red, about the size of the Ionia, but more red than the
Delaware; and the Goodeder, a large white, round grape. These new grapes
were planted last spring, and have made excellent growth. Another vineyard

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES. 19%,

on the north side of Lake Kalamazoo, of Isabella and Clinton grapes, bearing
at the rate of five tons to the acre. Mr. Kleeman made fourteen barrels of
wine in 1873, and fifteen barrels in 1874. He retails the wine at his billiard
saloon in Saugatuck. His mode of planting vines is to dig holes seven feet
deep and fill in with rotten wood, scraps of leather, hair and lime from tannery,
and other rubbish. Vines planted in this made soil produce canes twenty to
forty feet long, and one inch in diameter, in a season. Mr. K. has layered
vines in pails of earth sunk in the ground, and when bearing he removes them
for exhibition at Chicago, Grand Rapids and other fairs, where they make an
excellent show and readily sell for five dollars each. Mr. Kleeman has an acre
block in the village of Saugatuck with 400 vines planted on terraces around
the south and east sides of the hill. These vines, he estimates, produced six
tons of grapes in 1874. He has 40 peach, 40 apple, 24 pear and 12 plum trees;
also currants and gooseberries.

PRODUCTIVE THREE-ACRE GARDEN.

Rey. J. F. Taylor, a careful horticulturist, has a three-acre block in Sauga-
tuck village; 25 peach, 12 plum, 12 cherry, 24 pear and 12 apple trees, all in
bearing except the Jast. Peach trees planted in 1869 bearing full. In addition
to a good supply of fruit, this garden produced in 1874 400 bushels of onions
on less than an acre, 100 bushels of beets and turnips, 24 bushels of early pota-
toes. Mr. Taylor also has 65 acres on the lake shore, three miles south of
Douglas, on which are 300 peach trees planted in 1864, and 200 planted in
1874. Those first planted bore well after the severe winter of 1872, and since
yielded 300 baskets in 1874. Two hundred apple trees planted in 1866 and
100 in 1874. Although this farm is on the lake shore, a portion of it is rich
black loam, and being prepared for market gardening. It produced in 1874, 80
bushels turnips, 80 bushels beets, and 75 of potatoes.

SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGES.

The advantages for fruit growing most prominent in the Saugatuck and
Ganges Fruit Region, and which render it desirable for residence, are:

I.—Its location on the east shore of Lake Michigan, at: the widest part of the
lake, affording greatest protection of the prevailing winds, which are west,
southwest and northwest.

II.—Its exposure to the unobstructed lake breeze, the whole of Ganges and
the greater part of Saugatuck townships being open to the Jake shore, without
the intervention of sand hills or unproductive sand dunes, securing great mild-
ness of temperature.

III.—Rolling and diversified topography, with a large proportion of high
land.

IV.—Unusual diversity of soil, even close to the lake shore, there being few
farms or quarter sections of land that do not afford opportunity for all descrip-
tions of farming, including dairy, grain and fruit.

V.—Those sites more especially adapted to fruit are usually adapted to all the
varieties of fruit, from the early strawberry to the latest peach, and winter
apple. ,

VI.—Specially adapted to fruit growers with small capital, because good pay-
ing crops of small fruits can be raised while trees are growing, and even the
first year after clearing the land.

Vil.—Land is cheap and abundant, and being owned by persons and com-
panies who desire to sell and are able to wait, can be had on reasonable terms.

198 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

VIII.—Proximity to good markets by water and railroad communication to
Chicago, Milwaukee, and the illimitable west and northwest, where fruit has a
constantly increasing demand.

IX.—The Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore railroad runs along the eastern
boundary of this region, and a fruit train with ventilating spring cars, espe-
cially constructed for fruit, is run every night during shipping season.

X.—The Lake Shore Agricultural and Pomological Society has appointed a
committee consisting of Messrs. Perrotet, Wiley and Loomis, to arrange for the
cheap transportation of fruit either by special charter or contract.

XI.—Fruit baskets and crates are manufactured at Saugatuck.

XII.—Several fruit-drying establishments will commence operation on the
grist plan at convenient points in time for the next fruit harvest.

XIII.—An active and vigilant Horticultural Society, thoroughly devoted to
fruit interests, and ready to aid settlers in making the business profitable.

XIV.—Good sectional and lake shore roads.

XV.—Very moderate taxes, and they chiefly for school purposes.

XVI.—Ample school and church accommodations.

XVIL—Grist mills at convenient distances.

XVIII.—Good mercantile establishments and moderate prices.

X1IX.—Several efficient Granger organizations.

XX.—Masonic and Odd Fellows’ Lodges in the several villages.

XXI.—Good American society and hospitality.

XXII.—Proximity to good reliable nurseries for trees.

XXIIi—Abundance of lakes, springs, and everflowing streams of pure
water.

XXIV.—Telegraphic communications from Saugatuck and at the railroad
stations with all fruit markets.

XXV.—Varied scenery, both of water views and landscape, affording good
scope for artistic gardening and the construction of beautiful homes.

SPECTALTIES.

An inspection of this fruit region develops the fact that it is especially
adapted to—

I.—The growth of peaches and grapes, with as much certainty as any farm
crop, especially on the high lands that are light or gravelly.

IJ.—The growth of apples, pears and quinces on the clay lands.

IlI.—The growth of strawberries, raspberries and currants on the black soil,
usually found between the hills.

TV.—The growth of onions on the black muck of the black ash and tama-
rack swamp land, which is abundant in patches interspersed throughout the re-
gion, and more especially along the north arm of the Black River, where O. R.
Johnson & Co. have lands for sale.

These specialties are all crops commanding high prices. Onions, for in-
stance, grown in this region have been known to fetch $18 a barrel in the New
Orleans market, while $5 to $7 a barrel are realized at the markets nearer
home. At $3 a barrel, an acre would produce $400 worth,

HOW THIS REGION STOOD THE SEVEREST WINTER.

The year 1873 commenced in the midst of an unusually severe winter, and
the State census taken in 1874 showed that in the produce of fruit, Ganges
stood second and Saugatuck third in the amount of fruit produced in 1873, of

SAUGATUCK AND GANGES. 199

townships in the State; and considering that there are many townships south
and north of here that have older and more numerous orchards, this shows
that they are more favorably located for protection from the severest winter.
The difference in temperature during the coldest weather is usually ten de-
grees in favor of this portion of the lake shore. This difference was shown also
on the 9th of January, 1875, when it was 20° below zero at Chicago, 27° at
Milwaukee, and 20° at Lansing, it was only 10° at Saugatuck.
FRUIT PRODUCE IN 1874.

Judging from the crop of 1874 it is safe to estimate the production of fruit
in Saugatuck and Ganges 50,000 bushels or 200,000 baskets.

EXTENDING THE AREA OF PEACH GROWING.

It was estimated that at least 30,000 peach trees would be planted in the
spring of 1875. In fact, one nursery agent that had only visited Saugatuck
township informed me that he had orders for 15,000 peach trees, to be deliy-
ered for spring planting in that township alone, so that I think this estimate
below the actual number to be planted. The peach growers are greatly en-
couraged by their success, and those who have planted most are the most enter-
prising in planting more.

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEG-
ETABLES.

WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED EXPRESSLY FOR THE MICHIGAN STATE
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BY JAMES VICK OF ROCHESTER, N.Y.

GENTLEMEN :—Your Pomological Society includes and has a horticultural
department, I understand; that is to say, the lesser has swallowed the greater.
But words, like vegetables, grow, and some words mean more than they did a
few years ago. The word grange once signified a French hamlet or farm, but
I am told that it means a great deal more than that now. So your word po-
mology has come to include, by common consent, garden culture and flower
culture, and it is for this reason, I suppose, that I am invited to contribute
something about vegetables.

The vegetable department at the state fair, is to many exceedingly interest-
ing, and should be to all; for while we have no sympathy with those who say
they “see more beauty in a cabbage or hill of potatoes than in the finest flower
that ever grew,” we do most heartily agree with those who take pride and
pleasure in the culture of choice vegetables, and their improvement, and who
are ready to say with Diocletian, “ Were you to come into my garden and see
the vegetables I raise with my own hands, you would no longer talk to me of
empire.” As much skill is required to produce an improved vegetable as a new
and valuable flower, and perhaps as much as is needed to govern a nation; and
the pleasure of success, we doubt not, is quite as great. The improvement in
our vegetables for the past score of years has been great; indeed, we notice de-
sirable progress almost every season, and more particularly in the purity of the
seeds. The examinations of our trial grounds this year have been unusually
satisfactory. To keep varieties pure and true to name, requires a constant
struggle, about which the nurseryman and florists who propagate by budding
and grafting, and by cuttings and divisions of roots, know nothing, and of
which gardeners usually have but little appreciation.

ie ASPARAGUS.

This now popular vegetable is so well known that most
persons who have had experience in vegetable gardening
are pretty well acquainted with its habits. The Asparagus
is a salt-water plant, indigenous to various parts of the
coast of Europe and Asia, growing in salt-water marshes.
It has escaped from our gardens, and is now found in
some places on the American coast, and is sometimes ob-
served in meadows. The plant is perennial, and grows

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 201

some five feet in height, with a branching stem, fine cylindrical leaves, small
greenish flowers, and red berries containing black seed. The seed may be
sown either in the spring or autumn, in drills about one inch deep, and the
rows wide enough apart to admit of hoeing,—about a foot. An ounce of seed
is sufficient fora drill thirty feet in length. Keep the soil mellow and free
from weeds during the summer, and in the fall or succeeding spring the plants
may be set out in beds, about a foot apart each way. The beds should be nar-
row so as to permit of cutting to the center without stepping upon them. The
plants may remain in the seed-bed until two years
old if desired. Before winter, cover the transplanted
‘beds with about four inches of manure. A good
‘ many varieties are advertised, with but little differ-
ence. As Asparagus plants are all grown from seed,
it will be seen that there is great opportunity for
variation. Salt is an excellent manure for Aspara-
gus, and an efficient assistant to the cultivator, keep-
ing down the weeds with very little labor. When
grown in large quantities for market, Asparagus is often planted a foot apart in the
rows, and the rows three feet apart, and sometimes three feet apart each way. Cut
for use the third year after planting, and if the shoots appear pretty strong, a
little may be cut the second year. The part used is the young shoots when
about five or six inches in height, and when the bud is close and firm, and these
should be cut a little below the surface, with a sloping cut. It is not best to
continue the cutting late in the season, unless the shoots are very robust. Al-
ways give the bed a good dressing of manure in the fall, first removing the
dead brush of the past season. An Asparagus bed will last longer than the
maker, so it should be well made, and there should be no haste in cutting.
Those who do not wish the trouble and delay of growing Asparagus from seed,
can obtain plants, either one or two years old, at a very moderate price. Se-
cure a good, rich, deep, mellow soil, and set the plants with the roots spread
out naturally, just as a good gardener would arrange the roots of any tree or
plant, and so deep that the crown will be two or three inches below the surface.
In removing weeds be careful not to injure the crowns. In the spring remove
them by hand. The engravings show a bunch of Asparagus as usually ex-
posed for sale, and a branch of the plant at seeding time.
BEANS.

Beans are usually divided into two general classes, dwarfand pole beans. The
dwarfs are earlier and more hardy, as a general rule, than the running sorts.
The dwarfs are generally used for string-beans, when the pods are tender, and
the climbers only for shelling. We have endeavored in the engraving to show
the habit of both. Beans like a dry and rather light soil, although they will
do well in any garden soil if not set out too early in the spring. Nothing is
gained by planting until the ground is tolerably dry and warm. The Dwarf
varieties grow from twelve to eighteen inches in height, need no support, and
are planted either in drills or hills. The drills should be not less than a foot
apart, two inches deep, and the seed set in the drills from two to three inches
apart. ‘The usual method in hills is to allow about four plants to a hill, and
the hills two by three feet apart. Rows are best for the garden. A quart of
ordinary sized beans is about fifteen hundred, and will sow two hundred and
fifty feet of rows, or one hundred and fifty hills. Hoe well, but only when dry.
Running beans should not be planted quite as early as the Dwarfs. The usual
way of planting is in hills, about three feet apart, with a pule in the center of

202 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the hill. A very good way is to grow the running varieties in drills, using the
tallest pea brush that can be secured conyeniently. When the plants reach
the top of the brush, pinch off the ends. ‘The effect will be to cause greater
fruitfulness below. In ES aN

a stiff soil, especially,
the Lima comes up
better if planted care-
fully with the eye
down, the hill a little
elevated. There are
endless varieties of
Dwarf beans; as noth-
ing of the vegetable
family is more inclined
to sport. We have en-
deavored to show the
appearance of a few,
of the best sorts, when |
ripe. Figure 2 is Ref-)
ugee; 3, Early China;
4, Early Mohawk; 6,
White Kidney; 7, a EE
White Marrowfat; 8, Early Valentine; 9, Early Rachel; 13, Wax, or Butter,
—all Dwarfs. Figure 5, London Horticultural; 10, Large Lima; 11, Con-
cord; 12, Giant Wax,—all Runners. The Scarlet Runner is the popular Snap
Bean of England, and the Dwarfs are only used early in the season, before the
Runners can be obtained.

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BORECOLE, OR KALE.

The Borecoles, or as they are usually called, Kales, are not much grown in
America, though quite popular in many parts of Europe. They do not form
heads like the cabbage, but furnish abundance of curly leaves, those of some

: varieties being quite ornamental, their
general character being shown in the en-
graving. The Kales are more hardy than
the cabbage, and will endure considerable
frost without injury, so they are often al-
lowed to remain in the ground until spring,
except in very severe climates, and are thus
in use during the winter. When cut
frozen, they are immediately placed in cold
water. In northern countries, they are
taken up and stored in a cold pit or cellar,
+ and-those not needed for winter use are
re-planted in spring, aud make a new and
tender growth. The small variety, called
German Greens, is usually sown in the
autumn, and cut in spring and sold in the
market by measure, somewhat like spin-
ach. The culture is the same as for cabbage. While we do not anticipate the’
very general culture of Kale in America, as in many sections of Europe, we
think it well to call the attention of our readers to this somewhat noted mem-
ber of the cabbage tribe.

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 203

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

Brussels Sprouts is a very respectable member of the cabbage family, and
very nearly related to the Kales. It has a strong stem, sometimes not less
than four feet in height, though there is a dwarf variety that never reaches
more than half this height. A loose head of cabbage surmounts the stem, and
thus a circulation of sap is secured to the extremity, while
below, commencing a few inches from the ground line, are
numerous small heads like miniature cabbages, so thick as
almost to conceal the stem, and presenting the appearance
we have endeavored to show in the engraving. These heads
are very tender and of good flavor. The culture is the
same as forcabbage. If early plants are raised in a hot-bed,
they will perfect themselves in September, in the north, and
a later sowing should be made in the open ground, that
will be in perfection about the time winter commences.
These should be taken up and stored in a cool cellar, like
the cauliflower, with the roots in earth, where they will re-
main fit for use during the winter. Where the winters are
not very severe, they may remain in the ground to be cut as
needed, and in such places the Brussels Sprouts are of the
greatest value. In severe climates—climates of great ex-
femmes of heat and cold—the Brussels Sprouts, and some
other members of the cabbage family, will never be very successfully grown
nor become very popular; and. yet there are some in every section who will think
us over-cautious, and we would not be surprised to receive a package of “Sprouts”
from the most unlikely place in the world, just to prove that we are mistaken.
The ability and perseverance of some persons will conquer all difficulties, and
this is our response, in advance.

BEETS.

The Beet is a favorite vegetable,
and is exceedingly valuable, being
in use almost from the time the
seed-leaf appears above ground un-
til we are looking for its appear-
ance the next year. ‘The seeds
are in little groups or
clusters of calyxes, as
seen in the little en-
graving, so that each
rounded cluster which we call a
seed, really contains from two to
four true seeds. ‘The consequence
is that the plants come up much
thicker than necessary, and must be
thinned out. There is nothing in
the way of “ greens” as good as these
young Beets, and the thinnings of
the beds can be used as needed, trom
the time the young plants are two
or three inches in length until they
are large enough for ordinary use.
To preserve the roots in fine con-

204 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

dition during the winter, take them up carefully before hard frosts, and
pack them in a cool cellar and cover with earth. For spring use they
may be pitted in the ground. The seed germinate more surely and rap-
idly if put in warm water and allowed to soak for twenty-four hours. The
soil should be rich, mellow, and deep. Plant in drills about two inches
deep, and the rows about twelve or fifteen apart. Set the seeds in the
drills about two inches apart. An ounce of seed will sow about seventy-
five feet of drill, and five pounds are sufficient for an acre. The. va-
rieties of Beets are very numerous, and quite di-
versified in form and appearance, from the little
round, table, turnip-formed varieties, to the large,
coarse sorts, sometimes three feet in length, and fit
only for cattle. Figure 1 shows the Large Red
Mangel, one of the best for feeding to stock; fig. 2,
the ent Blood Turnip, a very smooth, pretty
variety ; fig.3, the Pine
Apple, a comparatively
new and good dark
variety ; fig.4, Bassano,
an old favorite, juicy
sort, tender and light
colored; fig. 5, Dew-
ing’s Turnip, a week
earlier than Blood Tur- |
nip, lighter fleshed, and
an excellent variety;
fig. 6, Carter’s Orange
Grove Mangel, thought
in England to be the
best round variety ; fig.
i‘) 7, the old and excellent
Long Blood Red. The res: Chard, of which we show the leaves, is a variety of
Beet. cultivated for the broad leaf-stalks, which are cooked and served like
Asparagus. Plants should stand a foot or more apart in the rows, and the
rows three feet, for field culture.

i 4

CABBAGE,

The cabbage requires a deep, rich soil and thorough working. If these re-
quirements are met and good seed obtained, there is no difficulty in obtaining
fine, solid heads. For early use, the plants should be started in a hot-bed or
cold-frame ; but seed for winter cabbage should be sown in a seed-bed, early
in the spring. Some gardeners prefer to grow plants for early spring cabbage
in a frame in the autumn, protecting them with boards or matting during the
winter, but without good care plants saved in this way often prove a loss. In
a mild climate, plants may not only be started in the autumn, but transplanted,
and will make considerable growth during the winter season. Some varieties
seem to do best if the seed is sown in the hills where they are to remain; and
this is particularly the case with the Marblehead varieties. Sow two or three
seeds where each plant is desired, and then pull up all but the strongest. The
large varieties require to be planted about three feet apart; the small, early
sorts, from a foot to eighteen inches. Always give cabbage a deep, rich soil,
and keep it mellow with plenty of manure. For early winter use, store a few

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 205

in a cool cellar. The main crop will be better kept out of doors, set in a trench
closely, head down, and covered with straw and earth. There is almost an
endless variety of cabbage, and nearly all extensive growers have their favorite
sorts. Some kindsseem to succeed best in certain localities. The Winningstadt,
for instance, which we have shown in figure 2, seems peculiarly adapted to
the south. The Jersey Wakefield is now, no doubt, the most popular early
cabbage (see fig. 1). Early Schweinfurth (fig. 3), is a very large cabbage, and

matures early, but we have never been able to grow solid heads. Marble-
head Mammoth is a large solid cabbage, but requires a very rich soil, early
planting and good culture (fig. 4). Fig. 6 is the popular Premium Flat Dutch,

206 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

which is the old Flat Dutch somewhat improved, and of american growth.
Stone Mason Marblehead is represented eo

by fig. 7, and is an excellent winter
cabbage. Fig. 8 is the Drumhead Savoy,
a very tender, sweet cabbage, very hardy,
and improved by a little frost. Figs. 5 /
and 10 are the Filderkraut, one of the sol- | =~
idest and best
cabbages Wwe
are acquainted
with; always
heads, and as
solid as any
one can wish. :
We give two engravings of this fine variety, as the
/ tirst was drawn from a specimen taken from our
grounds when not fully matured. There are several
varieties of pickling cabbage, but the highest colored
and best is one we introduced several years since
from Europe, known as Chappell’s Red Pickling
fig 9).

Collards, or what are i known as Collards, are merely young cabbage
plants. ‘The usual plan is to sow the seed in drills about half an inch deep,
and a foot apart. When these plants are a few inches in height, they are
pulled. In the south, sowings can be made through the winter every few weeks.
A variety very popular at the south, and thought to be much better than any.
of the common cabbages, is called Creole Collards.

CAULIFLOWER.

The most delicate and delicious of all the cabbage family is the Cauliflower.
It is more delicate and tender than the cabbage, and therefore requires a more
generous treatment. It de-
lights in a rich soil and:
abundance of water, which ;
it would be well to apply
artificially in a dry season.
After seeing the splendid
cauliflower growing around 2
Erfurt,Prussia, and obsery-

that we fail in our hot, dry
climate. Cauliflower there
is grown in low, swampy
ground, which is thrown
up in wide ridges. The plants are set on the ridges, and between these are
ditches of water. Every dry day the water is bailed from these ditches upon
the growing plants, and the result is cauliflower of enormous size, compact, and
almost as white as snow. The engraving will give a pretty good idea of these
cauliflower gardens, and the process of watering. In the ditches water cress is
grown, both for cutting and seed. Still, we must say we have never seen or

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES, 207

heard of finer cauliflower than is sometimes grown in the south and west. The
MT flow er buds form a solid mass of great
beanty and delicacy, called the “ curd,”
and its appearance is shown in the
engraving. This is rendered more
delicate by being protected from the
sun. Break off one or two of the
leaves, and place them upon the flower.
Gardeners sometimes sow seed in the
= autumn, for early cauliflower, and keep
=== the plants over in frames; but by
sowing the early varieties in the spring,
= : = ina hot bed or cold-frame, or even in
an open bowdés, they can be obtained in pretty good season. For late cauli-
flower, sow seed in a cool, moist place, on the north side of a building or tight
fence, in this latitude, about the first of May, and they will not be troubled
with the little black beetle, so destructive to everything of the cabbage tribe
when young. Do not allow the plants to become crowded in the seed-bed.
Transplant in moist weather, or shade the newly set plants. In the autumn,
plants which have not fully formed the “ flower,” or “curd,” may be taken up
and placed in a light cellar, with earth at the roots, and they will generally
form good beads; or they may be hung up by the stems, head down, in a cool
cellar, and will do well.

A favorite European vegetable, Brocoli, resembles the cauliflower ; indeed, it
is hardly possible to distinguish the two. The Brocoli, however, is the most
hardy, and in portions of Europe where the seasons are mild, remains in the
ground all the winter, furnishing good heads most of the cold season. Of
course, in many sections of our country Brocoli would not suffer in winter, but
it dislikes severe summer heat more than cold; and to succeed, it would be
necessary to grow late plants, and set them out after the extreme heat of sum-
mer is past.

CRESS.

The Cresses are excellent and healthful salad plants, of a warm, pungent
taste, and are much relished by almost every one, especially in the spring sea-
son. When young and tender the whole plants are
eaten, but when older, the leaves only. Cress is often
used with lettuce, and other salad plants, and the =
Curled is very good for garnishing. Sow the seed in *
a hot-bed or in a sheltered spot in the garden, quite
thick, in shallow drills. In a short inves it will be fit
for cutting. Sow a little every week. The water
cress isa great luxury to most people, and cheaply
obtained by those who live near fresh water. Scatter
a little seed in moist places on the edges of ponds or
brooks, and in the eddies of streams, and in a few years the shallow water will
be stocked with plants. The engraving with the large leaves shows a branch
of Water Cress, and with the small leaves a plant of Curled Cress.

CORN SALAD.

Corn Salad is a favorite salad plant in some portions of Kurope, and is much
cultivated in America by those who have become familiar with its use across

208 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the sea. Its name is derived from the fact that it is found abundantly
growing in wheat fields’ Sown in Av-
gust, and protected by leaves or straw during
the winter, it can be used in the spring very
early. Sown in April or May, it is very soon fit
for use. The leaves are sometimes boiled and
served as spinach. It is very hardy. Sow as
for lettuce, in rows, covering seed only about a
quarter of an inch. Thin out the plants so
that they will be three or four inches apart.

CARROTS.

The Carrot should always be furnished with a good, deep, rich soil, and as
free from stones and lumps as possible; and if a rather light loam, it is better
than if compact and heavy, it is waste of time and labor to try to grow roots
of any kind on a poor or unprepared soil. Seed should be got in early, so as
to have the benefit of a portion of the spring rains. We knew a part of a field
to be sown, when a long rain interrupting the operator, it was not resumed until
after the soil had become pretty dry, and no showers coming very soon, the first
half sown produced an abundant crop, while the last was almost a failure. Sow
in drills about an inch deep, the drills about afoot apart; and at thinning, the

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plants should be left at from four to ten inches apart in the rows, according to
kind. The Short Horn may be allowed to grow very thickly, almost in clus-
ters. To keep roots for table use, place them in sand in the cellar; but for
feeding, they will keep well in a cellar, without covering, or buried in the
ground, and any desired for spring use may be pitted out of the way of frost.
An ounce of seed will sow about one hundred feet of drill, and two pounds is
the usual quantity per acre. For field culture, of course, the rows must be
sufficiently distant to admit of running the cultivator between them. The
carrot is mostly used in America for soups, and for this the smaller and finer
varieties are grown. The carrot is very nutritious and is relished by all ani-
mals. The engraving shows the comparative size and habit of growth of most
of the leading varieties. Figure 1, Long Orange; 2, Orange Belgian Green-
Top; 3, Early French Short-Horn; 4, White Belgian Green-Top; 5, Early

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 209

Very Short Scarlet ; 6, Half-Long Scarlet Stump-Rooted; 7, Altringham; 8,
Half-Long Scarlet.
CHICORY.

Chicory is used in Europe as a salad plant. Seed is sown in the spring, in
drills half an inch deep, in a good, mellow soil; and the after-culture is the
same as for carrots. In the autumn, the plants will be ready
for blanching. This is generally done by placing a box over
them, or by tying the tops of the leaves loosely together, and
drawing the earth well up to the plant. The greatest value of
chicory is as a substitute for coffee. It has a root something
like a parsnip. ‘They are washed clean, cut into pieces that
will dry readily, kiln-dried, and then they are ready to roast
and grind for coffee. ‘The prepared root is brought from Eu- &\
rope for the adulteration of coffee. An ounce of seed will sow #4
about one hundred feet of drill, and from two to three pounds *¥
are required for an acre. The second season the chicory sends
up a flower stem three or four feet, bearing pretty, bright blue flowers,
which we have shown about half size in the engraving. It is so hardy there is
danger it may become a troublesome weed, as it flourishes on the road-sides and
in meadows in many places.

CELERY.

Celery is a luxury that few would like to dispense with, and fortunately
there is no necessity for such a sacrifice, as every one who has control of a few feet
vs of ground, with a little skill and industry, can grow a winter’s sup-
wy ply. To obtain good celery, it is necessary that the plants should be
y// strong and well grown. Sow the seeds
in a hot-bed or cold-frame. When
; LP the plants are about three inches in
“Wf height, transplant to a nicely-pre-
; pared bed in the border, setting them
about four or five inches apart. When
some eight inches high, and good
stocky plants, set them in the trenches
ie —about the middle of July is early
~\ enough. ‘loo many make trenches
by digging out the top soil, and only
putting a few inches of mold at the
bottom, and never obtain good celery.
The trenches should contain at least
eighteen inches of good soil and well
rotted manure, in about equal pro-
portions. Take off all suckers and
straggling leaves at the time of trans-
= } = planting. Earth up a little during
the summer, keeping the leat stalks close together, so that the soil cannot get
between them ; and during September and October earth up well for blanch-
ing. Those who grow celery for market extensively do not use trenches, but
make the soil deep and rich, and plant in rows, earthing up with the plow.
The time to take up celery is just before hard frost. Dig a trench about the
width of a spade and a few inches deeper than the height of the celery. The
place selected must be high ground, where no water will be at the bottom, and

a7

210 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

where surface water will not drain into the trench. Take up the celery with
any dirt that may happen to adhere to the roots. Set the stalks close together,
and close to the sides of the trench, but do not press them in. After the trench
is filled, place pieces of board or scantling across it at intervals of five or six
feet, one of these pieces being shown in the en-
graving. On these place boards, five or six feet
long, covering the entire trench. ‘Then cover the
boards with a good body of straw or leaves, with
boards or earth on top to keep it from blowing
away. ‘The work is then completed. When cel- <
ery is needed, take up a length of short boards, ¥
and remove enough /
celery to the cellar to

place it in the coolest
part, covered with
earth. Replace the
boards and covering as
before. The dwarf cel-
eries are generally the
most solid, sweetest,and
really the most profit- i , i\
able. The pink sorts IVA\\\
are very pretty as a '

table ornament, and as good as the white. The engravings show the general
appearance of a well grown celery stalk, also of a variety called Boston Market,
of a straggling habit. We also show the Turnip-rooted celery, the bulbous root
being prized for flavoring.

CORN.
We need not consume time or space in speaking of the value of good Sweet
Corn, nor of its culture. Every sensible person knows the former, and every

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POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES, ail

sane one the latter,—at least so it seems to us. A few remarks about varieties
is all that will be necessary. The earliest good sweet corn we are aequainted
with is the Minnesota (fig 1.); following in about ten or twelve days, is
Russell’s Prolific (fig. 2) ; Moore’s Early Concord (fig. 3) is in eating a week or
so after Russell’s, and Crosby’s Early (fig. 4) is in eating about the same time,
perhaps a day or two earlier. It is very thick, twelve or sixteen rowed. Stow-
ell’s Evergreen (fig 5) is a magnificent late variety, keeping in eating until
frost, almost. ‘here are many varieties of parching corn: one of them is
shown in fig. 6, called the White Parching.

CUCUMBERS.

The hardiest varieties—in fact, all the American or common sorts—will pro-
duce a medium and late crop, if the seed is sown in the open ground in well
prepared hills, as soon as the soil becomes suffi-
ciently warm. In this latitude it is useless to
plant in the open ground until nearly the first of
June. Make rich hills of well rotted manure,
\ two feet in diameter—a large shovelful of manure,
at least, to each hill—and plant a dozen or more
| | eq seeds, covering halfaninch deep. When all dan-
iM cer from insects is over, pull up all but three or_
four of the strongest plants. Themiddle of June
is early enough to plant for pickling. Make the
hills about six feet apart. For early cucumbers,
the hot-bed is necessary; but the simplest and
surest way to produce a tolerably early crop of the

ed best kinds is, where it is designed to place a hill,
dig a hole about eighteen inches deep and three feet across; into this put a
barrow of fresh manure, and cover with a small box-like frame, on the top
of which place a couple of lights of glass. When the plants grow, keep
the earth drawn to the stems. Water, and give air as needed; and if the
sun appears too strong, give the glass a coat of whitewash. By the time the
plants fill the frame, it will be warm enough to let them out, and the box can be
removed; but if it should continue cold, raise the
box by setting a block under each corner, and let
the plants run under. The Fourth of July is the
time we always remove the boxes or frames. Al-
ways pick the fruit as soon as large enough, as al-
lowing any to remain to ripen injures the fruiting } |
of the vine. One pound of seed is sufficient for |
an acre. There are not very many varieties of
hardy cucumbers. Fig. 1 is Improved Long
Green, the largest of American sorts, and one of
the best; fig. 2, Early Frame, a good variety for
table, and for pickling when small; fig. 3, Early
White Spine, an excellent sort for table, a great
favorite, and forces well; fig. 4, Early Russian, small, very productive, and the
earliest of all; fig. 5, Early Green Cluster, next in earliness to the Russian.
generally grows in pairs, quite productive and esteemed for pickles. There are
very many foreign varieties of very great size and beauty, and of excellent
quality, and their general appearance is shown in the annexed engraving.
They range in length from eighteen inches to more than two feet, and, when

a12 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

well grown, are as straight as an arrow. They are called frame varieties, be-
cause much cultivated in frames or under glass. Some of the hardiest do
well in America, if coaxed a little early in the season under boxes covered
with glass, as recommended for our hardy sorts. The Long Green Southgate

and the Stockwood we have feueay the best for the garden in this latitude, but in
the south we have no doubt all would succeed admirably. Some persons think
because these foreign sorts are large, that they are coarse and scarcely eatable.
This is a mistake. They are fine-grained and very solid, having very few seeds,
sometimes not more than half-a-dozen perfect seeds in a fruit. Seed, there
fore, is always scarce and dear.

EGG PLANT.

A tender plant, requiring starting in the hot-bed pretty early to mature its
fruit in the northern states. The seed
may be sown with tomato seed; but
more care is necessary at transplanting,
to prevent the plants being chilled by
the change, as they seldom iully recover.
Hand-glasses are
useful “for cover-
ing at the time
of transplanting.
Those who have
no hot-bed can
sow a few seeds in
boxes in the house.

There are yarious
modes of cooking, but the most common is to cut in
slices, boil in salt and water, and then fry in batter or
butter. There are several varieties, but the largest and
best of all is the Improved New York Purple, an engraving of ie we give.
The Early Long Purple is the earliest, and valuable on that account, and about
eight or nine inches in length. There is an early round variety called Round
Purple, and there are seyeral very pretty sorts more ornamental than useful.

KOHL RABI.

Intermediate between the cabbage and the turnip we
have this singular vegetable. The stem, just above the
4) surface of the ground, swells into a bulb something like
"a turnip, as shown in the engraving. Above this are the
leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Ruta Baga.
The bulbs are seryed like turnips, and are very delicate
and tender when young, possessing the flavor of both

_——— : = turnip and cabbage, to some extent. In Europe they
are Ser grown for stock, and are thought to keep better than the tur-
nip, and impart no unpleasant taste to milk. Seed sown for a general crop,
in the spring, like the turnip, in drills; or may be transplanted like cabbage.
For winter table use, sow middle of June. One advantage claimed for the

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 213

Kohl Rabi is that it suffers less from severe drouth than the turnip, and there-
fore a crop is almost certain. This being so, it must be well adapted to cul-
ture in many sections of our country.
LETTUCE.
Lettuce is divided into two classes: the Cabbage, with round head and broad,
spreading leaves ; ; and the Cos, with long head and upright, narrow leaves.
: The Cabbage varieties are
the most tender and but-
tery, and the Cos the most
crisp and refreshing. In
Europe, the Cos varieties
are used very generally.
They are the most liked by
dealers, because they will
carry better and keep
longer in good condition
than the cabbage sorts.
There are several varieties
2, With loose, curled leaves,
Bm having the habit of the
4 cabbage, though not form-
ing solid heads, and are
very pretty for garnishing,
but otherwise not equal to
si the plain sorts. Seed
sown in the Ratan will come in quite early in the spring, but not early
enough to satisfy the universal relish for early salad. The hot- bed, therefore,
must be started quite early. Give but little heat, and plenty of air ‘and water
on fine days. Sowa couple of rows thick, in the front of the frame, to be used
when young,—say two inches in height. Let the plants in the rest of the bed
be about three inches apart, and, as they become thick, remove every alternate
one. Keep doing so, as required, and the last will be as large as cabbages.
Sow in the open ground as early as possible; or, if you have plants from fall
sowing, transplant them to a rich soil, giving plenty of room, and hoe well.
We give engravings showing the appearance of the Cabbage, Cos, and Curled
varieties.

MARTYNTA.

The Martynia is a hardy annual plant of robust growth, and some of the
varieties are somewhat grown as flowering plants. oe

M. proboscidea produces its curious seed-pods, J
shown in the engraving, quite abundantly, and f \
these, when tender, are prized bya good many for \ ~ GS
pickling. They should be gathered before getting fibrous or “ abrir A lit-
tle experience will soon make the matter of selecting easy.

MELON.

Those who have their homes a little further south than Rochester, in Mary-
land, Delaware, Virginia, and in most of our western and all southern States,
enjoy a luxury in the melon crop of which many northern people have but
little idea. We once very much astonished some kind friends in England
because we preferred well-ripened English gooseberries to some melons that had

214 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

been procured for our special benefit ; but which, though softer, were not much
richer than pumpkins. The melon, being a plant of tropical origin, reaches
perfection only in a warm temperature, though by a little care in securing a

warm, sandy soil, a sheltered, sunny position, and a little skill in starting
plants early, fair crops are grown in what would be considered unfavorable
localities. In this latitude we must give the melon every possible advantage to
secure earliness and thorough ripening. The same culture as recommended
for cucumbers will insure success. The striped bug is the great enemy of the
melon and other vines, and the best safeguard is gauze protectors of any simple
form that can be easily and cheaply made. There are two distinct species of
melon in cultivation, the Musk Melon and the Water Melon. Our engravings
show a few of the leading varieties. Musk Melon—Fig. 1, Nutmeg; 2,
White Japanese ; 3, Casaba; 4, Prolific Nutmeg. Water Melon—Fig. 5, Black
Spanish; 6, Mountain Sweet; 7, Citron, for preserves.

MUSTARD.

Young Mustard is used as a salad early in the spring, with cress, lettuce, and
other salad plants. It can be grown in hot-beds as early as desired, and in the
spring, being very hardy, can be sown as soon as the soil is
free from frost. Sow in shallow drills, and cut when a few
inches in height. It grows very rapidly ; but little will be
needed, and several sowings should be made at intervals.
; For a crop of seed sow in early spring, in rows, thin out the
- plants to six inches apart, making the rows about eighteen
inches apart for garden culture, and for field culture far enough for the culti-
vator. ‘he Chinese is the best for salad, and the Black-seeded is usually pre-
ferred for commerce, being stronger than the White; but the White is chosen
by many on account of its mildness, and is the kind recommended for medi-
cinal purposes.

*)

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 215

ONIONS.

The Onion must havea clean and very rich soil, or it will not do well enough
to pay for the trouble. Use well rotted manure freely, and be sure to get the
seed in as early as possible in the spring, no matter if it is ever so cold and un-
pleasant, forif onions do not get a good growth before hot, dry weather, the
crop is sure to be a failure ; then thin out early, and keep the soil mellow and

2 clear of weeds, and if your seed is good,
you will have a large crop of onions. On
no other conditions can you hope for suc-
cess. The onion is very sensitive, and it
won’t do to slight it in the least. Sowin
shallow drills, not less than a foot apart.
When the young onions are three or four
inches high, thin so that they will stand
, : = about two inches or more apart, accord-

AMERICAN ONIONS. ing to kind. Disturb the roots of onions
as little as possible, either in thinning or hoeing, and never hoe earth toward
them to cover, or hill, as we do most other things. Four pounds of seed are
sufficient for an acre. American onions are quite different from those of Eu-
rope; they are generally smaller, with a finer neck, bulb much more freely,
are stronger, less sweet, and much better keepers. Our little engraving shows
the leading native sorts reduced to quite one-sixth natural size. Figure 1,
Wethersfield Red ; fig. 2, Early Red; 3, Danvers Yellow; 4, Large Yellow:
5, White Portugal, which is a foreign sort so hybridized or acclimated as to be-.
come a native.

As before intimated, while the European varieties of onions lack a great many
of the good qualities belonging to the “ native Americans,” they possess some
peculiar to themselves, and which certainly entitle them to favorable notice.
They are mild, sweet and large. It is no strange sight to see peasants eat for
their dinner, with brown bread alone, and with apparent relish, an onion that
would weigh apound. These foreign onions seem to succeed pretty wellin the
south. We thought it best to give engravings of a few of the leading sorts.
Fig. 6 represents the Large Strasburg; 7, Large Oval Madeira; 8, Large ‘Round
Madeira; 9, White Lisbon; 10, Silver-Skinned, the favorite sort ior pickles.

For several years®*past there has been a good deal of excitement among the
seedsmen and gardeners of Europe, respecting some new Italian onions of
monstrous size, and
very mild, superior
flavor. Being in
Europe when these
onions were attract-
ing considerable at-
tention,wesaw some
of them weighing as
much as 4 pounds,
and had the best of
evidence of their?
fine flavor. We ob-
tained seed and sent
it all over the country, particularly to the south, for trial. The reports were

FOREIGN ONIONS.

216 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

generally favorable. ‘The larger kinds, and they are the best, are wonderful in
size, beautiful in appearance, “sweet, and of pleasant flavor, and excellent for
summer, autumn and early winter use. The engravings represent the princi-
pal kinds, very much reduced, but show the ee ae size and form. Fig.
11, New Giant Rocca of Naples, one of the best ; 12, Blood-Red Italian Tripoli ;
13, Large White Flat Italian Tripoli, one of the Be 14, Marzajola, very early,
but not as large or showy as the others.

To those in the north who would secure a good crop of these onions—and in
fact, to all who have difficulty in growing acrop from seed early,—we advise

‘ the following plan :
> Sow the seed thickly
-\ in rows in a hot-bed
’ early. When severe
weather is over and
the glass is wanted
for other purposes,
it will not be needed
for the onions, as
HIS they are pretty har-
NEW ITALIAN ONIONS. dy. Keep the weeds
down, and about the time for sowing onion seed, transplant these onions to the
open ground, giving them a rich soil and plenty of room. Every one will form
a large bulb, and very early. The hot-bed work and transplanting will be some
trouble, but the troublesome hoeing and hand-weeding and thinning of young
onions will be avoided, which all onion growers know is no small labor. We
hope many of our readers will try a few in this way, at least, as we have pur-
sued this course of culture for some years with the most gratifying results. It
is doubtless known to most of our readers that it has been considered difficult
to grow onions from seed at the south, because the warm weather checks their
growth before bulbs are formed. The hot-bed plan suggested we think will
remedy this evil, but the one usually pursued is to plant what is ealled Onion
Sets. These are small onions, about the size of large
peas. The seed is sown in the spring in broad rows,
in a poor soil, and very thick, where they have not
space to make a fair growth. About twenty-eight
pounds of seed are sown to the acre. The result is a
large quantity of stunted onions, that are taken up in
July and dried thoroughly on the ground. They are
then stored away to be sold for planting the following
spring. ‘These, when planted in the spring, produce Sys
good onions, and are used extensively in the south. It POTATO ONION.
is, of course, a good deal of labor to raise a bushel of these little onions, and
they generally sell at high prices, from $10 to $15 a bushel.

Another onion very largely grown by those who cannot succeed with seed,
or who want early green onions, is the English Potato Onion, which is the best
underground variety. A large onion produces, the first season, under ground,
a large cluster of onions, like that shown in the engraving, but the size is re-
duced. Many of them, with good culture, will be half the size of ordinary
onions. These are put out in the spring, and very early they are ready for use
as summer onions, and are a great favorite with market gardeners. It is this

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 217%

sort that is usually sold in bunches in the markets. Those that are allowed to
remain in the ground during the summer make very large bulbs, to be sold or
replanted the next spring for small onions. They are rather poor keepers, and
the practice here is to spread them on the floor of a barn-loft and cover with
straw, where they will freeze and keep frozen all the winter. They will then be
in pretty good condition, but if kept in a warm place they must be turned
every day, or they will rot, as they will if subjected to frequent freezing and
thawing. If they were good keepers they would be very popular. The price is
always high, generally about $5 a bushel.

Another variety not so good or so popular as Potato
Onion, is the Top Onion. When large onions of this sort
are planted, each one sends upa strong stem, just like the
sced-stem of the common onion, but instead of bearing on
. its top a number of seeds it produces a cluster of small
By Onions, just as we show in the engraving. Next spring
these small onions are planted, and each one produces a
full-sized onion. They can be eaten during thesummer,

TOP ONIONS. and are often sold in bunches, or they can be kept for
winter use for spring planting. Each of these large onions, of course, pro-
duces a cluster of small ones afteraseason’s growth. Onion culture has become
such an important interest, throughout our country, and in fact, throughout
the civilized world, that we thought it important to give pretty thorough in-
formation on this subject.

OKRA.

This vegetable is a native of the West Indies, though now grown in almost
all warm countries. Its green seed-pods are
used in soups, to which they give a jelly-like
~4 consistency, as they abound in mucilage, like
JM \{ all of the Mallow family. Itis considered very
1) ¢~ \{ nutritious, and exceedingly grateful to stomachs
not over strong. The common name south is
Gumbo. It is of the easiest possible culture,
and bears well. North it would be best to sow
the seeds in hot-beds, and transplant, except in
favored localities. There are two varieties gen-
erally grown, known as dwarf and tall. The
Okra is a vigorous, large plant, requiring a good
deal of room, and the large kind should be
planted not less than three feet apart, and the
‘dwarf about eighteen inches. In mild climates it is only necessary to sow the
seed in the open ground, about two inches deep, and then merely keep the
ground clean and mellow, as for a hill of corn. We have grown good Okra
here by sowing in the open ground early in May, in a warm exposure and soil.

PARSLEY.

Parsley is a hardy biennial plant, and therefore is in use two seasons, but
about the middle of the second summer it goes to seed, so that sowings must
be made every second year. Parsley seed germinates very slowly: it should be
started in a hot-bed if possible. For out-door sowing always prepare the seed
by placing in quite hot water and allowing it to soak for twenty-four hours
in a warm place. When the plants are a few inches in height, set them in

28

218 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

rows, three or four inches apart.
Parsley makes a pretty edging for
the walks of the vegetable garden.
As but little generally is needed, if
sown in the garden in rows, it will
be only necessary to thin out and de- ~
stroy the surplus plants. Parsley is
a universal favorite for soups, and
for garnishing there is nothing so
good as some of the best kinds. In-
: A deed, it has been recommended and
used for bouquets; but one poor
gardener tried it only once, for he
was coolly informed by the lady that
she wished a bouquet for the parlor,
and not herbs for the kitchen.

PARSNIPS.

The Parsnip flourishes best, and gives the longest, largest, smoothest roots in
a very deep, rich soil,—one that has been made rich with manure the previous
year. Manure, especially if fresh, makes the roots somewhat ill-shaped. Sow
as early in the spring as the ground can be made ready, in drills, from twelve
to eighteen inches apart, and about an inch deep. Thin the plants to five
or six inches apart. An ounce of seed will sow ore hundred and fifty feet of
drill very thickly. Six pounds of seed is the usual quantity sown on an acre.
The part of the crop required for spring use can remain in the ground during
the winter. If a portion is covered heavily with leaves, they can be dug at
any time. A few can be stored in a pit or cellar. For feeding cattle no
root is superior to the Parsnip. In the island of Guernsey, a few years ago,—
and perhaps the same state of things still exists,—pigs and cattle were al-
most or entirely fattened on this root. We have always thought that
American farmers did not realize the value of this root. In field
culture it would be advisable to make the rows wider apart, so as to
admit the cultivator one way. Although from tie ease with which
corn is grown, particularly in the western states, it has been thought
that there is no great necessity for the culture of roots in this
country, we have no doubt that their more general growth would
be of material advantage in many ways, especially in the older sec-
tions of the country. Animals always thrive better, and are more
healthy, on a somewhat mixed diet in which roots form an impor-
tant part. This fact our best farmers are fast learning. As the
Parsnip is not injured by frost it seems well adapted to general
culture. Every one who visits any of the agricultural exhibitions
of Canada, must notice the great attention given to root culture in
that country, as shown by the quantity and quality of those exhib-
ited. ‘There are several varieties of Parsnips, but we have found
little difference, and the old Hollow Crown seems as good as any.
Roots that are allowed to remain in the ground during the winter are better
flavored than those dug in the fall. As the roots go very deep, and seem to
have an unusually firm hold of the soil, if they are carelessly dug more than
half will be broken, which is a great injury to the crop.

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. Paes,

PEPPERS.

There are perennial shrubby or woody peppers, and very beautiful plants
they are when seen growing in their tropical homes. What we cultivate is an
: annual species from India. The pod

» or fruit is in demand in every kitch-
en, and very large quantities are
grown to supply our large cities and
the manufacturers of pickles, and it

re 7/ se 4

— \) =— ul
RW | ae ; cee
Hh eee AN Ny = aq—Q is used somewhat freely in medicine.

Sow the seeds early, under glass, if
possible, and transplant only when
the weather has become steadily
mild. If no hot-bed is to be had,
prepare a seed-bed in a warm place
in the garden, and sow, in the middle
and northern states, in May, and
transplant when the plants are about
three inches in height. As usually

only a few plants are needed, it is
well to sow the eae Syne the plants are to remain, and thin them out to
about a foot apart. The fruit is often used green, but will be ripe in Septem-
ber. There are several varieties, ranging in height from one to three feet,
while the fruit varies from the Little Cayenne to the great French Monstrous,
six inches in length. Fig. 1 shows Long Red; 2, Cayenne; 3, Tomato-formed ;
4, Monstrous, or Grossum. The Large Bell, and several other large sorts, dif-
fer little from the Tomato-formed, but larger. The Sweet Mountain, or Mam-
moth, is very large, mild, with thick flesh, and is pickled stuffed like mangoes.
The engraving shows Cayenne of natural size; all others are very much
reduced.

PUMPKINS.

The Pumpkin is now but little used, except for coe uta pur the
squashes being so much sweeter and drier, and
finer grained. No good gardener, we think, would
tolerate a pumpkin in the garden, nor would any
sensible cook allow one in the kitchen. Those ~~
monster kinds that we see occasionally at our La
fairs are the worst of all. ‘The farmer, however, V4
tinds the pumpkin a very serviceable addition to otk
his fall feed, and probably as long as maize is
grown in America the golden pumpkin will gild
our corn fields in the beautiful Indian summer
days of autumn. After all, a eoee many will think what we say 7 of the pump-
kin all nonsense, and perhaps it is. We shall not certainly disagree about so
small a matter as a pumpkin, and some persons will always defend the good,
old-fashioned pumpkin pie against all innovations.

PEAS.

The pea is very hardy, and will endure a great amount of cold, either in or
above the ground; and as we all want “ green peas” as early as possible in the
season, they should be put in as early as the soil can be got ready,—the sooner
the better. Peas are divided by seedsmen and gardeners into three classes,

220 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Larly, Second Karly, and Late. The earliest are mostly small, round, smooth,
and hardy, the tallest not growing more than from two to three feet in height.
Of late years some very fine dwarf, sweet, wrinkled sorts, like Little Gem, have
been added to this class, of very great merit. The Second Early contains a
list of excellent wrinkled varieties, like Eugenie. The Late are large, mostly
A , wrinkled, and formerly were nearly all tall,
I Ae like the Champion of England, but very
=), Many excellent dwarfs have been added to
‘ the list, like Yorkshire Hero. If the Zarliest
sorts are planted about the first of April, in
this latitude, they will be fit to gather in
June, often quite early in the month. The
Second will come in about the Fourth of
July. By sowing two or three varieties of
Harly, and the same of Second, and Late, as
soon as practicable in the spring, a supply
will be had from early in June to late in
July, with only one sowing. After this
\ Sweet Corn will bein demand. Sow in drills
|| not less than four inches deep, pretty thick-
\iM| ly,—about a pint to forty feet. The drills
li) Should not be nearer than two feet, except
Wial) for the lowest sorts. Those growing three
law feet high, or more, should not be nearer than
| Mitt; three or four feet. As they are early off the
iwi! ground, cabbage can be planted between the
rows, or the space can be used for celery
trenches. All varieties growing three feet or
more in height should have brush for their
support. ‘The large, fine-wrinkled varieties
are not as hardy as the small sorts, and if
planted very early should have a dry soil, or
they are liable to rot. Keep well hoed up
and stick early. When grown extensively
for market, Peas do well sown on ridges made
P by the plow, two rows on each ridge, and not
sticked, the pea vines drooping into the furrows. In response to the inquiry
so often made, why we can not sow Peas late, and thus have them in eating all
through the summer, and why Peas are “buggy,” we will say that the Pea
delights in a cool, moist climate, and suffers in warm, dry weather. Those
planted late will most likely be attacked with mildew, and never give half a
crop. The Pea, when grown in a tolerably mild climate, is troubled with a
weevil, the egg being laid in the pea when it is very small, through the pod.
The way to obtain sound Peas for seed, is to grow them where the weevil does
not exist.

i) With

RHUBARB.

The Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant, is usually grown from divisions of the roots,
for every portion which has an eye, will form a plant. Occasionally persons
prefer to grow from seeds. It will take two years to obtain a strong plant
from seed, but a package of seeds in two years will give enough plants to stock

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 221

a neighborhood. Give a good, rich, deep, mellow soil, both to seeds and
plants. In the spring, two weeks be-
fore the frost is gone, cover two of the
finest roots with barrels. Then throw
E-\ over the roots and around the barrels
= leaves, straw or manure, and the earliest
and tenderest stalks will be the results

RA DISHES.

Radishes are divided into two classes, Spring and Winter, or as denominated
in some of the books, Summer and Autumn. The spring varieties are much
smaller than the winter, tender, ar-
rive at maturity in avery brief time,
and very soon become oyver-grown
and worthless. The winter sorts
mature more slowly, are large, very
solid, and with proper care keep a
long time.

The Spring Radish must make deqq fi/} —
rapid growth to be fit for use; it QMGiz
will then be crisp and tender, and 4
of mild flavor. If grown slowly, it!
will be hard, fibrous, and disagree-
ably pungent. For early use, “seed |
should be sown in the hot-bed, in
drills four or five inches apart and
half an inch deep. Thin out the
young plants so that they will stand
two inches apart in the rows. Give
plenty of light and air, or they will -*
become drawa—that is, slender and worthless. For out-door beds, select a

; warm, sunny location, with a sandy soil. A
little new earth from the woods, as a top-
dressing, before the seeds are sown, will be of
great service. A top-dressing of soot, or even
coal ashes, will be of much benefit, as we have
found by long experience. The great point is
to get the plants to grow rapidly after the seed-
leaf appears above ground, so as to be out of
the way of the black beetle that proves so
troublesome when they are young, puncturing
every leaf. Sow soot, ashes, or dust over them
frequently, as the beetle dislikes gritty food.
Our engraving shows a few of the leading va-
rieties, fig. 1 representing Red Turnip; 2, Rose
Olive-Shaped ; 3, Scarlet Olive-Shaped, with
¥ white tip; 4, Long White Naples, an excellent
variety for growing late in the season ; 5, Long
Scarlet Short-Top.

The Winter Radish should be sown in July
or hers about the tine of turnip sowing. They may be kept in a cool cellar
and covered with earth for winter use. Put them in cold water for an hour

iG

N
l\\ ag
SERTRT

222 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

before using. ‘The engraving represents the principal varieties of winter rad-
ishes—indeed, all worthy of culture. These radishes are every year becoming
more popular, and particularly so since the introduction of the newer Chinese
varieties; though for that matter we are indebted to China for all our radishes.
Fig. 6 is the California Mammoth White Winter, a splendid variety which we
saw in San Francisco, more than a foot in length, and as crisp and tender as
one could desire. It was brought to California by Chinese emigrants. Fig. 7,
Chinese White Winter; 8, Black Round Spanish ; 9, Chinese Rose Winter.
SALSIFY, OR OYSTER PLANT.
A delicious vegetable. Cut into small pieces, it makes a fine soup, like
that from oysters. It is also par boiled,
__ grated fine, made into small balls, dipped
into batter, and fried. Culture same as
for carrots and parsnips.
SQUASHES.

The Squashes are an interesting and useful class of vegetables, interesting
because presenting such a variety of forms. Of their usefulness we need not say
a word. The squashes
are of tropical origin,
and therefore it is use-
less to plant them until
the soil is quite warm,
and all danger of frost
or cold nights is over ;
and as they make a very
rapid growth there is
no necessity of haste in
getting the seed in the fim
ground. We usually @
divide the squashesinto
two classes, Summer
and Winter. The Sum-
mer squashes are eaten
when the rind and flesh
are tender, about mid-
summer. The best of
this class are the Crook- Z
Neck and Scollop, and these are vgs are called bush varieties, and do not run.
‘he Winter squashes are allowed to ripen thoroughly before gathering, and are

; a on then stored away

RAY AVR for winter use. A

good, cool cellar
will preserve these
Jo Winter squashes
until May, if well

ripened. The win-
== ter varieties are all
runners,Wwe believe.
The best winter cane is the Hubbard, a 1, and if pure and well ripened,
and decently cooked, it is almost as good as a sweet pata! Fig. 2 represents
the Marblehead, another excellent winter squash, but we think hardly equal to

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 223

the Hubbard. Fig. 3, Scollop, or Pie-formed, a good sort, and liked by market
gardeners, because the rind is somewhat hard, and it bearsshipping well. Fig.
4 is the excellent summer Crook-Neck, one of the best, if not the best, of the
whole race of summer squashes. Squashes are good feeders, and like a rich
soil: it is best to manure in the hill. Sowa dozen seeds in each hill, and when
danger from “ bugs” is over, pull up all but three or four. A mellow, warm
soil is best. For bush sorts, make hills three or four feet apart, and for the
running kinds twice this distance.
SPINACH.

To grow Spinach in perfection, the soil must be rich. Sow in the autumn
for spring use, in good drained soil, in drills a foot apart.
As soon as the plants are well
up, thin them to about 3 inches __
apart in therows. Covering with @/y
a little straw or leaves before “
winter is useful, but not neces-
sary. For summer use, sow as early as possible in the spring. There are two
popular varieties, the principal distinction being that one has a round seed,
and the other with sharp points, and called prickly. These we have shown in
the engraving.

TOMATOES.

The Tomato is more generally used in America than in any country in the
world. The amount consumed seems wonderful, especially when we consider
how brief the time since its first introduction as an article of diet. Almost
every one likes it, and most persons regard it as a great luxury; but the To-

mato is so slow perfecting its fruit that it is quite after the middle of summer,
and at the end of most people’s patience, before the ripened fruit can be en-
joyed. ‘To obtain early varieties, therefore, is the great desire of all, and it is
no strange thing to have varieties advertised as two weeks earlier than any other

RRA STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

kind, that are entirely worthless in all respects, not even having the merit of
earliness. We are satisfied that Hubbard’s Curled Leaf is the earliest Tomato
grown, and this is its only merit, for it is small and far from being smooth.
The plant is small and will bear close planting, the leaves curling as if wilted.
Gen. Grant is an excellent early Tomato, about ten or twelve days later than
the Curled Leaf, but Hathaway’s Excelsior is as early as Gen. Grant, and the
best Tomato we axe acquainted with. It received a certificate of merit from
the Royal Horticultural Society of England, is pronounced by the press of Eu-
rope the best variety produced, and is everywhere popular. It is smooth,
solid, of good flavor, excellent color, and productive. Pinching off a portion
of the side branches, and stopping others beyond where the fruit is formed,
hastens the ripening very much. ‘To obtain plants early, sow seed in the hot-
bed early in March. In about five weeks they should be transplanted to an-
other hot-bed, setting them four or five inches apart. Here they should re-
main, having all the air possible, and becoming hardened, until about the
middle of May, when they may be put out in the ground; that is, if there is no
danger of frost. Very good plants can be grown in boxes in the house, start-
ing them even in the kitchen. Those, of course, who live in a southern clime
will be spared a good deal of this care. The soil for early Tomatoes should
not be too rich, and a warm, sheltered location selected, if possible. The To-
mato may be made very pretty by training on a fence or trellis, like a grape-
vine. No plant will better bear trimming. We have tested hundreds of yva-
rieties of Tomatoes in our grounds during the past ten years. Every season
we put on trial every new kind we can obtain from any source, and feel quite
competent to speak on the subject. Still, we can judge well of the influence
of soil and climate only as we receive reports from our friends in different sec-
tions of the country.

The engraving, fig. 1, represents the Cherry Tomato, useful only for pick-
ling; 2, Persian Yellow; 3, Hathaway; 4, Gen. Grant; 5, Early Smooth Red ;
6, Curled Leaf. All are, of course, very much reduced in size, though very
well representing the form and characteristics of each.

TURNIPS.

There are two quite distinct species of turnips grown, one called the Hnglish
Turnip, and the other the

Swede or Ruta Baga Tur-
nip. As they require
somewhat different treat-
ment, serious mistakes
are sometimes made on
that point. In ordering
seeds, care should be
taken to state which kind
is desired. The English
Turnip, if designed for
early use, should be sown
as soon as the ground can
be prepared in the spring,
so as to have the benefit
of early showers, for the
Turnip will not grow in
ENGLISH TURNIPS. dry, hot weather. For

POPULAR VARIETIES OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. 225

the main crop, for fall and winter use, sow in August, and the plants will have
the benefit of the autumn rains. If the weather should prove dry, the crop
will be light. The soil for Turnips should be rich and mellow. Sow in drills,
from twelve to eighteen inches apart, and half an inch deep. When the plants
are a few inches in height, and strong enough to resist the attacks of insects,
thin them out to some five or six inches apart in the drills). Two pounds of
seed wee sufficient for an acre. Fig. 1 represents the Strap-Leaved Purple-
Top; 2, Orange Jelly; 3, Yellow Malta ; 5, Jersey Navet; 7, White Norfolk.
The Swede, or Ruta Baga erate are large, very solid, ee the most
solid vegetable that grows. “ y
- The flesh of nearly all the
yarieties is yellow. They do
not grow as rapidly as the
English Turnips, and should
be sown as early as the first §
ef June. The rows should
be about eighteen inches
apart, and the plants in the
rows not less than ten inches.
The engravings show, fig. 4,
Carter’s Imperial Purple-
Top ; fig. 6, Green-Top. We
do not suppose that a warm,
dry climate will ever be con-
sidered favorable to Turnip culture, and yet we never saw better crops in the
most favored districts of England than we have seen in America. It is only
in exceptionally dry seasons that our crop fails, with good culture. A soil rich
in phosphates is necessary for a large crop, hence all bone manures are exceed-
ingly valuable. With proper Turnip food and a moist season success is almost
certain. There is only one enemy to be conquered. The little black flea, or
Turnip Beetle, is very destructive when the plants are in the seed-leaf; but
with a fair season and a rich soil the plants are soon in the rough leaf, when
they are troubled no longer. Some good farmers sow twice the usual quantity
of seed, and in this way save plenty from the little enemy; and this, we have
no doubt, 1s the safest and most economical way, for it is better to feed them
on plants that we do not need than on those upon which the crop depends.

SWEET AND POT HERBS.

SWEDE TURNIPS.

A few fragrant, or, as they are sometimes called, Sweet or Pot Herbs, consti-
tute a little treasury upon which the house-keeper will find occasion to make
almost constant drafts, and these will be honored from early summer until
autumn. A good reserve can also be stored in some closet or store room for
winter use. Asa general rule it is best to cut herbs when in flower and dry in
the shade, and they dry more evenly and in better shape if tied up in small
bunches and hunginthe shade. For soups and dressing for poultry these herbs
are a necessity in the estimation of most persons, while as domestic medicines
several kinds are held in high repute. The Sage and its uses, of course, every
one is acquainted with. The Broad-leayed English is the best. Thyme, fig.
2, 1s of universal cultivation, as is also Summer Savory, fig. 3. Rosemary, fig.
4, is a very fragrant herb, and is everywhere popular. Borage, fig. 1, is a beau-
tiful plant, with azure-blue flowers, pretty enough for any flower garden. It

29

226 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

. WE
2 » 0
aN ar

~ AN

ml Sens
p SS. 5

is much used in Europe for flavoring claret and other wines. We give a list
of the herbs generally cultivated and prized, either by the cook or the nurse.

Anise, Cumin, Marjoram, Sweet, Savory, Winter,
Balm, Dill, Rosemary, Thyme, Broad-Leay’d
Basil, Sweet, Fennel, Large Sweet, | Rue, English,

Borage, Hoarhound, Saffron, Thyme, Summer,
Caraway, Hyssop, Sage, Thyme, Winter,
Coriander, Lavender, Savory, Summer, Wormwood.

A very small space in the garden will give all the herbs needed in any fam-
ily. The culture is very simple, and the best way is to make a little seed-bed
in the early spring, and set the plants out as soon as large enough in a bed.
The trouble, therefore, is trifling, while the expense is comparatively nothing,
as a paper of either can be obtained for five cents, and will contain more seeds
than any one will be likely to need. In a mild climate some kinds will live
over the winter, but they are so easily grown from seed that saving old plants
is not of much consequence.

INAUGURATION OF “THE MICHIGAN
PEACH BELT.”

BY AN OLD SETTLER OF BERRIEN COUNTY.

; ee.

The “ Peach Belt” was inaugurated in 1847, and this is the history of my
part in it:

At that time farmers here and there about St. Joseph, as in other of the
then setiled paris of the State, had a few peach trees of seedling sorts, generally
in fence-corner rows, rarely in orchard form. A Mr. Pike of Royalton, E.
Morton of Benton, and John Byers of Bainbridge had what other people
thought a very profuse supply, and were the first to sell anything like a wagon
load. The improved varieties of that day in that part of the State were
* Pike’s Seedlings,” afterwards called “ St. Joseph Yellow Rareripe,” and Byers’
“Red Rareripe,” also a seedling with him. L. L. Johnson, living near what is
called the Gap, also had a large supply of seedling peaches. A few years before,
Mr. B. C. Hoyt of St. Joseph started a nursery and had fruited apples, pears,
peaches, plums, and cherries. His stock of peach trees was quite limited, run-
ning heaviest on apple and pear. I know of no peach orchard set from that
nursery. About this time (1847), pits of the peach known as Hills Chili,
Stanley, and other names, were planted by Mr. McKeyes of Bainbridge.

At that time I owned an eighty-acre lot of rich soil in the same town. and
had planted on it that spring a small orchard of budded peach trees, which I
had bought of Col. Hodge’s “ Buffalo Nursery.” Becoming satisfied that my
place would prove too frosty for fruit purposes, 1 began to canvass for a better
place. From friends living west of Lake Michigan, and from occasional news-
paper reporis of the “cold snaps,” I became satisfied that peaches would not
be raised west of the lake. I knew Mr. Hoyt had kept a thermomeier for
several years, and so far as I knew, his was the only one in St. Joseph. To
him I went to learn what the winter extremes had been. He made the sweep-
ing assertion that it had never gone below zero. I could hardly believe it, but
he was positive. That supposed fact, for which the reason was very apparent
in the unfrozen waters of Lake Michigan, decided me, and before I had walked
home the nine miles I had decided to go on to the lake shore. The next day
saw written notices of my farm for sale, and in a few days a man appeared who
paid my price in gold. I immediately procured a chart from the Land Office
at Kalamazoo of all the lake shore from St. Joseph to the Indiana line, which

228 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

was then without a settler on the shore between New Buffalo and St. Joseph
(called twenty-eight miles). A part of the land still belonged to the Govern-
ment. Not liking to face such a solitude alone, and having but little to do
with except my hands, I proposed to my friend A. 8. Woodruff to start a peach
orchard on the lake shore in partnership, explaining to him, as well as I could,
the advantages of the water protection, and a market on the other side of the
lake. He thought enough of it to go with me on an exploring expedition. So,
with our chart, a spade, and some provisions, we set out. We reached New
Buffalo the second day, passing the night in a deserted shanty. We were
neither of us quite satisfied, placing great stress on the quality of land. We
found some good land, but before we could trace out at any one place directly
on the shore a good sized farm for each of us we ran into broken or poor land,
oak openings in those days not standing high in our estimation, unless they
were burr oak. Returning disappointed to St. Joseph, I thought as I strolled
out on the bluff where the Hoyt House now stands, “perhaps I have sold
myself out of home.” Looking across the one and a half miles of sand hills
north of the mouth of the river to the dark forest on the bluff beyond, indi-
cating timbered land, I reasoned to myself, “If there is any good land there
some day there will be a road to it;” for at that time there was not a settler’s
clearing on the shore from those sand hills to South Haven, thongh there
were several along the Paw Paw river and between the river and lake ; and to
reach that bluff by road it was eight miles travel, as we had to go up the river
a long way to a bridge and then take the road down the other side of the river.
My friend concluded to go with me, and we were put across the river in a skiff,
passed over the sand hills, and went on to the timbered biuff. Traveling near
the front of the bluff, keeping in sight of the lake, we found good land, but
too broken to suit our large ideas. If we could then and there have taken
a Rip Van Winkle sleep, to awake to-day and behold the Fruit Paradise of my
old neighbor Wm. J. Nott, we would have been led to rub our eyes and butt our
heads to dispel the illusion, for no tired dreamer ever fancied such a meta-
morphosis.

We passed along until we came to the top of the ridge at a point between
the house now owned by Mr. Morely and the bluff. From this point we looked
down into a tall forest of oak, ash, elm, bass, maple, and butternut. I for
one was ready to say Eureka! The surface was just right, and such sights of
rail timber! I don’t remember that I saw a bit of the hard work necessary to
clear it. Iwas a happy man. A little further on we came to a roll-way
where logs had been rolJed down the bluff. Taking the track which led away
from it, about half a mile from the shore we found a small clearing and a log
house. The place was for sale,and the owner was in Valparaiso, Indiana.
After tracing out the lines, the next day I started on foot to find the owner,
and the purchase was made. The tenant soon moved off, and on the first day
of November my family was domiciled in that log house. At this time there
lies in sight from the ridge where I first got sight of that tall timber, 163 acres
of land which I cleared with the work of my hands and the products of that
farm, and out of that rail timber I had at one time a mile of fence which was
too high for a deer to jump. This was necessary in the fall to keep the bucks
from rubbing and twisting my fruit trees with their horns, and from the same
point there is now in sight ninety-eight acres of orcharding of my setting.

Well, the next spring (1848) I had two and a half acres cleared, fenced, and
planted with trees. Apple two rods apart each way, with peaches and a few

THE MICHIGAN PEACH BELT. 229

pears and plums in rows both ways between, and also a few quinces. These
trees were purchased in part of “Buffalo Nursery” and part of McIntosh &
Co., of Cleveland. The Crawford peaches were then a new thing to both those
nurseries, and no trees could be had of those sorts, except in the dormant bud.
I bought in the bud two of each, of each of the two nurseries, and the fall of
the same season I was able to bud largely from those eight Crawford trees. I
think that was the beginning of Crawford peach culture in Western Michigan.
The next year Capt. Boughton set near St. Joseph village 130 trees, not as Mr.
Winslow in his “ History of St. Joseph” says, “more as an experiment than
the expectation of making much profit.” I believe every man, if decently
successful, likes to have the eredit of not blundering into his business. Mr.
Winslow forgot that those were days of small things.

In 1852 Mr. Boughton set out seven acres more. In 1849 I set a few more
trees near the old log house. Those were Morris’ Red Rareripe and Bellegarde.
In the spring of 1850 I set as I suppose the first Crawford orchard ever
planted in the Fruit Belt, raised from the eight trees set in the dormant bud
two years before, setting of different varieties about four acres. In 1851 I set
two and a half acres more. In 1850 (I think it was), Mr. E. Morton put ont
something of a peach orchard in addition to his fence corner trees, and shortly
after Dr. Talman Wheeler set what is known as the Teetzel orchard. At this
time nearly all the older farms had seedling trees bearing, and those men who
had a surplus above their own wanis began to sell at what they thought good
prices. It was not until after Mr. Boughton and I sold choice peaches from
our imported trees that there was much else than seedling trees planted or
budded trees from the better class of local seedlings. The St. Joseph Yellow
Rareripe, or Pike peach, was Mr. Morton’s favorite sort,so much so that for
several years it was usually called Morton’s Yellow Rareripe, and it was a
profitable peach with him. He and 1 both raised Hill’s Chili from pits from
the McKeyes trees.

The first great impetus to peach planting was given when I contracted my
first considerable peach crop for $1,500, to be delivered in St. Joseph. Money
Was scarce in those days, and for such a sum te be raised off a small farm was
avery great wonder. The report went over the country, and was magnified
ridiculously ; but it did its work, though my contractors failed in a way to
subject me to a serious loss. From those days advancement has been rapid,
and every town on the Jake shore now has its peach history.

SMALE FRUITS.

BY JEREMIAH BROWN, OF BATTLE CREEK.

RASPBERRIES.

After a trial of many varieties for a long time, I have abandoned the culti-
yation of any but the Philadelphia and Clark (both red), and the Doolittle,
and an accidental seedling discovered on my farm in 1865. These are both
blackcaps, and are perfectly hardy except in such fearful winters as that of
1874-75.

The Clark is a newer and much better variety than the Philadelphia. It
must, however, be placed among the half hardy, which is a serious objection.

My seedling is far superior to the Doolittle in quality and productiveness,
but is about two days later in ripening.

For field culture the stools should not be less than five feet apart each way,
but in the garden four feet will do.

The Raspberry luxuriates in a rich soil, and will not tolerate the company
of grass and weeds: clean cultivation throughout the summer is of the utmost
importance if you wish to secure an abundance of fine, large fruit.

In planting, cut the top off to withia two inches of the ground, and never
set the plants any deeper than they stood before taking up ; mulch with coarse
manure, but do not cover the plants; they will not require pruning the first
season ; the next spring cut the canes back to within two feet of the ground
and the laterals to within twelve to sixteen inches, according to size. From
three to four canes in a hill is better than more.

The second year the canes may be left from three to four feet long, and no
longer if you want fine, large berries.

A good mulch of straw or coarse manure is very desirable every spring. It
tends to enrich the soil and retain the moisture in dry summers. <A good au-
thority says that thorough cultivation is the best mulch in a dry season. I
have found both very beneficial.

THE BLACKBERRY.

I have often been requested by different parties to give my opinion as to
which is the best Blackberry,—taking into consideration quality, hardiness,
and greatest fitness for market purposes. Haying tested thoroughly all the

SMALL FRUITS. 231

best varieties except the Snyder (which Iam now testing), I do not hesitate
to give the Lawton a decided preference.

I know very well that the dealers generally claim that the Kittatinny is per-
fectly hardy, but I have not found it so,—on the contrary, it needs as much
protection as the Lawton. In mild winters like that of 1873-4, they will go
through unharmed ; but if you wish to secure a full crop, you must give pro-
tection every year. The Lawton, when fully ripe,is a rich, luscious, melting
berry,—I am almost ready to say the best of all berries. Of course this will
surprise all those who have neyer eaten any but the poor sour things you find
in market. It becomes black some time before fit to pick for market, and re-
quires experience and discrimination in gathering. A little observation will
show you at what time they will bear marketing to a distance; they then
should be fully black, but not the least sof¢.

The Kittatinny I consider a poor fruit, not worth raising, and this will also
apply to the Early Wilson.

The soil best suited for growing Blackberries is a moderately rich one,—if
too rich the canes will grow rank and are liable to break in laying down.

For field culture, plant six feet apart each way, but in the garden, four feet
will do. When the new canes are four feet high pinch out the terminal buds,
and when the laterals are from twelve to sixteen inches long they should be
stopped. From three to four canes in a hill is quite enough.

Late in the fall, but before the ground is much frozen, the old canes should
be cut out near the ground. With the assistance of two hands I can easily lay
down anacrea day. From three to four inches of soil is a sufficient covering,
and I haye not found it necessary to fully cover the canes below the branches.

In the spring, before they start to grow, they should be taken up. For this
purpose I have found a potato hook the best. Good clean culture throughout
the summer is all important, particularly in a dry season.

STRAWBERRIES,

The first fruit of the season is that gem of fruits, the fragrant, luscious, ap-
petizing strawberry, ever suggestive of refined and delicate gastronomical
enjoyment. Every person who holds in fee simple an acre of ground, is in
duty bound to furnish abundantly for his family this delicious luxury so every
way desirable and health-giving, and so easily obtained and easily cultivated.

A large majority of the farmers seem to think that there is a great mystery
about the cultivation of the strawberry,—a mystery they have no time to solve,
or cannot solve, and therefore many, very many, do not even make the at-
tempt.

THE WILSON.

A few of the more delicate and choice varieties require a moderately clayey
soil to grow them to the greatest perfection ; but the Wilson (the berry for the
million) will do well in almost any rich soil; but,if you want to grow extra
large berries and an extra large crop, you must be liberal in the use of fine old
manure and a moderate quantity of leached ashes.

FOR FIELD CULTURE

I plant as early in the spring as the ground will admit, in rows three feet
apart, and set the plants just as deep as they stood before_and no deeper, from

232 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

twelve to fourteen inches apart in the rows. I use none but young plants of
the last year’s growth, and shorten the roots about one-third, as it facilitates
planting and causes them to throw out a great many small roots. As soon as
the flower stems appear they should be removed, so that the plants may not
be weakened by bearing fruit. In a favorabie season this may not be strictly
necessary, but if neglected in a dry summer many plants will die from ex-
haustion. The runners should also be removed if you look for a good crop
the next season. Clean culture and stirring the ground often are of the ut-
most importance, and most of this work can be done with the horse and culti-
vator.

MULCHING.

As soon as the ground is frozen sufficiently to bear a team, a mulching of
long manure or marsh hay should be applied over the whole surface; but the
plants should not be covered over two inches deep: more than that would
tend to smother them.

AMATEUR VARIETIES.

I said that the Wilson was the berry for the million: it will endure more
neglect than any other variety I am acquainted with, and will yield a greater
amount of fruit on a given space of ground. But just so long as the standard
of the public taste requires nothing better, it is perfectly useless to grow for
market such varieties as Jucunda (Knox’s 700), President Wilder, or Triomphe
De Gand. The amateur may, however, indulge in these splendid varieties, for
what they lack in productiveness they more than make up in color and quality,
and that rich strawberry flavor so agreeable to all, without the acidity of the
Wilson.

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICH=-
IGAN.

BY T. T. LYON,—READ AT THE DECEMBER MEETING OF THE STATE
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AT IONIA.

NATIVITY OF THE PLUM.

The real source from which have sprung the improved varieties of the plum
as cultivated among us to-day, seems to be one of the uncertainties of the
obscure past. Even its botanical cognomen (Prunus Domestica), would seem
to indicate that, prior to its scientific recognition, it had been subjected to the
modifying influences of artificial culture, so far as to have yielded to the seduc-
tive arts, by means of which, in so many cases, man has been able to win the
* means of subsistence, and even of luxury from the untamed elements with
which the prodigal hand of nature has so profusely surrounded him. It is
true that this species of the plum is supposed to have originated in southern
or western Europe, and is often to be met with, in at least a semi-wild state,
in the forests of those countries; but it seems to be by no means certain
whether these are to be considered as the wild type, from which the improved
varieties have sprung. or the degenerated offspring of cultivated sorts.

It is, however, by many, supposed that the native country of the original
type of our cultivated plum is Syria; and that it found its way to Europe by
importation, at a comparatively early period in the history of the human race;
so early, indeed, that the evidence of its migration are lost among the myths
of the classical or dark ages.

Indeed, so greatly do these improved sorts differ among themselves, either
in wood or fruit or both, that it does not seem to be quite susceptible of deter-
mination that some of these sorts may or may not be referable to the Bullace
(Prunus Insititia), or to the sloe (Prunus Spinosa), while some varieties, cer-
tainly, so far as the fruit is concerned, manifest a very supposable relationship
with the American cherry plum (Prunus Cerasifera), or, at least, with the
Chickasaw (Prunus Chicasa), or the wild red or yellow plum (Prunus
Americana).

AT HOME IN OUR CLIMATE.

Whatever may be the fact in the case, although a very few of our improved
varieties, and, among the:n that standard of high quality the Reine Claude, or
‘Green Gage, are of European origin, this fruit seems never before to have

30

234 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

assumed so decided a prominence, relatively speaking, as it has done since,
upon our virgin soils, it has blossomed forth into the noble and luscious varie-
ties which American pomology has given to the world.

Although this fruit comes to us as an importation from the old world, its
already lengthened trial, under all the varying circumstances of our fitful
climate, with the additional difficulties of widely varied soil and aspect, has
long since demonstrated that, with the possible exception of the apple, no one
of the many European pomological contributions to our country, has been
found more perfectly adapted to the exigencies of the case, so far as the mere
question of hardiness is concerned. In fact, the tree is seldom, if ever, found
to suffer from the severities of our climate, unless previously weakened by
disease or the over-production of fruit; while, unlike the peach, its fruit buds
are rarely winter-killed, from undue autumn development or other cause.

BLACK KNOT.

The plum tree, in our country, is liable to but few diseases; and but one of
these, the Black Knot, has, so far, proved to be of a serious character. The
investigation of this disease, from the very nature of the case, is beset with
difficulties, and, as a consequence, theories have been, and still are, numerous.

Among the many observers of this malady, during its earlier history, were
several gentlemen of Western New York, who became persuaded that they had
discovered its cause in the operations of an insect which punctured the shoots
and deposited its eggs in the wound. These observers claimed also to have
discovered that, with its eggs, the insect in question, at the same time,
deposited a poisonous substance which, acting upon the flowing sap, at and
near the punctured spot, produced the diseased growth in question, the same
becoming developed upon the surface on or about the third year after the
occurrence of the puncture. The remedy devised to meet the demands of this
theory was the careful removal of the punctures by excision and the applica-
tion of a disinfecting wash to the wounds, for the purpose of neutralizing any
possible remains of the infection. Specimens of the insect and also of the
punctured shoots were sent to B. P. Johnson, of Albany, New York, and were
by him submitted to Professor T. W. Harris, of Massachusetts; who, without
expressing an opinion upon the cause of the malady, or the agency of the
insect in producing it, identified the alleged culprit as a “ leaf hopper,” known
in scientific parlance as “ Membracis Bubalus.”

Other observers seem to have reached the conclusion that the curculio, at
the season for depositing its eggs, failing to find a supply of fruits, resorts to
the young shoots for that purpose, and in so doing, so far poisons the circula-
tion as to occasion the unsightly and injurious excrescences complained of.

Another class of observers have advanced the idea (of course without a pos-
sibility of demonstration), that this abnormal growth is a mere “ vegetable
ulcer ;” but they do not even attempt to assign it to a specific cause.

William H. Read of Port Dalhousie, C. W.,in The Horticulturist for May,
1855, claims to have given the subject many years of close and careful observa-
tion, and advances the theory that the disease is the result of the decay of the
fruit, in contact with the branch, during the warm weather of August and
September.

Each of these theories, when propounded, seems to have secured more or less
advocates, but no one of them has succeeded in more than partially and, we
may add, temporarily establishing itself in the confidence of those whose opin-
ions on the subject may be entitled to respect.

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. R39

FUNGOID THEORY.

In the American Journal of Horticulture for April, 1867, may be found a
very scientific and carefully prepared article, contributed to that periodical by
Charles J. Sprague, a horticultural observer of considerable note, in which he
assumes, With a good degree of plausibility, that the excrescence in question is
a fungus, known to naturalists under the specific name of “ Sphaeria Morbosa.”
We quote the article somewhat at length as follows:

«The Sphaeria Morbosa is a fungus, belonging to a very extensive group,
which infests the bark of trees and shrubs. The different species are found in
myriads throughout the whole vegetable kingdom; sometimes preying upon
living tissues, more frequently parasitic, upon decaying matter. They vary in
their mode of attack, or rather they occur in different parts of the plants which
support them. Some are superficial upon the bark ; some are immersed in the
subcuticular layer, bursting through the cuticle, erumpent as they are termed ;
others take possession of the inner bark, and so affect it as to occasion an un-
natural and excessive development; a corky, irregular, watery growth, which
finally bursts the outer cuticle, and covers the infested branches with unsightly
excrescences. ‘T'o this latter group belongs the Sphaeria Morbosa. 'The fleshy
growth which it induces in the plum tree, or at least that portion which is
immediately occupied by it, is called its stroma. This is, at first, a homogene-
ous mass, presenting no definite character. By and by it takes on a reddish
coloration, which finally deepens into black; the surface becomes carbonaceous
in texture, and is studded all over with minute papille. A section of the stroma
will then exhibit a woody center with a carbonaceous rind. In this rind are
innumerable little rounded cavities, the upper walls of which constitute the
before mentioned papillz ; these are pierced by a minute hole, through which
the spores, or germinating processes, escape, the whole cavity and its walls being
called a perithecium. The spores are infinitesimally minute, oblong bodies,
contained, generally eight in number, in diaphanous sacs, or envelopes, called
asci, Which develop from the ends of filaments, which line, in a dense mass,
the whole bottom and sides of the cavities. These are not carbonaceous like
the walls, but are uf a gelatinous consistency. Imagine an egg-shell, from the
inner walls of which grow adense mass of soft bristles half an inch long, on the
ends of which are little whitish, sausage-shaped sacs, containing oval bodies
lying diagonally in the sacs, one applied to the other, sidewise, the bodies being
variously lined, and you have a tolerable idea of the immensely magnified per-
ithecium, with its filaments, asci, and spores.

“That this structure we have just described should be a plant; that this
hard, black, charcoal-like substance should be vegetable, will seem strange to
those unfamiliar with the study of similar growths; but it is vegetable, and
has so permanent a character as to constitute a species. It must be allowed,
however, that it isa matter of doubt, in mycology, how far the same fungus
may be affected by the plants upon which it fastens, so as to change its habits
and appearance. The older mycologists named the host of parasitic fungi after
the plants upon which they were found; taking it for granted that they were
all distinct species, if they had a different look. Schweinitz, the great pioneer
of the study in this country, has enumerated a vast quantity of them in this
way; but, since later observations have proved that many fungi take on differ-
ent growths under varying circumstances, it has become a matter of consider-
able question how far the autonomy of these obscure vegetable growths can be
established.

236 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

“The group to which this particular fungus belongs is, however, tolerably
constant in character. The genus Sphaeria is well defined, if we include the
newer genera, made out of the old genus by later writers, more for the con-
venience of treating of so vast a number of species, it seems to us, than on
account of difference worthy of generic distinction. ‘These carbonaceous, pap-
illate fungi are so well defined in their peculiarities as to be readily identified
by those familiar with their forms. Yet even these vary; and, when closely
proximate forms are found on different plants, a question arises whether they
are identical or not. The growths of the wild cherry (Cerasus Serotina) are
often covered with a fungus very similar to the Sphaeria Morbosa. Indeed,
almost any woodland border will furnish plenty of specimens. The perithecia
are smaller and are sometimes prolonged into ashort beak. The cherry belongs
to the same order as the plum; and it may be that this parasitic fungus infests
both, but is swayed by influences in both plants so as to develop differently.
We have seen branches of the cultivated cherry similarly affected. The size of

the spores is considered a good specific character, and yet these vary.

“Tt has been thought by some that the peculiar growth of the bark which
bears this fungus is occasioned by the sting of a curculio ; but any one familiar
with the stroma of fungi will understand that this growth is characteristic of
a whole family, and arises, not from insect poisoning, but from fungoid influ-
ence. The insects seduced by its soft, pulpy character in its early stages, may
deposit there their eggs, and it is not unlike the flesh of unripe fruit in text-
ure, atone period. Various methods have been devised to stay the ravages of
this fungus. Sulphur placed in holes made in the trunk of the tree, has been
resorted to; but we imagine that there are no sure preventives. When we re-
member the excessively minute size of the spores, we can understand that they
may be absorbed with the nutriment of the tree, or taken into the stomata of
the leaves, and carried into the tissues. Fungi infest wild plants as commonly
as cultivated ones,—a proof that their occurrence is not necessarily due to an
unnatural or deteriorated state of the plant they attack.”

In taking leave of this abstruse and difficult subject, we may indulge the re-
mark that, although the article just quoted gives abundant evidence of the
thorough acquaintance of the writer with his subject, and notwithstanding the
evidence he so clearly deduces to establish his case, it is a recognized scientific
fact that fungi usually attack only diseased or decaying vegetation ; and, as is
notoriously the case with the fungus attendant upon pear blight, the most
careful observation is liable to be at fault in any attempt to determine whether
this fungoid growth is to be taken as the cause or the effect. In view of these
considerations, it seems at least possible to entertain a doubt whether the fun-
gus attacking the plum tree really either precedes, occasions, or constitutes the
malady in question, or whether, on the other hand, it merely finds, in the al-
ready existing but undeveloped disease, the proper conditions for the develop-
ment of its growth.

We may also further remark that all the theories of this disease seem to co-
incide in the promulgation of essentially the same remedy—that of cutting
away all diseased growth—to which some add the application to the wound of
a disinfectant, calculated to effectually neutralize any possible remaining
diseased matter.

RED SPIDER.

Some years since, in at least a portion of this State, the plum tree, for several
_years, suffered from the premature ripening and dropping of the foliage. This

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. 237

generally occurred when the fruit was about one-half or two-thirds grown ;
leaving the trees not only shorn of the ability to perfect their fruit, but at the
same time unable to ripen the wood growth already in progress. In such
cases there generally remained to the tree only sufficient vigor to enable it to
push forth a few feeble leaves from near the termini of the shoots, and such
trees, consequently, were overtaken by the subsequent winter in a feeble and
unripened condition, totally unfitting them to withstand its rigors. Trees,
when severely affected, were frequently killed outright by the succeeding win-
ter, seldom surviving the second.

The cause of this apparent disease (which seems to have been of only a few
years duration), seems, at the time, to have eluded observation. At least, we
do not recollect to have noticed even an attempt to suggest either the cause, or
aremedy. Subsequent inquiry and research, however, have pretty well satis-
fied us that it is to be attributed to the depredations of a noted but infinites-
imal pest of our greenhouse and parlor plants, which, during the hot, dry
weather of late summer, doubtless found the out-of-door climate, and the foli-
age of the plum tree, favorable for his operations. The cultivators of exotics
will, doubtless, at once understand that we allude to the Red Spider. This
being the cause, the remedy lies in the repeated syringing of the foliage (espe-
cially its under side), with weak soap-suds, soot water, or even clear warm
water, as soon as the enemy shall be discovered, and continuing the process
frequently till he is effectually dislodged.

THE CURCULIO.

The only other insect enemy of either the plum tree or its fruit, whose
depredations have proved at all formidable, is that most persistent and tron-
blesome of all the enemies of the fruit grower, the Curculio. It is generally
said and believed that insects are guided in their operations purely by instinct,
education being assumed to haye no place in their system of tactics; and yet
we find the “Little Turk,” who must have spent long ages upon this mun-
dane sphere before he made the acquaintance of the “ Prunus Domestica,” all
at once turning his attention to this fruit, and adhering to it, judging from
the persistency of his operations, with a pertinacity almost or quite without a
parallel, excepting, possibly, the more modern and equally notable case of the
beetle, so recently colonized upon us from the deserts of Colorado.

The idea is advanced by some entomologists, that when, from the clearing
away of the native growths, or other similar cause, an insect finds itself de-
prived of the customary supply of food for its support, or that of its progeny,
it turns to some other and not unfrequently to a cultivated family or variety
of plants or fruit as a substitute; and we see much ground for the supposition
that the comparatively recent devotion of the curculio to the domestic plum
is to be accounted for in this manner. Our interest in the matter, however,
lies not so much in determining why the attack is made, as in devising an
easy and certain preventive,—the attempt to do which seems, so far, to have
resulted in but doubtful or partial success.

CURCULIO REMEDIES.

It has been frequently remarked, and apparently with more or less correct-
ness, that entomologists, heretofore, seem to have been more intent upon a cor-
rect scientific description of the insects that may haye come under their ob-
servation, than upon such acquaintance with their habits, including the times,
places, and modes of taking food, depositing their eggs, and undergoing their

208 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

transformations, as might be necessary to enable them to determine with cer-
tainty when, where, and how to best enter upon a defensive warfare against
them. In confirmation of this assumption, we may remark that however
much the sayants of this science may have learned of the habits and prefer-
ences of the curculio, they have as yet failed to inform those outside their
charmed circle upon what this insect subsists in the perfect or winged state,
or, indeed, whether or not he partakes of food at allin that state; it being un-
derstood that the fruit is punctured, not to obtain food, but rather to place its
progeny in immediate connection with food adapted to its growth and devel-
opment. If the history of the likes and dislikes of this insect, and of all the
peculiar circumstances of his existence, during his several transformations,
could be accurately determined, there is, to our mind, scarcely a doubt that
such knowledge would supply to us the ready means of organizing a deadly
campaign against him, possibly at more than one period of his existence. As
it is, however, the lovers of the plum have been by no means idle in this war-
fare. While some experimenters have attempted to drive him away with of-
fensive odors, others have proposed to attract him by dazzling his eyes or tick-
ling his palate (supposing him to have such), and luring him to his destruc-
tion. Yet others have imagined this insect endowed witha degree of foresight
such as would preclude the female from depositing her eggs in positions from
which the forthcoming larve would be unable to reach the earth for transfor-
mation. Hence the paving of the surface beneath the trees, and the planting
of the trees inclined over water. Others again have attempted to drown the
enemy by periodically flooding the ground in which the trees are standing ;
and yet others would repel his attacks by syringing the trees and fruit with
milk of lime; and anon others would do so by plugging the trees with sul-
phur, to be taken up and transmitted through the circulation, thus rendering
the entire tree offensive to the enemy.

Some twenty years since, the Matthew’s remedy was claimed to have proved
a specific, and it was alleged that a single yearly application would suffice. Its
discoverer, refusing to divulge his secret to the public, referred it, for experi-
ment, to three of the most noted horticulturists of our country; but their ex-
periments do not seem to have warranted them in endorsing it, and the secret
seems to have been buried in the grave of the discoverer.

Some three or four years since, Mr. Windoes of Kalamazoo, in this state,
accidentally discovered that some of his plum trees, which had been subjected
to the dense smoke of burning coal tar, were not visited by the curculio, while
those adjacent, and not so treated, lost their crop as usual. Taking the cue
from this fact, he, for some three years in succession, repeated the process,
adding a little sulphur to the coal tar and burning the mixture in an iron ves-
sel under the trees. By the offer of the material gratis, a neighbor was also
induced to make the trial upon his own trees, which resulted also in the saving
of his crop of plums. Three years of success with this remedy has given Mr.
W.so much confidence in its effectiveness that he, during the past year, has
made it public, and quite a number of persons made trial of it upon their last
summer’s plum crop; but we regret to say, so far as we have yet learned, with
but indifferent success. As there can be no doubt of the actual and repeated
success of Mr. W., we can only account for these failures upon the supposition
that a different quality of coal tar was used, or, otherwise, that there may have
been a lack of thoroughness in the application of the remedy. Possibly, also,
the enemy may in these cases have had no choice of pasture.

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. 239

One of the oldest remedies, and the one that to-day, doubtless, commands a

greater degree of confidence than any, if not all others, is that known as the
“ jarring process,” consisting of the jarring down of the insects upon a cloth

spread out for that purpose, and the gathering up of the insects, together with
the punctured and fallen fruit, and destroying them. Indeed, this may with
propriety be said to be the only remedy that, when thoroughly and efficiently
applied, is sure to be always successful. To succeed with this, however, it
must be repeated one, two, or even three times a day (according to the state of
the weather and the numbers and persistence of the enemy), and must be com-
menced as soon as the fruits shall have swelled sufficiently to burst the
remains of the calyx enclosing them, and thus become exposed to the attack
of the enemy, and continued till his final disappearance, which will probably
not be until the fruit is nearly of full size. Merely shaking the tree will not
suffice. The insect will only yield, with certainty, to a sudden jar, such as
would be given by a blow upon the trunk or the stump of a shoot, with a
hammer or mallet. Such implement should always be carefully padded if
intended to be used directly upon the bark of the tree, to avoid injury from
bruising.

Soma years since the horticultural public were elated with the announce-
ment that Mr. Ransom, of St. Joseph, in this State, had discovered a means of
trapping the curculio, by smoothing and compacting the earth about the base
of the tree, and placing there chips or other similar articles, under which the
insect would take shelter, at night, and could be taken up in the early morn-
ing and destroyed; but alas! it was also soon discovered that the “ Little
Turk” refused to accept these seductive but treacherous temptations, as soon
as the warmth of the advancing season sufficed to enable him to bear the night
temperature. Still, while these traps are effective, they greatly economize
labor, and it is understood that some of the best practitioners employ them in
connection with the jarring process.

DR. HULL’S EXPERIMENTS.

We close the consideration of the modes of contesting the ground with the
curculio, with an extract from the Horticulturist for November, 1874, at page
337; which gives some accounts of the experiments of Dr. Hull of Alton,
Illinois, stating that, from 1,930 trees, he, this year, captured not less than
153,000 curculios. In a statement before the Alton Horticultural Society, the
doctor says:

‘Karly in the season I commenced a series of experiments to determine, if
possible, at what particular period of the day curculios were at rest. On three
different days I dropped a number of curculios in flour, and near sundown of
each day put them in the forks of the trees and watched them until they
crawled into some place of concealment, which was usuallyin the crevices of the
rough bark, and into depressed parts made by cutting off limbs of trees. Out.
of 30 insects thus watched to places of rest all concealed themselves as stated,
except one, which went to the ground and crawled under a clod of earth. Out
of 30 insects thus watched, all but one were found early the following morning
just where they went to rest at night.

“ Again, I made other tests with marked insects by placing them on the trees
in the morning. This experiment was repeated on three successive days, em-
ploying 30 insects each day. Near sunset the trees were thoroughly jarred
ever a curculio-catcher. This experiment resulted in the capture of 27 of the

240 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

90 insects on the trees on which they were put, and at different times since, in
other parts of the orchard, 49 of these marked insects have been jarred down,
leaving 16 yet at large.

From these tests I infer that curculios, as a rule, rest at night and fly freely
by day. They make clear what every practical man when jarring trees must
have observed, viz: that these insects fall near the center of the catcher, be-
cause places of concealment are most numerous near the trunks of the trees,
and for this reason, also, a small curculio-catcher is nearly as good as a large.
one, provided the trees are jarred during the colder parts of the day.”

THE ROT.

The fruit of the plum, when nearing maturity, is occasionally subject to a
malady commonly known as the “rot.” This disease (if such it can be called)
usually first appears at the point of contact between two fruits as they hang
together on the branch; or where a fruit hangs in contact with the branch,
or, sometimes, where an injury or rupture of the skin has occurred; but
rarely if ever upon the smooth and exposed surface of a fruit. This
malady, as in the case of “black knot,” seems to spring from some
cause so obscure or intangible as to have, so far, eluded discovery, or at least a
clear identification. It is variously attributed to atmospheric causes, or the
influence of dew, rain or moisture from any source, retained at the point of
contact. By some it is attributed to the attacks of fungus. All these assump-
tions are, however, to be received as, at the best, but shrewd guesses. We may,
notwithstanding these uncertainties, very reasonably suspect that among them
lies concealed the real cause. The skin of the plum is of asmooth and delicate
texture, and any cause, atmospheric or otherwise, operating to produce a crack
or rupture of the skin, during the usually warm weather of August or early
September, would very certainly superinduce rapid decay of the maturing tis-
sues of the fruit. Indeed this decay, when once commenced, seems often to be
almost sporadic in the rapidity with which it propagates itself upon the fruit.
That such rapid spread of the malady is to be attributed to fungoid influences
may doubtless be considered as highly probable, if not indeed quite certain.

HOW TO SUCCEED.

In the early days of the settlement of Michigan, the culture of the plum was
nearly as general, though by no means as extensive, as that of the apple; and
though this fruit was probably less commonly grown than the peach, it is
doubtless quite within the truth to say that it was fully as common in our
gardens as the cherry, and even more common than the pear. That its culti-
vation is now so generally abandoned, notwithstanding its eminent popularity
and general desirableness as a fruit, is, we apprehend, chargeable not in any
considerable degree to any especial failure or lack of the tree, nor yet to any
serious difficulties in its culture or management, but almost entirely to the
well-nigh universal appropriation of the fruit by the curculio, an enemy so
nearly infinitesimal in size, and so insidious in his attacks, that we feel war- ~
ranted in supposing that even a majority of those who, for a lifetime, have
almost annually been robbed of the product of their trees, have never seen or
identified the robber, if indeed they are not in many cases actually unaware of
his presence.

With those possessed of only the space for a very few trees of this fruit, or
who, for any reason, are not disposed to plant somewhat extensively, or who,
haying planted more or less, are, for any reason, not resolutely determined to

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. 241

wage a war of extermination against the curculio, to refrain altogether from:
planting this fruit is doubtless the dictate of wisdom, inasmuch as such will
almost certainly see the fruit, if planted, fall a prey to the enemy, while at the
same time they must have the unpleasant consciousness that they are become
the breeders of insects for the annoyance and injury of their less easy-going
neighbors. We would by no means be understood to discourage the planting
of the plum, even in the smallest gardens; but rather as urging that such
planters should well consider, before planting, whether they have the requisite
love of such pursuits, and the pluck necessary to carry them through the con-
flict.

To the large planter, the whole subject appears in a widely different aspect.
One of the noticeable uncertainties in almost any business pursuit lies in its
liability to be overdone. In plum culture, with the obstacles to be overcome,
requiring, to override them, an intelligent acquaintance with the whole sub-
ject, together with great thoroughness in execution, comparatively few will
venture, and probably even fewer will succeed, although success is fully within
the reach of all. These circumstances constiiute the best possible assurance
against the liability to overdo this branch of fruit culture.

PROFITABLENESS.

A plantation of considerable extent will fully warrant the making of
thorough arrangements for the care and management of the same, as well as
the providing of all requisite facilities for the warfare upon the curculio, in
the most efficient manner; while, in such cases, the actual expenditure for
these purposes will be found to be very small when compared with the value
of even a very moderate crop. With a plantation of one hundred trees, in
bearing, two men would apply the “jarring process,” (or that and the “ Ran-
som Trap,” jointly,) to the Whole in about one-and-a-half hours; and if this
were required to be repeated three times each day, the whole would require
but the equivalent of one man’s time. This might be required for a period of
six weeks at the most, although during very windy or rainy weather no appli-
cation would be needed. The cost of apparatus with which to prosecute the
warfare against the curculio need not exceed ten or twelve dollars, to which
must be added the hire of a trusty man or boy for the above time. These two
items will constitute nearly or quite the entire cost of management for the
season, in excess of that required for a similar orchard of apples. As to the
relative values of the products of each, when grown, we leave those interested
to estimate for themselves; only remarking that so far as we have been con-
yersant with results in such cases, those derived from the culture of the plum,
even with curculio warfare against them, have been highly satisfactory.

SOIL.

The soil to be chosen for a plantation of plums should, by all means, be a

strong loam, inclining to clay rather than sand; not only because such a soil

best suits the plum, but also for the reason that it does not so well suit the
curculio, who avoids heavy soils, but Juxuriates in light, dry, warm ones.
ASPECT.

The aspect to be selected for a plantation of this fruit is a matter of less im-
portance than in the case of the more tender fruits; still, we would object to
a very decided southerly slope, and indeed, would prefer a slope in almost any
other direction; and such slope would be all the more acceptable if but just

ol

242 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sufficient to ensure good drainage. Too positive an inclination to the sun, at
mid-day, might to some extent create a predisposition to the “rot” of the fruit,
as heretofore described.

PROPAGATION OF THE TREE.

In the nursery, the plum is sometimes propagated by grafting in the early
spring upon seedlings, and occasionally by root-grafting; but the more com-
mon method is by budding upon seedling plums, in the nursery rows; and
the trees are usually offered for sale at two and three years from the bud.
A few varieties are found to grow well upon peach stocks; but such trees
are hardly to be recommended, except for planting upon light soils, such as
are not properly adapted to the plum on its own stock.

ORCHARD PLANTING.

In orchard planting sixteen and a half feet in the rows each way is a
very good average distance for the trees, although in extensive plantations
it may be found desirable, for the convenience of gathering the fruit, and to
facilitate the reaching ofall parts of the plantation with a team and convey-
ance, especially while the trees are laden with fruit, to leave, after every fourth
or sixth row, an increased width of perhaps twenty or twenty-five feet, as well
as one or more such wider spaces in the transverse direction. The distance of the
trees apart, however, should be determined with more or less reference to the
habits of growth of the varieties to be planted. Some sorts (and among them
may be named the Frost Gage and the entire class of Damsons) are compara-
tively upright and dwarfish in their growth, and would, perhaps, on most
soils, find sufficient room at even twelve feet apart. These might (as, indeed,
for the convenience of gathering the fruit, should all other sorts), be placed in
a block by themselves, and at a distance apart adapted to their habits of growth.
The dwarfish growth of such as those before mentioned, results of course in a
small and compact head, requiring little pruning beyond the thinning out of
the weaker shoots, if the top shall become crowded, and possibly the occasional
shortening of a leading one that may be overgrowing its fellows. Many of the
finer varieties, however, have the habit of throwing outa few strong and length-
ened shoots, with a few if any side growths, and hence of forming open and
irregular heads, if left altogether to themselves; and in addition to this, these
better sorts very generally manifest a decided tendency to overbear. As an
effectual remedy for both these difficulties, we would recommend the practice,
with varieties of such habit, of annually “shortening in” at least the leading
shoots. If this practice shall be instituted, and continued while the tree is
developing its head, not only will the exhaustion and possible disease of the
tree, from overbearing, be in a great measure avoided, but it will at the same
time be kept within such limits that the distanee of one rod apart will afford
it ample room even when fully grown.

LOW-BRANCHED TREES.

We are thoroughly in favor of low-branched trees, as a rule; and we would
by no means make the plum an exception to such rule. Our recommendation,
therefore, would be to branch the trees, not more than one foot above the
ground, for the reasons, among others, that a low head is less exposed to injury
from high winds, which occasionally, in exposed positions, will otherwise loosen
the roots and incline, or sometimes even almost uproot the tree. The whole
head is also more accessible for the gathering of the fruit and similar opera-

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. r43

tions. There is, no doubt, some force to the objection that a low head is an
obstacle to the employment of the “jarring process” and also of the “ Ransom
traps,” in the war upon the curculio; but in case a conveniently devised ap-
paratus is employed, this difficulty is believed not to be important, especially
when compared with the advantages to be gained. Under no circumstances
would we tolerate branches at more than two or three feet from the ground.

Having thus given some cursory hints upoa the several points embraced in
the general subject of plum culture, we turn to the consideration of the

LIST OF VARIETIES RECOMMENDED FOR GENERAL CULTIVATION IN THIS
STATE BY THIS SOCIETY.

In selecting from the large number of varieties described in the books, it
should by no means be inferred that the best have, in all cases, been chosen ;
and such inference would be the more improper for the reason that for many
years past, indeed, almost since the advent of the curculio, few attempts have
been made by our growers to introduce and test additional sorts, and hence a
large number of really excellent varieties are nearly or quite untried in our
State, so that the committee on lists of fruits could have found no warrant for
recommending them. We refer to the varieties recommended, as nearly as
practicable, in the order of their ripening.

PRINCE’S YELLOW GAGE

only appears in the family list, with the recommendation to plant at the rate
of ten trees in one hundred.

This is the earliest variety on the list, and is among the very earliest of
American contributions to our collections of this fruit. It originated as
early as 1783, with one of our American pomologists—William Prince, of
Flushing, Long Island. The vigorous, spreading tree is easily identified by
those acquainted with its peculiar habits, and the medium sized, rich, sugary,
and melting fruit is equally easy of identification. It is a freestone fruit,
ripening early in August.

DUANE’S PURPLE

appears only in the market list, with the recommendation to plant twelve
rees in one hundred.

This plum originated with Judge James Duane, Duanesburgh, N. Y., and
was introduced to the public by William Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, as
early as 1826, he having received it from the originator. By a mistake in the
transmission of cuttings, it was for many years confused with the peach plum,
a variety imported by Judge Duane from Hurope. The tree is a strong
grower, with very downy shoots. The fruit is quite large, oval, or oblong,
reddish purple, with a few yellow specks and lilac bloom. Flesh, amber
colored, juicy, moderately sweet, adhering partially to the stone. It ripens just
before or with the Washington, from the beginning to the middle of August.

YELLOW EGG

is quoted in the market list only; to be planted at the rate of sixteen trees in
one hundred.

This is commonly known in Europe as White Magnum Bonum. It is a very
old variety, and there seems to be some doubt whether it is to be considered as a
European or an American fruit. In fact it appears quite probable that there
are in reality two varieties, the one European and the other American, but

244 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

differing so slightly that it is difficult, if not impossible to distinguish them in
the fruit, although there may be a slight difference in the habit of the trees.
It is a large, oval fruit, too coarse for the dessert, and chiefly valued for
culinary purposes. A good bearer, but not very productive on light soils.
The flesh adheres to the long and pointed stones. It ripens about the middle
of August.

GREEN GAGE, OR REINE CLAUDE,

is included in the amateur list only, and the number recommended to be
planted in a collection of one hundred trees is ten.

This variety occupies much the same position among plums as do the Seckel
among pears, and the Delaware among grapes, it being generally conceded to
have no superior, so far as quality is concerned. It is one of the oldest varie-
ties of this fruit known to cultivators, and in France, to which country we are
indebted for its earliest history, it is known as “Reine Clande,” and it is
alleged to have been introduced into that country by Queen Claude, wife of
King Francis I., who lived in the early part of the sixteenth century. It
received its English name from a family by the name of Gage, who, during
the last century, obtained this variety, among others, among the monks of
Chartreuse, near Paris, and introduced it into England, and having lost the
name of this on the journey, it was re-christened with the name of its intro-
ducer. It has long held rank as the best plum in England, and, so far as
quality is concerned, it must be admitted to have no superior in the United
States. The tree is a slow grower, with stout, smooth shoots, and buds yery
much shouldered. ‘The fruit is green, or yellowish green, and, when fully ripe,
slightly dotted or marbled with red. It ripens about the middle of August.
It has, in a few instances, very nearly reproduced itself from the seed; but
none of its progeny seem to have proved quite equal to the original. Like
nearly all our old and popular fruits, it is cumbered with numerous synonyms,
of which Downing, in his late edition, quotes no less than thirty-eight, and
these are by no means all that might be gathered up.

HULING’S SUPERB

appears in the amateur list only, with the recommendation to plant ten trees
in an orchard of one hundred.

This variety originated in Pennsylvania, on the grounds of a gentleman
named Keyser, about the year 1829, and hence came to be locally known as
the Keyser Plum. It was, however, first brought prominently to the notice of
the public by Dr. W. E. Huling, also of that State, and from him has received
its acknowledged cognomen. The earliest published description of this fruit
appeared in “ Prince’s Pomological Manual,” in 1832; but, unfortunately, a
spurious variety was at first disseminated under this name, and hence the true
sort came very slowly to be known and appreciated. In the earlier editions of
Downing’s work on “ Fruits,” it was erroneously characterized as a free-stone,
—a mistake that is corrected in later editions. The tree is exceedingly vigor-
ous, with short, blunt, downy shoots, prominently shouldered buds, and large,
broad, thick leaves. The fruit is very large, even larger than the Washington,
roundish, oblong, tapering to each end, with a shallow suture extending half
round ; skin dull, yellowish green, with a pale bloom; flesh yellowish, fine,
melting, juicy, vinous, rich, excellent, adhering to the stone. It ripens about
the middle of August.

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. 245

WASHINGTON,

known also as Bolmer, or Bolmer’s Washington, appears in the market list
with twenty trees of the proportion of one hundred, and in the family list with
the proportion of twelve in one hundred.

This noble fruit originated, according to Downing, on what was known as
the Delancy farm, on the east side of the Bowery, in the city of New York;
but the tree was grafted, before bearing, with another variety, and hence es-
caped notice until Mr. Bolmer, a merchant in Chatham street, planted a sprout
from it, which came into bearing about the year 1818, when the remarkable
size and beauty of the fruit at once attracted universal attention. The young
wood is light brown, downy, with remarkably large, broad, and glossy foliage.
Fruit of the largest size, roundish oval, with an obscure suture. Skin, before
fully ripe, dull yellow, faintly marbled with green, slightly blushed or dotted
with pale crimson. Flesh, yellow, firm, very sweet and rich—a_ freestone.
Ripe from the middle to the last of August.

LOMBARD

appears only in the market list, with the recommendation to plant twenty
trees in one hundred.

This is one of the recent American varieties. It was produced from seed by
Judge Pratt, of Whitesboro, N. Y., and was for some time known as Bleeker’s
Scarlet ; but subsequently falling into the hands of a Mr. Lombard, of Spring-
field, Mass., it was by him brought to the notice of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, which, as a compliment to Mr. Lombard, and no doubt in
ignorance of its earlier christening, rebaptized it as Lombard. This being the
first published description of the variety, under pomological authority, this
latter name, by common consent, came to be recognized as the leading one.

The tree is unusually hardy and vigorous, with bright purple, glossy shoots,
and with leaves curiously crimped. Fruit, medium, roundish oval, with an
obscure suture. Skin, violet red, paler in the shade, with a thin bloom.
Flesh, yellow, juicy, pleasant, not rich, adhering to the stone. Ripe the mid-
dle and last of August.

CANADA EGG

is recommended for planting in the market list, at the rate of twelve in one
hundred ; in the family list, ten in one hundred; and in the amateur list, ten
in one hundred.

This plum is suspected to be an unrecognized old variety. It owes its repu-
tation, and, indeed, its place in the Society’s lists, chiefly to its success upon
the grounds of the Messrs. Husted, of Lowell, Kent county, in this State, who
are suid to have found it on the grounds of a Mr. Lewis, near their nurseries in
Lowell, be claiming to have obtained it from a nursery in Canada; hence the
name Canada Egg,—used, as we are given to understand, only as a means of
designating it pending its anticipated identification. The tree is understood
not to be a strong grower, but very productive. Its pseudonym is partially a
misnomer, as the fruit cannot properly be said to be ovate. Fruit of medium
size, possibly a little larger than Lombard; a rich purple. Flesh, bright
yellow, very juicy, and melting, parting from the stone. In season about with
Lombard, the middle and last of August. The description is given from
memory.

246 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

JEFFERSON
appears in the family list, recommended for planting at the rate of sixteen in
one hundred; and in the amateur list at the rate of thirteen in one hundred.

We can give no better or more reliable notice of this plum than that of the
late A. J. Downing, and we accordingly quote his remarks entire from the
earliest edition of his “ Fruit and Fruit Trees of America,” published in 1846:

“Tf we were asked which we think the most desirable and beautiful of all
the dessert plums, we should undoubtedly give the name of this new variety.
When fully ripe, it is nearly—shall we not say qguite—equal in flavor to the
Green Gage, that unsurpassable standard of flavor. But when we contrast the
small and rather insignificant appearance of the Green Gage with the unusual
size and beauty of the Jefferson, we must admit that it takes the very first
rank. As large as the Washington, it is more richly and deeply colored, being
dark yellow, uniformly and handsomely marked, with a fine ruddy cheek. It
is about ten days or a fortnight later than the Washington, ripening the last
of August, when it has the rare quality of hanging long on the tree, gradually
improving in flavor. It does not, like many sorts, appear liable to the attacks
of wasps, which destroy so many of the light-colored plums as soon as they ar-
rive at maturity.

“We received the Jefferson Plum a few years ago, from the late Judge Buel,
by whom it was raised and named. The original tree is still, we believe, grow-
ing in his garden near Albany. It is a good and regular bearer, and the crop
is very handsome upon the tree.

“ Branches, slightly downy ; leaves, oval, flat; fruit, large, oval, slightly nar-
rowed on one side, toward the stalk; skin, golden yellow, with a beautiful
purplish red cheek, and covered with a thin, white bloom; stalk an inch long,
pretty stout, very slightly inserted ; suture, indistinct; flesh, deep orange (like
that of an apricot), parts freely, and almost entirely from the stone, which is
long and pointed ; very rich, juicy, luscious, and high-flavored ; hangs a fort-
night on the tree.”

COLUMBIA
is recommended only for the amateur list, and to be planted at the rate of
eight in one hundred.

This plum originated from seed of the Green Gage, by L. U. Lawrence, of
Hudson, N. Y., and seems to have attracted less attention than its very large
size and fine appearance would warrant, partially, no doubt, because from the
first it gained the unfavorable reputation of being more than usually subject
to the rot of the fruit. The tree is vigorous and productive; fruit very large,
nearly globular, with one-half rather larger than the other; skin, dark or
brownish purple, with frequent light specks, and a dense blue bloom, but par-
tially hiding a reddish tint, on the shaded side; flesh orange, moderately juicy,
but at maturity rich, sugary and excellent. It is nearly a freestone. Ripens
at the end of August.

MC LAUGHLIN
appears only in the amateur list, with the proportion of thirteen in one hun-
dred.

This fine plum originated at Bangor, Maine, with James McLaughlin, hay-
ing first fruited about the year 1842 or 1843, and was introduced to the public
in the year 1846, by means of an article published in the first volume of the
Horticulturist, by B. F. Morse, of that place, it having been exhibited at the

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN, 247

weekly shows of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the same season.
The editor of the Horticulturist (the late A. J. Downing) says of it: “The
McLaughlin we consider a very excellent fruit, perhaps of the first rank. Itis
not unlike, in form, to the Purple Gage, and has a high flavor.” We also
quote the description of Mr. Nourse:

“The tree is of rapid growth, making stout, vigorous shoots of four to six
feet in a season. The top is round, low, spreading, and, as its grower says, it
makes a regular apple tree top. Leaves long, broad, and glossy ; bark smooth
and clean, and on the new shoots, dark; fruit above medium, nearly round but
flattened at either end, being of greater breadth than length ; suture obscure ;
stalk about three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity ; skin thin
and tender, russet yellow, sprinkled with a red tinge, which deepens to a pur-
plish hue around the stalk, where there is considerable bloom; flesh dull
yellow, juicy, rather firm, very sweet, and of luscious flavor, surpassing all
varieties that have yet fruited here. Ripens the last of August.”

IMPERIAL GAGE,

is recommended for planting in the family orchard, at the rate of fifteen in one
hundred ; and also by amateurs, in the proportion of ten in one hundred.

The history and description of this superior fruit is so graphically given in
Downing’s “ Fruits and Fruit Trees,” that we indulge in another verbatim quo-
tation. After giving some eight or ten synonyms of this variety, he eharac-
terizes it as follows: “'The Imperial Gage has long enjoyed the reputation of
one of the most excellent and productive of plums. It was raised at Prince’s
Nursery, Flushing, New York, from the seed of the Green Gage, and the fact
of the fruit of a single tree, near Boston, having produced fruit to the value of
nearly fifty dollars annually, has often been repeated as a proof of the profit
of its cultivation for market. ‘The tree grows freely and rises rapidly, and has
long dark shoots, slightly downy. Fruit rather above medium size, oval, with
a distinct suture. Stalk nearly an inch long, slightly hairy and pretty stout,
inserted in an eyen hollow. Skin pale green, until fully ripe, when it is tinged
with yellow, showing a peculiar marbling of dull green stripes, and covered
with copious white bloom. Flesh greenish, very juicy, melting and rich, with
avery agreeable flavor. It separates freely from the stone. The latter is oval,
and pointed at both ends. Best. Early September.”

SHELDON

is recommended only as a market fruit, and at the rate of only eight in one
hundred.

We extract the following from the work previously quoted: “Originated on
the farm of Wareham Sheldon, Huron, Wayne county, New York. Tree a
rapid grower, and very productive. Branches smooth, stout. Fruit large,
oval; suture shallow. Skin deep purple, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk
short, in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, slightly acid; separates from
the stone. Good. September.”

COE’S GOLDEN DROP

appears in each of the society’s lists, being proposed in that for market pur-
poses at the rate of twenty in one hundred; in the family list at fourteen in
one hundred, and in that for amateurs in the ratio of thirteen in one hundred.

This plum is an English contribution to our collections of fruits, having
been produced by Mr. Coe, a gardener near London, who raised it from the

248 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

seed of a Green Gage, impregnated with the pollen of the Egg Plum. Mr.
Downing says, in his description of this fruit (“ Fruits and Fruit Trees,” page
904): * Requires a warm late season to ripen it, north of 41° of latitude.” This
remark cannot be held applicable to Southern or Western Michigan, since
(doubtless on account of our insular position) we are enabled to grow, with a
good degree of success, many of the products of a considerably more southern
Jatitude ; besides which, actual results have already demonstrated that, so far
as these regions are concerned, there has been, so ‘far, no serious difficulty in
ripening this plum certainly and satisfactorily.

The tree is moderately vigorous; branches smooth, and it proves at least
sufficiently productive. Downing describes the fruit as follows: “ Fruit of the
largest size, oval {we would say ovate), with a well marked suture, on one side
of which it is a little more swollen than on the other, the outline narrowing to
the stalk. Skin light yellow, with a number of rich, dark-red spots on the
sunny side. Stalk nearly an inch long, rather stiff, set on the end of the fruit.
Flesh yellow, rather firm, adhering closely to the stone, which is quite pointed.
Flavor rich, sweet and delicious. Very good. Last of September.”

BAVAY’S GREEN GAGE, OR REINE CLAUDE DE BAVAY,

is recommended by the society, to be planted as a portion of the family orchard,
in the ratio of fifteen in one hundred, and also by amateurs at the rate of thir-
teen in the hundred; and we may indulge in the remark that, to our appre-
hensions, it is about an even question whether it would not be preferable to
add it also to the market list, or even to substitute it for Coe’s Golden Drop,
on that list. We have followed Downing, in designating the seasons of the
ripening of varieties, and he gives the season of this as a little later than that
of Coe’s Golden Drop; but our personal experience with the two, in the same
plat, and running through a number of seasons, would show little difference
between them, and if any, that the Bavay is possibly a little earlier than the
other. We fruited it from some of the first scions distributed after its import-
ation into America.

We quote the following, from a letter to the Horticulturist, in April, 1847,
by S. B. Parsons of Flushing, Long Island:

* When in Brussels, some two years since, I visited the nursery of Bavay, at
Vilvorde, near that city. Among several new fruits, I found the new plum
Reine Claude de Bavay, of which he kindly presented me with a colored en-
graving. This plum was produced from the seed of the old Reire Claude, by
a Belgian gentleman named Hsperin; and I translate from the Revwe Horticole
the following description, which is much more detailed than any I could pos-
sibly give from recollection:

“This plum is more uniform than round; it is longitudinally marked by
little violet colored veins, on a yellowish ground, sometimes accompanied by
little spots of the same color, and covered with a waxlike and scarcely appar-
ent bloom. Its flesh adheres slightly to the stone. The habit of the tree is
similar to that of old Reine Claude (Green Gage), the wood is a little grayish,
the branches are vigorous and the leaves are large and a beautiful green color.
This plum, although very good, is not equal to the old Reine Claude; bxt its
chief value is the season of its maturity. This last year, notwithstanding the
great heat we have experienced, it did not ripen till the 29th of September,—

a time when no fruit of the old Reine Claude can be found remaining.”
It will be borne in mind that this is a European description, given in advance of

PLUMS AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. 249

its fruiting in this country. It will, even as far north as Southern Michigan, ripen
somewhat in advance of the season named, and will at least sustain the character
above given, if indeed it does not somewhat improve in quality, under the
influence of our warm sun and bright summers. Indeed, our own experience
with it, in the same plat and exposure with the Reine Claude, has impressed
me with the conviction that, with us, it is very nearly its equal, even in
quality; while, in several other respects, it is decidedly the superior of that
old and representative variety.
INTELLIGENT LABOR INSURES SUCCESS.

Having thus gone through the list of varieties recommended for general
cultivation, we, in taking leave of the subject, would remark that fruit culture,
like every other pursuit of an agricultural character, offers no royal road to
success. To the truth of this remark, plum culture is certainly not an excep-
tion. Nor yet, on the other hand, does it present any unusual or insuperable
difficulties. ‘The curculio and the black knot, with this fruit, are not more
serious obstacles, if we take into consideration the means of efficient preven-
tion, than are the codling moth, the borer, and the blight, which so seriously
interfere with our success with ihe apple and the pear. ‘True, if utterly
neglected for a few years, the curculio is certain to utterly annihilate the crop
of plums; while, under these circumstances, the black knot will, with almost
equal certainty ruin the trees. But, on the other hand, the codling moth,
with years of neglect, at length appropriates, as he is already doing in the
older portions of the State, almost the entire crop of apples, at least in a
season of sparse bearing, while neglected or stinted trees are pretty certain to
fall a prey to the borer, and even vigorous trees are liable to be summarily
devoted to the blight. It must also not be forgotten that, in the present state
of our knowledge of these insects, we can, after years of neglect of the plum,
at any time, take up the warfare against the curculio, and, by sturdy persist-
ence, rescue a crop from the destroyer; while, on the other hand, the increase
of the codling moth, consequent upon continued neglect, can be subdued, if
at all, only by years of persevering effort, in the application of the known and
recognized remedies, while the probabilities are that, with this Jatter enemy,
the most thorough warfare will result in bat partial success; or, at the best,
that complete success must be dependent upon the ability to command intelli-
gent and efficient co-operation throughout a very considerable range of terri-
tory, and for a considerable term of years.

The time seems, however, to have already passed by, when intelligent fruit
growers expect to reach the goal of success, by sleeping ov their oars; and, as
it is such only that we are presumed to be addressing, we close by saying:
Study carefully the tree, the fruit, the soils and modes of culture and manage-
ment, together with the insects and other enemies of the plum; and, in 80
doing, you will be sure to gather, not only a love of the subject, but also a
confidence, begotten of knowledge, that, in this as readily, at least, as in other
branches of fruit culture, is to be found a broad and practicable road to suc-
cess,—a success all the more certain and laudable for the reason that the path
is sure not to be beaten by the feet of the motley crowd who lack the courage
to diverge from the track beaten by the multitude, or to undertake the race for
success in the face of positive difficulties.

32

NEV) VARIEGIES OF PRUs:

READ BY T. T. LYON OF SOUTH HAVEN, AT THE LANSING MEETING OF
THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

APPLES.

GENTLEMEN: Having been requested to prepare some account of the new
varieties of fruits now being brought before the public, we find ourselves em-
barrassed from the mere amount of material at hand, and also at a loss to
determine where to draw the line between the old and the new. It will, of
course, be understood that many of these candidates for the fayor of planters
have not fruited, to any considerable extent, if at all, out of their original
localities; and hence that what we may say of them must be said largely upon
the representations of their originators, or other partial and possibly over-
enthusiastic friends.

Inasmuch as the apple stands first in alphabetical order, as well as first in
real value and importance to the people of the State, your attention is first
drawn to that fruit.

SHIAWASSEE BEAUTY.

This can hardly be called a new variety, except in a very accommodated
sense; and attention is now called to it for the reason that, in the very full
notice and history of it by Prof. A. J. Cook, published in the transactions of
this society for 1872, at pages 459 to 462, some essential particulars seem to
have escape his notice; besides which, it seems to be so decidedly winning
upon the confidence of those who have, so far, made its acquaintance that we
feel it to be important that the knowledge of its history and value be made as
general and complete as possible.

The following account of its origin, and description and outline of the fruit,
were contributed by me to the Michigan Farmer, and published in that jour-
nal, under date of November 12th, 1859. It was also copied into the February
number of Hovey’s Magazine of Horticulture for 1860.

The description and outline by Charles Downing:

‘* About medium in size, oblate, much depressed, angular, skin whitish, shaded, marbled,
splashed and striped with rich crimson and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk
rather short and small, inserted in a large uneven cavity; calyx closed, segments erect,
sometimes a little recurved ; basin large, open, slightly furrowed ; flesh of snowy whiteness,
very tender, juicy, with a brisk, refreshing, sub-acid flavor; quality ‘very good.’

‘This exceedingly beautiful apple was first brought to the notice of the writer last Nov-

ember, through the medium of J. T. Elliott, Esq., of Grand Rapids, from whom he received
a few specimens of the fruit at that time. He is also this season (1859) indebted to Marvin

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. ROL

Wilcox, Esq., of Gaines’ Station, Genesee county, Michigan, for another lot of the fruit,
specimens of which were sent to Mr. Charles Downing of Newburgh, N. Y., author of the
revised ‘‘ Fruit and Fruit Trees of America,” who, at the writer’s request, has furnished the
above outline and description for the Farmer.

‘*This fruit originated from the pomace of a lot of grafted fruit, grown in Avon, Oakland
county, the seeds from which were planted in a nursery, in Gaines, Genesee county. A
portion of the trees grown from them were sold, ungrafted, to Mr. Beebe Truesdell, deceased,
who planted them in Vernon, Shiawassee county. Among these was the original tree of
this variety, which has now borne full and regular crops for more than ten years, with the
exception of two seasons, when the crop was thinned by frost.

“The only grafts yet in bearing of this variety are those of Mr. Wilcox, although it has
been considerably disseminated in the vicinity during the last two or three years. It is
locally known as ‘ Nonsuch;’ but, as this name is already applied to several other fruits, at
the suggestion of the writer Mr. Wilcox has applied the name at the head of this article, a
name eminently appropriate for so beautiful a fruit.

‘In texture, juiciness and flavor, as wellas in the beautiful whiteness of its flesh, it is
much like the well known Snow apple (Fameuse), from which, when the skin is removed, it
is hardly possible to distinguish it; and, as it seems to be free from the faults of that variety,
it may prove a valuable substitute for it, The tree is a strong, rather upright grower, until
the branches become borne down with the weight of the fruit. The fruit matures m No-
vember, and may be kept till February.

‘The specimens sent the writer, this season, were picked early and prematurely ripened.
Doubtless, from this cause, they were less finely colored than those sent last year; and, if
memory can be relied on in such a matter, they are thought Jess rich in flavor. For these
reasons they may be expected to improve upon further acquaintance.

“ Plymouth, October 24, 1859. TD YONG

Mr. Wilcox, by request, forwarded me specimens of the fruit in the fall of
1860, which were exhibited at the meeting of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, held at Philadelphia in September, 1860, where Mr. Hovey saw the fruit,
secured an outline and description which accompanied a second and highly
flattering notice of the variety subsequently published in his magazine. These
specimens seem to have satisfied Mr. Hovey that this fruit is distinct from
Fameuse (which he had previously doubted) ; but Mr. Downing, to whom I had
repeatedly forwarded specimens, was for a considerable time in doubt on this
point.

This variety has been in bearing for many years at Grand Rapids, as well as
at other points, and in that locality especially we hear the most flattering re-
ports of it. Indeed, although it has been thoroughly tried in comparatively
few localities in Michigan, the results, so far, strongly indicate to our mind,
that for its season of maturity, from October to February, it is the coming

apple.
MANN APPLE.

As this is already introduced into our State, and seems to be attracting
some attention for its alleged market qualities, we reproduce Mr. Downing’s
description of it, from the appendix to the revised edition of “ Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America,” page 21. He says:

“A chance seedling, in the orchard of Judge Mooney, of Granby, N. Y.
Tree hardy, an upright grower, with rather slender branches, forming a round
head ; an early and annual bearer, a late keeper, valuable for market and cook-
ing, and a fair table fruit.

“ Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin deep yellow
when fully ripe, often with a shade of brownish red when exposed, and thickly
sprinkled with light and gray dots, a few being aureole; stalk short, rather
small; cavity medium or quite large, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx gen-
erally closed ; basin rather large, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine,

292 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

half tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, sub-acid; good to very good; core medium;
January to April.”
GRATTAN

is a new apple, and the only one of strictly Michigan origin that has recently
secured a place in the standard pomological literature of the day, so far as we
now recollect. A history and description will be found in the appendix to
Downing’s revised edition, at page 12, as follows:

“This new large apple was grown from seed by Nehemiah Smith, of Grat-
tan, but while quite young, before fruiting, was removed to the farm of Solo-
mon Deal, of Oakfield, Michigan (both in Kent county). It is highly prized
in that section for culinary purposes, as well as for the table. Tree vigorous,
upright, forming a round, open head, producing good crops annually, and
larger ones alternate years.

“ Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic. regular; skin
smooth, bright yellow, moderately sprinkled with grayish dots; stalk very
short, small; cavity large, deep, sometimes slightly russeted; calyx open or
partially closed; basin large, deep, nearly smooth; flesh yellowish, a little
coarse, tender, juiey, sub-acid; good to very good; core small. September to
December.”

Coming as this does from the shelter and virgin soils of a comparatively new
country, it can hardly be expected to maintain its local reputation in older
soils and less favorable situations. Hence we would caution experimenters to
test it thoroughly before planting largely.

SOMERSET

will be found described in Downing’s appendix. Several] years’ trial of it in
our orchards in eastern Michigan, has given us a very faverable impression of
this as a desirable variety for the dessert, though we can by no means recom-
mend it as a profitable market fruit. Downing says of it: “ Of uncertain
origin; supposed to have originated in the town of Somerset, N. Y. Tree
vigorous, spreading ; an annual bearer, but heavier crops every other year; a
rich, high flavored apple, desirable for family use. Fruit below medium, round-
ish conical, much narrowed towards the calyx; skin whitish yellow, some net-
tings and patches of russet, and a few brown dots; stalk of medium length,
slender; cavity medium; calyx closed, basin small, corrugated; flesh quite
white, fine, very tender, juicy, rich, highly aromatic; very good or best; core
medium. October.”

In the appendix above spoken of will be found described nearly one hun-
dred varieties of apples, nearly all of which seem to have been brought to the
author’s notice since the completion of the last revision of his work; of these,
sixty have originated south of Michigan and New York, twenty-six north of
the south line of those States, and ten are of European origin; one only—the
Grattan—being of Michigan origin.

We may be expected to include in these notices, quite a list of what are
known as “Iron Clads,” such as Lawver, Pewaukee, Plum’s Cider, Rolla, Stark,
Walbridge, Wealthy and others, which the requirements of the arctico-torrid
climate of the prairie States have developed into notice, for the reason that the
more luscious, but unfortunately, less hardy old varieties of the east, fail to
meet the severe requirements of their case. But, to Michigan planters, de-
scriptions of these may be assumed to be of little value, since few if any intel-
jigent planters here are likely to substitute them for such old and well tried

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 253

sorts as Fall Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Hubbardston Nonsuch,
Melon, and Red Canada, while the amount of matter pressing for consider-
ation warns us to confine ourselves to that which comes more directly in the
way of home wants.

SIBERIAN CRAB APPLES.

The trying climate of our Northwestern States has compelled planters in
those States to select only the most hardy sorts; and so great is the necessity
of the case, that a large number of what are known as “ Iron Clads” have been
introduced or originated in those States to meet this emergency. More recently
the superior hardiness of the Siberian Crab (Pyrus Baccata) has invited the
attention of experimenters, and the consequence has been the introduction of
several very distinct varieties of this class, which threaten to nearly or quite
usurp the places of the old favorites: Small Red, Large Red and Yellow, and
even Hyslop, Montreal Beauty, and Transcendent.

To Michigan planters the importance of these is greatly diminished, from
the fact of our ability to successfully grow so wide a range of the best varieties
of the common apple (Pyrus Malus). Hence, in our State, crabs are but
sparingly planted, and that mainly for culinary and ornamental purposes.
Still these efforts for the amelioration or improvement of the crabs have
resulted in the production of sorts which are claimed to be a decided improve-
ment upon the other varieties in quality, while a still more advanced step has
been taken in the production of varieties which extend the season of this fruit
into winter and even spring. One of the most promising of these newer sorts,
for the use of the Michigan planter, is believed to be

BRIER’S SWEET CRAB,

which was introduced to the public by A. G. Tuttle, of Baraboo Valley, Wis.,
and who thus describes it: ‘Originated with B. D. Brier, of Baraboo, Wis.
Is the result of a fertilization of the Siberian Crab with the Bailey apple. Tree
perfectly hardy, vigorous and productive. Fruit as large as the Transcendent,
shaped like the Bailey Sweet, color pale yellow, beautifully pencilled and
splashed with earmine, flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, very sweet and rich ; quality
best for dessert or preserves.” This has now been several years before the
public and seems to possess more than usually desirable qualities for a fruit of
its class.
BYERS BEAUTY

is understood to have originated in Bainbridge, Berrien Co., this State, many
years since, and, so far as we haye been able to learn, was first exhibited, and
received its name at the meeting of this society held at South Haven, Van
Buren county, in September, 1873, as will be seen from the following extract
from the report of proceedings at page 304 of its Transactions for that year:

“ A basket of crab apples, raised by Jno. Byers, of Bainbridge, and shown by
A. A. Olds, is worthy of much attention. A name is desired for the fruit,
which is as yet known only as a seedling. Upon the question of naming the
crab apple referred to in the report it was suggested that it be called Byers’
Beauty, as the general opinion was that it was worth a name and due consid-
eration by the society.”

254 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

This variety is exceedingly beautiful in coloring, and distinct in form and
general appearance. It is of about the size, season, and quality of Transcend-
ent, and would do well to plant beside it for contrast. We regret to say, how-
ever, that we have reason to consider it as a comparatively weak and indifferent
grower. We are given to understand that it is in process of propagation, and
that it is not yet offered for sale.

MARENGO

is apparently the ‘“ avant-courier” of a new departure in the way of Siberian
crab apples, it being one of the first of the long-keeping sorts with qualities
adapting it to dessert uses. For the reason, apparently, that the true and
original Marengo Crab attracted considerable attention, the name has been
attached to several others, originating in the neighborhood, and claiming to
possess similar or parallel qualifications. 'The original variety is thus described
in Downing:

“'The fruit is large for its class, in form roundish, flattened at blossom end,
bright, warm red on yellow ground, smooth, with a few scattered gray or light
russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, a little harsh until fully ripe,
when it is a mild and pleasant sub-acid. Stalk long and slender, set in a
narrow cavity, calyx closed. Basin broad, open, corrugated. Early winter to
late in spring.”

We extract the following from a letter received from J. F. Lester, of Mar-
engo, Ill., the introducer of the above, under date of January 25, 1875:

“The tree in question and two others (winter crabs) were first noticed in
the fall of 1866, growing in the grounds of Mr. C. Sponable of this place
(Marengo, Ill.) The first tree, or what has been named “Marengo Winter,”
stood in orchard, the other two in an old nursery row. These rows were
seedlings, and the practice of Mr. S. was to topgraft three to three and one
half feet from the ground. ‘There is no appearance on these trees that they
have been grafted above the ground.

In February, 1867, I placed a few specimens of the “ Marengo Winter Crab ”
on the tables at the winter meeting of the Northern Illinois Horticultural
Society, not as a valuable apple, but as a curiosity, and perhaps as a desirable
acquisition to the list of fruits.

“There are three other crab trees in this vicinity that have figured in with
or as the Marengos,—one which I believe had been named “ Kishwaukie,” on
the grounds of Mr. Walter Renwick. He informed me to-day that he purchased
a lot of apple trees of C. H. Hibbard (formerly a nurseryman of this place), this
being one of the lot. He (Renwick) thinks Mr. H. obtained his trees from
Indiana.

* Another tree, five miles from here, called the ‘Coral, on the grounds of
Mr. Wilcox. I learn from a nurseryman here (A. H. Vail) that Mr. W. told
him that this tree came from Rochester, N. Y., with a lot of apple trees. It
was apparently a. worthless sprout, and was thrown away, but was afterwards
picked up and planted to fill the row.

“The other tree will be passed, as the original proprietor has moved away.
I may remark here, if there is any value in any of these crabs, the Marengo
Winter and the Coral will cover the whole ground. The others will only tend
to confuse and encumber the lists.”

ri)
or
on

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

LADY ELGIN

is described in Downing’s Appendix, with the synonym Marengo Siberian, No.
4, as follows:

“This beautiful new Siberian apple originated on the farm of James Forbes
of Ridott township, Il]. Free, hardy, vigorous, upright, slender branches, very
productive, a pleasant dessert fruit, and said to be excellent for canning; the
slight acid or vinous flavor being preferred by some to the rich sweet of the
peach. Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish oblate, regular; skin smooth,
whitish yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red, a few light and gray dots ;
stalk medium, slender; cavity calyx closed; basin shallow, corrugated; flesh
white, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, slightly vinous; very good. Septem-
ber and December.”

SYLVAN SWEET
is another novelty among crabs, ripening in advance of their ordinary season.
It was originated by Mrs. C. P. Alling, Sylvan, Richland county, Wisconsin. It
is described as vigorous and suited to a northern latitude; the flesh tender,
juicy, sweet. Fruit large for a crab, roundish oblate; skin smooth, light yel-
low, nearly covered with bright red. Stem long, slender; cavity medium ;
basin small; season last of August and first of September. It is represented
as promising to be a valuable variety for cider.

In his appendix Mr. Downing notices as varieties of recent introduction :
Bailey’s Crimson Crab, originating with William H. Bailey of Patterson, N.
Y.; McKie’s Beauty Siberian, originating with Matthew Mackie, Clyde, N. Y.;
and Van Wyck’s Siberian, originating with Miss Caroline Van Wyck, Fishkill,
Dutchess county, N. Y.

CHERRIES

(if we for the present omit blackberries) come next in alphabetical order.

In this fruit very little progress seems to have been accomplished since the
wonderfully prolific results from the experiments of Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, of
Cleveland, Ohio, some years since. Indeed, the cultivation of the cherry may
be said to have retrograded since the advent of its enemy, the curculio, and
more especially since the strawberry has come into so general cultivation, and
has developed so many improved varieties which, in part at least, fill the sea-
son of the cherry.

THE LIEB

is a new cherry which has recently made its appearance in Iowa, similar to the
Early Richmond, but much hardier and sweeter than that variety. This can-
not properly be called a new variety, the parent tree having been brought from
Germany about twenty-five years since. It is at present said to be in the pos-
session of its introducer, Mr. Lieb, at Galena, Ill., after whom it is named.

The Iowa Homestead says the tree is ‘a botanical curiosity, the twig and
bud strongly indicating their origin from the Morello family, while the leaf as
strongly resembles those of the Duke family.”

256 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GRAPES

next demand our attention, and so multitudinous are the candidates for popu-
lar favor, and so rapidly do they arise to challenge the attention of the public,
and so suddenly do their claims become dispeiled by the searching tests of
discriminating planters, that we are quite at a loss where to commence the ex-
amination, and at what point to close it. Under the pressure of these difficul-
ties we omit all notice of any older than those comparatively recent sorts that
seem not yet to have a settled reputation with the public.
TONA

has now been for several years in the hands of planters, and though conceded
to be of the highest quality, experience with it has been so very variable that
it must be conceded to lack some important quality essential to its highest
success asa market grape. A communication from our friend B. Hathaway,
of Cass county, Mich., published in a recent issue of the Country Gentleman,
so clearly expresses our views of the matter that we indulge in the following
extract :

“T am strongly impressed with the idea that the intrinsic value of this
grape is not fully understood. That it is the best keeping native grape we
have, cannot, I think, be questioned. Some of the Rogers’ Hybrids are very
good keepers, but none of them, so far as I know (and I have those counted
the best), can compare with the Iona in this regard, besides being much below it
in quality. That the Iona is more difficult to grow than the Concord and kin-
dred varieties, must be conceded. That there cannot be as many pounds
grown on the same ground, even with the best of handiing, with any certainty
of ripening, is also true. But I believe it is more certain than any of the
Rogers grapes, being less subject to mildew, where given the required condi-
tions, though it needs, as they do, winter protection.

“‘T have been more successful with this grape than I had reason to hope, and
regret that I did not plant proportionally many more of this variety, even pre-
ferring it to the Delaware, which has done remarkably well also.

* With all its good qualities, however, it has some drawbacks. Only the in-
telligent cultivator will succeed; but then his success will be all the more
remunerative. A vineyard of the Iona will not take care of itself: it must
have the constant care of a vineyardist who knows its requirements. The land
must be strong, naturally or artificially, thoroughly drained ; must be well pre-
pared before planting, most land requiring to be trenched from one to two feet
deep, according to the nature of the soil, aspect, situation, etc. The vines,
when of proper age, must have a trellis instead of stakes, for the advantages of
thorough ventilation, and to allow them all the sunlight possible.

“The Tonia vine has just the habit of growth most desirable, neither too
rampant nor too weak, though it requires considerable attention, while carry-
ing a crop of fruit, to secure strongly-developed canes for the next year’s fruit-
ing. This is one of the most important points to be considered. It is also
necessary to shorten the bearing-wood to about half of what would be proper
for stronger-growing kinds, like Concord, Hartford, etc., although generally,
owing to its familiar habit, there is comparatively but little new wood to be
cut away. It requires less summer pinching than most other varieties, for the
same reason, but must have some attention in this regard.”

To the above we add the remark that, while we very distinctly concur in the
above, our personal experience and observation indicate decidedly that the

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 257

Iona, under the treatment indicated, can be very satisfactorily grown, even
upon comparatively light soils, provided they be dry and warm.

CROTON,

as all will doubtless recollect, originated with Stephen Underhill, of Croton
Point, N. Y., from seed of Delaware, crossed by Chasselas. The fact of its
semi-foreign parentage has, from its first introduction to the public, occasioned
a fear that, sooner or later, it would be found wanting in hardiness or ability
to resist mildew. Last season (1874) for the first, we saw indications of failure
in this particular, and we have been given to understand that, even earlier
than this it has been found wanting in this respect in some other localities.
Still we are by no means disposed to condemn it, upon a single season’s failure,
and with so good a general record; but would rather suggest care in the
choice of soils and aspects in which to plant it, and judicious pruning and
management as helps to its possible weakness in this particular. It fills a
place in our list for which we have, so far, no satisfactory substitute.

EUMELAN

has now been a number of years in the hands of planters, and has proved
satisfactory so far as quality and general appearance are concerned. Still it
does not seem to have secured a strong hold upon the confidence of the public,
the reasons for which do not clearly appear, although it may be remarked that
it is not always a good setter of fruit, and that it comes at the same season
with several other desirable varieties, and although the flavor and size of the
bunch are satisfactory, the seeds are large and many, besides which the vine,
although a fair grower, does not seem to have established itself, in the estima-
tion of vineyardists, as fully reliable and satisfactory. Indeed the variety must
yet be said to be upon trial as a market grape.

ISRAELLA

eame out cotemporaneously with Iona, and doubtless has been less sought
after for the reason that the taste of planters runs more after the light colored
varieties. The vine is liable to the same objection that has so seriously affected
the Diana, that on strong, moist soils it is inclined to grow too late to prop-
erly ripen its wood, as a consequence of which it fails to develop a sufficiency
ef fruit buds. The best evidence of the correctness of this assumption is the
fact that, on light, warm, thoroughly drained soils, like Diana, it produces
abundantly, and its fruit is, in its season, very satisfactory, though by no
means ranking with Iona or Delaware.

MARTHA

was originated and introduced by Samuel Miller, formerly of Calmdale, Penn.,
and more recently of Bluffton, Missouri. The development of its qualities
has been watched by the planting public with more than usual interest, for
the reason that it promised to fill a place among white grapes for which it has
no competitor, if we except the Rebecca, which could only be accepted for the
purpose under protest, on account of the very unsatisfactory behavior of the
vine. Martha has been found quite satisfactory, so far as the thrift and hardi-
ness of the vine is concerned; but the fruit, although sweet, and of the desired
color, has too much of the peculiar aroma, and generally objectionable qualities
of the wild fox grape, to become acceptable to cultivators of educated olfac-
tories or of refined taste.

30

298 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

WALTER

sprang from seed of Delaware, fertilized by pollen of the Diana, and originated
with A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. It has been for several years in
the hands of experimental planters, and frequently comes to the surface at our
Pomological gatherings, and accompanying exhibitions ; but although the
quality of the fruit is admitted to be satisfactory, its behavior does not seem,
as a whole, to have been such as to commend it to public confidence. The
best that can be said of it, for general purposes, is that it is still upon trial.

KALAMAZOO,

as most of us will doubtless recollect, has been before the public, upon the in-
troduction of Judge Wells of Kalamazoo, Michigan, for three or four years, as
a seedling from Ohio, of which the original stock was lost, leaving the variety
solely in the hands of Michigan men. It will be recollected that last year, at the
society’s February meeting (if I mistake not), we read a note from one of the lead-
ing pomologists of Ohio, stating that he considered it at least probable that
this supposed new variety would prove to be only the resurrection of an old
sort,—the Bland or Bland’s Virginia. Our informant encourages us to expect
further information on the subject, but, so far, nothing additional has reached
us. The fruit, as grown in Kalamazoo, is similar in color and flavor to Ca-
tawba, but decidedly earlier; and, although by no means equal in quality to
that variety when well ripened, is so large and beautiful, both in bunch and
berry, that it is earnestly to be hoped that it may prove desirable as a market
variety for Michigan. We regret to be compelled to say that, so far, it seems
not to have manifested the requisite qualities for this purpose. Still, with the
very desirable market qualities of the fruit, it is to be hoped that the difficul-
ties in the way of its success, for such purpose, may yet be obviated.

SENASQUA
is a hybrid between Concord and Black Prince, originating with the late Ste-
phen Underhill, of Croton Point, N. Y. It came before the public cotempo-
raneously with the Croton, and seems, so far, to have been partially eclipsed by
the more pretentious claims of the latter. Its quality is highly spoken of,
although Mr. Downing, in his work on fruits, remarks that “in consequence of
its thin skin and compactness of bunch, the fruit is apt to crack, especially in
wet weather.” In our experience with it, we find its habit of growth to be
stout and short-jointed, like Croton, and slightly like the Delaware, though
more vigorous. It ripens with Concord, or a little before. The question of its
relative value cannot be said to be yet settled.

WORDEN

is a new grape, grown by B. Smith of Meridian, N. Y., and which does not
seem yet to have been offered for sale. At the recent (January) meeting of the
Western New York Horticultural Society, this was spoken of as a variety
“ worthy of attention,” and as having “ much of the appearance of the Concord,
both in bunch and berry; but it is perhaps rather larger than that variety,
distinctly better in quality, and quite as early as the Hartford.” Several per-
sons doubted its qualities in some of these respects.

CHAMPION AND TOLMAN’S SEEDLING,

which had been supposed to be distinct varieties, were, at the same meeting,
pronounced identical by Mr. Lay, who also characterized the variety as inferior
on heavy soils.

Pe)
Or
ive)

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS.

THE ROGERS HYBRIDS

have been so long and so prominently before the public that little need be said
of them. Of the entire list probably Wilder (No. 4) and Salem (No. 22) are
more sought after by planters than any others. We are persuaded that a re-
mark once made to us by Mr. Downing, to the effect that probably the whole
of them will, ere long, be laid aside for lack of quality, will prove to have been
prophetic.

THE ARNOLD HYBRIDS

were originated by Charles Arnold of Paris, Canada West; Autuchon (No. 5),
from seed of Clinton crossed with Golden Chasselas, in 1859; Brant (No. 8),
from seed of Clinton crossed with mixed foreign pollen ; Canada (No. 16), from
seed of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters; Cornucopia (No. 2), from seed
of Clinton crossed with St. Peters in 1859; Othello (No. 1), also a hybrid.
These are in the hands of trial planters, and have, doubtless with reason,
excited some hopes of success, from the mere fact of their high northern origin ;
to which may be added the consideration that their female parent is but one
remove from the native wild frost grape of our northern forests. Their true
status as to hardiness, productiveness, etc., cannot yet be said to be determined.

THE WYLIE HYBRIDS

were originated by Dr. A. J. Wylie of Chester, South Carolina, and they attract-
ed much attention at the exhibition of the American Pomological Society at
Richmond, Va., in September, 1871, at which time they seem first to have been
brought prominently into notice. Mr. Downing, in his appendix, describes
two of them,—Janie Wylie and Peter Wylie,—both early sorts. Very little con-
fidence seems to exist of their success at the north, although some of them are
on trial among us, even in Michigan, with some favorable indications, of which,
however, we at least do not feel warranted in speaking confidently.

THE RICKETTS HYBRIDS,

if we are to judge from the very high praise meted out to them by certain mag-
nates of the pomological world, who have been among the very few privileged
to touch and taste these coming wonders, must be commissioned to create a
revolution in our ideas as to the possibilities of improvement in this direction.
There are said to be the results of a series of hybridizations between the native
and the foreign grape, and are alleged to have developed most surprising
results in both the quality of the fruits and the vigor and hardiness of the
plants.

These are very numerous and are the results of a series of experiments in
hybridization by James H. Ricketts of Newburgh, N. Y. They have not yet
been offered for sale, and are understood to be nearly or quite all yet in the
hands of the originator. The very extraordinary statements respecting their
qualities and general promise are from the publications of a few persons who
have been permitted to take notes respecting some of them, when at maturity,
in the grounds of the originator.

CAMPBELL’S SEEDLINGS.

The gentlemen so prominently associated, so many years since, with the
introduction of the Delaware grape, Mr. George W. Campbell, of Delaware,
Ohio, a few years since produced and offered for sale a‘ White Delaware,”
and some other novelties, which do not seem to have taken a strong hold upon

260 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the popular appreciation. During the past autumn and this winter, however,
he has brought out another new white grape, which he has named

LADY,

of which he publishes an outline, accompanied by the following description :

« After six years careful observation and testing the Lady grape, I have
found it uniformly reliable, perfectly hardy and healthy, both in vine, fruit and
foliage, a3 well as vigorous and productive. It is a pure Concord seedling,
having all the best characteristics of that well known and popular grape, with
greatly improved quality, and at least two weeks earlier ripening. It is what
would be called a white grape, being, in color, a light, yellowish green, covered
with white bloom, bunch medium large, the size of average Concords, hand-
some and moderately compact, skin thin, seeds few and very small, pulp tender
and of equal character and consistence throughout, with no hard core in the
centre, flavor rich, sweet, slightly vinous, somewhat like Concord, but much
better, more refined and delicate, with no coarseness and scarcely a trace of
foxiness or native aroma. No mildew of foliage or rot in the fruit has ever
occurred, and during the severe winter of 1872-75, it endured 32° below
zero uninjured.”

The above of course will be taken as the statements of an interested party,
which may not be fully realized by others, in different soils and varied aspects.

ITHACA,

a cross of Chasselas and Delaware ; Wyoming Red, a fox seedling, and Nathan
C. Ely and Farmers’ Club, seedlings originated by David Thompson, of
Green Island, near Troy, N. Y., are urged upon public attention, as desirable
new sorts, by S. J. Parker, M. D., of Ithaca, N. Y.

PEACHES

seem, in experimental hands, to readily yield a larger percentage of desirable
results, and the experiments require a smaller amount of time for their matur-
ity, than is found to be the case with most other fruits. In consonance with
this fact, the production of new varieties of this fruit, of a highly promising
character, within the last few years, is surprisingly large. We would especially
invite attention to the several recent, very early sorts supposed, not without
apparently good reasons, to owe their origin to Hale’s Karly, which seems, in
addition to its value as an early and excellent fruit, destined to become the
progenitor of a new, distinct, and wonderfully precious family of peaches.

FOSTER

is a peach originated about the year 1857, on the grounds of Capt. J. T. Fos-
ter, of Medford, Mass., from the stone of a peach purchased by him in Boston
market. It is said to be hardy, with very large, dark, glossy and peculiar foli-
age, unlike that of any other variety. Fruit always large; flesh yellow, rich,
juicy, pleasant sub-acid, parting freely from the stone, which is of medium
size; color of fruit a deep orange and red, becoming very dark red on the ex-
posed side. Season, middle and last of September. A very promising late
market peach.

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 261

MOUNTAIN ROSE

is another comparatively new peach, promising to be valuable for market pur-
poses, and, perhaps, destined to usurp the place of the Large Early York, with
which it is in season, and which it seems calculated to eclipse, so far, at least,
as beauty of appearance is concerned. ‘I'ree vigorous and very productive ;
glands globose; flowers small; fruit large; color dark rich red; flesh white,
stained red at the stone, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, separating freely from
the stone. In season the last of August and first of September.
ATLANTA

jis a new peach, originated by Dr. E. Ware Sylvester, of Lyons, N. Y., and
is, as yet, but sparely distributed. It is a free grower and productive, with
reniform glands; fruit medium sized; skin whitish, shaded, and dotted with
deep red, and nearly purple in the sun; flesh stained with red at the stone, to
which it slightly adheres; flavor rich, sweet. Ripe last of September.

RICHMOND

is another of Dr. Sylvester’s seedlings, according to whose description the tree
is vigorous and very productive; glands reniform ; fruit medium to large; skin
a fine yellow, mottled with dark, rich red; flesh yellow, red at the stone, juicy,
melting, sweet, vinous, free from the medium-sized stone, less acid and a little
later than Early Crawford. A promising market variety.

SALWAY

is a peach originated by the late Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, near Lon-
don, England. The tree is said to be vigorous, and very productive. Flowers
small, glands reniform ; fruit large, roundish oblate, with a broad, deep suture,
extending beyond the apex; skin downy, creamy yellow, with a warm, rich,
clear, crimson red cheek in the sun; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, which
is free, juicy, melting, rich, sweet, slightly vinous; very good. It ripens soon
after the Smock,—so late that its success in Michigan may be doubtful, except,
possibly, at the south.
SOUTHWICK’S LATE

originated as an accidental seedling with Mr. Southwick, of Dansville, N. Y.
Tree vigorous and productive. Flowers small; fruit large, roundish, a little
depressed at the apex; suture distinct; mamelon small, sunken nearly to a
level with the parts around; skin yellowish white, sprinkled with minute red
dots in the shade, and streaked and clouded with red next the sun; flesh
white, parting freely from the stone, very juicy and melting, with a fine, deli-
eate flavor, stone very small. Ripe last of September.

THH RIVERS PEACHES.

Some years since the late Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, England, so
long knowa to the horticultural world as one of the most Americanlike of
Englishmen, and as always an ardent and persevering experimenter in the
pomological field, undertook a series of experiments for the origination of new
varieties of peaches ; and he seems to have accomplished a most wonderful suc-
cess, whether we consider the number of these productions or their great
beauty and reported earliness and high quality. Among them the following
have been introduced into this country, some of which have already fruited on
this side of the water. We describe and class them, as nearly as practicable, in
the order of ripening, as given by the originator, and, with the exception of the
first three, nearly in his own language:

262 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Early Beatrice—Named for a member of the royal family of England, is the
first if not the only one of these peaches that has, so far, been extensively
fruited for market in this country. “8S. G. Bilyeu of Halifax county, N. C.,
was the first to set large orchards of these peaches in the United States. He
saw them at Mr. Rivers’ place in England, side by side with Hale’s Karly;
Beatrice was ripe eighteen days ahead. Mr. Bilyeu began to pick his Early
Beatrice June 10th, 1871. In 1872 he shipped 150 bushels to New York and
Philadelphia. In 1873 there was a heavy crop on some 500 trees. Hale’s
Karly, in the same orchard, was fourteen to eighteen days later. In wet
weather Hale’s rotted green, while Beatrice ripened up finely, and perfectly
free from rot.” Colonel E. W. Wilkins of Maryland, one of the largest peach
growers in this country, after seeing the Beatrice orchard in North Carolina,
planted an orchard of 15,000 trees of Beatrice, when trees cost $50 per 100.

This success has created for it such a reputation as a market fruit that it is
extensively sought after for that purpose. Foliage with reniform glands;
flowers large; fruit medium, with a marbled red cheek: flesh melting, very
juicy. A spurious variety, with globose glands, was, in 1873, somewhat dis-
seminated under this name in this State, but the error seems now to have been
corrected, the spurious trees proving to be Early Crawford.

Early Louise—Also named for one of the English royal family, is of medium
size, bright red ; flesh melting, juicy, excellent, parting freely from the stone.
Ripens a few days earlier than the Early Rivers, and nearly as early as the
Beatrice. Glands reniform; flowers small. It is claimed to be larger than
Beatrice, and of higher quality, very little if any less valuable.

Early Rivers is another of these peaches ; named for the originator. Glands
reniform ; flowers large; fruit large, pale straw color, with a delicate pink
cheek; flesh melting, remarkably rich and racy. Season, soon after Karly
Louise and considerably in advance of Hale’s. Good judges, who have fruited
it in this country, consider it the best of all the very early varieties. Raised
from Early Silver, and the third generation from New White Nectarine.

Early Leopold—Medium size; pale yellow and red; veryrich and excellent ;
glands kidney-shaped ; flowers small; succeeds Early Rivers.

Dagmar—tLarge ; melting and rich; skin very downy and of a deep crim-
son; very handsome; ripe early in August.

Early Albert—Large; nearly oval; melting and excellent; succeeds the
Early York.

Early Alfred—Above medium size; melting and peculiarly rich and agree-
able ; a most delicious freestone peach; season early in August.

Early Silver—Very large; melting and rich, with the vinous flavor of the
White Nectarine, its parent; season early in August.

Rivers’ Early York—Medium size; skin marbled with red ; flesh so melting
and juicy as to dissolve in the mouth, leaving no fibre; season early in August.

Large Early Mignonne—Very large; pale straw color, with a rosy cheek;
melting and very rich; ripens the first week in August.

Dr. Hogg—Uarge; firm, yet melting; often stained with red under the skin ;
flavor rich and sugary; a freestone ; hardy, vigorous and prolific; season mid-
dle of August.

Crimson Galande—Medium size, often large; deep crimson; flesh tender,
melting, rich, and deliciously flavored; a freestone of the most hardy, prolific
and vigorous habit; season middle to end of August.

Magdala—Size medium; shape inclined to oval; skin nearly smooth, like a

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 263

nectarine; color creamy white, marbled and blotched with crimson; flavor a
combination of the peach and nectarine ; quite original and exquisite; season
middle to end of August.

Princess of Wales—Very large; one of the largest peaches known, and one
of the most beautiful ; its color cream, with a rosy cheek; melting, rich and
excellent ; season first to middle of September.

Prince of Wales—Very large; color deep crimson; melting, rich and excel-
lent; a very fine peach ; season middle of September.

Nectarine Peach—Very large; pointed, with a smooth, nectarine-like skin ;
flesh melting, rich and racy ; season middle of September.

Lord Palmerston—Very large: the largest of peaches; skin creamy white
with a pink cheek; flesh firm, yet melting, very juicy and rich ; season middle
to end of September.

Lady Palmerston—ULarge; melting and very good; skin greenish-yellow,
marbled with crimson; very handsome; flesh pale yellow. ‘This fine peach
ripens toward the end of September, and is a most distinct variety.

Comet—Large; nearly round ; orange, with a crimson cheek; melting, sweet
and good ; season early in October.

Of these only the first three can properly be said to have even laid the foun-
dation of a reputation in this country, although the high promise of those may
be accepted as encouragement to a prompt trial of the remaining sorts. The
eminent success of the peach in our American climate creates a strong proba-
bility that at least some of these aliens, with royal and lordly names, may be
found to take kindly to the brighter suns and more virgin soils of unaristo-
cratic America. :

Alexander is a more recent candidate for popularity, it having first come
prominently before the public in the fall of 1873.

While peach growers were wondering whether the climax of earliness had
not been reached by Mr. Rivers of Europe, with the Beatrice, this phenomenon
was heralded from the prairies of central Illinois, in vindication of the Ameri-
can reputation for keeping up with the times,—an important matter if, in this
case, we would sustain our arrogated reputation of possessing the home, par
excellence, of this fruit.

We add a few items of the history of its origin from the originator, O. A.
Alexander of Logan county, Ill., under date of 1873:

‘“‘ Four years ago a few peach trees, including the one that subsequently bore this fruit,
sprang up accidentally in my garden, and the succeeding spring were transferred elsewhere.
This one was selected for its more perfect symmetry, and set near the house for its shade,
not suspecting its real character. Last year (1872) it blossomed and set a moderate quantity
of fruit, which, at an early stage, showed a decided superiority of growth. The first speci-
mens were plucked July 18th in good eating condition. July 25th, when these were nearly
all far advanced in ripeness, making a display of beauty such as peach trees seldom exhibit,
and I may venture to add never excel, the Hale’s Early were still green, and Jittle more
than half grown,’’

In noticing specimens sent for examination, Mr. Charles Downing says:

<a The Alexander’s Early peach is very handsome and regular in form, and if it proves as
early in the future, it will be a great acquisition, both for the amateur and for market. It
is not as sweet as some kinds, but the vinous flavor is rich and good; the flesh is thick and
quite firm, which will enable it to carry well long distances to market.”

There were those who feared that this unusual earliness might be the result
of disease, but an examination of the tree and fruit seems to have allayed this
fear, and subsequent observation and experience with the variety seems to have

264 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

effectually demonstrated its futility. Mr. Alexander says: “ The fairest state-
ment I can make of the time of ripening of each is July 20th for Alexander,
and August 10th for the Hale’s Early.” It should be stated that this is in
latitude 40°.

{n the absence of any distinct description of the fruit we can only say that
it is represented as a large, brilliantly colored, pale-fleshed peach, of vinous
fiavor, and partially adhering to the stone. ‘Tree vigorous, foliage with
globose glands, flowers large ; season, for Michigan, yet uncertain.

The original tree is reported to have recently died from the operations of the
peach-tree borer.

AMSDEN’S JUNE.

While we were endeavoring to accommodate our preconceived notions to the
possibility of having acquired a peach three weeks in advance of Hale’s Early ;
a voice comes up from the remote regions of Missouri, heralding the advent of
vet another early peach of the same wonderful precocity as compared with.
Hale’s Early, and we are challenged to accept the apparently extravagant claim,
upon the faith of certificates from such pomologists as Charles Downing,
Patrick Barry, J. J. Thomas, John A. Warder, Thomas Meehan, and others,
to. whom specimens of the fruit, and also of Hale’s Early, grown beside it, had
been sent for examination and comparison, and whose unqualified endorsement
of the fruit, as to size, quality, beauty, and earliness, must be supposed to dis-
sipate all doubt as to these points, so far as the original locality (latitude 37°)
is coneerned. How far this extraordinary precocity and high quality wiil be
maintained, in the climate and soils of Michigan is, of course, to some extent
an uncertain matter; but trees are being distributed among the planters of
the State, and hence the problem will soon be in process of solution. The
original tree, as stated by the introducer, is an accidental seedling, and first
fruited in 1872, and it was budded upon a quantity of young thrifty stocks the
same season, which also bore fruit in 1874, fully sustaining its earlier promise.
The originator describes it as follows:

“ Fruit medium size; decidedly larger than Hale’s Early; roundish, a little flattened ;
with a slight suture ; colored, beautifully shaded, and mottled very dark red, nearly cover-
ing the greenish white ground; flesh white or greenish white, rather firm until fully ripe,
becoming tender, juicy, melting, sweet and delicious; freestone, but the flesh adheres
somewhat to the small stone; fruit remarkably fragrant: flowers large; leaves with
globose glands; tree vigorous, hardy and very productive.”’

To the above is added the endorsement of the Jasper county, Mo., Hortieul-
tural Society; and also of the County Grange of Patrons of Husbandry.

The originator further writes us that he has another seedling, originating at
the same time with the preceding, but fruiting a year later, which, he thinks,
will prove yet a little earlier, and of very similar quality ; of this, however, we
are inclined to await the proof, before indulging in sanguine anticipations.

Besides the varieties already noticed, there are numerous others of more er
less apparent promise, though few if any of them seem possessed of qualities
especially valuable:to Michigan planters.

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 265
a,

PEARS

seem to yield more reluctantly than most other fruits to the ameliorating influ-
ences of cultivation, and since the days of Van Mons, of Belgium, and of the
amateurs of our country whose operations may be supposed, in some degree at
least, to have been inspired by his enthusiasm, or by its results, there seems to
have been, to a great extent, a lull in the effort for artificial production of new
varieties of this fruit, in corroboration of which we may call attention to the
fact, that since the introduction of Dana’s Seedlings and Clapp’s Favorite, we
hear of no introductions of new pears, past, present, or prospective, other than
from accidental sources, unless it be some of the numerous ones constantly
coming to us from Europe.
DANA’S HOVEY

eannot properly be spoken of as a new pear, and yet it is so seldom planted in
our State that we are compelled to suppose that its very high quality and great
merits generally as an amateur fruit, are not properly understood. We the
more readily accept this supposition, for the reason that it fills a season, for at
least a portion of which, it may be said to have, at present, no proper com-
petitor. Though rather small for a market fruit, it is of the very highest
qnality. Season November to January.

CLAPP’S FAVORITE,

aithough introduced since the preceding, is much more generally planted, and
ig assuming some prominence as a market fruit on account of its fine size and
showy appearance. Its chief drawback for such purpose is a very decided ten-
deney to rot at the core, as does the Flemish beauty, which is one of its parents.
Aside from this objection it may be said to have no superior, of its season, for
general purposes.

EDMONDS

is a reeent American pear, originating at Brighton, N. Y., as a chance seedling
en the farm of Eliphalet Edmonds. The strong, vigorous habit of the tree,
and its productiveness, with the fine size and attractive color of the fruit,
eoupled with fine quality, indicate that it will prove a good market sort. Its
season—September—is the most serious apparent objection to it, as it will
come when there is the greatest probable surplus of superior fruit.

MOUNT VERNON

is also a chance seedling, which originated on the grounds of Samuel Walker,
of Roxbury, Mass., some time since deceased, and by him named as _ above.
We are surprised that prominent nurserymen seem to be pressing this upon
publie attention, as it is by no means a new fruit. We well recollect that at
one of the latest meetings of the American Pomological Society, which Mr.
Walker attended (at New York in 1856 or 1858), this pear (as we understand)
was discussed, and some of its members thought it should be recommended by
the society, to which Mr. Walker very conscientiously objected, for the reason
that he thought it not quite good enough. Our surprise arises from the con-
sideration that so little progress has been made that to-day it is praeti-
cable to pass a fruit upon the public as valuable and desirable that was not
thought good enough to warrant such a step fifteen or twenty years ago. Of
course, it is possible that Mr. Walker possessed the very unusual tendency te
undervalue his own production. Downing’s work characterizes it as a very

34.

266 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

vigorous grower, and an early bearer. Fruit medium or above, of good ap-
pearance, and in quality “ very good.” Season November and December.

SOUVENIR DU CONGRESS

is a pear attracting considerable attention on this side of the ocean, but orig-
inating in France, the originator, M. Morel, dedicating it to the Pomological
Congress of France: hence its name.

The fruit is large or very large, in form like Bartlett; skin yellow, with the
exposed side bright red or carmine; flesh musky, like Bartlett, though in a less
degree. Season last of August and beginning of September. Tree vigorous,
productive ; of pyramidal habit.

Our wide-awake American amateurs are in the habit of closely watching the
European novelties of the day, and of importing the same. Hence eastern ex-
perimenters are seldom without a very considerable number of these recent,
and yet untested introductions which, as they come into bearing, become
represented upon the tables and in the discussions of eastern culturists. A
very considerable list of varieties now undergoing this process might be here
presented, but the unexpected Jength of these notes warns us to leave them to
await the weeding process. We only note that the American Pomological
Society’s Committee on Foreign Fruits, at its last session, and also the West-
ern New York Horticultural Society, at its session one year since, recom-
mended the following as possessing more than ordinary merit:

Beurre Samoyeau, medium size, last of September and first of October ;
Madame Desportes, medium size, September and October; Abbe de Beaumont,
medium size, August and September; Eugene Appert, medium size, without
season ; Rolmaston Duchesse, medium size, October.

PLUMS

have for so long a period been subjected to the reign of the curculio that the
enthusiasm of experimenters for the origination of new varieties seems to have
fallen nearly or quite to zero. Hence there is little to chronicle in the way of
novelties, the little that is attempted being mainly in the direction of curcu-
lio-proof sorts.

MINER.

is an improved variety of the wild or Chickasaw plum, and received its name
from its originator, a Mr. Miner, of Lancaster, Pa. Fruit medium, oblong and
pointed at the apex ; skin dark, purplish red, covered with bloom. Flesh soft,
juicy, vinous, adhering to the stone. Season, October. Its thick, tough skin
enables it to resist the operations of the * Little Turk” to some extent, while it
is said to be hardy enough to withstand the trying winters of our northwestern
States.

WILD GOOSE

is a name conferred upon a variety of our native Chickasaw plum, as report
has it, from the alleged fact that the seed which produced the original tree was
found in the stomach of a wild goose.

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 267

The readers of the now defunct Journal of Horticulture may recall] the fact
that, in one of its last volumes, it gave cuts, with descriptions of three or more
distinct sorts, under this name; originating, if we mistake not, in the State of
Tennessee. From this it would appear that the name is, in some quarters at
least, considered as a sort of generic title.

Mr. Downing, in his work, describes a single variety under this name, as
follows:

“ An improved variety of the Chickasaw, evident in the greater vigor of the tree and in-
creased size of the fruit, which is nearly as large asa Green Gage. Skin purple with a blue
bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Last of July.”

WEAVER

is a new plum, being disseminated in the west, and which is said to be of de-
sirable quality. It was discovered by the individual whose name it bears, on
Cedar River, Iowa, and was introduced to general notice in 1873. The intro-
ducers describe it as “ of fine size, good flavor ; a freestone, with firm flesh. A
close observation of twenty years has determ ined it to be perfectly hardy. An
abundant bearer, and absolutely curculio-proof.” The color is yellow with a
red cheek. A friend who is acquainted with it describes it as larger than Lom-
bard, and in quality superior to Miner. It is a seedling of the Wild or Chicka-
saw plum.

JODOIGNE GREEN GAGE.

Size and form a good Green Gage; beautifully marked with purple; fine
quality. September.

QUINCES.
REA’S SEEDLING,

more commonly known as “ Mammoth,” is described in Downing’s work as “a
new seedling raised by Joseph Rea, Coxsackie, Green county, New York. Itis
a superb fruit, averaging one-third larger than the apple or orange quince, of
the same form and color, fair and handsome, and equally as good, and by some
preferred, to the apple quince for culinary purposes. Tree healthy, a thrifty
grower and moderately productive; an acquisition.”

SWEFT QUINCE

is an old sort from Chambersburgh, Penn., just introduced, and described in
appendix to Downing’s work. Fruit only less acid than other kinds, keeps late,
and cooks tender. Otherwise much like apple quince.

BLACKBERRIES

as a fruit for cultivation, have only begun to attract attention within a com-
paratively few years, as formerly the neglected lands and fence corners ade-
quately supplied the demand, and we haye even now only progressed so far as

268 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to select and propagate the most promising natural seedlings to supply our
plantations. Judging from the number of “new and promising” sorts to which
the attention of planters is from time to time .being called, there is not likely
soon to occur a lack of supply from this source. Among those of recent intro-
duction we notice
MaSON’S MOUNTAIN,
a new sort claiming to be hardy. Fruit black, large, conical, sweet, rich.
MISSOURI MAMMOTH,

of which Downing’s work says: “ A variety recently disseminated from Mis-
souri. It has not yet fruited here, but is described as ‘ bearing fruit of the very
largest size, quite black, firm, rich, juicy, sweet, without any core. Ripens very
early and continues a long time in bearing. ”

NEWMAN'S THORNLESS

was thought to be a promising sort, but does not seem to have produced equal to
the anticipations of its friends. Canes with but a few thorns.

HOOSAC THORNLESS,

a new blackberry described in the May number of the Horticulturist for 1874
as follows: “ Discovered in Massachusetts in 1864, and carried to Ohio; said
to be very hardy, and stood the winter of 1872-3 without injury; quality of
fruit sweet and melting; flesh firm, productiveness remarkable; bearing canes
are described as absolutely thornless. The new growth, however, has a few
small thorns on the under side of the leaf stalks; these shed off when the leaf
falls, and the brush can be handled as readily as willow twigs.”

ANCIENT BRITAIN

is new and comparatively little known. It is represented as very hardy and
prolific.
BARNARD’S SEEDLING
is also new, and is highly spoken of by those who have made its acquaintance.
WESTERN TRIUMPH

is noticed with a decided flourish by the editor of the Rural New Yorker, who
invested in the plants at $5 per dozen, and seems to consider it as a satisfac-
tory investment. He highly commends the variety for hardiness, vigor, high
quality and productiveness.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES

¢o not seem to afford anything of importance in the way of recent varieties.

RASPBERRIES

are much called for in our markets, and cultivators appear to watch the advent
of new sorts with much interest, an interest which doubtless derives edge from

NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 269

the fact of the cheapness and ease of the process of introduction and testing.
Among the new raspberries introduced or about to be introduced will be found
the following:

ARNOLD’S SEEDLINGS,

of which three have been offered to the public and are described in Downing’s
work, as Orange, Red, and White Canada, are originated and introduced by
Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ontario, C. W., the originator also of the Arnold’s
Hybrid grapes already spoken of. These raspberries are very highly spoken of,
so far as quality and possibly even productiveness are concerned, but they do
not as yet assume any degree of prominence, at least for market purposes.
HERSTINE

is @ very promising variety, which, though of the Antwerp class, is said to be
hardy. Its great vigor and productiveness render it a promising sort for
market purposes, although the fruit may prove rather tender for carrying
long distances. Berry, large, roundish, obtuse conical, bright scarlet, flesh
moderately firm, juicy, sweet, rich, separates freely from the core.

ONTARIO

is a new Black Cap, discovered and introduced by E. E. Lord, of Fairport,
N. Y. Plant hardy, vigorous, very productive. Fruit firm enough to bear
carriage to a distant market; large of its class, deep black, with a very thick,
bluish bloom, juicy, sweet and very good.

NARRAGANSET

is a new red variety, raised by John F. Jolls, of Providence, R. I., said to be
large, very productive, keeping in good condition for a long time. Berry
conical, and of fine flavor, bright scarlet. Promising for market.

GANARGUA

is a still more recent candidate for the favor of planters, claiming to combine
the valuable and hardy qualities of a black cap with the finer flavor and dimin-
ished seediness of the reds. The introducers describe it as “a very large red
berry of the cap or tip-growing species, but having the red berry flavor, very
firm, hardy and more productive than any berry with which we are acquainted.
It originated on the farm of 8. B. Katkamier, Ontario county, N. Y. It ripens
a week before any other raspberry, while its habit of throwing up bearing
shoots from Jow down on the bearing canes, prolongs the crop and adds both
to itw size and productiveness.”

The report of the recent annual meeting of the Western N. Y. Horticultural
Society speaks of this also in the most flattering terms.

STRAWBERRIES

are the last. fruit to which it seems important to invite the attention of Michi-
gan planters; and so fickle is this fruit in its choice of locality, climate, and
soil, and consequently so varied are the estimates placed upon the same variety,
in localities but slightly removed from each other; and furthermore, so readily
do new sorts spring up and establish themselves in the good graces of planters,

270 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

acquiring at least a local name and reputation, while they may, perchance, be
utterly condemned or ignored elsewhere, that we are quite at a loss, if not
where to begin, at least where to end the list of new varieties worthy of being
brought to the notice of planters. Modes of culture, even, oftentimes influence
the productiveness, size, or appearance of a variety to such extent as, to the
mind of the planter, to determine the conclusion as to success or failure. So
far is this true, that it has come to be a recognized fact, that almost the entire
list of European strawberries must, to give any considerable degree of satisfac-
tion in our climate, be treated with hill culture, while even then, our success
with them is only partial. For these reasons we omit foreign sorts, notwith-
standing the partial success of a few; and, with those of native origin, we con-
tent ourselves with naming the following somewhat extended list of those
brought to notice within a comparatively few years, with a special mention of
such of them as may have been most generally commended, viz: America,
Black Defiance, Boudinot, Boyden’s No. 30 (Seth Boyden), Charles Downing,
Col. Cheney, Cowing’s Seedling, Cumberland ‘Triumph, Dr. Warder, Early
Queen, French, Golden Defiance, Golden Perpetual, Golden Queen, Keech’s
2.200, Kentucky, Kissena, Kohocken, Kramer, Late Prolific, Lennig’s White,
Matilda, Monarch of the West, New Jersey Scarlet, Romeyn’s Seedling, Spring-
dale.

Of these, several will be found described in our standard pomological works,
and others have been more or Jess favorably noticed in the current publica-
tions of the day, while a few of them are, as yet, and possibly will continue to
be, confined to the catalogues or circulars of the parties who may be dissemin-
ating, or who have originated them.

Boyden’s 30 (which we understand to be the fruit frequently called “Seth
Bovden”) is by connoisseurs considered as “ the coming market strawberry.”

Charles Downing is clearly winning the highest confidence of growers.

Cowing’s Seedling is characterized by the introducer as the largest berry in
cultivation, vigorous, hardy, and of great promise.

French is a fine early sort for planting in private gardens.

Golden Perpetual is a curiosity, producing a continuous crop till frost, on
the young runners which fruit before taking root. Berry large and excellent.
Kentucky is rapidly accumulating reputation as a profitable very late sort.
Lennig’s White is“ best” in quality, and of good size, but lacks productiveness.
New Jersey Scarlet is desirable as an early sort, though only moderately pro-
ductive.

At the meeting of this society held at Adrian, in June, 1874, notwithstand- .
ing the somewhat late date, and the severe drouth then prevailing, there were
shown several fine collections of strawberries. One of these, which especially
attracted our attention, but which, so far as we now recollect, was, if at all,
not prominently noticed by the proper committee, was a collection of seedlings
exhibited by H. E. Bidwell, of South Haven, Van Buren county, Michigan, but
of which, in the absence of the exhibitor, we were at the time unable to obtain
an account of the origin; while, not being one of the examining committee,
we were not in the position to form an opinion as to their quality.

MANURE—ITS TREATMENT AND VALUE.

READ AT THE WINTER MEETING OF THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT LANSING, BY FRANK A. GULLEY, DEARBORN.

GENTLEMEN: The success and profits of a farmer or gardener do not depend
on the number of his acres, nor on the variety and extent of his crops, but on
the amount produced per acre above the cost price.

Assuming this to be a fact, the question arises, In what manner can we
increase this extra production? After land has been drained and prepared for
cultivation, the two principal agents are manure and thorough cultivation ;
and to the first I wish to call your attention for a few minutes.

INCREASE OF THE VALUE OF MANURE.

Fifteen years ago livery stable men in Detroit gave away their manure,
and frequently had to hire it removed. During the “winter of 1858 and 1859
my father was furnished with a team to draw the manure away from a brick
yard stable near Detroit, although he had to haul it nine miles. The M. C.
R. R. would then draw manure from their cattle yards and throw it off in front
of the farm for one dollar per car load. At present manure is worth in the
vicinity of Detroit from 50 cents to $1.50 per wagon load. I know of a stable
where 100 horses are kept, that receives $350 a year for the manure. D. M.
Ferry & Co. expended $10,000 in manure for their seed farm situated two and
a half miles from Detroit in 1873. We pay a dollar a load for all the manure
we can get within five miles, drawing it ourselves.

I give these few figures to show how highly manure is valued by men who
are using large quantities of it, and also to show how rapidly the value of man-
ure is increasing in the estimation of our farmers and gardeners.

HOW WE MANUFACTURE MANURE.

Being engaged in working a garden farm distant twelve miles from Detroit,
and finding it rather expensive to draw manure that distance, we have been
for several years trying the experiment of manufacturing it on the farm. Our
plan consists in breeding and rearing pigs, and feeding cattle during the
winter. Up to the past year we bought nearly all our feed, raising no hay and
but little grain. We are now renting land for the purpose of raising feed, and
paying from three to six dollars an acre.

WHEN A GOOD INVESTMENT.
If we ean make our sales of pork and pigs, and the amount received for the

272 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

cattle after deducting their cost, equal the value of feed consumed, letting the
manure balance the work, we consider it a good investment.

PROFIT ON THE PIGS.

But we find we can do better than this by keeping the small-bened, fine
bred pigs, and judicious and heavy feeding, and taking the value of the
manure into consideration, we think we can compete with the western farmers
in raising pork. Our pigs during the past year have returned $1,000 over the
yalue of feed consumed on pigs sold for pork and feeding, while at the same
time we are establishing a herd of thoroughbred pigs. But we expecta greater
profit on the increased production of crops caused by the use of this manure.

HOW WE TREAT THIN STEERS.

We make a practice of buying thin steers in the fall, either two, three, or
four years old, which cost us from $20 to $50 each; these are fed until in
good condition and then sold at from 50 to 100 per cent advance.

FEEDING CATTLE.

There are a class of farmers who raise cattle till they are two, three, or four
years old, merely giving them feed enough to keep them alive and make them
grow; and this class of farmers are found all over our State. We can bay
these cattle, feed them heavily three or four months, and get nearly as much
for feeding them that length of time as the man who raised them did for keep-
ing them two or three years. But it is not done by a slipshod way of feeding.
Our cattle are kept in warm stables and fed regularly on cut hay, straw, and
stalks, mixed with pulped roots, and all the steamed corn meal and mill feed
they will bear.

THE BEST WAY TO MAKE MANURE.

There is probably no way in which manure can be made with less trouble,
experience, and expense than in feeding cattle winters. It is a practice which
I believe could be adopted with success by gardeners in any vicinity where
manure is scarce and feed can be bought at a reasonable price. I am satisfied
that it can be done successfully in the vicinity of Detroit, and that is probably
as good a market for farm produce as there is in the State. It does not
require a very great expenditure for buildings or machinery; an old barn or
shed can be fitted up with gates and mangers at an expense of one or two
dollars per head, with stanchions, or where cattle are tied with ropes the
expense would be less, but the extra amount of work will more than balance
the cost of gates.

I fitted up a shed floor for twenty-five head, with gates and mangers at an
expense of seventy-five cents per head for lumber and nails, and it was all
made portable so that it could be taken down and packed up summers, so that
the building can be used for other purposes.

A PLAN OF A CATTLE SHED.

I have a plan of a cattle shed that we propose to put up nexé fall, that may
be built either by itself or as a lean-to by the side of a barn, with a gate be-
tween each animal, manger and all complete, and be as convenient and com-
fortable as a cattle shed for feeding need be, and it will require but 2,000 feet
of lumber for every ten head of cattle, and any man who can use a saw, square,
and hammer can build it. As this would hold nothing but cattle, another

MANURE—ITS TREATMENT AND VALUE. 273

building would be required for storing feed, cutting machine, etc, One of the
best and largest feed-cutters in the market can be bought for $65. A four-
horse-sweep power will cost new from $40 to $75. We are using a root pulper
that I built myself with the help of a blacksmith, that cost me $12 besides my
own labor, and it will grind fifty bushels of ruta bagas or beets an hour with
three horses.

At present we are using an old threshing-machine horse power, but expect
soon to put up an engine. We have tried several farm mills for doing our own
grinding, but have found none that were profitable to use with horse power.

THE PROFIT OF SHEEP.

Not being in a sheep country, and not having given the matter much study,
I cannot speak in regard to their value as producers of manure. In some
parts of our Sta'e they may be more profitable than either cattle or pigs.

A COMMON PRACTICE.

Many farmers clean out their stables and pile the manure up against the side
of the barn from fall till spring. The manure ferments or heats, and, when the
spring rains come, the water from the eaves falis on the pile and the greater
part of all that was valuable passes off in gas, or is leached out wud carried off
into the nearest ditch. When drawn out in the spring, the manure is worth
little more than a jag of wet straw.

LOCATION OF BARNYARD.

IT have known men who were considered good farmers who have built a splen-
did barn with arrangements for keeping considerable stock, and make their
barnyard on a slope or side hill, so that not only the rains from the roof, but
even water from land back of the yard, during heavy rains, would wash out the
manure, carrying it off into a creek or ditch below. A barnyard should be on
level ground that is higher than the surrounding fields, if possible, so that
water will never run into the yard. There should be no open ditches coming
into the yard, nor near enough for the wash of the yard to run off in. A few
rods of tile drains put in ditches near the yard would obviate this difficulty.
Tile drains should also be put around the yard and through it, if necessary,
sufficient to keep it dry.

WATER IN BARNYARD.

There are times when a barnyard will get flooded with water. This water
will take up a certain portion of the strength of the manure, and if it runs off
into a ditch it isa total loss, while if it runs off on to a cultivated field or grass
lot, or, better yet, on to some material that will absorb it, a large portion of it
might be saved.

HOW WE TREATED OUR BARNYARD.

Having a yard that had been dug down until it was lower than the sur-
rounding land, and having been obliged to let the water off several times
through a tile drain, losing a large quantity of manure thereby, we last sum-
mer carted enough sand and clay into the yard to raise it two feet, and ar-
ranged it so that the waste would run off on to a low piece of ground near the
yard; this low spot was thoroughly tile-drained, and over it we have spread a
thick coating of muck. We propose to draw this muck out every year and put
it on the compost heap, drawing in more to take its place. IfI were going to
put my barns on a new place, I would first locate the yard with reference to

on”
vv

274 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the arrangements for manure, and then put the barn where it would be most
convenient.

OBJECT OF A BARN.

Generally speaking, the object of a barn on a farm is to store the feed and
shelter the stock. ‘The main object of keeping ordinary stock on a farm should
be the production of manure. ‘Therefore,in arranging the farm buildings, this
matter should be borne in mind.

If I had a barnyard ona slope or side hill, I would take a plow and throw up
a little ridge or bank on the upper side above the yard so that no water could
run into it. JI would also throw up a bank around the lower side, so that the
wash could not run off, and put tile drains under that bank, letting them
run up a short distance under the yard, and over this lower part of the yard I
would put a layer of muck or some other absorbent, so that the wash from the
higher parts of the yard would be filtered through this material and pass off in
the tile drains.

VALUE OF DIFFERENT MANURES.

The following values of manure produced by feeding different kinds of food
is taken from a table prepared by John B. Lawes, of England:

The value of manure made by feeding one ton of peas is $13 38; one ton of
corn meal, $6 65; one ton of wheat, $7 08; one ton of wheat bran, $15 59;
one ton oats, $7 70; one ton oat straw, $2 90; one ton wheat straw, $2 68; one
ton clover hay, $9 64; one ton timothy hay, $6 43; one ton mangel wurzel,
$1 07; one ton ruta bagas, $0 91.

COMPARATIVE VALUES.

These are what we might call comparative values; that is, it gives us an idea
of the comparative values of manures produced by feeding different kinds of
foods. We can’t say that a ton of hay or corn fed to an animal will produce a
quantity of manure that is worth to use so many dollars and cents.

A certain quantity of manure applied to a crop onaparticular soil might be
worth in increased production $50, applied to the same, or another crop, on a
cold, wet, or unproductive soil, it might be worth $5, or possibly nothing.
The actual value of the manure would be the same, but the value of the bene-
fit derived from its use would depend a good deal on our skill and judgment in
using it.

Now, I do not say that a ton of the various kinds of food spoken of in this
table will make manure that is worth to use on ordinary farm lands the values
here given. But I do believe that it will make manure that is worth that
much to use on highly cultivated garden land near a good market.

I know that we could not estimate the value of the manure that is in our
yards by that table and afford to sell it at that valuation. Or to express it
more plainly, if I should take the amount of feed consumed on our farm dur-
ing the year, and compute the value of the manure made by that table, we
could afford to pay that for the manure, if we could not get any more.

The amount of crops produced by the farm in one season, with the applica-
tion of this manure, greater than the amount that would be produced without
it, would more than equal in cash value the computed valuation of the manure.

MANY FARMERS

think that manure may be a good thing for gardeners who raise heavy and ex-
haustive crops, but that it is too much trouble and costs too much to handle

MANURE—ITS TREATMENT AND VALUE. 2t5

for them to use. Particularly is this the case with farmers who haye naturally
fertile soils.

There may be some excuse for not making and using manure on new, rich
land where labor is scarce and high, but in all the older settled portions of this
State it will pay to make and use it.

PROFIT.

On a piece of land put in our hands to work last spring, was a field of twen-
ty-one acres, that the owners wished to have sowed to oats, and seeded to clover.
The field had been cropped several years without manure. The soil was of an
average fertility all over the field. A crop of corn planted on it the previous
year had made about an equal growth in all parts, and ail so poor that it was
not considered worth husking, and was fed in the stalk. On the farm was a
pile of manure one year old, left from acow stable, that we were directed to
put on this field. The pile would have made about twenty or twenty-five such
loads as we buy for a dollar. I estimated it was worth $35. After the ground
had been plowed, we spread this manure as evenly as possible over twelve acres
on one side of the field, at an expense of $15 for handling the manure. The
twelve acres manured yielded 543 bushels, or 49 bushels to the acre; the nine
acres unmanured yielded 180 bushels, or 20 bushels to the acre. The manure
increased the crop 29 bushels to the acre, or 303 bushels on the farm, worth
fifty cents per bushel, or $151.50. The cost of preparing ground, seed, sowing
and reaping, was the same per acre on the whole field. The cost of binding,
drawing and threshing was more on the manured portion, but as the straw
was twice as heavy we will let that balance the extra work. The manure and
drawing cost $60, therefore $50 expended in manure made an increase in the
crop of $151.50, or a profit of $101.50 in one season. In addition to this the
clover made a good catch on the manured land, while on the rest it hardly
grew at all.

MARSH MUCK.

There is something about marsh muck that seems to have a remarkable effect
on old land, especially on light soil, and particularly on garden land that has
been heayily cropped and manured for several years. It seems to have some-
what the same effect that is caused by plowing under green crops. I have
known good crops of onions raised on sandy soil for two years, by a heavy ap-
plication of muck, and a light sprinkling of leached ashes. On old onion beds
the tendency of onions is to ripen too early, or before they get their growth,
thereby decreasing the crop. By using muck and a variety of other manures,
we can raise good crops on the same land for years in succession. They will
do better to change the crop. But as it is expensive fitting ground in proper
shape for onions, and as it is the most certain and profitable crop that we raise,
we find it does not pay to change often.

ONIONS.

We have raised onions on the same ground for seven years in succession,
never having a profit of less than $175 to the acre, and the last two crops
yielded as well as any.

MUCK APPLIED TO RASPBERRIES.

We have applied muck alone and composted with manure to various crops,
and always with success. We have applied muck to raspberries, three or four
shoyelfuls to the hill, and increased the yield one-quarter.

276 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

MUCK AS AN ABSORBENT.

As the handling of muck is somewhat expensive, the principal value to
farmers may be in using it as litter to absorb the liquid manure that would
otherwise be wasted. A few inches of muck spread over a barnyard in the fall,
where stock are kept, will be worth almost as much in the spring as the manure
from the stables. Where stock is kept either in stables or yards, there should
be sufficient litter to absorb the liquid manure. Dana says the urine voided
from a cow in one year, compared with Peruvian guano at $50 per ton, is
worth $20.

STRAW

is generally considered the best litter; but in many places is too valuable for
feed or market to use for this purpose. Dry muck, earth, leaves, or sawdust
are nearly if not quite as good. We prefer to use dry muck with a little straw
for the animals to lie on, for both cattle and pigs. Cattle should not be allowed.
to stand in roads or lanes where the manure dropped will be lost. If the water
is some distance from the barn, they should be watered, driven back and put
in the yard.
HOW WE HANDLE MUCK.

We handle muck as follows: Our marsh or muck bed is a mile from the
barnyard, and is dry in the summer and fall, but generally wet through the
winter and spring. We keep a man, two horses and carts, with a boy to drive,
drawing out this muck and piling it up by the side of the marsh on high
ground, at all times through the season, when we can spare them. In the
winter, when the ground is frozen and the men and teams are not busy, we
draw ithome. The following is our plan of handling or making a compost
heap:

A COMPOST HEAP.

Our main barnyard is about 100 feet square. In this are kept during the
winter from 50 to 100 store pigs, and the cattle are turned into it about two
hours every day, just after noon. In the fall we covered the yard with six or
eight inches of muck, and on one side covering nearly half the yard we are
making the compost heap. The stables and pig pens are cleaned out every
other day and the manure put on this heap; at the same time we are drawing
on muck, also all the leached ashes, manure, etc., that we can pick up and buy
in the nearest villages and neighborhood. We manage to have the muck all
frozen, and when we put on ashes are careful to cover them with muck so that
there will be no escape of ammonia. We take particular pains to get all the
refuse of the farm onto this heap. In the spring the muck that was spread on
the rest of the yard is carted up onto the top of the heap, and fresh muck put
in its place. The heap will then be four or five feet high and packed solid by
the working and tramping of the cattle and pigs.

After the spring crops are in, whenever a man can be spared, or if it too wet
to work on the crops for a day, half-day, or even an hour, all hands work at
turning oyer this heap. It is a standing job for all idle times. The object of
turning it over is to break it up, mix it thoroughly and start fermentation. After
the pile is turned, if it gets too dry or ferments so rapidly that gas escapes, we
will run a pipe from our windmill water tank and moisten it sufficiently to keep
it in the proper condition. This compost will be ready to apply either in the
fall, winter, or spring.

MANURE—ITS TREATMENT AND VALUE. rari

THE APPLICATION OF MANURE.

After it is well composted our practice is to apply it at any time when there
is not a crop on the ground and other work is not pressing. For early spring
crops I would rather put on manure in the fall and plow it under; but as this
is a driving season with us, we draw on the larger part during the winter when
our men and horses are not busy. The objection to applying manure in the
spring where large quantities are used, is that driving over the ground makes
tracks that will remain lumpy and interfere with the cultivation nearly all sum-
mer, particularly if the springis wet. It would not be advisable to apply manure
in the winter to sloping ground where the spring rains would wash it off, nor
in heaps large enough to ferment.

o

ON THE FARM OF MR. WILLIAM SMITH,

the gentleman who makes such a fine show of fat cattle and pigs at our State
fair, the manure is drawn on in haying time as fast asthe grass iscut. ‘The
men and teams work at the manure mornings while the dew is on, and on wet
days; by this means the extra force of men employed at that season have no
lost time. This farm is essentially a grass farm.

THE MOST ECONOMICAL WAY

of drawing on heavy applications of manure, where the field is near the yard,
isin using two carts with a man to load and boy to drive, dumping the loads
regularly over the field. A man will spread more manure in a day standing
on the ground than he will from a wagon, and get it more evenly distributed.

FOR LIGHT APPLICATION

it would undoubtedly bea saving of time to draw and spread from wagons. A
good man with the right tools will load from 60 to 100 cart loads in a day, and
& man will spread from 80 to 125 loads.

THE BEST TOOLS

we have found for handling manure or compost, are the Partridge four and
six-tined forks. They are made of the best steel, are strong and very light.
A man will handle about a quarter more manure with these forks in a day than
with the ordinary fork and shovel.

For ordinary farm crops and some garden stuff we prefer to apply manure to
the surface of the ground after it is plowed, working it in with a cultivator or
harrow.

But for such crops as onions, carrots, and parsnips, the seed of which germ-
inate slowly and with little vitality, if a heavy coating of manure is applied to
the surface and worked in but one or two inches, and there happens to be a
long dry time soon after the seed sprouts, a large portion of it will die out.

AN EXPERIMENT.

Last spring on two onion beds side by side, on one of which the manure was
harrowed in and on the other plowed in four inches deep, and plowed up again,
the seeds nearly all came up on both beds; the ground was very dry, and in
two weeks about one-half of the plants on the bed where-the manure was left

on the surface had died out; the other nearly all grew. If we could depend on
haying spring showers, I would rather apply to the surface.

278 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

We cannot make rules for making, handling and using manure, for all the
soils, crops, markets, and especially labor, must be taken into account. The
plan that would be profitable for one would not for another. There are a few
general principles that we can use, modifying them to suit our various circum-
stances. Keeping up and increasing the fertility of the soil is one of the most
important questions, financially, to the tiller of the soil. It is a matter we can
all study with profit.

ORDER AND NEATNESS.

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT LAN-
SING, FEBRUARY 10, 1875, BY JAMES SATTERLEE, VICE PRESIDENT
FOR MONTCALM COUNTY.

It is a matter of regret to me that one so little acquainted with horticulture,
in its various branches, should be chosen by this Society to present a paper on
Order and Neatness.

What I know of horticulture is connected mostly with a farm orchard and a
kitchen garden. With the raising and marketing of the different kinds of fruit,
and gardening for profit, I know but little. You will therefore pardon me if
what I have to say is connected as much with agriculture as with horticulture.

THE VALUE

of order and neatness in the care and culture of our farms, orchards and
gardens is probably appreciated by all. As far as our observation goes, how-
ever, they are the exception rather than the rule. There are, of course, many
things of which to take account in the consideration of the subject. New and
unsubdued lands, value of hand labor, pursuing the extensive system in our
husbandry and attempting more than we can possibly accomplish, all produce
a tendency to carelessness and slovenliness in the management of our lands.
All these, however, ought not to produce the disorder and want of system so
common with many who till the soil.

I said the value of order and neatness is probably appreciated by all; yet the
lack of a correct taste and the knowledge of certain principles cause many of
us to fall far short of any true standard of excellence. We all admire a farm
with substantial and neat buildings, well arranged fields, good fences, clean
culture, and everything in all its appointments exactly adapted to the purpose
for which it was designed. We seldom see such a farm, but when we do, we
may be certain that its perfection has been brought about by good judgment,
good taste and an adherence to the principles of orderly and systematic man-
agement.

THE PRINCIPAL TROUBLE

with those who lack order and neatness in the management of their lands is
due to the want of a proper training or education in early life. They were
allowed to form habits of carelessness, which habits led them to do their work
in an improper and incomplete manner; the same habits follow them through

280 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

life. How seldom it is that a youth on the farm is taught just how work
ought to be done, and then made to do it right. This is not the case with
other business pursuits. With manufacturers, with merchants, with bankers,
order and system are the rule, and not the exception. Hence, we see that
many of these men upon becoming farmers have better arranged farms and
are better farmers, in reality, than many who have tilled the soil fora life time.
Order in the management of their work has become natural to them. They
have been trained in early life in the way they should go, and they do not
depart from it when they are old. I consider this matter of education of the
first importance. If in our first lessons we are taught the use and care of tools,
their relation to weeds, and their relation to useful plants, those lessons will
be remembered as long as life lasts. But these lessons cannot be taught by
precept alone; they must be taught by example, as well. And so many are
lacking in the knowledge that will enable them to set aright example. Our
agricultural aud horticultural journals are doing a good work so far as precept
goes; and our Pomological Society is doing a good work in the right direction
by enabling us to get acquainted with each other’s systems and modes of doing
work. Besides these, we need some plan whereby our vouth may obtain
instruction of a practical kind; instruction that will enable them to project
and execute work with neatness and dispatch, and without any mistakes.

OUR AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

supplies this plan. We would that its efforts were better appreciated by the
agriculturists and horticulturists of cur State. Its halls ought to be filled to
overflowing every year with young men eager and anxious to learn the best and
most approved plans for doing all kinds of farm and garden work—not only
this, but the care and use of tools, the laying out of grounds, the care of lawns,
with their walks and drives, and everything, in fact, that pertains to the taste-
ful and successful management of a complete agrieultural or horticultural es-
tablishment. A knowledge of this kind, together with an acquaintance with
the sciences most intimately connected with agricultural and horticultural pur-
suits, cannot fail to make intelligent, useful, and successful tillers of the soil.
The influence of the College is extending, not as fast as it ought, certainly, but
it is surely extending, and in the right direction, It is well for us to encourage
it, support it, and lend it our aid in every way consistent with truth and right.
It is doing a work for us that no other institution of learning can do, and its
halls deserve to be filled with the best youth of our State. But there are many,
of course, who can not avail themselves of its advantages, and many others who
would not if they could. It remains for those who do enjoy these advantages
to adhere to and carry out the instruction received there. Although we may
labor at a disadvantage with ignorant help, prejudiced neighbors, and many
other untoward circumstances, there are no obstacles that can not be overcome
if our practice is founded on true principles,—principles we have seen adopted
and carried to a successful issue.

We learn that it is always best to form our plans beforehand, and then ad-
here to them just as far as possible. In this way we save time and avoid many
mistakes. It is easier to get our help to carry out the plans we have made if
we have something definite, something they can understand and see the benefit
of. Donot be afraid to tell them what you intend to accomplish, and, in order
to do this, it is necessary to employ intelligent and willing help. It is better
to pay for intelligence than muscle when we hire, unless it is for digging

, 4S any nc!
ORDER AND NEATNESS. Roe

ditches or work of that kind. fuateiligence comprehends Why a certaia thing
is to be done in a certain way to accomplish a given reault; muscle compre-
hends nothing. Unless our plans are formed beforehand, axd in a comprehen-
sive and definite manner, they are liable to become frustrated-;. and they are
always liable to unless we can give to them a certain amount of personal
supervision. This is absolutely necessary. It matters not how well we have
made our arrangements, they will not be carried out unless we give direction
and a certain amount of assistance with our own hands.

We may be greatly aided in the discovery of our errors in management or
arrangement

BY VISITING CUR NEIGHBORS OR FRIENDS

in different parts of the State. There are none so negligent or so poor that
they cannot teach us something, in one way or another. Yet we think this
visiting difficult. Few of us have time for such things. We ought to take
time. We should find ourselves repaid in more ways than one. There is too
much isolation among those who till the soil. Too much selfishness keeps us
away from each other. The efforts now being made to bring us nearer to-
gether, socially, may be of great benefit if carried in the right direction. It is
the grinding together of humanity that rouses to action and breaks up old
habits arising from ignorance, prejudice, and seclusion. It is this coming to-
gether for social intercourse that will teach us what methods of culture are
most profitable, what arrangement of buildings is most economical and best
adapted to certain purposes. It will teach us where to buy our trees, our
machinery, and many other facts, the ignorance of which makes men liable to
be imposed upon.

Perhaps all this has little connection with my subject; and yet it has a
certain connection, for everything that makes the tiller of the soil more social
and better informed contributes directly

TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF HIS TASTE

in the care of his tools and management of his farm, orchards and gardens.
Observing our orderly and economical neighbor’s nice arrangement for storing
his improved implements, and the pains he takes to dispose of rubbish that
accumulates, will cause us to look about in the corners of our fences and out-
of-the-way places and see if we are proud to have our premises inspected by our
more thrifty associates. Perhaps it will lead us to think of the doubtful econ-
omy and actual untidiness of leaving everything where it was last used. I
will venture the assertion that exposure destroys more tools than use does.
However, this practice of careless exposure is becoming less common as we
have better and more expensive implements than formerly. The manufactur-
ers are putting it within our power to procure tools, the symmetry and finish
of which cannot be excelled. All are adapted to the progressive timesin which
we live; and these times are progressive. Men are inquiring what are the
most profitable and successful methods of doing all kinds of work; what are
the best breeds of stock ; what are the best varieties of fruit. These and many
similar subjects are being investigated, not without benefit to all engaged in
agricultural and horticultural pursuits.
We also see an

282 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

IMPROVED TASTE

in the arrangement of buildings and the more substantial manner in which they
are built; and yet there is great room for improvement in this direction. So few
leave space enough for their buildings when they arrange their fields and
grounds. The orchard and gardens crowd so close upon them that there is no
room to extend or re-arrange without breaking up the convenience and sym-
metry of the whole. There is no excuse for this when we clear up and subdue
anew farm. Make your plan sufficiently comprehensive on the start, so that
it can be added to with economy and still preserve the symmetry and conven-
ience of the whole. In the arrangement of the farm, if we are to pursue a gen-
eral system of husbandry (and that is the most profitable for the majority in
the interior of the State), have fields enough for a proper rotation of crops
without having two or more in a single field. I am not among those who be-
lieve that fences are only a bill of expense. Where timber is as plenty and land
as cheap, and labor as dear as it is anywhere in Michigan, do not be afraid to
build fences,—and good substantial ones, too. Rail fences are cheaper than
board, although perhaps not so neat; yet, when properly constructed, kept in
good repair and the briers and apple-limbs kept out of their corners, there is
nothing untidy in a rail fence. Leave room enough for a grove and grass plat
near your barns. They will be exceedingly refreshing to stock in our hot
summer days. A nice grove left near the house or on the windward side, not
far away, will add greatly to the comfort and beauty ofa home. A grove will
need less care than a nicely finished lawn; and yet a smooth grass plat in front
of the house should never be omitted. It should also extend around to the
rear of the house. This will add as much to one’s own comfort as the part in
front. There is nothing more conducive to slovenliness than tomato vines,
chicken-coops and a chip-yard in close proximity to the back door.

Take advantage of any natural deformity if you can not conveniently re-
move it. A pile of stones, or any unsightly ontbuilding, may be covered or
hidden by a growth of Virginia creeper, and thus made a thing of beauty in-
stead of deformity.

I would not be understood, however, as advocating too much space for lawn
and groves, for to keep them in good condition takes time; and, if there is any
great extent, more time than most people can economically spare. Unless they
are kept orderly and neat, they might better be devoted to the raising of profit-
able crops of hay or grain.

In closing this subject of

ORDER AND NEATNESS,

I will say that my paper is of necessity short, for there is no fixed and exact
definition of what they are made up. It would vary in the difference of loca-
tion, and with every different individual. There can be no definite rules laid
down. The subject is ofa practical nature ; hence the difficulty of illustration
in a paper of this character. And yet, however practical they may be, their
true development depends on the development of our esthetic natures and our
love of everything beautiful and s\mmetrical. And this depends on the right
kind of practical education and illustration to guide our habits and tastes in
the right direction.

WHERE TO OBTAIN OUR FRUIT TREeS

READ BY A. G. GULLEY, BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT
LANSING, FEBRUARY 9, 1875.

The large number of fruit trees now being planted in Michigan has given
rise to the important question as to how and where shall we obtain our nursery
stock. Shall we depend on our own State nurseries, or can we, without detri-
ment to ourselves or stock, send to other States for a supply ?

It is well known that large quanties of trees are coming into the State every
year, and it may be well for planters to consider if it is necessary or for their
interest to send elsewhere for trees. This question is rendered still more im-
portant on account of the serious damage done to the stock of this and other
western States in the winter of 1872 and 1873, and the past winter.

It may be well first to speak of two items sometimes considered in purchasing
stock for planting, but which ought never to be taken into account. Theyare:
cost, and the distance which it is transported. Good trees should always be
obtained, no matter what the first cost. A planter can better afford to pay a
great price for trees of good quality and adapted to his location, than to plant
poor stock if he could get it for nothing. However, the prices of trees in the
different States, except those west, are so near alike that all can deliver them
at our doors at about the same rate. But western trees grow so much faster
and easier, they can be sold much cheaper than Michigan or eastern nursery-
men can grow them. But this is no exception to our rule to pay a good price
for good trees. Many persons prefer eastern stock, yet do not like to buy it,
owing to the distance it has to be shipped. This need never be an objection.
Every nurseryman, of any importance, each season packs and ships trees that
go hundreds of miles without any injury. Indeed, each year there are large
amounts of stock imported that has traveled thousands of miles, and yet ar-
rives in perfect order. A planter need not hesitate on this point if he wishes
to obtain trees from a distance.

The largest portion of the nursery stock of the United States is grown in
five States: New York, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Hlinois,—New York alone
furnishing more than all the rest. In the first three the nurseries are usually
on heavy or loamy soil, making the quality of the stock, so far as that is con-
cerned, much the same. The trees not being forced make a hardy growth, and
in ordinary seasons the wood is ripened early and well prepared for the cold
weather. In Indiana and Illinois the trees are grown on what is known as

284 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

prairie land, which, being very strong, causes them to make a rapid but tender
growth and late continued, leaving them in the fall but poorly prepared for
our severe winters. This was clearly proven by the immense losses sustained
by the nurserymen of these States two years ago, the trees in many instances
being killed outright, and not simply frozen back as in this State. This kill-
ing back, so far as I have learned, was not serious in Ohio, and scarcely took
place at all in New York.

In climate and temperature the tree-growihg States much resemble each
other, New York being, perhaps, the nearest like our own, but generally hay-
ing more snow and not subject to those sudden and severe changes often expe-
rienced here. Ohio differs only in being a little milder. In the matter of
climate, therefore, we have but little choice, and, if the answer to our topic
depended on this alone, it might easily be given. Simply get trees from a
climate as near as possible like our own. However, there is one gross violation
of this law of climate, and that, too, in connection with the tenderest of our
fruits,—the peach. On the warm, sandy soils of New Jersey and Delaware,
large quantities of peach trees of the finest quality are grown,—far finer and at
a much less cost than they can be grown by northern nurserymen. Hence the
latter purchase them largely and supply their customers. Their origin not
being known, their fine appearance makes them give good satisfaction. If the
planter loses a large per cent he, supposing they were grown by the firm of
whom he purchased, attributes it to some other cause. This practice cannot
‘be too greatly condemned. Here, again, applies our rule of avoiding cheap
trees. Another point to be considered is that of stock damaged by winter kill-
ing. This, when not killed entirely, has been headed back to the ground and
‘grown again, and is, apparently, as healthy as before. But may not this kill-
ing back permanently affect the health of the tree?

Having no experience with this class of stock I cannot say, but speak of it
hoping to hear the subject discussed, as this would have an important bearing
‘as to where to get our trees.

Having decided where to get our stock, we must look to the means of at-
taining it. If one lives near a reliable nursery, or is intending to plant largely,
probably his best plan will be to go and personally select his trees and see to
the packing and shipping. This will always prove satisfactory. Or he can
send his order by mail and have the order shipped to him. This in most
cases will do as well. Still another way is to order of traveling salesmen, who
are to be found in nearly all places every season. ‘These are either dealers or
authorized agents, and it is not easy to distinguish between them. The latter
should always have certificates of late date of the firm they represent. The
‘dealers also sometimes have these when they are honest-dealing men. The
stock furnished by agents is true to name, but sometimes not of as good quality
as that delivered by dealers. The latter buy their stocks and have to stand
‘their own losses, hence they look well to the quality; but sometimes not car-
ing so much about the variety. Both dealers and agents deliver the stock
without extra expense, and if a person is planting but a small lot for family
use, this mode of obtaining trees will do as well as any. ‘There is one class of
agents of whom all should beware,—those selling new varieties, which they
claim to be better than old, well-tried lots, and, of course, asking a much
higher price for them. |

A planter should also avoid those nurserymen that practice digging stock in
“the fall and heeling it in out of doors over the winter. Some do this toa great

WHERE TO OBTAIN OUR FRUIT TREES. 285

extent, as it enables them to ship earlier in the spring. But it is very much
to the detriment of the trees. This, however, does not apply to trees properly
heeled in cellars or other well-protected places.

There is still another method of obtaining trees,—that of home-growing.
This plan I do not think of much importance. Fruit-growers do not generally
have the time or experience necessary to attend to the details of propagation.
But if one has the time he can derive much pleasure, and, perhaps, profit, and
always be sure to have the varieties he desires. No doubt he would find the
experience obtained of much value in selecting trees from large nurseries, and
also in the after care of his own orchards.

To sum up then, the fruit-growers of this State should not plant southern or
western grown trees. Indeed, there is no occasion for them to leaye the State
for stock, unless it is proven that trees hurt by the winters are permanently in-
jured, in which case they must rely on New York. On the other hand, if a
planter prefers eastern trees, by all means purchase there, only be careful to
get first-class, healthy stock, and from responsible nurserymen.

PRUNING PEACH TREES.

ADDRESS BY A. S. DYCKMAN, BEFORE THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOG-
ICAL SOCIETY AT LANSING, FEBRUARY 9, 1875.

Mr. Prestp—ENT—At the meeting of our Society at Adrian, last June, in
giving some notes on the subject of Michigan peach culture, allusion was
made to the system of pruning observed in our practice for many years.

As the views there enunciated were opposed to very high authority, with
which, in one instance, our Secretary, in his report, did us the honor to collate
them ; and as, very naturally, they have been the subject of criticism among
our fruit growers, we are glad of the opportunity your invitation gives to pre-
sent a more detailed account of our theory and practice.

Mr. Downing undoubtedly considered the peach tree the best illustration of
the benefits of the “ shortening in” system of pruning, for in the chapter on
peaches and in relation to peach culture his very able argument is presented. .

This brings us, then, in direct issue with the acknowledged best authority
in this country.

Mr. Downing’s definition of “ shortening in” is: “The cutting off half the
last year’s growth over the whole outside of the head of the tree, and also upon
the inner branches.”

He gives as the resuJt of this practice, “a thick, low, bushy head, filled with
healthy young wood, and, in the summer, with an abundance of dark green,
healthy foliage, and handsome fruit.”

To one who, like Mr. Downing, had been utterly disgusted with the neg-
lected, scurvy, moss-grown, bare, bark-bound, sprawling branches of peach-
trees, struggling for mere existence, and hiding in fence corners only to make
their deformity more apparent, it would not be strange if he should fall into
an opposite error, and take as his ideal of perfection a “thick bushy head.”

We presume no practical peach grower will deny that the effect of a
“thick bushy head” is to induce mildew and rot, and deprive the fruit of
color and quality, to which the air and sunlight are so indispensable.

It is not difficult to observe these effects in varieties predisposed to rot,—like
the Hale’s Early and Michigan Yellow Rareripe.

Perhaps some may acknowledge that this, as presented by Mr. Downing, is
not the correct ideal of a perfect peach tree, and still hold we may haye a fine
open top consistent with the “ shortening in” process.

Then, we answer, you must procure it at no “ little cost.”

PRUNING PEACH TREES. 287

Let us take, for instance, a single spur or shoot of last year’s growth and, in
Downing’s language, “ only shorten in:” the limb being one foot long, and
located on the outside or surface of the head.

Now cut off half of it, and we have a stub six inches long. On bearing
trees to which only this theory applies there is little likelihood of any wood
growth starting from this stub more than three inches from its base, and any
fruit setting beyond this new wood growth might as well be picked off at once.
Around the base of this stub new growth will start in several directions, at a
safe estimate say not less than an average of three shoots from each stub.

Now it is easy to calculate for a series of years, as the number of shoots will
increase by a geometrical ratio of three, while the distance of separation at
their base will not exceed one inch, and the result of any one year’s growth
will not extend the “ base of operations” more than three inches in any given
direction.

The first year will give three limbs with a single limb at the base. The
second year nine limbs with a base not exceeding six inches in diameter. The
third year twenty-seven limbs with a base not exceeding twelve inches in
diameter. The fourth year eighty-one limbs with a base not exceeding
eighteen inches in diameter.

These limbs, growing of course upward or outward, would, at a distance of
nine inches from the original base, approximate within a distance not exceed-
ing three inches of each other, converging rapidly from this line inward where
alone the bearing wood for the present year is located.

Suppose, at the beginning of this experiment, the first stubs were nine
inches apart, the overlapping would double the diversity, to say nothing of
the present year’s growth which, even without leaves, would hardly find space
to creep through this network of branches.

It would not do to talk of peaches twelve inches in circumference to be
grown in this mass of limbs and foliage.

Of course no tree could bear such crowding ; but when the experiment has
been carried to the verge of possibility, what will be the effect? Instead of
“healthy young wood, and dark green foliage,” described by Downing, will be
seen a multitude of spindling, smothered branches, with a sort of half life,
pining for the air and sunlight of heaven, to be stricken, in their feebleness,
by the first blast of winter; and present the following year an array of dead
brush sufficient to discourage even a fruit grower.

To those who would follow strictly this “shortening in” practice, there is
no escape from these evils, except by persistent thinning of the young wood
during the growing season, which, in an orchard of any considerable size,
would involve a hopeless amount of labor.

Will tt pay to go over an orchard of large bearing trees eutting off half of
every young shoot when this only brings us into an unfortunate dilemma: in
one direction lies mildew, decayed fruit, feeble growth and wood; in the other
endiess Jabor and diminished profits, if not bankruptcy ?

Questions of economy, always important, become of the very first consequence
when the average sales are reduced to a point near the cost of production.

We must study cheaper methods wherever they can be made as effective.

We hope no one will construe these remarks to favor neglect of any essential
provisions for the production of the very best qualities of tree and fruit. On
the contrary, we would direct every energy to the development of quality,
quantity being always subordinate. But we would study cheapness in the

288 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

methods. This we think can be best accomplished by working near to nature
and in observance of ber methods.

When it is observed that the central small growth of a tree is dying or dead,
there is evidence that nature cannot sustain so dense growth; and if we act
upon this intimation, will we not thin the top to admit the air and light ?

When nature closes the season, with a well-formed termination of each limb.
repined and provided to form a suitable base for the next season’s growth, shall
we place her at fault; cut away half of this natural section of a tree, and force
to a sort of abnormal growth ; do this systematically, make it a formula of our
practice ?

Certainly not, if some less radical and less expensive process will reach the
desired result.

Our experience with the peach has been on the east shore of Lake Michigan,
where well matured wood of the peach was never known to winter-kill, and
perhaps these notes will only apply to this and other localities haying a lake
temperature in winter.

“Shortening in” may be a necessary practice where the peach wood is fre-
quently injured by winter cold.

We offer the following theory of pruning, only as the result of a few years’
study in the midst of bearing peach trees:

As setting the bud in the side of the stock gives a little inclination to the
tree, we, in planting, set this side of the tree towards the west or southwest to
brace against the winds.

At the first pruning, at the time of setting, we cut away all the lateral
branches (not so close as to destroy the buds at their base), and also a portion
of the top, having in view the formation of a head with branches two anda
half or three feet from the ground.

The tree puts forth an abundance of shoots, from which we select three, as
nearly equidistant as possible, as leaders or main branches. This number is
sufficient to form a well-proportioned head from the first, while more than this
will very soon present a crowded head, and the difficulty will increase with the
increased age of the tree.

These three branches growing upward and outward at an angle of about forty-
five degrees, with their lateral branches kept always in subordination, leaye an
open center where the health-giving air can have free access, and hues of the
sunlight reach to the inmost bearing twig. This gives a head of the finest
symmetry, and most convenient for handling i in pruning, thinning, and pick-
ing fruit.

These three primary branches properly started, the subsequent pruning is
comparatively easy. An annual winter pruning is sufficient, with only the
rubbing off of a few water shoots in summer.

Our prevailing idea in this winter pruning is thinning. We pit this term
“thinning” against the term “shortening in” as capable of accomplishing all
the good results claimed for the latter.

One effect of thinning is to induce a stocky growth of wood. Take, for
instance, three or four limbs growing close together. Any lateral branches they
may throw out will be feeble, while the terminal shoot will make the principle
growth. Now, cut away all but one of these limbs, the remaining one having
the space of the three or four, will be able to throw out strong, healthy laterals,
and develop a fine, vigorous main limb. This process carried through the en-
tire tree will lessen the growth on the extremities without diminishing the

PRUNING PEACH TREES, 289

aggregate. ‘Thus the tendency to long, straggling, unfruitful branches may be
overcome.

This thinning is done, not by shortening the young limbs, but by cutting
them out entire to their junction with the parent limb, leaving each remain-
ing shoot in the perfection of its natural growth.

Another effect of this “thinning” process is to distribute fruit-bearing
wood through the interior of the tree top, where the burden can be borne with
less liability to break the main limbs than where the fruit is borne mostly on
the extremities in the case of a “ thick-head,” which will inevitably smother
out the interior shoots.

Another effect of this thinning process is not only to reduce the number of
fruit-buds but to materially increase their distances apart, thus performing
an important part of annual fruit-thinning.

Another effect of this “thinning process” is to admit air and sunlight
through the top,—preventing mildew and rot and imparting rich qualities and
high color to the fruit.

Another effect of this “ thinning process” is to promote the general vigor
and health of the tree,—where each individual shoot has its equal share of air,
light, and warmth.

Another effect of this “thinning process” is to make the fruit more uniform
in size, color, and quality throughout the tree.

Another effect of this “thinning process” is to make the interior fruit more
accessible to the picker than when one has to crowd through a mass of thick
brush, alive or dead.

Another effect of this “thinning proccess” is to supply every bearing shoot,
wherever located, with healthy dark green leaves, having ample space for the
performance of their office in the production of fruit.

Another effect of this “thinning process” is to “ thicken” the greenbacks in
the fruit-grower’s pocket; for it brings all these fine qualities in tree and fruit
at a less outlay of labor and money than by the process of “ shortening in,’—if
the same results were possible by the latter system.

In conclusion, if it be not assuming, let us say to the fruit-growers of Mich-
igan, prune your trees thoroughly but judiciously. Watch the suggestions of
nature, and come to her rescue with a quick but cunning hand. Or, in the

language of the poet:
‘* All superfluous branches lop away,
That bearing boughs may live.”

AN ADDRESS ON PRUNING THE PEACH, READ AT THE WINTER MEET-
ING OF THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, HELD AT LANSING
FEBRUARY 9, 1875, BY D. R. WATERS OF SPRING LAKE.

GENTLEMEN—I am not as well prepared for the presentation of this subject
as I should be, and therefore sincerely regret that some other person of more
extended experience in pruning the peach was not selected to take the impor-

vo

290 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

tant part assigned to me. My embarrassment is no little increased by the fact
that in maintaining my notions on this subject I am compelled to put myself
in opposition to my very intelligent friend, Mr. Dyckman, one of Michigan’s
most distinguished pomologists, and the honored ex-President of this Society.

THE WAYS OF NATURE.

I do not “ discard the shortening-in system,” as does Mr. Dyckman. I can-
not accept his belief “ that Nature knows where to place the termination of a
limb better than we do.”

The best results in pomology are not attained by allowing nature to have
her own way. If mere quantity of fruit only was desired, the vine-dresser
might lay aside his pruning shears and abandon his trellis and posts; the
small-fruit culturist could cease his efforts to grow stocky canes of raspberries
and blackberries, with strong, low-running laterals, capable of winter protec-
tion. No doubt a grape vine that has gained sunlight in the top branches of an
elm or oak will yield more pounds of grapes than the one compelled to con-
fine its growth to four-feet arms; but the fruit of the one will be in small,
ragged bunches; the other will be in large, compact clusters, salable at a more
remunerative price.

NATURE,

if left alone, will exert herself for reproductive purposes, but the pomologist
seeks to compel her to do more than this, and the success of his art is as marked
within the sphere of his operations as are the effects of that discipline which
contrasts mind educated in enlightened nations with mind uneducated in
savage nature !

THE TWO METHODS.

I know of but two ways for pruning the peach, of a practical character.
The one is that adopted by a majority of the growers in the Michigan Peach
Belt, and expounded by Mr. Dyckman, consisting of a “ mere annual thinning of
the branches to keep the tree in proper form.” ‘The other is the shortening
in system advocated by Mr. Downing, which consists in “cutting off half of
last year’s growth over the whole outside of the head of the tree, and also upon
the inner branches.” This system did not originate with Mr. Downing. It
had been practiced for a hundred years or more in Europe before it received
the sanction of his own strong judgment.

THE SHORTENING IN SYSTEM.

Of this system Mr. Downing says: “As the usual average growth is from
one to two feet, we shall necessarily take off from six to twelve inches. It
need not be done with precise measurement. Indeed, the strongest shoots
should be shortened back most in order to bring up the others, and any long
or projecting limbs that destroy the balance of the head should be cut back to
a uniform length: this brings the tree into a well rounded shape. By reducing
the young wood one-half we at the same moment reduce the coming crop one-
half in number. The remaining half, receiving all the sustenance of the tree,
are of double size. The young shoots which start out abundantly from every
part of the tree keep it well supplied with bearing wood for the next year,
while the greater Juxuriance and size of the foliage, as a necessary consequence,
produces larger and higher-flavored fruit.”

Mr. Downing further advocates this system as a means of extending the life

PRUNING PEACH TREES. 291

of a peach tree, and cites the fact that trees treated in this way in France haye
lived a hundred years.

On this same subject Mr. Thomas says: “No tree requires continued prun-
ing so much as the peach. There is a strong tendency in the terminal buds
to push upward and outward at the expense of their sister shoots, which, soon
dying, the tree ultimately is composed of long bare poles with only tufts of
leaves at their extremities. It is well known that young trees bear large,
handsome, and excellent fruit, while the old enfeebled trees yield nothing but
small specimens of inferior quality. Continual pruning will prevent this bad
result and preserve the heads of old trees in a state of thrifty growth, and they
will continue to yield as large and fine fruit as in the first years of bearing.
As the peach always bears its fruits on the previous year’s growth, and buds
never start from old wood, it is important to keep a continual supply of young
wood evenly distributed throughout the head. This can only be done by con-
tinual cutting back.”

In his interesting work on “Peach Culture” Mr. Fulton says concerning
this shortening-in system, ‘‘ There is still another advantage claimed for cut-
ting in, and which we do not wish to undervalue. It is, that it invigorates
and prolongs the life of the tree. We think this is so, and that a tree cut in
annually will remain longer thrifty than one not so treated. The leaves will
be greener, the young bearing wood more abundant, and the fruit larger and
richer,”

In passing, however, it is but fair to say that this author rejects this treat-
ment of the peach, because he thinks it will not pay.

THIS SHORTENING IN

is advocated by the standard authorities in pomology for these reasons :

That it preserves a beautiful and well rounded head ;

That it prolongs the life of the tree;

That it insures fruit of better size and flavor;

That it obtains bearing wood in abundance, properly distributed throughout
the tree;

That it lessens the labor of thinning the fruit, and,

That it secures healthier and more luxuriant foliage.

THE STYLE OF PRUNING

befriended by Mr. Dyckman amounts to but little more than an aid to nature
in denuding the tree of its side shoots, and in converting the shapely and sym-
metrical figure of vigorous youth inte a green-tufted skeleton, but a step re-
moved from premature death.

A tree thus str'pped, with its trunk, crotch, and long limbs exposed to the
sun and wind, is an object that excites my pity rather than my admiration.

The objection is urged against the shortening-in system, that it requires too
much labor to pay. Ido not believe it. If it requires twice the labor demanded
by the thinning-out mode, and prolongs the life and vigor of the tree even fif-
teen years, it will pay in the long run, especially when we consider that it will
lessen the cost of thinning.

In this connection I desire to offer for consideration a letter from Mr. C.
Engle, of Paw Paw, one of the most experienced and successful peach growers
in the State, a pomologist whose fruit is a favorite with buyers in any market
where known, and whose orchard received the first premium of this society in

292 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1874, that was awarded by a highly intelligent committee, after a careful in-
spection of competing orchards in different parts of the State, which had been
treated mainly by the thinning-out mode maintained by Mr. Dyckman. Mr.
Engle says:
LETTER FROM C. ENGLE.
Paw Paw, Jan. 1st, 1875.

DEAR Srr—I commenced the shortening-in system of pruning the peach when the trees
were six years old and by trying a few trees the first season. The result was so very satis-
factory, the trees so pruned yielding nearly as much in quantity and the fruit of double and
some treble the size, that I went over nearly the whole orchard the following season. A
few trees have been left without pruning until the present, for the sake of experiment;
although, after two years’ experience, there was no doubt in my mind about its beneficial
effects. The benefits accruing are treble: first, an increased market value of the fruit;
second, a more handsome, vigorous, and healthy tree; and third, a great saving of labor and
time in thinning the fruit. Weall know what an unsightly object an old peach tree be-
comes when left to itself. A few long, Jean, skeleton branches, with nearly all the foliage
and fruit at the extreme ends will correctly describe them. AJ] this can be remedied, and
handsome, round, compact bead, well filled with foliage and fruit throughout by the simple
process of shortening in. I usually choose mild weather in the late fall or winter in which
to perform the work. Early spring is just as good a time, only our duties are more pressing
then, and if put off until that time is very apt to be neglected. I have come to consider it
an absolate necessity, the most so of any work performed in cultivating the peach. Occa-
sionally, I have found it of great advantage to cut back some of the longer branches to
where they are an inch to an inch and one-half in diameter, but usually it is only neces-
sary to shorten the new growth from one-half to two-thirds, shortening the longer growths
the most. My trees so treated exhibit all the beauty and vigor of form and growth at
twelve years of age usually seen in trees of four and five years. When the season for thin-
ning the fruit arrives, I find it takes only about one-third the time to doit. This of itself
would pay if there were no other benefits, as at that time we are drove with all kinds of
work, and are apt to neglect, or, at best, slight this very necessary labor. For I hold, that
no man who raises peaches for market can afford to Jet his trees mature a great mass of
small, inferior fruit, which will bring next to nothing, when, by judicious thinning, he can
get the highest market price. On my younger orchards I have commenced cutting back at
four years from setting, but shortening only the leading shoots the first season.

From the six years’ experience on my older orchard, I believe the life of the peach can be
prolonged to a much greater age than is usually attained by a severe, yearly shortening in.

Yours truly,
C. ENGLE.

It is urged also, by others than Mr. Dyckman, that this mode of pruning is
not adapted to trees grown upon the light soil of the peach belt. If the soil
is not rich enough to make a sufficient annual growth to sustain this shorten-
ing in, it should be enriched; and if that is impossible, then in such localities
peach-growing will also soon be found both unprofitable and impossible. Mr.
Dyckman depends upon “the natural tendency of the tree to grow stocky,
with the annual thinning of the branches to keep it in proper form.”

Of the varieties adapted to Michigan, the Hales and Crawfords particularly
have a somewhat stocky habit, and these varieties would probably need less
shortening in; butin view of the well known nature of the peach never to
start buds from old wood, and the tendency of its terminal buds to push up-
ward and outward at the expense of the side shoots, I am at a loss to under-
stand how a round and symmetrical head is to be maintained by thinning out
branches. And if a stocky habit of growth is to be depended on, this treat-
ment will not apply to trees with long, drooping growth, like the Barnard, the
Hill’s Chili, and the Jacques Rareripe, the varieties that to-day furnish the
strongest hope for the future of peach-growing in Michigan.

HEIGHT OF HEAD.
A paper upon this subject is not complete without a brief reference at least

PRUNING PEACH TREES. 293

to the height of head. I prefer a tree headed low, say twelve inches from the
ground. J would shorten it in annually from the fourth year. Keep it within
the reach of an ordinary-sized man from the top of a four foot step ladder,
and plant them a rod apart, believing that 160 such trees to an acre shortened
in annually will yield more fruit than fewer trees a greater distance apart with
wide spreading heads supported on long bare arms.

I know it is said low-headed trees cannot be cultivated closely. I would
plow and cultivate as close to the tree as I could without injury, and I believe
that will be close enough for the health of the roots. The uncultivated ground
should be hoed enough merely to keep it free from weeds and grass. The
shade of the tree and the fallen leaves would preserve the moisture and keep
the soil mellow. I am particularly in favor of low-headed trees, because I
believe they are the healthiest. ‘he most vulnerable part of a peach tree is
from the collar to the head. If that head does not commence at the crotch,
but several feet further up, a number of bare branches, it is all the worse, as
this but multiplies exposed trunks. If the branches are enveloped in healthy
foliage, and the crotch and short trunk are protected from the sun by an
impenetrable shade, I believe the healthy action of the bark and sap will be
uninterrupted.

WHEN TO SHORTEN IN.

I would not recommend that peach trees be shortened in in winter time, as
laid down by Mr. Downing. If they should be exposed to severe cold shortly
after being cut, as they would be liable to in our climate, they would be
more likely to be injured. Mr. Engle says late fall or winter is the time. I
should say early spring or early fall. Were it not for the harvest I would pre-
fer about the first of September. The effect then would be the same as sum-
mer pruning on the grape: it would cause a better ripening of the wood.

Before concluding, I desire to recall some peculiarities of the peach tree that
should not be forgotten in considering how it should be pruned.

PECULIARITIES OF THE PEACH TREE.

It is of rapid growth ; it is not unusual for a young tree to make a growth
of four feet in a single season. Cutting off branches dces not paralyze the
action of its roots; the whole top may be cut away and a new top will be
pushed out with remarkable luxuriance and health. It is almost as tractable
as a vine; in cold climates it has been successfully fruited by being trained on
the ground where it could receive winter protection ; iu other countries, where
the heat of summer is not sufficient to ripen its fruit, it has been trained
against walls and upon trellises; it has been dwarfed merely by severe pruning,
and fruited in pots under glass.

The importance of this subject cannot be over-estimated in this happily sit-
uated peninsula, where this rare and splendid product must ever be one of the
rich rewards of the horticulturist. The proper mode of pruning should take
rank among the first questions with cultivators of the peach.

ORGANIZATION AMONG FARMERS.

AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY HON, R. E. TROWBRIDGE AT THE LAN-
SING MEETING.

I have been invited to occupy a few minutes of your time in speaking ef the
‘Need of Organization Among Farmers.” If it were possible for me to bring
vividly before your minds the extent and beauty, and even magnificence of
the exhibition which surrounds us, comparing it with the earlier exhibitions
of this society, and then with precision point out the instances and methods
in which those who are contributors to this display have been benefited by
those earlier exhibitions, and the very extensive discussions and comparisons
of views which have attended them, thus enabling them to make this the most
splendid display ever had of the fruits of our justly celebrated fruit State, I
should feel that I had thus, perhaps, most completely illustrated the advan-
tages of organization among one class of farmers.

But why may not equally valuable results follow the more extensive organi-
zation of farmers as a whole body? How have these results been achieved ?
By bringing together those engaged in kindred occupations and pursuits,
where, by a comparison of views and methods, with the actual results or prod-
ucts on hand to show their superiority or inferiority, a spirit of friendly
emulation and desire to excel has been engendered, while at the same time
each and every one of these competitors has, with rare magnanimity, been will-
ing to unfold to his fellow laborers those secrets by means of which he has
been enabled to achieve whatever excellence he has reached.

The farmer must necessarily be, to a very great extent, isolated from his
fellow men, and as arule, farmers as a class are not men of wealth. Indeed,
in most cases it requires the most rigid economy to enable them out of their
annual products to feed, clothe, and properly educate their families. Many
things which by other classes of society are regarded as almost necessaries of
life are to the farmer rarest luxuries. I do not say that the families of farmers
do not enjoy as every-day blessings some things which many other people ob-
tain only at great cost and look upon as raree njoyments. Still, we undoubt-
edly find among farmers less disposition to provide themselves and their fami-
lies with those enjoyments which we term intellectual,—books, periodicals,
newspapers. and lectures, which have come to be looked upon by other classes,
as a necessity of their daily existence, than characterizes almost any other
class of people.

This fact, in connection with the one of isolation before spoken of, exposes
them to the danger of standing still while the world around them is all in

ORGANIZATION AMONG FARMERS. 295

motion. Here, then, 1 point to the first and most obvious advantage of or-
ganization to the farmer. By it the isolation of his life is broken into. Under
the rules of his club, or grange, or society, whatever you may call it, once a
week or once a month he, with his whole family, is drawn away from the soli-
tude of his daily home life and thrown into friendly contact and intercourse
with his fellows engaged in the same pursuits as himself, each and all of whom
have come there with the same purpose, viz.: To learn something of value,
and to impart something of value, and at the same time have adownright good
social time. In this way information will be obtained and imparted which
may be of very great advantage, and friendships formed whose effects upon the
lives and characters of those concerned are absolutely incalculable.

Let me illustrate this. About two years ago I moved into this neighborhood,
and for a year and a half I made no acquaintance except such as I made in my
business transactions. My wife and family had previously lived in the neigh-
borhood where they were born, and consequently knew and were known by
every person in the neighborhood. Here during this year anda half they were
called upon by but two ladies of the neighborhood, one of whom was the re-
spected wife of the gentleman who has j just addressed you, and it was becoming
to my family quite lonesome. At the end of this year and a half I went with
my wife to attend a pic-nic festival of the organization called grangers, which
was celebrated a few miles from where we live. There we were met by brothers
whose life pursuits, whose interests, associations, and aspirations were identical
with ours, and my wife was introduced to their wives, and we began to feel
that we had not emigrated bevond the pale of civilization. We bad a down-
right good time. We joined their organization, and to-day I think I may
safely say that Mrs. Trowbridge has made the acquaintance of at least a hun-
dred ladies in the region round about, many of whom, I doubt not, will be-
come valuable and cherished friends for life. Thus we see that organization
among farmers answers to and fills up one of the greatest needs of our nature,
by calling out, cultivating, and elevating our social character.

This sort of systematized, regulated intercourse of thinking, practical men
and women cannot but have an elevating and improving influence upon the
whole. It must always happen in any community that some men and women,
by their sharper wit or superior advantages, will have acquired better methods
of culture and better ways of doing things generally, than some, perhaps most
of their less fortunate neighbors. It should be the ruling spirit of such an
organization that these should ever be ready to impart their better methods
to their fellow laborers, thus advancing the general prosperity and elevating
the character of the community in which they live. It is certainly no un-
worthy ambition for any man to desire to be able to say “the communities in
which I have lived are the better for my having lived in them.”

But in a financial or business point of view very great advantage may be
derived from a thorough systematic organization. It is right and proper that
farmers, who are the producers of the food and clothing for the world, should
receive for their products their full real value. But how shall they obtain the
necessary information which shall enable them to do this? No single farmer
can afford to collect the statistics of production and supply or scarcity of any
one crop, which will enable him to intelligently decide when or where or at
what price to sell his product. What, then, shall he do? What has he here-
tofere done? He has depended upon the statistics and information furnished
to him by parties whose interest and intention were to deceiye and mislead him,

296 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in order to induce him to sell at a time and place when and where they could
profit by his ignorance. I can now recollect two or three occasions when the
farmers of Michigan, simply from lack of intelligence as to the wheat crop of a
single year, have sold almost their entire crop for less than half what it would
have brought them two months later in the same season, thus losing millions of
dollars. How easy, by a systematic organization in which an almost infinites-
simal assessment on each would have secured and disseminated correct infor-
mation among them, to haye saved this loss.

But this organization, to be most effective, should not be confined to Mich-
igan or any one locality, but should at least be co-extensive with the whole
United States. Then, by a system of reports from the subordinate organiza-
tions up to the national one, where they should be prepared, condensed, tabu-
lated, and redistributed back to the subordinates, complete and accurate sta-
tistics can be placed in the hands of producers, from which they might with
some degree of intelligence decide when and where they shall dispose of their
products. Further, this national organization could, with regard to those articles
of production which have to compete in the markets of the world, obtain for the
whole country this same information in regard to the production in all the
principal competing countries of the world, and with the same machinery
place it in the hands of all the subordinate organizations interested in each
production, thus still further enabling the producer to decide when and where
to sell his products. Thus, as the result of systematic organization, we will
have secured to each and every producer of the land information which no
single man, however wealthy, would be able to obtain.

It would also be the duty of such an organization to inculcate and instill
into the minds of its members the best methods of doing business. For
example, there is no question that it is far better for every farmer to pay down
at the time of purchase for whatever he gets. He will thus be enabled to
claim from the dealer a fair reduction in price. For he thus not only enables
him to buy for cash, and thus reinvest his money at once and over and over
again, but also saves him from liability of loss from bad debts. Now, then, if
thirty or forty families in a neighborhood will organize themselves together
and agree with each other to trade for cash and at the same time concentrate
their trade upon one particular dealer in a town like this,—still further, if ten
or fifteen such organizations surrounding such a place will thus concentrate their
trade, the dealer thus selected could certainly afford to deal with them upon a
percentage of profit which would be absolute ruin under the present slip-shod
trade, trust and dicker system of business. As a further example, it is unques-
tionable for the interest of every producer to encourage and in every way sus-
tain manufacturers, especially of such articles as he is obliged to use in his
immediate vicinity. Especially is this true if he is the producer of the raw
material out of which the article is produced; for he thus saves the cost of
transportation of the raw material to the place of manufacture, and of the
manufactured article back, and more he secures without cost of transportation,
a market for other productions which the manufacturer consumes while
employed in making the article.

For instance, it is the interest of farmers of Michigan in every way to
encourage and sustain the manufacturer of woolen goods within this State. We
produce an abundance of the very best wool, and also the wheat, the pork, the
beef, the potatoes, and all the other provisions upon which the manufacturer
must live while making the wool into cloth. Why then shall we transport all

ORGANIZATION AMONG FARMERS. 297

these things at great expense a thousand or two miles away, to be worked
together into cloth, when it could be done exactly as well right here among
us as anywhere else? If an individual farmer were to load all these things
into his wagon, and at great labor and expense draw them even 200 or 300
miles, there to combine them into cloth and then load the cloth into his wagon
and draw it home again, when he could just as well have made the combina-
tion on his own farm, we should certainly all cry out “ What folly!” But is
not this just what we do when we pay transportation companies for carrying
our wool, wheat, pork, beef, potatoes, etc., to New England, to be there put
through the various processes by which they are converted into cloth, and
then pay them for transporting the cloth back again to us, to be worn perhaps
on the very farm where the materials out of which it was made, or some of
them, were produced? But even this does not make the full statement of the
case. For our wool, before it can be used in the manufacture of cloth, has to be
cleansed, by which nearly one-half its weight is carried off in waste, so that we
have to transport nearly two pounds of stuff to get one pound of real wool,
and we have to transport sixty pounds of wheat to get forty of flour, which is
the real article wanted, and in many cases instead of sending the pork, beef,
and mutton, we send the animals 77 a@ lean condition and follow them up with
the corn and sometimes even the hay by which they are converted into pork,
beef, and mutton. How much better for us to reduce these articles at home
as nearly as possible to the condition in which they are required for consump-
tion in the markets of the world, and thus save the cost of transporting so
great an amount of useless matter.

I have lately seen a statement that the ten States north of the Ohio river,
commonly known as the Northwestern States, produced for export in 1873
somewhat over one hundred and twenty-five millions of bushels of wheat.
Part of this wheat was exported in the crude state of wheat, and part after it
had been manufactured into flour. If it had all been thus manufactured and
sold at the rates prevailing in Chicago in November and December of that year,
it would have brought one hundred and eighty-seven and one-half millions of
dollars. Whereas, if it had all been sold as wheat at the rates prevailing at the
same place and time, it would have brought only one hundred and forty-
three and three-fourths millions of dollars, showing a difference in favor
of the manufactured article of almost forty-four millions of dollars.
Further, at the then prevailing rates of freight the flour could have
been put in Eastern ports for twenty-seven millions of dollars, while
the freight on the wheat would have been nearly forty-two millions of
dollars, thus showing to those ten States a saving on a single crop of
nearly sixty millions of dollars, by simply reducing their product to
the state in which it is needed for consumption. And that, too, without taking
into account the million and a quarter tons of valuable feed saved in the
process, which may be fairly estimated to be worth ten millions of dollars
more, thus making the saving to the Northwest, in one single year, on one of
its great products, seventy millions of dollars. My time was limited for the
reading of this paper.

But I have thus briefly, and, no doubt, with much imperfection, attempted
to point ont a few of the many great advantages which might accrue from a
thorough and systematic organization among farmers, by means of which they
might be brought together, and by the collection and dissemination of statis-
tics and information, and by the thorough discussion and investigation of

36

298 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

principles, might be abie to elucidate and mark out what would be for their
true interests, and then, with full and entire confidence in each other, go for-
ward in pursuit of those interests. Let no man tell me I have been describing
an Utopian scheme, entirely impractical of application. I shall reply to him
that such an organization exists, and to-day the monthly reports from 30,000
granges are on their way to the national headquarters, where they will be
compared, condensed, and classified, and redistributed for the advantage and
information of those who are fortunate enough to belong to the “ Patrons of
Husbandry.”

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOM-
ENA OF PLANT-LIFE.

BY PRESIDENT W. 8S. CLARK, OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE.

The observations concerning “The Circulation of Sap in Plants,” which I
had the honor of presenting before the Board of Agriculture at their last
country meeting, were so kindly received at the time, and awakened so much
interest after their publication, that I have found it impossible to refrain from
further investigations upon the phenomena of plant-life. Among the subjects
to which special attention has been directed during the year, the following
may be enumerated, viz.:

First, The structure, composition and arrangement of the winter-buds of
hardy trees and shrubs. Specimens for study were collected, in January and
February last, from one hundred and forty species, and some facts of interest
recorded.

Second, The percentage of water to be found in the branches and roots of
trees during their annual period of repose, as well as when in active growth.

Third, The phenomena and causes of the flow of sap from wounds in trees
when denuded of their foliage, as well as the flow from the stumps of woody
and herbaceous plants when cut near the ground in summer. In connection
with this subject, an attempt has been made to determine what species flow,
how rapidly and copiously, and under what circumstances.

The pressure exerted by the sap exuded from detached roots of trees under
ground, as well as that exhibited upon gauges placed at different elevations
from the earth, has also been very carefully observed upon a number of species.

The facts determined are even more remarkable than were noticed last year,
and are particularly important in the case of the sugar-maple.

Fourth, The structure and functions of the bark of exogenous trees, with
special reference to the circulation of sap, the formation of wood and the effects
of girdling,—concerning all which points many experiments have been under-
taken with satisfactory results.

Fifth, An attempt has been made to measure the expansive force of growing
vegetuble tissue, and in connection with this experiment numerous other inter-
esting observations have been reached.

These investigations have been instituted by myself; but in carrying them
out I have enjoyed the valuable, and in many cases indispensable assistance of
gentlemen connected with the agricultural college, either as officers or students.
Due eredit will be given to each in stating the results of his work.

300 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

QUALITIES FOR THE ORIGINAL INVESTIGATOR.

To succeed as an original investigator in science one must possess some of
the noblest qualities of mind and heart. He must be absolutely and accu-
rately honest, and in his methods of demonstration there must be no guess-
work. He has need of a patience which is inexhaustible, a zeal and energy
which never flag, and a spirit of devotion to his work which utterly ignores
self as separated from the object to be accomplished. He must also have a
well-disciplined mind, and skill in the use of books and apparatus. To pro-
duce such men, who shall at the same time be familiar with all the great prin-
ciples and problems of agriculture, is the highest possible achievement cf our
college. One such graduate will do more for the advancement of the art, and
the honor of the profession and the benefit of mankind, than would a host of
mere farm apprentices possessed only of manual skill and a knowledge of sim-
ple, routine practice, however well adapted to any particular locality or style
of farming.

T am well aware that there are persons who hold a respectable position in
society, and yet are so ignorant as to regard with contempt all efforts at scien-
tific research. hey ridicule the attachment of gauges to trees, and the har-
nessing of squashes, and the microscopic and chemical analysis of plants as of
no earthly use, except, perhaps, to gratify an idle curiosity. But how shall
agriculture be improved without the application to it of the principles of sci-
ence ; and how shall these be applied unless they are discovered ; and how shall
they be known if theyare not sought? In no way can the wealth of the world
be increased so surely as by the liberal endowment of institutions for the special
purpose of securing experiments in all departments of science which have a
direct connection with agriculture, especially in chemistry and in animal and
vegetable philosophy. When we consider that to observe the transit of Venus
during the present month expeditions have been sent to different parts of
the earth at a cost of more than a million of dollars, we may, at least, hope
that scientific observations upon things nearer home, and having more to do
with every-day life, will soon be appreciated and supported.

We are told that when the illustrious scientist, Faraday, who devoted his
life to original research, was asked by some practical individual what was the
use of one of his famous discoveries, he answered him by propounding another
equally pertinent question, namely, “What is the use of a baby?” The pos-
sible results are in both cases of transcendent moment, but in neither can they
be foretold. It is enough to know that every new truth is an open door to
some further discovery and to some useful invention.

It has been well said that it is comparatively easy to know something about
everything, but very difficult to learn everything about anything. Remember-
ing that we are enveloped by inexplicable mysteries, and that abundant mate-
rial for investigation lies everywhere about us, we have attempted to study that
most familiar plant, the sguash,—and the results have far surpassed our most
sanguine expectations.

THE SQUASH.

The particular species selected for observation is named Cucurbita maxima,
and the variety is called, by Gregory, the mammoth yellow Chili. It is said
to be a native of the Levant, and to have been introduced into England in
1547. It is sometimes called the French pumpkin, and its fruit readily attains

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 301

a weight of one hundred and fifty pounds. One has been grown in England
which weighed two hundred and forty-six pounds.

Squashes indigenous to tropical America were cultivated by the Indians long
before the occupation of this continent by the whites.

THE CUCURBITACE®

are a small, but very useful order of the vegetable kingdom, numbering about
three hundred and fifty species, which are chiefly natives of warm regions.
The most valuable species are the squash, the pumpkin, the cucumber, the
water-melon, the musk-melon, and the gourd, of all which there are numerous
varieties.

These plants are generally herbaceous, and trailing or climbing by means of
tendrils. Their stems, leaf-stalks, tendrils, and fruits are often hollow, and
their tissues very soft and succulent.

The flowers are usually large, and either yellow or white, and of two or three
sortson the same plant. The fruit is commonly a pepo, the structure of which
is familiar to all.

The following considerations suggested the idea of experimenting with the
mammoth squash :

First, It is a well-known fact that beans, acorns, and other seeds often lift
comparatively heavy masses of earth in forcing their way up to the light in
the process of germination.

Second, We have all heard how common mushrooms have displaced flagging
stones, many years since, in Basingstoke, and, more recently, in Worcester,
England. In the latter case, only a few weeks ago, a gentleman noticing that
a stone in the walk near his residence had been disturbed, went for the police,
under the impression that burglars were preparing some plot against him.
Upon turning up the stone, which weighed eighty pounds, the rogues were
discovered in the shape of three giant mushrooms.

Third, Bricks and stones are often displaced by the growth of the roots of
shade trees in streets. Cellar and other walls are frequently injured in a simi-
lar way.

Fourth, There is a common belief that the growing roots of trees frequently
rend asunder rocks on which they stand, by penetrating and expanding within
their crevices.

Having never heard of any attempt to measure the expansive force of a
growing plant, we determined to experiment in this direction.

We were surprised, last year, in testing the pressure exerted by the sap of
various trees, to find that a black birch root, detached from the tree, was able
to force water to the height of eighty-six feet. We were therefore somewhat
prepared for an exhibition of considerable power, but the results of our trials
have, nevertheless, been most astonishing.

“At first we thought of trying the expansive force of some small, hard, green
fruit, such as a hickory-uut or a pear, but the expansion was so slow, and the
attachment of the fruit to the tree so fragile, that this idea was abandoned.
The squash, growing on the ground with great rapidity and to an enormous
size, seemed, on the whole, the best fruit for the experiment.

Accordingly, seeds having been obtained from Mr. J. J. H. Gregory of Mar-
blehead, they were planted on the first of July in one of the propagating pits
of the Durfee Plant-House, where the temperature and moisture could be
easily controlled. A rich bed of compost from a spent hot-bed was prepared,

302 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

which was four feet wide, fifty feet long, and avout six inches in depth. Here,
under the fostering care of Prof. Maynard, the seeds germinated, the vine grew
vigorously, and the squash lifted in a most satisfactory manner.

Never before has the development of a squash been observed more critically,
or by a greater number of people. Many thousands of men, women, and chil-
dren, from all classes of society and of various nationalities and from all quar-
ters of the earth, visited it. Mr. D. P. Penhallow watched with it several days
and nights, making hourly observations. Prof. H. W. Parker was moved to
write a poem about it, and Prof. J. H. Seelye declared that he positively stood
in awe of it.

VEGETABLE GROWTH.

consists in the development of the several parts of a plant, according to a
definite, predetermined plan as regards the form, size, and other characteristics
of each species. It results from the activity of a certain peculiar inherent
force called life. Under the influence of this force, stimulated to action by
heat and light, plants absorb, digest, and assimilate mineral matter, converting
it into the various organic substances which enter into their composition.
Examined under the microscope, all parts of plants are found to exist prima-
rily of closed cells, cohering into masses of various forms, and containing
protoplasm.
GROWTH

is caused by the increase of cells in number and in size. In a growing portion
of a plant, as at the tip of the stem, the first formed cells are subdivided, and
then the subdivisions enlarge to the normal size, and this process goes on while
growth continues. All vegetable material is primarily formed in the leaves or
green parts of ordinary plants, and, by a vital process of circulation, is trans-
ferred in a liquid form to its proper Gestination.

THE SEED

isa minute plant, consisting of a radical or little root, a terminal bud called the
plumule, and one or more seed-leayes, all snugly packed away in a shell for
safe keeping during transportation. In order that the sprouting plantlet may
be able to get hold of the earth for its water and mineral supplies, and have
substance enough to reach up into the light and air where it is to find its
future carbon, the seed-leayes, or cotyledons, are formed of very condensed and
complex materials,—such as oil, sugar, starch, and albuminoids. The requi-
site conditions of germination for a sound, living seed, are air, water, and
a moderate degree of heat. The time intervening between the planting of a
seed and the appearance of the root varies from a few hours to many months.
It may be hastened in some cases by scalding the seed for a few minutes in hot
water, or by the judicious use of a solution of camphor, sal-ammoniac, or ox-
alic acid. ‘The cotyledons of the squash seed are pushed up into the air, whére
they expand and thicken, assume a green color, and for a time perform the
functions of true leaves.

THE ROOT

is the first part of a plant to grow, and develops downward, as if affected by the
force of gravity. Light neither hurts nor helps the root, but water is essential
to its life, and for this it penetrates the soil in every direction. It is the
special function of the root to absorb and furnish to the rest of the plant,

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT.-LIFE, 303

water, nitrogenous matter, and such soluble minerals as each species requires
for its use. For this purpose it is admirably adapted by its peculiar structure,
substance, and mode of increase. The older portion of roots serves to sustain
the stem and hold it in place, and also acts as a reservoir of supplies to the
plant. The younger roots usually branch off in an irregular manner, and elon-
gate by the multiplication of cells near their extremities. The tips of roots are
usually very minute fibres of exceedingly delicate tissue, which insinuate them-
selves into the pores of the soil, and then, by the expansive power of growth,
enlarge these capillary channels to any required size.

ROOTS

of ordinary plants grow most freely in a loose, well-drained soil, containing the
essential elements of plant-food in a soluble form. They absorb their water
from the surface of the molecules of the soil, to which they attach themselves
by very minute, cellular papille, called root-hairs. These hairs are much more
numerous in a soil moderately dry than in one which is wet and heavy. The
most vigorous plants have the largest number and greatest extent of roots.
Hence the importance of deep and thorough tillage in preparing the ground
for crops. The growth of a plant depends chiefly upon the amount of water
which is exhaled by its leaves, and this necessarily depends upon the supply
furnished by the roots. The folly of ploughing between rows of corn, or other
plants, after their roots have spread widely through the soil, is self-evident.
Prof. L. B. Arnold says he has known the maturing of a corn-crop postponed
ten days by ploughing it at the last hoeing.

THE PENETRATING POWER AND TENDENCY OF ROOTS

is well illustrated in the case of an apple-tree on the College Farm, which
forced its roots down through a mass of coarse gravel eight feet, to obtain a
supply of water. ‘The stones were about the size of hens’ eggs, and so closely
packed by the waters of the drift period which deposited them, that the cylin-
drical form of the roots was entirely destroyed. The growing tissues pressed
themselves into every crevice so as actually to surround and enclose the ad-
joining pebbles. A similar root of an elm was recently dug up in Westfield,
Mass., and presented to the College Museum by Mr. B. H. Averell. Prof.
Stockbridge, last fall, washed out a root of common clover, one year old, grow-
ing in the alluvial soil near the Connecticut River, and found that it descended
perpendicularly to the depth of eight feet. Mr. Mechi, of Tiptree Hall, Eng-
land, tells us that the reason clover is usually so short-lived, is the fact that
the lower roots are either unable fo penetrate the subsoil or to find in it the
requisite supplies of food. He also states that his neighbor, Mr. Dixon, of
Riven Hall, dug a parsnip which measured thirteen feet six inches in length,
but, unfortunately, was broken at that depth.

The roots of lucerne often penetrate to the depth of more than twenty feet,
while the tap-roots of trees, continuing to grow for a long period, descend still
further. A British officer in India reports that the root of a leguminous tree—
the Prosopis spicigera—is often dug for economical purposes, and that he has
seer an excavation sixty-nine feet deep made for such a root without reaching
its lower extremity. The roots of trees are well known to extend in a horizon-
tal direction to surprising distances, and to exert a very deleterious influence
on crops in their vicinity. The living roots of an elm, in Amherst, were found
in abundance at a distance of seventy-five feet from the trunk, which was just

304 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the height of the tree. It has recently been stated in “ The Field,” an English
paper, that the roots of an elm were found to obstruct a tile-drain which was
four hundred and fifty feet from the tree.

FIFTEEN MILES OF ROOTS.

But our squash-vine affords the most astonishing demonstration of all that
has been said about root-development. Growing under the most favorable
circumstances, the roots attained a number and an aggregate length almost
incredible. The primary root from the seed, after penetrating the earth about
four inches, terminated abruptly and threw out adventitious branches in all
directions. In order to obtain an accurate knowledge of their development,
the entire bed occupied by them was saturated with water, and, after fifteen
hours, numerous holes were bored through the plank-bottom, and the earth
thus washed away.

After many hours of most patient labor, the entire system of roots was cleaned
and spread out upon the floor of a large room, where they were carefully
measured. ‘I'he main branches extended from twelve to fifteen feet, and their
total length, including branches, was more than two thousand feet. At every
node, or joint, of the vine, was also produced a root. One of these nodal roots
was washed out and found to be four feet long, and to have four hundred and
eighty branches, averaging, with their branchlets, a length of thirty inches,
making a total of more than twelve hundred feet. As there were seventy
nodal roots, there must have been more than fifteen miles in length on the
entire vine. There were certainly more than eighty thousand feet; and of
these fifty thousand feet must have been pruduced at the rate of one thousand
feet or more per day.

Now, it has been said, that corn may be heard to grow in a still, warm night ;
and it has been proved that a root of corn will elongate one inch in fifteen
minutes. But here are twelve thousand inches of increase in twenty-four
hours! What lively times in the soil, where such vital force is at work! The
wonder is, we do not hear the building of these roots as it goes on.

But in addition to the movements caused by the increase of the roots among
the particles of the soil, we should remember that solution, chemical affinity,
diffusion and capillarity, as well as the absorption of the feeding rootlets, are
incessantly at work beneath the surface of the silent earth. With what amaze-
ment should we behold the development of a crop upon a fertile field, if we
could but see with our eyes the things which are known to transpire!

Let us next consider some peculiarities of plant-growth which were exhib-
ited in the development of the squash-vine, with its appendicular organs,—the
leaves and the tendrils,—and its reproductive organs,—the flowers and the
fruit.

THE BUD.

The peculiar feature of the vegetable stem 1s the bud, by which it is always ter-
minated, even in the seed. A dud isan aggregation of delicate cells, filled with
protoplasm, and endowed with special vitality. Sometimes it is very minute
and simple in structure, and sometimes large and complicated. As the stem
elongates, it usually produces, at regular intervals, leaves, in the axils of which
are formed buds, which in growing become the terminal buds of branches.
The places where leaves are borne are called nodes, and the spaces on the stem
between these are styled internodes. Every species of plant has a definite law

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT.-LIFE. 505

for the arrangement of its leaves. Our squash produced one leaf at each node,
and all the leayes were arranged in two rows on opposite sides of the stem.
The vital force in the tip of the vine was very active and vigorous, and dis-
played its power in the constant organization of new nodes. Thus, when we
examined the terminal inch of the vine, we found no Jess than twenty-five
young leaves, and in the axils of these twenty-five flowers, including five young
squashes, twenty-five branching tendrils, and twenty-five buds for lateral
branches. These were continually reproduced, so that when the vine was
growing nine inches a day, as well as after it had developed one hundred nodes,
the number was always about the same. All parts of the vine and its append-
ages increased with marked uniformity. Back of the first inch, which may
be regarded as the terminal bud, about six nodes were developing at the same
time. The growth was most rapid in the terminal portion of each node, and
the leaves were not modified particularly in form during the period of develop-
ment. The lengthening of the yine proceeded somewhat irregularly, varying
from nothing to nine-sixteenths of an inch per hour. It was usually less
between midnight and sunrise than at other hours.

THE LONGEST GROWTH

of the main vine in twenty-four hours was observed August 15 and 16, from
7 A. M. to 7 A. M., and amounted to nine inches. The laterals were removed
when two or three feet in length. The total extent of the main vine was fifty-
two feet, and the number of nodes was one hundred. At each node of the
fully developed vine were found a large leaf; a long, branching tendril, resem-
bling the veins of a Jeaf, without the intervening cellular tissue; a staminate
flower on a long stalk, or a pistillate flower on a short stalk ; a lateral branch,
and, on the under side of the vine, a long, branching root. The function of
this root was evidently to supply water to the leaf above it, and its development,
of course, depended chiefly upon the nutrient material elaborated by this leaf.
These nodal roots not only furnished a much larger feeding-ground for the
plant, but saved an immense amount of mechanical work in reducing the dis-
tances through which the crude and elaborated saps must be carried.

THE LARGEST LEAVES

of the squash vine were nearly circular, and slightly lobed, with a diameter of
two feet and a half, anda superficial area of about seven hundred square inches.
The leaf-stalks were hollow, two feet in length, and curiously marked with
vertical striz, alternately light and dark in color. The light lines were found
to contain bundles of fibro-vascular tissue, while the dark ones were simple
cellular tissue, containing chlorophyl.

THE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF

are to absorb carbonic acid from the atmosphere, and, by a process of diges-
tion, form from its carbon and the elements of water the soluble starch and
sugar, out of which the tissues of the plant are constructed ; to exhale the sur-
plus water of the crude sap, and thus aid in its ascension from the soil and the
roots; to exhale the oxygen set free in the process of digestion, and thus to
purify the air for the respiration of animals; and finally to exhale, at night
especially, the surplus carbonic acid liberated within the plant in the process
of vegetable respiration, which appears to be as necessary and constant as that
of animals. It seems, also, most probable that the albuminoids, or protoplas-

39

306 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

mic substances, are first produced in the leaf, and thence transferred to the
yarious localities, where they are needed in the process of growth.

THE LEAF.

‘To facilitate and control the absorption and exhalation of gases and aqueous
vapor, leaves are furnished with breathing-pores or stomates, which open under
the stimulus of light and moisture, and close in darkness, or when scantily
supplied with water. These stomates are about twice as numerous on the
under as on the upper side of the squash-leaf, and the total number is about
one hundred and fifty thousand to the square inch, or more than one hundred
millions on each large leaf. One leaf of the great water lily, Victoria regia,
nine feet in diameter, contains about twenty-four hundred millions of stomates
on its upper side, and none on its under surface, where they would be useless.

CARNIVOROUS PLANTS.

During the past year much has been written and said about carnivorous
plants, which catch great numbers of insects for the apparent purpose of feed-
ing upon them. When a fly alights on the leaf of a Dionea, the two halves
close upon it and hold it fast until consumed, when they open for another.
The leaf of a species of Drosera, in New Jersey, is said to have the power of
moving towards an insect, fastened within half an inch of it, and feeding upon
it. The pitcher-shaped leaves of Sarracenia variolaris not only seems to
possess the power of enticing insects to climb from the ground to the inside of
their pitchers, by secreting a vertical line of honey on the outside, and also a
line around the edge of the cup, but they prevent their escape by an ingenious
arrangement of hairs, which continually force them downward as they attempt
to fly out. When they thus reach the bottom of their prison they come in
contact with a fluid which first paralyzes them and then hastens their decay
and absorption.

CLIMBING PLANTS.

Not less wonderful are the instinctive movements by which climbing plants
seek for, and attach themselves to,a support. ‘wining vines, like the hop,
the bean, and the morning-glory, exhibit a revolving movement of their ex-
tremities, tntil they come in eontact with some object around which to coil.
Each species has its own peculiar direction, from which most of them never
_ vary. <A few, like the hop, wind from the right upward, towards the left, mov-
ing like the hands of a watch, but most, like the bean, move in an opposite
direction. The squash, however, is not a twining plant, but climbs by means
of tendrils. Nevertheless, the tip of a growing vine revolves continually from
left over to right, in evident search for a support.

INSTINCT OF PLANTS.

Mr. J. J. H. Gregory informs us that if a shingle be set into the ground near
the tip of a growing squash-vine, it will, in a day or two be seen turning
towards it; and that, if the shingie be removed to the opposite side, the direc-
tion of the vine will again be changed. He also states that he has observed a
squash-vine, after running along on the ground ten or twelve feet, and then
passing under the branches of a tree which were four feet above it, to stop
and turn upward towards the branches. After growing in this direction till it
could no longer sustain itself, the vine fell to the ground; but instead of pro-
ceeding horizontally, it again rose into the air, again to fail. A third effort was
made before the plant was willing to give up and trail humbly on the earth.

The end of the vine under observation was constantly elevated to the sash-

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 307

bars and glass above it, sometimes to the height of two feet, and as it increased
in length, was pushed along against them. The extent and velocity of the
terminal motion were doubtless greatest in August, when growth was most
rapid. The record, however, was made in November. The time occupied in
each revolution was variable, and the long diameter of the ellipse described,
which was horizontal, measured about two inches.

THE TENDRILS

of the squash-vine were produced at the nodes, and the main stalk was hollow,
and divided into several branches at a point three or four inches distant from
the yine. These branches spread out in various directions, and attained a
length of six or eight inches. Each branch gradually straightened out from
the coil in which it first appeared, and increased in length. When about two-
thirds developed it began to revolve so that its hooked tip described an ellipse
several inches in diameter. Its revolution was made by a series of bendings,
in such a way as not to twist itself. The tendrils moved in the same direction
with the tip of the vine, but somewhat irregularly both as to time and to the
figure described. During the day the ellipse was broad, and at night long and
narrow. Usually the motion was scarcely perceptible to the eye, but some-
times it moved two inches in five minutes. The average time of revolution
in November was about three hours. If touched by the finger on the sensitive
or inner side, the tendril bent towards the place where the finger was, and, not
finding it, straightened itself again. If, however, it came in contact with any
object to which it could cling, it bent at the point of contact, and the concave
curvature extended along the inside of the branch until the extremity was
wound closely around the support. Other branches would, also, fasten to the
same object, if possible. The tendril, thus attached, increased in size and firm-
ness, and soon coiled upon itself in a double reversed spiral, so as to exert a
strain on the support. All the branches having done this, they pull together
and must fail together, if at all.

Another most obvious benefit derived from this double spiral is the elasticity
of the fastening, which greatly diminishes the danger of rupture by violence.
If the tendrils of the squash failed in finding a support, the branches then
coiled upon themselves, and the main stalk often turned back along the vine.

THE HABITS

of climbing plants have been studied by Mr. Charles Darwin and others; but
this field for research is by no means exhausted.

The tendrils of the grape-vine are not very sensitive, but fasten themselves
very firmly to a suitable support. The tendrils of the Codea scandens are long,
branching, and tipped with woody claws. They are extensions of the petiole
of a compound leaf, revolve actively, and attach themselves in a most marvel-
lous manner. When a revolving branch has found a support, it contracts so
as to bring its extremities in contact with it. The other branches seek the
same object, and as they are sensitive on all sides, they fail in many cases to
secure a firm attachment with their claws. They therefore detach themselves
from their support, one at a time in succession, twist so as to bring their claws
into the proper direction, and then again make fast.

It is well known that most plants grow toward the strongest light; but
climbing plants are sometimes exceptions. English ivy turns its young shoots
away from the light in order that they may come in contact with dark objects,
—such as rocks and trunks of trees,--to which they then attach themselves by
short roots. The tendrils of the Virginia creeper, or woodbine, are among the

308 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

most wonderful. They grow away from the light.and send their branches into
crevices of old bark and rocks. Sometimes such tendrils are said by Mr. Dar-
win to actually show a power of choosing one place of attachment in prefer-
ence to another, by penetrating a cavity and then withdrawing to seek a more
satisfactory one. As soon as the tendrils of the creeper find a support, the
branches spread out their tips and press them against it. Little pads of hard
cellular tissue are now developed at the points of contact, and the tendril coils
on itself and becomes very tough and woody. At the end of the first season it
dies, but remains firmly fixed to itssupport for many years. Mr. Darwin found
one, which, though ten years old, was not detached by a weight of ten pounds
from the wall to which it had adhered.

STRUCTURE OF SQUASH VINE.

The chemical constitution of the squash vine under observation has not yet
been determined; but its anatomical structure, in al] its parts, may be readily
understood by an examination of the figures appended to this paper, which are
accompanied by detailed explanations. The vine, the petioles, the flower-
stalks, the tendrils and the fruit were hollow, so that about thirty per cent of
the apparent size was simply air. ‘The greater proportion of the remainder was
water, so that less than ten per cent of the entire volume was solid, dry mate-
rial. ‘The large, yellow flowers were arranged in regular succession, one at each
node. <A female flower was usually succeeded by four males, so that on such a
vine a squash would be produced at every fifth node, if every one should set,—
which, however, never happens. The impregnation of the ovules within the
ovary of the female flower requires the deposition of pollen-grains from the
anther-cells of the male flower upon the stigma of the former under favorable
circumstances, The stigmatic surface must be in a proper condition to retain
and develop the pollen, which must be in a perfect state. Bright, warm
weather will doubtless aid in the process, though many observations are still
needed concerning this subject. The pollen-grains of the squash are large and
rough, and of a spherical form, and consist of an outer and inner coating of
membrane filled with a protoplasmic fluid. In the outer coating is a minute
orifice, through which, when moistened by the saccharine secretion of the
stigma, the inner coating protrudes as a microscopic, structureless tube, which
pushes its way through the tissues of the style and ovary until it reaches the
embryo-sac of an ovule, which may then become a perfect seed. This contact
of the pollen-tubes with the ovules is essential to the setting of every squash.
The transfer of the pollen-grains to the stigmas is usually accomplished by in-
sects which fly from flower to flower in pursuit of food. It may, also, be done
artificially, and there is reason to believe that the crop of squashes, melons and
cucumbers might often be largely increased by attention to this matter in out-
door cultivation. When grown under glass, fertilization must always be
effected by artificial means.

HARNESS FOR SQUASH.

The pistillate, or female flower, on the twenty-first node of the growing vine,
was artificially impregnated with pollen from a staminate, or male flower, on
the first of August. The young squash immediately began to enlarge, and, on
the fifteenth of the same month, measured twenty-two inches in circumference ;
on the sixteenth, twenty-four inches, and on the seventeenth, twenty-seven.
Though the rind of the young fruit was very soft, it was now determined to
confine it in such a way as to test its expansive power. In doing this, great

209

MEN

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENO

A OF PLANT-LIFE,

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310 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

care was taken to preserve the health and soundness of every part of the squash,
and to expose at least one-half of its surface to the air and the light. The ap-
paratus for testing its growing force consisted of a frame, or bed, of seyen-inch
boards, one foot long. These were arranged in a radial manner, like the
spokes of the lower half of a wheel, their inner edges being turned toward the
central axis. ‘These pieces were held firmly in place by two end-boards, twelve
inches square, to the lower half of which they were secured by nails and iron
rods. A hemi-ellipsoidal cavity, about five inches deep in the centre and eight
inches long, was cut from the inner edges of the seven boards, and in this the
squash was carefully deposited, the stem and vine being carefully protected by
blocks of wood from injury by compression. Over the squash was placed a
semi-cylindrical harness, or basket of strap iron, firmly riveted together. The
meshes between the bands, which crossed each other at right-angles, were about
one inch and a half square. The harness was twelve inches long and the same
in width, so that when placed over the squash it just filled the space between
the end-beards. Upon the top of the harness, and parallel with the axis of
the cylinder and the squash, was fastened a bar of iron with a knife-edge to
serve as the fulcrum of a lever to support the weights by which the expansive
force was to be measured. At first, an iron bar, one inch square, was used for
a lever, then a larger bar of steel, then a lever of chestnut plank, then one of
seasoned white oak plank, and finally, one of chestnut, five by six inches square,
and nine feet long; but even this required to be strengthened by a plate of
iron four inches wide by half an inch thick and five feet in length. The
fulcrum for the lever was also renewed from time to time as the weight was
increased.
THE WEIGHT OF IRON.

The following table shows the weight of iron lifted by the squash in the
course of its development:

Amgust 21. Se Se opi) 2 Se ee aula 8 Eley Se a eee Weigel 60 pounds.
“6 yp EE B08 RVI RIV at Tap ee Pe, Oe NUR LAC Lh NB Po) Ra 69 ee
6 OS le Pale: SUE SY Sa pea iy Ai ded Agate oe Sah RUMI) ASP kk te 91 ce
Se riick: Se one eS ata ene eH mm ae cia BN 162 es
BE A al Rew tes Sa asap tm Meee NL, ieee Pets De MR al 225 :
PED Ors eke e ete hc SPM eI we) re eee Qv7 é
GPa decree ser ied Os eae ae ae dab eer Se SMe ale 2 NE 356 §
Pe tat go pena SM Me ehcp UR Da A a 500

Sep bers Wer, Tat ee eb is aaa ee A ia eye Ae dS 1,100
« LS ES PCN Demeester eee) ods 1,200
«s pee BB LR Wh te eS eo 1,300 <
«“ 15 AEM G Eb Caer RIE) 1 os Ae a RON S| [it 1,400
sf A GES ek SS Le es ch 2 a a 1,700
« eer ee A! ge 2 RE Dara ene iar os 2015 «

October SNS, Seem Saar ees er ch etna a lt Lae Alias Ae
« TORR RNS a Re OS te A ee 2,500 «
fa 1G seri: 5b pe See eee ae reek il 3,120 :
«s Me oo MW ge Se IN En ge ai 4,120 «
“f i IPegea es Pe OW 6 SV a le ear ae WA ARR Se ee 3,000 a

The last weight was not clearly raised, though it was carried ten days, on
account of the failure of the harness irons, which bent at the corners under the
enormous pressure of two and a half tons, and consequently broke through the

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. oll

rind of the squash. It was not feasible to remove the harness and substitute
for it a stouter one, on account of its being imbedded in the substance of the
squash, which grew up through the meshes of the harness, forming protuber-
ances an inch and a half high and overlying the iron bands. When, on the
seventh of November, the harness was removed in order to take a plaster cast
of the squash, it was necessary to cut the straps with a cold-chisel, sometimes
into several pieces, and draw them out endways.

The growing squash adapted itself to whatever space it could find as readily
as if it had been a mass of caoutchonc; nor did it ever show the slightest ten-
dency to crack, except in the epidermis. This would often open in minute
seams, from which a turbid mucilaginous fluid exuded. In the morning, drops
of this would frequently bedew the protuberances like drops of perspiration.
In the sunshine these dried up and fell off as minute globules, resembling gum
Arabic.

The lifting power was greatest after midnight, when the growth of the vine
and the exhalation from the foliage was least.

The material out of which the squash was formed was elaborated in the
leaves during the day-time, and transferred through the vine to the stem.
Through this it was imbibed by the living, growing cells of the squash, which
were constantly multiplying by subdivision until their number was many bil-
lions, nothwithstanding the enormous pressure under which they were forced
to develop. This growth was possible only because life is a molecular force
and exerted its almost irresistible power over an immense surface of cell mem-
brane.

Scarcely less astonishing than the mechanical force exhibited was the ability
of the tissues of the squash to resist chemical changes and the attacks of mould,
when the rind was injured by bruises or cuts. Whenever fresh-growing cells
were exposed to the action of the air, they immediately began to form a regu-
lar periderm of cork, precisely similar in appearance and structure to that
produced upon the cork-oak, the elm, and other trees.

The form of the squash can hardly be described, but may be seen in the
drawings which show the upper and under sides. The weight was forty-seven
pounds and a quarter, and when opened the rind was found to be about three
inches thick and unusually hard and compact. The internal cavity corre-
sponded in general form to the exterior, but was very small, and nearly filled
with fibrous tissue and plump and apparently perfect seeds in about the normal
number. A squash of the same variety, grown in the field by Messrs. Russell
Brothers, in North Hadley, weighed one hundred and twenty-three pounds.
Its form was ovoid, but flattened as if by its own weight, and the cavity within
had a capacity of about sixteen quarts.

PRESSURE OF SQUASH SAP.

Two vines having been started together in our experimental bed, it was
decided to apply a mercurial gauge (such as will be described in another place)
to the neck of one cut off at the ground when the vine was about eight weeks
old and had a length of twelve feet. The result was quite surprising, greatly
surpassing anything heretofore recorded, so far as we are aware, concerning
the pressure exerted by the sap of an herbaceous plant, the maximum force
with which the root of the squash exuded the water absorbed by it being equal
to a column of water 48.51 feet in hight. The gauge was applied about noon,
August 27. At 2 P.M., August 28, the temperature of the pit being op7
Fahrenheit, the pressure on the gauge equalled 31.70 feet of water.

312 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

At 4P.M., Aug. 28, it was 29.47 feet, Temp. 75° Fahrenheit.
OMe Senet Oe lated | Ory forme Od a 33

Eee BARBS tte Ma. ne orien ey) een) eames FMS es> ce

CO OPM, eee One cone, 4 Ao Ome CUS es
CO PAM, givimpesOe” tin) eee aise AN Ota he 6

SASS Tel teas: Cheats (0 le abba Ube ii 0 BS pth Sod Uae ee
Sas NE seo Oe us OOre ay ac ss 84° se
MAG Vices Wehbe Ss. OL oe ukige Ot ee
OAs OCDi dee 00:00" os ss 00° sé

GAUGES

were also attached to the stumps of Jarge plants of Indian corn, tobaeco, and
the dahlia. The results were not specially different from what has been pre-
viously observed by Hofmeister and others. The flow continued but a very
few days, and the pressure varied from eight to twenty-five feet of water. The
pressure in all these cases seems to be caused by the activity of the absorbent
tissues of the root; and its cessation results, doubtless, from the stagnation of
the sap in the gorged cells and vessels, and the consequent decay of the root-
hairs and fibres.

The frequent displacement of flagging-stones, and the damage often done to
brick and concrete pavements and stone walls by the roots of shade trees, con-
sidered in connection with the wonderful expansive power exhibited by the
squash in harness, made it evident that growing roots of firm wood must be
capable of exerting, under suitable conditions, a tremendous mechanical force.
Upon searching the fields for examples of trees standing upon naked rocks, or
ridges covered with only a shallow suil, many interesting specimens were readily
discovered to demonstrate this fact.

LIFTING POWER OF ROOTS.

In South Hadley, Mass., a sugar maple was found which had grown upona
horizontal bed of red sandstone. The tree stood upon the naked rock, over
which its roots extended a few feet in three directions into the soil. One root
had pushed its way under a slab of rock which measured more than twenty-
four cubic feet, and must have weighed about two tons. In the course of
twenty years or more, this root had developed to such a size as to raise the
slab entirely from the bed-rock and from the earth, and so that it rested wholly
upon the wood. Upon examining the tree, it was evident that as it stood upon
the horizontal roots which rested on solid rock and had a diameter of nearly a
foot ; and as they had grown by the deposition cf an annual layer of wood en-
tirely around them; and as the heart, now several inches from the rock, must
once have rested on it; and as the rock could not have been depressed,—there-
fore, the tree had been lifted every year by the growing wood of the outside
layer.

ane tree of paper birch having been found growing in a similar manner,
one of the horizontal roots was sawed through, and the center of the heart was
seen to have been elevated seven inches since the tree was a seedling.

Mr. William F. Flint, a student in the Agricultural College of New Hamp-
shire, has rendered valuable assistance in finding specimens of trees which 11-
lustrate this principle in an admirable manner.

Now, it it is clearly dem onstrated that the power of vegetable growth can
lift a tree, and that it must do so, whenever the bed of the roots cannot be de-

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 313

pressed. It is evident also that old trees on a clay hard-pan or any other un-
yielding subsoil must be thrown up by the process of growth. Every person is
familiar with the fact that large trees usually have the appearance of having
been thus raised, and their roots are often bare for a considerable distance
around the trunk.

This lifting of the tree from its bed would seem to be advantageous to it by
tightening the roots so as to hold it firmly in place, notwithstanding the possi-
ble elongation of their woody fibre by the tremendous strains to which they are
subjected during violent storms. This method of securing the tree in place
would be still further improved by the constant enlargement of the roots by
the annual deposition of a layer of wood, and the consequent filling of any
spaces formed in the soil by the movements Of the roots, caused by the sway-
ing of the tree in the wind.

This slight annual elevation of trees by the increase in diameter of their
horizontal roots furnishes an explanation for the differences of opinion in re-
gard to the question whether a given point on the trunk of a tree is raised in
the process of its growth. While it bas been demonstrated by Prof. Asa Gray
that two points in a vertical line on the trunk of a tree will not separate as it
enlarges, it seems equally clear that both of them may be quite perceptibly
elevated in the course of time.

It has been stated on good authority that, at Walton Hall, in England, a
mill-stone was to be seen, in 1863, in the center of which was growing a filbert
tree, which had completely filled the hole in the stone, and actually raised it
from the ground. The tree was said to have been produced from a nut, which
was known to have germinated in 1812. The above story has been declared
false, because, as asserted, the tree could not have exerted any lifting power
upon the stone. It is, however, not difficult to see that it may be true, and is
even probable. | |

Yet it should be remembered that the amount of elevation, in any case
where it occurs from the increase in the size of horizontal roots, must depend
upon the firmness of the material on which they rest, and can never exceed
one-half the diameter of the largest roots. When, therefore, a writer, as has
happened, asserts that, during a visit to Washington Irving at Sunnyside, he
carved his name upon the bark of a tree beneath which he was sitting in con-
versation with the illustrious author, and that many years after he went to the
place, and with much difficulty discovered the identical inscription, high up
among the branches, far above his reach, it is altogether probable that bis feel-
ings were teo many and too exalted for the ordinary use of his intellectual
faculties.

DR. PETTIGREW’S HYPOTHESES EXPLODED.

Since the publication of the paper on the® Circulation of the Sap in Plants,”
in the Jast volume of the Agriculture of Massachusetts, a course of lectures on
the “ Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in
Man,” by Dr. J. Bell Pettigrew, has been published by Macmillan & Co., of
London. ‘The hypotheses udopted by this author are quite extraordinary, and
evidently announced without the slightest attempt at demonstration, although
he has invented a new method of accounting for the phenomena of the mo-
tions of the sap. ‘Thus he says, “In trees the sap flows steadily upward in
spring, and steadily downward in autumn.” Also, “ Much more sap is taken
up than is given off in spring, in order to administer to the growth of the

40

314 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

plant. In autumn, when the period of growth is over, this process is reversed,
more sap being given off by the roots than is taken up by them.” Now, this
is pure assumption, there being no proof that the sap of trees escapes from the
roots in autumn. In fact, it appears that the wood of trees contains as much
sap in winter, when at rest, as in the period of most active growth.

Again, Dr. Pettigrew remarks: “It is difficult to understand how excess of
moisture in the ground can be drawn up into the plant and exhaled by the
leaves at one period, and excess of moisture in the atmosphere seized by the
plant and discharged by the roots at another. ‘The explanation, however, is
obvious, if we call to our aid the forces of endosmose and exosmose. ‘The tree
is always full of tenacious, dense saps, and it is a matter of indifference whether
a thinner watery fluid be presented to its roots or its leaves; if the thinner
fluid be presented to its roots, then the endosmotic or principal current sets
rapidly in an upward direction; if, on the other hand, the thinner fluid be
presented to the leaves, the endosmotic or principal current sets rapidly in a
downward direetion.”

This explanation is not only false, but superfluous, since no such circulation
can be shown to exist, but is an excellent sample of the common mode of deal-
ing with this obscure subject. Instead of seeking to discover the exact facts
concerning the composition and movements of the sap in all parts of the
plant, a display of book-knowledge is made by quoting from numerous writers
of some repute, such statements as seem to corroborate the hypotheses of the
author. The assumed phenomena of the circulation are then accounted for
in an apparently scientific manner by ingenious allusions to osmose, capillarity,
and other physical forces, the surprising possibilities of which are duly re-
counted.

Dr. Pettigrew further observes, that “ Herbert Spencer believes that the
upward and downward circulation of crude and elaborated saps takes place in
a single system of vessels or vertical tubes.” To explain this extraordinary
assumption, Mr. Spencer states that “ the vessels of the branches terminate in
club-shaped expansions in the leaves, which expansions act as absorbent organs,
and may be compared to the spongioles of the root. If, therefore, the spongi-
oles of the root send up the crude sap, it is not difficult to understand how
these spongioles of the leaf send down the elaborated sap, one channel sufficing
for the transit of both.” This hypothesis concerning the circulation of sap is
accepted only by its inventor, and is directly opposed to most of the facts of
plant growth.

Finally, Mr. Pettigrew has conceived a system of syphons by the aid of which
he is able to account to his entire satisfaction for all he knows concerning the
circulation of sap. He says: “The vessels which convey the sap, as is well
known, are arranged in more or less parallel vertical lines. If the vessels are
united to each other by a capillary plexus, or, what is equivalent thereto, in
the leaves and roots, they are at once, as has been shown, converted into syphon
tubes, one set bending upon itself in the leaves, the other set bending upon
itself in the roots. As, however, a certain portion of the syphon tubes which
bend upon themselves in the roots are porous and virtually open towards the
leaves, while a certain portion of the syphon tubes which bend upon them-
selves in the leaves are porous and virtually open towards the roots,
it follows that the contents of the syphon tubes may be made to move by an
increase or decrease of moisture, heat, etc., either from above or from belowr
In spring the vessels may be said to consist of one set, because at this period

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. old

the leaves and the connecting plexuses which they contain do not exist. All
the vessels at this period may, therefore, be regarded as carrying sap in an up-
ward direction to form shoots, buds, and leaves, part of the sap escaping lat-
erally, because of the porosity of the vessels. In summer, when the leaves are
fully formed, the connecting links are supplied by the capillary vascular ex-
pansions formed in them,—the tubes are in fact converted into syphons. As
both extremities of the syphons are full of sap in spring and early summer, an
upward and downward current is immediately established. When the down-
ward current has nourished the plant and stored up its starched granules for
the ensuing spring, the leaves fall, the syphon structure and action is inter-
rupted, and all the tubes (they are a second time single tubes) convey moisture
from above downward, as happens in autumn. As the vascular expansions or
networks are found also in the stems of plants, it may be taken for granted
that certain of the tubes are united in spring, the upward rush of sap being
followed by a slight downward current, as happens in endosmose and exosmose.
As, moreover, the spongioles of the roots and the leaves are analogous struc-
tures, and certain tubes are united in the roots, the downward current in
autumn is accompanied by a slight upward current. This accounts for the
fact that at all periods of the year, the upward, downward and transverse cur-
rents exist ; the upward and downward currents being most vigorous in spring
and autumn, and scarcely perceptible in winter. Furthermore, as some of the
vascular expansions in the leaves are free to absorb moisture, etc., in the same
way that the spongioles are, it follows that the general circulation may receive
an impulse from the leaves or from the roots, or both together, the circulation
going on in a continuous current in certain vessels.”

This original effort of the learned lecturer on physiology, at Surgeons’ Hall,
in Edinburgh, published in 1874, to explain some of the most difficut problems
of vegetable life by a mere hypothesis, which assumes that sap flows in the
vessels; that there are spongioles in the leaves which absorb water; that the
sap descends to the roots and escapes from them in autumn; and that an
imaginary system of syphons does all these wonderful things, which have not
been proved to occur at all, and which well-informed physiologists are almost
unanimous in denying, reminds us of the adage that “a prophet is not without
honor save in his own country.” This is not the method of the Baconian
philosophy.

CIRCULATION OF SAP.

In the observations which follow, we hope to add some new facts to the
knowledge of the world concerning the phenomena of plant-growth ; but are
painfully conscious of the need of much more investigation before a complete
and correct theory of the circulation of sap can be stated. Exceptions have
been taken to the use of the expression “circulation of sap;” but since there
is an evident distinction between the crude and elaborated saps, both in their
composition and their location in the plant, at least in the higher forms of
vegetation, and since the circulation of blood is accepted as a proper term even
when applied to animals without a heart, we prefer to retain it in our vocab-
ulary.

OSMOSE.
In regard to the causes which induce the absorption of water and soluble

substances by the roots of living plants, it seems unfortunate that so much has
been claimed for osmose in this connection. Boussingault has recently shown

516 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

that roots containing sugar do not exude it when growing in water, while
leaves and fruits when immersed in this fluid, readily absorb it by an osmotic
process and part with their sugar. If the enormous absorption of water by the
roots of birch trees, in spring, were accompanied by any corresponding exuda-
tion, it would appear easy to find it; but no one has yet detected it. It is not
possible to account for the fact that when sap is rising most rapidly, none will
flow from a wound in the bark, even when it will run a stream from the outer
layer of wood, if the circulation in the trunk is caused by osmose. There is
fresh cellular tissue in the liber, and some soluble material, but the bark
remains comparatively dry till growth begins. After the cambium has become
abundant, why should not all the crude sap press toward it and draw the
elaborated material directly into the wood, instead of pushing its way against
the force of gravity to the leaves, if osmose is so powerful an agent in the cir-
culation? If this tendency to press into the bark were to exist, there would be
a much greater flow from places that are girdled than is now observed; and
probably the bark itself would be ruptured by the pressure exerted, which
would often be equal to more than thirty pounds to the square inch.

A SURPRISING FACT.

One of the mest surprising facts to be noticed in examining the wood of any
tree with well-developed foliage, is the entire absence of anything like free or
fluid water. A freshly-cut surface of the sap-wood is not even moist to the
touch; and if a tube be inserted into the trunk of such a tree, it will fre-
quently absorb water with great avidity. On the sixth of June last, a half-
inch tube six feet in length was attached to a stopcock inserted into the trunk
of an elm and the tube filled with water. The absorption was so rapid that
the fluid disappeared in thirty minutes, and this was repeated several times
the same day. Similar observations were made upon white oak, chestnut and
‘buttonwood trees.

IMBIBITION.

Now the absorption was not osmotic, since the rapidity of it was too great
and there was no outward flow, but apparently the result of imbibition, or the
affinity of the cellulose of the woody fibre for water. Is not this, then, the
proper name for the force which carries up the crude sap ?

PER CENT OF SAP.

The wood of growing trees when cut from near the surface, though appar-
ently dry, contains nearly fifty per cent of water; and in the young twigs, with
a living pith, the proportion is even greater. A number of analyses have been
made of specimens collected at different seasons during the past year, of which
a tabular statement is appended.

SAP IN THE BUDS.

There is good reason to believe that the sap in ordinary trees begins to move
‘first in the buds, and that the first supply of water exhaled in the spring is
derived from the sap-wood. Branches of aspen and red maple, two feet in
length, were cut on the twenty-sixth of March and placed in a warm room in
an empty vase. The flower-buds developed without any other water than what
they could abstract from the wood, so that on the filth day the staminate cat-
kins of the aspen were four inches long, and the pollen well developed. It is
-by no means uncommon to see large branches, which haye been removed from

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE, 317

apple trees early in the spring, covered with blossoms in a similar way while
lying on the ground.

It is a well established fact that the roots of most woody plants haye not
power at any season to force water to any considerable hight when separated
from their stems. Upon this point a large number of observations have been
made, which will be described in another place.

THE ROOTS
of all plants growing on ordinary soil develop most freely and absorb most
abundantly when the earth is well drained and aerated. Thus we find that
the crude sap imbibed by the root-hairs from the surface of the particles of the
soil seems to be taken up in a dry state, that is, it appears to be absorbed mole-
cule by molecule, no fluid water being visible, and carried in this form through
all the cellulose membranes between the earth and the leaf, by which it is to
be digested or exhaled. We do not say this is literally true, but it accords very
nearly with what is constantly to be seen in some species of plants. The cir-
culation of the sap in a poplar tree is very dry compared with that of the blood
of any animal. Not adropof moisture will ever flow from the wood of an aspen,
so far as we have observed. Nevertheless, it grows very freely and starts very
early in the season.
THAT LIVING CELLULOSE
has a peculiar and very powerful affinity for water is evident from the experi-
ments of De Vries, who discovered that when a shoot of an herbaceous plant
with large leaves is cut, and the fresh surface allowed to come for a short time
ito contact with the air, it loses much of its absorbing power and the leaves
wilt. If, however, the section be made under water, so that the living tissue
is not exposed to the air, its power of imbibition remains unimpaired, and the
leaves do not wilt.
SOLID SAP.

It appears, therefore, that much of the crude sap passes through the mem-
branes of the sap-wood or woody fibre or cellular tissue of plants in an appar-
ently solid form, combined with the cellulose, just as the water in dry slacked
lime or a plaster cast is in a solid form. In all these cases it may be obtained
as a liquid by distillation at a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit. The cause of
the motion seems to be the removal of the water from the tissue at some point
by exhalation, by chemical combination, or by assimilation. Whenever any
portion of the living cellulose has an insufficient amount of water to saturate
its affinity, it imbibes an additional quantity, and this process is continued
from cell to cell downward, or backward to the roots and the earth.

THE CONDUCTING POWER

of the cellulose of sap-wood is very remarkable, as is seen in the fact that when-
ever a limb of an apple or peach tree breaks down under its burden of fruit, it
very rarely wilts or fails to ripen its crop. Those who have compared the area
of a section of the trunk of a large tree with the area of a section of its branches
at any point above, must have noticed that the relative amount of sap-wood
rapidly increases as we ascend toward the top, the young twigs and branches
containing no other wood.

AN ELM IN AMHERST,
famous for the beautiful symmetry of its form, and known as the Ayres elm,

318 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

was carefully measured by Prof. Graves and the senior class. The area of the
sections of the branches twenty feet from the ground was more than twice as
great as the area of a section of the trunk four feet from the earth, and the
proportion of sap-wood was of course much greater.

AN INTERESTING EXPERIMENT

was undertaken in the Durfee Plant-house to determine how small a propor-
tion of sap-wood could conduct the necessary supply of sap to the foliage of a
growing tree,and also whether the bark alone could furnish the requisite water
to prevent the leaves from wilting. A specimen of Hibiscus splendens, stand-
ing in the ground and having three stems from the same root, was selected for
trial. The shrub was growing rapidly, and was prepared for the experiment
as follows: Two of the stems were tied firmly to stakes, and the third left un-
disturbed. 'The first specimen had all the bark removed from one inch of the
stem, and then the wood was cut away till there remained only a small
piece of the outside layer of sap-wood, which was one inch long and seven-
sixteenths of an inch in circumference. ‘This exposed surface was immediately
covered with grafting-wax to protect the tissues from the action of the air.
The amount of stem remaining was just one eighty-fourth of the original,
which was about four inches around. The healthy leaf-surface was fully
twenty-five hundred square inches, from both sides of which exhalation went
on to some extent, making five thousand square inches of exhaling surface.
The result was that the foliage remained perfectly fresh and vigorous for ten
days, until, on the tenth of November, the specimen was cut for the museum.

THE OTHER STEM

was used to determine whether by osmose, or in any other way, the crude sap
could ascend in the bark and supply the leaves with water. All the wood and
one-third of the bark were removed from a portion one-half inch in length,
the exposed tissues protected by wax, and the branches so pruned as to leave
only five hundred square inches of leaf-surface. The foliage all drooped in a
single hour and never recovered. This experiment showed that the bark was
altogether incompetent to furnish the requisite supply of crude sap to the
parts above it, although it was thick and succulent, and much greater in
quantity, when compared with the exhaling surface, than the piece of sap-
wood which showed such marvellous conducting power. If osmose were the
cause of the ascent of sap, it would seem that the abundant parenchyma
of the bark, intimately united as it is with the wood by the medullary rays,
must freely transmit the amount required in this case. But the leaves wilted
and perished as quickly as if the entire stem had been severed.

A COUNTER MOVEMENT.

Having thus demonstrated that crude sap ascends chiefly in the sap-wood of
exogenous trees, let us now consider a few facts which appear to prove that
there is a counter-moyement of elaborated sap which is for the most part con-
fined to the bark.

It is well known that if a narrow ring of bark be removed from the trunk
of a tree between the leaves and roots, then the deposition of wood ceases be-
low the girdled place, though above it the growth of the season ensuing will
be quite normal. This proves beyond dispute that the wood cannot convey
that portion of the elaborated sap which is essential to growth, and that it can

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 319

be conducted only by the tissues of the bark, or the imperfectly-developed
tissues of the cambium between it and the perfectly formed wood. Neverthe-
less, there is free communication in a transverse direction for the crude sap
and for some of the elaborated substances between the wood and the bark,
probably by means of the medullary rays which connect the two. Thus only
can we account for the fact that the bark below a girdled place remains alive
long after the deposition of wood ceases, and also for the circumstance that
starch and sugar, which must originally come from the leaves, are found either
accumulated in the cells of certain stems and roots, or existing in the sap
which flows or is expressed from their tissues. If we shave off, little by little,
the bark of a maple when the sap is flowing freely, we shall observe no exu-
dation from any portion of the liber, even, but as soon as the whole of this is
removed, the sap issues from every part of the surface.

Again, those who work with mill-logs tell us that in the spring the bark
becomes soft and loose, precisely as if the tree was standing, at least in the case
of some species. Sometimes logs and poles, cut for fences, will sprout and
actually produce shoots with foliage, the sap of which must be derived wholly
from the timber. and must, therefore, pass from the wood to the bark.

Mr. Wm. F. Flint has sent us a piece of a red maple slab, which he found on
moist ground, under a pile of wood, and which had thrown out at the end
and sides a callous a quarter of an inch thick, precisely like an ordinary cutting
of a grape vine. Here we have au instance of growth without either roots,
buds, or leaves, all the material for which must have been derived from the
stick itself.

A CURIOUS CIRCUMSTANCE.

Similar to this in character is the curious circumstance, not very unfrequent,
of old potatoes resolving themselves into several smaller ones, within the skin
of the parent tuber, without any external appearance of vegetation. This is
reported to have occurred in a vast number of tubers, in a quantity of potatoes
on board a vessel in the Arctic ocean, where the low temperature probably
exerted some influence in causing this peculiar made of sprouting.

AN EXCELLENT DEMONSTRATION

of the transverse diffusion of sap was obtained in some experiments performed
to observe the result of protecting girdled places on trees from the effects of
exposure. Healthy young trees, or large branches, of elm, chestnut, apple,
grape, and white pine were drawn through glass tubes, two inches in diameter
and two feet long, upon either end of which were fastened short pieces of
rubber hose. ‘These tubes were placed over girdled spots, from which the bark
was removed on the thirtieth of May last, and the rubber securely fastened
with iron wire to the tree. From all of these specimens a considerable quan-
tity of sap escaped, apparently in the form of vapor, and was collected in the
tube. There was no layer of wood formed, but the foliage of all except the
pine was killed before autumn, apparently by the fermentation of the sap and
its re-absorption into the wood. In the case of an elm root, treated in a
similar manner, the bark was renewed, probably from the fact that the
cambium was in a more advanced state than in the other instances. The root
was dug up with care, twenty feet of it drawn through the tube, and then
covered again with earth.

320 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BARK.

With the view of determining some facts concerning the functions of the
bark in connection with the circulation of sap and the growth of wood, many
experiments have been undertaken at the College during the past two years,
and some interesting results obtained.

In order to Jearn whether the annual layer of wood upon trees is developed
from the outside of the old wood or from the inside of the bark, the following
plan, suggested by the interesting experiments of Duhamel more than a century
ago, was tried. Vigorous young trees of elm, glaucous willow, and chestnut
were selected, which were from two to three inches in diameter. On the
thirtieth of May, before any deposition of recent organized tissue was visible,
but when the bark was easily separated from the wood, a horizontal incision
was made with a sharp knife around each stem, and immediately above this
four vertical incisions on the four quarters of the stem about three inches in
length. The four strips of bark were then carefully detached from the wood
at their lower ends, and a piece of tinned copper, ene inch wide, and long
enough to reach around the wood and overlap, was adjusted to the trunk.
The bark was then replaced and covered tightly with cloth which had been
dipped in melted grafting-wax. The trees grew through the season as usual,
and after the fall of the leaves the bandages were removed and the results ob-
served.

Tn all cases the new wood was found to have been deposited from the bark
and outside of the metallic band. Examination under the microscope showed
that a thin layer of parenchyma, corresponding to the pith of the first year’s
wood and such as probably unites all the layers of wood in exogenous stems,
was formed upon the metal, and outside of this the fibro-vascular tissue, while
the medullary rays were as numerous as in the other portions of the layer of
wood, and extended directly from the bark to the metal under it, whether
examined in a tranverse or a longitudinal section, thus proving that the
material did not flow down in an organized condition from above the band.

THIS QUITE SATISFACTORY RESULT

demonstrates that the elaborated material formed in the leaves descends
altogether outside of the wood, and that the inner bark is the most highly
vitalized part of the trunk of a tree and the source of the new layers of wood
and bark which are annually produced.

Much information has also been obtained in regard to the effects of ringing
or girdling the trunks and branches of trees by the removal of a band of bark
only, or of bark and sapwood from the entire circumference.

This has long been practiced in new countries to kill the timber which the
settler had not time to fell, but must destroy to obtain grain and other crops.

THE CHINESE

are said to produce curious dwarf fruit trees by ringing a fruit-bearing branch
and placing over the spot a flower-pot with earth in which roots are developed,
so that it may then be detached from the parent tree and cultivated indepen-
dently. The Italians propagate the fig tree ina similar manner, and this proc-
ess may be made very useful in securing the certain growth of a sporting
branch of any woody plant, or of the branches of species with spongy or pithy
wood which will not root from cuttings. It is a well known fact that the
ringing of a branch of a vine or tree will tend to increase the size of the fruit

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. D2]

the following season, because the branch is thereby gorged with elaborated
material for which there is no outlet, and some persons habitually adopt this
mode of improving their fruit.

A GIRDLED ORCHARD.

In the town of Southborough, Mass., is an apple orchard of healthy trees,
from twelve to sixteen inches in diameter, which were all girdled by the owner,
Mr. Trowbridge Brigham, in the spring of 1870, for the purpose of inducing
fruitfulness. The desired result is said to have been obtained, and the trees
seem to have suffered no material injury, owing to the imperfect manner in
which the operation was performed. At the time when the trees were in full
blossom, a narrow belt of bark, usually less than in inch in width, was removed
from the trunks, about two feet from the ground. This did not peel freely in
all cases, and there were many crevises where it was retained. By means of
these connecting links, the communication between the leaves and the root
was imperfectly preserved, and during the season new wood and bark were de-
veloped upon these places. In addition to this, in many cases, the new wood
from the upper side of the girdled spot was sufficiently abundant to reach
across and form a connection with the living bark below.

Upon one of these trees was found a branch some four inches in diameter,
which had been perfectly girdled in 1870, and, although no communication
had existed between the bark of the branch and that of the trunk, it had
grown eyery year till March, 1674, when it was cut. The buds upon it were
poorly developed, but alive, and the ends of the branches were dead. It appar-
ently could not have survived more than a year or two longer, and the reason
was obvious upon making a longitudinal section through the girdled part.
The limb was nearly horizontal, and the ring of bark removed was only a few
inches from the trunk. New layers had formed each year up to the denuded
place, but the enlargement was more above this than below it. The material
to form new wood and bark below came from the other parts of the tree, and
yet, owing apparently to the poor circulation, was deficient in quantity. The
crude sap with some materials from other portions of the tree ascended to the
buds and leaves, and so an unhealthy growth was continued. An examination
of the figure representing a section of this branch will explain the cause of its
final failure. The wood through which the sap must ascend was gradually
dying, and thus the channel of communication was constantly becoming more
and more obstructed. On the whole, this method of treating orchards cannot
be recommended for general use.

In regard to the length of time during which a perfectly girdled tree may
continue to live, we have obtained some facts worth recording.

IN INDIA,
it is necessary to girdle the teak trees the year before cutting them, in order
to have them die and lose a portion of their sap by evaporation, since other-
wise the logs will not float down the rivers to market. Removing a ring of
bark is not sufficient to accomplish this result, and it is necessary to cut
through all the sap-wood so as to prevent the ascent of water to the leaves.

EFFECTS OF GIRDLING.

Mr. W. F. Flint has communicated an interesting account of a beech tree
about eighteen inches in diameter, which grew in an open pasture in Rich-
mond, New Hampshire. It was girdled for the express purpose of killing it,

41

322 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in 1866, by chopping a gash two or three inches wide and nearly as deep en-
tirely around the trunk near the ground. The next year it sent up sprouts
from below the girdle and formed a new layer over itsentire surface. ‘I'his was
repeated in 1867, but in 1868 the bark and sprouts of the lower part died, and
dead branches began to appear in the top. This process of decline continued,
and in 1873 but one of the large branches put forth its leaves; and, finally, on
the ninth year (1874) it died utterly. This remarkable tenacity of life is
doubtless due to the close, fine texture of the timber, and the fact that such
beeches in open land haye an unusual amount of sap-wood, and are hence
called white beeches.

A red maple, on the College Farm, which was girdled in April, 1873, by cut-
ting a channel in the sap-wood two inches wide and one inch deep, bled most
profusely, but grew as usual through the season. No wood, however, was
formed below the girdle, and the bark died and separated from the wood. The
roots, nevertheless, remained alive, and the tree has borne its usual amount of
foliage during the summer of 1874, and formed its buds for next year, and
produced a new layer of wood above the girdle. Specimens have been collected
for chemical and microscopic analyses of the roots and of the wood and bark
above and below the girdle, in the hope that some light may be thrown upon
the subject of sap circulation and the functions of the bark, whenever this
work can be done.

On the third of June last, branches of the apple, pear, peach, crab-apple and
grape were girdled by removing a ring of bark one inch long. They grew well
and bore an abundance of fine fruit, as was expected.

On the fourth of June, small trees of red maple, elm, aspen, willow, linden,
chestnut, white pine, black birch, butternut, and a large wild grape vine, were
girdled by removing a ring of bark two inches in length.

On the twelfth of June, trees of ash, bass, beech, black birch, yellow birch,
white birch, alder, black oak, chestnut, sugar maple, hornbeam, and ironwood,
were girdled in like manner; and on the twenty-third of June, specimens
of white oak, red oak, black birch, yellow birch, white birch, red maple, sugar
maple, ash, bass, aspen, witch-hazel, white pine, cornel, chestnut, hickory,
beech, ironwood. hornbeam, apple, and choke-cherry. July twenty-first, we
girdled specimens of wild grape, cornel, red maple, chestnut, black birch,
white birch, white pine, bitternut, white oak and black oak.

On the twenty-eighth of August, the bark of the following species was found
to adhere to the wood, viz.: Red maple, yellow birch, wild thorn, hornbeam,
beech, witch-hazel, bird-cherry, white oak, red oak, elder and elm; while the
bark of the following species was readily separated from the wood, viz.: Hem-
lock, white pine, alder, shadbush, white birch, black birch, chestnut, cornel,
ash, ironwood, apple and aspen.

All the trees thus girdled grew through the season as usual, but none of
them formed wood below the girdle, except the grape and the red maple. The
former, being a branch of a large vine, with foliage both above an4d below the
girdle, formed new wood on both sides of it, and finally, the two calluses were
united and communication restored across it.

The red maple, girdled June twenty-third, formed wood only on the upper
side; but the specimen girdled July twenty-first, formed a new layer of wood
and bark upon the denuded surface. This was doubtless owing to the fact that
& portion of the cambium was left on the wood sufficient to conduct the elab-
orated sap and form new tissues out of it. This tree, like the others, grew in

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-.LIFE. 323

the woods, where it was shaded from the dixect rays of the sun. The new
bark was of a reddish brown color and very smooth, and consisted of a thin
jayer of periderm or cork, with parenchyma and bast. A drawing of its micro-
scopic structure, together with one of the old bark on the same tree has been
prepared.

There isa popular notion that the bark of an apple tree, removed on the
longest day of the year, will be renewed, and it is well known that occasion-
ally such renewal of the bark of various species does occur. This may happen
whenever there is deposited upon the old wood enough of the new layer to
conduct downward the elaborated sap, and to develop from the living paren-
chyma of the forming medullary rays a protecting layer of periderm.

It is not uncommon for the bark of the half-hardy weeping-willow to be
started by freezing and thawing from the wood. When this is the case, there
sometimes forms a new layer of wood upon the detached bark, which is dis-
connected from the wood of the parent trunk. There is also sometimes formed
a new layer of wood and periderm on the old wood under the shelter of the
old bark, and roots often descend from the healthy portion of the trunk several
feet beneath the loose bark to the ground, and as soon as they penetrate it en-
large rapidly. All these phenomena are readily explained by supposing that
the liber, or inner bark of the tree, is torn asunder, a portion so:netimes re-
maining attached to the wood sufficient to conduct the elaborated sap, and so
form a new layer of wood with a layer of bark. The roots are developed from
the uninjured portion under the protection of the old bark, and in their nature
are precisely like roots from cuttings.

EFFECTS OF FROST.

The rupture of the medullary rays and the separation of the bark from the
wood by the combined action of frost and sunshine is not uncommon in the
apple and other cultivated trees. If a severe frost separates the water from
the wood as ice, and it then thaws and freezes again before it can be absorbed,
it will be likely to burst the bark or tissues in which it is accumulated. This
usually results in one or more cracks through the bark on the southerly side
of the tree, from which there is, in the case of the apple tree, commonly a
slight flow of crude sap in the following April or May. The outside of the
bark is blackened, and the detached portions die.

In the spring of 1874, a vertical crack three feet long was noticed in the
south side of a vigorous young Gravenstein apple tree in Amherst, the trunk
of which was about three inches in diameter. Upon examination, it was
found that the bark had not been separated from the thick layer of wood
formed the previous year, but that this outside layer was entirely detached
from the wood beneath. The bark, being supplied with sap ascending through
this layer, remained sound, and the crack having ‘been filled with wax, the
tree grew equally well with others in its vicinity which had sustained no in-
jury. The new growth on the sides of the crack being covered only with a
thin, soft periderm, will doubtless readily unite, and there will soon remain no
trace of the rupture. The separated layers of wood, however, will never be
reunited, though the inner ones may conduct sap, until converted into the
nearly impervious heartwood which occupies the central portion of every
trunk after it attains to any considerable size.

At what age, if ever, the inner wood of exogens loses all power of conveying
sap, and whether the sound heart of an old tree which has never been ex-

324 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

posed to the influences of the atmosphere still retains life, are questions which
have not been definitely answered. It is not easy to say wherein the vitality of any
perfectly formed tissue, whether of the wood or bark, consists, since their cells
have no power of enlargement or multiplication, though the thickening of the
cell walls by the deposition of substances within the cells and the striking
changes in color seem to indicate the presence of a feeble life. The functions
of the wood seem to be mainly such as may be performed by dead material.
The cellulose which has never been exposed to the air may retain its peculiar
affinity for water, which is evidently much greater before than after drying.
The cells may serve as reservoirs of starch and other substances which may
afterwards be imbibed by the living, growing or ripening tissues. The pith,
which is alive in young branches so long as leaves are borne upon their wood,
dies, apparently, with them. If growth is a characteristic feature of living
tissue, our trees may with some reason be considered’ annuals, since all their
growth proceeds normally from their winter buds and completely envelopes
every portion of the tissues of the roots, stems, and branches previously
formed, thus excluding them from the weather and preventing their decay,
while using them for a support and a magazine of supplies. However this
may be, it is certain that the vitality of trees is concentrated in a remarkable
manner upon the surface and the extremities of their roots and branches.

NATURAL GRAFTING.

Among the observations made during the past season, not the least inter-
esting were those relating to the natural grafting which is frequently to be
seen in the forest, and which is particularly noticeable among roots. ‘The al-
most incredible manner in which the living surface of the inner bark of
woody stems can transform the same elaborated sap into different species of
wood and bark, was alluded to last year, and the case mentioned of a possible
compound tree, containing a plum root and base, on which grew a stem of
apricot, surmounted by a stem of blood peach with red wood, and that
by a stem of white peach, and the whole by a stem and branches of almond.
Thus, each kind of wood and bark would be perfectly developed from the
same material, just as on the same cow’s milk may be fed a child, a calf, a colt,
a black pig, a white pig,and a lamb. The specific life of each, and not its
food, determines its form, size, and character.

A COMPOSITE TREE.

To show still more impressively the peculiar powers of the wood and bark
to conduct the crude and elaborated saps in either direction, and to act either
as roots or branches, as circumstances require, we will describe an experiment
performed by a French gardener, M. Carillet, at Vincennes, in 1866 and 1867.
He selected two dwarf pear trees, grafted on quince roots, which were from
four to five feet high. One of them was carefully dug up in April, 1866, and
fastened in an inverted position above the other. The leading shoots of the
two trees were now flattened on one side with a knife, and the two surfaces
firmly bound together in the usual manner of splice grafting. ‘The two shoots
grew together, and, in the course of the summer following, a few leaves
appeared on the main stem of the inverted pear tree, and also on the main
branches of the quince roots, which were entirely in the air, some eight or ten
feet from the ground. The next spring scions from four varieties of pears
were set upon the four main branches of the quince roots, two of which lived
and grew several inches. Meanwhile, the inverted pear tree bore two pears.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. d29

Here, then, was a composite tree, consisting, first, of a root of quince, then a
pear tree, upon this an inverted pear tree which had branches consisting of
inverted quince roots, and these were surmounted by pear shoots of two unlike
kinds. Upon such a specimen it would be very difficult to comprehend the
working of the imaginary syphons of Dr. Pettigrew, already described.

In order to illustrate the fact that the return of the elaborated sap was not
the result of the force of gravity, a pendant branch of weeping willow was
girdled last June. The enlargement was on the lower side of the girdled place,
showing that the flow of the material formed in the leaves was constantly
towards the roots.

To learn whether sap would flow from the bark on the upper side of a gir-
dled place, a stem of white willow, an inch in diameter and ten feet high,
was selected, and a ring of bark one inch long removed. The girdled place
was then wrapped in oiled paper, so as effectually to exclude the air and the
light. On the fifteenth of October, one month after girdling, the paper was
taken off, and the specimen examined. ‘The wood appeared dead and brown,
and was covered with a mucilaginous fluid which appeared to have come from
above. There was no sign of growth below the girdle, but above it the stem
was decidedly enlarged, and a callus had descended a quarter of an inch and
developed upon itself a bud, as if about to strike out for air and light. No
bleeding from the bark was observed in any case worthy of mention, the near-
est approach to it being in the flow of turpentine from the bark and sap-wood
of the white pine.

Among the specimens of natural grafting obtained during the past year,
perhaps the most remarkable was a fine bunch of mistletoe growing as a para-
site upon a branch of oak. This was kindly procured for the College museum
by Prof. J. W. Mallet, LL. D., of the University of Virginia. The shrub is an
evergreen, and its roots penetrate the bark and sap-wood of the tree on which
t feeds, appropriating the crude sap and forming a wood of a totally different
sort from that of its support, and having an ash peculiar to itself. In fact,
the several species on which it is produced seem to serve merely as so many
different soils on which it can thrive. As the oak branch was dead beyond
the mistletoe, it would seem to have been injured by the abstraction of its sap
and its exhalation from the foliage of the parasite.

A specimen of red maple was brought to the College by Mr. Austin East-
man, of Amherst, which exhibited a single trunk with one heart, formed by
the natural union of two shoots, which were nearly three feet apart, and were
united about six feet from the ground. The main trunk was eight inches in
diameter.

Another specimen, found in Pelham, shows two white pine trunks, joined
like the Siamese twins, at about four feet from the ground. This, when sawed
open vertically, showed how the union had been effected. A branch of one
had lodged in the angle made by a branch of the other with its parent trunk.
As the tree grew, they were fastened together, and, under the pressure thus
caused, the bark was flattened until it almost disappeared, and soon the new
wood formed over the scar and made the grafting complete.

BUT THE GRAFTING OF ROOTS

is still more common and curious. They seem to cohere without the least
difficulty, especially those of the white pine, which is doubtless owing to the
softness of the bark and young wood, and the fact that they grow so nearly
at the same level in the earth.

326 - STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GROWING STUMPS.

From the observations above made, it will be seen that there is no difficulty
in accounting for the curious fact which has long been regarded as a great
mystery, that the stumps of fir trees, which do not sprout, have been known
to continue forming new layers of wood and bark for a great number of
years. Dutrochet mentions the case of a stump of the silver fir which thus
grew from 1743 till 1836, when it was still alive, having formed since the tree
was felled, ninety-two thin layers of wood. ‘The roots of the living stump
were doubtless grafted to the roots of some healthy tree or trees in its vicinity,
and their elaborated sap was attracted into the sound bark and supplied the
necessary material for the development of new tissues under the influence of
its vital force. The outer layer of the roots of the stump was thus renewed
annually, and so they retained their power of absorption; but since the top
of the stump, becoming dry and having no foliage, could not exhale moisture,
the crude sap of its roots ascended into the neighboring tree or trees to which
they were united. Thus a sort of circulation was maintained sufficient to ex-
plain the phenomena observed.

ANOTHER PECULIARITY

often to be seen in the stems and branches of trees and shrubs, as in the pear,
the apple, the hemlock, and the lilac, is the spiral growth or twisting of the
wood and bark, which is sometimes visible during the life of such specimens,
and always when the bark is removed and the timber seasoned. Some have
endeavored to account for this phenomenon by referring it to the effect of the
wind, but it is frequently seen on trees which grow in sheltered situations.
The timber of Pinus longifolia, a valuable tree of Northern India, is often
rendered worthless by this habit of growth; and while such trees are more
numerous in some regions than in others, they are found irregularly scattered
among those which do not exhibit this abnormal structure.

THE SURPRISING PHENOMENA

of pressure and suction exerted upon mercurial gauges attached to the trunks
and roots of such trees as bleed or flow from wounds in the spring, which
were described in the paper presented to the board last year, gave abundant
encouragement for further investigation. Accordingly, numerous experi-
ments have been undertaken and some thousands of observations recorded,
which have been tabulated, and are appended in as compact a form as possi-
ble. To accomplish so much work as is here represented in a single season,
required the cordial co-operation of a considerable number of persons. It is
proper that the names of those officers and students of the college who have
faithfully and intelligently labored to accumulate these facts should be an-
nounced in connection with what they have done. If all who enjoy the
privileges of students in natural science would exhibit the same enthusiasm
for the acquisition of new truths, they would thereby not only improve them-
selves, but increase the common stock of knowledge with a rapidity alto-
gether unprecedented.

THE OBSERVERS.

Prof. Levi Stockbridge has made nearly all the observations on the flow of
sap in the sugar maple, and has faithfully kept the record of the variations
of pressure in the mercurial and water gauges on the sugar maple, the red

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE, B27

maple, and the butternut, which have been noted three or more times daily
for several months.

Prof. S. T. Maynard has devoted much time to the care of the squash whose
unparalleled performances in harness attest unmistakably its health and vigor.
He has also kindly assisted in the preparation of gauges, and in every way in
which his services were needed. The drawings for the cuts representing the
squash and the apparatus used in the experiments with it, as well as for those
relating to the specimens of elm, were furnished by him.

For the very convenient form of stopcocks used in the mercurial gauges we
are indebted to the ingenuity of Prof. 8. H. Peabody.

Much credit is due to Mr. D. P. Penhallow, a post-graduate student, for his
untiring devotion to the study of the squash vine, with which he spent many
days and nights, observing its mode of growth and making complete micro-
scopical drawings of all its structure. He also adjusted gauges to several her-
baceous plants, and reported upon the pressure of their saps. He assisted in
finding the per cent of water in various species of wood at different seasons of
the year, and his pencil prepared all the drawings, except those already men-
tioned.

Charles Wellington, B.S., assistant in the chemical laboratory, has under-
taken to determine the composition of various saps, and the effect on them of
the advancing season. This important investigation is not yet completed.

Mr. Walter H. Knapp, with great fidelity, furnished the material for the
table showing the amount of sap which flowed daily from each species.

Mr. Atherton Clark made the observations on the water gauges, except that
on the sugar maple, on the mercurial gauges in the case of white birch root,
the apple root, and the three on the grape vine, one of which was thirty feet
from the ground. He also did much of the work relating to the time when
each species begins to flow.

Mr. William P. Brooks began and carried out very thoroughly a series of
observations to learn precisely what species flowed, at what time in the season,
and how rapidly, visiting for this purpose about forty species daily for several
weeks. In some unaccountable manner, the memorandum book containing most
of his records has been lost, and so his report is incomplete.

Mr. Henry Hague recorded the variations on the mercurial gauges upon the
four birches, one of them thirty feet from the ground; and on the hornbeam,
three times daily for many weeks.

Mr. George R. Dodge attended to a series of experiments instituted to deter-
mine the circumstances which affect the flow of sap from the maples, and fur-
nished an excellent report.

AMOUNT OF SAP.

It has been said that all species of flowering plants will probably bleed from
some part, if wounded, at some time of their growth. This has not been
demonstrated, and some trees seem to have a wood so remarkably spongy and
retentive of moisture as to render it unlikely that they should ever flow. Much
eftcrt has been made to arrive at the truth on this subject concerning our com-
mon forest trees by methods detailed below.

About the middle of last March a large number of trees were selected and
prepared for observation, by boring one half-inch hole to the depth of two
inches into the wood and inserting a galvanized iron sap-spout, invented by Mr.
C.C. Post of Burlington, Vt., and wel! adapted for use in the sugar-bush. The

328 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

species thus tapped, and all others named in this paper, will be mentioned by
their common English names, which are familiar to most persons ; but in order
that these may be clearly understood, a list is appended containing both the
English and the Latin names. The following were tested, as above described,
for sap, viz.: Hemlock, black spruce, balsam fir, alder, European alder, striped
maple, red maple, sugar maple, shad-bush, white birch, black birch, yellow
birch, paper birch, hornbeam, chestnut, hickory, bitternut, cornel, thorn,
quince, ash, beech, butternut, black walnut, mulberry, ironwood, white pine,
yellow pine, buttonwood, aspen, English cherry, black cherry, mountain ash,
apple, pear, peach, white oak, red oak, glaucous willow, white willow, bass,
linden, elm, and grape. ‘hese trees were visited every day about noon for
several weeks, the holes being renewed as often as necessary, and whenever
they were found flowing the number of drops per minute was recorded, except
in the case of such trees as flowed somewhat abundantly and for a considerable
time. The whole amount of sap from those of the latter class was carefully
collected and weighed daily. It will be seen that the sugar maple flows at
any time when stripped of its foliage, provided the weather is favorable, the
principal condition being a temperature above freezing, directly after severe
frost. A comparison of the flow from this species with the pressure on the
mercurial gauges, and with the temperature as indicated in the meteorological
observations, kindly furnished by Prof. E. 8. Snell, LL. D., of Amherst College,
will convince tke inquirer that there is an intimate connection between these
three sets of facts.

THE QUANTITY OF SAP

from a sugar maple during the season is much greater than from any other
tree flowing from the same causes. Thus the entire flow from the butternut
was less than the product of the sugar maple for a single day. The ironwood
and the birches, however, surpass even the maple, both in the rapidity and
amount of their flowing, if we make allowance for the difference in the size of
the trees tested. A paper birch, fifteen inches in diameter, flowed in less than
two months one thousand four hundred and eighty-six pounds of sap; the
maximum flow, on the fifth of May, amounting to sixty-three pounds and
four ounces, which is probably three times the average yield of a sugar maple
of the same size. These latter species will not bleed during the winter, and
seem to do so in the spring from a cause entirely different from that which
affects the trees which bleed in fall and winter. The grape, which is often
thought to bleed more freely than any other species, though later in the sea-
son, really flows but little, the totalamount from a very large vine beingeleven
pounds and nine ounces.

Among the species subjected to trial, only those mentioned as bleeding ex-
hibited this phenomenon. The following flowed for a short time, or very irreg-
ularly, or very slowly. ‘The shad-bush was seen to flow, on the eighth of April,
one drop in fifty seconds. The hickory bled one drop per minute of very sweet
sap, on the fifteenth of April, and the cornel, ten drops on the same day. The
European alder flowed three drops per minute, April ninth, and the common
alder, four drops, on the twenty-first of March, and on the tenth of April, nine
drops from one spout and six drops from another, inserted six inches below the
former. The black walnut yielded a small amount of sap during several weeks,
and, March thirtieth, bled six drops per minute. The buttonwood flowed forty
drops per minute, March twenty-fifth, and one hundred on a very cold day,
the eighth of April. The total amount, however, was very small. The apple

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 329

bled twenty-eight drops per minute, May thirteenth, and the beech, on the
tenth of May, flowed ten drops per minute, both yielding most sap in decidedly
warm weather, the mean temperature for the last date being above 70° F. The
latex of the mulberry exuded from the bark, on the ninth of April, as a trans-
parent fluid which soon became milky, and the white and yellow pines flowed
a small quantity of turpentine, apparently from both bark and wood.

A large red maple, which was thoroughly girdled in 1873, and whose bark
had died and peeled off below the girdled place, was tapped above and aiso be-
low it. The result was that it bled freely from both holes on many occasions.
The flow, on the eighth of April, was fifty drops per minute from the upper
one, and one drop from the lower one, while on the eleventh of the same
month, it was three drops from the upper and fourteen drops from the lower
one.

After the usual run of sap for the season has ceased, some species will bleed
from the stump, if cut down, just like many herbaceous plants. Thus, Mr.
Wm. F. Flint reports that large trees of the black, yellow, and paper birch,
when felled on the thirtieth of June last, did not bleed immediately, as in
April, but after an hour or two began to exude sap freely.

On August twenty-eigbth, twenty-four species of young trees were cut down,
about one foot from the ground, to see whether they would bleed. None did
so immediately, but fifteen hours afterward the black birch ran a few drops,
and the following were moist on the top of the stump, viz.: alder, yellow
birch, red maple, cornel, ironwood, apple, elder, elm, and white pine. August
thirty-first, the black birch bled a little, and the yellow birch, thorn, apple,
glaucous willow, elm, and white pine were moist. The rest, including hem-
lock, shad-bush, white birch, chestnut, hornbeam, beech, ash, witch-hazel, bird
cherry, white oak, red oak, and aspen, were perfectly dry, though all were shel-
tered from the sun.

THESE RESULTS

seem to include most of the important attainable facts in regard to the flow of

sap as exhibited by our common exogenous trees, and, while none of the obser-

yations can be exactly repeated from the nature of the phenomena, yet they

may safely be accepted as the substantial truth concerning the whole subject.
WATER GAUGES.

The interesting facts observed last year, in connection with the attachment
of mercurial gauges to the roots and trunks of trees which were known to
bleed from wounds, and the suggestions derived from them, were a powerful
stimulus to further investigations in this direction. Accordingly, a large
number of gauges were prepared in early spring, and, as soon as the weather
was suitable, attached to such trees and roots as gave promise of the most
valuable results.

There still remained the unaccountable fact that the larger number of trees
and shrubs did not show any tendency to bleed in spring, and therefore could
not be made to answer any inquiries put to them in regard to the circulation
of sap. It was thought best to adopt a cheaper and simpler form of gauge for
application to such species as gave small promise of useful results. or this
purpose, the following economical apparatus was devised and applied to the
roots of elm, ash, white oak, chestnut, apple, sugar maple, and hickory. A
straight glass tube, three feet in length, with a bore about one quarter of an
inch in diameter, was joined by a conical rubber connector with each of the

42

330 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

detached roots, and the roots again covered with the earth in which they grew.
The tubes were now fastened in a vertical position to stakes set near the ends
of the detached roots, which were one inch in diameter. They were then
filled with water to a certain point, which was carefully marked, and the
changes occurring noted every day. Sometimes the water in a tube would
sink away, showing an absorption of the fluid by the roots ; and, again, it would
rise and flow over the top of the tube, demonstrating the fact that the absorb-
ing power of the root was, sometimes at least, in excess of the affinity of the
cellulose of the wood for water. It was well established that the wood of the
roots of trees is in a condition in early spring to absorb with avidity the water
from the tubes, while later in the season many of them exude water freely, so
as to cause the tubes to overflow. The amount of absorption was recorded in
inches, the minus sign being prefixed to the numbers, while the exudation was
measured in a sin.ilar way, with the omission of the sign. Thirty-six inches
of water in one of these tubes weighed one ounce, and from these data it was
easy to learn the actual amount of water which was taken up or thrown off
daily by each species.
ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES

in this connection, is the entirely unexpected fact that the roots of the sugar
maple do not exude any sap from their wood when protected from frost, and
show less independent power of absorbing water from the soil than almost any
other species. Hence, there was no flow from the root into the tube at any
time, but a constant moderate absorption of water from it.

THE FLOW

from the root into the tube is similar to that observed in the tube of an ordi-
nary osmometer ; but this does not prove that osmose has any influence in this
matter, and the doubt about it is not diminished when we see the water moy-
ing, sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another. In the sugar
maple, the flow was always out of the tube into the wood of the root; in the
white oak, the absorption from the tube was, in some cases, as much as one
ounce in thirty minutes, but rarely the current was reversed and absorption
occurred from the ground; while, in the elm, the absorption from the tube was
at its maximum April fifteenth, and then gradually diminished until April
twenty-first, from which date the flow into the tube continued till June
thirtieth, when the observations were suspended.

eA SECTION

of a white oak root, eight inches long and one inch in diameter, which was:
freshly dug from the damp earth, April eleventh, and weighed, was then
placed with one end in water three-eighths of an inch in depth, and in ten
hours absorbed 3.19 per cent of its weight. This shows that the tissues were
far from saturated, and were in an excellent condition to facilitate ordinary
root absorption. A mercurial gauge attached to a root of white oak showed
on the twelfth of April a suction sufficient to sustain a column of water 10.20
feet in height, which was caused by the absorption of the water in the con-
necting tube between the gauge and the root.

THE MERCURIAL GAUGE,

which was used for determining the variations of the pressure exerted by the
sap of such species as are noted for the abundance of their flow, consisted of a

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-.-LIFE. ook

syphon-tube of thick glass, the two legs of which were eight feet long, and
about four inches apart. ‘This wasinverted and attached to a support of inch
board, on the center of which was fastened a scale divided to tenths of an inch.
To one leg of the tube at the top was adjusted a brass stopcock, by means of
small rubber hose, and to the stopcock was connected by a brass coupling a
piece of thick lead pipe of small bore and convenient length, which was joined
by another stopcock to the trunk, root, or branch which was to be tested. The
stopcocks were so made, with a tube on the top, that communication could be
opened between the free air and either the lead or the glass tubing at pleasure,
and, when closed from the air, the passage was open between the mercury in
the syphon-tube, the water in the lead pipe and the sap in the tree. The ob-
ject of this three-way cock was to facilitate filling the tubes with water and
mercury, and allowing the escape of any gas which might find its way into the
apparatus from the tree. A sufficient quantity of mercury was poured into the
inverted syphon to fill the two legs to the height of about forty inches, and
the remainder of the leg connected with the tree, as well as the lead pipe, was
carefully filled with water, all air being excluded. The other leg of the syphon-.
tube was left open to the atmosphere. When the sap exerted a pressure, it was
indicated by a depression of the mercury in the closed leg of the glass tube and
a rise in the open end, the difference between the two columns showing the
pressure in inches of mercury. Suction into the tree was marked by the rise
of the mercury in the closed leg and its depression in the open one, and in
making the record the minus sign was prefixed to the figures expressing the
number of inches of mercury.

One of the difficulties encountered in these experiments arose from the lia-
bility to leakage, either around the stopcock inserted into the tree, or from
accidental wounds to the bark or small branches. In cases where the pressure
was very great, it was sometimes necessary to solder a heavy sheet of lead to
the stopcock and nail it to the tree with a packing of white lead in oi]. Much
trouble was also experienced from the bursting of the lead pipes and the break-
ing of the glass tubes during severe cold weather by the formation of ice within
the gauges. To avoid this as much as possible, the gauges were enclosed in
wooden cases, and the more exposed portions wrapped in woolen blankets.

Mercurial gauges were attached to the following species, viz.: sugar maple,
red maple, black, yellow, white and paper birches, ironwood, apple and grape
and all the observations may be found in the appended tables. The general
results correspond with those of last year, but are much more complete, espe-
cially in regard to the two species which exhibic the most surprising phe--
nomena and in which the public feel the deepest interest, namely, the sugar
maple and the grape vine.

PRESSURE OF SAP.

As soon as the discovery was made, by means of the water gauge, that the
apple would flow from the root, a mercurial gauge was attached to a root an
inch in diameter. At first, on the fifteenth of May, there was a slight suction
amounting to -1.59 feet of water ; but the pressure soon began, and rose to its.
maximum, May thirty-first, when it equalled 15.07 feet of water. Thus, the
extreme variation was 16.66 feet.

The butternut had a range of only 13.03 feet, the minimum, --0.79 foot,
occurring on April tenth, and the maximum, 12.24 feet, on April fourteenth.

The red maple attained its minimum, —2.83 feet, April sixteenth, and its

332 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

maximum, 18.59 feet, April eighth, the total variation being 21.42 feet of
water.

The ironwood exerted its greatest suction on the nineteenth of May, which
equalled -24.60 feet, while the greatest pressure was 40.35 feet, and was ob-
served May thirteenth. The total variation was thus 64.95 feet of water.

The white birch began early in the season, April ninth; reached its mini-
mum, —19.26 feet, on the eleventh of May, and its maximum, 39.66 feet, April
twenty-third. The extreme variation was, therefore, 58.92 feet of water.

A gauge was attached to a root of white birch on the eighth of April; the
pressure began April twelfth, and steadily advanced to its highest point, 38.08
feet, May twelfth, and declined to zero, May twenty-third, and to its minimum,
—22.98 feet, August twenty-sixth, the extreme variation amounting to 61.06
feet of water. The root was dug up in October and found apparently alive
an@ healthy.

The black birch root last year exerted the astonishing pressure of 84.77 feet
of water, but was not observed through the season. ‘This year, on the eighth
of April, a gauge was adjusted to a root of the same tree, and, although the
pressure was not quite as great as last season, the extreme variation was 102.68
feet. The first pressure was, April twenty-third, and the highest, May tenth,
and equalled 77.06 feet, while the greatest suction was on September fourteenth,
and amounted to —25.62 feet of water.

The pressure is evidently caused in these roots, which are entirely detached
from the tree and lie in the earth just as they grew, by the activity of their
power of absorption, which seems to be greatest just as the buds are about
bursting. The suction is remarkably powerful, and must apparently result
from some chemical change occurring in the root, after the root-fibres have
lost their absorbing power. A critical examination by the chemist and the
microscopist would probably give an explanation for this phenomenon.

The paper birch tree reached its maximum, May sixth, when the pressure
was equal to sustaining a column of water 61.20 feet in height. The suction
on June fourteenth was -7.93 feet, and the extreme variation for the season
was 69.13 feet.

On the eighth of April, a gauge was attached to a yellow birch tree near the
ground, and, on the twenty-fourth, at noon, the pressure was 73.67 feet of
water. A hole was then bored into the tree at a height of thirty feet above
the lower one, for the purpose of putting up another gauge. The mercury in
the lower gauge fell at the rate of four inches per minute, till it stood at a point
representing 35.13 feet of water. 'The sap, at the same time, flowed freely from
the upper orifice. The usual difference between the gauges thus placed thirty
feet apart was from twenty-four to thirty-five feet of water, showing evidently
that the power furnishing the pressure was from below, that is, from the root.
The maximum of the lower gauge was 74.22 feet, April twenty-second, and the
minimum was —22.44 feet, May sixteenth, and, hence, the total variation was
96.66 feet. The upper gauge attained a pressure of 41.25 feet, on the ninth of
May, and sank to -11.11 feet on the thirteenth of May, the extreme variation
being 52.36 feet of water. After the development of the buds, the upper
gauge stood uniformly at from —1 to -4 feet of water, and the lower one was
mostly minus.

THE BLEEDING

of a broken grape vine, in 1720, induced the Rev. Stephen Hales, an ingenious
observer of nature, to attach mercurial manometers to the stumps of vine

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LI¥FE. 333

branches and stems, by means of which he obtained a maximum pressure of
forty-three feet of water. These experiments were made on vines of the species
Vitis vinifera, in the comparatively cool and moist climate of England. It is,
therefore, not surprising, that the more vigorous Vitis estivalis, in the more
fervid and sunny climate of Massachusetts, should exert a greatly superior
force. In order to determine as many facts as possible concerning the flow
and pressure of the sap of the wild summer grape, two of the largest vines on
the College estate were selected and prepared for observation. The smaller
one was about three inches in diameter at the ground, and spread oyer a young
elm, some forty feet in height, and standing in moist, open land. One of the
main roots of the vine was uncovered and followed from the stem toward its
extremities, a distance of four feet, where it was cut off. To the large end of
this detached root, the remainder of which was left undistzrbed in the soil as
it grew, was firmly fastened a stout piece of rubber hose, which was connected
by means of a stopcock to the lead pipe of a mercurial gauge. This was on
May-day. The tissues of the root, which had not yet awakened from its win-
ter sleep, at once began to absorb the water from the gauge, and the next day
there appeared a suction equal to -4.53 feet of water. This continued, though
gradually diminishing, till it reached zero, on the tenth of May. From this
time the pressure still increased until, on the twenty-ninth of the month, it
became sufficient to sustain a column of water 88.74 feet in height, which is
more than twice as great as the maximum observed by Hales, and the greatest
pressure ever produced by the sap of a plant so far as we know. Ié is an
interesting fact that this maximum occurred on the warmest day in May, the
mean temperature having been 71.7° F. It is also noteworthy that, on the
very day when the gauge first showed pressure, the vine which was tapped
began to flow, though it was half a mile distant. The pressure on the gauge
steadily dimished through the season, and, on the fourteenth of September,
amounted to 19.35 feet. The extreme variation was 93.27 feet of water, and,
therefore, 9.41 feet less than in the case of the black birch root, which exhib-
ited a much greater suction, though less pressure, than the grape root.

The other vine selected for trial was nearly four inches in diameter and
more than fifty feet high. To a large branch of this, near the ground, was
attached a gauge by means of a rubber hose, the branch being cut off for that
purpose. A second gauge was secured to another branch at the height of
thirty feet above the first, and observations made upon them once, twice, or
three times, daily, from May seventh to June thirtieth. After this, occasional
visits were made to the vine, though the variations were ‘very slight. The
pressure on the lower gauge began on the seventh of May, when it was 11.11
feet of water, and reached its maximum on the twenty-sixth day of the month,
equalling a column of water 83.87 feet in height. ‘The pressure declined quite
rapidly as soon as the buds began to develop, and fell to zero June thirteenth.
The greatest suction was exhibited on the twenty-ninth of June, and was
equal to sustaining a column of water 14.39 feet high. During the month of
July, when growth was most rapid, the suction was uniformly about -7.37
feet of water, and during August about -4 feet. The extreme variation on
this gauge amounted to 98.26 feet, though the pressure was somewhat less than
was shown by that on the detached root of the vine already mentioned.

The upper gauge was not reached by the sap rising from the root until some
days after pressure was manifest at the lower one. On the twelfth of May the
lower one stood at 34.11 feet of water, and the upper at 3.40 feet. The maxi-

334 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

mum pressure was attained May sixteenth, and was 39.66 feet, while the
greatest suction occurred June twentieth, and was —10.77 feet. The extreme
variation of the upper gauge was 50.43 feet. The difference between the two
gauges was usually from 20 to 30 feet of water; but when the pressure on the
lower one was greatest, the difference was 60.41 feet, in consequence of the
fact that the force was entirely from the root, and the wood of the vine was a
hindrance to the sudden upward thrust of the sap. After the foliage was de-
veloped the suction was limited to from —-6 to -12 feet of water, on account,
doubtless, of the porous character of the foliage and young branches, and
there was no great difference between the gauges.

THE FLOW OF SAP FROM THE SUGAR MAPLE,

so familiar to all, and yet so variable and peculiar, was the first object of in-
vestigation in the beginning of these experiments in 1873, but its mysterious
fluctuations were not fully known nor understood until the close of the year
1874. The extraordinary facts that the flow occurred in midwinter and early
spring, when the ground was covered with snow and there were no signs of
life; that the flow began only during mild days immediately following a severe
frost, and ceased usually after a few hours; that when a cavity was cut into
a sugar maple tree the sap flowed down from above, while in a birch it flowed
most freely from below; and especially the fact that when a gauge was at-
tached to a tree, it exhibited the most surprising variations from great press-
ure, during the day, to powerful suction at night,—these, and other unac-
countable things, seemed to demand special effort to discover all the phe-
nomena attending the flow of maple sap; and then, if possible, to invent some
rational explanation of them.

Accordingly, a large number of experiments were devised and carried ont,
with a very great amount of labor and no little expense. Among them were
the collection and weighing of all the sap which would flow from a healthy
tree, from November to the following May; with a careful observation of the
times when the flow began and ceased, in each case of good sap-weather ; the
collection, weighing and analysis of sap during different periods of the entire
season, both from the usual level and from the top of a tree thirty feet from
the ground ; the collection and examination of the gas which escapes with the
first flow of sap from the orfice first made in a tree in the spring; the effect of
increasing the number of holes upon the total flow of sap and the entire
product of sugar; the result of tapping trees at various elevations from the
earth, on different sides, and to different depths; and finally, a record for com-
parison and study of the fluctuations in the mercury of several gauges,
attached to various parts of the same tree, as observed three or more times
daily.

A SHOWER OF SAP.

Mr. Samuel F. Perley, of Naples, Maine, in an interesting communication
containing much valuable information derived from his large experience tn
the sugar-bush, relates the following incident: “Happening, on a bright, sunny
morning, to visit a sugar tree standing in open land, and having a large,
spreading top, I was surprised, on walking beneath the limbs, to find quite a
smart shower falling upon me. On looking up I could see no ciouds, yet the
drops were falling thick and fast in all the area covered by the branches of
the tree. An examination showed the drops to be drops of sap flowing from

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE, 335

innumerable broken twigs. I then remembered that a day or two before there
had been a storm of sleet and rain, which had encased the trees with a heavy
coating of ice, and following that a violent wind, which had twisted and broken
many of the smaller branches. From these was now flowing a brilliant shower ,
of sap, sparkling in the bright sunshine. I could not perceive that this whole-
sale tapping diminished at all the flow from the trunk, or in any manner in-
jured the tree.”
ICICLES

of frozen sap are not unfrequently seen depending from the branches of maple
and butternut trees during severe cold weather, when the temperature rises
only slightly above 32° F. at mid-day. On Thanksgiving Day, 1874, the ther-
mometer, in the shade, indicated 32° F. at 2 P. M. A sugar maple was tapped
at the ground, and fifty feet above it, and while there was no flow from the
lower orifice, the upper one bled four drops per minute.

EXPERIMENTS WITH THE SUGAR MAPLE.

On the twentieth of November last the weather was cold, and at 11 A. M.
there was arapid fall of soft snow, followed by arising temperature. At half-past
twelve P. M. the mercurial gauge in the top of a sugar maple indicated a
pressure of about nine feet of water, while a gauge at the ground showed neither
pressure nor suction.

In the case of a tree tapped in 1873, on the north and south sides, in order
to compare the flow from each, it was found that, for some reason, the north
spout yielded nearly twice as much sap as the south one, and flowed two weeks
longer. It appears probable that this was an exceptional instance, and possi-
bly to be accounted for by the fact that the roots of the south side ran under
a highway, while those of the north side luxuriated in a rich meadow.

In 1874 another tree about sixty feet in hight and four feet and ten inches
in girth was subjected to the same trial. The total flow from the south side
was eighty-six pounds and four ounces, while that from the north side was
sixty-eight pounds and five ounces. Near the close of the season only did the
flow from the latter exceed that from the former. There can be no doubt that
it ig much wiser to tap all sugar trees on the south side, because the sap will
flow earlier and more abundantly than from the shaded side, while the late sap
is of little value to the sugar-maker.

Another sugar maple, seventy feet high and four feet in circumference, was
tapped on the south side in five places, the holes being two feet apart on a
vertical line, so that spout number one was near the ground, number two di-
rectly above number one, number three two feet above number two, and soon.
During the month of April the sap from each spout was weighed daily, and
the results were as follows, viz.: The totul flow was one hundred and twenty
pounds and one ounce. From number one, near the ground, was collected
seventy-eight pounds and ten ounces; from number two, twelve pounds and
two ounces; from number three, five pounds and ten ounces; from number
four, eight pounds and seven ounces; and from number five, fifteen pounds
and four ounces. These facts are, in the main, what would be expected from
the other observations made concerning the flow of maple sap.

The effect of increasing the number of spouts inserted into a tree was tried
on two red maples, which flow much less than the sugar maple and for a shorter
time. Ten spouts in one tree, sixty feet high and four feet eight inches in
girth, were found to flow, during the first half of April, seventy-eight pounds

336 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and eight ounces, while one spout in a similar tree flowed less than half as
much, or thirty-five pounds and two ounces. ‘There can be no doubt that the
quantity of sap obtained from a tree by the use of many sprouts is greater than
that from a limited number, but it is not likely to contain so large a per cent
of sugar. Still, if it be true, as seems probable, that the withdrawal of sap ex-
erts no deleterious influence upon the health and vigor of a tree, and the sap
is richest early in the season, it would seem best to insert more spouts, and so
extract the sugar inits purest condition as rapidly as possible. This, of course,
would necessitate a greater expenditure for buckets, which might possibly
counterbalance the advantages of the new method. Experiments might be
easily instituted to determine the facts in regard to this matter by any intelli-
gent sugar-maker. :

In regard to the origin of cane sugar in the sap of the maples, the butternut
and the black walnut, we must, for the present, admit that we have not yet
discovered it ; though the singular fact that the species which yield this sugar
belong to that class of trees which only flow freely after severe frost seems to
indicate that freezing and thawing may have some influence upon its produc-
tion.

COMPOSITION OF SAP.

It will be seen from an examination of the table relating to the composition
of saps, that the sap of the wild grape is almost pure water, and that it con-
tained, on the fifteenth of May last, no trace of either cane sugar, glucose or
starch. There is, however, in the wood of the roots and stems of the genus
Vitis, a great quantity of a colorless, translucent, almost tasteless mucilage,
which is abundantly exuded from the pores of a cross section made at any time
when the roots are dormant. Very little even of this seems to escape from a
bleeding vine, which may account for the fact that the flow of crude sap from
the grape does not perceptibly affect its subsequent growth or productiveness.

THE SAP OF THE SUGAR MAPLE

contains from two to three per cent of cane sugar, while that of the red maple
yields only about half as much. The sap of the latter is said by Mr. H. M.
Sessions, of Wilbraham, also to contain some ingredient which attacks iron,
forming a very dark-colored syrup when evaporated in pans of that metal. It
is, therefore, better to exclude it from the sap gathered for the manufacture of
sugar.

In order to obtain as much information as possible in regard to the sap of
the sugar maple, an analysis was made of the gas contained in the tree when
first tapped. ‘This was procured by inserting a stopcock into the sap-wood of
a tree twenty feet from the ground. To the stopcock was attached a glass tube
by means of a rubber connector, and the tube passed through a cork intoa
large bottle, reaching to the bottom. As soon as the bottle was filled with sap,
it was tightly closed and taken to the laboratory, where the gas was separated
by boiling. The analysis shows that the gas contains much less nitrogen and
more oxygen than atmospheric air, while the proportion of carbonic acid gas
is about one hundred and thirty-four times greater in the former than in the
latter.

As we do not know how cr when the cane sugar is formed in the maple, we
cannot account for the variations in the sweetness of its sap, which are, how-
_ ever, yery great. As the flow depends upon the freezing and thawing of the

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 500

wood, and possibly upon the continuance of absorption by the roots to supply
the drain upon the tapped tree, it is evident that a large body of snow upon
the ground will favor it, since the earth will then be warmer and the night
temperature of the air much colder than under other circumstances. It does
not appear that there is any greater proportion of sap in the maple than in
many other trees, but only that for some unknown reason it is separated in
greater quantity by freezing, or else not reabsorbed after such separation so
quickly as in other species.
CAUSES OF FLOW.

For the purpose of learning whether root absorption is necessary to keep up
the flow of sap through the season, a large tree, sixty feet in height, and four
feet and one-half in girth, was cut early in December, 1874, and firmly lashed
in an upright position to neighboring trees. A fire was then kindled around
the lower end of the trunk in order to dry and close as far as possible the
pores of the wood. Next spring it ig proposed to apply mercurial gauges to
determine whether the sap moves, as in trees in a natural condition, and after-
wards to collect and analyze the sap.

While it is certain that the flow of the grape and the birch resuits from the
great activity of the absorbing rootlets when they first awake in spring from
their winter’s repose, it seems equally evident that root absorption has no direct
connection with the flow of maple sap. This discovery was made by means of
five mercurial gauges, which were attached with great care to a fine, vigorous
tree, about sixty feet in hight, on the twentieth of last March. The gauges
were so connected with all parts of the tree that every movement of the sap
would be indicated. Number one was joined to a stopcock inserted into the
sap-wood about two feet from the ground, the hole being about one inch in
diameter and two inches deep. Number two was connected by a stout rubber
hose to a root one inch in diameter, which was laid bare by the use of a force
pump so as to ayoid breaking any of its fibres. This root was cut open at the
distance of about two feet from the tree, and gauge number two united to the
stump, which was attached to the trunk. Number three was joined in the
same way to the large end of the detached root, which remained in the soil
just as it grew. Number four was fastened to a piece of gas-pipe one inch in
diameter, which was screwed into the tree to the depth of ten inches, a thread
having been cut for this purpose on the outside of it. No sap could enter this
gauge except at the very center of the heart-wood of the trunk. Number five
was attached to the sap-wood among the branches, at an elevation of twenty
feet above gauge number one. The gauges thus connected were then enclosed
in tight pine cases, and the metallic pipes and stopcocks wrapped in woolen
blankets to protect them from the cold. The observations were taken regu-
larly at six A. M., at noon, and at six P. M. for about ten weeks, until the
changes became unimportant. The table appended gives all the variations of
sap pressure in different parts of the tree, as recorded at the times specified.
A reference to figure 44 will convey a correct idea of the manner in which the
mercury fluctuates during every hour of the day and night.

The following are some of the most interesting results obtained from the
several gauges:

43

338 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

GAUGE. Minimum. Dope oF Maximum.| Pate of Maxi Extreme Variation.
Spinpe Mee fase ee -18.13] April 11__-_- 59.67) March 28__-_|57.80 feet of water.
Gaures= eee 2s —7.71| April 4______ 36.27| March 28____|43.98 feet of water.
Gauges: abe a2 -: —7.71| March 21_-_- 3.40| April 8______|11.11 feet of water.
Gauce4es 5 ab 5. —6.01} April 22_.__- 22.33|March 28____|28.34 feet of water.
Gauwe io. eases. -26.07) March 31_-__- 02,13) April 2 ---- 78.20 feet of water.

The wood of the detached root absorbed the water from the gauge, so as to
exert a suction, like the roots of most other species of trees in early spring, but
the pressure exhibited at any time was scarcely worthy of mention. So strange
did this appear, that on the fourth of April the gauge was removed to a healthy
root, detached from another tree, and to avoid any possibility of error, it was
afterward connected with a third root, but the results were always similar.
It is certain, therefore, from these observations, as well as those connected with
the water-gauge, described on a preceding page, that the rise and flow of maple
sap is not directly caused by the activity of absorbent rootlets.

Secondly, it is seen that the movements of the sap in the heart of a tree are
much less rapid and vigorous than those occurring in the sap-wood at the
same level. This is doubtless owing to the fact that the old wood is more
dense, and therefore less permeable to fluids than the outer layers of alburnum;
and also to the circumstance that the variations of temperature, at the depth
of ten inches from the bark, are necessarily slow and limited.

Finally, it remains to consider the extraordinary fact that the greatest suc-
tion, as well as the highest pressure, was exhibited by the gauge in the top of
the tree. On the eighteenth of April the lower gauge in the sap-wood indicated
a pressure equal to 10.77 feet of water, while, at the same time, the upper
gauge showed a pressure of 24.93 feet. On the thirty-first of March, the gauges
were all frozen, number one standing at 28.90 feet of water, while number five
indicated a suction equal to -26.07, a difference of 54.97 feet. In the case of
number one, attached to the trunk near the ground, it seemed that the gauge
froze before the body of the tree was much chilled, while, by the sudden treez-
ing of the branches, the sap was abstracted from the upper gauge before the
cold had penetrated the coverings sufficiently to freeze it.

On the nineteenth of April the upper gauge showed little or no pressure,
while the lower one still indicated a pressure of 17 feet. This was apparently
due to the absorption of the sap from the branches by the expanding buds.

In view of all the phenomena thus far observed, it appears that the flow of
sap from the maple and other species, which bleed only after being frozen, is
in no sense a vital process, but purely physical. The sap is separated from the
cellulose of the wood by the cold, and, under ordinary conditions, gradually
reabsorbed. If, however, the tree be tapped so that the liberated sap can es-
cape, then it will do so, flowing, as is readily seen to be the case with the
maple, most copiously from above. The bleeding is therefore a sort of leakage
from the vessels of the wood, but this is doubtless increased by the elastic
force of the gases in the tree, which are compressed by the liberated sap, and
this expansive power must be intensified by the increase of temperature which
always accompanies a flow.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PHENOMENA OF PLANT-LIFE. 339

CAUSE OF SUCTION.

This theory explains the fluctuation of the gauges, and accounts for the
singular fact that the upper one shows the most pressure and the greatest
variations, inasmuch as the branches and twigs would, of course, be most
quickly and powerfully affected by the heat of the sun and the temperature of
the atmosphere. The pressure of the expanded gases in a tree in a normal
condition would facilitate the re-absorption by the wood of the liberated sap.
Their contraction by cold would also cause the cessation of the flow from a
tree which was running, and produce the remarkable phenomenon of suction
exhibited by the gauges at night or during frosty weather.

An important and elegant demonstration of this theory was obtained by
cutting large branches, fifteen to twenty feet in length, when the thermometer
was below zero, from trees of the sugar maple, white birch, elm, hickory, but-
tonwood, chestnut, and willow, and suspending them in the warm air of the
Durfee plant-house. The maple soon began to bleed at the rate of twenty-
four drops per minute, while the buttonwood bled eleven drops, and the
hickory exuded a little very sweet sap, precisely as in spring. The birch, elm,
chestnut and willow did not flow at all, and were not even moist on the freshly-
cut surface.

A mercurial gauge, attached to the end of a frozen branch of sugar maple,
indicated pressure and suction when the temperature was raised and lowered,
precisely as it would have done upon a maple tree during the ordinary alter-
nations of day and night in the spring of the year when the sap is flowing.

In the warm regions of Asia, Africa, and America, are found about one
thousand species of palm trees, from many of which a sweet sap is obtained in
large quantities. This is simply allowed to ferment, and drank as palm-wine
or toddy, or distilled for the production of a sort of brandy, or it is evaporated
for the extraction of its sugar in the form of syrup, or of a more or less crys-
talline solid called jaggery. In the province of Bengal, in India, more than one
hundred million pounds of palm-sugar are manufactured annually, while the
total product of palm-wine in the world greatly exceeds that of wine from the
grape.

PALM WINE.

There are three principal methods adopted in different countries for obtain-
ing the sweet sap of palms. In Chili, trees fifty feet high are felled in such a
way that the top will lie higher than the butt of the trunk, and the single ter-
minal bud with the crown of leaves is cut off. The sap flows abundantly from
the higher end of this log, and if a fresh slice of wood be removed every day
the bleeding continues for several months. The yield is greatest during the
warmest days, and amounts in all to an average of ninety gallons, or about
seven hundred and twenty-five pounds from each tree. This sap is mostly
evaporated and utilized as a very agreeable syrup called palm-honey.

IN INDIA,

it is customary to make incision into the wood of trees near the top, from
which, during the cool months, the sap flows freely. From the common wild
date-palm the annual yield of sap is about two hundred pounds, containing
some eight pounds of sugar, or four times the average product of the sugar
maple. Much the larger proportion of palm sap is obtained, however, from
the lange branching flower-stalks of the inflorescence. These are produced in

340 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the axils of the immense leaves or fronds, and before they burst the spathe in
which they are enveloped, they are carefully bound together with pieces of
palm-leaf. These buds are then beaten every morning with sticks and a thin
slice removed from the tip of the axis of inflorescence. From the freshly ex-
posed surface the sweet sap runs very abundantly for several months. Indeed,
some species continually send out new flower-stalks, which are constantly bled
until, after two or three years, the tree dies from exhaustion.

SAP OF THE CENTURY PLANT.

But the most remarkable flow of sap is that of the Agave Americana, or cen-
tury plant. This is the largest herbaceous plant known, the leaves of one in
the Durfee plant-house being eight feet long and of immense weight. In
Mexico, the sap of this species furnishes the favorite beverage of the people.
This is called pulque, and has a most detestable odor of carrion and a slightly
acid taste. ‘The Mexicans are very fond of it, and natives of other countries
soon learn to love it, and then prefer it to claret. The sap is procured by cut-
ting out the bud of the inflorescence which appears in the centre of the massive
crown of leaves, and, if undisturbed, develops into a flower-stalk from thirty
to forty feet high and covered with thousands of blossoms. The cavity made
by removing the bud is speedily filled with a sweet sap, and the total amount
from one plant is stated by Von Humboldt to be from twelve to sixteen hun-
dred pounds. The plant then dies from exhaustion.

It is impossible to give any satisfactory explanation for these extraordinary
phenomena. It is easy to state that these plants produce large quantities of
starch and sugar preparatory to flowering, but why should they continue to
flow so long after the trees are cut down or the flower buds removed ?

If it be true that the sap of plants flows to the points of consumption, it is
still dificult to explain why it should persistently tend upward to the top of a
prostrate trunk, or of a standing tree, for months after the bud, for the special
nourishment of which it is designed, has been destroyed, and after the process
of growth has been entirely suspended.

It is evident, in conclusion, that there yet remains ample room for investi-
gation concerning the phenomena connected with the development of plants
and the circulation of sap. Though we cannot hope to exhaust the subject, or
to discover precisely what the force is which we call life, and which imparts to
every species and individual of the vegetable world its peculiar form and char-
acteristics, it is none the less important and interesting to exercise our utmost
ingenuity in the effort to discover the times and modes of its operation, and
its relations to the other forces of Nature.

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.

AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY PROF, A. J. COOK, AT THE MEETING OF
THE SOCIETY HELD AT MONROE IN JUNE, 1875.

e

PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX. Sub Order Hemiptera. Family Aphide.

Of course, at this first meeting of our society, after the terrible winter just
past, which was unprecedented in its extreme and long-continued cold, the
burden of every story will be, “ What changes does the new regime necessitate
as to our varieties, method of cultivation, and efforts for protection.” Yet in
this discussion the grape, one of the glories of this whole Monroe region, and
which makes a lasting impress on the minds of every one who is so fortunate
as to yisit this beautiful city in autumn, will receive little space, or attention.
For safely buried beneath the reach of harm or danger, it may laugh at the
rude blast, and need not shiver, either with cold or fear, even if the mercury
freeze. We have long talked of the apple as the chief pride of the Michigan
pomologist, the fruit ever reliable, and of quality the best. But in view of
the trying ordeal of the past winter, does not this mantle of reliability at least
seem likely to fall to the grape. Besides this luscious fruit, the grape has in
our State no codling moth, no borer, no curculio, which as yet cause the
pomologist to look anxious. ‘To talk then, of aught relating to the grape, in
this favored region, and under such happy auspices, is indeed very gratifying.

But is the grape free from all danger? The appointment of the Phylloxera
Commission in France, and the offer of the princely reward of $60,000 for an
effectual remedy of this modern curse of France, Germany, and Italy, would
quickly answer the question for those countries. Does the same danger
threaten the destruction of our own vineyards? It is the province of
entomology to give answer. Entomology stated years ago that the terrible
locust of the west could never devastate regions others than immediately
bordering the mountains of Colorado, thus quieting the anxieties of Illinois,
Indiana, and Eastern Iowa and Missouri. How truly has time verified those
predictions! Entomology stated years ago just as to the course of the Colorado
Potato Beetle, and the statements as to its course and the time when it should
reach the Atlantic, have proved so correct as to make men marvel at the
prophetic power of science. Let this same science then recount the history,
natural history, and habits of this latest comer of the insect scourges to the
pomologist, that we may learn what is in store for our vineyards, that if free

342 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

from danger, we may work on encouraged to better effort, or, if threatened
with dire calamity, we may early prepare to battle with the foe, and if possible
vanquish it.

HISTORY.

The first account we have of this insect, which of late has caused so much
excitement, was that given by Dr. Fitch in 1866,—a very brief and incomplete
description, which appeared in his first report, p. 168. In his third report
appeared quite a full description of one form of this insect, but very far from
its full life history. 'This louse is found in two very different conditions,—one
on the leaf, in galls, the other on the roots, causing the roots to become swol-
len and diseased, and finally to die. Dr. Fitch only described the insect as
seen in the leaf galls, not knowing that the same insect existed in a different
form and dress on the roots, there to work untold mischief. Several American
authors afterward added to Dr. Fitch’s description to the leaf form. In fact,
no one even thought that the insect existed in any other form, till the Phyl-
loxera—a name applying to the disease which the inse uses, as well as the
insect—broke out in France some eight or ten years ge After many erron-
eous theories had been offered as to the cause of this new blight affecting the
vineyards so disastrously, Professor J. E. Planchon of Montpellier, France,
stated the true cause: the sapping of the vitality of the vines by a minute
plant-louse, which attacked the roots. A few months later, Professor J. OQ.
Westwood, a very distinguished entomologist of England, announced that he
had examined several root and gall or leaf lice, and that they seemed indentical.
Very soon after, M. J. Lichtenstein, a fellow-townsman of Professor Planchon,
suggested that the root louse causing such hayoc in France was the same in-
sect as that described by Dr. Fitch a half score years before; only of different
habits and in a different dress. In 1870, Professor C. V. Riley, State entomol-
ogists of Missouri, fully proved this identity, and in the following year visited
France to the better prosecute his inquiries. For his skill and energy in these
investigations, Professor Riley has received very flattering testimonials from
France, and has truly merited the gratitude of his own countrymen. The
present article is only in small part the result of my own researches, as I have
had very little opportunity to make investigations on this all important sub-
ject, but is chiefly gleaned from the work-shops of other entomologists, chiefly
Professor Riley, whose admirable reports, so full and complete, leave little to
be desired.

Professor Planchon visited our country during the past summer (1874), and
after very full investigations, he fully sustains Professor Riley in that the
Phylloxera is an American insect; that the leaf louse and root louse are but
different forms of the same insect, and other facts which will appear in the
sequel.

The insect has spread so rapidly in Europe, and the evil has become so por-
tentous, that it is attracting the attention of the ablest scientists, and scarcely
a meeting is held, ora scientific paper published, that there is not more or less
time and space occupied by this all-important subject.

Of course this exciting interest of our brothers over the water in a gift which
we have bequeathed to them, has excited a lively interest among ourselves, and
we shall see further on with what show of practical importance.

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA. 343

NATURAL HISTORY.

The generic name of this little devastator (Phylloxera) comes from the
Greek, and means “leaf-withering.”. The genus is characterized by haying
three-jointed antenne, the terminal joint much the longest (see t, fig. 2), and
the wings overlapping flat on the back in repose (see g. fig. 4).

It belongs to the sub-order Hemiptera, or to the bugs; but these are Homop-
serous, the wings not being thickened at the base, giving the appearance of
half-wings, like the squash bug, butare homogeneous throughout. In common
with all bugs, these are provided with a strong sucking beak (see a, fig. 2).

This insect belongs to the family Aphide, or plant-louse family, with near
affinities to the Coccide, or bark-louse family. Yet its resemblance to this lower
family is confined mostly to the larval state, and this early resemblance to
lower forms is, as first shown by the great and lamented Agassiz, true of all
animals.

TWO FORMS.

As already intimated, there are two distinct forms of this insect, which dif-
fer much in their appearance, and totally in their habits. These we shall
denote from the place where they respectively work, as the leaf form and the
root form.

THE LEAF FORM.

In early summer, soon after the leaves appear, the wee yellow lice, with
quite fully developed legs, antennz and
beak, commence to puncture the leaves.
Thus irritated, the leaf commences
<oom, at this point an excessive growth
ees downward, forming a cup-shaped cay-
mF ity, in which the louse is imprisoned,
neyer to escape. There is an open
eto? mouth to this cavity at first, but soon
® the edges close above the louse. These
S$? galls are quite large, and later in the
mee ~~ season as they become very abundant,
’&5~ can hardly fail to attract the atten-
tion eyen of the most unobserving
(see fig. 1). The lower side of the
leaf is covered with bunches, large as
a small pea, while the upper side has

* Fig. 1.—UNDER SIDE OF LEAF, eHowIxG Garis, Corresponding depressions.

These young lice (see a and 6 in fig. 2) grow rapidly, become dull orange,
and as they begin to develop,—these are all females,—they become broader and
seem more clumsy (see f, g, and h in fig. 2), from the fact that the legs, an-
tenn and beak do not keep pace with the growth of the other parts, and seem
quite abortive, though the tarsi (see 7 in jig. 2)—a name given to the last
joints of the feet of insects—are now two-jointed, where as before they were
but single-jointed. Thus shut out from the gaze of all intrusive observers, the
mother louse has a rare chance to concoct mischief, which she is not loath to
improve, as is clearly indicated in the significant fact that she is soon sur-

*The cuts illustrating this article are from the ekillful and accurate pencil of Prof. C. Y. Riley, State En-
temologist of Missouri.

O44 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

rounded by several hundred eggs
(see d in fig. 2). These eggs, like
the young or larval lice, are of a
bright yellow hue. In about a
week the eggs hatch, when there
commences a repetition of all that
isnarrated above. This continues
for several generations. There
may be as many as six broods in
a year.

As fall comes on with its chill
and cold, the lice seem to betake
themselves to the roots. Yet, it ;
is possible that some of them pass
the winter in the galls of the
ae ee es: Benes Fig. 2.— aand 6, larve as seen from below and

As yet there have been no males ahove:¢, egg; d, gall; e, enlarged tendrils; f,g and
discovered among these leaf forms, h, imago gall, louse from side, above and below; ¢,
nor do any of them possess wings. antenne ; 7, tarsus—side marks show true size.
Another peculiarity, which also applies to the root form, they are all oviparous,
—that is, the eggs are first deposited and then hatch as is the case with our
birds and fowls. Nearly all of the aphide or plant-lice are oviparous, that is,
the hatching takes place within the parent louse, and the young come forth
alive.

It would seem from the facts stated above, that these lice would become in-
finite in numbers, even ina single season, and so they would were it not for
natural enemies. Other insects destroy hosts of them, while a species of mil-
dew (Botrytus veticola, Berkeley) seems to attack and destroy many, especially
late in the season. As this is a species of fungi, I presume it will receive gen-
eral attention at the hands of my colleague, Prof. Beal, who is to instruct us
as to these lower forms of plant life.

As these gall-making, leaf forms are always apterous, without wings, agamic,
or produce young without males, or appear to be so, from our present knowl-
edge, they seem an intermediate stage of cycle development. Plant lice usu-
ally produce males and females in autumn, which mate, and from the eggs
which those females produce come forth usually apterous agamic females, only
which produce usually ovoviviparous females, and these the same, till autumn.
Hence it seems probable that these leaf forms are the intermediate forms of
this phylloxera. Only these are exceptions to the usual law of being ovov-
viparous.

A very noteworthy and important fact in this connection is that these leaf
forms seem to discriminate in the varieties which they attack. They seem to
prefer the Clinton, Taylor, and other closely allied varieties, which seem to
have come from the river-bank species (Vitis riparia). Furthermore, it is a
gratifying fact that these leaf forms, in their role of gall producers, do but
slight harm.

Prof. Riley at first thought this form a necessary element in the cycle of
development. But further investigations have convinced him that they are
not necessary, but rather an accidental dimorphic form, depending, may be,
on the variety of grapes, and perhaps somewhat upon the compactness of the
soil about the vines.

The presence of these galls on the leaves of herbarium specimens collected

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA. 345

many years ago show that this form has long worked on the leaves of some of
our native plants.

ROOT FORMS,

od The root forms, when they first
= -3 hatch (see } in fig. 3), are not to be

wag distinguished from those of like

fo) age from the galls, so it is quite
j «likely that they may come from not
only the eggs of the root lice, but
also from the late hatched gall lice,
as it has already been stated that
ythe last of the leaf lice hybernate
¥ on the roots, and quite likely some
of the young gall lice pass to the
+ roots during the season. Butsoon

) the root forms become greenish yel-
> “low and covered with warts or tu-
bercles (seee,f,and g in fig.8) which
, serve very easily to distinguish

Fig. 3.—a, diseased roots ; b, larva louse; ec, an- these underground species from
tenna ; d, leg; e, f,and g, imago rout lice ; 4, gran- those which attack the leaves. That
etn rea Tcle. in this underground abode, im-
mured in total darkness, with very different food, these insects should develop
some unimportant differences, does not surprise the entomoiogist, who has
learned to expect such marvels, for still greater changes sometimes occur. As
is well known, the queen and worker bees start from eggs exactly similar, but
a more roomy palace and a copious supply of royal jelly induces such a devel-
opment in the queen as would serve to so mislead the uninitiated, that they
would readily mistake her for an entirely different species.

As is common with plant lice some of these root lice remain much like the
larve or young lice in form, though becoming a little more swollen, especially
in front (see f in fig. 3), never acquire wings, and spend their lives for the
most part in laying eggs, each insect laying to the number of two or three
hundred. Others remain oval, acquire wing stubs (see e and fin fig. 4), and
finally very ample wings (see g and h in fig. 4). These are of a brighter yellow
than the aplerows root-lice, and before moulting their last skins these winged
forms come up from the earth, an‘l then asif to show that the warts were marks
only appropriate in darkness and dirt, unfit for the light, the body is entirely
rid of its tubercles. These winged lice, though most abundant in late summer
and early autumn, may be seen from early July till growth of the vine ceases.

The large majority of these winged lice (see g and h in fig. 4) are of large size,
and are also agamic females, the eggs being easily discerned in the transparent
body. The eggs are few. The smaller seem the same except that they are
abortive. Something like worker bees. Their bodies are very short.

These winged individuals, small as they are, can by use of their ample wings
and the wind make extended journeys. No one who has collected small
insects, thus having occasion to study and observe their habits, can for a
moment doubt this ability. Prof. Riley has seen them dart forth with great
swiftness, upon being released from confinement, while in France they have
been frequently observed, entrapped in spider webs. The peculiar office then
of these winged forms, which always appear in the annual cycle of deyvelop-

346 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ou
U,
Wi
In
f

(Accom ites

seve

Acidbise=

===

adel

AiWinaacd

|

(n=
i |!
‘\{

aC
:

me

tT

Eg. 4.—a, healthy root; 4, root on which the lice are at work; c, deserted root where
decay has commenced ; d, lice on large roots; e and f, pupe; g and /, imagos with wings ;
z, antenna of same; j, wingless female on roots depositing ; %, section of root.
ment, would seem to be to scatter mischief. Without these the lice would
seldom spread to other vineyards; with them dispersion is easy and wide spread.

These winged agamic females deposit their eggs on the
vines, and from these eggs, which are of two sizes, come
the true sexual individuals, the females from the larger,
and the males (see jig. 5) from the smaller. After pairing
these true females lay a single egg and perish. Here the
cycle is complete. From this single egg hatches a very
prolific agamic female, which may remain on the leaves,
though more generally she betakes herself to the roots.
“We see that the individuals keep getting less and less
prolific from the first agamic female to the sexual forms
which lay but a single egg.

We see then that the species is continued through the
! winter either as eggs on the roots,—or possibly on the
Fig. 5.—Mate. vines,—or as young or larval lice, domiciled on the

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA. 347

roots, some from the single eggs laid by the true females, others from eggs
deposited by the apterous agamic root lice, while still others immigrated
from verdant homes among the leaves, seeking these underground abodes
that they may be free from the perils of winter’s storms. Speaking of
these young lice, and their habits in spring, Prof. Riley says: “ All, so far as
I have seen, become agamic mothers and assume the degraded form,”—
wingless root form already described-—“ one generation of the mother form fol-
lows another,—fertility increasing with the increasing heat and luxuriance of
the summer,—until at last the third and fourth has been reached, before the
winged lice make their appearance, in the latter part of June or early in July.”

These root forms seem no less discriminating than the leaf forms, as they at-
tack certain varieties of grapes, leaving other varieties almost entirely alone.
Those varieties which seem the most susceptible are the foreign grapes, varieties
which have sprung from the species Vitis vinifera. Those which seem exempt
from the leaf forms are unable to sustain the ravages of the root forms, and
utterly perish in two or three years after they are attacked. The first year only
the small roots are affected; these become covered late in the seasons with
nodosities or swellings. ‘The second year these die,and the main roots present
a similar appearance, consequent upon being punctured,—the leaves look yel-
Jow,—while the third year frequently witnesses decay of the main roots and
death of the vines. Of vines grown in our own State, the Catawba and Iona
seem most susceptible to attack from the root lice.

With the exception of the Iona, Diana, and Delaware, all the varieties recom-
mended by this society resist pretty well, as does the Norton’s Virginia, which
is considerably grown about this place.

It will be seen that these root forms are not like the leaf forms, compara-
tively harmless, but are exceeding harmful, and unless they can be checked,
either by nature or art, bid fair to exterminate one of the most important in-
dustries, or at least change it materially by effecting a wholesale change of
varieties in those regions where this industry assumes the greatest proportions
and highest importance.

It may be asked why it is, if the above statements are correct, that Europe
has so long been exempt from this terrible scourge. I answer, for the same
reason that the Rape butterfly, the currant slug, and the more noted Colorado
potato beetle, have not been injurious to our interests at an earlier date, or
this same grape pest detrimental to the grape interest of our own California,
where foreign grapes are grown with a success unsurpassed, simply because
they were an importation from our own country, and had not been earlier in-
troduced. Had entomological science been fostered instead of derided, the
full history of the Phylloxera might have been earlier discovered, and by the
caution which knowledge would have induced, one of the most serious plagues
the world has yet seen might have been held at bay, and property of untold
value saved to the world. It yet remains to be seen whether wisdom will pre-
vail, and our own golden shores of the west saved from a like calamity. To
any of us who have been so favored as to behold the magnificent vineyards of
Los Angelos, Santa Clara, and Sonoma, the above question comes with telling
force and significance.

It may have occurred to some of you to ask, why it is that this insect, which
ig so great a plague in Europe, has not worked similar injury to American
grape culture, having, as before stated, co-existed in our country with the
grape perhaps from the first. T’o answer with absolute correctness would be
impossible.

348 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Several very probable reasons appear to offer quick solution to this seeming
enigma. All insects are held in check by natural enemies. Were this not the
case, their astounding fecundity would soon banish all other life from the
globe. Now, remove any insect to a new region, and for a time it will be com-
paratively free from molestation. It will take time,—often long years,—to
develop enemies that will seek it out, and seriously interfere with its prosper-
ity. The Hessian fly, long known, yet little dreaded in Europe, was introduced
into America at the time of the revolution, and I need not to tell you of the
fearful havoc wrought by this tiny insect during the first years after its intro-
duction among us. With the increase of its enemies, some of which were very
like also imported, it has become powerless to excite our fear, or even anxiety.
The Rape butterfly, introduced from England in 1859, worked immense dam-
age at first, but recent reports say that a parasite bids fair to cut short its
terrible work of destruction, so that in all probability it will soon be no more
dreaded here than in the land of its nativity.

So too of the Phylloxera, very likely it has enemies here, that lessens its
numbers and harm, whereas in France it works its destruction all undisturbed.
‘That time may develop its enemies abroad is probable, so that it would be safe
to predict that time would bring a diminutien of the evil to our transatlantic
friends.

Again Darwinism, or the doctrine of natural selection, would induce such
‘hardiness in our native varieties as would successfully resist the attack of such
constant foes. And in the struggle for life, only those varieties, or bitter
species would be preserved, which through some obnoxious flavor were free
from attack. Varieties too, which the skill of man had obtained from these
native species, would be more certain to resist the blighting effects of the root
form of the Phylloxera, and very likely this fact, together with man’s selection
from these variet.es, cultivating only the hardy ones, which probably owed this
desirable quality to some peculiarity which exempted them from these fatal
‘sappers, Is probably what has freed us from one of the worst of the modern
pests of the pomologist.

ABE WE IN DANGER?

In view of the fact that the Phylloxera is an old resident among us, and that
grape-growing has been unattended with any serious calamity all these years,
I think it safe to predict that the vine-dresser may possess his soul in peace,
and work on with the best of hope and courage, and all well seasoned with
gratitude that, partly through the aid of natural enemies of the Phylloxera
vastatriz, and partly because of hardy varieties, he is saved from a scourge that
seems to know no moderation in its withering work, which, if unchecked, bids
fair to ruin the vintage of the long famous “ vine-clad hills of Europe.” Should
the Iona, Catawba and Delaware prove unprofitable because of this pestiferous
louse, we can try what is now being extensively tried in Europe—graft them
on to such stocks as the Oporto, Concord and Clinton, which resist so well.
‘Though this prac*ice is regarded hopefully in Europe, and by many here, still
Mr. Addison Kelley, who has had some experience, has, he writes me, little
faith in its efficacy. I would earnestly urge such experiments on the islands,
and at Point aux Peaux. [Since writing the above, I have visited Kelley’s
Asland and witnessed the terrible havoc wrought by these lice to the Catawba,
Delaware and Iona grapes, yet see no reason to doubt the beneficial effects of
.gtafting these varieties on more hardy stocks.] Should this prove unsatisfac-
‘tory, either from failing to rid us of this pest or from producing grapes of

GRAPE PHYLLOXERA. 349’

undesirable flavor, we may discard these varieties entirely, and still be rich in
varieties, so long as we have the Concord, the Hartford Prolific, the Israella,
Rogers No. 4 (Wilder), No. 9 (Lindly), No. 22 (Salem), and No. 15 (Agawam),
all of which seem to resist the Phylloxera very well,and the attendant evils of
mildew and late ripening of fruit, with a bright prospect of obtaining still
other and more desirable varieties by skillful crossing and selecting from those
which have proved insect-proof. Yet it behooves us all to look into this mat-
ter of the Phylloxera, for very likely much of our ill success with certain varie-
ties has been owing to a cause of which we had no knowledge, or even suspi-
cion.

Yet in our sister State of the far west,—California,—of which we are all so
justly proud, where foreign grapes are so extensively and successfully grown,
the danger is obvious and threatening. Isolated as she is, and protected by
such lines of mighty earthworks as the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountuins,
and by 6,000 miles of unbroken ocean, whose untiring surges are ever speak-
ing to those golden shores of warmth and safety, she has heretofore been free
from not only the grape scourge, but scores of other insect ills which her less
fortunate sisters of the east have to endure. But unmixed good seldom comes
to us; and California, though she will reap great benefit by the breaking down
of those high walls of isolation through the skill of the engineer and the
energy of commercial enterprise, will the sooner become a prey to the vast
horde of insects which, from the Eastern States, Europe, and the Celestial
Empire, are eager to slip in and possess so fair an empire. Already there is
some evidence of the presence of the Phylloxera in those magnificent vine-
yards that reach far up the hill-slopes of the Sonoma and Napa valleys. What
State can so illy afford to neglect entomology? During a three years’ resi-
dence in that State I saw hardly the mark of.an insect in any of her many
and varied fruits,—a state of things which can only be perpetuated by calling
in the aid of entomology.

REMEDIES.

The only remedy which has so far proved effectual, despite the efforts of all
scientific Europe, impelled by the stupendous interests involved and the largest
prize ever offered for a like object, is that of flooding the land. It is found
that submersion for thirty or forty days after the season’s growth has subsided
is absolute extermination to the lice of the vineyard and no injury to the vines.
This will lessen the gloom for California, as her irrigating arrangements will
afford excellent facilities for submersion.

Bisulphide of carbon, so useful in protecting our zoological museums from
insect pests, has also been tried with some success as a destroyer of the grape
phylloxera. To use it, holes are punched into the earth, the fluid turned in,
and then the holes filled up with earth. The gaseous emanations from this
very volatile substance penetrating the earth destroys the lice and not the vines.
Yet this substance, which at first gave great hope to the sufferers, is not found
a practical remedy. It is too costly, too difficult of application, not sufficiently
effective, and unsafe as a general preventive from its exceedingly explosive
nature.

In the number for May 15 of that admirable English journal of horticulture,
The Garden, it isstated that Prof. Dumas has found sulphuric carbonate of pot-
ash (K S C 8’) an excellent remedy for this terrible pest. Itis just sprinkled
on the ground in form of powder, and the solution carried by means of rain

350 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to the roots is said to effect the desired object. From the character of the
compound (all potash compounds seem valuable) it would appear that this
would be an aid in the wished-for extermination. I see by the late French
journals that such men as Milne-Kdwards, Duchartre, Blanchard, and Pasteur
have experimented with the above with complete success, yet it is to be feared
that inability to make any such applications sufficiently general, will ever pre-
clude their effectiveness as practical remedies. Yet judging from all past
human history, we must believe that a remedy wholly practical must one day
be found, for has not human ability ever proved commensurate with human
needs ?

We see, then, that the question is answered. That notwithstanding the ter-
rible Phylloxera, so ruinous in sunny France and genial Italy, is a native
among us, yet we may hope and expect to sit under our own vine and partake
of the richest treasures of the vintage, and though the storm king descend in
still more wrathful mood among us, we still may expect to possess one fruit,
and that, too, the peer of any in its healthfulness, varied uses, and delicious
flavor.

THE OLD PEAR TREES. AND APPEE
PREES OF MONROE:

A PAPER READ BEFORE THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT MONROE,
JUNE 30TH, BY EDWIN WILLITS, ESQ.

GENTLEMEN AND Lapies: The committee assigned to me the subiect of
the old pear and apple trees of Monroe. There was no suggestion as to how
the subject should be treated, whether historically, botanically, or pomologi-
cally. If the latter alone, I assume they would haye selected some other per-
son more fitted for the task, as we do not lack those who could give the
requisite information in more scientific phrases, or with more appropriate
terms than myself. But as I have been more noted for the interest I have mani-
fested in the history of the good old time that, like distance, “lends enchant-
ment to the view,” I assume I was to have full scope, with liberty to range
where I would, and glean what I might think would be of interest, leaving the
botanical and pomological facts to take care of themselves. If there should be
any such worthy of record in the archives of the society, I will glean them
out, and furnish an abstract thereof for the secretary. As it is, I desire to say
what Ido in good faith, and not for the purpose of using this occasion for
the glorification of this goodly region that resounded to the revelry of a happy
people when the Genesee valley was a wilderness and the beautiful lake region
of New York the home of the savage and his prey. At least, on this subject,
I feel as did Roscommon when he said:

“T pity from my soul unhappy men,
Compelled by want to prostitute the pen,

Who must, like lawyers, either starve or plead,
And follow, right or wrong, where guineas lead.”’

THE ORIGIN OF THE OLD PEAR TREES.

Of course the first consideration to be regarded, is the origin and pedigree,
as it were, of these old trees. No person living saw them planted. Four gen-
erations have been partakers of their fruits, but no one can tell from his own
knowledge of their origin.

THREE SEEDS FROM FRANCE.

I addressed myself to the investigation of the subject, and the first person
to whom I addressed my inquiries, was the son of a man now living in his

352 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

104th year. He told me those pear trees were raised from the seed ; that three
seeds were brought from France in a French emiyre’s vest pocket. “Three
seeds,” I asked,—‘“ are you sure that was the number?” He replied that it was
so reported to him. I thought it plausible, that all these generations of pear
trees might have sprung from those three seeds; for, it will be recollected,
that in the genealogy of nearly every old family in America, three brothers
invariably came over the ocean together, and why not believe this of our pear
trees? At least there was nothing inconsistent with this theory, except, as
often happens to well digested theories, the facts in the case.

The truth is that the pioneer pear trees of Monroe came from the banks of
Detroit River.

FRANCIS NAVARRE.

About the year that Wolfe scaled the heights of Abrahain, and on the ram-
parts of Quebec gave his life for old England and her colonies in America,
and by such sacrifice redeemed the continent from the sway of France, about
the year 1759, was born on the banks of Detroit river one Francis Navarre.
He was the grandson of a Francis Navarre who had been a soldier in the
French army stationed at Quebec, where he served out his time, when that
place was a French fort, some forty years before Montcalm lost it. Old Fran-
cis Navarre, led by the spirit of adventure, and the companionship of many
comrades of like sentiments, coasted along the lakes in his dug-out canoe, till
he came to the straits, “ D’Ztrow,”’ as they called them; but we have so
anglicized the name that it has lost its original significance. There he found
a fur-trading station, a French military post, a missionary center anda few
settlers,—old soldiers who had taken up lands and turned their spears into
pruning hooks.

Francis Navarre was an educated man and at one time was the scrivener
for this little colony on the outposts of civilization. At the time he came to
the straits, a single pear tree, which in 1805 was said to be 100 years old,
stood within the pickets with which the town was surrounded, where now
commerce and capital thrive and the hum of a busy industry makes vocal the
impulse of teeming thousands; and there it stood till it fell before the
rapacious growth of the metropolis.

TWENTY YEARS ONWARD.

From this tree Francis Navarre, when he had selected his claim fronting the
straits, transplanted two sprouts in his yard; and when this grandson first saw
the light they had grown to be a foot in diameter.

Twenty years passed away, and with them had grown up a race of sturdy
young Frenchmen who in their turn were to found new homes. They had
much of the same spirit of their ancestors, the same vivacity, the same fond-
ness for the dance, and the same light-hearted, chivalric nature. “The Straits”
were occupied on both sides—what is now Canada and what is Michigan. The
farms with their whitewashed houses along the river, stretched in narrow
strips miles away into the wilderness, as may now be seen along the St. Law-
rence. ‘l'o be away from the river,—to have a home out of sight of its * glit-
tering sheen,” was not to be thought of. Still a new generation was to be pre-
vided for. Where was it to go?

THE FRENCH “VOYAGEURS.”

In the three-quarters of a century that had elapsed since the settlement of
Detroit, we can easily conceive that these French “ voyagewrs” who had coasted

THE OLD PEAR TREES, ETC., OF MONROE. 053

the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, had carried their canoes around the Niag-
ara, launched them in the waters of Lake Erie, and had followed its shores
until the delightful “straits” came to their gladdened sight,—we can well
imagine, I say, that these hardy “voyageurs” had not failed to explore every
nook and outlet of the vast waters their enterprise had made known to the
world.

THE RAISIN VALLEY.

From all accounts, in all their explorations no fairer spot was found than
the region we possess this day. They had explored the Raisin valley. In their
canoes they had left their homes on the straits, come down past Grosse Isle,
across the head of the lake to Pointe de Peaux (Point of Furs), thence around
Pointe de Roches (Stony Point) into a beautiful bay, thence across the bay to
the mouth of a river. Ascending the river amid the wild rice for two miles,
passing islands of the most luxuriant verdure, crowned with a mantle of grape
vine, they came to where the rich bottom land yielded to high and sloping
banks. As they rounded the bend near where the railroad bridge now stands,
I can well imagine the beautiful scene before them. For centuries the Indians
had made their camp fires on the banks of the river. At intervals the under-
growth had been destroyed and the grassy slopes beneath the groves of black
walnut, elm, and maple were as inviting as the most artistic park designed by
the landscape gardener. At intervals the wild, unbroken forest came to the
water’s edge, and cast the shade of giant trees into the river, and everywhere,
in the wild-wood, and in the glade, on the river’s edge, and as far away under
the overarching trees as the eye could see, was a wealth of grape vines. Every-
where hung clusters of rich purple fruit,—everywhere with a wild luxuriance
that far surpassed the stories their fathers had told of the vineyards of sunny
France. Within the present century, from a point near the foot of the street
on which this building stands to where the mill-dam has been placed, a man
now living walked and climbed the whole distance, over 80 rods, on grape vines,
climbing from tree to tree, without touching the ground. No wonder these
warm-hearted, enthusiastic “voyageurs,” as they paddled along up the river,
cried out “Le raisin !” “Le raisin !” (the grape, the grape), and that they then
named the beautiful river “La Riviere au Raisin.”

‘LA RIVIERE AU RAISIN.”

Below this spot and about where the largest pear trees stand, was a glade ol
perhaps 100 rods in extent. Across the river, between the two bridges, was
another. Lower down, on the north side, on the swell of ground which the
railroad bridge bisects, was another. In which of these glades the first party
made their camp, tradition has not informed us; but that the party carried
back to “ the straits” such an account of the beauties of La Riviere au Raisin
that other parties coveted the sight, I have no doubt. Even “ the straits,” in
the plenitude of their beauty, could scarcely rival this little nook where nature
had made a very “ Acadie.”

THE NAVARRE PURCHASE.

No wonder, then, when the young Navarre, at the age of twenty, began to
seek a place to build his home, looked with longing eyes to the Raisin, and
thought to possess one of the glades on its banks for his dwelling place. The
land was then in the possession of the Potawatamie Indians. From the time
when old Francis Navarre was scrivener at the picketed post at “the straits”

45

ao4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

till his grandson began to put on the garb of manhood, the Navarre family had
great influence with the Indians. Negotiations were begun, by which young
Navarre was to have the title to all the south bank from the present position
of the mill dam down to a point below the Canada Southern railroad, and sub-
sequently he had a deed for the most of it, signed by five chiefs. His son,
Robert I’. Navarre, who, now eighty-four years of age, born under the pear
trees, is now living two miles nearly south of them, says his father has repeat-
edly shown him where the posts stood which marked the boundaries of this
Indian purchase.

THE SEVEN PIONEER PEAR TREES.

Here, then, Navarre came in 1780, and built his first cabin on the banks of
the stream. Here, then, he planted his pear trees in the same year. He
brought seven sprouts, the size of his finger, in his hands on horseback from
“ the straits.” These sprouts came from the two old trees on his father’s and
grandfather’s claim, which were, as I have stated before, sprouted from the old
pioneer pear tree, that stood within the pickets, and which may have grown
from one of the three seeds brought across the ocean in a Frenchman’s vest
pocket. From these seven pear trees have descended all or nearly all of the
French pear trees of the county. Others were obtained at Detroit, but their
quality not proving equal to Navarre’s, were considered of not much account,
and a ready market was found for these at three dollars each sprout.

THREE NOW LIVING.

Of the seven pear trees set out in 1780, three are now living. Since I set-
tled in Monroe, nineteen years ago, two have died. They died, as many a
strong man now dies, suddenly and without apparent cause. The season be-
fore their death, it was estimated one bore over forty bushels of pears. They
have always been prolific bearers, every year laden with their golden harvest.

THE LARGEST

now standing is twelve feet six inches in circumference six inches from the
ground,—ten feet seven inches, one foot from the ground; and at its smallest
part ten feet in circnmference. Four and one-half feet from the ground the
trunk separates into two branches, at which point it is eleven feet one inch
around. ‘The two limbs aggregate thirteen feet eight inches. Nine years age
I measured the same tree. At its smallest part it measured nine feet six
inches, and the limbs aggregated twelve feet six inches, showing a growth in
the nine years of six inches girth of the body, and one foot two inches of the
limbs.

The tallest tree now standing is sixty-seven feet, or, to be exact, sixty-six
feet ten inches in height.

THE SETTLEMENT OF 17st.

In 1784 a large colony from Detroit settled on the Raisin; and in time the
river for ten or twelve miles was settled, so that as the farms were narrow and
the houses built on its banks, it was a continuous village on both sides.
Around each house was a pear and apple orchard. It is interesting, in reading
over the evidence upon which the United States confirmed the titles to these
French settlers, to find the unanimity with which it is testified that a Navarre,
a LaSalle, a Jerome, or a Robert, settled and occupied their land and planted
an orchard before 1796, the date fixed by the act of Congress, from which

THE OLD PEAR TREES, ETC., OF MONROE. 355

possessory rights were to constitute title. As in the olden time, he that
builded a house must needs plant a vineyard, so here, no homestead was com-
plete without its orchard of apples and pears. Vineyards they need not plant,
as grapes were indigenous to the soil.

FOUR EPOCHS.

I find that there are four distinct and well marked epochs,—we will not call
them generations,—of these apple and pear trees. By a careful examination
and measurement of them we can almost place the trees in their appropriate
epochs. As in the old Knickerbocker times spoken of by Washington Irving,
the good nature and hospitality of the Dutch “ vrows” were somewhat com-
mensurate with the amplitude of their waists, and the acumen and profundity
of the men were somewhat in proportion to their corporeal magnitude; so the
importance and value of these old trees consist largely in what they may
measure.

The ayerage measure will nearly indicate the epoch in which they were
planted. ‘These epochs were as follows:

First, The year 1780, when the Navarre trees were planted ;

Second, The period from about 1798 to just before the war of 1812;

Third, 'The period from just after the war, 1816 to 1820;

Fourth, From 1830 to about 1840 ;

Fifth, From about 1844 down to the present time; but as the last are of the
modern, grafted kinds, they do not come within the scope of the present
article

THE FIRST EPOCH

Substantially, as I have stated before, the pioneers were the Navarre trees.
It is true, some had been brought from Detroit prior to 1800, and planted in
other orchards, but they had not succeeded. Among them were the trees on
the Labadie claim at “* La Plaisance,” brought from the Labadie farm adjoining
the Navarre homestead at “the straits,” but subsequently, as soon as it was
found that the Navarre fruit was preferable, sprouts from the latter were sub-
stituted. One singular circumstance is, that all these trees came from the
sprouts, not from seeds. Whether experience had demonstrated that seed
plants were a faiiure or not, I have not been able to determine. I have learned
from Robert I. Navarre that these trees, when young, sent out many sprouts
from the roots.

THE SECOND EPOCH.

Among the trees that may be classed in the second epoch, from 1798 to 1810,
are those planted in 1798 on the Jacques and Isidore Navarre farms. The pear
tree now standing in Mr. Swop’s yard, on the Isidore Navarre farm, set out in
1798, measures seven feet ten inches, and is partially dead, but bore eleven
bushels of pears year before Jast. Two trees standing on what was formerly
the Jacques Navarre farm, just at the Lake Shore Junction, were set out two
years before Jacques, a younger brother of Francis Navarre, erected his cabin.
In the chimney of the old house was a stone marked 1800, indicating the year
when it was built. This correctly places these trees in the second epoch.
They measure seven feet six inches and six feet four inches respectively.

On the Joseph Robert farm, just below the Canada Southern depot, stand
six pear trees and four apple trees, set out about 1802. The pear trees measure
from five feet six inches to seyen feet in circumference. The apple trees
measure six feet, seven feet, six feet seven inches, and nine feet two inches, re-
spectively.

2

006 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Labadie orchard has been substantially destroyed by the encroaching
waters of Lake Erie.

THE THIRD EPOCH.

Among the trees planted in the third epoch,—that is, after the war of 1812,
on the return of the fugitives to their old homes and the ingress of settlers,—
were those now standing in Judge Warner Wing’s garden and I. E. Ilgenfritz’s
lot, just opposite, planted in 1816 by Col. Anderson, who, about that time,
built his store, which is now standing just opposite Judge Wing’s residence.
These pear trees were brought from the Labadie farm, now submerged. It is
supposed the large pear tree in Judge 'T. EK. Wing’s yard was planted about the
same time, as that was Col. Anderson’s residence after the war; but it may have
been planted by him before the war, as he was a resident here at that time. In
the same epoch may be classed the large pear trees on the old Downing place.
So far as size is concerned, they would indicate an older life, as they measure
eight feet four inches and six feet eight inches; but as they were set out by
Stephen Downing, it must have been after the war. They have been constant
and full bearers. Some eighteen or twenty years ago they seemed to be dying,
but by a mere accident were saved, as it is supposed. Mr. Downing’s people
were in the habit of making ice cream frequently under them, and the salt used
in making it was thrown out on the ground; this salt seems to have renewed
their life, as they immediately became vigorous. On the Ives place are two
pear trees belonging to the same epoch, set out by Jacques LaSalle. They
measure six feet six inches and six feet four inches, respectively. Belonging
to the same epoch were the trees set out on the Caldwell farm, some four miles
up the river; also the tree in Mrs. Dr. Conant’s yard, and the two on the farm
of L. La Fountain, Esq.

THE FOURTH EPOCH.

Among those of the fourth epoch is the tree in the Macumb Street House
yard,—those in the yards of Victor Vincent, Gen. Spalding, and many others
in different parts of the city. The average size of them is about five and one-
half feet in circumference. They are vigorous and prolific bearers. One—set
out by Thomas Clark, Esq., in 1837,—needs particular mention, as being a
grafted tree. It was procured from Norris Wadsworth, who then owned the
Ives’ place. It was grafted from scions obtained in Connecticut. Lt bore the
next year after it was set out, and has borne every year since. It is called the
Early Catharine, and ripens in early August.

THE OLD APPLE TREES.

T have a few notes not yet disposed of in reference to the old apple trees.
On the farm of 8. M. Bartlett, Esq., some five miles south of this city, are
standing a few old apple trees, which, apparently, are of great age. One of
their companion trees was blown over by a gale June 9, 1835. It was sound
to the core. It was sawed off about the usual stump hight, where it was two
feet nine and a half inches in diameter. Mr. Bartlett counted 85 concentric
rings, indicating an age, at that time, of 85 years; hence, at the present time,
its companions must be 125 years old. To the question, whether the trees
seem to have been set out in orchard fashion, he replied: “No; at least no
more than the millers, which were two in a row, but never three.” ‘They were
manifestly of Indian planting.

EIGHTY YEARS OLD.
n the farm now owned by George Wakefield, some seven miles up the river,

THE OLD PEAR TREES, ETC., OF MONROE. 257

is a tree evidently set out some 80 years ago, as the evidence showed that there
was an orchard there prior to 1796. It is seven feet eight inches in circum fer-
ence, with an aggregate of limbs 19 feet 6 inches, and has an immense top,
being 50 feet in diameter. In 18735 this tree bore 35 bushels of apples. It is
52 feet high.

A REMARKABLE TREE.

In the orchard of B. Dansard, Esq., by the former residence of Gov. McClel-
land, is an apple tree which is well worth seeing, and whose history is of some
moment. It is ten feet in circumference six inches from the ground, and nine
feet six inches four feet from the ground. There are four branches, which
aggregate sixteen feet four inches in circumference. It was set out as early as
1781 or 1782, heace is over 90 years old. Robert F. Navarre well recollects as
among his earliest memories, that there were at that place four or five trees,
then some nine or ten inches in diameter, and apparently the same size of his
father’s, which were as old as the Navarre pear trees. This tree is as sound
and as full of life to-day, apparently, as it ever was, and bears from fifteen to
twenty-five bushels of fruitevery year. In 1841 Gov. McClelland had it grafted
by KE. H. Reynolds, Esq., of this place, to Rhode Island greenings. Mr. Rey-
nolds set some three hundred scions in it. All things considered, it is the
most remarkable tree on the Raisin, taking into account its age, vigor, and the
remarkable vitality which has enabled it to carry such an amount of grafts in
its hale old age. ‘Two years ago Mr. Dansard trimmed off some of the decayed
limbs; they cut up into more than a cord of wood.

SIXTY YEARS OLD.

In the yard of Thomas Clark is an old apple tree, set out by Jacques Lasalle
some sixty years ago. It is supposed that this and its companions were brought
from Montreal, but of this I have my doubts, as it is manifest “the straits”
had an abundant supply. A companion tree died a few years ago, but the
year before its death bore seventy bushels of apples.

A YOUNG AND OLD ORCHARD.

In Judge Warner Wing’s lot, as also in the lot of B. Dansard, stand several
trees, set out in 1804 by Dr. Joseph Dozette. They are in prime condition.
They range from five feet six inches to six feet eight inches in circumference.
Their vigor is all the more wonderful, if it be true, as seems to be well authen-
ticated, that the doctor, following a whim as astonishing to the old French
settlers as to our modern horticulturists, cut off the roots, made a hole in the
ground with a pointed stick, and drove the trees in, insisting that that was
the way to set out trees. At any rate he succeeded in making good trees, how-
ever he may have set them out. This orchard, including, as it did, the lots
now owned by Judge Wing and Messrs. Dansard and Iigenfritz, will now show
you what is a rare sight, namely: trees of all ages, from nearly 100 years old
down to 10 years’ growth, all in vigorous health and bearing. You will there
see to-day the trees of all the ages and epochsI have spoken of,—those of 1780,
of 1804, of 1816, of 1830, of 1840, and of the present generation. As one tree
died, another one has been substituted.

SOME REFLECTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS.

This orchard may perhaps be made the basis of a remark I desire to make,
as a conclusion [ have come to, in my researches. This orchard seems to have
always belonged to parties who have taken care of their trees. If the same
care had been taken of the other old orchards as has been of this, ninety-year-

358 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

old trees in a healthy, productive condition would have been found now in ten-
fold numbers. Many of our old trees have for thirty or forty years been left
at commons, or allowed to grow as they might, in neglect, partly from the fact
that better fruit had been introduced, and that it would be cheaper to raise a
new tree than to graft an old one. It is my deliberate opinion that, with such
care as we now give to our orchards, these trees at 100 years of age would have
been as productive as at any time of their life. How much of this vitality is to
be ascribed to the soil and how much to the quality of the fruit, it is not in my
province to determine. But while it is doubtless true that their longevity is
not to be ascribed to the soil alone (though it is largely due to that, as I shall
suggest hereafter), much of it should be charged to constitutional vitality ;
and it may be that our modern improved kinds will not make such a good
record of life.

Our imported fruit may have a value more from the very name,—like that of
the leg of the Irish captain mentioned by General Sherman in his Memoirs.
The gallant captain had been so badly wounded that the surgeons talked seri-
ously of amputation. Against this the captain protested loudly, for the reason
that it would be a shame to cut off the leg; that it was a very valuable leg,
being an imported one. So our fruit in these days may have an tmported flavor,
but at the expense of a shattered constitution.

THE FORCING PROCESS.

A motto of the olden time was to plant an orchard for your children to
enjoy, not expecting to gather much yourself. In our times the generation of
our fruit tree rarely exceeds that of man. Is it true that the forcing process
of our times conflicts with the natural laws of life? Is fast growth in a tree,
like fast living in a man, the sure prelude to early decrepitude? Is it true
that the choicest flavor is acquired at the sacrifice of the life of the tree?
How is it, that often in an orchard you see, on the last decaying branch, an
apple, the last gift of expiring nature, that rivals the renowned golden apples
of the Hesperides, as beautiful and as fleeting as the hectic glow on the cheek
of dying beauty? As I have said before, is it not possible that we are getting
quality at the expense of constitution ? ButI leave that question to be settled
by those of you who are better fitted to discuss the subject than myself.

GOOD CONSTITUTIONS.

Of this, at least, I am assured; the old apple trees and pear trees of the
Raisin had good constitutions. Whether it was because they came from good,
long-lived, hardy stock, or because they have stood, grown, and drawn their
life from the rich, deep soil of the Raisin valley, I seek not to solve. I am
assured that their longevity and vigor is to be credited largely to the generous
fostering of a generous soil; and a few remarks as to its characteristics may
not come amiss.

CENTRAL MICHIGAN.

My home to manhood was in the central part of the State. I know full well,
as a farmer’s boy, what the soil of the geologic drift period is. I know full well
what can be produced by the gravel and boulders that came down from the north
in those huge glaciers, which rolled and pounded the rocks they had torn up
as they started on their southern mission, till they dropped them, all polished
and rounded, from their icy embrace. I have seen how their mighty waters
winnowed out the earthen harvest, leaving here the boulder, there the gravel,
and there the sand. I have seen where the turbid elements, charged with

THE OLD PEAR TREES, ETC., OF MONROE. 359

alumina, have left a mantle of clay wherever the waters stood, depositing a
rich inheritance for the tiller of the soil. I know and appreciate central Mich-
igan to its full extent.

THE BED ROCK OF AGES.

But as you approach the head of Lake Erie, you find that nature has pro-
vided a different soil. I was twenty years of age before I saw a quarry. Now
and then was to be seen a little pocket of limestone. But the conception that
there were places within fifty miles of where I lived, that you could go down to
the foundation of the universe and quarry the rocks that were lying here be-
fore the glaciers brought down their rich freight and left it as a winrow along
the center of our rich peninsula, never crossed my mind. That there was a
region fifteen miles wide by fifty miles long, within twenty-five miles of my
home, which the river Raisin nearly bisected, where there was hardly a boulder
or gravel pit, and which was productive soil from the surface of the ground to
the underlying rock,—soil that needed neither plaster nor artificial fertilizers
to give the diligent farmer a suitable response to his toil,—that there was such
a region was a surprise indeed, when I found it.

A MINERAL AND VEGETABLE SOIL.

This whole region is, manifestly, not the product of the drift period, or at
least only partially so. It is true the glaciers passed over it, as is manifest
from the striae on the rocks at Stoney Point and Pointe de Peaux. But their
heavy deposits seem to have been carried further to the southwest, leaving the
original rocks comparatively bare; and when the more quiet waters came,
there was deposited a soil from three to twenty-five feet deep, made up of clay,
sand, and particles of lime, and so generous in all the elements of vegetable
sustenance, ready for immediate absorption, that, from surface to rock, the
roots of the mightiest tree or the tiniest flower might grow to the fullness of
its nature. The soil is not like the prairie,—deep in vegetable mould,—which
has accumulated by centuries of growth and centuries of decay, but it is made
up of this vegetable mould, combined with all the mineral substances which
so largely enter into the product of vegetable life. You may dig a well to the
rock and throw up the earth from its bottom layer, and the next season raise
as fine a crop of corn as ever gladdened the eyes of the farmer.

THE RAISIN VALLEY.

Now this is the soil in which, and these the conditions under which the old
pear and apple trees were produced. Itis a conceit of the Raisin valley that
this soil, so rich and go strong, so permanent in its character and so inexhaust-
ible in its resources, is the best calculated for a hardy fruit tree; that it will
produce a cleaner grain, a hardier fiber and more actual vitality than lighter or
different soils. Atany rate, such is becoming the settled conviction of our
fruit growers.

So, as the old pear and apple trees seem to indicate by their thriftiness that
we have a soil that gives a hardy constitution to the tree, we have an abiding
assurance that to this constitution we shall, as time passes on, add quality, as
experience may suggest,and that, with intelligent culture, assisted by the mod-
ifying and mollifying breezes of Lake Erie, we shall eventually make the valley
of the Raisin the garden of Michigan.

POMOLOGY. AND, METEOROLOGY.

ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE MONROE MEETING OF THE STATE POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY BY GEORGE PARMELEE, PRESIDENT OF THE
SOCIETY.

GENTLEMEN :—I have allowed this subject to be announced for me, not with
the intention of entering fully into a consideration of either branch of it
singly, but to show only enough of the facts relating to the connection of the
two to awaken, if I can, an interest among the members sufficient to lead to a
constant and careful observation of the phenomena which we meet in our
experience.

METEOROLOGICAL MYSTERIES.

There is no branch of physical science which is less explored or in which
more things remain a mystery than in the varying conditions of the atmos-
phere, and the relation of those changing conditions to the general economy
of nature.

Why one winter should be colder than another while the earth is making
similar revolutions around the supposed source of heat; why the storms of win-
ter begin a month earlier one year than they do some other year ; why we have
equally as great difference in the approach of different springs; why some sum-
mers are long and hot and others short and cool; why some are so rainy that
little but grass can grow, and again they are so dry that vegetation hardly sur-
vives; why the orange trees were all killed by cold weather in Florida in 1835,
while in the Northwest the winter was characterized by no such severity ; why
we have just passed the coldest on record, while Florida has been enjoying her
usual mildness; why Southern Italy has, in some winters, very unusual cold,
while Northern Europe has a comparatively mild winter; why some of our
winters are little else than a succession of cyclonic storms, and others are noted
for the even tenor of the winds; why some summers and autumnsare the de-
light of steamboat men for their freedom from sadden and high winds, and
others are the exact reverse, and accidents and losses characteriz2 the season;
why the air of a clear day is sometimes charged or saturated with moisture,
and on another apparently similar day the air is taking up moisture from
everything which can part with it: these are a few of the questions in which
science aids but little; we will only venture one thought in relation to them,

They are not the result of caprice in the forces of nature, but the outcome
of laws as orderly and wise as those which govern the motions of the planets,

POMOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY. 361

and are as necessary in the order of nature as is the motion of the earth or thé
light of the sun. The words of the poet are good philosophy to-day:

‘* All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
Whose body nature is, and God the soul.”’

THE MYSTERIES OF PLANT GROWTH.

The unexplained phenomena are by no means confined to the meteorological
side of the subject. The mysteries of Nature’s ways in the processes of rear-
ing up organic forms are no Jess numerous.

In pomology we are constantly met by problems which we cannot solve.
Our successes and our losses are connected more or less with causes which are
unexplained; a winter freeze, an untimely frost, a drought, a wind, have all
brougit us their losses. These accidents, as we call them, seem to be easily
traced to the cause, while other losses are not so easily traced. The derange-
ment in the structure and in the functions of the leaves, resulting in the fail-
ure to form blossom buds for the next season; the appearance and spread of
rot on the ripening cherries, grapes and peaches, and its sometimes sudden
arrest, the appearance of mildew and attacks of pear blight, are not so open to
an unhesitating conclusion as to their cause.

COINCIDENCES.

While we are surrounded by mysteries which we may not solve, we do, by
noting coincidences, get many practical facts of value to our calling. But
these coincidences often mislead us: thus, on a frosty morning we see, as the
sun comes out with power, some of our flowers or tender fruit germs perish ;
we say the frost did it because it is coincident with it, but in the occurrence of
frosts at same degree of freezing, but with different degrees of the succeeding
sunlight or heat, we find results to differ, and we next infer that it is warming,
and not freezing, which does the mischief.

We find, when an untimely freeze puts our tender plants in jeopardy, that
if followed by fog or by cloudiness, and the temperature is raised but slowly, our
tender plants may remain unhurt. Apples, in autumn, may freeze on the trees
so as to rattle like stones when struck together; but if the sky is cloudy and
the weather moderates very slowly, the keeping quality of those frozen apples
is not perceptibly hurt.

We need not despise the lessons from coincidences though we are still hedged
in by mysteries.

FUNGOID GROWTH.

It has been an easy way to explain the occurrence of grape, cherry, and
peach-rot, and of mildew of vines, and of pear blight, by charging all to attacks
of fungoid growths, without stopping to consider that the atmosphere is, ordi-
narily, full of their spores, and that all growth must go to swift destruction if
the attacks of spores do not require a previous morbid condition of the living
organism. If they do, that morbid condition is the disease, and the fungus
only the result. ‘To call the fungus the disease is just as reasonable as to call
the worms of the dust the cause of our demise.

We find fungus a coincident of rot, but that is not proof that it is the cause.

There are atmospheric coincidents of value in considering the drawbacks
which Pomologists encounter.

BAROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS.

About eighteen years ago I resorted to barometric observations to enable me
to forestall, if possible, the sometimes very rapidly ripening of peaches without

362 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

any apparent unusual conditions of temperature or moisture. These observa-
tions were continued through many years,and with a perfect uniformity of co-
incidence between the barometric pressure and certain observed phenomena.

When peaches were at the ripening stage, the occurrence of low atmospheric
pressure always accelerated the ripening process, while a rise of mercury as
uniformly retarded it. Asa practical use of the fact, I learned to secure extra
help when the mercury was running low; and the help was always needed.

On the other hand, when weather was fine and peaches showing by the color
that they were on the verge of ripeness, if mercury was high and steady, I was
slow to put on help. I had occasional attacks of peach-rot, and sometimes of
grape-rot, but they were always at times of decidediy low pressure, and the
spread of it as surely ceased, in every instance, when mercury went above ordi-
nary fair weather stage.

THESE COINCIDENCES

should lead to no positive conclusions, for rot did not always appear at all
times of low pressure ; other conditions seemed also to be necessary, as it did
not seem disposed to appear unless there was nearly the ordinary amount of
moisture in the soil; and.it was rarely seen in orchards but little cultivated.
At places much farther south, I understand that orchards standing in grass
do not seem to be saved from rot when it prevails.

THE DERANGEMENT OF THE FOLIAGE

of apple trees, which is sometimes seen in summer, seems to be a serious mat-
ter as affecting the setting of buds for the next year’s crop, and may, possibly,
be traced to an atmospheric origin. ‘This derangement is often unnoticed, but
is easily seen by turning the leaf up to strong light, thus showing the patches
of pale green or yellow.

I am unable to say whether the occurrence of this malady is sudden, and
have only given it attention during the last few summers. Yet I think I see
some coincidences which, though they may not be of great value, I mention to
excite interest in the matter, hoping we may have some more decisive observa-
tions ; for the unhealthy foliage is, of itself, a thing of importance.

In a season of its prevalence I found, in a pretty full canvass of the town in
which I live, that it seemed to be worst on good soils with what we call good
cultivation.

Altitude, apparently, had nothing to do with it, nor did shelter from prevail-
ing winds.

.The question arose in my mind whether we ought, on good soils in good
condition, to stir the ground at those times when it would result, to ordinary
crops, in the greatest amount of growth.

These coincidences, though leading us to many points where our knowledge
stops, as I said, must not be despised, for out of the knowledge of them much
practical good has arisen. The derangement in the leaves of grape vines which
show patches of discoloration may be akin to the unhealthy state of apple
leaves referred to, and it is quite clear that best results are not reached under
the influence of either malady.

VINEYARD PHENOMENA.

A fact of interest is shown in the coincidences of circumstances among the
very celebrated vineyards of Europe, though, in distance, they are widely sep-
arated. These coincidences are everywhere very poor soil,—though dissimilar
in composition,—and open, airy exposure. In treatment of vines there is

POMOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY. 363

another uniformity which is this: very slight or no manuring. On this sub-
ject I will quote a few passages from the report of our committee on the
culture and products of the vine, to the United States commission at the
Exposition of Paris, page 165 Report Department of Agriculture, 1867:

«The soil of Medoc, where stand the ‘Chateau Margeaux,’ ‘Chateau La
Fitte,’ and ‘Chateau La Tour,’ is a bed of coarse gravel, among whose pebbles
the eye can barely detect soil enough to support the lowest form of vegetable life.
In the vicinity of Beziers, on the other hand, the land is rich and strong enough
to yield any kind of a crop; yet Medoc grows wine that often sells for ten
dollars per gallon, while that of Beziers sometimes sells for the half of
ten cents per gallon. In Burgundy there is a long hill on whose dark
red, ferruginous limestone sides a wretchedly thin coating of earth lies,
like the coat of a beggar, revealing, not hiding the nakedness beneath.
Here stand little starveling vines, very slender and very low; yet here is the
celebrated ‘Clos Vangert,’ and this is the hill and these are the vines that
yield a wine rivalling in excellence and value that of Medoc, and, to the for-
tunate proprietor, the Cote d’or is what it signifies, ‘a hillside of gold’? At
its base spreads out a wide and very fertile plain, covered with luxuriant vines
whose juice sells at from ten to twenty cents per gallon.

“Tf you go further northward and examine the hills of Champagne, you will
find them to be merely hills of chalk; and these instances only illustrate the
rule derived, not from them alone, but from abundance of others, that for good
wine you must go to adry and meagre soil. Yet we would be sorry to have
to extend the rule and say the poorer the soil the better the wine, for there are
certainly very few patches of ground in America that can match in poverty the
mountains of Champagne, the hills of Burgundy or the slopes of Medoc; nor
would it do to conclude that manure should not be applied, for, although some
say it is hurtful to the wine in its quality, it is yet an open question whether
this is so or not. Meanwhile, the practice is to manure, though sparingly.”

In wine districts generally there is great difference in the quality of the
products of different seasons.

Between the apples of different years there is a difference in flavor and keep-
ing quality which may, probably, be traced to different conditions of, heat,
moisture, or prevailing winds.

THE QUESTION OF WIND-BREAKS

or open exposure needs to be settled by the test of experience. Are the suc-
cessful orchards open to the winds, or sheltered? If the exposed orchards are
most successful, and I think we must concede that they are, is it owing to the
exposure to wind? Coincidence of success and open exposure might say so, but
it may be found at fault. There are places where the prevailing winds are so
concentrated by the reflection of hill and forest as to generally prevent the
pollen from rendering the oyule fertile, though the blossoms appear to open
with all the organs perfect, and the tender leaves of fast-growing pear trees in
bleak places are often injured by a high wind.

In this State the more exposed orchards are on elevations with adjacent
lower levels; and where they are without surroundings to specially concentrate
the winds upon them, we will, I think, find them usually more productive.

If we can understand all of the coincidences it will be safe to form opinions ;
but the fact that we are constantly reaching new truths in nature teaches us
to look upon common things as probably hiding something which we ought

364 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to know; and, while our practical work is connected with mysteries, if we be-
lieve in progress ‘we must let no fact escape us.

THE VALUE OF PROTECTION.

The general idea of the value of protection from prevailing winds may be
correct when considered by itself, but there are facts to be observed in connec-
tion with the airy locations which may have very much to do in accounting
for their productiveness.

VALLEYS

reach a higher temperature under a midday sun than adjacent hills, and, on
the contrary, at night they are found to be cooler, giving a wider alternation
between day and night temperature ; and, if evenness of temperature is an ad-
‘vantage, by promoting a more steady growth or in any other way, then the
hills have the advantage.

THE PRESENT YEAR, 1875,

‘abounds in useful lessons to us, and especially does it show us a difference be-
tween hill and valley as regards the occurrence of extreme cold and the effect
upon our trees. It has been a popular idea that, as mountain tops are cold,
hills, too, must be colder than the plains, and, in average temperature, they
\probably are; yet, as affecting the wintering of tender fruits, we find the hills
‘have the advantage. It is not the average cold but extreme cold which hurts
-our trees, and, at times of stillness, the air out of doors obeys the same law
that it does in a closed room.

THERMOMETRICAL EXPERIMENTS.

Many years ago I commenced a series of thermometrical experiments at two
(points on my farm, which were about sixty rods apart,—the one point a knoll,
ithe other a swale; the first being about thirty feet higher than the latter.
‘The experiments were at times of very little or no wind. The least
‘difference found was 3°, the greatest 11°. At one time of protracted and
apparently perfect stillness, a difference of 27° was found between a wide and
-deep valley and the hill tops on each side, as indicated by one thermometer on
-each hill and two in the valley. On one of the still nights of the past winter,
‘on taking two thermometers a short distance into a slight hollow, mercury
‘went down 9°, and on carrying them to the crown of a ridge which formed a
side of the same hollow, and only a stone’s throw distant, the mercury rose 8°,
while the altitude was only eleven feet more, making about a degree in tem-
perature for a foot and a half in height. The twstruments were then taken
into a deep hollow about eighty rods distant, when the mercury sunk 23°. In
the last instance, the difference in elevation was about one hundred and fifty
if :et.

THE EFFECTS

of the past very cold winter are seen to correspond somewhat with the ther-
mometric indications where rows of tender varieties extend from hills down
into hollows; and trees which were heavily pruned last season appear, in
many cases, to suffer as badly as those in hollows.

On the approach of spring. when injury to bark of apple trees was found, it
seemcd to be, as a rule, on the southerly side; and we have been in the habit
-Of calling such cases swn scald. But I have seen, in a number of pear orchards

POMOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY. 365.

a kind of injury similar in appearance, which was as uniformly on the north
side. Shall we call that sun scald, too? If so, will not whitewashing in the
fall, by reflecting more of the heat, help us out of such difficulties ?

We find, in the case of some tender varieties, a difference in the amount of
injury which is not traceable to difference in temperature,—where altitude,
configuration of the surface, and apparently the character of the soil were the
same; and this difference is equal to that between perfect health and death.
In these cases we find a difference in the cultivation on the previous year.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.
Each season brings its lessons, and as practical men we cannot afford to be
eareless of our opportunities. There is, perhaps, not a thing in our business

of which we do not need to know more. If we will note events carefully and
mags our experience, we may all be wiser.

OUR: FRIENDS—THE MOLE, ‘THE 25@AaD:
AND: THE ySPIDER.

A PAPER WRITTEN FOR THE SUMMER MEETING OF THE STATE POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY, BY EDWARD DORSCH, M. D., OF MONROE,
MICH., AND READ BY PROF. BOYD.

GENTLEMEN OF THE STATE PoMoLoGIcAL SooteTy:—If Mr. Bergh, at New
York, has the mission to protect our quadruped friends, the horse and the dog,
allow me to-day to speak to you a few words for the protection of some of our
friends in the animal kingdom which prejudice and superstition have consid-
ered a long time our enemies, viz., the mole, the shrew and the hedgehog, the
owl and the chicken-hawk, the toad and the spider.

THE MOLE.

Many of our farmers feel great satisfaction if their spade kills a harmless
mole, whose only crime is the little hill of earth he raises in our meadows
when he goes upon his underground hunting expeditions, and which can be
flattened again by the foot of the farmer before it hinders the motion of the
scythe or the mowing machine.

Nature has given us the mole as a never-tiring destroyer of all kinds of
grubs, worms, lary and other vermin which feed on the roots of our grass,
our grain-bearing plants and fruit trees, and at a place where we cannot fol-
low him. Nature has given him such a tremendous appetite that he dies if he
has nothing to eat for six hours, and his only food is meat, as far as worms
and insects furnish it. Hundreds of moles have been dissected and their
stomachs examined, but not the least vegetable fiber was ever found except it
was brought to it by the devoured insects. Experiments have shown that in
case of want the mole eats up his kind and own family rather than touch any
vegetable. I know very well that the eyes of the lady will fill with angry tears
if she finds during her morning walk a few of her pet plants almost dying, on
account of the burrowing of acriminal mole which selected her rosebeds as its
hunting grounds, and threw up his hill next to her best geranium or helio-
trope. Butif the fair lady would reason a little she would tender the gray
culprit a hearty forgiveness, and thank him for the extinction of the restless
enemies who feed upon the roots of her cherished plants, and she would press
down the earth again and water the injured flowers, which will afterwards
grow so much the better because the ground has been loosened.

OUR FRIENDS. 367

Prizes have been paid in former times by stupid communities in the old
country for every mole caught; men haye spent time and money in catching
this benefactor of mankind, only to find themselves punished for their igno-
rance by being overrun with bugs and beetles, crickets and caterpillars. Never-
theless our boys are allowed yet to torment and kill this inoffensive but
slandered vermin hunter. But the time will come when his virtues will be
recognized, as it has arrived already for

THE TOAD,

for which English gardeners pay now with pleasure four shillings apiece, to
set them as guards against snails and bugs in their salad beds, after having
found out the good services they do. What horrid tales has superstition not
told about this harmless Batrachian? Its bite is poisonous, has been said.
Who ever was bitten by a toad? Its jaws have no teeth, no sharp horny edges
like the turtle’s. “But,” says an old wiseacre, who has seen it in a school-
book of 1701, “if it can’t bite, its saliva (its urine ), the juice oozing out from
the warts on its back, are poisonous.” Natural science of to-day denies it.
The toad has as little saliva as the frog, hardly enough to keep its tongue
moistened, which always is sticky and clammy to glue on it the insects it
catches. Its urine is not more acrid than that of the turtle, and the slime
oozing out of the warts may cause perhaps a reddening of the skin, but will
poison nobody. When the cool evening draws the dark cloak of night over
the face of the earth, the toad emerges from his moist resting place and begins
to look for snails, flies and bugs. Slowly it creeps forward, and narrow is the
region of its hunting grounds, but it goes systematically and thoroughly,
knowing the “ nest-hiding ” places of spider and slug, as a worthy member of
the order of St. Hubertus.

THE SHREW.

The shrew—but not the shrew tamed by Shakspeare—is an animal of simi-
lar temperament as the mole, and does us the same services above ground
which the mole does below. The caterpillar, the larvee and chrysalis of the
butterfly, the worm and the centipede have no fiercer enemy than the shrew,
which sacrifices young mice by the dozen to the hungry Moloch of its stomach.
A kind of musky smell may have caused the bad stories which are told about
this little fellow. People say that its bite is injurious to man and beast; but
its teeth are not long enough to scratch the skin of a horse, and its touch is
harmless.

THE BAT.

What mole and shrew accomplish against the larve, the bat does against the
full-grown insect which roams through the air. Eyening and night are en-
livened by its flight, and there is no need of fear that it may bury itselfin the
fair locks of the ladies, if by accident it should fly into the parlor attracted by
the glaring lamp. Hair, free of insects, will not be invaded by the bat.

THE HEDGEHOG.

But particularly the hedgehog, or urchin, ought to be recommended to the
protection of our farmers. Having slept through the whole winter, the hedge-
hog takes the shady fence corners and cool groves for its abode, where he lies
in wait for the wily snake, all kinds of worms, and mainly field mice. If it
would not smell so disagreeably and would not make so much noise by his
clumsy hunting, it would be preferable to cats as a destroyer of mice. But in

368 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

the barns and stables it makes a formidable domestic animal of the greatest
utility. It seems to be poison-proof. Experiments have shown that the bites
of poisonous snakes do not affect it, and with impunity can it make a stout
meal of Spanish flies, which are detested by any other insectivorous animal.

THE CHICKEN-HAWK AND THE OWL.

Among the birds I will only select the chicken-bawk and the owl, which are
yet persecuted. That our singing birds are to be protected against Sunday
hunters and boys who destroy their nests, has been acknowledged at least
by the present generation, and our law-makers have tried to prevent their
destruction. But the chicken-hawk and the owl, particularly the little barn owl,
suffer yet from the envy of man, because they catch in time of need a young
rabbit or partridge, perhaps a pet chicken of the worthy housewife. Oh, do
not become excited about such a misdeed! Hunger is a fearful disease, and
makes man forget all the laws of civilization. Greater, athousand times greater
is the benefit man derives from the buzzard and owl by their catching of mice,
rats and larger insects. Yea, the turkey buzzard is a better scavenger and
health officer than the most of these highly paid officers in our southern cities.
Last summer one of them was carried to Monroe, probably by the scent of our
dirty alleys, and I am sorry to say that he fell a victim before the guns of our
hunting fraternity, who took him for a turkey, and “smelled the rat” only
after taking him up.

THE OWL.

‘The owl is hated by most of our population, because it flies at night, screams
in an abominable key, and has always been considered as a bird of bad omen
by the ancients. It is believed to be a messenger of death, because it frequently
calls at a lighted window, and the night-lamp burns only in the country in the
sick-room.

It is very probable that sometimes a person has died at whose window an
owl screeched the night before, and superstitions brought death and owl in
connection. But it is one of our benefactors. It catches the great night-fly-
ing beetles and sphinxes; and one pair of owls brought in one night eleven
mice to the nest for their young. Blessed, therefore, is the region where the
owls are many, because they are cats on wings, bent on destruction of the en-
emies of our grain and our victuals; but at present the cat is loved, is allowed
to sleep upon the softest rugs, and sometimes in the bed of its mistress,—and,
the cat on wings is killed whenever it shows its round face in daytime !

THE SPIDER.

At last let me speak a few words for one of the ugliest members of the animal
kingdom, the spider. In relation to character a worse individual could hardly
be pointed out. Our fiercest “ women-righters” do not hate the oppressing sex
to such a degree that they would eat up their lovers, for the largest portion are
“women-righters” because they did not find lovers to make them forget their
rights. But the female spider, a spiteful creature, cften eats up its lover for
various reasons. But, nevertheless, man and woman ought to spare the spider,
because it diminishes by net and hunting the pest of our homes during the
summer, the fly and the mosquito. House-cleaning means, above all, the de-
struction of the waving nets which this teacher of our weavers appends for the
careless fly, but half a day is sufficient to replace the fine fabric to the grief of
our cleanly ladies. Do not detest the spider too much! Its mission is to hold

OUR FRIENDS. 369

in check the multiplying of flies, whose mission in the great household of na-
ture is the absorption of all the offal and garbage, of all the rotting and decay-
ing animal and vegetable matter. Nature is not governed by love, as we see
everywhere, but by hate in so far as one eats up the other; and if we try by an-
tipathy to meddle with this rule, if we destroy some of the destroyers, we do
ourselves the greatest injury. By the loss of our harvests we were compelled to
learn wisdom, and if we have become wise at last, we conquer our antipathy to
certain creatures and teach our youth the great diplomatic axiom, “* Laissez
faire!”
47

SPRING LAKE--1874.

EXTRACTS FROM THE FRUIT REPORT FOR SPRING LAKE, READ BY
CHARLES E. SOULE, ESQ., AT THE OCTOBER MEETING OF THE
STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :—The year 1874 has been by far the
most cheering and successful year the fruit growers of Spring Lake and vicin-
ity have known since attention has been largely drawn toward this branch of
husbandry.

PEACHES,
which constitute our principal crop here, yielded largely, have been the finest
in quality, and have sold at the most remunerative prices that growers have
known since the early days when the lack of supply made the demand such as
to obtain fancy prices to the grower.

THE DROUTH.

It is true indeed, that the drouth, which so completely ruined the berry
crop, shortened the yield and injured the quality of the Hale’s Early and Early
York in many cases, but I have in mind a neighbor’s crop of Hale’s Early
which I helped to harvest, that in yield, in size of fruit, and in the beauty of
bloom that distinguishes this popular but ephemeral variety, I have not seen
equalled since our lake has been the peach man’s home. But this peculiar ex-
cellence was owing to radical thinning, to good cultivation and judicial en-
richment, rather than peculiarity of soil or season.

OPPORTUNE RAIN

brought the Barnards and Early Crawfords along in their season, in the great-
est quantities and excellence we had ever known.

THE EARLY CRAWFORD.

The Early Crawford is probably the most ext ensively grown of any single
variety in this locality. My estimate is made from some careful computations
of crops raised by the large growers, and I judge that upwards of 25,000 baskets
of Early Crawfords were shipped from the town of Spring Lake during the
month of September. The Hale’s Early, the Barnard, the Old Mixon Free,
and Hill’s Chili, have been since 1869 and 1870 extensively planted, but they
po yet severally reach the yield of Early Crawford’s planted in 1866, 1867,
and 1868.

SPRING LAKE—1874. 371

This bountiful season all varieties have yielded largely,—the Hales, the Yorks,
the Barnards, the Crawfords, the Old Mixons, Hill’s Chili, and Smock. As a
general thing, I think the Early Crawford has been the finest peach, has given
the pomologist the most exquisite «esthetic delight in its mammoth propor-
tions, its gorgeous damask cheek, melting into the lovely yellow of its skin like
the purple cloud tinged with the radiance that beautifies a summer sunset,
while its flavor, coveted by the epicure, makes it the queen of the market.

But notwithstanding all this, the Karly Crawford is not now planted, I may
say, at all in this locality. It is not a regular annual bearer, it is not an early
bearer, it is not a large yielder, for which reason I predict that five years hence
the Early Crawford will be low in the list of peaches as to amount produced.

THE BARNARD.

I need not here say that I stand by my old hobby, the Early Barnard. It is
not all that the Crawford is, but it is all these things that the Crawford is not.
By careful thinning my Barnards sold in the same market, at the same time,
as well as my Crawfords, and yielded much higher to the tree.

WANTED.

We need other varieties when we can get the right ones. We want a reliable
and popular peach in place of the Yorks, and a good bearer and a hardy tree
in place of the Jacques Rareripe, these varieties filling the vacant market be-
tween the Hale’s Early and the Crawfords, and between the Crawfords and
Hill’s Chili.

THE SMOCK.

Perhaps the most profitable peach this year has been the Smock, but our
remarkable exemption from frost this season is the occasion, and they ripen
too late to recommend.

IMPORTANCE OF THINNING THE FRUIT.

I have not made any general inquiry, but my judgment is, from the sale of
my own and some of my neighbors’ crops, that peaches, when well cultivated on
good soil, and well thinned, brought about fifty cents a basket in the basket on
the farm, which is nearly $2 per bushel. Very many crops brought less, but
only in cases where the want of thrifty and good culture was manifested.
This season has demonstrated the necessity of thinning all varieties except the
Early Crawford. In most cases the heavy bearing varieties when not thinned
were worthless.

GRAPES.

Grapes, as usual, have been a heavy crop; how profitable I am unable to say.
The Concord still merits its sobriquet given by Horace Greeley,—“ the grape
for the million.” It seems absolutely hardy, free from disease and from ray-
ages of insects.

The Delaware, as in most other localities, is in rapid decadence here. Blight
and the ravages of the thrip, alittle fly which sucks the sap from the leaves,
have preyented, I dare say, one half of the Delawares from ripening, and their
value in the market has been destroyed. Young vines seem to bear good
fruit, but vineyards in years are nearly or quite ruined. We await a suggested
remedy.

372 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

EXPERIMENTS

T have not tried, except in a single case, which failed so ignominiously that I
shall not mention it here.

My neighbor, Mr. D. G. Alston, whose fine crop of Hale’s Early I have before
mentioned, applied half a pound of potash, procured from an ashery in Ionia
county, at a cost of eight cents per pound, to each tree upon a sandy ridge
where the sand had drifted badly, and harvested as fine peaches from the trees
as I have ever seen of the variety; whereas upon similar situations without the
potash I have this year seen Hale’s Early not worth the freight to ship them to
market. The potash was applied by dissolving in water, and applying to the
surface in the fall.

APPLES.

The codling moth has destroyed the apples in Spring Lake and in Ottawa
county, so far as my observation hasextended. A remedy must be discovered
and used, or our choice winter fruit will only be fit for feeding swine. A
perfect winter apple is the rare exception, while one honeycombed with worm-
holes is the rule.

We look anxiously for a remedy against this insect and the thrip that de-
stroys our hitherto unexcelled Delaware.

MARKET AND MARKETING.

Our systems of marketing haye been as various as the disposition of the men
engaged in our calling.

My own experience is that the most satisfactory results are obtained by put-
ting up good fruit in a neat and tasteful manner, and shipping steadily to the
same commission merchant, when those have been found to merit confidence.

Out of over 4,000 packages shipped by me, a single commission house in
Milwaukee has sold about 2,000; and these sales have been uniformly higher,
and much more satistactory than the new men we have occasionally tried,

DISCUSSIONS OF THE MANISTEE HOR-
CULTURAL. SOCIETY,

REPORTED BY APP. M. SMITH, SECRETARY, AND PUBLISHER OF THE
MANISTEE TIMES.

The Manistee Horticultural Society was organized on the 25th of January,
1875, but the permanent officers were not elected until March 22d. The fol-
lowing are the officers :

President—Dry. L. 8. Ellis.

Vice President—J. G. Ramsdell.

Secretary—App. M. Smith.

Treasurer—R. G. Peters.

Librarian—Edwin Russell.

Directors—T. J. Ramsdell, John W. Allen, Charles Hurd, O. A. Wheeler,
D. W. Mapes, and the President and Secretary, ex officio.

The object of the society is to promote the pomological and horticultural
interests of Manistee and adjoining counties, as will be seen by the following

CONSTITUTION,

ARTICLE 1, The terms of membership of this Society shall be, subscription to its consti-
tution and the payment of one dollar annually, the first payment to be made on admis-
gion, and subsequent payments at the annual meeting; and no person shall be entitled to
the privileges of membership while his annual tax remains unpaid. The payment of ten
dollars at one time shall constitute the person so paying a member for life.

Arr. 2. The officers of this society shall be a President, Vice President, Secretary, a
Treasurer, a Librarian, and five Directors, who shall be chosen annually by ballot on the
first Monday in January.

Arr. 3. The duty of the President shall be to preside at all meetings of the society ;
and he shall also be ez officio chairman of the executive committee.

Ant. 4. The duties of the Wice President shall be to preside at all meetings in the
absence of the President.

Art. 5. The duties of the Secretary shall be to keep a record of the proceedings of the
society, and of the executive committee, of which he shall be one, and do the correspond-
ence of the society.

Art. 6. The duties of the Treasurer shall be to keep the funds of the society, and make
disbursements according to the rules and orders of the society, and make a full report of
all the receipts and disbursements, at the annual meeting.

Art. 7. The duties of the Librarian shall be to procure all necessary and useful books,
that shall be ordered by the society, and to keep the same subject to the rules that may be
prescribed by the executive committee.

Arr. 8. The executive committee shall consist of the President, Secretary, and five
Directors. The committee shall determine for what articles premiums shall be offered, and

374 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the amount of such premiums, and they shall appoint all the standing committees. They
shall also constitute the committee of Finance. They shall have power to call meetings of
the society at such time and place as they shall deem proper. They shall also prepare
such by-laws and regulations as they shall deem necessary, subject to the approval of the
society, and call a meeting of the society as often as once a month during the year.

Art. 9. The constitution may be altered or amended at any regular meeting of the
society by a two-thirds vote of the members present, notice having been given one month
previous.

DISCUSSIONS.
HOW DEEP TO PLANT TREES.

The Manistee Horticultural Society held a meeting at the office of Dr. Ellis,
over the post-office, last Monday evening.

Mr. Mapes exhibited a collection of sprigs which he had cut from the plum
trees in the Risdon orchard, which showed that the trees had borne the recent
severe winter without any injury whatever. This exhibition of the hardihood
of the plum, and its ability to flourish in this climate, gives renewed hope to
the members of the society.

The society then proceeded to discuss the planting of apples and plums.

Mr. Parmalteer’s theory of planting near the surface was referred to.

Mr. Mapes would plant from three to six inches deeper on sand than on
heavy soil, because the wind had a tendency to blow the sand away from the
roots and form an eddy at the foot of the tree.

Mr. J. G. Ramsdell said if he had to take either extreme in planting he
would plant shallow rather than deep, though the soil was so light the tree
would need propping.

Mr. Hurd held the same view. He thought it would be better, if the tree
would stand, to plant only two inches below ground. He thought the roots
flourished from the sunshine, and the gases absorbed from the air by the earth
around the trees. What was charcoal placed around trees for? For nothing
except its absorbing quality. It takes up the ammonia from the air and holds
it to the roots.

Mr. Mapes cited cases where he had the bark scalded and trees killed by
setting deep.

Mr. Russell cited the fact, also, that the soil in this vicinity was not as good
deep down as near the surface.

Mr. Ramsdell said he wouldn’t plant an inch deeper than the ground was
worked on heavy soil, because water collected around the roots.

Mr. Russell said he had had the same experience with shrubs.

Mr. Booth said he had discovered the same difficulty in setting below the
worked soil.

Mr. Ramsdell said he thought from three to four inches deeper than the
trees were in the nursery was deep enough for apples and plum trees on all
ordinary occasions.

Dr. Ellis asked if it made any difference which way the long root was set.

Mr. Russell said the northeast side of a tree in this vicinity was always the
heaviest owing to the direction of the wind, and he thought the long root
ought to be set in an opposite direction, say southwest.

THE MANISTEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Bis)

Mr. Hurd said some held that the root should be put on the heavy side as a
brace.

Mr. Ramsdell would set the long root on the southwest side. It would in-
duce more growth on that side.

Dr. Ellis thought he would always set a little to the southwest.

In regard to the work of setting, the society concluded that to wet the roots
and sprinkle earth on them was a better way than to pour water around them
just after they were set out, because it washed the dirt away from the roots
and left a hollow there.

Mr. Hurd thought that many trees had been killed by laying them down by
the hole and not setting immediately. He would dig the hole, bring the trees
out, and put right in.

In regard to distance, the society concluded that fifteen or sixteen feet apart
was right to set all kinds of apple and plum trees.

In regard to varieties for market the Lombard ranked first and the Canada
Egg next. Mr. Hurd said he had read a great deal about the Canada Ege and
was satisfied it was the coming plum.

Mr. Ramsdell said it was the best to market, and it had a thick skin and
was very large.

- Mr. Mapes, in giving his experience with plums, said he found a great many
who liked the German prune.

Messrs. Hurd and Ramsdell thought it was the poorest plum we have.

Mr. Mapes thought the Washington had a fine flavor.

Mr. Ramsdell said so far as that was concerned they would all have to knock
under to the little Green Gage.

The society then decided upon the following best varieties in the order in
which they are named: Lombard, Canada Ege, Imperial Gage, Duane’s Purple,
Yellow Gage, and Washington.

In planting 100 trees the society unanimously agreed that they would plant
one-half Lombard, a large proportion of the other half Canada Egg, and the
balance of most any other variety named above as among the best.

The society then resolved to continue the apple and plum question until
the next Monday night at the same place, after which they adjourned.

THE STRAWBERRY.

A very interesting meeting of the Manistee Horticultural Society was held
at the Times office, the principal part of the meeting being devoted to a dis-
cussion of the question, “ What are the four best varieties of strawberries for
market purposes ?”

Mr. D. W. Mapes named the Wilson as the best, and Jucunda as the next
best in his experience. He thought the Jucunda was not so prolific as the
Wilson, but it was large and handsome and came in after the Wilson and sold
higher. He had sold them for twenty-five cents per quart very readily, when
he only got from fifteen to eighteen cents for others. Of other varieties he did
not know so much from his own experience. He knew, however, of some good
points in the Agriculturist, the Kentucky, and the Green Prolific, but bis ex-
perience with them was not extensive enough to give him a definite idea of their
relative value for market purposes. The Agriculturist, as far as he had tested
it, did best in wet seasons. It grew to a very large size, was prolific, and a
good berry generally, but it wouldn’c stand the drought as the Wilson did.

Mr. Charles Hurd said the Wilson berry, besides being very prolific, was

376 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

adapted to any soil—it would grow anywhere. He hadn’t tried the Jucunda
sufficient to form an opinion as to its value. The Green Prolific, he claimed,
would grow well on either clay soil or sand. It was a very large, fine berry,
with a beautiful color, and kept a better flavor when taken to market. It was
much sweeter than the Wilson. He had them both, and generally thought
they sold well when mixed. When the Wilson began to get small, the Green
Prolific came in large and nice. He could pick the Green Prolific twice as
fast as the Wilson. They had a small stem which would snap off the bush
when picked and remain on the berry, which was, he thought, very essential in
berries that are picked for market. lis experience had been that the Green
Prolific would outgrow the Wilson year after year.

Mr. Edwin Russell conceded that the Wilson was best for general purposes,
but for eating it was sour and had a peculiar acid taste, which he didn’t like
as well as the taste of the Agriculturist ; but he was satisfied the Wilson was the
first berry for market purposes. His experience had taught him that it was
hardy and would stand more than any other berry.

Mr. Hurd said that he could eat almost every other kind until he was sick of
strawberries, and then turn back to the Wilson with relish.

Messrs. J. G. Ramsdell and D. W. Mapes both agreed with Mr. Hurd that
such had been their experience with the Wilson.

Mr. Hurd also mentioned the Triomph de Gand as a berry having some ex-
cellent qualities.

Mr. Mapes wanted to know how the Wilson would compare with Green Pro-
lific and others in standing hot weather.

Mr. Hurd thought it would stand hot weather very well.

Mr. Hurd said he intended to set outa lot of the Charles Downings and
Colonel Cheeneys and try them. He was also going to give the Triomph
de Gand a fair trial, and probably some Boyden’s No. 30.

Mr. Ramsdell asked what had been the average value of the Triomph de Gand
when compared with other berries. Mr. Hurd stated they did not bear s0
many, but they were very superior in size and flayor. He thought they would
bring more in Chicago. Mr. Mapes spoke of the Nicanor, and said he had heard
it was a very early berry. He was anxious to find a very early variety. Mr.
Hurd thought the Nicanor was not much (if any) earlier than the Wilson, and
was of no better flavor.

Mr. Mapes asked if the Metcalf was not an earlier berry.

Mr. Hurd thought it was hardly enough earlier to make any practical differ-
ence.

Mr. Ramsdell said he had set out quite a variety on his orchard to test them,
but a man whom he hired to plow plowed them all up. He had among them
the Nicanor, the Charles Downing, Green Prolific, Mammoth, and several
others. He had planted at his house the Wilson, Jucunda, and Michigan
Seedling, and all of them did wel]. The Wilson, however, beat all the rest.
The Michigan Seedling did well until last season. The Jucunda, on clay soil,
kept from running into matted rows, did most as well as the Wilson. He
thought it was peculiarly adapted to clay soil. Jf the runners were kept off,
and properly cared for, he was satisfied it was nearly as good as the Wilson. If
he were going to select four of the varieties that had proved best for market
purposes, in his experience, he would choose the Wilson, Jucunda, Green Pro-
lific, and Colonel Cheeney.

Mr. Hurd asked if the Jucunda did not ripen Jater than the Wilson.

THE MANISTEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. By ad

Mr. Ramsdell replied that the Jucunda, Green Prolific and Colonel Cheeney
all come after the Wilson.

Mr. Mapes stated that the Jucunda and Wilson held on longer than the
Agriculturist with him.

Mr. Hurd said that the Charles Downing had come up wonderfully in the
last few seasons.

Mr. Ramsdell said it had the advantage of being adapted to a large variety
of soils.

Edwin Russell said that the Wilson was the most profitable with him asa
berry for general purposes. He had never tried many kinds. His experience
with Peak’s Emperor had been that it was not as productive nor as sure as the
Wilson. The berries were of a large size and fine flavor, but it was not sure.
The first year he planted it, it bore more than it did the second year. He
would be able to judge better of it after the next season.

A vote being taken, the meeting decided in favor of the Wilson, the Green
Prolific, the Jucunda, and the Colonel Cheeney varieties, as the best for mar-
ket purposes.

SETTING AND CULTIVATION OF GRAPES.

The Horticultural Society met at Dr. Ellis’ office for the purpose of discuss-
ing the currant borer and his characteristics, but the members not being fully
prepared on this subject, the subject of the setting and general cultivation of
grapes was taken up.

Mr. Hurd said he had had some experience in setting grapes on sand. He
aimed to have two eyes above the ground. He watered them with slops
from the house. He dug a hole twenty inches deep and filled it up within
four inches of the top, and placed the stake in the hole on one side be-
fore filling up. He mulched with good manure. Some grew from four to
eight feet last year. He mulched again in the fall with well-rotted manure.
He thinks they made all the growth he wanted. He has set this year
eighty-one vines one year old, from the cutting of his own raising, and
they are all well rooted. The varieties set were mostly Concords, and the
balance were Delawares, Hartfords, and EKumelans.

Mr. Mapes made inquiry as to how far apart the vines were set.

Mr. Hurd set his eight feet apart each way, but if he had more to set he
would put them 12 or 15 feet apart each way.

Mr. Ramsdell referred to the culture of grapes in New York State, and said
that the best growers had planted further apart each year until there were
many who planted as much as 20 feet apart each way, and Mr. A.C. Comstock,
a very noted grape culturist of that State, said he would plant 15 feet by 30.
Nearly all the growers in the Naples valley planted at least 12 feet apart each
way, and it was not until these men had had such remarkable success, and
taken so many prizes at the horticultural fairs, that their neighbors began to
see that they were correct in planting far apart. The speaker called attention
to the fact that he had seen one vine in New York State that was spread all
over a house, which yielded 44 bushels in one season. He did not see what
people wanted to keep the vine on a stake for. He believed the mildew was
more often seen on closely-trimmed vines. He would plant his vines 12 feet
apart and 20 feet in the row, and if he had plenty of Jand he would plant 24
feet in the row. He knows that close pruning has its advocates, such as Judge
Ramsdell, but after a few years’ trial he thought they would find it not best in
the long run.

378 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Hr. Hurd spoke of grape culture on Kelly’s Island, and said they planted
about eight feet apart each way.

Mr. Ramsdell said it might not do so much damage there to plant close to-
gether, for the vines did not make as vigorous a growth in that soil as they do
here. On our soil they grow much faster, and require more space in which to
run.

The direction of planting them came up, and Mr. Hurd stated that he planted
east and west.

Ramsdcll said he had done the same.

Mapes had planted north and south, more for convenience than anything
else, and asked why the other gentlemen would plant east and west.

Ramsdell said the prevailing winds being in the west, they dried off the
vines quicker after a rain, which was very necessary. Planted in that way, the
winds could pass through the rows more easily.

Mapes asked if it had been a common practice to cut the vines back to two
buds. He had always followed that, and his vines did not do well. Mr, Mc-
Nabb had told him not to do it as they bled so as to injure them.

Ramsdell and Hurd asked him if he cut them in the spring.

He said he did.

Ramsdell and Hurd then very emphatically informed him that was the
trouble with his vines. He should not cut them in the spring at all.

Barnes said he got a man to trim his vines and he cut them terribly, so that
they bled enough to dampen the ground all around them. They made a very
rapid growth, but he had less than half a crop of grapes that season.

Hurd asked about cultivating where they run on the ground.

Ramsdell recommended the use of a potato hoe or fork, but thought that
thorough mulching was better and cheaper than cultivating on sandy soil.

The society then took a vote on the best distances apart to plant grape vines
in this section, and recommended that Concords be planted 15 feet apart with
20 feet in the row, and Delawares 10 feet apart with 15 feet in the row—these
two kinds representing the extremes.

After selecting the ‘Currant Borer” as a topic next week, the society ad-
journed.

GOOSEBERRIES—THEIR CULTURE AND PROFIT.

“Gooseberries” being the topic for discussion, the meeting invited Mr.
Ramsdell to open the subject.

He explained that the gooseberry was propagated from cuttings, in the same
manner as currants. The cuttings were put in a cellar in the fall, and kept
there until spring, when they were ready to set out. In his experience he
found that mulching did a great deal of good, and prevented mildew, and
made the bushes bear more plentifully. Since he came here he had experi-
mented with the English varieties, which have always mildewed, and he dis-
covered that they did not mildew here, even without mulching, thus
showing that this climate is almost perfectly adapted to the English va-
rieties. His experience here with them had been in heavy clay soil well
drained, and he had found that it was well adapted for them. He thought
thorough cultivation would pay well. He had never seen the time when
there could not be sold twenty-five times as many as there were in the
market. He was satisfied from what he had seen here that 500 bushels could
be raised on an acre. The English varieties, the Houghton and the Honghton

THE MANISTEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 379

Seedling he had always feund perfectly hardy in this climate. They were free
from ail diseases, and are never troubled by insects except the currant worm
and a little green louse, the latter, however, coming on after the crop, and
doing no damage. And, by the way, he explained that the louse never
troubled the English varieties. The former insect he said was easily killed
and was not regarded as a very formidable enemy. After the gooseberries are
four or five years old, they should have much of the old wood cut out.

In regard to the market Mr. Ramsdell said it never had been supplied. He
sold his last year at four dollars per bushel, and knew parties who would have
gladly paid five dollars per bushel if they could have got them.

Mr. Mapes said his experience had been on sandy soil. He had found the
Houghton Seedling the most prolific bearer. He could endorse everything
Ramsdell said in regard to propagation. He would cut in the fall so as to
give them time to callus over. He found that the gooseberry needed rich
soil. He had never given his manure or mulch, and hence what he did, was
under unfavorable circumstances. He thought Ramsdell’s estimate of 500 |
bushels to the acre was within bounds; 2,742 bushes could be put on an acre ;
and he had picked six quarts to the bush under really no cultivation. This
would make over 500 bushels without any cultivation, and bring, at ten cents
per quart, $1,639.20.

Mr. Booth referred to a man near St. Louis, who picked eight quarts to the
bush, and sold them at a shilling per quart.

Mr. Mapes said the gooseberry was almost as good to handle as the potato,
and he didn’t have to pick all of them at one time. He had studied the sub-
ject, and concluded that it was a perfectly safe thing to cultivate, and very
profitable.

INSECT ENEMIES OF SMALL FRUITS.—A UNION FAIR.

The subject for the meeting to discuss was changed from the “ Currant
Borer” to the “ Insect Enemies of the Currant and Gooseberry.”

Mr. Mapes opened the discussion by stating that he knew nothing of the per-
fect insect trom which the currant borer came. The only information he had
been able to gather was from the Fruit Recorder of 1872, the editor of which
explained that the moth that deposited the laryee that made the currant borer
was similar to the moth that deposited the larvee of the peach borer. It was
generally deposited at the base of the bud. He said the shoot which contained
the borer should be cut off and the enemy be destroyed by burning. Further
information, he said, could be had of Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, New York.

Mr. Ramsdell said he had generally noticed that their marks were on this
year’s or the previous year’s growth. He had not yet decided whether they
went up or down. He had found them going both ways, and had followed
them to the root, and found that hollow. He had never seen any signs of the
larve until after the first of June. He saw but very little of them last season
any way.

Mr. Mapes said he did not think he saw as many last year as usual.

Mr. Ramsdell suggested a remedy. He would make the ground rich, and
give a strong, rapid growth, leaving the shoots to grow, and cut out the old
wood. He would renew the bush as rapidly as possible.

On motion the Secretary was instructed to write to Prof. Cook, of the Agri-
cultural College, and find out if he knew anything of the borer.

The currant worm was then taken up. Mr. Mapes said he found several
remedies,—dry wood-ashes, ashes and soot mixed, white hellebore and carbonate

380 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of lime had all been recommended. ‘To use these, apply on bushes when wet.
From one to three applications were recommended as sufficient. One of his
own plans had been to shake the bushes and mash the worms with his foot.
He had found that the most effectual remedy.

Mr. Booth said the currant worm had troubled his black currants very much,
but had not troubled his gooseberries.

Messrs. Mapes and Ramsdell had had the reverse exactly, and the black cur-
rants had been comparatively free, wnile the gooseberries and the red currants
were severely attacked. And yet, in both instances, the gooseberry bushes and
black currant bushes stood in the same row running east and west. This an-
omaly in the habits of the worm caused some surprise, and will no doubt stir
up more research on the part of those interested.

After a brief discussion it was decided to continue the discussion of the in-
sect enemies of small fruits next week.

The question of holding a Union Fair for the counties of Benzie, Muskegon,
Mason and Manistee next fall at Pentwater, came up. The Secretary stated
that he had had a talk with the Pentwater News editor, and that he had re-
cently received an article from him regarding the matter, and that it was pro-
posed to hold a convention at Ludington on the 9th of June, to form a Union
Fair organization. It had been suggested that three delegates go to that con-
yention from each county, but he thought that too small a number.

On motion the Secretary was instructed to write to the Pentwater folks and
suggest a larger number of delegates.

He was also authorized to publish a call for a meeting of the fruit men and
farmers to be held at the Times editorial office on Saturday, the 5th day of
June, for the purpose of electing delegates to the Union Fair meeting to be
held at Ludington on the 9th of June, 1875.

The mesting then adjourned.

BARLY HISTORY OF THE STATE AGHE
CULTURAL SOCIETY.

A PAPER PREPARED BY PROF, J. C. HOLMES, OF DETROIT, AND READ
BY HIM AT THE IONIA MEETING, WEDNESDAY, DEC. 2, 1874.

GENTLEMEN :—A very few days since I received a note from the secretary of
this association requesting me to prepare a paper upon the early history of the
Michigan State Agricultural Society. Had he made this request at a date
sufficiently early to allow me time to comply therewith, I would have done so
with pleasure. The very few days that have elapsed since I received the sec-
retary’s note have been so filled with a multiplicity of cares I have hardly had
time to devote a thought to the matter, but I will try to give a few items.

1830, WHEN A TERRITORY.

In the Northwest Journal of May 12, 1830, published at Detroit, I find the
following editorial, viz.:

“AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.— We have more than once urged the establishment of these
useful associations in the Territory. We advert to the subject now simply for the purpose
of asking if no measures of encouragement be within the competency of the Territorial
Legislature.”

In the same journal, under date of October 20, 1830, I find a notice of what
was probably the first agricultural society organized in Michigan. ‘This notice
Says:

““At an adjourned meeting of the farmers of the county of Oakland, held pursuant to an
adjournment, at the house of Solomon Close, in the village of Pontiac, on Monday, the 6th
of October, 1830, to take into consideration the expediency of forming an agricultural
society, Amos Mead, Esq., was chairman, and C. A. Chipman, secretary.’’*

On motion of J. P. Sheldon, it was decided by the meeting that it is expe-
dient to form a society for the promotion of agriculture.

*On the 11th of January, 1875, I wrote to Mr. C. A. Chipman, and received the following answer:
RocHESTER, January 13, 1875.
J.C. Holmes, Esq. :

DzarSix:—Your favor of the 11th inst. was received this morning. There was formed in 1830 an Agricul-
tural Society in Oakland county, of which I was secretary. A few of the farmers of the county met at
Solomon Close’s, and agreed to organize a society, to be called the Oakland Agricultural Society of Oakland
county. Amos Mead was chairman and I was its secretary. Mr. Mead and myself were appointed a com-
mittee to draught a constitution, which was adopted at an adjourned meeting of the society. As the county
was then quite new, very few farmers took any interest in the society. Amos Mead was chairman and [
made secretary at the adjourned meeting. I think this was the last meeting of the society. There had been
no premium list and no exhibition cf the society. It fell still-born upon the county.

, Very respectfally yours, etc.,
Cc. A. CHIPMAN.

382 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The committee appointed at a former meeting to prepare a constitution, re-
ported one which was read and adopted. The meeting then proceeded to the
choice of officers, whereupon the Hon. Wm. Thompson was unanimously
elected President; Amos Mead, Hsq., and Stephen V. R. Trowbridge, Vice
Presidents; Calvin Hotchkiss, John W. Hunter, Joseph Morrison, Oliver Wil-
liams, Abner Davis, Ezra Rood, and Erastus Ingersol, Directors ; and Cyrus
A. Chipman, Secretary and Treasurer.

The constitution of the Agricultural Society of the county of Oakland,
adopted at this meeting, consists of fifteen articles, not one of which gives any
intimation of the objects of the society. I do not find any record of a subse-
quent meeting. I think Mr. Chipman, the secretary and treasurer, is still re-
siding in Oakland county, and if applied to could give a history of the pro-
ceedings of this, the first agricultural society organized in Michigan.

1833.
In the Detroit Courier of March 13th, 1833, I find this:

‘« At a meeting of citizens of the Territory of Michigan, convened at the house of Benja-
min Woodworth, Esq., in the city of Detroit, pursuant to public notice, for the promotion
of agriculture and domestic manufactures, His Excellency, George B. Porter, was called to
the chair, and Major J. Kearsley appointed secretary. A petition to the Legislative Coun-
cil was prepared, praying that an act of incorporation may be passed, which was signed by
the persons present. On motion

Resolved, That Jonathan Kearsley, Thomas Rowland, John J. Deming, John M. Wilson
and Henry P. Powers, be appointed a committee to adopt such measures as they may deem
expedient to carry into effect the object of this meeting, and especially to use their exer-
tions to procure an act of incorporation ; and to report to an adjourned meeting to be holden
at the same place on Thursday, the 21st instant, at 6 o’clock, P. M.

Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting, signed by the chairman and secretary, be
published in all the newspapers of the Territory.

Adjourned to meet again on Thursday evening, March 21, 18338.

(Signed) GEORGE B. PORTER, Chairman,

J. KEARSLEY, Secretary.

An editorial in the Courier of April 10th, 1833, says :

AGRICULTURAL SocirETy.—The bill incorporating an Agricultural Society of Michigan
was taken up for a second reading yesterday. Mr. Sprague moved to strike out the section
authorizing an appropriation to be made from the territorial treasury for the encouragement
of said society, on the ground that we were not yet sufficiently advanced in wealth to war-
rant such an appropriation. There were more pressing objects to be provided for at present.
He was not opposed to encouraging agricultural societies in the Territory, but it was too
soon. The bill was laid on the table.

In the Courier of April 24th, 1835, is this item:
AGRICULTURAL Society or MicarGan.—The bill grantiog a charter of incorporation to
this society has passed the council.
On looking over the proceedings of the legislative council, I find that this
bill passed on the 20th of April, 1833.
1849.

I have no knowledge of what proceedings were had under this act; but six-
teen years afterward, in February, 1849, the first session of the Legislature after
the removal of the capital from Detroit to Lansing, the Hon. Titus Dart of
Dearborn was chairman of the committee on agriculture in the Senate. Being
well acquainted with him, and being desirous that a State agricultural society
should be organized in Michigan, | wrote to Mr. Dart that I thought it was
time we had a State agricultural society, and he being chairman of the com-
mittee on agriculture in the Senate was the one to give it a start, and as there
were at that time people at Lansing from all parts of the State, that was the

EARLY HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 583

place to start it. After some correspondence upon the subject, Mr. Dart men-
tioned it to some of the members of the Legislature, who immediately responded
in favor of the project. Thereupon a call was made on the 5th of March, 1849,
for a meeting to be held at the capital on the evening of the 10th of March, to
take into consideration the matter of forming a State agricultural society.
This call was signed by the executive officers of the State and members of
the Senate and House of Representatives.

THE FIRST MEETING UNDER THIS CALL.

HALL OF THE House oF REPRESENTATIVES,
Lansing, Mich., March 10th, 1849.

In pursuance of this call a meeting was held at 7 o’clock this evening, in the
hall of the House, and was called to order by Hon. Titus Dart of Wayne
county, on whose motion Governor Ransom was appointed president of the
meeting.

The president, in taking the chair, expressed his gratification at this mark
of distinction conferred by the meeting, and made an eloquent allusion to the
pride which he felt in being able to call himself a practical farmer. He then
invited gentlemen present to favor the assemblage with their views on the sub-
ject for which they had met.

On motion of Lieutenant-Governor Fenton, A. W. Hovey was appointed
secretary of the meeting.

Mr. Dart offered the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted,
Viz. :

Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed by the president, whose duty it shall
be to prepare and report, at a subsequent meeting, a plan for the organization of a State
Agricultural Society, and that they are requested to report such a constitution and by-laws
as they may deem most suitable to promote the legitimate purpose of such a society.

Resolved, That said committee be requested to inquire and report upon the expediency of
applying to the Legislature for pecuniary aid in the organization and conduct of such a
society ; and also for applying for an act of incorporation for the same.

Resolved, That when this meeting adjourn, it will adjourn to meet at this place on Satur-
day next, at 7 o’clock, Pp. M., and that the public generally be respectfully but earnestly
urged to attend.

The president appointed as the committee under the first resolution, Mr.
Dart, of Wayne; Mr. Deming, of Lenawee; Mr. Salyer, of Washtenaw; Mr.
Belding, of Oakland ; Mr. Loomis, of St. Clair; Mr. McKinney, of Van Buren ;

and Mr. Matthews, of St. Joseph. The meeting then adjourned.

THE SECOND MEETING,

HovuskE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Saturday, 7 P. M., March 17th, 1849.

In pursuance of adjournment, the meeting for the purpose of organizing a
State Agricultural Society convened in the Capitol, and was called to order by
Gov. Ransom, the President.

Mr. Dart, from the committee appointed at the former meeting, reported
that the committee had performed the duty assigned them, and that Mr.
Loomis would read the report.

Mr. Loomis read two bills drawn up by the committee for presentation to the
Legislature, one of them incorporating the State Agricultural Society, and the
other making an appropriation, under certain restrictions, in aid of the ob-
jects of the society; and also reported a constitution, which report was accepted
and the committee discharged.

384 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The constitution was taken up, read, considered, amended and adopted.
Mr. Levi Baxter oftered the following resolution, which was adopted :

Resolved, That the State officers and members and officers of the Legislature be consid-
ered members of the State Agricultural Society, for the purpose of organization, together
with such other personsas may comply with the requirements of the constitution. On mo-
tion of Mr. Loomis,

Resolved, That a committee of nine be appointed by the President as a committee of
nomination of officers of the Michigan State Agricultural Society, and that such committee
shall report at this place next Saturday evening, to which time and place this meeting will
adjourn.

The president appointed as such committee Mr. Loomis, of St. Clair; Mr.
MeNeil, of Genesee; Mr. Campbell, of Livingston; Mr. Baxter, of Hillsdale ;
Mr. Adam, of Lenawee; Mr. Stevens, of Wayne; Mr. Ferguson, of Calhoun ;
Mr. Comstock, of Allegan; and Mr. Burk, of Berrien. On motion of Mr.
Deming it was

Resowed, That Hon. Wm. M., Fenton be respectfully invited to deliver an address at the
meeting of next Saturday evening, at which it is proposed to complete the organization of
the Michigan State Agricultural Society.

On motion of Mr. Ferguson, Hon. John J. Adam was appointed treasurer
pro tem.to receive money from those wishing to become members of the
society.

The meeting adjourned till half-past six o’clock on Saturday evening.

THE THIRD MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Lansing, March 23d, 1849.

At an adjourned meeting held in the hall of the House of Representatives,
for completing the organization of the Michigan State Agrjcultural Society,
his excellency, the governor, presided.

Mr. Chamberlain of Berrien county was elected secretary.

Hon. Charles A. Loomis, chairman of the committee appointed at a previous
meeting to report the names of officers for the ensuing year, made the follow-
ing report, which was accepted :

For President,—Epaphroditus Ransom of Kalamazoo.

For Recording Secretary,—J. C. Holmes of Wayne.

For Treasurer, —John J. Adam of Lenawee.

For Executive Committee,—Titus Dart, Wayne; Bela Hubbard, Wayne; Edward L.
Fuller, Washtenaw ; ‘Townsend E. Gidley, ‘Jackson ; Stephen Valentine, Calhoun; William
iH. Edgar, Kalamazoo ; Joseph Gibbons, Lenawee; John Thomas, Oakland ; George Red-
field, Cass ; Jeremiah Smith, Genesee.

Also a vice- -president and a corresponding secretary for each organized county.

On motion of Titus Dart, the society proceeded to the election of officers.
Hon. Messrs. Dart and Walbridge were appointed tellers. The tellers an-
nounced that the society had, by a unanimous yote, confirmed the nominations
made by the committee.

Governor Ransom, the president elect, tendered his thanks to the society for
the honor conferred, and spoke of the advantages attendant on the formation
of State agricultural societies.

An address was then delivered by Lieutenant-Governor W. M. ienton.

On motion of Mr. Ferguson of Calhoun, it was

Resolved, That the society ask the Legislature to appropriate the sum of one thousand
dollars for the use of the society, to aid in holding a State fair next fall,

The society then adjourned.

The Legislature passed an act to incorporate the Michigan State Agricul-
tural Society. This act was approved April 2d, 1849.

EARLY HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 385

The Legislature also passed an act in aid of the society, appropriating four
hundred dollars, to be paid upon the receipt of an affidavit of the treasurer
that the society had raised a like sum by subscriptions, or fees for membership.
This act was approved March 31st, 1849.

This is the history of the organization of the Michigan State Agricultural
Society.

THE FIRST MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

was held in Detroit on the 22d of May, 1849, at 10 o’clock A. M., in a building
that stood where the city hall nowstands. After the transaction of some busi-
ness, the committee adjourned to meet at 7$ o’clock P. M.

In the evening there were present the president, Messrs. Dart, Gibbons,
Redfield, Thomas, Hubbard, and Holmes. A motion was made that a fair be
held in September. Upon this question there was a long discussion. The
trouble was that the society had not the means requisite for preparing suitable
grounds for the exhibition, or to pay premiums. The appropriation by the
Legislature was contingent upon raising a like sum by the society.

I told the executive committee that if they would decide to hold a fair, make
out a premium list, and appropriate one thousand dollars for the payment of
premiums, I would see that the money was raised. The committve then passed
the following resolutions:

Resolved, That the society’s first annual fair be held on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thurs-
day, the 25th, 26th, and 27th of September, 1849.

Resolved, That the committee appropriate the sum of one thousand dollars, to be awarded
at the fair to be held on the 25th, 26th, and 27th of September.

Resolved, That the society’s fair for 1849 be held in the city of Detroit, provided the com-
mittee receive sufficient assurance that the local expenses of said fair will be paid by the
citizens of Detroit. Ifnot, then at such place on the line of the Michigan Central Railroad
a3 will raise a sum sufficient to defray said expenses, not to exceed five hundred dollars.

The premium list was prepared and other arrangements made for a fair.
The committee then adjourned.

THE FIRST FAIR, SEPTEMBER, 1849.

This was a bold move,—this asking for $500 to fit up the show grounds, and
without having funds in the treasury appropriating $1,000 for premiums. It
was the first effort of the society to make a show, and we did not know how it
would be sustained. We went to work and raised from the people of Detroit
the sum of $523. We were then sure of the $400 appropriated by the
State. We thought this was a marvelous good beginning, and so it was,
for our new society and our young State. The fair was held on a small
piece of ground, measuring 370 feet on Woodward avenue and running back
800 feet. This answered our purpose, but it was well filled. It is now covered
with stores and dwellings. There was on the ground a small hexagonal build-
ing called “Floral Temple.” At the close of the fair the lumber was sold at
auction, and this “ Floral Temple” was bought by a gentleman in Detroit who
moved it to his garden, where it has stood from that time to the present.

The exhibition of stock was not large, but it was pretty good. Every exhibi-
tor thought he had the best on exhibition, if not the best that could be pro-
cured. Mr. Ira Phillips of Armada, Macomb county, exhibited the best Dur-
ham bull two years old and over, and was awarded the first premium of $10.00.
Mr. Phillips told me that when he bought this animal and paid what was then
considered an exorbitant price, his neighbors langhed at him, and some of
them thought he ought to have a guardian ; but this fair operated as an eye-

ol

386 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

opener to many of the farmers, and they immediately began to look around for
improved stock ; and I believe they have been improving ever since.

In every department the fair was a success. Financially it was a success.
After paying all the bills, expenses and premiums, we had about $1,260 in the
treasury.

The constitution of the society, Article IX., said, “ No officer of this society
shall receive any compensation for his services.” Of course we all worked for
the love of working in so good a cause.

WHAT A STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY SHOULD BE.

My own idea of what a State agricultural society should be, and the idea
with which I started, has never been fully carried out. It was my wish in the
beginning that the society should have a

CENTRAL OFFICE,

where should be established an Agricultural Library, Museum, and Reading
Room, where could be found all the standard agricultural books, papers and
magazines, models and specimens of agricultural machinery, implements, etc.,
specimens of agricultural and horticultural products, and general information
upon subjects connected with agriculture and horticulture. This place,
wherever located, should be the headquarters of the society and the office of
the secretary. His salary should be sufficient for his support, so that he could
give his whole time to the work of the society. The care of and the business
connected with such a central office would occupy the time of one person cer-
tainly, and probably more.

Some of these last remarks will apply to the Michigan State Pomological
Society. If this society had permanent headquarters, located at a point that
would be the most accessible to fruit-growers of the State, where could be
found a collection of specimens of insects that are injurious, and insects bene-
ficial to vegetation, with a catalogue of their names, giving a full description
of the insects, their history and habits, methods of ridding our premises of the
destructive, and of protecting those that are beneficial; also a collection of
birds, with their history and habits; models of fruits; a horticultural library,
etc., the benefit to the people of this fruit-producing State would be incal-
culable.

I hope to see this Pomological association increase in numbers and in funds,
that it may increase in usefulness.

THE CHERRYwAND THE CHERRY TREE:

AN ESSAY READ AT THE SPRING LAKE MEETING OF THE STATE POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY, BY GEORGE PARMELEE, ESQ.,
OF OLD MISSION.

GENTLEMEN :—The present time for a discussion of the subject of cherry
cultivation is probably well chosen. Seeing as we do the beauties and excel-
lencies of this acceptable little fruit only retrospectively, our discussions may
be presumed to take the channels of sober second thought, rather than to take
on the appearance of extravaganza and sentimentality, which might happen
were this discussion at a time of the year when this charming fruit could be
present with all its attractions of beauty and excellence.

ITS SEASON,

following closely the strawberry, and extending to the heat of early summer,
with its many practical culinary uses, its delicious and refreshing flavor, and
perfect beauty, are so many reasons for its receiving, during its supremacy, our
unqualified admiration.

SOUR AND SWEET CHERRIES.

The class of cherries known as sour cherries, being generally hardy, are
raised more or less and are pretty well known to the mass of the people, while
those that we term sweet cherries, being more tender in the tree and subject
to more accidents, are much less cultivated. And it may be safe to say that not
more than one person in four in the whole country ever regaled himself with
a generous feast of the fine sorts. Good housewives understand the various
uses of the sour cherries, but perhaps some have yet to learn that the dark
English Morello, when dried, gives to fruit-cake a finer flavor than perhaps any
other foreign or domestic fruit.

THE VARIETIES

of sour cherries most in cultivation are so easily raised that little need be said
to a novice who may comtemplate planting them. They put up with fence
corners and neglect generally with as good grace as any other fruit tree, and
will usually fruit in what would be called, for tender fruits, unfavorable local-
ities.

388 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE USES

of the two classes of cherries seem to be mainly distinct, though they shade
into each other: the sour fur culinary, the sweet for dessert uses. Probably
no person familiar with the better sorts of sweet cherries would be willing to
accord them a second on the list of dessert fruits. We may say they are the
perfect thing in their season, because we know of nothing in its season that
we can place before them. Placing this high estimate upon them, it is reason-
able to infer that there are great drawbacks to their cultivation or people
would not be such strangers to them. I am not of those who believe that
sweet cherries can be raised at only a few points scattered over wide areas of
country; though the editor of the St. Joseph Herald made the astonishing dis-
covery that they could be raised only at Alton and St. Joseph. Perhaps he
could convince us that what we raise on Yellow Spanish cherry trees in [ati-
tude 45° are nectarines! *Lwould seem a logical conclusion, for they are full
of nectar! There are drawbacks to this cultivation, but they are not of such
an insurmountable nature as need keep the fruit from the tables of those who
believe it a part of righteousness to live on the good things of earth. I
will mention some of the drawbacks, and point briefly to some of the ways of
surmounting them. The tree is very tenacious of its climatic conditions; ex-
treme cold is fatal to the tree, and extreme heat to the fruit; it will not bear
much pruning or careless handling; like plums it is subject to attacks from
curculio, and also to destruction by birds.

While some parts of the State have climatic conditions more favorable to
the production of this fruit than others, there is probably hardly a county in
the settled portion of the State that cannot furnish sites where the conditions
of climate will admit of their successful cultivation. The difference in tem-
perature between hills readily sloping in several directions, and that of hollows
pent up on the sides of their natural outlets by bodies of timber, is very great, and
in the trying times of severe winter is enough to make the difference between
freedom from injury and destruction bycold. These differences I have proved
by a great number of thermometrical experiments, finding in one instance a
difference of 27°. This is an extreme difference, but in other cases, measuring
by results, I have seen the lower part of a peach orchard destitute of atmos-
pheric drainage, killed clean to the ground, while the higher parts had not
even the fruit buds injured.

ALTITUDE,

without the proper configuration, does not afford security; for elevated hol-
lows may be very frosty, while, on the other hand, a swell of land less elevated
than such hollows, but with free slope to a lower plain, will be comparatively
free from frost. Hollows are worst of all places for tender fruits, and next to
them are level plains. Those portions of the State not enjoying the influence
of a near body of water can make up the deficiency by planting on such hills as
we have indicated.

THE ROT.

We said great heat was a drawback, but it is probable that it is so from the
fact that, in connection with moisture and other conditions of growth, it
results in a too rapid process of ripening, causing the whole crop to rot at such
times. By planting in elevated and airy situations where no accumulation of
heat can take place, and where the soil is not rich, and without manuring, the
attacks of rot will seldom occur.

THE CHERRY AND THE CHERRY TREE. 089

HANDLING.

No tree is so sensitive to bruising or breaking as the cherry, and it requires
very little pruning. So that with common caution in handling at the trans-
planting, in the after care, and with the true science of pruning, which, with
all fruit trees is to cut as little as possible, and rarely to shorten in, this sensi-
tiveness of the tree ceases to be a great difficulty.

THE CURCULIO.

Many people have sweet cherry trees which annually set good crops of fruit
and as often disappoint the wishful owners by the attacks of the curculio.
Such persons are too negligent or haye too much to do to apply the necessary
remedies; for we can hardly conceive of any citizen of Michigan, who takes
enough interest in fruit to grow a cherry tree, who can be ignorant of the
known methods of destroying that insect.

THE DESTRUCTION

of this crop by birds can and should be remedied. The Cedar bird or Cherry
bird is the principal destroyer of this crop. Other birds work at them slowly,
usually devouring all of the cherry they attack, while the cherry bird takes
only a bite or two from a cherry, mutilating and thus destroying probably a
quart to make his little self a meal. And when such cherries are worth
twenty-five cents a quart we can estimate the cost of boarding those little
cormorants.

With the loss of the trees by the winter of 1872 and 1873, with the rot the
present season, with the attack of the curculio and the destruction by birds, it
is a fact that nearly the whole west, in town and country, has been without
sweet cherries the past season. In some cases where a single tree has stood
near a dwelling, the birds have been kept from the fruit by hanging a bell in
the tree with a string running from it into the house, where some person
could frequently give it a jerk and thus frighten the birds away. Such an
expedient, at best, can only save to the family a supply for themselves. If we
cannot relieve our cherry orchards of the depredations of this little pirate, we
may as well cut them down, and the lovers of cherries in town may give up
this pleasant source of enjoyment and health.

The legislators of this State have declared it a crime punishable by a fine of
$5 to killa cherry bird. We are ready to give them credit for good intentions
in the passage of the law; but they acted on partial information. It has been
claimed that these birds are insectivorous, more than compensating for their
little peccadilloes by destroying noxious insects. At different times during
the past season I have examined the stomachs of eleven of these birds, usually
with a magnifying glass, and have, every time, failed to find any insect food.
And I have found, by four different examinations of young birds in the nest,
that they, too, have no insect diet.

In all my experience I have found no exception to these statements. The
cherry bird is an unmitigated pest, and should be destroyed; else we must give
up one of the most beautiful and luscious of all the nice fruits.

The plea for the cherry bird is simply sentimentalism. He may be pretty,
but he is not good. A cherry is both.

This indiscriminate adulation of the feathered warblers is bringing its
fruits. The English sparrows which these bird-lunatics have brought over
from Europe, are proving to be the scourge that people who knew their habits
declared they would be. They are increasing rapidly, and wherever they spread

390 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

are destroying the really useful birds. As well go into ecstasies over the blos-
soms of the Canada thistle because it is beautiful, and import it to your farms,
as to bring the sparrow and the cherry bird to your orchards.

HARVESTING AND MARKETING.

A word about harvesting and marketing sweet cherries may interest some.
They should never be pulled from the tree, for tworeasons: pulling frequently
breaks off the spur containing the blossom buds for the next season, and it
frequently loosens the stem from the cherry, thus starting the juice, which
very soon causes the rotting of the cherry. An extra expense of one cent per
quart over the ordinary way of picking, will pay for cutting the stems near
the middle with a pair of scissors. When thus picked, and carefully packed in
quart boxes, they can be kept a long time or sent long distances. I am unable
to say how long they may be kept, but will say that we kept a box of Yellow
Spanish cherries, the past summer, ten days in an ordinary room, without any
indications of decay.

When I speak of quart boxes I mean a dry-measure quart, not the diminu-
tive thing that dishonest and short-sighted men are every year scrimping and
calling “a quart box.” People who buy fruit do not decide the question
whether they buy or not on the cost of a single package, but on the question
“ what does it cost to supply my family ?”

A pint box itself costs about as much as a quart, and pays nearly as much
freight, requiring a large part of the consumers’ money to pay for packages,
thus making the fruit supply for his family more costly, and often ruling it
out to the injury of the market for the grower.

Cherries shipped in quart boxes are not sufficiently massed to crush the pulp
or start the juice in ordinary handling, and can be sent long distances, and
will not injure the market by risk of rotting on dealers’ hands.

In selecting varieties to plant, the safest rule is to plant those varieties that
are proved most successful in our own vicinity, remembering that, in all fruits,
valuable additions to the list of well tried or standard varieties are not of fre-
quent occurrence. While a given list may be of some value where there is no
local experience to guide, it is best for a person planting to post himself as to
the success of the nearest cultivated varieties, and to use great caution against
planting varieties not generally known.

THE BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES
RECOMMENDED BY THE SOCIETY.

BY T. T. LYON, SOUTH HAVEN, MICH., AND PREPARED FOR THE SUM
MER MEETING HELD AT MONROE, 1875.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN: Having been requested by your Secre-
tary to prepare some account of the blackberries and raspberries recommended
by the society for cultivation in Michigan, I may be indulged in a few remarks
preliminary to the subject, before entering upon the discussion of the varieties
to be considered.

It is only within the last twenty years that the attention of fruit growers
has, to any considerable extent, been directed to the cultivation of either the
blackberry or the black-cap raspberry, with reference to the production of
improved varieties ; and even up to the present time, so far as we are informed,
such efforts have been directed only to the selection and propagation of such
chance sorts as have sprung up in a wild state.

Prior to the above named period, persons had, occasionally, indulged in the
gathering of wild plants into cultivated ground, with the hope that cultivation
would exert an ameliorating or improving influence upon the quality of the
fruit. This process, however, seems to have yielded no yery encouraging
results.

It is little more than fifteen years since the date of the earliest efforts for
the production of new and improved varieties of the American Black Cap;
although, as in the case of the blackberry, it had previously been the practice
of persons partial to this fruit, to collect plants from the field and hedge rows
and subject them to the ordeal of cultivation ; more perhaps, for the purpose
of having the fruit at hand when wanted, than with any especial reference to
the improvement of its quality.

THE BLACKBERRY

is common to both the eastern and western continents; but the variety or
rather species common in many parts of Europe and Asia, and known as
Rubus Fruticosus, seems to be a somewhat near approach to the raspberry, in
the form of its fruit, if not also in the characteristics of the wood growth.
We have also, in this country, two nearly allied species known as the Dewberry
(Rubus Hispidus), which seem to be quite generally disseminated in a wild

392 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

state, and more or less so, if we mistake not, in Europe also, as Rulus Cesus
and Rubus Canadensis. So far as we are informed, however, all our cultivated
varieties, of recognized value, are supposed to have sprung from the common
high-bush blackberry, Rubus Villosus.

One of the first attempts, within our knowledge, to introduce the black-
berry to cultivation, was that of the late Capt. Josiah Lovett, of Beverly,
Mass., who was the introducer of the Dorchester; a variety which, although
not recommended by this society, has been for many years, and still is,
esteemed in the markets of Boston.

The next variety to appear prominently before the public, and the first one
to which your attention is invited as having been recommended by this society
for cultivation in Michigan, is the

NEW ROCHELLE, OR LAWTON,

which was discovered, as a wild plant by the roadside, in the town of New
Rochelle, Westchester county, N. Y., by Lewis A. Seacor, about the year 1845
to 1847. The fruit was so distinct, and so superior to others, that he trans-
ferred it to his garden. In 1848 it attracted the notice of a Mr. Lawton, also
of New Rochelle, who procured plants and commenced its propagation. It
seems to have received, at his hands, its first prominent introduction to the
public by the presentation of a branch, laden with fruit, at a meeting of the
Amezican Institute Farmer’s Club, held in the city of New York in 1853. By
means, apparently, of a little rather questionable practice on the part of Mr.
Lawton, the club was induced to christen (or rather rechristen) the variety as
the Lawton,—a name that has adhered to it; although Mr. Downing, ‘in his
work on fruits, gives New Rochelle as the leading name. Mr. Lawton seems
to have made the most of this christening, by advertising and disseminating
it extensively, at high prices, no doubt greatly to his personal advantage.

A correspondent of the Horticulturist, in June, 1855, writing from Adrian,
Michigan, and who had been a visitor at New Rochelle about this time, gives a
very full history of the origin of this fruit, which he concludes with the follow-
ing remarks: “There have been many conjectures as to the origin of this
fruit. It is known that a relative of a former proprietor of the farm (on
which the original plants were discovered) brought shrubbery from England,
and some suppose this blackberry was then introduced; others think the
Huguenots, who originally settled New Rochelle, brought it with them from
France; but the prevalent belief appears to be that it is an accidental seedling.
For the facts embodied in this letter, I am indebted to a communication from
Frederick Prince, Esq., (the present owner of the farm where the fruit was
found) published in the Westchester News, and to the verbal statements of
Mr. Seacor and some others of his neighbors, and I have every reason to believe
all these statements to be substantially correct.”

In the same volume of the Horticulturist, at page 353, will be found a com-
munication from the late A. C. Hubbard, of Detroit, tending to confirm the
supposition of the English origin of this. We extract as follows: “We had
a large pot of these blackberries in the greenhouse this spring, which was
observed by a Scotch gardener whom we had just employed. ‘Ah!’ he says,
‘and here vou have the Scotch Bramble’ ‘No,’ I said, ‘it is a new variety of
blackberry, a seedling, a very superior kind’ ‘Ah, but it is the Bramble! I
know it. I have seen them filled, just filled with fruit as big as that (measur-
ing off two-thirds of his thumb). Ah! you would have to make two bites to

BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES. 393

every berry. He went on then describing how it branches out, and how it
was completely filled with fruit so that the branches would bend over to the
ground, and described the enormous quantity obtained from one branch, their
delicious flavor, ete., ete.”

These and other reports of the wonderful character of this new variety seem
to have induced Mr. Charles Downing to inquire carefully into the facts in the
case, and also to visit and examine the fruit upon several plantations. His
conclusions are embodied in an article which appears in the Horticulturist for
1855, at page 451, from which we quote as follows, alluding to the article of
Mr. Hubbard:

“ A species of bramble it certainly is; but that he ever saw this identical
blackberry is a matter of doubt. If it is an old fruit and so well known in
Kurope, how is it that it has not been introduced and propagated among the
nurserymen and amateurs here, along with their other importations of new
and good fruits? One thing is certain: it is a valuable fruit and deserves the
attention of amateurs and fruit growers, and every person who cultivates even
a small portion of ground would do well to procure a few plants. A dozen or so
in full bearing will give fruit sufficient for an ordinary family for some six
weeks.

The society only recommends this blackberry for market, with a caution as
to hardiness. Our impression is that it went upon the list in compliance with
the preferences of St. Joseph planters and with reference to the wants of plant-
ers along the Lake Shore, where its success was assumed to be more certain
than in the State at large, where, if not protected, it is frequently winter-killed
at the top on account of its habit of making late growths and hence going into
the winter with imperfectly ripened wood. Still there are not lacking cases in
which, with winter protection, it has proved highly profitable even in the in-

terior of the State.

One of its most serious drawbacks asa market fruit is its extreme delicacy
of texture; which, to some extent at least, unfits it for lengthened transporta-
tion by rail. To Lake Shore growers who can pick it over night, and have it
put down in Chicago or Milwaukee by steamer in the early morning, it wiil no
doubt be found profitable when carried safely through the winter, the chief
danger being that even a slight killing of the top is pretty certain to seriously
diminish the next crop. Owing largely perhaps to this difficulty some of the
more recent sorts seem to a great extent to be superseding it even there.

The fruit becomes fully colored some time before it acquires its full flavor.
Hence experience is requisite to properly determine the time of picking, and it
usually goes to market while yet partially unripe and sour. The most experi-
enced growers advise to leave the berry upon the plant till it will drop into the
hand upon the mere touch of the fingers. When picked in this manner and
the plants kept low and well branched by clipping or pinching in summer,
with protection in winter when requisite, we are persuaded that it will be found
satisfactory, and under such treatment we have little hesitation in commend-
ing it to even amateur planters for home use throughout the State, except
possibly at the extreme north.

KITTATINNY.

The first published notice of this blackberry that has come under our obser-
vation, occurs in the November number of the Magazine of Horticulture for
1864, at page 407, before it had been offered for sale by the introducer. It was

52

394 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

discovered by Mr. E. Williams of Montclair, New Jersey, at the foot of the
Kittatinny mountain, in the town of Hope, Warren county, in that State, and
was by him brought under cultivation, and also farther tested by sending
plants for trial to several persons in distant localities, one of whom was the
writer. It was first offered for sale, if we mistake not, in the year 1863, and
soon became widely disseminated. A figure of the fruit appeared in the Hor-
ticulturist for that year, at page 271, with the following description by the
editor: “ We find it to possess such good qualities that we give a portrait of
it. We selected for the purpose a medium-sized berry; the size, however, is
very uniform. The outline of the fruit, it will be seen, is somewhat like that
of the Dorchester, but not so regular. It might very well be described as a
berry between the Dorchester and New Rochelle. The berry is longer than
the latter, but more irregular than the former. ‘The pips are as large as in the
latter, with all the sweetness of the former. It has a delicious flayor. ‘The
pips seem to ripen very uniformly, and the seeds are very small. It is very
productive, if we may judge from the bearing shoots we saw. One the whole,
we regard it as a large, handsome, and high-flavored fruit.”

When in season in 1865, a party visited the locality in New Jersey, where it
originated and where it was yet principally grown, and the following account
of it was given by Mr. Downing, who was one of the party. He says: “We
visited several gardens where it was more or less grown—in one, I should
think, to the extent of half an acre; but only one with good cultivation. As to
vigor and productiveness, I did not perceive any difference,”—between this and
the New Rochelle, we suppose,—“ except that the leaves were a little more ser-
rated, size of berry being fully equal but rather longer, decidedly sweeter, and
an acquisition to this class of fruits. In one of the gardens the Kittatinny and
Lawton were growing side by side and apparently of the same age, so that we
had a fair opportunity to compare and examine them fully; and I consider the
Kittatinny the best blackberry I have yet seen.”

This berry is now extensively grown, and the above early impressions as to its
value in comparison with the New Rochelle seem to have won well-nigh uni-
versal approval and confirmation. In fact, so far as hardiness is concerned, it
is our impression that in most cases it will prove fully equal to our native wild
plants, which are known to be frequently killed in winter when standing un-
sheltered in the open ground.

Within the last few years a more recent candidate for the favor of the mar-
ket planter seems threatening to eclipse the Kittatinny, and usurp its place in
the public estimation, even as a market fruit, and possibly the time has already
arrived when it should be the duty of the society to add it to the list recom-
mended for that purpose. We refer to the

WILSON’S EARLY,

a variety also orginating in New Jersey, it having been first brought to the
notice of planters by John Wilson of Burlington, in that State, some time
prior to the year 1866; although, at that date, it had been little disseminated
outside of that State. In April of that year the Magazine of Horticulture
speaks of it as follows: “ This is a new variety which has been extensively
cultivated in New Jersey, and proved to possess considerable value. It has the
habit of ripening its crop mainly together, and is principally over in two weeks
and before the height of blackberries comes on. The price rules high, and it
does not come in competition with any other blackberry, but it is ahead of

BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES. 395

them all in the market, and brings more money. Its earliness is its principal
value. With this variety the blackberry season is lengthened two or three
weeks, making the period of supplying the market with this fruit nearly three
months.”

In the Horticulturist for September, 1867, in an article on “The Black-
berry,” by Andrew 8. Fuller of New York, he characterizes it as follows: “TI
confess to an agreeable surprise with this variety, for it has really proved to be
superior to the high encomiums which were bestowed upon it by those who
first disseminated the plants. The berries are enormously large, far excelling
the New Rochelle, being much longer, and nearly or quite equal to it in diam-
eter. * * * ‘The extreme earliness of this variety is greatly in its favor.
Following closely the raspberries, it fills a space in the season heretofore
almost unoccupied, and offers an opportunity to the grower of small fruits of
keeping his baskets and crates continuously in use. The berries all ripen in
about two weeks, and the entire crop may be disposed of before the later varie-
ties begin. The Wilson’s Karly will doubtless become one of the most popular
market varieties.”

In taking leave of this, the last of the varieties recommended by the society,
we only add the remark that it seems, at least in Western Michigan, to be
assuming a leading position among planters, both for domestic and market
purposes. True, it is by no means the equal of the Kittatinny in quality,
though it excels both that and the New Rochelle in size. This advantage,
however, for market purposes, seldom fails to carry the day as against quality
alone; and this fact, together with its superior earliness, and the economy of
gathering and marketing, on account of its habit of ripening together, affords
a very weighty and conclusive reason for its growing popularity.

Although there are and have been for some time more recent candidates for
the favor of planters of the blackberry, so far no one of these has been able to
establish itself prominently in their confidence. In fact, one of the leading if
not ¢he leading consideration urged in favor of the most of these is their alleged
superior hardiness; although some of them, as for instance Hoosac Thornless
and one or two others, present the additional recommendation of the increased
convenience of handling the plants and gathering the fruits.

Quite a number of them are recommended to the fanciful planter as amber,
red and white blackberries; but so far as proved, all these seem to be lacking
in such essential qualities as hardiness or productiveness.

BLACK CAPS.

As we have already found occasion to remark, the effort to produce improved
varieties of the native Black Cap is of but recent origin; and, as has been
found to be the case with the blackberry, such efforts have apparently been
confined to the selection and subjection to culture and artificial management
of such wild sorts as seemed most to manifest an improvement in quality. A
few varieties, like Purple Cane, Ellisdale, and more recently, and perhaps in a
more striking manner, Ganargua, give some indications of a possible origin,
by hybridization between the Black Cap ( Rubus Occidentalis), and the native
red raspberry (Rubus Strigosus), or possibly the European species (Rubus
Idaeus). If, however, such hybridization has actually taken place, it must
clearly have been accidental. Indeed, we have no account of any efforts for
the production of improved varieties of the Black Cap by any system of arti-
ficial reproduction from the seed.

396 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The first, or at least one of the first selections of improved sorts from the
wild stock, was that of the
DOOLITTLE,

which the society has included in each of the three lists. This, according to
Downing, was introduced to the public by Leander Joslyn of Phelps, Ontario
county, New York. It soon began to attract attention as a market fruit, and
was commended by Barry, Bateham, and others, at the meeting of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society held at New York in September, 1858. At the next
meeting of that society, held in Philadelphia, in September, 1860, it was again
highly commended by a large aumber of pomologists, and after some discus-
sion it was christened the Doolittle raspberry.

This Black Cap was, for several years, almost the only one in the field, and
for that reason, doubtless, was the more extensively disseminated. Indeed, for
a time, it seriously threatened to nearly if not quite drive the more luscious
but less hardy red varieties from our plantations of market raspberries. It
was extensively propagated and disseminated by Mr. Doolittle, of the State of
New York, from whom its name seems to have been derived. For some years
past, however, other candidates of this class have been introduced to challenge
the popular favor; and some of them at least appear to be outstripping it in
the race for popularity.

THE MIAMI

only appears in the amateur list. It is said to have been originally found
growing wild in the Miami Valley, Ohio, whence its name. Mr. Downing
characterizes it as of less value than the McCormick (better known here as
Mammoth Chester), which is doubtless true, if estimated strictly with refer-
ence to its marketing qualities ; but, for domestic use at home, it has, in our
estimation, some decided advantages over any other Black Cap with which we
are acquainted. It is clear, purplish black in color, with more juice and less
seediness than any other of its class. It is not as high flavored as some others,
but when prepared with sugar, it is perhaps the nearest approach to the reds
of anything to be found among the Black Caps. It is a good bearer, and the
fruit of fully medium size.

DAVISON’S THORNLESS

appears only in the family and amateur lists. It is claimed to have originated
in the garden of Mrs. Davison of Erie county, New York. It can hardly be
called a vigorous grower, as compared with others of its class, and the plants
are nearly or quite without any spines, except upon the footstalks of the leaves.
They are, for that reason, very much more convenient to handle both for cul-
tivation and for the gathering of the fruit. The plant is of average produc-
tiveness,—the fruit rather small,—sweeter and earlier than any other of its
class. Coming as it does in advance of others, it fills a place otherwise vacant.
This circumstance constitutes its principal value.

MC CORMICK, OR MAMMOTH CLUSTER,

appears in each of the society’s lists. It is the largest, most vigorous and pro-
ductive of the Black Caps, and has already encountered the usual experience
of widely popular fruits,—that of acquiring various synonyms in different parts
of the country. Indeed, this fruit seems more than usually unfortunate in
this respect, for one so recently introduced, as Downing, in his work on fruits,
gives no less than six synonyms. We follow him in giving the McCormick as

BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES. 397

original or leading name, although the variety seems to be universally known,
in Michigan, as Mammoth Cluster. Mr. Downing says of it: “It has stronger
and more vigorous canes, haying fewer spines and more productive, and is the
largest and best Black Cap we have yet seen. Fruit similar in form to Amer-
ican Black Cap, but of much larger size, of deeper color, more bloom, juice,
and sweetness.” It is also slightly later than other Black Caps,—a circum-
stance no doubt favorable to its popularity.

This is still what may properly be called a new variety, and we know of no
new fruit, of any class, that has come to be so generally introduced, within so
limited a period, and that, too, with such general satisfaction to planters. Still
this is a comparatively new and untried field; and with the probable constant
accession of newer competitors for the popular favor, itis more than possible
that even this variety shall soon be thrust aside to make way for a newer and
more desirable, or at least more pretentious claimant.

THE ANTWERP, OR RED RASPBERRY (Rubus Ideus),

is reputed to be the parent of all our cultivated varieties of this class. This is
probably the fact, and indeed, may be assumed to be so beyond all question, so
far as the great mass of the older varieties is concerned ; but the distinction
between this and our native red raspberry (Rubus Strigosus) is so narrow and,
to our mind, based upon peculiarities so able by variation to run into each
other, that we are hardly able to assure ourselves that at least some of the later
varieties of American origin may not have sprung from the latter. In order that
our difficulty, in this respect, may be the more readily and perfectly compre-
hended, we quote from Darlington’s “ American Weeds and Useful Plants :”

“ Rubus Ideus, Linnzeus.—Stem suffruticose, erect, terete, not glaucous, hispid at base
and somewhat prickly above; leaves pinnately 3-5-foliate ; leaflets rhomboid-ovate ; flow-
ers in paniculate corymbs; petals entire ; carpels slightly rugose, finely pubescent, not
pitted in drying.

“Ida Rubus, Antwerp Raspberry, Garden Raspberry.—Root creeping ; stem 3-5 feet high,
branching, mostly hispid when young, especially towards the base, smoothish (or some-
times pubescent) and armed with slender recurved prickles above, the hispid bark, below,
exfoliating the second year. Lower leaves odd pinnate by fives, the upper ones by threes ;
common petioles 1-3 or 4 inches long; leaflets 2-4 inches long, acuminate, unequally in-
cised-serrate, smoothish and green above, clothed with a dense white, cottony tomentum
beneath. Petals white. Carpels incurved at apex, clothed with a very fine, short, dense
pubescence, whitish, amber-colored or purple, when mature.

‘‘Gardens: cultivated. Native of Europe. Fl. May; fr. July.

“Oxns.—This species is much cultivated for its favorite fruit. The plant presents some
varieties—particularly in the size and complexion of the fruit; and Iam not sure that the
following nearly allied native species, which is found on our ‘mountains, is not sometimes
seen and mistaken for it in the gardens. FS *

Rubus Strigosus, Michaux.—Stems slightly ¢ ad but ne stifl, Haine bristles eta
of them becoming beak-hooked prickles) ; leaflets becoming oblong ovate ; fruit light red.

* Strigose Rubus—Wild Red Raspberry. —Stem, 3-5 feet high, light brown. Lower leaves
odd-pinnate by fives, the upper ones ternate; leaflets about three inches long, hoary be-
neath, the terminal one often cordate at base, Corymbs 4-6 flowered, axillary ‘and termi-
nal, often aggregated and forming a leafy panicle at the top.

a Hillsides, especially i in cleared land, Fl. May; fr. July.

‘Ops.—This species is common northward, especially in mountainous regions. It often
appears in great profusion where timbered lands have been burned over. We have seen it
on the clearings in Maine, in the fruiting season, in such abundance as to give an uniform
red color to large tracts, and having a delicious flavor not equalled by the cultivated spe-
cies—if that be really distinct.”

Gray, in describing Rubus Strigesus, also says: “ Fruit ripening from June
to August, finely flavored, but more tender and watery than the Garden or
European Raspberry (Rubus Ideus), which it too closely resembles.”

398 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Under all the circumstances we may be permitted to entertain the supposi-
tion that the separation of the two may possibly be attributed to the very pro-
found respect entertained by our later French-American botanist—M ichaux—
for the conclusions of the great father of botanical science, Linnzeus, who may
be supposed to have known little or nothing of this western species.

ORANGE,

more commonly designated as “ Brinckle’s Orange,” originated with the late
Dr. W. D. Brinckle of Philadelphia, long an earnest and successful experimenter
in the field of pomology, and widely and favorably known as the first president
of the American Pomological Society. Although confined to the narrow and
unfavorable limits of a small, paved city yard, he was, for a considerable
period, a decidedly successful originator of seedling strawberries and raspber-
ries, though confined chiefly to pots or boxes of earth in which to grow his
plants. The Orange raspberry was thus grown from the seed of ared Euro-
pean variety, known as Dyack’s Seedling, and first fruited in 1845, when two
years from the seed. Along with several others, originating at the same time,
and under the same apparently forbidding circumstances, it was introduced
to the notice of the public by being placed on exhibition at a meeting of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, in the year 1850. It soon came into the
hands of numerous cultivators, and rapidly won a very high reputation for
beauty, high quality, vigor, and productiveness. In September, 1854, at its
session in Boston, the American Pomological Society placed it on its list of
varieties that promise well. At a meeting of the Western New York Fruit
Growers’ Society, held at Rochester in 1863, five lists of the best six raspber-
ries to be recommended for general cultivation were furnished: one each by
Barry, Downing, Lay, Hooker, and Frost, all of which included this raspberry.
Indeed, it has proved itself to be one of those very rare fruits that, in all locali-
ties and under all circumstances, maintains its high character unabated,
although it is, without doubt, most successful on somewhat strong soils. As will
be found true of all fruits, however, it will richly repay superior culture. Still, it
must be admitted that, with all these desirable qualities, it has serious and, for
some purposes, almost fatal defects. The plant is too tender to stand even the
winters of Hastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey unprotected, and nothing
short of laying down and covering will carry it safely through even the more
moderate of our western winters, if we except our favored “ Fruit Belt,” in
which it seems to have proved sufficiently hardy; and, possibly, in some other
exceptionally favored localities, or where it will, with certainty (as in North-
ern Michigan), be buried out of harm’s way during the entire winter, by the
accumulation of the snow.

The fruit also proves too tender for lengthened land transportation to
market, though we see no reason why it may not be found a desirable and
profitable sort for markets accessible by water, when once it comes to be
known and appreciated. Still, with color, excessive delicacy of texture, lack of
hardiness and only moderate productiveness against it, the society have doubt-
less acted wisely in limiting it, as they have done, to the amateur list.

PHILADELPHIA

appears in the lists of the society, with the recommendation to plant it for
market, family and amateur purposes.

One of the earliest notices we find of this variety we extract from the Maga-
zine of Horticulture for 1863, at page 460, as follows: “A native variety,

BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES. 399

found growing in a wood, within the limits of the city of Philadelphia. It is
perfectly hardy, requiring no protection during the winter, nor any extra care
or culture; will grow in any good corn soil, produces immense crops and sells
at high prices. ‘The fruit is large, of a purplish red, darker than the Antwerp,
rich and fine, bearing carriage well. Canes purple, very strong, with but few
spines, thick and stout, standing upright without stakes or railing.”

A very similar notice of this variety also appears in the Gardener’s Monthly
of the same season.

In 1864, a writer in this latter paper says: “If confined to two kinds they
would be the Doolittle Black and the Old Philadelphia, which has been about
twenty-six years working itself into public notice, and will become the princi-
pal variety grown in this vicinity unless some other of superior merit is yet
discovered.”

The above statement would fix the origin, or rather discovery of this variety,
at or about the year 1838; thus making it one of the oldest varieties found in
the society’s list of raspberries.

The Gardener’s Monthly, in giving a figure of this raspberry, in August,
1865, characterizes it in our estimation very justly as follows: “It is
extremely difficult,—perhaps impossible,—to get every good point we wish in
any one variety.

‘This is, perhaps, in its combination of properties, as near perfection as
anything we have. If it had a little larger size and was quite equal to some of
the English breed in flavor, there would be nothing more to be desired in the
raspberry.”

This last ren.ark in the Monthly, as also the description in Downing, would
perhaps warrant the inference that they consider this variety to be descended
from our native Red Raspberry (Rubus Strigosus), although we had supposed,
and we are yet of the opinion that they suppose it to have been a chance Euro-
pean seedling originated in American soil. The hardiness and productiveness
of this variety have given it a very decided popularity as a market fruit
throughout the State, and even at the lake shore the exemption from winter-
killing is a decided element of such popularity. Still, so far as our observation
extends, it seems to divide the preferences of planters pretty equally with the

CLARKE,

which appears on the market and amateur lists of the society recommended
for the lake shore region, and which began to attract public attention almost
simultaneously with the Philadelphia. It is understood to have originated
with E. E. Clarke, of New Haven, Connecticut. In August, 1862, the editor
of the Horticulturist, Peter B. Mead, or perhaps the assistant editor, George
E. Woodward, speaks of it as follows: “Last spring we received a seedling
raspberry from Mr. Clarke, of New Hayen. It has fruited and afforded us
much satisfaction. It is a stout grower and has borne abundantly. The
berry is large, sweet, and high-flavored: it is decidedly a good thing.” In
1866 the American Pomological Society was to have assembled at St. Louis,
Missouri, in September, but deferred its meeting for one year, on account of
the prevalence in that city, at the time, of contagious disease. At this deferred
meeting the originator exhibited branches of this raspberry with the ripe fruit
upon them. The society endorsed the variety as valuable, among the Antwerp
class. In the August number of the Horticulturist the editor speaks very
fully of this variety, giving some items of its history with his matured conclu-

400 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

sions as to its value, which so fully corresponds with its general reputation,
that we quote him entire as follows: “'This variety we have now known some
four years. It is a fine grower and a good fruit, the canes perfectly hardy.
Mr. Elliot, of Cleveland, writes us that the plants he has of it so much resem-
ble, in general appearance of the canes and fruits, those of the Kirtland, that
he would like to gather the history of the Clarke; perhaps Mr. Clarke, of New
Haven, will write it out for us. The Kirtland is supposed to be an old variety
not yet identified. It did not originate with Dr. Kirtland, but his name was
attached to it by H. B. Summ, Hsq., simply because the plants he obtained
came from the doctor’s grounds and were unknown by Mr.Summ. The variety
was on the doctor’s place, so he tells us, when he purchased the property, and
the old original bed is there yet. It is certainly one of the very best hardy old
sorts, of good flavor and productiveness, but not quite firm enough for market
transportation for long distances.”

The Clarke unquestionably possesses an unusual assemblage of valuable
qualities; its essential drawbacks being that it is not quite “iron clad,” and
that it lacks the firmness necessary for transporting long distances by land
conveyance. As compared with the Philadelphia, however, it is clearly supe-
rior in size, color and quality. Whether originating from the Huropean
(Ideus) or the American (Strigosus), judging from the phraseology employed
by writers in speaking of it, there seems to be the same uncertainty that has
arisen in the case of the Philadelphia.

PURPLE CANE,

although we place it last among the varieties to be considered, is by no means
arecent sort, or even one of recent introduction. We probably cannot better
give what is known of the origin, history and value of this old and partially
forgotten variety, than by quoting from the discussions of the American Po-
mological Society, at its session held at Philadelphia in September, 1860, which
we do as follows:

“ Warder—I ask for information in regard to the Purple Cane.

“Downing—The Purple Cane and the American Red Cane I think are
alike. I consider it the farmer’s raspberry. Thirty or forty years ago it was
extensively cultivated around New York.

“Sceott— The Purple Cane is the Rubus Occidentalis.

“ Satterthwait—It is the only raspberry I have found to stand the test. I
never found any other to pay as a market fruit but the Old Purple Cane. It
is uniformly an abundant bearer.

“ Reid—Its manner is to propagate by the points of the shoots. This berry
used to be cultivated extensively for the New York market.”

At the next session of this society, which occurred at Boston in September,
1862, this variety came again under consideration, and elicited the following
discussion :

“ Prince—I don’t see the Purple Cane on the list. The Black Cap, the
Yellow Cap and the Purple Cane are the only three raspberries in the world
that root from the ends of the branches. A gentleman of Vermont is raising
a new variety of the Purple Cane, which promises to be superior to any other
of this class.

“ President—The Catawissa is another that roots from the end of the shoots.

«“ Prince— Y es; \sir.

« Bergen—Do you know anything about the origin of the Purple Cane?

BLACKBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES. 401

“ Prince—It came from the Catskill Mountains. I found it growing wild
there thirty or forty years ago.

“ Bergen—Mr. Prince is entirely mistaken*in regard to the Purple Cane.
It was raised in my vicinity much earlier than thirty years ago.

Prince—The Purple Cane has been cultivated ever since my childhood, at
least. I was merely mentioning that I realized its origin when I visited
those mountains. I don’t mean to say it was originally found thirty years ago.
It grows wild all over the north.

“ Bergen—The Purple Cane requires no protection on Long Island.”

The fact of the tendency of this variety, and also of some more recent ones,
such as Ellisdale and Ganargua, to root (somewhat reluctantly) from the tips
of the branches, as well as their indisposition to increase by suckers, seem to:
afford good reasons for referring their parentage to the Black Cap (Rubus
Occidentalis), while the color of the fruit as well as some of the peculiarities of
the wood and foliage indicate a relationship with either Jdeus or Strigosus—
circumstances favoring the latter. Many botanists, heretofore, have shown
decided disinclination to admit the possibility of hybridization between species
apparently even less remote than these, as proof of which we may refer to the
wordy contest, so persistently waged over the question of the genuineness of
the Rogers, Allen and other alleged hybrids, between Vitis Vinifera and Vitis
Labrusca.

More recently, however, evidences tending to establish the fact of such
hybridization, not in the case of the grape only, but also among other classes
of plants, haye so accumulated that, if we mistake not, the occasional success
of such process, whether artificial or accidental, is pretty generally conceded.
The fact of the hybrid origin of even one of the varieties of raspberries above
named once admitted, we have opened to us a new, and to our apprehension a
very promising field of experiment in the production of new and improved
varieties of the raspberry, by combining the hardiness, vigor and productive-
ness of the one with the more delicate flavor, texture and coloring of the
other.

51

SIATE “HAIR, 13874.

THE POLICY OF HOLDING THE STATE FAIR IN THE SAGINAW VALLEY.

To hold a State fair in the Saginaw Valley, a hundred miles north of the
Michigan Central Railroad, north of Lansing, the capital, and north of even
the Detroit & Milwaukee Railway, was rather a bold undertaking. In the
estimation of many it was rash and hazardous, while others esteemed it a wise
and true policy, to bring forward the resources of a valley whose influence is
bound to be immense, though just beginning to be felt, upon the great agri-
cultural interests of the State.

A State Fair on the banks of the Saginaw River! That was an original,
fresh, venturesome enterprise! But the same policy that moved the State
Fair from the main Michigan Central line to the Grand River Valley, took it
also north to the Saginaw Valley, and we believe that this policy of develop-
ing and encouraging the agriculture of the newer counties and the northern
portions of the State, meets the cordial approval and co-operation of the
people of all sections of the State. Itis a policy of life, of development, of
progress, of success. Yes, SUCCESS!

And what is success? Letus think of thatamoment. It is not the mere dol-
lars received at the gates of a fair. Dollars may be the criterion of success for a
circus or a traveling hippodrome. If the receipts of a fair are to be the standard
of success, then the fairs held at Grand Rapids in 1873, and at East Saginaw in
1874, were marked successes, for the receipts of the two aggregated near
$70,000, enough for all purposes, enough to pay all bills, all expenses and al!
premiums, with a handsome surplus left. But we hold it is not the money
received that constitutes a successful fair, unless the thousands of men and
women who attend it have gone home wiser and better for attending it,
stimulated and encouraged to work out the task of life with increased energy,
skill, thought, and intelligence, then even the fair may have been a failure,
though its receipts were $100,000. What were the effects of this fair upon the
Saginaw Valley?

And what is the Saginaw Valley? One of the largest, the richest and best
watered valleys in the State of Michigan. He who for the first time explores
it finds himself greatly surprised at its length and breadth, its wealth, capital,
resources, industries, and general good prospects.

The Saginaw river is first a curiosity and then a wonder. But few rivers of
the same length on the continent can show the same amount of industrial
enterprises along its banks that the Saginaw river can show. This Saginaw

STATE FAIR, 1874. 403

country is an unknown and an undiscovered country to one half of the people
of Michigan, and it was one good result of the fair to introduce the valley to
the people of the State.

“The History of the Saginaws” is the title of a modest, well printed and
well written pamphlet, by W. R. Bates, Esq., of the Saginaw land office. We
advise eyery one to buy it or borrow it. It tells a romantic story in a truth-
ful and unpretentious way. Toit we are indebted for many facts about the
Saginaw river. This river, “formed by the junction of the Tittabawassee, the
Cass, the Flint and the Shiawassee rivers, is a large stream, navigable for all
steam and sailing vessels upon the lakes excepting only the very largest, and
extends nearly north from its head to its mouth at Saginaw bay, having a total
length of about eighteen miles. The streams which unite to form the Sagi-
naw, taken together, give over 1,500 miles of river navigation, valuable for the
floatage of logs, timber, and lumber, all joining to form the Saginaw. These
streams drain an area of over 6,000 square miles, an area greater than Connec-
ticut and Rhode Island, which territory contains a large quantity of excellent
pine, ash, elm, hemlock, oak and other valuable timbered lands, and as an
agricultural region, though but partially developed, is not excelled by any.

“There are upon the Saginaw river one hundred and twenty-eight mills for
lumber and shingles, which cut in 1873 over 600,000,000 feet of lumber, and
over 130,000,000 of shingles, besides lath, pickets, etc. The valley also pro-
duces a large quantity of round and square timber, staves, hoops, ete., up at
St. Louis. Salt was first manufactured in the Saginaw Valley at East Saginaw
in 1860, since which time the manufacture has extended up and down the
river, and has increased so that in 1873 the product of the valley was 823,340
barrels of salt of 280 lbs. each. The value of the production of the forest pro-
ducts of the valley in 1873, as shown by Headley’s carefully prepared annual
statement of the business, was $22,510,468.00, and of Saginaw and Bay coun-
ties alone in 1873, $14,374,000.00.

“ About fifteen miles above the mouth of the Saginaw river, upon the west
bank, is located the city of Saginaw, and upon the east bank the city of East
Saginaw. Hast Saginaw is the largest city in the valley, and is its commercial
center; and being located exactly opposite the city of Saginaw and village of
Florence, and connected with them by three bridges, besides a railroad bridge,
the interests, welfare and prosperity of the municipalities are considered as
substantially identical. Taken together as one city, they would make the sec-
ond city in the State, having a population, as shown by census of 1874, of
about 28,000 within a territory not to exceed four and one-half miles square.”

Let us go back a step. The State Agricultural Society was organized at
Lansing, March 17th, 1849. At that time Saginaw county embraced the fol-
lowing thirteen counties: Tuscola, Midland, Bay, Iosco, Alpena, Cheboygan,
Ogemaw, Roscommon, Gratiot, Isabella, Clare, Gladwin and Oscoda. In 1847
the above territory cast two hundred yotes. There was but one school house
in that territory, not a church, no ministers or lawyers, and but one physician.
There were three saw mills,—one at Saginaw City, one at East Saginaw, and
one at Portsmouth.

Let it be recollected that at this time,—1849-50, within the life and history
of the State Agricultural Society,—the land upon which East Saginaw is built
was a wilderness. That where the State fair was held in 1874, forest trees and
an unbroken morass was all that met the eye less than twenty-five years ago.
So that it was a pretty wild thing to hold a State fair on the banks of the Sag-
inaw river!

404 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In this connection it is well to consider that the census of 1874 shows that
Saginaw county is ahead of all the old counties in population except Wayne
county—ahead of Oakland, or Washtenaw, or Jackson, or Lenawee; ahead of
all the new counties, except Kent, and is the third county in the State in pop-
lation. The population in 1874 of Saginaw county proves to be 48,409, in
1870, 39,098, showing an increase of 9,311 in four years.

We have already stated the fact that the salt interest of the Saginaw is
believed to be a successful, permanent, and established interest and resource.
There seems to be no exhaustion or failure in the supply. In 1860 the product
was 4,000 barrels; in 1870, ten years after, it was 646,516 barrels; in 1873, it was
810,495 barrels. No section of the State, in the Lower Peninsula, can show
any such resource. This is permanent, we say. We treat the lumber interest
as ephemeral, to exist, perhaps, from twenty-five to fifty years. There is
another interest that is just starting in the Saginaw Valley, that is bound to
be permanent: we refer to the agricultural interests, including, of course, the
horticultural. This is in its infancy, and to encourage it, to instruct it, to
quicken and stimulate it, were among the objects of holding the State Agri-
cultural Fair in this great Saginaw Valley.

A State fair should be something beside a show; it should be a school of
technology; an Agricultural College; a text-book of mechanics, manufactures,
and agriculture. It should teach by its models and by its examples. New
counties want these as well as the old. The old have them, the new want
them.

Respecting the agriculture of this Saginaw Valley, we are again indebted to
Mr. Bates for a few remarks, and they are as follows:

OUR FARMING INTERESTS.

“As late as 1860 the general impression in regard to the Saginaw Valley,
shared in by many prominent residents as well as by a large majority of those
outsiders, who happened to know from observation or experience anything
concerning this new region of country, was that while its timber was unques-
tionably valuable,—at that date this resource was not estimated at one-tenth
of its actual value,—by reason of its interminable swamps and marshes, the
sterility that ordinarily attaches to land in pine districts,—known at that time
to the casual observer as ‘ pine barrens,’—the liability to frosts, the lack of
drainage and the unusual obstacles to be met with in clearing the forests and
making the soil available for cultivation, it could by no possibility ever become
even a moderately productive farming district. There were grave doubts at
that time in the minds .of many fair-minded, excellent citizens, gentlemen
thoroughly identified with the interests of the valley, whether Gratiot county,
which has become already as it were a garden, and ‘Tuscola county, many por-
tions of which are to-day as rich and productive as the best agricultural dis-
tricts in the west, were not too frosty and unreliable as to climate to warrant
the broad extent of farming improvements that had already been vigorously
inaugurated in these counties, and concerning ‘the shore,’ the counties of
Bay, Midland, and Isabella, there was by no means ‘ faith like unto a grain of
mustard seed’ in this direction.

“This doubt, and the persistent misrepresentation in regard to Saginaw
Valley, as a land of swamps, frosts and sterility, made previous to 1860, has
seemed to keep the farming interest, never too prone to prosper in a lumber
country, far behind what it should be at this time, and the loss in accumula-
tions by reason of this delay may be counted by millions of dollars; but with

STATE FAIR, 1874. 405

all this slow progress, these facts have been fairly and firmly fixed. The last
four years have shown more actual business in the way of making farms, than
all the previous years from 1850 to 1870, and at the same ratio the value of
actual product of the valley, from all sources, by means of the addition from
this specialty, will be doubled within the next five years.

“The soil throughout all that range of counties drained by Saginaw river
and its tributaries, is as a rule excellent for farming purposes, and ameng some
of the pine tracts, as is the case on the Cass, the Flint, the Tittabawassee,
Chippewa and other streams, is found some of the most productive lands in the
district.

« As lands are cleared and opened to the light and heat of the sun, they im-
prove every year, and in the broader clearings untimely frosts are so marked
an exception to the general rule, that there is no further fear of that dread
bug-bear.

“The certainty of an eager market for all classes of products is an inducement
that encourages those already in the business to work all available territory,
and for farmers from abroad seeking a favorable point to commence business
in this line, to locate where no difficulties in the way of transportation or slack
demand are liable to prevent a regularly remunerative return with each recur-
ing year.

chs showing the rate of progress for ten years, we give the following com-
parative statement in regard to Saginaw county:

1860.

Mei ommIDLOVedlanG. oes. i SA ee eas oS ee 5 inte oe eee 18,048
WetMesONCEOPSe 522 5 422 5-22. San cise ess oe oases Sona eee ee ae $165,380
1870.

Pete MMUDrOVEdms 2 curt Eves. Suticin avec ee eee eae ne a Same oe 33,385
Wit OFOL CLODS sass eo te oe Sk a ce Ee ee $690,382

“The increase in acres of improved land, and in the value of crops since
1870, has been at least 100 per cent; and when we consider that the land rated
as improved in 1860 was in many instances only slashed, as the product shows,
the ratio is certainly sufficiently encouraging. The value of the dairy prod-
uct and increase in horses, cattle and other stock, is not given in this state-
ment. A fair estimate, therefore, of the entire prospective farm product of
Saginaw county for 1874, is not less than $2,000,000. We give further the
following statement in regard to the other valley counties, as shown by the
census of 1870, premising with the explanation that in 1860 there were no
farm improvements to speak of in Alpena, Alcona, Iosco or Cheboygan, and
but few in other counties save Gratiot and 'l'uscola, whereof we have no data:

Acres improved. Value product.
Bayesesess Eee | Sta cae et a 6 LSA epee eae AES 1,645 $181,406
PDE Tue aes cys Reet ele tom mai are roe a sicae 502 12,758
A CON Rae eas cteee een ORs ieimsyaraee a ear CE eter aE 319 7,245
RAO eens wee oes | Sk as jatar aris pete ae SCN Ya 46,879 782,911
GRECO See a yin tome era ean Cemmatnie okie Bea x 647 10,203
1M ECO EN 08 Roa a ie, Mier op ee et ny Nts Spee URI Le Be 5,252 123,205
Mevoy oan 4 oi 2h Sees e soe Sue sa eeaase ye tee 1,423 37.714
BER ES ON fe 2) 2d.) nye HER eee ye en Oe ee 48,400 833,920

ee ees als = SI Rta rar a poe eas Senet 15,077 265,050

406 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

“It requires little demonstration of this character to show that this is no ephemeral sec-
tion. Agriculture, the great and enduring interest of all, save the mining portions of our
State, is ours to be wrought out to the extent of a leading business, as soon as its impor-
tance shall be fully and rightly considered. Our saline deposits are a permanent resource,
incalculable and inexhaustible. Timber is the capital wherewith these will be developed,
and the accumulations of all secured ; but, as any thinking man seems now to understand,
the chief matter of care and solicitude, and that which is by common consent being pushed
most earnestly throughout the whole Valley, is the farming interest. ’’

It was to help push this “farming interest” that the State fair was
located on the Saginaw river. ‘The future will sustain this policy. The suc-
cess of this policy will depend mainly upon the good sense of the people of the
valley. If they appreciate the fact that this “ farming interest” is a good thing
to fall back upon, that wheat, corn, and potatoes, stock of all kinds, with fruits
and flowers, mix in well with salt and lumber, and that a Diversified Industry
is the true destiny of the Saginaw Valley, then will the policy of locating the
State fair for 1874 and 1875 in its midst, be most signally and triumphantly
vindicated.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES, POMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, STATE FAIR, 1874.
ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS.

DATEOF : P. O. ADDRESB
Karey Diy. |Class.|No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. aND REmEKe:
July 28. | A 41)\el| General Nursery ses.osoneee sooo I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co.-....- Monroe.
28. 2 oApplesOrchard!ess=s.- nee INGA RRS rh les Ss ee ee lonia.

“98; ss 10} 3/Peach Orchard in bearing-....___- se Om eS Se A ee Pe “e

se) 98: es 21 4|Concord Vineyard --..........---. $f fet eee olen eeeee sf

ee: oe 22 5|Delaware Vineyard_-...--....-...| *é SOE Gay. Bee CI eet ee c¢

Se* 128: * 14} 6/Elton Cherry Orchard_-_.....2..2. George Parmelee___.__--.- Old Mission.

S698: a 3 7) Apple Orchard (5 ac. G’ld’n Rus’t) a ON BM SS ct aeee “S ~

OFS FOE “© |Spec’l 8| Pear Orchard (10 acres for gen. use) gs Se eweceeeene ne ©

LOE ss 1G 39) @aincerOrchards sss. ss 0 Csitnglete.e 2. aesnereos Paw Paw.

SOOO! £6 6l* 10)|'PeanOrchand?225 52 ts! sae eet se Shs See bee Skee AERP IEG as oe

Seay 99: re 8} 11)Peach Orchard, Early Crawford_._| ‘ Othe aoe ele See ED a fs oe

so 293 ss 9] 12 se ee Late Crawford....| ‘ SCind is Sere, 22a eae ee es sé

“cc 29. Ad 9 13 “ ee Hill’s Chili ake Oe “ec erat 1S Ears ae oe “cc

OO" 9 iy): st 8} 14 cs A heme mein ate Sa: a JB Sonle 2.4 S22 .oe Fruitport.

“ec 29. e 2 15 Apple CAE Abs Cet DED BS AE PADDY 4“ SED oa 2 oe PR Tee se

a 29. te 10 16 Peach ty av Sir ore = LE eae “ Bay ets a ete “e

Chie OiUe 3 84] 17|Grapery, foreign varieties__._.___- Artimus Sigler_...........- Adrian.
Aug, 11. 4s 4| 18|Apple Orchards.2. 265-6. wos” Joseph Gridley_.......-..- Kalamo.

“cc it, ae 3 19 “e SNe eS sae ee be ee eee sc Ci ln Sat tak. SES be

Cs ea tikes & 1 20 Wineyard oe 6 20a aS N. & CChilson. 2.2252 = Battle Creek.

abe fs 83] 21|/Suburban Residence_.-.......--.- S- On Kuappeescesee see eeae Jackson.

Comer ltt: ne 88] '22|/Collection Growing Shrubs_--.-.-. $8 abe eee eS s*

Ti. “s 39} 23]Private Plant House .........-.... se op 22h oe oa eee ss

Conon aie se OiFyo4) Peach Orchard sss ssss02.sunuoane Hunter Savidge............ Spring Lake.

hes a € re OT 325) $$ poy Was SEL So bce ranks Halles saci Pores es big

ce 1 ae 9} 26 ce Se) aes sa eee Ee Thomas) Petty2 es cc ss: sesee ve ss

UO Spear Hi Ye 9} 27 ee See oes els ates Theodore Curtis_....J..... ss sf

& 16 Me 9) 28 sf Pet enero a2 oe oe eee JNA bpatevoyet i) Saas = ee se se

$$" -15: ne 12} 29)Plum ot ol dy ae ee eee Peter, Collarzsses= = een ae Adrian.

“6 15. “ 2 380 Apple CE Iino Pte Nene Si teas “ce A eS a “e

ce) LD: ‘s 28| 81) Plat Red Raspberries ----- 2.2.2.2 George Parmalee....._.... Old Mission.

nog g LO, ss 14} 32)Cherry Orchard, Morello......__-- ss Se eee ss Ny

ras b$ $s Zieess Apple: Orcbardicct-— =e. oe ee eees Aw RR: Sherburne 2.22 ssceee Deerfield.

po iy BY OG Te Saeeuss SOAP in bea Doe 3 William Marshall_..._.....|Old Mission

oe a5: ‘a3 2 85 “ce SON ee. ue ta Pe eee “cc ee aes e ee oe ia Lad

seo MAD: rs StF BG \Gardente sec cose oes nen ee eee Dr. 8. J. Hutchinson --.--. Northport.

ms i LL ieupeapple Orchardaes 85) ssa neo seat Windsor Golden_._..---.-- Old Mission.

Heel ts ee DNF 88i) oes SOMOS Ri Se Aa eae Mri Savage... 3 2 se %

é 15. “ec 3 89 “cc Pe PES Se ee ““ 4b “ se

STATE FAIR, 1874. 407

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTinvep.

DATE OF ae | pte P. O. ADDRESS
SS Diy. |Class.| No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. |, 35 RemaREs.
Aug, 15. es 4| 40) Apple: Orchard=...-......<22,<!.-<2 Mre Alliston 20232 Old Mission.
oO Usk as 5| 41|/Specimen Orchard, 58 varieties....| Reynolds & Tracey---.---. “ és
any Tales Ee 19) “42 iPlum( Orchard=.222e. on cece mane Mr: Barney.e 2 occ2..c0 22 ee ie ee
Be ley, Ms 1S), 48jeet* SO iF owen ee san Janes renee. Mr. McCallnmes2.2- o 2 Sc2ee de cr
See Loe oe Seas Applee siete oo acccoees soe ee Wim! Tompkins2-. .s222-s-- “6 se
ee 16, cf $4'|' 445) Gardens. 22.225 22.202 sea sesce kecce Hi Guilden to. cee oe East Saginaw.
sora 15; = Sis 4GuApplesOrchard: <2 soe oc es esence A; K. Montague... -.-2-._-- Old Mission.
ere # DS se 24| 47/Pointe aux Peaux Vineyard ------ JoM. Sterling 225222522505 Monroe,
Ona Yas O 21| 48|/Snake Isle Vineyard_...........-. Geo. W. Bruckner..__....- ce
See -1 5: a 23) 49|/Raisin Valley Vineyard_---..-.... GU cary ec eS eC
1153 ae 23) 50|/Henrietta Vineyard_.............. Henrietta Bruckner.____.-- es
ae oy se WU sO Wineyards=2:. 2422-- 2 sceac cece coe Antoine Wier-.2.-.-..-2.-- “
lb: ee 20) 52 GO MASE cate ek ents wotsee Soeae Thomas: Doyle. .c..25 22-28 Ss
oy 15, Sh 41} 58!General Nursery ......-....2.0---- John Greening. .....-..--.- as
sey 10: a6 10; 4|Peach Orchard for profit......---- Joseph Gridley._.........- Kalamo.
eed: ss 84| 55|Grape Garden, attached to city res |John C, Ziegler__...-..---- Saginaw City.
FRUITS AND FLOWERS,
Dare or . P. O. ADDRESS
cee Div. |Class.| No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. AnD eR earienet
Sept. 5 Pe i Collection Be onias eet tame tontes FAs E Dyckman East Saginaw.
“ 5 “ Caladinmpaw'2 2) $3 22% ‘ a .
“ 5 1 8 +f Greenhouse Plants----- SS ie SS
s¢ 5 sf 2 4 oe RUChAIASeo teen we eee fs se ss
“ 5 ec 8 5 ae Roses Jug Soh ES Ee ee oe “cc
ae 5 st 4 6 s Ornam’tal l’v’d Geran’s Ss ge se
“ 5 os 6 7 “s Colored Foliage Plants os os sf
ae 5 “ce 8 § “s Cacti Soe ee 2 Cee a” So “ee “ oe
eu at 23) 9 Specimen Plant of Stevia_....-... $s rs ss
bcd 5 “ 24) 10 "Rubereserits i Be se ss ss MY
. 5 se 80) 11 oe yCopodimm cs oias a2. es gs sé
cea NO ns 22| 12|Hanging Basket, filled...........- as < se
st 5 Ss. 1} 18 Collection Verbenas .....------..- ss . sd
oe 5 oe 4) 14 Geraninma: ..2<.2. 22.2. oe s¢ 7s
““ 5 4s 6 15 “ec Lantanas Penh: bone ge ee “cc «ss se
s 5 Hi TDG es Dianthuses:.25..02-2_- ss sé ce
ns 5 yy LO 17 st German Stock-.......- se sf ss
“ 5. “ec 18 18 6 Zenias hy MeO Ce eee! “ee oe ee
a 5. € 19} 19 ae Everlasting Flowers_-- s a “
sk 5. a 22) 20 ss Phlox Drammondii...- oe es sf
as 5 oi 25] 21 ee Scabiosas--)s see ae Oo: We
= 5 ps 5| 22|Pair Bo’q’ts,ar'ged in frm’) m’th’d ge cs By
ae Were} ee 8} 28] Boq’t of ried Grasses & Flowers “ es SS
% 5 es 9| 24| Hanging Basket of Cut Flowers... aoe ss rs,
es 5 J. 4| 25|Plate Duane’s Purple Plum-__.-...-. L. P. Mason sé os
Se ed R. 28} 26|Wardian Case, filled.......-....... Hebert. Fs :\Guilde to oocc22 es ce
ee 7 Q. 24| 27|/Specimen Plant, Tuberose_......- Fred. H. Herbert casbeeeste Se ss
es 7 a 9) 28/Collection Tuberoses-_-............ Ses ie eo Ret te . cs
at 7 “ 17) +29|Specimen Plant, Calla_.......... oe A ee eee . <
ie P: 4] 80|Collection Foliage Begonias -..... wy Ai At Gt gai ee mer ee Se
é i ac 5 81 4c Coleus ea eee ie PAA ac “ce ee ee
es 7 : 2| 82 ae Fuchsias_...._. ce ss id
ay 15 ot 10} 83|Specimen Plant, Fuchsia oy ss cS
fe is J. 17} 84|Plate Lawrence’s Favorite Plum.. |L. P. Mason es bd
ne %. able 18/1485: Grape, Rogers ING CASE 522 ee 0 BY * ee
46 i “ 18 86 46 15. ye Nee aT “a “a oe se
ae q ae 9 87 ae Tona SIS ee we 2S NTE oe “ec “ec “es
eS Fal poise At) Peshe'’ » Winnala oo ee can eer En ae res G a
st, ies 7) 389|/Specimen Plant of Aloe___......-. Fred. H. Herbert oe re
lace be B. 4] 40|Co. Col. Grapes (Saginaw Co.)....|Geo, P. Butler_..-.-.-....- sf sf
aaa 1e% 4} 41}Collection Foliage Begonias---... Mrs. Alicia Forsyth---.--.- Saginaw City.
pala 8 Ug 5| 42|Gesenarius Collection.....------_- es SOf) geet begs *¢ on
ee he . 11] 438 Specimen Plant; | Cissusee ss osee fe Oud) Bat bee ss se
seen Os 10] 44 ‘S's Cactiparesauena: “ (Cee Seah “ “
creat ae 31) 45|Night-Blooming Cereus. __....._-- se GO) hee aaah < “6
be so | oa 8|=) 46Collection:Cacti es ee Ss br eee ete aE ae 6 es
ee teat: se 183] 47|Specimen Plant, Abntilon_____._. es Sh A eee Ss ss
see ine 12 17; 48|Night-Blooming Jasminum_-_----.- ue Se eels ee a “
Seal Le Q. 11} 49)Specimen Myrtle___......._...__.- G SN gene Wee: «s é¢
egal ye R. 23} 50|Wardian Case filled, or fernery--- Ss SS. A esac ese *§ a6
cae i Ls § 20} 51|Collection Native Ferns__.......- se Rees cena sf se
a bE s 6] 52 ae Ibantanapssece sete oeas ss $9 hy Pet LSS Ԥ ce
ae BE R. 7| 53|Specimen of Aloe................. Oe ch ie tide eer cs Gh

408 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTINvED.

194 Dwarf Geraniums_.- SF 4g
125 neate (specimen)____- --- % Oe gs
126/Specimen Plant, Gesenaria-..
127|Floral design for decoration of

larve roomorhall se eee acea | Eee

DaTEor A a " r P. O. ADDRESS
aie Div. |Class.| No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. aD Renae
Sept. 11 R 1| 54/Collection House Plants_-....-..- Mrs. Alicia Forsyth......-- Saginaw City.
COP abil oe 5] 55|Specimen Scented Geranium--...- es Se owe Se se fe ce
Gay abl Q. 31) 56 os Plant, Ferfugium Grandi te Soper ae eee sf es
ccimeelilte Special. 57 Globe: Mernery; £2s2s-.2--<sssio~--s- ce SSeaty bre Fee, sé es
sella: 29) 58 Specimen Plant of, Mernic-cs--2.=- os Ss ue
Cy bl ee 80} 59 Lycopodium-.--.-. se Fs e U3
SSL: R. 16} 60 es ‘© Tlow’ring Begonia oe ss 8 ai
oe 41; “ ily ¢ 61 “cc oe Hoya- Ae Te ae ve 6e hd 6
Lt Bas Q. 81| 62 Sf *© > Seedum-2.-=.5 02 oS Pe abe hs EE se Ss
ab se S063) Sin Plant.2 22 ooo osc actos eee ge SO eatinaden ss G
3; UG ease 5| 64!Concord Wine (sweet).---....-..- ms Sei AEE ace st sf
Cs ahh se 11; 65|/Catawba Wine (sweet).--....--.-- ge CoM actcowats Ee ss
oe able WG 12| 66| Wild Grape Wine (sweet)_-.......- ee Sit Je See” ds SF
abs ee 13} 67)Currant Wine (sweet)-_....-.....-. es CEP Pee Ss 6
Os ah E. 21} 68|Plate Hawley Apples -....-...---- Thomas Wilde. 25. 525-2..2- Berlin.
Co Te ge 88} 69| ‘* Wagener Apples-.-........... os ff sf
J bk F. 15} 70} ‘“ Flemish Beauty Pears...... ce ss se
CAR Es se 31} TL] ‘* Lonise Bonned’Jersey Pears ss “6 ss
0 sable 1G 5} 72] ‘* Seedling Peaches es sé sé
ATs abil 8. 1) 7B Collection of Verbenas cg ee ad
UF alle ce 2) -<T4 Manliaseee osc Se ee ee
Sipe: es 10} 75 & Asters’ © ¥-52 22 caret SF §s be
Ui att Oe 15]) OS German Stocks-...... ss st :
coe tis OG 18| 77 ef ZiCNLAR: soe eee as Ui om £6
See seille sé 21) 18 es Coxcombs. ......-..- S se 8s
Oo i sf 22) %9 ae Phlox Drummondi - Ee ss oe
Fable 7 5| 80] Pair Bo'q’ts,ar’ged in f'rm’] m’th’d ee rc ; =e
U3" bt ss 6] 81} Pair Boquets, arranged in natural
and graceful style- Sa ee ee s Shut oo ienadicouaes st
abl of 11} §2|Dish or Basket Cut Flowers_--.-- 43 ied We eee ss
Ge 5a V. |Vick’s| 83|Collection Cut Flowers, from seeds
grown by James Vick..-..---.-- ve MC eiabessaeeeecs s
Sere Spe|cial 84| Night-Blooming Cereus, preserved
inialcohols 2222 eo -2 522.4 cnetee eee s. Ali : Saginaw City.
se AT Re JT} 85)Specimen Plant, Agava Americana f 5 ¢ East Saginaw.
Goo aa ale cs 16] 86] lowering Begonia................ be se
Gel ee 10| 87 Specimen Plant, Abutilon -...-... ce oor pevecesa S ef
“e al tA “ce 11 8s “cc Aloysia 2 LS Sep ee Op beh Pe ee ee
Scena = 3] 89) es ‘** Tea Rose (Madam
Ristori) eae Sire “cc Cap are: “cc “ec
ce a OLA “ce 19 90 it “cc Pimento we ee “ LO ete | “ “e
Somer lili Se 23) 91 Wardian Case, filled Jack coees Bee ss ee seers J se
“ee At: “e 93 92 oe So “ee ede ake a ee ce
G3 alle Q. 1} 93 Collection Greenhouse Plants.-.- of he Seer ae eS
Somat oo T| 94 Agavia Aloes, 6 variet’s sé Sel eeseses <5 oe
Gaile ee 8] 95 ce Cacti, 17 varieties _..... s ee oe eose3 ba cs
Pails ss 20} 96)Spec’n Pt, Jasminum Grandifiora s Sage nasee ra sé
Opal < cl ath ges Echeveria Grandiflori___-- ss eer es ss
ahh sc 31] 98; ‘* Echeveria Lutea Gigantea- C) een dadecet se sf
Gali co 811-99). Echeveria Secunda Glauca- & pec ee acess ns “
ate se 23) 100) * Plantiof Stevias. 2-2 ee ‘s poi Oe oa ss
CS bale ee $1] 101] Eupitorinm Odorata ..........._-- ss Sie ees ss oe
rs Ge be Sii102)| Veronicas c= e eee eee se nd ha fpaye Saat s ee Ss
CF Abe tL 81] 103|}Plumbago Capensis_..........-.-- SS i ee EE s¢
12 ee $1] 104|Lanumtinus Grandiflora._....._22.. es a eee es ss
Be ible cc SLM I05| Ficis Hlasticale 22 22) 2. ees ee Seve oe Cos ee cs
sees ce Sl L106 ||Poinsettat2- estan anes cee o-oo eee cs pee ue ice se ss
Cy abl cs 81} 107|Colleus Chernelon.-.......-.-..-.- se OE seces es yy
COMES BR Ke Si108 | /Amaryellisit 2 -ohee eB s e e WG pe pees ce S$
66> 41. ce 31] 109} Habrothaneus Elegars pas Seeks ee sg ie (aoe oe es
Cab Be 81} 110}Seedam, Seboldi variety... se Sorts eases <s sé
See bt, ee 81] 111|Herbethinum Ianthinum.-- £ ee cawasee es gs
Be call 3 31} 112|Bearing Lemon Tree.-----....--.. ef aie fo ore £6. ee
She ce 81} 118]Lemon Tree (specimen)-_---....--- GD seid Soceses se se
Sibk WD 81] 114]Perestrophe Aguslifolia_........-. s¢ ee eee “ sc
Son Fatt Ee 81} 115|Specimen Plant, Hibiscus_...._..- ¢ pO TE cscs es eS
Of abe cc Sli eb16| Colla Scandus#22----- 5. eee oe ss IK deen & cS ce
SORT; o 28} 117/Specimen Plant of Palm~...... 2. <6 Wiss ss sé
Stee TT ss 31} 118]Night-Blooming Jasminum- --.... ss oe Uieesses ie ss
ah ce SU 19 Brisman tia’ 22k a eae Fe Ci ye ee § ce Ned
3 || Se 81} 120]Euphorbia Splendens..-....-.-..- ee Mette ce os ss
Ga ce $l] 191'|Saxafraga'Tricolor_--: 22 2iL 0% -3 ce SORE aoe of Sf
BL She ce 81} 122|Livonia Flonbunda.._......-...-. ss i ks EE) es

y STATE FAIR, 1874.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTINUED.

DATE OF =
ane! Div. |Class.| No

-D

PSE 2

.

ra ane

-

moO’

au

rs

bo

nore
AaQnceawrher

nn
um]
oO
Q,

ant

409

BY WHOM ENTERED. |?: 0; ADpgEss

ARTICLE. AND REMARKS.
128|Col. of Fruit, grown by exhibitor. | David Geddes._.._....-..-- Saginaw City.
129| Black Currant Wine, 14 years old- Mrs. J. B. White SS Peers
130| Elderberry Wine, 3 years old ater i WG
131| Bottled Cider (2 bottles) 3 y’rs old es ss sf SS
132]Red Currant Wine, 1 year old____- oe es es $F
18$|'Ganned!-Plums:=3..2.-22--scssesee~ “ sy es Op
184) Canned Qnincesi2---2-<=22.25. 52. 8 os sf Os:
124s] Plate Autumn Pears se H. B. Chapman Reading.

135 Winters Neliss2- 0205 - Se so| ace se $s
136] ‘© Glout Morceau Pears..-..----. us £8 ss
13%\" <2 SBartlett.Pears. 2222-22 2-.5..- s ns €¢
188} ** Flemish Beauty Pears.-..... eS ce Me
1391) “© ‘Onondaga, Pearsiss: 2ol-=2 22 . e s
140} ‘© White Doyenne Pears ......| ‘‘ § ss
141). ** (Sheldon! Pears-<22--4 22-32. es a ss
142] ‘* Louise Bon d’Jersey Pears..| ‘‘ se s
148), -§©- PaltonPears. 2222222 2222.22 6 oe re
144} ‘* Stephens Genesee Pears....| *‘‘ Se sé
145), “© Ylodge Pearss—-accese see cee of CS ss
146] ‘* Belle Lucrative Pears.......} ‘ ss sf
147} ** Delices d@’Hardenpoint Pears} ‘* s ee
148} ‘* Compte Deloma Pears--...- £ ee ss
149; ‘* Tuft’s Rareripe Peach...... os ce oe
150), .*© ‘Pavorite Peacht<. 2282 22.2. sf ie ss
151} ** Early Crawford Peach...... es £¢ =
152} ** Plate Late Crawford Peaches} ‘‘ Ss Sc
143) ‘* East Window Seedli’g P’ch’s} “* ee Ss
154] ‘* North Door Seedling P’ches} ‘‘ Se vy
155] Bottle Celery Sauce. .-............ :
156] Raspberry Syrup or Vinegar--....
157|Strawberry Syrup or Vinegar--.--
158] Bottle Grape Wine-.......-.......
15y! * Sour Cider, 4 years old.-...
160 ‘Sweet Cider, 4 years old...
161 ‘« Tomato Catesup...22..22..
162 e \ Mixed PieKles:s-.225.2-<2
163 Col. and display of Petunias._.-.-
164 Phlox Drum’di “
165) Flat, Bouqnet:<:22..-222-2 22 42228 cr sé se oe
167| Round: Bouquet.-..s8s----o-e- eee Se ss Ss “
148) Canned Peachess2222- <=. =. 5055.25 : ee es ss
169}Canned Preserved Peaches.-...--.- £ ss ve S
Pr Spiced!Peaches-. = -=42-25. 82 22-45 £6 se SS se
1T1}Can of Canned Plums. ........2.-. ss £6 “8 sé
172 Col. and display of Verbenas...... eb. Masonses ss. osesaseee East Saginaw.
173 Asters. Sebi e sk. fs SSidh Cee ee Ue Saat se sy
14 ace ce Phlox Drum’di.} ‘ SOARS Che See es ce es
175| P’r Bougq’ts, arranged in nat’l style] ‘‘ SS) he Su eee aeesee sf Ss
176) Hat Bouguet.--2-2-ss~2s---1-ce= fs Pee ee = “5
177| County Col. of Apples (Eaton Co.)|Joseph Gridley......-.-.... Kalamo
178} Township Col. of Apples (Kalamo) id cS) ie aeew Ste oD ee sf
179| Collection of Fruit, ge ‘n by exhib’r es Scag | ete ee _ ee
180} Collect’n of Apples.z gr’n by exhib’r,

nomenclature, quality, and suc-

cess’n to be main consideration és Sor (eee cases S
181 Castor Beans 22st eee Frederick Harris-_._.. .--|East Saginaw.
182] Currant. Jellys.c220o) secu estes John: Shepherd .:.-.5.--=<- Saginaw City.
183 |\Raspberry dell¥i2scc-cs-.acaccencas se Wh ooeocciee oHe
184| Blackberry. Jelly.......<...-......- se ee eer ee ¥E ss
185|Crab Apple Jelly_..-.--.----.--..- & See peer ss “y
186| Bottle Currant Wine.....-...2.... sf O5 My ati oe ole aek ie ne
187}, & > Raspberry Wine... -20 2222. és cel ay MELO ce ec ss =
188]Sea Onion, specimen plant -.-..-. Mrs, Julia Bare...........- East Saginaw.
189] Cider Vinegar Oy eee aul ie Sa ee Mrs. A. W. Wright-........ Saginaw City.
190| Basket of Cut Flowers. .-........- sce Sh cheat vy ok
191| P’r Bo’q’ts, arranged in nat’! style/I. a scinan Sab ocle ol eetenes Fast Saginaw.
192| Blackberry Wine_-...:-.--.2-.-.-.|P. Allyn Traverse City.
198|}Red Raspberry Wine..--.-.....-- ge ie fe
194] Blackberry Vinegar. ....-.....---- ee ss se
195] Red Raspberry Vinegar. ....-....- “ sf ie
196/Black Raspberry Vinegar......--- ss ss Y
197| Black Raspberry Shrub_-.-.--.--- . $f ne
19S! Blackberry: Shrobtoss--cese ee eee oe 56 ef
199|Red Raspberry Shrub. ......--.--- ec ee se
200|Col. of Preserved Fruits and Jellies $6 Se ‘
201 SCPLELONSCIEIANt See ssre sel aee ee Mrs. Chas. F. Weber East Saginaw.
2u2 Sh NutivesGrapesso222 2 soe ee Pt.aux Peaux Grape W. Co.| Monroe, ;
203 Five bunches Martha Grapes .-.... fe €e se ad
204 ‘* BH’ if'd Prolific Grapes sé o e oe

410 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConTINUED.

Dats OF TY 7 P. O. ADDRESS
eS Div. |Class.| No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. fan Ree

Sept. 14. Hi: 6} 205 Five bunches Delaware Grapes._..| Pt. aux Peaux Grape W. Co. Monroe.
eae Ee 7} 206 ‘© Tsraella Grapes---.--
soe 14) 6 8} 207) % «Concord Grapes-..-. “ ‘t ee ce
sem 4: oe 9} 208} 5 “ Icna Grapess...2-.:. sf .? ve Ke
se) “14: oe AO}209)} ase ‘* Ives Seedling Grapes ff ¥ ¥ fe
ae “6 11} 210) * cs) Diana Grapess------ % * ns ES
sca, ta: 6 19] 211|Plate of Grapes for Wine-.-------- “ .F es fs
“614. $b 20; 212 st “Catawba .Grapes=----..2.- s +5 Ke 2
oO ies B 4] 218|)County Col.of Grapes (Monroe Co.) * at o ee
OO ale Cc 4| 214|)T’nship Col. of Grapes (Frencht’n) es ss fs es
ave H 1} 215|Collection of Native Grapes----.-- J..0,, Sterling. --22-<.2----- ss
sald, of 3] 216 Five bunches Martha Grapes-.---- ee ns
4. te 4| 217 H’tf'd ProlificGrapes| ‘‘ os
ata: ee 6G} 218) * ‘¢ Delaware Grapes...-| ‘‘ sf
Of ae sé 8] 219) * ‘s ‘Concord Grapes. ...-. s eS
cee 4 ae S220)" < vo aT onayGrapess-ss: sneer og ss
ani: se LOW 297} °& ‘¢ Jves Seedling Grapes} ‘‘ rs
O14, ss UE 222)\9 7s ‘© Diana Grapes..-.... sf sf
Osa es 19, 223)Plate of Grapes for Wine---..-..-. sf ef
“14, 6 2U| 224 “ Catawba Grapes.-.--.--.- a Ee
Oe ake Cc 4| 225|Township Col. of Grapes (Monroe)| “ sf
en 4, H 1} 226|/Collection Native Grapes... ..--- W.C. Sterling
es ce 8| 227 Five bunches Martha Grapes.-.-.-. te of
GI ays ss 4) 228 Hud ProlificGrapes| ‘ ss
os 14. OS 6} 229) ** ‘© Delaware Grapes....| ‘‘ ss
Oy aes se 7) 230) * “ Tsraella Graper--_---- sé re
stl 4e re 8} 231] ‘ ‘* Concord Grapes----- oc se
Oy ae ss 10) 282) * ‘© Tves Seedling Grapes} ‘‘ ee
OS alee sf 11} 288) * ‘¢ - Diana:Grapes ~- 235 fe se
Sy TEE se 14) 234] * ‘« Creveling Grapes....| ‘‘ sf
“14, 6s 19) 285) Plate of Grapes for Wine--.-...-.- sf sy
Sela; ss 20) 23 6. (Catawba: Grapes---2 -nsn-=||2 ss
sce, Q. 15| 237|Spec. Pl’t, Bigronia tr’n’d to tr’lis|Mrs. Amos S$
De ae 8. ita) 288 hwo Dritomasi. scat. as-o6 s- se eaee ae
‘© 14, | R. |Spec’l} 289|Garden Vase, filled_....--..-..--- L fae cee es 5 ss ss
G6 12: M, 19)}(240 Currant Jelly, 2-2.) 222 -nis anes Mrs. J. B. White:.-=--5-.- Saginaw City.
“14. gs 25| 241|Spiced Currant Jelly--.----------- sé aps S82 eee gs ss
st 14. eS 12} 242| Preserved Currant, or Currant Jam se Sod fees oe se i
Oh at N. 17| 248] Boiled Cider, 8 years old-.-..-----. “é 6O os, Saeedeset Ss vi
“14. J. 17} 244| Plums, for name.-....-.-.---.-=-- IM’. C; Mowerl. 252222225522 East Saginaw
“ 14, ae 17 245 “ce 5 ee ee ee a ee re Lp el Pe a eee ad
oe 14, ec 17 246 “ec 6 NE ee ee eee a“ OS Red Lig Ree oe “ee
“ 614, se 8] 247 Five bunches Concord Grapes-..-.|Ernst Herpel-. Taymouth.
ss 4, “ 6] 248 ce Delaware Grapes..-| ‘‘ Bol ie fee es
“644, Oe 18] 249; * G: Elba Grapes.--.---- Es POR) ee sey appr ee ee
CORN asi 13] 250|/Specimen PI’t, Nein (oleander)|I. Dyckman._.._.....------ East Saginaw.
ce aa 1. 1| 251|Township Col. of Apples (Walker)|Wm. Rowe....------------ Walker.
are E. 1} 252)Col. of Apples, grown by exhibit’r|[. E. lgenfritz Gi COseasecs Monroe.
OBES ee 2) 253 Single variety Summer Apples---- pot ass ss
“ 14, “ 3 254 “c Autumn Apples.... “ee “ce De mae ce
ae 14, “ec 4 255 “ee “ Winter Apples Ee oe oe Cee y eae we
OG ak oe 13} 256 Plate Early Strawberry Apples.---| ‘‘ fe coo el stecs ve
Oaks ft 16) 257 Lowell (Greasy Pippin)----- rf ef Faeeeess ss
“44, “ 17| 258} ‘* ‘Porter Apples.....-.-..----- ‘ ss 5 1 see “
ci 4, sf 18} 259) ‘* Keswick Codlin.....----.=.-- 4g ss dg eee SS
(ha A. id 19| 260) ‘* 20-0z. (Cayuga Red-Streak).| ‘ ‘6 St hae ere sé
Leera yt oe QOe261 pa eieeMallieippinien = 2-22). = oo tae Ih ase st eee i?
Con 14s s¢ 26)..262) *& Ohio Nonpareil...-.---.---- sf if oN SER be
Sea. nS SL ZCS see SONatn aM ans oo eee on ae Se Se Do Sete ee LN)
cola, ef 321-264) “% ~Peck’s Pleasant_...--:.-.--- re ss Sieeeenee sf
en 14; a 83] 265} ‘* Rhode Island Greening ..--- ss AS Sioa eat sc
soa 14: she 84) 266] ‘© Baldwin Apples. ....-.-----. st re ae Bees WC
“4 14; me 85| 267| ‘* Red Canada Apples-....---- at ss Oe cero ee
Sound; sf 86] 268} ‘* Golden Russet Apples-.-..-.. oe s We ieee cS
ssa 14: ot 87| 269] ‘* Roxbury Russet Apples----. OS es fe egeaae ef
Sir aids s§ 88] 270} ‘ Wagener Apples--------.--- iy rs oe by Teer §
6 14, se 89] 271 ‘“* Northern Spy Apples es “ “ Cyn Fett ‘
ata wD 40} 272} ‘* Belmont Apples.....--.---.- ge cs ie eee a
carta; cs 41| 273| ‘* Fameuse (knownas Snow).-} ‘‘ 5 Se ieeanco sf
SOve AA; cs 48| 274| ‘* Westfield Seek-no-further...| ‘‘ es st ss
Dias U2 45| 275| ‘* King of Tompkins County..| ‘ ss ef ee
Oe os 46] 276] ‘* Yellow Bellflower. -.-.--.--- s * se ss
OG a! a ator. “S. \Talmanesweet....----ecasee 6 “ £6 ee
Oval! OS 5027s te Grimes! Golden. 2-22. eases sh : is ie
oa 14 st 52] 279) ‘* Esopus Spitzenberg_-....--- ss ae uf 4
“oe 14, “ec 54 280 ee SY ia ENS a Os ae “e ve COT. ae ee
peas F. 1} 281|Col. of Pears, grown by exhibitor.} ‘‘ ie a ES
eae ts ay 2| 282| Plate Summer Pears, one variety-| ‘“‘ rs Doh Beers =
seas ub 3| 283] Autumn Pears......-------- a % “ ‘

|

Date or
ENTRY,
Sept. 14,
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$8) 514,
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seal:

STATE FAIR, 1874.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTinveED.

-

AA

-

2 ZO

=

Sa Tala

-

Class. | No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED.
4| 284 Plate Winter Pears_............-.|I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co

13] 285 BartlettPears. cc ccumacsoases\y a7 O: a
14) 286) 4es> BufamPearsize sco. << 3.2 sees Ly es us
15| 287; ‘© Flemish Beauty Pears ....-.| ‘‘ ss iy
171, 288|¢ ©" -Onondaga Pears’. <.:s2.2-2c. sf sé ae
18} 289} ‘* White Doyenne Pears...... sé se Cy epee
19] 290} ‘“* Beuprre d’Anjou.Pears.......} ‘‘ ‘s Sa cee eee
Ot 29T); <= Sheldon -Pearsu.-< .-- cscs. - uf of eases
23| 292} ‘* Fondante d’Automne_--..... ef - Soi ee
26) 293), ** Lawrence Pears......----=-. es on <2 (eee
27) 294]: “© Beurre Diel Pears.........-. $ ee ES oe
28} 295; ** Winter Nelis Pears_-........ S° ee ae ere Bs
29| 296] ‘* Beurre Clairgeau Pears__-__- ss st Shy eee le
30; 297], ** Doyenne d’Boussock Pears.| ‘“ ee ee
Sli 298 ees see RE ee eee 2 *F ss De bases

1} 299)Township Col. of Apples (Penin-

sular township, Gr.Traverse Co.)| Peninsular Farmers’ Club.
Spec’l| 300|Col. of Ornamental Moss Goods.-|Mrs. Barbara Kellerman...
8| 301) Bouq’t of Dried Grasses & Flowers dy ze ae

4) 302) Floral Desion’...2---...-lccnces ose 4 es ia

7) 303; Basket of Flowers for Table._..-- s s

8| 804| Transcendent Crab Apple_......--. iis Cs Lain colnicces: cae cece
15; 305|Canned Currants_..........--.---- ies ss
18} 306 “S, —Momatoésss.<-o=saqoeenes
11} 307 SS. Blaekiberries....2 oo =. escske
29} 308) Pickled Tomatoes _.........-.--..

4| 809|Preserved Peaches.-............-.-

9} 310 ss Blackberries-._......-.

15} 311 “‘ Crab Apples: .-..2..=<<
16) 312 ee Pomatoek:—.. 2 --.cse.
Spec’l] 313 So Ground Cherries- --.---
21} 814|Jelly, Crab Apple. ..-...---- cene0e
3] 315|Domestic Dried Fruit...---.-.....
22) 816|Dried Crab Apples.-....-----.-..-.
Spec’]| 817|Lemon, preserved in alcohol--.... - W,

9} 818|Collection of Abutilons.__-_._._-- Mrs. Alicia Forsyth_.......
12] 319) Wild: Grape Wine..-........-...--- Mrs, E. Dunston: 222. 2-28-2
T8290 Bolled’Ciders:* 52-2 -cn ose ceeee ss Site | ie eae eee
18) S321 |(Cider Vinegars == 66> ee ae * J he ee See es
18} 822|Collection of Jellies......_........ Mrs. James Bolton.--._---

8} 823|Preserved Red Raspberries.-..-_..- £6 SAA jemacses
10| 824|Canned Red Raspberries--...-..-. s ae Soc sOwee
14:})'325)|' Dried Currantsi. 222.2. - seo. 5 sé Sb sg Seeeconee
55] 826| Collection Siberian Crab Apples-- ef SP, Ree ees
14) $27| Blackberry Wine...--.-----------. ce SE a ee aoe

Bi SASNet se See eS a ee ee eens os Bae ties Sane

7T| 829|Five bunches Israella Grapes. .... John: C, Ziegler....-.-.....
18} 330/Collection Rogers, No. 16_--._---- ee DUT Ree ae eae
18] 831/Isabella Grapes........--. ....--.- ss SS ha Ra
18] 882]}Union Village Grapes-..... ecoacsy is SO erase ee ene

9| 833|)Five bunches Iona Grapes......_. By of OD) she ee ee
20] 884| Plate Catawba Grapes -._.---..... $¢ Peek ee
18)'835/ ClintoniGrapest 2-22. -.csne-o-ceees i pO Picton an eae
8/$36|'Concord: Grapes-o-- = 23-222 eee on Boo Ten. Sees Sees
18] 887|Muscadine Grapes...............- af 5S Ti see mi

51, 888|Concord. Wine. 2. 5. oc o-. ons t-—c5—5 rs sis Sesee:

4) 339 Clinton: Wine. ---..- <-_-.20-.--=- 3 BOr | Ree See se eSes
13} 840|)Black Currant Wine....-- ss a Netra eee
11} 841}Black Raspberry Wine se Seed a tae

8} 342 Plate of Maiden’s Blush Apples--- William Rowe Se eer er
82) 343 Pecks *Pleasant;Apples£2c2)h) y 4) 4 4 )cce) So8e Toes eae
84] 344) ‘* Baldwin Apples.._.......... ss WO Sen ae eee
85! 8451 ‘* Red Canada Apples---..---- ce See Sates ease aes
86] 346] ‘* Golden Russet Apples----... se Sse a Moeaaaae
83| 847| ‘* Wagener Apples...........- re Si ecc oak eee
39} 848] ‘* Northern Spy Apples. ---... sf BY eeebesaeeesic
41] 349} °* Fameuse (known as Snow)- Me So) toe Seo oeteee
43| 850] ‘‘ Seek-no-further.....-...-.-- & OE ia ort ee
44) 351] ‘* Hubbardston Nonsuch...--.. ‘ Eel eee ee
45) 352) ‘* Kingof Tompkins Co.Apples SF aa een ort ee
18} 353} ‘* Keswick Codlin Apples-.-.. sf (ih seteeeecenee
54] $54; “* Rambo Apples._........-.-- st Be Ber BS ceae
56| 355] ‘* S’glev’ty Siberi’n Cr’b A’pl’s a ae es ee
57| 356|Transcendent Crab Apples ..<+---- bad Mee eae Ree
59} 357| Montreal Beauty Apples.-....---- fs ESig tee es tee
13] 858] Plate Bartlett Pears. ._........--.. 5S Shy fess OES eta
15} 359) ‘* Flemish Beauty Pears-.--... ss Oe Rees bsaeeoae
16), $60); ** *"Seckel Pears: 22-2 - ec oosae ff SO Potac saat clic e
18} 361] ‘* White Doyenne Pears-.---.-. S a eet Seno

411

P. O. ADDREsg8
AND REMARKS

Old Mission,
New Buffalo.

“ce e
“ “
Greenville.
“ce
“cc
“c
“ee
oc
“cc
“oc
“ec
ee
ac
ve
Bay City.
Saginaw City.
Clarkston,
os
“cc
East Saginaw.
oc ““
“cc ae
“e “
oc oe
a “ee
“oe “
Saginaw City.
oe “
ac “
oe “e
oe ““
ae “ce
“oe be
“ec “cc
“ec “ec
ae “ee
“cc ae
ae
oe

412 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTiInvueED.

DATE OF 4 P. O. ADDRESS
nary. Div. |Class.|No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. ny Rewkueal
Sept. 15. |] F. 81] 862|Plate Beurre Hardy Pears__.......- William Rowe-.-....------ Walker,
esaeeLD: ss $1] 863] ‘** Doyenne Gray Pears.-_.--.-
Soins os H. 6| 864|Five bunches Delaware Grapes--- ce ce
oS alls}, Wo 18} 865; ‘S ‘© Tsabella Grapes_-_-- On O:
Ja als} Ss. 1| 366 Collection of Verbenas-.---.--...- Mrs. Wm. Rowe a
ScNETLD: se 9| 867 Petuniase=- soe as sé ss
ScemmelOs se 15} 868 CG German Stocks.-.... ss se
5: se 1S; 869 ce ZANNIAS = eeoee sees ss ss
WG" GF ce 19} 870 ce Everlasting Flowers sf <6
te alyy es 21] 871 cs Coxcombs: =... -.-- se ee
abs cS 22) 872 ss Phlox Drummondii- es Seer eeee eee Sf
sé 45. OG 24] 873 GB Ornamental Grasses es Soi pen eee toe! We
Oy aby Ts 2| 3874 Arrang’ tof Frt & Fl’rs, table dec. Se Tbe 5 ae I ss
ts aby es §| 875|Bouq’t of Dried Grasses and Fl'rs ss id AD ae eri! se
Uy aibys M. 8| 876|Red Raspberry Jam--_......-..--- POAT yn iat cose ee eee ene Traverse City.
SCT ce 8| 877| Back Cap Raspberry Jam-.....--- CAR Aa Rin OCR ee SS
mci te ty es 9/378! Blackberty Jam-ss25.-/.--2--/- 12-22 CS iL Me SS Ee ees seeks ss ss
Ey ge 15/879 |Crab Appledam. 22-2. - s2Ss oce COP iL evakatuenseen sauces oe OG
Os Gly a 5/380) Blue Plam Jam=222 223-22 c soso Soh pea De Ete 2 sees s¢ OG
se 15. He 6} 881 Five bunches Delaware Grapes.... W. AE Pierce oe See as
st 15, sé 8} 382 eet) Concord Grapeseoe se eu me eerste noes Fi
£6015; 0 18} 888] *§ ‘© ~~ Rogers’ Grapes-_..-- eg Soy eee
Oy aly E. 1] 884|Col. of Apples, grown by exhibit’r ESP. Flanders ee
Sian] Os sf 2| 385 Single variety Summer Apples....| ‘‘
alas st 3| 886 Autumn Apples._..| ss
OG aby se 4| 887] ‘“ We Winter Apples.._-- 0 gs
OF aby gf 9} 888} <‘ ct Primate Apples -...| ‘“‘ o:
OG) © als sf 10} 889] ‘S * Large Yellow Bough| ‘* ee
Dalby ss 16} 390) + Lowell Apples. -.-.- bd S
6G lbs & 19} 891) ‘* ss Twenty-oz. Apples_| ‘ ss
Os SIby ss 25) 892] <* se Fall Pippin Apples.| ‘S we
Scelos 6 83] 3938] <‘‘ we R.{. Green’g Apples} ‘‘ a
OF) bs sé 88} 394) ‘S sé Wagener Apples_..} ‘‘ se
Ge Alby ie 89] 895] ‘S oy North’n Spy Apples} ‘‘ es
SO: ee 43); 396) ‘‘ ss Seek-no-Further_...| “ ss
KD: ss 45} 397] * ‘f K’g of Tompk’s Co.| * S
Salo Oe 46] 3898} * on Yellow Bellflower..| ‘* ss
Ce) aby ss 47] 899|Plate Talman Sweet Apples..--..- ie ee
GS | aka, sé 51 400)" © Swaar Apples: 22222. -.--=: Ss fs
ee LO: se 52] 401] ‘* Esopus Spitzenburg Apples.| ‘‘ fe
ccd: sé 581402] *§ Melon Apples 222-2... 222.25 ss ss
Ia es 40! 403] ‘* Belmont Apples ....-....... sé sf
we 15; iG 8] 404]. ** Maiden’s: Blush..----22..-.- ee s
Wr als elh) Or 1} 405 T’nship Col. of Apples (Ganges t’p) Lake Shore Pom. Society.- Ganges.
OG) aby ee 2| 406 Peachest:22ecason- es
“ac 15. oe 8 407 oe 6s Pears ee ea aero sé ee ce ee “ce
CDS N. 13] 408|Currant Wine, 10 years old_--.---- Mrs. P. H. Higbee (if mera -| Adrian,
Do abs ss 11| 409} Red Raspberry Win @ ee ces seca wen Ste cee ey age omc nae
als E. 21) 410 Plate Hawley, Apples? 2223 -22h.ees2 Roswell Sherman eotneeates Elk Rapids.
QE 716). ce 8} 411 Maiden’siblush Applesee sess so eee cones
sel Os as 86| 412] ** Golden Russet Apples-.... z $s Asoo sf se
Solos ss 54] 418] * Spice Sweet Apples-------.- se Sot Re eS ss ce
ce 5. Go 47} 414| ‘* Talman Sweet Apples-.-...-. & es Pes rer > UG
cD: ss 39! 415| ‘* Northern Spy Apples-----..- se sf eae eet | WR ss
SLO. St 40} 416] ‘* Belmont Apples -.....--...- 8 CE SSBeesce ae <e
CO aby $s 51 417] ‘* Early Harvest Apples--.-.... oe SU pen eee ee of ce
CG ahh ae 8| 418} Plate Canada Egg ews wecwsssese Roswell Sherman.-......--- Elk Rapids.
aly Ty 5] 419 P'r Bo’ 4 ts ar "ng’d i in fm° 1 meth’ d Fred. Waltz Te hacen as Detroit.
Cabs ab BRA DO ICE SSS ee SoUena eee CS) geile Nee Ree casa caweee a
se 5. UE 5} 421 sina Hand Bauaiet ee ee sé A aa ee se
C3 als Q. |Spec'l| 422|[vy-leaved Geranium. ...----..---- Mrs. Alicia Forsyth SEO Saginaw City.
Os ass * |Spec’l| 423!Col. Winter Blooming Carnations} nae
SE is) sf 4| 424|Spec’n Orn’al Ivy-leaved Geran'm es ae ie sf
Ce ay So 1} 425|Collection of Greenhonuee Plants- hi Sema acscas Se cf
Ca aby OG 17| 426|/Specimen Plant of Calla........--- Gi OB lee ne se
Gals M. 10| 427) Whortleberry Jam._-------------- PMA YM vessicesccee te osaick Traverse City.
OG Bb. 1} 428 County Col. of Apples, Tuscola Co. Wm. Johnson Re Sees Vassar.
OF aby fe 2) 429 sé IRGacCh egy pee Sota Eck wee eG tloaeeeeclo=sc—=
oe 15. a 8 430 te “ee Pears, iad ee “ee Ue Sarat ee se
ae 15. ee 4 481 of oe Grapes, be ee CAs gee 6
Cos: HS 4| 432|Dried Apples. .....--.------------- Richard Elliot- Le EM omaloe a Lansing.
alas N. AS K483)| Cider Vinegar cee ee ee ites Oi Ue aaa esam amen
Dalby: B. 1} 434 County Col. of Apples, Clint'n Co. John Gilbert oo OLS Pa seas Shepardsville.
>) bis i. 1] 485]Town’p Col. of Apples, (Ovid) ....| ‘5 “ 2.-------------
ye eae 1} 436}Col of Apples grown by Exhibitor] ‘ SOU Pa eee s¢
“Sod: es 8! 487|Plate Maiden’s Blush. ---.--.----- ce COAT Se ee 28 Sy
SO 15) G Ol 4880 or Primate sesso soe eceseeeeee O See ester wena ee ie
se 1d: ee 10} 439] ‘** Large Yellow Bough......-- s ee meet ea ee os
Co alss s* 16] 440] ‘ Lowell Rs Fa lea hr eens ag Greasy P’p)| “ OSS sceadacesasee Ue

DaTE OF
Enrry. | Div:

a

Class. | No.

STATE FAIR, 1874.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConNTINUED.

413

BY WHOM ENTERED. |F: 0- ADDRESS

AND REMARKS.

ARTICLE.
441 Plate iRorter eee cescoenssacecsueece
442 Keswick Codlin_.c2c-<.2-2-
4434 <s Mwenty Ounce: 2.5 sccncoe
Aga SO DH AW Ve. -cacusc hows Seeecense
445| ‘* “Jersey, Sweet.....-:---------
46 “So eal Pippin as. ...scnc--55--5
Agu, Soe Garden Woyal. so sssc-s——scse
44g) ee SON ethan ees ates wane ena
44g “& (Peck?s'Pleasant_..-2-<'----22

eS AV a Greening= <2 2 ajecccese=

‘oe Bald Will sa2-csceucesaecoe css

Sc eduOanad aero ccsciscseeoe a=
Single variety Summer Apples-__.-
‘¢ “Autumn Apples----

“ ‘¢ Winter Apples--.--
Plate Golden Russet Apples------
Roxbury Rasset Apples----

6” ‘Wageler Apples-_--....-<-2-
“Northern Spy Apples.-.-..--
>" BelmontiApples-. 2.222 25--.

© ‘Fameuse Apples-.-2-2-..2.-
‘© Bailey Sweet Apples-.-.-..
“Westfield Seek-no-Further-.-
“ King of Tompkins County...
“Yellow Bellflower Apples---
** Talman Sweet Apples...--.-
«Esopus Spitzenburg---.--- --
cs" Melon resceceeccacansceeces
cc Bartlett Pearseecceucceass=
‘t> Bufamibearse.oooss-so soe
‘* Flemish Beauty Pears.-....
“) “Seck el’ Pearsa;2-ecccccsececs
QOnondago Peare....-...<2---
Collection Dried Fruit, one family
Dried Apples by any process.-.....
Collection Canned Fruit-.-.----.-

Bottled\'‘Cider Wine=2222.---s---2
Canned Plums, 10 years old.__...-
Pickled Cucumbers, 10 years old_-
Can’d Mayduke Cher’s 10 y rs old
Can’d Sw t P’d Peaches, 2 y’rs old
Pickled Currant Catsup..-..------
Single Variety Siberian: Crabs (Red)
aahibitor
Col. of Fruit grown by Ee ibitor-
Co. Col. of App’s Calh’n Co., 71 v’s
Holland Pippin and Pomme Grise
to show difference in size..-....
TOMAatOHITS= cece nescence cceseeens
Piccalily:S0urs sects -seescee sles
Sweet Pickled Tomatoes... ...----
Rioral Desionese22-- osassen2e5—-—5
Basket of Flowers for Table__.-..--
Cut Flowers from Seeds of Vick’s
Col'n nand Display of Verbenas----

** — Dahlias
af se “ ‘Apterso cee
eg oS sf Zinnias
ss iB ‘¢ Phlox Dram’di
Collection: of: Plums: 2. -s=--c--e
Rogers’ No: 1. Grapes=.---- 2.525

Five Bunches Concord Grapes..-.
RerkinssGrapesssc--eacesetieseeee
Five Bunches Creveling Grapes. --
Rogers’ No. 4 (Wilder) ...---------
Five Bunches Delaware Grapes. --

es or Hartf'd Pro’c Grapes
Rogers?-1d) Grapes! oo lulsosessee ue
Five Bunches Iona Grapes..-------

Bs Herbemont Grapes.

Ives’ Seedl’g Grapes
Norton’s Virginia Seedling Grapes
Campan'Grapes to 22S ee ccsn ons ee
Plate of Catawba Grapes--....----
Five Bunches Martha Grapes---.-
SalemiGrapesteseascss eocee me eeees

ae be

Aad
se
ae
3
be
“ce

oe

John C. Greening---

“ce

“ce
ae
“6

iT

Soeeee aesapeeee Shepardsville.

Monroe.

N. & C. Chilson.....--.--. | Battle Creek.
H. Bo Planders:< 2-25 --=--- Galesburg.
Dy bin fh oe esc Bay City.
oe ae oe
Chad ipn me pecan (Cy
Mrs. William Rowe. .-.-.-- Walker
‘ oe .
ifalles (uth Sa ae
John Ford & Son-...-.-..- Mich AY Det’
‘ wo
se ed TAA be “
we AG Me eT “ce
‘“ bara ten eae fas u:
GaWa Grantis.soccseccncees Pentwater.
John C. Greening ...-..---. Monroe.
vé < wo“
“oe “a ee
“ ee ae
ii é “ae
““ se “
2 e: ts
oe “ec “oe
be te ee
oe be ee
“cc eé ec

414 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—ConrTINUED.

Ne ee

aC O56) «© Hall Pippin]-222-2222-2 at ce ss es oa ee
CG SDC ONAN AMeee ee ee esses == ‘ :

4) abs ie 83| 578} ‘* Rhode Island Greening----. es : aa

SD: he 851 519)|) scored Canada -—s- =o uae 6 ef sf Saas s¢

GF a Ibs ef 88 LHS0ilitese wWWarenene soo occ oe ee eee <5 U2 es bebe ee

se 15: sé 45| 581| ‘* King of Tompkins County-- SS st sees ag

Goa by ss 46| 582| ‘* Yellow Bellflower_.....----- a 6s rs Sead ‘s

WEN Alby B. 1| 583|Co. Col. of Apples (Monroe Co.).. se ss re weal we

FS 9 alley F. 8) 594) *° Pears (Monroe Co.)---- es Oe es i

ee alse H. 8] .585|\Concord Grapes.--222-5--0 55 <2. Hunter Savidge -| Spring Lake.
G3) ass sf 6| 586|Delaware Grapes..-.------..------ Hf we

OF | alb cs 4| 587|Hartford Prolific Grapes..-..-..-- By Me ss cS
OS) lbs, oe 10| 58S8|Ives’ Seedling Grapes-_---..------- se cs ss Be
€or 15: ss 9| 589] Ilona Grapes_....=-2-------.---..-- Os Ls oe ie
SSeLD: es 14] 590|Creveling Grapes - fe es 3 ¥
A sb) t 18} 591] Walter Grapes anes U7 “8 Zs zy

i “ec

+s 18) 592) Rogers’ No. 5.....-----2..--- es fs
oe 18} 593 Rogers’ INO: 88 Seaseaassecelaeeees * eS
es 18} 594 Telegraph Grapes=--2952- 2-22 se Fs
J. 33| 595|One-half peck Black Walnuts-..-- Emmons Buell

“ec ce
a iad

“| Kalamazoo.

DATE OF P. O. ADDBESS
earner: Div. |Class.| No. ARTICLE. BY WHOM ENTERED. |, ip ‘Remarks.
Sept. 15. Hi. 1} 518|Coll’n of Native Grapes grown by
Exhibitor, 30 varieties---------- G. W. Bruckner Monroe.
a Tbe é 8} 519 Five Bunches Martha Grapes----- “e =§ L
So: ss 4} 520 Hart’d Pro’c Grapes| “ ‘¢ £
3 aby OG 6| 521, ‘S a Delaware Grapes...| “ es s
es ea has 8, 522) * ef Concord Grapes.--.| ‘‘ eS S
WS aby cr 9) 523) ‘ Me Tona Grapes Unde iy es £
pclae OS ss 10) 524) ° sf Ives’ Seed’g Grapes} “ ss SS
Waly Uy 14) 525; ° ss Creveling Grapes...| * ss ey
Dalby sé 19] 526|/Plate of Grapes for Wine--------- ss Up ss
OF ash ee 20) 527; °° Catawba Grapes-_--.-.-..----- $s se ie
OS aby H. 20] 528] ‘** Catawba Grapes --....------ Reynolds, Lewis & Co...-- Ss
G3 iby Gs 18|)1529) <*> Rogers’ Grapess-2= 2-25 -=--2- se oo28 4
CF ibs 3 6| 530| ** Delaware Grapes ---..-------- s Ss OG aoe £5
OF tay Gs 19| 581} ‘* Grapes for wine--.---...--.--- = ie ss aan ro
ee OOF ce 11| 532 Five bunches Diana Grapes- ------ 4 oy es anos sf
OF aby ss 8) 633 ‘© Concord Grapes ---- i se ef =a oh
45, “ 18'1.584|Clinton:Grapes:_ 5-220 oseceueese 6 Se te esas Ss
SCD: F. 13| 535|Plate Bartlett Pears......---.--.--- Go Wiwbruckner.o..22\---<-5 a
fc 15: R 2| 536 Specimen Plant. Muchsia..-25--222 Mrs. Alicia Forsy thse Saginaw City
cee ls e 11} 537 ee Miyrtles:2 22s. SO LEE Mey eae coe ¢
ec" 18; ee 31) 539 ss sc) Acanthusit 2 e225 ee Cup ED Nees 2d ve ss
clo: sf 31} 540 is Ivy-leaved Geranium-.-- ed <i. aie ee os Ss
Gai. se 31] 541| Winter-blooming Herbrotamus- -- cs ihe bateecee a *
Ge Skis e Si] (540 pMexicana) 22222) eeccecaas ee eew ae & ne od eee i of
sé 15, a $1\| 243| Passion Flower... .-2-=2----=-<-- SS Sea ae oe s
econo: es 17 '544|Spotted Calla --=22_-.--2-22-2s225 cs & a sé
G3) ais of STAD RCN SCUSse 22 a ee tene eee scceee as Wy sh) ss
GS aby sé 9111546) Camelia in buds ss2------—- 3 --e2 =~ We hi! sé se
cee OLD: Se 31| 547|Otaheite Orange, frnited_--.-.-..-- oe ‘s By SS
Go alee se 10} 548|Cactus, trailer ce se ss s
O35 aly oO Siip49 |Seedtim =2-2-2-o2e cote ee ae see se ee es SS
Alls 12} 17| 550|Specimen Gesenaria -...---.------ ss oe Ss oa
S abt es 17} 551 od Coleusi222 2552S SS cs *S “f
cob: Q. 31| 552 Se Seeditm 2-22 i222-- 222. ss st £S s
OF Ty 3 5] 555|Rose Geranium... 25-2=- 2-45. & O: ss
Go abby ge 11] 554) Lemon Verbena-....-------------- ss cs oe i
SSS S15: g 20555] SASMINWM asses enc oe ewe és yy 5 sé
Oe abe - 99) S56iiBasket Plants: -_.22----2---< <2... es gs & ss
GS" GG B. 2| 557|Co. Col. of Peaches (Ottawa Co.)..| Hunter Savidge......-.-.-- Spring Lake.
OS aby, H 4| 558|Plate Hartford Grapes -....------- G. W. Brown oe eee Lansing.
cD: 3 18) 559| Autuchon (Arnold’s Hybrid) ----- Sa Serr at ee ecco. 8 s
oS alsy Se 6} 560 Five bunches Delaware Grapes....| ‘“ COM boates ds aeaen ie
Seal: se 1S} 561 ‘© Merrimac Grapes..-| “ US 8 6 heh ee iy
“ee 15. “es 18 9 j se “ee te
ce 15. oe 5. e “ee
“cc 15. “s 18 5 : 6c
UI = 3% y 12 g “
ks B. 3 Battle Creek.
sealo: F. 4| 567 Plate Winter (Pears, Wik co-csece Reynolds, Lewis & Coe Monroe.
se 5: ee 4} 568 Beurre d’Commice._..------ ee | se
CG aby ce 15) 569} ‘* WFlemish Beauty_---.-------- Ke “ eS Bee es
ee ils} ee 16 570 oe Seckel a eo oe eee ee ee mee “se
O35 Ta cs LHebTa) ofSs SOnondara— o--.. 2. ae oe Se sé oank ss
GS as ee 19) 572] “ ““Beurre a’? Anjoui22- 2-25. 2c2 re ee cs cust cs
Goals ee 29| 573) ‘* Beurre d'Clairgeau--....--.- vs $s ee ae .
Da by es 31| 574] ‘* Duchess d’Angouleme .--..- es oe as ee ss
by E. 16] 575] Ҥ Dowell Apples.._<2v2--<_... Ss of ce saed ss

“ 16.
Soar 16:
se LG.
see a6.
“ec 16.
ee mals
poumeal Gs
mop, 1 LO:
ea ie
eG:
oe eGs
eas
“ 16,
em 165
“P16:
Se 10;
Es 16;
perth
cor UG:
Solem LO:
“sl 6.
come) Os
SOs
sel 6:
scue L0>
ee ally
eo:
ca 16.
cn 16.
someel Os
Soi.
Soe eG.
se, 26:
cece 1G.
de ea kis
sf 216;
<2," 16.
ss 16:
ecmueat Os
sae 16.
<a 16:
SLO:
oe 16;
de als
Sia 1G:
css 16.
ee
Seal Os
Seago:
rs eh 6.
eG,
Scope LG:
os A6.
Je palit
ees
see "16,
fo pel G:
coo 6.
eons
cou 105
He ols
os hit
sek G:
oaenlO:
‘S16.
pe ea iy,
ig aly
eat
ecw 16;
a its
sc™ 16;
Say t6:
Sel G:
coe A165
et ae
AS alles

are
[ores BS 2)

cial.

fate
DD Ot

— ee
we

He OO bo OG) 09 DC

No.

596
59T
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605

606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638

re

Class.

STATE FAIR, 1874.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES.—

415

CONTINUED.

P. O. ADDRESS

BY WHOM ENTERED. |) 1p ‘REMARKS.

ARTICLE.

Plate King of Tompkins County--
Rhode Island Greening _----
f~ Pecks Pleasant s222.-2-o- =<
Sar Male Pippin-o gs.dse sees ==
Spm pel monte ss ecto nes Sone ee
ss Yellow. Bough .22-2..--zj22--
6, EMiMatess. jee aootee Se eee

sc J ONALNAN £2 25- Ss ces nsec
Col. of Fruits, grown by exhibitor|N

Collection of Dried Fruit, product
of one factory, Alden __...-.....
Plate Crawford's Early Peaches .--
‘© Flemish Beauty Pears.-.---
Chinese Honeysuckle-_-_...-..- --
Can of Canned Plums (dark) ---.--
Hour Cages of Birds\22222222_ 222
Flowering Bignonia-_-.--.---.--.-.-
Plate'Tona Grapes: -222).-2--22- 5.5.
ee Wilder Grapes: i222 tc. -se
‘¢ Merrimac Grapes.....--.-.--
sc Martha Grapes=-2s.c2..2c-2-6
Concord Grapes: -222--2-----
Collection Scented Geraniums.--.

iad

Plate single var *ty Summer Apples

Autumn Apples
Winter Apples.
Delaware: Grapes. 2. 55.2222 2522
Onondsra. Pears? 222 -2.20-2-2---=-
Louise Bonne Pears. ---...-.------
Unknown variety Pears.....-....-
Plate Barnard Peaches..-..-.------
JACgWes Rareri pes soace-acssss-5—-
Stump ‘the World 4.<2-22..<.--..
Stumprthe World 222.22 -s22ec ee. 5
Collection Plums for exhibition -

ad “es “ee

Specimen of Nerium (Oleander)...

Plate Nonthern*S py= 2222-7 22-5 22.

Wrarener?. 22055. 25 ess ewes

“© Fall Geneting. 22-22 7242322

fC MPMmMateco.ses seceao et ae ee

‘* Chenango Strawberry. .----.-.

SS5 Si WAare: _ leseloecseccesc cece

sets Steelels(Redizeocncesecos sees
es Jersey Sweet

Lady’s Sweet

sce ) Mandevere! 22 sc25.p)s=o-56
Ke AHATUOTO OW Clb besetecetenas
fey sMnnson' Sweet=22.-2---2-2-—
cy Goldenshussetes-4- soca oases
coe Wallow:- ERwigse: 2295285 22552
‘6 Summer Pearmain..........
Cre HAMECUSC2 oe a aoe nee eee ee
soe Melon Sc 2ei ie ike. 2 ees
cae ONAtHA Wes eee oe eee es Soe
‘© Yellow Bellflower_.....--..-
ca Baldwins 26242 sees Pere e
‘“ Twenty-ounce Pippin----.-.
ses Recksthleasant:j.2-.6<--=-
Si Halivbip pines ss so ceece cose
“So Halla water eo ecces- choo. ce
Sey Kingsley oo eta e eee aa aeoe
“ Red-cheek PIppimeesss sees. -
* King of Tompkins County-.
4 Seek-no-further Se MEE Seas
Sa; DONNIE se aoe oes onaee
eSoy COLV EDGE eae ee eee eace
ss Porter:Apples—. --2 0-2 <—-
co Talman' S weetis22202-2-ssee<
Pomme: Grisesat ass. = sticn <5
in RambOste. cane ssa tet coas
‘© Rhode Island Greening-.----
‘* Esopus Spitzenburg.-_--..---
*¢ Reve’s Favorite Peach......
St Howell, Pears soe es Solace,
“<4 Sheldon iPearswees cso sceess
** Onondaga Pears::..2-..----
= Dix ears ss one eee Sees eae
‘

D. T. Fox PT 5 Kalamazoo.
.
se itva-s 14 Ser oR chee ‘74
és (Ee Ae el ke 6s
oe ALM CT | oe
‘sc hed se eee 6c
ee POY Sad GSS it GL ee oe
oe ve Card wise Oren ee
wd O. *Ohilson 222-22 - <4. Battle Creek.
M. Graves, Sec’y Farmers’
Fruit Preserving Co.---- Adrian.
Asa M. Pringle-.--- fice 3s Mears Station.
oe ee
Mrs. Alicia Forsyth..-_...- Saginaw City.
Mr. DEAR OBeS ss22222 5-25 East Saginaw.
He Guild'2. <22 3. aeee
red Hy Berbert!=22 222-45 ea <e
Wim. Mulkesons-c<22.22---5 Ovid
“ce ce le eee ae ae
oe CUaD Gio he eee ce
ee (ss eee e
Mrs. Alicia Forsyth_---.-.. Saginaw City
Joseph Gridley Kalamo.
. . ese
es “ee ee
A. S. Dyckman .-/South Haven
Ge se
oe ee oe ee
ee ee ee oe
ee sé ee ee
oe oe oe ve
i ee ee “ec
“ee ee oe [74
BS dShirtz/o- 2oe eee Shelby.

Mrs. W. H. Frost.--.----.-|South Saginaw.
N. & C. Chilson---.-- as Battle Creek.
“ “ “ “

e be “ ‘
ee se “ce iio
oe. ve ‘sy ee
oe es ““ ee
ee c. sa ce
be ee cc “ee
‘ sé ce a3
‘ ce “ce ve
. oe oe ‘
“ec ve be ee
be ita oe ve
oe of iad “cc
oe ae ec es
ve eé ee oe
ee +e ce ee
oe oe ve se
be oe ee ee
ee ee ee ee
iio be oe a3
ee . ee “ec
ee te oe iad
‘ ee a3 “ec
«6 ‘ ee “ee
ee 74 ‘ ee
oe ee e se
ee Pad ee ee
ve oe te “ee
ia te oe ‘74
ee “ce ee
ee be a3 ee
we “e oe ee
oe “ec oe ee
ee a9 6e ee
oe [a3 ee ee
oe ee “ec ce
ee + “ ee
“ce ee oe oe
te ‘ ee ia
ee ‘ “ “ee

416 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

REGISTER OF ENTRIES—ContTINvED.

DATE OF 7 P. O. ADDRESS
ear Div. |Class.| No ARTICLE. | By WHOM ENTERED. any Remix
Sept. 16. |] F. 14) 673) Plate Buffam\Pears ---...2-------- N.i& C. Chilson_-2-=-25- 2: Battle Creek.
Ae 1G: L. 33] 674 Tomato Catsup, seedless... eee Obes Ode Ciliary eee Bay City.
“ 616. “a 83) 675 UG with seeds... pea Aw be SOD Da ay tle © Cacit bee “ “c
Soe Ge se 6| 676}One Can Canned Blue Plums.-....- st ot ts ot aan ee Hn
CoG: E. 54] 677) Autumn Strawberry Apple--.._---. IN. & Cc.Cc hilson Se ae ers Battle Creek.
SOTA AG: se A0 GTS (Belmonties 2 82 em ae See penton ae eam aa ween Boek es =
eG: se 30] G79 ‘Autumn Swaare--. 22s esc. cues cee ee a eee es BS
NG ae 54) 680| Twenty-ounce Apple.___.......--- of Sa Faas ese ae ae
6 616. LC 54] 681|/New York Vandevere_......___... +s et ee ee ee LE 0
‘Potalinumber of entries:in‘orchard and vineyard department.....--:223 222 22o 22. - e222 ok enn ate 55
Totalinumber of entries:in fruit'and flower department. 222. -- 2. s22nsccn cca se ccco eascn lee omen enone 681
Rotslientriesan omological Society 22. sa aae een ae ses e ces one cane ie aa ek crane clean oe ame eee ees 786

LIST OF PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT THE
STATE FAIR HELD AT EAST SAGINAW SEPTEM.-
BER 14-19, 1874.

DIVISION B.—COUNTY COLLECTIONS.

Class 1. County Collection of Apples—First premium, John Gilbert, Shep-
ardsville, Clinton county, $50; second premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co.,
Monroe, Monroe county, $30; third premium, William Johnson, Vassar, Tus-
cola county, $20.

Class 2. County Collection of Peaches—Second premium, Hunter Savidge,
Spring Lake, Ottawa county, $20.

Class 3. County Collection of Pears—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis &
Co., Monroe, Monroe county, $30; second premium, N. and C. Chilson, Battle
Creek, Calhoun county, $20.

Class 4. County Collection of Grapes—First premium, Pointe aux Peaux
Grape and Wine Co., Monroe, Monroe county, $25; second premium, George
P. Butler, East Saginaw, Saginaw county, $15; third premium, William John-
son, Vassar, Tuscola county, $10.

Committee—E. Buell, Kalamazoo; Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing; D. T. Fox,
Kalamazoo.

DIVISION C.—TOWNSHIP COLLECTIONS.

Class 1. Township Collection of Apples—First premium, George Parmelee,
Peninsular township, Grand Traverse county, $25; second premium, William
Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $15; third premuinns, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton
county, $10.

Class 2. Township Collection of Benches “Riise premium, Lake Shore Po-
mological Society, Ganges township, Allegan county, $15.

Class 4. Township Collection of Grapes—First premium, Pointe aux Peaux
Grape and Wine Co., Monroe, Monroe county, $12.

Committee—E. Buell, Kalamazoo; Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing; D. T. Fox,
Kalamazoo.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 417

DIVISION D.—INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS.

Class 1. Collection of Fruit grown by Exhibitor—First premium, N. & C.
Chilson, Battle Creek, $20; second premium, David Geddes, Saginaw City,
$15; third premium, J. C. Greening, Monroe, $10.

Committee—K. Buell, Kalamazoo; Prof. W. J. Beal, Lansing; D. T. Fox,
Kalamazoo.

DIVISION E.—APPLES.

Class 1. Collection of Apples grown by Exhibitor—First premium, HK. P
Flanders, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county, $15; second premium, J. E. Ilgen-
fritz & Co., Monroe, $10; third premium, John Gilbert, Shepardsville, Clinton
county, $5.

Class 2. Plate single variety Summer Apples—First premium, Primate, E.
P. Flanders, Galesburg, $2; second premium, Benoni, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co.,
$1; third premium, Chenango Strawberry, Joseph Gridley, Kalamazoo, 50c.

Class 3. Plate single variety Autumn Apples—First premium, Maiden’s
Blush, John Gilbert, Shepardsville, $2; second premium, Keswick Codlin, I.
E. Ilgenfritz & Co., $1.

Class 4. Single variety Winter Apples—First premium, Northern Spy, E. P.
Flanders, $2.

Class 8. Maiden’s Blush—First premium, Roswell Sherman, Elk Rapids, $1 ;
second premium, John Gilbert, Shepardsville, 50c.

Class 9. Primate—First premium, E. P. Flanders, $1; second premium,
John Gilbert, 50c.

Class 10. Large Yellow Bough—First premium, John Gilbert, $1; second
premium, E. P. Flanders, 50c.

Class 13. Early Strawberry —First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, $1.

Class 16. Lowell—First premium, John Gilbert, $1; second premium, E. P.
Flanders, 50c.

Class 17. Plate Porter—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1;
second premium, John Gilbert, 50c.

Class 18. Keswick Codlin—First premium, John Gilbert, Battle Creek, $1;
second premium, William Rowe, Walker, Kent county, 50c.

Class 19. Twenty Ounce—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1 ;
second premium, John Gilbert, 50c.

Class 20. Chenango Strawberry—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle
Creek, $1.

Class 21. Hawley—First premium, Thos. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, $1.

Class 23. Jersey Sweet—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1;
second premium, John Gilbert, 50ce.

Class 25. Fall Pippin—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1;
second premium, E. P. Flanders, 50c.

Class 29. Summer Pearmain—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Bat tle
Creek, $1.

Class 30. Autumn Swaar—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1.

Class 31. Plate Jonathan—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek,
$15 second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, 50c.

Class 33. Rhode Island Greening—First premium, E. P. Flanders, $1; second
premium, D.'T. Fox, Kalamazoo, 50c.

Class 34. Plate Baldwin—First premium, N.& C. Chilson, Battle Creek, $1 ;
second premium, John Gilbert, 50c.

53

418 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Class 35. Red Canada—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second pre-
mium, John Gilbert, 50c.

Class 36. Golden Russet—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county,
$1; second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, 50c.

Class 37. Roxbury Russet—First premium, John Gilbert, $1; second pre-
mium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, 50c.

Class 38. Plate Wagener—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second pre-

ium, E. P. Flanders, 50c.

m Class 39. Northern Spy—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second pre-
mium, John Gilbert, 50c.

Class 40. Plate Belmont—First premium, Roswell Sherman, Elk Rapids, $1 ;
second premium, D. 'T. Fox, Kalamazoo, 50c.

Class 41. Plate Fameuse—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second pre-
mium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, 50c.

Class 43. Westfield Seek-no Further—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker,
$1; second premium, N. & C. Chilson, 50c.

_ Class 44. Hubbardston Nonsuch—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent
county, $1; second premium, HE. P. Flanders, 50c.

Class 45. King of Tompkins County—First premium, E. P. Flanders, $1 ;
second premium, N. & CO. Chilson, 50c.

Class 46. Yellow Bellflower—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, $1; second
premium, E. P. Flanders, 50c.

Class 47. Talman Sweet—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second pre-
mium, Roswell Sherman, 50c.

Class 48. Ladies’ Sweet—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1.

Class 50. Grimes’ Golden—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, $1.

Class 51. Plate Swaar—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second premium,
E. P. Flanders, 50c.

Class 52. Esopus Spitzenburg—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; second
premium, I. EH. Igenfritz, 50c.

Ciass 53. Plate Melon— First premium, E. P. Flanders, $1; second premium,
N. & ©. Chilson, 50c.

Class 54. Red Cheek Pippin—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, $1; Mam-
moth Pippin, second premium, N. & C. Chilson, 50c.

Class 54. Spice Sweet—Roswell Sherman, Elk Rapids, discretionary premium
of $1 for an exceedingly fine plate of apples, perhaps, for beauty, the finest on
exhibition. But your committee would not recommend its cultivation except
in extensive collections of amateur varieties.

Class 55. Collection Siberian Crab Apples—First premium, Mrs. James Bol-
ton, East Saginaw, $1.

Class 56. Single variety Siberian Crab Apple—First premium, H. P. Chap-
man, Reading, $1; second premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, 50c.

Class 57. Transcendent Crab—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1.

Class 59. Montreal Beauty—First premium, Wm. Rowe, Walker, $1.

Class special. Holland Pippin and Pomme Grise—First premium, E. P.
Flanders, $1.

Your committee would say, in making their report, that they found the de-
partment well filled throughout with remarkably fine specimens. In fact, we
would say that, having attended the exhibitions of the State Pomological So-
ciety since its organization, and also the former exhibitions of the State Agri-
cultural Society in this department, that at no former exhibition has there
been exhibited so fine a collection as we found in this department.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 419

Taking the extreme drouth of the season into consideration, it is remarkable
that such productions of fruit could be found as the products of this State,
and this speaks volumes for the fact that Michigan stands to-day as a leading
State in the production of fruits.

Your committee would call the attention of your board of officers to the
specimens of Harris’ Seedling exhibited by H. R. Downey, of Grand Blane, as
a fall variety. This bids fair to be placed among our finest varieties of recent
origin.

Committee—J. A. Robinson, Battle Creek; G. H. Le Fleur, Coldwater; H.
Dale Adams, Galesburg.

DIVISION F.—PEARS.

Class 1. Collection of Pears Grown by Exhibitor—First premium, I. E.
ligenfritz, Monroe, Monroe county, 34 varieties, $15.

Class 2. Plate Summer Pears—First premium, one variety, I. E. Igenfritz,
Monroe, $2.

Class 3. Plate Autumn Pears—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $2;
second premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hillsdale county, $1.

Class 4. Plate Winter Pears—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $2.

Class 10. Bartlett Pears—First premium, John Gilbert, Shepardsvyille, Clin-
ton county, $15; second premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, 50c.

Class 14. Plate Buffam—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1; second
premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Creek, 50c.

Class 15. Flemish Beauty—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hills-
dale county, $1; second premium, John Gilbert, Shepardsville, 50c.

Class 16. Plate Seckel—First premium, William Rowe, Walker, Kent county,
$1; second premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, 50c.

Class 17. Onondaga Pears—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, $1;
second premium, John Gilbert, Shepardsville, 50c.

Class 18. White Doyenne—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1;
second premium, William Rowe, Walker, Kent county, 50c.

Class 19. Beurre d’ Anjou—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1;
second premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, 50c.

Class 21. Sheldon Pears—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co., Monroe, $1;
second premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, 50c.

Class 23. Fondante d’Automne—First premium, I. E. Igenfritz, Monroe, $1.

Class 26. Plate Lawrence—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1.

Class 2%. Plate Beurre Diel—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1.

Class 28. Plate Winter Nelis—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1.

Class 29. Beurre Clairgeau—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Mon-
roe, $1; second premium, I. K. Ilgenfritz, 50c.

Class 30. Doyenne Boussock—First premium, I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, $1.

Class 31. Louise Bonne de Jersey—First premium, Thomas Wilde, Berlin,
Ottawa, $1.

Olass 31. Glout Morceau—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, $1.

Class 31. Louise Bonne Pear—Second premium, H. B. Chapman, Read-
ing, 50c.

Class 31. Fulton Pear—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, $1.

Class 31. Stephens Genesee Pear—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Read-
ing, $1.

Class 31. Lodge Pear—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, $1.

420 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Class 31. Delices d’Hardenpont Pear—Second premium, H. B. Chapman,
Reading, 50c.

Class 31. Beurre Hardy Pear—First premium William Rowe, Walker, Kent
county, $1.

Class 31. Doyenne Gray—First premium, William Rowe, Walker, Kent
county, $1.

Class 31. Duchesse d’Angouleme—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co.,
Monroe, $1.

Class 31. Dix Pear—Second Premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, 50c.

Class 31. Doyenne de Comice—First premium, Reynolds, Lewis & Co., $1.

Committee—J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth ; Thos. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa Co.

DIVISION G.—PEACHES.

Class 8. Plate Crawford’s Early—First premium, Asa M. Pringle, Mears sta-
tion, Oceana county, $1; second premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hillsdale
county, d0c.

Class 12. Plate Crawford’s Late—Second premium, H. B. Chapman, Read-
ing, Hillsdale county, 50c.

Class 27. Tuft’s Rareripe—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hills-
dale county, $1.

Class 27. Reeves’ Favorite—First premium, N. & C. Chilson, Battle Oreek,
Calhoun county, $1.

Committee—D. T. Fox, Kalamazoo; Thos. Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county.

DIVISION H.—GRAPES.

Class 1. Collection of Native Grapes grown by Exhibitor —First premium,
Pointe aux Peaux Grape & Wine Co., Monroe, $15; second premium, G. W.
Bruckner, Monroe, $10.

Class 3. Five bunches Martha—First premium, John C. Greening, Mon-
roe, $1.

Class 4. Hartford Prolific—First premium, George W. Bruckner, Monroe,
$1: second premium, John C. Greening, Monroe, 50c.

Class 5. Five bunches Eumelan—First premium, G. W. Brown, Lansing, $1 ;

Class 6. Delaware—First premium, William Rowe, Walker, Kent county,
$1; second premium, Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, Ottawa county, 50c.

Class 8. Concord Grapes—First premium, W. V. Pierce, Adrian, $1; sec-
ond premium, William Fulkeson, Ovid, Clinton county, 50c.

Class 9. Iona Grapes—First premium, Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, $1 ;
second premium, John C. Zeigler, Saginaw city, 50c.

Class 10. Ives’ Seedling—First premium, John C. Greening, Monroe, $1;
second premium, Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, 50c.

Class 12. Five Bunches Agawam—First premium, John C. Greening, Mon-
roe, $1; second premium, G. W. Brown, Lansing, 50c.

Class 14. Creveling Grapes—First premium, George W. Bruckner, Monroe,
$1; second premium, Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, 50c.

Class 18. German Wine Grape—First premium, Ernest Herpel, Taymouth,
Saginaw county, $1.

Class 18. Rogers’ No. 4—First premium, W. V. Pierce, Adrian, $1.

Class 18. Plate Autuchon, or Arnold’s No. 5—First premium, G. W. Brown,
Lansing, $1.

Class 18. Rogers’ No. 33—First premium, Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, $1.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 421

Class 19—Plate of Grapes for Wine—George W. Bruckner, Monroe, enters
Norton’s Virginia; Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe, Iona.

Notre—Mr. Bradfield would say the Iona, others would say some other variety. The
fact is, one grape may be best one season and in one locality, and vice versa.

Class 20. Plate of Catawba—First premium, G. W. Bruckner, Monroe, $1 ;
second premium, John C. Greening, Monroe, 50c.

Committee—K. Bradfield, Ada, Kent county; Phineas Allyn, Traverse City ;
L. P. Mason, East Saginaw.

DIVISION J.—PLUMS.

Class 1. Collection of Plums not less than Six Varieties—First premium, EK.
J. Shirtz, Shelby, Oceana county, $10; second premium, G. W. Grant, Pentwater,
Oceana county, $5.

Class 4. Plate Duane’s Purple—First premium, L. P. Mason, East Sagi-
naw, $1.

Class 8. Plate Canada Egg—First premium, Roswell Sherman, Elk Rapids,
Antrim county, $1.

Class 17. Plate of Plums—First premium, M. C. Mower, East Saginaw, $1.

Class 17. Lawrence’s Favorite Plum—Second premium, L. P. Mason, East
Saginaw, 50c.

Class 33. Half-peck Black Walnuts—First premium, Emmons Buell, Kala-
mazoo, $1.

Committee—William H. Gregory, Kendall, Van Buren county; J. G. Rams-
dell, Traverse City.

DIVISION K.—DRIED FRUIT.

Collection of Dried Fruit, product of one Alden factory—First premium,
Wm. Graves, Secretary of Farmers’ Fruit Preserving Company of Palmyra,
Adrian.

There was a fine collection of dried fruits and vegetables exhibited by Pack-
ard & Co. of Sturgis, but not entered forapremium. This collection attracted
a good deal of notice, and was prepared by the Packard Improved Fruit Drier
of Sturgis, Mich.

Class 3. Collection of domestic dried fruit, product of one family or indi-
vidual—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, Montcalm county, $5; sec-
ond, John Gilbert, Shepardsville, Clinton county, $3.

Class 4. Dried Apples by any process—First premium, John Gilbert, Shep-
ardsville, Clinton county, $1.

Class 14. Dried Currants by any process—First premium, Mrs. James Bolton,
East Saginaw, $1.

Class 23. Dried Tomato Figs—First premium, Mrs. D. L. Huff, Bay City, Bay
county, $1.

Committee—J. D. W. Fisk, Coldwater; C. H. Burr, Coldwater.

DIVISION L.—CANNED FRUITS.

Class 2. Collection domestic canned and pickled fruit—First premium, John
Gilbert, Shepardsville, Clinton county, $5.

Class 4. Canned Pears—First premium, John Gilbert, Shepardsyille, Clinton
county, $1.

Class 5. Canned Peaches—First premium, Mrs. D. F. Rose, East Saginaw, $1.

Class 6. Canned Plums—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hills-
dale county, $1.

422 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Class 7. Canned Cherries—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hills-
dale county, $1.

Class 8. Canned Siberian Apples—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenyille,
Montcalm county, $1.

Class 10. Canned Raspberries—First premium, Mrs. James Bolton, East
Saginaw, $1.

Class 11. Canned Raspberries—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville,
Montcalm county, $1.

Class 13. Canned Quinces—First premium, Mrs. J. B. White, Saginaw
City, $1.

Class 15. Canned Currants—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, Mont-

Im county, $1.

Class 18. Canned Tomatoes—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville,
Montcalm county, $1.

Class 23. Pickled Peaches—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hills-
dale county, $1.

Class 29. Piccadilli—First premium, Mrs. D. L. Huff, Bay City, $1.

Class 29. Pickled Tomatoes—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, Mont-
calm county, $1.

Class 30. Pickled Cucumbers—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading,
Hillsdale county, $1.

Class 33. Pickled Catsup—First premium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hills-
dale county, $1.

Committee—J. D. W. Fisk, Coldwater; C. H. Burr, Coldwater; Mrs. C. H.
Burr, Coldwater.

DIVISION M.—PRESERVED FRUIT..

Class 1. Collection of Preserved Fruits and Jellies put up by Exhibitor—
First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, $5.

Class 4. Preserved Peaches—First premium, Mrs. D. F. Rose, E. Saginaw, $1.

Class 5. Preserved Plums—First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, $1.

Class 8. Preserved Raspberries—First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, $1.

Class 9. Preserved Blackberries—First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, $1.

Class 10. Preserved Whortleberries—First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse
City, $1.

Class 12. Preserved Currants—First premium, Mrs. J. B. White, Saginaw
City, $1.

Class 15. Preserved Crab Apples—First prem., L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1.

Class 16. Preserved Tomatoes—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1.

Class 18. Collection of Jellies—First premium, Mrs. Jas. Bolton, East Sag-
inaw, $1.

Class 21. Siberian Crab Jelly—First premium, L. C. Lincoln, Greenville, $1.

Committee—J. D. W. Fisk, Coldwater; C. H. Burr, Coldwater.

DIVISION N.—WINES.

Class 4. Clinton Wine—First premium, John C. Ziegler, Saginaw City, $2.

Class 11. Native Wine—First premium, John Shepherd, Saginaw City, $2 ;
first premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, $2; first premium, Mrs. P. H. Higby,
Adrian, $2; second premium, John GO. Ziegler, Saginaw City, $1.

Class 12. Wild Grape Wine—First premium, Mrs. E. Dunston, Clarkston,
Oakland county, $2.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 423

Class 13. Currant Wine—First premium, Mrs. J. B. White, Saginaw City,
$2; first premium, John C. Ziegler, $2; second premium, John Shepherd, $1.

Class 14. Blackberry Wine—First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, 32;
second premium, Mrs. James Bolton, East Saginaw, $1.

Class 15. Elderberry Wine—First premium, Mrs. J. B. White, Saginaw
City, $2.

Class 16. Bottled Cider—First premium, Mrs. J. B. White, $2; first pre-
mium, H. B. Chapman, Reading, $2.

Class 17. Boiled Cider—First premium, Mrs. J. B. White, $2; second pre-
mium, Mrs. Dunstan, Clarkston, Oakland county, $1.

Class 18. Cider Vinegar—First premium, Mrs. A. W. Wright, Saginaw City,
$2; first premium, Mrs. EK. Dunstan, Clarkston, $2; second premium, Richard
Elliott, Lansing, $1.

CLASS SPECIAL.

Raspberry Syrup or Vinegar—First premium, H. B. Chapman, 82.

Blackberry Vinegar—First premium, P. Allyn, Traverse City, $2.

Black Raspberry Shrub—First premium, P. Allyn, $2.

Black Raspberry Vinegar—Second premium, P. Allyn, $1.

Bottled Cider Wine—Second premium, H. B. Chapman, $1.

The committee report that the specimens of wine shown this year were fair,
but with the exception of the wines from the Clinton and Concord grapes
shown by Mr. Ziegler, all partook more of the character of sweet cordials than
of wines.

Committee—R. F. Johnstone, J. G. Ramsdell, Mrs. H. E. Deparmo.

DIVISION P.—FLOWERS.

Class 2. Collection of Caladiums—First premium, I. Dyckmann, $4.

Class 4. Collection of Foliage Begonias—First premium, I. Dyckmann, $4;
second premium, Fred. H. Herbert, $2.

Class 5. Collection of Hot-House Plants, Coleus—Second premium, Fred. H.
Herbert, $2; Geraniums—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $3.

Class 11. Specimen Plant Cissus—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $1.

Class 17. Night-Blooming Jasmirium—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $1.

Class 17. Geseneria—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $1; Gesenaria—Sec-
ond premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke, 50c.

Committee—Mrs. W. L. Webber, East Saginaw; Mrs. D. F. Rose, East Sagi-
naw; Mrs. H. E. White, Saginaw City.

DIVISION Q.—GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

Class 1. Collection and Display of Greenhouse Plants shown by one Exhib-
itor—First premium, I. Dyckmann, East Saginaw, $20; second premium, Mrs.
Amos 8S. Parke, East Saginaw, $10; third premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Saginaw
City, $5.

Class 2. Collection of Fuchsias—First premium, I. Dyckmann, East Sagi-

naw, $3; second premium, Fred. H. Herbert, Kast Saginaw, $2.

Class 3. Collection of Roses (19 choice varieties )—First premium, Mrs.
Amos 8. Parke, $3.

Class 4. Collection Ornamental Leaved Geraniums (30 varieties )—First
premium, I. Dyckmann, East Saginaw, $3.

Class 6. Collection of Colored Foliage Plants ( 60 varieties )—First premium,
I. Dyckmann, East Saginaw, $3.

424 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Class 7. Collection of Agaves, Aloes, etc., (6 varieties )—First premium,
Mrs. Amos 8. Parke, Kast Saginaw, $3.

Class 8. Collection of Cacti (17 varieties )—First premium, Mrs. Amos 8.
Parke, $3; second premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, $2.

Class 9. Collection of Tuberose-—First premium, Fred. H. Herbert, East
Saginaw, $2.

Class 9. Zonale Geranium (40 varieties )—First premium, Mrs. Amos S.
Parke, East Saginaw, $2.

Class 9. Abutilon (6 varieties )—First premium, Mrs Alice Forsyth, $2.

Class 10. Specimen Plant Cactus—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $1;
first premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $1.

Class 11. Specimen plant of Myrtus—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Sagi-
naw City, $1; first premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Saginaw City, $1.

Class 13. Specimen Plant Abutilon—Second premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth,
Saginaw City, 50c.

Class 15. Specimen Plant Bignonia—First premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke, East
Saginaw, $1.

Class 17. Specimen Plant Calla—First premium, Fred. H. Herbert, East
Saginaw, $1.

Class 20. Specimen Plant Jasmirium—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth,
Saginaw City, $1.

Class 23. Specimen Plant Stevia—First premium, Mrs. A. S. Parke, East
Saginaw, $1.

Class 24. Specimen Plant Tuberose—First premium, I. Dyckmann, East
Saginaw, $1.

Class 30. Specimen Plant Lycopodium—First premium, Mrs. Alicia For-
syth, Saginaw City, $3.

Class 31. Night-Blooming Cereus—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Sagi-
naw City, $1.

Class 31. Farfugium—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Saginaw City, $1.

Class 31. Seedum—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Saginaw City, $1.

Class 31. Achavoria (a beautiful plant)—First premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke,
East Saginaw, $1.

Class 31. Eupatorium—First premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke, East Saginaw, $1.

Class 31. Ficus Alistaca—First premium, Mrs. A.S8. Parke, East Saginaw, $1.

Class 31. Bearing Lemon Tree—First premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke, East Sag-
inaw, $1.

Class 31. Euphorbia Splendidus—First premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke, East Sag-
inaw, $1.

Special. Globe Fern—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, Saginaw, $1.

Special. Winter-Blooming Carnation—First premium, Mrs. A. Forsyth, $1.

Committee—William Rowe, Mrs. William Rowe, Walker, Kent county ;
Thomas Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county.

DIVISION R.—HOUSE PLANTS.

Class L. Collection of House Plants—First premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth,
Saginaw City, $15; second premium, Mrs. Charles F. Webber, East Sagi-
naw, $10.

Class 2. Specimen Plant of Fuchsia—First premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, $1.

Class 5. Specimen Plant of Scented-leaved Geranium—Second premium,
Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, Saginaw City, 50c.; Scented Rose Geranium—Second
premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, Saginaw City, 50c.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 42a

Class 7. Specimen Plant of Aloe—First premium, Mrs. Amos S. Parke, East
Saginaw, $1; second premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, Saginaw City, 50c.; third
premium, Fred H. Herbert, 25c.

Class 10. Specimen Plant of Abutilon—First premium, Mrs. Amos 8. Parke,
East Saginaw, $1.

Class 13. Specimen Plant of Oleander—First premium, I. Dyckmann, East
Saginaw, $1; first premium, Mrs. W. H. Frost, South Saginaw, $1.

Note—The committee were not able to decide which was the better, and gave each a
first premium.

Class 16. Flowering Begonia—First premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, Saginaw
City, $1; second premium, Mrs. Amos 8. Parke, East Saginaw, 50c.

Class 17. Specimen Plant of Hoya—First premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth,
Saginaw City, $1.

Class 19. Specimen Plant of Pimento—First premium, Mrs. Amos S. Parke,
East Saginaw, $1.

Class 19. Specimen Plant of Sea Onion—First premium, Mrs. Julia Bare,
East Saginaw, $1.

Class 22. Hanging Basket filled—First premium, 1. Dyckmann, East Sagi-
naw, $3.

Class 23. Wardian Case filled—First premium, Egbert A. Guild, East Sagi-
naw, $2; first premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, Saginaw City, $2; first premium,
Mrs. Amos S. Parke, East Saginaw, $2.

Note—The committee considered all the Wardian cases worthy of first premiums.

Garden Case filled—First premium, Mrs. A. 8. Parke, East Saginaw, $2.

Committee—Mrs. William Goff, East Saginaw; Mrs. L. P. Mason, East Sag-
inaw; Thomas Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county.

DIVISION S.—BEDDING PLANTS.

Class 1. Collection and Display of Verbenas—First premium, I. Dyckmann,
East Saginaw, $5; second premium, John Ford & Son, Detroit, $3.

Class 2. Collection and Display of Dahlias—First premium, John Ford &
Son, Detroit, $5 ; second premium, Thomas Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, $3.

Class 4. Collection and Display of Geraniums—First premium, I. Dyckmann,
Kast Saginaw, $5.

Class 6. Collection and Display of Lantanas—First premium, I. Dyckmann,
East Saginaw, $3; second premium, Mrs. Alicia Forsyth, Saginaw City, $1.

Class 9. Collection and Display of Petunias—First premium, Mrs. William
Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $3; second premium, Mrs. D. F. Rose, East Sagi-
naw, $1.

Class 10. Collection and Display of Asters—First premium, Thomas Wilde,
Berlin, Ottawa county, $3; second premium, John Ford & Son, Detroit, $2.

Class 11. Collection and display of Dianthuses—First premium, I. Dyck-
mann, Kast Saginaw, $3.

Class 15. Collection and display of German Stock—First premium, Thomas
Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, $3; second premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker,
Kent county, $2.

Class 18. Collection and display of Zinnias—First premium, Thomas Wilde,
Berlin, Ottawa county, $3; second premium, John Ford & Son, Detroit, $1.

Class 19. Collection and display of Everlasting Flowers—First premium,
Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $3; second premium, I. Dyckmann,
Saginaw, $1.

426 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Class 21. Display of Coxcombs—First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker,
Kent county, $2; second premium, Thomas Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, $1.

Class 22. Collection and display of Phlox Drummondii—First premium,
Thomas Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, 3; second premium, I. Dyckmann, Hast
Saginaw, $1.

Class 24. Collection and Display of Ornamental Grasses—First premium,
Mrs. William Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $3.

Class 25. Collection and Display of Scabiosas—First Premium, I. Dyckmann,
East Saginaw, $2.

Special Castor Bean—First premium, Frederick Harris, East Saginaw, $1.

Committee—Mrs. H. Dale Adams, Comstock; Mrs. Chilson, Battle Creek:
Mrs. A. A. Parsons, Saginaw City.

DIVISION F.—FLORAL DESIGNS.

Class 1. Floral Design for Decoration of Large Room or Hall—First pre-
mium, Mrs. Amos 8. Parke, East Saginaw, $5.

Class 2. Arrangement of Fruit and Flowers for Table—First premium, Mrs.
William Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $3.

Class 4. Small Floral Design of any kind—First premium, Mrs. William
Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $3.

Class 5. Pair of Bouquets Arranged in Formal Method—First premium, I.
Dyckmann, East Saginaw, $2; second premium, Fred Waltz, Detroit, $1.

Class 6. Pair of Bouquets Arranged in Naturaland Graceful Style—First pre-
mium, L. P. Mason, East Saginaw, $2; second premium, I. Dyckmann, Kast
Saginaw, $1.

Class 7. Basket of Flowers for Table—First premium, Mrs. Barbara Keller-
man, New Buffalo, $2.

Class 8. Bouquet of Dried Grasses and Flowers—First premium, Mrs. Wil-
liam Rowe, Walker, Kent county, $2; second premium, Mrs. Barbara Keller-
man, New Buffalo, $1.

Class 9. Hanging Basket of Cut Flowers—First premium, I. Dyckmann,
East Saginaw, $2.

Class 11. Dish or Basket of Cut Flowers—First premium, Mrs. A. W.
Wright, Saginaw City, $2.

Class Special. Flat Bouquet—First premium, Mrs. D. F. Rose, East Sagi-
naw, $2.

Class Special. Night-Blooming Cereus Preserved in Aleohol—First premium,
Mrs. A. Forsyth, Saginaw, $2.

Class Special. Ornamental Moss Goods—Second premium, Mrs. Barbara
Kellerman, New Buffalo, $1.

Special Award. Four Cages of Birds—First premium, E. F. Guild, East
Saginaw, $1.

Committee—Mrs. H. D. Tracy, Old Mission; Mrs. Abbot, Lansing; Mrs.
John Estabrook, East Saginaw. |

VICK’S SPECIAL.

Collection of Flowers from seeds grown or imported by Vick.

Thomas Wilde, Berlin, Ottawa county, first premium on Asters, Verbenas,
Phlox Drummondii and Coxcombs, ete.

Mrs. William Rowe, Walker, Kent county, second premium for Zinnias, Ten
weeks stock, Pansies and Balsams, ete.

Committee—Mrs. A. S. Parke, East Saginaw; Mrs. L. P. Mason, East Sagi-
naw.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 427

THE FRUIT AND FLOWERS AT THE STATE FAIR.

From the East Saginaw Daily Courier, Sept. 22, 1874.

With this issue we publish the premiums awarded in the Pomological De-
partment at the State Fair. It will be noticed that in the flower section the
florists of Saginaw have drawn a large share of the premiums. ‘To Mrs. Amos
S. Parke was awarded $43 50; to Mr. I. Dyckmann, $67; to Mrs. A. Forsyth,
$52 50; to Mr. F. H. Herbert, $9 25, and small sums to other exhibitors. The
large central floral design of Mrs. Parke was the masterpiece of the exhibition,
and has never been excelled at any Michigan State Fair for massiveness of
character and elaborate workmanship. The fountain contributed by Mrs.
David H. Jerome added much to the attractiveness of the central stand. The
flower of the night-blooming cereus, preserved in alcohol, sent by Mrs. For-
syth, had its constant crowd of admirers. Its petals set ina calyx of golden
yellow within, encircling a number of encurved stamens, presented the appear-
ance of exquisite wax-work. Said an enthusiastic spectator, “It looks good
enough to be worshipped.”

Mrs. C. J. Webber was awarded $10 for her collection of plants.

The table of cut flowers shown by Thomas Wilde, of Ottawa county, was
greatly admired, and he received $38. This gentleman is one of the most
promising florists in the State, an extensive fruit grower, and annually ships
large quantities of strawberries.

For flowers, floral designs, and fruits, $63 was paid Mr. and Mrs. Rowe, of
Walker, Kent county, a township adjoining the city of Grand Rapids. The
whole family, father and mother, sons and daughters, are florists and horticul-
turists, and greatly esteemed for their many excellent qualities of head and
heart.

The collection of ornamental moss goods shown by Mrs. Barbara Kellerman,
of New Buffalo, brought that lady near $200, and her sales would have been
larger had she brought the goods.

The table of floral designs was never beaten in the State for exquisite beauty,
extensive variety and delicate finish. Mrs. L. P. Mason, Mrs. A. W. Wright,
Mrs. D. F. Rose, Mrs. I. Dyeckmann, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, and others, were rewarded
with the blue and red, the two very popular colors of the fair.

The brilliant array of Gladioli, Asters, Dahlias, Phlox, etc., from the wonder-
ful gardens of Mr. James Vick, of Rochester, N. Y., was the recipient of con-
stant ejaculations of delight and surprise from the thousands that crowded this
hall. Mr. Vick received a life membership from the society.

A large exhibition of flowers was expected from Detroit, but only John Ford
& Sons were represented.

Taken altogether, the floral display was creditable to the ladies and gentle-
men therein interested. We are glad to learn that many of them have already
commenced work for the exhibition of 1875. May equal success, satisfaction
and pleasure crown their disinterested efforts, and may the pure and healthy
influences of this heavenly work ever reward its enthusiastic votaries. Much
credit is due Prof. W. W. Tracy, for the arrangement of the tables.

We have brief space for the mention of the Fruit Department. Monroe
county was the banner county for fruits; her extensive vineyards and nurseries
were well accommodated by that grand railroad corporation with a soul,—the
Flint & Pere Marquette Railway, and from Monroe to Fruit Hall was an easy
journey, without change and without delay. Monroe county came in her glory

428 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

and pride with her best men and best fruits, and received premiums for her un-
rivaled grapes, and for her pears and apples. Two hundred dollars were paid
to gentlemen from that county for fruit premiums.

Saginaw county need not be ashamed of her second premium on county col-
lection of grapes, and Mr. Geddes seemed well pleased with the red that was
placed on his collection.

The first premium on single varieties of plums was awarded to a citizen of
Saginaw, Mr. L. P. Mason. Another northern and new county, Oceana, bore
off the well-earned trophy of first premium for collection of plums, as well as
for the best specimen of Karly Crawford peach.

The Grand Trayerse section was alike honored by her specimen men, women
and fruits.

The collection of preserved fruits and jellies exhibited by P. Allyn, of Tray-
erse City, was the largest ever shown at a fair in the State by a single indi-
vidual, and brought the owner nearly $100.

All agreed that the award of first premium to Peninsula township, Grand
Traverse county, for township collection of apples, was just and righteously
deserved.

The man who took the largest amount of money awarded on fruit was a
gray-haired, veteran fruit culturist of seventy-two years, John Gilbert, of Ovid,
Clinton county. His fruit was fair, well colored, hard, and free from insects.
The good old man says this is probably his last State Fair, but we hope to
greet him at the next; and may it be his fortune to win another $50 for the
best county collection of apples. Heaven bless these, the old and honored
pioneers of Michigan !

A check of $61 was handed the Messrs. Chilson, of Battle Creek, for their
display, and the Grangers of Calhoun county need never be ashamed of their
representatives.

One of the best collections of apples in the Hall was that shown by &. P.
Flanders, of Galesburg, Kalamazoo county, and he received $27.

Another collection was that from Tuscola county, awarded $30, and so well
pleased were the Tuscola friends that they took a life membership for Wm.
Johnson, the President of the Tuscola County Agricultural Society, and a
large number of annual memberships, sufficient to entitle them to 100 volumes
of the Annual Report for 1874.

H. B. Chapman, of Reading, Hillsdale county, took $10 and a life member-
ship for his peaches and pears.

John C. Zeigler, of Saginaw City, for grapes, wine, and his garden, received
$10, and this Mr. Zeigler invested in a life membership.

The largest and best exhibition of dried fruit, etc., was made by L. C. Lin-
coln, of Greenville, Montcalm county, and he was paid $13 therefor.

The display of peaches and fruit made by the Lake Shore Pomological So-
ciety at Douglass, Allegan county, through its secretary, Wm. Cummings,
Eisq., was awarded first prize of $15. This was mostly from the town of
Ganges, a town north of South Haven, and one of the most promising fruit
sections in the State.

Spring Lake was represented by her large-hearted lumberman and fruit
grower, Hunter Savidge, Esq., and to him was awarded, for his display of
grapes and peaches, the premium chromo, “ Boy with Basket of Peaches,”
from Mr. A. F. Dixon’s collection.

My. A. F. Dixon, East Saginaw, was awarded $20 for his display of pictures,
and he certainly deserves well from the citizens of Saginaw for his enterprise.

STATE FAIR, 1874. 429

THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE STATE FAIR.

BY GEORGE PARMELEE.

The committee on nomenclature would respectfully report that they have
examined all the fruit on exhibition as carefully as the time would permit.

Owing to dilatoriness on the part of some exhibitors, and the haste of some
to take away or dispose of their fruit, the committee had no more than three
days in which it was practicable to work.

On invitation, Mr. Adair, of Detroit, and Mr. Bradfield, of Ada, joined us in
our work and rendered valuable aid.

On the collections of plums we could do but little that was satisfactory to
us or useful to exhibitors, from the fact that most of the fruit was past its
season and had had but little pains taken to preserve its freshness. Especially
was this true of varieties of the Gage family, and some were doubtless new
seedlings from the same class of plums.

Of the names of peaches we found but few to correct. Of grapes we can say
the same, and considering the great number of varieties shown, the nomencla-
ture was very creditable to the growers. On pears and apples we had the larger
part of our work.

One fault was noticeable in most collections of both these classes of fruits.
We refer to the quite frequent absence of stems. It may seem a small matter,
but with many varieties the stem is a characteristic feature. They should be
unjointed where they unite with the spur or twig, and, your committee may
add, the same rule is very important in picking fruit for late keeping. No
apple or pear will keep well with the stem pulled out. We would urge exhib-
itors, when picking fruit, to preserve this small but distinguishing part; to
remember that color, form, and russet are some of the unreliable marks, while
the dots, the calyx and basin, the stem and cayity, are much more reliable.

There were present large collections from the extremes of the Lower Penin-
sula,—points 250 miles apart,—and the differences in color, form, and russet
in some varieties was enough to completely disguise them to persons acquainted
with them in only their own locality, the Roxbury Russet from some parts
being found smooth as a Greening, and again with a deep red cheek. The
Fall Pippin in some places is yellow all over, and in other sections yellow with
bright red cheek. So also of the Porter, Swaar, and others. In form the Ben
Davis, for instance, changes from angular and nearly flat in one part to smooth
and elongated conic in another, so wide is our range of latitude and so varied
our conditions of climate and soil. We hope future exhibitors will remember
the importance of preserving this distinguishing appendage. <A fat Shorthorn
steer, minus a tail, can hardly look more incongruous to a stock fancier than
a nice pear or apple, minus a stem, does to a fruit man. He sees in it what a
gardener sees in a plugged melon,—premature decay. It is not perfect.

Owing to the long drouth in some parts of the State, some pears imperfectly
developed were shown. In such cases the Committee did not think best to
venture on names.

430 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

In the names of apples, the most common of fruits, we found most confu-
sion. Here, as at other fairs, the fact was perfectly patent that utterly worth-
less varieties are grown all over the State. Our Society has at various times
raised its voice against the careless selection of varieties. But men plant trees
who never heard of this society, and many more there are who neyer read a
report of its meetings. Of what use to such is our combined experience? Our
members will, to a great extent, correct this evil in their own planting, but we
see the need of extending our membership and influence.

The reputation of Michigan as a fruit State is important to all who have
fruit to sell. Give us the name of raising the best fruits, and we get with it
greater competition in buying and better prices. It seems to be the province
of this society to lift the State to the position nature intended her for—the
head of the list of fruit States in the Union.

In no way is the help of the society needed more than in teaching the
importance of planting standard sorts. We found collections well named in
some instances, in some not. In the collection from Grand Traverse were
some which the committee were unable to name; one sort in particular, the
trees of which were brought from Rochester, N. Y., about fourteen years ago,
and which is in many orchards about the Bay, has been to all the fairs of this
society, was taken last year to the New York Farmers’ Club, was shown to Mr.
Chas. Downing, and to Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, but no fruit man has ven-
tured to give ita name. It seems to be a remarkable case of transformation
by local influences.

It was made the duty of this committee to award a premium to the best
named collection of fruit. This we had no difficulty in determining, and it
gives us pleasure to award it to a collection which was perfectly named, if, per-
haps, we except one variety of apples, about which the committee were divided
in opinion. The collection embraced a large number of pears as well as apples,
and was shown by Messrs. Ilgenfritz, of Monroe.

Committee—George Parmelee, C. N. Merriman, I. E. Ilgenfritz.

DISCUSSIONS OF THE PENINSULA
FARMERS’ CLUB.

OFFICERS FOR 1574.

President—J. E. Savage.

Recording Secretary—E. H. McCallum.
Vice-President—W. A. Marshall.
Corresponding Secretary—George L. Roberts.
Treasurer—George Parmelee.

OFFICERS FOR 1875.

President—B. Montague.

Vice-President—W. A. Marshall.

Recording Secretary—George L. Roberts.
Corresponding Secretary—W. W. Tracy.
Treasurer—George Parmelee.

Executive Committee—The President and Secretaries.

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE 1. This organization shall be known as the Peninsula Farmers’ Club.

Art. 2. The object of this society shall be,—first, to promote a free and general discus-
sion of agricultural subjects among its members; and second, to advance the general inter-
ests of the farmers and fruit growers of Grand Traverse.

ArT. 3. Any person may become a member of this society by signing the constitution
and conforming to the regulations of the society. Such members may withdraw from the
society by simply requesting the secretary to erase their names from the roll.

Arr. 4. The officers of this society shall consist of a president, vice-president, recording
secretary, corresponding secretary, and treasurer; all of whom shall hold office until their
successors are elected. Any vacancy occurring shall be filled by a special election, by bal-
lot, at the next succeeding regular meeting of the society.

Art. 5. The annual meeting of the society shall be held the last Friday in November of
each year, when officers for the succeeding year shall be elected by ballot. A regular
meeting may be called at any time by the president and secretary of the society.

Art. 6. Amendments to this constitution may be presented at any regular meeting, said
amendments to be acted upon at the next succeeding regular meeting, and to take effect
immediately upon receiving a two-thirds vote of the members present.

Note.—The Peninsula Farmers’ Club of Old Mission, Grand Traverse county, Michigan, is one of the
most useful organizations of the kind in the State. This peninsula in Traverse Bay is about eighteen miles
long by about two wide, and is well adapted to fruit culture. It will be seen, also, from the discussions,
that attention is given to a general system of agriculture.

432 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE MOST PROFITABLE CROPS AT OLD MISSION.

Oup Mission, December 8, 1873.

The club met at 64 o’clock P. M., Mr. J. E. Savage in the chair, E. H. Mc-
Callum, Secretary. Subject for discussion: What farm crops were found most
profitable during the past season, and what were the causes of their being so?

The chairman proceeded to open the discussion of the evening by reading
the following address:

GENTLEMEN :—There are certain crops which it seems incumbent on us to
raise whether they pay or not, so to speak. ‘These crops are something to eat
ourselves, and something to feed our horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs on. In
these days “hog and hominy” has played out,—not the hog but the hominy;
although I am inclined to believe that if there were less hog and more hominy
eaten, mankind would be all the more healthy for it. Flour, potatoes, and
pork seem to ke the main food for the farmers of to-day. Wheat, therefore, is
one of the crops that it is necessary to raise, and it is one of the crops that
generally pay, especially winter wheat. As to the kind that best pays, it prob-
ably rests between the Diehl and the Soule, some preferring the one and some
the other. It is said by some that the Soule wheat having the thinner skin
yields more flour to the bushel than the Diehl. Last fall I had 600 pounds,
or ten bushels, of Diehl wheat ground: the yield after the toll was taken was
425 pounds of first quality flour, or 423 pounds to the bushel. If we allow
one tenth for toll the yield would be 474 pounds to the bushel, which is 7}
pounds above the average yield of wheat, so I am told by the millers.

As to potatoes, I think the Peachblow is the best for these reasons:

First, it yields about as much as any other good variety; second, its quality
is best ; third, it is well and favorably known in the markets, and brings the
highest price. For an early potato, grown on sandy soil, I prefer the Early
Rose.

For food for farm animals I think the most profitable crops are corn and
clover. I have raised several kinds of corn in the last five years, including the
early eight-row Vermont, the large eight-row yellow, white flint, Sanford, Ohio
dent, and a kind I obtained in Wisconsin called the Brindle dent. The Ver-
mont corn was too small and did not yield enough, though the fodder was
good. The eight-row yellow and white flint yield well, but are very hard to
husk. The Ohio Gent and Sanford corn are too late for us here. But the
Brindle dent is, I think, the best of all,because, first, it yields well; secondly,
it ig as early as white flint or eight-row yellow, and that is early enough to
insure its ripening every year if planted in season. The first year I raised it, it
ripened in 90 days from planting. Last year was not so good as a corn year,
and it took longer, although some I planted the 11th of June ripened perfectly.
Thirdly, it is easy to husk. I had rather husk six bushels of it than five of the
eight-row corn. I mentioned clover as a profitable food for stock, both on
account of its qualities as food and its benefit to the land.

Prof. Tracy—Not having made up my accounts for the year I cannot state
definitely which of my crops have proved most profitable; but I am convinced
that we shall find it more remunerative to raise the finer products than
general farm crops. Our climate and soil are well adapted to the production of
several of the fine products. We cannot compete favorably with the large farm-

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 433

ers of the west in the production of “general farm products,” they being enabled
to employ the most approved labor-saving implements on their large farms
which it would not pay us to use on our small ones, could we afford to procure
them. ‘This rule does not apply to the finer products, as there is no expensive
machinery or implements needed to raise them to perfection, which is not
within the reach of us all. What I mean by jine crops are squashes, celery,
onions, ete.

As an example of the profitableness of these products let us take the squash.
The last season I grew this vegetable from seeds selected from vines grown in
Mr. George Parmelee’s garden, choosing, not the largest individual squashes,
but the dest squashes from the dest vines, to take my seed from. On account
of the drought my sowing resulted in a one-third crop, and even this estimate
will give me a return profit of from $45 to $65 per acre; and if my squashes
had turned out as well as those my seed came from, and could be sold at the
Boston market price, viz., six cents per pound, they would realize $1,800 to the
acre.

Celery is another vegetable which succeeds well here, and could be grown
profitably. It can be shipped readily and always finds a good market.

Although I haye not had time to experiment with onions since I came here,
I believe that they also might be profitably grown. The want of local markets
for these products, and the difficulty at present experienced in shipping them
abroad, are not,—as thought by some,—insurmountable obstacles in the way
of growing them. When we raise a sufficient quantity of these or any other
produce, and raise them steadily, purchasers will come in and buy them and
provide means of shipping them.

Mr. Brinkman.— What is the average weight of the Hubbard squash as grown
here?

Mr. Tracy.—From eight to ten pounds.

Mr. Avery.—When at Detroit this fall, a quantity of squashes had been sent
to a friend of mine there for sale. The heaviest of them weighed nine pounds,
the average weight being five pounds. They sold at $15 per hundred. I found
at Buffalo they were selling at $2 per hundred.

Mr. Tracy.—With regard to price, I will say that at $20 per ton they would
pay $40 per acre, which, considering that they cost but little labor and expense
to plant and cultivate, and no trouble to harvest, is a greater margin than
most farm crops give.

Mr. Pratt.—Is there any other than the Hubbard squash which it is profit-
able to raise for market ?

Mr. Tracy.—Yes; the Boston Marrow.

Mr. Gray.—I think the Marblehead is preferable to the Hubbard, and that
the Turban is in some respects better than the Boston Marrow.

Mr. Pratt.—I brought the first Hubbard squash seed to this region. I may

say here that I bought them for a penny each. I have grown them success-
ively for several years. My method of planting i is in hills two rods apart, and
four stalks to the hill. I do not think they would do well in drills. Latterly
[have planted the Turban, which I like better than the Hubbard. It is much
sweeter, but does not keep so long. I am inclined to believe that heavy ma-
nuring is rather injurious than beneficial in raising squashes.

Mr. Tracy.—Has any member present succeeded in raising a good crop of
well-ripened onions in this region ?

Mr. Pratt— Although I came from an onion country, and have had some

50

434 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

experience in raising them, I have never succeeded in growing them here to
perfection ; but I have seen some good onions grown here.

Mr. Tracy.—Good onions or good crops ?

Mr. Pratt.—Good crops and good onions.

Mr. Tracy.—To be profitable the entire crop must be good. Not more than
two bushels to the acre should be unmarketable. Unless put into the market
dry and in good shape they are unsalable.

Mr. B. Montague.—lI have never raised onions before. Spring of last year I
sowed Yellow Danvers. I found the crop did not ripen, but kept on growing.
I believe the cause of this was their being sown too late. Last spring I sowed
thick and early. My Yellow Danvers ripened and were good, solid onions,
nice as I ever saw; but the yield was smal]. My red onions did not ripen.
My brother raises onions on this peninsula which ripen and succeed well in
every respect, and I believe this crop would always prove successful if sown
early and the ground kept in a high state of cultivation. I do not know
whether they may be said to pay; but I do know that mine cost fifty cents per
bushel to raise, and sold for one dollar,—and I consider that onions paid me
best. Peas pay well,—better I believe than any grain crop, as they require less
cultivation. The plan I adopt with them is to sow on potato ground, and
thresh them by treading out with my horses. I find this method of threshing
cheaper than by machine. I can thresh thus three loads of twelve bushels to
the load in one afternoon. Another reason why I think peasa profitable crop,
is that coming in early they enable us to fatten our hogs in season. Peas are
less exhaustive to the land than oats and some other grain crops. ‘They are
in this respect something like clover. I plant two kinds of peas, the Black-
eyed Marrowfat and the common field pea. Of the former variety the yield
this year was eleven bushels to fifty rods of land. I consider corn a profitable
crop to raise in a young orchard,—much better than potatoes. I planted the
King Philip this year and had a good crop. I like this variety better than
dent, but it is very hard to husk.

Mr. Avery, haying shown fine specimens of clover and timothy hay, remark-
able for their freshness and sweetness, retaining even the bloom on the flowers
of the former, said: ‘“ My best paying crop this year was hay. Counting it at
six dollars per ton I consider it netted 100 per cent profit. Some of my wheat
crop cost me one dollar, and some sixty cents per bushel, and netted forty
cents per bushel over cost of growing. Potatoes cost me twenty-five cents per
bushel. Corn proved a failure with me this year. With regard to corn, I
would suggest to the Club not to husk it, but feed it in the stalk. When kept
so, it does not become hard and dry as when husked; and the labor of husk-
ing, cribbing, etc.. being thus avoided, a saving of one-fourth the cost of the
vorn is effected. Iam of opinion that we cannot grow crops profitably that
require reshipping, unless they be early. My best paying small crop this year
was “ Wilson’s Early” blackberries. The yield was one quart to the hill. I
believe that if a drying or canning establishment were opened in this region
this would prove one of the most profitable crops to grow, as would also
black currants. There isa growing demand for this latter fruit: converted
into jam and jelly it is much used for medicinal purposes. The flesh of this
berry being firmer than that of most of our small fruits, it is more easily
handled than they are.

Mr. Brinkman.—With regard to the price of squashes, I would say I sold
mine at ten cents each, and can make money at that price.

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 455

Mr. Pratt—Squashes and other vegetables grown in this region are very
highly esteemed, and sought after in the Lake Superior region. I believe that
it would prove profitable to raise sufficient to make a market, as I am per-
suaded that purchasers would be found to buy all we could produce.

Mr. Avery.— What time do squashes ripen here ?

Mr. Pratt.—The time of ripening differs, but is generally late in September
or early in October.

Mr. Avery.—Mr. Moore, of Detroit, who received potatoes from here last
year, wants more this year. He assured me that he cannot find any as good
as ours.

Mr. Brinkman.—We can generally afford to raise potatoes to sell at twenty-
five cents a bushel and clear twenty-five dollars per acre. ‘This year, although
one crop was small, I netted nearly thirty-six dollars to the acre, my potatoes
costing me twenty dollars, delivered at the dock, my receipts being fifty-six
dollars per 125 bushels, the average yield per acre. My carrots succeeded well
this year. I sowed a patch of twenty-four rods, from which I have sold twelve
dollars’ worth, have twenty-eight bushels in my cellar, and consider that I haye
not yet harvested half of the crop. The variety white Belgian, sown on clay
soil, and gathered by hand.

Mr. Montague.—My potatoe crop resulted in a yield of 150 bushels to the
acre. I plant in hills four feet apart. My potatoes cost me twenty-five cents
a bushel. I advise the farmers of this club to raise, annually, three or four
acres each.

Mr. M. Sweeny.—My yield of peas this year was twenty-five bushels to the
acre. I believe they are a more profitable crop than corn, especially for feed-
ing hogs.

Mr. Brinkman.—My peas yielded twenty-seven bushels to the acre at a cost
of seven dollars. They were threshed by machine, which I consider better
than treading out. I believe peas to be more profitable than corn for feeding
hogs.

Mr. Gill.—If peas are taken dry from the field they can be easily and profit-
ably threshed by machine; but if allowed to remain in the “ mow ” till they
become sweaty, they can be threshed better and cheaper by hand than by
machine.

THE BEST CROPS TO GROW AT OLD MISSION.

OLD Miss1on, December 15, 1873.

The club met at 6.30 P. M., Mr. J. E. Savage in the chair.

EK. B. McCallum, recording secretary.

Subject for discussion: ‘ In view of the success of the past, and our facilities
for shipping, what are the best crops for us to grow next year ?”

Mr. Will W. Tracy proceeded to open the subject for the evening with the
following address:

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN:—In bringing before you the subject
selected for discussion this evening, I will confine my remarks to one or two of
the principles that underlie the question and are independent of the immediate
profitableness of crops or their effect upon the soil. These particulars may be
more ably discussed by those among you who are more experienced than I am.

436 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

First—We should grow those crops which are best suited to our tastes, be-
cause, other things being equal, we shall succeed best with such crops. No
one can succeed in an undertaking in which he has no interest, or in a work
for which he has no loye. It is not the farmer who is constantly talking about
farming not paying, or of the hard life of a farmer, who succeeds; but the one
who goes at his work enthusiastically, and delights in doing it. A grumbling,
dissatisfied spirit is far more often the cawse than the effect of non-success.

Second—We should grow those crops which our climate and soil will produce
in unusual or greatest perfection ; and which, from the formation of the sur-
face or other causes, we are enabled to grow cheapest, as compared with other
localities. There is always a market at good prices for the best produce, even
when medium cannot be sold at any price. If, then, our soil and climate will
produce a very superior article of any kind, we shall find it more profitable to
cultivate that article than those from which we can produce only a medium
quality.

Third—Other things being equal, that crop will prove most profitable of
which, by the least combination, we can control the largest share of the mar-
ket. On this principle let us consider some of the staple articles of produce.
First,—Wheat. Our wheat is certainly of extra good quality, and the yield
per acre is good; but our farms are all small and we can find but few con-
tiguous acres which are level and smooth enough to permit of the profitable
use of the labor-saving machines which in some localities are soadvantageously
employed. Suppose we only have a rise of 50 feet across a square field of 160
acres ; this will, by calculation of the amount considered, give from eight to
sixteen minutes of horse labor per acre (equal to one horse power) extra, for
the simple matter of cutting with a reaper. Again, our maximum production
of wheat would be but 1-125th part of the product of this State, and 1-1906th
part of that of the whole country, an amount so small that it would give us
little or no power in securing prices. Corn we cannot grow in so large
quantities, or so good quality, or so cheaply as it can be grown in Illinois
and other sections. I may say the same of oats, while potatoes grown here
are fully equal in quality to any grown in America, and can be produced as
cheap or cheaper than elsewhere; and our maximum production would give
us 1-120th part of the crop of this State, and 1-800th part of that of the
United States, which would be a sufficiently large proportion to enable us
to do much towards affecting the market. In these remarks I have omitted
the mention of fruit, because I believe that we all agree that this is our best
staple, and that we have now under consideration what farm crops it is most
profitable for us to grow until our fruit trees come into full bearing. I would
add in conclusion that the rules given are not to be taken singly, but each
with many others, such as a proper rotation and diversity of crops, the effect
of those crops upon the soil, a proper succession of labor, ete. All of which
must be taken into consideration in making our decision as to which are the
best crops for us to grow next year.

Mr. Avery.—I would suggest white Swede turnips as a profitable crop to
grow next year. While I was at Milwaukee last year they were selling at sixty
cents per bushel. A gentleman then told me that he had raised 2,000 bushels,
all of which he had sold readily at that price. At Buffalo they sell at fifty to
sixty cents; and at Detroit they bring readily potato price. Fruit men at the
places mentioned inform me that they can dispose of any quantity at these
prices. With regard to specialties, I would say that they are good in theory

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 437

but difficult in practice. Near large cities, where labor is readily and reason-
ably obtained, one may succeed with them; but here where labor is not easily
procured I only believe in specialties toa very limited extent. In choosing
our crops we must not lose sight of the fact that our soil needs to be
brought to a higher state of cultivation, and that the way to accomplish this
is by enriching it with manure. Our fruit trees need fertilization; other fer-
tilizers not being accessible we must depend on our barn-yards, and grow a
large proportion of crops that are convertible into manure there. I will men-
tion corn and grass for this purpose. I would recommend the production of
potatoes as remunerative. Squashes might also be profitably grown, but we
must rely on those crops as most profitable for which we receive the greatest
amount of dollars and cents, unless they at the same time tend to enrich our
soil and bring our farms into better condition.

Mr. Tracy.—-What success did Mr. Grey meet with in growing sweet corn
this year?

Mr. Grey.—My sweet corn resulted in a one-fourth crop.

Mr. Curtis—I plant sweet corn in hills. By selecting early kinds and plant-
ing early I always have good crops. But I only plant a small quantity for
family use. Common,corn failed this year; but I believe as good corn can be
grown here as “ever grew in Egypt.” Owing to the early snows I was obliged _
to store my corn damp this year. My horses and cattle seem to prefer it so to
being dry. They eat the wet stalks up clean and will leave even hay for them.
Mr. Montague realized 100 bushels of corn per acre this year, yet I do not
believe we can yet afford to raise it for market.

Mr. Grey.—Does any one know of tests by chemical analysis having been
made of the relative nutritive properties of sweet and common corn ?

Mr. Tracy.—Dr. Miles, of the State Agricultural College, has made such
tests, but 1 am not prepared to say with what result.

Mr. Avery.—Although sweet corn when properly cured is better than com-
mon corn for fodder, the former costs so much more trouble to raise than the
latter that I believe the advantages in growing them are equal. I believe in
corn for fodder; but not in feeding stock on it exclusively. They need change
of diet.

Mr. Tracy.—I believe it profitable to grow fodder corn. My “ Dent” was
drawn in wet, and my cattle thrive on it. I like “Dent” better than any
other corn except “ Smut-nose,” which ripens earlier.

Mr. George Parmelee.—With regard to the nutritive properties of corn fod-
der I would say that much depends on the time of cutting. If cut while
green, and consequently before the grain fills, it is more nutritive than when
allowed to fully ripen. I think it necessary for the well-being of cattle
to vary their food. I concur in Mr. Tracy’s opinion that apples and corn can-
not generally be favorably grown in the same locality. Apples grown on the
shores of a large sheet of water always succeed better than those grown in the
interior of the country. Corn on the contrary does better in the interior than
in the vicinity of water.

Mr. Porter.—I believe milch cows do better on corn fodder than any other,
and that common corn is more nutritive than sweet corn. I like “Smut-
nose ” best for fodder. It grows high and slim, and the cattle eat most of the
canes.

Mr. Montague.—I prefer “ Dent” to all other corn as fodder. It yields well,
and the cattle like it. I should like to know what crops we are to raise next

438 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

year. We must of necessity grow some wheat, corn, and peas; and I agree
with Mr. Tracy that if we can market squashes and sweet corn we had better
grow them, for they cost but little trouble to raise. Turnips and potatoes
succeed well; but we have difficulty in marketing them.

Mr. Parmelee.—Few turnips are grown in the vicinity of Chicago. If put
into the market there in May, when other vegetables are scarce, they command
a good price.

Mr. Avery.—With regard to potatoes, I believe it would be more profitable
to raise more Early Rose and not so many Peachblows. The former are more
easily harvested than the latter, and, coming in earlier, might be made more
profitable.

CO-OPERATION AMONG FRUIT GROWERS.

. OLp Mission, Dec. 22, 1873.

The club met at 6.30 P. M., Mr. J. E. Savage in the chair.

EK. H. McCallum, secretary.

Subject for discussion: What arrangements can we make by co-operation
or other plan to prevent our fruit from being thrown on the market at unsuit-
able times and at ruinous prices.

After the reading and adoption of the minutes of the last meeting, Mr.
Curtis opened the discussion of the evening by delivering the following ad-
dress:

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :—Fruit grown in the Grand Traverse
country costs more than that grown in old settled portions of the State, and
should sell for a higher price. We labor under the disadvantages incident to
anew country. In the main our land is new, we have to work among stumps,
roots and grubs. The use of machinery is out of the question that is easily
operated where these obstructions do not exist. Labor is high, we have to pay
outside prices for stock, with the expense of getting it here added. The same
is true of all our tools and agricultural implements. Little is manufactured
here. A small portion only of the stock needed is grown here. These and
other considerations make fruit-growing and other agricultural operations ex-
pensive. While we labor under these disadvantages we are fairly entitled to
all incidental counter-balancing advantages. These are freight on imported
fruits, and the attendant losses of bringing it in, local scarcity and superior
quality of the home article. These are some of the conditions in our favor
which naturally make our fruits higher than the same kinds, but of inferior
quality, in the regions where grown. It is just that we should have higher
prices. Weare not in any way wicked when we ask and secure such extra com-
pensation. There is danger of our losing this. arly ripening, perishable fruits
must be disposed of at about the time when they mature. They cannot be
held. Ifa surplus is produced it must go for what it will fetch, or it must be
preserved by canning or drying, or both. In this view we should heartily sec-
ond any enterprise for erecting such establishments among us. Again, we
are in danger of losing by too muck being forced upon the market at a time,
and by putting upon the market such kinds as are not at that time in demand.

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 439

What can we do to remedy these evils? Obviously no more of the fruits
that perish soon after ripening must be offered than is required to supply the
demand. Prices go down under the influence of a small surplus, at a very
rapid rate. Only afew more baskets of peaches or pounds of grapes, or boxes
of berries than the market requires are needed to set the prices of these fruits
tumbling. Ifa few be sold late in the day at a reduced price, the reduction is
almost certain to be established for the next day. This becomes inevitable if
it is known that there is an abundant crop ora small surplus. But how can
we find the gauge of the correct quantity? We cannot. We can’t tell how
much will be needed. We can’t tell how much will be produced. We can’t
tell, when we plant, anything about the fruitfulness of the seasons that are to
follow. And here, very opportunely indeed, comes the drying and canning
establishments. They can take the surplus and put it into such shapes as to
defy the action of the elements or the lapse of time. And so I again repeat,
let us have these establishments as soon as possible, and in order to secure
them, obviously, we should guarantee any amount of patronage that may be
reasonably required. But some are sacrificing in their long-keeping apples.
Last fall there was quick sale for mature apples at a dollar a bushel; but par-
ties at the same time were selling beautiful Baldwins and Greenings for $2.50
per barrel. Such fruit has sold quickly in its season for $4.00 during the
last four years. It must certainly be worth as much from February next
until it is gone. I inquired of one man why he was selling at such ruin-
ous prices. His answer was that he wanted certain necessary articles for
immediate use in his family. Herein lies a great difficulty. Such fruit is
wanted as is fit for immediate use. Snch as is not wanted must be sold at a
sacrifice, if sold at all. Here the only remedy is to hold the fruit until it is
wanted. Canning and drying do not help. But many can’t hold it, or think
they can’t. Their necessities compel them to sell for what they can get. The
influence of such sales is very depressing, as all must see. The best customers
take advantage of such opportunities and lay in their season’s supplies.

As remedies I suggest, first, fruit-growers should become intimately ac-
quainted and know quite well the extent of each other’s operations. An inti-
mate acquaintance will enable all to understand what may be the pressing
wants of each. It will give such confidence to ask advice, obtain information,
and often pecuniary assistance, to a small extent, but sufficient to satisfy im-
mediate wants. Second, may not receiving houses be established at convenient
points, where fruit can be stored and held until the suitable time arrives for
selling? Receipts for such fruits to be given, such receipts would sell for a
minimum price in hand, a stipulation that the maximum should be paid when
the fruit is sold, a small percentage for the accommodation; and it occurs to
me that to make such a plan effective the fruit-growers should or could organ-
ize into a close association, and make these houses their agencies for receiving
and taking care of all long-keeping fruit offered until the time arrives when it
becomes advisable to sell. This is the briefest possible statement. I hope
there is enough of it to lead to careful investigation. I have just given it
thought enough to establish the opinion in my own mind that something prae-
tical and useful may grow out of it, but I should want considerable help to
put it into running order.

Mr. 'Tracy.—There was such a society as Mr. Curtis describes organized at
South Haven. I do not know what success it met with. I think it would be
well for fruit men of this region to consult as to the varieties and amount of

440 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

their crops, and so the better know how to dispose of them. It would perhaps
be well to appoint a committee to ascertain what trees are already set out, and
what are to be set out next year. We should thus be enabled to make our
future plans to the best advantage. ;

Mr. Avery.—in 1848 the Salina Bank was formed in connection with the
salt works at Syracuse and operated on the principal proposed by Mr. Curtis.
Tts establishment resulted favorably to the salt producers of that region.

Mr. Tracy.—I would inquire of Mr. Parmelee if any co-operative societies
exist at Benton Harbor.

Mr. Parmelee.—Several such societies were organized at Benton Harbor, none
of which succeeded. It would no doubt be an advantage to those intending to
plant to know what trees are already planted in this section of the country.
It is possible that there are a great many more early fruit-bearing trees planted
than we suppose there are. People often plant a greater proportion of early
trees than they intend to. In sales of trees from my nursery I have remarked
that too great a demand has been made for early trees. In small orders es-
pecially the proportion of summer and fall trees has been too large.

Mr. 'Tracy.—It is the small growers that spoil the market. Having but a
small quantity of fruit to dispose of, the price of it is not a matter of so much
importance to them as to the large growers; and they sell at a low rate rather
than hold their fruit to enforce a better price.

Mr. Grey.—If co-operation was established how great an extent of territory
would it comprise? If only the Peninsula, others in this region might frus-
trate our plans by selling at whatever time and price they please.

Mr. Parmelee.—I believe that many of the low prices paid for our fruits is
owing to the miserable condition in which they are put on the market. Ihave
seen fine apples shaken down from the trees. What wonder then if a reduc-
tion of 50 cents per bushel is made on these bruised apples from the price they
should have brought if sent to market in good shape. Fruit, if presented for
sale sound and well packed, will always bring a good price. And we need no
co-operation to do this, as each farmer can store his own. Cellars can be built
cheaply, and the long-keeping qualities of our winter apples will enable us to
keep them till spring, when they realize from six to ten dollars a barrel at
Chicago. As to our summer perishable fruits, we can send them to Escanaba.

In Jess than three years from this date boats will come into the bay for our
fruit if we have enough of it to sell. There is no fear of the coming, for fruit-
freight pays them well. In the early days of fruit-growing the same state of
things existed at St. Joseph as we experience at present. We started with low
prices. What we need more than co-operation is to instruct our fruit-growers
that apples are worth caring for, and that they, and indeed all fruits, should be
sent to market well packed. Very much depends on this matter of packing fruit,
—more than a great many suppose. When a man puts up his fruit well and hon-
estly it will sell at a good price. Another thing we need is a factory for the
manufacture of barrels, boxes, and baskets to pack our fruit in.

Mr. Brinkman.—I have no doubt that canning and drying establishments
would prove advantageous to us, but I do not think the same of co-operation.
I believe in every man caring for and putting up his own fruit ; he then knows
what he has and what he sells.

Mr. Avery.—I do not believe co-operation necessary, except for small fruits.
Winter apples will take care of themselves. Every man should take care of

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 44]

his own fruit, put it up honestly, and take pains thus to earn a good reputa-
tion. He will then find purchasers.

Mr. Parmelee.—Owing to the non-arrival of baskets which I had ordered for
my peaches last fall, I was obliged to put them up in other packages. The
consequence was that I did not receive much more than half what I should
have got for them. Michigan generally has a reputation for bad packing and
short measure. I believe that it originated rather in the ignorance than “cuss-
edness” of the fruit-growers.

WINTER APPLES.

OxLp Mission, Dec. 29, 1873.

The Club met at 64 Pp. m., Mr. Geo. L. Roberts in the chair.

Subject for discussion, “ What constitutes a perfect winter apple, and how
to obtain it ?”

Mr. Geo. Parmelee opened the discussion of the evening with the following
address :

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :—Perfection, as applied to our winter
apples, means simply comparison with our highest known standard of exeel-
lence. The points of excellence are quite numerous and are not all combined
in any one apple; hence we may have many that come up to the standard on
some point, while all are below in some particular quality. This leaves us
without any apple that may be said to be perfect. ‘To the Laplander, any
apple that would withstand the cold and produce fruit would be prized above
price. In countries where crab apples enly will thrive, they are of superlative
excellence ; and, going to a little milder climate, where a few of the hardier
apples will grow, those that survive best constitute the standard of excellence.
It is only in a climate capable of growing all apples that we find all the points
of quality to be appreciated. In such a climate, the apple country proper, men
are apt to estimate varieties in reference to some point which they especially
prize. A nurseryman favors a sort which grows perfectly. In a commercial
orchard, the sort that produces most, if reliable, is esteemed highest. To the
apple merchant, the one that brings the highest price is the perfect apple. To
the hotel keeper, the perfect dessert apple is small, to avoid waste. The man
who buys for his own table buys to suit his own taste; if he buys for the
kitchen, he wants the apple which suits the housekeeper’s particular way of
cooking them. The drying factory requires the apple which is easiest pre-
pared and makes the largest quantity of dried fruit of good quality. Those who
esteem apples for dessert purposes prize most some peculiar flavor, and the
general public differ widely as to what is the best or perfect flavor. Most ap-
ples in the long list of varieties have some admirers, but in most cases the
preference is owing to a want of familiarity with many kinds, or to associations
connected with earlier days, or to scarcity of other sorts at the time of making
its acquaintance, to hunger, fatigue, or anything to make it particularly ac-
ceptable. While I believe in development, and expect a better apple than we
yet have, I do not expect to see all the excellencies combined in one sort. I
will name some of the points the perfect apple should have. It should grow

442 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

thriftily and straight in the nursery; in the orchard it should be a mediam
grower, and tend to keep a leader; its foliage should be healthy; it should
bear young and annually, and not overbear; the fruit should be medium size,
smooth, regular, beautiful, the skin should be strong, the flesh firm and juicy,
the flavor sprightly and refreshing. It should be good for cooking, should
make strong cider, and should remain a long time in perfection. An apple
may have all the excellencies of fruit and be worthless from its faulty habit of
tree growth, or from shy bearing, and also, though less commonly, from over-
bearing. An apple may be perfect in tree, bear early, annually, abundantly, a
medium size, strong skinned, firm, regular, smooth and beautiful fruit, and
with poor flavor be worthless. An apple may also haye all the good qualities
of tree and of fruit, and if its season of use is very short, it is of no value. The
perfect winter apple should combine the good qualities of tree, productiveness,
size, firmness, flavor and beauty, with the ability to keep readily without loss
through the whole winter, and with little loss until the summer apples mature,
keeping its flavor to the last. Such can be matured in mid-winter if wanted,
by keeping in warm places. ‘To us, situated on the great and cheapest high-
way between the Hast and the West, that apple which combines the most of
the excellencies with the fewest and smallest deficiencies, is the perfect one, or,
in other words, the one to plant. We may never agree upon the name of it,
but if we bear these facts in mind we shall reject many sorts that are com-
monly planted. We want to raise large quantities of fruit that will sell, and
that will cultivate the taste of consumers.

Let us use our means tothe end, and we may justly take pride in raising the
“ perfect winter apple.”

Mr. Pratt.—I would ask Mr. Parmelce if high cultivation tends to keep off
insects, and whether they are more numerous where the land is seeded down ?

Mr. Parmelee.—It has occurred to me that’we should set apart an evening
for the discussion of this subject. There are many ways of killing the “ cod-
ling moth,”—by bands and cloths placed on the trees, ete.

Working the land late in the fall tends greatly to destroy insects. Pasturing
hogs in the orchards also helps to keep down the codling moth.

WINTER APPLES.

Oxp Mission, Jan. 5th, 1874.

The club met at 64 p.m, Mr. J. E. Savage in the chair.

Mr. Reynolds.—I would ask what is the cause of scab spots on apples. Al-
though we are comparatively free from them here, I would like to know in
what they originate.

Mr. Avery.—I would not attempt to fully answer this question; but my ob-
servations lead me to believe that they are due to bad cultivation, climatic in-
fluence, and overbearing. My Snow apples were affected by scab last year, but
I believe they would have escaped it had I thinned them out one-half. Apples
grown on young trees are less liable to this defect than those grown on older
ones.

Mr. B. Montague—Why was it that my Snow apples grown on young trees

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 443;

under good cultivation were affected by scab, when my neighbor’s, grown on
older trees that had received little or no cultivation, were perfectly free from it ?

Mr. Parmelee.—Was the ground rich where your trees were ?

Mr. B. Montague——Not remarkably so. My observation leads me to believe
that there exists an inherent pre-disposition to scab in certain varieties of ap-
ples, which no treatment will overcome. Russets are generally free from it.
My Greenings were also smooth last year. Some other varieties were scabby.

Mr. Parmelee.—There are two phenomena in apples which are often con-
founded. The “scab,” resembling that mossy formation apparent on rocks,
and a discoloration, beginning in a cloudy appearance of the surface,—the
latter particularly noticeable on apples grown in the interior. I will not un-
dertake to assign any cause for these phenomena, but suppose them due to
some climatic influence, creating spasmodic growth in the tree,—the same in-
fluence which causes rust on wheat. I have remarked that in seasons when the
temperature is uniform we find little or no scab, but when on the contrary the
season is variable, producing sudden rises and falls of temperature, and caus-
ing spasmodic growth of the trees, it is abundant. The same is noticeable in
spring wheat. KHxtreme heat produces rust; and I have noticed that where
leaf blight is found it will be observed that the growth of the tree has been
checked. I will say that I have never found leaf blight on Golden Russet
trees.

Mr. Porter—My Snow apple and Winter Pippin have been affected with
scab the last three or four years. I believe this discoloration is caused by
“honey-dew,” from the fact that apples on which it is found are most fre-
quently spotted on the upper side.

Mr. P. Tracy—I would ask Mr. Porter what produces “ honey-dew.”

Mr. A. Montague.—Prof. Walsh states that ‘‘ honey-dew” is an exudation
from the aphis or plant louse.

Mr. Parmelee.—In speaking of winter apples I have not mentioned varie-
ties. It would, perhaps, be well for us to consider which is the best variety for
us to plant. Wedo not want a second or third class apple such as half the
varieties grown; there is not as much profit in them as we should realize.
We want a first-class apple, possessing most of the qualities which go to con-
stitute a perfect winter apple. I would like to hear the experience of others
with regard to the excellencies of different varieties.

Mr. Ladd.—The Spitzenburg requires a heavy clay soil.

Mr. B. Montague.—For a cooking apple I consider Greening No. 1, Baldwin
No. 2. The latter begins to rot from the core in April, and is consequently not
the apple for our late market. Russets are good keepers, but their want of color
is against them. The Wagener is a good eating apple from January to August.
Tree grows small and bears early and heavily. Red Canada is another apple
that isa good keeper and bearer.

Mr. Parmelee.—With regard to winter apples, we must not merely consider
which is the most prefitable for ten years, nor must we too hastily reject a good
apple because it does not sell readily here from want of color. We must look
beyond that period of time, and our local market. If we can raise a high
flavored apple, good for culinary and eating purposes, it will sell in foreign
markets without regard to color. If we can rank our Golden Russets with
Newtown Pippins we can’t do wrong to run on it. Grime’s Golden Pippin
has been mentioned as the best quality of apple. I have some in bearing, and
although I do not attach much value to the recommendations of nurserymen,

444 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

I must concede that in this instance the flavor has not been over-estimated. It
appears to be a good grower and bears well for its age. If it proves to possess
other good qualities needed in a winter apple, I shall feel safe with this variety
for shipping to foreign markets, although not beautiful. Large apples are not
especially desirable, particularly for dessert purposes. The Spitzenburg is
a variety much sought after. It is not plentiful, and owing to its being a
moderate bearer it is not largely planted in commercial orchards. I have
known it to be productive where the soil was highly cultivated. Cultivation
has much to do with increasing the productiveness of apple trees. I had an
instance on my farm in illustration of this fact. Some old Indian apple trees
which had not borne for three years produced good crops on the soil around
them being broken up. The Greening is a valuable variety for culinary pur-
poses, but its bearing is against it. New apples have been produced and
puffed, but the leading varieties of eighty years ago are the standards of to-
day. While I am absent at New York I will endeavor to see Mr. Downing
and learn something from him that will be useful to us in choosing our winter
apple. We want a long-keeping, good quality, red apple for the South. The
Roxbury Russet may be found a valuable apple here. It is a better keeper and
larger than the Golden Russet; on old trees it sometimes grows as large as
the Greening. The Tallman Sweet is an old variety, which is productive and
considered a good-keeping apple with us; but local reputation is not a safe rule
for us, for while sweet apples are in greatest demand in the country, sour ones
are most highly esteemed in cities.

Mr. Montague.—What is the reputation of Grimes’ Golden Pippin as a
keeper ?

Mr. Parmelee.—Downing says from January to March.

Mr. Montague.—Yellow Belmont is a good cooking and eating apple, and a
good, annual bearer; although generally not a long keeper, if grown here
might keep well.

Mr. Reynolds—I have some Belmonts now in perfection. Their flavor is
delicious; put owing to their delicacy they cannot be carried to market.

Mr. Grey.—The Belmont is excellent for cooking and eating. It is not a
long keeper. The core rot begins in it as soon as it ripens.

Mr. Curtis——We want an apple that will not fail us on any account. A year
ago I thought we had such an one in the Greening; but last year I lost half
my Greening trees. If I were sure that the trees of this variety were suf-
ficiently hardy to withstand our climate under all circumstances, I would plant
all Greenings. In selecting our winter apple we must consider hardiness. Have
we a stock upon which we can rely for this quality ? The Golden Russet has not
failed us thus far. If this variety will infallibly resist our winters, why not
use it generally as stock, and top-graft on to it any variety which we may
ultimately select as the best to grow ?

WEEDS.
OLD Mission, Jan. 26, 1874.
Club met’ pursuant to adjournment. President Savage in the chair. Min-
utes read and approved. A. P. Gray, Esq., then read the following essay on
“Weeds and the best methods of destroying them.”

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 445

Mr. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN :—Two hundred and fourteen
of our weeds have, according to the authorities, been introduced from foreign
countries, chiefly from England. In 1672 a book entitled “New England
Rarities” gave a list of twenty-two plants, which the author spoke of as hav-
ing sprung up since the English took possession. Among these the plantain,
or “ White man’s foot,” is mentioned. In 1758 the toad flax, also then known
as the “ Rausted weed,’ from the name of the gentleman who introduced it
into Pennsylvania as a garden flower, had overrun the pastures of that prov-
ince, and had caused many anathemas by the farmers against the unlucky in-
truder. In 1837 only 137 foreign weeds were enumerated in our catalogues.

The common chickweed is said to have been first sown in South Carolina as
food for canary birds, and the presence of the Scotch thistle is accounted for
as due to the amor patrie of an enthusiast Highlander, who brought it
hither as an emblem of the pugnacity of his countrymen. Another record
says we have the thistle through the carelessness of a clergyman, who brought
hither a bed of thistle down, and on changing it for feathers spread it and the
seeds it contained broadcast over the country.

The Canada thistle is probably the worst of all weeds, as being more tena-
cious of life and more troublesome among crops than any other. Fancy
yourselves binding sheaves about equally divided between grain and thistles.
Ihave frequently heard farmers affirm that it could not be eradicated; that
when their farms became infested with them they must either cultivate their
crops among the thistles, or sell out and seek another location; but it is cer-
tainly true, that a vegetable cannot live without a top, any better than any
animal can without a pair of lungs, as the leaves of the former correspond to
the lungs of the latter. Consequently, if the top be prevented from growing,.
the plant must die.

I once knew a patch of thistles which were eradicated by the following
treatment, viz.: the patch was converted into a sheep pasture, and the sheep
were salted on the roots of the plants after removing the tops, salt being ap-
plied as often as the sheep required it, they ate the salt and considerable of the
root.

If a farmer were asked, What is the use of weeds? he might make out quite
a list of their benefits, among which might be some of the following: They
shade tender plants, and in a measure serve as a mulch to the ground. Some
weeds, by their offensive odor, drive away many insects. They may serve as a
green crop to be plowed into the soil and increase its organic matter.

They make us stir the soil, and thus increase its fertility, and thisis a strong
argument in their favor, as many farmers would cultivate their crops very
little if the weeds did not oblige them to do it; indeed, they regulate the
amount of cultivation that most of our crops receive. Still, while thinking
out the excuses for weeds, he would see other and more urgent reasons why
they should not be allowed to grow.

They occupy the soil to the disadvantage of crops. They exclude light and
heat from cultivated plants, which interferes with their growth. They take
up mineral and other matter from the soil, and hold them during the growing,
season, thus depriving crops of their use.

It is not necessary to argue the injury done by weeds. Every farmer is well
convinced that they should be destroyed, and the best means of accomplishing
this is of the greatest importance. In the first place we should protect our-
selves against their increase. This may be done by decomposing all manures

446 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

in compost, whereby the seeds contained will be killed by the heat of ferment-
ation; by hoeing, or otherwise destroying growing weeds before they mature
their seeds; by inducing all the weeds to grow we can from seeds already in
the ground, and then kill them, if possible while in the seed leaf, as one man will
destroy more weeds than half a dozen will, after they have become large enough
to materially injure crops. The destruction of weeds is always in order. Let
none go to seed in fence corners, in pastures, or on the sides of the road, or
around stone heaps or other waste places. We must conquer weeds, or they
will conquer us.

Mr. Pratt.—I never saw the milk weed thrive as it does here. Itseems to be
different from that found south. North of here, among the Indiang, it is rare,
though the soil is similar and there is quite as much neglect. So far as I
know, it is more abundant here than elsewhere. I have some hopes that it
will be exterminated, for if it is to be used as a substitute for rubber and there-
fore become valuable, it will disappear; at least this is Beecher’s theory. Has
any one seen the honey bee on the flower of this weed? ‘The blow has a large
amount of sweet matter, and is said to make superior honey.

Mr. Drew.—The common bees sometimes get it on their feet, but they can’t
work the comb, and so avoid it.

Mr. Porter.—On the Huron shoreI have seen them at work on a small patch.
They grew in the sand, and very strong. They were able to keep the super-
abundant honey-making matter down.

Mr. Curtis.—No subject is of more importance than the present one. The
annuals are not very formidable, may be, and are destroyed; but the other,
with powerful roots, propagating from roots and seeds both, are a different
thing. The Canada thistle, for instance, should be persistently fought. In
some parts of the country they seem to have given up all hopes of subduing it.
To contemplate the future of this peninsula covered with thistles is fearful.
I know that they can be killed. Even the largest patch may be destroyed in
one year. Mr. Gray shows how to destroy them: cut their heads off—destroy
their lungs. In Illinois, in as forbidding a spot as you can find anywhere, they
grew and held the mastery. The ground was cleared, thoroughly plowed, and
planted to potatoes, hoed often, and not one showed his head the year after.
Never allow a green leaf to form on them and you can kill them effectually,
perhaps easily as any other weed. It is often introduced in grass seed, and
then spreads rapidly. If there is not private enterprise enough to attack them,
we ought to tax ourselves and have it done. Milk weeds make no headway
on my farm. I pull them out by the roots. The terror of New York dairy-
men is the ox-eye daisy. It is harder to get rid of than the thistle, because
it spreads from the seed rapidly. It is here. Really, 1 am more afraid of it
and the thistle than of the curculio. As to the other weeds,—pig weed and
the like,—they are really no special detriment. They make us work our crops,
perhaps, but are really not much in the way; but these terrors to saints and
sinners ought to be attended to promptly. If there is any law on this subject
it ought to be enforced with vigor. The more I think of the subject the more
important it seems to me.

Mr. Pratt——Perhaps the fact that down in Ohio where Mr. Curtis came from
they grow the Canada thistle, and not much else, makes him so solicitous on
the subject; but seriously there seems to be no more trouble in exterminating
them than any other weed. Cutting off the tops at a certain time of the year
will destroy them. The white daisy will, I am told, ruin meadows. I am more
afraid of them than of thistles.

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 447

Mr. Ladd.—Where I came from the daisy was abundant, but where farming
is well done they are not troublesome. They may be all about you and yet
your own farm free from them. I once sowed daisy in grass seed, but dug
them up and none have appeared since. As to milk weed, if the land is
thoroughly cultivated they may be exterminated in one year. I killed the
thistle on Mr. Paige’s land by cutting off the stalk a little below the surface
and applying salt, and have never seen a thistle since.

Mr. B. Montague.—They can be killed where you can cultivate, but they
will thrive in meadows and pastures. I have seen them killed in meadows
when cut at the proper time, say when the stalk is hollow; if rain follows the
water reaches the root and destroys it. The thistles on Mr. Golden’s came
from New York in grass seed. Inside of his fence he has retarded the growth,
but those in the road have not been disturbed for some time. The law
requires the pathmaster to attend to them, even on another’s farm, and charge
him for the labor. The white daisy will propagate from eyes, but more rapidly
from seeds. It will run out the grass in meadows. If allowed to grow in any
rough place it will soon spread over the farm. Cattle and birds spread it.
You must dig it out by the roots. In New York in sections one-fourth the
hay is white daisy. Ifthe patch of daisy on the Rushmore place were in New
York it would spread over the whole farm. Johnswort is also a bad weed, but
not equal to the daisy.

Mr. Pratt.—It has been intimated here, that if it were not for the weeds we
wouldn’t half work, wouldn’t begin to raise so many potatoes. Now I don’t
like such an idea to go abroad. It is a reflection on our industrious habits,
and I have half a mind to move to expunge all that sort of talk from the report ;
but as the enterprise and industry of Peninsula farners is well known, it can
do no harm. Two or three years of good cultivation will exterminate
johnswort eyen if it covers the whole ground, at least on our soil.

Mr. Gray.—I wish to explain. Generally we say the “ weeds are getting the
start;” and so we go to work among our crops. Farmers are busy men, and
perhaps but for the weeds some crops would be neglected.

Mr. Archer.—When a small patch of Canada thistles is at stake, the best way
to get rid of the same would be to pull them up. Each stalk pulled up pulls
out an eye from the main root. Thoroughly attended to for one season will
go a great way towards exterminating the same. A small boy, at no great
expense, with something in the way of a glove to shield his hand, will do the
work.

Mr. Tracy.—I am not very familiar with the thistle; but the witch grass,
quite similar to the wheat plant, is one of the very worst weeds, especially in
clay soil, though it will grow in sandy soil. I have taken a root of this plant
and exposed it for a month to the hot sun, but when placed in the ground it grew
again. A well known nurseryman set grafts on a piece of ground not used for
thirty years, but allowed to remain in grass. He set twenty-five acres of
grafts, but the witch grass came up and they were obliged to plow up the
whole nursery, and cultivate the ground for a year or two. We get trees from
that section, and must be careful. It is more persistent of life than the thistle.
We can keep that down by cutting off the tops; not so with the witch grass:
the roots will live for years. They must be dug up, the whole of them, and
destroyed. In England they use very heavy tools to work among them. The
radical leaves make coarse hay, but it is comparatively valueless. If it is any-
thing like as difficult to eradicate here as elsewhere, we must be on our guard.

448 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Ladd.—lt is the same as quack grass, or devil’s grass: has various names.
In New York it was the worst weed we had. Never knew it to be extermin-
ated, but it can be kept down by cultivation.

Mr. Tracy.— Western New York is thoroughly infested with it. As it may
creep in here and not be recognized, I will at the next meeting draw an illus-
tration of it.

Mr. Lawrence.—The seed is much like chess: only two rows of seed on the
head, which is long.

Mr. Reese.—It is worse to plow in than the strongest June grass. In Eng-
land it is called Cooch grass, in Wales the Devil’s Own grass. I have dug up
the roots, looking carefully for the small fibres, and even sifting the soil so as
to remove every particle, but the next year it came up again.

MARKETS FOR APPLES.
Oxtp Mission, Feb. 2, 1874.

The clab met at half past 6 p. M., the President, J. E. Savage, in the chair.

After the reading and adoption of the minutes of the last meeting, the sec-
retary, Mr. McCallum, read the following letter from Mr. W. H. Gardner, of
Chicago:

DeEAR Srr,—I read the account of your meeting at which was discussed
the question of “Crops.” This is a vital question to all engaged in earth
culture, and one on which I, perhaps, shouid remain silent. But I was
greatly interested in the article, and as I have my own opinions I will give
them, warning you not take them for more than they are worth.

It looks to me as if the potato crop, at present, is the best which you can
grow. I have inquired for some years regarding your soil and have always
been told that it is good,—better than average,—for potatoes. Now for a
market you have the lake region from Chicago to Buffalo. The Chicago
market alone in ordinary years will take from you, at good prices, 500,000
bushels. The potato has sold here for from 75 cents to $1.50 for years. The
wholesale price now is $1.15. The potatoes sold here are inferior, too, at this
rate. You can get few baking potatoes. The potato grower should not con-
fine himself to one variety. Good potatoes for baking, boiling, etc., should be
grown. Now I drop the potato for the apple. If your peninsula had as many
good bearing apple trees as it has trees of other kinds (beech and maple) it
would find a ready market for every bushel of good winter apples like the
Russet, the Baldwin, etc. The market for winter apples is constantly extend-
ing, while the belt producing them profitably is gradually narrowing. So you
can, if you have a good climate for apples, plant by the section and have no
fear for a market. You are in God’s paradise for a market if you can get the
merchandise demanded by the market.

HOW TO MANURE.
Op Mission, Feb. 9, 1874.

Pursuant to motion of adjournment, the club met at 6.30 o’clock P.M. The
president, Mr. Sayage, in the chair.

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 449

Subject for discussion; “ How shall we keep up the fertility of our farms?”

Mr. Avery opened the discussion of the evening as follows:

We find the woody fibre of plants and trees composed principally of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. It is a singular fact that in this woody fibre hydrogen
and oxygen are present in just the proportions of water, so when decomposi-
tion takes place the result is to produce water. Starch and sugar are composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Itis agreed by scientists that plants absorb
both carbonic acid and water through the leaves. Thus you see how plants
can make their bodies, as the supply of food is abundant. Ifnow the oxygen
of the carbonic acid be thrown off through the leaves, we have left only carbon
and water, or carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We have stated that plants get
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen through the leaves. The next element to con-
sider is nitrogen, which composes from 15 to 25 percent of the grain of plants,
the most valuable part, and from which we expect to realize returns for grow-
ing most of our crops. It is yet to be proven that plants derive any part of
the nitrogen through their leaves; consequently they must take it through
the roots. The chief source of supply is ammonia and nitric acid; but we do
not find it in large supply in this shape, on account of its strong tendency to
unite with other bodies, such as carbonic and sulphuric acid. \\ater will also
absorb from five to six hundred times its own bulk of ammonia.

Now comes the point: Success or failure, profit or loss, on our ability
to get this ammonia into the land and to keep it there when we get it.
Lime has a strong tendency to drive off ammonia from its combination ; also
tends to produce decomposition; hence you understand why our soils show
such quick returns from manures. Decomposition is rapid. From the above
imperfect statement we may infer: cultivating or stirring the soil lets in the
air to the particles of humus, and produces decomposition; that produces
moisture (all known plants cannot grow without moisture); water attracts
ammonia, and the roots drink up the ammonia. Admitting the fact that car-
bon is cheap, but nitrogen is dear, and that the available source of nitrogen is
ammonia, which is very volatile, and that it escapes to the surrounding air
whenever any substance is decomposing that contains it, how important it
is that we study every available means to retain it!

I will point out what seems to me the cheapest means of preventing part
of the loss :

first, Beware of long summer tilling during hot weather on barren fallows.
This practice, I am glad to know, is at present disapproved by the best English
farmers. If a great amount of tillage is necessary to destroy troublesome
weeds, or the roots of troublesome grass, substitute hoed crops.

Second, Use large quantities of bedding for animals. Keep both animals
and manure under cover until they can go where there are growing plants to
welcome them. The fire-fanged, rain-drenched manure is hardly worth draw-
ing on the land ; besides it costs less to draw the manure as it is made to the
field where it is wanted, than it does after it is saturated with rain-water.
Nitrogenous manures are only available to plants in a soluble state; hence,
after stable manure is thoroughly drenched with water, all that is at that time
available is washed away, which is a very large per cent when we consider the
urine as being the richest in ammonia. What farmer here to-night, if told by
his wife on his return that his vinegar barrel was leaking, but would start im-
mediately to attend to it? But, believe me when I tell you bushels of wheat

57

450 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

are leaking out of your manure pile every time it rains, but you take no note
of it.

Third, Fatten as many full grown animals as your means will allow; pur-
chase extra grain to feed if necessary, whenever the extra price of the fattened
animal will pay the price of it ; scatter a little gypsum on the stable floor every
day ; grow as much corn as your animals will consume before the 1st of Febru-
ary each year; sow alsike and mammoth clover wherever you sow wheat ; cover
the land with a thin coat of gypsum when the seed is sown to insure a good
catch.

While on the subject of gypsum, I will make the suggestion that a great
amount of ammonia is brought to the earth’s surface with the snows of winter,
would it not be well to sow gypsum, a small amount, to fix the ammonia until
the time when the growing plants will take it? The price of plaster is high
here compared with many places; consequently it will be economy to sow less
and often, say fifty pounds per acre, and very evenly over the land. Gypsum
is, perhaps, the only commercial manure we can at present afford to purchase.
I believe every fifty pounds of gypsum sown on an acre of clover in early spring
will increase the product of hay 500 pounds, and often much more. When we
cease to let our hens and turkeys roost on the fence, stop the rain from our
barn roof drenching our manure pile, supply our piggery with tight floors and
roofs, and learn that all decomposition is a waste to the farm unless some
plant or absorbent is on the spot to drink up the gases, then it may be time to
talk of guanos and superphosphates. Somebody has said, manure your soil
with brains. I will simply add, keep a correct book account of the result.

Mr. Tracy.—Experiments made by Dr. Kedzie at the State Agricultural Col-
lege go to show clearly that a great amount of ammonia—the most difficult
element of plant food to procure—is brought down by rain; and that the
quantity of this alkali thus furnished us varies greatly in the different storms,
some being richly imbued with nitrogen, while others contain scarcely any.
Snow brings down more than rain, and the lighter the snow the greater
amount of ammonia it contains. Hence the origin of the adage, “ Snow is the
poor man’s manure.” It may be that the remarkable fertility of our farms is
due in a great measure to the unusually large quantity of snow which falls in
the Grand Traverse region.

Mr. Drew.—There is no good farming unless we can leave the soil in as good
condition after harvesting the crops as it was when they were sown. We must
give and take with the soil. If our crops extract nourishment from the soil,
we must replenish it with the nutritious elements extracted from it, otherwise
future crops will suffer for want of food, and consequently diminish,—ulti-
mately entirely fail. Old agriculturists fall back on barn-yard manure for
this purpose. It is a question in my mind if beans are not preferable to clover
for ploughing under. They are deep feeders and their root surface is very
great, more in bulk than their tops.

Mr. B. Montague—This is a very important subject, and one which should
not be lightly passed over. The soil here is different from that which I have
been used to; it contains sufficient lime and other substances which go to
make up the mineral part of soil, but is destitute of vegetable matter. Chiefly,
I think, owing to the fact that in clearing the land, the aim seems to be to
obtain what is termed a “good burn,” that is to burn up everything com-
bustible on the land, thereby consuming all vegetable matter and leaving
nothing but sand and other incombustible substances. What we need to do

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 451

then is to restore to the soila due proportion of vegetable matter. How is
this object to be attained? In various ways. We must not confine ourselves
to one method of doing it, but have recourse to all within our reach. We
must manure freely. Should not depend on the droppings of our cattle alone
to enable us to do this, but should collect leaves, rotten wood, muck, leaf
mould, anything and everything indeed that will make manure, or tend to
impart to the soil the elements lacking there. Second, we should aim at leay-
ing our soil in as good condition after as before cropping. If this cannot be
effected through the barn-yard, we must resort to plowing under green crops,
such as clover; and the avoidance of such crops as are calculated to impov-
erish the soil.

Mr. Curtis—These scientific speculations with regard to the chemical action
of gypsum on clover, ete., are all very interesting, but I apprehend do not ben-
efit us much at present. One practical suggestion, however, made by Mr.
Avery,—that of putting gypsum in our stables and on our manure heaps, for
the purpose of disinfecting and fixing the gases,—strikes me favorably. Since
Adam was a gardener good crops have been obtained by manuring with barn-
yard manure. Mr. Crozier went on to sandy soil and has converted it into a
perfect garden by the free use of manure. I don’t know why we may not make
our soil productive in the same way. ‘The question arises, what can we do that
is practicable to effect this object? There are many ways of making manure.
Barnyard manure is good, and the richer the fodder we feed to our cattle, the
richer will be the manure they make. Clover is no doubt a good green crop to
plow under for fertilization; but I think there is a possibility of making land
clover-sick. I do not consider peas and beans as good for this purpose. Gyp-
sum also is a good fertilizer. Clover together with barnyard manure and
gypsum would surely bring our land into a high state of tilth. These are
easily obtainable.

Mr. Tracy.—There are few farmers but would be glad to feed out large quan-
tities of clover on their places, if they had the opportunity of doing so, in order
to secure the manure. Many would even put up buildings and other conven-
iences to feed stock if they could make the cattle pay the expense of them,
simply taking the manure as compensation for their trouble and expense in-
curred in providing the fodder. Now, clover gains nothing by its passage
through the animals, and the total amount of plant food resulting from pass-
ing an acre of clover through animals cannot therefore be greater than existed
in the clover in its green state. Again, it is known that the roots of a clover
plant weigh much more than the top, or portion that is used for hay. If our
clover is cut, dried and drawn to our barns, fed to animals, and then redrawn
to the Jand, there must unayoidably be much waste, in addition to the loss
sustained by leaving all the roots and a percentage of the top on the ground
in such shape that they can be of little benefit to future crops. If in place of
doing this we plow under the entire crop, root and branch, will not the saving
of this waste of material and labor, and the securing of the roots while in a
proper state for conversion into plant food, more than counterbalance the only
advantage the plant in the condition of manure possesses over the green state ?
which is, that it is in a more suitable condition of being immediately taken up
by the plant.

Mr. Avery—lIt has been suggested that we use swamp muck as manure. I
used it one year and derived little or no benefit from it.

452 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

AT THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE.

OLD Mission, Feb. 16th, 1874.

The club met at 63 P. M., the vice president, Mr. Marshall, in the chair.

The chairman called on Mr. Parmelee to favor the meeting with the inci-
dents connected with his recent journey. That gentleman read the following
report :

If I should give you an account of my visit to the American Institute
Farmers’ Club and not speak first of the good will manifested by officers and
members to strangers visiting them, I should wrong them and my own feelings
also. For a great many years they have kept up their meetings and have been
a headquarters for farmers visiting the city. They are as far as possible from
being a “secret” society, but no such society treats its members with more
courtesy than that club does their brotherhood {rom abroad.

It had been a marvel to me that they kept so long the old figure head, “N.
C. Ely, chairman,” but I see through it now: they have no occasion to change.
He is a man of to-day, and not a relic of the past. Their secretary is paid a
salary of $3,000 a year, which gives thema good man. Their plan is to have
subjects introduced in written form, as much as possible, to promote brevity
and to facilitate correct reports. The discussions following the papers are not
fully reported, except when some important facts are brought out.

The prevailing notion that difference of products in various localities is at-
tributable to varying soils, is so universal that I thought it a good time to il-
lustrate, to some extent, the fact that climate is all important in attaining cer-
tain desirable results. A gentleman present referred to the report of a com-
mittee of the United States Pomological Society at their meeting in Boston,
which set forth that iron in the soil was the cause of diversity in color; and
he thought we must have plenty of iron in our soil. It was well met by a
farmer from Orange county, who said if that was the case, they ought to raise
very beautiful apples, as their soil was nearly all impregnated with it.

You are aware that the soils of this region, as well as the springs here, are
almost wholly free from indications of iron; and like the Orange county man,
I could refer to my old farm in the south part of this State, on which I had a
bed of bog ore and most of the soil showed it plainly, but it did not produce
those colors. As we, in Northern Michigan, are more nearly circled in by the
great lakes and have, in addition, our numerous smaller inland waters, so we
have somewhat less rainfall in summer, and more blue sky and powerful sun-
light.

The freedom of our apples from worms was a matter of surprise, they are
so accustomed to finding the moth in them; but to see specimens of Maiden’s
Blush, Alexander and Fall Pippin in perfect condition in the month of Feb-
ruary, without extra care in keeping, and after being trundled over a thousand
miles of rail, was evidently a new thing to all.

The fact that our winter apples go through to late spring or early summer,
without loss or extra care, was almost forgotten in the interest manifested in
the red cheeks of the Rhode Island Greenings, Roxbury Russets, Swaars and
Fall Pippins, showing that men are still disposed to set beauty before utility.

Many questions were asked as to our climate and productions, and in the
informal discussion apple production in the eastern States was discouragingly
spoken of on account of insect enemies. Dr. Trimble, of New Jersey, who is

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 453

a practical entomologist, said, “Tell your people to quit lumbering and go to
planting fruit trees, and then take care of the insects.”

I found in the library of the American Institute an excellent treatise by
him on curculio and codling moth.

The question of best late keeping red apple for us to plant, I could not find
two men to agree upon. The Hubbardston Nonsuch is very popular at the
east among growers and dealers. Its season there is November to January:
whether it will keep here until May or June can only be determined by trial.
The Northern Spy, as a family apple, stands very high everywhere I went. It
did not withstand the railroad jarring on my trip any better than the Fall
Pippin, and but little better than the Belmont. With our water facilities for
transportation that may be no very great objection. The Baldwin, Roxbury
and Golden Russets, and Spitzenburg, stood carriage best; the Greening stood
well except some of the riper specimens.

IT could get no name for the apple called here—for want of a true name
—Flushing Spitzenburg, nor for the apple called here Cogswell, Calvert,
Melon, ete.

Mr. Downing seems to regard the Beurre d’Anjou as the best pear for gen-
eral cultivation; thinks the Beurre Clairgeau too variable, excellent when it
does well, but risky; would advise planting Clapp’s Favorite for an early pear,
both on account of quality and productiveness; says planters there are paying
more attention to pears now than toapples. Hethought that Tewksbury Win-
ter Blush apple might be valuable to us to send long distances in the spring,
if it proves to be adapted to our locality. It is cultivated in some parts of
Pennsylvania.

Mr. Eilwanger, of Rochester, thought we would not like it. They have
dropped the cultivation of it.

Trees or scions can be had of Hooper, Brother & Thomas, West Chester,
Chester county, Penn. Though quite small it is handsome, and is “said to
have more juice and flavor than any other long-keeping variety.”

Every man who owns a copy of “ Fruits and Fruit trees of America,” will be
glad to hear that the author, though seventy-two years old, is full of life men-
tally, and is almost as good as new bodily; not living, as he said, on borrowed
capital, but on a good constitution, strengthened by use and insured against
accident by temperance in all things.

CLOVER AND MR. GEORGE GEDDES.

Oup Mission, Feb. 11, 1874.

Mr. Cartis opened the discussion of the evening with the following addres s

How can we make onr land productive ?

‘lo answer this question we should well consider the peculiarities of our soil.
Ours may, and I think does, need what others do not. The alluvial, or valley
soils of most countries, also the western prairie soils, are rich in decayed vege-
table matter—* humus,” I believe it is called. In general terms such soils are
very productive. If in great excess they only produce such crops as are rank
feeders, such as corn and hemp. Other grains run to straw. When the
amount is moderate they grow all kinds of crops well. The addition of vege-

454 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

table matter to such soils would not only be useless, but might be absolutely
detrimental.

But humus incorporated with stiff clay soils, makes them friable, and gives
them that tilth so necessary for growing crops. It would be difficult to get too
much into such soils: their mechanical structure would be improved in about
the ratio they were made to contain this valuable ingredient.

Our soil is neither a stiff clay nor a vegetable Joam. It is what I suppose
would generally be called a loose calcareous drift, and contains an abundance
of the mineral elements generally thought necessary for plant food. It does
not, like clay soils, need humus to improve its mechanical structure. It is fri-
able enough without any such help. Then does it need vegetable matter at
all? Ithink it does) The more the better. I am of the opinion that could
we get as much into it as the prairie soils contain, we would haye, practically,
the best soil in the world. I further believe that it is perfectly practicable to
secure a sufficient amount at moderate cost, indeed at no cost. Yes, I think
we can get it for nothing, and “ something thrown into the bargain.”

How is this to be obtained on such terms? I last week came across an arti-
cle by the Hon. George Geddes, so exactly in point that I copy a large portion
of it. It is an answer to an Jowa farmer, whose land had been rented and run
down. He says:

“ Had a proper system been carried out on this farm, the manure it wanted,
not merely to keep it good, but to make it grow better, would have been pro-
duced in the form of clover and other forage crops. Clover turned under when
the proper time has come, in a judicious rotation, 7s manure that costs nothing,
and where a man begins in time to take care of his land by the use of clover,
and having a proper proportion of live stock on his farm, he can do better
than to go a mile for “ coarse” manure, even when it is given to him.

THE CLOVER CURE.

“Sow clover liberally—say one-fourth of a bushel of seed to the acre, when
the wheat crop is small. After the wheat is harvested, put a bushel of gypsum
(plaster) on the acre. The next year plaster or cut for hay; the third year
pasture or mow once, and, when the time has come to sow winter wheat, if de-
sired, it will do to plow under all the clover the furrows will hold, and sow the
wheat, or let the sod thus turned over remain till early spring; then sow seed
on it. Timothy seed with the clover seed, say four to six quarts to the acre,
is very desirable where the land is to remain in grass two or more years. The
timothy helps cover the land, and adds much to the value of the hay crop, as
well as to that of the pasture. Where winter wheat is raised, it is my rule to
sow with the wheat the timothy seed, and the next spring sow the clover seed.
The value of the sod—that is, the roots and astubble just mown of clover two
years old, that had timothy, as described, mixed with it—is greater than any
ordinary dressing of “ coarse” yard manure. -

IS THIS sO?

“ Prof. Kedzie, one of the most careful experimenters among scientific men,
professor of chemistry at the Michigan Agricultural College, ‘took a square
foot (of which there are 43,560 in an acre) of heavy June grass turf, and washed
away all the soil in running water, and then weighed the grass roots and sur-
face grass, or the amount of green manurial matter usually contained in a
heavy greensward, and found it to be five pounds to the square foot, or at the

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 455

rate of more than 100 tons to the acre” The professor, in his letter to me,
from which the foregoing has been extracted, further remarks that ‘this is
doubtless in excess of ordinary greensward, as it was a very heavy mat of June
grass;’ but he says he ‘thinks that few farmers estimate correctly the amount
of vegetable matter they add to their soil by plowing under heavy greensward.’
One hundred tons to the acre of clean grass and roots from the turf of an old
pasture or lawn, is a very valuable manuring, when we consider how evenly it
is spread and accurately it is applied. But the roots of June grass run but a
little way into the ground compared with the roots of red clover, that peae-
trate from two to four feet, and bring to the surface the fertility that lies deep
in the soil. When a clover sod, that after being mown has been allowed to
stand a few weeks, and the new stalks are grown to be perhaps eight or ten
inches high, there will be about all that can be plowed into the furrow.

MANURE THAT COSTS NOTHING.

“T have said such manuring costs nothing. Let us make an account, and
charge on one side the seed of the clover and timothy, and the bushel of plaster,
and the cost of sowing; and credit on the other side the fall feed, after the
wheat crop has come off, and the crop of hay that may be cut next year, and,
if desired, the second crop to be cut for seed ; the next year’s pasture or crop
of hay that can be had Jong before it is time to do the one plowing for the
crop of winter wheat, and allow the stalks to again start up until itis time to
prepare for the wheat. Let all these things be credited to the clover, and out
of their value be taken the items of cost before stated, and a large compensa-
tion for the use of the land will be left, and the land vastly improved, and the
successive wheat crops will be larger and larger as the process is repeated.
“ All flesh is grass;” at any rate all successful farming is founded on grass,
using that term in its common acceptation, as covering the clovers and like
forage plants. Wherever red clover can be made to grow well without manur-
ing, there is no difficulty in sustaining the fertility of the soil without going
off the farm for manures, except plaster.

THE POTENCY OF PLASTER.

“1 except plaster, for it has been shown that at the Michigan Agricultural
College a single bushel of plaster added a full ton of hay to the yield ofan acre
of ground in the five, most of it in the four mowings that followed—two crops
being taken off the ground each of the two years succeeding the sowing of the
plaster. The cost of a bushel of plaster is but little in most of our country,
and if a bushel is worth a ton of hay above the ground, the roots below must
be proportionately kenefited. So I believe in buying and using plaster on
clover, oats, barley, and corn, and even old pastures. But plaster is the only
manure that farmers generally can afford to buy and bring on their farms, if
they did but begin and continue in a wise course of green manuring while
their land was still good. It is very easy to work a horse and keep him fat,
but to work him and at the same time bring him up from a condition of ema-
ciation is hard work. If the owners of the excellent soils of Iowa and other
new States would but consider this, and while their land is yet at its best
estate turn their attention to green manuring and stock feeding of all their
forage and much of their corn to animals, and sell less wheat and more wool
and meat. they would get better prices for their wheat, and in the long run
more bushels to the acre; but they would sow less acres.”

456 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

All may not know Mr. Geddes. All who do, know him to be a practical and
successful farmer of ripe age and experience. No better authority can be
cited. I assume that the fullest reliance can be placed in his statements. If
so, we have only to ask: Can we grow clover here? We know it can be
done ; and probably as successfully as in any region with which Mr. Geddes is
acquainted. I therefore invite the most careful attention to his statements.
Carefully ponder this fact, viz: There is one hundred tons of green vegetable
matter in a heavy June grasssod, and more inaclover sod. One hundred tons !
This is secured in two years from the time of sowing. Meantime, two crops
of hay can be taken off besides. These offset against the cost of seed and
plaster, and use of land, which, as Mr. Geddes shows, amounts to much the
jargest sum. And so we get the one hundred tons of manure for nothing, and
money into the bargain.

I have said the more vegetable matter we can get into our soil the better. Why ?
Not to make it loose. We have little but what is already loose enough. We
may probably go the world over and hardly find another so nearly just right in
this particular, as it came from the hand of nature. Then what the food of
humus? Simply to make it rich,—productive,—grow larger crops. I say
this from a common-sense standpoint. We all do know that our land, practi-
cally, is productive or barren just about in the proportion as it contains vege-
table matter.

If it be said that it may be made to produce large crops by a sufficient
amount of stirring, done often enough, and at the right times, I shall take no
issue. I think much may be done in this way. Just how it is brought about
I won’t undertake to tell, for I frankly say I don’t know. But I have a pretty
thorough conviction that it will be here as in all other places, and hereafter as
it has been heretofore, viz.: Those who work into their lands most green crops,
and hardly anything else but clover, and those who most carefully husband -
all the “ good old-fashioned barnyard manure” they can make, and most judi-
ciously apply it, will grow the biggest crops and make the most money.

Mr. Parmelee.—I am glad this paper-has been read. I consider Mr. Geddes
one of the best agricultural writers in the United States, and hope every word
of that report will be pondered on. Mr. Geddes is a practical writer. Mr.
Ellwanger is of the same opinion with regard to all manufactured manure. I
believe we read too much and have too many theories on this subject. I have
always sown fifteen pounds of clover seed to the acre, as recommended by Mr.
Geddes, with good results. Ihave often said that the manure I haul from my
yard is not worth the drawing.

Mr. Avery.—With regard to plaster, my experience teaches me that as much
advantage is derived from half a bushel as from three bushels to the acre. I
have received a letter from Grand Rapids containing an offer to supply us with
plaster, by the car load, at twelve shillings per barrel of 520 pounds, delivered
at Traverse City. The lowest prices at which we have been able to buy it
heretofore were $2.25 at the city and $2.50 here.

Mr. Tracy.—The remark of Mr. Geddes that it is easy to work a horse and
keep him fat, etc., may be applied to our soil; for, notwithstanding the great
loss of vegetable matter it sustains in the burning, during the process of clear-
ing, it still is comparatively rich when we begin to crop; and if due care is
taken in working the soil, giving it back something in exchange for the nour-
ishment supplied to our crops, it may be “worked and kept fat;” but cases
where this is not done are unfortunately of too frequent occurrence. I think

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 457

‘burning as generally practiced at present is very injurious to the soil, and
should be discontinued. The method adopted by Mr. in clearing is, in
my opinion, much better, and I believe in a great measure accounts for his
haying better than average crops. He collects the hewn timber into heaps,
gathering together even the small branches, confining the burning to the
smallest possible area.

Mr. A. Montague.—With me the application of plaster to clover has resulted
well. In my experience with it I have found that old plaster is as beneficial
as fresh. Have not found it benefit corn. Have used ashes on corn, clover,
wheat, and under my orchard trees without any perceptible effect.

Mr. B. Montague.—From my experience with piaster I am convinced of its
efficacy in increasing yield of clover crops, even when sown on old pastures.
I believe it the best thing to keep our soil in good condition. I have used
ashes on clay soil to good advantage, but have sown them here without any
marked effect. It would be well for us to experiment as my brother has done.
We may thus learn much with regard to these manures which would prove
useful to us.

Mr. Avery.—Where land is cheap it may be more profitable to turn in green
crops than to draw manure; but were land is high I believe it pays to manure.

Mr. Parmelee.—No doubt Mr. Avery has improved his farm by manuring.
The point Mr. Geddes makes is, that it is cheaper to fertilize by turning under
green crops than to make and draw manure for that purpose. This is thesame
statement which I have made. I would not draw manure out of my yard were
it not in my way. With regard to ashes and plaster I will say that I have
used leached ashes with plaster, and was well pleased with the result. Plaster
would possibly have done as well alone.

Mr. Ladd.—Where I have applied plaster to timothy it has had no percept-
ible effect ; but where used on mixed crop of clover and timothy doth have been
benefited; the crop from that part of the field which was plastered was double
that harvested from the part which was not plastered. I have applied plaster
to corn (a handful to the hill) without any marked result. Ashes so used
have increased the yield of corn. Like Mr. Montague I have found old plaster
as good as new.

Mr. Tracy.—In my experiments at the Agricultural College, I found that
leached ashes used on the bare ground proved better than either plaster, or
salt and plaster. Corn was not perceptibly benefited by plaster, but was
markedly increased by the application of muck and salt. If we grow clover
in our orchards, how are we going to protect our young orchards from grass-
hoppers ?

Mr. Pratt—I have tried plaster on corn, but have found no benefit from if.

THREE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

OLD Mission, Feb. 23, 1874.

‘The club met at the usual hour, President Savage in the chair.
The secretary read the following paper, handed in by Mr. Parmelee:
First QuESTION—Can we manure young orchards too much ?

58

458 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

ANSWER—Yes. No man can afford to plant an orchard and then let it
alone until it is ready to bear, any more than he can afford to plant a field of
corn and not go near it again till ripe. There are two ways to encourage the
growth: one by plowing or cultivating, the other by manuring. Cultivation
you can stop as early in the season as you please; and if the ground is not
yery rich the growth will soon stop preparatory to winter; but in case of
heavy manuring, a warm fall with rains will be likely to keep up growth too
late to allow proper ripening of wood before winter, and the risk is greater, if
manuring and cultivation are combined. The question of hardiness 1s simply
that of proper ripeness, and that is attained by a seasonable stoppage of
growth, and prevention of subsequent activity. Where manuring is heavy,
your trees are more subject to the caprice of the seasons; but if you encourage
growth mainly by cultivation, the process of fall ripening of wood is much
more under your control?

SECOND QUESTION—How can we best utilize hen-house manure ?

ANSWER—I would say, Make as fine as practicable, and apply on the garden,
mixing it in the surface soil about as deep as will make it a connecting sub-
stance between the capillary moisture of the ground and the air.

THIRD QUESTION—Is it equally beneficial to the land to harvest clover and
turn the sod, as it is to turn under the whole crop, root and branch ?

ANSWER-—-I cannot answer this very confidently. Our general ideas of
green manuring would lead us to say, ‘‘ No! the more we can turn under the
better.” But I am aware that the experiments on record tend to prove the
eontrary,—that more wheat is grown where the clover is taken off before plow-
ing; and I have seen some results that lead me to think the same way. If the
facts are as the experiments seem to prove, they are «s much against the popu-
Jar notion as they are against theory from the standpoint of chemical analysis.
The value of the hay to be saved or turned under makes it an important ques-
tion, and I would like to hear it discussed in the light of experience.

Mr. Gray.—I cannot speak from personal experience, but have read state-
ments to the effect that clover is worth nearly as much as manure after being
passed through animals as it is in its green state.

Mr. B. Montague.—I like Mr. Geddes’ plan of harvesting one crop and turn-
ing under the second growth.

Mr. Parmelee.—I should like to hear Mr. Ladd’s experience with clover.

Mr. Ladd.—I have had but little experience. ‘Tried turning under second
growth, amounting to about a ton to the acre, and had a good crop of wheat.

Mr. Marshall.—Mr. Brinkman harvested first crop from part of a field, and
turned under the whole crop on the other part; could see no difference in
succeeding crops. ‘They were equally good on both portions of the field.

Mr. B. Montague.—I think it well to cut clover early, so as to have a good
second growth to turn under in time for winter wheat.

Mr. Parmelee.—In Germany there are a great many experimental farms.
There, the results of a long series of experiments are favorable to turning
under the bare sods; indeed, the very best results are obtained by turning
under after a seed cropis taken off. They also establish this additional fact,—
that crops were not so satisfactory after sheep pasturage as by the first method.
Possibly, the constant niobling prevented the growth of the roots.

Mr. E. Wait.—I should not expect the best results from plowing under clover
the first year. The year following and succeeding years get the benefit of it.

Mr. Montague.—Mr. Wait’s idea is a very valuable one, especially where land

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 459

is wanting in vegetable matter. You thus obtain vegetable matter for future
use.

Mr. Reese.— My plan is to plow about four inches the first time and six the
second.

Mr. Parmelee.—Even on very sandy soil, if the season is wet, you can grow
clover, and of course after that any crop. Ihave in mind a piece of that descrip-
tion which, from the depth of the sand was a terror to travelers, thus brought
up to fertility.

Mr. Ladd.—lIt is possible, in the case of those German experiments to which
Mr. Parmelee has alluded, there was already sufficient humus in the soil. If
80, full results would not be obtained the first year or two.

Mr. Curtis.—I notice Mr. Geddes turns his sod just before he sows his seed.
Here we may do that, but if his land is heavy I don’t see how he prepares his
seed-bed properly. On my light clover land 1 manured heavily with barn-yard
manure, had a good stand of wheat in the fall, but it grew rank and winter
killed.

Mr. E. Wait—After manuring I plow shallow, that the wheat roots may
have the benefit of the manure.

Mr. Parmelee.—Mr. Geddes, in a letter published about the year 1868, dis-
suades from summer-fallowing. I am inclined to favor Mr. Wait’s idea of
shallow plowing, if you can kill the sod. I have seen no good effects, at least
not immediate good effects, from plowing in deeply either sod or manure.

Mr. E. Wait.—If you want a good first crop, don’t plow deep.

Mr. Parmelee—The New York club has been in a muddle for years over this
question of deep and shallow plowing. I hope we shan’t follow their example.
The fact that sod land plowed shallow brings the best present crops, is nothing
against deep plowing. On bare land deep stirring, thereby exposing the sub-
soil to the air, is beneficial. And even on our well drained lands tile drainage
would be good. Deep and shallow plowing, as applied to sod or bare land, are
two very different things.

Mr. Savage.--Turning under long straw will have much the same effect as
tile drainage. I have witnessed its good results in Wisconsin in an unusually
dry season.

Mr. Parmelee.—I once knew a peach orchard situated on asandy soil, but sub-
ject to overflow. ‘The owner laid down a tile drain between the rows of trees.
The next year the orchard did splendidly. The following spring the orchard
was deluged as usual. On examination he found his drain full of fibrous roots.
The tiles were removed and large ones of wood replaced them; but the next
year these also were filled with tibrous roots,—filled as if they had been rammed
in. Why should those fibrous roots grow there in such immense quantities ?
While absent I read your discussion on weeds; and as to Canada thistles,
would say I have effectually destroyed them by cutting them down and apply-
ing salt.

Mr. Savage.--Dr. Mack, of Benzonia, says sulphuric acid, a drop or two only,
will kill any weed.

Mr. B. Montague.--I learn there are more thistle patches.

Mr. W. Parmelee.——Applyivg kerosene to the aphis, 1 killed them and the
twig they infested. Perhaps it will kill thistle.

Mr. Darius Drew.—I have heard that kerosene will kill the thistle effectually.

460 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE PROPER TIME TO SOW GRASS SEEDS.

Op Mission, March 2, 1874.

The club met at the usual hour. President Savage in the chair.

Subject for discussion: “The proper time to sow grass seeds, and with
what crops ?”

Mr. E. Wait being called on to give his experience in sowing grass seeds,
said: By sowing clover with wheat in fall, the first week in September, and
in spring not later than May 10th, I have invariably met with success. In the
case of timothy the time of sowing is not so important. I sow eight quarts of
clover seed, or four of clover and two of timothy to the acre. ‘Timothy and
clover sown together grow better than either one alone. My method of gow-
ing is first to sow wheat, then drag the ground and sow the grass seeds. Clover
sown with buckwheat by Mr. Kelly on September 1st resulted in a good crop ;
sown With wheat by him at the same time it did not succeed so well.

Mr. W. Parmelee.—Clover sown with wheat by my father resulted in a crop
of five tons to the acre in two cuttings.

Mr. Gray.—I have met with success by sowing grass seeds with wheat early
in September, with buckwheat early in July, and with oats early in May.

Mr. Savage.—Mr. Marshall and myself had good crops of clover by sowing it
with buckwheat early in July.

Mr. Gray.—I think the failure in clover crops is often owing to light seed-
ing. I sow fifteen pounds to the acre, or one bushel to four acres.

Mr. Drew.—Mr. Marshall sows wheat between 1st and 10th of September,
and immediately after seeds to clover, with general success.

Mr. A. Wait.—I think there is little use sowing clover after 10th Sep tember.

Mr. Ira Porter—Two years ago I sowed clover seed with winter wheat in
October and had a good “catch.” Sown with oats last year it failed.

Mr. Curtis——Clover needs a large amount of moisture. If the sowing is fol-
lowed by frequent falls of rain, a good “catch” will be obtained; if, on the
contrary, drought succeeds the sowing, the crop will be light, or entirely: fail.
More depends on the quantity of rain which falls after the sowing than the
time of sowing, and hence the advisability of sowing in fall, when rain is more
prevalent than at other seasons.

Mr. Pratt.—-I sowed clover with millet in May, and had the finest “catch” I
ever saw, although no rain fell till the following July. Has it occurred to
any present who have not succeeded with clover that the seed may have been
defective ? We import all our seed, and don’t know how old itis. I believe
our soil is naturally well adapted to the growth of clover and all kinds of
grasses.

Mr. B. Montague.—I think failure in clover crops is often due to drought.
Ordinarily if clover is sown in early part of September it gets considerable
growth before hard frosts come, and does well. I do not know why it does not
succeed if sown later, but it isso. I believe one cause of failure is light sow-
ing; a bushel to four acres is, in my opinion, the right quantity to sow.

Mr. Savage—I think rolling the ground after. sowing clover keneficial.
Mine, sown with buckwheat and rolled, resulted in a good * catch.” /

Mr. Drew.—In order to show how run-down land may be brought to a fertile
State by grasses, I will cite the following instance: In 1825 in “passing from

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 461

Albany to Utica by mail stage (which was the only conveyance at that date),
I noticed that farms with fine buildings were vacant and falling into ruin on
the plains in that region. On inquiring the cause of this I was informed that
the soil was “run out” and would produce no crops. Later, a man from Great
Britain bought one of these farms for a mere trifle, and by a judicious use of
clover, so increased the fertility of the soil as to raise a magnificent crop of
wheat. ‘The consequence was that these abandoned farms were bought at high
prices and are now producing excellent crops of all kinds.

THE BEST FLAVORED APPLES,

OLp Mission, March 16, 1874.

The club met at the usual hour, President Savage in the chair, and Secre-
tary McCallum at his desk.

Subject of discussion: The qualities and flavor of the different varieties of
apples.

A committee, consisting of Messrs. Parmelee, Marshall, and Porter, was ap-
pointed for the purpose of classifying the apples brought in by members, and
arranging them for exhibition. The said committee reported twenty varieties,
viz.: Flushing Spitzenburg, Yellow Bellflower, Grimes’ Golden Pippin, Swaar,
Rhode Island Greening, King of Tompkins County, Ben Davis, Golden Russet,
Roxbury Russet, Perry Russet, Baldwin, Belmont, Northern Spy, Lady Apple,
Cayuga Redstreak, Wagener, Stone Apple, Rawle’s Janet, Esopus Spitzenburg,
Red Canada.

After the apples had been examined and tasted, a vote was taken in order to
determine which was considered the best flavored apple, and resulted as fol-
lows: Golden Russet, 15; Esopus Spitzenburg, 7; Grimes’ Golden, 4; Green-
ing, 3; Wagener, 3; Belmont, 1; Lady Apple, 1.

Mr. Parmelee distributed scions of the “Tewksbury Winter Blush” to all
members wishing to have them.

THE BEST APPLES FOR PROFIT AND FOR DESSERT.

Op Mission, March 23, 1874.

The club met at the usual hour, President Savage in the chair.

Subject for discussion: “Which are the best apples for us to grow for
profit °”

The secretary read the following letter, forwarded to the club by Mr. O. E.
Clark of Traverse City :

17 PorTLAND Buiock, CHICAGO,
February 13, 1874.

Mr. O. E. Clark, Grand Traverse, Michigan :

Dear BrotrHer:—TI called yesterday on Mr. H. P. Stanley of this city, who

462 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

is the largest dealer in apples here, as well as the oldest, his sales reaching
nearly half a million dollars annually.

My object was to learn what sorts of winter apples he sold the most of, and
that gave best satisfaction. He said he hardly wanted to see more than five
varieties, and he named them as follows, the first named being the most valu-
able, and so on, viz: Rhode Island Greening, Esopus Spitzenburg, Baldwin,
Northern Spy, Roxbury Russet. He remarked that in the fifteen years that
he had been in the fruit trade here, he had tried several times to introduce
other sorts, some of which are as good, or possibly better; but the above are
so well known and so satisfactory that he would not care to raise any others.

Yours truly, THomas LYMAN.

Mr. W. H. Adams, in a paper to the secretary, stated that his collated list of
trees, sold this winter for the Grand Traverse nurseries, shows the varieties of
apples most in public favor to be,—Wagener, Rhode Island Greening, and
Golden Russet; and of pears, the Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, and Doyenne
d’Hte.

In order to ascertain which was considered by the club to be the best des-
sert apple, each member was requested to name the three varieties which he
esteemed most highly for this purpose. The result was:

1st Choice. 2d Choice. 3d Choice.

olden nsset oe 232 oa see sean ea es oe Sate 11 5 6
IME S Gy OLUON 2 eo he eh eee ee eee ete 3 3 i!)
ISO DUSTS PIPZONOUTS ee noon ys a ent ieee 5 2 2
1 BYE) bVa5 oN FL a Sa yn a Po Oe et en PRT Se 1 0 0
WAAR ae seen eek ee Reg pees he kl ta om 1 0 1
TRAN A DDO Ge scree 6 Soe seo te om ao Se aici 1 0 0
IROMOUBY MNMSSCho. 42056 S289 yc A ten ae eee 1 if 0
\ VSS IVES Ga aS Up es pe) na OT = il 4 i)
home island Greening,< 2208 5 see i etn pon ie 0 3 5
INOTLBOTNAS DY 6. cece. se ee ee a ees oe 0 ik 0

Mr. Curtis.—I suggest that a resolution be passed to the effect that this club
deems it unwise to grow the Esopus Spitzenburg for market in this region. I
make this suggestion because I think it just as practicable to grow pine apples
as the Ksopus Spitzenburg to perfection here, and I should regret exceeding-
ly should any vote of this club influence any person to grow this apple. I be-
lieve those apples of this variety exhibited at our last meeting were very in-
ferior to those grown in other regions. Of a dozen trees which I have in my
orchard, not one is fine and healthy, and only one has borne fruit, although
they are nine or ten years old. The Golden Russet, on the contrary, grows to
greater perfection than in any other region that I know of.

Mr. Porter.—I have some Esopus Spitzenburg trees the same age as those of
Mr. Curtis, which have borne a few apples the last two years, and are as hand-
some and healthy as the trees of other varieties in the orchard, except the bark-
splitting, to which they are subject.

Mr. EK. Wait.—I have some trees of this variety which are as nice and healthy
as any in my orchard. They are nine years old and have borne well the last
two vears.

Mr. Marshall.—I have one tree of the Esopus Spitzenburg twelve years old,
which has borne but little.

Mr. Parmelee.—I admit that the Esopus Spitzenburg has the reputation of

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 463

being a bad bearer, but do not think it should be condemned on account of
Mr. Curtis’ experience. I have one tree which has borne full and well for five
years. This is not a productive yariety. Those of Mr. Parker are healthy ; else-
where in this region they have done well, and I believe that with good care
they will succeed well here. Nevertheless, I agree with Mr. Curtis that nothing
in fayor of the growth of this apple for market should go out from this club.
Mr. Avery.—It appears that the Esopus Spitzenburg requires a strong, dry
soil and warmth. ‘They do best on the side of a hill sloping to the east, and
will not bear well on sandy soil. I do not believe they will do well under the
influence of the low temperature of this country. At this date my Baldwins
are in the last stage of maturity, whereas my Golden Russets are deliciously
crisp and juicy. I recommend planting Golden Russets largely, and if later
we wish to change them, we can do so by top grafting. I would to-day as soon
risk my last dollar in planting Golden Russets as invest it in any railroad
stock, and should consider the former investment less speculative than the lat-
ter. The day is not far distant when this apple will command a higher price,
instead of a dollar lower as at present, than any other apple in the market.

HOW TO HANDLE APPLES.

Oup Mission, Nov. 7, 1874.

Monthly meeting of the club on the evening of this day. President Savage
in the chair.

Mr. Avery.—One word as to pruning. I saw a very intelligent man who
proposed to cut out the leader when his trees had attained the height say of
eight feet. Here we practice a different system. I should like to ask Mr.
Parmelee as to his experience on the subject.

Mr. Parmelee.—Have never been anything but an orchardist, and if I am
well settled on any subject it is that we should always preserve a leader.

Mr. Tracy.—This tea-saucer system of pruning is derived from the English
practice, where perhaps from their damp climate it may be the better way.
American writers have copied from English authorities, and so the practice
has grown up among us.

Mr. Parmelee.—I noticed fruit when in the south part of the State, and also
at Traverse City, and I know how fruit has been handled. Now, when men
are new in the business it is not to be expected they should know all about
these things, but when I was in Traverse City I saw Northern Spies good
enough to bring ten dollars per barrel next spring, really not as good as Indian
apples. ‘I'hey were full of little dents and would not keep at all. This is not
peculiar to this section. I have seen the same thing elsewhere and for years.
If a man should handle his other crops in that way what would you say of
him? Handle your apples like eggs,—yes, if eggs were worth five dollars each.
Handle your apples as you would eggs at that price.

Mr. Barney.—I have had experience in handling apples and know that Mr.
Parmelee tells the truth. Not one farmer in ten can be trusted to handle
fruit. Have instructed farmers to pick carefully by hand and let the basket
down into the barrel as far as possible, yet they would not do so. Once as I

464 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

got within forty rods of an orchard where I had bought fruit and given the
proper instructions, I heard a big noise. On getting nearer I saw a man with
a big tin pail pouring the apples from the top into the bottom of the barrel ;
another was pitching them as far as he could into a bushel basket. Some
gather them carefully in baskets, take them by hand out of the baskets and
put them carefully away. Even an ordinary apple handled in that way will
keep and bring a large price in the spring.

Mr. Avery.—Many have an idea that apples sweat in the barrel, but this is a
mistake. True, apples accumulate condensed moisture, but this is for much the
same philosophical reason that drops of moisture collect on a glass of cold
water brought into a warm room. If the atmosphere of the cellar is cooler
than the exterior air apples will not “sweat.”

Mr. Parmelee.—Don’t pick in rainy weather, nor head them up on a very
cold day. Apples should go into the cellar at about the temperature of the
cellar.

Mr. Tracy.—Bright, mild weather is undoubtedly the best for this work.

Mr. Parmelee.—Apples picked in damp weather, or in the snow, and with
leaves thrown in, won’t keep. We can just as well get ten dollars per barrel
for our best apples as not if we handle them properly. There should not be a
dent in them. You can keep Snow apples and other tender skinned varieties
very much longer by this treatment.

Mr. Drew.—Fruit should be gathered in October, but if you have an orchard
of fifty acres, where are you to get help to pick them so carefully ?

Mr. Ladd.—One half the apples gathered in this way are worth more than
double the quantity gathered carelessly.

Cub adjourned to Friday evening, November 27, when the annual election
of officers takes place.

THE VALUE OF ROOT CROPS.

Oxup Mission, Dee. 7, 1874.

Club met on the evening of this day, the new president, Benj. Montague,
presiding, and Mr. George LL. Roberts at the secretary’s table.

Mr. Marshall——We don’t appreciate the value of our soil and climate for
roots. ‘I'wo tons of hay and one hundred bushels of turnips are worth more
than three tons of hay, with the additional advantage that animals thus fed
require less water. I plow early and manure thoroughly, planting somewhat
lesg than three feet between rows, and thinning out to about ten inches in the,
row. I grew this year on one acre 600 bushels of yellow ruta-bagas. ‘The
actual cost of this crop, including every item of expense, together with the
interest on the land at $40 per acre, is $37 75, or about six and one-third
cents per bushel. Its value at fifteen cents per bushel, $90, leaving a clear
profit of $52 25 per acre.

Mr. Parmelee.—I have always had fine crops of ruta-bagas in dry seasons.
After plowing the ground, have taken off one blade of shovel plow, run through
with the other, planted my seed in this drill, and had a good yield. One crop
put in this way, which we were unable to dig, went through the winter well.

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 465

Mr. Montague-Sometimes that crop brings high prices and sometimes
nothing.

Mr. Tracy.—Our plan for keeping turnips is this: A Jong ditch made with
the plow, the roots thrown in, straw placed on top, and the ground thrown
back on them. This was followed, I believe, with the spade. This was thought
to be very fine for beets particularly, as they did not heat, and the convenience
of getting at them is great.

Mr. Marshall.—I put 500 bushels together this fall. If I had not opened
them early they might have spoiled. ‘They were already heating, though they
were by no means so securely covered as we cover potatoes.

Mr. Tracy.—Root cellars will heat with all the ventilation you are able to
give if large quantities are put in together. I adopted an expedient this fall
on which I will report next spring. It consists of a ventilator over the top,
extending out at each end of the pit. The end may be closed in cold weather.

Mr. Drew.—One hundred bushels are enough to place in one pit. Throw
straw lightly over them, and a little dirt; leave the ends open till cold
weather, then close them, and on warm days open again for ventilation.
Bruises on turnips will not make them heat, but carth mixed with them gath-
ers dampness, which probably generates heat. Laing’s purple tops are the
best for us. They have no lateral roots, grow partly out of the ground, are
sweet and not strong, and for the table cook as easily as potatoes.

Mr. Reese.—Roots invariably begin to rot when you cut off the top.

Mr. Tracy.—Possibly cutting below the bud occasions decay. Seedsmen
claim that the best seed is grown from plants with a single shoot.

Mr. Parmelee.—I am a skeptic on improved varieties. I have seen Mr.
Marshall’s turnips, and my opinion is that mine, though not so thoroughly put
in, are perhaps as fine as his.

Mr. Montague.—Of the same variety those sown in drills grow with necks
and no bottoms; those sown broadcast were perfect and very fine.

Mr. Drew.—Some of our turnips weighed from ten to fifteen pounds; they
were not pithy, but solid.

Mr. McCallum.—One of mine was enough for three meals, and very sweet
and fine at that.

Mr. Tracy.—Cow horns are a good variety. They grow out of the ground.

Mr. Montague.—I have raised the Russia, a white sweet turnip, which fed
to cows does not make the milk taste; but I would not recommend them for
feed, as they bring up too much dirt.

Mr. Marshall.—There is nothing better for general use than the yellow ruta-
baga. I plant from the 15th to the 20th of June, earlier here than in the’
southern part of the State.

Mr. Tracy.—At Lansing the last of June or first of Juty will do. The nights
there are warmer. Here our plants grow but little at night. I am now satis-
fied that the long orange carrot is the best variety for us. Their depth in the
ground is no objection. The subsoil plow brings them out, cutting no roots,
but throwing them out about as fast as a horse will walk.

Mr. B. Lardie—The subsoil plow does the work effectually, and I am in-
clined to think it admirable, in order to ripen up the roots in the fall, to run
the plow along one side of the row.

Mr. Tracy.—My subsoil plow came from Boston. Mr. Holdsworth of Tray-
erse City 1s getting them up on an improved plan.

59

466 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Montague.—I dig carrots by running a plow near the roots and then
pulling them up. The subsoil is certainly a great improvement.

Mr. Drew.—Manure in the fall for turnips, plow it in, cultivate with gang
plow in the spring, and never plant two successive crops on the same land.

Mr. Parmelee.—I have a curious piece of wheat, or rather what was wheat,
for the wheat has disappeared. But I have seen no yellow leaves, nor have I
noticed the Hessian fly. What is the matter I don’t know: perhaps cut-worm.

Mr. Marshall.—The fly is here, but where they work the dead plant is
always found.

Mr. Reese.—I sowed two and one-half acres of wheat early on peas and oat
ground. It is pretty much eaten up. Scarcely any wheat or appearance of
wheat left, but where there is any I find the Hessian fly. This wheat never
covered the ground. Where the ground was well covered the fly has not done
so much damage.

Mr. Tracy—I have read that good root crops may be raised on clover sod
turned down in the fall.

Mr. Marshall—Such ground should be gang-plowed in the spring; the soil
must be finely pulverized for turnips.

Mr. McCallum.—Will manure, put on the ground this fall one year ago and
plowed in, but no crop planted, benefit crops the coming year ?

Mr. Parmelee.—Experiments seem to demonstrate that manure placed on
the surface does the most good, though I was educated in the opposite notion.

Mr. Marshall.—I prefer, if the manure is not too coarse, to place it on the
surface and work in with gang plow in the spring.

Mr. Parmelee.—I mulched one row of trees with strong manure and another
with straw, and if there is a difference, itis in favor of the straw mulching.
The straw prevents evaporation, and its benefit is seen in the growth of the
trees.

Mr. Drew.—That is Nature’s way. Leaves perform the same office for our
forest trees.

ROOT CULTURE.

Oxtp Mission, Dec. 14, 1874.

Club met on the evening of this day, Mr. J. M. Pratt in the chair, George L.
Roberts, secretary.

Mr. Reese exhibited specimens of ruta-baga and mangel-wurzel, the former
weighing 144 pounds. The ground on which these were grown was manured
in the fall, plowed in the spring. The seed was sown on the fourth day of
June, and yielded at the rate of 800 bushels to the acre. He thought if the
crop had been thoroughly tilled the yield would have been far larger. His
mangel-wurzels were injured by the worms; otherwise did well. They are
better for cows than the ruta-bagas, as they do not affect the milk, but they are
very tender, and as easily damaged by frost as the potato. Owing to their
tenderness they are more difficult to handle than ruta-bagas, and are attacked
by the cut-worm, though not by the fly. The fly will disturb the ruta-bagas,
but they are a harder root than the mangel-wurzel.

4

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 467

Mr. John Franklin.—I drilled in one rod of the Long Orange carrots on
unmanured land. I hoed them well, and when they began to root, loosened the
ground about them by sinking a spade full depth along the rows. I sowed the
seed in the last days of June, and the ground yielded at the rate of 960 bushels
to the acre.

Mr. Pratt.--Mr. Lardie says plow very deep for roots. He esteems this es-
sential to success. J put some in early, but the cut-worms took them.

Mr. Parmelee.~—Mr. Franklin’s carrots were put in weeks later than is usual
here. This may be an important fact.

Mr. E. Wait.—I had 800 bushels to the acre of carrots. They were put in
late in June. My ground was plowed twice to destroy weeds. They were put
in late partly on that account.

Mr. Pratt——My carrots were up before these were planted.

Mr. Franklin—There were worms in abundance early in the spring, but
none when I planted. The ground was June sod the year before and planted
to potatoes. The plowing for carrots brought the rotton sod to the surface.

Mr. Drew.—My experience in raising roots teaches me that the ground must
be kept thoroughly clean. If this is done the worms leave. Ducks in the
garden at least are a valuable help to keep down the worms.

Mr. Wait.—Mr. Langdon of Elk Rapids put on one-half of his garden com-
mon salt. The other half was treated in the usual way. On the first half there
were no worms; the other half was destroyed by them. He proposes to apply
salt to the whole piece the coming season.

Mr. Parmelee.—A_ yery effectual method of preventing injury to buds on
young trees is to place about the trunk a strip of very stiff paper, say four
inches wide, folded funnel shape, the upper end firmly and closely secured to
the trunk. The worms will go into this funnel, but are not able to crawl down
its inner surface and so over it to the young buds.

Mr. Brinkman.—I think Mr. Hedden had some peach trees protected in this
way several years ago, but the worms girdled the trees.

Mr. Parmelee.—They must have been very hungry indeed. I have practiced
this method with success for years.

Mr. Brinkman.—Coarse straw around young trees effectually prevents the
ravages of the cut-worm. Before we leave the subject, let me say that after
repeated experiments I am satisfied carrots are a surer crop than ruta-bagas.
Even grasshoppers trouble them but little, and they keep longer than most
other vegetables. I have fed them until June. The mistake we make is, we
plant them too early. Plow the ground, let the weeds come up, plow the ground
again, say middle of June, and before another crop of weeds come up the car-
rots haye the start of them. I have raised seventy bushels on sixteen square
rods: the variety White Belgian. If you cultivate them by hand twenty inches
is far enough between the rows.

Mr. E. Wait.—I plant mine two and one-half feet between rows, so as to plow.

Mr. Drew.—We have raised 175 bushels of carrots on one-fifth of an acre.

Mr. Pratt.—I have pitted 100 bushels together and they kept well.

Mr. Reese.-—In Wales I have known 1,000 bushels put together on the sur-
face of the ground, and covered with straw and earth, but in the spring they
were full of fibrous roots.

Mr. Parmelee.—I keep the long blood beet over winter in an ordinary cellar,
piling them up like wood, end for end. They don’t heat, nor wilt, nor grow;
and in the spring they are crisp and good.

468 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Mr. Pratt.—I am in favor of carrots for all purposes. My horses don’t seem
to like ruta-bagas, but all animals eat carrots. I believe I plant too early; I
now think the worms take them.

Mr. Brinkman.—My trouble is, the weeds come up before the carrots. Plow
twice and plant late.

Mr. Drew.—As between the Belgian and the Orange, you get bulk with the
first, but all the best qualities with the latter. They need rich soil and deep
plowing.

Mr. Brinkman.—Has Mr. Parmelee ever seen the Pound Pear?

Mr. Parmelee.—Yes, many of them. The pear is large. In Oregon, Cali-
fornia, and Missouri they grow larger than with us; but the question is, are
they worth anything ?

Mr. Drew.—Maj. Brevoort of Detroit gathered sixty bushels of very fair
pears from one tree.

Mr. Parmelee.—I hear the Roxbury Russet and the Baldwin are recom-
mended by eastern nurserymen for cultivation here, but the Roxbury here is ten-
der and liable to split, and the flavor by no means equal to the Golden Russet.
Nor would it be wise to plant largely of the Baldwin here. ‘The Shiawassee
Beauty, a seedling from the Fameuse, is said to be superior to it. I have been
in all our orchards, and we have no better apple than the Golden Russet. Nei-
ther in the orchard nor the nursery was there any leaf blight, when for two
seasons almost every other variety was affected.

Mr. Drew.—We have fair crops of Russets every year; the other varieties
are not so uniform.

Mr. Parmelee.—The size of the Golden Russet is no objection to it. There
is a demand for large apples, but it is not so extensive as for the smaller va-
rieties.

THE POTATO.

OxLp Mission, Jan. 11, 1875.

Club met on the evening of this day. President Montague in the chair.

Mr. Tracy.—We had not long since a very interesting discussion on root
crops, but I should like to hear something more about potatoes. Successful
wheat growers harvest sixty bushels to the acre, though twenty bushels or
even less is the ordinary yield. The difference, of course, is in the preparation
of the soil and other circumstances; but are there any similar facts in regard
to the potato? B. K. Bliss & Co. offered premiums for best crop of potatoes,
and in one instance a piece of ground, one half acre in size, was made to yield
at the rate of 900 bushels to the acre. Now, don’t this show we have some-
thing to learn on this subject ? If sixty bushels instead of twenty bushels of
wheat can be raised on one acre, I should like to know if we can’t do better on
potatoes.

Mr. Marshall.—Last year I raised 260 bushels of Peachblows to the acre on
wheat stubble plowed in the fall, but not mantred. I planted near the surface
and covered well. I first threw the dirt from the hills with the horse hoe, go-
ing both ways, thus leaving the hills about one foot square; when the small

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 469

weeds came up I went over these hills with the potato hook. In the course of
a week or such matter, I went through them again with my horse hoe, this
time throwing the dirt fo the hills. Afterwards I cultivated as I found it
necessary or convenient, say three or four times in the season. I made my
hills small to saye labor—no doubt a light drag would serve this end, that is,
gave labor. All the hand work was done with the potato hook, as I have
stated, except, of course, the work to keep down bugs. Larly Rose potatoes
should be planted deeper. Straight rows save labor.

Mr. Montague.—My method is much like Mr. Marshall’s. In addition, I use
ashes and plaster—two parts ashes to one of plaster. This application pro-
motes early growth. I plant early. Perhaps we don’t raise so many as we
might if barnyard manure was applied. They use this in New York, and
raise from 400 to 600 bushels to the acre. Manure of this description might
not be so valuable here, but I have no doubt rotted barnyard manure would
increase the yield one-third or more. I plant the whole potato. Have prac-
ticed both ways, but prefer the whole potato if not too large.

Mr. Tracy.—Mr. Salter, of Minnesota, raised, I have read, 1,000 bushels to
the acre. After hilling up he filled up the trenches with barnyard manure. I
believe the variety was Early Vermont.

Mr. Drew.—Three hundred bushels to the acre is a large crop in this coun-
try of either Carters or Peachblows.

Mr. Tracy.—How early shall we plant ?

Mr. Drew.—That depends on the season. If touched with the frost their
growth is retarded,—say about corn-planting time.

Mr. Marshall.—Peachblows start slowly. ‘There is no advantage in attempt-
ing to sprout. arly Rose do better not planted so early.

Mr. Reese.—How late should we cultivate ?

Mr. Montague.—Not after the tops begin to droop. Our rule is not after
they blossom. Our plan is to plant early, go through in two weeks, and again
in about ten days. We don’t hill at all, but you must throw dirt to the hill or
you will have sunburnt potatoes.

Mr. Marshall. You must keep the weeds out, even if you have to pull them
out.

Mr. Montague—If the ground is crusted, stir it; it may be necessary to do
so once a week.

Mr. Drew.—I have known this to be done. Turn over a pasture of say ten
acres; plant one half to Early Rose; cut in sets, one eye to the set; plant in
every third furrow, ten to twelve inches apart; pass the harrow lengthwise
over the rows and recross the other way; then work with the cultivator. This
will give a good crop of smooth, even sized potatoes. The remainder of the
ground sow to peas. All will come off in time for fall wheat. This will give
fine feed for hogs and immense crops may be raised.

Mr. Tracy.—How about drills ?

Mr. Drew.—This is the plan in Scotland: They are put in eight inches
apart in the rows, and rows twenty inches apart, and crops of 500 or 600
bushels are raised. You can’t raise so many in hills. Land is too valuable
there to plant in any other way. The average of our potato crop here for the
last ten years is about 100 bushels to the acre.

Mr. Brinkman.—More potatoes can be raised in drills than hills. It usually
takes twelve hills to the bushel.

Mr. Tracy.—I got one bushel from eight hills.

470 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Montague.—I have dug one bushel Early Shaw from four hills. I put
in plenty of seed, used to cut my potatoes, and put in three pieces to the hill.

Mr. Tracy.—My experience is in favor of drills; the only trouble is the
economy of cultivating.

Mr. Drew.—Plow your land in ridges, plant your potatoes on each side of the
ridge, split the ridge with the plow which throws the dirt each way and covers
the potatoes.

Mr. Montague.—I have seen potatoes planted as Mr. drew describes. No
doubt more can be raised by planting in drills. The trouble is the expense of
cultivating, unless you have good tools.

Mr. Chas. Beers——In New Jers y they plant Peachblows in hills and Early
Rose in drills, three feet apart; use a harrow, and when the potato is up plow
from it and afterwards throw the dirt to the hill. They use a machine to dig
them. The soil is a clay loam. Guano is used as a fertilizer, andbarn yard
manure and mar] as a compost.

Mr. Brinkman.—I think Peachblows should be planted on our heaviest
land; you won’t get one half a crop on sandy land. Plant Early Rose and
Shaws on sandy land,—not Peachblows. My first crop of potatoes here was
the best I believe I ever did raise. I planted three pecks of seed and harvested
eighty bushels of potatoes, but they were Red Merinos. I don’t think Peach-
blows yield as heavily as some other varieties, but they are the market potato.
We plant our Early Rose too soon, I think.

Mr. E. K. Wait—My Early Rose did better than any other variety. I
planted them about the first of June.

Mr. Stone. —I planted my Early Rose about the first of May. They yielded
110 bushels to the acre.

Mr. Tracy.—I am of the opinion that the Fluke, or some early potato other
than the Rose, better than that variety.

Mr. Montague.—The Peerless is not so good. It will grow too large,and the
quality is inferior.

Mr. Tracy.—I saw at our last fair the best potato I ever saw. It was a seed-
ling from the Fluke, between the Early Rose and Peachblow in ripening.
They were remarkably uniform in size.

Mr. Drew.—The English Fluke is not very profitable here. Fifty bushels to
the acre is a large crop, but it is one of the very best for baking.

Mr. Reese.—In Europe I have known 800 bushels of this variety dug from
one acre.

Mr. Brinkman.—The Early Shaw is a good baker and a good yielder.

Mr. Tracy.—I believe you can get as early a ripe potato from the Shaw as
from the Early Rose.

Mr. Montague—The Climax is a fine potato too, but if we raise for market
we must grow what people like.

Mr. Tracy.—The Vanderveen will sell well, and there are many other yari-
eties which, perhaps, will sell quite as well in the Chicago market.

Mr. Brinkman.—A Traverse City lawyer told me he wanted nothing but
Peachblows. Grand Traverse Peachblows seem to be the favorite.

Mr. Tracy.—The white Peachblow, if we raise any.

Mr. Brinkman.—Plenty of mauure plowed under, not too deep, is just what
we want. ‘The whole secret is in 150 bushels manure to the acre. A Rhode
Island man paid $4,000 for manure, and got his money back by sale of three
crops of potatoes, besides leaving his land in prime order.

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 471

Mr. Tracy.—We ought to raise the manure on our farms.

Mr. Brinkman.—Then if we do we shall have no trouble about our crops.

Mr. McCallum.— Manure costs too much here.

Mr. Brinkman.—There is plenty of it at Traverse City.

Mr. McCallum.—But we can’t afford to draw it from there.

Mr. Drew.—Manured ground here will bring scabby potatoes.

Mr. Brinkman.—That may be, but I manured ground heavily with coarse
manure on sandy land and had no scabby potatoes.

Mr. Drew.—The adyantage of Early Rose is, you can get them off in time
for a fall crop.

Mr. Montague.—lIt is a good policy to raise a crop of several kinds. Peach-

lows must remain in the ground as long as safe to insure ripening, and if you

have a large crop it may be impossible to dig them all. A good plan is to sell
part of any crop in the fall and the balance in the spring,—wheat or any crop.

Mr. Drew.—An average for ten years gives us fifty cents per bushel for our
potatoes.

WHAT CROPS ARE BEST FOR STOCK.

MAPLETON, Jan. 25, 1875.

The club met according to adjournment on the evening of this day, Presi-
dent Montague in the chair.

Mr. Brinkman read an essay on the following subject, viz.: “How can we
best keep up the fertility of our soil,” and the club proceeded to discuss the
question of the evening, What crops are best for our stock.

Mr. Geo. Lardie, Sr.—I have raised ruta-bagas and turnips for years. They
are good for stock, but I think I have found out something better. Ruta-bagas
are very good feed in the spring, but in very cold weather they are of little
value. For one year now I have tried the squash and find one bushel of them
worth three of ruta-bagas. This is true I believe of any kind of squash, though
the Marblehead is not so hard and keeps better than most other varieties. It
possesses the advantage over turnips for milch cows, the butter does not taste
of the food. It is cheaper than the ruta-baga, but must be handled very care-
fully. This will save them, especially if you have a root cellar. Mine are in
a barn cellar and keep well. I have raised on nine square rods of ground one
and one-half tons of pumpkin, but the squash has more substance. My pump-
kins weighed some of them fifty pounds, and were three feet long. Whether
they will keep as long as the squash I can’t say, as this is my first year with
them, but I have one of them sound yet. For horses and cattle both, and
especially for horses, I rank carrots very high. Horses fed moderately on them
come out in good condition, and are ready for work in the spring.

Mr. McCallum.—Squashes are good for horses also. Mine ran down on ordi-
nary feed, and I brought them up by this feed. I used the Boston Marrow.

Mr. Marshall.—No doubt the squash is very valuable, but I am in favor of
roots also. In fact a variety of crops is perhaps the best, so that whatever may
be the season he shall have a crop of something. Corn isa good crop. I am
wintering sixteen head of cattle on straw and fodder; have fed no hay yet. I

4°72 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

am satisfied squash is valuable for feeding; also carrots, perhaps better than
turnips, though they do not yield so heavily. Iwould recommend not to neg-
lect corn, and to raise a variety of crops.

In Europe and Asia they use barley and chopped straw for horses.

Mr. Marshall.—I tried barley here for two years, but it was a partial failure ;
nor do oats do well here.

Mr. A. P. Gray.—My objection to Mr. Lardie’s suggestions is the great care
squashes require. They take time and trouble far more than roots, and on that
ground I favor roots. Some go in for bulk,—whatever will grow most of feed
to be used with dry feed. I have had good success with carrots, even as to
quantity. I would raise clover, not only for food, but for the land; also plenty
of corn fodder. Sowed along from May to July, as we have time, it will pro-
duce wonderfully. I have kept stock well on corn fodder and roots. I prefer
sweet corn if pure seed could be had. This is almost impossible, and I now
raise the Jarge dent. There is no trouble in getting cattle to eat it if cut in
the proper time and well cared for. I feed it with no loss worth mentioning,
and have more fodder than from the smaller varieties. If you design to use
for fodder, cut it up when in bloom, shock it up well and it will keep.

Mr. Parmelee.—Saw at A. K. Montague’s several varieties: which does he
prefer ?

Mr. B. Montague.—He plants at different times, and the difference in ap-
pearance is owing to that fact: that planted last is the largest.

Mr. Parmelee.—At what time does Mr. Gray sow carrots? It was said ata
meeting at Old Mission not long since, that carrots sown as late as the last of
June yielded at the rate of 960 bushels to the acre.

Mr. Gray.—I sow early in May, but if the ground is rich they may be sown
later.

Mr. George Lardie, Sr.—I sow carrots about the 15th of May, and always
get good crops.

Mr. B. Montague——This is a very important question, and should be
thoroughly discussed. Of course we should raise all the grasses we can, es-
pecially red clover, as this is the most profitable of ail of them for forage. If
well cured it is good hay. Cattie prefer it and so do horses, even to timothy ;
but if mouldy and musty it is really injurious. The staple grain is corn, of
course. I consider it next to hay; in fact, corn fodder can be so cured as to
be equal to hay; besides, a much larger quantity of it can be raised on an
acre,—three or four times as much. It is as easy to raise four tons of corn
fodder as a ton and a half of clover, and the feeding quality is about equal if
eut and saved properly. Mr. Gray is right,—corn fodder should be cut in the
blossom before the grain hardens, but it must be secured in a sweet state. If
sown too thickly it does not properly mature its best qualities. In the dairy
districts of New York corn fodder is the usual feed given to milch cows when
grass becomes dry. .-When cows are thus fed they keep up the usual flow of
milk. I think on the whole, having raised corn for twenty years, it is the
best crop. Here our pastures are limited; and if you have a piece of fodder
put inin May, it will be fit to feed when other green food is scarce. In regard to
roots, my experience is carrots for horses, enough to feed twice a week, or bet-
ter still, a few every morning. For cattle the cheapest root is the Swede. On
one acre of ground in Jefferson county, New York, 1,505 bushels have been
grown at a cost of about two cents and seven mills to the bushel. Our soil is
much the same, and we can raise as large a quantity. Four hundred pounds

THE PENINSULA FARMERS’ CLUB. 473

of ruta-bagas are as good as 100 pounds of hay; and these two are better fed
together,—better than twice the quantity of hay alone. The mangel-wurzel
is good also, but the soil must be very rich. Dr. Loring of Massachusetts raised
1,800 bushels on one and one-eighth acres. A ton of these is worth more thana
ton of any turnips, but the Swede may be raised at less expense ; so if they will
answer our purpose, they are as arule the root crop for neat cattle. Squash
is no doubt valuable, especially for hogs. Mr. Tracy has fed them with a profit,
he thinks; but for late feeding nothing is better than roots.

Mr. Parmelee.—What we should raise for stock depends much on our situ-
ation ; if our fields are full of stumps the hay crop may cost too much. This,
too, must be considered; we do not want to run down our lands. Now, if
raising squashes requires high cultivation, it is a different question, and may
be attended with difficulty. In some sections, corn is raised crop after crop on
the same land. Then, to be sure, the season of sun heat—the decomposing
season—is longer than with us, though this question has never been tested
here I believe. I have always kept stock, though not as a business, and I en-
dorse what has been said of corn fodder. My young cattle, fed alone on corn
fodder, have come out in the spring good for beef. I wanted to hear what
those in this neighborhood who raised cattle as a business have to say on this
subject. Iand many others about Old Mission have our farms mainly in trees.
I should like to hear what crops are best to raise in orchards. Now, I know
that trees need about the cultivation we give corn. You have better trees and
better apples when the trees bear, than if left in the sod. Mr. Marshall, of
Painsville, says after trying everything else among trees, he has settled down
upon corn fodder as the best. Now, if the crop will pay, it is just what we
want for trees, better than potatoes ; we dig them late and may start the buds.
Buckwheat exhausts the soil, putting nothing back. As a rule, those crops
which yield the heaviest quantities injure the soil the least. Now, corn roots
fill the whole ground. You would be surprised to find how wonderfully the
small roots are spread all through the ground. In raising hay we have this to
rely on: the decomposing sod is a fertilizer for almost any crop. In this way
the fertility of the soil may be kept up. At Old Mission it was shown lately
that roots and carrots may be, and ought, perhaps, to be sown in June,—late in
June,—thus escaping the attacks of the early insects. If this is true it is an
important fact.

Mr. George Lardie, Sr.—It is objected that squash raising is too expensive ;
but what will prepare Jand better for another crop? If we could raise ruta-
bagas as they do in New York, [ would raise them. Corn fodder is good, but
six or seven tons of squash to the acre is better.

Mr. Tyrer.—Years ago I landed three families at Whitewater late in the sea-
son. They each had a cow, put in turnips and wintered their cattle. Turnips
for calves, even with straw alone, will keep them in good order. Feed half tur-
nips and half hay if you want fat cattle. All dry feed won’t do. So of horses:
two-thirds oats and one-third peas is the very best feed for horses.

Mr. Parmelee, in reply to a question by Mr. McCallum, said when successive
crops of corn were raised for years on the same land, the stalks were not cut
for fodder, but were burned in the spring.

Mr. McCallum.—And perhaps cattle allowed to run in the fields in the
winter.

Mr. Montague.—Not only stalks but straw are burned in some fertile sec-
tions. Corn, no doubt, does not impoverish soil so much ag some other crops.

60

AT4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Tyrer is sound on the turnip question. In England this is the staple crop
with stock growers, and here the more roots we raise the more stock we can
raise, and the more manure for our fields and orchards. Corn does wellamong
orchards and orchards well among corn, and I see no difference between sowed
corn and that planted in hills. In regard to sowed corn it is a mistake to sow
too close. The closer the corn is grown the less valuable it is. It wants light
and air, and to be in a condition to produce corn. I prefer a large growth of
stock, and if this is cut at the proper time you have the whole substances for
forming the ear as well as the stock.

Mr. Brinkman.—I admit we ought to raise roots and green fodder, but I
think no more fodder than to summer cattle, nor roots than to winter them.
If you want to go into the business extensively, you must manure heavily.
Near a city you may do this, but most of us keep cattle for use only, and raise
crops for a living, relying mainly on our trees. We must raise clover. Subsoil
the land, plant to clover, and you have a heavier crop of roots than hay. We
must increase the fertility of our soil.

Mr. Drew.—Our corn crop is one of our most valuable crops. We tie the
fodder in bundles, set it up in stooks, and draw it in as we need it. Our or-
chard we planted in corn till the trees began to bear, thereafter the trees had
the whole benefit of the ground.

Mr. Marshall We gave them, in addition, nearly all the manure we made.
Our wheat crop was nearly a failure, but our mixed crops, corn, roots, potatoes,
etc., reached nearly 4,000 bushels, showing the value of mixed husbandry.

Mr. Brinkman.—We can’t get corn fodder to use before the first of July, but
we can use clover earlier, and ten acres of clover can be raised as easily as one
acre of corn. If that is so, I think we had better stick to clover.

Mr. Montague.—I cut clover from middle of June to middle of July, then
sowed corn is fit to feed to cows. The New York dairymen passed a unani-
mous resolution that green corn fodder was very profitable feed for cows.

Mr. Gray—I use about three bushels of corn to the acre. Prepare the
ground early, harrow it, have my furrows about three feet apart, drill in the
corn by hand, drag just before the corn comes up, then cultivate three or four
times during the season. I put in the corn at different times, as may be con-
venient. I cover by laying the plow down and dragging it over the rows.
The cost is not more, I should think, than $13 per acre. Farmers sometimes
complain of want of time. Plow early, as early as possible, and put in what
you can. One acre, with ordinary pastures, will keep several cows in good flow
of milk.

Club then adjourned to meet at Old Mission, Monday evening, February 1.

GEO. L. ROBERTS,
Recording Secretary.

DISCUSSIONS OF THE SOUTH HAVE
FOM@LO@GICALY SOCIETY:

REPORTED BY SECRETARIES C. T. BRYANT AND H. E. BIDWELL.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR 1875.

President—T. T. Lyon.

Vice-President—George L. Seaver.

Treasurer—C. J. Monroe.

Secretary—H. E. Bidwell.

Inibrarian—Alfred Fitch.

Entomologist—A. Fitch.

Ornothologist—L. H. Bailey, Jr.

Executive Committee—W. H. Hurlbut, A. T. Linderman, and T. A. Bixby.

Nozve.—South Haven is now a village of about 2,500 inhabitants, although five years ago it numbered but
400. It is situated at the mouth of South Black River, on the east shore of Lake Michigan, 64 miles (seven
hours by boat) from Chicago. It is 25 miles northeast of St. Joseph; 23 miles south of Saugatuck, and 60
miles south of Grand Haven, in the midst of the prominent fruit-producing points of West Michigan, and
possesses all their climatic advantages. It is the northwest township of Yan Buren county.

THE QUINCE.

SoutH Haven, Van Buren county,
January 12, 1874.

The subject for discussion was “The Quince.” The following were the
principal items brought out:

Comparatively little attention has been paid to this fruit here. The larger
orchards are not yet of bearing age. Those trees which are of sufficient age
are mostly yielding well, and the fruit is very fine. The conditions generally
recommended by the best authorities, for the successful growing of the quince,
were confirmed by the experience and observations of those present, viz: a
mellow, moist soil, or if naturally dry, kept moist by heavy mulching, or by
being in the shade of a fence, bank, buildings, or something else. A moderate
sowing of salt about the trees, not coming in contact with the leaves or body,
is considered beneficial. A northern exposure, being coolest, is best.

476 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Bidwell thinks quince trees grown from seed to be budded, would be
more vigorous and less apt to sucker than those grown by cuttings.

Mr. D. B. Williams and others argued to the contrary.

Mr. Bailey has several seedlings growing by the side of Orange quinces, with
the same treatment, which he thinks are nicer than the Orange quince.

There are trees in the vicinity over thirty years old, still vigorous and pro-
ducing well.

Mr. Bidwell claims quince trees should be grown as standards, not bushes.

PREPARING LAND FOR TREE-PLANTING.

SoutH Haven, January 19, 1874.

The question, “ How shall we prepare land for planting trees? what to do
with stumps,”—a special consideration,—was discussed with much animation.

On the question whether, if the timber had been cut several years, so that at
least half of the stumps could be pulled out with a team without much grub-
bing, it was economy to remove all the remaining stumps before setting a
peach orchard, barely a majority voted in the affirmative, these including sey-
eral of our most extensive and experienced growers of fruit among stumps.

On the question whether it would pay to take out all the green stumps from
a piece of heavy timbered Jand just cleared to set a peach orchard on, only Mr.
A.S. Dyckmann voted in the affirmative. The others thought it would be
best to wait at least three years after the timber was cut, and then some would
remove all the stumps; but others, as many as could be without an extrava-
gant amount of labor, and removing the rest at leisure.

All seemed to think that hemlock, pine, black walnut, white oak, and such
lasting stumps, had better be removed first as last.

Sinking very large stumps was recommended by some, but disapproved by
others because they seemed to form an acid in decaying which was unhealthy
to fruit trees.

Mr. Bailey’s premium apple orchard was set among green stumps, before all
the logs were off.

It was estimated by some that the advantage of setting trees on new land
made it an object to remove the stumps for that purpose before they were fully
rotted. The opinion of each seemed to be prejudiced by the consideration
whether he had considerable cash capital to inyest, or little but his own labor.

The stumps being disposed of, the necessity of removing standing water be-
low the reach of the roots, by draining if necessary, or sub-soiling and thor-
oughly mellowing hard soils, and putting good soil about the roots of the trees,
was generally insisted on; also of leveling the ground, or so much s0 as to
have the trees set on a general level. Planting on ridges was condemned, as
the soil would be worked away and leave the roots bare.

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ANT

CARE OF YOUNG ORCHARDS.

South Haven, February 2d, 1874.

The subject for consideration was ‘The Care of an Orchard for the First
Two Years.”

A good proportion of our principal fruit-growers were present, and advised
the following practices :

First—Remoye standing water from the soil by surface or underdraining.

Second.—Get good trees.

Third—Deeply and thoroughly pulverize the whole area to be planted by
subsoiling if possible.

Fourth.—Dig holes at least three feet wide and eighteen inches deep, and fill
with rich mould.

Fifth.—Set very carefully after pruning from the under side all roots the
ends of which have been cut in taking up, and cutting off at least two-thirds
of the top, removing superfluous limbs and shortening the rest, leaving three
or four buds of the last growth. The object of cutting away the top is to pre-
vent the tree being killed or stunted by greater evaporation than the roots are
able to supply at first. The roots should have the advantage and commence
growth first. Plant deeper in light than in heavy soil. 1t was generally re-
commended to cut away the branches of a peach tree at setting, forming an
entirely new top from the strongest buds on the stock, also cutting off the top
of the stock nearly as low as it was desired that the head should form. Some
thought more buds should be left than the desired number of limbs, for the
cut-worms when they are troublesome. Strips of tin tacked tightly around
the bodies of the trees have been found effectual to prevent the worms climb-
ing the trees.

Sixth—Some recommended leaning trees to the southwest and pruning so
as to Jeave the balance of the top on the windward side. Others thought it
would pay well to stake the trees the first two years, constantly straightening
those which gave to the wind.

Seventh.—Give as good cultivation as for a first-rate corn crop. Most would
stop cultivating early in August, so as not to stimulate to a late growth.
Some considered it well to grow corn among the trees the first two years, while
one objected that the trees would be so shaded they would not grow stocky.

Highth.—In light soil a little manure is well for peach trees, and apple trees
will be benefited by considerable manure.

Ninth—The trees should be washed with some alkali often enough to de-
stroy insects and keep the bark smooth. One quart of soft soap to a common
wooden pailful of tolerably strong lye, with a little lime in it, has proved sat-
isfactory.

Tenth—During the first two years it is very important to give direction to
the limbs and shape to the tree by pruning and pruning back during the grow-
ing season. ‘Too many main limbs are generally left.

478 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

MARKETING FRUIT.

SoutH HAVEN, Feb. 9, 1874.

Mr. H. E. Bidwell made a few remarks, as follows on marketing fruit:

While waiting at the depot at Dover, in Delaware, last fall, and looking at
the stacks of empty peach baskets at the side of the railroad track, I observed
to a fruit grower there that those baskets looked as though they had seen
service. He remarked that they had probably been to New York one hundred
times within the past five years. I should have been ashamed to have told him
that in Michigan we covered our peaches with a veil and gave away the basket
with the peaches,—some being glad to do so if nothing would be said about
the contents. f

Now, gentlemen of the South Haven Pomological Society, I claim it does not
pay our society to give away 50,000 baskets, as we did last season, with our
$3,000 and $1,500 worth of tarlatan. One of the principal peach growers in
Delaware told me they had no trouble in shipping peaches in open baskets by
regular freight. They had done it several seasons. They simply instructed
the commission men in New York or elsewhere not to receive a package if any
of the peaches were removed. I asked him how they got their baskets all back.
He replied that they were charged separately, and paid for or returned. They
kept a separate basket account. It is an undeniable fact that the people who
buy peaches in New York live at a greater distance from the seller than the
people of Chicago do. It is another fact that the basket is of no practical use
to the buyer after carrying the peaches home. Can the people of Chicago bet-
ter afford to buy baskets to throw away than the inhabitants of eastern cities,
or can we better afford to give away the hundreds of thousands of baskets in
the future? All you want is the resolution not to do it. I know after the
flush prices of last season you will hesitate to do it, but now is the time.
Retrenchment is the order of the day. Neither you nor the buyer can afford
it hereafter,—better spend the money on your orchards. Grow larger, hand-
Somer, and better peaches,—let more sunlight into your soil, trees, and
peaches,—leave off your deceptive tarlatan ; you can do better; it does not pay
in the long run; you have to pay for the deceits practiced under it. Let tar-
latan blush for green and rotten Hale’s Early, or hide with shame other imper-
fect specimens; it cannot improve the beauty of our trade-mark peaches. This
Pomological Society was organized for the purpose of improving our fruit and
increasing the facilities of marketing. By doubling the size of our baskets we
can decrease our freight by boat one-half and commission one-quarter. We
make a great mistake in shopping to too many different commission men. A
man no sooner finds a way of disposing of our fruit than we try some one else.
This society ought to know who are good men, and have confidence in them.
Let fair dealing prove your men, and stand by them. We cannot afford to
have so many runners here every season soliciting trade. You have to pay
their time and expenses. Better sell your peaches at home at a fair price than
take the risk of a fluctuating market. Label your fruit with kind and quality,
so that all peaches will not be sold for No.1 Crawford’s. Another mistake is
made in picking peaches too green; one-half the Hale’s Early that were shipped
from this place last season were not worth the picking. Your Delaware and
Concord grapes are often shipped half ripe. Your winter pears are not fit to
put on the market in the fall without labeling them as winter fruit. You try

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 479

to grow to many kinds and varieties of fruit. There has never been any risk in
growing specialities of fruit in this section. There is a greater risk in neglect-
ing one fruit at the expense of another. Peach, pear, apple, grape, and small
fruit, each requires time and experience in its separate management for market-
ing. In conclusion I may say that the useless expenses herein mentioned
would make a handsome profit on the cultivation of peaches.

Mr. C. J. Monroe said from what he could learn in picking peaches, the
trees should be carefully looked over each time, taking only those which would
arrive in market in good order. Thought it best to ship to one house, one you
were acquainted with and had confidence in, and who had confidence in you.
See that the fruit was put up all right; would label it and mark it well; would
use the cheapest and best package and have it returned; thought we ought to
try to furnish the buyer fruit as cheap as we could. While the large grower
could afford to use tarlatan and expensive packages, the majority could not.

Mr. E. J. Lockwood would recommend picking over several times; thought
we were not careful enough; was afraid they would steal more if the packages
were left open.

Mr. John Williams said in marketing we should know the state of the mar-
ket; was troubled in collecting shortage ; was careless in shipping to too many;
should take more pains in picking and packing ; thinks much might be gained
by co-operation ; we lacked confidence in each other and in ourselves; should
be more particular in assorting, using the poor ones at home; it would make
better prices for the good; baskets and covering were too high; tarlatan tends
to deceive; would recommend leaving off the tarlatan and shipping in the
Dyckman crate.

Mr. Windoes remarked that his first shipment to Chicago was an expensive
failure, and afterwards he had preferred to sell at home, in Kalamazoo, where
he received satisfactory prices.

Mr. A. S. Dyckman thought the first and most essential feature in market-
ing was to raise first-class fruit, which he believed would eventually market
itself; believed in thorough cultivation and thinning. In picking Early Craw-
ford this year he picked every day for two weeks. Would dry or can the soft
peaches. He thought there was a class of buyers in Chicago that had a pride
in carrying home handsome packages of fruit, beautifully tarlataned ; there
was another class would prefer cheap packages; thought early peaches best
sent in pack baskets; has sent late peaches long distances in bushel boxes. In
reply to what the first cost of his crates were he said about fifty cents; used
his crates over several times last season; they were well returned. Ships to
one house in a place; thought small lots should be combined here and go to
one house.

Mr. I. 8S. Bunnell said much can be done by co-operation. He has 400 bear-
ing peach trees; thought we ought to ship together; believed we could get
orders to ship trade-mark fruit direct to consumers ; apples were sent so from
Hartford to Iowa.

Mr. Wigglesworth does not think poor fruit should be grown; thought it
would pay to go over to Chicago and see fruit sold ; tarlatan pays on poor fruit ;
the baskets cannot be returned ; shipped to nearly every commission house in
Chicago last season, but cut dowa to two in the fall; fruit looked larger under
tarlatan, and it improved the color of grapes.

Mr. C. M. Sheffer thinks we cannot grow all large fruit; mixed large and
small peaches in the basket and was satisfied with the result. The packages

480 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

should be better protected; prefers the splint-top basket with oval top; does
not believe in shipping to one man lest he will be overstocked. A good, hon-
est man will do as well for a small as a large lot.

TRANSPORTATION.

SoutH Haven, February 16, 1874.

The subject for consideration was ‘‘ Transportation.”

Mr. C. H. Wigglesworth was appointed to make the opening remarks. He
urged strongly the necessity of securing a boat to run direct from this port to
Chicago, daily if possible, which should be committed principally to the fruit
interests of this place. The boats we have been dependent on made our fruit
a secondary consideration, usually delivering the fruit at Chicago too late for
the early trains and the best market, whereby we lost from ten to twenty-five
or more cents per basket or crate. They were also very careless as to where
they placed the fruit in unloading. He thought that a boat could do a profit-
able business from this port alone if the merchants and others would, as they |
should, transport their goods by it, and if effort was made to secure travel and
freight by way of the railroad.

The suggestions of Mr. Wigglesworth were generally approved, and Mr. E.
J. Lockwood moved that the president appoint a committee to negotiate for a
boat, and to arrange for the best facilities for transportation. The motion
prevailed.

Mr. J. Williams urged the importance of shippers marking packages care-
fully, taking full receipts, seeing that their shipments were properly billed, in-
structing their consignees not to receipt for or pay freight or express on any
but such as was delivered in good order, and then to promptly demand repara-
tion for damage or shortage.

Some codling-moth millers were exhibited in a jar, placed there by Mr. L.
H. Bailey, and hatched out after having been subjected to severe freezing.

SoutH HAveEN, March 2, 1874.

The subject of packing fruit for shipment was taken up from last week.

Mr. Wiley of Saugatuck was present, as a representative of the fruit growers
of that vicinity, to confer with this society in reference to some change in the
present system of marketing fruit. The report of last meeting on this subject
was read. Mr. Williams corrected the statement of the report in reference to
the cost of freight on the boxes mentioned. It should be ten cents per half
bushel box. He thought the whole package of four boxes might be shipped
for twenty-five cents.

Mr. Wiley sustained the position taken by Mr. J. Williams at the last meet-
ing. He showed that the expense of packing, freight, and commission was
about $1 38 per bushel, as much as common peaches were worth when there
was a good crop. He asserted his belief that in a few years, in a favorable
season, very little profit would be realized from peaches unless some cheaper
packages and cheaper freight prevailed; that we could not look forward with
success in the business unless the present expensive methods were done away

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 481

with. He insisted on no particular system, but the fruit-growers of Saugatuck
and vicinity wished to unite with us and other communities in establishing a
way of marketing fruit at less expense. He favored the box described by Mr.
Williams at the last meeting (of which Mr. Wiley was the inventor). A saving
at present rates could be made of at least 26 cents per bushel for freight alone.
We could also avail ourselves more fully of our railroad facilities. He acknowl-
edged the prejudice which existed against boxes in Chicago, caused by the poor
fruit shipped in them from the south, but thought that if Michigan fruit-
growers would unite in using such a box as these, and ship only No. 1 fruit in
them, this prejudice could be overcome. These boxes could be covered by
tarlatan if it was desired, and the covers removed by the salesman to show the
fruit.

Mr. J. Williams thought that ifa part of the expense saved by the boxes was
expended in calling attention to them by advertising, the objections to the
boxes would be in a great measure overcome.

Most of the others thought the strong prejudice against boxes in Chicago,
and the disposition of human nature to choose that which looked the nicest,
were points in favor of baskets covered with tarlatan, which they hesitated to
risk much in trying to overcome.

Mr. A. 8. Dyckman stated that fruit in baskets was so much more attractive
and salable in Chicago than that in boxes, that commission men were in the
habit of repacking peaches which came from southern Illinois in boxes into
baskets, and making a large profit by the change; and large producers there
had found it to pay well to get baskets from Michigan and pay the extra ex-
pense. He had, however, sent late peaches a thousand miles and more in
bushel boxes, and was well satisfied with the results. He had found peaches
to sell as well in boxes in eastern cities, Detroit, and smaller towns in the coun-
try as in baskets.

Mr. J. E. Windoes gave his experience in baskets as similar to Mr. Dyckman’s.

Mr. Williams had the same experience.

It was stated that as much deception was practiced in close packages as in
open ones; that fruit showed to better advantage in round heaped packages
than in square, level-filled ones, and that both the salesman and the shippers
of the fruit were strangers to most of the customers, and their guarantee was
of little account.

Mr. Wiley thought still that we would see the necessity of a change to
cheaper methods.

The importance of looking up country customers, shipping direct to them,
and avoiding Chicago, was urged.

THE NEW METHOD OF SCARING THE CURCULIO.

SoutH HaveEN, March 25th, 1874.
The table was spread with apples from the orchards of Mr. Bailey and Mr.
Bixby. The Fall Pippins in both collections were very fine. Mr. Bailey’s
Spitzenburgs, Swaars, Northern Spys, Baldwins, and Canada Reds were large,
handsome and crisp,—perfectly splendid.
61

482 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Windoes was requested to give his new method of destroying the cur-
culio,—to encourage the planting of plums and apricots, which was as follows :

Could we control the ravages of the curculio, that little turk that gives us
so much trouble in the culture of the plum, I feel free to assert that this
would be one of the most, if not THE MosT profitable of onr whole list of
fruits. As a dessert fruit it is one of the best, and for canning is surpassed by
none. The tree is perfectly hardy and no degree of cold affects it. It is true
the black knot affects it in some localities, particularly at the east, where it has
been largely cultivated in place of the peach because of its hardiness.

Of late, however, the curculio has proved its greatest enemy, and any suc-
cessful method of preventing the ravages of this insect will be appreciated by
all fruit-growers.

By accident I discovered a remedy that with six years’ experience I feel safe
to recommend as effectual. A year ago I gave the process to some members
of this Society, and also to Mr. Wiley of Saugatuck, who promised to give ita
fair test. There being so many worthless remedies recommended I sought the
experience of others before making this public. They failed to make the
experiment, perhaps not thinking it worthy of a trial. Butas the material
used costs but little, and the process costs still less, at the request of several
members of the Society I submit it to you. Most of our fine fruits are chance
seedlings, and many of the methods of protecting fruit and trapping insects
are accidental. So it is with this.

In the spring of 68 while catching curculios by jarring and trapping, I had
occasion to empty a kettle of coal tar which I had been using for tarring fence
posts, and to destroy the same I set it on fire near my plum trees, not with a
view to benefit the trees, but to get rid of the material. The next day I found
that a plum tree near by, which was covered with the smudge, was deserted
by the curculios, and I at once procured another supply and continued its use
on a part of my trees. From those so treated I obtained a good crop of fruit,
while on the others but few perfect plums ripened.

In 1869 I mixed one pound of sulphur with one gallon of coal tar, and as
soon as the fruit burst its petals commenced its use. ‘To make this convenient
I procured a large frying-pan, fastened a long handle to it the more easily to
use it, and very early in the morning, while wet with dew, processed the trees
oftentimes making the foliage black with the smoke. This was continued
each alternate morning until the fruit was as large as a small-sized hickory
nut. The trees were a perfect wonder to all who saw the immense crop of per-
fect fruit, and it had to be thinned out to prevent the trees from breaking
under their burden.

The following year, being absent at the proper time, nothing was done and
the result was no fruit at all. In 1871 I again tested the process, and also by
furnishing the material induced a neighbor who had some fine trees in his
garden to do the same. He was very incredulous, and it had to be works with-
out faith that produced the results. From seven trees he sold $24 worth of
fruit, not taking into account what they used while fresh or for canning. My
crop was abundant, while on the other side on the adjoining lot a neighbor
who had trees did not secure a plum.

Each year since I have continued the process with like results, while the,
neighbor before spoken of being sick at the proper time failed entirely. These
experiments have convinced me that with a reasonable amount of labor the

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 483

plum crop is a certainty, and most varieties being annual bearers will make it
a profitable crop for market.
The Society returned him a vote of thanks for the valuable information.

THE PROFITABLENESS OF SMALL FRUITS.

SoutH Haven, April 6, 1874.

The subject for discussion the evening of the 6th instant, was the continua-
tion of the previous Monday evening’s question,—the profitableness of small
fruits.

Inasmuch as Messrs. Wigglesworth and Histed had the most experience in
small fruit culture, Mr. Wigglesworth was called upon to make some addi-
tional remarks to those expressed at the last meeting. He said he could grow
100 bushels of Triomph de Gand strawberries on an acre as easily as he could
200 bushels of Wilson’s. The former brought twenty to twenty-five cents per
quart last season (instead of forty to fifty cents, which was the highest price
they sold at in Chicago), while his Wilson’s only averaged twelve and a half
cents per quart. When the cost of boxes, picking, and shipping is taken out
it left the Triomph de Gand far ahead. This is the most conclusive argument
for the cultivation of choice fruit; you get a greater profit for a smaller
amount. Lest some might be disappointed he said Triomph de Gand and
Jucunda would not succeed on light sandy soil.

He replied that red raspberries were very profitable, and the market would
not be overstocked, as they could only be grown in favorable localities, where
they could be shipped by water. When shipped by rail they shook together
and spoiled in the heat at that season of the year. He thought highly of the
Clark raspberry ; they sold readily last year for twenty-five cents per quart, the
Philadelphia brought seven dollars per bushel. He would recommend the
Franconia and Brinckles’ Orange raspberry, and the mammoth cluster black-
cap raspberry. Black caps yielded from 100 to 150 bushels to the acre, and
for $5 per case. Kittatinny blackberries yielded 100 bushels to the acre and
sold last season for $8 per bushel. Would recommend setting small fruits in
the spring, and the use of Perry’s Scar in keeping down the weeds in summer.
Would cut out the old canes in the fall and mulch with coarse litter. Would
use straw or marsh grass for strawberries, covering evenly and thinly, which
should be separated from over the plants in the spring, leaving it as a mulch
until the fruit ripened, then removed for the purpose of cultivation. He
thought decayed sawdust would be a benefit, especially hard-wood sawdust:
would prefer whitewood and basswood to pine and hemlock.

Mr. Hurlbut said he mulched with green sawdust in the spring and thought
it an injury.

Mr. H. Linderman mulched with straw in the fall and left the vines to come
up through in the spring, with good results. It kept the fruit free from the
dirt.

Mr. Voorhees said such was his experience.

The question was raised whether it was a good plan for large fruit growers
to meddle with small fruits.

484 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hurlbut said he thought small fruits like mixed husbandry in farming,
—a benefit to the peach grower, as it furnishes constant employment to labor,
the proceeds of which helped to furn ish means for the support of the orchard.

Mr. Wigglesworth said that the gathering of raspberries and blackberries,
which required the most time and greatest labor in the cultivation of small
fruits, interfered with the thinning and picking of peaches.

No question was raised as to the comparative profitableness of growing dif-
ferent kinds of small fruits, because all pay.

THE CODLING MOTH,

or parent of the apple-worm, was next brought up.

Mr. Bailey said the miller was about half an inch long, of a gray ash color,
with a brown and bronze colored spot on each wing, the male having short
black hairs on the upper part of its back wings. The worm when full grown
is about three-fourths of an inch in length, of a pinkish color, with a brown
head. He found the miller flying about his house at dusk lately. They flew
up and down in a zigzag motion, and not sideways. Had frequently noticed
that they flew towards the light, and could easily be caught by clapping the
hands together down and upwards. He thought they came from his apple
barrels in his cellar, where they had hatched this winter. Had hatched many
out in jars recently. Mr. Chatfield, his neighbor, had found them hatched
under cloth bands in his orchard this spring. Mr. Bailey said that the silken
cocoons could still be found under the rough bark of the apple tree and in the
crevices near the base of the tree. He thought that if we all united in destroy-
ing them they could be kept under control, and after we had done all we could
we might call in the birds to assist us.

Mr. Hurlbut said that when the apples were young the eggs were laid in the
calyx: the eggs were about one-eighth of an inch in length and nearly white.
When the apples were larger they would frequently be stung on the side. By
stinging he meant where the worm entered the apple. The eggs must be laid
all summer, as the worms could be found at all times under the bands in dif-
ferent stages of development.

Mr. Wigglesworth would recommend the use of tar barrels to catch the mil-
lers in.

The following letter from the Michigan Farmer was read by the secretary :

Detroit, April 4, 1874.
Mr. H, E. Bidwell:

Dear S1r:—In reply to yours of March 30th we would say that we will put your society
on our list free, as we think it will pay us to have it on file there.

Very respectfully yours, JOHNSTONE & GIBBONS.

Whereupon a vote of thanks was tendered them by the society, and on
motion of D. B. Williams they were made honorary members.

A postal card was also read, from the secretary of the Lake Shore Agricul-
tural Society at Saugatuck, as follows:

SauGatuck, Michigan, March 30, 1874.
To the Seeretury of the South Haven Pomological Society : s

DEAR Sir :—The Lake Shore Pomological Society at a recent meeting instructed me to
Write to you in regard to the present mode of marketing fruit in Chicago, and I cannot ex-

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 485

plain it better than by sending you a copy of the resolutions introduced and read before our
society : ‘

eer The present mode of marketing fruit in Chicago has proved very unsatisfac-
tory to the producer, and ever must continue so long as we compete against ourselves by
placing our fruit in the hands of competing commission men (which every producer does
who consigns his fruit to two or more commission men) without any final system for regu-
lating a uniform price; and

WHEREAS, By co-operation of this shore much that is objectionable in the present system
may be entirely obviated ; therefore be it

Resolved, That this society respectfully request the fruit growers of St. Joseph, Benton
Harbor, with South Haven, through their fruit-growers’ associations at those places, to
suggest some mode of marketing the peach at Chicago in which this whole shore can co-
operate, or call a convention for adopting some plan to regulate an established price.

By presenting the above to your secretary at the earliest opportunity, and by sending the
result to us, you will oblige this society, W. CUMMING,

Secretary L. S. A. & P. Society, Ganges P. O., Allegan county, Michigan.

By request of the committee on Transportation, these resolutions were
adopted by our society, and the secretary requested to notify the associations
of St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, and Saugatuck to meet in convention as early
as practicable

SHADE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES.

SoutH HAVEN, April 12, 1874.

Shade and ornamental trees and plants were brought up, for the purpose of
improving our taste for the beautiful as well as for the useful, to make our
grounds in connection with our orchards more pleasant and attractive.

Mr. A. T. Linderman recommended the native hemlock as one of the most
useful for wind breakers and hedges, and beautiful for a lawn tree, as it could
be trimmed into a handsome pyramid without the liability of losing its lower
branches, which was a great defect in the balsam fir. He recommended the
Japan quince for small yards, as they also could be trimmed into any desired
shape. He spoke highly of the beauty of rose gardens planted in squares, and
recommended rotten sod as one of the best manures for trees or plants.

Mr. Seaver favored the elms for shade trees.

Mr. D. B. Williams said a yard was not complete without ornamental trees.
Large yards were best set with Scotch and Austrian pine ina grass plat. He
spoke favorably of the Japan quince and Arbor Vites.

Mr. Dyckman did not approve of setting too many evergreens in rows;
thought thickets and solitary trees, interspersed with open lawn, gave a beau-
tiful effect.

Mr. Monroe said our greatest need in the improvement of our village was
street shade trees.

Mr. Dyckman suggested that they be well protected with boxes.

Mr. Williams advised the driving of small finishing nails in the trunk of the
tree instead of boxes.

In answer to the question as to which of the maples were preferable to set,
Mr. Linderman said the hard maple was best. He also spoke highly of the
basswood for a shade tree, although it was difficult to transplant.

Some inquired for the best method of transplanting nut trees,and they were
recommended to cut off the tap root the year previous to setting them out.

486 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

MANURING ORCHARDS.

SoutH HAvEN, April 18, 1874.

The president laid on the table some well preserved specimens of Greenings,
Seek-no-furthers, and English Russet apples, the latter looking as though they
would keep a year longer. ‘The Seek-no-furthers were as handsome as though
they had been dipped in our beautiful sunsets.

The question of manuring orchards was called up.

Mr. Fitch said he was hauling his low land deposits to the higher land with
good results.

Mr. A. J. Pierce believed the best way to get rich was by getting more ma-
nure. Thought leaves one of the best manures. If manures were difficult to
get, would recommend more cultivation.

Mr. J. W. Pierce had observed that orchards too highly manured increased
the size of the fruit, but injured its flavor. Thought mulch desirable for shal-
low soils.

Mr. Lathrop recommended the use of more manure. Excepting for peaches
and cherries, he thought we could not manure too highly. Would compost
manures first. Ashes, lime, and muck made a good compost. Would keep
lime and fresh manure apart. Said all that were recommended for sand re-
quired less manure than those which required a heavier soil.

Mr. A. J. Pierce said, Never run in-dedt when you buy manure.

Mr. Hurlbut said he had not had much experience in using manure. His
land was mostly good enough without. Those trees in his garden which had
been highly manured had done the best for the first ten years, and those in
the grass had done the best for the second ten years. He thought fruit trees
could be manured too highly. Would recommend clay asa good manure for
sand, also the prunings of trees cut up short and spread on the Jand.

Mr. Windoes had great faith in manures, when properly applied. A peach
tree manured with night soil had on eleven peaches measuring from 103 to 12
inches in circumference. Had experienced manuring 800 pear trees, part with
barnyard manure, part with raw-bone phosphate, and the remainder with bone
dust. The first produced the quickest effect and the latter the most lasting
result. Thinks bone dust best for grapes, though fruit when manured larger
and later. Could increase small fruit 50 per cent with the use of manure.
Believed manure paid well.

Mr. J. M. Stowell said his father astonished his neighbors by the size and
quantity of his fruit, which was caused by the use of plenty of manure.

SoutH Haven, April 27th, 1874.

President Phillips exhibited a peach limb with tent caterpillar eggs on it,
some of which he hatched out by taking them in the house. The moth sel-
dom lays its eggs on the peach, as the young worms do not like the peach foli-
age; but insects sometimes make mistakes, and we should be the more careful
in watching for their eggs to destroy them. ‘he eggs are glued to small! limbs,
and pass clear around so as to look like the swelling of a limb. ‘They are
usually found on cherry trees, and can be scen quite readily at this season of
the year by their silvery appearance. There are frequently seen a nest of other
eggs rolled up in a leaf and attached to the limb. ‘These should also be re-
moved when pruning. <A little watchfulness will save time when the trees are
covered with foliage.

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 487

The question for the evening, the president said, was a broad one, and he
thought it advisable to first say something more concerning manures.

W. H. Hurlbut said any warm land would be benefited by the use of hard-
wood sawdust, which we could get for the hauling. He would use it as a
mulch around trees. He found on examination this spring, that the old bark
of apple trees under the sawdust was replaced by a new one, and new roots
were frequently found, showing it had some fertilizing effect.

A. T. Linderman thought the softening of the bark at the base of the tree
might be an injury.

Geo. L. Seaver said he used sawdust around currant bushes with a marked
benefit.

D. C. Loveday had used old hard-wood sawdust around Osage, and could see
a great improvement over those where it was omitted. Another benefit was,
the plants did not heave where it was used. He designed using it for straw-
berries; thought it was best to put it on in the fall.

A. Fitch said grass or hay was very beneficial.

A. T. Linderman said we should be cautious about the use of sawdust. He
would put it on the soil and not in it; if put in the soil it would fire flange
and develop fungus, and he had traced club-foot and woolly aphis to its use on
apple trees in the nursery where it was plowed under.

D. C. Loveday said his neighbor killed his currant brush by putting on too
much sawdust.

A. T. Linderman thought clay beneficial spread on sand. It answered as a
mulch, and was one of the best manures when worked into the soil.

W. H. Hurlbut knew of a clay subsoil benefiting a clay loam.

A. Fitch had seen rank growth along the sides of ditches where the subsoil
was thrown out.

Harvey Linderman thought the drainage was more beneficial than the sub-
soil. He would not discourage the use of subsoil; sometimes it contains
elements needed by the soil. He thought it should be used first on a small
scale as an experiment, and, if successful, it might then be increased ; if not re-
quired by the soil it would not pay.

G. W. Byers related a case where in draining a piece of land the subsequent
crop showed where the drain lay.

W. H. Hurlbut said that with trees as well as grain crops the soil needed
deep drainage.

G. L. Seaver wished to say more about shade trees. He thought we ought
to set more elms, as they were longer-lived and more handsome and beneficial
fifty years hence when the short-lived maples would be dead. In reply to the
proper distance to set shade trees, Mr. 8. said they should be set further apart,
twenty to thirty feet instead of ten to twenty.

W. . Hurlbut said the elm stood the most hard usage of any tree; would
recommend the white elm.

A. 'T. Penniman thought elms might be interspersed with maples.

488 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

PEACH CULTURE.

SoutH HAVEN, May 4th, 1874.

The question for discussion and remarks last Monday evening was “ Peach
Culture in all its Parts.”

E. J. Lockwood introduced the subject with a very truthful remark that the
more he studied peach culture the more he found he did not know, and wished
to ascertain as to the best method of pruning a peach tree before setting.

H. Linderman said what information he could gain from observation led him
to believe that more top should be left on. Frequently trees with good roots
were cut to a single cane, and he thought lost time in replacing the top.

E. J. Lockwood thought we did not prune sufficiently when the trees were

oung.

‘i C. T. Bryant said that it was advisable not to go to any extreme. If too
much top was left on the dry weather following would produce more evapora-
tion than the roots could sustain. In pruning bearing trees he would thin
out, leaving short limbs to cause them to thicken out; this gave a tendency to
check the too rapid flow of sap to the ends of the main limbs. If the trees
were old he would cut back to form a new top. In pruning he aims to cut
more on the north-east because there is the least sunlight on that side.

George Bridges asked if it was best to leave any weak limbs, and answered it
by saying if they were on the decline why not cut them out?

L. H. Bailey remarked, Prune the trees while young to avoid the necessity
of removing large limbs when the tree became older. In cutting off large
limbs he found it checked the flow of sap up that side, to the injury of the
tree. He would urge more care in thinning the tree while young to avoid thir
heavy thinning later.

C. T. Bryant said he would leave short spurs on the main limbs and not re-
move them all at once, as they assisted in developing the limbs, making them
more stocky.

A. J. Pierce said he would not advise heading back all the limbs as recom-
mended by some, as this filled the tree full of small limbs which would cause
some of them to die out, but he would cut back the leading long limbs and
thin out the small ones.

A. T. Linderman would leave small spurs on the trunk of the tree, as it pro-
tected it from sun scald and blight. Would caution against pruning too early
in the season as it tended to produce water sprouts; would recommend Jeav-
ing on more top in setting out trees; would urge buyers to get more roots
when purchasing trees.

George Bridges asked if was not best to prune heavy early in the season to
get the most new wood on old trees.

A. T. Linderman would wait until the trees leaved out. Thought a geod,
healthy growth in the main limbs better than superfluous water sprouts ;
would avoid all extremes in pruning.

L. H. Bailey would recommend leaving on more top and applying more
manure.

The president appointed John Williams to attend the convention of fruit
shippers to be held at the Junction Wednesday, May 6th.

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 489

FRUIT ENEMIES AND FRUIT FRIENDS.

SoutH Haven, May 12, 1874.

We confidently believe this is one of the most favored fruit regions in the
Union, and frankly admit it equally favored for the development of insects,
but are glad that insect destroyers, beetles, and parasitic enemies are also well
protected so to hold in check the excess of insects injurious to fruit. Fora
full crop we must help destroy them or ward them off. The most destructive
enemy to newly planted trees, especially on dry sand or graveliy soils, is the
cut-worm, which eats the buds and foliage so as to destroy the function of the
tree, which new growth is necessary to the well-being of young peach trees,
especially newly transplanted trees, whose first effort is to restore the uneven
balance of the tree caused by cutting off a portion of the roots in digging, then
leaving on or taking off too much of the top. These cut-worms are best
destroyed by placing chips on the ground at the base of the tree, under which
the worms hide during the day, when they can be found and destroyed. The
most successful method of keeping them from the tree is to wind a band of
tin around the trunk. In the case of bearing peach trees they are removed
from under the barks put at the base of the tree for the purpose of catching
the curculio. The curculio lays eggs in the young fruit, which hatch out, and,
while a worm, usually destroy the fruit. By placing chips, barks, or boards at
the foot of the tree, early in the season, the greater part of the curculio can be
destroyed, if the weather is favorable for them to fly, before the fruit is large
enough to sting. The small beetle that lays eggs on the new shoots, which
hatch out and eat the pith of the new wood, causing it to die back, are also
found under the curculio traps. Lady bugs, tiger beetles, and golden carabus
also resort to the chips to catch and eat the cut-worms, curculio, and twig-
borers ; these should not be destroyed in collecting the others.

The question of cultivation was again brought up, one contending that
plowing orchards should be dispensed with and the cultivator used in its place ;
another thought a drag was sufficient, and another would substitute mulch.
These are all in their place for different kinds of fruit which root different.
Strawberries and raspberries, which root near the surface, can grow success-
fully if mulched; currants, gooseberries, and blackberries will do cultivated
with a drag ; grapes and quinces with a double-shovel cultivator; and for the
following reasons peach trees should be cultivated deeper, the deeper the bet-
ter. Deep cultivation induces the roots to go deeper, it warms and moistens
the ground ata greater depth, which enables the trees to stand extremes of
heat and cold, wet and drouth, and the severity of winter.

SoutH Haven, May 18, 1874.
The meeting was called to order, the President, Norman Phillips, in the
chair. In the absence of the Secretary, L. A. Randall was appointed Secretary
ro tem.
if Mr. D. B. Williams presented a newspaper article which was read, in which
the correspondent recommended very highly the use of a solution of sulphate
of iron (copperas) to increase the yield and size of fruit, and at the same time
giving a better flavor. The past season its use had produced astonishing re-
62

490 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

sults in his pear crop; used on vegetables was valuable ; mentioned beans es-
pecially, increasing their size and yield sixty-nine per cent. Manner of pre-
paration and application: ‘To one barrel of water add two and one-half pounds
of the sulphate of iron,—the solution is then to be sprinkled upon the ground
about the roots or plants. Mr. Williams said he had used this preparation in
certain cases with very satisfactory results,

The President stated that he last fall packed a number of barrels of apples,
first wrapping pieces of newspaper about each apple, in the way in which
oranges and lemons are put up for shipment. He had just received for them,
sold in Chicago, at the rate of $9 per barrel, while others, equally as good, put
up in the ordinary way, brought but $5 and $6 per barrel.

Messrs. Dyckman, Hurlbut, Williams, Sheffer, and others expressed their de-
termination to use to some extent the “ Windoes Curculio Remedy.” At the
next meeting opportunity will be given those desiring to buy the material for
this purpose to unite and purchase a quantity, thereby getting it at reduced
rates. Fruit men will please note this fact and be present.

BUGGING,

SoutH HAvEN, May 25, 1874.

Some one recently, while speaking of the insufficiency of knowledge concern-
ing fruit growing, said fruit culture was not a science. At one of our recent
meetings we established the fact that for our guidance in pruning the branches
of the tree were as essential to the perfect development of the tree as the roots,
and the first effort of the tree was to restore the deficiency to preserve the bal-
ance; that while the roots furnished sap, the leaves and green parts were
equally necessary to digest it; that excessive pruning of the roots or top was
an injury; that the long limbs and roots should be shortened, and the numer-
ous small ones thinned out ; that bruised limbs, trunk, or roots should be cut
smooth and covered to assist in healing; that pruning should be done when
the tree is making the most new growth so as to more quickly heal the cut,—
these facts are as well established as similar ones in the science of surgery.

At another meeting we ascertained that the codling moth and twig borer
passed the winter here in the worm or chrysalis state, and as such can be easily
destroyed. The last meeting was principally used in ascertaining the best
remedy to preserve our trees from the climbing cut-worm, which crawls up the
tree at night and eats the buds, green fruit, or foliage, descends in the morning
and burrows in the ground or hides under chips, or anything to secrete it from
its enemies. The conclusions arrived at were that the eggs are laid in August
at or near the base of the tree, where they hatch, and before winter make about
one-third of their growth by nightly eating the new growth of the tree. When
severe weather comes on they burrow in the ground until spring, when they
continue eating. growing and maturing until June, at which time they go into
the ground and enclose themselves in a case, transform into a miller and
emerge about the first of August, lay soon after, and then disappear. One
member suggested to go out with a lantern at night and pick them off or shake
them on asheet. Another advised placing chips or barks at the foot of the
tree for them to hide under, remove the chips during the day and destroy
them. Another advised sowing oats or buckwheat to feed them. The most

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 491

effectual remedy recommended was to keep tins continually tacked around the
trunk of the tree, so the worms cannot ascend, and keep the ground clean, so
as to starve them out.

Bugging is the science of entomology that relates to fruit culture. In the
study of birds which destroy our insect enemies we include ornithology; in
the fertilization of flowers we include the science of botany; in the fertility of
the soil, geology,—so that if pomology is not a separate science, it is a com-
pound one.

Alfred Fitch inquired what kind of a bug it was he had found under his.
chip trap, resembling in shape the common curculio, but larger.

John Williams said it must be the apple curculio.

G. W. Griffin remarked that they were becoming frequent here. They re-
sembled the apple curculio he had seen in Wisconsin.

A.S. Dyckmann said that the plum curculio, which was the pest of our
peach orchards, were not as plenty as last season, doubtless on account of the
thorough work he made last year in destroying them by the Ransom chip-trap
proccss. He thought this the most effectual remedy, and where this failed in
removing them he would use the sheets. He would not recommend the plan
of Mr. Windoes, of driving them to other orchards with a tar smudge; any
method short of killing them was radically wrong.

J. Lannin said he had discovered a large brown beetle in his plum trees,
eating out the center of the new growth. The beetles are smaller than the
May beetle, with a roundish, oblong body; they visit the trees at dusk, and
burrow in the ground during the day. They can be found by observing the
round holes they make in the ground.

Alfred Fitch suggested that hereafter insects and worms injurious to fruit
tree or roots be brought into the meetings.

WHAT IS BUGGING ?

SoutH HAvEN, June 6, 1874.

A. 8. Dyckman reported good success with the chip-trap in catching curcu-
lio. Caught 1,000 last Saturday, and nearly as many to-day,—Monday. Em-
ployed boys for the purpose of collecting them. Each boy carried a can for
worms and a bottle for bugs. When through, the bugs were scalded and spread
on a sheet to count, to ascertain which boy had done the best. Did not find
as many twig-borer beetles or snap-bugs as last season.

B. H. Dyekman said he watched a small green worm eating a green cherry,
and in less than an half hour he had eaten half of it. These worms are not found
under the chips. When hatched, produce a small variegated miller, red and
yellow.

W. H. Hurlbut said the tent caterpillars usually make a web in the crotch
of two limbs, eating the foliage glean, and spreading the tent as they proceed.
This season they spread over more surface, and he thought perhaps they were
a different worm, as they worked more like the worm which appears later in
the season. ‘This is doubtless owing to the warm weather of late.

492 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

THE CULTIVATION OF THE PEACH.

SouTH HAVEN, June 13, 1874.

T. TI. Lyon said the tendency of the peach was to root near the surface of
the ground, where it was warmest, and therefore he would not advise deep
plowing, but would keep the surface mellow, well fertilized, and manured with
composted manure. This was in harmony with his theory and former practice
of low-heading trees, and heading in the long limbs to make a round low top.
The only objection he could see to this plan here was the inconvenience in
catching the curculio under the chip traps; in the use of sheets he could see
no objections to low heads; they were an advantage in thinning, picking, and
pruning; it shaded the trunk and ground, which was a benefit in drouth and
extreme cold; they were not so liable to be blown by the wind, which some-
times injured the foliage and fruit.

O. C. Lathrop said he would secure good dry sandy loam, manure heavily,
plant deep, cultivate deep, head high, flatten the top, shorten in, and thin out
the wood and fruit. Thought by this method a peach orchard would last fifty
years. By cultivating deep, the soil was made warm and moist, which pro-
tected the trees from drouth, and the, depth of root braced the trees from the
wind and preserved them from the cold in winter.

A. J. Pierce approved of much cultivation; it was as great a benefit toa
peach tree as to a crop of corn; would avoid all extremes in peach culture.

THINNING FRUIT.

SouTH HAVEN, June 20th, 1874.

The subject for discussion at the pomological meeting Monday evening was
“'The Best Method of Thinning Fruit,” and was practically illustrated by A.
8. Dyckman on limbs laden with peaches brought in for that purpose. He
first removed one-third of the small limbs on the branch to allow the light
and heat to reach the remaining ones, so as to give room to the proper deyvel-
opment of the leaves, wood, and fruit. He next removed nine-tenths of the
peaches, leaving them distributed over the limb so that no two peaches left
were nearer than six inches of each other. On two, three, and four-year-old
trees, haying in the neighborhood of two, three, and four thousand peaches
each, he would remove them so as to leave but two, three, and four hundred
respectively. The tendency of the peach, he said, was to early overbear and
ruin themselves for the future by enfeebling the vitality of the trees. By
thoroughly thinning the wood and fruit, and adding sufficient fertilizers, and
thorough cultivation, the trees would increase in size and productiveness.

L. H. Bailey said he was going to adopt the practice of thinning his apple
orchard; he had commenced by thoroughly thinning the wood, and was going
to thin the fruit by removing with a pair of shears two-thirds of the apples,
leaving them well distributed over the tree. He hoped after getting rid of the
codling moth, as Mr. Dyckman had of the curculio, to remove a larger portion
of the fruit at this season of the year while it was small. He remarked at a
previous meeting that it taxed the vitality of the tree as much to grow
wormy apples as to mature perfect specimens, and the shedding of too much

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 493

fruit by some varieties of apples and pears showed that the over-blooming
and setting of fruit was also a great tax on a tree, which could best be removed
by increasing the wood growth of the tree by manuring, cultivating, and
pruning. He cited some varieties of apples which overbore one year so as to
have none the next, and on trees where he thinned one limb or one-half the
tree, that portion bore the next. By thinning he could have large, handsome,
high-flavored fruit every year. The only interference he had in carrying out
his plan was the codling moth,—the best destruction of which was made the
special discussion for the next meeting.

THE RUST.

SoutH HAVEN, June 27, 1874.

Alfred Fitch brought in two bottles of bugs, among which were the apple
curculio.

C. H. Wigglesworth thought that the rust in the raspberries and blackberries
might be induced by planting on wet ground, whieh were liable to be heaved
out in winter, as he had observed that those vines affected with the rust had
comparatively few roots.

In answer to this, it was suggested that the rust, attacking the foliage, would
lessen the need of roots and cause them to waste away. If the rust was devel-
oped in and conyeyed with plants, and carried to neighboring plants by the
wind or in contact with our clothes, it is desirable we should know it. He
bought his plants first affected at South Bend, Indiana, and he had carefully
cut them out and burned them. Its first indication is in a sickly yellow ap-
pearance, with mildewed spots on the under side of the leaves; afterwards the
new shoots are fine and narrow, barren, and die out. He had seen none on the
red raspberries.

President Phillips remarked that it was believed by some that the disease
was conveyed to neighboring plants by the dust of the rust, and would recom-
mendeits removal as soon as seen.

THE YELLOWS.

SoutH HAvEN, July 3, 1874.

A large attendance was present at the regular meeting of the Pomological
Society, to ascertain what they could by comparing one another’s experience
in regard to the disease known as the yellows in the peach.

Mr. Cheesebro asked for a description of the yellows, to enable him to detect
it in an orchard.

The secretary replied that the first appearance of the yellows was usually
seen in the premature ripening (some two weeks in advance) of one or more
peaches on the tree, which peaches were unusually high colored and spotted

494 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

with reddish spots. On opening the peach it will be found unusually red at
the pit. The next appearance of the yellows is seen later in the season, of
unnatural shoots pushing out on the limb having the spotted peaches. These
little shoots are fine in growth, having small, narrow leaves of a pale green
color. The following spring, tufts of small, wiry shoots appear near the base
of the limb, or at the base of the tree on the side affected. The following sea-
son, usually, all the peaches on the limb first affected will prematurely ripen,
and the adjoining tree will also be affected on the nearest side. Often several
neighboring trees will have on scattering affected peaches. The following sea-
son the tree first affected is covered with spotted peaches and an increase of
the small shoots and tufts in all parts of the tree. The following season the
leaves on the tree turn yellow, and the tree gradually dies.

W. H. Hurlbut wished to know if there were any yellows in this vicinity.

The chairman of the committee which was appointed a year ago to examine
the orchards in this section, and if any yellows were found to have the tree
removed, said they found traces of it in several orchards, and where the owner
of the orchard had assisted them had removed it. There were some traces of
it still left. There were three cases of it where it had made its appearance in
three different orchards, where by removing the trees as soon as the diseased
peaches were discovered, all traces of it were obliterated. Other trees were set
in their places and were growing finely.

The president remarked that since the peaches were unwholesome to eat, and
the tree after its first attack unfit for anything but to spread the disease, he
would recommend the members to be constantly on the lookout for it, and
have it instantly removed, root and branch.

Messrs. Griffin, Philips, and Dyckman exhibited several varieties of cherries.
One limb shown by Mr. Griffin had on a four-inch cluster, with fifty-two cher-
ries on it.

At the next meeting the blight in the apple will be talked of.

THE APPLE-TREE BLIGHT.

SoutH HAVEN, July 20, 1874.

Captain I.S. Bunnell of Covert opened a discussion at the pomological society
meeting by laying on the table apple limbs from his orchard, which he thought
affected by apple blight, and, at the request of the president, made a few re-
marks concerning the supposed blight. He said that we knew comparatively
nothing of the fearful havoc this blight was making in other sections. He
could see little or none here near the lake; but in his section whole orchards
were affected. He was glad, however, that the dormant buds below the affected
terminal shoots were growing out, and he hoped to see his trees again robed in
living green. He said he had seen no more blighting since last Thursday. He
thought the blight occurred only on clear, hot days.

Mr. Linderman said a correspondent of his in New York, where the blight
was prevalent, assured him there were two species of apple blight,—one caused
by insects and the other not; and for the blight not caused by insects he
would recommend the use of salt sprinkled on the ground under the tree as a

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 495

preventive. Mr. lL. thought the blight might be caused by the sudden
changes of temperature from cold to hot, especially after a shower. C.H.
Wigglesworth said in New Hampshire they used salt sea weed as a mulch for
their trees, which was a great benefit to them, causing the apple trees to make
a luxuriant growth.

Captain Bunnell said the blight commenced on the end of the limb, usually
the terminal shoots, and in a few hours it will turn brown, continuing tu die
back a foot or two. Different cultivation made no difference, though he
thought some varieties more liable to it than others.

W. H. Hurlbut differed with him. He could see no difference in different
varieties, nor different thrift, farming, soil, or culture. He attributed it to
insects. He had studied it carefully when it appeared seventeen years ago in
his orchard at Bangor. He would recommend cutting off all the aftected
limbs at the first appearance of it, cutting off all this year’s growth from the
affected limb.

Alfred Fitch had found a small worm at the commencement of this year’s
growth on a limb beginning to blight.

W. H. Hurlbut said the blight generally occurred after the worm had left.

The secretary made a careful examination of the limbs brought in—one from
a Golden Russet tree, one from a Greening, and one from a Transcendent
crab, and in all, at the commencement of this year’s growth, a small hole was
found through which a worm had crawled out, and on cutting open the wood
a small discolored hole was found in the pith of the limb. It was suggested
that a blighting of the limb would cause a shrinking in the pith; but limbs
subjected to an oven temperature of 160 degrees turned brown in a few min-
utes, but produced no holes in the pith, which is quite hard and firm at this
season of the year. The probabilities are that an insect lays an egg in the
terminal bud early in the spring, which hatches out and eats the pith during
the growth of the shoot. When the worm completes its growth it eats outand
falls to the ground to transform into the winged state. The worm, in coming
out of the limb, lets the air into the cavity, which causes it to discolor, decom-
pose, and check the circulation of sap, which in bright, clear, warm days causes
the limb to blight. There may be blight in the apple similar to pear blight or
frozen-sap blight, but we have not seen it yet.

Master L. H. Bailey showed a jar of fall web worm on an apple leaf.

THE YELLOWS.

SoutH Haven, Aug. 22, 1874.

A large attendance was present at the Pomological Hall Monday evening.
The table was graced with eleven plates of apples and pears from T. T. Lyon’s
orenard, at Plymouth. Special attention was called to the Garden Royal apple
and Sterling pear, which Mr. Lyon said were very valuable varieties of fruit,
and would command a high price in market when known. He would recom-
mend care in growing, thinning and picking, packing and labeling new and
choice varieties of fruit, which would improve the standard and price.

The Committee on Yellows made the following report :

496 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Your committee, who were appointed to examine the peaches in this vicinity to see if
any yellows could be found, and if so, to have them removed, beg leave to report: That
where traces of it were found one and two years ago, and then removed, none now can be
found; and where new trees are set in their places, they are growing finely, and to all
appearances healthy. In one case two years ago the owner tried to cut it out of the tree
by cutting off the affected limb, but Jast season he found that and three adjoining trees
affected. These were carefully removed, and no traces of the disease can now be found in
his orchard. A similar case was found last season, where two peaches were found diseased
on the end of a limb, which limb was removed as soon as the peaches were discovered to
be diseased. On a recent examination, this tree was found to be covered with diseased
peaches, and several otber trees in the neighborhood were likewise found affected, in whole
orin part, which have all been removed. Your committee found one case where the yel-
lows originated from the burning of a house two years ago, which destroyed one side of the
tree. The following season tufts of small wiry shoots came out on the line dividing the
burned and green wood, and all the peaches on the tree were spotted a month before the
usual time of ripening, and the peaches on the nearest tree were affected with the yellows,
about three-fourths of them, though no tufts or diseased shoots could be found until after
the fruit ripened, at which time the trees were removed, and with their removal all traces
of the yellows disappeared. A case less positive occurred in one of our orchards by the
burning of a stump in June, which was followed by the appearance of the yellows the
same season.

Your committee are undecided as to whether the yellows are originated by the peach tree
borer more or less girdling the tree just below the surface of the ground, overbearing, neg-
lected pruning, the want of cultivation or manure, or trees standing in grass. One or two
cases of the yellows may have originated from a combination of these causes. Great care
should be exercised in increasing the vitality of the peach by selecting strong healthy trees
and taking care of them. We found numerous cases of budded yellows, where diseased
buds were used. The vitality of the stock or root covers the disease until the tree comes
into bearing, when it is seen in the premature reddening of the fruit and yellowing of the
new wood and leaves. In the case of budded yellows, all the fruit is simultaneously af-
fected; whereas, in fertilized yellows, or blossoms fertilized from the pollen of diseased
trees, only those identical peaches are affected. Weexperienced no difficulty in fertilizing
a healthy tree with diseased pollen, when we ascertained that the pollen grains on a dis-
eased tree were more forward than on a healthy tree, and less time could be used in using
it. This accounts for the fact that a diseased tree does not always affect all the trees in its
neighborhood, nor all the fruit on the same tree or limb. For this reason the almond is less
liable to the attack of the yellows than the nectarine, because it does not bloom simulta-
neously with the peach. On account of its great hardihood, thrift, and adaptability to dif-
ferent soils and exemptions from the borer and splitting of the limb, to increase the vitality
of the peach, we would recommend the use of the almond for stocks for peach trees. As
far as using diseased pits are concerned, your committee so far have failed to make them
grow. Buds from diseased trees grow readily.

Your committee are pleased to report that the owners of orchards readily concur in the
view taken by us, and willingly consent to the removal of diseased trees and destruction of
the unwholesome fruit, so that we are happy to say no yellows can be found in our orchards,
and to completely eradicate it should any occur in our late maturing varieties, one or more
examinations should be made later in the season.

H. E. BIDWELL,

H. LINDERMAN,
JOHN WILLIAMS,
Commaitee.
SoutH HAvEN, Sept. 12th, 1874.

The secretary was called upon to report the progress of the premium lists,
which he stated would be ready for distribution at the next meeting. The
president stated that the time for holding the fair was chosen to be October
Ist and 2d, and he believed all would assist in making it a success.

Mr. Brunson of Benton Harbor being present, was called upon to give his
views concerning the spread of the yellows at his place and St. Joseph. He
said the yellows first appeared there five years ago, and on account of its not
being cut out then some twenty of the largest, oldest, and best orchards had
to be all destroyed last winter, and the rest would have to go unless they
adopted our plan of instant removal of any trees found affected. His views

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 497

concerning its spread through the pollen and by budding were similar to those
of our committee.

Mr. Bull of Detroit said he was glad fruit was so abundant here, and wished
it was more plenty and cheaper at his place. He paid there seventy-five cents
per basket, and in St. Joseph fifty cents, the difference in price being made by
express charges and commission. He remarked that Mr. Engle of Paw Paw,
in the eastern part of this county, gets the first Michigan fruit in market,
while we market each variety of our fruit later than Benton Harbor, twenty-
five miles south, and Saugatuck twenty-five miles north of us,—thus showing
that the lake produces the greatest effect on our orchards.

Considerable discussion arose as to which variety of peaches was best for
market. The choice was contended for by the Early Crawford, Jacques’ Rare-
ripe and Old Mixon,—each of which had strong adherents. None defended
the Barnard. ‘some Cooper’s Mammoth peaches were placed on the table by D.
B. Williams, which were so similar to the Crawford that taste could not dis-
tinguish them.

A box of beautiful Beurre Clairgeau (pronounced Alairzho) and fine Beurre
Bose pears were sent in by Mr. Windoes of Kualamazoo,—-also a greenish-look-
ing apple, the name of which was unknown to those present. 1hey were pre-
served for a future meeting, and when in good eating order their quality will
be discussed. A large apple was placed on the table by Mr, Cook, which was
pronounced to be the Flower of Genesee, the quality of which was fair,—not
first-rate. Some Old Mixon peaches were brought in by President Phillips.
This is a large, handsome peach, of fair quality, with a tough skin which fits
it for transportation.

SoutH HavEn, Sept. 26th, 1874.

A fine display of Agawam grapes was made by Mr. Cook of Casco; &lso
Dearborn Seedling, Seckel and Stevens’ Genesee pears. A box of Kalamazoo
aud Allen’s Hybrid grapes were sent in by P.C. Davis of Kalamazoo, and a
basket of Croton, Eumelan, and Iona grapes by the Secretary, the merits of
which will be spoken of in a future report. Mr. Cook also exhibited a desir-
able peach, for name, which was doubtless a seedling worth looking after. It
is to be hoped that our coming exhibition will develop some new and desirable
varieties of fruit to take the place of some of those we are now growing which
ought to be replaced by something better.

SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL FAIR.
SoutH Haven, Oct. 10th, 1874.

The third annual fair of the South Hayen Pomological Society was held on
Thursday and Friday, October 2d and 3d. As usual, there was a large display
of fruits, vegetables, grains, house plants, flowers, articles of domestic manu-
facture, and the fine arts. The quality could not be excelled. The exhibitors
were from Deerfield, Casco, Ganges, Arlington, Pine Grove, Bangor, and South
Haven.

William H. Gregory of Pine Grove exhibited 200 specimens from his farm,

63

498 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

of different varieties of fruit,—fresh, canned, and dried,—vegetables, grains,
and articles of domestic manufacture, all the production of himself and family.

Samuel Hoppin of Arlington made apples a specialty, and exhibited all of
the best varieties. H. E. Bidwell exhibited honey and a growing crop of figs.
T,. A. Bixby of South Haven, from his forty acres of fruit, exhibited all the
best varieties of fruits now in season, making an excellent display. All of the
exhibitors invariably brought none but first-rate articles, and every one was
pleased with the exhibition.

The South Haven Pomological society was organized five years ago, and
Norman Phillips has presided as president at the meeting of the society every
Monday evening since its organization. While other societies of a similar kind
have had their rise and fall, this society has continued harmonious and greatly
to the benefit of all fruit growers who read and hear these weekly discussions
on fruit growing by these close observers who make pomology a specialty.

THE BEST PEACHES FOR MARKET.

SoutH HAvEN, Oct. 17, 1874.

The Pomological Society at its last meeting had another discussion as to the
best varieties of peaches for market culture, and the best times for setting
trees.

Mr. Blackmore said he chose the Barnard for his use.

H. Chatfield preferred Crawford Early and Late, Old Mixon, Jacques’ Rare-
ripe, and Stanley Late. Was going to set this fall.

Geo. Griffin spoke in favor of Hale’s Early, Wheeler’s Early, Barnard’s and
Stanley’s Late. Would set trees in the fall.

C. H. Wigglesworth would set Hale’s Early; didn’t know about Wheeler’s
Early ; something is needed to fill in between Hale’s Early and Crawford’s
Early. The Barnard, such a year as this, should be discarded, it not selling
well when there was a glut in the market as there was this season. He liked
Old Mixon, Jacques’ Rareripe, Late Crawford, and Stanley’s Late, on heavy
soil. The Old Mixon stood the highest this year in Chicago market, and was
very popular; thought a person would be perfectly safe to set in fall on high
ground, and then bank them up; should set as early in the fall as they could
be taken up from the nursery.

Daniel Pierce recommended the Yellow Alberge, Barnard, Early Crawford,
Jacques’ Rareripe, and Stanley. The Smock’s Free is too late for this locality.
I like the Old Mixon well; they bear well, and come in after the Barnard. I
would not put out any later than the Stanley. The Delevan is later than the
Stanley.

Mr. Cheesebro said A. T. Linderman recommended the Hale, Early Craw-
ford, Jacques’ Rareripe, Late Crawford, and Hill’s Chili (Stanley Late). The
society seemed to think the Wheeler’s Early the only peach that came in be-
tween the Hale’s Early and the Crawford’s Early.

Mr. Lathrop spoke favorably of the Hale’s Early; said it was the most prof-
itable peach to him; thought it was an excellent peach for canning; it was
so sweet, though, it mussed up more than some other kinds in the can; liked
the Barnard better than Crawford Early, and thought a great deal of the Old
Mixon ard Stanley Late; would not set anything later than the Stanley. for

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 499

market purposes. On being asked what he would set if going to plant an
orchard of a thousand trees, he gaye the following list for market purposes:
Hale’s Early, 100; Crawford’s Early, 100; Barnard, 150; Jacques’ Rareripe,
150; Old Mixon, 300; and Stanley Late, 200.

SoutH HAvEN, Oct. 24, 1874.

The subject for discussion at the last regular weekly meeting of the society
was, “What varieties of peaches shall we set, and when ?”

T. T. Lyon said that on suitable soil early fall planting was preferable to
spring. The trees set then repaired the damage done in digging, and were
ready to make an early and vigorous growth the following spring. As far as
practicable he would at least procure the trees in the fall and heel them in a
sheltered spot, in dry soil. Ag to the selection of varieties he would choose a
succession, and for trial would recommend a few of the Early Beatrice. At
present he would set a fair proportion of Hale’s Early, Early Crawford, Bar-
nard (Foster, a few for trial), Jacques’ Rareripe, Late Crawford, Hill’s Chili,
and a few Smocks.

A. J. Pierce would discard the Barnard and plant mostly of the Early Craw-
fords, Old Mixon, and Jacques’ Rareripe.

D. C. Loveday said if a man was following mixed farming he would avoid
early peaches and plant none earlier than Snow’s Orange. He thought highly
of Old Mixon, Jacques’ Rareripe, and Hiil’s Chili.

T. T. Lyon remarked that the Snow’s Orange was earlier and better than
the Barnard.

L. H. Bailey said his choice was Early and Late Crawfords and Old Mixons,
of which he was going to set largely this fall.

C. H. Wigglesworth thought the Barnard ought not to be discarded for the
Early Crawford. It was hardier and more forward in bearing. He was going
to set a quantity of Hale’s Early, Large Early York, Barnard, Early and Late
Crawford, Hill’s Chili, and Old Mixon.

D. T. Pierce also spoke highly of the Barnard peach. When thinned he
thought they were equal to the Early Crawford.

D. B. Williams said his choice would be Early and Late Crawfords and Old
Mixon. He would recommend the Delevan peach and discard Serate, Karly
York, and Honest John. Would plant in the fall in dry ground and hill up.

A. 8. Dyckman had set mostly in the spring, with good success. He said
the Barnard needed the highest cultivation and the most thinning, and then it
was one of the best of peaches. His Barnards have borne four baskets to his
Crawfords one. He thought the Mountain Rose would displace Wheeler’s
Early and Cole’s Early Red; he would not set Delevan, Keyport White, nor
Smock. Last year his Early Crawfords brought the most; this and year before
last his Hale’s Early paid the best. He would not plant less thaa eighteen
feet_apart.

PLUMS AND QUINCES.

SoutH Haven, Oct. 31, 1874.

In regard to the profitableness of plums and quinces, T. T. Lyon said he
eould see no reason why quinces would not be profitable grown on a more

500 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

extensive scale: they succeeded well in our gardens, why not as an orchard
fruit? They could be dried or canned and made to pay, on a large scale. We
have a suitable soil and climate. In reference to plums, they required more
care to keep off the curculio, but if we would set out more trees, and give them
sufficient care, they would be very profitable, as they were very productive and
brought a comparatively high price: they were inclined to overbear, and
should be thinned. He thought a systematic shortening of the new shoots on
young trees, and a thinning out of the superfluous branches on old trees,
would prevent any injury from overbearing. The plum preferred a heavy soil,
rich and moist, but not wet. The Lombard and Princess Yellow Gage does
well on sand.

C. T. Bryant said that he was simply experimenting in his present effort to
grow a plum orchard; had no experience in growing quinces.

D. B. Williams said the quince did well on a clay sub-soil; he thought
large orchards would not be profitable, as people only wanted a few to use;
they were very profituble at present; he thought salt good for plums and
quinces; he knew of their flourishing on the sea coast where the salt spray
frequently covered them.

T. T. Lyon thought caution necessary in salting trees.

L. H. Bailey had no faith in coal tar for getting rid of the curculio on plum
trees; he had tried it thoroughly this spring, with no success; he has suc-
ceeded well with quinces, but did not cultivate them; mulched heavily with
manure; he thought there was more money in peaches.

W. H. Hurlbut has done well with quinces, but not with plums.

D. C. Loveday said he used the Ransom chip-trap process for getting rid of
the curculio on his plum trees, and followed it with the use of sheets, and was
repaid with good crops of sound plums; they netted him five dollars per bush-
el; had in bearing Washington, Yellow Gage, and Damson.

GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS.

SoutH Haven, Nov. 14, 1874.

C. T. Bryant said, in regard to the cultivation of gooseberries and currants,
that they flourished with comparative neglect; cheap labor would grow them,
and cheap packages would carry them to market, and they ought to pay.

John Williams said that English gooseberries, as far as he had observed, did
not pay. He thought the late varieties of currants were profitable, especially
the Victoria. He had watched the market for several years, with a view ot
planting extensively, and would only grow the early varieties to dry.

T. T. Lyon remarked that, grown as they usually are, with neglect, they
were not profitable; but if cultivated, pruned, and cared for, they would pay.
Some objection was raised on account of the birds eating a few; he would
' raise them all the more on that account, to encourage the birds to collect them
and remain in the orchard, where they would destroy many injurious insects
and worms. The striped fruited variety was later than the Victoria, but
smaller and sourer. The earlier varieties might be kept late by covering the
bushes with cheap paper bags. Currants might be set between rows of young

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5OL

trees and occupy but little room. No wood older than two years should be
left on the bushes. He spoke highly of the Downing’s Seedling gooseberry,
and favorably of the Mountain Seedling, as good bearers and free from mildew.

Henry Chatfield said currants and gooseberries were fruit he would not like
to do without, and he could sell at a fair price all he had to spare. He raised
the White Grape currant and Houghton Seedling gooseberries.

Chas. Wigglesworth said there was no demand for them in Chicago; they
were grown all over the West. ‘They filled no gap between strawberries and
raspberries. Triomph de Gand strawberries and Kirtland raspberries fol-
lowed each other and paid twice the money.

D. E. Histed said the black currant paid well; they required moist land;
birds and currant worms would not touch them.

Mr. Cook brought in large specimens of King apples, and the secretary
Smock peaches.

IS PEACH GROWING OVERDONE?
SoutH HAVEN, Noy. 21, 1874.

The question for discussion Monday evening, “Is peach growing overdone,”
was the most important subject ever brought before the society. Notwith-
standing it rained hard, several came along way on foos to hear what was said,
pro and con, by those most interested in the future welfare of our most im-
portant business. Space will not permit a fall report of the remarks made by
all, and I will only touch on the most important points. I might preface by
saying that all were unanimous that the market for first-class ‘peaches could
not be overstocked by us, even if every available acre which we could clear of
stumps were set to fruit. It was generally conceded that the market for first-
class peaches never was overstocked, and in all probability never would ke;
that the price of them in seasons of greatest abundance had always been re-
munerative, and in seusons of scarcity were very profitable. It was admitted
that the growing of inferior fruit was only profitable in years of scarcity, and
the price then realized for them only repaid for the loss attending them in
years of abundance; and on account of the damage done in breeding curculios
and borers, neglected orchards were an injury to us and ought to ‘be abated.
It was estimated that the number of trees already set in this vicinity was about
100,000; that there would be set in the spring some 50,000 more, and in the
next five to ten years it might reach a million. This, in all probability, would
not supply the increasing demand for peaches. The advantage of growing
them extensively was in reducing their cost, which, it was calculated, could be
done at one-half the price now attending the raising of them. The cost of
backets, freight and commission could ulso be much reduced. It was also sug-
gested that a drying factory here wotild save a large waste.

SoutH HAVEN, Nov. 28, 1874.

The question for discussion at the last regular meeting of the society was a
continuation of the question of the previous meeting, “Is peach culture over-
done?” Ina locality like this, which has never missed a crop since the trees
first came into bearing, nineteen years ago, and with our unlimited market in
every direction, makes its own answer, emphatically no; and in astonishment

502 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

we pause to inquire why the question was ever asked. The reply comes back
to us from the State of New York, saying that their trees or fruit buds fre-
quently fail; if they do not they get so large a crop that the fruit is small and
does not bring remuneratiye prices. One of the principal peach growers in
Delaware said last fall that a full crop of fruit in that State was an exception.
Haying five million bearing trees scattered over the entire State, such is the
case that but a portion of the State has a crop, the failure sometimes arising
from a premature swelling and weakening of the buds, so that a moderate cold
spell, which comes in streaks, will kill them, as will also late spring frosts after
the trees bloom or the fruit is set.

Such a case never happened here; the only loss we have experienced has
been in a few trees in exposed localities, which were frozen in the root by the
bursting of the root cells during a cold, windy spell of weather winter before
last. One thought this did not account for the loss of his trees, which were
set in a low, wet place, and the roots covered deep with sand. The quantity of
moisture there caused the soil to freeze deep. 'l'his suggests the careful set-
ting of trees, more than any fault in the climate. A little mulch for dry knolls
or a drain for wet places will remedy the evil.

BEST CONDITION OF TREES FOR WINTER.

SoutH Haven, Dec. 7, 1874.

In regard to the best condition of trees for winter, Geo. L. Seaver said the
top and roots should be thoroughly ripened in the fall, all bruised and split
limbs should be carefully removed and the cut surfaces protected with paint or
anything to prevent excessive evaporation. The grubs should be removed
from the roots, and care be taken in cutting them out to destroy as few per-
pendicular lines of bark as possible. ‘The cavity made by the borer should be
all cut out and the edges made smooth with a sharp knife to assist the tree in
healing them up. The trees should then be banked up about six inches and
the ground be left sloping from the trunk.

D. C. Loveday thought more care should be taken in ripening the wood of
the tree. This was best done by thoroughly draining the land and keeping
the top of the tree well thinned out, thus permitting the heat, light and mois-
ture to mature the wood.

C. T. Bryant thought clean culture assisted in ripening the tree, and after
the wood and buds were well ripened, he would stop cultivation of the soil, but
would hoe off or pull any weeds appearing later in exposed places; would mulch
the ground with coarse litter.

SoutH HAVEN, Dec. 14, 1874.

A good attendance was early present at the meeting of the Pomological So-
ciety, including members from a distance and several strangers from abroad.
The time for holding an annual festival was set for the first Monday evening
in January, at Monroe’s Hall, at which time it is expected that the newly
elected President will deliver his inaugural address; also several addresses will
be read by members chosen for the occasion.

HE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 503

The question being disposed of, Mr. Gregory, of Kendall, inquired as to the
probable cause of his winter apples rotting to an unusual extent thus early in
the season.

D. C. Loveday suggested that the apples may have over-ripened on the trees
before gathering, during the very warm weather in the middle of October. He
had picked his the first of October and placed them in a cool store-room until
seyere weather came on, when he removed them to his cellar, where they were
keeping in excellent condition.

Mr. Chatfield remarked that he gathered his the 10th of October, placing
them in a cool loft until November, when they were removed to his cellar, and
examination made to-day showed they were keeping well. He thought, back
from the lake, apples ought to be gathered earlier. Mr. Gregory inquired what
varieties, if any, were less exempt from the codling moth than others.

D. C. Loveday said his Russets and Jonathans were freest, and his King and
Black Detroit most wormy. ‘The Canada Red was added to the list of apples
less stung, and the Maiden’s Blush to those most affected. The exemption
was attributed to the size of the calix when young, which was more or less
open in different varieties.

The question chosen for discussion at the next meeting is: “ What are the
most profitable varieties of apples.”

VARIETIES OF APPLES.

SoutH Haven, Dec. 21, 1874.

The regular discussion of the evening was opened by the secretary, who
stated that although the Baldwin and Greening were the leading market
apples, they could be replaced by something better, as both had well known
defects. He stated that in company with W. H. Gregory, of Kendall, they
became acquainted with E. Buel, of Kalamazoo, who stated that he, in com-
pany with his brother, set an orchard of apples some fifteen years ago at Little
Prairie Ronde. ‘The orchard consisted principally of Canada Red, Baldwin,
King, and an assortment of other varieties. His preference was decidedly in
favor of the Canada Red as the best and most profitable market apple, remark-
ing that had the orchard been all Canada Red it would net them $1,000 more
annually. They sold readily in Chicago for $3 per barrel, while other varie-
ties sold at considerably less. The usual objection was raised to the Canada
Red of its being a slow grower, when Mr. B. stated that when top grafted on
two year old Spy stocks it was equal to the average of other varieties. We
were convinced of this on examining a six year old orchard of his, whip
grafted two and a half feet high on Spy stocks, which was, all things con-
sidered, the finest orchard we had ever seen.

T. T. Lyon was next called upon for his views. He said as far as his nursery
interests were concerned he would rather think a more thrifty growing money
tree would be the most popular; still the Red Canada was his favorite; it was
less liable to drop, less liable to be stung, and more uniform in bearing than
any other apple.

H. Chatfield said he had no experience with the Red Canada. Former years

504 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

his Baldwins and Greenings were the most profitable; this year his Esopus
Spitzenburgs were best.

L. H. Bailey remarked that age improved them.

Hiram Griffin said he had the Red Canada, but it was not in bearing suffi-
ciently to judge of its value; he found but one stung.

L. H. Bailey said his Baldwins did best; he noticed the Stark and Lawyer
were well recommended south.

T. T. Lyon said that apples of southern origin, although they might be No.
1 there, and highly spoken of, were No. 2 here, compared to our varieties. It
was time that they had proved hardy, which hardiness was as necessary for
them to endure the cold of our winter as the heat of their summer; still they
were not as desirable for us as our own first-class apples. Mr. Lyon was asked
if the green and yellow Newtown Pippin succeeded here, and he replied in the
negative. On being asked as to the season of the Norton Melon, he said late
autumn and early winter.

J. H. Cowley said his father top-grafted his large orchard in Oakland county
to Canada Red; he would not have any other variety.

H. Chatfield thought the Red Canada might not succeed here, especially on
our lightest soil.

T. ‘l'. Lyon said it would succeed on suitable soil; light sand was better
suited to peaches and grapes.

L. H. Bailey said he lost confidence in Red Canada while in Detroit last win-
ter, where he saw several shipments from St. Johns of small scabby Red Can-
adas. They were doubtless from off drift sand.

Chas. Gibson remarked that he thought apples might be grown profitably on
sand by hauling clay and gravel from the beach and putting around them.

A. T. Linderman spoke highly of the Shiawassee Beauty as one of the best
late autumn and early winter varieties.

J. Bonham was asked what variety of apples brought the best market price
in Chicago; he replied the Red Canada. Greenings were now selling for
$2 50, Baldwins for $2 75, Canadas for $3 00 and $3 50.

President Phillips said his Baldwins, assorted and wrapped in papers, brought
last spring $9 00.

SUBJECTS FOR DISCUSSION—LIST OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT FOR PROFIT
—THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION.

SoutH HAVEN, January 9, 1875.

The society was called to order by the president. The secretary read a letter
from J. P. Thompson, secretary of the State Pumological Society, requesting
us to make an estimate of the quantity and value of land set to fruit in Van
Buren county; the yield and price of fruit in 1874, compared to 1872-3 ; the
proportionate loss of trees, if any, in 1873. These separate points were freely
discussed by all present, and figures taken for future reference. ‘The secretary
was instructed to correspond with all the principal fruit growers in the county,
for the purpose of collecting facts for presentation at the Lansing meeting.

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 505

The committee who were selected to revise the list of subjects for discussion
on the first Monday evening in each month presented the following:

For January.—Selection of Varieties for Planting.

February.—Spring Pruning and Destruction of Insects.

March.—Packages, Packing and Transportation,

April.—Preparation for Spring Planting; Encouragement of Birds.

May.—Blossoming and Setting of Fruit, and Cultivation.

June.—Thinning and Pruning.

July.—Composition of Soils; Drainage ; Mulch and Irrigation.

August.—Development of Fruit and Wood.

Seplember.—Ripening of Fruit and Wood.

October.—Picking, Packing, and Preserving Fruit.

November.—Pruning and Mulching in Preparation for Winter.

December.—Varieties of Winter Fruit.

Which list was adopted by the society, and the committee further instructed
to prepare a list of persons to open the discussion. As the subject for Janu-
ary to be discussed must be presented at the next meeting, a list of varieties of
fruit for profit was prepared for Van Buren and Allegan counties:

Apples.—Maiden’s Blush, Baldwin, Greening, Spy, and Red Canada,

Pears.—Bartlett and Beurre d’Anjou.

Peaches.—Hale, Early Crawford, Early Barnard, Jacques’ Rareripe, Old Mixon, and Hill's
Chili.

Quinces.—Orange and Rea’s Mammoth.

Plums. —Lombard, Bradshaw, Coe’s Golden Drop, and Bavay’s Green Gage.

Apricots.—Golden ‘and Peach,

Nectarines —Early Violet, Elruge Red Roman.

Figs.— White Marseilles,

Cherries.—Early Purple Guinne, and Rockport Black Tartarian.

Gooseberries —Houghton and Mountain Seedling.

Currants.—Red Dutch, Cherry, and Victoria.

Grapes.—Delaware and Concord.

Blackberries.— Lawton and Kittatinny.

Raspberries.—Mammoth Cluster, Clark, Philadelphia, and Herstine.

Strawberrves.— Wilson and Triomph de Gand.

On motion T. T. Lyon was appointed to open the discussion on the varieties
of Apples; Harvey Linderman, on Peaches; C. T. Bryant, on Pears, Plums,
Quinces, Apricots, Nectarines, Figs, and Cherries; C. H. Wigglesworth, on
Small Fruits.

The secretary then read the letter from the Director General of the Centen-
nial Exposition, inviting us to make an exhibition at Philadelphia in the sum-
mer of 1876; requesting us to elect such space as we thought we would need.
The secretary recommended that the exhibition, if made, be made in glass
cases, two feet square, for the better preservation, protection, and labeling of
the fruit; that only a few of the leading varieties be shown, and these to be
perfect in every respect. That a case be made for apples, one for pears, one
for peaches, and one for other varieties of large fruit, and one for small fruits ;
one case for canned fruits, one for dried fruits, one for insects, one for birds,
one for wood, one for the pressed leaves and another for the pressed blossoms
of the different leading varieties of fruit; and, inasmuch as we had no botan-
ist for the preparation “and arrangement of blossoms and leaves, the secretary
moved that Woodford Law be chosen botanist for out society, which was car-
ried.

C. J. Monroe moved that the society elect ten feet square of space for exhi-
ition at the Centennial Exposition.

C. H. Wigglesworth thought that the exhibition should be made in the name
of the society.

64

’

506 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The president, vice-president, and treasurer remarked that if we made an
exhibition, the society, county and State, would receive due credit for the

same.
On calling for the ayes and nays, the election of space was carried unani-

mously.

OPPOSITION TO CONSOLIDATION OF REPORTS.

SoutH Haven, Jan. 16, 1875.

Preambles and a resolution were then read opposing the consolidation of the
State Agricultural and Pomological Reports, recommended by the Governor
in his recent message, which were unanimously adopted by the society, and
referred to the committee appointed to attend the Lansing meeting, as follows:

Wuereas, The annual Report of Transactions of the Michigan State Pomological Soci-
ety have come to exert a wide and beneficial influence, both within and without the State ;
and by the high quality of the matter they contain, are doing very much to elevate the
standard of fruit culture among us, as well as to develop abroad a knowledge of our capac-
ities in this respect, and thus to invite the development of this capacity by the introduc-
tion of foreign capital; and,

WHuereEas, We are fully convinced that such result has been, to a very considerable
extent, due to the fact that the preparation of this report has been strictly in the hands of
persons conversant with the peculiar wants of fruit culture, and confined solely to that
interest ; in consequence of which these volumes have, very largely, gone into the hands
of persons needing them, and qualified to appreciate them ; therefore,

Resolved, By the South Haven Pomological Society, that we observe with regret, that the
Governor, in his recent message, has recommended the consolidation of the Transactions
of the State Pomological Society with those of the State Board of Agriculture, for the
reason, among others, that the number of copies published is, even under present arrange-
ments, by no means adequate to supply the wants of citizens of the State, directly inter-
ested in the culture of fruits; and that the combining of the two in one volume, must
result in the placing of at least the Pomological Report in the hands of large numbers of
persons whose business and pursuits are strictly agricultural, and who, therefore, will care
little for pomological matters ; while the many interested directly in fruit culture, and who
now find it difficult, if not impossible, to secure copies of the Pomological Report, will then
experience still greater difficulty in doing so, on account of their absorption by distribution
to agriculturists and others interested in neither pursuit, while the increased size of such
consolidated volume must necessarily render it unwieldy, and at the same time add consid-
erably to the expense of publication in securing an equal] degree of publicity.

RECORD OF TEMPERATURE.

LANSING, Mich., February 12, 1875.

FRIEND BIDWELL:—Will you, as a representative of your pomological so-
ciety, give me any information you may possess or can obtain upon the follow-
ing questions:

First—Have you any exact record of differing temperatures with differences
in altitude during any term of depression of the thermometer ?

Second—Please give me, in short, the prevailing theory of atmospheric

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 507

drainage in your society, and the modifying influences in connection there-
with.

Third—Uave you any statistics from other localities bearing upon this point,
and upon which you base theory of comparative protection varying with alti-
tude? Iam anxious to get at something definite in this direction : we lack
accurate statistics. Very truly,

Cuas. W. GARFIELD.

REPLY.
SouTH HAveEN, Mich., February 20, 1875.

DEAR Srr:—In reply to your letter of inquiry as to our record of tempera-
ture, I would say it is difficult to give any exact figures unless you take into
account the varying differences of the temperature of the air and water, which
are constantly altered by the heat of the sun, which would require an ayerag-
ing of our records to cover these variances, which would give us with the tem-
perature of the air on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the water’s
surface, 30° below zero: on the eastern shore, here, it would indicate about
zero. At 100 feet altitude on the western shore at the same time it will indi-
cate 26° below, and on this side, at the same elevation (100 feet), 12° below.
At 200 feet elevation on the other side, 26° below, and at that altitude here
20° below. So that on our shore, with a cold wind from Wisconsin, it is
warmer near the level of the lake. Thirty to forty miles inland on a level sur-
face the temperature at the same time will indicate 15° below zero; at 100 feet
elevation, 12° below; at 200 feet elevation, 5° below, receiving an average
benefit in crossing the lake of 10 degrees; and since the winter cold comes
from the west principally, I might say that the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
is 10 degrees warmer in winter than Wisconsin. In a calm, with good at-
mospheric drainage, the temperature on the level of the lake indicating zero
will give a record, at 100 feet elevation, of 8° above zero, and at 200 feet 20°
above. So that in a calm which frequently follows a storm, our average alti-
tude of 60 feet, with perfect air drainage, protects the fruit in winter and
prevents any occurrence of frosts in summer.

H. EK. BIDWELL.

FRUIT PACKAGES.

SottH Haven, March 6, 1875.

The regular weekly meeting was opened by the president calling attention
to the fact that the State Pomblogical Society desired each local society to
carefully prepare a list of fruits adapted to its locality, for the purpose of re-
vising the list for Michigan, which was in process of preparation for publica-
tion by the American Pomological Society.

A committee of four were appointed to prepare a list for the society. The
committee were N. Phillips, H. E. Bidwell, Geo. L. Seaver, and A. 8. Dyckman.

The secretary informed the society that the box of books kindly sent by the
Secretary of State for their library had been received. Whereupon a vote of
thanks was tendered him for the same.

508 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A box of Reports was also received by the secretary from the State Pomo-
logical Society, for which the society return their sincere thanks.

A box of Reports was also received from EH. Buell, of Kalamazoo, and a vote
of thanks was tendered him for the gift and for his former contribution of
apples.

rhe librarian was also requested to procure a book, and make therein an in-
ventory of the books and papers on hand,—crediting all contributions received
and charging the members with those drawn out.

The question for the meeting (“Fruit Packages”) being called, John Wil-
liams was requested to open the discussion, which he did by calling attention
to anew paper berry box, which was very neat and cheap,—%6 per 1,000 in
the flat. There seemed to be a difference of opinion as to whether they were
preferable to wood.

Inquiry was made as to the price of wood boxes in the flat, which were re-
ported at $5 per 1,000.

It was suggested that we had a new box and basket factory here that needed
encouragement in starting. A motion was made and passed that the members
of this society encourage as much as possible all home enterprises.

The president inquired if the members had practiced shipping early apples
in baskets.

C. D. Loveday replied that he had shipped a large quantity of Red Astra-
chan apples in baskets which netted him $1 40 per bushel. Ata later period
they paid little or nothing except in barrels. He remarked if fruit was high
and scarce it would pay to ship in baskets, otherwise not.

N. Q. Munger, of Casco, exhibited a dwarf pear tree which died last summer,
he thought from the inability to supply moisture to the top from the roots.
This was evident from the amount of top compared to the root. He farther
stated that the soil was a heavy clay, and that it failed at the time of the
drouth, and that the tree was unusually heavily laden with fruit.

D. B. Williams said that the quince roots on which the pear was grown to
dwarf it for the purpose of inducing early bearing, were comparativeiy short,
and needed manure and moisture nearer the tree than standards.

T. T. Lyon said that the fruiting of dwarf pears required a large amount of
time and careful attention to persistently thin and regularly prune the trees,
and without it they would not prove successful; he recommended to set the
trees below the junction of the pear and quince to induce pear roots.

N. Q. Munger inquired if, on the failure of the quince root, would not the
quince stump decay and prove an injury to the tree?

President Lyon thought not, if the pear root started before the quince root
died.

The secretary thought that growing quinces from cuttings was an injury to
quince and dwarf pear culture.

On motion, the question for the next meeting was chosen to be “ Packing
Fruit,” and L. H. Bailey was chosen to open the discussion.

THE YELLOWS.

The following memorial was unanimously adopted at the regular meeting,
‘held February 1st, 1875:

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 509

To the Honorable Legislature of the State of Michigan:

The disease known as the ‘‘ Yellows”’ in the peach has made its appearance in our
orchards, by nursery trees having been received from sections affected with the Yellows,
which trees first show the disease in the premature ripening of the entire first crop of
peaches some two weeks in advance of the other trees of the same variety ; the diseased
peaches becoming unusually red, especially at the pit, and acquire an insipid and unwhole-
some taste as they approach maturity. If the diseased trees are allowed to remain, the
neighboring trees become affected, and in a few years the entire orchard becomes diseased,
the trees developing weak and feeble growths, having small, narrow, yellowish leaves, after
which the trees gradually die.

Pollen taken from the anthers of blossoms on diseased trees and used to fertilize the pis-
tils of blossoms on healthy trees conveys the disease of such trees.

The first appearance of the disease in these identical peaches can be seen, usually, one
month previous to their ripening, by the appearance of small red specks next to the pit—
first at the stem and then all over the pit. These daily increase in number, and gradually
extend through the larger veins into the smaller ones until every cell contains one or more
of these specks. Seen under a powerful microscope the specks resemble small red globules
in the flaid of the cells. When exposed to 180 deg. Fahrenheit in a fruit drier the globules
dry and remain in the cellular tissues,

The next appearance of the disease in the tree is seen in the starting out of dormant buds
on the affected limb, towards the trunk of the tree. The following year the peaches on the
remainder of the limb become diseased ; the sap in the limb acquiring an orange color, a
slimy touch and sickish smell. As the disease increased it can be traced down the trunk of
the tree, which is frequently followed by tufts of unnatural growth springing up at the base
of the tree, the new wood and bark on the tree acquiring a softer, lighter and more spongy
growth with the development of the disease.

The peach, apricot, nectarine, and almond are not exempt from the spread of the disease,
even though budded on plum stalks. Vigor, health, age, soil, drainage, exposure, cutting off
the affected limb, slitting the trunk, applying ashes, lye, salt, potash, snperphosphates, or
hot water, do not prevent the spread of the disease in the tree or orchard when once
attacked. Nothing but the axe applied promptly and vigorously to the roots of the trees
has prevented the spread of the disease. From the fact that the disease is first seen in the
prematurely ripened and highly colored peach, before it has spread, by promptly removing
the tree then and there the disease is effectually destroyed. By this means it has been en-
tirely removed from our orchards.

Mr. Hurlbut, chairman of the committee appointed to drafta bill to prevent
the spread of the yellows in the peach, not being present at the opening of the
meeting, at the request of the society and with the consent of the rest of the
committee, T. T. Lyon read a bill for that purpose, one of its essential features
being that each township, at its annual election, must elect to come under the
law by the appointment of a commissioner who shall have the general man-
agement of the disease. The bill was accepted by the society and held for dis-
cussion. When W. H. Hurlbut came in with his bill, which was read and
accepted, the objection to this bill, as a whole, was raised that it did not pro-
vide for the appointment of a suitable person to look after the disease.

L. H. Bailey said as far as South Haven was concerned we had no need of a
law.

C. H. Wigglesworth thought there might be need of it hereafter. He said
that taking action against nursery trees was carrying the law too far.

C. H. Wigglesworth said a man might be sued for having diseased trees, but
could not sue a man in a neighboring State who raised the trees.

Mr. Hurlbut replied that it should not prevent a law for ourselves.

Mr. Bailey said, Buy the trees of home nurseries.

A. 'T. Linderman said a penal law would prevent irresponsible persons ped-
dling diseased trees.

A. 8. Dyckman said a summary law should be passed for the entire destruc-
tion of the yellows in the State; the law was just and right, and ought to be
enforced.

510 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

The secretary said that any section haying the disease would be sick of it,
and glad to get rid of it, and thank us for our assistance.

A.S. Dyckman did not believe any locality would try to preserve the yellows ;
if any did, he would like the world to know it. Let them stand out and clear
us of the infamy; he was in favor of a law without exemption.

Mr. Hurlbut thought the Legislature would rather pass a whole law than a
part of one.

T. T. Lyon did not like to risk the passage of a general law, and for that
reason he thought each locality should elect to come under the law.

A. 8. Dyckman moved the two bills be recommitted to the committee, with
instructions to prepare out of both one bill, without any election clause, which
bill should accompany the memorial, and be sent tothe Legislature. Accepted.

H. E. BIDWELL, Secretary.

STATISTICAL FRUIT REPORT MADE TO THE SECRETARY OF THE STATE
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

SoutH HAVEN, February 5, 1875.

DEAR S1r:—Your letter of inquiry as to the value of the orchard Jand in
Van Buren county was duly received and read before our society, at which
time I took an estimate of the value of our orchards,—the comparative yield
and net returns for the past three years. '’o make my report complete I was
requested to correspond with the leading fruit growers in the county ; where-
upon I addressed the following communication to one hundred of the largest
fruit growers in Van Buren:

“© My DEAR Sim :—Please inform me, as far as practicable, what you estimate the value
of your orchard at per acre; what is the value of the adjoining lands? Please give me the
comparative extent and yield of your orchard in 1874, compared to 1872-3; also the price
realized for the fruit. Please inform me of the proportionate loss, if any, by the winter of
1872-8. Are your trees in as healthy and vigorous a condition as in 1872?”’

The reports as to the value of the orchards were variable,—from one hun-
dred to one thousand dollars per acre, according to age, variety, and nearness
to market. A low average estimate of the bearing apple orchards of the county
is two hundred dollars per acre, the peach orchards at three hundred dollars,
and the adjoining lands at from twenty-five to fifty dollars per acre. As a
whole, the orchards are in as healthy a condition as in 1872.

It appears that the winter of 1872-3 injured but a portion of the fruit buds
of the apple, so that the yield of fruit in 1872 was less than in 1873; but the
increased price realized for the same made the net profit greater. In 1874 the
yield of apples was greatly increased, so that the net returns were even more
than in 1872 or 1873. The peach buds were injured by the cold winter in the
eastern portion of the county, while in the western portion the crop was good,
and the net returns were unusually large.

Allowing nearly 5,000 acres for the 145 small lakes that dot the county of
Van Buren, and the waste surface of the Paw Paw, Black, and other small
streams, which cross in their meanderings nearly one-half of all the sections
of land, there would remain four hundred thousand acres of land, one-third of
which is suitable for apple orchards and one-third for peach orchards, leaving

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 511

one-third for farming, timber, and grass lands. Of the 133,333 acres of land,
but 7,629 acres were set in 1872. Allowing one-fifth for bearing, there were
1,526 that yielded 209,484 baskets of apples, netting at a low average price
$83,793.60, or $54.91 per acre. In 1873 they bore 162,705 bushels, bringing
$89,488, or $58.64 per acre. In 1874 there were 1,830 acres in bearing, yield-
ing 251,380 bushels, netting $125,690, or $68.64 per acre, which was a steady
net increase per acre in the face of the cold winter of 1872-3.

In 1872 but 945 acres were set to peaches. Allowing one-third for bearing,
the 315 acres produced 62,929 bushels, yielding $94,393, or over $300 per acre.
In 1873 one-fifth, or 63 acres,in South Haven township bore 9,072 bushels,
bringing net $27,296, or four hundred and thirty-one dollars and sixty-eight
cents per acre. In 1874 there were 420 acres in bearing, yielding 84,100
bushels, netting $126,150, or $300.28 per acre.

The pear orchards in 1872 yielded net $328 per acre; in 1873, $5605 in
1874, $450.

The plum orchards in 1872 made a net yield of $333 per acre; in 1873,
$288; in 1874, $420.

The cherry orchards in 1872 made returns of $407.40 per acre; in 1873,
$401.60; in 1874, $450.

The grape vineyards in 1872 produced $276 per acre; in 1873, $440.50; in
1874, $440.

The strawberry plantations in 1872 yielded $239.10 per acre; in 1878,
$319.50; in 18%4, $237.50.

The currants in 1872 net $468.60 per acre; in 1873, $493.20; in 1874, $450.

The average net per acre for the last three years for apples in bearing was
$60.73; for peaches, $343.99; for pears, $446; for plums, $347; for cherries,
$419.67 ; for grapes, $386.83; for strawberries, $265.36 ; for currants, $470.60.
The average per acre for all fruits was $342.52. Allowing all the apple land in
Van Buren county to be set and in bearing it would produce, at the low price
of fifty cents per bushel, $9,199,977. Allowing the peach land to be set and in
bearing, at one dollar per bushel, it would amount to $16,666,600. Added to the
product of the apple land the orcharding in Van Buren county would yield
annually over twenty-five million dollars.

In reply to your further inquiry as to whether “ good cultivation would
double the value of the present orchards and net returns,” if you include
pruning, thinning, and grafting to improved varieties, we say emphatically,
yes. Our orchardists are striving to obtain these results, and I cannot close
this letter without thanking them for their full and prompt reply to your in-
quiries. Yours respectfully, H. E. BIDWELL.

PRUNING.

SoutH Haven, February 20, 1875.
The pomological society met Monday evening to discuss the subject of
pruning.
George L. Seaver inquired if the late severe weather would alter our method
of pruning.

512 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

W. H. Hurlbut said he had cut several limbs of peaches since the cold spell
and thawed them out in a warm room, and he found some good fruit buds; no
wood buds were injured. This was a severe test for the trial of buds, and sud-
den thawing out would injure many good buds. Those least developed are
least injured. In reply to George L. Seaver’s inquiry, he said that where the
wood was injured by the winter he would prune it off early in the spring.

President Lyon said that if he wanted to prune for wood we should prune in
spring. In reply to George L. Seaver, he said that apples would doubtless
prove uninjured; but on peach, apricot, and sweet cherry trees, some limbs
would be injured and need to be removed.

O. C. Lathrop gave the familiar quotation that “as the twig was bent, the
tree inclined,” and he would early shape the future tree. He thought that
certain varieties of peaches, especially the Crawford, should be pruned in sum-
mer, to induce bearing; more prolific kinds, like Barnards, in the spring. He
favored medium high heads, to facilitate cultivation. In pruning he would
head in and thin out.

President Lyon said he would shorten, but not so much as to prevent thick-
ening up, but enough to keep up the growth in the center of the tree; he
thought the wood growth of the Crawford was usually too strong, and more
fruit buds could be produced by summer pruning of the terminal shoots the
last of June; we need to study the habits of the trees and prune different yari-
eties differently. He thought it practicable to prune small orchards systemat-
ically, and for certain purposes and certain varieties it would be practicable to
prune large orchards. The usual idea had in view in pruning is shape, which
cannot be done correctly when the sap is in motion. Pruning should be done
in March, so the cut surface would dry and heal; would not prune in summer,
except to cut off water shoots.

W. H. Hurlbut said he would cut back when the trees were young, to mul-
tiply the leading branches so as to avoid crotches. In order to get stocky
shoots he would thin out. He preferred to prune in May. Would prune
Barnards up, Crawfords down.

President Lyon said to avoid crotches he would encourage the growth of a
leader. On philosophic principles, pruning in spring threw the strength into
the remainder of the limbs. In pruning, always give the root the balance of
power.

W. H. Hurlbut said, Prune grapes between the middle of April and May and
they will bear more, but make less wood growth; they will necessarily bleed
some then, but tapping trees does not injure them. (There are different views
entertained by others).

O. C. Lathrop said, The theory of close pruning was fast dying out; more
wood growth encouraged more root growth ; would prune in spring.

A.S. Dyckman thought the method of pruning caused more injury than the
time at which it was done. Adopt some system, and make the trees conform to
that system; he was in favor of low pruning; would only cut back long limbs,
and would prune by thinning; preserved to grow three main branches.

H. J. Edgell inquired if the sap was supplied by cells independent of each
other.

President Lyon replied that if cut off the sap was directed into other chan-
nels; prune as little as possible; all severe pruning is injurious.

The secretary said increased manuring was cheaper than pruning.

Inquiry was made as to the prospect for peaches.

THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY. 513

A.S. Dyckman said he had examined his buds, but thought we must wait
until they were thawed out before we could be sure; his lowest record was 16°
below zero. O. C. Lathrop’s lowest record was 18° below; I. 8S. Linderman re-
ports 16° below; the secretary, 22° below; cold of short duration and the air
still. Allowance should be made for the difference in thermometers; altitude
and air drainage had much to do with temperature.

The president said to test thermometers, stand them in water and bring it
to boiling, when it should mark 212; place it in the snow and bring it toa
thaw, and it would mark 32; add salt to the snow and it would indicate zero.

D. C. Loveday said he cut a large limb of Early York peach and put it in his
cellar, and when thawed out found one bud in eight good.

E. J. Lockwood felt sure he would have a crop of peaches.

L. H. Bailey was very sanguine ofa crop.

The subject for discussion next Monday evening will be “ The best varieties
of small fruit,” to be opened by C. H. Wigglesworth.

BEST METHOD OF PACKING FRUIT.

South Haven, Monday, March 22, 1875.

The regular question for discussion Monday evening was “The Best Method
of Packing Fruit.” The secretary read the special rule that related to the
packing of fruit, adopted by the Northwestern Fruit Distributing Association,
as follows:

* All fruit shipped by members of this association shall, as far as possible, be
strictly graded as follows: Ist grade, which shall have none but sound fruit in
it, and shall be strictly of the same genera] grade throughout the package,
provided that some of the very finest may be denominated “ fancy.” The second
grade shall be constituted of such fair fruit as will pay for shipment, but which
is not guaranteed perfect, although it is entirely sound.”

The objection to this grading is that what one may call good another may
call fancy, and what one will only call fair another may grade as good.

President Lyon said that the grading of fruits should be determined by
inspection. Mr. A packs a shipment of peaches and puts on the trade mark
for No. 1 fruit. Mr. B puts up a shipment and also marks it No.1. They
may be 25 per cent better or poorer. ‘This 50 per cent difference can only be
determined by a competent inspector. A trade mark so used by the society,
or any association, would benefit the buyer as well as the seller 15 to 20 per
cent, and by affixing a small fee for inspection it would prove a source of reve-
nue to the society or association. This trade mark could be go easily and
cheaply secured, so readily and generally known that it would become popular
and profitable at once, and not require the time usually employed in making a
reputation for an individual brand.

Mr. Phillips said the time required to inspect the fruit seemed to be the
principal objection.

C. J. Monroe thought the greatest objection was in opening and closing the
package.

C. H. Wigglesworth said a greater difficulty was in displacing and replacing
the fruit.

65

514 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

T. T. Lyon described a method of rapid inspection which looked practical.

The secretary thought a little study would remove all apparent difficulties.
If it would pay he was in favor of trying it.

F. A. Wakefield said that with a large quantity of fruit inspection would be
difficult. Let every man pack his fruit alike, and let an inspector grade it.

N. Phillips said no one had yet abused our present trade mark, which was
affixed by each individual. On the contrary, we could not supply the orders
for trade mark fruit last season.

C. H. Wigglesworth added that he packed his peaches with so much care,—
red cheeks up,—that they could not be displaced for inspecting the center and
be returned in place without spoiling the appearance of the package; he said the
eye bought the peaches heretofore. If the difficulties could be overcome the
benefits would be great. Doubtless 25 per cent, only a portion of the fruit,
would need inspection; cheap labor could assist the inspector; boys and girls
could open and close the packages. In regard to the picking of berries, as far
as practicable he picked in the cool of the day when the dew was off, keeping
the package in a shady place, filling any vacancies from settling when they
were closed for shipment. On picking fruit he usually made but one grade for
berries (as they run). Peaches, pears, and apples he assorted, first class, for
those of means; second class, for the people; third class, to be given to the
poor.

Before the meeting adjourned, N. Phillips inquired if any new evidence could
be added to the beneficial effects of evergreens for wind-breaks. Mr. Burnes,
of St. Joseph, gave a very forcible illustration of the clearing of a strip of tim-
ber next to the lake adjoining his place, where a man lost his entire orchard
by its consequent exposure to the wind.

THE GRAND TRAVERSE UNION AGRI-
CULZURAL. SOCIETY.

BY HON. D. C. LEACH, EDITOR OF THE GRAND TRAVERSE HERALD.

TRAVERSE City, October, 1874.

This society embraces the eight counties in the northern part of the Lower
Peninsula, and is what is commonly known as the “Grand Traverse country.”

HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY.

During the spring and summer of 1868 the Grand Traverse Herald published
several editorial articles urging the formation of an agricultural society. The
proposition was well received by farmers and by our people generally. As a
result of our suggestions, a call was published in the Herald of June 12th of
that year, for a meeting at the county clerk’s office on the 8th of July. On
the 3d of July the Herald again took up the subject, reviewed it at some
length, and urged the farmers to take earnestly hold of the matter.

The meeting on the 8th of July was well attended. Hon. Morgan Bates
acted as chairman, and R. Hatch, Jr., as secretary ; a constitution was adopted,
officers elected and the society fully organized.

The name chosen by the society was that which it bears at this time,—Grand
Traverse Union Agricultural Society. The officers elected were the following:

President—A. B. Dunlap.

Secretary—R. Hatch, Jr.

Treasurer—D. C. Leach.

Vice-Presidents—K. P. Ladd, H. D. Campbell, J. K. Gunton, J. Dean, J.
Lee, G. N. Smith, R. Knight, L. R. Smith, and J. 8. Dixon.

The first fair was held on the 14th and 15th days of October. It was even
more successful than the most sanguine had ventured to hope. Hon. A. B.
Dunlap, the president of the society, delivered the address. Number of entries
for premiums, 251.

The officers elected at the annual meeting were as follows:

President—k. P. Ladd.

Secretary—R. Hatch, Jr.

Treasurer—D. C. Leach.

Vice-Presidents—C. Fowler, Sr., H. D. Campbell, J. K. Gunton, R. Johnson,
W.S. Hubbell, H. Monroe, G. N. Smith, J. Lee, A. B. Dunlap, George Thomp-
son, J. E. Fisher, L. R. Smith, R. Knight, J. P. Brand, G. C. Lull, J. 8. Dixon,
and A. D. Brady.

516 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The second annual fair was held October 6th and 7th, 1869. The number
of entries for premiums this year was 306. Hon. Sanford Howard, then secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture, delivered the address. This second
fair was fully up to the anticipations of the most sanguine. -

The officers elected were as follows:

President—George Parmelee.

Secretary—R. Hatch, Jr.

Treasurer—D. C. Leach.

Members of the Board of Directors—Henry Monroe, §. Rushmore, Richard
Orr, E. L. Sprague, A. B. Dunlap, C. A. Hannaford, I. N. Carpenter, Rev. J.
Pettitt, L. Judson, Hugh Miller.

The third annual fair was held October 5th and 6th, 1870. Like its prede-
cessors it was a success. Number of entries, 247. Mr. George Parmelee, the
president of the society, delivered the address. Officers were elected as
follows:

President—Perry Hannah.

Secretary—R. Hatch, Jr.

Treasurer—R. W. Bagot.

Vice-President—H. H. Noble.

Board of Directors——W. H. Fife, T. Wynkeep, R. Knight, G. C. Lull, A,
B. Dunlap, Rey. G. Thompson, W. 8. Hubbell, T. M. Walkly, T. J. Thorp.
— Call, Sr.

No fair was held in 1871. The fourth was held October 2d and 3d, 1872.
It was more successful than any of its predecessors. In fact, it may be re-
marked of the fairs of this society that they indicate, from year to year, the
general development and growth of the country. Nearly twice as many peo-
ple attended the fourth fair as had been present at any previous one. Mr.
Parmelee delivered the address. ‘The officers elected were as follows ;

President—J. G. Ramsdell.

Secretary—L. H. Gage.

Treasurer—P. Hannah.

Board of Directors—H. W. Curtis, J. Pulcipher, H. H. Noble, R. Knight,
G. Thompson, J. Porter, L. W. Case, L. Judson, U. Miller, H. B. Sturtevant,
A. T. Kellogg, D. Reeder.

The fifth annual fair was held on the 10th, 11th, and 12th days of October,
1873, in connection with the October meeting of the State Pomological So-
ciety. It far exceeded any previous fair in the number of entries, the number
of people in attendance, the cash receipts, and the general interest manifested.
These results were largely owing to the fact of the State Pomological Society
meeting with us. :

The following is a list of the officers elected ;

President—H. W. Curtis.

Secretary—L. H. Gage.

Treasurer—T. T. Bates.

Board of Directors—R. Knight, A. Campbell, L. W. Case, L. P. Judson, J.
S. Dixon, A. Buttars, J. K. Gunton, W. W. Bartlett, A. T. Kellogg, U. V. Hill,
J. Lee, O. H. White, W. Reeder, J. J. Pollard.

Thus far the Society has been more successful than its most sanguine friends
and projectors ventured to hope. That the fairs have been worth to the coun-
try a great deal more than they have cost, no intelligent person will deny.
The benefits predicted from such an organization have been more than realized.
Its mission is not yet ended.

THE GRAND TRAVERSE UNION AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 517

THE OCTOBER FAIR OF 1874.

The exhibition of fruit was the main feature. One must see for himself to
understand and appreciate fully what such a collection of Grand Traverse fruit
really is. But we will try to give our readers a faint idea of what is to be seen
in the first department of Floral Hall. Starting in the southwest corner of the
hall we begin with the collection put on exhibition by

HON. PERRY HANNAH.

The space occupied by Mr. Hannah’s fruit is beautifully decorated with ever-
greens, fruit boughs, etc. But more beautiful and attractive than the decora-
tions is the fruit itself. Apples, of course, occupy a large share of the space.
Of this fruit Mr. Hannah exhibits 168 plates, embracing 40 varieties. He also
has two shelves and sixteen baskets filled with apples. Most noticeable among
them are the Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Golden Russet, King of Tomp-
kins county, Wagener, Northern Spy, and Spitzenburg. Mr. Hannah’s collec-
tion embraces 40 varieties of apples, 12 of pears, and 8 of peaches.

Next in order comes the collection of

PENINSULA GRANGE.

This collection embraces 270 plates of apples, 7 of peaches, 2 of plums, 12 of
grapes, 18 of pears. There are in the collection 50 varieties of apples; how
many of other fruits we are not prepared to say. The leading varieties are the
Golden Russett, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Wagener, King of Tompkins
County, Cayuga Redstreak, Yellow Bellflower, etc. It is as fine a lot of fruit
as one could wish to see. The

INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS

mentioned below are most of them embraced in the Grange collection.

H. W. Curtis has 131 plates of apples, 11 of pears, 5 of peaches, 2 of quinces,
and 1 of crabs. He has 20 varieties of apples, 6 of pears, 3 of peaches. J.
Helffereitch has 8 varieties of apples; J. W. Parker, 11; B. F. Schetterly, 6,
and 1 of pears; J. M. Pratt, 4 of apples and 4 of grapes; J. Makinster, 6 of
apples; G. Lardie, Sen., 6 of apples; C. Fowler, Sen., 1 of apples and one of
pears; M. Swany, 6 of apples; J. B. Barney, 8 of grapes; A. P. Lancaster, 12
of apples, 3 of pears; J. E. Savage, 6 of apples; W. F. Christopher, 2 of pears ;
E. Franklin, 5 of apples and 3 of pears; E. P. Ladd, 4 of apples, 2 of plums;
W. R. Stone, 2 of apples, 2 of pears; T. Tyrer, 5 of apples; C. Kroupa, 2 of
apples; W. Golden, 14 of apples, 2 of pears; P. Stewart, 3 of apples, 4 of pears ;
C. Hawkins, 1 of apples; L. N. Beers, 2 of apples; G. Parmelee, 9 of apples, 1
of peaches.

In the grange collection there were one can each of dried sweet corn, tur-
nips, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, pumpkins, blackberries and squashes, from the
drying establishment of Messrs. McCallum, Reynolds & Tracy; and canned
pears, peaches, and tomatoes from H. W. Curtis.

Next in order is the collection entered by

TRAVERSE CITY GRANGE,

In this collection we find the following: J. G. Ramsdell, one hundred plates
of grapes, embracing thirteen varieties; seven plates of peaches; nineteen
plates, ten varieties, of apples; two plates of plums; three of pears; one of
nectarines.

518 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

A. B. Dunlap has seven plates of grapes; eleven of peaches; two of apples,
and a fine lot of canned fruits.

Wm. Rennie, three plates Hawley apples; R. Mullen four plates of grapes,
and four of apples. There are also in this collection fifty plates of apples,
twenty varieties, contributors’ names not given.

Passing from the grange fruits we come to the following

INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS:

J. McDonald, nineteen plates of apples and one of peaches. In Mr. McDon-
ald’s collection are eight plates of superb Northern Spies. A. 'T. Allen has
eight plates of apples and one of pears; A. Campbell, two of apples; J. Par-
ody, one of apples—finest Gillflowers we ever saw; C. Johnson, one of apples ;
Riel Johnson, twelve plates of apples; Jos. Sours, twenty-six plates of apples ;
G. E. Steele, five plates of apples; M. Gay, three plates of apples; R. Sherman,
twenty-one plates of apples.

A. K. Montague has thirty-eight plates of apples, one of quinces; B. Mon-
tague, nine plates of apples, and two of pears; J. K. Gunton, two plates of
apples, one of crabs, four of pears, and nine of grapes.

Next we come to individual collections

FROM LEELANAW COUNTY.

James Lee—he’s alwayson hand at fair time—has forty plates of apples,
four of pears, three of grapes, two of crabs, one of prunes; Wm. Mebert has
eleven plates of apples, each of a different variety.

M. V. C. Miller, proprietor of the Mission orchard at New Mission, has a
very fine collection of apples, eighty-eight plates in all, and made up of some
thirty varieties. He has also two plates of pears. The fruit from Leelanaw
county is all very choice.

COLLECTIONS OF VEGETABLES,

There were several collections of vegetables at the fair which were worthy of
special notice. The largest collection was that of J. K. Gunton. It was, in-
deed, a model collection. Every article in it was first-class, from the smallest
item to the fourteen-feet sunflower. ‘These vegetables were all from Mr. Gun-
ton’s garden, three miles from town. It does injustice to no one to say that he
has the finest garden in the Traverse region.

A. P..Gray, Geo. Roush, O. E. Clark and D. C. D. Brooks also had fine col-
jections of vegetables. Neither of them had as large collections as Mr. Gun-
ton, but their articles were equally excellent. Every fair is largely indebted to
these gentlemen for numerous contributions.

CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS.

In this line Mrs. Gage and Mrs. Dunlap had fine collections. Judge Rams-
dell and H. W. Curtis had several samples, all of excellent quality. P. Allyn,
who took so many premiums at the State Fair, was, of course, on hand with
numerous samples, all good. The conclusion we came to was that Grand
Traverse ladies and gentlemen, too, understand fruit canning and preserving
to perfection. This must be so, or else there is something in the fruit or in the
atmosphere that makes fruit preserving unusually easy. Mrs. Ide had fine
samples of canned fruits.

FLOWERS, ETC.

Flowers, as usual, were abundant, notwithstanding the lateness of the season.

THE GRAND TRAVERSE UNION AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. a19

Mrs. J. Cram’s house-plants made a brilliant show of foliage and bloom; a
large moss basket filled with flowers, from Mrs. A. D. McRae, was lovely to be-
hold, and a large pyramid of dahlias from Mrs. Crane was gorgeous in the ex-
treme, as also a box of the same flowers, mingled with rose geraniums, from
Mrs. Rickard. Also a large collection of cut flowers contributed by Mrs. Cram
and Mrs. T. T. Bates; two bouquets of wall flowers from Mrs. Mebert; several
flat bouquets and other flowers, Mrs. Ashton’s fountain was playing away
right merrily, dashing a silvery spray over exquisite little bouquets of pansies
and roses, and delighting the hearts of sundry small boys and girls who stood
admiringly around.

The house plants and flowers furnished by Mrs. Cram and Mrs. Bates have
become a noted feature of our fairs. There are but few ladies in the State that
have as fine collections, and the pains they always take to display them at our
fairs is worthy of high praise.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Mrs. J. McDonald, Mrs. E. Roush, Mrs. O. E. Clark, Mrs. H. Voorheis, Mrs.
E. 8. Micham, Mrs. L. 8. Craine, and Mrs. O. F. Hadley have butter on exhibi-
tion that is good to look at, and we doubt not pleasant to take.

QO. Hoxsie and N. Hammond have fine samples of honey. We think no
honey was shown at either of our first three fairs.

Mrs. A. B. Dunlap has a tub of the nicest, whitest, sweetest maple sugar that
we ever saw. And right here, as well as anywhere, we may say that from the
first Mrs. Dunlap has done more than any other lady in the community to
make our fairs a success.

Mr. Joseph Archer has the only nursery stock on exhibition,—fine, thrifty
trees.

One of the most interesting cases of curiosities exhibited is from the

ELK RAPIDS IRON CO.

It contained five samples of charcoal pig iron, from Nos. 1 to 5, manufactured
at their furnace; five specimens of as many different varieties of iron ore;
numerous samples of charcoal, limestone, cinders, etc.; everything that goes
into the furnace or comes out of it. It attracted much attention.

PICTURES.

Miss Mary Goodrich had three oil paintings, one a winter scene, and two
other landscapes; Miss Emma Leach, the Barefoot Boy and a little landscape ;
Mrs. Sayler, a large painting, Sunset on the Sea, another, the Kid’s Play-
ground, Horses in a Storm, a winter scene, embracing the “noble red man”
and squaw crossing the ice, and a child’s portrait; two paintings by Mrs. Ash-
ton, landscapes; three by Mrs. Ramsdell, Traverse City in 1869,a Ruined
Castle, and another landscape; one oil painting by J. W. Simpson.

Of pencil drawings there was one of flowers by Miss Blinn, another by Miss
Mitchell, and specimens of lettering with pencil by Henry Perry, which showed
no little talent. Some very pretty ferns in spatter work were shown by Miss
Blinn.

Chromos and other pictures were contributed for the occasion by T. T.
Bates, B. J. Morgan, L. Roberts, and others.

BUSINESS...
The entire receipts of the fair were $559 67. The old indebtedness was

020 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

$359 02. Expense of the fair, $232 42, leaving the society in debt to P. Han-
nah $31 %%, which amount was donated and the indebtedness cancelled.

Officers were elected for 1875 as follows:

President—W. W. Tracy, of Peninsula.

Secretary—L. H. Gage, of Traverse.

Treasurer—T. T. Bates, of Traverse.

Executive Committee—James Lee, V. C. Miller, Leelanaw county; H. O.
Mack, T. M. Walkley, Benzie; J. B. Haviland, O. E. Clark, Traverse; G. E.
Steele, Chas. Ball, Antrim; J. 8. Dixon, Hugh Miller, Charlevoix; T. A. Fer-
guson, I. N. Carpenter, Wexford; W. Reeder, B. C. Bonnell, Missaukee; O.S.
Curtis, A. C. Beebe, Kalkaska.

A vote of thanks to the officers of the society for the manner in which they
have performed their duties was unanimously adopted. And it was well de-
served. The outgoing president, H. W. Curtis, has been untiring in his efforts
to promote the welfare of the society. His administration has been a success.
Secretary Gage and Treasurer Bates have been equally faithful and efficient.

The constitution of the society requires the president to deliver or cause to
be delivered an annual address. President Curtis, in obedience to the letter as
well as the spirit of the constitution, called the audience together to listen to
his address. Order being secured, he said :

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN :—Verily we have a goodly heritage.

This most admirable address,—the shortest and most appropriate, probably,
ever delivered on such an occasion,—was received with enthusiastic applause.

GRAND) RIVER ,/VALLEY, HORTICUED
URAL, SOCIETY:

To the Secretary of the Michigan State Pomological Soctety :

DEAR Sir :—In compliance with the act of the State Legislature, I have the
honor to hand you herewith the first annual report of the Grand River Valley
Horticultural Society, for 1874, and papers pertaining to its transactions.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

C. J. DIETRICH,
Sec’y G. R. V. Hort, Society.

OFFICERS FOR 1874.

President—EHdward Bradfield of Ada, Kent county.

Vice-President—Henry Holt of Cascade, Kent county.

Secretary—C. Joseph Dietrich of Grand Rapids City.

Treasurer—George W. Dickinson of Grand Rapids City.

Executive Board—Henry Holt of Cascade; William Rowe of Walker; John
Suttle of Grand Rapids; C. N. Merriman of Grand Rapids City.
~ Ex Officio—The President, E. Bradfield; the Secretary, C. J. Dietrich ; the
Treasurer, George W. Dickinson.

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION.

In compliance with the requirements of an act of the Legislature of the State
of Michigan, entitled, “An act to provide for the incorporation of societies for
the promotion of pomology and horticulture and the kindred arts and sciences
in the State of Michigan,” said act approved April 15th, A. D. 1871, we the
undersigned, at the city of Grand Rapids, this tenth day of February, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, do hereby
associate ourselves under the name and style of the GraND RiveR VALLEY
HoRTICULTURAL SocreTy, and agree to be regulated by the following articles
of association :

ARTICLE I.—OBJECT.

The object of this society is to develop facts and promulgate information connected with
pomo.ogy and general horticulture.

ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS.

The officers of this society shall consist of a president, a vice-president, a secretary, a
treasurer, and an executive board of seven members, of which the president, secretary and

66

522 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

treasurer shall be members ex officio; of which board four members being present shall con-
stitute a quorum for the transaction of business, provided that each member shall have been
duly notified of the time and place of meeting. All of the above officers to be elected an-
nually, by ballot.

ARTICLE III.—PROPERTY.

This society may hold personal and real estate to the amount of ten thousand dollars.

ARTICLE IV.—MEMBERSHIP,

Any gentleman may become an annual member by the payment of one dollar each year
in advance, and may become a life member by the payment of ten dollars.

Any lady may become an annual member by the payment of fifty cents each year in ad-
vance, and a life member by the payment of five dollars.

ARTICLE V.—DISTRICT.

The district or territory in which this Society may carry on its operations shall consist of
the counties of Kent, Montcalm, Ionia, Barry, Allegan, Ottawa, and Muskegon, in the State
of Michigan.

ARTICLE VI.—ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting for the election of officers shall be on the first Tuesday in October in
each year; the officers elected at such meeting to commence service on the first Tuesday in
November next following.

ARTICLE VII.—EXPIRATION OF TERM OF OFFICE.

The officers shall perform their respective duties until their successors are elected and have

accepted. But the regular term of office expires as indicated in Article 6th.
ARTICLE VIII.—MEETINGS.

The time and place for holding the regular meetings shall be at the city of Grand Rapids,
on the first Tuesday in each month; yet the Executive Board may change the time of any
regular meeting to any other day, should circumstances seem to demand it, and may also
call special meetings, and designate the place for such.

ARTICLE IX.—DISBURSEMENTS.
No money shall] be disbursed except on an order signed by the President and Secretary.

ARTICLE X.—BY-LAWS.
By-laws not in confliction with these articles may be adopted at any regular meeting of
the Society, one month’s notice having been given.
ARTICLE XI.—AMENDMENTS.

These Articles may be amended at any regular meeting of the Society, provided such
amendment shall have been noticed at the regular meeting preceding.
Signed by—

C. J. DIETRICH, GEO. W. DICKINSON,
E. BRADFIELD, A 8. WHITE,

A. T. LINDERMAN, JOHN SUTTLE,
REUBEN H. SMITH, WM. ROWE,

C. N. MERRIMAN, H. R. PIERCE,

WM. I. BLAKELY, 8S. L. FULLER,
HENRY HOLT, D, L. ARNOLD.

BY-LAWS.—ADOPTED MARCH 3, 1874.

PRESIDENT.

SECTION 1. The President shall be the executive officer of the Society, and of the Exec-
utive Board, and shall preside at all meetings. He shall see that the rules and regulations
are duly observed and enforced. He shall have the best interests of the Society at heart,
and shall lead in forwarding any enterprise that shall add to its use or popularity.

VICE-PRESIDENT.
Src, 2. The Vice-President shall, in the absence of the President, perform all the duties
of said office ; and in case of resignation or removal, either by death or otherwise, of the
President, the duties of the office shall devolve upon the Vice-President, for the remainder
of the term for which they were elected.

GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 523

SECRETARY.

Sec. 38. The Secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, financial, auditing and
accounting officer of the Society. He shail attend all meetings of the Society and Execu-
tive Board, and shall keep an accurate record of the proceedings. He shall sign all mem-
bership certificates, all awarded diplomas, and have charge of the Society’s books and
papers and any other property given into his care by the Society, and shall be responsible
for the same. He shall attend to the public announcement of the Society’s meetings. It
shall be his duty each year, in the month of November, to render an abridged report of the
Society’s proceedings to the Secretary of the State Pomological Society, in conjunction
with an advisory committee appointed by the Executive Board.

TREASURER,

Src. 4. All funds belonging to the Society shall be deposited with the Treasurer, who
shall pay out the same only upon orders drawn by the Secretary and signed by the Presi-
dent. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to keep an accurate account of all moneys
received and paid out by him, and shall be prepared to report the condition of the Society’s
finances at the expiration of each year’s services, or Whenever the Executive Board may
require him to do so,

EXECUTIVE BOARD.

Sec. 5. The Executive Board shall be the judicial body of the Society and shall enact
all laws, rules, and regulations for the government of the Society, and shall have full charge
of the annual fairs. The Executive Board shall have full power to displace any officer for
neglect of duty or abuse of position, and shall fill all vacancies, not otherwise provided for,
by appointment. The members of the Executive Board shall consider the announcement
of a regular meeting of the Society, to be due notice to each one for a meeting of the
Board, as the President shall have authority at such regular meetings to convene the Board
at any hour, and any business transacted at such meeting of the Board shall be legal, pro-
vided a quorum be present. Special meetings of the Board will require a personal notice
through the U. 8. mail, from the Secretary to each individual member, and may be called
by the President or any three members of the Board. The Board shall look after the gen-
eral interests of the Society, keep the Society upon a sound financial basis, and provide for
all its necessities as they may arise. The Executive Board shall report to the Society,
through the Secretary, all of its important operations.

ALTERATIONS OR AMENDMENTS.

Src. 6. Any addition or revision of these By-Laws may be made by a two-thirds vote of
the members present at any regular meeting of the Society, one month’s notice having been
given of such alteration or amendment.

RULES.

Sec. 7. Ordinary parliamentary rules and usages shall govern all meetings of the Society,

special or regular.

AN APPEAL FOR HORTICULTURE.

READ AT THE APRIL MEETING OF THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY, HELD AT GRAND RAPIDS, BY WM. ROWE, FLORIST,
OF WALKER TOWNSHIP, KENT COUNTY.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN :—I would call attention to two facts in
Horticulture which have an important bearing upon us as citizens of the
Grand River Valley, namely, its commercial interest and its moral influence.
Patrick Barry, President of the Western New York Horticultural Society, in
1871, in his annual address before the society, is credited with saying that hun-
dreds and thousands, or he might say millions of dollars are being brought into
New York for fruit trees, shrubbery, plants, and seeds. The Michigan Farmer,
commenting on Mr. Barry’s remarks, asks the question, Will not this
apply to Michigan ? May I not ask, Will not this apply to the Grand River
Valley? Cannot the Grand River Valley grow its own fruit trees, shrubbery,

524 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

plants, and seeds, and some to spare, as well as Western New York? Most
assuredly we can; any one doubting this will please visit some of the nur-
series, beautiful gardens and well stocked green-houses that are springing up
all around us ; andfor further proof allow me to refer to the two great expo-
sitions held in this city. The Horticultural department was under the direc-
tion of the State Pomological Society, whose active members were largely from
the Grand River Valley, and whose exhibitions were pronounced by good
judges second to none in the United States. It is evident, then, that we have
a soil and climate that are favorable to our operations, and it opens a broad
field, commercially, to the enterprising horticulturist, surrounded, as we are,
by a large territory that is fast developing its resources, and through the intel-
ligence of its citizens will furnish a market for all classes of horticultural
stock for many years to come; hence we see horticulture commercially
beckon us onward.

Let us glance for a moment from a higher standpoint at its moral influence,
—and it can only be a glance, for it is beyond the power of man to get a full
view of the immense influence brought to bear on the mind of man through a
practical knowledge of horticulture. The Hon. Judge Graves, of the Supreme
Court, in his remarks before the State Pomological Society, at one of the
evening meetings held in this city during the last fair, said: “ Having many
years’ experience in the law courts of our country, I have never yet seen a live
horticulturist, one engaged in the cultivation of fruits and flowers, arraigned
in court for vice or crime.” This beautiful compliment should induce every
man and woman in the land to know something of this elevating science, if it
is only the planting of a currant tree or the care of a single plant in the win-
dow. It is better than nothing. It may be the commencement of a noble
work. Why, I believe if there was a horticultural society organized in every
town in the land, and the people could be induced to meet and discuss the
interest and growth of fruits and flowers and the beautifying of their homes, it
would do more to stay the tide of crime and vice than one-half of the so-called
reform societies of the present day. Its influence hews off the ragged corners
and smoothes down the rough surface of humanity, and the man or woman
thus engaged becomes more observing of natural laws and nearer Nature’s
God. Here, then, gentlemen, is a work for us to do, a great missionary work
of no small importance; and here I would kindly invite you, if you are a suc-
cessful orchardist or vineyardist, please to give us your mode of success. If you
are a florist, and succeed in growing a rose tree, a fuchsia or geranium better
than your neighbors, please to tell us how you do it; or if you are a gardener,
and have the ability to lay out and beautify our homes, please to let us hear
from you. Don’t be selfish about these things, and shut yourself under a
bushel, but shine forth bright as the morning sun to enlighten the pathway of
your neighbor on to success.

HOW TO PICK AND PACK APPLES, AND WHERE TO KEEP THEM, AND
WHEN TO SELL THEM.

-AN ESSAY READ BEFORE THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, TUES-
DAY, JANUARY 5, 1875, BY P. W. JOHNSON, OF WALKER,

There is no doubt that a lack of success in keeping fruit with many fruit

OU

GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 52

growers is the result of careless handling. Some men will shake off apples,
pick them up, and empty them from the baskets as they do potatoes, and then
wonder why they don’t keep.

Too much care cannot be taken in handling fruit designed for late keeping.
Of course there is a great difference in varieties in this respect; some of the
dryer, tough-skinned sorts will bear slight bruising with impunity, while juicy,
thin-skinned sorts—as the Northern Spy—must be handled as you would
handle eggs.

For picking apples I consider a nimble pair of hands the best apparatus ever
invented, the only question being, how to reach the fruit to be picked. Many
of the step-ladders used for this purpose I consider a nuisance,—especially those
with double sides and platform tops, so common in my vicinity.

When using one of them it seems as though an apple could hardly fall to
the ground without hitting it somewhere, frequently bounding from step to
step on its way down. While step-ladders may sometimes be useful, I prefer
light ladders of suitable length.

Some people show astonishing ignorance of the law of gravitation in setting
up a fruit ladder, frequently resting it upon weak limbs at an angle of forty-
five degrees, only to learn wisdom by experience. Fruit on the outermost
limbs is frequently difficult of access, the branches not seeming to be of the
requisite strength or stiffness to support the ladder and picker, but by setting
the ladder nearly perpendicular and resting only its outer side against the
limb, the limb will bend around as you climb until both sides rest against it
and you pick with safety. A hook with a handle four or five feet long to pull
in limbs just out of reach, will be found of use, and can be hung on a round of
the ladder when not in use. A tongue ladder will frequently be very handy.
As to the proper time for gathering fruit, very much depends on the season
and maturity. For myself, unless the fruit shows signs of softening, I incline
to as late gathering as is safe. Fruit shouid be dry when picked, especially if
barreled.

In picking do not pull toward you; a slight twist of the wrist will part the
stem from its twig and not cause others to fall.

Have a hook attached to your pail or basket, by which to hang it to ladder
or limb. Do not toss the fruit in, lay it in as quickly as you please, but care-
fully. In picking from the center of the tree a cord or strap with a snap
attached is convenient to lower the basket to a man on the ground, who can
change and empty the baskets, thus saving delay and much extra climbing.
Avoid handling as much as possible, sorting from the basket in which it is
picked into the barrel, rejecting all that is wormy or inferior. I think it is
generally conceded that apples keep better in barrels than in bins. Some
prefer to head up immediately, others let them pass through the sweating
process before heading up. Which of these two methods is the better? I
have not yet sufficiently experimented to advise. My own practice has been
to let them stand open for a while. They should be put where they will keep
coolest and of most uniform temperature. A shed or building open on the
north is best. As soon as there is real danger of freezing remove to the cellar.

Don’t smother your cellar, but while taking every needed precaution against
freezing, let it have good ventilation and outside air whenever the air will per-
mit. Keep the temperature as near the freezing point as you dare, and watch
closely. The cellar should be dry,—not too dry, or the fruit will wilt. In
some cellars, though cool, fruit wilts badly, losing in bulk and appearance very

526 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

much. In such a case J would sprinkle the floor with water sufficient to coun-
teract its effects. As warmth and excessive moisture are the twu principal
agencies in the ripening of fruit, it follows that whatever will secure the oppo-
site of these conditions will best insure success in the late keeping of fruits.

When appies haye been properly packed I think nothing is gained by winter
sorting. Better let them remain undisturbed till wanted for market. I find
that the greatest difficulty commences with the opening of spring weather, and
the difficulty increases as the weather grows warmer. How to prolong the
temperature and condition in which they have been kept through the winter
seems to be the question that involves the success of late keeping. One writer
advances the idea of a double or two story cellar. Ice might be used if such
an atmosphere could be rid of its excessive moisture. One the whole, our
more northerly friends, with their prolonged winters, have the advantage of
us in keeping fruit.

When the question of cheap transportation shall be solved, and we can send
our apples north to winter, we may expect to feast upon them inJune. Or
had we a Mount Washington, with its railroads, we might reach the result by
a short cut. As it yet remains, we are obliged to confine our efforts at late
keeping to such varieties as can best withstand the changes to which they are °
unayoidably subjected. It may be asked, will all this care and labor pay in
dollars and cents? I have repeatedly sold apples in June for twenty shillings
per bushel that would only bring half that sum by the barrel in the fall. At
this day, when the tendency is to quickly overdo in turn everything that pays,
he who, stepping aside from the beaten path, can successfully overcome the
obstacles that nature thrusts in the way of the husbandman, whether of blight
or destroying insect, dry summers or change of season, will be most sure of
SUCCESS.

GRAPE CULTURE.

AN ESSAY READ BEFORE THE GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AT
ITS MARCH MEETING IN 1875, BY THE PRESIDENT, E. BRADFIELD,
OF ADA, KENT COUNTY.

GENTLEMEN :—In complying with your request to read a short paper on the
planting and care of grape vines, the first two years after planting, for the
purpose of eliciting discussion on the subject, I respectfully submit the fol-
lowing: ;

Any soil that will produce a good crop of wheat, corn, or vegetables, will
produce grapes with equal care and cultivation.

But to secure the best results, and immunity from drought and excessive
moisture, the ground should be trenched, inverting the soil from eighteen
inches to two feet deep, and this can be best done in the garden with the spade.

If asingle vine is to be planted, dig a hole three or four feet square and of
the required depth, and if the sub-soil is poor remove entirely eight or ten
inches of the bottom. On returning part of the soil to the hole thoroughly
mix it with some rotten manure and leached ashes, adding enough surface soil
to supply the subsoil removed. If a row is to be planted, fill the first excava-
tion with the next three feet in the direction of the row, mixing in manure
and remoying the subsoil as before, until the whole strip is thus worked, fill-

GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 527

ing up the last space with the earth taken out at the commencement. On a
larger scale, the plow will answer, saving time-and expensive labor. Ifthe land
isin a good state of cultivation, spread a good coating of rotten manure over
the surface. Commence on one side of the piece, run a furrow from one end to
the other, as deep as possible, returning empty. Go down the same furrow again,
have two or three men stationed at intervals ready to step into the trench and
throw out the loose soil from the bottom, for the reception of the next surface
furrow. A continuance of the operation will invert the soil to a depth of
eighteen or twenty inches, and at a cost of from ten to fifteen dollars per acre,
and experience says it will pay from 50 to 100 per cent per annum.

Notwithstanding the great benefits resulting from trenching the ground, it
is a fact that more than half the grapes are on land not trenched; hence there
is no reason why every person with a small lot and smaller means should not
raise this delicious fruit for their families.

If trenching is dispensed with, if your lot is small and only a few vines can
be planted, you can economize space by enriching and digging deep a strip two
feet wide on one or both sides of the garden walk. If both sides are used, a
space of three feet should be left between the rows. If several rows are to be
planted in a body, the whole piece should be enriched. The rows should be
four feet apart, and if convenient, run north and south,—or better southeast
and northwest, and the vines planted from four to six feet apart in the rows.
But it may be well to bear in mind the fact that a row of vines of a given
length will produce at the end of two years double the quantity of grapes with
the vines planted four feet apart that the same length of row will with the
vines planted six feet apart, while at the end of the fourth year there may not
be any material difference.

For early bearing good two-year-old vines should be procured,—the best are
roots pruned and transplanted the previous season. The planting should be
done with the least possible exposure of the roots to the sun or drying wind,
and may be either in the spring, from the middle of April to the middle of
May, or in the fall, any time in October. If planted in the fall, a good cover-
ing of earth or other material for protection will be necessary, and must be
removed before the buds start in the spring. The advantage in fall planting, if
well protected, is the increased growth the first season.

If only a few vines are to be planted, get all the holes ready before planting ;
make the holes about eighteen inches in diameter, leaving the bottom (after
well loosening the soil) six to eight inches deep at the center, and eight to ten
at the circumference, and set stakes six to eight feet long just back of the cen-
ter of the mounds. Examine your vines in a cool room or cellar; cut smooth
the ends of short bruised roots, and cut the rest back to eight inches; repack
the vines, covering them so that they can be taken out.one at a time.

Every person planting young vines should do so on their knees. Place the
crown of the roots on the center of the mound, spread the roots out evenly all
around, cover them with two inches of fine rich soil, put on and pressed down
with the hand. Fill up the hole to a level of two or three inches above the
crown, with the earth taken out. An inch of well rotted horse or cow manure
may be put on the surface. This will prevent leaking should it be necessary
to water the vines. But no watering is ever necessary on any ground that has
been trenched. Cut the cane back to two or three well-developed buds, and
when the shoots from these have made a growth of six or eight inches, select
the best one and cut off the others, as only one shoot must be allowed to grow

528 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the first season. This must be kept tied to the stake, and the laterals, after
making three or four leaves, must be pinched back to within one leaf of their
base, and the sub-laterals the same. If, at the end of October, the vine has
not produced a cane at least three feet long, it must be cut back to within
three buds of the ground. But, knowing that any good two-year old vine will
do better than that, we take it for granted that the cane is three feet long and
upward, and should be cut back to within twenty-four or twenty-eight inches
of the ground, carefully laid down in the direction of the row, and covered
with four inches of earth, more or less. We have thus planted and brought
one vine through the first season. The same rules and suggestions are appli-
cable to hundreds as well as to one.

After the frost is out of the ground in the spring, and before the buds start,
the stock we laid down in the fall must be taken up carefully and tied again
to the stake. Rub off all the buds as soon as started, except the four upper
ones. ‘Two shoots, and but two, are to be grown this season. The reason for
allowing four buds to make a short growth is this: If an accident happens to
either of the upper ones, we can supply its place with the next below; but
after the upper two are long enough to tie to the stake the danger is past, and
the others may be rubbed off. If the vine grew strong last season it will pro-
duce four to six bunches of fruit this. The two shoots are to be treated the
same as the single one of last season, by pinching off the laterals, ete., and at
the end of August the tops of the shoots should be pinched off to make them
more stocky, and to ripen the wood.

We shall have in October two canes ready for the formation of arms. If the
vines were planted four feet apart, cut the shortest cane back to within four
feet of its base for the lower arm, and the longer cane within six feet of its
base for the upper arm. If the vines were planted six feet apart, the canes
should be cut three and five feet respectively. If the ground is lower at one
end of the row than at the other, commence at the upper end, laying the stock
and canes down in the direction of the lower end, covering the first till you
reach the second. Lay that down in the same direction, covering as before,
and so on to the end of the row. As the stock in laying down overlaps the
long canes, we must commence taking up in the spring at the opposite end
of the row.

As soon as the frost is out of the ground the following spring, stakes four or
five feet long should be driven into the ground fifteen or eighteen inches, six
or eight feet apart, to which strips two and a half or three inches wide are
nailed. ‘The upper edge of the lower one may be twelve or fifteen inches from
the ground, and the upper one three and a half feet. Three or four lengths of
number 16 wire may be stretched from post to post, or lath may be nailed
vertically on the strips to support the leaving canes. Some prefer number 8
or 10 wire to strips for supporting the arms, and small vertical wires for the
leaving canes.

When fastening the vines to the trellis, bring the stock down in the direc-
tion indicated above, until the base of the short arm reaches the top edge of
the lower strip or bar. Fasten with bark or twine. Lay the arm along the
top and tie to keep in place. Now carry up the long cane, fasten it to top bar
about twelve inches from a perpendicular, bring down the arm in the same
direction as the lower one, and fasten with twine. Allow no shoots to grow
except on the arms, and thin those to six inches apart by rubbing off the lower
ones. If the requirements have all been complied with, we may expect nearly

GRAND RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 929

one hundred bunches of grapes from every eight feet of a row thus planted,
and double that quantity next season, and any person that can raise corn or
cabbage, squashes or cucumbers, can thus raise grapes.

The foregoing suggestions are for the benefit of those who love grapes, but
have neyer raised any, and are made with the view of summer pruning and
laying down in winter. Summer pruning does not consist in removing the
leaves as leaves, but in removing eyery superfluous shoot, and in repeatedly
pinching or cutting the lateral and leaving canes. Grapes can be perfected
without summer pruning, but the assertion is ventured that one-third more
grapes can be perfected in a season in a given space with summer pruning than
without it.

The thermometer having this winter indicated degrees of cold ranging from
30 to 40 degrees below zero, we are again admonished that winter protection
is our only security. With this security, the grape is a more certain crop than
any other, and on a small lot from two to four times as many pounds of grapes
can be raised as of any other fruit.

If only one dollar can be expended for vines, get two Hartfords, one Dela-
ware, and two Concords. If two dollars, add one Delaware, two Jonas, and
two Concords. If five dollars, for variety, one Allen, one Martha, one Merri-
mac, one Salem, one Adirondac, one Eumelan, two Hartford, two Diana, three
Delaware, three Iona, and four Concord.

As this short paper is already too long, we must defer remarks on better
systems for the amateur, and those with large lots and deep pockets; also as to
what grapes to raise for wine, in connection with the temperance cause.

THE FIRST ANNUAL FAIR

or show of fruits and flowers was held in connection with Kent County Agri-
cultural Society, on its grounds, on the 28th, 29th, and 30th of September,
and lst, 2d, and 3d of October, 1874.

The exhibition was a complete success, both as to quantity and quality of
fruits and flowers on exhibition, and financially. Premiums were offered to
the amount of about $500. General satisfaction to all parties.

The officers of the fair were: C. N. Merriman, superintendent of pomolog-
ical, assisted by Asa W. Slayton, of Saranac, in the fruit department, and Thos.
Wilde, of Berlin, in the flower department.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR 1875.

President—k. Bradfield, of Ada.

Vice-President—C. J. Dietrich, of Grand Rapids.

Treasurer—S. L. Fuller, of Grand Rapids.

Secretary—C. W. L. Dietrich, of Grand Rapids.

Executive Board—N. C. Merriman, John Suttle, Wm. Rowe, and Henry Holt,
and ex officio, the President, E. Bradfield, the Secretary, C. W. L. Dietrich,
the Treasurer, 8. L. Fuller.

67

NORTHWESTERN (FRUIT GROWERS.
DISTRIBUTING ASSOCIATION.

The Northwestern Fruit Growers’ Distributing Association was organized in
Chicago, January 5th, 1875, at which time there was present about 400 of the
leading fruit growers from Illinois and Michigan. The cause of the organi-
zation of this association, as set forth in the preamble to the constitution, is:

Wuereas, The fruit-growing interest of the Northwest has assumed such magnitude as
to require careful attention ; and

WHEREAS, The plan which now exists for handling of fruit, from the grower, through its
transportation and commission men, to the consumer, is attended with very small profit, if
not an entire loss to the grower; and

WHEREAS, It is especially desirable to adopt some system whereby the grower may be
better informed as to the supply and demand, and that said information may be spread be-
fore the people at as early a day as practicable, therefore we, the undersigned, unite, etc.

Article 2 of the constitution sets forth the object as follows:

Its object shall be to collect all possible information pertaining to the sale of fruit in the
Northwest, and publish it in some suitable form for distribution to the members, to enable
them to more readily reach a market for the products of their farms and gardens, and to
make any other regulation regarding the sale of fruit deemed necessary and advisable by the
association.

After adopting the constitution, of which the above is a part, the following
officers were elected:

President, Dr. M. M. Hooton, Centralia, Ill.; Vice Presidents, A. 8. Dyck-
man, South Haven, Mich., T. P. C. Lane, Mattoon, Ill., W. P. Robinson, Car-
bondale, Il].; Recording Secretary, O. S. Willey, Benton Harbor, Mich.; As-
sistant Secretary, T. A. E. Holcomb, South Pass, Ill.; Corresponding Secretary,
W. C. Flagg, Moro, Il.; Treasurer, O. E. Moore, Chicago, Il].; Ex. Committee,
W. Corner, Fennsville, Mich., —. Galbreth, Jeffersonville, Ill., Prof. Barler, Al-
ton, Ill, A. R. Nowlan, Benton Harbor, Mich., 8. P. Bingham, Makanda, III.

February 25th Mr. Moore resigned the office of treasurer, and the ex. com-
mittee elected 'T. D. Randall, of Chicago, to fill the vacancy, who has accepied
the trust and filed his bond with the secretary.

The Executive Committee found that the chief difficulty in the way of per-
fect unanimity between grower and seller, arose from a lack of confidence in
each, or, in other words, while there are many of both classes who aim to do a
straightforward and upright business, and are entitled to the confidence of all,
still the great number of fraudulent shippers and sellers makes it necessary to
throw about both certain restraints. As a safeguard to both, the Executive
Committee, at a meeting in Chicago, February 24th, 1875, adopted the follow-
ing rules:

FRUIT GROWERS’ DISTRIBUTING ASSOCIATION. d3L

SPECIAL RULES,

First, The fruit sellers in this Association shall be organized into a Guild, which shall con-
sist of not more than one section in each town or city.

Second, Any member of the General Association may become a member of the Guild (if
he sustains a good reputation for honesty and fair dealing, and is responsible for all liabil-
ities likely to be incurred), under the rules hereafter prescribed.

Third, Sections may be organized in any city or town where suitable members may be
found, who are willing to enter into the organization, in the same manner as is prescribed
for the city of Chicago,

Fourth, In the city of Chicago the Executive Committee of the General Association shall
designate a number of commission merchants who have been well tried, and have proved
competent and reliable, who shall enter into an organization, with President, Vice Presi-
dent, Secretary and Treasurer, who, together, shall constitute an advisory committee, and
their several duties shall be as hereafter set forth.

Fifth, All applications for authority to organize sections of the Fruit Distributers’ Guild
shall be made to the President of the General Association, and shall be approved by the
officers before the organization shall be valid: Provided moreover, That, by a unanimous
vote, the Executive Committee may authorize an agent to organize sections of the Guild, to
be afterwards approved.

Sixth, All applications for membership in any section of the Guild must be made to the
Secretary of the section, and be approved by the Advisory Committee, before it can be
voted on by the section, after which, a two-thirds vote may admit to membership. But
the application shall be made at the regular meeting previcus to the one at which final ac-
tion is taken, and the vote shall be by ballot.

Seventh, All applications for membership shall be accompanied by a fee of $—— for each
member of the firm, or for each person applying, and an annual fee of the same amount
shall be paid: Provided, That no one firm shal] have more than two memberships.

Highth, The President and Vice President of each section shall perform the duties usually
devolved on such officers in like societies. .

Ninth, The Secretary, in addition to the ordinary duties of his office, shall promptly re-
port the name and postoffice address of each person or firm admitted to membership, and
shall collect and forward with said name to the Secretary of the General Association, the
sum of two dollars for each person so admitted, as the membership fee to the General Asgo-
ciation, and shall also collect and forward the annual dues, on the lst day of January of
each year, or as soon thereafter as possible.

Tenth, The Treasurer shall receive and safely keep all money of his section, and shall pay
out the same only as directed under the rules of his section.

@ENERAL RULES.

First, Any member or members of this Association who shall be guilty of dishonesty, or
shall knowingly violate the laws of fair dealing, either as consignor or consignee, or who
shall fail to promptly pay the proceeds of sales to consignors, or who shall make false repre-
sentations in regard to sales of fruit or other produce consigned to them by any member of
this Association, shall be suspended, expelled, or otherwise punished, as his section or the
General Association may consider just after a full hearing.

Second, Whenever any member or members are guilty of any misdemeanor referred to in
the foregoing section, he or they shall be forthwith reported, with all the facts in the case,
to the President of the General Association, who shall cite them, if members of the Guild,
to their section for trial,—if members of the General Association only, to the nearest mem-
ber of the Executive Committee, who shall call in two members to sit with him in the trial
of the case, and who shall promptly report the result of their investigations to the President
for his approval.

Third, All charges against any member shall be made in writing, and shall be open to
inspection by the accused or his counsel.

Fourth, Whenever any member of the Guild is suspended or expelled, the Secretary of the
section of which he was a member, shall immediately notify the Secretary of the General
Association, who shall forthwith notify every fruit shipper in the Association.

Fifth, All members of the General Association found guilty under these rules shall be sus-
pended, expelled, or otherwise punished, and each section of the Guild forthwith notified
of the action.

Sixth, Any member not satisfied with the result of any investigation herein provided for,
shall have the right of appeal to the General Association at its next annual meeting. But if
the sentence involves expulsion, the notice shall be given of the sentence and of the appeal,
the same as if final.

Seventh, Concealing rotten or gnarled fruit in the middle of a package, and covering the
outside with fair fruit, shall be considered prima facie evidence of dishonesty in all investi-
gations under these rules.

532 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Eighth, Any section of the Guild may make such rules for its own government as a ma-
jority of the members may desire, not in conflict with these rules, or the constitution and
by-laws of the General Association.

Ninth, All transactions of the several officers of this Association involving the expendi-
ture of money, must first be ordered by the General Association, or by the Executive Com--
mittee, unless it be in the discharge of the special duties of his office.

Tenth, All fruit shipped by the members of this Association shall, as far as possible, be
strictly graded, as follows: %rst, Good, which shall have none but sound fruit in it, and
shall be strictly of the same general grade throughout the package: Provided, That some
of the very finest may be denominated fancy. ‘The second grade shall be constituted of
such fair fruit as will pay for shipment, but which is not guaranteed perfect, although it is
entirely sound.

Eleventh, On all of first grade,—‘‘ good’’ and ‘‘ fancy,’’—the shipper’s name is to be put
on each package in plain letters, and is a guarantee of its perfection or the sale is invalid.

Twelfth, All of second grade is to be sent into market without brand, and sold on its
merits. But, in all cases, all parts of the package is to be of the same class of fruit through-
out.

With these special and general rules as a guide or basis of action, the Execu--
tive Committee met with twenty-four of the leading commission firms on
South Water street, and organized a “ Fruit Board of Trade or Guild,” which
the Association will endorse. It is proposed to organize similar boards in all
the principal towns in the Northwest, as fast as the officers appointed can ac--
complish their work. A list of these boards or guilds, with the names of the
men composing them, together with the list of members (fruit growers) of the
Association, will be published in pamphlet form for the benefit of the members.
It is expected to have the pamphlet ready for distribution by May 1st. Michi-
gan ought to have 1,000 members, and Illinois as many. Mr. H. H. Garland,
of Benton Harbor, was appointed to solicit memberships for this vicinity, Ben-.
ton Harbor, and M. Maxon at St.Joseph. We trust no time will be lost, but
that every one who is interested in fruit growing will forward to Mr. Garland, .
or hand to one of the officers, the membership fee, only $2, with his name.

O. S. WILLEY,
Recording Secretary. .
Benton Harbor, Mich.

REPORT OF MEETINGS—1874-8.

THE OCTOBER MEETING AT SPRING LAKE.

The meeting of the State Pomological society at Spring Lake, which com-
menced on Tuesday, October 6th, 1874, was a very interesting one, with
President Dyckman in the chair. The attendance was fair, and the show of
fruit was very good. Spring Lake took the lead in the exhibition, and her
show of fruit elicited much commendation. Especially did the exhibition of
Baldwin apples by Walter G. Sinclair receive the plaudits of the audience.
The display of grapes was especially fine. There was a table, also, well loaded
with vegetables.

On Wednesday Secretary Thompson spoke of the exhibition of apples from
Grand Traverse, grown in the township known as “ Peninsula,” a strip of
land twenty miles long and two miles wide, between two arms of T'rayerse
Bay, on which scarcely a rod of land could be found not adapted to fruit cul-
ture. Mr. Thompson exhibited the Northern Spy in perfection. It was the
apple that took the first premium for the best winter apple at the state fair.
The characteristics of the Grand Traverse apples are hardiness, solidity, and
fine color, as shown by the specimens of Cayuga Redstreak, Fallawater, and
Hawley. The Baldwin appeared in two distinct samples, so unlike as to be
scarcely recognizable, the difference arising from difference of location or soil.
Mr. Thompson said that another apple was on exhibition that did not look like
a Rhode Island Greening, and yet it was. They will have to get up a new de-
scriptive catalogue in Grand Traverse. A plate of peaches here shows that
even at Grand ‘Traverse the peach can be successfully raised in latitude 45°
north. Pears also appear here in perfection, as shown by samples of Louise
Bonne de Jersey. Grapes are also grown there successfully. Judge Ramsdell
sends from his vineyard on “ Mount Ramsdell” fine specimens of the Agawam
(Rogers 15), the Wilder, Israella. At the state fair, Grand Traverse had sum-
mer apples in perfection, and Peninsula township took the first premium on
township collection of apples at that fair,—ithe first time it had competed
for that honor. Traverse is also an excellent country for general farming, and
Mr. Marshall has a farm well stocked, which produces wheat and farm crops
in abundance.

Mr. Soule inquired whether the codling moth was troublesome in that sec-
tion, as he saw its marks on the apple.

Mr. Parmelee said in the new orchards it had not yet appeared, but in the
old ones it is becoming troublesome.

Secretary Thompson read a report from Benton Harbor. Fruit crops are
generally good. Strawberries, full crop; raspberries, good, but not abundant ;

534 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

blackberries, good ; apples, fine quality and large quantity; plums, better than
for many years; quinces, better than last year; peach crop better than ex-
pected at the beginning of the season; early peaches rotted badly; later varie-
ties first-rate quality. The total shipment of fruit this season is 560,118
baskets and packages. The First National bank of St. Joseph has paid out
over $100,000 this year to fruit growers; and Hopkins & Jackson, of Benton
Harbor, have paid as much more.

Mr. 8. W. Fowler, of Manistee, furnished a report stating that the interest in
fruit growing is constantly increasing in Manistee. Fruit trees are being
planted in all parts of the county, and it is rare to see a log cabin without a
fair prospect for an orchard. Apples are not wormy, and no insect troubles
any description of fruit as far as heard from. The plum is especially free from
the curculio.

M. Charles E. Soule read a report from Spring Lake. The year of 1874 had
been by far the most cheering and successful year the fruit growers in Spring
Lake and vicinity have known since their attention has been called to this
branch of husbandry. The crop of berries was shortened by the drouth of
June and July; but this did not seriously affect the fruit growers, their main
dependence being on peaches, which yielded largely and were of the finest
quality. They sold at good remunerative prices. The drouth affected the
Hale’s Early and Yorks, except where well cultivated and thinned. The rains
of August and September brought the Barnards and Karly Crawfords along in
their season in greater quantity and of higher excellence than ever known.
The Early Crawford is the most extensively grown variety. The average price
netted has been about fifty cents a basket, or $2 a bushel. The season demon-
strated the necessity of thinning all varieties except the Karly Crawford.
Grapes have been, as usual, a heavy crop. ‘The orchards are going into winter
in fine condition, with a prospect of a large crop in 1875.

Mr. D. R. Waters read the following report, prepared by James A. Cross of
Spring Lake:

SMALL FRUITS.

I have 1,500 hills of Doolittle Blackcap raspberries under cultivation; also 400 hills of
other cap varieties, comprising Davison’s Thornless, Miami, Seneca and Mammoth Clus-
ter. Of red raspberries I cultivate but one variety, the Philadelphia, of which I have 2,600
hills now in bearing from five to seven years. I have besides 2,000 set a year ago last spring.
Nearly one-half of these bushes are planted among peach trees that are planted sixteen feet
each way, with rows of berries between,—the black planted four feet apart and the red two
and a half feet apart in the row.

Berries among peach trees appear to do as well as those not among them, but I think the
big do not do as well, especially when planted but sixteen feet apart. Twenty feet would

o better.

My berry crop this season was nearly a failure. The vines were in good condition this
spring, and set well for fruit, but owing to the drouth but a small portion came to maturity.
I harvested 36 bushels this year, including the new plantation, against 176 bushels the pre-
vious season from the old plantation alone. Net receipts this year, $144 84. Net receipts
last year, $525.

I ship my fruit in quart boxes in crates of half a bushel, The first part of the season
Milwaukee is the best market, the latter part the best prices are obtained in Chicago.

I consider the Philadelphia more profitable than any of the black cap varieties.

I have three-fourths of an acre of strawberries under cultivation. They came out of the
winter and through the spring in poor condition, in consequence of freezing and thawing
when the ground was bare of snow. Of this fruit I only marketed 824 bushels, from which
I netted $121 47.

I have of grapes one acre in bearing, consisting of varieties as follows: Concords, 300;
Hartfords, 200; Ionia, 100; Delaware, 40. The Concords and Hartfords bore about same
amount per vine; Ionas bore small crop and ripened well; Delawares fair crop. I consider
Hartford Prolific the most profitable grape. I raise as they come into market first and they

REPORT OF MEETINGS. a)

bring from 8 to 12 cents per pound, while the Concord rarely brings more than 6 cents, and
often less, My whole crop of grapes amounted to 5,000 pounds, for which I netted $160 20.
J. A. CROSS.

From Grand Haven Mr. H. 8S. Clubb reported that this had been the most
productive season for peaches. Other fruits, except grapes, are less than an
average. Apples are not abundant, and what there are injured by the codling
moth. ‘he fruit harvest, on the whole, has been profitable. Most were shipped
to Milwaukee. Grapes were crowded on the market and brought down the
price.

Mr. Clubb next spoke of the yellows at St. Joseph and Benton Harbor,
stating that the spread of the disease had been checked by destroying trees
as soon as found to be affected. Notwithstanding the ravages of the disease,
very large shipments of peaches had taken place at St. Joseph and Benton
Harbor, the region, as a whole, being only partially affected.

A discussion then sprung up on the freight question, during which President
Dyckman said that high rates could have been prevented by united action, had
it been known that there would be so large a crop. South Haven could unite
with Saugatuck and charter a steamer. Some such action will be taken next
year.

Hon. T. E. Gidley read a paper describing Peach Plains as lying south and
east of the city of Grand Haven and adjoining the city limits, and two to four
miles from the lake shore. Some thirty families are now settled there, with
improvements generally of from ten to twenty acres, mostly set to the peach,
with a liberal sprinkling of pears, apples, cherries, and plums. Strawberries,
raspberries, and blackberries have been largely set, received proper attention,
and been found very remunerative.

Mr. N. E. Smith reported from Ionia county that peaches are very fine when
well attended to. Our apples were a large crop. They continued dropping
until the first of August; after that time they ceased dropping. They are
mostly a light crop this year in lonia county. We have a good crop of grapes.
They had escaped the frost up to the 12th inst.

Mr. H. Dale Adams, from Kalamazoo county, reported as follows: In Kala-
mazoo our early tree fruits were very fine. Cherries were an excellent crop.
Cherries in our section seem better than in other parts of the State, such as
Dukes and Bigarreaus. We are very little troubled with the curculio. Plums
are very little grown. Although not a peach-growing county, Kalamazoo pro-
duced about enough this year for home consumption. The pear crop is made
something of a specialty in the vicinity of the village of Kalamazoo, and that
fruit is remarkably fine this year. Of grapes the Delaware and Concord are
the principal vines in cultivation; Ionas are raised some, and a new grape
known as the “ Kalamazoo,” which, however, is not thought much of. Apples
in cultivated orchards are generally fine. Orchards suffered severely from
drouth, and were injured by the codling moth.

Henry Holt of Cascade, Kent county, said: ‘The winter of 1872, nearly de-
stroyed our orchards of peaches, pears, and even apples were seriously injured.
On cutting off limbs I found them brown clear to the bark. So general
was the devastation that we feared our orchards were spoiled. But two
years’ experience show that this wood did not decay, and new wood has been
formed, and we think the trees are not going to die. Some need shortening
in. Some varieties of apples stood the cold well,—Peck’s Pleasant, ‘Talman’s
Sweeting, and some other varieties. We have a fair crop of apples this year.

936 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Secretary Thompson said that the peach crop in Kent county is larger than
ever before, notwithstanding we were struck two years ago with frost. We
thought then we were never going to have any more fruit, but we have had
this year a fair crop of apples and a large crop of peaches for that county.

A paper by Mr. 8. B. Peck of Muskegon was then read by Mr. Whitney, on
the “ Insect Pests.”

Mr. Geo. Parmelee of Grand Traverse read a valuable paper on the cultiva-
tion of the cherry, in which he condemned the cherry bird and the importa-
tion of the English sparrow.

The various awarding committees then made reports.

Mr. Geo. Parmelee then spoke for over two hours on “ Chemistry vs. Exper-
ience,” and was listened to with the closest attention. His theory is that
plants receive their nourishment in a gaseous rather than solid form, upset-
ting the doctrine of Liebig that certain plants needed to be fed with soil con-
taining, by analysis, precisely the same element as the plants contained.

A vote of thanks was tendered the officers and members of the Spring Lake
Horticultural Society for their hospitalities.

The annual meeting of the society is to be held at Ionia, on the second
Tuesday in December. The society then adjourned.

THE ANNUAL MEETING AT IONIA.

The annual meeting, for 1874, of the Michigan State Pomological Society,
was held at Ionia, the county seat of Ionia county, on the invitation of the
officers and members of the Ionia County Agricultural Society. This flourish -
ing county society has the following

OFFICERS FOR 1875.

President—G. W. Webber, Tonia.

Secretary—H. C. Sessions, Ionia.

Treasurer—J. W. Loomis, Berlin.

Board of Directors—h. P. Kelsey, lonia; N. B. Hayes, North Plains; D. H.
English, Boston; D. T. Hoyt, Ronald; W. A. Inman, Easton.

Marshal—A. F. Kelsey, Berlin.

Division Superintendents—Wm. 8. Bates, A. Alderman, Henry F. Hubbell,
A.B. Culver, G. A. Willett, H. G. Wright, C. E. Rust, James H. Kidd.

THE FAIR GROUNDS

are located on the north bank of Grand river, within the limits of the city of
Jonia, and have been enlarged from twenty to thirty-five acres, and when not
used by the society, are under the supervision of the Ionia Park Association,
composed of some of the most liberal of the citizens of the city of Ionia. The
association purchased the fifteen acres added to the old grounds, and made the
Agricultural Society a present of it, and it is laid out into beautiful drives and
walks; one drive along the entire river front is one of the most beautiful in
the State. The new grounds are shaded by native forest trees, with a thick
matting of grass underneath; which, with its drives and walks, render it a
very fairy land.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 537

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Michigan State Pomological Society opened on
Monday afternoon, December 2, 1874, at the Circuit Court room in Bayard’s
Block, with a good attendance from abroad and of residents of Ionia county.

The society was called to order at two o’clock by President Dyckman. The
foliowing committees were appointed :

On Apples—T. T. Lyon, 8S. Haven; D. T. Fox, Kalamazoo; Lyman Hall, Spring Lake;
H.B. Chapman, Reading; Jas. W. Loomis, Ionia.

Other Fruits and Wines—Wm. Rowe, Kent Co.; H. W. Curtis, Grand Traverse; E. P.
Kelsey, Ionia; N. Chilson, Battle Creek; R. F. Johnstone, Detroit.

_ Flowers—Prof. Beal, Lansing; H. Dale Adams, Kalamazoo; Mrs. H. B. Chapman, Read-
ing; Mrs. F. Hall, Ionia; Mrs. J. W. Loomis, Ionia.

The secretary read some papers relating to the centennial exhibition at Phil-
adelphia. The following were appointed a committee of arrangements in
regard to the matter:

Professor C. L. Whitney of Muskegon; Secretary Thompson, T. T’. Lyon,
S. O. Knapp, Professor Holmes, of Detroit, and Perry Hannah of Traverse
City.

Peter Sneathen of South Boston presented a report on crops, which, in his
section, were good in all respects. He thought the best preventive for the
operations of the codling moth was a band of dark fulled cloth around the
trunk of the tree.

George Parmelee read a very interesting paper on the “ Nomenclature of
Fruits Exhibited at the last State Fair.”

George Hosford of Ionia read a paper on the “ Introduction of Concord
Grape Culture in Ionia County.”

Tonra, Mich., November 28, 1874.

T am asked to prepare a few facts relative to the introduction of the Concord grape in Mich-
igan. In complying with this request I would say: I saw the first published account of the
origin and qualities of this excellent grape, and subsequently saw reports of committees re-
specting it. I thought it might do as well in Michigan as in Massachusetts, and resolved to
give it a trial if possible. In the spring of 1854, I think, Isaw Hovey & Co.’s advertisement
offering for sale a few one-year-old Concord plants at $40 per dozen, or $9 apiece.

I sent an order directly, with pay for one vine. In a few days I received an answer ac-
knowledging the receipt of the money, saying also that assoon as it would do to take up the
vine it would be forwarded. It arrived in due time, in a good condition. I paid Mr. David
Irish, express agent at Ionia at that time, two dollars charges. I took my seven-dollar vine
home and planted it. The third year it produced a few very fine clusters of fruit. I felt
quite proud of my treasure, and showed it to my friends and neighbors, but got no word of
sympathy or cheer. People said, “ Fool and money parted,” “ hazardous enterprise,’’ and
many other remarks were made of a similar import. But all these things had no power to
discourace me. I braved many discouragements for years, trying to establish a reputation
for this fruit, and by persistent efforts did finally succeed in this locality. Many others are
equally interested now; and a few years will develop an interest in this direction that will
be second to but few others in the State. ! ; ;

This, in brief, is a correct statement as near as I am able to give in relation to this sub-
ject. I now have seven acres in grapes bearing. I sold ten tons of fruit and made 280

gallons of wine this year, 1874; net, 5} cents per pound,
GEORGE HOSFORD.

THE BEST CHERRIES.
The committee appointed to report on the best cherries for cultivation in

this State, submitted the following:
TontA, Dec. 3, 1874.
The committee appointed to report a list of cherries for cultivation, in performing that
-duty would at the outset state two facts: First,,the number of varieties of cherries that
_have been well proved in this State is not large; and again, we are not In fayor of naming

68

538 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

a variety that has not earned for itself a good reputation in some section of this State. This,
of course, will rule out many kinds that have a good name in some places out of the State,
and we would not assume that we have not passed over some variety which by our own rule
should be in our list, which is as follows:

For hardy varieties we would recommend Kentish or Early Richmond, English Morrello,
Reine Hortense, May Duke, and Belle Magnifique.

For localities where less hardy sorts are considered safe, we recommend Early Purple
Guigne, Elton, Yellow Spanish, Rockport, Black Eagle, Knight’s Early Black, and Black

Tartarian.
GEORGE PARMELEE
(of Old Mission),
Chairman.

In the discussion that followed, Mr. T. T. Lyon objected to recommending
the Black Tartarian, but several members sustained its character, and the
report was adopted.

A report was received from the office of the Secretary of State, giving statistics
of fruit crops in 1872-73. A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Hasty, Deputy
Secretary of State, for this report.

In the evening George Parmelee delivered an interesting address on “ Air,
the Source of Fertilization to Plants.” The speaker believed not only that air
has more to do with enriching the soil and aiding the growth of vegetable life
than is generally supposed, but more than any other agent.

Prof. C. L. Whitney, of Muskegon, spoke eloquently of agricultural societies
and the grangers; gave a history of agricultural societies in Michigan, and
dwelt upon their importance. He thought the county fairs to be the ones of
true value to the mass of farmers.

SECOND DAY’S PROCEEDINGS.

Meeting called to order at 9:30 A.M. The invitation of Mayor Webber to
visit the proposed site of the intermediate prison was accepted. On motion an
invitation was extended to the city schools, to attend the lectures of Professors
Beal and Cook.

The Secretary announced the death of Joseph Gridley, a member of the
society. The following committee on resolutions of respect was appointed:
Messrs. Ilgenfritz, Knapp, Sterling, Dickinson, and Clubb.

President Dyckman then delivered a brief valedictory address, recounting
the success of the society and showing its future prospects.

The Treasurer, Henry Seymour, then presented his annual report. This was
followed by the Secretary’s report.

On Wednesday at 11:30 the society adjourned to visit the prison site, a
number of carriages having been provided. Visitors generally expressed their
warm approval of the site chosen, its proximity to railroads and town, the
water supply and elevated location impressing them favorably.

WEDNESDAY—AFTERNOON SESSION.

At the hour appointed a good audience was assembled to hear the lectures,
the number of which was shortly increased by the entrance of a school delega-
tion of 150, headed by Principal Ewing and his assistant. The president an-
nounced the subject of the first lecture, to be delivered by Prof. Wm. J. Beal,
of the State Agricultural College, on “How Plants Grow.”

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 529

“The Codling Moth” was the title of the next lecture, by Prof. A. J. Cook,
and it was a subject in which all apple-growers now take a very deep interest.

Both these lectures were very interesting, being illustrated on the black-
board, and containing much information of practical importance.

The display of fruit is said to have been one of the finest in the history of
ihe society. There were 320 plates of choice fruit on exhibition. Grand
‘Traverse is especially well represented, and the high color of the fruit grown
there is very noticeable.

The display of flowers was not large, but still added very much to the appear-
ance of the room. Among the exhibitors were Mrs. F. Hall and HE. LeValley,
Tonia, and J. Suttle, Grand Rapids. :

BOTANICAL NOTES.

One of the most valuable and learned papers read at the meeting was by Mr.
Charles F. Wheeler, of Hubbardston, on “ Random Botanical notes, Historical
and Otherwise.” After some remarks on the progress of the science in general,
he gave a sketch of the work done in investigating and cataloguing the plants
of Michigan. The first contribution of note was made by Drs. Douglas Hough-
ton and Zina Pitcher to a “ Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States,” by
Dr. John Riddell, of Ohio, published in 1835. In 1837, an act authorizing a
geological survey of the State was passed, and approved by Goy. Mason, and
the survey was reorganized by a second act in 1838. At this time Dr. John
Wright had charge of the botanical department, Dr. Abram Sager, of Ann Ar-
bor, being State Geologist. About 30 years ago Prof. Geo. P. Williams, the first
resident professor of the University at Ann Arbor, made a good collection of
native plants at Pontiac, embracing about 100 orders. This collection is now
in the possession of Miss Mary H. Clark, of Ann Arbor, and has been increased
to about 2,000 species.

The next considerable cuntribution to the catalogue was made by W. D.
Whitney, of the Lake Survey, published in “ Whitney and Foster’s Reports ”
in 1850 and 1851. The next list in the order of time was that of Prof. N. H.
Winchell in 1860, based on Wright’s previous list, the notes of Miss Clark, of
Ann Arbor, who, in 1850, contributed to the Washtenaw County Whig a “ De-
scription of the Plants Indigenous to Ann Arbor and Vicinity,” which appeared
in 16 consecutive numbers of that journal. Since the catalogue of Prof. N. H.
Winchell but little has been done except by individual botanists. Distin-
guished among these is a former resident of Ionia county, Mr. J. B. Steere, who
has been traveling abroad for the last four years, making a collection in natural
history for the museum of the State University. He is now in the Phillipine
Islands.

Mr. Wheeler gave a somewhat minute account of the topography and botany
of Portland and vicinity, Ionia county, which is situated on the southern bor-
der of the pine region, and is, he thinks, representative of a large section of the
central part of the State. Within this region he had collected over 700 species
of plants, of which 650 are flowering plants, including grasses and sedges,
belonging to 340 genera and 94 orders. Of the lower orders the ferns yield 27
species belonging to 12 genera, scouring rushes and club mosses furnishing 8
species and 8 orders. There have been identified 25 species of mosses and liver-
worts. Only %8 species reach the dignity of trees. Of shrubs and under
shrubs there are 72 species. Fifty-four species of plants have been introduced
with civilization, mostly domestic plants or carpet-baggers, common weeds and
garden pests. The struggle between the native and introduced plants is an

540 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

interesting subject for study. In the vicinity of Matherton, for instance, the
wire-grass—Lleusine Indica—which has come all the way from India, has driven
out nearly all other species of grass, covering the roadside as with a carpet.

The writer made a plea for the cultivation of native shade and ornamental
trees, as being in many respects better than the foreign ones introduced for
that purpose. He commended as especially deserving of cultivation the blue
ash, Kentucky coffee tree, black sugar maple, and corky white elm, and among
shrubs the wahoo, American bladder-nut, the varieties of the service or shad-
bush, choke-cherry, snow-ball, flowering dog-wood, and American crab-apple.
Among the climbers he made favorable mention of the ampelopsis, climbing
bittersweet, moonseed, clematis, and varieties of green briar. The writer also
mentioned the native wild-flowers, describing the appearance and beauties of
several of those better known.

In conclusion, Mr. Wheeler made an urgent plea for a more general and
thorough study of botany in general, and of the native plants of Michigan in
particular. There is no lack of text-books, and the materials for a successful
prosecution of the study are abundant and inviting upon all hands.

WEDNESDAY—EVENING SESSION.

IontA, Dec. 4, 1874.

The Pomological society met last evening, the attendance being quite large.
The first business was the election of officers for the ensuing year, but after
more than an hour spent in a yain effort to elect a president, the whole matter
was postponed.

Hon. Alonzo Sessions was then introduced, and delivered a brief address
upon the subject of “ Wheat Culture in Ionia County.” After giving a con-
densed history of its early cultivation, noticing the hardships and disadvan-
tages under which agriculturists then labored, the speaker stated that wheat
had been raised in the following order: First, Red Chaff, an almost worthless
variety; second, Flint, which was a very nice white wheat, producing well,
and manufacturing a large proportionate amount of flour; the Soule was next
in order, and was a decided favorite both with the farmer and manufacturer,
and retained the preference until the appearance of the midge, which nearly
destroyed the entire crop, and in this locality this variety had almost entirely
disappeared. The Treadwell and Hutchins had been tried only to be abandoned
as unsatisfactory. The variety that experience has proved to be best is the
Diehl, which, when sown early on well prepared ground and with favorable
weather gives satisfactory results. The speaker recommended early sowing on
well cultivated ground. ‘The main dependence of the farmer is his wheat
crop; it furnishes his supplies, if he has any, generally speaking. With the
improved methods of cultivation wheat could be raised at a small profit, even
at present prices, with favorable weather.

THE CENTENNIAL.
Prof. J. C. Holmes, of Detroit, in behalf of the committee on the Centennial
Exhibition, reported the following:

Resolved, That the Michigan State Pomological Society deem it expedient to exhibit hor-
tieultural products at the Centennial Exhibition to be held in Philadelphia in 1876, provided
a sufficient amount of funds can be raised to meet the necessary expenses.

Rewioes, Caw the society extend an invitation to local horticultural societies to co-op-
erate with it.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. D4}

The report was adopted without debate.
RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT.

Mr. H. 8. Clubb, of Grand Haven, chairman of the committee, reported
resolutions of respect for the late Joseph Gridley, of Kalamo, Eaton county.
The report was adopted unanimously, and a copy ordered sent to the bereayed
family.

Prof. J. C. Holmes then read a historical sketch of the organization of agri-
cultural societies in Michigan. 7

EXPERIMENTS.

C. W. Garfield, of the Agricultural College, spoke briefly of certain horticul-
tural experiments. The first was with the crossing of different varieties
of apples. 'alman Sweet crossed with the Wagener gave an apple inferior
both in taste and color to either of the originals. But the result of a cross
between the Talman Sweet and Red Astrachan was an apple both brighter in
color and richer in flavor than either of the originals. The crossing was
effected by the artificial application of the pollen.

Experiments were also made in planting potatoes at various depths, from six
inches below the surface to six inches above, that is, upon the top of little sand
banks. ‘I'he average product of those beneath the surface was not materially
different. In those above the surface there were far more settings, but they
were very small potatoes. One section was planted with the tops of the pota-
toes about one-third in each case, and another section with the remaining
stem ends. The yield of the latter section was considerably the larger of the
two. One section had the vines pruned and those of another left unpruned,
and the yield of the former section was the greater. The section contained
six hills each, and all the other conditions were the same. Experiments were
also made with bean yines to make them wind about the poles the wrong way,
but without success. It was found that the vines would die first.

THE NEXT FAIR.

Mr. H. Dale Adams moyed that a committee of not less than three be ap-
pointed to confer with the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural
Society, relative to holding another union fair by the two societies. ‘The
motion prevailed, and the President subsequently named as such committee
H. Dale Adams, of Kalamazoo; 8S. O. Knapp, of Jackson, and Geo. W. Web-
ber, of Ionia.

After some further interchange of opinion, the society adjourned to nine
o'clock Thursday morning.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

On reiissembling Thursday morning, a second and successful attempt to
elect officers was made, with the following result:

President—George Parmelee, Old Mission.

Vice Presidents—One from each county in the State.

Secretary—J. P. Thompson, Grand Rapids.

Treasurer—Henry Seymour, Grand Rapids.

Members of Executive Committee—W. L. Webber, East Saginaw, and E. R.
Waters, Spring Lake.

The president announced the following as the committee on resolutions: R.
F. Johnstone, H. P. Hanford, and Edward Bradfield.

D42 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

On motion the following were appointed to attend the meeting of the West-
ern New York Horticultural Society, at Rochester, January 10th: J. C.
Holmes, Detroit; T. 'T. Lyon, South Haven; C. P. Avery, Old Mission; H. P.
Hanford, Bristol, Ind.; A. 8. Dyckman, South Haven.

Prof. J. C. Holmes presented an invitation from the State Poultry Society
to join with them in the January Exhibition at Detroit, but it was not thought
advisable to accept the offer.

Mr. H. D. Adams, of Kalamazoo, in behalf of the orchard committee, read
a report of the travels of that committee to the different parts of the State the
past season, and what they saw and thought of each orchard.

Prof. Beal, in behalf of the people of Lansing and vicinity, invited the so-
ciety to hold its February meeting im that city, and the invitation was
accepted.

An amendment to the constitution was proposed by Mr. Bradfield, providing
that every officer of the society, including vice-presidents, must be a member
of the society. Laid over for future action under the rule.

ADDRESS BY MR. CHILDS.

The Hon. J. Webster Childs, of Ypsilanti, addressed the society at length on
“The Agricultural Wants of Michigan.” It was interesting and attentively
listened to throughout. He spoke of the necessity of a more general and thor-
ough education of farmers in matters relating to their business. Fathers are
too apt to educate those sons who enter mercantile pursuits or professions,
and leave those who are to carry on the farm the mere rudiments of an educa-
tion. From this it has come to pass that a system of caste has sprung up and
farmers are supposed to occupy a lower social plane. They have the remedy
in their own hands.

Recurring to political topics, he urged attendance upon the primary meet-
ings as the surest way by which farmers could secure a fuller representation
in the halls of legislation. All they ask is an equal chance with all other
classes of the community, and that chance by the help of God they meant to
have. It may be all right that out of a Congress of 300 members 248 should
be lawyers. Some people think so, but the farmers are beginning to doubt it.
They are beginning to wonder whether they might not spare five or six law-
yers, and still have enough left. [Applause.] That the farmers have not had
equal representation is their own fault. They are beginning to realize that
great fact, and beginning to organize, and thank God 2,000,000 farmers are
now marching shoulder to shoulder and keeping step to the music of equal
and exact justice to all.

Mr. T. T. Lyon read an elaborate paper on “ Plums and Plum Culture,” and
Mr. H. 8. Clubb on “ The Characteristics of the East Shore of Lake Michigan.”

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED.

Mr. R. F. Johnstone, in behalf of the committee on resolutions, reported the

following, which were adopted:

WHEREAS, The Michigan State Pomological Society was instituted for the purpose of pro-
moting and disseminating a more correct knowledge of fruit-growing, for correcting fruit
nomenclature, and to add to and develop the rich resources which Michigan possesses in her
soil and climate, and her geographical position in connection with poumology ; and

WHEREAS, In pursuance of these purposes it has been found that amongst the duties of
this society there were none more useful or more thoroughly adapted to work into the minds
of the fruit-growers and all interested in pomology and the other branches of horticultural
science, a practical and extended knowledge of fruits and their nomenclature, of arbori-

REPORT OF MEETINGS, 545

culture, of plant culture, of landscape and ornamental gardening, and a correct and culti-
vated taste in all that enriches and adorns the State and the homes of the farmers and other
citizens, than the holding of its meetings from time to time in the several cities and villages
easily reached by the surrounding population; and i

WHEREAS, The State Pomological Society has for the first time held one of its meetings
in the city of Ionia; therefore,

Resolved, That the hospitalities and attention shown by the citizens of Ionia to the society
have done much to promote the objects and designs of this organization, and that our sin-
cere acknowledgments are extended to them for their very important aid in affording all the
facilities required to render the first meeting in Ioniaa convention of the fruit interests that
will do much to increase the beneficial influence of the society.

Fesoleed, That in affording to the members of the society an opportunity to inspect the
location selected for the State house of correction, we have had the satisfaction of survey-
ing sixty acres of land well adapted to the purpose for which it has been selected, the tract
rising high and rolling in surface above the valley of the Grand Rapids, and well situated
between great trunk railroads to give it all the facilities of access necessary for such a State
institution.

Resolved, That the thanks of the society are tendered the reporters of the press for the very
correct and extended reports, which aid the society in extending its influence and in pro-
moting a correct Knowledge of its work, its action and its aims.

Resolved, That the aid afforded this society by the State agricultural college through its
several professors, in adding to the interest and instruction of the severa] meetings, deserves
the thanks of the members, and should receive our special acknowledgment as evincing the
practical utilities of this educational institution in connection with an important department
of culture for which it was established.

There were also resolutions of thanks to Hon. George W. Webber, the mayor
of Ionia, to W. D. Arnold, secretary of the Ionia county agricultural society,
to the city cornet-band, which favored the society with music, and to the ex-
hibitors of fruits, flowers. etc., at the meeting. To these the reporter wishes
to add a special resolution of thanks to Messrs. Le Valley and N. E. Smith of
Jonia, for their industry in keeping the reporter’s table supplied with apples
and grapes of their own raising and of the choicest varieties.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPLES EXHIBITED.
No. Varieties.

Weandeos Chilson battle Creek. >) {o-oo ee ee ee eee 40
OC ieerrceman. lOnias< 2. 2~ = tl oe OS eS te Pee eee eee 14
GW onckinson, Grand) Rapids= 2.2.0.2 Ae ee eee 3
pTCOMMNICK G1] SODIS es aS Oe oe es ts eg aes | ae eee 3
ames Palo. ionia Co. 22 2 8 = se ee oe ee 3
Wm. Steere, ‘ a Pe ns EP arte wa el Bed a Meee es eB Pe 7
mow. Alverd: North: Plains; Tonia Coe 22-222 22s ee eee 9
Rev alley Son; Sonia: soeion + Pe, ee hohe Ts ie res 5 een ee 7
Geouw 7 Wepber ionis.- =.<-) 5025254 25 28 eee eS ee 1
Penmsilarsarmers, Club; Grand Craverse Oo.=-- 2 ee eee 35
i) oneatien. South Boston]. ess" <a) Lele An ee ee eee 19
ee Dexter Gonine © 40: i Bon eee 8 Haren Weel, By. ies Pyaee BS eet 15
Minett MatGcon* Tonin.2 oe es a ee ee eee 14
Mare Howe: Walkers Kent OG. 2 oN a ec eee ee ee eee “4
ee watlyer: Orange. Tonia (Ca — oo ee ee ee 25
Genpiosiord lonias!. "= #0) alas es 22 CR so ay ee 2
Hey omith Lorttand -lonia.Go:2 5... es ee A ee eee 8
Gas Betrich Grand) Rapides. == 2.2 Oe ee Peet ee ee ee 6
WE rnibn plOnia, 0 oe es ee ZIP Re eee et hemes pt ieee 7
Rie Sete OMA oe oo eS i ee eB eee eee 9
a Comell: Tonia) 279-2 26 2 oe ee ee. oe le ye ee a ee ee 20
Joel Andrews, Saranac, Jonia,.Co... 2. 3-2 ae ee eee 14

Having carefully looked over all the fruit on exhibition, we find, with one exception, all
worthy of a first premium ; but, having no premiums to offer—which we very much regret,
although it relieves your committee of a longand tedious task of comparing more minutely,
—we cheerfully recommend the thanks of the society to each exhibitor, and especially to
Grand Traverse Club and to N. E. Smith, Ionia. The committee regret that our chairman,

im

544 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

T. T. Lyon, refused to act with us, as it did not give us time to make such a report as we

would have been pleased to see presented to the Society.
H. B. CHAPMAN, Reading.
D. T. FOX, Kalamazoo.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GRAPES, PEARS, AND WINES.

Your committee respectfully report that they find on exhibition one plate of pears and
one plate of quinces from tae Peninsula Farmers’ Club, of Traverse ; also a plate of fine
specimens of the delicious Delawares, from N. & C. Chilson, of Battle Creek; also three
varieties of grapes,—Isabella, Delaware, Eumelan,—from N. E. Smith, Ionia. Mr. Smith
also exhibited one can of Hale’s Early peach of unusual size, measuring 73 and 7$ inches in
circumference when picked. Also five varieties of grapes from E. Le Valley, of fonia,—
Delaware, Concord, Catawba, Rogers’ Wilder and Agawam. Mr. Le Valley also exhibited
two varieties of water-melons in a good state of preservation.

Two varieties of sweet wines were also on exhibition, one variety by George Hosford, a
pure Concord of the vintage of 1871, a good sweet wine; also one variety from Mr. Brad-
field, of Ada, the Iona, of the vintage of 1872, a delicious sweet wine of much promise.

There is also twenty-four varieties of dried fruits of the Alden process exhibited by C. J.
Dietrich, of Grand Rapids, that is deserving even more than a passing notice. Your com-
mittee would cheerfully recommend them for general use.

Your committee would also recommend the preservation of more of the finer varieties of
fruits for our winter exhibitions. The gentlemen who have honored us by their exhibition
of these varieties of fruits at meetings are worthy of a good deal of credit, and their example
is worthy of imitation.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

WILLIAM ROWE,
R. F. JOHNSTONE,
H. W. CURTIS,

N. CHILSON.

After a very interesting and useful meeting the society adjourned to meet at
Lansing in February, 1875.

THE FEBRUARY MEETING.
LANSING, February 9, 1875.

This meeting of the State Pomological Society was a very interesting and
successful one. The papers read were of a high order, and the discussions were
instructive. The display of fruit was very creditable, and was made in the old
library room. The meetings were held in Representative Hall.

The fruit raisers, especially of peaches, are feeling very despondent over the
prospects for the fruit crop of the coming summer and fall. They are agreed
that the unprecedented cold weather of Monday and Tuesday has killed nearly
all the peach buds, and some are confident that many of the trees have been
destroyed. A few are hopeful that on the lake shore a partial crop may be
raised. Most of those expressing an opinion say that other fruits than peaches
have not been injured seriously. They say that the weather since the severe
freeze of Monday night has been very favorable for the fruit crop.

The society convened on Tuesday afternoon at the old library rooms in the
capitol. Mr. George Parmelee, president of the society, was absent on account
of the severity of the storm, and on motion Mr. T. T. Lyon took the chair.
The following programme was announced :

TUESDAY P. M., FEBRUARY 9.

What grapes to plant—E. Bradfield.

Discussion opened by G. W. Brown.

Thinning fruit—N. E. Smith.

Consideration of catalogue of Americal pomological society—vy J. P. Thompson.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 545

TUESDAY EVENING.

Inaugural address—George Parmelee.
Economic entomology—Prof. A. J. Cook.
Ornamentation of houses—C. W. Garfield.
Michigan at the Centennial.

WEDNESDAY A. M., FEBRUARY 10.

Pruning peach trees—Hon. A. 8S. Dyckman.

Discussion opened by D. R. Waters.

Money in fruit—Hon. E. Buell.

Manufacture and application of manures—Frank A. Gulley.
WEDNESDAY P. M.

New varieties—T. T. Lyon.
Pruning apple trees—Prof. W. J. Beal.
Neatness and order—James Satterlee.
Discussion begun by H. D. Adams.
WEDNESDAY EVENING.

Address by President T. C, Abbot—Agricultural Education.
Organization among farmers—R. E. Trowbridve.
Destiny of Northern Michigan—W. L. Webber.

THURSDAY A. M., FEBRUARY 11.

Where to buy our trees—A. G. Gulley.

Discussion commenced by C, W. Garfield.

Marketing fruit—D. W. Wiley.

Setting trees—N. Chilson.

Resolutions—Miscellaneous discussions will occur at different times during the meeting.

Secretary Thompson stated that owing to the absence of some of the speak-
ers, the programme would be changed ; and he would first introduce the sub-
ject of the catalogue of the American pomological society. He stated that the
fruits of Michigan were very imperfectly represented, and gave several instances
of these imperfections in relation to apples and peaches.

T. T. Lyon, after calling J. M. Sterling to the chair, agreed with the secre-
tary in his remarks, and would offer a resolution to the effect that a committee
of three be appointed to complete and send a list of fruits to the secretary of
the American pomological society for insertion in their catalogue. The fol-
lowing is the committee: T. T. Lyon, of South Haven; G. Parmelee, of Old
Mission; H. Dale Adams, of Galesburg.

N. E. Smith of Ionia then gave a short talk on the thinning of fruits. He
spoke first of thinning grapes, describing the method by which he was enabled
to raise four tons to the acre, of superior quality. As to peaches, he would
shorten in the branches and thus would gain two objects,—to control the
amount of fruit, and produce new shoots. These shoots should be cut back
one-half, and thus produce a central growth. As to thinning apples, he
thought it would be too expensive.

Mr. Bidwell, of South Haven, preferred to do his thinning by means of
pruning. He objected to growing peaches in the center of the tree, as they
lacked in color. Mr. H. D. Adams spoke of Mr. Engle’s peach orchard, in
which was practiced both pruning and thinning; a very fine crop was the
result. About fifty trees could be thinned in a day.

C. Monroe of South Haven thought that in this discussion pruning should
be kept separate from thinning. He gave his experience in thinning peaches.
He thinned 700 trees at a cost of $35. The result was at least a double crop,
and the peaches were of superior quality.

69

546 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Mr. H. O. Hanford of Indiana advocated thinning and shortening in of the
peach, and thought it would always pay. In answer to a question, Mr. Monroe
said he cultivated his thinned fruit under, but would not recommend it.

Prof. Cook thought this thinning of fruit merited full discussion, as a means
of destroying insects.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Mr. Thompson referred to the cold winter of 1872-75, which was expected
to destroy all the fruit and many other crops. Yet the products of 1873 were
among the most satisfactory ever turned out in Michigan, and the fruit and
vegetable crops yielded nearly $4,000,000. He predicted that the crops of 1875
would prove eminently satisfactory, and further demonstrate that even severely
cold weather did not at all necessarily destroy or even damage the fruit and
other crops.

Mr. Thompson stated the number of acres of land in this State now devoted
to fruit raising to be 241,048 acres, valued at $25,000,000.

Mr. Le Valley, of Ionia county, said that his county possessed about 200,000
acres of good orchard land, and was a fine fruit-producing section.

MERITS OF DIFFERENT APPLES.

Mr. E. Buell, of Kalamazoo, said he preferred the Red Canada to all other

varieties of apple grown in Michigan. Mr. Hanford, of Indiana, favored the
Northern Spy. Mr. Johnson, of Lansing, said he had a number of Northern
Spys in his orchard, and he found them the most reliably-producing of the
trees in his possession. Mr. Buell did not question the merits of the Northern
Spy apple, but he could not raise the fruit, though they had as good soil in
Kalamazoo county as anywhere else, in his opinion, for raising apples. Mr.
Claflin, of Mason, thought there was no difficulty in handling the Northern
Spy in his section. The trees are good wood, and he found that at four years
old they were good bearers. He knew of many most successful Northern Spy
orchards, and they always produced large and fine crops, realizing handsome
yrices.
; The society was then entertained by reports of the value of fruit and fruit
lands in the various parts of the State. Numerous letters were read on the
same subject. The conclusion was reached that the value of the fruit lands of
this State was about $100 per acre.

TUESDAY EVENING SESSION.

The evening meeting was held in Representative Hall, J. Webster Childs in
the chair. The exercises were opened by a piece of music given by the Phil-
harmonic society of Lansing.

Prof. Cook was then introduced, and spoke on “ Economic Entomology.”
But a few years ago the idea of the practicability of science was ridiculed :
now the reverse is true. The benefit of science is now recognized in its truly
Christian element of working for the good of mankind, and the laboring man
no longer ignores its teachings. Among the first laborers in this field was Dr.
Harris of Massachusetts, and his book on insects injurious to vegetation should

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 547

be in the hands of every fruit grower. Among those men in this department
who have done much good are Dr. Fitch of New York, whose labors saved
$50,000 a year to his State, Dr. Wallace, Profs. Riley of Missouri and Le
Baron of Hlinois. The works of all these men are of great value, and should
be in possession of all for consultation. The best book for scientific study is
Packard’s Guide. Besides the good these men have done, numerous societies
and agricultural colleges are helping the cause.

The first great need of economic entomology is pure scientific investigation.
So great has been this lack, that many of our most common insects are still
undescribed. Investigations are very greatly needed, by which we may be en-
abled to stop the ravages of destroying insects. Asa practical illustration of
this, he would mention the means of destroying the peach curculio, as used by
Mr. Ransom. Another need is the free use of the press to diffuse this knowl-
edge among the farmers. The professor intimated that experiments would be
conducted at the college this year which might lead to some practical results
in the line of economic entomology.

The address was followed by music,—trio, “ Advent of Spring.”

Opportunity being given, Mr. Dyckman inquired as to the success of the
codling moth experiments at the college. Prof. Cook thought they were suc-
cessful, as only about one apple in three in the college orchard was injured,
while in an adjoining orchard, where no bands were used, almost all the apples
were injured.

A. G. Gulley of Dearborn was then introduced, and read a short paper on
“Where to buy our trees.” He would lay it down as a maxim that, no matter
where we bought trees, it would pay to get the best, even if high-priced.
There is no objection in buying eastern trees on account of distance, as they
can be safely shipped to almost any distance. There are five States producing
stock, of which New York takes the lead. In general, southern and western
stock is not hardy, and is killed back by severe weather. In procuring stock,
make your purchase in person, if possible; if not, order by mail of the
dealer. Salesmen and agents can generally be trusted, but they should have
certificates of late date. Agents who advocate new and improved varieties
should be shunned. astern trees that have been heeled in during the winter
should not be purchased. In conclusion, he would recommend Michigan
stock before that of New York or the east.

C. W. Garfield spoke of his correspondence with a number of fruit growers
on this subject, and the universal verdict was to use Michigan stock, as it was
near at hand and easily examined. A great objection to eastern stock is that
it is apt to be forced, and on transplanting it fails. He also said that the dark
spot in the centre of a shoot was no sign of its being diseased.

Mr. Garfield, who was to speak on “how to beautify homes,” limited his
remarks to “ floral decorations,” illustrating the points of his address by means
of colored diagrams and combinations of cut flowers. Floriculture is in one
sense a primary department of pomology, as all fruits are preceded by flowers;
and the highest attainment of horticulture as a fine art is in the cultivation of
flowers. One great difficulty in arranging flowers for ornament, either in the
garden or parlor, is that it is a matter of taste, and what one likes another dis-
likes. Still, there are a few laws of color and form, quite universal, upon which
all may agree. There are three primary colors, red, yellow, and blue; if united
in proper proportion, these constitute white. Combinations of these in coup-
lets form secondaries, which are complementary to the first set. Red and yel-

548 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

low form orange, which complements blue; red and blue form violet, which
complements yellow ; likewise yellow and blue form green, which complements
red. Colors mutually affect one another, from the established fact that the
eye, if confined upon one, tires of it, and if turned away, sees the complement.
Thus, after looking a moment at a rich green, if the eye be turned upon a white
wall, a tint of red is plainly seen; and if red be placed by the green, it will be
strengthened, and the effect is reciprocal.

The speaker here illustrated with cut flowers the principle involved, and said
that upon it depended to a great extent the effect of floral combinations. Form
has to do with floral decorations ina marked degree. Pleasing views, wavy
outlines with easy transitions, or delicate spray with natural droop, are impor-
tant elements of beauty, and the natural habit of a flower or plant should
always be studied and indulged. The form of vase or bed has greatly to do
with the effect of what is contained therein. Flowers should be suited to their
surroundings. Bright rooms require a predominance of white flowers with airy
foliage; while dark parlors, with rich deep-colored furniture, are better dec-
orated with strong colors and heavy green foliage. Flowers arranged deftly in
a vase, so that each specimen may be observed by itself, are appropriate any-
where.

The speaker alluded to table decorations and how to make them effective ;
then gave in detail plans for tasteful flower borders, advocating the massing of
colors, or planting in ribbons, in such a manner as to cause forms and colors to
mutually assist one another in making up a unit of display. In the arrange-
ment of flower borders we should keep constantly before us the three elements
of garden beauty, to wit: utility, interest, and unity. To this end we must
consider the height and habit of the plants, their color and duration, their
season of bloom. The speaker closed his very interesting remarks by speaking
of the moral worth and beauty derived from the cultivation of flowers.

The meeting was closed by music,—a duet.

SECOND DAY—WEDNESDAY.

LANSING, February 10, 1875.
The weather having somewhat moderated, the attendance Wednesday morn-
ing was larger and the display of fruit more extensive than on Tuesday. The
president and all the northern delegation, however, had not yet arrived, and
their attendance, owing to the extreme depth of snow, is despaired of.
The meeting was called to order at 9:30 o’clock, in Representative Hall, by
Hon. W. L. Webber, of East Saginaw. A. S. Dyckman presented an address on

PRUNING PEACH TREES.

The speaker took issue with Mr. Downing, the best authority on the matter,
claiming that the process of “shortening-in ” recommended by him induces
too thick a head, which causes mildew, etc. We should follow nature more
closely. He set the budded side of the tree toward the wind, 7. e., northwest.
He selects three shoots three feet from the ground from which to form the head.
These will form a good open head. He prunes in the winter, which with a lit-

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 549

tle rubbing off of buds in summer, is sufficient. The main idea of pruning is
“thinning.” We put “ thinning” in the place of Downing’s “ shortening-in.”
This thinning process makes a more natural development; it admits air and
sunlight; gives a more abundant yield of fruit, and more greenbacks to the
fruit grower.

D. R. Waters continued the discussion, opposing Mr. Dyckman. He did not
disapprove of Downing’s process of “shortening in.” He referred to the ideas of
Mr. Thomas, the celebrated pomologist, upon this subject, which accorded with
those of Mr. Downing. He preferred a compact, stout head rather than long
straggling branches. Late fall or early spring is the time for pruning. The
“shortening-in ” process prolongs the life of the tree. He preferred trees
headed low, two feet from the ground, claiming that they were more healthy
and more easily cared for. He would prune in early fall. Mr. Wiley, of Saug-
atuck, sided with Mr. Dyckman. Mr. Hanford, of Briston, Indiana, believed
in the “shortening-in” system, but followed it only every alternate year. Mr.
T, T. Lyon thought that Mr. Dyckman’s own orchard was in itself an argu-

-ment against the thinning process, as he believed that there might be four
times the amount of wood in the central part of his trees without shutting
out the sunlight.

F. A. Gulley, of Dearborn, who has been a student at the Agricultural Col-
lege, read a paper on the “ manufacture and application of manures.” Fifteen
years ago manure could be had in Detroit for the hauling. It is now worth
from 50 cents to $1.50 per wagon-load. They (Gulley & Son) have been exper-
imenting in manufacturing manures by breeding and rearing pigs and feeding
cattle upon the farm, and were entirely successful. The speaker dwelt at
length upon the comparative value of manures produced from different kinds
of feed, and gave an account of an experiment by him in which $50 expended -
in manure increased the value of an oat crop $150.

Marsh muck united with manure is very valuable. With clear muck he has
increased the raspberry crop one-fourth. They also manufacture manure by
means of composting.

They apply manure at any season when there is not a crop on the ground,
but do not apply it on sloping ground where it will be washed off, unless imme-
diately worked under. The manure is drawn in dump-carts and spread stand-
ing on the ground. This is the most economical way. Best tools to use are
light four and six-tined forks.

The address was warmly received. Mr. Hanford thought that this high
process of composting would not pay the general farmer. He believed in clo-
ver and plaster. Dr. Miles, of the Agricultural College, said he approved
heartily of the paper. He thought it the best elucidation of the matter he
had ever heard. It was not only based upon practical experience, but was right
in principle. The only point he would criticise is putting a tile drain under the
yard. He would dispose of all moisture by evaporation.

An invitation to visit the Agricultural College was accepted for Monday
afternoon.

Adjourned for dinner.

or
Ot
oO

STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

WEDNESDAY—AFTERNOON SESSION,

Among the prominent men in attendance are the following: Mr. H. E. Bid-
well, South Haven; Mr. A. 8. Dyckman, South Haven; Mr. T. T. Lyon, South
Haven; Mr. C. J. Monroe, South Haven; Mr. D. R. Waters, Spring Lake; Mr.
S. O. Knapp, Jackson; Mr. J. W. Childs, Ypsilanti; Mr. W. L. Webber, East
Saginaw; President Abbot, Agricultural College; Prof. M. Miles, Agricul-
tural College; Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural College; Prof. W. J. Beal, Agri-
cultural College; Mr. F. A. Gulley, Dearborn; Mr. A. G. Gulley, Dearborn ;
Mr. H. Dale Adams, Galesburg; Mr. E. Buel, Kalamazoo; Mr. B. G. Buel,
Little Prairie Ronde; Messrs. Wood, Ives, and Rowe, Mason; Mr. W. W.
Baxter, Mr. H. B. Chapman, Mr. 8. J. Watkins, Mr. N. P. Brockway, Hillsdale
county; Dr. Owen, Messrs. Dean, Sigler, and Collar, Adrian; Mr. Charles
Ilgenfritz, Monroe; Mr. J. M. Sterling, Monroe; Mr. A. O. Hyde, Marshall;
Mr. N. Chilson, Battle Creek; Mr James Satterlee, Greenville; Mr. J. Kerr,
Hagle; Mr. A. C. Glidden, Paw Paw; Mr. H. P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana;
Mr. J. A. Davis, Marshall; Senator Mitchell, Grand Traverse; Mr. D. T. Fox,
Kalamazoo; Mr. N. E. Smith, and Mr. Le Valley, of Ionia, and very many of
the citizens of Lansing and adjoining towns.

Hon. J. Webster Childs was called to the chair. The committee on fruits
was then announced:. D. R. Waters, of Spring Lake; B. G. Buell, of Little
Prairie Ronde; H. E. Bidwell, of South Haven.

The first paper read was by T. T.. Lyon on “ New Varieties.” He gave the
history of new and promising varieties of fruit.

Prof. W. J. Beal, of the Agricultural College, delivered a lecture on

PRUNING APPLE TREES.

The lecture was illustrated by charts. The following is a brief abstract :

There are advocates for all kinds of pruning, for high tops and for low tops,
and for not pruning at all seasons of the year. It is important that the boys
have a good example, for they generally follow the practice of their fathers or
neighbors. It is better to prune too little than too much. Keep a central
stem from which numerous branches are allowed to remain not less than eight
inches apart from center to center. This will prevent bad notches, which are
liable to split down. Thin out the small limbs at the outside of the tree,
instead of the larger limbs near the trunk. Keep the top thin, then the lower
limbs will not die on account of shade. Cut limbs off close, but none larger
than an inch in diameter. It is better to cut off two or three or more small
limbs to check a large branch than to remove the branch itself. Prune when
the tree is not frozen or growing, except pruning or rubbing off new growth.
To change the height and shape of a tree begin when the tree is young and
make the change gradually. Too many prune ina bad manner, worse than
none at all. The majority of Michigan orchards are poorly and improperly
pruned.

Mr. James Satterlee, of Greenville, a graduate of the Agricultural College,
read a valuable paper upon

NEATNESS AND ORDER.

He referred to the fact that neatness and order are more characteristic of
the banker’s and merchant’s business than of the farmer’s, and urged the
importance of his theme. He thought education and social refinement the

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 551

precursors of order and neatness, and paid a high encomium to the Agricultural
College and the work it is doing. He referred to the employment and comfort
accruing from the keeping of a neat and beautiful lawn, and gave many apt
hints concerning landscape gardening. ,

Mr. H. Dale Adams continued the discussion at some length.

A communication from the Monroe County Agricultural Society, inviting
the society to hold the June meeting at that place, was referred to the Execu-
tive Committee. The invitation was accepted.

Considerable discussion was had on the appearance of the blight in the
apple tree. Reports from various parts of the State show that the disease is
progressing. Considerable fear was expressed that it might be as serious as
the dreaded pear blight. No explanation could be given of the cause of the
disease. It attacks both old and young trees, slow and fast growers.

Adjourned.

WEDNESDAY— EVENING SESSION,

Notwithstanding the severity of the weather the hall was well filled by a
highly intelligent audience, and the exercises were of an exceedingly brilliant
character.

After music, President Abbot, of the agricultural college, delivered an elo-
quent address upon the necessity of agricultural education. He portrayed the
need of education among farmers, and urged the claims of the agricultural
college upon the farming community, which he says has been conducted at a
less expense than any other similar institution in the country.

Hon. Rowland E. Trowbridge of Lansing read an interesting and valuable
paper on organization among farmers.

Hon. Wm. L. Webber of East Saginaw then read a most interesting descrip-
tion and historical paper on “The Destiny of Northern Michigan,” when at a
late hour, the meeting adjourned.

THIRD DAY—THURSDAY.

The first exercise was the report of the committee on apples. They report
sixty-five varieties on exhibition, and many duplicates. Among the principal
exhibitors were :

The Ingham county farmers’ club, 31 varieties.

South Haven society, 18 varieties of apples, and specimens of cherries and
other dried fruits.

H. Dale Adams, Galesburg, 26 varieties; A. L. Sturgis, Okemos, 10; is hee
Merrell, Lansing, 20; J. Satterlee, Greenville, 9; J. Lee, Leelanaw county, 10.

D. B. Johnson of Lansing, H. P. Cherry of Johnston, Dr. Owen of Adrian,
and E. Buell of Kalamazoo, were prominent exhibitors.

Grapes, well preserved, by George W. Brown, Lansing.

The quantity of fruit on display was not very large, owing to the severe cold
weather, which prevented many from bringing specimens. No exhibitors were
present from Grand Rapids or the Grand T'rayerse region, the fruits from these

552 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

points being detained by the storm. A large quantity of the apples of the
Ingham county farmers’ club were badly frozen.

Secretary Thompson made some remarks on the proposed new census bill ;
and on motion of Mr. Dyckman, the sense of the meeting was ascertained by
yeas and nays, and supported the taking of an annual census.

The secretary read letters from various parts of the State in relation to the
cold weather, and the prospects of a fruit crop for the coming year were re-
garded as poor.

A memorial was read and adopted, asking the Legislature for an appropria-
tion to aid the society to make an exhibition of fruit at the meeting of the
American Pomological Society at Chicago, in September.

Mr. R. F. Kedzie, meteorologist of the society, presented a paper on meteor-
ology, and introduced a resolution (which was adopted) memorializing the
Legislature of this State to pass a joint resolution requesting our senators and
representatives in congress to have the signal service so extended as to benefit
the agriculturists of this State.

The resolutions of the South Haven pomological society, objecting to the
incorporation of the pomological with the agricultural report into one book,
was then taken from the table, and referred to the executive committee.

On motion the following committee on the “bird question” was appointed :
A. J. Cook, F. A. Gulley of Dearborn, James Morris of Palo.

G. W. Brown of Lansing gave in detail his method of raising grapes, and
would recommend as the best the following: Salem, Eumelan, Rogers’ No. 4,
15, 19, 53.

Mr. Bidwell of South Haven read a bill and a memorial to the Legislature,
requesting the passage of said bill, which refers to the disease of the peach
known as the “yellows.” By a vote of the society it was deemed advisable
that said bill should be passed.

Mr. R. F. Johnstone, chairman of the committee on resolutions, reported a
series, thanking the Legislature, the citizens of Lansing, the Philharmonic
society, the officers of the Agricultural College, the representatives of the press,
and everybody in general who have aided in the success of the meeting.

The society adjourned at 1 P. M., after a very useful and entertaining session.

THE JUNE MEETING AT MONROE.

The summer meeting of the State Pomological Society at Monroe was not
only one of the most complete and thoroughly instructive, as well as one of the
most agreeable and pleasant conventions of this distinguished organization,
but it was a success in every way. Its display of fruits and flowers was very
fine; the lectures, addresses, papers and discussions were each full of interest
to the very large audiences which filled the hall; and the attention to the
visitors by the citizens of Monroe was a sample of the public spirit that fills
the hearts of the people of that city.

The meeting was held at the invitation of the Monroe County Agricultural
Society, whose principal officers are J. M. Sterling, President; W. A. Noble,
Treasurer, and H. A. Conant, Secretary.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 553

The convention organized at the City Hall, Tuesday, June 29, 1875, which
the Mayor and Common Council had put at its service. It was very beautifully
filled up, and the floral decorations were arranged to make the hall very attrac-
tive without diminishing the accomodations for seeing and hearing.

Amongst the visitors present were Governor Bagley, Addison Kelley, the
well known grape grower and wine manufacturer of Kelley’s Island, M. B.
Bateham, the Secretary of the Ohio State Pomological Society, Col. D. C. Rich-
mond, Leo. Weitz and G. F. Newton, representing the Executive Committee of
the Ohio State Horticultural Society. The attendance of members from South
Haven, Grand Rapids and other portions of the State was larger than usual.
On the first days of these conventions George Parmelee, Esq., of Old Mission,
Grand Traverse, with the whole of the Executive Committee and other officers,
were present, excepting Mr. Seymour, the Treasurer, whose place was filled by
Mr. H. Dale Adams, of Kalamazoo county.

After the convention was called to order by the President, the Secretary
directed attention in a brief address to what the society had before it for the
present year, showing the importance of Michigan fruits and the interest con-
nected therewith being fully represented at the biennial meeting of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, which is to be held in September next at Chicago,
and also that preparations must be made this year for a full exhibition at the
Centennial Exposition of next year. In connection with the convention at
Chicago a letter was read from O. B. Galusha, of Normal, Illinois, giving the
details of the programme instituted by the Illinois Horticultural Society for
the forthcoming exhibition and convention. ‘The circular says:

“* The society will hold its meetings for discussions in the Methodist Episcopal Church,
southeast corner of Washington and Clark streets. These wiil be attended, as heretofore,
by leading horticulturists from all parts of the country. Under the auspices of the Illinois
State Horticultural Society there will also be held in the Inter-State Industrial Exposition
building, a national exhibition of fruits and other horticultural products of North America.
Seven thousand square feet of space in the south end of the main floor and gallery of the
great Exposition building will be asgigned to the various States, territories and provinces;
and in the space assigned to each State, territory or province will be arranged the State,
county, society or individual collections contributed therefrom. It will be our effort to
have every section of the country from Nova Scotia to California, and from Key West to
Oregon, suitably represented in a truly continental exhibition of fruits, and to this end we
solicit your personal effort and influence to secure a complete representation of your fruit
products. Upon the same day, and in the same building, the great Inter-State Exposition
of the Arts and Industries will begin its four weeks’ exhibition. Free tickets, admitting
them to all parts of the convention, will be issued to all members of the American Pomo-
logical Society and to contributors of fruits for the exhibition. Railroads will make reduced
rates,”

It has been decided that the Governor of the State shall appoint a commit-
tee of three to take charge of the fruits for this exhibition, and that a com-
mittee of thirteen be selected from the several fruit growing districts of
Michigan to collect fruits to be shown.

In regard to the Centennial, it was stated that $7,500 haying been placed at
the disposal of the Governor to aid in promoting a representation of the pro-
ducts of Michigan at the exhibition, a commission will shortly be appointed
consisting of four members, and circulars will be issued stating the general
regulations which will govern them in their work, and also furnishing full
information to exhibitors.

The reports of the several district and county pomological and horticultural
societies were read. Judge J.G. Ramsdell, from Grand Traverse, reported that
the apple orchards on the side hills and rolling lands in that region were but

70

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oo4 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

little injured, and will have a fair crop. On the lower lands, highly cultivated
orchards were severely injured, and will have no fruit. Peach trees, except in
a few fayored localities, were so badly damaged as to be rendered worthless.
His peach orchard, on a northwestern exposure, will bear a good crop in places,
some trees being killed. Sweet cherries were uninjured and are heavily loaded
with fruit; American mulberries the same. His plum orchard of 750 trees
was not injured, and is well loaded with fruit. Mr. Ramsdell’s orchards are
all on the side hill. Pear trees—an orchard of sixty trees—are uninjured and
will yield well. Apricots are uninjured ; nectarines are badly damaged. There
will be no nectarines above the snow line. His two acres of grape vines are
uninjured, and are well loaded with fruit. Small fruits in the Grand Traverse
region are generaily uninjured. ‘

Mr. Adair thought there would be a fair crop of apples from the orchards
in the vicinity of Detroit, but that other large tracts were generally killed.

Prof. W. J. Beal, of the Agricultural College, reported that the fruit trees in
Ingham county were making a good growth this year, but he had never seen
so few fruit blossoms. The extreme cold of the last winter at Lansing was thirty-
three degrees below zero. The Northern Spy was badly split by the frost.
Tile draining is very essential to the protection of orchards from the effects
of the frost.

J. Suttle, of Grand Rapids, said a number of peach orchards in Kent county
are badly damaged by the frost, but would probably live. ‘The apple crop is a
failure. Small fruits are a fair crop generally. Grape vines are occasionally
damaged by the late frost, the leaves being literally scorched off.

Mr. Spaulding of Monroe said he had five and a half acres of grapes, mostly
Concords, not a vine of which has been injured. Off four acres he had gath-
ered last year 24,800 pounds, and thought he should do even better this year.

The secretary remarked that the fruit growers of the Grand River Valley
were now engaged in holding post mortem examinations over their orchards.
They had begun to discover that crops of fruit could not be grown without the
soil was fitted by cultivation, by manures, and by draining. ‘They had also
learned that large crops of fruit were fully as exhaustive on these soils as heavy
crops of grain year after year.

Mr. Waters, of Spring Lake, reported for that district that there would be
no peaches above the snow line in his part of the State, and that fruit trees of
all kinds were badly injured. Grapes will be about two-thirds of a crop.
Of small fruits there will be a full crop. Amongst the apples the Baldwins
and Greenings seem to haye suffered most.

Mr. Sterling reported that the crop of apples in Monroe would be a medium
crop, probably in many places a fair average.

Tuesday evening the hall was filled to overflowing, the ladies and gentle-
men of Monroe turning out in full number. Mrs. C. Baldwin, teacher of
music at the young ladies’ seminary, and other ladies, contributed some rich
vocal and instrumental music. The exercises of the convention commenced
by a very happy address from the Hon. H. J. Redfield, the mayor.

MAYOR REDFIELD’S ADDRESS.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN :—The city authorities, in honor of your presence, have ordered
a particularly close cleaning and brushing up of streets and by-ways, and the elements,—
seemingly in unison with our desire to present a tidy appearance,—have combined to offer
usa day of uncommon loveliness. The full glory of ripe and robust summer, all redolent with
comfort and enjoyment, all fragrant with flowery perfumes and rich with fruity odors, is
in our full possession. The merry waters of our traditional river flash and glitter in the

REPORT OF MEETINGS. D0

Oo

morning light, and seem indeed to laugh and sing as they ripple and glide over their clean
bed of pebble and rock to tell the listening lake of your arrival. ‘‘ Sweet fields beside this
swelling flood stand dressed in living green’’ to greet you. Wide streets, begirt with stately
maples; broad avenues, sentinelled with grand old elms, reach out their grateful shade to
coyer you. Overtopping maple and elm, and statelier than either, the old pear trees erect
their venerable heads and seem to nod their morning salutation, as they wait for their cen-
turial jubilee. It is well and wisely given to the accomplished Willets tospeak for them,—
to relate how far back in the last century they were transported from the soil of merrie
France and transplanted on this then wild river-side,—and how the same hands that drew
the virgin soil around their roots at the same time uplifted the advancing herald of civiliza-
tion and Christianity, the holy cross; how the towering walnuts grew thick and close to
the water’s edge on either side, and how, from root to topmost branch, and stretching from
tree to tree across on either bank, there interlaced in rank luxuriance and hung down in
great festoons and bunches, and flourished and fruited in their season, the product of that
“immortal vine’? which maketh the ‘‘ heart of man glad,’’ and which gave to the river the
name ityet bears. Beneath these umbrageous shades the red man ‘‘ paddled his light canoe”
and wooed and won his dusky maid, and both alike, in the abandon of their wild nature
and the wild scene, reached forth their swarthy hands and plucked the dusky, musky fruit
and stained and dyed their dark skins and crimson lips with the purple blood of the clus-
tering grapes o’erhead,

Canoe, walnut, wild vine, wild man and maid are gone; but he who finds himself on the
river’s brink in the twilight hour to-day, will see that Jack and Gill, and Sue and Bill, keep
up that old, old sparking still!

To-day, for miles along this river, on the islands in the bay, and away to Pointe aux Peaux,
on the lake, the eye is greeted and the senses charmed with the sight of oft recurring vine-
yards, rich in variety, perfect in cultivation, and marvellously abundant in production.
Verily has the valley of the River Raisin become the American Rhine; and when the rich
laden baskets are seen, and the merry voice of the grape-gatherer heard in our midst, this,
indeed, seems to be an enchanted land,—the Switzerland of the New World.

If Sterling will uncork upon the subject of the growth and management of the vineyard,
the acreage and yield of the fruit, the manufacture and handling of the wine, with one-
half the dexterity he unbottles the article itself,—and he can do both,—you will be full to
overflowing of ‘‘ a feast of reasun and a flow of soul.”

But neither pears nor grapes, however luscious, monopolize the land. Great nurserics of
the apple, cherry, peach, and plum are seen on every hand, and large orchards intervening
on eyery side, some hoary with years and of immense size, and yet vigorous, still drop their
ripe fruit into the lap of the fourth generation, who have sat under their branches and par-
taken of their bounty. I venture upon the assertion that there is more money capital to-
day invested on this shore in fruit and the products of fruit, than there is an the west shore,
and that the life of the vine and tree and shrub with us,—owing to the vigor and heartiness
of our soil,—is far more permanent and enduring, while the climate, aspect, and all the
modifying influences of surrounding water, is not inferior here to any point in this parallel
of latitude, or any where in the region of the Great Lakes, To these varied enjoyments
you are bidden, and to a welcome as warm and cheery as it is given the heart of man to
tender. We greet you witha hospitality as wide and open-handed as the best of good will can
render it.

The Agricultural Society and its manly officers are here to repeat it. The ever generous
and warm-hearted people of Monroe will labor to make your stay with us pleasant and
profitable, and the constituted authorities of the city are happy in the honor of your pres-
ence. Monroe, second in years of the Michigan cities, receives you in her borders and offers
“the freedom of the place.’’ And the oldest mayor in existence,—having reached the wooden
wedding of executive life—invokes upon your coming and parting all pleasure and enjoy-
ment.

The mayor concluded by introducing Governor Bagley, who made some
pleasant remarks about his attempts to make himself an agriculturist and po-
mologist during the past year. He spoke very frankly of the importance of
fruit culture as one of the resources of the State which should be promoted as
a leading interest, and amongst those engaged in it were to be found our best
citizens.

The President of the convention responded to these addresses, and then Dr.
Edward Dorsch of Monroe submitted a paper entitled “ Our friends, the Mole,
the Toad, the Spider, and the Owl,” which was read by Prof. Boyd.

On Wednesday morning a visit was made by a large party of fruit growers

006 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

who had accepted the invitation of Mr. George Bruckner to the vineyards and
orchards on Lotus Island, a fine rolling land southeast of the city, and ele-
yated amid and above the marshes of the River Raisin.

In the convention the morning was principally spent in arranging the work.
T. T. Lyon, of South Haven, from the Committee on the Chicago Exhibition,
reported the arrangements made to secure an exhibition from the State, and
the appointment of a committee of thirteen to collect the fruits for it.

The following committees were announced :

On Flowers—E. J, Guild, of East Saginaw; Mrs. H. Dale Adams, of Galesburg; Miss
Cora Reynolds, of Monroe; Mrs. Elizabeth M. Chapman, of Reading; G@. F. Newton, of
Millersburg, Ohio; John Tuttle, of Grand Rapids.

On Wines and Vinegar—R. F. Johnstone, of Detroit; H. Benjamin Dansard, of Monroe;
A. Kelly, of Kelly’s Island.

On Apples, Cherries, and Strawberries—Col. D. C. Richmond, of Sandusky; Hon. Wm.
Adair, of Detroit; Hon. 8. O. Knapp, of Jackson; James W. Helm, of Adrian; N, Chilson,
of Battle Creek.

Mr. Lyon tendered his resignation aschairman of the committee from Mich-
igan, to correct the American Pomological Catalogues, stating that the National
Society having appointed Mr. J. 8. Linderman, he thought it better that the
State Society should yield, and thus promote harmony, and hence he hoped
his resignation would be accepted. His resignation was not accepted, but the
committee was requested to proceed and prepare a catalogue of fruits for Mich-
igan and report the same.

Prof. Beal delivered an illustrated lecture on fungoid produetion, which was
listened to with marked interest. He took the ground that fungoid growth is
not an indication of disease, but that these growths are liable to appear upon
either animal or vegetable life, when there is no disease, and that its appear-
ance is not an indication of disease. Secretary Thompson called attention to
this as being contrary to the previous conviction of some who had given the
subject study, and called out president Parmelee, who said he had studied fun-
gus in nature’s laboratory for many years, though not scientifically, and was
convinced that the appearance of fungus was a sure indication of disease, and
that when there was no disease no fungus would appear. Prof. Beal said he
did not give his conclusions as the result of his own investigations, but as the
result of the investigations of scientific men who haye given the subject care-
ful study for years.

Prof. Cook, of the State Agricultural College, in the afternoon delivered a
lecture on the Phylloxera, the parasite that has done so much damage to the
vineyards of France, and which is claimed to have been introduced from this
country. The Professor explained that there was the leaf Phylloxera and the
root Phylloxera, and exhibited roots and leaves infested by each, but that the
insect was the same, only in different stages of its development.

Mr. Kelley and Mr. Bateham made some remarks showing that the mildew
and rot of the vineyards had been prevalent for many years, and Mr. Bateham
was inclined to think the damage was more owing to the frosts than the Phyl-
loxera, but Mr. Kelly thought that the diseases and destruction caused by the
Phylloxera, and the ravages it bad caused in France, as well as its manifesta-
tions in this country, were too marked to be imputed to aught else but this
parasitic insect.

The convention then adjourned for the purpose of permitting the members
to visit the extensive nurseries of I. E. Ilgenfritz & Co. and Reynolds, Lewis
& Co., and also to allow the several committees to make their examinations.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 5d

~

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

The hall was crowded with a brilliant assemblage of ladies and gentlemen.
The Rey. Dr. Mattoon, of Monroe, made a short, eloquent and humorous ad-
dress, “ Pomology in the Line of Civilization,” after which president Parmelee
read a paper on the connection of Pomology with Meteorology. This paper
was one showing great observation and a power of deduction.

The Hon. Edward Willets gave a very interesting history of the old pear
trees of Monroe, showing that they were descendants of the old French pear
trees originally grown on the banks of the Detroit river, and they were taken
to Monroe by the grandson of an old French soldier and Colonel, named Fran-
cois Navarre in 1805. The sketch given by Mr. Willets was listened to with
intense pleasure.

The session closed with very fine music.

THURSDAY MORNING.

John Suttle, of Grand Rapids, proposed an amendment to the constitution
of the society, “That hereafter the annual elections should be held at the time
of the annual State fair.” The proposition lies over to the next meeting under
the rules.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

After the assembling of the convention, Secretary Thompson introduced the
subject of English sparrows, saying he had been visiting in Springfield, Massa-
chusetts, where the sparrow had driven away the doves, and it was said they
would drive away other birds. He called on Mayor Redfield for his obserya-
tions. Mr. Redfield had observed the sparrow and its habits considerably, and
had never seen them disturb other birds. They were effective in destroying
insects, but he had never seen them attack fruit.

Mr. Leo. Weltz, of Ohio, had known the sparrow from a boy, and gave his
testimony that he was a great destroyer of cherries and of grains.

Mr. Bateham, of Ohio, also testified against the sparrow, as a destroyer of
berries, cherries, and grain.

Mr. G. F. Newton, of Ohio, and also Messrs. Weier and Doyle, of Monroe,
spoke in favor of the sparrows, and believed they would not attack either fruit
or grain until they had cleaned out the insects, and thought there was room
enough for them and the other birds.

It was stated that Mr. Geo. 8. Cowan is the man that first introduced the
sparrows to Monroe. He was the first to talk about it, and made the order for
the first sparrows that ever eame to Monroe; and E. 8. Sill paid $5 50 and J.
M. Sterling paid the same amount for said sparrows. Mr. Sterling said he
was induced to send for the sparrows by action of the Society. He was a little
surprised to see the Society “go back” on the sparrow. There are several
thousand of them in Monroe, and the general testimony of the citizens of that
place seemed to be in favor of the noisy, chattering, pugnacious, restless sparrows.

Those who spoke against the sparrows seemed to gather their ideas from what

558 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

they had read and learned while in the native land of the sparrows. It would
seem that here there is so much more insect life to feed upon that the spar-
rows have no taste for vegetable or fruit food while they can gather so easily
what they like better, and feed and fatten on animal food of the richest and
most inviting kind.

STORING AND KEEPING WINTER APPLES.

M. B. Bateham, of Painesville, Lake county, Ohio, gave a description of the
Cope or Quaker fruit houses of Columbia county, Ohio. He visited these houses
in March, 1875. The weather was then mild, but the winter had been very
severe and changeable, and the fall previous was quite warm and dry; hence
apples were generally too ripe at gathering time for keeping in the best man-
ner. At Nathan Cope’s residence are three of the fruit-houses, each of the
capacity of about five thousand bushels, and each nearly full of apples of vari-
ous kinds, all in fine condition. The buildings are of plain and cheap con-
struction, the sides of rough boards without paint, resting on stone founda-
tions, banked up with earth. The size is about twenty-five by fifty feet, one
story anda half high. The walls are double, with about a foot of dry porous
material {tan-bark or sawdust) or confined air between, and the ceiling over
the fruit-room the same, so as to have it frost-proof and as nearly air-tight as
possible. The body of the house is one large room, having double doors at
each end, and a passage-way for a wagon through the middle, with bins for
holding the fruit on each side, composed of movable slats, held in place by
upright posts. ‘The floor under these bins is made of narrow strips of board,
haying air spaces between, through which ventilation is had from about a foot
of space beneath the floor, and into this space fresh air is admitted by means
of several large tubes passing through the foundation wall on each side, which
can be opened or closed as desired, according to the state of the weather and
the fruit. Then overhead in the fruit-room are two or three circular openings
like stove-pipe holes, with tubes passing out through the roof, for carrying off
the moist air, while the cold and dry air is coming in from beneath.

The plan of operation is, when the fruit is put in, to admit air freely during
frosty nights and other cold spells, excluding it in warm weather, and during
winter admitting cold air at all times,—only avoiding freezing of the fruit,
which will not take place quickly, or until the mercury inside is several degrees
below the freezing point,—then to hold the fruit as near as possible at the
Sreezing point until spring; and this can be done with very little attention
when one has learned the art, provided the house is well constructed. I was
told that during the three winter months the temperature had not varied more
than two degrees from the freezing point; and the perfect condition of the
apples certainly corroborated this statement.

The residence of Joseph Cope is five miles from New Waterford, and near
East Fairfield. His fruit-house is of the same general form and proportions,
but of better workmanship, and his mode of ventilation is more perfect. The
wall and ceiling being frost-proof and air-tight, the floor is also tight, except-
ing openings under the middle of each bin of fruit, and beneath these open-
ings ure ventilating troughs passing the whole length of the house under the
floor, and opening out through the end walls, for the admission of air.

Inside of each of these troughs is a rod, which is attached to sliding valves,
so arranged that by pushing or pulling the rod from the outside of the build-
ing the air is admitted or excluded from the fruit-bins at will. There are also

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 539

ventilating tubes in the ceiling over the fruit-room; and in addition to all
this, as the peculiar feature of this plan, there are in the chamber above a
couple of small sheet-iron heaters, or conical stoves, which are attached to the
ventilating tubes, so that when a little fire is made in the stove the draft
thereof causes the air to pass rapidly up the tube, thereby causing a partial
vacuum in the room below, and this causes a rapid ingress of cold and dry air
from the outside whenever it is desired to change the atmosphere of the room.
I was shown the working of this mode of ventilation, and it seemed very per-
fect. By the aid of these heaters, the air of the fruit-room and its temperature
can be changed very quickly, whenever it is seen that the fruit is getting too
warm or too damp; and the outside air is cool, as on a frosty morning in
autumn or spring; and when the air is renewed in this way, and the doors are
not opened in the meantime, the room will keep cool for a week or longer
even when the weather is warm. ye:

There were about four thousand bushels of apples in this house, consisting of
about a dozen varieties, and put in without any sorting or care, as hauled from the
orchards of the neighborhood. Such varieties as Fall Pippins, Rambo, and
Belmont (Gate) were just in prime eating condition at the time of my visit,
about as these commonly are found in December; and such as the Greening
and Spitzenburg were not ripe enough for finest eating condition; and the
late keeping sorts, like Russets and Willow, were as hard as when fresh from
the tree. Being kept all the winter so nearly at freezing point, the process of
ripening or decay does not go on, and consequently there is also none of that
loss of juiciness and flavor which is common in apples kept in ordinary cellars,
where the temperature is variable.

When the fruit from these houses is sent to market, in May or June, it has
all the juiciness and flavor of freshly gathered apples, and will keep good for a
much longer time than any ordinary fruit at that season; consequently it sells
readily at high prices where known. Most of the fruit from the Cope houses
has been sold in the Pittsburg market; but some has gone to Columbus, Cin-
cinnati, and Louisville. As only a moderate sum is asked for the right, with
instruction for building these houses, it is probable there will be quite a num-
ber of them erected’within a few years.

MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

Prof. Cook, of the Agricultural College, made a short talk about currant
worms, rose slugs, cut-worms, peach-borers, &c. The currant worm, also
called the gooseberry slug, is easily killed by white hellebore, applied in solu-
tion, with a sprinkler,—two ounces of hellebore to five gallons of water. It
will rinse off with the first rain, and do no harm; or the fruit might be washed
before using. An application should be made when they first appear, and
again in about two weeks. ‘I'he rose slug may be killed by two-thirds of a tea-
spoonful of Paris green in a pail full of water, sprinkled on the leaves. The
cut-worm, which attacks grape buds, can only be destroyed by digging them
out and killing them. For peach trees, put a little band of cloth around the
tree, and the worm cannot pass it. The borers lay their eggs at the foot of
the tree, in the earth, about four inches below the surface. Removing the earth
around the tree to this depth, and scraping the root of the tree, is a good
thing.
Mr. T. T. Lyon said it was important to remember that the currant worm
deposits its eggs on the under side of the leaves nearest the ground. The

560 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

presence of the lary is soon mace manifest by the little holes made through
the leaves near the central spine, and noticeable from above. A little exami-
nation of the bushes at this critical period, and the removal and destruction of
the perforated leayes will save the crop.

Mr. Bateham gave his plan of washing fruit trees to kill the borer, and to
keep the tree healthy, as follows: Take two ounces of carbolic acid and a
quart of soft soap; bring to nearly a boiling point in five gallons of soft water.
Apply to the bark of the trees. Besides killing slugs, it will discourage sheep
and rabbits from gnawing the trees.

Hon. W. W. Murphy, of Jonesville, the distinguished consul at Frankfort-
on-the Main during the war, and who has just returned from Europe, being
present in the room, was called on for a few remarks, and addressed the con-
vention. He thought the grapes of France and Germany were not to be sur-
passed, though fruit generally was not so good as in this country. Ata fruit
show at Mayence, however, he had seen pears priced as high as from twenty to
thirty francs apiece. Grape culture and wine-making is carried to a very high
degree of art in Germany and France, and some of the choice wines bring fabu-
lous prices at the wine sales. As high as 2,200 florins were paid for a twenty-
two gallon cask of Johannisberg wine that had been in the cellar four years,
and it would not be fit to drink until it was two years older. The most expen-
sive wine is made from grapes which hang on the vines till about Christmas,
and look like raisins when they are gathered. They have wine-tasters who are
so expert in the business that they can tell by smelling a glass of wine (with-
out tasting it) from what vineyard it comes, and how old it is. He spoke
strongly in favor of the introduction of the sparrow, and declared it to be his
opinion that he would be found to be a useful American bird.

Mr. C. 8. Green, of Farmington, a member of the executive committee of
the Agricultural Society, was called upon, and made a stirring, enthusiastic
speech. He was not a member of the Pomological Society, he said, but he
praised the work it was doing, hoped its members would push on, and wanted
it and the State Agricultural Society to work in harmony. His remarks were
received with frequent applause.

The paper of 'T’. T. Lyon, of South Haven, on small fruits, was announced,
and ordered published in the Michigan Farmer.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE CHICAGO MEETING.

The undersigned, a committee appointed by this Society to devise a plan for
the collecting and display of Michigan fruits at the exhibition of the American
Pomological Society, to occur at Chicago on the eighth, ninth, and tenth days
of September next, respectfully submit the following report:

The Legislature of the State having, at its recent session, piaced an appropriation in the
hands of Governor Bagley for the purpose of providing for an adequate and creditable exhi-
bition of this character at that time, your committee thought it but courteous and proper to
consult him on the subject before determining the features of their report. They therefore
availed themselves of the opportunity of his attendance at this meeting to confer with him
on the subject, and are happy to be able to state that he seems to accord fully with the So-
ciety in his views respecting the importance of fully availing ourselves of the opportunity to
display the capacity of our State in this respect ; and that, after a careful consideration of
the subject, he has determined to appoint a committee of collectors, so distributed over the
State as best to represent the regions from which contributions of fruit may be expected ;
whose duty it shall be to awake an interest in this matter and, at the proper time, to collect
and secure the transmission to Chicago of such specimen fruits and flowers as their localities
shall be able to supply.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 561

The Governor has also determined to appoint a committe of three experts, whose duty it
shall be to present at Chicago, at the proper times, and to receive, attach the proper names,
and display the fruits, selecting such as shall be most desirable for the purpose,—this latter
committee to be also charged with the duty of conducting the necessary correspondence for
the more perfect working out of the object had in view.

TS) Ty DYON:
J. M. STERLING,
». O| KNABE
Comimitiee.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS.

To the President and Members of the State Pomological Society :

Your Committee on Flowers would say that they have examined the numerous vases of
cut flowers and plants, and are very happy to make the following report :

We find a very large collection of house plants exhibited by Mrs. I. E. Igenfritz and Mrs.
Daniel Ilgenfritz, which are very fine, and especially worthy of a more extended notice than
we have time or space to permit; also 1 amaryllis, from Mrs. A, E. Aldrich; 1 cactus, by
Mrs. L. M. Diffenbaugh, which is very beautiful; 2 tubs of ivy, forming a very beautiful
arch, from J. Weiss; several hanging baskets, by Mrs. I. E. Igenfritz and Mrs. J. M. Loose,
which are especially fine. Among the cut flowers, bouquets and pyramids on the table, the
display is very beautiful, to say the least, and very creditable to the ladies of Monroe and
vicinity.

Your committee do not feel at liberty to discriminate by mentioning any one or particular
entry, as they are all very fine, and are entered by the following persons :

Mrs. G. and L. Manning, Monroe, 1 pyramid of flowers.

Mrs. C. Walldorf, Monroe, 6 hand bouquets of flowers.

Mrs. G. Willets, Monroe, 3 hand and 1 saucer bouquets of flowers.

Miss Belle Wing, Monroe, 1 hand bouquet of flowers.

Miss A. E. Kendall, Monroe, 1 saucer of yerbenas and tradescantia.

Mrs. Whelpley, Monroe, 1 bouquet of roses.

J. M. Randall, Adrian, 2 bouquets of flowers,

Mrs. Rose, Adrian, 1 bouquet of peonies.

Mrs. H. D. Haskell, Monroe, 5 hand bouquets and 1 saucer each of yerbenas and pansies,
which are very nice; 1 stand of roses, etc,

Mrs. Newton, Monroe, 1 Jarge bouquet of flowers.

Mrs. I. E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, 3 hand and 1 saucer bouquets of flowers.

The committee do not feel warranted in closing this report without tendering their sin-
cere thanks to the lady exhibitors for their exertions in helping to make the meeting a suc-
cess, and hoping that their success during life may be made up of such successes as the

present meeting has been. ,
E. F. GUILD, East Saginaw,
MRS. H. DALE ADAMS, Galesburg,
MISS CORA REYNOLDS, Monroe,
MRS. H. B. CHAPMAN, Reading,
JOHN SUTTLE, Grand Rapids,
G. F. NEWTON, Millersburg, O.,

Committee.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON WINES.*

The committee to which was committed the examination of the several wines exhibited
at the Monroe meeting of the State Pomological Society, respectfully report that there were
four samples presented by the Pointe aux Peaux Wine Company, as follows: Concord of
1871, Norton’s Virginia of 1871, Catawba of 1871, and Delaware of 1870. These names
represent the grapes from which the wines were made, and the year in which the wine was
made from them.

* NorE.—It was conceded by the wine committee at Monroe that the wine made from the Norton’s,Vir-
ginia grape was the best on exhibition, It is also known as ‘‘Norton’s Seedling,” and Downing says that
itis ‘‘a variety introduced by Dr. D. N. Norton, of Richmond, Va. It is a most productive grape in gar-
den or vineyard, bearing very large crops (especially at the South, where many kinds rot) in all seasons.
It is valued for making a red wine. Bunch medium, shouldered, somewhat compact ; berries small, round;
skin thin, dark purple; flesh tender, with a brisk, rather rough flavor: ripens with Catawba.” This state-
ment of Mr. Downing’s in regard to the productiveness of this grape does not agree with the experience of
the grape growers of Monroe. Mr. Sedlazeg, a grape grower of Monroe, says that it there grows with much
reluctance, and to make a good wine requires a gravelly soil and not one well adapted to the Concord or
Delaware. Could it be produced in large quantities, the same as the Concord and Delaware, there is no
doubt that wine making would become very profitable, for this wine of the Norton’s Virginia at Monroe has
but few superiors in the country.

V1

562 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Monroe Wine Company presented three samples, namely: Red Concord of 1878,
White Concord of 1878, and the Golden Concord, a champagne or sparkling wine.

John Reisig presented a bottle of Norton’s Virginia, a very fine wine of moderate body,
a pleasant astringent taste, a good flavor, and ranking with the very best shown; and
although it lacked age, it was considered as equal to many of the fine Bordeaux wines of
France.

Of the Pointe aux Peaux wines, the committee pronounced the Concord of 1871 as the
best and most perfect. This was a white wine of a fine golden color, a delicious bouquet, a
fair strength, and a flavor that showed it had much of the full spirit of the very soul of the
grape. The Delaware of 1870 is a very delicate wine with much less bouquet and flavor,
but is ripened by age, and so light to the taste that its fine body and strength is hardly
appreciated or felt. Asa wine for the sick it is probably unsurpassed. The Norton’s Vir-
ginia was ared wine with a rough astringency and flavor, as if made of grapes that had
not fully ripened. There was also a slight mustiness in the sample presented.

The Catawba was a fair wine, not very distinctive in character, with but little bouquet,
but yet a fair medium wine.

The White Concord of 1873, shown by the Monroe Wine Company, was of a rich color,
of a good bouquet, and a pleasant flavor and «trength, but evidently not yet free from the
effects of its manufacture. ‘

The Red Concord differed in color, and has rather more astringency than the white, and
is a wine of much the same character as the white.

Of the Golden Concord and sparkling wine the committee can only say that it is a sweet,
pleasant, light, sparkling wine that may be adapted to some tastes, but was not a wine that
would rank high for quality.

The committee, taking the number 100 as the highest mark of quality, have given the fol-
lowing standard to these wines:

monnulveisipvs NOrton’s: Virginia. += 3s oe ns hese a eee ee eee 85
Eomtemaux Peaux Company's’ Virginla.-.25 5-25-2230. 2 225 2 ace ok ee eee 65
Ponte aux PeauxiCompany-s White Concord. -2-- - 32.22.22. ..2- tees ae oe eee eee 80
honroe Company s.Wihite Concords:.0 i222 2 nce bs [oka ee ee ee 65
nointemuxsbeaux.Catawpa Of 18% 0. oS coe oes See Sie SNe oe eke eee 75
Fomteanx eaux Delaware of 1870.22 2 ee Scat ete ss tee cee 85
Monroc!Company s Red Concord of 1873822 3.20 stk ae ee eee 70
MonroesCompany’s Golden*Concord-22- 2s) 2.).32 22 tl eae ee eee 50

The committee are fully impressed with the excellent showing that these wines made for
the quality of the grapes grown in this district, and infer that the soil does much to make
the Norton’s Virginia and the Concord so high in quality.

R. F. JOHNSTONE, of Detroit,
ADDISON KELLY, of Kelly’s Island,
B. DANSARD, of Monroe,

Committee.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

The Committee on Fruit beg leave to make the following report:

We find on the tables a remarkably fine display of well selected and superior varieties of
fruit, and, what is more remarkable, they are all, or nearly all, correctly labeled—proving
to us the good influence of your Society in educating the people to know correctly the names
of the different varieties of fruit on exhibition. Considering the season, this is a better dis-
play than we expected to see.

There are also a few fair vegetables for so early in the season.

We find on the tables superior specimens of the following varieties of apples: Wagener,
Red Canada, and especially we considered the tine specimen of King of Tompkins County
peettable for this season of the year, exhibited by George Parmelee, Grand Traverse

ounty. :

By J. N. Davenport, of Monroe, four plates of Tulpehocken,—fine for the season.

L. Bisbee, Monroe, seedling apple, past its prime.

P. G. Sheffer, South Bend, fine specimens of Red Canada.

George Weltz, Wilmington, Ohio, specimens of the Clinton seedling peach, ripe.

H. E. Bidwell, South Haven, Mich., fair specimens of St. Germain pears.

Agricultural College, 20 varieties of strawberries, correctly labeled, a large and fine display.

H. P. Chapman, Reading, Downer and Wilson strawberries ,—fair.

Jeremiah Brown, Battle Creek, President Wilder,—extra fine.

Henry Weamer, Clinton county, extra fine Jucunda.

E. R. Haigh, South Haven, fine display of 8 varieties; extra fine Bidwell.

REPORT OF MEETINGS. 563

R. A. Law, South Haven, 10 varieties; fine display.

Mrs. H. D. Haskell, Monroe, Downer’s late and Hooker’s, —fine berries.

J. M. Randall, Adrian, Green Prolific,—look well.

H. E. Bidwell, South Haven, fine display of cherries,—a new variety called the Rockport.

Luther Bisbee, Monroe, fine collection of cherries,—Ox Heart, Yellow Spanish, Black
Tartarian, Early White Heart and Imperial Morello.

Unknown— Yellow Spanish, Imperial Morello, Black Tartarian, Early White Heart.

J. W. Davis, Monroe, Early Rose potatoes, fine stalk of tomatoes, good specimens of
corn for the season.

John Greening, Monroe, turnip, beets, carrots, kobl-rabi, fine currants, strap-leaf tur-
nips,—good display.

H. D. Haskell, Monroe, Early Russian cucumber, peas, cherry currants.

A very fine display of dried fruit, exhibited by 8. G. Sheffer, agent of H. E. Bidwell, of

South Haven.
D. C. RICHMOND,
Chairman of Committee.

Col. Richmond, after reading the above report, made some complimentary
remarks concerning the beautiful appearance of Monroe city, the hospitality
shown, and expressed his unqualified surprise at the soil and its adaptability
to fruit growing. He closed his remarks with an urgent appeal to the people
of Monroe to take care of the old pear trees, and make them last as long as
possible.

The committee on resolutions, to which was committed the duty of express-
ing the sense of the society in connection with the meeting held at the city of
Monroe, reported the following preamble and resolutions:

WHEREAS, The Michigan State Pomological Society has held its summer meeting for
1875 at the city of Monroe, and this meeting has proved one of the most useful and encour-
aging in developing the utility of the society, and in making known the large nursery, fruit,
and wine interests of the vicinity, and

WueEREAS, Much of this success is due to the liberal action and generous energy of the
citizens of Monroe, and the warm and enthusiastic spirit with which they have welcomed
the society, and aided in its efforts to perform the duties incumbent upon it in promoting all
the interests of horticulture ; therefore,

Resolved, That the thanks of the society are due and hereby tendered to the officers and
members of the Monroe County Agricultural Society for the invitation which has secured
to the pomologists of the State one of the most useful and agreeable conventions yet held.

- Resolved, That the society hereby tender its most sincere thanks to the Hon. H. J. Red-
field, mayor of Monroe, and to Jarvis Eldred, city marshal, for the use of the City Hall,
and for the preparations made by the city authorities for the accommodation of the society.

Resolved, That it is the duty of this society to express its most heart-felt gratitude and its
most sincere admiration for the generous hospitality of tbe citizens of Monroe, and the
thorough and perfect manner in which they have given it a reception which has been a
gratification to every member, as exhibiting a complete appreciation of the efforts made to
advance the interests of pomology.

Resolved, That it is with sincere pleasure that we have welcomed to this meeting a dele-
gation from the State Horticultural Society of Ohio, representing a sister society animated
with designs the same as our own, and that we hope by a return of the courtesy to more
fully express a sense of our obligations to our Ohio brethren.

Resolved, That the vocal and instrumental music so freely and fully provided, and con-
tributing so fully by its fine execution and its high quality to the enjoyment and pleasure of
the members and visitors, deserve our most sincere acknowledgments. Our thanks are
therefore especially and particularly tendered to the ladies,—Mrs. P. B. Loranger, Mrs. C.
Baldwin, Mrs. F. B. Lee, Miss Mary Northrop, Miss Nellie Reynelds, Miss Matilda Meyer-
Oe Sarah Meyerfeld, Miss Sarah Little, and to Messrs. L. N. Reynolds and M.

aulding.

Resolved, That the society hereby present its especial thanks to the Flint & Pere Mar-
quette Railroad Company for the facilities which it has offered the members of the society,
and for the generous liberality with which it always promotes the objects of the State
Pomological Society.

Resolved, That for the courtesies and display tendered by the officers and members of the
River Raisin Navy, we tender our sincere acknowledgments, and in return hope that the
naval organization may ever be able to represent Monroe with credit, both on sea and land.

R. F. JOHNSTONE,
Chairman.

564 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

On motion, the resolutions were unanimously adopted.

The secretary called attention to the invitation of the River Raisin Navy,
which had been extended to the society, to witness a review of the navy at 24
o’clock P. M., and stated that carriages would be provided for those who would
attend, to ride to the docks.

During the sessions H. Dale Adams of Kalamazoo acted as treasurer, and
we noticed that portions of the time he was kept quite busy in taking in cash
for memberships and in making out certificates therefor.

At 24 o’clock P. M., carriages being provided, many visitors and a large
number of Monroe people repaired to the docks to witness the review of the
River Raisin Navy. The navy made a fine appearance, turning out with one
six and one four-oared barge, four four-oared shells, two double sculls and one
single scull. They passed in review up and down the river several times. The
two double sculls rowed over a three-quarter mile course together, making a
very even race, though not remarkably exciting.

Another party of visitors, including some of our Ohio friends, were taken in
carriages to Pointe aux Peaux, to examine the vineyards there and to view the
beauties of the place, and had a very pleasant and enjoyable afternoon.

After the races a steam yacht conveyed the party down the beautiful river
Raisin, past the Hunter’s Happy Home, past the lighthouse out into Lake Erie
for a few miles,and brought all back perfectly satisfied that Monroe for beauty
of location, for pleasantness of surroundings, for the hospitality of her people,
for vineyards that produce wines as generous of spirit as her citizens, for nurs-
eries that are capacious and extended, and beautiful, accomplished women and
happy-hearted men, it is the very Gascony of Michigan, combining all the
vivacity and esprit of the Champagne with the enthusiasm and warmth of the
Marseillaise. We quote from Rabelais and say, “ Vogue la galere!”—row while
you may! Aw revoir!

THEE, PREASURER’S “REPORT:

EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE TREASURER, READ AT THE
IONIA MEETING, DECEMBER, 1874.

To the President, Executive Committee and Members of the Society :

At Battle Creek, in December, 1873, the financial situation of the society
was represented to be prosperous, though not in a condition that was entirely
satisfactory. The society was then in debt to its life membership fund, which
had been exhausted for premiums and current expenses. It was there and
then believed to be unwise policy to use this fund for any purpose. A repre-
sentation of the facts, and of the condition of the society, was made to the
executive board of the State Agricultural Society at its winter session, 1874,
held at Eaton Rapids, and that board very generously listened to the appeals
of our representatives, and voted our society $1,000 to pay its debts. This
liberal and just action of the State Agricultural Society immediately relieved
the necessities of our society, and Iam able to report to this annual meeting
of 1874, all premiums paid, nearly all expenses paid, and a life membership
fund instituted and invested amounting to $700. For a detailed statement of
receipts and expenditures up to the first of February, 1874, I beg to refer you
to the printed report of 1873. Since that date our transactions are represented
in the following

SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

Michigan State Pomological Society in account with Henry Seymour, Treasurer.

1874, RECEIPTS.

Hepes bysbalance on hand trom: last Teport. =. 24-8 ee ee eee eee $220 34
NOVO by annual memberships. 20 sso. -— Seo e ene ee ee 214 00
woe “By, thinty-sevenwife memberships o-2-s2s- nee ce eae = ae ee 370 00

‘* By amount received from State Agricultural Society for expenses State
PANT Be oak ee Be es aisle epee aaa SEIS op: ee ee eee 300 00
‘¢ By checks on A. J. Dean for premiums on essays and orchards-_...----- 120 12
‘© By amount of life membership fund collected and paid in.___..-----..- 300 00
*« By interest on same, eight months and twenty days.--.._....---------- 21 66

‘* By amount received from James Vick, and for sale of fruit, paper and
BUTI See SS ee os ee ts ade Sheets can, cue Seem e aep 40 85

Total receipts from February 1, 1874, to November 15, 1874......-.-- $1,586 97

566 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

1874, EXPENDITURES.

Noy. 15. To loan of life membership fund on bond and mortgage at 10 percent-. $500 00
‘© To loan of life membership fund on call at 10 per cent+.--....--..-.--- 200 00
cam NNO SRD ELI CL SCC LC LET re aap ee ee tele tteee 820 00
‘ue hoipaid orchard premiums 222.2 eco see e a eee ee ee aes eee ncaa 110 00
(eeno pridiexpensesforchard committee s-- sesso -e oe eee ee een eee 82 84
Se eeLo paid premiums ford672 anG Gio s--- esc aaa seer p ec ae = eee 32 50
‘« To expenses treasurer at Adrian, at State fair, at Spring Lake, etc. -_--- 35 08
a lo expenses executive committees. -- = -eeee eee cons = eeee eee a 30 50
es To james! Cox clerksattlairse-=--s--saet ate ee eee eee cea See 80 00
SPyeeLonvwiebster, Clerk attaire 220228) on eae ke ee ame aierece oa ae oe eee 19 50
‘= ‘To B. B. Rice, deputy superintendent at State fairs---.-2----2----.22- 18 00
sf To W. S. George & Co. for strawberry cuts for reports.-.---------.--- 15 50
+ To John J. Thomas of Union Springs, N. Y., expenses at Adrian meeting 25 10
‘To G. M. Hasty, deputy secretary of State, for boxes for reports_._....- 36 72
ce Movexpress.on books received andvexchanved=. 225 s= ess os eo eee 11 65

To expense secretary—postage, express, freight, telegraphing, attending
Michigan State fair, making annual report, etc.-..-_-.-------------- 80 00
‘* To expenses C. J. Dietrich, deputy secretary at Adrian meeting-------- 13 00
<= ‘To printing, Waters @ Lee; Spring Lake meeting2-_- --2 22 =. oe - e 21 00

‘a To sundry expenses at State fair,—recording mortgage, freight, printing,
badees“wrapping paper; twine, etC 22. ets oe oe ee eee eee 26 54
Total loans and expenditures from Feb. 1 to Nov. 15, 1874__.._...- $1,607 93

RECAPITULATION.

Mlotal receipts trom Mebruary 1 to- November 1, 1874_ 25.2252 2~-.24 2225 eee $1,586 97
Total expenditures from February 1 to November 15, 1874....-.---.-....-----.. 1,607 938

Overdrawniandsduestreasuneracs...2 9 see eee ee ae ee eee eee $20 96

THE PAYMENT OF PREMIUMS.

The amount of $1,200 was given the society by the State Agricultural So-
ciety for premiums. The Pomological Society exhibited in union with the
State Agricultural Society, and the latter society received all moneys at the
gates and paid the premiums. ‘These premiums were paid by checks drawn
by Secretary Thompson on A. J. Dean, treasurer of the State Agricultural
Society, who paid them on presentation and at sight. The checks were drawn
on Saturday, the last day of the State fair, and the exhibitors were greatly
pleased at the promptitude of payment by Treasurer Dean. This system of
paying premiums worked well and to the entire satisfaction of exhibitors,
many of whom received their money on the spot. The amount of checks so
drawn was $1,198.50.

THE LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND.

It has been a subject of profound thought with the friends of horticulture
in Michigan how to establish this interest on a permanent and enduring basis.
This interest, one of the great industries of the State, representing millions of
dollars in orchards, vineyards, gardens, nurseries and ornamental grounds,
must have its State and local societies, its exhibitions, fairs, libraries, periodi-
cals and annual reports. To provide all these, the necessary funds have to be
raised, and prizes and premiums must be given for the best varieties and culti-
vation.

But it should be recollected that a society of this kind, representing one
branch or specialty of a general system of agriculture, is very likely to be of
an ephemeral character unless it provides funds wherewith to sustain itself in
years of panic, lukewarmness, or disaster. With this view the executive com-

THE TREASURER’S REPORT. 567

mittee instructed the treasurer to invest the receipts for life memberships at
16 per cent. interest, and this has been done to the amount of $700. This is
a small commencement.

LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. *

Edward Bradfield, Ada, Kent county.

A.J. Cook, Lansing, Ingham county.

G. W. Dickinson, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

C. J. Dictrich, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

A. 8. Dyckman, South Haven, Van Buren county.

8. L. Fuller, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

T. W. Ferry, Grand Haven, Ottawa county.

W.D. Foster (deceased), Grand Rapids, Kent county.
George W. Griggs, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

J. W. Humphrey, Plymouth, Wayne county.

F. J. Littlejohn, Allegan, Allegan county.

A. T. Linderman, South Haven, Van Buren county.
E. H. Reynolds, Monroe, Monroe county.

H. G. Reynolds, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
W. B. Ransom, St. Joseph, Berrien county.

Asa W. Slayton, Grattan, Kent county.

G,. W. Stanton, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, Ottawa county.

Will. W. Tracy, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
H. G. Wells, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.

John J. Bagley, Detroit, Wayne county.

8. O. Knapp, Jackson, Jackson county.

R. C. Kedzie, Lansing, Ingham county.

W. J. Beal, Lansing, Ingham county.

8. O. Pearsoll, Alpine, Kent county.

H. Dale Adams, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county.

C. P. Avery, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
F.8. Sleeper, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county.

T. T. Bates, Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
Perry Hannah, Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
J. B. Haviland, Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
W. H.C. Mitchell, Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
H. W. Curtis, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
E. U. Knapp, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

Wm. A. Marshall, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.
A. K. Montague, Traverse City, Grand Traverse county.
J. B. Soule, Fruitport, Muskegon county.

Thomas Petty, Spring Lake, Ottawa county.

Wm. Johnson, Vassar, Tuscola county,

I. E. Dgenfritz, Monroe, Monroe county.

H. B. Chapman, Reading, Hillsdale county.

J. Dyckmann, East Saginaw, Saginaw county.
Nathaniel Chilson, Battle Creek, Calhoun county.
John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county.

A.§. Dixon, East Saginaw, Saginaw county.

David Geddes, Saginaw, Saginaw county.

F. S. Sterling, Monroe, Monroe county.

D. Forsyth Rose, East Saginaw, Saginaw county.

L. M. Mason, East Saginaw, Saginaw county.

E. J. Shirtz, Shelby, Oceana county.

J. C. Zeigler, Saginaw City, Saginaw county.

J. M. Sterling, Monroe, Monroe county.

S$. P. Williams, Monroe, Monroe county,

Caleb Ives, Monroe, Monroe county.

W.:A. Noble, Monroe, Monroe county.

*Nore.—A life membership is $10. This fund is invested at10 per cent interest. The principal is not
touched: the interest only is used.

568 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

J. C. Sterling, Monroe, Monroe county.

Wm. C. Sterling, Monroe, Monroe county.

George Parmelee, Ola Mission, Grand Traverse county.

T. T. Lyon, South Haven, Van Buren county.

James D. Husted, Lowell, Kent county.

N. P. Husted, Lowell, Kent county.

Jobn Suttle, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

M.S. Crosby, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

EB. H. McCallum, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.

Antoine Wier, Monroe, Monroe county.

Thomas Doyle, Monroe, Monroe county.

E. T. Smith, Ionia, Ionia county.

George W. Bruckner, Monroe, Monroe county.

John C. Greening, Monroe, Monroe county.

Mrs. George Parmelee, Old Mission, Grand Traverse county.

J. P. Thompson, Cascade Springs, Kent county.

James Vick, Rochester, New York State.

Mrs. David H. Jerome, Saginaw City, Saginaw county.

A.J. Dean, Adrian, Lenawee county.

L. F. Bragg, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.

J. M. Stearns, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county.

T. R. Renwick, Grand Rapids, Kent county.

N. E. Smith, Ionia, Ionia county.

EXPLANATION.—It will be noted that the above list includes seventy-eight names, and we have but $700
invested. In the early history of the society the receipts fur life membership were used and paid out for
premiums and current expenses. I would recommend that an amount sufficient to balance the indebtedness

of the society to this fund be appropriated whenever the funds of the society will admit of such an adjust-
ment, so that this fund shall represent every life membership taken from the foundation of the society.

In order to take counsel of others who had passed through a similar experi-
ence,—the life beginning,—a letter was addressed to the secretary of the Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society, to which was received the following answer:

Boston, November 7, 1874.

DeAR Sir:—Mr. Rand, our recording secretary, has placed in my hand yours of the 2d
inst., which I hasten to answer as wellasI can. It is a difficult matter to give a history of
our Massachusetts Horticultural Society. It would take more ink than I now have to spare,
but is being written up by our editor for publication at some future time. I can only say
that we began, as do most other similar institutions, in @ small way, and, like Topsy, have
‘“« growed !”’

Our funds are mainly the result of fortunate investments in real estate, until we are now
the happy possessors of a home, worth,in the market three hundred thousand doilars, and
more beautiful and comfortable than that of any similar institution in the world, and a
library acknowledged to be also the best, I send you by this mail our current publications,
and if you will look at my account as treasurer, you will see where our money comes from,
and where it goes to also. The catalogue of library does not represent the worth of it. Since
that publication, we have added full twenty per cent to its value by the purchase of rare old
works. Do not think me boastful. I mean to state only facts, and I think you would
warrant them if you were to visit us and see for yourself.

You ask if the State does anything for us? Yes: it did charter us many years ago, and
now it makes us pay awful taxes (vide treasurer’s report); nothing more. We have to fight
our own battles.

I send you acopy of our by-laws, that you may see how we are governed, and also a
schedule of prizes, that will tell you of our exhibition. Number 1 of this year’s Transac-
tions gives a report of discussions in the spring. They were discontinued in the summer,
and just now resumed.

We rejoice in the establishment of sister societies all through the land. A great work is
now being done in that direction, and we shall be glad to know of your prosperity, even if
greater than ours.

Please accept our thanks for your invitation to visit you. We cordially reciprocate all
such favors in their fullest meaning. I for myself promise, when I get so far west, to avail
myself of your kind hospitality. Respectfully and kindly yours,

E. W. BUSWELL,
Treas. and Cor. See’y.

THE TREASURER’S REPORT, 569

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

This example of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society has been adduced,
not with the expectation that we shall immediately be able to adopt its system
of premiums and prizes, but with the desire that we may imitate the example
so far as we can, and approximate as near as possible to a judicious system of
investment that will provide, in part, for the wants of the future.

In the meantime it is the duty of the society to provide the necessary means
to defray the ordinary and necessary current expenses. We need $200, imme-
diately, to bring us out to the first of January, at which time I will submit a
full statement for the year. HENRY SEYMOUR,

Treasurer.

Grand Rapids, November 1", 1874.

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT FOR DECEMBER, 1874.

1874, EXPENDITURES.
To; balance: due treasurer brought forward -<-<2.<.-2---2 2 oe. ee $20 96

Dec. 2. To balance paid secretary of State, boxing books...........------------- 5 42
eo O,eXpenses: OL treasurers 22 eke tan eee es canoes nae Seen eee 8 75
ees LO PaAper.and: POstare>—- sean2 2 = eee cee = eee aes Seon Se eee 2 00
Semaine NO) PAlGe BCCLetalYy sas -ne oe os Soo ce emia cate ates ek eee ane 80 00
‘¢ —"%. To life membership fund loaned on call at 10 per cent---.-..-----....--- 100 00
eel OM Ovex pressi One DOOKSS: aa accnctes2 se osetia nego se eee eee 35
mp sa 1G, POstare tor SeCreLALY nce) ac can ccatwaw se ctue eas aces owen nee 15 00

232 50
1874. RECEIPTS.

Dec ton by.4c annualimemberstat lonla_.- 2-29 222-4 2- feces ee ee een $42 00
ces bv lielife membersiateLonigess2..c5.ced-25eee ssa see eee se ees 110 00
eadls by lanntial member —h, Aw baw 2225-0. incssssoce eae oon ee 1 00
‘* 31. By balance due treasurer, charged in new account for 1875.............- 79 50

$232 50

It will be seen that there was due the treasurer $79.50 on the Ist of January, 1875.

ADDITIONAL LIFE MEMBERS,
Hampton Rich, Ionia, Ionia county.

W. P. Burham, ‘ ae
Frederick Hall, os us
Geo. W. Webber, “ OL
Geo. 8. Cooper, ue ns
E. P. Kelsey, oe
W. D. Arnold, st oe
Alonzo Sessions, ‘* s
J. H. Kidd, Ss ee
William Sessions, ‘ a
C. E. Rust, es x

B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde.
H. P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana.
Judge Munroe, South Haven, Van Buren county.

REMARKS BY TREASURER.

GENTLEMEN :—It will be seen from the above report that the life membership fund Jan-
uary Ist, 1875, amounted to $800,—$500 on bond and mortgage, and $300 on call, at 10 per
-cent interest. The citizens of Ionia and of Grand Traverse are especially to be remem-
bered for this increase. A number of premiums were also paid in life memberships, and
the money was thus diverted to this fund, and by good management this fund can an-
nually be increased in this way. The amount received for life memberships was $480.

570 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The active, working and ready officer of this society is expected to be the secretary. It
will be noticed that Secretary Thompson has managed the expenditures of his office with
much economy. The extensive correspondence of the office, the preparation of the annual
report and premium list, the appointment and details of the meetings, including the annual
fair, all involve expenditure for postage, stationery, telegrams, etc. The attendance at the
meetings and at the fair involve traveling expenses, hotel bills, express and freight bills for
exchanges on books and the transmission of illustrations and copy for the annual report.
All of these expenditures, included in the above report, only amount to $95. There is prob-
ably no society in the State that gets its work accomplished, and so much of it, at so cheap
a rate.

It will also be noticed that the expenses of the Executive Committee have been but a
trifle, amounting to $30 50, the members of the committee choosing to pay their own bills,
thereby donating their time, services, and expenses to the Society. I paid in 1374 $42 16
for boxes for annual report of Secretary, and the work of boxing, at Lansing. As I
remarked in my report of 1878, this expense is one that could well be paid by the State.

The expenses of the Orchard Committee for 1874 have been heavier than for any previous
year, amounting to about $100. The work of the committee has been more extended than
any previous year, reaching all parts of the State. The useful and beneficial character and
influence of this committee justifies all the expense, which was only for necessary travel and
railroad bills.

It will be noticed that a small amount of old premiums for 1872 and 1873 have been paid.
Though these were barred, by the rule of the Society, it was deemed best to pay them, so
that it could be said that the Society paid all its premiums. It has ever been our aim to
pay every cent due exhibitors, though it will happen that occasionally one is overlooked in
adjusting premiums. In previous years exhibitors have in a few instances donated their
premiums; at the fair of 1874 not one cent of premiums was donated, which illustrates the
fact that fairs feel the financial stringency as well as any other business enterprise.

In closing this report I cannot refrain from saying a word respecting the policy of the
State Agricultural Society toward this Society. That policy is growing more liberal, and
the fruits of it are seen in the quickened activity that pervades horticultural] affairs through-
out the State. The State Agricultural Society can take a share of credit for the success of
our fairs, for the usefulness of our committees, and for the great interest manifested at our
meetings. That mother society is doing a great and good work in the aid which it gives
the younger and feebler Pomological Society. I sincerely hope that this aid and assistance
will be continued, and that the two societies will act in union and harmony together for
many prosperous years, to the great advancement of the best interests of Michigan Agri-

culture.
HENRY SEYMOUR, Treasurer.
Grand Rapids, January 1, 1875.

OFFICERS FOR 1875.

OFFICERS OF THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY FOR 1875.

PRESIDENT—-GEORGE PARMELEE, Old Mission, Grand Traverse County.
TREASURER—HENRY SEYMOUR, Grand Rapids, Kent County.
SEcRETARY—J. P. THOMPSON, Cascade, Kent County.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

PERRY HANNAH, Grand Traverse County. D. W. WILEY, Allegan County.
HENRY HOLT, Kent County. A. C. PRUTZMAN, St. Joseph County.
JOHN GILBERT, Clinton County. C. W. GREENE, Oakland County.

J. C. HOLMES, Wayne County. C. ENGLE, Van Buren County.

J. P. BARNES, Shiawassee County. ARTIMUS SIGLER, Lenawee County.
W. J. BEAL, Ingham County. H. B. CHAPMAN, Hillsdale County.

E. J. SHIRTS, Oceana County. D. T. FOX, Kalamazoo County.

I. E. ILGENFRITZ, Monroe County. CHARLES MERRITT, Calhoun County.
G. W. TOLES, Berrien County. S. O. KNAPP, Jackson County.

B. G@. BUEL, Cass County. A. McPHERSON, Livingston County,
T. J. RAMSDELL, Manistee County. WM. H. C. LYON, Genesee County.
LYMAN HALL, Ottawa County. DAVID GEDDES, Saginaw County.
FREDERICK HALL, Ionia County. WILLIAM JOHNSON, Tuscola County.
J. WEBSTER CHILDS, Washtenaw County. RALPH ELY, Gratiot County.

G. W. PHILLIPS, Macomb County. Mr.* NOBLE (of the firm of Dexter & Noble),
S. B. PECK, Muskegon County. Antrim County.

JAMES SATTERLEE, Montcalm County.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

G. W. BRUCKNER, Monroe, 1 year. A. J. COOK, Lansing, 2 years.
S. O. KNAPP, Jackson, 1 year. WILLIAM L. WEBBER, East Saginaw, 8 years.
N. CHILSON, Battle Creek, 2 years. D. R. WATERS, Spring Lake, 3 years.

Ex Officio.

The President, GEORGE PARMELEE, elected annually.
The Treasurer, HENRY SEYMOUR, elected annually.
The Secretary, J. P. THOMPSON, elected annually.

EXECUTIVE SUPERINTENDENTS OF FAIR.

GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT—WM. L. WEBBER, East Saginaw.

ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT—G. W. BRUCKNER, Monroe.

SUPERINTENDENT OF APPLES—A. J. COOK, Lansing.

AgSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF AppLes—H. DALE ADAMS, Galesburg.
SUPERINTENDENT OF GRAPES AND OTHER FRuUITS—N. CHILSON, Battle Creek.
ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF GRAPES AND OTHER Fruits—J. C. STERLING, Monroe.
SUPERINTENDENT OF FLORAL DEPARTMENT—S. O. KNAPP, Jackson.

ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF FLORAL DEPARTMENT—D. R. WATERS, Spring Lake.

Norr.—The first meeting of the Society was held February 26, 1870, at Grand Rapids, when Articles of As-
sociation were adopted. A reorganization was perfected July 5, 1671, under the provisions of the act of the
Legislature approved April 15, 1871.

D72 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

OFFICERS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1875.

PRESIDENT—E. O. HUMPHREY, Kalamazoo.
SECRETARY—C,. F. KIMBALL, Pontiac.
TREASURER—A. J. DEAN, Adrian.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Terms Expire December 31st, 1875. Terms Expire December 21st, 1876.
aD WEN PHELPS, Pontiac, Oakland County. GEORGE W. PHILLIPS, Romeo, Macomb Co.

J.Q. A BURRINGTON, Worth, Tuscola County. E. W. RISING, Davison Station, Genesee County.
F. M. MANNING, Paw Paw, Van Buren County. JOSEPH M. STERLING, Monroe, Monroe County.

J. P. ALLISON, East Saginaw, Saginaw County. C. W GREENE, Farmington, Oakland County.
E. VAN VALKENBURGH, Hillsdale, Hillsdale Co. WILLIAM M. FERRY, Grand Hayen, Ottawa Co.
ABEL ANGEL, Bradley, Allegan County. N.L. AVERY, Grand Rapids, Kent County.

De Wie HOWARD, Pentwater, ¢ Oceana County. A. O. HYDE, "Marshall, Calhoun County.

H. 0. HANFORD, Plymouth, Wayne County. C. L. WHITNEY, Muskegon, Muskegon County.
J. WEBSTER CHILDS, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw Co. J. M. FRENCH, Detroit, “Wayne County.

D._ A. BLODGETT, Hersey, Osceola County. J.G. RAMSDELL, Traverse City,Grand Traverse Co.

HONORARY MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE.

JAMES BAILEY, Ex-President, Birmingham, Oakland County.
H. G. WELLS, Ex- President, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County.
CHARLES DICKEY, Ex- President, Marshall, Calhoun County.
C. C. MONROE, Ex- ‘President, Jonesville, Hillsdale County.
M. SHOEMAKER, Ex- President, Jackson, Jackson County.

W. G. BECK WITH, Ex- President, Cassopolis, Cass County.
W. J. BAXTER, Ex-President, Jonesville, Hillsdale County.
GEO. W. GRIGGS, Ex-President, Grand Rapids, Kent County.
CHARLES KIPP, Ex-President, St. Johns, Clinton County.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

On Bustness—J. M. STERLING, A. O. HYDE, N. L. AVERY.

On Frinanee—G. W. PHILLIPS, A. O. HYDE, £. W. RISING.

On Printinc—E. 0. HUMPHREY, A. J. DEAN.

On Premium List—W. G. BECKWITH, J. Q. A. BURRINGTON, H. 0. HANFORD, N. L. AVERY,
EDWIN PHELPS, J. VAN VALKENBURGH.

ON TRANSPORTATION—W. J. BAXTER, J. M. STERLING.

EXECUTIVE SUPERINTENDENTS.

GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT—W. G. BECKWITH.
SUPERINTENDENT OF CATTLE—GEORGE W,. PHILLIPS.
SUPERINTENDENT OF Horses—A. O. HYDE, D. W. HOWARD.
SUPERINTENDENT OF SHEEP AND SWINE—EH. W. RISING, D. A. BLODGETT.
SUPERINTENDENT OF POULTRY AND MISCELLANEOUS—J. P. ALLISON.
SUPERINTENDENT OF FaRM IMPLEMENTS—H. O. HANFORD, ABEL ANGEL.
SUPERINTENDENT OF ART Hatt—J. W. CHILDS, J. G. RAMSDELL.
SUPERINTENDENT OF Music Hatt—C. L. WHITNEY.
SUPERINTENDENT OF MANUFACTURING HAaLtt—N. L. AVERY, J. n: Ese BURRINGTON.
SUPERINTENDENT OF MACHINERY HALL—WM. M. FERRY, C. KIP
SUPERINTENDENT OF AGRICULTURAL HALL—E. PHELPS.
SUPERINTENDENT OF CARRIAGE HaLut—G. W. GRIGGS.
SUPERINTENDENT OF Bootus—F. M. MANNING
SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE AND Ba rat M. STERLING, A. J. DEAN.
CHIEF MarsHat—C. W. GREEN
SUPERINTENDENT OF ForAGE—E. Ey. RISING.
SUPERINTENDENT OF GRAND STAND—G. C. MONROE,
ue FR RTENNIAD, CoMMITTEE—W. J. BAXTER, 'J. G. RAMSDELL, J. W. CHILDS, WM. M. FERRY,
A

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A.

Agricultural (State) Society, Early History of,
Officers et 1875,

Agricultural Wants of Michigan, address eae J. Webster r Childs,

American Institute,
Apples—
Popular varieties,
Red Canada,
How to gather,
Assorting,
Packing,
Amount per acre,
Marketing, -
In Western New York, :
Nomenclature and Synonyms, ‘
Varieties to be cultivated in Western New Y ork,
New varieties, : ; : = :
Old Trees at Monroe,
Winter,
Market,
Best flavored. ;
Best for Profit and for Dessert,
How to Handle,
Packing,
Blight,
Best varieties, : : : :
Picking, Packing, Keeping, and Marketing,
Pruning, : ; ; 2 .
Storing and Keeping, : . : :
Apricots, : : : ‘ : : F . :
Army Worm,

Barrels for fruit, legal size,
Bat, the, ‘ :
Berberries,
Birds in Western New York, :
Blackberries— s

Popular varieties,

Best variety for extensive “cultivation,

New varieties,

The kinds recommended by the State Society,
Botanical Notes, by ee F. wee er, A
Bugging, A

576 INDEX.

‘OF
Pag
Canker Worm, : : ‘ : : : : : ; : 4 : ; 74
Caterpillar, Tent, f : : ; : : : : A : : : : 486
Centennial Exhibition, ; A : : 5 : : : . , : ; 504
Resolution to exhibitat, . : : : ; : : ; : : : 540
Cherries—
Popular varieties, 5 : 5 . * : : ; A : : : 22
New varieties, : F : F ; : : ; , : ; é 255
Geo. Parmelee’s essay, : . 6 ‘ é f é Z : ‘ 5 387
Chestnut, : : : F F : : ; : ‘ ; ‘ : . 50
Chicago Meeting, Report of Committee on, . : : C é : : : 560
Chicken Hawk, the, 2 : . ; 5 : ; , : : ; : 368
Climate, 5 : 3 : : : ; : 5 : ; 10
Clover and Mr. Geo. Geddes, ; s ; : ; : * : F : ; 453,
Clover as Manure, ; . : é 6 4 : j : : ‘ 5 458
Codling moth, ; c : ; : : : : 69, 104, 152, 484
Codperation among Fr uit-Grow ers, : : F : : 3 . é : : 438
Copperas as a Fertilizer, ‘ 3 : ; : : : ; : ; ‘ 489
Crabs—
Popular varieties, : : A 4 : 5 , : ; ; : A 21
New varieties, : : : A 5 ; : ° : : ; : 253
Crops best for Stock, : 5 : é : : : : : : : : 471
Curculio (see Plums, etc).
New Method of Scaring away, : : : ; . : : : : 481
Currants—
Popular varieties, : 5 “| 5 ‘ ; j ‘ : , : ° 45
Cultivation of, 3 . 5 . 5 A : : ; : ; 500
Currant or Gooseberry Worm, : : : : ‘ : : 6 ; : 7
Dz.
Destiny of Northern Michigan, 5 ; < : é c : : ; . 54
E.
Entomology, economic, : ‘4 : : : : : : ‘ : ‘ 176
In Western New York, ; 5 ° c : 6 : : : : 68.
1
Failures generally, ‘ : - : : ; ; 5 : : * : 12
Fair of 1874, State, ; F : : : ‘ ; ; ; ; ; : 402
Farmers, Organization among, . 4 : ‘ é : . ; ‘ : 294
Fertility of Farms, how to preserve, c ; ; : ; : 5 7 449
Fertility of large Orchards, how to maintain, A ; : ; b 5 s 90
Flowers at State Fair, 1874, 2 427

Fruit and Flowers at the State Fair, 1 i874, ‘ ; ‘ : on ‘ Poa, ; 3 427

Fruit, Best Kinds for Profit, ‘ : : a . : F 6 ; : 504
Fruit Enemies and Friends, A : j ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 3 i : 489
Fruit Packages, : 6 é : : ¢ : ; : A ; ; ; 507
G
Garden Vegetables, popular varieties of, . ‘ ° . ° . : : 5 200
Gathering Apples, : . . : . : . . ° ° : : 51
Gooseberries—
Popular varieties, : 5 : 5 : ; : ; ; : : ; 45
Culture and Profit, : : : 5 : , . 378, 500
Gooseberry Span Worm (Ellopia Ribearia), — ae any ; : ‘ ; oe. 74
Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, . : ° ; : : : : 521
Grand Traverse Apples, . . : : : : A é 533
Grand Traverse Union Agricultural Society, : : : 3 : Q : 515
Grapes—
Popular varieties, ‘ : 4 : ‘ . : é ; : : 40
In Western New York, - : : : . : ; : ; 3 : 65
New varieties, 2 ; é ; c 5 é : : : : 106, 256
Setting and Cultivation, : 5 ; ‘ : : : : ; ; : 377
Culture, , : ; . : ‘ ; $ : ‘ : 3 : 526

Grass Seed, time to sow, ; ; ; ; ‘ ; ; : . 3 : 460

INDEX. aT7

H.
Pact
Hedgehog, the, . : Z ; : : : : Z ‘ é : 367
Home and its Ornamentation, ; ze : 5 : . ; 111
Horticultural Experiments by C. W. Garfield, ~ : : : : : : 541
Horticulture, Appeal for, ey Wm. Rowe, . : ; : : : : : 523
How Plants Grow... : A , ; ; 3 : ; és 3 : 161
How to get an Orchard, . : : A A : ; : : ; 51
f,
Insects, injurious, 5 : 5 4 : : 5 ; ‘ : : ; . 11, 379
Various, . : ; : : : : : ‘ : é : : : 176
J.
June-berrry, ; : : . : : A : 2 : : ; 50
L.

Lake Michigan, how it affects fruit culture, . ; : F : : : : 184
Life Members, : z : : ; 5 “ : : : ; ; : 567
M.

Magnolias, . E : 2 ; ; 5 ; : 7
Manistee Horticultural ‘Society, Discussions, ; . é F : : : 373
Manure from Hen-house, . : 3 : : ‘ 5 ; : : : : 458

On Orchards, . : : : . : : : : : . 458, 486
Its Treatment and V ‘alue, atee las : ‘. : , F : , : : 271
Marketing Fruit, . “ ; 5 : : : : . ; : ; : 478
Meteorology, - : : : : : : ° : : : : ° : 360
Mole,the . : : : 3 : ‘ F P a : : _ 366
Money in Orchards, ‘ 7 : ; : : : é : ; : : : 51
Mulberries, : : : : ; : ; : : ‘ ; ; ; : 50
NG
Nectarines, : ‘ F : ‘ : ‘ : 5 ; - 49
Nomenclature at State Fair, ‘ 2 ‘ < : : A : 3 : 429
Of Apples, . A - . ; : : ; : : : 66
Northern Michigan, Destiny of, : ‘ : : : 3 54
Northwestern Fruit- Growers’ ‘Distributing ‘Association, : : : : ‘ 530
O.
Old Mission, : : - : A 4 . : : : 432-474
Organization Among Farmers, A : : A ; : 3 ; : 294
Ornamental Trees, ‘ : : : ; : ; : : : 2 . 74, 485
Ornamentation of Homes, : : : A : : : 5 : : : 111
Ornithology in Western New York, A , : : : , , : : 86
Orchards and Vineyards of Michigan, . : ; : ; 4 . : 119, 129
Orchard Committee’s Report for 1874, . . : : - : : A , 119
Orchards, Care of Young, A : : a : é : : : : 47
Manuring, ; : ‘ ; : : : : . 458, 486
Order and Neatness, by James Satterlee, E : ; : : . : : 27
Our Friends—the Mole, the Toad, and the pyle, : ; 5 : : ; 366
Owl, the, . : . F 4 ; : : . 368
RP;
Packing Fruit, . 3 : : ‘ : : : 513
Past, Present and Future of Michigan Pomology, ; : B : = ; 9
Peaches—
Popular varieties, - : : : = : ‘ A . ‘ A 31
In Western New York, : : - : ; : , : 64
Inauguration of the Michigan Peach Belt, : : : : , : ; 227
New varieties, , : : : ‘ : : : 260
Pruning, : : ae eS , : : A j z : ‘ 286, 548
Culture, z . : . : ; : : = : ‘ - 488, 492
Best for Market, ; a ean ae : ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ; 498
Is Peach Growing Overdone : : : ; . : . 501

73

578 INDEX.

Pears—
Popular varieties, : é : é
In Western New York, A : : ;
Culture in, ; 3
Blight, reward for remedies, 4 3

How to pack for market, C 3 ; F
New varieties, A : : é é ;
Old trees at Monroe, j .
Peninsula Farmers’ Club, Discussions,
Peonies, 0 “ : 3 :

Pb ylloxera Vastatrix, :
Plant Bug (Capsus Oblineatus), é
Planting ‘Trees, how deep,

Preparing land for, A 5
Plant Life, Phenomena of, by President Clark,
Plums—

Popular varieties, é é : : c °
Lyon’s address, 5 : : . :
New varieties, . : 6 7 fs .
Profit of,

Pomological Department at State Fair, register of entries,
Pomology and acai a ss . . . .
Potato, : A : . .
Potato ‘Bug, ; : ° A
Premiums awarded at State Fair, 1874, |

Premiums awarded by the State Pomological Society for 1874, i

Pruning Fruit Trees, j é : é c c
Q.
Quinces, ; : : ; : ° : ° °
R.
Raspberries—
Popular varieties, . : ; : ° .
In Western New York, : : é 5 é 0
New varieties, : A
The kinds recommended by ‘the State Society,
Redfield’s Address, . : 5 : : f

Reports, Consolidation of, 6 . ° ‘ ‘. °
River Raisin Navy, A 6 5 ; : 3
Root Crops, value of, . ‘ é 5 B ‘ 6
Root Culture, : & ; : c

Rust, the, ; : é 5 A . é

Saginaw Valley, : : : : . . .
sap, Pressure of, etc,
Saugatuck and Ganges, the fruit region of the Kalamazoo,

Shade and Ornamental Trees, ‘ ; ‘: .

Shrew, the, 3 3 : . é 5 ’

Signal "Service, 3 A ; :

Small Fruits, s 3 ; : ; 3 ° F
Profitableness of, . A

South Haven Pomological Society, Discussions, :

Third Annual Fair, : 3 °
South Haven, Statistic Fruit. Report, é é é
Sparrow, the English, ; ; j
Specialties in favorable sections, : C °
Spider, the, . 2
Spring Lake, 1874,

State Agricultural sia Barly History, he c ° Po)

Officers for 1875 :
State Fair of 1874, : : .

92, 341

49, 267, 473, 499

. 45, 46, 230
65

269
391
554
506
564
464
466
493

: 402
299-340

INDEX. 579

Pace.

State Pomolozical Society, Constitution and By-Liws of, - z = A 5 5

Officers for 1875, = : : . : = ? 2 - 571

Mectings—

At Spring Lake, : : : . - : * Z : - 533

At Ionia, : P ° s 536

At Lansing, ~ - 544

At Monroe, : ° 552

Stock,—Crops best for Live Stock, : A m c 471

Straw berries—

Popular yarieties, = . e A £ : : ~ F = 45, 47, 231

New varieties, . 269

Best varieties for market, : 375

Synonyms of Apples, : : 67
die

Temperature, ° : - 506

Thinning Fruit, S = : 492

Toad, the, L : : : : . : A Z = 2 s P 367

Transportation, 5 4 = 5 z F £ - Z : = : . 102, 480

Treasurer’s Report, ¥ z - : 565
WV

Varieties of Fruits, Have the New been of Advantage ? s E E - F 106

New: by T. T. Lyon, : ! : - “ - Ze 2 ° : 2 250

Of the Popular Fruits, = 3 : 2 . 2 : é 14

Vegetables, popular varieties of, : : = : i 2 : 200

Vineyards of Michigan, = : 2 : 129
W:

Wants generally, ‘ - s 5 = ° £ : z x - 12

Weeds, . = : > 2 dit

Western New York “Horticultural Society, Procee ‘lings OFF *2 : ‘ : 61

W heat Calture in Ionia County, A z : : F 549

Where to Obtain our Fruit Trees, = : : : ~ : 283

Wines, Report of Committee on, : : “ : - - 3 - x 561

Winter, Best Condition of Trees for, F A : : - = : : : 502
ie

Yellows, the, .. ; ‘ : . 2 : “ ‘ - . 493, 495, 508

PLDUSTRALELONS

PAGE.
Alder, Imperial Cut-Leaved, . j : ‘ 5 : 5 : : : : 99
Arbor Vite, Dwarf American, 2 : ; ‘ é : : : A F 87
Arbor Vitex, Siberian, . y c ‘ : ; s : : d : 2 81
Ash, European Weeping, ; ‘ < 5 7 A < : each es é 107
Ash, Weeping Mountain, .. : ; : : i ° : A : : 85
Birch (alba pendula elegans), . : £ z : 5 5 : 3 : : 97
Birch, Young’s Weeping, . : A 5 : : 4 F : ; 3 , 83
Codling Moth, ; : ¢ 5 : : : : : : : : 153
Elm, Camperdown ieenine | m : 6 5 : A A é : 4 : 89
Grape Leaf galled by the Phylloxera, . ; : 6 ; 5 ; : : 343
Minden. Wuite-Leaved) Weeping: Moki. yey yee Uy cel yl ee i 3 15
Magnolia, : ‘ ° 3 : 5 é : : : - - : Yh, %9
Maiden Hair Tree, or Ginko, . F ‘ a A ‘ , : ‘ 91
Phylloxera, . < “ : : : : 3 d : : : ; : 344-6
Pine, Austrian, or Black, . : : : : : - ; 6 : ; ‘ 105
Poplar, Weeping, . . : . s : ~ ‘ 5 : : « 95
Spruce, Norway, A 2 : 5 4 : é ; : : : s : 103
Spruce, White, 5 : 3 : : d : : é d z : 5 109
Squash in Harness, . 5 6 : : ‘ A A , 5 6 : : 309
Vegetables, . : 4 : : : : 3 ‘ . : é ‘ - 200-226
Willow, p é : A ; é = < 6 , : 5 = 73
Willow, Rosemary- Teaved! 5 . 6 x : : : b 5 - ‘ 101
Winter in doors and cut, . . 4 : 2 A c : : 3 : 5 113

Yellow Wood, “ : 4 ‘ ; S F : “ : : : . 93

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