errs =a: 5 335 oa $55 Sera i} i es Sst 7332 ot Tis < OF Lg 41 AE she re ia Al f ‘ Rae Ores Wai th ae iy » f ¢ TNs: aN Me 4 wh 0 } : si a\ ea ipod Ake ae Pi 8s e ce iis hae) ; iy ‘ A en Laer 7 , h 4 aes he at t iW » 7, ” ra x ; wee , ' rr ‘ ‘ tS ? rt i y | ; fi + se 4 ] See . i - ‘ . ( ; é Waa \ i] Y ge * 4 aay V ‘ : al " e ea "| c . See i oe 4 : 4 c nil ; a taba pe y fee. % ‘ , ’ 1 . - Aes Pe 4 4 t ‘ A 5 4 f mr; : ¢ « . “ ; ie ’ i é < i ‘ . Pa \ i 4 5 lb an “yy 5 I A . f * f ne, y ‘d 4 , — e4 > i fi x . rn x ‘ f b al ‘ » i fos) , ' , 4 a ‘ ? | = af ‘ v ny ‘i F es bi ae i ® <. . ; ; m is ‘ w PAL er he < ‘ 4, ES ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT - ~~ , aR AR EX SECRETARY ae STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCLETY Cri Geaux IN. Less i. — 7) OUERIS Peninci tam AM BY AUTHORITY. LANSING: W.S. GEORGE & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 1882. i estat es "he. eA AA On Muay ie egy ar peter Sie, a ‘NRE | He ee REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. GRAND Rapips, Michigan, December 31, 1881. To Davip H. JERomE, Governor of the State of Michigan: I haye the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal requisition, the accompanying Report of 1881, with supplementary papers. Respectfully yours, CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Secretary of the Michigan State Horticultural Society. TABLE OF CONTENTS. et eee | PAGE. OFFICERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, . - - 5 > vii MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, ~ : - : ix OFFICERS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, . 2 : : : 5 xi PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING AT LANSING, . - ; : é 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE JUNE MEETING AT BATTLE CREEK, : = - = 11 STATE Farr oF 1881, . é : : : 2 A : ; . : , 60 MICHIGAN AND THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, . é : ; 73 A GLIMPSE AT MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE, a : : : : 0 , 78 ORNAMENTING MICHIGAN SCHOOL GROUNDS, : C 5 5 - - : 93 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING AT SOUTH HAVEN, ¢ P 5 110 SECRETARY’S PORTFOLIO, . : : ‘ : ‘ Arne : “ s 186 A PAGE OF MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL HIsToRY, . : 5 5 6 ; 272 REPORTS OF AUXILIARY SOCIETIES, é : : : : : : - 274 MICHIGAN FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882, . c : : 5 : < ; 305 ANNUAL STATEMENT OF LIBRARIAN, : é < c c c 358 MEETING OF EXECUTIVE BOARD, é . : ; 5 ‘ 5 : é 360 List OF ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS, .. p : ‘ =e fee ; 362 INDEX, “jj sei Salar SURE ait A de MO ME ag 373 OFFICERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1881. PRESIDENT—'l’. T. LYON, South Haven. SECRETARY—CHAS. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids. TREASURER—S. M. PEARSALL, Grand Rapids. LIBRARIAN—F. W. KING, Lansing. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. E. H. SCOTT, Ann Arbor, 3 years. E. F. GUILD, Saginaw, 2 years. A. D. HEALY, South Haven, 3 years. JAS. SATTERILEE, Greenville, 1 year. W. K. GIBSON, Jackson, 2 years. N. CHILSON, Battle Creek, 1 year. STANDING COMMITTEES. On Fruit CaTALOoGuE—T. T. LYON, South Haven, Chairman; GEORGE C, McCLATCHEE, Ludington, for Northern Lake Shore; W. A. BROWN, Stevens- ville, for Southern Lake Shore; H. DALE ADAMS, Galesburg, for Central Michi- gan; E. W. COLTRELL, Detroit, for Eastern Michigan; B. W. STEERE, Adrian, for Southern Michigan. On NEw Fruir—T. IT’. LYON, President: G. H. LAFLEUR, Allegan; GEO. C, McCLATCHEE, Ludington; C. ENGLE, Paw Paw; Dr. A. CONKLIN, Manchester. On FinancE—N. CHILSON, E. F. GUILD. E. H. SCOTT. On ENTOMOLOGY—ALBERT J. COOK, Lansing. On LANDSCAPE GARDENING—-R. HAIGH, Jr., Chairman, ON VEGETABLE GARDEN—Pror. W. W. TRACY, Chairman. vill STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. VICE PRESIDENTS. 5. H. COMINGS, Berrien Co. B. G. BUELL, Cass Co. S. L. COFFENBURY, St. Joseph Co. J, D. W. FISK, Branch Co. C. R. CORYELL, Hillsdale Co. Dr. W. OWEN, Lenawee Co. W. C. STERLING, Monroe Co. JOSEPH LANNIN, Van Buren Co. E. BUELL, Kalamazoo Co. CHAS. W. WILDE, Ottawa Co. PR. W. JOHNSON, Kent Co. E. LEVALLEY, Ionia Co. 8. S. WALKER, Clinton Co. A. 5. PARTRIDGE, Genesee Co. WM. L. ARMSTRONG, Huron Co. S. B. PECK, Muskegon Co. JAMES SATTERLEE, Montcalm Co. W. O. FRITZ, Gratiot Co. L. C. WHITING, Saginaw Co. J. Q. A. BURRINGTON, Tuscola Co. C. A. SESSIONS, Oceana Co. PERRY MAYO, Calhoun Co, H. W. DONEY, Jackson Co. J. J. PARSHALL, Washtenaw Co. WILL. W. TRACY, Wayne Co. G. H. LAFLEUR, Allegan Co. A. C. TOWN, Barry Co. EZRA JONES, Ingham Co. KENDRICK SEXTON, Livingston Co, C. K. CARPENTER, Oakland Co. H. W. DAVIS, Lapeer Co. GEO. W. PHILLIPS, Macomb Co. GEO. C. McCLATCHIE, Mason Co. S. W. FOWLER, Manistee Co. J. J. HUBBELL, Benzie Co. J. G. RAMSDELL, Grand Traverse Co. WM. MEBERT, Leelanaw Co. G. E. STEELE, Antrim Co. B. F. PARTRIDGE, Bay Co. SHEPARD TIBBITTS, Newaygo Co. H. E. HOARD, Iosco Co. C. P. REYNOLDS, Alcona Co. S. R. FULLER, Eaton Co. J. KE. BEVINS, Osceola Co. L. E. LANSING, Wexford Co. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. PRESIDENT—Hon. HEZEKIAH G. WELLS, of Kalamazoo. VIcE PRESIDENT—Hon. J. WEBSTER CHILDS, of Ypsilanti. Hon. GEORGE W. PHILLIPS, of Romeo. Hon. FRANKLIN WELLS, of Constantine. Hon. T. D. DEWEY, of Owosso. Hon. HENRY G. REYNOLDS, of Old Mission. DAVID H. JEROME, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, Ex Officio. THEOPHILUS C. ABBOT, PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE, SECRETARY— ROBERT G. BAIRD. TREASURER—EPHRAIM LONGYEAR, of Lansing. ea *, errs Ve OFFICERS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE AGRI- CULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1882. PRESIDENT—HENRY FRALICK, Grand Rapids. TREASURER—A. J. DEAN, ADRIAN. SECRETARY—J. C. STERLING, Monroe. EXECUTIVE Terms Expire January, 1834. ABEL ANGEL, Bradley, Allegan Co. D. W. HOWARD, Pentwater, Oceana Co. H. O. HANFORD, Plymouth, Wayne Co. F. L. REED, Olivet, Eaton Co. A. F. WOOD, Mason, Ingham Co. F. V. Smith, Coldwater, Branch Co. J.Q. A. BURRINGTON, Tuscola, Tuscola County. M. P. ANDERSON, Midland, Midland Co. JOHN GILBERT, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County. C, A. HARRISON, Paw Paw, Van Buren County. COMMITTEE. Terms Expire January, 1883. J.M. STERLING, Monroe, Monroe Co. WM. BALL, Hamburgh, Livingston Co. J. L. MITCHELL, Jackson, Jackson Co. O, A. HYDE, Marshall, Calhoun Co. W. H. COBB, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo Co. E. W. RISING, Davison Station, Genesee County. PHILO PARSONS, Detroit, Wayne Co. I. H. BUTTERFIELD, Jr., Port Huron, St. Clair Co. JOHN LESSITER, Jersey, Oakland Co. WM. CHAMBERLAIN, Three Oaks, Ber- rien Co. EX-PRESIDENTS. GEO. C. MUNRO, Jonesville, Hillsdale County. M. SHOEMAKER, Jackson, Jackson Co. JAMES BAILEY, Birmingham, Oakland County. H. G. WELLS, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo Co. W. G. BECKWITH, Cassopolis, Cass Co. W. J. BAXTER, Jonesville, Hillsdale Co, GEO. W. GRIGGS. Grand Rapids, Kent County. CHARLES KIPP, St. Johns, Clinton Co. E. O. HUMPHREY, Kalamazoo, Kalama- zoo County. W.L. WEBBER, East Saginaw, Saginaw County. GEO. W. PHILLIPS, Romeo, Macomb Co. Tare a Uhre? ® ‘ RP the ioe if Wet Ne f Ai f wotnd ay aC urea ant ad AF ie } nes ‘ye SG oe nut, elas A +o a Lephty 1 arts figaa: as - phates ia vi oy athe. OR Ma ey as Lipa Atiied tnt iu) fi re an Ae t 77) PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. HELD IN LANSING, JANUARY 31 AND FEBRUARY ,1, 1881. It was thought desirable by the Executive Board to give the winter meeting entirely up to matters of business, inasmuch as these things had been neglected in the carrying out of several previous programmes. The mecting was called for the last day of January, and there were present the entire Executive Board (except Mr. Gibson), and a number of the members of the society. The first session was in the evening, and was held in the Pioneer room of the State capitol. The minutes, of the last meeting of the Executive Board were read and approved, after which the question of THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR REPORTS was suggested by the Secretary as a proper one for discussion, and one upon which he would like the advice of the society. He said several articles had appeared in the State press criticising severely the action of the society in not sending out the volumes for 1879 as usual to any one who would pay the freight on the boxes. Even conventions of agriculturists had censured us because we were not more liberal with the volumes. In the distribution, the Secretary said he had been acting under instructions from the Executive Board, and per- sonally was well satisfied with the plan. The local branch societies should take the responsibility of the distribution wherever these were organized, and in the course of a few years these organizations would be established in every county where the volumes were needed, provided we are allowed to continue this plan. That is, the volumes themselves under proper restrictions and regulations as to their distribution will accomplish the work of sustaining the branch societies, and in time the most valuable material for sustaining the high character of the reports will be furnished by the societies. It is not the policy of the State to furnish the velumes to every person within its borders, but rather to furnish the information to the people who most need it, who will best use it in the interests of the State. The Secretary remarked further: ‘‘Our interpretation of the requirements for the distribution, it seems to me, is a most proper one in that we do not give the volumes out to all who will hold out their hands to receive them; but require that the recipient shall do something to render the appropriation of the State more effective. Our State has peculiar capabilities in the field of horticulture. We know it. We desire the world should know it. There is no more effective way of spreading the intelligence than by securing the testimony of actual, 2 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. successful settlers. These men rarely write essays for reviews or articles for the newspapers ; but when gathered in council they give freely their experience and couple with it statistical information of great value to others. This is garnered into a report and published and sent out. Our capabilities are advertised more effectively than in any other way. The men and women who have addei to this work ought certainly to be the ones who should be rewarded by the State in preference to any others, and this, as I understand it, is just what we are aiming at in our plan of distribution. Can there be a truer policy than this? And are we not justified in holding our volumes for the organization and maintenance of the societies that are willing to do the work I haye indicated. In saying this my object is to open the question so that if there are varying views we may have them to aid in such a modification of our system as will commend itself to all, if possible.’ A. 8. Partridge, Flushing: The volumes of this society are very valuable, and in our section those who have them would not part with them for a great deal. J am satisfied that there is sufficient interest in horticulture in Genesee county to support a society devoted to this important interest, and the volumes could be employed in furtherance of this design. B. F. Partridge, Bay City: For a number of years I have received boxes of these books, paid the freight on them, and spent more or less time in trying to get them into the hands of the people who needed them. This year the box was sent containing the quota for Bay county, and with a letter asking that we form a branch society and use the volumes in building up and sustaining it by making each member entitled to one. ‘lhe idea struck me favorably, and this is the way we purpose doing up there; it is the right way. A man who will not turn over his hand to aid the horticulture of this State ought not to have a volume of our proceedings. It is the men and women who do some work that should have them, and then I fear there will not be enough to go around. N. E. Smith, Ionia: Give the ones who are willing to aid in this work, and be sure they are supplied before throwing them away upon people who will only use them for scrap books. In loniaa good many of us value these reports next to our Bibles, and we have been willing to come to the support of the Society actively to aid in the continuance of its good work, and I think the list of life members from our county will bear me out in this statement. I am glad to see our Society taking measures that will secure, if possible, every volume that is issued to some person who needs it and is willing to aid in our work. Geo. E. Steele, Traverse City: Ihave served my time in paying freight and distributing our volumes. They have done a good deal of valuable work in our county, too. We have not much surplus of money there but I am strongly in favor of any plan by which the burdens of maintaining the high character of our work shall be more evenly distributed. Let each one who receives a yol- ume pay something toward the support of his local and State society and thereby help to render each year’s transactions as valuable as those which have gone before. Chas. E. Reeves, Benton Harbor: Ihave had some experience in this report business; have seen volumes sold at ten cents apiece to pay the freight, and I am thoroughly glad that we are getting at some system by which the people who need them and are willing to help support their issue can haye them in preference to any one else. ‘They are too valuable to be thrown away, and every volume issued will be wanted by people especially interested in fruit WINTER MEETING, 1881 3 growing. I have a deep interest in the development of the local horticultural societies, and believe that the handling of the reports may mast properly con- stitute a portion of their work. In Berrien we have a thriving association, and we know who need the volumes better than any one outside the county, and I can guarantee that the volumes sent us will be used judiciously. Mr. Wyckoff, Oakland county: For two years boxes of reports have been sent me for distribution, and I think our people value them more than any volumes they get, and it seems to me we are nearing the time when perhaps we may form a local organization which can and will take charge of the distribu- tion for our county. Certainly in Oakland, where so much fruit is grown, we should and can support a live horticultural society. Mr. Pearsall, Grand Rapids: The trouble is, people do not understand this business; they draw false conclusions. It is in the interests of Michigan horticulture that our society exists, and every branch that is so formed strengthens the whole work, and every man who supports either the parent society or an auxiliary helps to build up the valuable reports which come back to him and requite him liberally for his investment. Our people, now that they understand it, are well pleased with the new system of distribution and the plan of forming auxiliary societies. President Lyon: There is probably no single State in the Union, if we except possibly California, in which horticulture, including all its branches, from the growing of fruits and flowers to the cultivation of trees and plants, whether for ornament or utility, finds so congenial and favorable a field as in Michigan, especially in the lower peninsula. We are led to suppose that it may have been in consideration of this fact, and possibly in view of the further and obvious fact that its demonstration must necessarily involve the conclusion that the same causes operating together to such result are equally effective in favor of agricultural pursuits generally, that the Legislature was induced, in providing for the organization of a State Pomological Society, to provide also for the publication of its transactions, a8 one of the most effect- ive means of publishing to the people of the State and to the world, the special capacities of our soils and climate for such purposes; and thus foster- ing and developing these pursuits among our own citizens; while at the same time the attention of horticulturists abroad, (who are notoriously a reading and thinking class of people), would be strongly drawn to our State, and thus the immigration of a most thrifty and desirable class of persons be encouraged. Previous legislation in providing for the publication of the transactions of agricultural societies had not only assumed the labor and expense of their preparation and publication, but had also assumed the expense and resposibil- ity of their distribution by retaining the whole matter in the hands of its paid officials. In providing for the publication of the transactions of the State Pomological Society, however, the expense of collecting and arranging the matter therefor, and the labor of editing the same, is left to be supplied by the society, while the volumes committed to its charge are required to be distributed at the expense of the Society under more or less specific provisions, which leaves the process very considerably at its discretion. The present officers of the society, upon assuming charge of the affairs, found it to be the practice of annually sending out packages of Transactions to large numbers of more or less prominent citizens, many, if not most, of whom had no ostensible connection with fruit culture, and who received the same without pledge for their proper use, in nearly every case omitting to return any state- 4 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ment or assurance as to the manner of disposal. An earnest effort, extending through two or three years, failed to secure improved results through this pro- cess, while earnest calls upon the society for these volumes by persons engaged or interested in fruit culture, had already become too numerous to be supplied. Feeling that, under this condition of affairs the society might be thought chargeable with lack of requisite care in the distribution, its Executive Board, un- der instructions from the Society, at its annual meeting in December, 1879, took the whole natter under careful advisement, and after mature deliberation devised the plan of promoting the formation of local, county, city, village, and town societies, either pomological or horticultural, as should best suit each locality. In very many places the local interest was found to be more horticultural than otherwise, and since the two are everywhere so intimately associated, and both seemed equally essential to the highest success of these local societies in the majority of cases, and especially since, in the modern sense horticulture has come to include pomology, it seems indispensible, if the general society would continue to be in fact a State, and not a local organization, that it should as- sume the more general title, which it accordingly did by vote of its members, at its regular meeting in June, 1880. This plan for the organization of local auxiliary societies is coupled with a provision making every member the recipient of a copy of the current volume of the Transactions, and also making the local society the custodian and dis- tributor of such portion of them as it can profitably use, and as can fairly be assigned to it. When we consider that the 6,000 volumes of Transactions to be distributed by the society will only supply one copy to each 250 persons in the State, it will easily be discovered that the supply must necessarily be inad- equate to the legitimate demand; hence the desire of the society, in the ad- vancement of the great interest it has in charge, to give the utmost effect to every volume distributed. And without claiming special wisdom in this partic- ular, we may be permitted to remark that so far, results under the present process of distribution have been eminently encouraging. ‘That the society has been charged with selling the volumes has absolutely no foundation, beyond the fact that a person’s membership in a society is considered to be the best possible evidence of his interest in the subject. The question is asked, What special claim has fruit growing, to be thus fa- vored? We reply that unlike most prominent interests, neither the agriculturist nor the fruit-grower, as the rule, has any personal advantage to gain by adver- tising, since his products must make their way in the markets strictly upon their merits ; while the increased reputation of these products, and the higher reputation of the State for such purpose only serves to increase the competition. If, therefore, the State would advertise its capacity in these respects, it is too much to expect it to be done at other than public expense. That the efficiency and high standing of the State Horticultural Society, both at home and abroad, has excited a degree of jealousy in certain quarters, and that such feeling has found expression through the daily press of the State, and in covert efforts to prejudice the public feeling, and to some extent, as we are assured, the feelings of legislators, is our justification for these remarks. On inotion, the whole matter of the distribution of reports was referred to the Executive Board. A number of others took part in the discussion, and all seemed periectly satisfied to trust the board with the subject, giving them power to act in their discretion. WINTER MEETING, 1881. 5 SIZE OF FRUIT PACKAGES. A letter was read by the Secretary from J. 8. Woodward, of Lockport, N. Y., asking concerning. the size of our standard apple barrel, and saying that a committee on apple barrels had been selected by the Western New York Society and the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association to confer with our society and the Ohio society, and, if practicable, get at a uniform statute apple package. Presideut Lyon also presented a similar communication from the Canadian society. Mr. Baldwin, of Oakland county, said a standard measure might be a good thing, but it was hardly ever used. All sorts and sizes of barrels were used in packing apples, with little or no reference to any standard. The measurement of a Michigan apple barrel, according to the amended Jaw of 1871, is the same as a flour barrel, to wit: Staves twenty-seven inches long and head sixteen and one-half inches in diameter. Mr. Guild, of Saginaw, wished that we might have a more accurate standard than this, and thought the apple standard ought to be a standard of weight. Mr. Reeves: We have a standard bushel weight; act number sixty-three of the session Jaws of 1877 declares that whenever apples are bought or sold by weight forty-eight pounds shall constitute a bushel. ‘he barrel is not a very reliable unit of measurement I have found by a little computation. I have been down on the street and made some measurements which I give you. An apple barrel with twenty-seven inch stave and sixteen and one-half inch head with a two inch bilge contains 6,250 inches, or two bushels one and three- tenths pecks; but with a four inch bilge the barrel contains 7,215 inches, or two bushels two and three-tenths pecks. A cracker barrel with the same head and a thirty inch stave with a two inch bilge contains 7,589 inches, or two bushels three and three-tenths pecks, while a barrel with same measurement and a four inch bilge contains three bushels and eight tenths of a peck. It will be seen by this that when orchards are bought by the barrel and the buyer furnishes his own packages a great difference in the yield may be made by the use of varying barrels. On motion of Mr. Mann, a committee of three was selected to take this matter of apple barrels into consideration and confer with like committees from other states with the object in view of securing a uniform standard. The President named as such committee Messrs. Garfield, Guild and Mann. MISSISSIPPI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A communication was received from Mr. Wm. Rowe concerning the Missis- sippi Valley Horticultural Society. He spoke of the association in terms of praise, saying that the apparent failure in some points at its exhibition in 1880 was not due to any fault of the Society, but rather of the parties who guaran- teed the payment of premiums and afterwards retreated from their guarantee. A request was read by the Secretary from an ofticer of the Mississippi Society that we select a vice president for our State to accord with the following articles of association of that Society: ARTICLE I.—The organization shall be known as the Mississippi Valley Horticul- tural Society. Its object shall be the promotion of horticulture. ARTICLE 2.—Any person may become a member upon the payment of two dollars, and membership shall continue upon the payment of two dollars annually. ARTICLE III.—Its officers shall consist of a President, First Vice President, Secre- 6 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. tary and Treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at each regular meeting; and one Vice President from each State, who may be elected to this position by the several State Horticultural Societies. Should there be no Vice President elected from any State, the vacancy may be filled by the Executive Committe of this Society. The term of office of the President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer, shall begin on the first day of January following theirelection. No person can act as an officer of this Society who does not maintain his membership by the payment of the annual membership fees. ARTICLE 1V.—The regular meetings of this Society shall be held annually on the first Tuesday of September, except when otherwise ordered by the Executive Com- mittee, and continue for such time as the committee shall determine. ARTICLE V.—The officers of the Society shall constitute an Executive Committee, at any meeting of which a majority of the members present shall have power to transact business. ARTICLE VI.—Special meetings of the Society may be ealled by the Executive Committee, and meetings of the committee may be ealled by the President and Secretary. ARTICLE VII.—This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting. On motion of Mr. Pearsall, Mr. Wm. Rowe, of Grand Rapids, was unani- mously selected to fill the position. The meeting now adjourned until morning. Luesday’s Session. There was a lighter attendance Tuesday morning, but the Executive Board were present and a few others. The Secretary read the following letter: Chas. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids: DEAR Sir: Your attention is called to the History of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society, for fifty years, from its foundation in 1829. This work will be found of general interest, as the introduction comprises a sketch much fuller than exists elsewhere, of the history of horticulture in the United States, from the set- tlement of the country to the foundation of the Society, and the history of the Society onward is, in the language of President Hovey, in his address at the dedica- tion of the present hall of the society “the history of horticultnre in our country.” It is handsomely printed, on an extra quality of paper, and embellished with a fine steel engraving of Gen. H. A.S. Dearborn, the first president, and heliotypes of the two halls erected by the society. Among other interesting matters, it contains an account of the foundation by the society of Mount Auburn Cemetery, the parent of all similar cemeteries in the country. The work is furnished to members of the society at cost, $2.50, and to others than members for $3, but will be supplied to public libraries at the same price as to mem- bers. Please address the Secretary of the society. at Horticultural Hall, Boston. ROBERT MANNING, Secretary. Boston, MAss., December 29, 1880. On motion of Mr. Chilson, the Librarian was instructed to purchase a copy for our library and render his bill for the same. The Secretary read the following: Boston, MASS., Jan. 3, 1881, Mr. Chas. W. Garfield, Grand Rapids: My Dear Sir: Inaword the American Pomological Society will hold its eigh- teenth session in Boston, commencing September 14th, next. Please promulgate this announcement and send a large delegation from your great State and from your great resources. Yours truly, MARSHALL P. WILDER. On motion of Prof. Beal, a committee was raised for the purpose of memo- rializing the Senate and House committees upon horticulture in the Legislature, asking for an appropriation to pay the expense of a Michigan exhibit of fruits at the next biennial meeting of the American Pomological Society. WINTER MEETING, 1881. 7 Messrs. Lyon, Beal and Tracy were elected as such committee, and prepared the following memorial: To the Senate and House Committees on Horticulture : The American Pomological Society is one which for the past thirty-six years has been most influential in moulding and shaping the development of fruit culture in cur country, and its biennial meetings have been of great value to pomologists, and through them have excited wide-spread interest among all classes. This society holds its next meeting at Boston, in September next, and efforts are being made to make it an exceptionally large and profitable one. The State Horticultural Society asks an appropriation of fifteen hundred (1500) dollars, to enable it to make there such an exhibit of the fruits of Michigan as will be creditable to our State and eall the attention of future immigrants to its advantages for producing fine fruit. REPORT ON LEGISLATION. My Lyon, of the committee on legislation, made the following report: The committee remark by way of suggestion that we should only look to dryers, whether private or commercial, to consume such fruit as may for any cause be unfitted for handling and sale in the fresh state. That the best and surest remedies for an overcrowded market will be found, first, in growing superior fruit; second, in thoroughly intelligent and careful handling; third, in selecting only the perfect specimens; fourth, in good packing and in good packages; fifth, in such handling and transportation that the fruit shall be laid down in the market sound and free from bruises. Till we shall have mas- tered these requirements there can be little use in seeking foreign or very dis- tant markets, The present mode of shipment to Europe, by rail to the sea-board, can never be safe, or on the whole profitable, for the reason that the preliminary railroad conveyance usually induces the condition of injury and incipient decay, which disqualifies it to bear the subsequent stress of water transportation; the conse- quence being that much of it reaches its destination in a condition unfit for sale or use. The only apparent remedy for this difficulty would seem to lie in the estab- lishment of a line of transportation ‘‘in the same bottoms,”’ direct from our lake ports to Europe. To attain this object it will be requisite either to secure the enlargement of the Erie canal and the improvement of the capacity of the upper Hudson below Troy, or the increase of the capacity of the Welland and St. Lawrence canals, to in either case enable them to pass a larger class of sea- going vessels. The attempt to secure the latter would very probably arouse at least tacit oppo- sition from the entire northern sea-board interest of the United States, espec- . ially that of New York, Boston, Portland, and very probably even Philadelphia and Baltimore ; while an effort to secure the former would doubtless be seconded by New York, and quite possibly Boston. An effort to secure either object would be quite as much in the interest of mining, lumbering, and agriculture as in that of fruit-growing. Its success, moreover, is nearly or quite as important to the other northwestern States as to Michigan, and should command their thorough coéperation. This is far too important and difficult an undertaking to be attempted by a society like this, or even by a State like ours, singly. Still, Michigan occupies the ‘‘ key of the situation,’ and may very properly lead in such effort, and the united efforts of the States commercialy interested could*hardly fail to secure the opening of one, and quite possibly both routes; of which that via New 8 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. York would have at least a climatic advantage, while it would at the same time avoid all probable complications of a trans-foreign character. Under these circumstances the committee advise that measures be taken to bring this matter to the consideration of persons representing the other inter- ests spoken of, and if practicable bring the project in shape to command the attention of the legislature at the coming session. Steps have already been taken to obtain the statistical results of the present census at the earliest prac- ticable date for use in this connection. The attention of the committee has been called to the propriety of providing by law for the use of stamps upon fruit packages, specifying their capacity. The distrust growing out of the persistent use of ‘‘short’’ packages, disguised in various ways to hide the shortage, often, beyond doubt, exerts an unfavorable influence upon prices, even to the injury of those giving full measure, to say nothing of the imposition upon the purchaser. In consideration of the importance of some of the subjects mentioned, and the possibility, not to say probability, that still others may arise, your commit- tee recommend that the incoming board assign this entire subject to a commit- tee, with instructions such as shall seem needful to most effectually secure the results desired, yiz., the laying of this subject in a practical as well as influen- tial form before the incoming legislature. The committee also commend for careful consideration the question of the propriety of bringing before the legislature in the form of a memorial, or oth- erwise, the difficulties encountered by the society in the proper distribution of its 'Fransactions, with a statement of the process now in use for this purpose, and the objects sought in its adoption, coupled with the request that if such procedure shall be approved, it receive the sanction of that body. In regard to the matter of school-ground embellishment, referred to your committee, we remark: Believing that anything that shall render the ‘‘common schools”’ of our State more attractive, and that shall operate to throw around that impressible season —the school years of the children of the State—restraining, yet attractive, refining, and elevating influences, must necessarily have an important and desirable bearing upon the future character of the great mass of those who shall graduate from the ‘‘people’s colleges,’’ and who must in the near future come to constitute the bulk of the citizenship of our country, we are impelled to invite the attention of the Legislature of the State to the impor- tance of adding to the attractiveness of our school buildfngs, and especially of ~ their surroundings. With reference to such improvement we submit the following as hints as to a possible direction for legislation of the desired char- acter, believing that the processes suggested once fairly inaugurated, would themselves supply all the impetus needful for their active continuance and perpetuation : When a school district shall become the owner in fee of a school-house site of not less than one acre for each 40 scholars in said district, and shall have constructed suitable school buildings thereon; and further, shall have properly prepared and (if needful), drained said ground, and adopted a plan for the planting of the same with screens or wind-breaks, where needful, together with suitable shade and ornamental trees; and when upon examination such plan shall have been approved by the township board of school inspectors ; and when, in pursuance of such plan of ornamentation, the district shall have expended in such work the sum of $80, to the satisfaction of said board, whether paid for by tax upon the property of the district or by voluntary con- WINTER MEETING, 1881. 9 tributions in money or labor, such district shail be entitled to a certificate to that effect from said board, and thereupon to receive from the township treas- ury the sum of $50, the same to be expended by the authorities of said district in the further ornamentation of said grounds in pursuance of the plan already adopted. Inasmuch as the teacher of the school must almost necessarily be expected to afford important aid, if not in actually conducting such suggested orna- mentation, at least in preserving, and possibly in perfecting it, we suggest the following with the apprehension that the qualifying of even a few teachers as hereinafter indicated, would afford them so decided an advantage in the securing of positions in the more desirable districts, that others would find themselves almost unavoidably impelled to strive for similar qualifications; and that by this means even the proposed ornamentation may finally come to be considered as an important means of illustration in the educational processes of the school-room. ‘The importance of the influence of any extensive adoption of these or similar ideas upon visitors to our State, and through them upon the amount and character of immigration need only to be suggested to be at once comprehended and appreciated. As respects the qualification of teachers the following suggestions are submitted : When a person shall apply to the proper authority for examination as a primary school teacher, and shall request to be examined as to his knowledge of the essential elementary principles of horticulture and forestry as bearing upon the above proposed matters, it shall be the duty of the officer to make such examination and to specify such qualifications in the {certificate to be given in the case. It shall be the duty of the Normal School Board to provide an adequate course of study for this purpose and to require such qualifications of all its future graduates. Any previous graduate may, upon subsequent examination, receive a certificate of ‘qualification in this particular. INVITATIONS. Invitations were received to hold future meetings as follows: From the Berrien County Horticultural Society to hold the June meeting at Benton Harbor; from South Haven Pomological Society to hold its annual meeting at South Haven; from G. 8. Woolsey, Secretary of the Calhoun County Agricul- tural Society to hold some meeting in the near future at Marshall, the guests of said society; from Weston Grange, through G. B. Horton, a similar inyita- tion; from H. W. Norton, Secretary of Farmers’ Union, Hudson, Lenawee county, an invitation of the same import. The invitation to hold the June meeting in Benton Harbor-was accepted for such date as the Berrien society ‘Should select. The remaining invitations were referred to the Executive Board for further action. STANDING COMMITTEES. President Lyon called attention to the fact that our by-laws allowed us to appoint standing committees upon various departments of work, and spoke -especially of the importance of filling the committees on the vegetable gar- ‘den and upon landscape gardening. Mr. Haigh spoke at some length upon the work that might be done in land- -scaping by the society, and was followed by Mr. Tracy, Prof. Beal, and others. 10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. By election Prof. W. W. Tracy was made chairman of the standing com- mittee on the vegetable garden, and Mr. R. Haigh chairman of the committee _ on landscape gardening, and each was given power to choose his own associates. It was understood that these committees were to be permanent, and that reports were to be expected annually, or more often as the circumstances might dictate. BRANCH SOCIETIES. The secretary made an extended report upon the formation of branch socie- ties. He reported working societies to the number of fourteen, while there were twelve more in process of formation. He thought the promises were good in this direction, and predicted, if the best effort was put forth, a useful future for the State society and its auxiliaries. After auditing accounts and some informal discussion upon society work, the meeting adjourned. THE SUMMER MEETING. HELD IN THE VILLAGE OF BENTON HARBOR, JUNE 7, 8, AND 9.— RECORD OF DISCUSSIONS AND TEXT OF PROMINENT PAPERS. In acceptance of an invitation from the Berrien County Horticultural Society, the State society met in its June convention in Benton Harbor. Antisdale’s hall had been secured for the occasion, and was tastefully deco- rated by a committee of ladies from Benton Harbor and St. Joseph. Ever- greens had been used profusely, and plants in pots, cut flowers and trailing vines were all successfully employed in rendering the hall a delightful place of meeting. There were visiting members from distant parts of the State, inciuding Grand Traverse and Oceana on the north, and Wayne and Lenawee on the south and east. Delegates were also present from Illinois and Indiana. Letters were received from a number of people who expected to be present, but were prevented by unforeseen circumstances. A number of these letters were read at the opening session, which occurred on the evening of June 7th, a few quotations from which are given in this connection : FROM MR. J. D. BALDWIN, ANN ARBOR: At our meeting last Saturday we appointed delegates to attend State meet- ing at Benton Harbor, but I fear from reports that none can go. I regret this because so many of our good friends came the same long road to meet with us last winter. Our zealin the good cause is not one whit abated, notwith- standing our fruit prospects for the coming season are by no means promising. We haye all of us lost a few peach, quince, and plum trees by the past hard winter,—generally on hills facing the west and southwest, or in depressed places where the drains could not carry off the surface water caused by the January thaw, on account of the frost below. The immediate prospects for fruit are about as follows: strawberries, rather less than a full crop; all hardy raspberries promising well; grapes everywhere first rate; hardy blackberries the same; apple trees blossomed full, but few are maturing, crop about one- fourth; peaches about the same with me, but in lower localities fine young orchards much less than one-fourth a crop. Hill’s Chili with me have stood the battle, and my five hundred trees will have nearly a full crop; cherries very few; pears perhaps one-half a crop. Lard and sulphur are not very effective against the curculios here and so they have taken possession of the plum crop. I wish to say a word on the third topic of your programme. We cannot 12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. expect with any degree of certainty to have so long a period favorable to fruit- growing as we have had for the past five years. ‘To guard against such winters as we had in’ 74 and ’75 and the one we have just passed through, we must put ont hardy plants and trees. From my experience, where the location is favorable, I believe we can get nearly every season a good crop of Snyder or T'aylor’s Prolific blackberries, also of Cuthbert, Gregg, and Henrietta raspber- ries; and as to peaches, the possibilities of Hill’s Chili are entirely unknown tous. If we can get a fair crop of them from budded trees after passing through such a winter as the past, what may we not expect with this reproduc- ing variety, when we run it through eight or ten generations of seedlings, rendering it, as we might expect, more hardy than it now is? I have thrown up my commission as a prophet, but will venture to say that if this thing is looked after as it ought to be, our children may hear of good peaches being grown in northern Minnesota. Yours truly, J. D. BALDWIN. FROM HENRY HOLT, OF KENT COUNTY. I am now in Lowell, Massachusetts, and have been in New England since April first, and shall not be liable to get home in time for your June conven- tion. I have noted some things which may be of interest to the Society. The canker worm is here, and they tell me it remains several years, then disappears for atime. When doing their best the fruit trees are alldenuded. The reme- dy is a paper band a foot wide smeared with printers’ ink. I was surprised in eastern Connecticut to see peaches that have stood perhaps 100 years still vigorous and blossoming with no sign of blight; and old apple orchards that flourished in my boyhood days now standing in the woods covered with moss, but still struggling for life and blossoming some. The pear crop through Rhode Island, about Providence and so on to Boston and Lowell, is very promising, but the apple crop is expected to be small, it being what they call the odd year. They inquire whether this cannot be remedied by thinning the fruit while the trees are young, or some other method. I notice that the Baldwin, which is the apple of this section, is almost entirely destitute of blossoms this year. Some other varieties are blossoming lightly. -I notice that peach trees, wherever there are any, are mostly killed, at least last year’s growth is dead. Yours, HENRY HOLT. FROM EDWARD BRADFIELD, ADA. A death in my family prevents attendance with you at Benton Harbor. One of the first, and certainly one of the best, meetings held by the society out of Grand Rapids, was held there, and we were so very agreeably entertained by the people there that I had hoped to enjoy a second edition of the whole affair. The first currant worm I ever saw in my life, I discovered on my bushes last week. I was taken all aback, not knowing how to treat them. Had heard of hellebore, but did not know how to use it. Asaperson ‘‘stalled’’ on the defini- tion of an uncommon word resorts to Webster’s Unabridged, so I resorted to the Pomological reports of the Society and soon found what I wanted in articles from President Lyon and others. Having nothing else at hand I dusted the leaves with a mixture, one part Paris green to thirty of fine flour. The next day not a worm was to be seen on those bushes, but plenty on some others. I THE SUMMER MEETING. 13 sent word to my daughter not to give away all her spare currants, as I was determined to kill the worms if I poisoned the currants. By the way, I have a copy of every report issued by the Society, and if I were just going on the stage instead of going off, | would not take $100 for these volumes. Wishing you a prosperous meeting and many accessions to your number, I am, Yours respectfully, EK. BRADFIELD. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. The address of welcome was given by Mr. 8. G. Antisdale, president of the village of Benton Harbor, an abstract of which is here recorded, as follows: *.-....|Dark' Red. —...- Large..-..- Sweet -=__ Near market, green tips. TSR lh a ee ee NCHEICU a. eeemee Salles Good..-.--.| Worthless. Captain Jack .....--.- Scarlet ._......|Medium-.--|}Good__-__..|Good. Chas. Downing...-.-.- Light......--..|Medium-.-_-|Medium_-.| Poor, white color. Champion... - 20:2. Dark Crimson..;Good_----. Good....-.;Home market. Crescent Seedling..-.| Bright Scarlet.| Medium--_-_|Poor-.-...-..| Worthless. Col. Cheeney .-------- Light Searlet..|Medium.__|Poor-_-.--...] Near market. Cumberland Triumph] Light Scarlet..|Large__.-..] Medium._-|Near market. Mmehesse:* 0.622025... Light Searlet..|Medium_._.;Medium...|Near market. Endicott, No. 2._.... Darksnedens-—- Large....-|Medium.-..| Near market, necked. iorest ‘Rose-.=.-....-. Bright Red....|Large...-. Goodeses: Near market. Ramer tie see OEP Ors Dull Red.___--- Medium. __|Poor-.-.---...| Worthless, Green Prolific...-.-..- Scarlets. 44252 Medium. _-|Poor-_-.-..-..] Near market. Great American_..... Dark Crimson-_|Large __.-.|Medium...| Near market. PMCUNG A Aen es GlOssyg eases. ss Good.-3— Coogee Near market. MMenhuck ye. 525222 32 SCarleb s22U2 22. Good 5272 Faire secsee Near market. Lennig’s White ...... Bicht. 552." Medium --|Best.-.----. Too light in color. Mon. of the West...-|Light Scarlet..| Large .....|Good-....-.|Near market. ress Wilder. ...<- -- Light Scarlet..|Large -..-.| Best.......| Near market. San pless see eee es Glossy Red____| Large --_..;Medium...| Near market. DriaveG andi: se. 2 Glossy Scarlet_|Large -_-..|Good--_.-_-. Good. Wilson’s Albany-..--- pcarleti see. Medium --|Good_--...|Good. The last two named on the list should be placed first as to order of merit when viewed in the light of market berries, for the following reasons: First, the Triumph De Gand is the best of all the large varietiesin combining all the requisites of a good shipping berry—size, color, and firmness. Last but not least, the Wilson’s Albany, our old reliable, well-tried friend, with its color and shape you are all familiar. In their eagerness to experiment with new varieties, I fear many that are growing the Wilson for market are giving it but shabby treatment, not giving it a fair chance to show its good qualities. They do not give it as good a piece of land as they find for their corn patch, neither do they give it as careful cultivation. Let me ask about the one or two dozen plants that you have received by mail at a cost of $3 or $5, or that some kindly disposed neighbor has obliged you with as a great favor. Do you take those plants and place them in the same field with your Wilsons? Oh, no. You place them in your garden in the best prepared soil, and probably apply an extra dose of some fer- tilizer for your favored plants. So they are planted, hoed, and watered, being tended with care. Is it to be wondered that your pets should reward you with a fine show of berries that throw your neglected Wilsons inthe shade? You feel you have ‘‘struck oil,’’ so to speak, and plow out the Wilson and plant your field with your new pet and ship to market. With it you write your com- mission man that you send him’a choice berry—a new variety—and that you expect a good price for it. Now, all successful commission men are good judges of human nature, think really more how they can hold your shipments than they do of abstract theories, and endeavor to answer more with the view to please you than to give their honest conviction. The result is that you plant more of what really proves to be, with field culture, an inferior market berry. I say next to the Triumph De Gand the Wilson has no rival worthy the name up to this date, having all the requisites for a good market and shipping berry. It is the most salable strawberry known. Its shipping qualities for 36 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. distant markets, its firmness, its color, its agreeable acid making it one of the best for preserving or canning purposes, and by selecting a rich, moist soil, good cultivation, renewing your plantation every one or two years, you have in the Wilson all the requisites of a profitable market strawberry. A word of caution to the planter of new varieties for market purposes: You are apt to be misled many ways, the source of which may not have been intentional, but neverthe- less affects your judgment. Tor instance, you have received 50c or $1.00 more for your fancy case above the market price of Wilsons; hence you hastily con- clude had your crop all been of your present pet variety you would have realized so many dollars extra. Just there is where you err. I doubt if there has been any of the large-sized, old time ‘‘ new varieties,’’ that did not realize to the shipper a better price for a few trial cases, above that paid for the gen- eral market berry of the day. Let me ask what has become of them? Why so many left so far behind in the race that their names even are lost to mem- ory? And those that have appeared of more recent date, why haye they lost the exalted position they once held in our estimation? Will these not surely follow in the wake of their predecessors if they do not prove to have the requisite merits already possessed by the Wilson? Allow me here to give an example. Let us take the Sharpless—one of our latest acquisitions—a berry that possesses apparently all the requisites of a successful candidate for pop- ular favor. Its large size, beautiful glossy red color, fair flavor, and moder- ate firmness gives it promise of success. Presuming some at least of my hearers are growing and will ship of this variety, you will without doubt get a much better price for the few cases you will ship this season, and why will you not continue to do so? Among many I will give this reason: There is a class of people in all our iarge cities with whom the price of an article is of secondary consideration to the gratification of their tastes or pleasure. That class will take of these first things at an advanced price. You receive the benefit of such from your commission man, you judge from those returns that this is the coming berry, and plant all possible, and so does your neighbor, and by the time the field crop comes in market, having had a touch of the Wilson manage- ment, and you realize from their sales, you find you do not get as much net proceeds per acre as does your neighbor that shipped select Wilsons. You ask why? Let me say the Sharpless is not for the million, but for the millionaires. They being few in number comparatively, the berry for the million holds its sway, is sold with the first morning sales, and shipped to distant points at highest market rates, while your pet Sharpless, Monarch, Boyden, Downing, Jucunda, etc., etc., are left to the chance sale, for a few of the best selections at a trifle above the Wilson, while the great bulk of them have to be forced off at lower rates to doubting buyers, and in a short time are neglected so that our poorest class of street peddlers will scarcely take them off the market even ata great reduction in price below the Wilson. You repeat ‘*‘ Why?’’ I can answer. The chief cause of their disfavor lies either in their poor, light color or their want of firmness; often both combined. You may say it is a matter of prejudice which can be overcome. How has it proved with the long host of pets of the past? Call it prejudice or any other name, they have all lost the proud position their originators fondly hoped for them. Gen- tlemen, facts are stubborn things. ‘The merchant cannot afford to take home the pale, sickly, half-ripe looking Downing and those of like color, or the Monarch or Boyden with its green tip, to lose 50c or $1.00 per bushel for the sake of educating the public taste. No, they prefer to take home a well- THE SUMMER MEETING. 37 ripened Wilson, that everyone likes and appreciates, which they can sell at a profit and not prove a total loss should they have to carry any over to the next day, which they know by experience they cannot do with any other variety. Should the Sharpless, one of the best of the newer claimants for public favor, both in color, size, and flavor, prove capable of superseding either the Tri- umph DeGand or the Wilson as a successful market berry, I shall be greatly surprised, for I do not at this date know of a berry capable of dethroning either the Wilson’s Albany or Triumph De Gand from the proud position they have maintained so many years. Mr. Webster, Benton Harbor: ‘There is no question but the Wilson is the berry for us to raise for the Chicago market. President Lyon: The Sharpless, I apprehend, for many purposes is a supe- rior berry, but I do not suppose anyone would think of growing it for a distant market. The advertisement for the Wilson is that it gets its color early, before getting anywhere near ripe, and thus can be put on the market ina firm state, even although when thus thrown upon the market in its half-ripe condi- tion it is hardly fit to eat. Mr. Steele: Ihave a correspondent in Ohio who has put out ten acres of Sharpless for Cincinnati market. Mr. Nowlend: How long has the Sharpless been tried? Mr. Lyon: In our own State only two years. Some one in the audience called for a rising vote upon the question, ‘‘ Have we anything as yet to supersede the Wilson for market purposes?’ ‘The con- vention voted almost unanimously in the negative. Mr. W. A. Brown made a very enthusiastic speech in favor of Wilson’s Albany, giving a brief history of the discussions upon the variety in the meetings of State society, and closed by saying: ‘‘ Notwithstanding the attempts to place this splendid old variety in the background, it still retains its place of honor. ‘The State society may mark it as they please, growers of new-fangled varieties may deride it as they will, still the Wilson will retain its position until a berry that can stand a long-continued test shall prove itself to have more excellent qualities.” A. L. Tucker, Chicago: As a commission merchant of considerable expe- rience I will say, that from outside the city, where we send the greater part of our stock, we get no orders save for the Wilson. The Kentucky may do for Cincinnati, but put up in their crates and sent here to Chicago, will not sell well. The finest Jucundas are raised on the hills of this county, but the variety will not grow except on special soils, and hence cannot be recommended. We sometimes get a fancy price for a few crates of a new sort sent to us, but this never lasted long. It takes a long time for any variety of fruit to get a permanent place in market, and it is difficult to displace it when once it takes a first position. Mr. Steele: I think the vote was taken too quickly. The Wilson may be the berry for Chicago market, but so much the worse for Chicago. In other cities there certainly is more money in other varieties. Mr. Gulley: We work for the money here in West Michigan. We do not raise strawberries for the fun of it, but to get a living. We are going to raise that variety which will give us the largest net income. We can grow three or four times as many Wilsons with same care and expense as we can of any other sort; this settles the question for us. 38 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY On motion, the question of fruit packages was next taken up, and Mr. W. A. Brown, of Stevensville, read an essay on FRUIT PACKAGES AND LEGISLATION CONCERNING THEM. The government of the United States formerly adopted the same system of weights and measure which prevailed in England. The several States have, by legislative enactments, designated the number of pounds which shall consti- tute the bushel of most dry measure products produced in the respective States. But the only recognized standard for the international exchange of the cereal and coarse mineral products of the country is the avoirdupois system of weights. The French metric system was, however, legalized by act of Congress, in 1866, but has only been adopted by California, and is coming into general use in other localities on the Pacific coast. The standard dry measure vf this country is theold Winchester bushel of England. It is used in measuring dry articles, such as grain, fruit, coal, salt, etc. The bushel contains 2,150 2-15 cubic inches, and the quart contains 67 1-5 inches. Wine measure is used in measuring all varieties of liquids, and contains 57? inches. With the exception of green fruits, all articles which are measured by dry measure are legally subjected to the avoirdupois system of weights, and, in fact, the dry measure system has become legally obsolete, unless retained for the sole purpose of constituting a legal measure for fruits. The inconvenience, confusion and fraudulent practices arising from the use of the old dry measure, has led to enactments which designate the number of pounds to the bushel of different grains and vegetables. But the incompati- bility of laws which constitute twenty-eight pounds of oats one bushel in Connecticut, while Washington Territory gives thirty-six; and Illinois forty pounds of buckwheat when little New Jersey heaps the measure to fifty pounds is an anomaly not easily understood. Fifty-six pounds of corn is given by all the States excepting Illinois and Missouri, which allow but fifty-two. Penn- sylvania is liberal with salt, giving eighty pounds per bushel, while Illinois strikes the measure down to fifty pounds. The discrepancies in the laws of the several States are irrevelant, however, as the laws of weight prevail in the sale of these products. Barrels are not measures of capacity, except when the multiple of a unit is in- dicated to designate their size, as 196 pounds of flour to the barrel, or 240 pounds to the barrel of lime. A barrel of apples is an indefinite quantity; it may require more or less in the different markets of the several States. New York requires eleven pecks to the barrel; other States demand the same standard, while Illinois recognizes no standard, and a barrel is a barrel in the Chicago market, be it more or less. The Michigan or eastern buyer for the western market, measures apples purchased from the producer in a low, wide bushel basket, which is made to hold, when heaped, five pecks. He orders his cooper to leave out a stave and make a straight, vertical barrel, of just two and one- half bushels capacity, into which he presses with artistic skill the two bushels of apples bought of the farmer. The city dealer recognizes the work of the professional apple packer at a glance; he knows the exact capacity of every form of barrel, but his experience has taught him that the small barrel which is well filled, and formed in such a manner as to hold every apple immovable in its place, will measure out more sound fruit than the cracker or sugar barrel, of three or three and a half THE SUMMER MEETING. 39 bushels capacity, which has been filled by the farmer in such a manner as to be subjected to all the abrasions and contusions incident to railway carriage. The large eastern markets positively require apple barrels to contain a given quantity, and the full-sized barrel, when well filled and handled, commands a premium in most western markets. Our text books and tables inform us in general terms that dry measure is used for measuring fruit; but no special laws exist which specify the varieties of fruits subject to such measurement, and it appears that unless the standard contents of the bushel are designated by the number of pounds contained therein, that we have no exact legal measurement for the perishable variety of fruits. Custom in different localities has sub- jected the measurement of berries to both dry and wine measure. Small dealers buy by dry measure and sell by wine measure, thus enhancing their profits, thereby incurring the ill-will of both producer and consumer. During the summer of 1861 D. N. Brown grew and marketed the first strawberries sent from St. Joseph to Chicago. He improvised a package and sent them to a man on State street who sold them for 50 cents per bushel. Within the next two years strawberries began to be appreciated, good prices were obtained, and quart boxes were imported from New Haven, Connecticut, which were placed in crates, and the packages returned or paid for. The first peach baskets used were made at Dowagiac, Michigan. 'They were intended to hold one-half bushel, and were made by hand As the fruit trade developed and the demand for fruit packages became largely augmented, large package manufactories were established, which, with the aid of newly discovered mechanical appliances, were enabled to supply the increasing demand. The requirements of the Chicago trade and the system of repacking fruit into small packages in Chicago coming into vogue, afew large fruit growers reduced their packages a little smaller than their neighbors, and as many fruit growers were persuaded that a small package of fruit would sell for as much or a little more than the larger packages, the reduction in size was cortinued, and fruit packages grew smaller and smaller and ‘‘ beautifully less.”’ The re-shipment of fruits necessitating the use of a ‘‘ give away” package, the scroll veneering wood machine was utilized, and the cut box inclosed ina strong case has proved the best package ever invented for economizing space and the shipment of small fruits. The question of the capacity of fruit packages has led to much bitter con- troversy between fruit dealers and consumers of fruit. This controversy culminated in the passage of an ordinance during the year 1877 by the common council of the city of Chicago which made it a misdemeanor to offer for sale in the city any green fruits in packages of a capacity which would not corres- pond with the even or aliquot parts of a bushel. All sorts and sizes of pack- ages continued to be shipped to Chicago, and were sold by commission men in violation of the ordinance. The city authorities attempted to enforce the law, but the commission men combined in self-defense, and the courts decided the ordinance unconstitutional and held that in the use of nondescript packages for the sale of fruit, fraud could not be implied if false representations were not made regarding the capacity of such packages. The evils entailed upon fruit interests in not being able to establish uniform packages was fully recognized by legitimate commission houses, package man- ufacturers, and fruit growers. The Michigan Lake Shore Fruit Growers’ Association and many fruit growers resolved to use the peck basket and the full quart berry box. Several manufacturers constructed new forms for full-sized 40 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. dry measure packages and stamped the capacity thereon. These packages are now used by a few fruit growers who ship under their names and brand each package with the capacity thereof, but the larger part of the small fruits grown in the St. Joseph region are now being shipped in the smaller package. Three sizes of small fruit boxes are now being manufactured in Michigan. The box in general use has a capacity of 60 cubic inches. The box used by the small fruit growers of southern Illinois presents a large surface, is of less depth than the Michigan box, and has a capacity of from 60 to 624 inches. Know- ing that the small box sells best, some of our manufacturers have recently pandered to the ‘‘snide’’ side of human nature by raising the bottom of the form of the full quart box to one inch. A three-fourths inch space below the bottom of the Michigan box is necessary. If heaped on the box the fruit will not be up to level measure when presented on the market, but all boxes having a space of more than three-fourths of an inch should be branded as a fraud wherever found. The use of small and attractive fruit packages for the retail trade is necessary, and the demand for small fruit packages has been largely augmented by re-packers and small dealers in our large cities, who buy fruits which have been transported long distances in large packages and re-pack and manipulate for the retail market. The re-packers and ‘‘snide’”’ dealers in Chicago use the Michigan package, and whatever sins of omission and commission are committed by re-packers are charged to Michigan fruit growers who use the same style of package. During the past winter the Berrien county Horticulturai Society has discussed at length the evils of the present fruit package system. The Society concluded that laws by several States, which should require the marking of every package used with the exact capacity thereof, would abolish the ‘‘snide’’ package, and a standard size would necessarily come into use. A committee was appointed by the Society to draft a bill and present the same to the legislature of Michi- gan and Illinois. President 'l'ate, chairman of the committee, forwarded copy of bill to our representatives at Lansing, when it was referred to the proper committee and was shorn of all provisions to make it effective, and finally tabled. The committee presented a copy of the bill toa Chicago member of the legislature of Illinois, where it was ignored on the ground that the people were asking for too many reformatory measures, and that the bill would obstruct the free and easy motion of the wheels of trade in the city of Chicago. Wher- ever legislation has been attempted by the several States for the purpose of establishing legal measures for perishable fruits, nothing has been accomplished, for the reason that no legal standard is recognized in any part of the country. Many contend that our soft, perishable berries should not be subjected to dry measure measurement; and as such fruits partake more of the fluid than of the solid ingredients, and as the custom of buying and selling berries by wine meas- ure has prevailed during a long time, they claim that the arbitrary establish- ment of the practically obsolete dry measure at this time would be inexpedient and unjust. All fruit growers will, however, concede that the establishment of a standard measure will conduce to their interests, and whatever system or ca- pacity of fruit package may be deemed preferable, all associations of fruit growers, all package manufacturers and dealers in fruits, should codperate for the purpose of establishing one system of fruit measurements, which shall be valid in the State and inter-State exchanges of all varieties of fruits. Mr. Lannin: The fruit growers down at South Haven patronize your pack- age establishments to some extent, and only recently sent in quite an order for THE SUMMER MEETING. Al packages, and I’ll be bound there is not one of what you term ‘‘snide pack- ages’? among them. How is this, any way? We made no particular order as to style. Why did they not send us some of the ‘‘shorts?’’ It seems strange you should have difficulty here; can’t you people of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor get full packages if you order them? I can not appreciate your great difficulties. If you order nothing but straight sizes it seems to me there will be no others used. Mr. Tate: There are Chicago commission men with us to-day, and I would like right well to hear from them on this subject. Mr. Mason: As I am called upon I will very concisely state my views. I believe in full, standard packages, and wish we had nothingelse. Whenever I have several sizes, and it is possible, I discriminate in favor of the straight sizes. But this is not an easy thing to do; when the market is understocked, everything goes off quickly and a little difference in size is not questioned. When the market is full we have an opportunity to grade, and always do so. But, gentlemen, suppose we have a number of consignments from various parties, and they all stand side by side. We have an offer of so much per basket for the lot. The price suits us and we take it. Of course our returns on the short baskets are the same as upon the full-sized ones. We must make them that way; we cannot do otherwise. The moment you ask us to grade, after we have made a sale, you are putting us on dangerous ground. The temptations are too great for chicanery. No, we must stop short of that or we would soon be in endless difficulties. My way would be to compel by law the manufacturers to make certain sizes of definite capacity. Mr. Tucker: There is money in the pockets of the fruit growers to keep up the standard of sizes. I have known consignments of apples from New York to Chicago to be in an undersized barrel. It reacts on the consignor every time. People like large barrels and will discriminate in their favor, and they are getting to know standard from short packages. » Secretary Garfield: Perhaps it is due the people here as well as myself that I make a statement concerning the progress of legislation in the direction of fruit packages the past winter at Lansing. A committee appointed by the Berrien county society sent up a bill very carefully prepared which I intro- duced, and it was referred to the committee on horticulture. That committee gave the bill a considerable amount of study, and after mature deliberation reported a substitute in the support of which they were unanimous. The bill was printed and scattered through the State among fruit growers. We received many letters concerning it; most of them were commendatory, but unfortu- nately the communications from a majority of the committee which sent up the original bill for introduction were of such a nature as to injure the chances of the bill. It passed committee of the whole without opposition, but owing to the lukewarmness of the very locality which had at first taken the aggressive steps on its final passage it was defeated by a very small vote. Hven then if the people of this region had been earnestly in its favor we could without doubt haye reconsidered and carried the bill, but with no enthusiasm here there was no attempt to resurrect it. I present you here a copy of the bill as reported. It reads as follows: A Bit to provide for marking the capacity on fruit packages. SEcTION. 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That hereafter fruit growers : or fruit dealers who shall offer for shipment or sale apples, pears, quinces, cranberries, or other fruits in barrels or half barrels, shall use the standard size of Michigan: 42 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Provided, That in case any other size shall be used, the capacity of the barrel shall be plainly marked on the head thereof in bushels or pecks and fractions thereof, dry measure, in letters and figures of not less than three-quarters of an inch in length. SEc. 2. All boxes, baskets, cases, and crates used by fruit growers and fruit dealers for packing fruit for sale within this State, or for shipment out of the State, shall have the capacity of the same plainly and ‘conspicuously marked or branded on the end or sides (other than the cover) in quarts or fractions thereof, dry measure. The figures and letters shall not be less than three-quarters of an inchinlength. Provided, That in case of grapes or other fruits usually sold by weight, the packages may be plainly marked or branded with the capacity in pounds avoirdupois and fractions thereof, computing fifty cubic inches, inside measurement, to be equal to one pound. SEc. 3. All crates and cases when used by fruit growers or fruit dealers to inclose smaller packages of fruit for sale or shipment, such as pint or quart boxes or baskets, shall have plainly and conspicuously marked or branded on the end of each case or crate the number of smaller packages within such case or crate, and the quantity they contain separately or in the aggregate, in pints or quarts and fractions thereof, dry measure, the figures and letters of such marking to be not less than three-quarters of an inch in Jength. Src. 4. Any person violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars, or imprisonment in the county jail not to exceed thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the court. Mr. Comings: I am in most hearty sympathy with our Secretary in his attempt to get a law that would be a start for us, and am sorry our discussion of this matter had not begun earlier that we might have been more united in our efforts. But we may by another term of the legislature have something matured that will harmonize all elements. I just wish to call the attention of the convention to the array of baskets here before us. Mr. Morton has samples of the old bushel, three peck, half bushel and peck baskets, and I lrave secured a line of the present baskets manufactured, which runs from a peck down to a quart and short quart, and no man, except he be an expert, can take one of them and tell its capacity from its appearance. I believe in legislation but think we should act discreetly and in unison with other States. The paper read by Mr. W. A. Brown was really a majority report of a com- mittee appointed by the Berrien County Horticultural Society. Mr. Robert C. Thayer, of Benton Harbor, presented a minority report, in the form of a paper, entitled HONESTY IN HORTICULTURE. The writer of the paper to which your attention is now invited has not waited until to-day to learn that a ‘‘ minority report’’ is not usually given that attention and consideration which is accorded to its older and more favored brother, but whatever he may lose in popularity is amply compensated for, in the sweet satisfaction of being on the other side, or, as some would put it, on the contrary side. At one of the meetings of our county society held in this place some time ago, when the subject of fruit packages was touched upon, our respected friend and neighbor, Thresher, told us he clearly remembered this same subject was discussed here at least sixteen years ago. Sixteen long years! and the great problem still remains unsolved! Men haye grown gray-headed, bald- headed, and I don’t know but some of us have grown ce in that time; boys have grown to be men, and girls have grown—why, girls have been born and grown up to womanhood, and some of the smartest of them have ‘‘ got mar- ried,’’ and to this day no living man can tell the head diameter or the bung diameter of an apple barrel until he takes a rule and measures the particular THE SUMMER MEETING. 43 individual barrel in question. Some questions of some importance have been answered in that time. Reconstruction, remonetization of silver, the resump- tion of specie payment, and again and again the people, by their suffrages, have decided who should be branded—I use the word understandingly, Mr. Presi- dent—who should be branded as President of the United States, and still the great question of how many sizes of peck baskets there may be still remains unanswered. Kings and emperors and empires have fallen, and devastating war has wasted vast provinces on either hemisphere, and many a brave man has gone forth to fight for a leader, or an idea, or his right, and returned not to receive the erectings and embraces that awaited him so long, and still the farmer of Michigan gathers his harvest in a quart box that holds about a pint and three-quarters, and then goes to Lansing and prays ‘‘ that he might be delivered of his adversary.” And now, as though life was too long and breath too plenty, we are invited to discuss this matter again, and I hold that we are fully competent to settle the question. Mr. President, it is sometimes said there are but two ways to doathing; one is right, the other is wrong. One way has been suggested, which I think is the wrong way; another way will be pointed out in this paper, which I think is the right way. The remedy already suggested is ‘‘the law,’? and I think the method is wrong. First, because similar laws, if such exist, are inade- quate and inoperative, and second, because it is incapable of completion, and third, because it is not needed. ‘To show that laws made for a similar purpose are inoperative, we have only to glance at some of the most familiar articles of trade. We have law to tell us the dimensions of a cord of wood, but there is scarcely a day in the year except Sundays that loads of wood are not sold in our streets and neither buyer nor seller knows how much wood there is only as he guesses at it. Soof the article of hay. It is true that in town, where it is convenient to do so, a large part of the hay is weighed before it is sold, but where there are no scales near, hay is sold by ‘‘ guessing it off.”’> Hverybody knows this to be true, but possibly it has not occurred to everybody that a remedy for this terrible state of things may be reached by just marking the farmers’ wagons in plain letters, ‘‘ This is a ton wagon,’’ and on the sleds, “«This is a three-cord sled.” ‘Then nobody would be cheated, and the wood- chopper’s reputation would be saved. Iam told we have a law which defines a ‘*bushel,’’? and tells how much space a bushel occupies, and now if any- body really knows how big a pile of apples it takes to make a bushel, I wish he would rise and explain. JI have been told that some men who buy apples largely on speculation have baskets with which they measure the apples out of the wagons that hold four and a half to five pecks. Perhaps some one will say he would have his apples measured in standard baskets. Well, perhaps he wouldn’t sell his apples. I know a man—I can give you his name and show you the house he lives in—who had apples to sell and ‘‘ he didn’t mean to be scalped in that way,’’ so he procured some standard baskets, loaded up a load of apples, put on his baskets, and went to market. The consequence was that he concluded to ship his apples to Chicago. They wouldn’t buy his apples. They won’t buy apples without they can measure them to suit themselves. A farmer told me last fall that he put 17 bushels of apples into his wagon and took them to market. They measured but 14. Well, that was not very bad, only a little over 17 per cent, I believe. JI don’t know how much they would have taken if we had no law to define what a ‘‘ bushel’? is. Iam told there is a law prescribing the quantity of cement that shall constitute 44. STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. a barrel, but our brother Comings told us one day that he had found that cement barrels had grown wonderfully less. So in regard to a barrel of land plaster. I remember I had occasion to buy a single barrel of plaster. I drew it home and took it out of my wagon alone and found I could lift it without much trouble, and not being very strong, I thought it must be light weight; so I weighed it and there were just 248 pounds net. I can’t tell you how thankful I was for the “‘law,’”’ for if it had not been for the law I don’t think that barrel would ~ have held more than a paint keg, just about enough to put on one row of potatoes. Now there is said to be a law about how much cider a barrel contains. Well, there are large quantities of cider made at Benton Harbor every year, but it is sold in kegs, and if anybody knows just how much cider there is in one of those kegs he knows more than anybody else knows. But we have been told that the great staples, such as meats and flour and whisky, are put up in packages made to conform strictly to the law. So far as whisky is concerned I cannot speak advisedly, never having lifted a half tumblerful to see whether it was full weight or not, and shall have to defer to the superior judgment of the majority. So far as beef and pork are concerned I have to say that if there are always just 200 pounds in a barrel it is because it is convenient that a barrel should hold that or some other known quantity, and I believe that in these articles as well as in flour and whisky and some other things which perhaps might be mentioned, the general conformity to law is only apparent and not real—that it is done for convenience and not in obedi- ence to law; and again, it should be borne in mind that no fair comparison can be drawn between these staples and fruit, for these among other reasons: First, that single transactions in these commodities are of vastly greater mag- nitude than in fruit; second, that fruit is extremely perishable, while the other articles undergo very little change during a long time except under remarkable and unlooked-for circumstances, and, third, with fruit the seller and buyer are often brought together, while with the others the seller and buyer are very often hundreds or thousands of miles apart. Another thing is to be said: While I do not know but what every barrel of beef or pork is branded in accordance with law, I do know that thousands of barrels of flour are sold without any brand whatever, either of manufacture or weight. If gentlemen will make inquiry at St. Joe mills they will find this to be true even in law- abiding Michigan. I, myself, have bought flour by the barrel at retail without any brand whatever. So, Mr. President, I have attempted to show that these laws, if any such exist, are inoperative and inadequate. I told you that my second reason for believing the same as a remedy to be wrong, was that it is incapable of completion, for if it was to be completed it would embrace in its provisions every article, or thing, or substance, or privilege, or right, which it is or can be possible for one person to convey by sale to another person, and I hold that that is practically impossible. We shall not have proceeded many steps on this endless road before we begin to meet with difficulties. A very few every day illustrations will show it. Some of my neighbors are engaged to some extent in raising asparagus to sell. You know how it is prepared for market. The stalks are tied in bunches, what a man can grasp in his hand being a ‘‘ bunch,” and the bunches are seld by the dozen, and sometimes bring a very good price, as high as $2.50 to $3.00 per dozen. Well, moved by the generous impulses of their big hearts they sometimes make the bunches pretty large, and I have heard that the commission men write them that they THE SUMMER MEETING. 45 make them too large, so large that the retailers found it profitable to repack them by taking two bunches and packing them into three bunches. Now isn’t this a case that demands the attention of the legislature? If you make a law to fix and establish the dimensions of a basket of peaches or grapes that sells for twenty-five cents, ought it not to fix and establish the dimensions of a bunch of asparagus that sells for twenty-five cents? or a string of onions? or a head of lettuce? If that is not logic won’t you tell me why it isn’t logic? And if your law fixes and establishes the size and dimensions of a basket of peaches and a basket of grapes, and a bunch of asparagus, and a string of onions, and a head of lettuce, why must it not fix and establish the size and dimensions of a twenty-five cent cigar? If that is not logic won’t you please tell me why it isn’t logic? And if you are going to fix the size of a box of strawberries that sells for a nickel, won’t you tell me why you should not fix the size of a drink of whisky which sells for adime? And so much the more as there are ten drinks of whisky sold for one box of strawberries. And so on, as I said before, . to every namable thing or substance or privilege which it is possible for one party to convey by sale to another party. You can’t do it, gentlemen; your law is incapable of completion. Law! Why, Mr. President, law is not for us; it is not for independent farmers. Law is for renters and horse jockeys and for men that want to get divorced from their wives. Examine our court records and see if this is not true that I tell you! No, no, it is not for us! But I think I had a third reason for believing the proposed remedy to be the wrong way. Yes, it was this, that the law is not needed; and I am quite sure, Mr. President, that you will agree with me that the law is not needed when the method I propose is adopted. What method do I propose? It is honesty ! ** Ah!” you say, ‘‘is that all?’’ ‘*That is the saint’s ideal as he muses upon prophecy and peers through the darkness to catch the first gleam of the millennial dawn. It is not adapted to the latitude of Michigan and Chicago, nor to this striving, struggling last quarter of the nineteenth century.’’ Is it a vision? I hold it to be eminently practical. It is a well-founded axiom that ‘‘what one man has done another may do.’? A member of this society last year put twenty pounds of Concord grapes, sixteen ounces to the pound, guar- anteed weight, into an attractive package, forty or fifty a day, six days in the week, week in and week out, and shipped them to the Chicago market. They sold for a dollar and forty cents; while the rest of us put thirteen or fourteen scant pounds in a fifteen pound box and they sold for thirty-five to eighty cents, just as the buyer was ‘‘posted’’ or was not posted. Do you suppose, sir, that that man cares what kind of a package you, or Mr. Tate, or Mr. Comings, or anybody else ship your fruit in? No, sir, he does not give a—Mr. President, I was going to say he does not give a ‘‘continental,’’ but I stopped just in time. And you never hear him whining about commission men or ‘‘scalpers,’’? or ‘‘repackers.”? Repackers! You don’t suppose any of that fruit was repacked on South Water street! I suppose only a small portion of it ever went there— sold before they could haul it there, and I would almost venture the assertion that his this year’s crop is sold while the little starry blossoms are opening on the vines. And there is no royalty on honesty; no patent; there is no exclusiveness about it. The way is open to all of us, but you cannot legislate a man honest; you cannot legislate grace into a man’s heart; men are not saved that way. I said the law was not needed, but, Mr. President, there is sore need of hon- esty, and on the east shore, too. Of whom did the secretary of our local society, 46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. David, purchase some peaches last fail to send to a friend in Chicago, and in some way circumstances got the better of his friend’s courtesy, and he was obliged to reveal the fact that the peaches were almost worthless, except a few good ones on top? It wasa Michigan farmer. Who was it that told me his peaches were mostly small, that he hardly got large ones enough to top out his baskets? It was another Michigan farmer. Who ships berries packed in the bottoms of the boxes instead of the tops? Michigan farmers have done it. Who stood on this floor at one of our local meetings not three months ago and declared that in opening a barrel of apples only a few days before, in his own cellar, for his own use, packed in his own orchard by his own hired help, he found the two heads to be fine stock and all the rest worthless culls? Had one of those naughty scalpers from South Water street raided our beautiful penin- sula State and got away with our reputation? No; it wasa Michigan farmer that time! Where did my neighbor buy apples to ship to a southern city two or three years ago, and lost heavily on them because they were ‘‘ snide-packed ?”’ and who shipped two cars of apples to a northern city only last fall, and on . their arrival his consignee wrote him that it would not be easy to dispose of such stock, and that he had better come up and see about it? Were they packed in Chicago? Mr. President, you can stand at one of the windows of this hall and almost pitch a New Testament into the very sheds where the jobs were done. ‘Those apples grew in orchards whose treetops have been more than once lighted up by the flames of blazing churches in Bentom Harbor. Churches! Warehouses! Manufactories! Dwellings! Ships sunk in the lake, and dead men, stark and stiff, on the wet sand! Logical sequences? Gentlemen will arrange that matter just exactly to suit themselves. I have sometimes questioned whether, after all, there may not be such a thing as eternal justice, and if there is, the wonder is to me that one stone is left upon another that is not thrown down. Evening Session. ‘ Meeting was called to order by the President soon after eight o’clock, who explained that a meeting of the Executive Committee rendered it necessary that the President and Secretary be absent. Vice President Lannin was called to the chair and H. G. Reynolds officiated as Secretary pro tem. The ques- tion of FRUIT PACKAGES AND THEIR SIZES was discussed and Mr. Comings addressed the meeting at some length, giving an epitome of the history of the gradual change in packages in Berrien county. He closed’ by offering the following preamble and resolutions, which were adopted one by one and then as a whole: WHEREAS, The common use of a great variety of sizes of barrels, boxes, and bas- kets for shipping and selling fruits and vegetables, has become a great evil, not only to consumers, but to all dealers and growers; AND WHEREAS, We believe the branding or marking of all fruit or vegetable barrels or packages with their actual capacity will tend to do away witha great portion of the fractional sizes now in use, and will tend to the adoption of a few standard sizes, which if so branded with actual capacity, will remain in general and common use in all the States, to the great benefit of the business; AND WHEREAS, We believe this may be accomplished by a united effort of all the principal dealers and growers, as well as manufacturers of barrels and packages; THE SUMMER MEETING. AY AND WHEREAS, The original and common idea of a barrel as a package of meas- ure for fruits or vegetables. was to contain three bushels; and as this size is the most desirable for export trade and is preferred in our principal markets, and this capacity is almost unanimously adopted by the cranberry growers, east and west; and as the “flour barrel” size is by law made the standard size in Michigan, and the flour barrel is a staple article of manufacture and sale, and after being used for flour is still of use and value for fruit and vegetables, and as the “ flour barrel” size holds about three bushels of coarse fruits and vegetables when properly pressed for shipment; AND WHEREAS, Such an effort at reform should be carefully discussed at meetings of all horticultural or pomological societies, therefore be it Resolved by this Society, That we recommend a united effort among fruit and veg- etable dealers and growers in all the States, to adopt a uniform system of branding all fruit and vegetable barrels with their actual capacity in bushels, pecks, or quarts, or fractions thereof, dry measure. Resolved, That we recommend that steps be taken in the legislatures of the sev- eral States to pass laws regulating this system of branding such packages to make it uniform in all the States. Resolved, 'That we recommend the size of barrel to be used for shipping or selling apples, pears, quinces, oranges, potatoes, onions, sweet potatoes, and such large fruits or vegetables as are usually shipped or sold in barrels, to be the “flour barrel” size, viz: 1744 inch head, and 281¢ inch stave, 20144 inch bilge outside, and that this size of barrel be branded or marked upon the head “ standard ” or “ flour barrel,” and that we recommend all other sizes to be branded as fractional sizes, or with actual capac- ity in bushels or pecks and fractional parts thereof—dry measure. Resolved, That we recommend the following sizes as being of sufficient variety to meet all the requirements of trade for shipping and selling peaches, pears, crab- apples, grapes, tomatoes, and such fruits and vegetables as are usually shipped and sold in boxes, or baskets, viz: 1 bushel box or basket, 1¢ bushel, 1 peck, 6 quarts, 4 quarts; and these sizes be plainly marked or branded with actual capacity. Resolved, That we recommend for special boxes or baskets for shipping or selling grapes, the following sizes, viz: 5 lbs., 10 lbs., 15 1bs., and 20 lbs.; and that these sizes be generally adopted and plainly branded with capacity; and that in branding such with capacity in lbs.,50 cubic inches be estimated as equal to 1 1b. of capacity. Resolved, That we recommend cases containing 12, 16, and 24“ full quart ” boxes, or equivalent in“ full pint” boxes for shipping and selling small berries, such as straw- berries, raspberries, blackberries, etc., and that such cases be plainly marked or branded upon the end with number of such boxes contained therein, and ‘“ full quarts” or “ full pints” also plainly marked or branded upon the end of such cases. Resolved, That we invite the codperation in this reform of all fruit and vegetable growers and dealers in the several States, and the manufacturers of barrels and fruit packages; and the discussion of this reform in all Horticultural or Pomological Societies in the several States. Resolwed, That the names of such manufacturers as will furnish packages marked in accordance with these resolutions and will help to carry out this reform be published with these resolutions and in the reports of this society for the next two years. In the discussion of the resolutions there was a good deal of earnest argu- ment, and sometimes the convention was not in the best of temper. After the adoption of the resolutions a member jocosely moved that the members of the Berrien County Horticultural Society before shipping any more short packages solemnly consider the action of this evening. Mr. Tate suggested that members of the State society might well be included. Adjourned to 9 o’clock Thursday morning. Thursday Morning Session. The morning session was opened by the reading of letters received by the Secretary from absent members. A resolution was adopted instructing the Secretary to correspond with the new Commissioner of Agriculture and express to him the desire of the Michigan 48 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Horticultural Society that Prof. Comstock be retained as government ento- mologist, inasmuch as he accomplished such excellent work for horticulture in his department. The following resolution was unanimously adopted : Resolved, That this society endorse the main features of the bill presented in our legislature by Representative Garfield, entitled “A billto provide for marking the capacity on fruit packages,” and that the President do now appoint a committee of three whose duty it shall be to do all in their power toward securing the passage of this bill or its equivalent by ordinance in the city of Chicago and by enactment in the State legislatures of Illinois and Michigan. The President announced as such committee S. H. Comings, chairman; A. R. Nowlend and Joseph Lannin. The next topic taken up for discussion was YELLOWS LEGISLATION. Secretary Garfield was called upon to explain the work done by the present legislature. He spoke substantially as follows: In dealing with a contagious disease, whether among men, animals, or plants, arbitrary measures must necessarily be taken. Men skilled in the law are very careful about making police regulations to enforce a law, and hence, heretofore, all legislation in regard to the disease known as the yellows has been so hedged about by provisions invented by men who knew nothing about the ravages of the disease, that the intent of the law has been well nigh neutralized. The South Haven people who have been most persistent in the enforcement of what has been termed the yellows law felt that unless some method could be taken to make more summary proceedings, the law would be of little avail, and still they feared any material innovation would be unavailing. They sent up a few slight amendments to the law which were introduced in form of a bill by Sen- ator Ford of VanBuren. After consulting with Mr. Ford and the representa- tives from Berrien county, I concluded it would be best to build up an entirely new law that would meet the wants of the peach growers. Isat down to the work, and through the aid of kind friends who were more skilled in wording enactments than I, a short, direct law was drawn up. ‘Those having charge of the senate bill kindly held it in abeyance until our bill should be discussed in the house. The committee on horticulture reported unanimously in its fayor and it met with only good words on the part of the house. It was reported to the senate and was quickly passed by that body, and is nowa law. As far as I have corresponded with peach growers concerning it I am satisfied it meets their approbation. The following is the text of the law as it now stands: SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall be unlawful for any person to keep any peach, almond, apricot or nectarine tree infected with the contagious disease known as the yellows, or to offer for sale or shipment, or to sell or ship to others any of the fruit thereof; that both tree and fruit so infected shall be subject to destruction as public nuisances, as hereinafter provided, and no damages shall be awarded in any court in this State for entering upon premises and destroy- ing such diseased trees and fruit, if done in accordance with the provisions of this act; and it shall be the duty of every citizen, as soon as he shall become aware of the existence of such disease in any tree or fruit owned by him, to forthwith destroy or cause the same to be destroyed. Sec. 2. In any township in this State in which such contagious disease exists, or in which there is good reason to believe it exists,or danger may be justly appre- hended of its introduction, as soon as such information becomes known to the town- THE SUMMER MEETING. 49 ship board or any member thereof, it shall be the duty of said board to appoint forthwith three competent freeholders of said township as commissioners, who shall hold office during the pleasure of said board, and such order of appointment and revocation shall be entered at large upon the township records. Src. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within ten days after appoint- ment as aforesaid, to file their acceptance of the same with the clerk of said township and said clerk shall be ex officio clerk of said board of commissioners, and he shall keep a correct record of the proceedings of said board in a book to be provided for the purpose, and shall file and preserve all papers pertaining to the duties and actions of said commissioners, or either of them, which shall be a part of the records of said township. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioners, or any one of them, upon or without complaint, whenever it comes to their notice that the disease known as yellows exists or is supposed to exist within the limits of their township, to proceed without delay to examine the trees or fruit supposed to be infected, and if the dis- ease is found to exist a distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the diseased trees and the owner notified personally, or by a written notice left at his usual place of residence, or, if the owner be a non-resident, by leaving the notice with the person in charge of the trees or fruit, or the person in whose possession said trees or fruit may be. The notice shall contain a simple statement of the facts as found to exist, with an order to effectually remove and destroy, by fire or otherwise, the trees so marked and designated within ten days, Sundays excepted, from the date of the service of the notice, and shall besigned by all the commissioners; and incase of fruit 80 infected, such notice shall require the person in whose possession or control it is found to immediately destroy the same or cause it to be done. Src. 5. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with the order to remove and destroy the trees marked by the commissioners, as aforesaid, it becomes the duty of the commissioners to cause said trees to be removed and destroyed forthwith, employing all necessary aid for that purpose, the expense for such re- moval and destruction of trees to be a charge against the township; and for the purpose of said removal and destruction the said commissioners, their agents or workmen, shall have the right and power to enter upon any and all premises within their township. Sec. 6. If any owner neglects to remove and destroy, or cause to be removed and destroyed, as aforesaid, such diseased trees or fruit after such examination and noti- fication, and within the time hereinbefore specified, such person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both, in the discretion of the court; and any justice of the peace of the township where such fruit is sold, shipped or disposed of, as aforesaid, shall have jurisdiction thereof. Src. 7. ‘The commissioners shall be allowed for the services, under this act, two dollars for each full day and one dollar for each half day, and their other charges and disbursements, hereunder to be audited, as well as any other charges and disburse- ments under this act, by the township board, all of which costs, charges, expenses, and disbursements may be recovered by the township from the owner of said dis- eased fruit, or from the owner of the premises on which said diseased trees stood, in an action of assumpsit. Sec. 8. Act number thirty-two of the session laws of Michigan for eighteen hun- dred and seventy-nine is hereby repealed. Over an hour was taken up in the discussion of the yellows as a contagious disease, but no facts were elicited that cannot be found in the transactions of this society. Mr. Morton gave a short history of fruit growing at Benton Harbor, and by vote of the society was requested to write out the same, which may appear upon a subsequent page of this volume. The discussions of the morning were closed by a short account of some of the newer strawberries by President Lyon. The society again repaired to Grange hall, where a bountiful repast had been provided by the ladies of the grange and others who assisted them in the enterprise. After dinner Mr. H. G. Reynolds, chairman of the committee on resolutions, made a very neat little speech recounting what had been done for fh 50 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the comfort of visiting members, and thanking all who had so generously aided in making our visit a most agreeable and profitable one. Before repairing to convention hall the following poem entitled THE APPLE was read by Mr. U. B. Webster, and very pleasantly closed the dinner hour. A tribute to this fruit I bring, And tune my lyre its praise to sing. O’er all the earth, in cold or heat, There’s nothing with it can compete; For every day throughout the year It greets the eye, and gives us cheer. From east to west, the world around, In every mart this fruit is found, And all the nations of the earth Appreciate its priceless worth. All undisputed and alone It sits a monarch on the throne, And all the other fruits give way And yield to its triumphal sway. ‘To man it comes with blessings rife, And peerless as the “ staff of life.” The peach may boast its luscious taste; The pear may sound her clarion notes; The plum may chant her worth in haste, And grapes in purple,ruby coats, And cherries sweet, and sour, too, And berries brought with studious care, Their virtues loud may sing to you,— But where are they? Oh, tell me! where? Oranges, from the tropics, call, And all the foreign fruits by sea; Go search the world—this fruitful ball,— And bring its choicest stores to me: My apple will the chieftain stand, A very king o’er all the band. Then let us sing the apple’s praise, And loud the song of triumph raise. Fall keepers from the cellar, we May place beside those from the tree. The Russet, picked by careful man, Extends its hand to Astrachan ; Or noted Baldwin, kept by you, Says to the Primate, “ How d’ye do?” The early Harvest, sour and sweet, Old Cooper’s Market come to greet; While Rawles’ Janet, though worthless here, In lower climes will keep a year. In “Old Kentuck,” Missouri, too, . Ben Davis heads the list for you. While down in Arkansas, ’tis said, They swear by that *Kentucky Red. Old Empire in her hand will bring That famous Tompkins County King, Or say to us, ‘*’twill keep you nippin’” To beat our noted Newtown Pippin; And then for cooking, or an eater, Rhode Island brings in her “ world beater ;” This apple you will surely find Js known to all the woman kind, EEE EERE REEREEEEE * Kentucky Red is a local name for Ben Davis. THE SUMMER MEETING. 51 While Ortly, from New Jersey’s limbs, Has twenty-seven synonyms. The “ Blue Hen” also makes us hush, And holds aloft her “ Maiden’s Blush,” Whose name is most appropriate, And worth—we cannot overrate— Which in its season ‘‘leads the van;” Go try and beat it, if you can. Our apple is a staple now. Like meat and grain, for foreign trade, And should you ask, ’'l] tell you how Its value thus to us was made. And how, you ask, has this been done,— Such benefits to all who live— Such glorious results—how won? The answer, here, to-day we give: Progression is the word which tells,— The secret of the good we know: For earnest thought and action swells The list of blessings here below. Afternoon Session. President Lyon in opening the afternoon session called attention to the meeting of the American Pomological Society early in September and read the following enactment of the legislature providing an appropriation for the expense of an exhibit of Michigan horticultural products at that meeting: Joint resolution to provide for the exhibition of the horticultural and pomological productions of this State at the exhibition of the American Pomological Society, to be held in Boston in 1881, Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan, That the Governor be and he is hereby empowered to provide for the collection and display of specimens of the horticultural and pomological productions of this State at the exhibition of the American Pomological Society to be held in the city of Boston during the autumn of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-one: and that the sum of one thousand dollars be and is hereby appropriated from the general fund for such purpose, to be expended under the direction of the Governor. Mr. Lyon said a commission * would soon be appointed to take in charge the exhibit, and he hoped all interested in Michigan horticulture would lend a helping hand. The Secretary announced that the annual fair would be held with the State Agricultural Society in Jackson, September 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, and asked that there be a great exhibit of our fruits there. The first topic for discussion in the afternoon was STEPS TOWARD THE ORNAMENTATION OF SCHOOL GROUNDS. Mr. W. W. Tracy was called out, and in a brief, pithy address spoke of the attention that people gave unwittingly to beautiful things. He said one-half the labor in the world is expended to please the eye. Wherever we go, in whatever place we may be we see the results of attempts to render something more comely and beautiful. But avery large measure of this labor and an immense amount of money are squandered in fruitless attempts at embellish- *The commission named by the Governor were T. T. Lyon, South Haven; J. G. Ramsdell, Tray- erse City; W.J. Beal, Lansing; W. K. Gibson, Jackson; E. H. Scott, Ann Arbor. 52 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ment. ‘This is because people have no ideals of beauty. They never have been taught the principles upon which beauty rests. A person who is skilled in this direction always finds employment. There is a demand for his labor at a good remuneration. A single instance was given in illustration. A large dry goods firm in Detroit pays the man who arranges its show windows the highest salary paid in the whole establishment. People only get to be expert in this direction by long study and contact with beautiful things and tasteful combinations. In childhood is the time to develop appreciation of beauty through constant study of types of beauty. Mr. Tracy called attention to the methods in which this kind of education was made to pay in the arts and mechanics, and said Americans were in advance of many other nations in the utilization of the beautiful. Children have an intuitive love of the beautiful and it requires but little exertion to train them in this direction. They delight in flowers, and we unconsciously associate sunshine, children, and flowers together. Here he gave some delight- ful illustrations from child life that had come under his observation showing how intensely interested children may become in the study of beautiful things and their combinations. He lastly called attention to the efforts of the society in awakening people to the importance of making school grounds attractive and getting the children interested in the development of the decorations in and about the school-house. He spoke at length of the offer made by D. M. Ferry & Co., in this direction, afull account of which will be found on a future page of this report. Following Mr. Tracy’s address Mrs. R. C. Tate read the following paper prepared by her husband, entitled EXTERNAL EMBELLISHMENT OF RURAL HOMES, AND ITS REFINING INFLUENCES. No home, no matter how poor and lowly, should be devoid of natural and artistic ornaments. Nor can a mansion be so grand in its internal embellish- ments as to make external ornamentation undesirable. The dwelling may be never so small and unpretentious,—if the surroundings are tastefully arranged and well taken care of, so that all interested will enjoy its beauty, then each will exclaim with the poet, ‘‘'There’s no place like home.”’ The great piles of stone, brick, lumber and mortar, when combined to form the edifice, do not make the home, no more than the flesh, the blood, and the bones when arranged as nature intended, make the man. In the latter case as in the former the soul is wanting. We must add to the structure the embodi- ments designed by our personal tastes, and these impart to it the spirit of life which emanates from the soul, and through our attachments and natural affec- tions it becomes our home both in fact and in name. Let us for a moment imagine that we are dealing with a structure yet with- out life, and see if we can devise a little simple embellishment that will make it attractive and home-like. If there are already any ornaments in the form of trees, shrubs, or flowers, let us first decide if they are such as will harmonize with the additional embellishments we are about to introduce; if not then re- moye them at once. If the ground around the dwelling has a rough and uneven surface let it be graded so as to make the descent from the front and either side as near equal as possible, at the same time removing all half-dead trees and unsightly objects that may be in the way. ‘This done, the next thing is to lay out the walks, which should be of sufficient width to allow of two per- THE SUMMER MEETING. dd sons walking abreast, without coming in contact with the borders on either side. And if, as is common, the gateway has been established directly in front of the main entrance to the dwelling, then draw a straight line from the center of the doorway to the corresponding center of the gate, and arrange your bor- ders on either side of the line, so as to give a walk five or six feet wide. When the walk is completed to the front door, then let it gradually curve around the house to the rear entrance, to the well, the barn-yard, and the out-buildings. Lay the margins of the walks with good, solid turf, forming a green border at least three feet wide and about three inches above the level of the walks, and never plant shrub or flower within the limits of this margin. However, if the gateway can be arranged so as to enter a few rods to the right or left of the center, or both, the walks can then be arranged in a winding or serpentine form, which is in better taste, and admits of more artistic ornamentation. Now that our walks have been provided for, let us see how we shall arrange our natural ornaments, which are trees, shrubs, and flowers. We will first plant the trees. These should be thrown to the two extreme boundaries of the right and left, but none directly in front of the dwelling, and should be allowed to extend around on either side past the dwelling to the vicinity of the barn- yard, which should invariably be in the rear of the house, and a reasonable dis- tance therefrom. Never plant a tree so near the dwelling as to in after years prevent the free access of the sun’s rays to every apartment occupied by the family. The taller growing trees should be planted further from the center, and the smaller and slower growing varieties a little nearer. A few evergreens might be interspersed with good effect, but profuseness should be carefully avoided. To the right and left of the center, and near the tree line, neat little rustic bowers or arbors might be erected, and when thoroughly covered with Virginia creeper, wistaria, or clematis, become a desirable retreat from the scorching rays of the summer sun. The more central portion of these grounds should be dotted over here and there with roses and such of the finer flowering shrubs as will bear careful and artistic pruning, and will not become unsightly by a superfluous growth of suck- ers. And at convenient distances from the walks a few neat and well arranged flower beds should be made a leading feature. It is from these that your daugh- ters will take their early lessons in the refining study of natural beauties. In addition to these the porches might be adorned with climbing roses, ivy, and wistaria, and out-buildings and other unsightly objects transformed into things of beauty. This will impart to your dwelling both the spirit and the soul of refinement, and will not only be a source of pleasure to the family, but will attract the attention of the cultivated and refined as they pass. And when the spring comes the forest songsters will be attracted there, and gladden your homes with their sweet melodies. Having taken you thus far in my course of embellishment, I will now intro- duce to you the home of Thomas Orderly, and see if we can there be instructed in the manner of taking care of our external surroundings. But here comes the farmer and his good wife on their way to the village. ‘‘Good afternoon, Mr. and Mrs. Orderly,’’ say we. ‘‘A very good afternoon to you, young gen- tlemen,”’ replies Mr. O., and a cordial shaking of hands follow, with ‘‘ We are very glad to see you,’? and many more kind words from the great-hearted farmer and his wife, and an invitation to walk in and visit with the chickens who, he says, are just about to begin their Saturday afternoon scratching in the door-yard (the farmer frequently calls his boys and girls chickens, from their 54 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. custom of scraping around and picking up things, and of which he is justly proud). He says we may play overseers for an hour or two, while he drives Mrs. O. down to town to dispose of her butter and eggs, and make a few pur- chases for household requirements; with this the farmer drove away at a spank- ing rate, assuring us that he would be back soon. But before entering, let us take a peep over the fence and see what the farm- er’s chickens are doing. Yes, there is Harry, a fine, manly young fellow of eighteen; he has just set his line and now commences with a sharp spade to pare the edges of the border, while the two younger, Frank and Charlie, boys of fourteen and twelve, are taking turns about with a light-running lawn mower. How smooth and close they clip the grass. Why, it looks for all the world like a bed of green velvet. Note how carefully they run around the rose bushes and shrubs, and never even injure a leaf. But look yonder, there indeed is a sight for a picture. The farmer’s two blooming daughters; what a glorious picture, indeed. Rose, a prepossessing brunette just out of her teens, and Lillie, a piquant blonde, with bright golden hair and soft blue eyes, and a complexion partaking of the rose and the lily ; she is sweet sixteen to-day, and the younger brothers, to mark the occasion, have bedecked her head, neck, and shoulders with the brightest flowers of the garden. Rose has just mounted the step ladder and isin the act of tying up some climbing roses on the front of the veranda, while Lillie, with hand trowel and fork, is engaged in cultivating and weeding a bed of many colored tulips. And all appear happy and joyous, each having both a pride and a pleasure in the work they are performing. But it is not good taste to be thus hiding ourselves when in such close prox- imity to others. Let us go in and enjoy all those beauties together. Every thing here seems to charm the senses—the trees are greener, the flowers smell sweeter, the birds sing more joyous, and everything seems to partake of the innocence of Eden. We enter and are cordially received by the young ladies and the young gen- tlemen also, for be it known to you that the farmer’s children are both ladies and gentlemen in the fullest sense of the term. With the farmer and his excellent wife no opportunity is lost to improve the mind as well as the farm. His whole labor is governed by system, and order drops into every department of his affairs. Te His custom is to devote five days of the week to his regular farm labor, and when Saturday comes he and the boys take hoe, rake and wheelbarrow and repair to the vegetable garden, where the forenoon isspent in giving everything a thorough cultivation; weeds are then raked up and removed to the compost heap or manure pile. While this is being done Mrs. O. and the girls are attending to the duties of a weekly cleaning up; that is the whole house must be thoroughly swept and dusted, and dinner must be on the table at high twelve, and all are looking forward with pleasure to an afternoon out. In the afternoon Mr. and Mrs. O. go to town, as we have seen, while the young folks attend to the cleaning up out of doors, that everything, them- selves included, shall look their best on the Sabbath. But as Harry has finished his borders we find him engaged with the hoe scraping off such weeds as may have presumed to show their heads in the walks, and the younger boys follow with rake and barrow to complete the work. Rose and Lillie having tied up the climbers and with trowel and fork stirred THE SUMMER MEETING. 55 up the earth of the flower beds and around the rose bushes and shrubs, and clipped off here and there the straggling branches, now retire to the kitchen to prepare the evening meal, that supper may be ready when father and mother return. A few moments later and the farmer with his fine team of grays turns into the lane that leads to the barn-yard and stops near the house, where the boys are waiting to take charge of the horses. After they have alighted and the packages have been transferred from the wagon to the store-room, the farmer leads the way to the stables, where he exhibits with pride his fine horses, sleek and fat cattle, sheep and swine in perfection; then his chickens and turkeys, and last, but not least, his pigeons. In the latter he takes great delight, and says it takes a few of them to give life to a barn-yard. After a delicious supper has been served, and an hour of social chat with the family, we take our leave with the promise to come again ere long. And as we journey homeward we find ourselves propounding the following questions: Have we not seen to-day the real foundation from which springs the most ennobling characters of men and women? Is it not from this source that springs the greatest intellects of our age? Homes like the one we have just seen are the primary school rooms for presidents, judges, and men of the highest rank and attainments in our nation, and of women whose cultivation is both refined and practical, ever a center of social attraction, always trying to be useful and kind, ever pure and true. Is it not true that such homes as we have described become so attractive to the young that the parental roof and the happy home of our early years have an influence for good on our whole life? Do not the lessons taught us then rise often to our aid at the most trying periods of our after years, often turning us from ways that are degrading, establishing us on the paths of uprightness and virtue, and becoming a bar to us from all evil? Does this not bring us in a closer sympathy with nature and a more thorough reliance on nature’s God? It is through our knowledge of trees, shrubs and flowers that our minds are expanded to a wider range of thought, and a better understanding of nature and her laws. It develops the intellect, refines the character, and creates a higher standard of moral being. But farmers often say such things are out of place in the country, and take up too much of the time that is required for work on the farm. But why out of place in the country? There is no place in the wide world where nature and art can be so effectively combined as in the country, or be made as attractive, and the occasional hours spent in this character of ornamentation may be well taken from those devoted to more unprofitable pursuits. In conclusion let me suggest to those who have not begun this good work of adornment to try it for one season, devoting what would otherwise be hours of leisure to this especial purpose, and I will venture to say that nine out of every ten will long for the return of spring, that they may again enjoy an occasional hour in home embellishment. Mr. Tate: We naturally associate children and flowers, and I believe we haye a duty to perform in bringing more flowers about our school-houses where the children spend so much of their time. It gives pleasant employ-. ment out of school hours in the caring for them. Mr. Comings: We have plenty of go-ahead spirit among our boys in America, but I note a lack of polish that only comes from connection with and appreciation of beautiful and tasteful things. Flowers and their culture add to the refinements of home everywhere, and I verily believe if more atten- tion were given to these matters at the school-house its influence would extend 56 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. to the homes, and people who travel would not note that our young people are lacking in that courtesy which is concomitant with an intimate relationship with beautiful things. Mr. Knisely described the appearance of the average country school yard bereft of everything attractive, and asked if it would not be a great leap to do very much with flowers. Had we not better get people interested to enclose the ground and plant a few trees, then gradually work toward a higher refine- ment which comes with the shrubs and flowers? Mr. Lyon: It has long been a favorite idea with me that in every step of embellishment in and about the school-house the children should be partners in the work and be made to feel that the results belong to them. Mrs. Shepard, Battle Creek: From a considerable experience as a teacher I can say that these things have a direct influence upon the conduct of the scholars. It is a work well worth doing for its immediate effects upon the discipline of the school. Mrs. Winans, Benton Harbor: It pays to keep little people busy at some- thing that interests them whether at home or at school, and my experience has been that ownership in the flowers, plants, or garden, whether at home or at school, stimulates to the best exertion: Mr. Tate here gave an entertaining account of a visit to the children’s department at Mrs. Winans’ home. Prof. Niz said that the embellishment of grounds was one of the important considerations in arranging for schoo] buildings in Germany, France and Bel- gium, quite in contrast to our own country. Mr. Nowlend: The log house may have about it the attributes that indicate the refinement within. We very properly guess the kind of people within a house by the appearance of the outside. Mr. Lyon: Usually tov little ground is laid apart for school purposes or for front yards. Mr. Tate: There should be not less than an acre in a school lot, and even larger than this would be better. Do not try to hedge about the little ones too closely. Prof. Merry spoke of the pleasant memories associated with beautiful school surroundings and fully endorsed the plan of having the children take a part in contributing to the embellishment of the school premises. He did not believe it was practicable to care for flowers with our present very proper arrangement of school terms. Prof. Fassett spoke favorably of fine trees and a beautiful lawn, but thought we were treading upon dangerous ground when we attempted to bring about the school-house anything that required so much care as annual flowers. Mrs. Shepard: I have seen beautiful results from the gathering of plants in pots for in-door and out-of-door decoration at the school-house. Mr. Lyon: It is very difficult to work up an interest in these matters when there is so much apathy among the people. Mrs. Winans: It seems to me that early spring flowering shrubs might be brought about the school-house which would require but little care and add a great deal to the attractiveness of the premises. Mr. McClave: I believe we can have flowers about a school-house as well as about a home. It may not be best to try annuals at first but there are very many perennial, herbaceous plants that could be started and cared for that would bring great joy with each opening blossom. Mr. Knisely gave a very beautiful chapter from his boyhood life in which he THE SUMMER MEETING. 57 spoke of the flowers and trees about the school-house that were cared for during vacation as at any other time in the year. A committee was selected by vote of the school who should have the honor of caring for the school grounds and a position upon that committee was a place sought after and lob- bied for. There was no sense, he said, to the objections made to bringing flowers upon the school ground if only the proper method of caring for them was adopted. The next topic was VEGETABLES FOR CANNING PURPOSES. Mr. Nowlend gave a little account of the growth of the canning business at Benton Harbor, and said now about 200 acres of tomatoes were grown for factory use which perhaps yielded 5,000 pounds per acre. Mr. Thresher described some of the difficulties that beset the tomato grower. The cut-worm they circumvented by getting the waste from the basket fac- tories and putting a circle about each plant. It was necessary to get up early in the morning to catch the natural enemy of the plant—the tomato worm— and when the larye get of some size a basketful may be gathered quickly. At $8 per ton tomatoes pay a very fair profit. He further called attention to the growing of small cucumbers for pickles, and said it was a new and deyvel- oping business with them. He took $408 worth from about two and one-half acres in one season. Nowhere outside of Maine can sweet corn be grown of so good quality as on our shore. An establishment for canning it was once started here but failed from lack of experience. At Elgin, Illinois, there is a factory and they announce that our corn is the sweetest they get. He expressed sur- prise that canning corn was not taken up at St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, South Haven, and other points on our shore. Mr. Tracy inquired how the growers obtained tomato plants. Mr. Nowlend: Usually the plants used are greenhouse plants about six inches high. Some growers raise them, others get them by purchase. Sometimes 10 per cent are lost in transplanting, but not often more than five per cent. Mr. Nickerson on being asked as to price of plants said hot-bed plants could be bought at $1.25 per thousand and if transplanted into cold frames about $4 per thousand. In planting out he said the plants should not be more than four inches above the ground. A quick way of planting is to furrow the land both ways and plant at the crossings. He said further, that a careful grower of his acquaintance took pains to water his plants as they were put out and made it pay. Mr. Nowlend: What variety do you like best? Mr. Nickerson: Canada Victor is the best variety we grow, but we have some seedlings that we like better than that. Mr. Tracy: How about soil and fertility? Mr. Nickerson: We do not manure much for tomatoes. New land is best. Soil that will pack in the road is desirable for tomato growing. ‘This vegetable can be grown year after year upon the same land successfully. ‘Ten dollars a ton is a good fair price for the fruit. Mr. Tracy: Have you lost any from rot? Mr. Nickerson: Yes, some years the rot troubles us badly. Mr. Nowlend: As to the quality of our canned goods; is it enough to say that the government buys about all we have to sell? Mr. Tracy: Ihave never raised tomatoes for canning, but as an amateur 58 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. have grown them as a sort of specialty. The secret in the growth of all plants that we have imported from a more tropical climate is to maintain a continu- ous growth with no check from the start. This is true of all cucurbitaceous plants like cucumbers, melons, squashes, etc., and the same is true with the tomato. My plan has always been to get small, stocky plants for transplant- ing. Experiments at the Agricultural College taught me that everything depends upon having no shock at the time of transplanting. The crop is doubled on plants that have no check in their growth. This is often illustrated by the enormous crop on self sown tomatoes. I start plants later than most market gardeners, and when they have first true leaves I plant out in shallow boxes about three inches apart and set in cold frames, exposing them to a good deal of air, thus getting stocky plants. Then at transplanting time the boxes are taken to the field, the earth cut into little squares so that each plant has a little ball to go with it. I have grown at the rate of 1,200 bushels to the acre and marketed them. Mr. Knisely: What variety do you now prefer? Mr. Tracy: Hundred-day and Hssex Hybrid for general use and Trophy for great yield. Mr. 8. H. Comings made an appeal for the benefit of the Berrien County Horticultural Society, after which the Society listened to REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. Mr. Gulley, from Committee on Fruits, reported as follows: The committee have examined the fruit on the table and find six plates of apples of the following varieties: A very fine plate of Jonathan, all perfect specimens; also King, Newtown Pippin, Dominie, Baldwin and Esopus Spitz- enburgh. All are fair specimens for the season. ‘These are all from the orchard of W. K. Emmons, of Byron Center, Kent county. R. C. Tate, of St. Joseph, the President of Berrien County Horticultural Society, presents three varieties of strawberries—Wilson’s Albany, Monarch of the West and Cumberland Triumph. ‘They are fine specimens, and clearly show the difference in quality of strawberries, but just as clearly show the reason for the Wilson standing so high as a shipping fruit from its color and firmness. G. R. Odin, of Benton Harbor, exhibits a fine dish of Wilson’s, also limbs of peaches of two varieties which show a good prospect for a crop of fruit. There are also on the table two dishes of strawberries that have no name from C. K. Bishop, and the committee are unable to identify them. On the whole the display, although not large, is very creditable to the growers. Mr. Hmmons is especially fortunate in being able to show such a display of apples in such perfect order at this season of the year. All of which is submitted. A. G. GULLEY, Chairman. The following is the report of the committee on plants and flowers: Your committee would report that they find a collection of plants which is of practical interest from the fact that they evidently came from the homes of their owners, and gave evidence of loving and skillful care. Among them we would especially notice a fine plant of Agapanthus wmbellatus with two beau- tiful heads of bloom. We would strongly recommend this plant. In general culture it is of the easiest management, and its delicately beautiful flowers are THE SUMMER MEETING. 59 produced so early, and abundantly, and continue so long in condition, that it makes a most satisfactory return for all the care bestowed upon it. We also noticed good specimens of Farfugiwm grande and Ficus elastica the latter with especially large and healthy leaves. There were also some fine plants of geranium, coleus, ete. There was also a profusion of cut flowers both from the garden and the field. A bunch of very perfect flowers of the water lily, which attracted much attention. All the flowers were most skill- fully and artistically arranged, and made the stage strikingly beautiful. We hope the beautiful display here made by our friends from Benton Harbor and vicinity, without the aid of the professional florist, will tempt others to do more in ornamenting their homes. WILL. W. TRACY, MR. anp MRS. A. J. GOULD, Committee. The committee on resolutions reported as follows: Mr. President and Members of the Michigan Horticultural Society : Your committee on resolutions would respectfully recommend the adoption of the following: Resolved, That it is witha great deal of pleasure that we express our obligations to our many good friends of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph, for the cordial reception they have extended to us as asociety and as individuals, and for the numberless acts of kindness that have been extended to us onevery hand, from the time of our arrival. It is an old saying, that the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach, and when sitting at the tables loaded for our delectation, we have felt that our en- tertainers fully believed the old‘‘saw.” But as we return to this hall prepared for our assembly, we find that they know yet other approaches to the masculine heart, and that our ears were to be pleased with music delightfully rendered by skilled artists, and poetry suited to our aim and work; and our eyes were to be filled with views of flowers and evergreens in elegant profusion. It is hard to say who has done this, or to whom we are specially indebted, for it has seemed that every one we met was engaged in something to add to the pleasure of the meeting. Most especially do we owe our acknowledgments also for the very hearty manner in which we have been made welcome to the homes of our entertainers. We believe that these acknowledgments are more particularly due to the Berrien County Horticultural Society, the Benton Harbor Grange, the Glee club, and the friends that have codper- ated with them, especially the ladies who have been so active in our behalf. (Signed by the committee.) H, G. REYNOLDS, Old Mission. GEO. W. LAWTON, Lawton. G. L. SEAVER, South Haven. The report was adopted by a rising vote. The various reports were accepted, adopted, and ordered printed in the min- utes of this meeting. The following resolution offered by Prof. Tracy was unanimously adopted: Resolved, That a committee be appointed, of which the Secretary shall be chair- man, to draft some suggestions of the best means to secure the ornamentation of school yards and to prepare a list of shrubs, herbaceous plants and annuals for this purpose and direction for their management, and in some way to get such report before the people. The President announced that the annual meeting would be held at South Haven, and with the utmost good feeling the Society adjourned. THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1881. GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS. It was predicted by everybody who had any accurate knowledge of the fruit crop of Michigan for 1881, that the annual fruit show must be very meagre indeed. It is often remarked that during a year of scarcity one can count on finer specimens because the whole strength of the trees is used in perfecting a fraction of a crop. ‘This remark never comes from one who has made exhibits of fruits at fairs for aseries of years. He knows that although he may occasionally find monstrous specimens, still to get perfect samples he wants a year of plenty with a large crop from which to make selections. Collectors for our autumn fairs of 1881 found it particularly difficult to secure good plates of fruit, but extra time was put into the work of collect- ing, and as a result the State Fair had a very creditable exhibit. It was remarked by anumber of gentlemen upon the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society who have for years watched our exhibits, that we had every reason to be well satisfied with our part of the fair. The fair was held in the city of Jackson, September 19th to 23d inclusive. Our society occupied the same hall that was given us several years ago when we last exhibited in Jackson. It is in a beautiful grove which gives it a cosy appearance from the outside but makes it very gloomy inside. However the Agricultural Society placed skylights in such positions as to give all the sunlight possible, and whitewashed the inside walls so as to diffuse all the light that entered the hall. The arrangement was understood to have been made in advance of the fair by which the plant exhibit was to be in main hall where there was good light and better space, but on account of the pressure for space by other departments it was found impossible to accom- modate the plants there and the few that were shown were crowded into our hall with no preparation for them. Through the courtesy of Mr. D. W. Howard, Superintendent of Agricultural Product Department, space was made from his allotment for the amateur display of plants in pots, and by encroach- ing on the space given to special exhibits of fruits a space was given to the only professional exhibitor of greenhouse plants. A large table in the center of the hall was given up to single plates of fruit, which, when arranged in place on Wednesday morning, made really the most tasteful show that we ever had in so limited a space. ‘The table held above 350 eight-inch plates and was completely filled. THE ANNUAL FAIR OF 1881. OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES. Mr. N. Chilson, of Battle Creek, supervised the arrangements of the hall and acted as General Superintendent throughout the fair. In divisions A, B, ©, and D, which included general collections of fruits and special exhibits of apples, Mr. C. R. Coryell, of Jonesville, officiated as department superintend- ent; H. F. Guild, of Hast Saginaw, took charge of the remainder of the Satterlee, of special exhibits, comprising divisions EH, F, G, and H; James Greenville, was superintendent of single plate divisions J, K, L, M, and N; S. B. Mann, of Adrian, looked after the preserved, canned, pickled, and dried fruits and jellies; Mr. A. J. Gould, of Jackson, had oversight among the plants and flowers. THE ENTRIES, AND EXHIBITORS. There were above twelve hundred entries altogether, —two hundred more than in 1880. The following list comprises the exhibitors, and the postoffice address of each: No Name. Postofiice. County. ferenibeord, Chapter. ois oe ae MOGs ee a a ee ae eee Ottawa. Oe nes Bankson, Ahn Le Se ee et oan JACKSON 5. ee oe ee Jackson. 3....|Brown, ee tees el ee SJACKSO Mae e wee 6 See ee Jackson, ae Blowers, J. I i tn ll be LL a A, SO Et AW TEMCCY ee epee oe ee VanBuren. 5....|Blair, Mrs. D. ce ot Li eat ia pie Foe ie @ Bee Napoleon ae eases. ae Jackson. pee! Bidwell, lala ORE Ap) ED eee ee ee eee Plymouth sets ee Wayne. aes Benham, F. M., eee Sep ha Oke AE 3 OVIN GTS fae se age oe Eaton. See. Bartlett, Mort. des ee es Mi edhe Peep os Tompkins Center_..._.._- Jackson. Sees Clark. Mrs. M. Ww. ci LST 8 ee eee A ALMA soe eae eel ee wee Jackson. dh eee Collar, Bieter tees bets ok ony te A.Grianeseaee’ Pc lye wees. Lenawee. 1) ee Chapman, RR ee nae ohare Fea boty bea as 2s ess Hillsdale. iP es Cooley, F. 1 RES sf at AN See ese A JACKSON woe Seeepaer ere ee Jackson. Rope ee llanio Har@.. ree 0) ie oF oe ia (Ame AT bore heaton pth Washtenaw. iC eee Dilger, FA Bal dnb! echt Guess ue CIGAR EOS eee eS Iinois. 1b ae DePuy, Mise: Minnie!) ) 345004 28 DIREISS © rl Fee Els See tek Jackson. LGeeeaWyckeman. Mabel... jc acoso cess. JIACKSOME Eps yg se Bea hme Jackson. Weomee Drews Mrs tno. Rol. ee ik Ys ACKSOME Sere eres eee Jackson. Roeee Donen HLiWae fine URS eo oe SHCKSOMs 42.3. G7) hen Jackson. 19_...|Emmons, Miss Ea ttieese: te ee byron) Centers! 25 eee Kent. A aE CV Ed Cel OF Se ee eee ey Raw Bran 60080 1M won te VanBuren. 21___.|Gibson, Mrs. W. I eae! Sirah tn Bede S| JRCESOU)S sabes sare ya, Ae Jackson. >. ae Gulley, Re eRe oS ee es Le pouth Havens o.oo 322 2. VanBuren. 23_...|Garver, D. Tiss Gee ate sae ieee Let 8 Marti S See Taal sa at okt Oceana. Benet Felice diy Whi, 9002 254g hth nh, VAS Cipla noe yy any, Wee nerayae cee ae Lenawee. Seer Jewell. WHOMAS... 25 25 28 eco cic coe WHeISGH, cao este eee So Washtenaw. Zuese-iheonard, Miss Anna I. 9!) 67) PACKSOMEE Saat. tee Jackson. AieeemiMe@ lary, Mrs, Av jl... 20s. eeu! Galdsburguee SS oop aces Kalamazoo. 28__..|Martin, James EL, EBRD SO We catego Grand Rapidss.222425- 01: Kent. Pe ae Murray, Misi fol s/f. sek DACKIONE- oo Halas Mase h ere Jackson. SOUS sanabousnie Hed Co ae liner se oe ae eae Genesee. 31__._|Osgood, J. Li, aL ee hen es Shep hoa ete Wey cca ee ar he Monroe. gaye et Overholt, Mrs. W. 12 een emia LS |e MAS OTD y sie) cet) oy sae Ingham. Bes) |OUR Sarat Nees Ur iach st RTE Ph ER Deed ure iO. sks ....|WanBuren. 2 Prescott, Mrs. Geo. WN isees op i eee Grand) Rapids...) .icjgees Kent, 35....|Perry, Sy eee ie tl CSO Redtords 2000-3. eee Oakland. Samer S (PGC: dae Nese gee yo es SUA Sackson) "| |v... >) eee Jackson. 37__..|Pierce, Mrs. P. LOE Sige ett pee Pee Ve aeksone |) 12...) a Jee Jackson. CS. ee Parsons, Leonia, Ee/o sok Wee ee ye Detrott.4-. 534 eee Wayne. 5h eae Reynolds, A Dyaha Pik oil iil Meeehee mena Set Monroe... | 3 feet. Early Potatoes. ior) 3 feet. Early Cabbage, Caulifiower, and lettuce plants from cold frame, oH 8 feet. Beets, Carrots, Early Turnips. o 3 feet. Onions. - Oo 4 3 feet. Lettuce, Endive, Parsley, Sweet Herbs, 2 mt 3 feet. Bush Beans. so} q tn] 3 feet. Late Cabbage and Cauliflower. 2 ae) 3 feet. Early Sweet Corn. ba leet 4 feet. Late Sweet Corn and Summer Squash. 5 Ss 5 feet. Tomatoes and Pole Beans. S| 6 feet. Cucumbers and Musk Melons. cane nT 8 fect. Water Melons and Winter Squashes. i | 8 feet. SOUTH. 118 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. E. M. Potter, of Kalamazoo, then read the following on THE FARM GARDEN. It is an old adage that ‘‘one’s practice is seldom any better than his theory,” and realizing some of this has caused me to hesitate somewhat about producing this paper, and if any of my neighbors are here, please don’t amuse anybody by saying, ‘‘ you just ought to see his garden once.’’ One will never hit the mark if he does not aim towards it, and if I cannot offer any suggestions that will be of service to others my own thoughts and expressions at this time may aid my practice hereafter. My earliest recollections of a farm garden are of one in size about 6x9 rods, just across the driveway from a farm-house in western New York, where, like Topsy, ‘‘ I ’specs I fustest started to grow.’’ This plat was of a limestone clay soil with a very heavy red clay sub-soil, underneath which, at the depth of 8 to 12 feet, was an inexhaustible bed of rock which extended from the bed of the Genesee river and underlying a great section of country. This garden was enclosed by a fence of white oak posts and basswood boards with a little gate about the middle of the west end, which led to a walk reach- ing to the east end and terminating in a grape arbor with a large, partially neglected Isabella vine on the south side, and a Catawba on the north side, showing that the planter did not understand the habits of these varie- ties or else their relative positions would have been reversed. While the Isabella yielded an abundance of well matured grapes we seldom got any ripe Catawbas except where the vines ran over the top of the arbor and exposed the foliage and fruit to the more direct rays of the sun. And right here let me say that if a grape arbor is desired, it should invariably extend north and south, so that both sides will get equal benefit from the sun. On either side of the walk were a great variety of rose bushes, pinks and bulbous roots, which my good mother had procured from her friends near and far. On the west, north and east sides were currant bushes interspersed with peach and plum trees, the latter falling victims to the black knot after bearing abundant crops foranumber of years. In the north- west corner were two quince bushes; one we used to call the ‘‘ large yellow ones,’’ and the other ‘‘the green ones,’’—probably the orange and angiers varieties and undoubtedly both purchased for orange quinces of some reliable nurseryman. (Probably the nurseryman was the yictim of misplaced confi- dence or ignorance when he procured his cuttings.) These currants and quinces received annually a good supply of chip manure and never failed their crops during my recollection. On the south side, next the street fence, was an asparagus bed about five feet wide and one-half the length of the garden, and a strawberry bed extending nearly to the southeast corner. The asparagus bed, which got ali the old salt brine in the fall, and a liberal top dressing of barnyard manure, was the only one, I think, in the whole school district, and neighbors far and near used to call in the early season to get ‘‘just a leetle of the Squire’s asparagus,’’ and if I remember right one of the regular spring errands your humble servant did was to carry Grandma Jameson, who lived half a mile away, a bunch of asparagus. I liked to go for I always found a kind word at the end of the route. Grandma Jameson was a good hearted old lady with a wonderful gift of good common-sense, a first-class nurse and always on hand if any in the neighborhood were ill. She was an accom- plished knitter, and while we always called her grandma she was none of our THE ANNUAL MEETING. ag - kindred, but as I look back through the lapse of 40 years I can now seem to see the dear, sweet face of that ministering angel, who long since has gone to the better land. . Well, about the first work in spring was to get out the oxen and cart and haul manure on the garden and then plow it, and I used to wonder how they would get in with the first load until I saw a panel of the fence lifted out, and when it was replaced it looked just like the rest of the fence. After plowing an alley was laid out across the middle of the garden with a narrow border on either side to be occupied by flowering annuals. This alley divided the garden into four pjats, the southwest, always planted to cucumbers, beets, parsnips, and onion sets; the southeast, to white beans and sunflowers; the northeast to cabbage, and the northwest to potatoes, and in later years tomatoes were added. All the labor after plowing was done by hand, and while this garden was usually the best in the vicinity Ido not think any cauliflower, celery, salsify, Lima beans or even sweet corn ever ventured within its enclosure during my minor- ity, and the strawberries we had were white and few at that. I remember once when quite young, a gentleman came along with colored plates of very fine looking red strawberries, and my father gave half a dollar for three or six plants, but they never produced much fruit, and were probably a pistillate variety. There was nothing peculiar about the soil of this garden only that it abounded in angle worms and purslane, and I have often thought that the old lady who said that the pig which rooted over the hen coop was as ‘‘mean as pusley,’’ showed a remarkable aptess in her comparison. My father used to say that the best way to destroy purslane was to cut it off just below the top of the ground, for if pulled up it would grow whether out or in the ground, roots down or up. Ihave learned since that the very best way to destroy it is to stir the soil just as soon as the little red leaves can be seen peeping out of the ground. I will say no more about the garden of my nativity only that my father was in too feeble health to work in the field con- stantly, but managed to care well for the garden, and the requisites for a good farmer’s garden have heretofore seemed to be not only suitable soil, but an industrious old patriarch, who was not able to work in the field, but would look well after the garden. ; Ihave heard men that were called good farmers, and who grew abundant field crops, say that they could buy their ‘‘small fruits and garden stuff cheaper than they could raise it,’ and just so long as any farmer believes this, just so long will he be without a good garden. If we pass through the country what do we usually find as an apology for a farmer’s garden? More often it is the poorest plat of ground near the house, one-half planted to potatoes and the rest to beans, cucumbers, and cabbage, with a border of currant bushes interspersed with burdocks and thistles. There are very many vegetables not only gratifying to the taste, but nourishing and conducive to health, which are seldom attempted to be grown in the ordinary garden. With the facilities for obtaining good seeds at the present day, and the illus- trated and descriptive catalogues scattered so profusely, and giving minute directions for making hot beds, planting and cultivation, no one who desires a good garden need go far astray. he only criticism I have to offer regarding these very complete catalogues is that the descriptions are so skillfully worded that a novice will imagine every variety to be the best, and have a desire to do as the countryman did with the billof fare at the Sherman House, in Chicago, —take in everything ashe went along. The great trouble is that most farmers consider the garden as a kind of 120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. “ puttering job,’’ most of the labor to be done by hand, and what care they dc give it must be when the field crops do not claim any attention. But I challenge any farmer to the experiment, that if he will select a good half acre of land for a garden, and give it the proper care, and keep a true account of the expense and returns at market price, it will pay him more than double his best half acre of field crops, besides the enjoyment he will get from the table and the saving of expense in the form of doctor’s bills. I know very well that if the farmer attempts the after-culture of his garden altogether by hand he will fail, and very naturally conclude that it does not pay. I would advise the selection of a plat, the length to be two or three times the width, apply manure and plow in the fall, if possible ; otherwise as soon as may be in spring, and afterwards work up the soil fine, giving a top-dressing of salt and ashes. Smooth over the ground with a rail under a harrow, and then mark ont in rows lengthwise of the plat. Two or three farmers could club together and buy,a good seed drill, and, if desired, one with a cultivator attachment, and the whole patch can be sown in two or three hours, and if the manuring and plowing are done in the fall the garden can be planted in spring and not interfere in the least with the preparation for field crops. Very early in spring a hot-bed may be put up with very little outlay of money, in which can be sown lettuce, radishes, early cabbage and tomatoes. I had thought to give a list of what varieties I considered most desirable for a farm garden, but as opinions differ so much I will forbear. Regarding the after culture of the garden, I would say that as soon as the rows can be seen, run through with a hand-cultivator—which may be made cheaply, with an iron wheel, which should run quite true in order to do good work, and a blade in the form of a stirrup. A wooden wheel is: not sufficiently heavy to carry the cultivator steady. Afterwards, as soon as the weeds can be seen peeping out, run through with a horse and cultivator, of adjustable width, with very narrow teeth. If one already has a cultivator with shanks, any blacksmith can make some good reversible points or blades out of pieces of old buggy springs, which can be bolted to the shanks and answer a good purpose. By stirring the ground very frequently the weeds are subdued, the plants are kept constantly growing, and the effects of drought overcome to a great degree. As soon as the plants are well up, they should always be thinned out, which can be easily and quickly done with a narrow-bladed hoe, working crosswise of the rows. It gives a two-fold benefit, both thinning and hoeing the plants. I would suggest changing the relative positions of the various sorts each year, as the elements of soil which one kind appropriates are often different from those required for the successful growth of some other. The least expensive way of planting and caring for a garden, as well as any other crop, is to do the work just as soon as it needs it, and if the farmer puts the work off until there is nothing else to do, he will never have a good garden ; when the work needs doing, if he cannot do it himself, he should, by all means, set some one else at it. The Almighty did not say to Adam, ‘You go out yonder into that 80-acre lot and go to work, and if it rains so you can- not work out of doors, go and hoe in the garden.’’ But he gave him as his very first employment, on the great and glorious morning of his creation, to “dress and to keep that garden,’’? and I have often thought that perhaps it would have been better for us all if he had obeyed his orders more closely and not ‘*meddled’’ so much with pomology. Mr. Gibson: I wonder that more people do not use a hot-bed and cold frame. They are of such simple construction and really require but little tact THE ANNUAL MEERTING. 121 to manage. (Mr. Gibson here described the simplest form of hot-bed either made below the level of the ground or upon the surface.) Vegetables are improving in variety every year, but it is not difficult to keep up with the times if one takes an agricultural paper. A single example of rapid improvement I might cite in celery. Just compare the long, coarse stalks of the larger sorts with the crisp, delicate stems of the Boston market variety and their delicious, nutty flavor. Usually it costs little or no more exertion to grow the finer sorts, and as a matter of satisfaction it pays to keep up with the times in the seeds we sow. Mr. Glidden: I can give my experience from a farmer’s standpoint. I am one of those fellows that are lable to neglect the garden. In truth I felt myself hit several times in the remarks already made. When the spring is late and farm work so behind that every muscle must be exerted to ‘‘ keep even,”’ a farmer does not feel much like setting down and planning a vegeta- ble garden, or if already planned dislikes very much to break away and sow 20 kinds of seed in a garden patch. Still I appreciate thoroughly the value of vegetables in the family. I would make three points in arranging the garden. 1, have it near the house; 2, keep it upon the same ground year after year; 3, put a high picket fence around it. N. H. Bitely, Lawton: Is the picket fence to prevent any of the vegeta- bles from getting away? Mr. Glidden: Every farmer should have fowls, and the garden is no place for them. ‘The lion and the lamb may lie down together, but the lamb will usually be inside the lion. You see the application to fowls and the garden. A good wife is important in connection with the farm garden,—one that is full of suggestions. She will hold a man to this branch of business and lend him valuable aid. I like long rows. This plan is a step in progress. My mother clings to the plan of narrow beds with rows sowed alongside of a board that is about the length of a hoe. I can see she is behind the times. Farmers are very queer about vegetables. Tomatoes will be raised one year, and the farmer will see how easily it is done, and the next season he is all tomatoes and will have enough for his family, the neighbors, the chickens, and bushels will rot on the ground. Again it will be all onions, or all parsnips. You are right, gentlemen, farmers should put more thought into the garden, and I am one of "em. J. N. Stearns, Kalamazoo: I wish to call up the matter of preserving vege- tables for winter and spring use. I have tried a good many plans and think I have hit the very best one, in the use of common sphagnum (moss) as a pack- ing material. Vegetables may be packed in boxes or barrels, using the sphag- num at top and bottom, and will retain their original freshness. In packing celery I use ordinary shoe boxes; a box is placed on its side and a layer of moss alternates with a layer of celery, and when full the box is set up so the stems will stand as they grew. In this way the plants may be placed in the cellar when only partially bleached, and they will come out as white and delicious as desired. Prof. Beal: I can add a bit of testimony to that of Mr. Stearns. Sixteen years ago, while at Union Springs, New York, John J. Thomas told me he had packed beets in sphagnum the fall before, and when putting in his next crop, there being some of the old roots left over, he could not tell the difference, the latter had been preserved so perfectly. I have since tried the plan myself and am satisfied that Mr. Stearns has not spoken too highly of it. H. H. Scott, Ann Arbor: The market gardeners in our vicinity keep celery 122 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. yery well by setting the roots in boxes assuggested by Mr. Stearns, with a little moist earth in the bottom and the stems packed in dry, clean straw. Wm. Rowe, Grand Rapids: Henderson describes a successful plan of keeping celery and bleaching at the same time. The roots are taken up after having made a good growth and without mounding up, and placed in tight boxes with a little water in the bottom. They keep on growing, blanch beautifully, and make a fine quality of celery for the table. Iam wonderfully pleased with a comparatively new variety of celery called London Scarlet. Mr. Tracy: The matter of hardening-off vegetables in preparation for the open garden is a very important one. Plants should be prepared for planting out, first by transplanting into boxes from the seed bed; then just before plac- ing in the garden, water should be withheld for a day so that the plants shall be quite dry. Then if placed in moist earth immediately after giving them a good soaking, they will grow on without any check. Mr. Potter: I raised last year a field of rnta-bagas at a minimum expense. The rows were placed two and one-half feet apart and the plants thinned in the row with a hoe; a dressing of wood ashes was given, and in harvesting the tops were removed with a sharp hoe, and the roots pulled with a potato hook. H. D. Adams, Galesburg: I have a simple plan of making a hot-bed cover that works well with me. A light frame is made the size of the bed, and a cover of sheeting stretched over it. This is given a good coat of boiled oil, and when dry is given a second coat. Then sheeting is stretched on the reverse side of the frame and treated in the same way. This has the same effect as double glazing, is cheap and very satisfactory. Mrs. Adams explained the methods of preparing some kinds of vegetables for the table. Mr. Gibson: If you have never tried it you will be surprised to learn how good celery is cooked as asparagus is ordinarily prepared for our tables. The stems that are rejected as not quite nice enough for eating in hand are excellent when prepared in this manner. The delicate flavor of the celery is retained per- fectly. Mr. Tracy: In our family we think a good deal of spinach, and have learned in its preparation for the table to place salt in the water in which it is to be boiled ; and the leaves are not put in the water until it boils. The salt allows the water to get hotter before it boils and thus the vegetable is cooked more quickly and is seasoned nicely at the same time. The hour of eleven o’clock having arrived Professor Beal was called on for his address, entitled WHAT CAN BOTANY DO FOR HORTICULURE? |The following is only an abstract. ] Horticulture is a department of agriculture, and includes pomology, floricul- ture and vegetable’gardening. It is intimately related to aboriculture and landscape gardening, and is almost inseparable from botany. The intimate relations of botany and horticulture are almost too obyious to need mention- ing. The new botany of to-day is a very different thing from the old botany of 30 or 40 years ago. Botany was then chiefly studied by medical students who wished to learn the medical properties of plants. The leading botanists then gave most of their time to discovering, naming, and classifying new plants. From 1850 for 12 years, morphology may be styled the leading idea THE ANNUAL MEETING. 123 in botany. What is morphology? I will show you by referring to these charts which illustrate the various forms of roots, the numerous forms of stems, some of which are often mistaken for roots or leaves, and the numerous forms of leaves. From 1862 to 1875 in this country what Gray calls ‘‘ How plants behave,’’ may be said to be the dominant feature in the science of botany. From 1873, with the appearance of the grand text-book of Julius Sachs, vegetable physiology has been considered the leading thing in botany. All of these different phases of the subject have their value, and none of them should be ignored. Botany is yet by some too often placed with the fashionable studies which give accomplishment to young school girls. In the new botany, plants are dissected and all of the parts studied with simple and compound microscopes. Students are at once set to observing forthemselves. ‘They study plant growth. They study the various tissues, their relation to the soil, air, heat, moisture, how they feed and grow, how the sap circulates, how it is assimilated. They study the effects of gravitation, the movements of plants, how insects are attracted by showy petals and nectar, which are mere advertisements to allure and pay the insects for fertilizing the flowers. They study the arrangements by which cross fertilization is secured in plants, and the devices by which unwelcome insects and other animals are kept away. They study how certain plants entrap and devour insects and worms. They study how plants twine and climb by tendrils, roots and leaves; how nature sows seeds and sometimes buries them in the ground. [The above were fully illustrated and examples given.| They study and compare leaves and buds and branches, and learn to distinguish one young tree from another by this means. In a word, they learn to see by constantly trying to see. . They learn to experiment ‘by constantly trying experiments and carefully noting the results. Botany relates almost entirely to the science of horticulture so far as any relations exist. There are countless numbers of plants in great variety. Without botany they would be in hopeless confusion. The study of botany as - now pursued in the best schools cultivates the analytic and sympathetic powers of the mind, 7. ¢., it trains the mind to analyze objects and how to compare and classify them. Professor Henslow says ‘‘ Experience has satisfied me that structural botany may be more conveniently and extensively employed than any other branch of natural science for strengthening the observant faculties and expanding the reasoning powers of children in all classes of society.’’ Better observing and reasoning powers are admitted by all to be valuable stock for any one engaged in any department of horticulture. Baron Von Liebig said: ‘‘The scientific basis of agriculture (of course in- cluding horticulture) embraces a knowledge of all the conditions of vegetable life, of the origin of elements of piants, and of the source from which they derive their nourishment.’ Professor Lindley said: ‘‘Good agriculture and horticulture are founded upon the laws of vegetable physiology. No man deserves the name of gar- dener who is not master of everything known as to the way in which plants feed, breathe, grow, digest, and have their being.” Botanists—and botanists only—are employed to explore countries for new plants which are valuable for their beauty of foliage or flowers, or valuable for fruit, for grain or forage. Descriptions of plants for dictionaries or other pur- poses are not possible without some knowledge of botany. No one can now give a good description of a new apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, raspberry, strawberry, potato, Indian corn, wheat, or clover, without knowing consider- 124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. able botany. Who have written on science, or the theory of horticulture? Such men as Dr. Lindley, President Knight, J. J. Thomas, and Dr. J. A. Warder, who are good botanists. Who suggest the most intelligent and valu- able horticultural experiments? Lindley, Knight, Darwin, and other noted botanists. In Morton’s Cyclopedia of Agriculture, nearly one-fourth of the text consists of descriptions by botanists of useful and ornamental plants. In similar works devoted to horticulture, a much larger portion must be prepared by a botanist. The preface of the cyclopedia above named contains these words: ‘‘The comparative quality and productiveness of the different kinds of wheat, barley, oats, and the different root-seeds, together with the successive introduction of new species from other countries, have so connected the re- searches of the botanist with the interest of the farmer that to no science, historically speaking, is the agriculture of this country so deeply indebted as to botany. Ihave shown, and will further show, that the statement is also true with regard to improving our cultivated plants by crossing and hybrid- izing, and the study of their physiology. If men knew the structure and uses of roots they would not carry trees in the sun ona windy day, for miles, without any covering. This is often done. A knowledge of vegetable physi- ology teaches a person the effect on a plant of flowering, of seeding, of high culture, or poor culture, of root-pruning, of pruning the top, of pruning at different seasons of the year. It teaches how to manage plants to produce flowers, and how to manage them to grow without flowering. Geographical botany teaches us, if the soil and climate are known, where a plant thrives, how to treat a new plant in astrange country. . Here, however, come in the value of experience, experiment, and reason. Plants are not always found in a wild state where they will thrive best. This is true of many of our weeds, and of quite a large number of our plants in cultivation. Considerable knowledge of botany is needed in the care of an arboretum, or a plantation of forest trees for producing timber or fruit. As.well might aman try to be a surgeon without a knowledge of anatomy as a forester without his botany. Many gardeners come to this country from Great Britain and the continent of Europe, where the climate is very unlike our own. If they are ignorant of the science of botany, and have only learned by experience, as an apprentice learns a trade, they are most sure to fail in America till they begin and learn the trade over again. If a gardener is well grounded in a knowledge of the prin- ciples of plant growth he will very soon become master of his new situation, no matter where he may go. For want of a little botany results are often attributed to wrong causes, as to improper soil, when something else is the matter. For the same reason many worthless experiments have been made, wasting time and money. A knowledge of botany often enables one to explain why trees blossom but do not bear fruit; why certain varieties of strawberries will not bear when planted by themselves ; why cucumbers and melons often fail to bear when planted in greenhouses or in hotbeds. A knowledge of botany suggested to our friend, W. W. Tracy, that he might increase his crop of squashes by artificially fertilizing the flowers. It is now a well established belief with our best horticulturists that artificially crossing and hybridizing plants, which are selected with some purpose in view, is the surest way to produce new and improved varieties. Professor Tracy, in his lecture on ‘‘Progress in Horticulture,’ four years ago, showed us that horticulture had advanced but very little in the past 150 years, ex- ceptingintworespects: The greatest of these wasdue to the botanist, who made a systematic effort to originate new varieties, as above mentioned. ‘The second THE ANNUAL MEETING. 125 in importance was due to the entomologist for his systematic warfare against insect enemies. ‘The botanist discovered that bees and some other honey-loving insects were his friends, so far as visiting flowers was concerned. They take from flowers only what was placed there in surplus pollen, or in nectar to induce visits for the benefit of the plant. The botanist alone can collect and plan a botanical garden and give instructive lessons on the subject, and on most of the interesting plants which it contains. The botanist points out the affinities and relationships of plants, and has never failed to name those which might very likely be successfully grafted on to each other. He can often foretell the effect which a certain stock will produce on a scion. He would know better than to attempt grafting a chestnut on a horse-chestnut, as I have seen done by a ‘* practical’? man. I use the word ‘‘ practical’? as too often misused. A knowledge of botany set Professor Burrill to experimenting on blight of the pear and apple tree to find the fungus which very probably causes disease. Botany explains the process of raising mushrooms in the dark, rich mould. It led to the discovery of the cause of potato rot, the cause of blight in lettuce, mildew of the grape vine, rust in wheat, smut in Indian corn,—with some sug- gestions as to the best remedies. It discovered the fungus which caused the death of silk worms, wasps, hornets, and flies. Probably horticulture has only just begun to reap the benefits from this department of botany, which is yet destined to solve many vexed problems. Another advantage of having some knowledge of botany is this: You can learn to be accurate in the names of plants. The common names of plants are very unreliable, because everybody in any part of the country is all the time giving his own common name to any plant which is new to him. ‘The plant very likely is not what he thinks it is. He gives ita new name. Our grasses are in inextricable confusion among all but botanists, and even they are puzzled in some cases. The late Senator Chandler pulled a handful of red-top and other wild grasses from one of his hay stacks and showed it to a crowd of friends with the exclamation, ‘‘ Here is your fowl-meadow grass, pure and unadulterated.’? He supposed he bought seed of fowl-meadow grass in Vermont. So he did, but it was mixed, or the grass for the stack in question came from a piece of wild marsh. Many people would not have known the difference between red-top and fowl-meadow grass. A similar confusion exists in the names of many of our forest trees, orna- mental trees and shrubs. We have two kinds of maples, indiscriminately called soft maple; two kinds of elms, called the white elm. ‘Trees and herbaceous plants of certain kinds indicate the nature of the soil. Botany is often a great help to a man in detecting a new weed, when it has first been sparingly intro- duced. If then attacked, it may be easily subdued before spreading all over the farm. ‘This is often the case with Canada thistles and quack grass. Bot- any is valuable for bee-keepers, an industrious and amiable class of persons becoming quite numerous. Every time a bee-keeper discovers his bees busy on a plant, he wants to know what it is, because he thinks he has found something new and of great value. These persons often send a plant to the botanist for identification, and he tells them it is Solidago canadensis, Diplopappus um- bellatus, Aster macrophyllus, Eupatorium sessilifolium, Scrophularia modoso, or some other name equally intelligible to them. The fact is we have about 1,600 good bee plants east of the Mississippi river. For the florist some knowledge of botany is indispensable. Farmers, bee- keepers, florists, vegetable gardeners,—all classes of inquiring minds are often anxious to learn the names of some plant which is new to them. The botanist is often called on to identify the seeds which are bought among those of grasses 126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. or flowers. Seedsmen quite often appeal to the botanist to tell them whether a certain seed is genuine or not. The horticulturist may think he could get along without a knowledge of botany. He may believe that he could learn everything by practical experience. This is a very slow way. He would only acquire a moderate amount of infor- mation in one lifetime, and that is all that is given to any mortal in this world. We get most of our knowledge at second-hand. We can not begin at the foundation of everything we come in contact with. Itis true that there are many good horticulturists who have but avery little knowledge of botany. They have learned much of those who were botanists, or those who had directly or indirectly learned of botanists. As colleges and normal schools are necessary to educate the teachers, make books, and keep up an interest in education, that we may have good common schools, so botany is necessary to the advancement of horticulture. It is very likely that some small discoveries in horticulture have been made by persons who know very little botany, but with a funda- mental knowledge of plants the same person would doubtless have made much greater advancement in horticulture. In very many respects, then, botany will make a horticulturist more capable. It will make him a good observer, improve his reason, strengthen his judgment, cultivate his taste, broaden his views, weaken his respect for the traditions of his fathers. It will sharpen his wits, make him an investigator, and help make him a better neighbor and a better citizen. M. H. Bixby: I would like to ask Prof. Beal if there is danger of commnn- icating disease from one tree to another by means of the pollen. Prof. Beal: You refer more especially to the yellows, I suppose? Well, diseased pollen will probably have no influence in fructification and does not carry disease in that way, but if the disease is caused by a fungus, which prop- agates itself by minute spores, these little bodies might become attached to the pollen grains and be carried down the tube of the pistil and thus enter the circulation of the tree. Mr. McNaughton, Jackson: While in Cincinnati during the past season 1 noted a Virginia creeper with roots like the poison ivy. Was that a sport ora new variety of the species? Mr. Gibson: Was it not the new Japanese species? Mr. McNaughton: -No, it was the Ampelopses quinquefolia. Prof. Beal: Mr. McNaughton I know to be a good observer and although I have never seen the Virginia creeper with these aerial roots developed in place of tendrils I am prepared to receive his testimony. C. A. Dutton, Holland: It it not true that the Virginia creeper varies a great deal in its ability to cling by means of its suckers? Prof. Beal: Yes, I have noticed this fact in my experience upon the college grounds. Plants have an individuality in this respect, and cuttings propagated from them will carrry the peculiarities into their own growth. Mr. McNaughton: This year I have tried to raise some cauliflower, and although I have given the plants good soil, good care and plenty of water, stili they have not headed satisfactorily. What can be the matter? Prof. Beal: The chances are that your seed was poor. Prof. Cook advocated the application of pure science to horticulture and gave some capital illustrations of the important bearing that pure scientific investigation has had upon medical practice in France. He cited the microscopical researches of Pasteur, who studied the blood of animals that died of malignant anthrax and found the cause of the ‘disease in a fungoid THE ANNUAL MEETING. 127 growth that multiplied rapidly in the blood. The disease was taking off its thousands of animals and no remedy was found. It was even communi- cated to men. While the disease was raging Pasteur in a quiet way continued his work with the microscope. It was found that sheep became diseased in fields where animals had died of it a long time before and been buried 10 or 12 feet below the surface. It could not be accounted for until Pasteur’s micro- scope found the same deadly germs in the earth-worms that burrowed in the pasture, and had brought them in their own circulation from the buried carcasses to the surface. He found that he could multiply these germs in chicken broth kept at blood temperature, and while he studied them he inoculated healthy animals with the germs and found that as a result of using the cultivated germs for inoculation the animals thus taking the disease had a light form of it. Pasteur continued his researches so far as to learn that animals haying had this light type of the disease could not be induced there- after to take on the deadly anthrax by inoculation. Thus far his investigations had been purely scientific. Now look at the practical result. Pasteur was given 50 sheep for a public demonstration. He inoculated 25 with the mild type of anthrax and marked them. Upon a certain day about a month there- after a large number of prominent people witnessed a confirmation of this man’s theory. He said he would inoculate the 50 sheep with deadly anthrax and 25 of them would die in 24 hours, while the remainder would remain perfectly healthy. The result exactly coincided with his predictions. The 25 marked sheep were uninjured. Here we have a discovery made by a man delving in pure science which will prove of inestimable value to the owners of stock, and even in saving human life. But how many that reap the benefit will still laugh at scientific men and call them hair-brained theorists? I say all honor to Pasteur and any and all other scientists who benefit the world by their careful researches. Prof. Tracy followed with other illustrations in practical horticulture, saying that scientific workers are rarely given credit for the discoveries they make by practical men, because men do not know the intimate relation between these discoveries and advanced methods of practice. One illustration given by Mr. Tracy was this: Peter Henderson has recently put a great deal of stress upon the necessity of packing the earth with hand and foot about the roots of plants that are transplanted. ‘This practice is uot old but has been taken up asa practical inference from the discovery that plants feed by root hairs and not by spongioles. The society now took a recess until afternoon. A grand dinner had been prepared by the ladies and was in waiting at another hall to which all repaired, and in the most jolly way imaginable united in doing complete justice to this most agreeable arrangement. Afternoon Session. The meeting was called to order with Mr. Satterlee, of Greenville, in the chair. Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural College, opened the general subject of Birds, Insects and Diseases with a paper,upon 128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. NEW INSECT PESTS AND NEW WAYS OF FIGHTING OLD ONES. After calling attention to former statements concerning bisulphide of carbon as an insecticide, Prof. Cook detailed his experiments with carbolic acid, which the reader will find in the Secretary’s Portfolio of this volume. He then said: I have a second remedy to bring to your attention, more as a suggestion than as a positive recommendation. All observers have noted the fact that many of our most destructive insect pests are attracted by lights. This led the great pioneer of economic entomology, Dr. Harris, to recommend the building of fires in the garden and orchard to effect the destruction of these insect de- stroyers. Such fires involve so much labor, and are so local in their effect, that they are not generally adopted by those most interested in this insect war- fare. Last summer I received from Mr. Carroll, of the Agricultural World, a cigar box full of insects, with the remark that they were a part of about a bushel which had been attracted and destroyed, in one evening, by the electric lights in the city of Grand Rapids. The examination of the insects in this box led to a knowledge of some very interesting facts. Among the beetles that i found were more than two score of the rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosa. You of South Haven know too well this little plague. This is he that is said by some of you to grow fat on Paris green, and then chuckle at you for thus trying to effect his banishment. Wouldn’t it be sweet revenge to invite him to an exhibition of the electric light, and then use him to illustrate the beauty of cremation? There were many others of our most dreaded insect foes in that box. The tent caterpillar moth, Cl/siocampa Americana, our worst cut-worm moths, as Agrotis swbgothica, and even the little Turk, or plum Curculio, had become victims in great numbers to this fatal curiosity to know more of this, one of the greatest of our recent inventions. ‘Thus we have clearly demonstrated the fact that this light will attract and kill some of the very worst pests of the orchard and garden, some of which are proof against any other practical remedy so far as we have yet experimented. | Another fact that has impressed me very strongly is the great distance that this light throws its alluring beams. By elevating the light sufficiently it would throw its inviting rays for miles into the country, and I see no reason why it should not attract just as strongly as though it were nearer the earth. Now for the practical application of this matter. I know of no more favorable place in which to try an experiment of this kind than right here at South Haven. First, you are an enterprising folk, who are willing to put out feelers where very likely you may feel in vain, for the very fact of an experi- ment implies a doubt of any practical gain. Again, the motive power could be had at one of your mills in town, and so the expense would be but a trifle. The experiment for a month would cost less than the proceeds from one of your exhibitions, in premiums, at the State Fair. Such an experiment through the month of June, when it should be tried, might bring such fruits as would carry the name of South Haven down all the long future as a bene- factor in the pomological world. Again, from the variety of fruit and other vegetables raised in the very suburbs of your favored town, there is no place where this experiment would receive so fair a trial as here. One expeyiment for a single month would settle the matter for all the future. But does some one say, why not do allof this at THE ANNUAL MEETING, 129 the College? That is what we want of you. Well, Iam making an effort to do that very thing. But as suggested in what I have said above, we are not as well situated to give this a fair trial as are you here. We have no rose chafers, we have no peach trees, and, indeed, the concentration of different plants is not such as to make the experiment show forth its possibilities. But if you will enter into this matter I will promise to examine the game and faithfully report the importance of the catches that you may make. And further, if the method proves of no practical value, which, of course, may be the case, I will condole most sorrowfully with you; yes, and rejoice, too, that one more point is sat- isfactorily settled. ‘There is one more point not mentioned in the above. Your streets would be lighted just as they do it in Paris. The press of the country would herald forth the fact that South Haven was lighted by electricity. These items would teem with such terms as push, enterprise, excelsior, and ‘mirabile dictu. NEW INSECT PESTS. Perhaps no year has been so noted for new insect enemies in the United States as the one just past. A newly-imported weevil, Phytonomus punctatus fab., has been terribly destructive to the clover in New York. Acres of this most valuable forage plant have been ruined. Another moth, Crambus vul- givagellus, 2 common moth in our State, has developed a very unwelcome habit in New York. It has done great damage to the meadows of the Empire State. Of course we do not know when these enemies may essay to blight our prosperity, but as ‘‘ sufficient for the day is the evil thereof,’ I will only speak at this time of such pests as have invaded our goodly State for the first time in destructive numbers. The little grain moth, which is playing havoc in the bins of some portions of our State, is not a horticultural pest, and so may rest at peace at this time. The enemy which all of us as horticulturists are inter- ested in, as its ravages touch our pockets, is the corn-worm, or cotton-boll worm of the South, Heliothis armigera. This moth has long been destructive in the States south of us, but has not attracted attention here till last year, when it was brought to my notice as doing no little damage to the corn. This year it has renewed its mischief, and has managed some way to become scat- tered well over our State. ‘This insect, as the cotton-boll worm of the South, is next in its destructiveness to the real cotton worm, Aletia argillacea. Asan enemy to the corn crop, in the west and southwest of our country, it is almost as much to be dreaded, especially in dry, hot seasons. In Kentucky whole fields of corn have been entirely ruined by this pest at several different times. In southern Illinois it has often been very destructive. In Kansas, during the dry season of 1860, it is said to have reduced the corn crop in some entire counties to one-fifth the average yield. These larve also feed on tomatoes, pumpkins, ‘peas, hemp, tobacco, and lucern. These latter plants, however, are not favorites with it, but are preferred to starvation. ‘This moth is a cos- mopolite, as it is found not only in our own southern and southwestern States, but it exists everywhere in Europe, in Japan, Australia, and all through South America. The fact that it has not visited the North before,—I say North, as this year it is found not only in Michigan, but in New York, and even Ontario, —is probably that our seasons are usually too cold for it. If this is correct, then we may expect to be troubled with this pest only occasionally a year. Yet we fail to see why they paid our State a visit in 1880, as the summer was very wet and not very warm. 1? 130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The larvee as they are found eating the corn from the ear are very variable in color. Some of them are bright green, some quite dark, while others are of a pink hue. Whatever the general color, however, whether gray, brown, pink, or green, they are all lined with darker colored stripes. When full- grown these worms are one and one-fourth inches long; I have seen them one and one-half inches long. Like nearly all of the Noctuidae, the family to which this insect belongs, this insect pupates in the ground. ‘The chrysalis is found in an earthen cocoon, a few inches beneath the surface. It seems probable that they pass the winter in all the stages, as I found them late this fall as partly grown larvee, as pup, and as imagos or moths. The moths are variable in color. J have found them of all hues, from yellow to brown to obscure olivacious. Whatever the color, however, they are always flecked with a darker color. The moth is an inch long, and expands , one and one-half inches. Unlike most of the Moctuid moths, these fly in the hottest sunshine as well asin the night. This fall, in November, I caught a great many of them on our flower beds during the hottest time of the day. They are not easily disturbed when sipping nectar from the flowers, but when they are once disturbed they dart off with a remarkably rapid flight. We also took them at night, on sugar, in great numbers. If these moths all pass the winter in safety, we may well tremble for the corn in the spring. I think it very doubtful if these moths that were flying so abundantly this fall do any mischief, as I expect they will mostly die before their eggs are deposited, or if the eggs are laid they will not be in a position to do much harm, even if they retain their vitality during the winter. REMEDIES. As already suggested, it is not likely that we shall find this pest able to do us continuous evil; but as it may have come to stay, it will not be amiss to suggest ways to fight it. Prof. Comstock suggests fall plowing, which he thinks will destroy the pupe. To this I would add the method already de- scribed, of attracting them by lights and thus destroying them; also trapping them by placing dishes of sweet liquids in the fields, in which they will be drowned. Nothing is better for this purpose than stale beer and the cheapest New Orleans molasses, half and half. Sour milk is also good for this pur- pose. As the eggs are laid on the silk of the corn, these latter remedies should be applied when the corn is in silk in June, and for the second brood of moths again in September. As stated above, the third brood of moths appeared here this year late in November. This may have been due to the very mild, dry fall. EH. Graham, Grand Rapids: Will the Professor suggest some remedy for the cabbage aphis? s Prof. Cook: I know of nothing better than pyrethrum powder. J.J. Parshall, Ann Arbor: I expect a visitation from the seventeen-year locust next summer; what shall I do? Prof. Cook: Unfortunately [ have never been where these insects abounded, and have no knowledge of them save in their natural history. Question: What about the codling moth; have we anything new and good? Prof. Cook: I can give some facts, but hesitate to make any recommenda- tions in connection therewith. I have been very successful in the use of Paris THE ANNUAL MERTING. 131 green, and others have, and for myself I would not hesitate to use it, but some of our best entomologists consider there is great danger in the use of this poison, and I prefer not to be put on record as recommending it for others’ use. I used the poison on my own trees and shall not hesitate to do so again. H. W. Doney, Jackson: Did you eat the apples? Prof. Cook: Yes, without hesitation, and have experienced no disastrous effects. I took a hundred calyxes out of as many apples when full grown, upon which Paris green had been used freely, and placed them in the hands of Dr. Kedzie, who did not succeed in finding a trace of poison, and chemistry, you know, detects pretty small quantities. H. P. Hanford, Bristol, Indiana: I know that London purple is an effectual remedy for codling moth. I have tried it, and one application does the busi- ness. I use five ounces to 48 gallons of water. The same solution will use up the thrips on our grape vines. J.S. Woodward, Lockport, N. Y.: We use Paris green in solution for destroying the codling moth. We use it instead of London purple because there is not so much danger of killing the leaves. in western New York we feel pretty good over this application of Paris green for it originated with us. Two men will spray 100 trees in half a day by the use of appliances that will suggest themselves to any orchardist, and it will be remembered that while working against the interests of the codling moth you are defeating the pur- poses of the canker worm and leaf slug, and I have yet to learn of a single instance where any one has been injured by the use of the poison. I confess that for my own part I do not use this remedy much for I have a better one. A voice: Tell us about it. Mr. Woodward: I have told it before in your meetings. I grow hogs and sheep in my orchards. ‘The latter I consider rather the best ‘‘insecticide’’ for hogs sleep too soundly. I know that others have not found this plan successful, but my belief is that their lack of success is owing to their stingi- ness. A good many more sheep should be kept in the orchard than will be supported there, and they should be fed well and given plenty of pure water. Mr. Hanford: I have seen trees peeled by sheep the whole length of the trunk. Don’t you find trouble? Mr. Woodward: No sir; good water for the animals to drink and a wash of whale oil soap on the bodies of trees will effectually prevent this. A paper was now read from the pen of H. D. Cutting, an apiarian and hor- ticulturist of Clinton, Lenawee county, upon the topic BEES AND GRAPES. In commencing an article of this kind I am well aware there exists a great prejudice in the minds of some horticulturists in regard to bees doing damage to grapes and other fruits. Ihave talked with a great many fruit men and find many will say, ‘‘ The bees just swarm on my grapes and destroy them.’’ Again I find men who say, ‘‘The bees swarmed on my fruit, but I found they were after damaged fruit and did not touch any that was sound.”’ About five years ago I commenced a series of experiments to ascertain if bees did do any damage to grapes and other fruits. I found that bees would go on to grapes if they were in a damaged condition. I found that the wasps and birds did the damage in some cases and then the bees would finish up their work. Great changes in the weather at time of ripening would cause grapes to crack open ever so little and the bees would go on and clean them out. in 182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the whole five years I failed to find a single case where bees did actually bite open the skin of fruit and destroy it; but if there is the least opening in the skin from any cause and the flow of honey is scarce, they will clean out all damaged grapes, but will not go near fruit of any kind if honey is plenty; and I ask, is it not a benefit in place of a damage? None of us want to pack fruit in a damaged condition, grapes especially, for if on acluster of grapes are only a few cracked ones they will spoil the whole cluster and all others they may come in contact with if they lie any length of time. I have over thirty varieties of grapes, some with very thin skins and some very early, and I cannot get my bees (I have four varieties) to touch any sound fruit. I have cut fine clusters of very ripe fruit and placed on the platform of the hives; the bees would go over and around them. I then cut small open- ings in a few berries and in a few moments they were covered with bees clean- ing them out. After finishing all those cut, they went all over the sound ones but did not cut one of them. I made afew pin holes in some with the same results; all were cleaned out. I had some very thin skinned grapes sent me for trial, but with the same results as before; none were touched unless first punctured. Isuspended a cluster under a tree and poured sugar syrup on it. They took all of the syrup but did not damage the cluster until a wasp man- aged to bite three berries before I could kill it. Those three the bees finished. In conclusion I must say that with the many different experiments covering a space of five years, being surrounded by bees, and affording them every opportunity of doing damage, and failing to find them doing any, I think those who are so bitter against the bees had better experiment for themselves and ascertain if the bees do them any damage or not. They may come to the same conclusion as the good people of Massachusetts, who years ago thought the bees were a damage to their fruit and had them banished; but finding their fruit began to decrease and to be of a poor quality, were only too glad to have the law repealed and get the bees back again, when their fruit began to improve. The field is broad, let all those who have their doubts carefully experiment for themselves. Prof. Beal: I would like to ask what bees will do when nearly starved to death ? Prof. Cook: I have experimented a good deal in this direction, and find that when starved, bees will gnaw to get out, but will not attack whole grapes to get something to eat. Ifa bunch of grapes is put between the starving bees and the light they may in their endeavors to get out gnaw open a grape, but it is purely accidental with them. Prof. Beal: We can put these two things together then: bees can gnaw— they have mandibles that can be used for this purpose; when a grape is burst open they will take the inside out—they like grape juice. Then may we not expect they will be found damaging the grapes with the intelligence that is claimed for them? Mr. Lannin: I am confident they will destroy peaches from my own obser- yations, and it matters little to me whether they make the first incision or not. Mr. Barnard of the Western Rural detailed a year’s experience in which bees did his grape crop an enormous amount of damage, and he had every reason to believe they made the first openings in the skin of the grapes. Mr. Edgell, South Haven: One season I allowed a neighbor to set a few hives of bees upon my premises near the vineyard, and this is the only year in my experience that my grapes were injured by bees. I believe they used their jaws upon the outer grape to get at the pulp. THE ANNUAL MEETING. 133 Mr. Sheffer, South Haven: I am satisfied the bees ate a good many of my peaches, but feel just as confident that the first break in the skin of the peach was made by a green tree hopper. Mr. Sailor: It occurs to me that peaches should be gathered for market before they are in condition to be enjoyed by bees. Mr, Linderman: In my case the past year the hail storm broke the skin of the peaches, and the bees made their way inside from these openings. Prof. Cook: The best argument outside my own observation has come from the fact that Prof. Riley, who is always ready to sustain his position when taken, by statements of experience and observation, has neglected to do so in this case. A number of years ago he took the same position against the bees that many of you do here, and although opposed by all the most observing bee- keepers in the land, he has not renewed his argument nor combatted them in the least. Mr. Lannin: What shall we do for the ants which are such a troublesome pest in the house and in the orchard? Prof. Cook: Molasses and Paris green, and bisulphide of carbon are both good remedies. Mr. Edgell: Are the ‘*snap bugs’’ that we find when hunting curculio lia- ble to,do any harm? Prof. Cook: No, they are not bad except as one species produces our wire worms. Prof. Beal suggested that a good way to catch ants was to place a sponge moistened in sweetened water in their haunts as a trap. Mr. Lawton recalled the question of bees and grapes, and said that wasps, yellow jackets, and black hornets had damaged his grapes to a considerable extent, but thus far he had no direct testimony against the bees. The chairman announced that the time for this subject had been fully taken, and called upon the secretary to read a paper sent by Prof. Burrill of Ilinois Industrial University, at the request of the society, upon the question HAVE WE ANY NEW LIGHT ON PEAR BLIGHT OR YELLOWS? Upon the yellows of the peach, I have nothing further of practical investi- gation to report. No attempt at further examination of the affected trees has been made because it seemed to me the only satisfactory study of the disease which could be made must be on the grounds, among the infected trees, with abundant material collected by the investigator, or, if not, by some one equally | as competent to select and to judge of conditions, influences, and effects. While therefore no confirmation of the published accounts can be offered based on new observations of diseased peach trees, it is not the case with other appar- ently similar, at least in some respects, plant diseases, and it may be appropri- ate to say that I am still very confident that the immediate cause of the disease called yellows is a living organism, so small that its presence has been over- looked by those who have studied the diseased tissues with the aid of the com- pound microscope. I am aware that some have reported the finding of the mycelial threads of large fungi, and that a very common idea prevails that the roots of the tree are first—at least in many cases—attacked. Dr. B. D. Halstead failed after very careful, and, I may add, very skillful microscopical examinations to find any such disease producing mycelia. In my own too lim- ited examinations nothing of the kind was observed. Having long studied plant diseases like the rusts, smuts, mildews, etc., and thus gained something 134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of an acquaintaince with the general characteristics of these maladies of culti- vated plants, I cannot readily credit the statement that the yellows is due to any similar parasitic fungus, the published descriptions of the disease being for the most part my information concerning it. Besides this the spores of moulds and the hosts of decay producing fungi being ubiquitously present and germinating wherever favorable conditions permit, it is exceedingly easy to mistake their vegetative threads (mycelia) for the true disease producers. It is, therefore, to my mind, quite improbable that any one or more of the species or classes of the ordinary parasitic fungi having distinct vegetative and repro- ductive systems, cause the peach yellows. On the other hand the well demonstrated contagious nature of the disease strongly points to a something capable of growth and multiplication ; no mere chemical poison nor simple exhaustion with vital debility. These latter do not increase and become widely distributed through any process of contamination. An inorganic poison accomplishes its work and disappears, or at least grows less effective through the dissipation of its substance. ‘A sickly animal or plant may genetically produce offspring inheriting constitutional weakness and dis- eased individuals may thus be increased in numbers; but it is, in questions of this kind, exceedingly important that we distinguish clearly and certainly, as we may, such a propagation of disease from that produced in healthy individu- als by inoculation. It is true the effects of the latter may become inheritable, but if so, because the pathological agent continues to reproduce itself after being once introduced ; and this continued reproduction at once announces its true nature. It cannot be too well understood that the separate cellular elements of the higher plants do not readily propagate themselves. Wounds in plants, except under peculiar circumstances in the cambium, do not even heal in any proper sense. ‘The old injuries are simply overgrown, covered up by new material, without union or any sort of connection of growth. It is absolutely impossible to transfer living cells of any of the higher plants to other living plants of the same kind and cause them to grow in their new situation by any process like inoculation with a needle. It certainly is never true that the sim- ple fluids of a diseased plant can injuriously affect a healthy one except perhaps as a local and temporary poison. There is no such thing as multiplication and increase in these cases. Leaving grafting and budding out of the question, whenever a disease is found to be communicable from an unhealthy to a healthy plant by inocula- tion, we may rest assured that the virus contains some organic, living, parasitic germ, capable of self reproduction and possessing a vitality and life history of itsown. Itissoin the animal economy. ‘There is no longer the least ground for doubt as to the nature of vaccination as a preventive against small pox. The vaccine virus owes its potency to a discovered living, self propagating organ- ism. Small pox itself grows and prevades the entire body from a small begin- ning, and the microscope reveals the minute agent and its manner of increase. Similarly there is no further room for question as to the nature of the morbific agent in diphtheria. Not only the existence of the actual and active disease producer is known, but its shape, size, color, composition, and many of the conditions required for its development have been studied and established. Some of the other contagious diseases of man and the higher animals are as well or better known, all pointing to the same or similar origin, parasitism. Haying, for reasons stated, expressed the conviction that the yellows is not due to the more highly organized parasitic fungi which send their vegetative system through the internal tissues and produce their fruit or reproductive bodies only THE ANNUAL MEETING. 135 on the surface, we reach by exclusion the probability of bacteria-like organisms, and sufficiently account for their discovery now by investigators by their exceed- ingly minute size. Further, such organisms have been found (by myself) in great numbers in two different sets of specimens. ‘Two lots of specimens ought not to be allowed to decide a matter of so much consequence, and for myself, these examinations would only be taken as strengthening a probability, did not the published accounts strongly support the results reached. Nothing can be clearer from practical experience than that the yellows is contagious, that the malady may be spread with the pruning knife or that it does spread in some way from diseased to healthy trees in the orchard. It is very doubtful as to the roots being in any special sense the chief seat of the disease. In my specimens the roots were not infected at all, neither can we suppose the organism believed to be the exciting cause lives in the earth, The contagion is rather in the tops from which the roots as well may be infected. But the members of your society will surely ask, ‘‘ What preventive or remedial measures can be adopted to eradicate the pest?’ Perhaps some will say, ‘“I'o know the cause is nothing, the cure is the valuable thing.’’ While you will not expect me to indorse the negative part of the last sentiment, it does seem to me that there is sufficient support for the careful, vigilant “stamping out’’ already in operation through the efforts of your society. To do this effectively and economically, there is scarcely a doubt as to the value of further scientific investigation. If, in pursuance of its good work, the Michigan State Horticultural Society can bring this about, another laurel will be added to its many splendid tokens of victory and success. BLIGHT. The announcements of last year upon the cause and character of the so- called blight of the pear have been confirmed and verified during the past season. Further inoculations have been followed by similar results, and the disease in nature, studied under the light of its artificial production, is, I venture to affirm, pretty well understood. Want of sufficient attention has still left many questions unanswered, but there is certainly a reasonable pros- pect that all these having important bearing can be solved. The most important result of some experiments and continual observations during the last summer (so far as my own efforts are concerned) is the recog- nition and demonstration that the disease known as fire-blight in the pear is a common one in other plants. According to my observations, the so-called twig-blight of the apple tree is much more prevalent and destructive in Ilinois than in Michigan. Of the identity of this and pear blight enough was ad- vanced last year. The fact is our apple trees are, if not as much injured as the pear, badly affected. Not only the twigs, but often larger limbs, and great patches on the trunks, succumb to the destroyer. Whole trees, ten to twenty, or more, years old, die in some, though not numerous, instances, in one season. The Lombardy poplar is with us more liable to be taken off than any fruit tree, and the disease in cause and consequence is assuredly the same thing. It may be, for it has been, communicated from one to the other by inoculation. Thus this worthless poplar is a dangerous neighbor for a pear or apple tree, though how dangerous cannot now be told. A beetle (Agrilus) bores the bark and outer layers of wood doing considerable injury itself to this rapidly growing tree, but in most cases the wounds thus made speedily heal over when permitted to doso. The latter, however, is by no means always the case, for the entrance way through the outer coats having been made, the blight bacteria 136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. penetrate to the living tissues, and set up the deadly fermentation of the car- bonaceous food materials stored within the cells. The process is easily observed without other aid than a pair of good eyes and a pocket-knife, though the mischief-makers themselves require high magnifying to be seen. By shaving off the outer bark in thin slices (a draw-shave is a good instrument to use) the tertuous holes made by the long, slender-bodied larve running, for the most part, parallel with the outer surface, may be readily found in a blighting Lombardy. From these holes may as readily be observed the gradually spreading infection. The previously white and compact inner bark becomes watery and fibrous, changing in color to arusty brown. The boundary line between the diseased and still healthy portions is sharp and easily deter- mined, and may be observed, day by day, encroaching upon the healthy parts. As is always the case, whatever has been, or is, thought to the contrary, the blight progress is slow. It very gradually spreads from cell to cell, often hardly enough to be noticeable, without careful measurements, during twenty- four hours. The broadly apparent effects, as the death of the leaves, may be sudden enough, just as a mine explosion is sudden after weeks of laborious drilling and charging. With abundant opportunity and extensive examination, I have never found the roots of a Lombardy poplar in the least affected with blight until after the disease had been communicated in the manner described, by spreading from the parts above ground. The same is true of all kinds of plants, woody or herbaceous, in which this blight has been observed. What a commentary upon the periodically-revived idea that the heat of the soil is the direct cause of blight! But roots do suffer, and severely, too, through the contagion from above, showing that their ordinary immunity is simply on ac- count of their protection by the earth from an external, air-distributed foe. The aspen, the maples, the elms, the willows, the mountain ash, the lilac (leaves), the butternut, some herbaceous plants (peony, lettuce, potato?), etc., more or less, suffer in the same way, and on account of the same, or an indis- tinguishable, voracious, little, but sufficiently potent, parasite. If it should be demonstrated that the yellows of the peach is also due to the specifically identical organism (which does not now seem to be the case), the process of stamping out would be less hopeful. In this connection a pertinent query in regard’to the possible use to the pro- ducing plant of the poisonous substances which many of them secrete forces itself upon our minds. Why does the peach tree, especially in its wild state, manufacture the deadly hydrocyanic acid and hold it within the starch and chlorophyll cells? Why are the articles we call medicines stored so abundantly in the bark of living trees and other plants? The fact that nearly all the alka- loids, acids, essential oils, etc., thus stored away are destructive to bacteria-like organisms is a curiously interesting coincidence if nothing more. By our pro- cesses of cultivation and selection many plants lose in part these peculiar pro- ducts as in the case of the garden parsnip. Are such cultivated and selected plants therefore more exposed, more liable on this account to succumb to an invisible but living and active enemy? Is the struggle for existence which we find so universal in nature maintained in part by such means as these? It is said that wolves will not touch the dead bodies of Mexican soldiers on account of their saturation with the great amount of pepper these people use in their food. Are many living plants similarly protected from equally voracious foes? Returning from this speculative digression I conclude by narrating an obser- vation of the last season of practical interest to nurserymen. In May, 1881, I received through the mail a package of apple-tree root grafts THE ANNUAL MEETING. 137 from H. C. Graves & Son, Sandwich, Ill., with the statement that something had prevented the usual union which ordinarily takes place betweén the cion and piece of root in certain parts of their stored grafts. Other peculiarities and conditions were also given going to show that the management of the grafting, packing, etc., had been such as their own abundant experience as well as the common practice of the country had proved best. The work was done in mid- winter and old sawdust used for packing material. ‘The boxes were stored in a frost proof cellar. An examination clearly showed that the cions were at the time undergoing the destructive process we call blight. The case was positive enough to my mind from this examination, but to make assurance doubly sure, some pear limbs were afterwards inoculated with the bacteria laden fluid of the diseased cions, and yeritable blight in a previously healthy tree followed in two instances. I was not surprised that more inoculations did not ‘‘take,’’ for previous and other contemporaneous experience showed the difficulty of making successful inocu- lations at that season (the last of May) of the year. The disease had plainly started from the cut ends of the cions, and in most of those received had not yet involved the whole length. Having communicated these things to the nurserymen and expressed my conyiction that the trouble came from infection from the grafting knives, word soon came that this entirely explained the facts as presented. Those kinds which had been known to have suffered with ‘‘ twig blight’’ the preceding summer were exactly the ones diseased as grafts. The workmen had now and again thrown out affected twigs as they rapidly cut them up, but they knew nothing of the danger there was in smearing their knives occasionally with trial or accidental cuts of diseased pieces. Ordinarily having finished any one variety the work would be cleaned up, the knives sharpened, and a fresh start made upon another. Thus the contamination was not continued. With the use of the same stock, stored in the same way and place, blight destroyed many of one kind, none or nearly none of another. It was not possible to find out whether any one, variety certainly known to be free from blight during the summer was at all infected in the grafting as might have been the case with careful experiments tried for the purpose. As to remedy after a tree is infected, I cannot recommend anything but to remove the diseased parts as has been so Jong practiced. But much care should be taken to cut low enough to really accomplish the object sought. It will not do to be governed by the discoloration of the leaves alone. When the outer bark is smooth a characteristic discoloration early shows itself externally, while the thinnest shaving from the outer bark serves to definitely locate the advancing border of the blight. Care must also be taken not to further spread the contagion with the pruning knife and saw. Wounds should be covered with some protective material like clay, linseed oil paint, grafting wax, ete. If the trees are carefully examined at ieast every two weeks and the infected parts as carefully removed, the cure is almost positive. The disease is of the bark rather than of the wood, and of the bark it is the outer, living cellular layer which most suffers. Sometimes this thin stratum may be diseased more or less throughout most of the tree, while by a casual observer the tree would be ac- counted perfectly healthy. Sometimes the whole thickness of the living bark, especially in patches on the trunk, may be affected, though the cambium may continue healthy, as is sometimes shown by a new layer of bark formed under the old. Quite often the disease is checked or permanently stopped by the 1388 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. effects of winter, but not unfrequently it remains slowly active during the win- ter and in springtime assumes its original virulence. As direct preventives, everything that tends in any way to wound the epider- mis or bark, whether it is man with his pruning knife, or gnawing and boring insects, must be banished as far as possible. Then some protective wash or paint may be advantageously applied. Linseed oil (raw), lime wash in which carbolic acid has been stirred, etc., doubtless may help to keep out the bacteria. The discussion of indirect prophylactics must be vague and speculative to a great extent. Cultivation or starvation, sun or shade, root pruning or double working, these and such as these have their day and are forgotten until by some new brain evolution they are restored. There is no doubt whatever but that the general surroundings and conditions have much to do with the more or less rapid progress of the disease, just as scarlet fever in man rages at one time more than another, and in one place more than another; but these conditions are exceedingly complex and apparently not always uniform. ‘The safest plan is to manage so as to secure good, thrifty growth with well-ripened wood, with- out placing much reliance on the temporary successes and failures of Messrs. A. and B. With careful selection of varieties and intelligent management, pear growing can be made successful throughout large areas of our country, but I have no hope that any medicinal treatment of soil or tree will ever be found as a specific against blight. Mr. S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y.: The work done by Prof. Burrill has been very valuable in setting us aright as to the cause of these terrible plant diseases. I have noted a marked analogy between diphtheria and pear-blight. In that grade of society where there is less physical strength and vitality, the disease has proved more fatal than in a rank where there is a more robust health as a result of regular physical labor and out-of-door exercise. In our native varieties of the pear we find less difficulty with blight than with the finer- bred, imported sorts. IL should expect, from my observation, to find the Seckel and Winter Nelis less troubled than others that have come to us with long French names. My convictions are all in favor of rather light, sandy soil for pears. ‘This comes from my knowledge of the largest pear orchard on this continent, which is on the James river, in Virginia, on soil that is very sandy. This orchard is singularly free from blight. "I have noted others in Canada similarly situated that are very little injured by the disease. Mr. Gibson: My trees the past season were attacked very seriously with blight. I used the knife freely, and all the oils and nostrums that are recom- mended, with no success. Finally, bringing to bear a little knowledge I had of human diseases and remedies, I saw an analogy, and went to work accord- ingly. I mixed a wash of lime, sulphur, and carbolic acid in water and put it upon the bodies and limbs as far as I could reach. Then I bought some mineral paint and placed it among the feeding roots. The trees stopped blighting, and have made a vigorous growth. Mr. Woodward, in answer toa question as to the Kieffer’s hybrid being blight proof, said it was not, and as a pear to eat, was worthless, anyway. He further remarked: The Duchesse is more free from blight than any variety I grow. In an orchard of 4,500 trees, there has not one blighted enough to kill it. I treat my pear trees to a dose of salt, bone-dust, ashes, and copperas. I have faith in Saunders’ (of Washington) solution of slacked lime, sulphur, with a little carbolic acid added, as a good wash to prevent blight. It should be applied twice a year. THE ANNUAL MEETING. 139 Mr. Hanford had tried this solution with no satisfactory results; but the linseed oil remedy had been very effective with him. The exercises of the morning closed with a short paper written by Prof. T. J. Wramplemeier, of the State University, upon POISONS AND THEIR USE AS INSECT EXTERMINATORS., By far the most common insecticides used by the agriculturist are those compounds of arsenic, Paris green and London purple, with the former of which at least, you are well acquainted. Besides its use for the destruction of the potato beetle, Paris green is highly recommended to be used against the apple coleophora, the juniper web-worm, the elm-leaf beetle, Chapin’s apple leaf-sewer (Dept. of Agric. Report, 1878), the army worm (Rep. of Entomol- ogist, Dept. of Ag., 1879), and a number of other insect pests. London purple is a dry product obtained in the manufacture of aniline colors. It is composed mostly of arseniate of calcium. (Reportof the Chem- ist Dept. of Ag., 1878, p. 144.) It is much cheaper than Paris green and can be used wherever that substance can be used. It has been found by experi- ment that weight for weight it is more efficacious than Paris green. Indeed, Prof Riley says that a given weight will go twice as far as the same amount of the green. (Amer. Naturalist, 1881, Oct., p. 821.) It occurs in much finer powder than Paris green, hence can be more readily suspended in water or more intimately mixed with diluents in the dry state than the former. Prof. Riley recommends the proportions, one pound to 36 pounds of the diluent in the dry state, or one-half pound in about 50 to 55 gallons of water. (Bulletin No. 3, U. 8. Ent. Com’n, 1880.) Its color is also an advantage, as it not only colors the ingredients with which it is mixed, but is more readily seen on the plants than Paris green. Other salts of arsenic as well as arsenious acids are used and largely form the basis of the patented insect poisons. The objections to the use of these other compounds of arsenic are: 1, Their white color, on account of which they can more easily be mistaken for harmless material; and 2, The strength of each has to be determined by experiment, and unless used in the proper dilution they are liable to injure the foliage. Not a little has been said and written about the danger attending the use of arsenicals. Their highly poisonous nature of course necessitates their being used with the greatest precaution. Whenever there has been a case of poison- ing it has been explained as due to accident or gross carelessness. Ina case of poisoning by arsenic the best antidote is ferric hydrate, or as it is more com- monly called, hydrated peroxide of iron, in the condition of moist precipitate. This must be freshly prepared in order to be most effective and can be obtained of any druggist. While waiting for this give the patient an emetic, as for in- stance, a teaspoonful of mustard in warm water. The hydrate should be given then in doses of a tablespoonful. As to the effect of these poisons on the land, it has been pretty well established that their use in such small quantities and in such finely divided state may be continued for years, even centuries, without giving cause for alarm. The use of white hellebore, either as powder or suspended in water, and which is so highly recommended for the destruction of the currant worm, (Mich. Board of Ag. Report, 1876, pp. 170, 173), appears to be attended with no especial danger. Though it contains the poisonous alkaloid veratria, it 1s In 140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. very small proportions, and I have seen no record of asingle instance where symptoms of poisoning have followed the rotting of fruit from plants which have been treated by it. Among other poisons which have been used with more or less favorable results are carbolic acid, lye and tobacco. Soap, kerosene and alcohol have also been found useful in certain instances. Infusions of various poisonous herbs have been tried, but without marked success. But those which promise to be the most important insecticides are the so-called Persian and Dalmatian insect powders (the former pyrethrum roseum, and P. carneum, the latter P. cinerarie- folium), as they possess the great advantage of being perfectly harmless to man and beast. ‘This subject has received a great deal of attention of late, and I probably could give you some interesting information were it not for the fact that my words would necessarily be nothing but a repetition of a small portion of what your associate, Prof. Cook (an authority on the subject), has doubtless already told you. A recess was taken until evening. Evening Session. Mr. Mann, of Adrian, was called to the chair. Upon a motion a committee of three was selected upon credentials, to whom delegates were requested to report, so that a record could be made of the societies represented. The chair named Mr. Bitely of Lawton, Mr. Chapman of Bangor, and Mr. Town of Barry, as such committee. The first paper of the evening was presented by R. Haigh, jr., of South Ha- ven, upon the topic ; RURAL IMPROVEMENT. The subject of rural improvement, while of interest to all and admitted to be of much importance, as generally treated is productive of little practical bene- fit. Individual effort has been stimulated, but no definite results of any extent attained. Something more than individual effort is needed. I have been very much interested in the working and success, at the Hast, especially in Connec- ticut, of rural improvement societies. These are organized for the general improvement of the township or village. As the idea is comparatively new I trust I shall be pardoned if, in speaking of it, I quote largely from the origin- ator, Dr. Northrop, Secretary of the Connecticut Board of Education. In this part of the country the township is the unit, and its members in better condition, as to location and interest, to work together for a common good. It is only by organized effort that results of any magnitude can be attained. The need of something of the kind is sadly evident almost everywhere. We need a waking up of public spirit and town pride. Our youth should be taught in their homes and schools to be jealous of the good name of their home and State. The love of home and of country isakin. The feeling that honors the place of one’s birth or adoption is ennobling ; it is an element in the char- acter of true manhood. We of South Haven especially need to rouse ourselves. We are not making the advancement we ought in these things. Just look over our village; scarcely a dozen rods of real good road, hardly a single block of perfect sidewalk, and THE ANNUAL MEETING, 14% much that is unsafe to traverse even in daylight. Our school grounds almost a barren waste ; our cemetery, with the exception of a little private work, almost as bad ; and our park, that might be the pride of the village and the envy of the State, almost wholly neglected ; and the sides of the streets made the re- ceptacle for all the rubbish of the adjoining houses. How can we expect to draw and retain in the place the better classes, so long as such things exist. Lack of public spirit has contributed to the decline of many towns, and eyvi- dence is seen in poor roads and sidewalks and neglected public grounds. I do not think we are lacking in public spirit, and I know there is abund- ance of taste and desire for improvement, and I believe all we need is an organization whereby all efforts can be united and if need be, concentrated to accomplish results that shall tell wonderfully in the improvement of our village. Too often neglected private grounds, dilapidated dwellings, barns, or sheds, or a street -ugly with piles of decaying brush or chips, discarded fruit cans, broken harrows, carts or sleds, a front fence with missing pickets and a dis- abled gate give an air of shiftlessness that mars the effect of an otherwise beautiful village. Here an association is needed to develop that private taste and public spirit which will remove such defects and disfigurements. When every citizen is stimulated to make his own grounds and wayside not only free from rubbish but neat and attractive, the entire town becomes so inviting and homelike as to give new value to allits homes. Such affectionate care and attention to the homes indicate a kindly, intelligent, home-loving people, and no better praise need be given to any people than that they tenderly cherish their homes. A stranger can hardly drive through such a town without saying, Here are people of refinement, who love their homes, and therefore tastefully guard the surroundings of their daily lives. These surroundings, trifling as they seem to some, are the more important, because they are constant forces in moulding character. Cleaning up, dusting, putting things in order are little matters in the parlor, sitting room or kitchen, yet how soon each becomes forbidding when these trifles are neglected. Just so in a village, these minor matters neglected, and the comfort, content, reputation and prosperity of a whole community suffer. But worst of all, home-life suffers and character deteriorates. Among the specific objects of such an association is the securing of better roads. In no way can the reputation of a place be better established than by good roads; they are an index of the character and enterprise of the people. The first impressions of all visitors will be influenced by the roads. All the good features of the place will be enhanced by good roads, but will be almost entirely spoiled by bad ones. ‘The improvement and care of the roadsides is an important consideration, second only to the roadway. A smooth green space at either side adds much to the appearance of the road and to the pleasure of passing over it, and this is largely increased by the addition of rows of thrifty trees. The subject of street lamps would properly come before such a society. Well lighted streets would remove a great hindrance to social enjoyment, add much to the comfort of all, and tend to promote the good fellowship so essential to the welfare of any community. The improvement of public grounds is one of the important objects. Every village in the State should possess its public park or green, which may be made not only a source of much enjoyment, but will add many times its cost to the value of property. Money wisely expended in adornment of this kind is a profitable investment. 142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The cemetery should receive earnest attention. Instead of being a tangled mass of briers, and weeds, and grass, and all unsightliness, that makes one fairly shudder to think of, it should be so beautiful and embellished that it shall be a source of pure and quiet pleasure to all who visit it, and that it may be worthy of its sacred title, ‘‘ God’s Acre.”’ The educational bearings of this subject, if less obvious, are not less im- portant. The external improvements prompted by these associations have in many cases developed a local pride and public spirit which have displaced many a weather-worn and comfortless school-house. Public interest once enlisted in the adornment of streets, parks, cemeteries, and kindred plans, is sure to embrace the school-house. The people are learning that village im- provement promotes the growth and prosperity of a town by inviting wealthy and desirable residents from abroad, just as neglected streets, school-houses, and other signs of an illiberal policy invest a town with an air of discourage- ment and decay. The influence of such an association in cultivating the taste, fostering the study of nature, developing in youth a love of flowers, vines, shrubbery, and trees, all the stronger because they have planted and cuitivated them, thus fostering domestic attachments, and checking the excessive passion for city life, suggest some of the ways in which it supplements the work of the schcol. The interest should center in the homes and home life. ‘‘ The hope of America is the homes of America.’? There remain still too many homes and grounds desolate, neglected, and repulsive, where taste, and trees, shrub- bery, hedges, or creeping vines, with a bit of lawn, would make ‘‘the wilderness blossom as the rose.’? Unquestionably, neglect and slatternliness in and around the house repel from their rural homes many youth who might other- wise be bound in the strongest ties to the fireside. Modern civilization relates specially to the homes and social life of the people; to their health, comfort and thrift—their intellectual and moral advancement. It is a good omen that public interest in the embellishments of rural homes and villages is widely extending, and that the varied charms of the country with its superior advantages for the physical and moral training of children are attracting many thoughtful men to the simpler enjoyments and employments of rural life. Hvyery influence should therefore be combined to foster home attachments, for there is protection as well as education in the fervent love of home with its sacred associations. Patriotism itself hinges in the domestic sentiments. Whatever adorns one’s home and ennobles his domes- tic life, strengthens his love of country and nurtures all the better elements of his nature. These are afew of the ways in which a society of this kind can be useful. It may be said that the village or town authorities control some of these things, but they are the servants of the people, and go only so far as the people say. What we want is such a rousing of public sentiment that these improvements shall be demanded, and such an awakening of interest and enthusiasm that everybody shall be stimulated to individual effort. If we of South Haven can make such an organized as well as individual effort, then shall our village put on a beauty of which we never dreamed. People of taste and culture and refinement shall come to us, and shall abide with us; our own attachment for the place shall grow stronger and stronger; value of property will increase; business will grow, and in every way the prosperity of the place will be advanced. May not our State horticultural society very properly add to its valuable labors by aiding in the formation and promoting the welfare of such organiza- tion? It may not seem so vitally important as some other things, and yet I THE ANNUAL MEETING. 143 believe it would add much to the general welfare, happiness and prosperity of the people. ‘The efforts of the society for the improvement and ornamenting of school grounds is producing good results. Valuable papers have been contributed to the reports and excellent addresses delivered at nearly every meeting for some years. At the first meeting of the present year our honored president submitted a paper suggesting that the legis- lature be requested to authorize townships to offer aid to the amount of fifty dollars to each school district, expending a like amount in improving and ornameuting its grounds, the same to be used in continuing the im- provement. At the same meeting a report was made to the superintend- ent of public instruction urging him to make the improvement of school grounds a prominent feature of his State teachers’ institutes, and to use his influence towards having instruction in this branch given at the State normal school, to the end that our teachers might be better qualified to give aid to the improvement of the school grounds under their charge. I deem it no more than justice to extend our thanks to Messrs. D. M. Ferry & Co., who through the efforts of Mr. W. W. Tracy have made under very favorable conditions a generous gift of flower seeds to the schools of the State. The value of all these efforts is beyond estimation, and if to them can be added efforts in the direction I have named, the good influences will be extended, the society will be strengthened, and the people will be benefited. Prof. Beal read some notes he had made on RURAL CEMETERIES. Mr. PRESIDENT: Iam glad this subject is beginning to attract the atten- tion of members of this society. It may seem to some that in considering the subject of cemeteries the State Horticultural Society is going beyond its legit- mate work. I think not, Mr. President. We have an illustrious example in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. That old society about 1825—55 years ago—was the means of establishing Mount Auburn cemetery, now the chief burial place for the dead of Boston. On this topic I glean items from the history of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, recently published : In 1825 ‘‘ Dr. Jacob Bigelow, then a young physician of Boston, cherished a love of the country by the character of his early botanical studies, and this led him to desire the institution of a suburban cemetery in the neighbor- hood of Boston, which might at once lead to a cessation of the burial of the dead in the city, rob death of a portion of its terrors, and afford to afflicted survivors some relief amid their bitterest sorrows.’’ At this time nothing of the kind existed in the United States, nor even in the world, on the scale of Mount Auburn as it now is. The gentleman who is said to have originated the idea of neat rural cemeteries was the late J. Jay Smith, of Germantown, Pennsylvania. He died the 22d of last September, 1881, at a good old age, and deserves the lasting remembrance of all lovers of rural adornment. It is not many years ago that he accepted a request and visited London, England, with the view of founding a similar kind of cemetery with all recent improvements. Robinson, editor of The Garden, in London, and author of the ‘‘ Parks of Paris,’’ says ‘‘ The Americans are the only people who bury their dead decently and beautifully; that is so far as the present mode of sepulture will allow them. Jor beauty, extent, careful planting, picturesque views and keeping, the garden cemeteries formed within the past generation or so, near all the princi- 144 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. pal American cities, are a great advance upon anything of the kind in Europe. There are half a dozen or more within driving distance of New York. No good fashion ever spread so rapidly.” In reference to the mode of burying in the old country, Prof. W. H. Brewer, of Yale college, says ‘‘'There are many places where they leave only a limited space for their graveyards, and the remains are removed after five, seven or more years to make room for others.’’ As [have said, one of the oldest and the most distinguished State horticul- tural societies was not only influential in adorning a rural cemetery, but selected and purchased the land. By an act of the legislature the society was clothed with authority to make a perpetual dedication of the spot as a rural cemetery and to plant and embellish it with shrubbery and flowers, and trees and walks, and other rural ornaments. Although not intended as a specula- tion for the society it proved to be a good money investment which still brings the society from $3,000 to $7,000 or more a year. Perhaps it would be a good plan for this society to go into some speculation which would bring as good returns. In Mount Auburn the rubbish and undergrowth were cleared away and the whole converted into a park. ‘‘ The avenues and paths were planned as far as possible to conform to the natural surface of the ground. Curved or winding courses were generally adopted, both for picturesque effect and for easy approach to the lots. The drives were about 18 feet wide and the paths about 5. The lots were 25 by 15 feet and set back six feet from the paths. The beautiful and appropriate names of trees and shrubs were adopted for the paths and avenues. Ponds were deepened and streams of fresh water introduced into them.’’ In a flat, low country, as in the vicinity of Chicago, lakes are excavated to get earth to raise the rest of the cemetery to a proper height. ‘‘ From the outset the Horticultural Society of Massachusetts exerted its whole influence to make Mount Auburn a model in all respects.’? It was advised that the area of the lots should not begplanted with trees or shrubs, but left free and open, and that plants used for edgings should be of very humbie character, and that hedges should be avoided as liable to become so filled with wood as to present a mass of brambles with but little verdure, while the ground would be filled with roots and the monuments would be hidden from view. Directions were also given for securing a verdant surface of turf and for forming the borders for flowers and ornamental trees and shrubs. The committee sum up with the remark that “the general appearance of the whole grounds should be that of a well managed park, and the lots only so far ornamented with shrubs and flowers as to constitute rich borders to the avenues and pathways, without giving to them the aspect of a dense and wild coppice or neglected garden.’”? Art and nature were to combine their beauties to grace a scene devoted to the last resting place of the dead. The good example set by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society soon “took the public mind by storm.’ The adornment of rural cemeteries became all the rage. Another good regulation now adopted by all the best cemeteries is this: ‘* Whenever a lot is sold, an additional sum of money is required, the interest of which is used in the perpetual care of the lot, which precaution insures the grounds being always kept in the best possible condition. It isa pleasant thought while one is yet alive that his last bed will be continually and forever strewn with beautiful flowers.’’? It is of little use to select and plant trees or shrubs without making some provision for their care. When trying to keep a cemetery in fine condition there are many difficulties to contend with, especially in a new country. Every person owning a lot THE ANNUAL MEETING. 145 wishes to consult his own taste in keeping it. The taste of the average person | is not very good, and the tastes of all of them do not harmonize very well. To check this defect the deeds of lots should provide that no planting shall be made without the approval of the trustees or the superintendent. The next thing, or rather the first in order, is to secure a competent superintendent and a good board. A good soil for grass and trees is very desirable in a cemetery, although this is too often overlooked in making the selection. Large trees, natives and exotic, are desirable in certain places, but seldom if ever on lots intended for burial. Evergreens and oak trees are especially appropriate, and certain weeping trees and some shrubbery. Well kept turf is very important. For this good soil, proper grasses and frequent mowing are necessary. And these places must not be much shaded with trees, which also cut off the nourishment and moisture which the grass must have if it makes a thrifty growth. It is much better to plant but few trees and shrubs and take good care of. them than to plant many and give but little care. Good care cannot be secured without money to employ a com- petent person who understands the planting and care of trees, shrubs, and the making and care of a lawn and paths. Trees and shrubs need occasional watching all the year through; they need trimming a little and protection from mice, rabbits and snow. With no care except fencing, a cemetery presents a sorry and forbidding sight and is scarcely worthy to be called a cemetery. Such places are still very common, especially in small church yards in the country. The surface is rough, the grass and weeds are tall, straggling and uneven. Bushes, briars, and unkept trees, a white board fence with a few marble slabs complete the picture. The list of suitable trees and shrubs is a long one and includes almost anything which would be suitable for a park or arboretum. I cannot close this paper, already too lengthy, without uttering a protest against the common and, almost exclusive use of white marble for marking the last resting place of the dead. The color is too cold and glar- ing, the material is too soft and perishable. It will at best only remain for a life-time in respectable condition. Marble works easily and can be cheaply furnished. ‘his can also be said of wood. Weather wears away the inscrip- tions and time eats the marble. Except wood, marble is one of the poorest materials for such a purpose. CULTURE OF PLANTS. Mr. Gibson: The adornment of home is an incentive to virtue. A good cit- izen, a good parent, a dutiful child are all the outcome of a beautiful home. Nature produces the most beautiful things with which to adorn a home. The most delightful attractions that can be brought into home life are not confined to the rich. We find greater delicacy of texture in a petal than in the finest silk fabric, and far greater beauty of form and color in the flowers and plants about us than were ever produced by a Raphael or a Rubens. The wealthy can spend vast sums, and very properly too, upon the finest of art, and there still remains a higher type of beauty that can be obtained without money and with- out price, by bestowing a little love upon a few plants in the window. But I was to give a few practical hints upon the culture of plants from my own experience. ‘T'o make good winter bloomers set young plants in the open ground in spring and keep them from blooming all summer; pinch in the 19 146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. strong shoots so as to dwarf them. If practicable when potting them to take in the house, do it when the plants are comparatively dry—before a rain rather than succeeding wet weather. If to be placed in an ordinary window put up a couple of brackets with a shelf. If to be placed in a bay window, turn the carpet back for the winter and place zine or oil cloth upon the floor in such a manner as to allow the frequent showering of the plants. If you can accom- plish this in no other way, take the plants ont in the kitchen every few days fora bath. As to the plants that succeed best, the begonias, geraniums, and yuccas are all good; and I would suggest as a plant to get the most good out of, the Chinese primrose. The temperature of the room is of a good deal of moment. You all know that the upper stratum of air is very much warmer than the lower in # room. This should be remembered in arranging your plants. Plants need constant attention which can only be given them satisfactorily by hands that love to do the work. Gasis not good for plants. Watering is an important matter. Too many give a little water on the surface every day, regardless of requirements, while beneath, perhaps, there is a ball of perfectly hard, dry earth; and then wonder why the plants do so poorly. My rule is to water thoroughly, and only when needed. ‘Turn your plants out of the pots occasionally and note the con- dition of the roots. Stove plants can be grown in the house by careful atten- tion, but rarely are the best results obtained without a conservatory. Plants repay all they cost and are a valuable accompaniment to any home. By request the following essay from the pen of Granville Cowing of Muncie, Indiana, had been sent up to be read at this session: A HOME FLOWER GARDEN Should be composed of a rich, well-drained loam, and, if possible, should slope slightly to the south or east. ‘To secure the best results with the least labor, the walks should be in straight lines and intersect each other at right angles. An annual top-dressing of unleached wood ashes will be found stimu- lating and beneficial. Of bedding plants annually produced from seed, none in duration of bloom, variety, or beauty of colors, can equal verbenas, Drummond’s phlox, petunias, portulaca, and Japanese coxcomb. ‘Their flowering season is only terminated by frost, and may be much lengthened by sowing seed in a hot-bed and transplanting early. Verbenas and petunias should be planted 18 inches apart ; phlox, portulaca, and coxcomb in rows one foot apart, with plants six inches from each other in the row. The earth in all cases should be firmly pressed against the roots when planting. Loose planting annually entails the loss of an immense number of healthy plants of all kinds—useful as well as ornamental. If crowded in the row, Drummond’s phlox often mildews in wet seasons. If fairly treated it is of easy management and a most persistent bloomer. Dwarf rocket larkspur, and candytuft are also very desirable, the latter especially, for bouquets, but they should be sown where they are to grow, and do best if planted in autumn or very early in spring. Of course no flower garden would be complete without mignonette, with its inconspicuous but fragrant flower. Should bouquets be desired a bed of Ageratum Mexicanum would be indispensable. It blooms from June until frost. Seedling verbenas are more free from disease and stronger growers than named sorts from cut- tings, and white, scarlet and striped varieties can now be produced with cer- tainty from seed. Of Drummond’s phlox, grandiflora is the most beautiful THE ANNUAL MEETING, 14% variety. Double varieties of portulaca, and the fringed and _ beautifully marked new petunias are very attractive when well grown. Of hardy perennial plants, the rose is most prominent. As persistent bloomers in seasons of re- markable drought, I have found none equal to Gen. Washington, hermosa, moss salet, Baron Prevost, Madam Charles Wood, and Louise Odier,—all of which are of great beauty and perfectly hardy in this latitude. A single ap- plication of white, powdered hellebore, steeped in water and sprinkled over the leaves, has for several years enabled me to effectually destroy the green slug, or worm that often defoliates rose bushesin June. Of hardy perennial bulbs, tulips, hyacinths, and lilies are best. Of lilies I have found none more satis- factory than the old white variety, Sidiwm Candidum; when undisturbed it does best. Last year an old bed of it near my house contained at one time at least 500 open flowers, and at night resembled a snow bank. Its agreeable fragrance is hardly excelled by that of any other flower. Bulbs of it should be planted when dormant—about the Ist of August. Tulips and hyacinths should be planted in autumn. Old beds of tulips are generally better than new ones if annually mulched with well-decayed manure. Hyacinths degen- erate after the first flowering. All bulbs here named should be planted 4 or d inches deep. Of tuberous rooted plants, rose and white peonies are among the best, and are most easily grown. Of hardy, climbing plants, none are better than Hall’s honeysuckle, Clematis Jackmannii, and prairie queen. Of autumnal flowering plants, the dahlia is the most stately and showy. I plant them in rows 2 feet apart, with plants 12 inches apart in the row. Such close planting makes them self-supporting, and keeps the ground shaded. An elevated location to protect from early frosts is best for this flower. The tuberose and gladiolus are the best of the tender bulbs. They and dahlias should be dug when frost fairly appears, their roots dried one or two days in the sun, and then placed in boxes in a warm cellar. There are many other beautiful and desirable flowers. I have named those only that I regard as in- dispensable. All possible attention should be given to flowers. They are found on every habitable portion of the earth, and after enlivening the landscape with their beautiful hues, and filling the air with delicious odors, they leave us a legacy in seeds and grain sufficient to feed all mankind. Their cultivation indicates a high order of civilization, and the presence of kind and gentle natures, and there is a species of freemasonry connected with them which enables those who love them to become acquainted with but little ceremony. In an unknown town or city you need never fear offending a stranger by stop- ping, without an introduction, to admire a bed of beautiful flowers belonging to him. But his air would probably be much more distant if you should, without acquaintance, pay a compliment to any other portion of his possessions. Flowers create and cement friendships, and are the most universal and gen- erally the most acceptable presents. When the Queen of England recently desired to testify in the strongest possible manner her great sorrow for our national bereavement, she sent a wreath of roses to be laid upon the bier of our dead President. Flowers come to the aged like a gleam and a breath from the lost Eden of youth, bringing memories of deep blue skies, of winding streams, and an atmosphere fragrant with the bloom of the wild grape and crab-apple. Wm. N. Rowe, of Grand Rapids, continued this discussion by saying : The elements of success in the management of the home flower garden, as I haye found them, may be classified as follows: 148 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Location, soil, choice of varieties, sowing seeds, care of young plants (which includes transplanting and proper arrangement), general methods of cultiva- tion, fall and winter protection. This outline of topics comprehends the whole matter from the beginning, but the question, How best to manage a home flower garden? pre-supposes that the flower garden already exists, and calls our attention merely to its manage- ment, which is a subject far too broad for an exhaustive treatment ata time like this. One of the most important things to be considered is the selection of varie- ties, especially of annuals and perennials that flower the first season from seed ; and to this I would briefly call your attention. As we pick up the various catalogues of seedmen which disseminate much useful information, and which have been powerful agents in developing a taste for floriculture, we find an al- most endless list of varieties, and nearly every one is pronounced alike beautiful and worthy of cultivation. ‘To the inexperienced the task of choosing the most desirable kinds from the average seed catalogue is an enigma with the attempted solution of which they are often disgusted before midsummer. ‘To this subject I have bestowed much care and thought, and notwithstanding the varied expe- rience I have enjoyed in different localities and the opportunities I have had to study conflicting tastes of those who cultivate flowers, I find it a very difficult and perplexing task to select a given number of varieties that will be considered the best for general cultivation ; and especially suitable for those who have small gardens and desire a few plants of several kinds, to a larger number of but few kinds. I have made a selection of twenty-five varieties, and in choosing them the following characteristics have been observed: Beauty, fragrance, hardiness, habits of growth, effects of transplantin&, value for bedding for the border or edging, for summer and winter bouquets, for church and parlor decoration. In this collection you will find sixteen which are commonly called bedding plants, three everlastings, three climbers, and three ornamental grasses. The arrange- ment is as follows: Hardy Annuals. Phlox Drummondii, TenWeeks’ Stocks, Asters, Ageratum, Gypsophilla, Dwarf Nasturtium, Sweet Alyssum, and Mignonette. Half-hardy Annuatls. Balsam, Celosia (Cockscomb), Verbena, Zinnia. Biennials, or Perennials, which flower the first summer. Dianthus, Petunias, Pansy, Scabiosa (Mourning Bride). Climbers. Cypress Vine, Balloon Vine, Sweet Peas. LEverlastings. Acrolinium, Ammobium, Helichrysum. Ornamental Grasses. Agrostis Nebulosa, Briza Maxima, and Lagurus Ovatus. Of course every lover of flowers will miss some favorites from the above list, but in order to select a given number some must be sacrificed. For variety of THE ANNUAL MEETING. 149 colors, continuance of bloom, and all the characteristics aforementioned, I be- lieve this collection stands unrivaled, and will give general satisfaction. Professor Beal remarked as follows upon HIGHWAY PLANTING. The finest roads are to be found in a country where gravel abounds. ‘To the landscape gardener or the artist roads are pleasantest which wind about through the country, parallel to the ridges or streams, or pass obliquely up and down the hills. In Michigan most of the roads follow the points of the compass. In some portions, where hills abound, these straight roads are a great tax on those who work them, and on all those who travel them. In too many cases a road goes over a hill when it would be just as near and save much unnecessary labor if it went around the hill. Along the highway, we have all of us been accustomed to see trees, wherever they are planted, set at equal distances from each other, and at a uniform dis- tance from the fence. They are generally placed too close to each other for the best results. Large kinds of trees ought not to stand nearer than forty feet of each other. If the row is straight and unbroken, only one kind of tree should be used. The longer the unbroken row of uniform trees is made, the grander the effect. But just here comes in a difficulty which I have never yet seen remedied. I never have seen such a long uniform row of trees. I presume no one else hag ever seen one. ‘Trees are often set out all right, but one or more of them dies, or is broken down by an unruly cow, or it wears off where the wind rubbed it against a board, or the soil is uneven and some trees grow faster than others; borers kill or injure now and then a tree; the wind splits down a limb or breaks off the top. Perhaps another tree is kept in reserve, and is set out in place of the one just planted; but this does not catch up with those near it. In spite of you, vacancies will occur. ‘The break in the row is an eye-sore, and causes a sigh of regret to every particular person who enjoys things which are neat and in good order. Whenever seen, he exclaims ‘‘ What a pity this row is not com- plete !”’ I yenture to present a different plan for highway planting, even at the risk of differing from most of those present, and most of those everywhere who advocate trees by the roadside. Iam fully convinced of the plan after much study and observation. As I cannot have a long row of uniform trees at equal distances apart, I will not attempt it; neither will I attempt anything which looks like a row of trees. I would plant trees in irregular groups. In rare cases, at long intervals, let one come quite near a track of eighteen feet in width. This would usually occur where the road is rather high and not likely to get out of order. The groups would have a varying outline, but the length would generally be in the direction of the road. Some of these groups may extend into the edge of the field, if the owner of the farm is a lover of trees and does not object to a little shade for his cattle and sheep in the midday sun of a hot summer’s day. I would plant large kinds of trees on the elevations, and smaller trees or slow growing trees towards the hollows, which would gen- erally be left destitute of trees. A thicket would now and then be very appro- priate. To increase the room for tree planting, allow the road occasionally to come near one of the line fences, and farther on let it bend in an opposite direction. I know this will be opposed by every one who has grown up to believe that the 150 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. track must always be exactly in the middle of the space for a highway. But I trust no one will condemn the plan without first giving it some attention. When trees and shrubs are grouped in the manner here proposed, a dead tree can be cut out without destroying the beauty of the rest. If one is smaller than the rest, or if it grows in a different shape; if one sends out branches nearer the ground than others; if they are not of the same kind, all the bet- ter for the good effect produced. For the highway we have a good assortment of fine trees. Among the large trees, first stands the American or weeping elm—the gem of our American forests. Its habit is more graceful, its bark is tougher, its growth is more rapid than the sugar maple, which is almost everybody’s favorite. The Nor- way maple is in almost every respect superior to the sugar maple. White pines are very appropriate where people will protect them for a few years. ‘This is one of a few evergreen trees which is not spoiled when deprived of its lower branches. Birches, especially the cut-leaved weeping birch, are very desirable for the roadside. Oaks are desirable, but usually grow slowly. ‘The same is true of shagbark hickories. Basswood and tulip trees seldom make good road- side trees, buf would answer in groups. Sassafras, pepperidge, native haw- thorns, wild crab-apple, native junipers, red cedars, and arbor vitees are very desirable. The secretary said that in preparing the programme, upon reaching the subject of highway planting, he had bethought himself of the excellent taste and love for trees that he had noted in Mr. Benjamin Steere, of Adrian, and immediately wrote him asking for some notes upon this subject. Mr. Steere replied with the following excellent paper entitled: ROADSIDE TREES. There are various matters that should be carefully considered by all who contemplate highway planting. The most important, perhaps, is to secure kinds that are long-lived, not alone for the enjoyment of future generaticns, but also because our own and children’s interest and pleasure in them will be greatly enhanced by the reflection that even centuries hence their grateful shade will be enjoyed, and their grand old forms admired by all lovers of nature. Of minor consequence are habit of growth, shade of green, time of expanding, and fall of the leaf, with autumnal coloring, etc. But leaving these and many other things that will naturally suggest themselves, I wish to call particular attention to the want of variety in our planting, and the monotonous effect of long rows of maple, or other single species, that greet us on every side. |INOWe. Oolare| eNteves Gale eae es TES e| cd BEE) KG i Gl ae es ai a ak wh ie r.c. |y.c. r.0.; V.g.|Nov. Mar., Mass. 6] 9] 10 TUE [NT Sr she eee IP T Vie LeVs, Va Se Sept ead 7 £56 ib beauty of Kent. 2-2. - 2-2-2 Ls hr, Lice) yp: |i ees). }Oct.. Nov, Eng. Bf iSiliue t 16u) Bellevet Bonne: 222415 es Wels 1.0: y. g. | Oct. Mar. | Conn.? 2 0e8a| a6 igi elmon til: 2.259 tee m. | r. f.'¢. y: Ve v.g. | Nov. Mar. | Penn. 90]! ORs RSHIPpOeN WAV IS... ..c oe aaeccse sconces m.1.{ 1. ¢. Vautes g. | Dec. May.| Ken.? 30) oe 1K) | BGO 5 sae StS ao ee ae m.5./r.00.¢.| y. d. c | V.g. {Aug. Sept.] Mass. Tepe 6. 20r Bentley sweets ----os.--—---.-.. m.|r.f.l. | y. g. r. | V.g.| Jan. May. Wir? AS) 263 )|anos 2) | Better than Good......-.-...._. m. ob. y. Ze Noy. Jan. | Penn.? 6 5 2 0271 Black Gilliflower.... 222. -22- m. 0. GC. pega Lan ie g. Nov. Feb. Am 4 z 6 Pol pblenheimubip pines esse. esse = Te robs colly10.s0ete| es Oct. Dec. Eng. | 5} 91 & DANE He VReaYmain 24-2 es ceL le. i PCs Qo par: g. Oct. Feb. Am. ? 6 5 5. PomiPbotule Greeninge se aaeeee m. | ob. c, [g. y. c. r.| v.g. | Jan. Feb. Ver. Stee eee CDR METORG Well, t-s2 4+ seco ee ao eet eee m.| ob. c, y. b. v.g. | Nov. Feb. | Ohio. 7 felt Lime BICKINe ham ss-2-- 52 see eee oe m.1.| ob. €. |g. y. c& ¥.| V. g. | Nov. Feb. Vir.? 6 7 7 28°) Buffinston’s Early_..--.--..-_- m. ob. Vie Wie Reni iViowsts Aug. Penn, TN aliens 29 | Burr’s Winter Sweet-___-____- m. | ob. ¢. y. r. v.g. | Nov. Mar.| Mass. 6 7 ae 30 | Cabashea (20-0z. Pippin).-..---- y.1.}¥. ob. ¢. yr. g. | Dec. Feb. Am 5 We) Wh Sel pl} }Canada Reinette.:-:-.- 2-2--.22 1. job. c.f.) g. y. b. | v.g&. | Dec. Apr. Eur.? 8 7 1 32 | Carolina Red June.---.------.- Ss. | OV. ¢. diz. Ve Aug. NiC.2 fei a | SE: FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 309 SECTION I.—APPLES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. b. brown. 0. orange. v. vermilion. c. carmine. p. purplish. w,. whitish. cr. crimson. 7 red. y. yellow. d. dark. TU. TUussel. g. green. s. scarlet. Pe se LOCALITY. i?) o fe N's a ALIN. REMARKS. a Begs a r 35|58 S)u| 2) 6 lsnlga Pl ele] 2 |3 [5 AZAikxiol|la ia |a Let *k % * * | Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; very beautiful. For cooking, superior. OH ME #y eco ene Vigorous, productive, annual bearing tree. Sometimes smalland scabby from overbearing. * | * | * {____|_._.| Anold sort. Superior to many that are better known. ee ee | ce eecet | eee Said to be better farther south. Tree upright. Fruit often scabby and worthless. |) Bes ad hd * | Keepsa year. Cooks well, but otherwise scarcely eatable. 3 4 5 Shine * # * * | Slow grower, hardy. Fruit, when perfect, mild, rich, excellent. Very 7 8 9 beautiful. i ! Oy ee es ee | ee Tree vigorous, productiye. Sweet apples are little wanted at this season. cc ee so aa eS Tree a slow grower. Fruit not specially attractive. * | * | * | * |__| Hardy, vigorous, spreading. Excellent, but not productive enough for the market. : NOMA 23 | eee. et ese Tree and fruit desirable, but coming in with the bulk of the fall fruits lessens its value. er Pypdooel Sebo ** | One of the best dessert sweet apples of its season. ID 4 * a * * | For vigor, productiveness, size, beauty and quality combined this has few if any superiors. 13 | ** | ** | #* | ** | * | Tree lackshardiness. Fruitdropsbadly. Bitter rot in large specimens. Stands first on light soils in southern Michigan. 14] * |____]_...|----|_...1 Good enough in tree and fruit, but has to compete with the mass of fall fruits. 15 | * % * * * | An old culinary fruit,—now nearly superseded. 1G) Ol Se eee eo ee ee A vigorous and productive old New Englandapple. Little known here, and not valued where known. 7G | as * * * * | Fruit often defective in this climate. Best for home markets. Suits the popular taste. 1S) |) = C3 * * x | Vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit beautiful and handles well, but scarcely fit to eat. Sells well in the market. TG) ]) et a ert ies * * | Tree upright, vigorous, very productive. Fruit too small on old trees. PAN) Ml) Re SEE | Se (ee Tree grows and bears moderately. Not generally known or highly Pal goal | ee a (ecg |e wiaea oneal or as valuable here as the name imports. 225 |e ee) [eee A * * | Very mild flavor. Soon gets dry and mealy. Prized bya very few Pa) Bs * * ssl neal iiesivorattd productiveness, also character of fruit, this is very desir- able, for market and cooking. Pe S| 3 a * x * | Beautiful; but lacks both productiveness and quality. 25 | * |_.._'....| + /_...] Vigorous, spreading. Little grown in this State. 26) |) * = * t * | Vigorous, hardy, spreading, irregular, productive. A desirable sweet ae ee) eae, eee | EM 4 tittle peown here. More popular farther south. On| ee sok See eee A desirable dessert apple. Not at generally known as it deserves to be. QOS NRT [i ae) Skee ears Good grower, early bearer, productive. But little known. Si) fe, GSS ee * | * | Tree vigorous, tender; thin bearer; drops badly. Poorquality. Subject to bitter rot. oil ee * | * | * |__| Anold and excellent apple; but now little called for. 3 2) * * * * * | Often small, scabby, and imperfect; quality excellent. Ripens in suc- cession. 310 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION I—APPLES—COnrTINUED. —| —— | | SS S| |, Ps NAMES. 5 s g 4 na 33 | Chenango Strawberry ---------- m.]. ot) Chronical -. 2-22 2---s22s2-s-0s225 m. opal Clyde Beaubyeo sco) o-scos Se eee= i Bom Cor swell. fsa 2-ccemcenesn aseeee m.l. SPEMOOLe,S/O MINCE 2.-----— c-nannnaeses 1. DOWCOLVCLL: oo aaaatocecsasis--c5e4sc= 1 BUM OOPCL ns. ceees soe ch oceania eens 1 AGr Cooper's Markets: ---22-2cc-4-— m Cranberry Pippin. -<=--2252-52-2 m. Cumberland Spice:...--.----.... m.l. 10 F510) Vga eee eee ee eee es m. Danver’s Winter Sweet. ._--_.-- m. Detroit Black. .-oy 2. eee 22 Salim Detroit Red 222-225-2225, c2cce m. Devonshire Quarrenden-____-_-. m.s. MOMIN eC: s. La 732- 328 bo Sees m. Duchess of Olbenburgh._------ Dyer (Pomme Royal)...---..-.--- Marky Many St 22 s.c2-sses meses TODS hd {0X ee a 2 ee Harlysbone-Stemes---<-25 22.6 Early Strawberry--.-.-.-..----. HinelishiRussetese- -5-2-224- 22285 Mn elish Sweetsssas 2-2 ass (Ramsdell’s Sweet) Esopus Spitzenburgh-.---_----.-- ivening -Parby.-< = 22s. 2c sess 8.m. Mallawater <2 = 2st oseet = see Wale Hall Jennetiing. 2 s2-lss55-4ee—< 1. Mal Ss Oran CO x: es fs ee i HalivP ip pig sss.ssseee 5522-2 Vale aU AV C22 55- se a ™. Fameuse (Snow). -...------------- m. Flushing Spitzenburgh_--__-_._- m. ao oa of oO > S Oe Se ey we me kes ees ne eo pr a a \) ber b=) uo) 1 ie) 1 Es a Se as hee ~ ..C./i. DESCRIPTIONS. : = EB 2 E = = Ss S = iS) oe R g.y. 7. iS Viaate v.g. | Sept. Oct. £. Dec. Dec. g. Oct. Jan. b. | Dec. Mar. v. g. | Oct. Dec. g. | Oct. Noy. g. | Oct. Dec. g. |Dec. May. vy. g. | Oct. Nov. g. Aug. Sept. Novy. Mar. Dec. Mar. 49 m8 vy. g. | Sept. Oct. v. g. | Nov. Apr. g. Oct. Feb. g Oct. Nov. g. |Aug. Sept. v. g. | Dec. Apr. g. Aug. Oct. g. Sept. Sept. Oct. b b. |July, Aug. b Aug. Sept. g. Aung. v.g. |July, Aug. g. | Jan. May. v. g. | Oct. Feb. b Dec. Apr. g Dec. Mar. g. | Nov. Mar. g Sept. Oct. g. Oct. Noy. b. Oct. Dec. b. |Sept. Nov. v.g. | Oct. Nov. g. | Nov. Mar. UsE AND Cooking. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. anon an»or auauniananeenant ®&® >» FF @Ooao me we © m— — o Oo SO anor aA F OO a FF DM OD CMNAaTA DBaAaHSHA A WORK FA DT Faanaanwoiuw nN © - ~ me wow nbnwrNQaoaoenanrwikevNI @&2 nH © Y, Lo no FF fF Do OD ew Ff FO FEF OD SS NN eo hell a OO gs. =a oo 92 te ge oe | Numper. 40 toe oe Re 8 Re ee we ee ew He ow | Hawt, *K LOCALITY. 2 (2 =e : Sates o i) ay S o Rin A * * * * * * * Ries * * mie tee * * adie * * * * * * * * * ough [etal | ee 3 * ena oat |e SS | |e | evel tae zo WES ae | Wa al [oe * * * eae * Ca ee an Eels * Ed | ee ot | te * * * * * cdi Ie wl | ** * *K * * * el | ee * * * * * * * * *% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * erent | See dl eg * * * * * * * * * es * <= aoe ant oat * * *k * * * * * * * * *E * * * FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 18582. 311 SECTION I.—APPLES—Conrinvuep. REMARKS. | Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit of very delicate texture. Popular wherever known. Negativein quality; will keep two years; moderate annual bearer. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. A desirable market apple. The treeand fruit are both satisfactory, whether for the home or market. Upright, spreading, productive. A desirable family fruit with a quince aroma, Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit large, showy, but not of high qual- ity. Popular with the masses. Sells well in market. Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit even sized, very attract- ive. Hardy, vigorous, upright, productive. Profitable. Vigorous, productive. 2 yee m.l.|r.ob.c.| y.g.r. | v. g.{Aug. Sept.| Mass. 7 7 6 Hae Hourih of J Wly..as25 eee m.8./%.0b.¢.| W.y.r. | g. July. Ger. 4/ 6 6 72 | Gabriel (Ladies’ Blush)..--..-- m. | r.ob. | w.g. cr. | v.g. | Oct. Nov. Am. ? 9 6 $ 73 ] Garden (Comstock’s) ..-...------ m. | r.ob. Ww. Y. &: (Sept-Oct, || Nook. B2509 5 JA GAA enw OVE) 2c cn28 Sooke e m.s./Y.ob.¢.| g.y.r b. |Aug. Sept.}| Mass. | 10] 5 3 DueGarrettson:s Marly. 22225-22242 m. | r.c. Vic ViSe Sept. N. J. 8 8 8 HOmloenesee Ohiefs922-2,. 52.2 4o. 222 1. Tac. w. cr. g. Sept. Am. 6| 8 7 iGalpin (Ca7vihouse)------s. s2s2-5 me fet] 1/5) aye g. Dec. May. Vir 5 4 5 PoMeG Ovid MUNG ss- 222) 5 ees Wai Pa Ole g.y- g. | Oct. Feb. | Eur. ? Laas 3 79 | Golden Russet (N. Y.)..-----...|m.s.| ¥. ob. y-ru. | v.g.|Dec.May.| Eng. ? Sb g 80 | Golden Sweet....-.------------ il Yr. 255i. g. |Aug. Sept.| Conn. 6| 5 4 Sl jGravenstcine 2-2 s--) 4552.2. 1, |r.ob.a.] y.r.o. | v.g.|Sept.Oct.; Ger. tol 2 5 82 | Green Newtown Pippin. .---.. m. Yr. g. br. b. | Dec. May.! N. ¥. 10! 8 3 ssn Greents Choice: -2_-.-----2--2 20] Ne, | Lee Vents g. |Aug. Sept.| Penn. 6] 5 ro SMa Green. Sweet. <.--csacsacescoeee m. |¥.0b.¢.] g.y. g. | Dec. Mar. | Mass.? | 6| 6 7 SaGeoiMes) Golden aoe.sneesee nate. m, |r. 0b.¢.} y.o. v. g. | Dec. Mar. Va. i 7 8 SC rs FT ae ee eee s. | ob.c. y.r. |v.g.]| Dec. Apr. | N. C. efi hese fe SUP EbAEc LONG Sweets... 222-25---- 1 y.f Ve Gore g. |Dec. June.}| Conn. 6) iz 4 S$ || Harvest Redstreak-.-.---..--...| 5. r. f. eps g. July. Penne | 21 | a6 2 eomlpiiaskell GSweete2-_) copes 5.222 m.1,{ ob. g.y-y. | v.g.|Sept. Oct. | Mass. Balle 7 2 9): |; Hawley (Dowse) .-.-...-........ 1, [r. ob. ¢. y- Vv. £. Sept. NEY. 9 2 5 Sol weHawthornden <2...) 27 2-22 AL ete aoe |p are Sept. Scoteh: | 3) 7 7 92 | Herefordshire Pearmain-_----_-- Ts, | eee Ole. «| aes || ENO Vee Us Eng. 8 | 46 1 Ss7) Hishtop Sweets ---<.. 2--2..<.-. m.s. Yr. i Vv. £. Aug. Mass. 6 6 2 91 | Hog Island Sweet.....-__..-..- m. ob. Yor Coe| va sisepiOctale Naty. Gaiead 3 OnvieELOhand happin=2so0ssa2sceeess y. 1. Y. So y= F- g. | Aug. Noyv.| Eur. ? 6| 8 4 96 Hollow: Cxowine=--=5---—--= econ 1! rc. Yeu g. | Nov. Dec.! N. E. 5 7 8 Oa IMELOLSE,~ ces oe eats aoa 1 Yr. y.y.ru.| g. |Aug. Sept.| N.C. ? 5 6 5 OS PLLOUSILIO BROOM L: ue neon sea ee m.| I. 0. y.r. v.g. | Dec. Feb. | Penn. 67) 6 5 99 | Hubbardston Nonsuch_.---_._- 1, | T. 0. ¢. Vorls b. | Nov. Feb. | Mass. 10} 5 8 ANON wEINL’S Rnsset..----2-0-52cesea- m,s.|¥. Ob. c.| y. ru. r. | v.g. | Jan. Apr. ; Mass.? | 7 | 7 6 ROMMEL mbes! f.- rl SS m, |Ob.c.a.| yr. g. | Oct. Dec. | Conn. Gilad 6 "102 | Indiana Favorite..........._...|m.l.| 1. f. vets g. | Jan. Apr, Ind. 5] 5 a HOSP OADEZISWEeL.. 22... 28 See ring |) ey (2 y- g. | Dec. Feb. | Conn. OM id 3 Pla eilenigessw=.20 25255 Ue ae ee m. | ob. c. y. cr. |v. g.| Sept. Oct. | Penn. 9] 6 6 LOCALITY. 2 |2 4 \3 .|£|4 [2\22 ear r=] =} pa) in 2 ° Seis =) | oO ND ign G co tee eo a | 2) | ee ad i = fe pieks ch) ae) ees Peles were | ---= a -—<—-- <= * * CRM ie eee (eee C28 42 Men (eee |e a ee * * * E ay eee * * * a * * * * * ** | *K * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * cot |) Seek eee ee) eee * * * Ry al * * * * * cs) ese at | Se ey ee * ck 1 (eee | [ame | ae Ms * * * cee * * * * * +% * * * * * * * * Eistt) Sk vl * * CoC ee Nee ae * es REN Pe sol Nd ce cor | pee ee Ys a) | * cot | ee ee eae ee * ce Wh Sel eee Ml eae |e | | eed | | pce ened eee et ek ee |e, * * * Kk | ORK * * * * * 5) gh) aad fe i cet eae] (Oe A a= | Bee eae Ue ek AE ee, * * * * * FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882, 315 SECTION I.—APPLES—COnTINUED. REMARKS. So fa DEAT rather sparsely. Tree healthy, thrifty. Requires farther trial. Moderately vigorous, spreading, productive; desirable in its season. Strong, upright. May be valuable for its earliness. Small tree; productive. A very beautiful dessert fruit. A fine culinary apple. Cooks well when half grown. Moderate grower. Upright roundish. Best dessert apple of its season. Vigorous, upright, spreading. Very promising. Strong, vigorous. The showy fruit is the chief attraction. A good cider apple, and passable for the table. Vigorous; not productive. Size its only attraction. Worthless every where. Hardy, vigorous. Shoots slender. Very productive. Brings a high price in late spring, if wintered in close packages. A hardy, spreading, prolific tree. Very popular in its season. Tree tender at the extreme north. Often fed to stock. A fine culinary fruit. Tree a fine grower and hardy; lacks productive- ness. Bears better at the north. A weak, slender grower. Fails generally at the west. Unprofitable. Best on “opening” soils. Vigorous, productive. Has good qualities for market. Tree vigorous, productive. Desirable. More than one variety grown under this name. The genuine is of course intended. Tree spreading, vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit beautiful. Flavor fine, peculiar. A hardy, upright, slender grower. = 5 2/Pl< =) a 5 <3 wn ro) A\;ola m. | r. ob. y.r. £. Oct. Novy. IN: Ye 7 6 5 m. |r. ov. ¢ SHV e Ware Sept. INte = 7 Z 4 1 Obs Yo. Ts | Vi. &..) Dec. Heb: Ver. 8 6 4 mir. cob. 22 weer 7 Nove Heb IN OH: 7 6 5 m.8.| x. C Ver Weise | NOV. KebDi) Noy. 9 5 8 Jl; |O,GV..C.|\ We. ¥- Te g. Noy. Jan. ING 5 6 6 m.l.| OV. © es sVienk g£ Sept. Oct. Eng. PAG) #7 1, |v.f.c.a.| y. r. cr. } v.g. | Dec. Mar. | N. J.? 7 6 6 m. f, SHY Ds) il Wasee, | AMS ROCk: Penn. | if 7 4 m ob. rer g Noy. Mar.| Penn. 5 2 5 V.S. | t yee v. g. | Dec. May. Fy. 8 1 5 Ona y. Y v.g. | Dec. May.| N. Y. 7 aj 6 1 ON OVe | tryed Vv. g Aug. Am. 8 7 6 m Enc Wee Is v.g. | Oct. Dec. Ne DY 8 4 5 m ob Wie Visor g£. Dec. Mar. if EE 5 5 5 mM | T2Ob1C.1 2.57.) CY, g Jan. Apr.| N.C.? 5 7 8 Lea Coek. yaw, g Nov.Feb.| Eng. 5 7 6 1D hes Olive CaS. ey Wog- | Sept..Oct. || Penni? |v Wd 8 1 I rove LT g Sept. Nov.| Mass. 7 3 5 m. ob. Yi. g. Dec. Jan. Maine.| 6 4 5 Mies LC la ye eer. g. !Sept. Oct.}| N. J. 6 7 10 maAs| GOD: Hye Oak v.g. } Jan. Apr. NG eeae 6 ai 8 m4, x. ob: Voge vy.g. | Aug.Sept.| Mass. (ie | Pech 4 m Fr. €. |W. y-%.cr.| v. 2. | Dec; Mar.) IN. HH. 8 7 6 ily Kelowna a aie g. Feb.June.| Am. 1 1 7 i i m. /r. ob. ¢. Wop v.g. | Dec. Mar. Conn. 9 8 Nov.Mar.| N. Y. 10 1 Sept. Noy.} Penn. 9 Sept. Oct.} Conn. 10 Dec. Mar. | Am. 5 Oct. Nov.| N. Y.? 7 Oct. Feb. | Mass, 6 6 8 7 Nov. Mar.| N. J. Jan. Apr. Conn.? ao oaonrinaoannrnm no ay Bi SO SG) Gt) CS m.1.}r. ob. ¢. Ayo 1 v.g.| Oct. Feb.} Ken. 6 Noy. Feb.}| Mass. LOCALITY. 2 -) 24 “4 Sta . - fe) be 2a} 2q Bo fee) baleell eel: =| ay re 5 2 S =} OO] Min |B ** * *x | *&* * * Ee (ea * * er lt ree * * * * * El |B ON Wy aac * ca | | eed Laat * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * x | <<< * Se es ** * | oe | &* * * * * * * | eee *K * * * rrr --<- * Ei ee oa ie” <== pao) ee 2 | pe * * * FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. SECTION I.—APPLES—CoOnrtTINUED. REMARKS. Vigorous, hardy, prolific. Is but little known. Prolific. district. Tree spreading. One of the richest early sweet apples. Tree tender in central Does not keep long enough for profit. Little known. Moderate grower. Downing says—requires high culture. Little known. Good bearer, alternate years, Growing in popularity. Tree vigorous, straggling, productive. Fruit small, very beautiful, and good. Old. Now little grown. Cooks well, even when but half grown. Very early bearer. Very hardy and prolific. Too large for market. Not along keeper. Not good enough for dessert. Improves in quality at the north. Downing commends it as a promising market apple. shown. An old variety. This remains to be Not of decided value. Rarely seen in Michigan. A beautiful little fancy apple. cities. Little known west. A fair baking appie. Desirable as a long keeper. flavor. ; Tree a little tender, and lacks productiveness. The most popular early sweet apple. Regular, early bearer. name. Vigorous, productive, regular bearer. Brings large prices in market in eastern Retains its juice and Chenango Strawberry is often grown under this But little known. Popular west and southasalong keeper. Distinct from Willow Twig. Little known, with little tospecially recommend it. Strong grower; bears heavily inalternate years. Popular. Profitable. Generally fair. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Not largely planted. Annual bearer. attention. Spreading, vigorous, prolific. The most popular early autumn market apple. Rather acid for dessert. Hardy, upright, annual bearer. Not much disseminated. But little known, and not likely to command special Promising. Vigorous, productive, Fruit excellent. Worthy of increased attention. Moderate grower. + or) ve a a & = 5 5 3 5 a 5 § = re 5 g 3 2/38 A a = ) Se a 5 |A8 3 |/a4 I PANcions Britoniesesss=2 5-2 ee Vy 0. OY. b vV.g ] Ark, 8] 7 Ao P BARN ATG a.25- Slee Se eS IE 0. OY. b v.g l Wis.? 8 9 or WOTCHESter tas2e6e. es. scues eee m 0. © b, m. Mass 7 7 42 SKiGtatinny: 22-225 /252=..-ssse5 sc. 16 Yr. C. b. b. m. Neds 10 | 10 10 5 | New Rochelle (Lawton).-..-..-. iV oY. b g£ 1 By 3s apne, 8 GoiSnyderisii. ie Siren aces] cse= m. TOV: b vV.g e Ind. Ss 9 To wWilson?s!Warly-.o. 22-2 225 oe i, 0. OY. b Vv. & e Nivd: TAlers 9 SECTION V.—CHERRIES—HEart AND BIGARREAU. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. a. angular. tl. long. ce. conical. ob. obtuse. co. compressed. ov. ovate or oval. h. heart-shaped. r roundish, The numbers under the head of “cooking” recommend strictly for canning or drying with sugar as raisins. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. Pe NAMES, S| PAmMericaniMeattesrscc.2 02 2--- ie ns a.b.3r.| g Im. June} he | Am: (S36! =e ii 2a ebarimMannys Maya 2200. 2s 2 oii) (8s OMe s ae, Ged. g. b. June. | b. Ger. Oo Aleee 3 SiiwbelleDOrleanguee. <- 222.25 2-- Ib robs |iwWe yore) veal bwoimnes hel) 2 8 $ 4 | Bigarreau (Yellow Spanish).... |V.1l.}ob. h. co.| y.c.r.| b. |e. June.| b. | Eur. | 10] 6 a 5 | Bigarreau De Mezel-_.--..-..--. Wels) vobah. ds ral) eS Darwinukye |b.) eas 6} 6 8 (Great Bigarreau) 6 | Bigarreau Gros Ceuret...----- 1, r.h. d.r. Se | pbsunlyy.0) b.y,| een: Fi (eee || PaleBlack Waglesceacesssee sere sees m.! ob.h. b. b. |b. July.} h,! Eng 9 8 9. SaimblackHaw ku252 heat ee a es 1. job. h. co.| p.b. | v. g. |e. June. |h.b.| Ohio. | 9 6 9 Dale black Eearts--o2 ees eee 1, h b. v.g. |e. June. | h Eur 9 6 9 107 Black Wartarians 22-520 elses VG | Olek ine p. b. | v.g.|m. June./h.b.| Rus. 9}; 8 9 ES TAN Geen cl Sa oe are Liico;beas| Labaisive ea Ledime:|hb: |) ‘Ohio: e So ese 7 12 | Burr’s Seedling.............._. ue h, W. Ye %|'¥.,Z-. |e. June; | h; |) N.Y. |) 9) 36 8 aS) @hampaeness. S20 ee es m. aah Vs Veiee eo aunes | hi.) |) ONG Ye |) 8 eee 6 FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1582. 325 SECTION I1V.—BLACKBERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. b. black. w. white, I LOCALITY. ov 2 Pe Hla. REMARKS. a egleg feat u rae ee] 25 SOE ake lec 1s" > ylalolala |z os) eee pred (a ----| Strong grower and prolific. Well worthy of extended trial. 94 | aSe|| cane Beal) a Comes from west of Lake Michigan, with a reputation for hardiness. An old New England variety. Of superior flavor. Kk RK *** ** * Too well known to need description. Sometimes rusts or mildews. 3 4 5| * | * | * | ** | * | Plant grows late. Tender. Fruit colors before fully mature. Quality best when fully ripe. Galtedy een © * | ** | Not large, but good. Is said to be very hardy and prolific. TN) Be * sz * | ** | One of the largest. Lacks richness, Valued for market. Needs winter protection. SECTION V.—CHERRIES--HEART AND BIGARREAU. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. Class. a. amber. er. crimson, w. whitish. b. bigarreau. b. black. d. dark, y. yellowish. h. heart. br. bright. p. purplish. ce. carmine. TT meas LOCALITY. | o> a “a | Es s ~ mics e Ha. REMARKS. cS eZj/sk S B -|ssieg a 2 || jenjen Boilecoe ise fisee bo wlalo|ds la |z UP * * * |___.| Vigorous, spreading, productive; but variable in quality. 24 |) te eee * |____| One of the earliest and most prolific. Must give place to larger and better sorts. Too small and poor in flavor. ! 4 3 {| * | * | * | * | * | Largest and best of the very early varieties. ''ree vigorous, spreading, productive. é 455% ie Eee es * | Downing says—“ Largest, most beautiful and delicious of cherries.’ Often cracks and rots. 47 heed ca ee | Supposed to be identical with Great Bigarreau, and Large Red Prool. Gioia ko) eel Mee al eel Of French origin. Somewhat rare in this country. 7|* | * | * | * | * | Excellent. Requires age before it will bear profusely. s| * | * | * | * |_.__| Fine tree. Fruit much like Bigarreau in its general qualities. 9| = | * | * | * |__| Very old. Tree large and hardy. The abundant fruit is of fine quality. 10 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | A vapid, erect grower. Prolific. Fruit very large and showy, but not of the highest quality. Tree lacks hardiness. %. 11} * | * | * | * |__.-] One of the many fine Ohio varieties of comparatively recent origin. 12} * | * | * | * |____| A vigorous tree. Bears early and profusely. LOPS willesenleees|(Seee ees Originated with Mr. Downing at Newburgh, N. Y. 326 oe | Nuper, ————— ——————————— ”: --:CS#;<3h+>Bpms]#]p—&- —--"""OI”-™" '"'""1"#*"—, OoOwOOOO0#nwW@9C_Wws—_—— — for) STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION V.—CHERRIES—CONTINUED.—HEARY AND BIGARREAU. USE AND VALUE. 10 Coo UGG: SEs ea ey COO 1G. SI Sym om) © 0) eS) 0 2 00) ee 0) wo ww Lo Scale 1 to 10. oD 2 Bo 3\3 Ole 22 See 6 8 6 5 5.2! a aS 7 6 10 for] orrn& ano wo ao aA sees 2 6 8 Sime 8 ) Sa. 1e-i|| or Y vy. g. |m.Sepf.] Ohio (ey ee 4 DOMINIC Th (CHCUKG) 2-25 cesenceteseae= m. | m. b. ig (Pepe g. |m.Sept.| N. Y. Ls Yel bk wine 6 Si) Norton’s Varginiace=—<--- ==2=- |e 4s: 9/She vex rs dep. ee Oct. Va. Pal lees 4 88 | Othello (A7nold’s 7)..---- .-..-- ee Ie. sine (OS } eck b. g. |m.Sept.| h. Ont. tee 2 OO MOR RINS ee. Soe eee cee m. | m. |sh.c.}1.0.] Yr. g. |e: Sept.) Am, Ob etek 2 40 } Peter Wylie-----.... ie me ames ee ese= || Le y- v.§.|m.Sept./h.S.Car.| 8 |----}---- ANSI MIVe DC CCAac aaa. 2eceseaeac eee pene Mee mee | Wetes rss esenyenle” Ds easepte|| oN yi 10g cass 1 AP Le dUA (EOG. 28) as-= sose ne eens |ncee Deeb. Oer || ws t g. WmSeptt| hs Massa) vale aeee AS a PROLerS PNOn20 eens ete ce ea see Be Weal en|) eae i 2. g. |m.:Sept;| h. Mass. |2--2)=224) = ae WN Salemi€iog. 22). .2e--- 22 esos Le sSvbses re ds te. esse pt. he Wissel aes 8 Seen AsCeee—— eee te ee ts Mister tea el. b. g. |m.Sept.| h. N. Y. OF ese 4 46 | Talman (Champion).-.----.------ TOF Lo fe gual Pek(es)=) ee] fe b. g. |b.Sept.; Am. 44), S324 8 47 | Taylor’s Bullitt ...-.- soseeistece 8. | 8S {s.5h,c,} Yr. |g.w.a.| g. je.Sept. Ky. 20 1 48 | Telegraph (Christine).--.-.----.. a elera| ale c. r. b. g. |m.Sept.| Penn. te eee 5 ASR ELOwV Kd Ones so ce ae eee ee Da Seb ovr pe'D.|| Waele Sepia ON. Cilsess 3 SON Union Villages. 222. 22--2- = LE Wve Secs) er. b. g. |m.Sept,| Ohio. Oaleees 3 Bla OW ber ene sae eens ee re eee M4 |e g SHete aes b. |m.Sept,| N.Y. Gee f Dem owilcder (og: 4). 0-2 6 see eee Pe Hie. Shs ae b. | VY. g. |m.Sept.| h.Mass.| 7 | ---- 8 Dom VOLO epee so ssees as eee ee Nea) leet Gen Sire) i. b. | v.g. |m.Sept,; Am. 7p \lebee 7 CLM vork Madea. 2-2-2 es ee msm. | Shc.) a. b, g. Oct. Penn. A Nie 4 SECTION X.—GRAPES.—FOREIGN. Foreign grapes are recommended strictly for cultivation under glass; and as, when thus situated, they may be considered as, for all practical purposes, independent of climate; and as they are, moreover, thus grown mainly, if not wholly, for dessert purposes, we have merely copied the list recommended by the American Pomological Society, with the accompanying descriptions; omitting any farther tabulations. DESCRIPTIONS. S NAMES. % Color Flavor. Season. Vinery. 1} Barbarossa (Prince Albert, Brigola) Black. Sweet. | Very late. Hot. AmpBlackiChani pone =.52 5) a Pe ee Black. Sweet. Early. Cold. Om eblack IDAMABCUS:- cose eten eee eee sijk, 4 A eetynDe 4 Obs Black. Sweet. Late. Cold. TER Ack Mrontionaness. hese eae wee Nhs Se ee ee Black. Muscat. Late. Cold. De lACK HAM T ens Soe eee nes Vite S 3 eee Black. Sweet. Medium. Cold. BD. ji LENO) FB eV aTh et see es eS a SR aie ete ee Black. Sweet. Medium. Cold. a PACK Ly ste ene ee ee ey FPS. eee Black. Sweet. Early. Cold. Ba BBO WOOCEM ITS Gato ee eee ete een oe See White. Muscat. ; Medium. Hot. Oyebuckland sweetwaters.-. ooo ee ee White. Sweet. Medium. Cold. 10 | Calabrian Raisin (Raisin de Calabre).-..------------ White. Sweet. Late. Hot. DLN sCanwonvetal! MLUSCAte coon cee ene ee oe White. Muscat. Late. Hot. 12 | Chasselas Musque or Joslin’s St. Albans___.__ ------ White. Muscat. Early. Hot. (Muscat blanc Hative. ?) AS MiP Me mare n bass ante aa ee ee ae ea Black. Sweet. Early. Hot. See SHriy Siivier morOnulenal = caeses cones aoe eee eee White. Muscat. Early. Hot. 15 | Golden Hamburgh (Stockwood Golden Hamburgh).-| White. Sweet. Late. Hot. 1SuGoldente lam plon=-ceee seen. Se PO ee eae Amber. Sweet. Medium. Hot. FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 335 SECTION IX.—GRAPES—ConrTINUED.—NATIVE. LOCALITY. 2 o ke 3 =e REMARKS. I aeg|es a e|3/ssiss Slee! s (stle2 ylaisiala2 |z Bod eet ee eee t { | Vigorous grower. Promising for the north especially. CT (i aie Vee fe * |__-.} Vigorous, healthy, productive. A good keeper. BGS Nas hese a | es * |_...| Not yet well testedin Michigan. Foxy. 377 | |e | ee * |____]| Mostly valued for wine. Needs a favorable season, or lake protection. aoa plca=s|\a=<= * ..| A strong grower and productive. But little grown in this State. Sat aes Sl * * |_...| Not largely plantedhere. Hardy, good bearer, but lacks quality. May do for market. Ane eee |e)! 2 2 eed fee: eae healthy grower. Fruit fine. A promising South Carolina ybrid. 41 | * | * | * | * |__..] Wood and foliage feeble. Fruit excellent when produced. YO) | eee eed (oe t {+ | Promising here, but requires farther trial. ed eee ee ees j |----| Requires farther trial. 44] * | #* | * | * | ** | The largest, most attractive, and popular of the Rogers hybrids. Vig- orous, , productive. Bunches often imperfect. Mildews. LIE WIRE \ieeet See * |__..]| Acotemporary of the Croton. It has attracted much less attention. 46 |....] * |---| ** |..--| Very early, vigorous and productive. Valuable chiefly as an early market grape. Much confusion as to its identity. Bate enone Pee. Vil eee op eS CKY seedling. Astrong plant. a. b ae eee as Black. Sweet Very late.} Hot. 30 | Wilmot’s Black Hamburgh (Dulch Hamburgh)---- Black. Sweet. | Medium. Hot. 31 | White Sweetwater (Duich Sweetwaler &e.)--....---- White. Sweet. Karly. Cold. 32 | White Frontignan (While Constantia Muscat Blanc.) White. Muscat.| Medium. Hot. SMV ATS TA NAG C2 Ue ae rr e P Black. Sweet. | Medium. Hot ms 336 [ao oe Soe ee ea] NusrEER, Boo ao a ww wm | Nomper. STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XI.—NECTARINES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. Color. Flowers. Glands. c. compressed, ov. oval, c. crimson, Hen) GREG l. large. g. globose. d. depressed. r, round. g. greenish. y. yellow. s. small, 7. reniform, o. oblong. oO. orange. w. white. 3%. serrate. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. NAMES. : a . i=] . +, w . S) = 5 a Sof as : 5 eS Es a oa a a i) st = > a =] & = = a esl is VL he a bec = |2/2/¢ = ° 2° = = = s S = o 5 oS 7) o Ss) Co | k ia} < wR ro) A,S/o;a4 ISORCON ao oe conse seco DR ceo cal Pes coin Vx are aor g. £5, i be Sept. |/Nlass: || Geo eee DOwNtONe ss. o2- 2 eses Lt Ove | ieee Wav eles res fe: PATER? | Eur. Sih i alec Early Newington..-_- Dei EeOWVe | che ee Vier eens 8. c. | b. Sept. | Am. 10} 232 al esee Jo beats Shae ee ae Be We) | Le OMe Soule lo Vie Soa] 18s i f. | b. Sept. | Eur. Sh eee pee edw@Romanes=s=-- sae Stay eteay Chet | ene Veen lio | vrapseoin | alle Ts c. | m.Sept. | Eur. I ee | (ee PtaDiwiCk is... oasean soe Le aWete cOn ts Se dseesl eee ====|€, pept. |) Bur. sy | eee ee WiCtOria 2ses.2 2 ccs5 Ll elev MC vee Ss Webel Se Dib. were | 9) soa teees Violette Hative_.---_- Weyl ee KOWaNl Wicnie nna vey |S Yr. f. | b. Sept. | Eur. | 103) 224 2 SECTION XITI.—PEACHES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. Color. Flowers. Glands. ce. compressed. ov, oval. b. bright. p. purple. Zl. large. g. globose, d, depressed. ” round, ec. crimson, 7. red. s. small. oO, obscure. o. oblong. d. dark. w. white. reniform. g. green. y. yellow. Ss. serrate. oO. orange. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. | | | NAMES. | : | . i=} . re nm yi > 5 ye oo vey 3 = > Shia Te | (ec fade 5 8 a2) ce Ps =tan Dota eee ce eteg ESN Sih Bee s = = cs o 12) al m 3 @|k| oa | 4 Rn So. Meyal eco es Aillexander. -<-.2se22-.- OE oes 8 Ie ae rel foal Le g. |e.f.} e. July. | Ill. Ue eer 9 Amsden’s June.___-_-- m. Te) Saw vied] Wore | ele g. |c.f.le. July.| Mo. Oye 9 pAhlaniba ete = S20 a WMD |Get lye De es] 8. reer Weenies (Sch ay roel fae eas ep Ol (|= 6 Barnard <2. 2.222 562-22 ml, ere hy. Gora es Ss er Onilet | bysepe. | An: 10/23) eee Bergen’s Yellow------ IE Haw Gl ih Chee |) joy 8. Te fabs septs {Aum 9} 22m 6 Brigg’s Red May....-.. Mele Genes Werke Varn oaeiewBe f. | e. July.| Cal 9 See) aaa Cole’s Karly Red..-.-.|m.}| 4x. |w.d.yr.| Vv. g. | 5. Se f., |e. Aug. |7Am: (oles 5 Columibia;-2--= .osee ssn. Behe ss Cole ae Ve =) (8) ts f. | m.Sept. | Am. (Giljes-s 4 Cooledge’s Fayorite_--| 1. Yr. WwW. C. | V.g- | Ss gs f. |m. Aug. | Mass. |{ 9 |---- 7 Cooper’s Mammoth..-- | Mes shoo Ile ayaa tats g. sg. S. f. | m.Sept. | Am.? iit tad * FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 337 SECTION XI.-NECTARINES. The Nectarine is so peculiarly subject to the depredations of the curculio, that it is little grown, except by amateurs, and for dessert uses. Hence experience with it is extremely limited; and for these reasons we only express the comparative values of the varieties in the column for dessert. This fruit, in common with the Almond and the peach, is liable to the killing of the fruit buds in severe winters, except in favorable localities. The starring is given with little regard for this fact. LOCALITY. 7) o bale iis : a AA REMARKS, a Beles [a] Ra = |o9{e5 aia pe dS jeniee Pp wo a =} s Sal wzilalolalz lz ees eeceiliowas * | * | Originated at Boston. Large, showy, not of high quality. 24 4a eae ad f * | Intermediate between Elruge and Violette Hative. 0 | eeea ease ae oe * | Like the serrate peaches, the foliage sometimes mildews. Excellent. co ee eee eee * | * | Anold but highly esteemed variety. 14) TS ae (eae a VR * | Old, one of the richest and best of the clings. Productive. a ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' : ‘ H ' > + A comparatively recent, and very highly praised variety. Gi Wake) are aeoss t t | Across of Stanwick upon Violette Hative, by the late Thomas Rivers. One of the best. (Soll Pelee MS aged * * | Hardy, productive; fruit delicious. SECTION XII.—PEACHES. Since the Peach is generally used in its fresh state, or for canning, which is only a mode of pre- serving it in a nearly fresh condition, we have generally 6mitted to give values in the column headed “cooking.” Throughout Central Michigan, except in favorable localities, occasional severe winters prove fatal to the fruit buds of the Peach, and sometimes even to the trees. These facts cannot be properly expressed in the starring, and hence are disregarded. LOCALITY. © See ie REMARKS. 2 gElaé ) s -|s2/a08 aila| 2a |jealea 2) Es) Ea a 4Zi|Rl;ojala 4a iY | Ae ts eu Il pes * | A partial cling, much like its supposed parent, Hale’s Early, and two or three weeks earlier. Profitable for market. ‘ f PF | lke |e * * * | Almost exactly like Alexander in tree, fruit, and season of ripening. 3 j----| * | * | * |----] Of the finest quality. Not a market fruit. 4] * | ** | ** | #* | * | When thoroughly thinned, the size is large, often overbears, becoming small. So * | * | * |_...| Lacks productiveness. C1 PE feast | eee * |....| An exceedingly beautiful peach; but, like all serrate varieties, liable to mildew of the foliage. 7{ * | * | * | * |____| This has been elbowed aside, the markets craving yellow peaches. D3 | sea | Race | eed * |___.| Lacks productiveness, and is not attractive in appearance. 9|* | * | * | * | * | Oneof the best pale fleshed, early market peaches. * |__..| Foliage mildews, unproductive. * * | * | * | Valued for preserving and canning on account of its color. 38 | * * * * | ** | Thisis attracting much attention as a market variety, and is highly prized where fully proved. 39 esse itescalieees * |_...| An unattractive looking peach. In quality better than it looks. 40 | * * eA | * | Where a cling is desired. 41) * | * | * | ** | ** | A very old variety, which still holds a high position asa market peach. 42) }2255 --2-|--25 * |__..| Originated many years since by the late Isaac Pullen. Somewhat grown vl | eet | eae [pes es pode bss = Mach like Warly Crawford; and more desirable where it will ripen with 44 | * = * Re lode Sarai set: The parent of Crawford’s Early and Late. S5y osteo seaillesee * |_...]| Anew and promising variety. A few days later than Early Crawford, and less acid. 460 fe se fn ceaece * |_...| Promising amateur peach. Adaptation to market yet undetermined. 340 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XII.—PEACHES—ConrTINuUED. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. ete Scale 1 to 10. 3 NAMES. a . é 5 : as) |) S00 | sees : ze | 1slese é a 3 see 5 1b) 2 |S el2l4| 2a 2 eae vA nm | & +6) oi IlOoOl< n rs) Alo|;a CY i SENN Ree eee ie Do Edy yyele aXe Vise0 08.) Ket | bd. Oct. i Eng: 8| 9 43 | Scott's Nonpareil_--.-.-. Be) [etOVeI Yo ton | Vela Salese nein Sept. |) Am, Ce & 49) Silver Medal. ----.--.-_- m. |r. 0. w. v.g.| 8. |g. | f. |Sept.Oct.| Am. 8 | 10 |] 10 BO") Smock Free =. 2.2 esc 1. ov. c.Jo.y.d.r,} g. PA Vis g f. Oct. ING ie 10 OLR SNOW 2 ona2 ons aneceneoe at mi}; %: w. g. s. | r. | f. | m.Sept.| Am. 5 | 10 5 52 | Snow’s Orange.--...----. ml; Yr. |b.y¥.d.x.| V2 2.1) 8. | ted) fab. Sept. | Mich, 6 Esse > Soe OUEAGICY 225-2 coc onccwee 1.3] f. OVef\ We x. aleve een] G8: st aluetarn D>, Oct. 4} Am: 9) }) 10) |/eee2 54 | Stump the World_.--.... ViAn[ F-Os i Wer D.AYa} Wins. f. |} e. Sept. | N. J. 2/8 9 55 | Susquehanna--_-_-_..-..... Vola) ors Yale HAvoes | foward) eae en, Septal enn. sh valene 8 56 | Temple’s Late White_-.| m. |o.ov.| y.r jaan eee | fate fom.e:Sept.| Am. ||! -2oeo 2) eee DT Webber Sc. --ssseee oes Ligh AOVem Walls gh Vereol| nde ur Soa ats Dei Sep cant irae 908) 10) esse OSG CLIP PeCANGS == were anna eo Viola) Aah Yio Kor Bi) Meckseal eBss al bee aies | e. Sept. | Penn. 9; 9 9 59 | Troth’s Early Red--..... m. Tee Wiss et Bo tse. at, Heer Ante DONS: 5 i==2= 8 60 | Van Zant’s Superb----.- MoH) OVe0 lakers b. B58]. hi) Loenkesy ALIS ioe te | dele 5 61 | Variegated Free_-._..... A bn Dh ak 0 | 2. B24) Seite. Sept. | IN. J: 10 9 6 62 | White Imperial_.--..-.-. m,1.{r.c.d.|/y. W.Yr.| Vv. g.| 8. | g. | f. | b. Sept. | N. Y. 7} 10 1f 63 | Yellow Alberge._-.-_..-..- We elas seen dee vee Boi es hte We. Ae. ns Guiza 2 8 64 | Yellow Oblong........_. era} atenOz y.r. g. Bs Reif eqe. Sept. 4) Am? 5 8 8 65 | Yellow Rareripe-----._-. ies |ppearay Ong yo Lal Wesel saan teks | Hesept. WAm. vje-ssie-asle=ee SECTION XIII.—PEARS. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. a. acule. o, oblong. p. pyriform. d. depressed. ob. obtuse. r. roundish. e. elongated. obo. obovate. t. turbinate. ov. oval or ovate, Usk AND DESCRIPTION. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. =~ jGcae Pe NAMES. = ‘ a ¢ = ae eee | fa 5 & = 3 = a || # p 8 5 3 SO 5 = |3/3lg A nA a 6) o n S A;O/a + Sept. io) eAnanas OD Kite. 22. 2o8s2 ooo i p. ob, y.b.ru. |v. 8. | Oct, Hol. 10; 5 4 Bil GD ALGleCE. 225. consco see eee ences 1. oO. ob. p. y.ru.r. | v.g. | Sept. | Eng. Saipes 10 8 | Belle Epine Dumas.._-..---.-. m. |obo. ob. p.{g. y. ru. b.| v. g. ae ye! wae BiG AS) BeUurre BOSC. ces. 2 secon eno se= ie Pp. COB menekery|t SF Oct. Bel. oad 3 FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 341 SECTION XII.—PEACHES—ConrINvU_ED. LOCALITY. | eo > eye 2 A lA, REMARKS. 8 egies =|.|2|4 /48lé4 ples) 8 12° |5 ZlRlolala |a 47 | * * * | * |...) Will only ripen at the south with certainty; may fail there in unfavor- able seasons. 49} Hoos [eons flaca. * |_...] A variety originating from Old Red Cheek, and promising to be superior. TES ees) esl eee * |_...| The finest of canning peaches, without either red or brown at the pit. Occasionally a faint red cheek. 50 | * | eal 2 | ¥) =) OnE of the latest profitable market peaches in Southern Michigan. Val- uable, 0) Oj * | * | * |_...| Young growth yellowish green. Fruit clear yellowish white; flesh clear white. §2 | * * | * | ** | ** | Similar to Barnard; brighter in color, and slightly later. Must be thinned to insure good size. Te | Seal eee eee s 7 Excellent for either dessert or canning. 54] * * * | * |__.-| A large and beautiful market peach of fair quality. Very profitable. Bote | ee * |....| A large, beautiful and fine, rather late peach. Said to lack productive- ness. Growing in popularity. OGr |e 225} 22-2] J<.- * |_...| Requires another season’s trial. Dipiieass lasses tese= * |__| Froma pit of Chinesecling, Its value here for market yet undetermined. SS it | * * ee One of the finest late yellow clings, for Southern Michigan. 59 | * | * | * | * |__| An early and productive white fieshed peach of only medium quality. CO, | * | * |_...| Skin very smooth and beautiful. A fine amateur peach. GUM eect |icsae ze. * |_...| A beautiful and superior peach, originating with the late Isaac Pullen, of New Jersey. 62 |) * * * ~ * | Valued for drying, canning, and preserving, - A eM es * | * | This is one of the earliest of the yellow-fleshed peaches, and only desirable for that reason. Ghee j----| * |...-| Promising market peach. Received from Penn., under this name. Origin and history unknown. 65 | * a * * | The genuine isa fine very early peach. The one grown hereis probably spurious. SECTION XIII.—PEARS. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. 6. brown. g. green, % wed. e. crimson. 4. light. ru. russet. d. dark, 0. orange. y. yellow. | LOCALITY. uv o ae Z AsiAs REMARKS. ia : ae) Be ai2/2|4 |42|428 Ele a eel) Sea eren es zwlalolala la ! pie ties ke cap | bats * | A fine amateur variety. ** | *e | #* | #* | ** | The leading market sort. Too musky to suit some tastes. he (ate ee tel ems * |_...| Tree vigorous; fruit lacks attractiveness and quality. Aa * | * | * | * | Fruit fairand evenin size, Will bear to be planted for market. 342, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XIII —PEARS—ConrTIinvueEp. DESCRIPTIONS. ge NAMES. a 5 A na my 5 oe 5 | Beurre Clairgeau.------....,--- 1. p- y.0 Cc ru.| g. Gh Beurre Anjou .fssc2ss eccece 1 ob. p. g. ru. c. bd. v. g. 7 | Beurre de srignais.-.-_-...---- m. r. ob. 2. y- v. g. 8 | Beurre Were Se ee 1. Jobo. ob. p./y. o. ru. b.| v. g. 2 | Benrre Gillard 22202-2242 -22-2- m. p. Sa y.ctk iva 10 | Beurre Gris D’Hiver Nouveau.| m. | r. ob. p. y.ru. Vie: a1} Beurre Goubalt------2--- 2. 8. obo. gy. g. 2a Cure uard yao. 2 cer oe ea ae Le ODO Obs isl ence Day | ivelee is) |Beurre Langelier—2-..--5-2--<< m. |obo. ob. p.| y.c.ru. | v. g. 14 | Beurre Superfine_....-...__..-. m, enpe y.c. rn. | Vv. g. 2Ov | SB 100d POOd -2 2.22: aos scenes cecene m, t. obo. y.ru. Vv. g. AG MBLaANndyWInGses Mec cnc sere = m.} e.ob.p. ly. g. ru. ¥.| Vv. g. ETA MENU MM os nace seat oem ocean eo m. | ob. obo. Gaye is Vv. g. 18 | Clapp’s Favorite_...........-_.- 1. jobo. ob. p.}| Lc. y. Vises AP HMOO MM DIAs tence can eee ere 1. 0. obo. g. y. 0. g. ON mWaANas MOVE Vensoseh- oe aceaee =o 8. Jobo. ob. p.| g.y.ru. b. 21 | Dearborn’s Seedling...._..._.. ch TDs l.y. V. g. P PAY PAL DAG eS Ey Nie Seip ee Feet is Maus d.y.ru. | Vv. 20 PWOCLOL RECCGCroecose- 2 cass ae s.m.| Yr. ob. p. VWorttt b. 24 | Doyenne Boussock.---.....-...| 1. obo. p. d.y.ru. | Vv. g. 255) Doyenne Dite-.-2-- L225. eo s. | r. obo. p. yk vV. &. 26 | Doyenne du Comice...._---_--. Lens Yr Ob sp. y.c. ru. b 27 | Doyenne (Grayee=--- 222 seesse. -| m. 0. obo. 1. ru. b 28 | Duchesse D’Angouleme..-.-.... v.l.} 0. obo. POPS. \y \ pees Patt) OLS et J) 65 ch 00 of ee) ee ea 1. | r. obo. ob. ly. g. ru. b.| v. g. SOs MemMiLe Dey stzocs seen oe l. | 0. obo. p. Yy. O- Tu. b. ol )) Plemish Beauty -..---2.--222_- 1. Jobo. ob. p.|y. ru. r. b.| v.g. 32 } Fondante D’Automne.. -_-_-__- m. |obo. ob. p.! y. g. ru. b. vo | Glout Morceau.-..-2-=222222.2- 1, Jobo. ob. p.| g.y. b. g. ot i POW) oss. ceo shee ecen Sees eseoee 1. Tp: vee dil Hi ep 8 | Josephine de Malines__....--.- m.| r.ob.p. Sveti | Ves: Sen MIr lanes.) cose wee se emcee m. job. obo. p.| y. l. ru. r. | Vv. g. SM Ga Wren CG@s22-00-o2 betes eee m. |obo. ob, p. y. ru. Vinita 38 | Louise Bonne de Jersey..-.----- 1 0. p. g.b.r. WHEE Sop Madelsinet: fies ee aero m. obo. p ViewSat WiVe Le 40 | Manning’s Elizabeth .__..._.... 8. |obo. op. p. Lh a Weusts UsE AND VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. Cooking. rN ay FF @ Oo CO? 68) Sieg 60> OOt ees Ss Or 00" Oa) eg Or eye Oy oonionaae«&keaoaen 4 mnowanmeiwnN»aA4nNHaensesanesnanNnseaaeuaw»nnw#cnwgoan4nrnansn5naaoe5»4#»senaangenowewiwoen 10 wo &- Oo 6 HN fF Pe DOA Dh Wwnrnanant @ ono © » D _ i—] on annr mn ononno © Ww FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 18832. 34 SECTION XIIT.—PEARS—CONTINUED. a LOCALITY. © oo. 3 mim. REMARKS. 3} cElck io “ Seissg o 42 \)co7\sR S44 eles o lee ~zlalds|ala |a L5ia| ae ei) ee itl * |____| Soon becomes dry and insipid, when ripened. A showy market pear. 6 | **| ** | ** | #* 1 * | One of the best late autumn pears, whether for market or home use. PhO ee .---| Not much disseminated. Lacks attractiveness. See an ea iea * | Fruit apt to be astringent on young trees. Should be house-ripened. Qe * | * |__| Fruit requires to be gathered before maturity—decays rapidly. TY) EP ee eet eel aoe A promising winter pear. 110 | FSS | eet aL ak Not much disseminated. Not of high quality. 13) ota A I eer * |__..| Notas well known as it shonld be. 13 | * |....|---.|-.-.]-...] Like winter pears generally, this has not been largely planted. ae by x * |__..] A fine pear. Sometimes a little tooacid. Productive. 1 es eg * * |__| No garden should be without this. Fruit best when house-ripened. TG es eltoeeett th ules ellete But little disseminated, LPG | Z * a * Viale’ on account of the health, vigor, and productiveness of the tree. arket. 1g | * | ** | * | * | * | A strong grower. Fine, large fruit. Inclined torotat the core, Prom- ising for market. TEED | Pa (RS Re Liable to drop or be blown from the tree prematurely. O51) || Fea eae ES * |____| One of the few winter pears of high quality. PA ta eg alles * | Well known and esteemed, but too small to become very popular. den * * * |__| Too tardy bearer; hence is rarely planted. Ot) cer ees Pee ail aes A New York seedling from Winter Nelis. 24) * * * * |___.| Popularasa market pear. Alsoa good amateur fruit. Dai ee * | «* | * | The best and most satisfactory very early pear. Valued for early mar- Cash) Baal eee Pee tena Noes gives promise of value. Pal ||, B2 al lia | reeey (oN Excellent. Should be more widely planted, 280% eee * * | When neglected proves unproductive. Profitable under good treat- ment, and on dwart stocks. At north loses quality. Pot} * fe a * | Ina warm exposure and favorable season, this will be found satisfac- tory. Better south. SOA yee eee ee Little disseminated. A fruit of high promise. 31 | ** | ** | ** | * | x* | Vigorous tree. Large, showy fruit, which decays soon at the center. Drops and sometimes scabs. 32) * | * | * | * | * | An excellent and profitable old variety. ESTO oe ak [Vetee bea e| Rie On old trees, when well ripened, this isan excellent pear. 341 * | * | * | * | * 7) Quite freely planted and generally esteemed. 35) * | * | * | * | * | Notas freely planted as it should be. SON RST e * Very fine, but comesin the height of the fall fruit season. Only amateur. 37 | * | « | * | * | * | Tree healthy and vigorous. Should be grown on dry, warm soils. 38 } * * * * | ** | A good market pear. Should always be grown as a dwart. 39") * mk * * |____| The earliest pear of good quality. Sometimes slightly astringent. AON ek i ie* * | * |____| One of the most desirable amateur pears of its season. a 344 STATE WORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XIII.—PEARS—ContTINUED. | DESCRIPTIONS. Walens it Scale 1 to 10. z NAMES. eB 3 | = 2 a |t|2l2 All| Mountovernoneo- 52:25. ees m.l.| r.ob. p. {ru. y. b.r.| v.g. Nor. Mass.| 8] 8] 6 42 | Napoleon...... .-- ) a ra} a . s = = 2 ° tS e | 2 | 5 ¢ = 3 he (pes 3 = 2/sgig Z a = i) o |< nD ° AIo|a 1 | Bavay’s Green Gage_.......-... 1. mids £.Y- b. sis Oct. Bel. 9} 9 9 2) Bleeker’s Gage. 2. 22...-..--2- | Ms Le OV. ¥- v.g. |f.c.]e. Aug. IN Ga Salad 8 Calera SAW icone coesceee nee eee ib ov.obo. i” "Dp; f iceLive: Aug? Am. 7}10;] 10 FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 345 SECTION XIII—PEARS—ConrTinueED. “LOCALITY. oO ~) 2 |2 2 A in REMARKS. a BsjEs fas) “2 Sb oye or Sila j/2]4 les\23 2/2/68] 2 ]en\|s5u zlalo/é la |z Speco Sicilicce = t * | A promising late autumn and early winter pear. Bears young. 42 | * | * |....] An early and abundant bearer. Lacks quality. mea 2 at * * | A good constant bearer of large, showy fruit of fair quality in most SeCASODS. 44 [ * * | * | « |__|] Tree vigorous; productive. Fruit sufficiently good for the market. 45 | * | * | * | * |___.| High vinous flavor; rich. Becomes productive with high culture. CT) a) ee I ee eee Fruit somewhat like Beurre Bosc, but more variable. Ate 1 * |__..| Chiefly valued for the kitchen. Trees strong, healthy. 48 | * * 2 * |__..| Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit excellent, but unattractive in appearance. 49 | * | * | * | * | ** | The standard of high quality among pears. Tree forms a beautiful pyramid. Profitable for market when known. 50 | * s * * | ** | A hardy, productive tree;.and a good fruit for general purposes; not attractive. 61 | * Sint ae ee + | Both tree and fruit well adapted for the market. 52) * * | * | * | * { Anexcellent and fine looking pear, but soon decays at the core. B51 joie 1 fee ng | | esd eB SI | a An old variety; now toa great extent superseded, 64] * * * | eee =o poeta tree. Fruit grown to some extent for the market. Atardy ' earer. bogie eee * |___.| Too tardy a bearer. Is being abandoned; probably for this reason. BOWE Su * * | * | Tree very vigorous and productive; its greatest recommendation for this climate. 1t often fails to ripen well. Oe ot eins * |__..} This pear should be planted in every garden. 68 | * * * te * | This old favorite is generally successful in this State. 59 | * * * - + | The vigor and beauty of the tree, and the size of the fruit, are its sole recommendations. 60; * = ~ * |__| The fruit is scarcely inferior to the Seckel. The tree must not be | allowed to overvear. SECTION XIV.—PLUMS. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. Oo. blue. p. purple. br. brownish. wT: Ted: ¢. copper. y. yellow. g. green. BLES SIN ER NE ee ESS PS ES LocaLITY. So co 4 (3 Pe Ay {A REMARKS. = a eoleelee a es St | eae IIS Bots pS (oe temiom Z| Se Se fea) fan 1} * | * | * | * | * | Nearly or quite as fineas Green Gage. Tree a better grower. 2} * | * | * | * | * | Hardy. A good regular bearer. Shoots downy. See ter aol * | * | Growsand bears well. A superior market variety. ann NEEEE RENEE 346 NUMBER. STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XIV.—PLUMS—ConTINvUED. USE AND VALUE. Scale 1 to 10. aS | ey ff | a pe es fe NAMES. ¢ a Canada Egg (local name). .----- ye Coe’s Golden Drop--.-_--------- Columbiaes-s--s-se8 = = aaa ite COPDCT oe. 22ss se ioae setae se m.8 DamMson -2 25-55, 22-2 eect asos 8 Duane’s) Purple=22-2- 2-22. -2- v.1. Genera Shandssnosecen saa ae n= v.1. German ee rune s.----seceee 2as5 1. Green Gage. .2-22 es Se? 8. inline s)S ui perbsseeee eases v. 1. Imperial Blue (local) ....-.---- m. Imperial Garersss2eess--seeeea de Ttalanperuneysess-scssee=aaaee m. VPONeT SONS sos ssan ase eee 15 MarkG 1802s -scsacsese sense apesse m. WombardS)2-525s-s-2o-- se eee m MM eTuanein eS ree ee eee ie Monroe 222222 0-5 --2555-- assess m.], OUICR Sieenensnaeee Sanaa m, Peach) Plum2.25--- 2. --3-2---nee v.1, Prince Englebert--..._........- ] Prince’s Yellow Gage........-. m,] Quackenboss:.---=---.=-2/22222. iF Red Magnum Bonum..---.-...-. Me Smith’s Orleans............---- 1, Washington....-.- Lo eeetseastee. v. 1. MWellowiP ee sseaass-s22e. eases v.1. DESCRIPTIONS. a eset eas g. Cc. Sept. y y.g.] c. | e. Sept br. p. g. f. | b. Sept c. b. g. c. | e. Sept p. b. g. |f.c.| Sept r. p. g. jf.c.| m. Aug g. y- g. f: Sept b. p. g nis Sept. g. y.¥.| b f. je. Ang. g.y. g. c. | e. Aug b. p. | v.g.| c¢. | b. Sept g. Y- b f. | b.Sept b. g. fa in DaOct y. p-r.| b. f. | b. Sept p- g. f. | b. Sept Tsp. g. c. | b. Sept y.1 b. c. | e. Aug g y-1.| g. |----| b. Sept Yelp. g. f. | e. Aug b. Y oe Vea Ds ce y.Y. g. c. jm. Sept De Wier Weer b. Sept y. Verte te oa te, p. CAPE Sept 1 g. f. | b. Sept ToD. V¥.e |) c. |] &. Aug Pe Ve Go|! Veneen|ete) mee y ge ce, | e. Aug. Ty ie 8 8} 6 9 Ogleea= 5 4) 8 9 3 | 10 8 7 4 5 64 7 7 6| 8 8 10; 8 3 8] 7 5 8] 9 9 Silae 8 6} 3s 5 10} 9 9 6 | 10 10 Ww] 6 uf 6 9 6 | 10 10 Cg 3 Seo e 8; 8 9 Cia 9 Sel ha act 7 8| 8 8 8 | 10 7 6] 8 7 o © DM OD Oo m | Numper, 10 i LOCALITY. o 2 3 4 ao a nh g] 4 22 2313 |2° = oO wm in = | ek FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 347 SECTION XIV.—PLUMS—COonrTINUED. rthern Lake Shore. eae * * * * | * Sea ees * x | x | x ** REMARKS. Probably an unrecognized old variety. Beautiful. Excellent. Perhaps may not ripen well at the extreme aubject to rot. Tree vigorous and productive. Valued for market and cooking. A slow grower. Productive. Valued for preserves. Too soft and uneven in size for market. Promises well for market. Does not succeed well in Mason Co, Valued for drying and preserving. The standard of quality among plums, Tree a slow grower. Tree very vigorous, upright, moderate bearer. Originated in Lenawee Co. by Israel Pennington, who prizes it highly. Productive, excellent, shoots dark, downy, vigorous, Tree vigorous, spreading, branches smooth. A slow grower, good bearer, very profitable at the north, Branches smooth. The stone is broad and flat. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. The leading market variety. Tree not satisfactory at St. Joseph. Nearly or quite equal to Green Gage. Hardy, vigorous, productive. Tree very vigorous and productive. Vigorous. Branches gray and very downy. Tree upright, vigorous. A moderate bearer. Productive, vigorous. Branches smooth, grayish. Dorr’s Favorite of Oceana Co. is identical with this. Tree vigorous; a great bearer; valuable for market, An old fayorite. Hardy, productive. A rapid, upright grower; productive. The genuine has slender, smooth shoots. One of the most vigorous, shoots glossy, reddish purple, very product- One os the largest and most beautiful, but inclined to rot on the tree, Free from rot at the north. A fine market variety, but rots in some seasons at the south, and as far north as Mason Co. 348 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XV.—QUINCES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. ob. obluse. p. pyriform. Ps} NAMES. =| A 4 A a OAM ears 3 he es oe Vielei)| MOD: aps 21) Apple: Shaped )..-..---- <-- was-2o= 1 Ti Se Leta aired) Ce ee Se ere v.1 ob. p, 4 || Rea’s Seodling:-...-..-...-.-.- 1 r.ob. p. r. round, DESCRIPTIONS. > Fs oe = ° £ 2 2 a =) A y- | v.g. | Oct. Nov. y. | v.g. | Oct. Nov. ie b. Oct. Wie bal aaoe = Oct. USE AND VALUE. Scale 1 to 10, o | @la > a > z|/2|% o C3 allowum Cee B!) 7 x.) 10 10 z=64 10 5 acta) 40 8 SECTION XVI.—RASPBERRIES.—Rvusvus OCCIDENTALIS AND SUPPOSED HYBRIDS; ROOTING FROM THE TIPS OF THE BRANCHES amon ae ae Oe cs te | Nuwper. net ° ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. c. conical, ob. obtuse. r. roundish, DESCRIPTIONS. eh ____|Seale 1 to 10, NAMES. | BS > s 43 | DE as nal fe Srubives a 56 jAloOla AMBriCAn Pr laCk~ 32. cecs noses medaneeeeeee 8. r b. . mdaly i Ne ie] CSN Ti 5 American “Wihitees... = ..2.<.--./. cbse eee ee 8. Yr y.w g. |m.July. | Am 5 6 4 Ganana Black Capiecsis..s-=-35.c-dscesancse 8. Yr. b, g |m.July.|]Can.| 5] 6 5 DWavison’s Thorn less)... -ss-n-s0- sesso 8. ie b. S. WDadwly Ns. Yo) (6 y 7 5 Doolittle --e oso Se ceca ssesa kc bessemawees 2 ee be) yee meoully. Ne a eas 8 0) UKs C9 (CS ee Ce reper Ne ODA ae ves m.July. | Iowa} 5] 7 3 (CANATSUD 22222 es dcactec news aucenen~edse ese v.1 OD: Ds ave UU. INS Wee Sal ae 5 Golden ‘Thornless:- 252250. se Soe ee mii} dor y- g July. | Am 6 | 6 4 (69g 3} ts ee eee ee y.1 re b. | v.g.|m.July.|Ind.}| 6] 9 9 Tm s Hi Verbearing.esecsaasosh cee cece m. rT: b. g. July. |Ohio.) 6! 7 5 McCormick (Mammoth Cluster)_....-------- m.Ljob;\¢)| “b. | vee: ere Am 6| 9 9 TAO 1a Chea <2 5 a ee ee ae ne ee m.} xr. | bop July. | Am 7 fa bi Ast Fe 3 INOMWiOOUs:-522. 05222235 ae ee ee m. 1 p. July. |Mass.| 7 Oo ece8 Ontario@ass2cen-252 225s. m. vy b Viele July. |N. Y.} 6 6 8 PUT LEC aAnOcsnee a kk ek rae ee a epee mot ak, p. July, | Am Ties. 4 Benses Black Oap. cs. 22220 --2e-decn-- sss ancl] Ye, eee.) | ee, ee FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 349 SECTION XV.—QUINCES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. y. yellow. LOcALITY. o -*) 4 iz a 4A |4 REMARKS. = aAd|aS al r= .|soljes alc hse) S fom bea mobs teh le" |s" 4Z2\/a|o/a|a 14 Th fgg Sl eh | ee eo A longer keeper than the Apple, but not equalin quality. Very unpro- ductive at Traverse (Parmelee). Q | ee | #* | #* | ee | * | Well known and universally approved. 3 | * }|____|_...]....|---.| Tree a strong grower, but unproductive. Quality superior. 1) oh i ee (eee t |----| Larger than the Apple, and equally good. Tree thrifty. SECTION XVI.—RASPBERRIES.—RusBus OCCIDENTALIS AND SUPPOSED HYBRIDS; ROOTING FROM THE ‘TIPS OF THE BRANCHES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. b. black. p. purple, r. red, y. yellow. LOCALITY. oO o a \3 3 A.A. REMARKS. a SEE [72] o = o ¢ z S = = = |45/4= Bi2|e)2\2°|5" i Se OM teeu laa 4 Desirable when great hardiness is required. 2); * | * | * | * | * | Fancied for its color, which, however, changes to a dirty brown when 2 ea eee po ee Gieaaredamen with several other Black Caps. A eevit. * | * | * | Barlier and sweeter than most Black Caps, Canes thornless. 5] * * * L * | Ripens between Thornless and McCormick. Profitable. Li | cal je | ee * |__..| Does not sucker. Much like Purple Cane. 7] * |---| * | * |.---] Does not sucker. Supposed hybrid between Occidentalisand Strigosus. oY UES GS | ae eal (ka ee Gance tere bat few spines. Very productive. cy | [iE Res * | * _...| Larger and better than McCormick. Rapidly becoming the leading Black Cap. ..--| Bears its later specimens on canes of the current year. Plant very vigorous with stout thorns. Very productive. Profitable. The most juicy an@ luscious of the Black Oaps. D6) Pt aa * |_...| Appears vigorousand hardy. Is little grown. a ee eet * |____| Fruit witha thick bluish bloom. Not very acid. Very firm. 3} * | * | * | * | * | Avery old sort. Now but little grown. 16 |_-..}_...].-..| * | * | With light bloom, juicy, sweet. Said to be vigorous and productive. ee UEEEneennmeneteed 348 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XV.—QUINCES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. ob. obluse. r. round. p. pyriform. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10, Pe NAMES. =| : P é = » a 5 a 2 : Ss 5 = 2 & “8 5 2 5 £ e S = g ° FP} Z a Fe 8 | 6 ZR § lals|s Md WAMP Ors sb ose ees ce eaes Vee} OD. ip. Vie | Va Ee0). OCh Nov. Eur. Sao ip a) 7 24) Apploshaped)--222--=--- sasssc= 6 re y- | v.g. | Oct. Nov. Eur, j-+--| 103}. 20 Bale Orcuigalh see ee eso Soe v.l. ob. p, so b, Oct. Eur of 0 5 4 | Rea’s Seedling----....-..----.- 1 r.ob. p. Va Pil asec Oct. INS oe cee | lO 8 SECTION XVI.—RASPBERRIES.—Rvusus OCCIDENTALIS AND SUPPOSED HYBRIDS; ROOTING FROM THE TIps OF THE BRANCHES SeeMat cee. wk wo. =. | NUMER. eae ge ee ty | aae &@ & & ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. c. conical, ob. obtuse. r. roundish. Usk AND DESCRIPTIONS, VALUE. ____|Seale 1 to 10, NAMES. | Be i .. ve two] m | fe Ss} o ah SO WA |ROnies PAINETICANIBIACK.) so, 2cal se caus semanas 8 Ts b PHT pe CM a esl a! | 7 5 American: Whifes2:.. ...22..2/.-sads5 5 eee 8 r y.W. g. |mJuly.! Am.}] 5] 6 4 GananaBlack Capi. ts. 40. -s eos eee sees 8. re b. g |m.July.|Can.| 5{ 6 5 Mavison's Thornless 2... 2222-2 -25-2-4- ===> 8. S b. Set DU ING ees Gall od 5 ID OOLILMIOz eee eestor sy Sdn. tie eee ee m. Yr b. Vag: | meouly. | N. Ya 7 8 8 DPT TS C3 a EE eee ee nee Sere Lee Toba ays m.July. | Iowa} 5 | 7 3 GANAN RUA ann son cee sn S= cet e ce scasss eeee Se Vlas Obs |) Sp. July. |N. Y.} 8] 9 5 Golden Thornlessi--5 22 s- oes oes eee mii oir: y. July. | Am 6] 6 4 GVO SS yo askees ate ese ead wenows wade seee see es 1 | Ms b. | v.g.|m.July.|/Ind.} 6] 9 9 HeTM Ss VOT DOaring: aos ote anel ccsicesaes m. re b. g. July. |Ohio,| 6 7 3 McCormick (Mammoth Cluster).....------.- m.Ljob. c.| b. | y.g. Tete Am 6| 9 9 WManmISB aC k= 222.) 2a eg ee m r b. p July. | Am i 10 as INGHWOOU=sosscs cuss oie de ee ee m 7 p July. |Mass.} 7 | 9 {.... Ontario sessssccnessse5 chee ee m Yr De ve & July. |N. Y.| 6 6 8 PiurpletGane:. solo sos. 22 50 se a ae en eee m Yr p. £ July. Am iin 4 Seneca Black Wap... oe22cle-eecenn sess mt de. ph see i, el eae aeloe Aug. NUMBER. Northern Lake Shore, LOCALITY. o 3 ad ~ & 3 | 4 |as 2[2| 3 |e HlO] 28 la * FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 349 SECTION XV.—QUINCES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. y. yellow. REMARKS, A longer keeper than the Apple, but not equalin quality. Very unpro- ductive at Traverse (Parmelee). Well known and universally approved. Tree a strong grower, but unproductive. Quality superior. Larger than the Apple, and equally good. Tree thrifty. SECTION XVI.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusus OccIpDENTALIS AND SUPPOSED HYBRIDS; ROOTING FROM THE ‘TIPS OF THE BRANCHES. NUMBER. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. b. black, p. purple, Lee lel: y. yellow. Northern Lake Shore. REMARKS. — | —— | —| |_ —_— | ———- | —— LOCALITY. (5) 4 3 w. ef ~ ~~ 2|2| 3 |5 oO QR |n * * * * * * * * * * Bo. leaan Wome * wth * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Desirable when great hardiness is required. Fancied for its color, which, however, changes to a dirty brown when Gunaot couipete with several other Black Caps. Earlier and sweeter than most Black Caps. Canes thornless. Ripens between Thornless and McCormick. Profitable. Does not sucker. Much like Purple Cane. Does not sucker. Supposed hybrid between Occidentalisand Strigosus. Thick bloom. Canes have but few spines. Very productive. Larger and better than McCormick. Rapidly becoming the leading Black Cap. Bears its later specimens on canes of the current year. Plant very vigorous with stout thorns. Very productive. Profitable. The most juicy ane luscious of the Black Oaps. Appears vigorous and hardy. Is little grown. Fruit with a thick bluish bloom. Not very acid. Very firm. Avery old sort. Now but little grown. With light bloom, juicy, sweet. Said to be vigorous and productive. 850 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XVII.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusus ID#US AND STRIGOSUS, INCREASING BY SUCKERS OR SPROUTS. c. conical, ob. obluse. r. roundish. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. Color. b. bright. c. crimson. 0. orange. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10, —_-_——---- rn | | | | | | | —__ | —— a NAMES. fa 5 eA og Y fie A eArnoldis Red 22. -Secsecows ose tees J. | Yr. ob Ba PTISUOl Leslee st ces ees tone cee sc ease m a; OUPCIATKOx2as25-s2 sess f waa sees eee 1. c. 4 | Cuthbert (Queen of the market)..| 1. Tic, DA MD OIAWAYG ~osscncs'seso<5steaseosnss il i 6 | Early Andrews.........-.....---- m. i TE |) LOEW) oes eee oy ee Oe 1. TNC: 80] Mranconia 22-22... eas ee l, | ob. c Oh |#elerstine 324-222 42.2225 eee l. |r.ob.c 205) Hichland Hardy. ss-s.-ses-e-eesee. m. |r. ob. ¢ | @olorne 6. oon 22 ee ee 1. c. az a ecintland es. 2c tee ee m. |1. ob. ¢ Isa eMontelains 2-2 See esses 1 Te SA ISNA OMT soe. oto aes ace Sere I Tc. 155) Orange (Brinckle’s)_ 2225-222) Se C. Sa SP hiladelphigeies-o 222-25 ee m. Yr. LTA ROSA NG WON p= = 5-522 seas =e eee i ne HSA sanders 622853. )22 te ese ie} m. i 19 | Susqueco (Brandywine).-....-..-- m. |r.ob.c¢ 20 MBN WACK: 202 528s. 5522 os oiesseve 1 Yr. OLN] MEN OYEG SoS eee eke eae m ie De MV AWANAN Gs. cenedeee eee eee os m 1s S S n S Aa|s8|a r. Veg bas Ont. 6 hile Yr Vv. 2 July Am. 6 52-3) b. c v.g.7e. July. Conn. 8] 8 b. c b July. Ise Gs 10 Wesco ane b.c g. July. Del. 8] 9 9 rE v. g.{b. July Ams) fiq--—| eens eoee Dots ves July. Eng. That 6) 6 p.r Wa Ss July. Eur. 8] 8 7 DiSexWeike July. Penn 10 | 10 9 b.c. | v. g. |b. July Am. 8 | 10 8 c g. July. Fr. TA. 4 b.c Vv b. July. Ohio? 10} 9 6 pc. |v. g. July N. J. Oh eee 9 po v.g July. Am. Che Nie3 6 0. b July. Penn 10 | 10 4 pr £ July. Penn 6] 8 8 Cat. wa Wane July. 0 O90 25min | EA ES | ee ers July. Am, 8) Saleee De v.¢ July. Am 8 9 9 p. x g July. Mo 7H)38 9 Date | Weis July. Am i) 10 Y £. July. IN. Je eee eee FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882, 351 SECTION XVII.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusus IDa&usS AND STRIGOSUS, INCREASING LOCALITY. is s. £2 2 a ies ai/s]a la ee ee * iN | * * % * * ees * * * SoA) | eS | eer * Se | ae a * * * * * * * * * * * ** BAe * t * * * * * * * * ** Sz} Sees | Seen * * kK * * * * * + ek ** 5d ** Pa es aU F pe oN ee * * * * * Aral * cos * * * * **K * rthern Lake Shore. [ae * BY SUCKERS OR SPROUTS. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Color. p. purplish r. red s. scarlet. REMARKS. One of Chas. Arnold’s hybrids. Not yet extensively proved. Best early red, but does not set well. Not fully hardy away from lake protection. Unproductive on southern lake shore. z Very firm, productive and hardy. Hardy, beautiful, productive, firm. Yet on trial. Is claimed to be identicai with Highland Hardy. Of English origin. Requires winter protection away from lake influence. Like nearly all foreign sorts, away from lake influence must have winter protection. May not be fully hardy in the interior of the State. Lacks firmness. Valuable where it will stand. Some growers think this identical with the Kirtland. Desirable for its earliness. Recommended at the north, but not as hardy. Desirable early sort, requiring winter protection in exposed localities, Best early sort on Southern Lake Shore. Suckers very little. Fine flavor. Very firm. Not very bright colored. Some claim this to be identical with Franconia. Must have winter protection. Unequaled for amateur purposes. Entirely hardy; dull color; lacks quality and size. Suckers but little. A bad shipper. Very little known inthis State. Tender. Very fine flavor. Profitableness and hardiness yet undetermined. Its beauty, size, color, and firmness are strongly in its favor. Strong grower; fair quality. Bears a long time on successive shoots. Strong grower; hardy, productive. Suckers profusely. Firm texture. Leading market variety in Berrien Co. Needs further trial. Of doubtful value. 352 oo ao am & wo m | NUMBER _ o 11 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XVIII.—STRAWBERRIES. ° ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Form. Color. e. conical, o. oblony. b. bright. p. pale, co. cockscombed. ob. obtuse. c. crimson, r, red. Z. long. ov oval or ovate. d. dark, 8. scarlet. n. necked. r. roundish. DESCRIPTIONS. ee ee Scale 1 to 10. NAMES. | = 2 iS g ¢ a rs a 3 Nn = =) oe n i] n ro) Alo lie PASTEARUG toe oe Coreen es Wie ete Ce Gs: p. f. 14 June.} Mo. Te 4 Agriculturist............. Me | FON es Gc aware eo. f. Lis ve Waid: By fiseel 8 PAMOVICH-- 20 ce2 ci Gir Sh eeal a: 1. KyCeu, gpa csalevere: p. m. Cie, £8 NEY Soa & elements eee ee v.l.} lc. n.] b.s.] v. g. s. fi Lz 8 Mich. el es 8 Black Defiance.......-... Ve lir- Ob e} @.c.)) b: 3. ype Es Ne eis Oe ee 8 iBeston sPine@.2 2252-68 ] eC dees il veers 8. We ilo ase Mass. | § | __- 4 Boy dens No. 30... 2.2... OGLE ee IE a teat Pave Se e Taig ie ms ic 5 Selves $ Bue oe peri mij r. | b.3.| vy. 8. ENE Oe. of Mae, 1018.) oe ee Br alee 00 ee Hs Lic. c. v.g. S Re 1s, «¢ NAY, to Yast Seaper| rae Burr’s New Pine....__._- lL Ca pic. b. p. Ss: TOs ae Ohio.5 |) 10n ie Captain: Jack... 3-7... m. ric. DaConlave ae. s. ¥. AO ss Mo. 9 pe 9 Caroline 22 2.2 Sco cose Mie)}) rec. Co eva 2s) | se D> 15 it Mass, |) 8 22 Siee=s Centennial Favorite..__- 1 Yr. OV, eae (ees Ss, frase a N. J. I Lene al be Champions... 244-2. = 1. MeGy |) Gee tava fs al eT 7 Bh | LED td N. Y. Cig sae 9 Charles Downing.__.__-- 1. Pe Com (Cosas Vena ease TAs lO 1s Ken. ra Pewee poe (t Cinderellawccesas22e. ee 1. LAOV. Us Cot Weuks s. f: Die i N. J. 0 ees las Cal Cneney pone no IS i |eco. bac. dav..e..| sp: MeO” 488 WEY 9) eee 8 Continentali == .. ....-_. a, c. Ds ee ly wees 8. Loaiaos is N.J 8 fesust aes Cowing’s Seedling... _..... v.1.jr,0b..¢.} Db... | V..z. 8. 710 (es Ua Ind. LON Seo 9 Wrescente.. 7s peeen ccs 11 c. d.'8..| 2%: ['8:0D85)) 18. AZ, 465 Conn iy Pao 9 Crimson Cone. .--.--._ ..-- m USC] de iCal aver Salen Ds 9 | po te ee Oo Am. im 6 Cumberland Triumph....|v.1.}r.ob.c.| b.c. | v.g. | 8. Dp ae C9 Penn ioe ee 9 Damask Beauty -...._..... Oe OVeCs TDs Xe ave e 8. 5 ee a sg Ohio. 7 Wases 6 Downer’s Prolific.._._._. Mere. | bas. doves: 3. ifs OF ss Ken. T Wess 8 Dr Warder. --22 so. sso5" 1. Cy WD w|i 8. Beeld as Am. Gir eee 5 I OAM NSS ee Ae eee ee Sa sO: Cot siCh tees) Be if: shy Ne WY. Sues 8 IDAN CAN!) 2-5 sae ese noes 1: c. ce Us ae (a re Ss. f. Dic et INI etic alee=a 5 Manly, eirdsoncc.te.eneeee Vile ere. DiC. th Wee 3. if. Leys 0 Am. bs Tig (ee 9 BIMPCLOv 22 o-ssssssacecess BH ieee, ope Gros g. B: Stee ss Ind. Ly ee eer Mssex Beanty-....-.---.- Ve alae. dives ave es: 2 a N. J i ae 7 Mixcelsior- 252 ls222225-82< Ts) Gkelcs Bede D: 5. Fy [i be Ohio. (iifeceoip we WU MOLC)-s-- 2 acne nese see m=} (Ob.c. WaLYB. fv. 231" ps 1 | a PN Am 7 leces, 4 FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 353 SECTION XVIII.—STRAWBERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. Sex. Texture. Season. p. pistillate. Sj. firm. The date (in June,) of the ripening of the first perfect s. staminate in the m. medium. specimens is given in each case as the most convenient sense of perfect. s. soft. mode of indicating the relative season. LOCALITY. 7) ° owe Ps 4 |A REMARKS. ia SSiEe RQ roy - |o9o/eo0 Si) 9 || 2 |e lees Pp & ps i3 a zlalé/2 |g lz 1 |....] * |----| * |----] Growth rather slender. Not productive. Seedling of Sam’l Miller. ot) oF CRS elt 3 * | Size variable. Occasionally very large. 3 ]--..| * |-.--] * |----| Productiveness quite variable. Lackscolor. Excellent. 4}; * |] * | * | * | * + Does not always ripen wellatthetip. Valuable. 5| * | * | * | * | * | Very perfect inform. Moderate bearer. Holdsitssize well. Excellent. 6| * | * |....| * |----| Has been much used to fructify pistillate varieties. 7); * | * | * | * | * | To produce with certainty should be grown in hills, and on moist soils. 8 }....]| * |.--.] * |----] Very prolific. Said to have originated at New Bedford, Mass. 9 }....]| * |----] * |----| Possibly may prove to be Kentucky—much like it. 10} * | * | * | * |-.-.| Has long stood unrivaled so far as quality is concerned. 11| * | * | * | * | * | Exceedingly productive. Even sized, but not quite large enough, or good enough. 12 |---| * |....| * |----| Has not, so tar, shown productiveness. 163 |/ 554] |es55|/—eSs * |....| Seems to demand high culture. Will probably do best in hills. 4] * | * | * | * | * | Seems destined to take a leading position asa market sort. Windsor Chief is identical. 15 | ** | ** | * | * | ** | Succeeds generally asa fruit for near marketing. Plant vigorous. U3 || ees) |seeS])/ene- * |....| Will only do for home use. an) * re |) Be * | * | Needs a little more firmness for remote markets. Planta weak grower. 1S | ee esl eee * |_...| Quite late. Continues a long time in fruit. aE) ee Sl ae tl Veen (2 t | One of the very finest large berries. Succeedson very light soils. On heavy soils often misshapen. Oi ie So oe " * * | Vigorous plant. Very prolific, but lacks quality and firmness. Foliage alesse por tess he or the best for preserving. 220) * * * * * | Excellent, asa berry for home use, or for near marketing. baa) (CR S| ee ee * |_...| Anamateur berry. Plant vigorous. 24) * pee * * | Valuable for near market. Plant vigorous. Po) | ean eee * 1____| Must give way for better sorts. Tooacid. Ona [RS a) ES * - * | Seems to be promising wherever tried. Valued as an early berry. 2i | Sp ee = * | A highly promising amateur berry. Plant vigorous. The first to ripen. Will do for early market. D2. Su [ss | a= S| * |__..| Very fine fora near market. Uniformly large. 29 |.--.| * |---.] * |---| Will not compare with others of its season. BO saaei|l ee oaec tee * | Should have hill culture. SS hes eeral ee * |__..| Excellent for home use. Py al |e ee a) (ee * |_...| Valuable only to the amateur. 354 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XVIII.—STRAW BERRIES—ContTINvueEp. DESCRIPTIONS. vod era a "As Scale 1 to 10. Pe NAMES. 5 : 3 ; : asf 4 a Ss) o | w = a S aAdosis Gail] HOLES HLOSOS.28- sone ee v.1 rc bc. | v. & s f. Sie Ohio. Soi shee 8 o4))| Kowlers|/Seed ling: :--.-5-||-20=|| 2=---=ss) = --e~'| ease 8. | sw25-5)--cb ceeee| OW. | 225 |e ease on MM rene tos ss-- sc ee ee 1, jl. c. co.| b.s. | v. g. s 8 125s N. J. 6/22 6 36) Mrontenac---.--s----- ---= m rc | b.c b p. 8 ZO ns INS ei} LOnlaen Bi 37 | General Sherman..-_------ 1 KeiGe Mp.ree fave 8 Mey | ee ee Mass. | 6) 22 5 SO MMGIeONU Aes sos sae eee v.1 Les Lesisel hives s f, 16g Ohio. Orr’ 7 39 | Golden Defiance_--.__---- ] MC ales g p. £ 1 Ce Penns! 5) | c 5 ADSEGYaCG tensa schoo ccce ee l Y. OV. | d. 8. | V 8 12 Mass. | 6 |_... 4 41} Great American---_-_-_-- Vabs}) or. d.c. | v.g S s ies N. J. al pee 6 42 WaGreen PTrOliic=-—--- essece Ie rOp2C.)) 0. 8). Verse || S-OD8:) (8 oes N. J. te ee 6 43) Hervey Wavis----------s- ie re Ce) | D.C £ s f 1p Gu Mass.} 8 | 5 5 A4 jd) SHOOKOY =~ <5 oe ee ce 85 1} ObSe. WGN. a) vere Ss mi: 47s Neo 8:1] ee 4 45 | Hovey’s Seedling---..-._- Vole Er. O¥e DiS, averge ||) De if.) jj wa “es Mass. | 6 |-:--| 6 46 | Hudson’s No. 10_-._----_- Vella eet Ca |polensem| vero s 1g 765 RG Am, Salizcns 7 AP SYS te re ee eee 8 r. ¢ Ga |e p. Fapalrisy 's Penns |) 49) eee= 5 ASW MGwa erolincesseccses ee) Le ke OD, Dic, g p. s TER iat Towa. ||2222)||Ceaa eee ADT ICUNM a ances = ee v.l.] ob. c. | b. 8 g. 8 i IE Am.? Gulice=s 9 Doni eKentuekyse.-cs. aes eee LS | lorsve. bos. lays: s. Bae Makes SY Ken, Srlezee 8 OT MISISSAaN yi ee eas ob. ¢. 8. g. Ss f TRS G2 Am. GA) 7 8 52 | Large Early Scarlet.___- Beets OVe | DarSe te ves |, s LORS Am. 8 2225 |\ 906 53 | Lennig’s White-....._._. Te a RO DeCs | wwrenk b. 8. 8 2 Ss Fenn: | 100 |=== 3 54 | Longworth’s Prolific___- ©. OD. e|) Ds.) | ves, S. foe std Bee Ohio. Siijczes 7 Bos uMekhursti-ssen sos cco ke 1. We Cit are ivetse s. eyes N. ¥. @riizect 7 56 | Major McMahon..-.-.-.._. 1 Yr. ¢ QI. i Ve &. 8. f. 14a 26s Fr. Oi ee 7 Soin ela oe wee eee VolulsedeGs | DarCeteVereal) | Ss f. | 20 June.| Mich. | 8 |-.-2| 10 oe Mail Galsoc cso cccecnsceece Vol.| Es CO. |, D:S- |. Ve s. m BY te ING a 8 ] <= 8 59 | Metcalf’s Early .._.......-. S. POs Desa) see Ss Ss. Geass Mich. Liye ees 3 3 COU MMIChI CAN ese oecco se oso ey | Ce Se aN SE Bee lone 6s Miths |) fe] ascaiane 615) Miner's Prolific:.---..---- eaiere ce c. g. s. s Waar ase Ni oie (Sih ee 8 62 | Monarch of the West--.--|v.1.} l.c. SC aloves: s fe 10m ss Ill. Cease 8 63 | Napoleon III........-....- L, |. Forres masshaten et leew ds: | 1 Bor. |) eee 64 | New Jersey Scarlet ..-.-. P| abies | ese ma paveuse fn Se £ LO Wess N. J. 6: |ics55 6 Gp eNICANOY 2. 60 wesee eae mM, /1..0b;,.¢.| D. 8. |b: 8. m. Gian ING 9} eet 5 66 | Photo (Martha}__......--.- i PCa Dette aes s. Ss. ORs Ohio. 8}. 6) cscs 67 | President Lincoln__.____. Ve eOseC Onn siGe. |b ok Ss. Ss 16379 NGS Sh. Wiese 68 | President Wilder -...._.- 1. jr. ob. c.} b. 8. | b 8 fe Ones Mass. | 9 |\---- 4 LOCALITY. i-*) @o Ag|ES pete eee s 4 | Z| 3 184) 52 3 oF Oo I> > Hilo|;naiza |Aa -se8 * ---= * —<<-- ee ee ee * ——<< ee * * “<<< ——<<- * ---=< * -—“<—- ee ee eee * -—--- ee * <= ee eer * -—_-- <= * -—--- * —<—<—-= * | ee |] x * * on * ers = “<< * * * * fe. * * * * * ee ee * =s<8 * * * * * ——<= * <<< * <= * * * * * * *k « | ee |] ee eee ee * -——<—=- * * * * * * * * * * * % * ot eee ee ee * <== ee ee * —<<< i * * * * cose * eoee * wenn SS ees ae * * * * * paren |p, Fok wes * * x | exe | « | ee | x * * * x | RE ~- ee | ---- * * «ne % *k * * * ee ee er * cee * * NUMBER. FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1582. 355 SECTION XVIII—STRAW BERRIES—CONTINUED, REMARKS. Promises to be one of the most valuable. Does not do well on light, Soeae othe trial to properly develop its character. Very productive—vigor medium. Although of the highest quality it is sadly unproductive. Imperfectly tested; not very promising. A late sort. Variously estimated. Worthy of trial for market. An excellent handler. Strictly an amateur fruit. Appears variable. Must have good cultivation. Unproductive under ordinary treatment. Berries often imperfect. Should be planted with staminate variety. Worthy ofa full trial, whether for home or market. Plant vigorous. A good amateur berry. Not attractive in color. Plant vigorous. Productiveness variable. Mostly out of use. Strong plant. Very productive and even sized. Worthy of attention. Vigorous; prolific; acid. Ripensa long time in succession. Too small. Prolific of plants. Exceedingly productive; fruit firm, but too small Vigne Prodiwnte when grown in hills and on strong soils. At the north this succeeds on sandy soils. Vigorous. A good late market berry. Ifa little more prolific would be profitable for market. Nearly superseded by newer and larger varieties. Delicious pineapple flavor. Unproductive; amateur. Vigorous; productive; acid. Its popularity has long since waned. Vigor medium. Suited toa near market. Has not become popular. Stems short. Fruit beautiful, even sized, excellent. One of the most promising very late berries. Very promising for near market. Has few qualities other than earliness to recommmend it. Fine even size but quite too soft. Vigorous, productive. Succeeds even under a hot sun. Vigorous and productive. Very promising for near market. Very productive. Ripens slowly at the tips. Promising for market. Popular in Berrien Co. Like all foreign sorts should be kept in hills. Plant vigorous. Moderately productive. One of the best early amateur varieties. An attractive fruit; for home use only. Not fully tested. Promising. Very irregular in form. Fails on light soils. Unproductive. 356 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SECTION XVIII—STRAWBERRIES—ConrTINUED. USE AND DESCRIPTIONS. VALUE. Scale 1 to 10, Pe} NAMES. 69 | Romeyn.....-........ Boaeee y.l.jr.c.co.| b.c. | v.g 8 s 1S! INE RSS a Wee 7 70 | Russell’s Advance ....._. 1 Wr loves Doss, faves: s f. 10°) 18 ING VY iipee 2 6 71 | Russell’s Prolific........- 1. | -¢. co. | Soc. |v. g. Pp 8 q2) iN: YY Solecee 7 72 | Scarlet Globe............- 1. jy, c.co.} 8. ge. | 8: Bell Ia os Am. 6). ee 73 | Seedling Eliza............ m. r? b. s g 8 f. Tey eo Eng 8 7(e | ee 74 | Seneca Chief-...-...._.-... Veli} CGO Geneve, 8 ti. Te N, ok. 8 leeee 8 75 | Seneca Queen.........-.-- 16 TCs. HbaAC.n VD; s rs a1) et N. Y. Sipe 9 AO PSUAUPLCSS joo. ecceeaes sacs = v.l.jJo.c.co.| b. r. | v. g 8 poopy ot me Penn; |} 9 cocci] ae iC fal (ates oo 4 gee ee ee Welsh Slices Mhabsiey vee Ss fms oot Mich. | 9 ]|..-.] 10 78 springdales.2-2- 2-2. vel. re. | ds. p m ieee Penna 9 ceee 6 79 | Star of the West_....---- 1. |r. ob. c.} d.c 8 8 Tp ae Mo {fe Rae 4 80 | ‘Starve: eects 1 Y p.¢ 8 8 1S pss Am 8 Sa eee 81 | ‘Sterling -e5) 268.222 23 a. c. d.s. | v.g p meen lige 2 5S Ohio. Time 7 82 | Triomphe de Gand........ 1. jr. ob.c.| b. x. b 8. £ DY acs Bel 10) nese} PRO 83 | Victoria (Golden Queen).|v.1.| rc |b. Cc. | Vv. g Ss. Melos Eng.? | 8 |-.-.. 6 BL) Walden iis. 222 eenssteii2 m. Cc. pci{v.g Pp. See eOn yce Mass. |} 10) |-222)/ 2 85 | Wilding Seedling---.----- lJ | ov.c. |b. 8. | Vv. g 8. falas 4 ING XY. 4} “99/9 a ee 86 | Wilson’s Albany.-..-..--. Lif Pare tecrairaiie gz 8. ey |b INE Xai 6} Soe ee jn nnn nn ee EE nanan enna RRR FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1882. 35% SECTION XVIII.—STRAW BERRIES—ConrTInvEp. LOCALITY. 2 |g re = 483 REMARKS. I Een =) 3 -|s5o/50 = S| leaisd Pile e)sie | Ala l|/olanla |4 69 | ....]----|--.-| * |---| Much like Champion. Not firm enough to bear rough treatment. 70 |----| * |----} * |....] Very productive. Retains its size till last pickings. TA | ee * * |....| Very productive. Too soft for remote marketing. vir) ||) ee ees * |....| Only moderately productive. Acid. 73 |-.--|----|----| * |----| Does well fora foreigner. Amateur. 74] * | * | * | * | * | Productive and vigorous. Prefers strong soils. V2) 4 en NP Me pa Cantinnes large to the last. A promising market berry. Very de- sirable. 76) * | * | * | * | * | Isattracting much attention. Lacks firmness for distant marketing. 7171 | ol ae * | * | * | Very rich in color and fine in quality. Promising for home use, and possibly for market. 78 |.---| * |---.| * |----| May lack firmness asa market berry. Flavor superior. On eee isseiisee * |_...| Doubtful if it can realize its early promise. : 3:20 sess 255 EWI Pies toma Serine a 16 Rin 635 ee Oe Osedolae. 2. .u2t 2 ea Lech 89 Bigley, B 2 Wi i te ie Greenville.) bee Montealm. |... =.2..22.5 186. ame, PINE r be. 2 > oo es eae Bay City oo. Bay so2o ss. 2 tod eee Birdsell, Georve. © o-2-5 aw tones 22:4. wer ee VantBorens...2°¢-shee IBEOLYRIN gil a= ee Saks od eWEON eo eo ee ee Van Biren ss.) eeee a 188. SCV WN. bis Se ee ee South Haven oo) e Van Burens. 22. So30r Blodcett, “DA: 22-22 232 os Hersey 2222225: Seed Saee Osceolaisres 15-2252 5055 Blowers, Ji Move. eS awrenceisst2 Ae ae WansBuren); 22559452. Bloomer, Reuben.........--- Fishbone 2h eB Keinhs 22 622. a YS he Borie \Georce 22322. 55. Commerce = 45.52 Onlland =<. 2 cate ee ee fepiet. WWM oe ee asHOVIG. 72 ee, REP OUR. eee eee Bower, Albert 20-2 2 22222 Wixom +2405 4771 ke Oakland 222 twee Brandsteller, J. F.o22. 22... Prairieville: -~.. 222-56 Barry. 22-2 ee eee Lect iS] Oe ee eee een Grand Rapids22 2242.22 Kenbemi? tata. ae ee Brown, 1G. ee EPRI NAY a Benton Harbor...--.---- Berrien eee Brown, Alphonzo...___..--- Prankfartiie the. sat Benzi6,. ot ala ae Brown, has din~ Goss tee ManmMouthsee a aoe Word Scong-2624 tte 425 Buell, “ye a eae Little.Prairie Ronde.--.|C@ass. 2.2. -=.< 3-52 =5-- LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS FOR 1881. 363 No, or NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY, CERTIFI- CATE. TEST) UES Oni BGS 8 UA ere bey © iolamazoo2- 2. soe aee MalamazoO 24-2) see ee 111 Burroughs, Chas. T......---- Benzoia >—-- 2. 553." BeUZIG. 3.71. aes 236 Bntler tAGG.t 42252 22s. coset ranksOrie 0225 oh es BeENZIC@ 22 F233 Sede ee 263 Signe aoe Mee see ons oes SREB asavsing, so 57 eee ee. MNeNAN: 2.523555 ee 138 Case Wucids: W sz .osc52 ie BenZOnIa |. esate ee Le BeNzIC Foo 55 5 ee 250 Wase. PMOLFIS 5255-2250.) S2kee Homestead: = 27 .eee Ya DenZIe..2 55 see 251 @Waldwell William =.:)... 72 Commerce = 2222222. 2h Oakland: 23.25. eee 54 WampuellyrAc:s <= 2. --- ake Jackson. soc so2_ ee sacnson, oS. bd ee 416 Whanipard, bE s223.2)i52a8. 3 Hayette!: <2 == us TAT es Whip cee sas Se ee 37 Whasey Lewisi=.~ +25 22) ese Rochester. sissies New York. 22232 4: 7 ees Ae 0 as ee aay 3 Chinton'’— 5 22c sas fF 228 Lenawee....-.-.- vive. *265 Churchill, Wi. Ticcenadeet coke Muskepotis 22-- fie op2 Muskegon: 259s s555 oo 225 ‘iShapman.-b.22.25.0 22 s2Bces Whangier. 3.2... peas MONT cSt eo geek eed 281 Star wAucust.2--: .-a2aes alton. ss eee MuskesOn,sS52 Sos. oe 208 Comings, bli 2 eee St. woseph-= =< 32722 ee Berrien... 25.2.4 25-2 115 Comings, Gy: oo eran tee Gc. d Oseph. os.) Aes ek ee BErriens nsec ayes as ee 119 Wook {@has: besos. - 25 eee = Montacue=:-2 2-2. se eeaiMnskeron <9 ol s5_ as 48 Cook. jE eee rec fF. TT | Pee |S eer ts Ingham... 22) c-< beet 133 Eby Dit A 2 seen + i Cee Day eluy oo ae eee |; 3) ep ae Geert) SEE 2 182 Cockburn, R. R...-.. aes Miskeron:s2. 22-22 Muskevon’.2522.5%22) 55 199 Cobb, Geo Nec oo RE Muskeron=: =*3:---les soe muskecon,. . sot. 8 set 204 Sepliiers, Wm; Ms: -=1 2.0 seek Buskepon::22223-4. Su e> Muskegon /2-222222-022 218 Coweill’ George. 223024 22. voy field*2 2 {Nee nce eS Bénzie. ec. eo 230 Vo Wed Ora Mars See CS SS MUINCIO 2 a2. Sees eee MNGIANE S50 Sasso oae 84 SL gh a ee Mays Sees se eee Tuscolac?ss3-eeeece see 67 Goats: Wdwin' C.2s 2554425 =e Benzonia—.2et = ee Benziee ee eees te ee 282 Mollinssassig.-a. = Rhee Columbia City._.......- GION k ae a 61 Cetinabury: W. i.--..).2---2:|Grand Rapids:/!_ 2." to. GRE eet ee te ee ee 513 eSrandall. He Bis: :s.2ssle set Musker onto. >>. ss ete Muskegon (252.25 -2=6 202 Crittenden. us Co | viet ee Benton Harbor. 1c asCTTAC Ee ee eee 104 Crawford, Matthew-......... Cuyahoga Falls......2.- ONO Ss aad o sens ae 24 Crawford, Allen_...2. 2-522: Spring port: -..- 335% PACKSON IC sees See ee 79 ealver. Charles: -~-- =~) h Mnskerons.~ 922025022 bs Muskeron >... oo eee 222 peeerits Ones Bees ss5 lees Muskeron 2-<) . :...-2:ek Wascnde = 56 St See Kent... 52-2. hewn 410 Honneywelle, Chester.--.--- Cressey’s Corners.-...--- Barry.5- <= tee ek ee eee 3 Hiaribat, Wis, oe Joe sees South Havent: s2eee- == MantSaren===-2 ee 103 Hopkins, Chasse see se Benzonia .....cL eee BenzZIG. 2 os 7 ee 271 iopson, Jobin. .-5--o.2- 2 se Sand Beachi222 3: 292283 Huron. wes ee ee eee 13 Howard Debs 2. soos Uae I'raverse City... .2222-2 Grand “Traverse... 53 HOY GW, tates 24s. 2 Joke aes Devine 22.2 2S eee LEV a pee ac LD tend Lge 4 16 nib bards hess 22 See eee Eredoniaz2:2 2-62 New Vorkies ss 3 UN ae 39 Hubbell, an oR SE eee at BENZORIA. Ss. ee BENnZle@s ce eee eee 269 Huntington, E. eee HBenzontia so eee PPENTIG S550: Ra ks 2 ee 284 Hunts samuel. === ea52 222 Evans Villess: eer WASCONSU Ne se hoes 91 iewin, JONN. 2. 32:¢5-.- Sipiuchanan.. 2°. 2See eee Berrien, +2. ssStee ss 1 PONKSS SD telosccee seni Sand: Beach. sas 1. see HUGON: Sse sss oo eee 12 Jenks e.My, i= ss out ca sks Sand Beach. eee eee HUGON eee cn eee 14 Sminpn. B., Wee. 25 23245 aoe MLO 2 oo as as Barrys sos 222 18 Jones vsonn:.. 2.6. Ul eee ny City tect ick re es | es RRS 5b 183 GOMER TIGRE oo oo 2S Ja ee AUSANe cee ee eae. 222 25 129 DOME We ls. oo 66.5222 ee, JOSE DN cc 05 ee Berrien... 205.2048 se 128 pmsons ©. oH. - 2523 e ss 3 Ease Lenawee Junction....-- Ihenawee-.3 so se5 eee 69 Kelley Wim: 2. ccna East Saginaw..........- NaCdNAW see eens ee eee 75 Keyes, Theodore......._...- Prairievilles 9652 2 eee Bannyices chase nee oeeee 34 Kies Geos Dea 222s “cea Glintones-< 2 32.2. eee enawee-s- 222s see *263 Kam DalleaWis sec. 222 on eae (hin tomiesee ys eee Menaweew ene eso ee *258 LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS FOR 1881. 365 No. or NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY. CERTIFI- CATE. Kino SHenryeccs. acces ee ee Nouth Maven... ss.seu.es Wink Buaren2- ease seee 102 MATING s Pilea) won ot LAS Benton Harbor..-......--. Berrien 22-2, ee 113 Knicht; Nathans.:2.fUissl2e Bay Citys 2-22 le Se BY eon sa okt Te 161 Mannin. Josephi:. 2 s-s24528 South Haven: s: 2222.28: VanyBburens2s552 52 -eeee 421 Lathwell, John N.:_.. .. VOVMENG 22 eee BENZle lee wey re eee 253 BEIWLOU Aes Diag aos Be MAW bOMss. o2 ee ee ee Van Buren... 6. sUee me, 195 PANADEES Mr As= ds see! MnuiGland Ss. s2s 22 Sean Muskegon: sce ee 209 CSE M Wise be ee Benton Harbor...-....--- Berrien: 5. ete ee 101 MesVighleys = .- 2.8. Cee eee Monta... ossoca ce eee ee RON Ay S 96 ewis, Georce . 2 s2 20205 Barcellug sus UL 7h Shes RAS bs sce tl eae at eee 112 HeyncolnceW M522 Ee Greenville - 222.2225. 5-5 Montcalmycese es steee 23 149 Mrctle JOnil ss os252< <2. 2ce Ses Mish, Creel. ys Cae: Cerio. 5 Fey Pa Sew 36 Loran, John M.........-522.2 New ford. 2 23 8S ee MceHns: s 55555829: 42 ae 32 oveday, D.C. o22.02 20. Ae South Haven: .222-02201: Man, Boren. 3.422 4 104 MUSK SL caN. sae cs. 2 UP INE Kalamazoo 22.2 soee Kalamazoo. ee oa 87 iy tle Ds WesCo 5 aS Mawtonias22s-2s2Usee see Man: -Burens-. 022). ae 191 Mere Vicar, «Mis o25 22 a55.4208! ipsilanticsasees ee soos e Washtenaw. 222) *267 Mack4H Oss sone) sc ee Benzoniacs Jes 8h Ae Benzie. eb 32.22 eee eee 270 Mann: Kober) ...2 020 .teee ee PARBIBE =< 2222.2 ltes Inoham=- 2. 28h Set 142 Manchester, John.._-....--- SPaPhAl 2s 2se22. sce ee Cntses2- ice 508 Marlette, M.-H... 2.-220.2 PoiBay- City. ..c2s82d2 SO: Th Vn o> 5) Shee ae ees 168 Marsden, George..........-- Ann Arbor. -.2-22)2 25) Washtenaw.. 200) o cei eae MiarshalliOr 2225.2 ETT eames 22822 Mn@hams 52222 Sse 135 Marrs. Samuels» Sa Stevensville _........._- HRGNTLe Tl. on soe ee 121 Marshall, Robert....--.-. 22. WPrairievilles s522224.--32 ESATIY foes ett Sate Pee ae 9 mason, TMhomas....22222....2. Oiileaee: 222% 4.5 PLU WEMMOUS 2-22 tees Ree 123 MALLESON ee Bie ae ee ene Oyielde sss. 42 s8 ae eae BENnZIC tea eee ee 229 MeBain. Randall-..-.-22--2! Moydield tel b ss cee BENZ 1G Sacre ee he eee 239 Mew rlloelss. Is Aes ee Benton Harbor...-..-.--- Berrien cole eee 102 MeDonald, Jno. N... 32... 022 Bay Oity =e: ct c.2.c es Baayen thet 3105, sees 173 MeDornrellvAes-- 2-0 a ee Hay -City-= =< =: tsa Bayes se eiOn! Be sY 2S eee 165 mMeGloelin, Chas. <2 20 ive Kawkawilin:.o 052s 22522 LON eS OER Be gt EBs 56 McKelvey, James...._..._... Hranktort0 2. ols oko BEDALE 8 oes Se ee 258 MekKinstry. By No.2. 2828 Grantee ark: 2.2. -0 ve 3! PEENOTS 2.2. 2k ee 59 Meach An Wie s.see eee Grand Rapidss22 sae ae Went eez sso settee *75 Mead) Onn. 2-2 5522-22 Benton Harbor.--.2-2-- Berrien 2.252352 112 Mersel, Herman............. Bay® Orly 2c ees, JEN Ae ES ANE ALT 166 RMerrwl MiP es ccstsn. eke Bay: Oily <2 22 et 28! May + neh te eee ee 174 OPER ys Ha oe 1 eee Benton Harbor. ........- Beh 35232622220 e ase 108 Miller, Mrs. Robert..--...--- Battle: Creeko2:2222_ 21! Calhoun: +22J2cs0 so) -88 81 Miller Robert). 22.022 2-28: BattlerCreekssse222)2 232 Calhounys 22522230 a 82 Moody.-Blisha_.....62.2. 22! Lockport... 22226-0028 Wet: York so) (20 oe aaa 43 Moncoe. (C.J... 2. ee South Haven: 2224 ..'0..2- Wan Buren: . 23222409 427 Monee: hs So. 5.2/2 Sonth Haven. -.._----2.. Want Baren £2232) 29 429 mei, Nathan... 5.2.0. 2! diremtione: = 143 rete Pena G.- 22 0) als ee 21 IN ChOISabs eA 2 a Orange: Mills? 3222) S22 Barry. esos See eee 5 INEZ lola ae es J Di hOSeP 222 aU eee Berrien 223/225 ae 124 Northrup: Daniel. > =e ibawrence -2.2222..82_ 02! Vian- Buren 22. oee ae 30 INOWwland Acs Rea=2 42) SL ees Bentonpoarbors 22) eo berrien ..--_ eee eee 107 WAKE else Wi see se fh ascc cote Baw Citys: <2csseee lon ook Bay: essen a eee 158 Carrow, Mrs, R....0 0 Le Muskevons22. 202... 22 {Muskegon J..2.8- 52° 198 Wl ds AeA ss eek Ce, ORNS Weertur Hoes. slo s ee ese Vane Burenvso- 2 eee Hick WehornesO. sss: 5525.5 2457 eat Sih. OS pho- nee ORELCH 222258 ees 126 Overachers lias) se tao Sits Josephs. 24). Berriem2 ites eae eees 117 Overholt-awinleee se: eeeee ss aSONee esses e cece eee Inga ceke eee ees 132 Owense DAs 2 eee see ee Battle @reek. 22522025 22\ Calhoun: 2225-282 ee 403 marker Chad: iH.c.22.2-2c28 doyiield 22 Osre2 Us 222 BEN ZIG 42 os 25 <2. Bs 266 markercN Ak sos sass Brankforts. ssecsen goes Benzies hk Oe | Eaton Raprdssgassnes Hatton cee 93 366 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. No. oF NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY. CERTIFI- CATE, eric, GeO: Wel lsbkk ere: ANsinie’: 2) = eee er ete ne nam. 225.2 o See 134 RarksS ue Cian cee ok ee Crand Rap ldseess: ease Keni as Shas soe ae ee 409 Parshall. deseo. essere. es AT OAT POLS 2 a eee ate Washtenaw. 2 cee 428 Partridge, B. F..._-- we See ie Bay. Citys eeee ee EV sn 2 eee ee ie 160 Pattersons N22 2 Sees sae MISKe SOM ss ses e= 2 eae MiUsSke Onis) te eee 207 Paine Wawson=-2 0. 4243222 5- HRnelishvillel=". jas Ment the yo see eee 415 Rearces James An s!.2. ee eee ranktOrt ss 922 seers | BYEN OYA Keyan eee eta a te 260 Rearsalle de Ds ssas ac ees DAY Olbyo. shore ae ee Baye ss 22 5 Se ae ee 57 laid aia Gy Bee eee peers a Muskeo on ss )Ss "serene MUSiker on °. 2 222 oe 212 Pennell ide Wie oo tee See Grand shapids == se aae= Went 22o22 (22 ee eee 412 Rete rs Wr Lye == the eee Pees Ste J OSe ph: 2. owe neeaes Berrien: 22202042 etree 127 ertitt. DAMeS 2A. a2 252 eee eNZOnlan= ss" seers ee Benzieve. te ee eee 268 izhelipssCsePs: vests vcktsocre Si OSe ph sss5 2 aaa ee Berrien sss) 2.2 eee 116 niligss Mb. 22 = ess tee ee IAW CONS See ee eee Van Bureness2 ase eee 197 Phillips Geo. W-.2 senate ROM CON 2 eee eee nes Macom betes sone 418 FROmber. BieiMg es ee las eee: Kea anAazZ OO nests eee ee Kalamaz00l.2 ses e Eee 422 Powell, Martin_...__.- eaeek Bay, Clty se cera Bay oss otro eee eee 162 erescoth, wires: (Go Wesssasen2 Grand Rapidses-— sere Ken ps Sete a eran ae 72 (Neston Ostssens S22 sees Wansing sss ee) ee eee Ingham tee eee 141 Parmmey, Orlo* i052... ee. MOTE +82: 22222 Sacer BenzZ1G. = 2s ste - eas ce 245 Putney, Marshall. 2... ...- 22 SalMOre:=2 52> +: eeneey ey Benzics- isu 5582 eee 246 Putney. Rutusss. esasceee eee Gilmore soe) 2-6 208 ee ae Benz levee 295.428 saa ae 247 Buch Hentyabs. 2.2) 2e ee | Clintons fon ee Wenaweelnrns. {cee eee *259 Eutnams Daniels. kere AYSDSI Anite see See epee ee Wiashtenaws-s-2 beet e es *266 Ragge, hase ens tare Sin OSS ONS har ces sae Berrien = 2a 9s5c5 2 ates 120 Randall tee. esha cee. cee Blissheld +*22*sssss ene IWeNaWwee 2s: = ieee 272 Ray, ey et ee eee eee ees Se Watervilet. 2232 = see Berrien ee. sees ss 2 =e 404 Reeves, Ov eo can Set eae Benton Harbor...-_-..-- Berrienss =) Ayes ee ee oe 110 eshorewh Hie .c 82525 \g. 240 Dowariacycs are 25 2h aes) 2 meee en ee eee Ae 98 Reynolds: CawPive 2 sss2 22k Harrisvillet.. 222s eee ae ROSCONS Saeed See ee eee 64 Reynolds) Mrs, Pheodores---||bane or 2222222022 saatee- Vieniburen #527232 e:22e8 99 IRCen Ure cMmaneas see oy IA witOns. sos SE eee Wan burenes 222852 ose 189 Robmson, Wm. M22... Muskegon --._...-. pe Eade MUSKEPON >= Fei eet eas 216 RODINSOn dhe eee Portlanders. ee ae MOLNE TS ao RS ee ae Nee ee *244 Robinson, James M,_._._.__- Wiske CON =* 34-22, ee Be MUSKeESC ON = 2 een ee ae 217 ROSETS I) yall, 2522 ee PATI a otc eee e ee ere tee JACKSON Sessa ee see 74. IRGElOIs 1G sae ee ee Grand Rapidsens sss sess Kent) 22ers ese 90 FVOMET co ewiioce esiee. et oa bay GOiby = 22a eee Se Bays es ees ea eenee See 180 ROOM tH. C.F = ose ee MUSKeC ON = sa2e ee aaa WMiiskemonmec: ernwe s ee 201 Rouden, pamuUel. 225555. 4¢6 Bay City Weare afore ee Baty! Bas rs ye ae eee 159 uudells Ee ct a oe Bay pGilay2 62 = Sacer eet [Sei gO eres sates es 276 Satterlee, James.____...__-. Greenvillex:- see ae Montealm seen: a s2ee 144 Satterlee Henry... 2 -ease- ae Greenville: sscoe 22 ee Montcalm 2e2 22) eae 155 Satterlee ATC a2 cote oe. Gireenvillex-ssa ee" sees Montcalmissssoss2—seee= 185 DEANS os ie eee eee se el ae SPrine dale s.> 00 sea Wextordte2o5 oes 234 Seaver, Geowk..222-.--- 5 eee South Haven.---2..2.._- Vianebureness: css 101 Shaken Wim coe skys eee ANSTNS See ye os eee inoham essere Clee 227 slearer, Geo. Hoos sscee2n eee Bay LOLLY sca se t= eee | RoW earners eee seer US = 171 SELMAN sMipe eek oe Greenvillesess53 45" as. Montcalm rses- se. ese 187 Sherwood, MO sos oe SS ATER VAL tie.< 1s ete ar BETRIeCN ess fons Se ose 122 Shepherd, Mrs. ne B, re ea bee ve Battle Creek s->- eee Calhoun 3 esses *268 Shotwell, Nathan.......-._.- CONCOrG eee aoe ee CKSON 2 a= et ores 65 Shambar eer, Wists Manshcld ec: =. =tse 5 ee Oli eee sao tee 85 Simpson, Ft RID ECE. Bary eOiys soo 2-— eee ee Baya eee sts oe ae ees 176 pial, shadrach...... 2254-4, Benzoniaes 29. 2252s ees Be Zie 22 one ee are ee 238 Smeltzer, Abel Me 2369 VOyteldis soe. awe ee Benzie: 2255 eee eee 243 Smith, a1 lhe aR South Charleston_..._.. (ON (0) SR ea es eh otic cick *168 Smith. Nie a Se er Sr ee oe Bay Oi y ene oe | BFE ese ag i ie Rye 163 SMiterAvek eee. eee PAW PAW os 3222 sto ee Van Buren soscs-c2e2 41 LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS FOR 1881. 36% No. or NAME. P. 0. ADDRESS. COUNTY. CkRTIFI- CATE. Snyder, Chas...... - eee Greenwillema ss. eae Montealimt. 2-2 2---)0525 148 Sd er whe) Come e ete ce eas (Cineeniwilli@ ne sas. e een Montealimjiess os eee 150 SOLULCT Ae pene ee aun ae plrelb yaeee es ee ree Oceana: ano oe sae *246 SOUGHANG Webbe Meee ese aoe Kalania70 Os 426 soe IsalamiazOon es. ee eee 107 SPAULGING Me. Va. n= oo SiO EUG re re es BGNIZG} aac a tee Sete 248 S)CU GET 8 fe J [As Ue a Ne, Soe Brnnkforty = 92522845284 BENTIG rem ernest eae 262 no 220 A i es Hmanitland eyes. i. oe Muskegon. - 2. aes 210 SToMOcGsmWaMlse ess oe PF Onb Mopemeems 2. 25. | (C1 a 0 ea a a ON U2 11 Sci Lets Ae al D ey one re ees Ba oe Wen tres) ayoonee ete ae 278 BGOMOINS Ow. 2 22 lice oe IGEN SS ieee eee WS peWANT hos os oe eeee 137 SGUleshOAMES! cs c-eccsecee CWCLescope sete al. acne Calihouini se son. ae ere 38 Stockholm, A., Gu--..-.......|Greenvilllesss S. 20. Montcalm asesossee se oe 146 SOME Os. Reino. cceccscien ornare. Benton Harber. =--..-- Bericne =. o> eo tee 111 Stoaphton; J. C...2.5.22-5-6- Greenville: eeeies 32.26 Montealmy.. 22. 3-2 ase 147 PU PIS Ss As Mice. ie. ye ee Eanstngyyssa 286 222. see PRAT ooo a cen eee te 136 Sivpeitetlna: Creme ee one an eae ESaUy? Cuties i BY oe eer ee 156 MAO s RAC Neer e kcal soles Died OSepihera 228 cose Benmlentee. ee 118 Mselor, ono. 2s. 2055.5... iGreen ville zp.) 2-2. Montcalm.) 25... 55 25828 157 WBN Oy ers Re Cse sae osas ea cree = Benton Harbor.) =. -.--- Bernleni.. 305022" oe aceeee 103 thompson, OVD. 9.2 22-4 Romeo..-- See eras | NEACOM Die oss ae eee 47 Mere ea Os: ace set ex ate 1 NSCS A ey oe a Batre cc ce.) oe eter oe 2 “ROMS, 0 ANRES)2 2. ese See cee ATI “ATODOTH SS sci ees a <2 Washtenaw ....- *271 Mnavisaeierce=. =. oss es cee Cressey’s Corners_....-- | ETD nie a ee oh 35 LG! oa GOS ae ea Miskesiomoict =i... 2. DIHSKEM OM 6 com acceece 223 Want Ambarg, D,) R.e22224-2. OM MELO Sere He oo cre BGnzle «2 .o7 ase tel te 252 WaneAntwerp, Cs, Cs... 52220. |Spanta see eases ea See S(T PEAR eR SIG ae. 509 “Wan JBN Ry ieee ne sees Stysosephes 2. .o. 0.554. BeRnleljec soc ce Sse ears 125 Waneburen) Wee secs s. cee Mansino Sees Peer ee Pesan mMpes = 5 se eee oe 130 WAIN eUSeI Areas. Soe ewe bays Clive Tet Oe ees ed Baye Mee stten con eae ae 181 WGOTMETSe) Wills) Green seen = South Frankfort.....-.-. Benzene tes cee 265 MOOMMEISS [SdaGecsa = ae eee ee WrankfOrnbesees sos sees Ben Zeese 5325 o-2 54 soe 257 WianlersyJOWNees)225 cc 256 cee Bava Cityese see eee Ee Seton me octamer ae 275 AVViai elo sD) Sea) ee es See Benton Harbor. o5--2e- BEErIeN essa. a eee oes 106 Via Tte Wale a secre oe Prairieville! 2 2.2.2 sr Bapnyecceecc esc oneee 28 WrannereAs, Mie 22222 2222550 ee RleasantOneeees eee Manistee; <255. 25 eee 285 Waser! Alberts. <5 2.2222 Plainweln 2 See cose Allegany ene slo lo ae 8 WiatersHarlowls-22)- 222 =. = awitonr perce ewe ee Wane Une nae setae ee 193 Wiatsonelhomase seo. sesso. Eranktortoose = stecsss se. Benz et sete a Deed ete: 259 Wiebbers Wim lie. 3. ees Hast Saeimaweos. ee. soe Saginaw 2... °..- Lea 49 Wiedthofi,vA\ Ross cesses soe Baye Olivesnoe cass asses Bay Li ST eget Se a 169 WiheelervAl? ones Jouko se. Baya Oliveros cece ce aes | BPR rege es 2 bl EDR Se 178 Wiheelers Geortesse=s--s--— Muskeron. == 2.2. ..- oe So MUSKE SONS Ao. eter 200 Wihite; John d.. 60.2222. 2st Clinton tases 20 toe Wenaweee ssn. 455 4.05 50 Wihitneya Jassie. 52 - .- 22 ss5 Muskegon] seeeee eee Muskeconnoa 52. scsesnaee 219 WiildeTrySseee. =e el ae oe Hirlenianes se eee ee JUS PO Ae BES IES aaceUSOee 94 Waillitainas, Aw Reto 2. Sele Muskes one so se ae Muskeeom 22.22. sone. 220 Waillliamss My Btasss =. ee es iIKalamazool.s.,. 25.2556. iallaimaz0Omeseeeseeeeee 109 Walliams Jolinne 242-2205 sa5 Kalaniva7oOol. so. ssose.ce- Kealama7Oo ecco 405 Wilson, Geo. He. 222 22.22. e 8 South Frankfort..._._.- Benziesos .) 220.) pe ee 240 WANES PEt a ee ee Benton Harbor------ = Berrient.c3.-442- eee 114 WaAndOws Ji. 2osees2kescecee Kalamazoomneeaeee ese KalamazQosese-ss-eeeeee 110 Wicod LBs a2 sce ok Lenawee Junction. ____- Wenaweey 2255555 2ee eee 70 VWioo droit. Des se sss 2... FNCU OCU Pecos it, Pe Wie INGWE YOURE ase ee eee 10 Woodward) Jasvesasone ese. Mockportes es -seeee ae Sa ENC) ae QO) ete reac orice 241 Woodward, Henry..-...__-. HTranktOnp eres eee esse Benziess eo 26 WivckoieH AG. 235 2). eae. Clivjdemawenks ssn ks ek 2 Oakilandisceraateence 80 WiyckoitiiC)G. 2209 eee. WihiteTbaken2ecesss- 20.2 Qaklandees saees seo scene 368 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL MEMBERSHIPS IN THE STATE HORTI- CULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1881. AdleganiCounbty 22522 ie ee ae 1 | Livinestonicounty...5-4--- -4--4--ee ee 1 Benzie BP as cied 2h he EN ete 8 ve AS MILER Ses er se = re eee ee 2 Barry Ss Athos sees ase, WO Muskesonicounty.-:. 2.2 4a-e see 32 Bay eM EE rig sore itp ie o4\Montcalme 4%. vscscn sous foe 15 Berrien ie os, A Se em oper ieee is 29|Macomb Mio ssecetiee eee 2 Cass a) Ms ie 9 Sri a et ee 3| Manistee Ol Uswew deo. Hee 1 Clinton rs Wiki eee ee TR a Ort WN Noud {Scouse -. <2 ee cone ee 2 Calhoun Sc brn Ne eee se ne Sept bt 5 |New Work. Ses 25 2 Sake oe 6 Eaton SF eRe Feta’ | ae ene ete 2) (Ottawa county-- --22.2. 522-8. 2 Grand Traverse county. 222 22.222... 2| Osceola: fee so 22055 sea eee ee 2 Genesee CS a METERS IER ens 402 anaes 2 LjiOakVanwderr ts - 12552352 =e acecce nee 5 Huron SP Me Rea Wena bd 2 oe al 6|Oceana se $55.2 o meee Seh ee eee 3 Tosco At Pyhicses 2 hi haes eee ae EVORtO: UMS eek bis. Sous aoe 4 Ionia Be Tete Lt a) See ee 3 Ontariov sts fe. oo. 52.22 vee ee 1 Ingham Bg UL eee emer so 4 18 |Saginaw county .-..<-< .s.-22-50 eee 2 LODO ee 5 ST ee nee aaa ee WiStrVoseph" S422 355/255-2522 ese 1 LULET OVS ee Is oes en Pg OEE RO 2S 3|'Tuscola Oe Rahs kaa ake = aeons 1 TROL IUL A re SB 2k eS ah RO tk es a 2 4 Vian Buren 85222222. 2 ee 32 PAcks One COUNGY: saeneer ee eee ees = 7|Wayne Ol Waccddee ne cee a eene meee 2 Kent Pa tase eet Cee ee phy feet 7 20) Washtenaw ih 22520. 2. oa ee ee 5 Kalen ad ZOO ss ¥ 945 xa PES Paes tee S|) Wexford 21a 2ok oe, (ees 1 MSM AWE ve Hee 4 ix En re eS La DI Wistonsta) aioe 224 cece ee ee 1 LIFE MEMBERS OF THE STATE HORTICULT- URAL SOCIETY. Adams, H, Dale, Galesburg, Kalamazoo, county. Adams, Mrs. H. Dale, Galesburg, Kalamazoo county. Archer, Thomas, St. Joseph, Berrien county. Armitage, James, Monroe, Monroe county. Arnold, W. D., Ionia, Ionia county. Avery, C. P., Old Mission, Grand Traverse county. Ball, John, Grand Rapids, Kent county, Baldwin, H. P., Detroit, Wayne county. Baldwin, J. D., Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county. Baxter, W.J., Jonesville, Hillsdale County. Becker, Albert J., Saginaw, Saginaw county. Bradfield, Edward, Ada, Kent county. Bagley. John J. (deceased), Detroit, Wayne county. Beal, W. J., Lansing, Ingham county. Bates, T. 'I'., Traverse City, Grand ‘l'raverse county. Bruchner, George W., Monroe, Monroe couunty. Bragg, L. G. Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo county. Burham, W. P., Ionia, Ionia county. Burrows, George L., Saginaw City, Saginaw county. Bullock, R. D,, Jackson, Jackson county. Bidwell, H. E., Plymouth, Wayne county. Bailey, L. H., South Haven, Van Buren county. Bryant, C. 'l’., South Haven, Van Buren county. Castello, George, Saginaw City, Saginaw county. Chandler, Z. (deceased), Detroit, Wayne county. Cook, A. J., Lansing, Ingham county. Cook, W. N., Grand Rapids, Kent county. Curtis, H. W., Old Mission, Grand Traverse county. Chapman, H. B., Reading, Hillsdale county. Chapman, Alvin, Bangor, Van Buren county. Chapman, Austin B., Rockford, Monroe county. Chilson, Nathaniel, Battle Creek, Calhoun county. Chilson, Miss Ida, Battle Creek, Calhoun county. Crosby, M.S., Grand Rapids, Kent county. Cooper, George S., Ionia, Ionia county. Cooley, Elisha (deceased), Jackson, Jackson county. Clark, M. W., Jackson, Jackson county. Dickinson, G. W., Grand Rapids, Kent county. Dietrich, C. J., Chicago, Ill. Dorr, S. W., Manchester, Washtenaw county. Dyckman, A. S., South Haven, Van Buren county. Dykman, J., East Saginaw, Saginaw county. De Lisle, Wm. H., Bay City, Bay county. Dixon, A.$., East Saginaw, Saginaw county. Doyle, ''homas, Monroe, Monroe county. Dean, A. J., Adrian, Lenawee county. *NOTE. Animals, Culture of, . A 5 5 3 : - fs Annual Meeting, Report of, a - A : 6 : “ Annual Statement of Librari ian, c : . . Antisdale, S. J., Address by, 5 C 2 “ - Ants, Facts About, é é C - - A : - Apples, ‘The (a poem), S : “ : : - ° é Apples for Europe, . : ‘ - 5 : 5 : - Restoring Frozen, - ; ‘ ‘ a A for Chicago Market, ‘ _ : s 3 i Preserving, A ‘ 0 " ; ' 4 : Russian, . 0 : : 4 3 c = for the Northw est, | i. : : c : x : and Health, ; A : : - : c Arbor Day, Resolutions Concerning, | - C . ° and Schools, . ; é 3 é 6 . Arbutus, Trailing, . 5 5 ; 5 Arnold, Chas., on “the Strawberry, : C : c . . Arsenical Compounds, - ; . c 5 A . Asparagus and Salt, . : < . . . . : Rows, C ‘ é A 5 : Field Culture of, ; : i A s : - Aster, Culture of, F ‘ é ; A j 3 : Atmospheri ic Drainage, 5 9 4 c 5 : Auxiliary Societies and Reports, ¢ : . Societies, . F ; ¢ 5 b 4 c 2 Awards at State Fair, ° ‘ 5 , i : . Ayars, Rena M. , Report from, C c - cate . 1b. Bacteria and Pear Blight, . < 5 : : C Bags, Paper, for Grapes, - c - : : C 1881. . "7, 167, 216 15 33 191 220 233 235 296 264 236 227 139 259 259 260 97 19 ie 4 10, 91, 158,274 ; 62 103 374 INDEX. Baker, Jennie, Report from, Baldwin, re), , Letter from, ; Balsain, Culture of, : : Barrel, "Measurement Ole : ; Barry, Patrick, on Thinning Fruit,. Apples for Europe, W.C., on the Melon apple, : Batchelor’s Button, Culture of, . : $ Baur, Brofessor, Note from, Bay County Horticultural Society, Beal, Prof., on Botany and Horticulture, Irrigation, 5 5 - 5 Rural Cemeteries, . 5 ; Highway Planting, . Beginning Botany, Beech, The Weeping, A Bees and Grapes, Bennett, Eva A. , Report from, | Benzie County, . - : Horticultural Society, : Berrien County, . 4 : : 5 - Horticultural Society, Bessey, Professor, on Names, Beurré d’ Anjou, Keeping the, c Bidwell, H. E., on Overcropping Orchards, Strawberry Origin, . Bill Concerning Fruit Packages, Birds, Protection for, : Birds and Canker psy : Black Walnut, . a Blackberries, Profitable, Blight on Pear Trees, Bloomburg, Clara, Report from, Board, Proceedings of Executive, Boston Exhibit of Michigan Fruits, Botany and Horticulture, Beginning, . 5 5 Bouquets, How to "make, Bradfield, E., Letter from, Bradley, Grace K., Report from, Branch Societies, - 4 and Reports, County, : Br anches, Effect of Dead, Brown, Alexander on House Plants, Chas. E., on School Prizes, Wm. A.,, “on Fruit Packages, Budd, Prof., on Hardiness, Bugs, To destroy Mealy, Bushel, The, Burrill, Professor, on Pear Blight ‘and Yellows, : C. Caldwell. Prof., on Composition ar rue Calhoun County, ; : : Campbell. G. W., on Paper Bags Canker Worms and Birds, in New England, Candy Tuft, Culture of, Carbolic Acid as an Insecticide, Castor Bean, Culture of, Cass County, fs : ; : : < § Catalpa, for Timber, A ‘ 3 Catalogue of Fruits for 1882, Caywood, A.5., on Training vines, 216, 223, 270, 271 gel 287 129 106 INDEX. Cedar Bird, é : Celery at Kalamazoo, Cellar for Plants, Cemeteries, Rural, F Chappell, Mary, Report from, - Cheap Lands, Chemical Composition of Fruits, Cherry Bird, The, Cherries for Chicago, . Chinese Primroses, . Clay, Cassius M., on Sap Suckers, Climate of Michigan, : Cockscomb, Culture of, Codling Moth and Poisons, and Gas-lime, Collins, E., Report from, é Coldwater Hor ticultural Club, Colon and Matteson Pomological Society, Collar’s Plum Orchard, : Comings, S. H., on Grape Growing, ‘on Kalamazoo Horticulture, - Committees, Standing, é : at Annual Meeting, at State Fair, Committee Reports, . Commission Men and Packages, Commercial Fruit Growing, Composition of Fruits, Contributors to Portfolio, : Conklin, Dr.,on Keeping Apples, Comstock, Prof., on Onion Maggot, Cook, Prof., on Carbolic Acid, Scientific Hor ticulture, Insects, - Corn Worm, Cornell, Evart R. , Report from, Country School Yards, Gentleman, Extract from, Cowing, G.. on Profitable Blackberries, the Flower Garden, Forcing Lilies, Russian Apples, Pasturing Orchards, Crab Apples for Chicago . Market, Crawford, Matthew, on 1 Liquid Manure, Crissman, Sue. A. , Report from, : Cucumbers, Culture OG, ot é Culver, R. A. , Report from, 2 Culture of Plants, 2 Cultivation and Moisture, Currant Worm, The, ‘ Cuthbert, at Port Huron, ; Cutting, H. D., on Bees and Grapes, , Cypress Vine, Davis, Lydia A., Report from, . - 3 December Meeting , Report of, Diffusion of Seeds, A Diseases of Grapes, Distribution of Reports, Disbursements, Record of, . Donahue, Dora E., Report from, Drinking Wine, 3 Dunham, T. W. ’ Biography of, 105 " (8,51, 56, 93 152, 263 199, 209, 225 376 INDEX. E. PAGE Earle, Parker, on the Turner, : 5 2 ; c “ : - 3 5 225 Small Fruits, é ‘ . ‘ C : c . 226 Strawberry Methods, : c - - : 5 - 230 Eastern Shore, . 5 5 = ; - 3 : - A 90 Eaton Rapids, "Apple Shipments from, ‘ ‘ p “ 3 . - - 270 Hagel, HW. Jon Grape'Growing, ¢: 5 2 73 Fos rule O74 24 Election of Officers, 5 ; 5 - - - . - 5 , “ 165 Electric Light and Insects, < z F é - “ 4 5 3 5 : 128 English Spar TOW, . A 5 . 5 : “ 5 ‘ 4 : 14 Names for Plants, : : 5 > : : : ‘ : “ ; 195 Elm, . 5 : 4 > ; - A 5 ‘ 4 247 England, American Apples for, : 2 5 - - : 2 2 4 3 217 Entries at State Fair, . ‘ . 5 F 3 : ‘ . . ‘ 61 Ernsherger, Phebe, Report from, . - 5 - : - 5 . - : 99 Eschscholtzia, Culture of, : : = : ; - 4 : 5 5 3 97 Europe, Apples for; . : é - : - : - : 5 “ . 167,216 Michigan Apples for, 5 - 5 . - - - 6 5 - 4 Evaporation and Trees, - - : . : : . : : - 17 Evarts, May L.. Report from, : - : : i A - - : - 100 Evergreens, Contour of, . : - : a ak . » ‘ : . : 249 Cutting Back. . : : - - - : - . : : 249 Executive board, Proceedings of, . ‘ : - - : : . : 5 il Meetings, . 5 ‘ 2 , : : - : - ° 162 Experiment with Tomatoes, . “ > : “ “ - ‘ 5 : : 261 Exhibitors at State Fair, 3 5 - = : : 4 : : ; ‘ 61 ES Fair, The State, . 5 é - : ; - A “ . 60 Falconer on English Names, . : - A : A : - - ¢ 195 Fallass, W. A., Report from . - 5 : 4 4 : - 5 105 Fameuse, The, ‘ j - C 4 : 5 3 - 218 Farmer and Fruit Grow er, Extract from, é - : - - - . 226, 230 Farm Gardening, . , : : : : 4 . d 4 < - 118,295 Fertilizers, Special, : i - : - 4 : é : 202 Ferry, D. M. & Co., and School Grounds, 4 é : s - : A . 93 Financial Statement, . : : : 5 F 4 a 5 163 Flower Seeds for Schools, . 5 , : - z : . - 2 94 Flower Beds, Plan of, : 2 - : : ; : . : : . 101, 102 Garden, The Home, = 5 : ‘ . 4 3 < - - 2 146 Seeds Sown in Autumn, - - ; : : : 5 ¢ c ‘ 236 Flowers in Farm Houses, 5 . ; - s c ; A ; ; A 238 for Bouquets, : : A 2 : - 2 . : : . 240, 293 Costly, 5 A : 3 : - : : “ 5 - 241 at Summer Meeting, é ; : ‘ . : - 4 : < : 54 Directions for Culture of, : j A . : 3 2 ; 4 96 Cutting, 5 ‘ 4 ; A ‘ ; : 2 7 98 Varieties for the Garden, 3 3 5 5 A 3 = 5 148 Forbes, Vrof., on Birds and Canker Wor ms, > : 5 . 5 2 < : 203 Four-o “clock, ‘Culture of, 3 : = * é ; : _ : 5 4 97 Frost and Immature Wood, bs . a $ : ; A s : bs 190 Frozen Apples, Restoring, . ‘ 5 , F 2 : ‘ 5 . : 15 Fruit Packages, Size of, . 3 A : : ; - - 5 : : : 5,38 Belt of Michigan, ooh atk is Tt oe, hee: race Set eae : 82 Shipments, Po Teena ¢ Sema |) ees ry we 84 Growing, Commercial, Sa Wie Sel, OU) Via w ua pAR eae Sieg ee ae ee 166 Houses, : : . - c : : - : : 4 : : - 169 Preserving, : : A 4 : : zg 5 : { . a8 PLOTS Thinning, . 5 A a 5 é A 4 6 E A : 201 Trees for ‘Ornament, ~ A = : : 5 é : " : ; 4 246 Tree Agents, . 5 5 0 - : : : C 6 269 Growers’ Association at Holland, . 5 : : , ~ 0 283 Catalogue for 1882, . ‘ s A A A é : : 4 E 305 plan of, : Z : ¢ 5 : i “ 5 é a 307 Fruits, New, from Seed, . - - . at Annual Meeting, ; : c for Chicago, . - . at Summer Meeting, - . . New, : : ; ; Fruitfulness to Increase, ee ke - Fuller, S. L.,on Markets, . - : - Galusha on the Raspberries, . : : Garden and Health, . : - - - - ‘ The School, . “ 2 ‘ 7 A Home Flower, : - - - Plan of a, - : : - = The Farm, . 2 - = Gardeners’ Monthly, Extract from, - ° Gardening, Landscape, . z = : - Garfield on Annual Reports, . = . Yellows Law, ; C Michigan Horticulture, : Report of Secretary, - : ; ° ; Garwood, Z., Report from, . - : : Gas Lime and Codling Moth, ;: c Gathering Apples, 2 ; : . Pears, _ : ; : Gibson, W. K. on House Plants, - 3 ” Address by, A : - ie Gibbs, Frankie J., Report from, - Ginley, Laura J., Report from, . - - Girdling Fruit ‘Trees, c ; Glidden on the Farmer’s Garden, = - Godetia, Culture of, . Grand River Valley Horticultural Society, Traverse County, . . “ Grape Vine Training, . - : ‘ 3 Grape, ‘The Salem, : z : : . ona, A “ Lindley, : Rot, 3 Grapes, Comparative Hardiness of, Culture, : c - ° : - The New ones, : - “ 5 und Bees, . F ‘ j A 0 for Raisins, . ; : : Experience with, A - Green, Charles A., on Bagging Grapes, on Strawberries, - Greene’s Fruit Grower, Extract from, Greenville Horticultural Bey - Gregg Raspberry, é : 3 = Haigh, R.,on Rural Improvement, . : Harris, Mrs. HE. E., Report from, . 0 > Hardiness a relative term, . : ' . Harness for the orchard,. - : Hay,Jenniel’.,Reportfrom, . : . Heath and the Garden, . é “ - Apples, : - + = : Hellebore, white, , ; : Henderson on Costly Flowers, - ‘ : Special Manures, “ ° Hexamer, F. M.. on Irrigation, Highway Tree Planting, Highways, Stock inthe, . a "118, 295 = "949 seoh ag 16, 149, 252 268 378 INDEX. Hillsdale County, Hill’s Chili Seedlings, “ History of Massachusetts Hort. Society, - the Strawberry, : : Michigan Horticulture, Holt, Henry, Letter from, . : : . Holland Fruit-growers’ Association, H - Hothe, Neatness about the, . : Homes in Michigan, ' ; . . Rural, Honesty in Horticulture, - : Honeysuckle in the Window, 5 : 2 Hoopes on Virginia Creeper, “ : - Hooper, Emma M., Report from, . - - Hop for Decoration, 2 2 - : Horticultural Organizations, : - Societies, their Value, Society, Ingham County, Coldwater, ~ Greenville, Berrien County, South Boston, : Oceana County, Woodland, . : “Muskegon ‘County, Grand River aaa Bay County, Adrian, . : - ° Benzie County, 4 Jackson aie . Horticulture in Michigan, : and Botany, . A : : ; History of Michigan, 4 : Dishonesty in, - 5 Horticulturist, A Pioneer, Horse Chestnut, Red Flowering, - A Hoskins, Dr., on the Sap-Sucker, . : ° Husbandman, Extract from, Hot bed Cover, ; 3 < é Hot Bed, Use of, - - Howard City, School Seeds at, . House Piants, Treatment of, Huckleberry Swamps, Huron County, i IowaGrape, . . : a A Ionia County, . : : ° Indian Farmer, Extract from, 5 é : is Ingham County, : . ° Horticultural Society, Insect Pests, How to Frighten them, Insecticides, * 5 . : - Invitations for Meetings, = 4 : - - Irrigation, . : - 4 Ives, H., on Money i in Trees, ‘ = 4 c ls Jackson County, . : ° Jackson County Horticultural Society, Johnson, F. B., on Market mEDIe - June Meeting, 2 : : . ” 905, 221, 222, 235, 257, 222 8s 261, 263 87 274 128 " 139, 213 9 112 255 86 292 170 11 INDEX. K; Kalamazoo Celery, ‘ A : 3 : County, : é z - - Kent County, : Kingston, Angie, Report from, Knapp, Prof., on Mulching, L. LaFleur on Commercial Fruit Scovale, Lake Michigan, Lakes, Drainage of Small, Lansing, Meeting at, Landscape Gardening, Lands, Cheap, Lannin, Address by, on Grape Growing, Larkspur, Culture of, Law, Prof., on Oleanders, Lawton Pomological Society, on Huckieberr y Swamps, Lazenby, Prof., on Gas Lime for Codling Moth, Leaf, Premature falling of, Legislation, concerning Reports, : Report on, A - < : ° and Birds, 6 Tree Planting, - Packages, F Yellows, . Lenawee County, . Lessons from the Winter of 1881, Librarian’s Annual Statement, List of Annual and Life Members, Lillie, Georgia, Report from, Lily, Forcing the penne Lima Beans, Lindley Grape, < 3 - : Liquid Manure, : A “ : London Purple, . Lubbock on Diffusion of Seeds, Lyon on Nomenclature, Shiawassee Beauty, Bidwell Strawberry, New Fruits, ‘ Annuai Message of President, on Legislation, rT. T., Views concerning Reports, : Macomb County, . ; : MacKay, Geo. W. , Report from, : : - Maggott, The Onion, - - - Manchester Strawberry, . = - - : Manning, R., Letter from, 5 : 5 Mann, 8. B., on Stock in cea! 7 - ° Manistee County, ° Manure Liquid, - Hen,. > C ° . Manures, Special, . - : Mason, ‘Thos., on Chicago Market, Pay Oto cere County, . 5 C . Market for Michigan Fr uits, ; : - Apples in Central Michigan, : ° 380 INDEX. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, History of, . McBain, Eva D., Report from, 4 - McClatchie, A. J., Report from, 5 5 McLaughlin, Mary, Report from, . “ McNaughton, Mrs. R.'Il'.,on Bouquets, . Mealy Bugs, To Destroy, : : : Mehan onthe Weeping Willow, . . Meeting, Report of Annual, . . . The Summer, : - > : of Executive Board, 4 4 Meetings, Invitations for, . a : . Melon Apple, = > 4 5 Melody, A., Report from, fs A < 4 Membership, - - “ : and Reports, - > 5 5 Memorial to the Legislature, < 2 Message, Annual, by President Lyon, . Michigan Apples, Market for, : Michigan for Homes, . 4 ‘ Horticulture, Glimpse at, Exhibit at Boston, . - . Farmer, Extract from, . Mice and Fruit Trees, : Mignonette, Culture of, Mildew and Sulphur, . Mississippi Valley Torticultural Society, ; Monroe County, . “ : - Pear T'rees, . C. J., on Fruit Shipments, - Montcalm County, A : 3 : Morning Glory, Culture of, - < 4 Mulching, : . . 5 . Muskegon County, - 5 - - : Horticultural Society, Names in Horticulture, . : : - Common, . js . : Neatness about the House, 5 New Fruits, Newspapers sent the Secretary, Nigela, Culture of, Normal School and School Grounds, Norway Maple, : : - “ Nurseries at Kalamazoo, Oakland County, . . : : . Oceana County, . . Horticultural Society, - Officers, Election of, . - : - Ohio Farmer, Extract from, Ohmer, N., on Horticultural Societies, 5 Oleander, Poisonous, “ c Onion Sowing in the Fall, Maggot, . - : , 5 Orchards, ‘Pasturing, : . . : . Overcropping, 0 - Ornamental Fruit Trees, - : 5 Ornamenting School Grounds, ° : Ottawa County, j 5 5 : A c Ozone, a Misnomer, - 3 5 6, 51, 73 ” 199, 252, 257 e ] 6 98 28 ) 9 f8B i nobads Wears 246 8, 61, 56, 93, 162, 263 87 267 INDEX BP: Packages, Resolutions SRE CE BLES . . Size of Fruit, : : and Legislation, - - - Paper Bags for Grapes, . ~ : . Paris Green for Codling Moth, = - - Parkes, Guy C., Report : from, : - - Park, Edla, Report from. : . - . Parnell, Chas. E.,on Weigelias, . ° . Parsons on Trees, = - 2 : - Partridge, A. S., on Reports, ° : : Pasturing Orchar ds, - - A . : Peaches for Chicago, . - “ ° . . Pear Tree, A Great, - : ° ° - Blight, . - . ° : F - Pears, Gathering, . . ° ° ° - Ripening, - C - for Chicago Market, * , Pie i Pearsoll, S. M., on Reports, - - ° ” Report of Treasurer, - “ Peck, 8. B., on Winter of 1881, . 3 : : Landscape SeeHentne ‘ the Lindley, - - . Jona, . - ; : = Reputation, - - - Periwinkle in Shady Places, . = ° Petunia, Culture of, . . Phene, Dr., on Trees in Cities, - - . Phlox. Culture of," - 2 . : : “ Phylloxera, - : - : - : é Picking ‘Tomatoes, - . . . - : Apples, é - : . ° ° Pickles, Growing, Sa as aoe ae ere Pierce on Pears, - . - - : - Pinks, Culture of, - A : - Plan of Vegetable Garden, : : . Planting Trees, . . ° ° - Plants in Cellar, - - : : 4 at Summer Meeting, - : 5 5 Culture of, . - A C > Common Names of, : : : C Plums, Trees Killed, é : = Poisons to Exterminate Insects, : - in the Orchard, : Pomological Society, Lawton, Saugatuck and Ganges, Colon and Matteson, Allegan County, - Washtenaw County, . Poppy, Culture of, . : - ° - Portfolio, the Secretary’ 8, 6 c 2 . Porter, Lora I., Report from, ° : - Portulaca, Culture of, é A 3 ; : Post, Emily, Report from, . ° . : Potato, Uses of, . : > Potter, E. M.,on Farm Gar dens, A : Poultry Guano, 3 5 2 Practical Farmer, Extract from, . ° . Prairie “9 - - . Prefatory Note to Catalogue, : : - Premature Leaf Falling, . . . . . Premiums at State Fair, : : * : Annual Meeting, . . 111,179 382 INDEX. Preserving Fruit, : ; < : : Apples, < . : ° Primroses, : 2 : Prizes for Orchards, Proceedings of Winter Meeting : Professor of Horticulture at Lansing, Profit in Small Fruits, 2 5 Pruning Evergreens, . s , s : 5 Tomatoes, . 2 a : 4 - Purdy on Windsor Chief, Small Fruit Gr owing, Purple Beech, : : . Pyrethrum, Quinn, P. I. on Irrigation, Asparagus, Railroad Courtesies, Raisin Grapes, Raspberries for Chicago Market, Raspberry Comparison, : Training, . - 5 . . Reed, Alice C., Report by, Reeves, Chas. com Concerning Reports, Refrigerator Fruits, : : Report of Secretary, Reports of Committees, Distribution of, Reputation in Marketing Fruits, Resolutions at Summer Meeting, of American Pomological Society, at Annual Meeting, . - Concerning Fruit ‘Packages, Reynolds, H, G., on Roadside Planting, : Roadside Planting. si : = Trees, . : 5 : Rose Bug, to Destroy, Slugs, ; Ross, Prof., on School Grounds, Rowe, Wm, N., on Successful Flowers, Asa, on "Arbor Day and Schools, Rural Homes, 5 3 Improv ements, | - . Cemeteries, 5 : - = New Yorker, Extract from, = : Russian Apples. 6 - = Saginaw Valley, Saint Joseph Coun ty, Salem Grape, Salt on Asparagus, Sap Suckers, - Saugatuck and Ganges Pomological Society, Saunders on Action of Frost, Scarlet Runner, Culture of, : School Garden, 5 4 Ground Embellishing, | Science applied to Horticulture, Secretary’s Portfolio, . Annual Statement, Seedling Fruits, : : : - : 5 Peaches, . : : : ‘ 5 “ PAGE, meee: fete 191, 216 PE ie Belo Aon Mes a 238 266 : ol . 159, 165 226 249 260 nt eae ee APPT, se ovniy Tins 232 eee 247 140 112 259 . 110, 163 16, 149, 252 : 150 15 211 - : 5 : 152 ° : : , 147 264 52 140 ° 143 188, 191, 209, 243, 246, 247, 249, eee 22 8, 51, 56, 93, 152, 263 PntoYe vps 186 160 188 12 INDEX, 383 PAGE Seeds Sown in Autumn, : Z Se, é ; : : : 3 j 236 Flower, for Schools, . ‘ : : ; : : : : : : 94 Diffusion of, é = ‘ : F 2 : d : : i . 189 Sergeant, A., Report from, : : “ 5 : : : - = : E 99 Shading the Roads, ete ; 5 , R é : : ; ; : F 16 Soll a: : ‘ 3 : : : : : . : ; . 197, 201 Shambarger on Girdling, . : : - E : : : : ‘ 200 Sharpless for Market, . é : é ‘ 3 B : ‘ : ‘ : 37 Sheep in the Orchard, . : ‘ , Z ‘ is : 5 : ; ‘ 131 Shiawassee Beauty, . - ; < 3 - : : ; : : : . 218, 220 Shipments of Apples, . ‘ Fi ‘ : : : 4 : : ‘ ; 270 Fruit, S. : : : : : 3 ; ;: - = : 84. for 1880, : ; ? : : : i - - 5 : - 90 Shipping Apples to Europe, . : ‘ s é ; F uy : é A 7 Shoemaker, B. G. asin’ rate : : 6 5 : j 2 . : : 107 Slugs, Rose, ‘i ; é . 5 : é 5 . . 3 211 Small Fruit Growi ing, ; < = 5 - ° . : = , : ; 232 Profitsin, . ‘ ‘ : é é : ¢ ; ; é 226 Smilax, . - : 5 : : : 3 : 241 Smith, By, on Storing Apples, : fe : ; - : : : - : 214 J. M., on Hen Manure, ‘ 3 : - : : : ; ; : 202 David, on Mulching, . - : 3 - : - . = d : 201 . N.E., Concerning Reports, . 3 k , : z 3 k : 2 Snakes, A plea LOI ‘ F : : : ‘ : 3 271 Societie@ Repr esented at Annual Meeting, : : : - ; 181 Branch, , A ‘ : ; ; j ; 2 "10, 91, 158, 274 Horticultural, Value of, : ; : : 3 b ‘ 4 266 Society, State Agricultural, a Elle : 3 : : - : - : : 159 Soils of Michigan,. ; < ‘ : é : 5 : 3 : ; 82 South Haven Fruit Statistics, : ; : 7 : : 4 i 3 166 Boston Horticultural Society, - - A : : ‘ : ‘ : 278 Spinach, How to Cook, . : - , - : é ‘ : : : 122 Standing Committees, : : : = , 2 - - : 3 , 9 State Fair, A 3 E : : 3 : . 2 : é : 3 : 161 of 18S1,. 2 : . ‘ : : - z : 2 Z 60 Agricultural Society, . = : . : c J : ; : - 159, 165 Steere, B. W.,on Roadside Trees, . < : ; : : : é : 150 Prof., on Snakes, 3 Z é : : : : : 3 712 Steele, George E., on Annual Repor ts, : z : - : : : é 2 Stock in Highw ays, s : = ‘ : : . : 4 A ; ? . 16, 268 Storing Apples, : : 2 : F : : ‘ : ; : : 214. Vegetables, z : : - : g A : : : 121 Storer, Prof., on Keeping Apples, : : ; : : : : - : 191 Strawberries by the Barrel, . : * A ss : ; “ : : 231 for Chicago Market, é : é F : : ‘ : ‘ 35 in Berrien County, ; ‘ : , : : é : : 15 Strawberry, History of, ‘ ; : 3 - : 4 5 - F : 227 Methods, . ‘ c é : : : : ; : F 230 Streeter, Ella L. , Report f from, - 5 - 2 : : : 4 ; : 99 Summer "Meeting, : j 3 . . s 2 ; F A é 11 Sun Flowers, . F ‘ : ‘ é : 2 : : ‘ : 98 Swamps, Huckleberry, : : A - : 4 4 ; ; : 5 231 Sweat, Rose C., Report from, : - ; c < : : 2 : : 104 AM Tate, R. C., on Grapes, - - : - 7 ; - = : - 3 21 Mrs. R. C.,on Rural Homes, : : - ; - - - p ‘= 52 Taylor, Grace, Repor Irom. 4 - - - - - 4 99 ‘Teachers Securing Flower Seeds for “Schools, : f : Z : S F 94. and School Grounds, . “ A - , , : ¢ - : F 264 Text-book on Horticulture, . ‘ 4 : “ : - : : 5 265 Thayer, R. C., on Fruit Bare; a - ns 3 = 2 c ; , : 42 Thinning Fruit, 5 5 - : : ; 3 : : : - 201 Thrips, . - 5 , : F A “ c ; : ‘ 29 Thurston, O. B. , Report from, : - ~ é : : - C : : 104 384 Timber Planting, - : 5 Tomato Experiment, : : atc Growing, . ° . Tomatoes, Pruning, - 5 . Picking, . 2 . Tracy on Tree Planting, 4 New Vegetables, the Garden, Science and Horticulture, School Grounds, . Trailing Arbutus, - . . Training the Raspberry, 5 6 Grape, . . - Vines Overhead, Treasurer, Report of, - . Tree Planters, Hints for, 5 - Planting for one Agents, . 5 ‘ ° : Trees, Watering, - - and Mice, - Seer in Highways, . . ° and Drifting Snow, . : for the Roadside, . 4 in Cities, - : ° Best five Deciduous, : ‘Triomphe De Gand in Chicago, ts Tropeolums, Culture of, Tribune, New York, Extract from, Turner Raspberry, . : : Van Buren County, 4 Varieties of Grapes, Vegetables for Canning, . the Farm, Vegetables, Storing, : 5 new, . Vegetable Gar den, Plan of, Vick’s Magazine, Extract from, . > ] Village Improvement, . . Vineyard Culture, : : 5 Virginia Creeper, . : . : Wadsworth, Vevia, Eton from, Walnut, Black, “ 5 Warder on Evergreens, Warner, Wm. W. ’ Report from, Washtenaw County, s Watermelons are Healthful, s 2 Water Required by Plants, “ Water Lilies, Cultivating, . Watering Trees, Watson, Joseph, "Report from, Wayne County, . a c . Wax Wings, ‘ : : ‘ Weeping Beech, . : Weeping Willow, History of, ; . ; Welcome, Address Oigic Weiglia Rosea,. Western Rural, ‘Extract from, White Lily, Forcing, 2 : INDEX. : 236 . . 35 208, 212, 217, 245, 265 225 INDEX. Wilder, M. P., on keeping Beurré @ avo Seedling Fruits, Letter froin, Willow, Weeping, History of, Wilson, Francis, Report from, . Wilson’s Albany in Chicago, . Windsor Chief vs. a a i Wine making, : 5 Window Decoration, Winter Meeting. Proceedings of, : Winter of 1881, 4 Killing. causes for, : : Witch Hazel, ‘he, és ° 4 é : : Woodland Horticultural ‘Society, é : - Wrens, . - Wramplemeier, T. J, on Insect "Poisons, : x. Yellows Legislation, . Law, Full Text of, Communication of, In Peach ‘Trees, Zinnias, Culture of, 49 98 ) Aula) } id Var eifik Pre he eer ate”! pes ere eae, ay ree - ii 3 8185 0025 : ne