J

ISOS

@uinersity
of the

State of New dork

REPORT
STATL
BOTANSS7.

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Received Cnt VALE ;

Accession No. off JL
Given by

Place,

*,* No book or pamphlet is to be removed from the Lab-
oratory without the permission of the Trustees.

gf

P38 3 4.3%

[From tus 48raH Report of THE New York State Museum]
as

University of the State of New York

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

eloate, BOTANIST

Made to the Regents of the University, Pursuant to
Chapter 355 of the Laws of 1883

By CHARLES H. PECK

Second edition

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1897

-_ 7 My,
7 &% G Sha,

wy A

t 7 } =
He, taneet neat

Sie ecor NEw Yorn.

y No. 68.

IN SENATE,

January, 1895.

Ae IN UA a EOD.

OF THE

eeeat ts BOTANIST.

Orrick or THE STATE Te

Aupany, January, 1895.

To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State
of New York:
I have the honor to present to you my annual report for
the year 1894.

Very respectfully.

CHARLES H. PECK.

Fete OG) ix 1.

To the Honorable the Regents of the University of the State of
New York:

GentLemen.— I have the honor of communicating to you the
following report, covering the time from September, 1893, to
July, 1894.

Specimens of plants for the State Herbarium have been col-
lected by the Botanist in the counties of Albany, Clinton, Essex,
Oneida, Rensselaer, Suffolk, Ulster and Washington.

The number of species of which specimens have been added to
the Herbarium is115, of which 24 were not previously represented
therein. The species described as new are 10. A list of added
species is marked A.

Correspondents to the number of 11 have contributed specimens.
Most of these specimens represent extra-limital species, but five
species new to the State are represented by them and four new
to science. A list of the contributors and of their contributions
is marked B.

A record of species not previously recognized as belonging to
our flora, together with descriptions of new species, is marked C.

Notes and observations on species already recorded will be
found under D.

The genus Carex is one of the largest, and at the same time one
of the most distinct and most easily recognized, of all our plant
genera. In the Flora of the State of New York, Dr. John Torrey
records 91 species belonging to this genus. In 1881 the number
of New York species had increased to 119. At the present time
we have more than 130 species. Only 29 are recorded in the
Manual that have not been found in our State, and six of these
are introduced species and yet quite limited in theirrange. The

6 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

genus is a most interesting one to botanists who have acquired
even a limited knowledge of it, but many pass it by as unworthy
their attention or too full of difficulties to permit of the easy
identification of the species. To many beginners in the study of
botany these plants have been a kind of botanical bugbear. The
difficulties attending their study seem to have been needlessly
increased by defective descriptions, by a failure in some cases to
detect the proper limits of species, and by throwing together and
describing as one species forms that should be kept separate. In
the last edition of the Manual there are many instances of the
reduction of forms which in earlier years were considered
good species by our most eminent botanists, so that they
now stand as mere varieties to other related forms. Such
a grouping of distinct forms seems to me to be opposed
to that clear and accurate discrimination which the study
of natural science ought to cultivate, and its tendency seems to
be to encourage habits of careless observation and loose general-
ization. Some carices, it is true, resemble each other closely, but
so long as they have constant characteristic differences, even
though these may be slight, it seems to me much better to recog-
nize these differences and give them their just value in classifica-
tion. And just here appears to be one cause for the absorbing
interest with which the study of these plants is invested. The
close observation and the nice discrimination requisite in distin-
guishing closely allied species is most gratifying to an ardent
student of nature intent on finding her hidden truths and solving
her most intricate problems. And it is no mean accomplishment
to be able to recognize accurately the characters that require the
separation of closely related species of this genus.

One species not recognized in the Manual has recently been
detected by Dr. Howe, others that have hitherto been regarded
as mere varieties are, I am confident, worthy of specific value,
and still other forms that have not been recorded have occurred.
Influenced by these facts, and having in view the large number
of species that belong to our fiora, it has seemed desirable to me
to bring together in one report the revised descriptions of all our
New York species and varieties of the genus Carex.

This will facilitate the study of the carices of our State and
give to New York botanists an additional incentive to the study

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 16

of these interesting plants. I deem myself fortunate in having
enlisted the interest and the aid of Dr. E. C. Howe in this work.
Dr. Howe has long made a special study of the carices and his
thorough knowledge of our species eminently qualifies him to
speak and write about them with authority. He has prepared
the monograph of our species which is here submitted and
marked E.

In consequence of unexpected delay and difficulty in issuing
the descriptions and illustrations of our edible and poisonous
mushrooms in a separate publication, as was at first contemplated,
it has been thought best to include them with other matter in the
present report. The edition will be somewhat limited and may
not be sufficient to supply the demand unless the issue of extra
copies shall be authorized, but it will be better than a longer
delay, and is apparently the best that can be done at present.
This part of the Report is marked F.

The specimens of fungi that were taken from the Herbarium
and placed on exhibition at the World’s Fair in Chicago last
year have been returned. None were lost, but owing to damp-
ness a few were injured by mold. They are yet in the boxes in
which they were returned, not having been removed because of
the possibility that the New York State exhibits might be
required for a permanent exhibit at home.

Respectfully submitted.

CHARLES H. PECK.
Axpany, July 1, 1894.

8 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

(A.)

ADDITIONS TO THE HERBARIUM.
New to the Herbarium.

Aster longifolius Lam.
Stachys palustris L.

Carex littoralis Schw.
Inocybe subtomentosa Pk.
Cortinarius rimosus Pk.
Gomphidius nigricans Pk.
Hydnum scabripes Pk.
Radulum molare Fr.
Pyrenocheta collabens Pk.
Vermiculare Hepaticze Pk.
V. Schoenoprasi Auers.
Spheeropsis ulmicola £. & FE.

Diplodia subtectoides Pk.
Septoria centauericola Brun.

S. Divaricate E. & E.
Tolyposporium bullatum Schret.
Ovularia decipiens Sace.
Cylindrosporium Padi Karst.
Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.
Dendryphium nodulosum Sace.
Coniothecium Rubi Pk.
Spheerella rubina Pk.

Diaporthe robusta Pk.
Cucurbitaria Comptonie E. & E.

Not New to the Herbarium.

Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Hypericum perforatum L.
Rhus Toxicodendron L.
Ailanthus glandulosus Desf.
Vitis riparia Mx.

Rosa blanda Ait.

R. humilis Marsh.

Pyrus arbutifolia L.
Lonicera hirsuta Eaton.
Spirzea salicifolia L.

Sium cicutzfolium Gmel.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L.
Solidago ceesia L.

Ss. Canadensis L.
Ss. nemoralis Ait.
Aster linariifolius L.

A levis L.

A ericoides L.

A. miultiflorus Ait.

A. diffusus Ait.

A Tradescanti L.

A paniculatus Lam.

A prenanthoides Muhl.
A puniceus L,.

Bidens connata Muhl,

B. cernua L.
Xanthium Strumarium L.
X. Canadense Mill.

Hieracium aurantiacum L,
Verbascum Blattaria L.

Cuscuta Gronovii Willd.
Sonchus arvensis L.

S. oleraceus L.

Ipomzea purpurea Lam.
Callitriche verna L.
Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckm.
ee heterophyllus Schrad.
Urtica gracilis Ait.

Amaranthus retroflexus LD.

A. chlorostachys Willd.
Polygonella articulata Meisn.
Polygonum aviculare L.
erectum L.
Douglassii Greene.
Hydropiper L.
lapathifolium L.
Muhlenbergii Wats.
Virginianum L.

: dumetorum L,
Fraxinus Americana L.
Hedeoma pulegioides Pers.
Thymus Serpyllum ZL.

Smilax herbacea L.

Eleocharis acicularis R. Br.
Carex varia Muhl.

C. prasina Wall.

C. arctata Boott.

C. aurea Nutt.

Panicum capillare L,

Agrostis perennans Tuckm,

sia da les ie dea

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Zizania aquatica L.
Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin.
M. Mexicana Trin.
M. sylvatica T. & G.
Avena sativa L.

Sporobolus vagineflorus Vasey.
Agropyrum caninum R. & G.
Glyceria grandis Wats.

G. nervata Trin.
Hordeum vulgare L.
H. distichum L.

Lycopodium clavatum L.
Tricholoma terreum Scheff.
Hebeloma Colvini Pk.
Stereum sericeum Schw.
Czeoma nitens Schw,

Uromyces Desmodii Cke.
Puccinia Convolvuli (Pers).

Ps graminis Pers.
Ustilago neglecta Niessl.
Urocystis Waldsteinize Pk
Septoria Lobelize Pk.

Ss. Dentariz Pk.

Ss. Scrophulariz Pk.
Cercospora clavata (Ger.).
Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.).
Taphrina rubrobrunnea (Pk.).
Helvella crispa Fr.

Leotia marcida Pers,

L. circinans Pers.
Diatrypella prominens (Howe).

(B)

CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS.
E. J. Durand, Ithaca, N. Y.

Blephilia ciliata Raf.

Wn. T. Davis, New Brighton, N. Y.

Populus heterophylla L.
Quercus Brittoni Davis.

Pinus inops Ait.

E. W. D. Holway, Decorah, Iowa.

Ravenelia Holwayi Diet.

| Puccinia Cryptanthes D, & H.

J. Dearness, London, Can.

Calamintha acinos Benth.
Armillaria mellea Vahl.

Phoma paniculata 2. & D,
Septoria Negundinis 2. & EF.
Rabenhorstia Tiliacews FE. & EF.
Hendersonia discosioides FE. & D.

Strumella stagonosporioides F. & E.

Aschersonia carpinicola 2. & D.

Cylindrosporium Chrysanthemi £.&D.

Cercospora Lespedezze FE. & D.

C. Symphoricarpi FZ. & £.
C. racemosa E. & M.
Botrytis affinis 2. & E.
Didymospheeria vagans E. & EF.
Lasiospheeria striata 2. & EF.
Teichospheeria subcalva EF. & EF.
Massariovalsa caudata FE. & EF.

A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio.

Cladotrichum polysporum Cd.
Sporotrichum mirabile B. & Br,
Synthetospora electa Morg.

Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg.

Ophiocera Ohiense Z. & EF.

Ceratostoma setigerum E. & E.
Hypoxylon Morgani 2. & FE.

H. albocinctum FE. & EF.
Hypocrea tremellicola EF. & E.

Wright Rives, Washington, D. C.

Agaricus subrufescens Pk.
¢

10 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

C. V. Piper, Pullman, Wash.

Ecidium porosum Pk.

JE. Clematidis DC.

ZB. Hydrophylli Pk.

AE. Pentastemonis Sace.
Uromyces Erythronii (DC.).

Uz. Fabee (Pers.).

Uz. Glycyrrhizz (Rabh.)

Puccinia Caricis (Schum.).
suaveolens (Pers.).

_Symphoricarpi Hark.
congregata EZ. & H.
Galii Pers.

Scirpi DC.
Balsamorhize Pk.
Circseze Pers.
Saxifragee Schlect.
Troximontis Pk.

Zizie E. & E.

A mirabilissima Pk.
Chrysomyxa Ledi A. & S.

C. Rhododendri (DC.)
Calyptospora Goeppertiana Kuhn.

ro OO dD I OD I

Coleosporium Solidaginis (Schw.).

Melampsora Tremulz Tul.
Dasyscypha Gaultherie 2. & EB.
Rhytisma punctatum /’r.

R. Salicis (Pers.).
Coccomyces coronatus Schum,
Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb. )
Uncinula Salicis (DC.).

McClatchiana D,. & Hal.

Ascochyta achlyicola E. & E.
Marsonia Veratri E. & E.
Phyllosticta rhamnigena Sace.
Septogleum Nuttallii Hark.
Septoria Rubi West.

Populi Desm.
saccharina LE. & E.

Cénanthis EL. & EF.
alnifolia E. & EB.

Megarrhize E. & E.
cornicola Desm.
circinata FE. & E,
Symphoricarpi FZ. & E.
Brunelle FE. & H.

: Rudbeckix EZ. & Hal.
Macrosporium hybridum £. & E.
Ramularia Philadelphi Sace.
Cercospora rosicola Pass.

C. ribicola E. & E.

C. sambucina EZ. & K.
Cylindrosporium Filipendulee Thum.
Peronospora ribicola Schreet.
Physoderma Menyanthis De By.
Physarum papaveraceum McB.
Linospora Brunelle 2. & £.
Spheerella arbuticola Pk.
Sphzrotheca Humuli DC.
Microspheeria Alni (DC.)

M. Symphoricarpi Howe.
Erysiphe Cichoreacearum DC,

ARRUNMUMA

Arthur K. Harrison, Lebanon Springs, N. Y.

Stachys palustris L.
Thymus Serpyllum L.
Potamogeton Spirillus Tuckm.

Lycopodium clavatum L.
Geaster limbatus /’r.
Hymenocheta rubiginosa Lev.

L. M. Underwood, Greencastle, Ind.

Gyromitra brunnea Undw,

E. C. Howe, M. D., Lansingburgh, N. Y.

Carex deflexa Hornem.
Cc. Emmonsii Dew.
C. Pennsylvanica Lam,

Carex sterilis Willd.
C. crus-corvi Shutt.
C. torta Boott.

C. L. Shear, Alcove, N. Y.

Pyrenocheta collabens Pk.
Diplodia subtectoides Pk.

Ovularia decipiens Sace.
Diaporthe robusta Pk.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 11

(C.)
SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED.
Carex littoralis Schw.
Wet places near Islip, Long Island. May.

Volvaria Peckii Ath, n. sp.

Pileus thin, convex, glabrous, viscid, finely striate on the mar-
gin, whitish; lamellz rather close, thin, pale flesh color; stem
slightly tapering upward, glabrous, solid, whitish, with a loose,
well-developed membranous volva at the base; spores even,
subelliptical, .0003 to :.0004 in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad,
usually containing a single large nucleus.

Pileus about 3 in. broad; stem 3 to 3.5 in. long, 3 to 4 lines
thick.

Decaying wood. Ithaca. Sept. G. / Atkinson.

This species differs from V. speciosa in its striate margin and
smaller spores. It is probably very rare and but one specimen
is known to be in existence.

Inocybe subtomentosa 7. sp.

Gregarious or subczespitose; pileus thin, dry, convex or plane,
minutely hairy-tomentose, brownish-tawny ; lamellz thin, close,
adnate, slightly emarginate, at first whitish, then tinged with
yellowish green, finally brownish-tawny; stem short, solid,
slightly silky-fibrillose, colored like or a little paler than the
pileus, often with a conspicuous white mycelium at the base;
spores subelliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .0002 to .00024 broad.

Pileus 6 to 12 lines broad ; stem about 1 in. long, 1 line thick.

Gravelly soil among fallen leaves Rouses Point. Sept.

This species differs from J. tomentosa by its darker color, larger
spores and the entire absence of an umbo. Its prominent
features are its small size, minutely tomentose pileus and nearly
uniform brownish-tawny color when mature. The lamelle are
usually whitish and minutely crenulate or beaded on the edge.
The species appears to belong to the section Zacerew, although
the pileus scarcely shows any laceration, and even the tomentose
hairiness is hardly noticeable except on close inspection. It is
distinguished from /. jibrillosa by its solid merely fibrillose stem
and by the absence of scales on the disk of the pileus.

12 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Cortinarius rimosus 2. sp.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or plane, glabrous, at first pale
grayish violaceous, then tinged with reddish-brown, the surface
cracking into appressed scales or becoming variously rimose,
flesh whitish; lamell« rather broad, distant, subventricose, emar-
ginate, violaceous when young, becoming brownish-ochraceous
with age; stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, white
and silky with the white veil, tinged with violaceous within;
spores subelliptical, .0004 to .0005 in. long, .00024 to .00028
broad, usually containing a single large nucleus.

Pileus 2 to 4 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 3 in. long, 4 to 6 lines
thick.

Grassy ground in open places in thin woods. Westport.
September.

This species belongs to the subgenus Dermocybe. It is a
rather large and stout plant and remarkable for the tendency of
the epidermis to crack in areas. The thin margin is often split.
The species belongs to the same group as C. caninus and
C. azureus, from both of which it differs in its rimose pileus and
distant lamellz. The color of the young pileus is suggestive of
that of Zricholoma personatum.

Gomphidius nigricans 1. sp.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, pale brownish-red, covered with
a tough gluten which becomes black in drying, flesh firm,
whitish; lamelle distant, decurrent, some of them forked, white
becoming smoky-brown, black in the dried plant; stem subequal,
longer than the diameter of the pileus, glutinous, solid, at first
whitish especially at the top, soon blackish by the drying of the
gluten, whitish within, slightly tinged with red toward the base;
spores oblong-fusoid, .0006 to .001 in. long, .00U24 to .0003 broad.

Pileus 1 to 2in. broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 2 to 4 lines
thick.

Under pine trees. Westport. September.

This species is easily known by the blackening gluten which
smears both pileus and stem and even forms a veil by which the
lamella in the young plant are concealed. In the dried state
the whole plant is black.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 13

Hydnum scabripes 7. sp.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, glabrous, pinkish-gray, the decurved
margin extending beyond the aculei, flesh white ; aculei whitish
or subcinereous, becoming ferruginous-brown, decurrent; stem
stout, nearly equal, scabrous-dotted ; spores subglobose or irregu-
lar, somewhat nodulose, colored, .0003 in. broad.

Pileus 4 to 5 in. broad; stem 4 to 5 in. long, about 1 in. thick.

Under hemlock trees, Zsuga Canadensis. Elizabethtown.
September.

The prominent characters of this species are its peculiar color
and its scabrous or rough-dotted stem.

Radulum molare /7.

Dead bark of elm, U/mus Americana. Cooperstown Junction.
June.

I have seen no description of this species which gives the spore
characters. In our specimens the spores are naviculoid-elliptical,
.0008 in, long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Sometimes the plant is
effuso-reflexed, in which case the upper surface of the pileus is
coarsely strigose or fibrous and somewhat resembles the pileus of
Merulius tremellosus.

Pyrenochaeta collabens 2. sp.

Perithecia .014 to .018 in. broad, superficial, crowded or closely
gregarious, submembranous, subglobose, often collapsing when
old, the upper part sometimes falling away and leaving a cup-
shaped base, black, the setze few, black, mostly near the base of
the perithecia; spores narrowly elliptical, nearly colorless, .0003
to .00045 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad.

Bark and wood of apple tree. Alcove. October to January.
C. L. Shear.

Vermicularia Hepaticz x. sp.

Perithecia minute, .003 to .004 in. broad, epiphyllous, furnished
with black diverging seta which sometimes have one or two
septa near the base; spores narrowly fusiform, slightly curved,
acute at each end, .0007 to .0009 in. long, sometimes appearing
to be spuriously septate in the middle.

Dead spots on leaves of Hepatica acutiloba.

Helderberg mountains. July.

This fungus sometimes occurs in company with Protomyces
fuscus. It is so small that it is scarcely visible to the naked eye.

14 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Vermicularia Schcenoprasi Auvers.

Dead leaves of wild leek, Allium tricocewm.
Pierrepont Manor. June.

Spheropsis ulmicola £ & £.

Dead branches of elm, Ulmus Americana. Cooperstown
Junction. June.

In our specimens the perithecia are sometimes collected in
clusters of two or three as in the genus Haplosporella, and they
are erumpent and exposed, not covered by the epidermis. The
spores are very pale, almost hyaline. But in other respects they
agree well with the description of the typical form.

Diplodia subtectoides x. sp.

Perithecia small, numerous, erumpent, arranged in a some-
what seriate manner or in short interrupted straight or flexuous
lines ; spores obovate or elliptical, continuous or uniseptate, .0005
to .0006 in. long, .00025 to .0003 broad.

Dead bark of maple, Acer saccharinum. Alcove. November.
Shear.

This species may be separated from its near relative, D. subtecta,
by its smaller spores, with simple ones often intermingled with
those of normal form.

Septoria centaureicola Brun.

Living leaves of seedling plants of bluebottle, Centaurea
Cyanus. Menands. November and December.

In our specimens the spores are a little shorter and broader
than the dimensions given in the description of the typical form.
The plant is therefore designated Variety brevispora. Spores
0012 to .0016 in, long, .00012 broad.

Septoria Divaricate 2. & L.
Living or languishing leaves of divaricate phlox, PAlow divari-
cata. Pierrepont Manor. June.
Tolyposporium bullatum (Schret.)

In the ovaries of barnyard grass, Panicum crus-galli var.
muticum. Whitehall. September.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 15

In our specimens only a few of the ovaries of a panicle are
affected. These swell to an unusual size. They are green or
greenish externally, and are filled with a mass of olive-brown
spores collected in glomerules varying much in size and shape.

Ovularia decipiens Sacc.

Living or languishing leaves of buttercups, Ranunculus acris.
Alcove. June and October. Shear.

Cylindrosporium Padi Jarst.

Living leaves of cultivated plum, Prunus domestica. Helder-
berg mountains. September.

Some mycologists appear to have confused Septoria cerasina
Peck, with this species, but the two are clearly distinct and may
easily be separated at a glance. In S. cerasina the spores ooze
out im a gelatinous mass or in tendrils; in this species they form
a white flocculent mass on the surface of the matrix as do other
species of this genus.

Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.

On peaches. Menands. August and September. The fungus
forms small olive-green spots on the fruit. Sometimes these
spots become confluent and form patches. They are often more
numerous on one side of the peach than on the other, and the
affected side fails to develop as rapidly as the other, giving the
fruit a flattened or deformed appearance, and the flesh beneath
the fungus is more tough and less succulent than the unaffected
part. The fungus is, therefore, to be classed among the injurious
species.

Dendryphium nodulosum Sacc.

Dead stems of bleeding heart, Dicentra spectabilis. Menands.
April.

The fungus bears some resemblance to elminthosporium
interseminatum, but is separable even by the naked eye, by
reason of its more ferruginous color.

Coniothecium Rubi x. sp
Thinly effused, olive-green; spores coalescing in glomerules
varving much in size and in the number of component spores or
cells, separate spores .00U6 to .0007 in. broad, glomerules about
.0016 in. broad,

16 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Injured stems and branches of cultivated raspberry. Menands.
April.

The fungus is found in places where the epidermis has been
broken or removed by the swaying of the plants in the wind and
rubbing against each other. Numerous hyaline elliptical spores
about .0003 in. long, .0002 broad, are intermingled with the
larger spores of the species.

Spherella rubina ~. sp.

Perithecia minute, .007 to .009 in. broad, commonly gregarious,
sometimes forming extended patches, suabmembranous, obscurely
papillate, pertuse, subglobose or depressed, at first covered by
the epidermis, becoming superficial when the epidermis falls
away, black; asci cylindrical, subsessile, .003 to .0035 in. long,
.00045 to .0005 broad ; spores uniseriate or subbiseriate, oblong,
obtuse, uniseptate, generally constricted in the middle, hyaline,
.0006 in. long, .0002t to .0003 broad, the upper cell often a little
larger than the lower.

Stems of cultivated raspberries. Menands. April and May.

This species is injurious to the plants it attacks. The affected
plants either die from the disease or are so weakened by it that
they are winter-killed wholly or in part. Generally the epider-
mis is whitened over the patches of the fungus, but sometimes
brown spots indicate the presence and location of the fungus.
The mycelium consists of brown septate filaments. From Didy-
mella applanata, which this fungus resembles in some respects, it
is separated by the absence of paraphyses.

Diaporthe robusta x. sp.

Pustules numerous, erumpent, surrounded by a black circum-
scribing line and covered by a black crust; ostiola obscure or
prominent and distinct; asci subfusiform, .003 to .0035 in. long,
.0006 broad in the widest part; spores crowded or biseriate,
oblong-elliptical, obtuse, strongly constricted in the middle, .0005
to .0007 in. long, .00025 to .0008 broad, each cell usually containing
a single large nucleus.

Bark of maple, Acer saccharinum and Acer dasycarpum.
Gansevoort. Peck. Alcove. Shear.

This species is allied to D. acerina, but is distinguished from it
by the more numerous pustules, larger asci and larger, more
obtuse and more strongly constricted spores.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 17

Cucurbitaria Comptonie ZH. & Z

Dead stems of sweet fern, Comptonia asplenifolia. Coopers-
town Junction. June.

(D.)
REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS.
Hesperis matronalis Z.

This introduced plant is abundant along the Susquehanna
river near Binghamton. W. WV. Clute.

Rosa blanda Ait.

The fruit of this species is described as globose. On the hills
near Elizabethtown, specimens were found in which the fruit
was pointed at the base and subpyriform. These were some-
times intermingled with fruit of the normal form, even on the
same plant. The stems of some of the plants were quite prickly
toward the base. The species is manifestly quite variable, and
in this case the variation is toward the western Rosa Sayi.

Eupatorium perfoliatum.

A form of this plant occurs near Shokan, in which the flower
heads are purplish.

Aster cordifolius Z.

The white-rayed form occurs occasionally about Whitehall,
also near Westport.

Aster levis Z.

The prevailing form of this beautiful aster, about Whitehall,
has all the leaves, except the two or three lower ones, very
narrow and tapering from the base to the apex. They are from
three to six lines broad and three to six inches long.

Aster paniculatus Zam.
A form grows about Whitehall in which the stems and
branches are slender and weak or half reclining, and the flower
heads are more scattered than usual.

Aster longifolius Zam.
The plant reported under this name in the Thirty-fourth
Repcrt proves to be another species, but what I now take to be
3

18 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

the true species was found along the Oswegatchie river above
Cranberry lake and between Sternbergs and “The Plains.” It is
a northern species, and will probably not be found as far south
as the Catskill mountains.

Aster ptarmicoides 7 & G.
Rocky ledges east of Whitehall. September.

Bidens connata Muhi.

In the description of this species in the last edition of the
Manual, “rays none” is given as one of the prominent characters
of the species, and in the description given in Torrey’s Flora of
New York, it is said that the rays are always wanting. Never-
theless plants of this species having conspicuous ray flowers
were found about Whitehall. Also Bidens cernua without rays
is common there and in other places farther north.

Senecio Robbinsii Oakes.

Rocky cliffs east of Whitehall, in company with Aster
ptarmicoides.
Thymus Serpyllum Z.

Stephentown, Rensselaer county. A. A. Harrison.

Stachys palustris J.

Dry gravelly hillsides. Lebanon Springs. August. JZarrison.

This species, according to the botany and as indicated by the
name, commonly grows in wet grounds. But in the locality
mentioned it has been found only in patches on dry ground.
The plants are small and starved in appearance, probably the
resultof uncongenial surroundings. The form previously referred
to this species as variety aspera is now classed as a distinct species,
and until now the typical form, or true S. palustris, has not been
represented in the State Herbarium.

Polygonum Douglassii (/reene.

This plant grows in thin soil covering rocks on Cobble hill near
Elizabethtown. It was first found near the summit, but it occurs
also near the base. Its branches are usually rather long, slender
and somewhat straggling, bent or crooked. It blossoms as late
as September. The sepals are greenish or red. The fruit is
drooping and drops easily.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 19

Polygonum nodosum ers.
Shore of Lake Champlain near Rouses Point. September.

Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb

Both variety maximus and variety minimus are found in War-
ner’s lake, near East Berne. The latter was in fruiting condition
in September, but the former at the same time bore no fruit,
although it had flower spikes.

Panicum capillare Z. var. flexile att.
Rocky places near Whitehall. September.

Muhlenbergia sobolifera Trin.
This grass is found as far north as Whitehall, where it grows
in dry soil about rocky cliffs.

Lycopodium clavatum J.

A singular sterile form of this clubmoss was found by Mr.
Harrison near Lebanon Springs. The usual peduncles, instead
of terminating in fruiting spikes, are excessively prolonged, some
of them being 12 or 14 inches long, and they remain wholly
sterile, no fruit spike developing.

Tricholoma terreum Scheff. var. fragrans Peck.

Near Ticonderoga, also near Elizabethtown. September.

If this species was not very variable, the variety here noticed
might easily be regarded as a distinct species. It has a decided
farinaceous odor and flavor, the pileus becomes paler with age
and the young moist flesh, which is brownish, fades to white
when dry. The lamelle are rather thin, close and adnate, and
the stem, in some forms at least, is solid and white.

Hebeloma Colvini Ps. var. velatum x. var.

Scattered or cwspitose; pileus convex, plane or even slightly
depressed, brittle, obtuse or umbonate, adorned with a tomentose
veil, which either disappears with age or persists and makes the
pileus obscurely floccose-scaly or its margin silky or floccose ;
lamellz rather close, subventricose, adnexed ; stem equal, brittle,
hollow, silky-fibrillose and often somewhat floccose-squamose
toward the base, sometimes annulate with a thick, soft, cottony

20 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

ring; spores subelliptical, even, .0004 to .0005 inch long, .00024
to .0003 broad.

Pileus 1 to 2.5 inches broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, 2 to
3 lines thick.

Gravelly ground under cottonwood trees, Populus monilifera.
Rouses Point. September.

Three forms were found growing together. The first and
most abundant has the mature pileus glabrous or slightly silky
on the margin only; the second has the grayish or reddish-gray
pileus adorned with appressed floccose scales; the third differs
from the second only in the dark chestnut color of the pileus.
The veil is grayish-white and when well developed it adheres
partly in fragments to the margin of the pileus and partly as an
annulus to the stem. The cavity of the stem is very small. A
slight odor like that of radishes is perceptible. The species
belongs to the section Indusiati. The variety differs from the
type especially in its strongly developed veil.

Poria attenuata Ph. var. subincarnata x. var

This differs from the typical form in the paler color of the
pores. It grows on hemlock bark and forms small patches rarely
more than one inch in diameter. Alcove. September. Shear.

Septoria Cucurbitacearum Sace.

A form of this fungus sometimes develops on the fruit of
squashes. It produces small orbicular whitish spots on which the
perithecia develop. The epidermis on these spots sometimes
ruptures in a stellate manner. Menands. November.

Septoria Dentariz Ps. var. arida x. var.
Living leaves of Dentaria diphylla. Pierrepont Manor. June.
Spots definite, arid, whitish. Otherwise like the type.

(E.)
NEW YORK SPECIES OF CAREX.
By £. C. Howse, M. D.

The object of the following monograph of the species of Carex
hitherto found in the State of New York is to aid young botan-
ists in acquiring a knowledge of these interesting but too often
much neglected plants. It has been too much the custom to omit

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 21

the study of them until nearly every other genus has received
attention. That beginners in the study of botany should distrust
their ability to cope with these plants is not strange, since both
teacher and text-book have sometimes warned them to “ beware
of this extremely difficult genus, as none but the most experi-
enced should approach it.” This should not be so. There
certainly are difficulties to be encountered, but they are no more
formidable than those with which we meet in other genera, such
as Aster, Euphorbia and Aspidium. If we except two or three
groups containing two or three species each, and certain allied
forms which have been considered good species in one generation
and mere varieties in another, and which are now considered
species by one botanist and varieties by another, if we except
these which are less than a dozen in number, there are no serious
difficulties in the study of the carices.

Specimens with mature fruit are desirable and even necessary
for the satisfactory identification of species of this genus, for the
descriptions are based upon such specimens, the fully developed
spikes, perigynia and scales furnishing the most distinctive and
reliable specific characters. The perigynia, or a few of them,
should be removed from the rachis for study, for in this way
their characters are more clearly seen. (Qrdinarily the achenia
or seeds are neglected, but in some instances they furnish import-
ant distinguishing characters, and will bea valuable aid toa
beginner in deciding upon the identity of certain closely related
species. CO. lupulina and C. lupuliformis are cases of this kind.

In the descriptions that follow, the plan is to detine the char-
acters of each species fully, clearly and minutely without reference
to its likeness to other species. This has been done even at the
risk of being thought unnecessarily repetitious. Measurements
of the different parts of the plant have been freely given, and it
is believed that in many instances they will be found a most
satisfactory aid in the identification of the species.

Varieties are compared with the typical form of the species.

Carex JZ.

Flowers of two kinds, one staminate, consisting of three sta-
mens in the axl of a scale-like bract (scale), the other pistillate,
consisting of a pistil terminating in two or three stigmas and
forming in maturity a dry hard len-icular or triangular seed

22 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

(achenium) enclosed in a thin or membranous seed vessel (peri-
gynium), which is also in the axil of a scale-like bract ; both kinds
of flowers arranged in spikes which are staminate (sterile) when
composed of staminate flowers, pistillate (fertile) when composed
of pistillate flowers, and androgynous when composed of both
kinds. The spikes may be either sessile or borne on a peduncle,
and they are usually subtended by scale-like or foliaceous bracts.
When both kinds occur on the same plant the inflorescence is
moncecious, on different plants, dicecious. The stems or culms
are triangular and solid; leaves three-ranked, narrow, linear or
setaceous, often rough on the margins, clasping the stem at the
base and forming a closed sheath around it.

Perennial herbs growing chiefly in wet, moist or swampy
places, and most of them perfecting their fruit in the first
half of the summer season. They may be distinguished from
the true grasses by their triangular solid stems, their closed
sheaths and their seed being wholly and singly enclosed in a thin
seed vessel.

For the sake of brevity the following characters have been
employed :

The sign of degrees (°) stands for “foot” or “feet.”

The sign of minutes (’) stands for “inch” or “inches.”

The sign of seconds (") stands for “line” or “ lines.”

The dash between two numbers stands for “to,” and with the
numbers indicates the degree of variation in measurement.

Synopsis oF THE GrRouPs.

A. Staminate and pistillate flowers in small globose or oblong
androgynous spikelets placed one above the other and forming
clusters or interrupted spikes or heads at the summit of the culm,
or panicled heads (decompound) in 3, 4.and 5. Sometimes the
lower spikelets in several species are branched. ANDROoGYNEs.

* Stigmas 2; achenium lenticular.

+ Spikelets staminate at the apex, pistillate below.

Spikelets 2-5 flowered, capitate or in a short interrupted spike ;
root-stock extensively creeping. 1-2.

Spikelets in a close or open panicle or densely clustered in an
interrupted spike 1'-4’ long or more; perigynia blackish-brown or
tawny. 3-5.

REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST. 23

Spikelets contiguous above, separate below, or all contiguous,
sometimes the lower ones compound; perigynia lanceolate,
without a distinct margin, divergent. 6-7.

Spikelets approximate above, separate below, or all contiguous,
(capitate in 10); perigynia with a distinct margin, widely diver-
gent or reflened at maturity. 8-13.

+ Spikelets staminate at the base, pistillate above.

Spikelets 3-8, 3-5 flowered, the upper ones approximate or
subdistinct, the lowest distinct or remote (capitate in 15), or
12-30 flowered and disposed in an interrupted spike 14’-23'
long, silvery green and shining; perigynia spreading but not
refleced. 14-17.

Spikelets 3-8, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, separate below,
or all contiguous (spikelet single in 18); perigynia slightly con-
cave, widely divergent or reflered at maturity ; plants bright green
becoming yellowish. 18-21.

Spikelets 3-15 or more, aggregated or approximate, or the upper
contiguous and the lower separate (clustered in 31); perigynia
concave, thin, mostly wide winged-margined, the tips erect or
spreading, not reflered. 22-31.

+ Staminate and pistillate flowers variously situated ; spikelets
often wholly sterile or wholly fertile. 32-34.

*Stigmas 3; achenium triangular.

Flowers borne in a short spike or head, staminate at the apex,
pistillate below; pistillate scales small, caducous, the staminate
mostly conspicuous. 35-36.

Pistillate scales green and leaf-like, persistent, the lowest as
long as the spike; perigynia globular, with a long slender beak.
37-39.

B. Staminate and pistillate flowers disposed in separate spikes
on the same culm or plant (monoecious), or on separate plants
(dicecious), the former frequently androgynous.— Carex proper.

* Stigmas 2 (rarely 3); achenium lenticular.

Plant diwcious. Sterile spike linear, 5” long or less; fertile
spike 3’-5” long, densely flowered ; perigynia oblong, reflexed at
maturity. 40.

Sterile spikes 1-4, stalked or sessile; fertile spikes 2-5, erect or
recurved, sessile or short stalked, densely or subdensely flowered ;
perigynia with a short point or pointless ; scales blackish-purple
or reddish-brown, not awned. 41-46.

24 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Fertile spikes 2'-4’ long, pendulous on stalks 1’-2' in length or
more; perigynia slightly turgid, scales light brown with long
rough wwons. 47-48.

* Stigmas 3; achenium triangular.

+ Perigynia biconvex, without a beak.

Sterile spike single, (rarely 2 or 3) stalked; fertile spikes 2-4
on filiform drooping peduncles, the upper approximate, the lower
sometimes distant ; perigynia with a minute point or pointless ;
scales blackish-purple or brown. 49-51.

Spikes 2-5, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile,
sterile below, the others fertile, sessile or short-stalked, erect, green
or dark purple; perigynia smooth or pubescent. 52-54.

+ Perigynia obtusely 3-angled, not compressed, mostly con-
tracted at each end; obtuse or acutish at the apex.

Sterile spike cylindrical, usually fertile at the apex; fertile
spikes 2-5, linear or cylindrical, densely or loosely flowered, on
drooping or suberect partly included peduncles (sessile or short-
peduncled and mostly erect in 55); bracts leafy, wswally surpass-
ing the culm; perigynia ovate-oblong or elliptical, nerved, con-
tracted at each end, the apex entire or pointed and notched.
55-58.

Sterile spike single (sometimes 2 or 3 in 59), clavate, long-
peduncled ; fertile spikes 2-4, sessile or stalked, erect, mostly dis-
tant, or remote (the upper.2 approximate in 60); bracts shorter
than the culm or about equaling it in 59 and 63; perigynia with
a short terete beak in 61. 59-63.

Sterile spike short-stalked or sessile; fertile spikes 2-5, cylin-
drical or oblong, densely or subdensely flowered, the upper 1 or 2
usually sessile at the base of the sterile spike, the others subdis-
tant or the lowest remote, stalked and erect (all approximate in
64); bracts leafy, longer than the culm; perigynia oblong, obovate,
or ovate, nerved, without a beak. 64-67.

+ Perigynia with a distinct beak.

Sterile spike long or short-stalked ; fertile spikes loosely 2-8
flowered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile near the base of the sterile spike,
the others distant, sometimes remote, erect, subflexuose ; peri-
gynia densely striate-nerved, with a straight or oblique beak;
leaves and bracts thin, bright or glaucous green. 68-69.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 25

Sterile spike clavate or linear, sessile or stalked ; fertile 2-5,
usually the upper one or ‘wo sessile at the base of the sterile spike,
the others scattered, tne lowest often remote, all on short or
long peduncles and erect, or sometimes the one or two lower
ones spreading; densely or loosely flowered; bracts leafy,
partly sheathing, mostly exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate,
obovate or suboval, nerved, with a short, abruptly bent, or long
tapering recurved bifid beak (the latter short and barely curved
in 74; fruit easily detached. 70-74.

tt Perigynia acutely angled.

Sterile spike clavate, short or long-peduncled; fertile spikes
3-5, mostly scattered on long filiform drooping or erect-spread-
ing peduncles. Leaves narrow, three-veined. 75-76.

Sterile spike clavate, stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, mostly distant
on erect, partly or wholly included stalks, 3-8 flowered ; bracts as
long as the sheaths or obsolete. Leaves 3’-12” wide or more,
three-veined, (narrow and one-veined in 80). 77-80.

t+ Perigynia obtusely angled.

Sterile spike linear, 4” wide; fertile spikes small, erect or
drooping ; bracts obsolete, or leafy and equaling their sheaths ;
perigynia minute, light or olivebrown. Leaves setaceous, or
involute when old 81-82.

Plant diecious. Fertile spike cylindrical, dark purple ; peri-
gynia ovate, densely pubescent. A mountain species. 83.

Sterile spike clavate or linear, sessile or short-peduncled ; fertile
spikes 1-5, the upper one or two near the sterile, the others sub-
approximate or sometimes subdistant and the lowest remote,
(umbellate in 84), 3-10 densely or subloosely flowered, globose
or short oblong, mostly sessile ; perigynia subrotund, suboval,
obovate or ovate, densely or lightly pubescent, with an abrupt
bifid beak; bracts mostly scale-like, sometimes short leaf-like,
(perigynia acutely angled in 93.) 84-93.

++ Perigynia slightly inflated.

Sterile spike clavate or linear, stalked, often fertile at tne
apex; fertile spikes 2-4, straight or flexuose, cylindrical or sub-
clavate, densely or loosely flowered ; bracts leaf-like, the lowest
sheathing, mostly exceeding the culm, (the upper ones setaceous
in 98); perigynia three-angled, ovate or spindle-shaped, wita a
long or short tapering beak. 94-98,

tt Perigynia zoey inflated.

—_—

26 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Sterile spikes 1-5, stalked or sessile; fertile spikes 2-5, cylin-
drical or ovoid, densely flowered, approximate above and distant
and remote below, short peduncled or sessile, erect or the lower
sometimes long-peduncled and spreading; bracts shorter or
longer than the culm ; perigynia ovoid or oblong-conical, nerved,
densely hairy or smooth, with a short bidentate beak; mostly
coriaceous in texture, (granular dotted and thin in 103). 99-106.

Sterile spikes 1-5, stalked ; fertile spikes 2-5, cylindrical, densely
or subdensely flowered, erect on short stalks or sessile; perigynia
ovate lanceolate, smooth or hairy, with along tapering deeply-
cleft beak, the awn-like teeth mostly recurved ; perigynia not
rejleced. 107-109.

Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 2-4, cylindrical, on long
drooping peduncles ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, with a long
deeply-cleft beak, the awn-like teeth spreading or recurved ;
perigynia strongly reflexed at maturity. 110-111.

++ Perigynia much inflated.

Sterile spike solitary, (very rarely 2), stalked ; fertile spikes
2-5, cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper 2 sessile or nearly
so, ascending, the others subdistant, short-stalked and horizon-
tally spreading or all separate on drooping peduncles, the lowest
sometimes remote, 2’ long or more, 5’—-6" wide ; perigynia ovoid,
nerved, with a long bifid beak, horizontally spreading at matu-
rity, having a comose appearance. A mountain species (114) has
1-3 straw-colored spikes, sessile, erect or ascending, 3” wide, with
ascending perigynia. 112-114.

Sterile spike long and sometimes long-peduncled ; fertile spikes
14'-2}' long, 9’-12” wide on stiff erect stalks or sessile; perigynia
ventricose and stipitate, 6’ in length or more. Spikes hop-like in
aspect. 115-116.

Sterile spike single (sometimes 2 in 122), stalked or sessile; fer-
tile spikes 1-6, globular, ovoid or oblong, compactly or loosely
flowered, the upper two sometimes contiguous, the others sep-
arate, or all distant or remote, sessile or pedunculate, rigidly
erect, bright or yellowish green; bracts with or without sheaths,
mostly surpassing the culm; perigynia ovoid or lanceolate from
an ovate base, or awl-shaped, nerved, smooth, with a long taper-
ing bidentate, or short notched beak, horizontally spreading or
reflexed at maturity. 117-125.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. QT

Spikes 1-4, rarely 5, the upper half or more of the terminal
one fertile, sterile below, the others all fertile, cylindrical, 9’-12”
long, 4’-6" wide, stalked, erect ; perigynia with @ slender beak
longer than the body, horizontally spreading when mature. 126.

Sterile spikes 1-5, clavate or cylindrical, stalked, sometimes
androgynous; fertile spikes 1-5, clustered or scattered, or the
upper 2 approximate, the others subdistant or distant, peduncu-
late or sessile, mostly erect or ascending (pendulous and loosely
flowered in 133) the lowest sometimes spreading, densely flowered,
frequently sterile at the apex, cylindrical or oblong; perigynia
globular-ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, nerved or nerveless, mostly
much-inflated and thin, straw-colored or tawny, ascending, widely
divergent or reflexed, with a tapering bidentate beak, the latter
needle-shaped in 133. 127-133.

Descriptions oF Groups AND SPECIES.

A. Staminate and pistillate flowers intermingled in small
globular or oblong spikelets which form clusters, heads or spikes
or are panicled in 3, 4 and 5.

Stigmas 2; achenium lenticular.

Spikelets staminate above, pistillate below.

Inflorescence simple, both staminate and pistillate flowers
found in the same spike or spikelets.

Spikelets 2-6, 2-5 flowered, in a short interrupted spike, or
aggregated in an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, nerved, of a thick
coriaceous texture, with a minute entire or notched point; bracts
scale-like, the lowest bristle-pointed ; rootstock extensively
creeping.

Culms slender, leafy at base; spikelets distant.... ... tenella.

Culms rigid, naked; spikelets capitate. .....-.+.+.0+5 chordorkiza.

1. Carex tenella Schk.

Stems 6-18’ high, slender, erect or spreading, rough above; leaves
about equaling the culm, 4” wide or less, thin, slightly rough on the
margins, the loosely tufted radical leaves longer, about 1" wide,
suberect or spreading ; spike 4'-1' long; spikelets 2-4, separate,
the lowest usually with a bristle-shaped bract 4'-1’ in length, 1-4
flowered, the highest rarely 6 flowered; perigynia ovate or
elliptical, subterete, 13’ long, prominently finely nerved, the

28 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

apex tipped with a short entire point; scale ovate, acute or
mucronate, thin, white, about one-half the length of the
perigynium.

Readily distinguished by the naked or unprotected appearance
of the well-rounded perigynia.

A small form occurs which is 4-6’ high, rather rigid, with
3-5 spikelets and the bristle shaped bract of the lowest spikelet
often wanting.

Swamps and wet places. Not rare. June.

2. Carex chordorhiza Lfrh.

Stems 6'-18’ high, erect, smooth, naked, or the prominent
basal sheaths terminating in narrow blades 4'-1’ in length ; leaf-
stems branching and rooting at the base, springing from the
large creeping rootstock, 3'-5' high; leaves variable in length,
the lower }'-2' long, those above, usually partly tufted, 3’—6’ in
length, erect or spreading, 1” wide or less, flat or involute, rough
margined ; spikelets 3-5, aggregated in an ovoid head 3’-6” long,
brown; perigynia elliptical-ovate, biconvex, nerved, 13’ long,
contracted into a short entire or notched beak about the length
of the ovate, acute brown scale ; bracts scale-like and inconspicu-
ous except the lowest which is sometimes short setaceous.

Easily determined by its chord-like, extensively creeping
rootstock.

Sphagnous swamps and swampy shores of lakes and streams.
Rare. July. Herkimer, Oneida and Seneca counties, and boggy
margins of lakes in the North woods Paine’s Cutalogue.

Inflorescence branched, the spikelets panicled or densely
clustered.

Perigynia biconvex, blackish, shining. ...........+-- 1
Perigynia compressed-ovate, not shining............ vulpinoidea,
1 Perigynia ovate, stipitate ....... sees eee e essen teretiuscula.
1 Perigynia obovate, sessile. .........+-- seesesceeees decomposita.

3. Carex teretiuscula Good.

Stems 18'-30' high, slender, erect, obtusely angled, rough near
the spike; leaves usually shorter than the culm, 1-14" wide,
somewhat involute when dry, rough on the edges; spike
panicled, 1'-2’ long, brown; spikelets small, crowded on short

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 29

appressed branches, or the 2 lower sometimes distinct; bracts
scale-like, acuminate, the lowest bristle-pointed ; perigynia stipi-
tate, somewhat thick and corky, ovate, faintly nerved at the
truncate base, dark-brown and shining, tapering above into a
slender, bifid, greenish beak, nearly covered by the ovate acute
brown scale.

The small, short-stalked, ovate, acuminate, shining perigynia,
as well as the short, appressed branches of the narrow panicle
distinguish this species. Not rare in swampy fields. June.

Var. ramosa Boott. Head longer and somewhat nodding,
spikelets compound, sometimes on appressed branches, looser or
more scattered. Albany county.

4, Carex decomposita Muh.

Stems 20-36’ high, flaccid, erect or spreading, smooth; leaves
exceeding the culm, stiff, channeled below, 2’—3" wide, rough-
margined, filiform at the end; spike decompound, 2-5’ long,
dark or sometimes blackish-brown when mature; spikelets
numerous on spreading branches, the lower of which are distinct
or sometimes separated 1’—}’ or more and 1'—2’ long, those above
shorter and less distant, gradually tapering to the dense apex;
bracts of the long branches green and filiform, the others scale-
like and awn-pointed ; perigynia sessile, thick, corky, rounded or
obovate, biconvex, nerved on both sides, dark-brown and shining,
abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak; scale thin, ovate,
pointed or cuspidate, tawny or brownish.

This species differs from others of similar growth in its thick,
nearly round stem, in its stiff, long, slender-pointed leaves, and
especially in its panicled spikelets.

Swamps. July. Very rare or local. Yates and Seneca
counties. Paine’s Catalogue.

5. Carex vulpinoidea Wz.

Stems 14°-2}° high, firm and erect, acutely angled and rough
above the smooth terete base; leaves rough-margined, 1}4’-2’
wide, slender pointed and often surpassing the culm ; spike 4-4’
long, dull brown or sometimes with a tinge of green; spikelets
clustered on branches 3’—9’ long, usually densely aggregated
above, in the lower half the clusters are mostly 3’-6”’ apart;

30 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

bracts prominent, bristle-form or the lower filiform and sometimes
exceeding theculm; perigynia ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate,
flat beneath, 2-3 nerved above, contracted into a narrow bifid
rough-margined beak, about as long as the ovate awn-pointed
scale, widely divergent at maturity.

A coarse, homely species, somewhat variable, but the main
characters are too manifest to be confounded with any other
species.

Common in swamps, ditches and fields. June.

Inflorescence simple or the lower spikelets sometimes branched;
perigyna plano convex, stipitate, thin, spongy at the base,
marginless.

Spikes brown, perigynia compressed-ovate........... alopecoidea,

Spikes green, perigynia teretish-lanceolate ........... stipata,

6. Carex stipata Wuhl.

Stems 14°-3° high, erect, flaccid, the acute angles rough above
the middle; leaves about as long as the culm, 1$’-2}"” wide,
smooth, rough-margined ; spikes 1-3’ long or more, light green ;
spikelets 6-15, ovoid or oblong, contiguous above, the lower sepa-
rate and sometimes branched, the lowest often }'—1' in length;
bracts bristle-form and inconspicuous or the lowest 4-1’ long;
perigynia subterete, lanceolate, prominently nerved, 2” long,
tapering from a stalked truncate base into a slender rough-mar-
gined bifid beak twice longer than the body, widely diverging
at maturity; scale lanceolate, thin, light-brown, about one-half
the length of the perigynium.

Very easily determined by the fruit, or by the color and bristly
appearance of the spikes.

Everywhere common in swampy fields. June.

Var. crassicurta Peck n. var. Spikelets 7-12, aggregated in an
ovoid or oblong head 9’-12" long, the perigynia horizontally
spreading or somewhat deflexed at the base, giving the spike
an unusually bristly appearance. This well-marked variety is
of a deeper green, and has a more rigid aspect than the type,
whereby it may be readily recognized.

Var. subsecuta Peck n. var. Spikes 24'-34' long; spikelets
9-12, globular, or the lower short-oblong, all conspicuously dis-
tinct, pale green, mostly smaller than the type, but otherwise
agreeing with it,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 31

7. Carex alopecoidea Tuckm.

Stems 18’-30' high, erect, acutely angled, flaccid, rough on the
angles above; leaves about the length of the culm, erect-spread-
ing, 14’-24" wide, rough beneath and on the margins; spike $'—14’
long, brown; spikelets 6-10, mostly aggregated, or the lower 2
or 3 sometimes distinct, the lowest sometimes with a few-flowered
branch, ovoid or oblong, 24’-3" long ; bracts bristle-shaped, the
1 or 2 lower 1/-1’ in length; perigynia compressed-ovate, stalked
and truncate or subcordate at the base, obscurely nerved on the
upper surface, tapering into a flat rough-margined bifid beak,
more or less divergent at maturity; scale ovate, acute or cuspi-
date, brown with whitish margins above the middle, nearly
covering the brown, or sometimes greenish, perigynium.

Distinguished by its brown spike and compressed, stalked,
obscurely nerved fruit. Not common. Mostly in the central
and western part of the State; rare in the eastern part. June,
July.

Spikelets more or less aggregated, light or deep green (brown-
ish in 13 when mature); perigynia compressed, sessile, distinctly

margined.
GAVE Reap sen WIO tos. v11</cs)0 se oiaisieieincc sis acess 1
Menveslessvthian a Wid. <cnucesces ovccevneuces 2
1 Spikelets distinct below.............s.-sseeeeeee sparganioides.
1 Spikelets contiguous or aggregated .............-- cephaloidea.
2 Spikelets densely aggregated in an ovoid head... cephalophora.
2 Spikelets contiguous in an oblong head or approx-
imate above, distinct below................-20- 3
8 Perigynia orbicular-ovate..........-. 22... 2-eeeee Muhlenbergii.
3° Perigynia ovate-lanceolate.......-...-.....+----- 4
4 Beak of perigynia rough-margined . .......... rosea.
4 Beak of perigynia smooth ..............-.+---- retroflexa.

8. Carex sparganioides Muh.

Stems 18-36’ high, erect, robust, smooth, except near the top;
leaves numerous, light green, smooth except on the edges, 2’—4"
wide, shorter or longer than the culm, the longest with filiform
extremities; spikes 24’-6’ long, strict; spikelets 5-12, the 3 or 4
upper globose, aggregated, the others more or less oblong, 4'-1’

32 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

apart, the 2 or 3 lower 4’-8” in length, 24’-3” thick, sometimes
branched, slightly spreading on the straight or flexuose rachis;
bracts bristle-shaped, inconspicuous ; perigynia 14” long, broadly
ovate, margined, nerveless, tapering or contracted into a short
rough-edged, bidentate beak, usually divergent but not reflexed
at maturity; scale thin, white, ovate, acute or cuspidate, about
one-half as long as the perigynium.

A reduced form, 18’-20' high, with closer spikelets, usually
occurring in glades and on shaded rocky banks, is Var. minor
Boott. This robust, handsome species is readily known by its
ample graceful foliage and large strict spikes.

Common in rich soil about woods and in copses. June, July.

9. Carex cephaloidea Dew.

Stems 2°-3° high, slender, erect or weak and somewhat spread-
ing, flaccid, the upper half rough on the angles, smooth below;
leaves shorter than the culm, 2’~3” wide, thin, smooth, rough-
margined, dark green; spikes 4'-1' in length, rarely capitate;
spikelets 4-7, globose, contiguous, the two lower sometimes dis-
tinct or 2” apart, 24” long and broad, ascending ; bracts incon-
spicuous; perigynia 14” long or more, nerveless, dark green, soft,
ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a flat, rough-edged, bidentate
beak, spreading at maturity ; scale thin, white, short-ovate, blunt,
mucronate, about half as long as the perigynium; achenium
obovate ; style slightly enlarged at base.

Moist or swampy places, mostly in woods or copses. June,
July.

In the eastern part of the State this species is less common
than the preceding one to which it has sometimes been added as
a variety, but from which it is easily separated by its spikelets
being collected in an oblong head. From C. Muhlenbergii it is
distinguished especially by its broader leaves.

10. Carex cephalophora Muh.

Stems 10'-30’' high, stiff, erect, smooth or a little rough near the
head, often branched at base as if stoloniferous; leaves rather stiff,
the longest sometimes exceeding the culm, gradually tapering toa
setaceous point, 1-14" wide, smooth or the margins slightly rough;
spike capitate, ovate or short oblong, 3’-9" long, pale green;
spikelets 4-6, globose, densely aggregated, spreading; bracts

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 33

setaceous, 3’—6” long, the upper mostly concealed by the crowded
spikelets; perigynia 14” long, firm, sometimes faintly nerved
near the distinct margin, round-ovate, tapering into a short,
rough edged, bidentate beak, widely spreading at maturity ;
scale white, thin, ovate, with a rough-awned point, a little smaller
than the perigynium; achenium round-ovate, the short style with
a conic base.

This is one of our commonest species and can not be con-
founded with any other. It grows in open fields and in and
about woods and copses. June.

From forms of OC. Muhlenbergii, which sometimes approach it
in the shape and size of the head, it is easily separated by its
smaller perigynia.

11. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk.

Stems 15’-30' high, firm, erect, triangular, rough on the angles
near the head, smooth below ; leaves shorter than the culm, 14’-2”
wide, open, flat, or sometimes slightly involute, smooth except on
the margins, the ends slender and setaceous; spike 4'-14' in
length, 3” broad or more, green; spikelets 4-9, globose, contigu-
ous, 2’-3” long, spreading or the 3 upper erect; bracts bristle-
shaped, conspicuous, 3°-6" long; perigynia 14’-2” long, firm,
broadly round-ovate, strongly nerved on both sides, terminating
in a short, rough-margined, bidentate beak, spreading but not
reflexed ; scale ovate, pointed or rough-awned, about as long as
the perigynium; achenium round-ovate, the short style with a
conical base.

Common ; growing in a variety of soil, but especially in light
sandy or sterile places. In some forms the head is ovate, resem-
bling that of the preceding species. June.

Var. enervis Soott. Differs from the type in its slender,
spreading, sometimes reclining stems, its soft leaves 1” wide, and
its shorter spike and fewer-flowered spikelets, its smaller, less firm,
exactly ovate, nerveless perigynia, the scale thin, mostly smooth-
pointed or mucronate. This slender form is, perhaps, peculiar
to south-eastern New York (Westchester county), where it
inhabits open and slightly shaded grounds. The form which
differs from the type only in its nerveless perigynia (Gray’s Man.)
occurs farther north. Rensselaer county.

o

34 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

12. Carex rosea Schk

Stems usually clustered, 1°-2 high, slender, erect, smooth ;
leaves shorter or longer than the culm, 4’-1’ wide, smooth, rough-
margined ; spikes 1-1?’ long, green; spikelets 4-6, globose, the
2 or 3 upper contiguous, the others 2"-9" apart, 5-12 flowered ;
bracts bristle-shaped or filiform,extending from an ovoid or
deltoid base }'-24' ; perigynia lanceolate, thin, nerveless, gradually
tapering to a flat rough edged bidentate beak, twice longer than
the broad blunt thin white scale; achenium ovate, apiculate.

The base of the beak above is usually clearly defined by an
abrupt depression of the perigynium. The fruit is strongly diver-
gent or reflexed at maturity.

Very common and variable. Woods and open places. June.

Var. radiata Dew. Culms almost capillary, 6'-12’ high, the
leaves often longer, $’-1” wide, the spikelets 2-4 flowered, the
1 or 2 lower often distant, each subtended by a filiform bract
exceeding the culm; perigynia oval-lanceolate, erect or spreading ;
scale broadly ovate, cbtuse or acutish, sometimes mucronate.

Var. minor Boott. This differs from the last in its larger and
longer culms, and its erect or ascending perigynia, their scales
ovate, acute or mucronate, or sometimes rough-cuspidate.

Var. pusilla Peck, n. var. Stems 3'-8' high, stiff, smooth;
leaves a little longer than the culm, 4” wide, rough-margined ;
spikelets 2-4, the upper 2 contiguous, the others }' apart, the
lowest usually with a setaceous bract 4'—1’ long, 3-9 flowered ;
perigynia ovate-oblong, about one-third longer than the ovate
obtuse or acutish scale, divergent but not rcflexed.

Var. staminata Peck, n. var. Stems 15'-20' high, slender and
somewhat spreading ; leaves $’-}" wide; spikelets 1-5 flowered,
each with the staminate portion conspicuous and persistent, the
mature perigynia horizontally spreading or reflexed.

13. Carex retroflexa Muhi.

Stems tufted, 6’-18’ high, firm, erect, smooth; leaves mostly
shorter than the culm, $’—1" wide, smooth, rough-margined; spikes
4’-10" or more in length, light green, becoming brown when
mature; spikelets 3-8, globose, 3-9 flowered, the upper con-
tiguous, the 1 or 2 lower sometimes 2’—3" apart, the lowest with

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 3d

a setaceous or filiform. bract 3’-24' long; perigynia ovate-acumi-
nate or lanceolate, with a thick, spongy base, nerveless, tapering
into asmooth-margined bifid beak, a little longer than the ovate
obtuse or pointed brown scale, reflexed at maturity ; achenium
broadly ovate, apiculate.

Separated from the last by its more rigid culms, its more aggre-
gate spikelets, and by its smooth-beaked fruit.

Open woods and fields. Infrequent. June. It occurs chiefly
in the southern central and western parts of the State. It is rare
or wanting in the northern and eastern parts.

Spikelets pistillate above, staminate at the base.

Leaves mostly narrow, soft and spreading, shorter than the
culm; spikelets 3-8, approximate or more or less distant,
(capitate in 15), silvery-green; perigynia plano-convex, ovate,
somewhat coriaceous or thickened at the base, turning silvery or
brownish when mature; bracts scale-like or bristleform.

Spikelets commonly 10-30 flowered or more ......... canescens.
Spikelets commonly 2-5 flowered...........0...005 1
1 Spikelets aggregated in a dense head. ............. tenuiflora.
IM SPUKeleteiMmot AL PTEGALEM . -05 ways siciee ciasase snipes ale 2
DPNCAVER LESS DARL) WIKG..s5:./cha cise’ eceessbecieccess trisperma.
Drlopaves More thant: wwAUGs . «oc a <ss:2 cles «cccisieis sated Deweyana.

14. Carex trisperma Dew.

Stems 1°-2° high, very slender, spreading, sometimes prostrate,
smooth; leaves shorter than the culm, about 4” wide, smooth
except the margins, flat, soft and thin; spikelets 2-3, the 2 upper
4-1’ apart or all 1’-24' distant, the lower with filiform bracts
4-24’ long, the highest sometimes with a setaceous bract 3’—5" in
length, 2-4 flowered; perigynia oblong-ovate, prominently finely
nerved on both sides, thick or coriaceous, suberect, terminating
in a short entire beak ; scale oblong-ovate, pointed or obtusish,
usually shorter than the perigynium, achenium elliptical, the base
tapering.

Swamps and wet places. Common. June, July.

A form is sometimes found in sphagnous swamps with almost
filiform leaves.

36 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

15. Carex tenuiflora Wahl.

Stems 6’-18’ high, slender or capillary, erect or spreading,
mostly naked, smooth; leaves smooth, flat and involute, $’-1’
wide, usually shorter than the culm ; spike capitate, silvery green,
b-coming whitish at maturity; spikelets 2-4, 3-5 flowered,
aggregated in an ovoid head, or rarely the lowest 2’—3" distant ;
bracts bristle-form, mostly shorter than the spike; perigynia
ovate oblong, thick, nerved, light-brown, beakless, nearly covered
by the ovate-oblong whitish scale.

Stems tufted and branched at base, the shortest often firm and
erect, the longest flexile.

The silvery-green spikelets collected in a head distinguish this
very rare or local species. It has been reported from Oneida and
St. Lawrence counties. June.

16. Carex Deweyana Schw.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth; leaves
numerous, smooth, slightly rough-edged, 1’-14" wide, shorter
than the culm, pale green becoming yellowish with age; spikes
9’-9' long, flexuous ; spikelets 2-4, the 2 or 3 upper ones approxi-
mate, the lowest distant or subdistant, 2-6 flowered, silvery-
green; bracts bristle-shaped or filiform, the 2 lower sometimes
exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong-ovate, acuminate, obscurely
nerved, thin, 2” long, with a long, rough-margined, bidentate
beak; scale thin, whitish, oblong-acuminate or rough awned, as
long as the perigynium.

Woods and open places. Common. June.

Easily recognized by the somewhat bristly aspect of the soft
silvery spikelets and the somewhat drooping or flexuous character
of the spike.

17. Carex canescens J.

Stems 15’-30' high, erect, rough above the middle; leaves
glaucous, smooth, the margins rough, 1-14" wide, the extremities
filiform, shorter than the culm, or the radical ones sometimes
exceeding it; spikes 14’-3’ long; spikelets 4-8, densely 10 to 30
flowered, ovoid or globose, the 2 or 3 upper ones approximate,
the others 3’-12” apart, all more or less contracted at the base,
silvery-green ; bracts scale-like, sometimes with a bristle-shaped

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 3T

prolongation, or the lowest setaceous or leaf-like; perigynia
ovate, nerved at the base, minutely punctate, whitish, tapering
into a short bifid or entire beak, divergent at maturity, a little
longer than the ovate, acute or obtuse scale; achenium elliptical.

Swamps and low wet places. Very common. May, June.

Readily determined by its silvery spikes and glaucous-green foli-
age. Small, slender forms with fewer flowered spikelets, but
glaucous foliage approach the following variety. A form occurs
in Suffolk county in which the terminal spikelet is wholly stami-
nate or bears but few perigynia.

Var. vulgaris Bailey. Differs from the type in its more slender,
erect, or diffuse stems; its narrower, green, not glaucous, leaves ;
its fewer and smaller spikelets, with fewer flowers, and in its
green, horizontally-spreading perigynia with more pronounced
beaks and shorter scales. ;

Var. alpicola Wahl. Stems 6'-15' high, firm, erect or spreading ;
leaves green, 1” wide; spikelets 3-5, globular, 6-15 flowered, the
lowest sometimes with a filiform bract 2'-24' long, sometimes the
next above with a bristle-shaped bract 4’ or more in length;
perigynia green with brown spots or tawny ; otherwise as in the
preceding. A lowland form has capillary stems 15'-20' high,
leaves }” wide or less; perigynia green slightly dashed with
brown.

Spikelets 3-8 (single in 18) ovoid or oblong, approximate above,
interrupted below, or all scattered ; perigynia slightly concave,
rough or smooth-margined, nerved or nerveless, usually strongly
reflexed at maturity; bracts bristle-form or rarely the lowest
leaf-like. Plants rather rigid, green, often becoming yellowish
with age. In all the species of this group the terminal spikelet
appears to be stalked, the lower part being much contracted and
clothed with the scales of the staminate flowers.

Perigynia ovate, small ...... 2... e see e eee enone soe 1

Perigynia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ........-+.+.+5 2

1 Spikelets scattered; perigynia with a short smooth beak... — seorsa.
1 Spikelets contiguous or approximate, perigynia rough-

ake so op goa osneaR i cOodesSbdcdc eppOCEGUeBornpdar interior.

2 Spikelet single, sometimes wholly fertile or wholly sterile, exilis.
2 Spikelets approximate or scattered. ....-+.-seeeeeeeeee sterilis,

38 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

18. Carex exilis Dew.

Stems 1°-2° high, firm, erect or suberect, rough above; leaves
involute, stiff, smooth, as long as the culm, or much shorter;
spikes densely flowered, cylindrical or short oblong, contracted
at the base by the numerous scales of the staminate flowers,
sometimes wholly staminate or wholly pistillate, }'-1’ long, light
brown; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, few-nerved above, spreading,
tapering to a flat, rough-margined bidentate beak, a little longer
than the ovate-lanceolate scale.

Cold swamps in the northern and eastern parts of the State;
also on Long Island. Rare. June, July.

This is a very distinct and easily recognized species. Some-
times an additional spike or two may develop at the base of the
usual one.

19. Carex sterilis Willd.

Stems 15'-30’ high, firm, erect, rough above; leaves rough on
the edges, longer or shorter than the culm, 1’—2” broad, some-
times involute above; spike 4’-1}' long, strict or flexuous,
yellowish-green or tawny; spikelets 3-6, globose, 2’-3” in
length and thickness, 1}$’-3” apart, or the upper 2 or 3
contiguous, the terminal contracted below and_ stalk-like
from the several staminate scales, or sometimes all staminate
or again each spikelet partly or wholly sterile; bracts scale-like
or bristleform, the latter }—1' in length; perigynia variable,
ovate or evenly lanceolate, subcordate, one or both surfaces
nerved, contracted into a short or long, narrow, rough-mar-
gined, sharply toothed beak, widely divergent at maturity;
scale ovate, obtuse or acute, whitish or brown, shorter than the
perigynium ; achenium ovate.

Culms with a single sterile spike frequently occur, and more
rarely with the lower half of the spike fertile. The perigynia
are mostly thin, but sometimes spongy at the base, strongly
divergent at maturity, their bristling tips occasionally bent or
deflexed.

Swamps and wet places. Very common. May, June.

Var. excelsior Larley. Differs from the type in its taller, more
slender culms, mostly 2°-24° high; its larger, greener, more
scattered spikelets, 3’-4" long; its larger perigynia prominently
nerved on both sides, and in its oblong-ovate, acute or pointed
scale.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 389

This and the following varieties constitute the species
C. stellulata Z. of Gray’s Man., 5th ed.

Common in swamps and wet meadows.

Var. cephalantha Bailey. Resembles the last, but has stouter,
stiffer culms, 1°-2° high; spikes 14'-2' long ; spikelets 5-8, 15-30
flowered, 3’-4” long, aggregated or approximate, sometimes
becoming yellowish with age; perigynia horizontally spreading
at maturity.

Long Island. May, June.

Var. equidistans Peck n. var. Stems 12’-30' high, rough, stout,
or rarely slender; spikes 14'-24' long; spikelets 4-6, 15-80
flowered, globular or oblong, 3’—6" apart ; perigynia horizontally
spreading, usually the lower ones deflexed.

Wet places. Oneida and Essex counties. June. July.

Var. angustata Bailey. Stems 3'-12’ high, very slender, wiry,
erect, the setaceous or flat leaves less than 4” wide; the 2-4
spikelets 2’-3" apart, 2-6 flowered, the terminal erect or oblique;
perigynia lanceolate, nerved, tapering into a long, slender bifid
beak much longer than the scale. Easily recognized by its
spikelets. (C. stellulata var. angustata Carey).

In swamps and wet meadows. Infrequent except in the north-
ern part of the State where it is common in swamps and wet places.
June, July.

20. Carex interior Bailey.

Stems $’-20' high, erect, rough near the spike; leaves mostly
shorter than the culm, 3’—1" wide, sometimes involute when dry;
spikes 3’—6” in length, greenish brown; spikelets 2-4, contiguous,
or 2"-3” distant, the terminal one plainly staminate at the base,
4-10 flowered, a little divergent at maturity ; bracts scale-like
or bristleform ; perigynia widely spreading, small, ovate, nerved
on the upper side, thick and spongy at the round or subcordate
base, #’-1" long, contracted into a slender rough-margined bifid
beak, longer than the ovate, acute or obtuse brown white-
margined scale.

Swamps and wet places. Common in the central counties of
the State. June.

Var. capillacea Batley. Slender, 6’-16’ high, stems and
leaves capillary; “ perigynia broader and more conspicuously
nerved on both sides.” In our specimens the two lower spike-

40 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

lets are often 3’-4” apart, the perigynia nerveless or obscurely
nerved on the upper surface only, and widely divergent at matur-
ity, agreeing with a form occurring in West Albany and Junius,
having slightly wider leaves (4” wide or less) which connects
the variety and the type.

Low grounds along streams and shores. Long Island. May,
June.

21. Carex seorsa Howe.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves mostly a
little shorter than the culm, 1’-14” wide, rough-margined ; spike
1'-24' long, erect, green; spikelets 4—6, 6-20 flowered, globular
or oblong, 2’-24" long, the upper two approximate, the others
scattered, the lowest 4/1’ distant from the next above, usually
subtended by a bristle-form bract, rarely by a leafy one 14’ long;
the terminal spikelet pistillate at the apex, rarely wholly stami-
nate; perigynia small, broadly ovate, nerved on both sides,
contracted into a short, smooth-margined, bifid beak, much
longer than the green and brown white-margined subacute scale.

Swampy woods and groves. May,June. Lansingburgh, Rens-
selaer county. J/owe. East Islip, Suffolk county, and near
Rome, Oneida county. Peck.

This species grows in tufts and is separated from C. interior
by its taller, stouter culms, its longer spikes, more numerous and
more scattered spikelets, and by its smooth-beaked perigynia.

Spikelets 2-15 or more, approximate or more or less aggregated,
ovate, obovoid, globular or clavate, sessile, erect or spreading,
green, fulvous or silvery-green, whitish or tawny; perigynia
concavo-convex, ovate, obovate or lanceolate, mostly nerved,
prominently wing-margined, with a flat mostly rough-margined
bifid beak.

Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, narrowly winged biniete tere mirabilis,
Perigynia linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate .. 1
Perigynia orbicular-ovate, broadly winged......... 2
1 Spikelets in a dense cluster partly concealed by long
TAGES cl esei leo cabot cta'e''e.s/ayoccrolsin a steve cess heer cluinvers sycbnocephala.
1 Spikelets contiguous, bracts not concealing them ... 3
3 Spikelets densely aggregated, perigynia widely
Bproading<Or xenexed 2 ..;11e cejaicareshieteslsit's os cristata,

3 Spikelets contiguous or aggregated, perigynia not
WONGKGUH Md afers ini¥ ole a ereeinisie: sists nite diate 'siejee a'< t's) 4

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 41

4 Spikelets 8-15 obovoid, tips of perigynia ascending.. tribuloides.
4 Spikelets 4-8, ovate, acute, perigynia erect......... scoparia.
2 Spikes often drooping, spikelets green or fulvous,
perigynia loose, ascending: ..............+.-- straminea.
2 Spikes mostly erect, spikelets with a slight yellow-
ish tinge, silvery“green, whitish or fulvous..... 5
5 Spikelets globose-ovate, acutish, perigynia erect.... albolutescens.
5 Spikelets whitish, silvery-green or fulvous......... 6
6 Spikelets obovoid, perigynia somewhat spreading. . foenea.
6 Spikelets 5’-10” long, ovoid or clavate........... 7
7 Spikelets whitish, perigynia appressed ............ silicea.
7 Spikelets straw-colored, perigynia ascending ....... alata.

22. Carex cristata Schw.

Stems 2°-3° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above the
middle, prominently leafy ; leaves shorter or longer than the
culm, their sheaths enlarged upward, 2’~3" wide, scabrous on
the margins; spike ?’-14’ in length, erect or oblique, cristate;
spikelets 7-12 or more, globular, densely aggregated, squarrose,
the lowest with a setaceous or sometimes leafy bract 1'-24' long;
perigynia elliptical-lanceolate, winged, nerved, tapering from the
middle to a rough-edged bidentate beak, recurved or spreading at
maturity; scale lanceolate, obtusish, brown, one-third shorter
than the perigyniam ; achenium oval, short-stalked.

Fields and open woods, mostly in wet places. Common. July.

This fine species is at once known by its squarrose globose
spikelets and light green foliage. It is not very variable. It is
regarded as a variety of C. tribuloides in the Manual, but it is so
constant and so peculiar in its appearance, being easily recogniz-
able at sight, that it seems worthy of specific distinction.

23. Carex tribuloides Wahl.

Stems 2°-3° high, firm, rough on the acute angles above;
leaves 14’-24” wide, their sheaths loose and wide above, rough
beneath or mostly on the margins, usually shorter than the
culm; spikes 1'-14' long or more, erect, green; spikelets
8-15, aggregated or a little interrupted below, subglobose,
the lowest with a setaceous or leafy bract 1’-24’ in length;
perigynia narrowly lanceolate, nerved, winged, 2’—24" long,
tapering from the middle to a long, rough-edged, bidentate

6

42 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

beak, erect or spreading at maturity; scale lanceolate, obtuse,
one-half as long as the perigynium ; achenium oval, stalked.

Low moist ground and swales in fields or thin woods. Com-
mon. July.

Var. reducta Bailey. More slender than the type; spike 1/2’
long, straight or flexuous, often nodding or recurved, somewhat
evenly interrupted or moniliform; spikelets 3-10, 2’-2}” long,
subglobose or obovate ; bracts, when present, bristle-form; peri-
gynia lanceolate, spreading, a little longer than the scale; achen-
ium short-stalked or sessile.

Swamps or wet places in fields or the borders of woods.
Common. July.

The spikelets are smaller than in the typical form of the spe-
cies, and in general appearance the plant is quite distinct and
probably worthy of specific distinction.

Var. Bebbii Bailey. Slender, erect ; leaves 14-2" wide, much
shorter than the culm, their sheaths not enlarged above; spike-
lets 4-6, ovoid, 2’-24” long, aggregated into an ovoid head 5’-6’
long, greenish-brown or tawny; bracts usually present, bristle-
form ; perigynia lanceolate, narrowly winged, erect-spreading, a
little longer than the acute brown scale; achenium oval, sessile.

Wet places. Rensselaer and Cortland counties and in the
northern part of the State. July.

This also might easily be regarded as a valid species.

24. Carex scoparia Schk.

Stems 14°-24° high, slender, erect, rough at the top; leaves
shorter than the culm, 1’-14” wide, rough-margined ; spike ?'—14!
in length, straight or a little flexuous, greenish brown or tawny ;
spikelets 4-8, oblong ovate or elliptical, acute, the upper contigu-
ous, the others distinct, or often aggregated into an ovoid head,
sub-erect ; bracts usually early deciduous, leafy when present ;
perigynia narrowly lanceolate, nerved, winged, tapering to a
pointed bifid beak, slightly spreading at maturity ; scale lance-
olate, acute, brown, about one-half the length of the perigynium ;
achenium narrowly oval, long-stalked.

Common in open fields and in ditches by roadsides. July.

This species is very easily distinguished by its ovate acute
brownish or tawny spikelets and appressed perigynia.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 43

Var. minor Boott. A much reduced form, 6’-10’ high, the
spikelets 2’-4” long and darker than in the type. It often grows
in drier places. Apparently an off-shoot of this is forma elatior
Peck, in litt. which is taller, the spikes darker, and the perigynia
more spreading, a not unusual condition in the Adirondack speci-
mens. A noticeable feature is the filiform bract, which subtends
the lowest spikelet.

25. Carex albolutescens Schw.

Stems 14°-2° high, erect or slender and recurved at the sum-
mit; lerves 1’-1}” wide, rough-margined, mostly shorter than
the culm ; spike }'-14' in length, erect or subflexuous and droop-
ing, light yellowish-green; spikelets 3-8, approximate, ovoid,
obtuse or subacute, the terminal one conspicuously staminate
and contracted at the base; the scales acute or cuspidate ; bracts
scale-like or bristle-shaped, that of the lowest spikelet 4-14’ long;
perigynia broadly ovate, nerved on both sides, thin, erect, with
a slightly rough-margined bifid beak, a little longer than the
ovate pointed or cuspidate scale; achenium oval, short-stipitate.

The spikelets are sometimes globose and green rather than pale
yellowish-green, but the species is well marked by its erect
perigynia, sharply pointed scales and bristle-shaped bracts.—
(C. straminea var. foenea Zorr. Gray’s Man., 6th ed.)

Suffolk county. July. ?

Var. cumulata Bailey. Stems taller and leaves shorter; spike-
lets 5-30, aggregated, abruptly contracted at base, spreading;
perigynia obscurely nerved, appressed, otherwise as in the type.

Suffolk county. July.

26. Carex foenea Willd.

Stems 15’-30’ high, slender, erect or recurved-spreading,
smooth; leaves light green, 1’-1}” wide, smooth, shorter than
the culm, spike ?’-14' in length, recurved or flexuous, silvery or
whitish green; spikelets 5-8, the upper 2 or 3 contiguous, the
others more or less separate, globose or obovate, contracted at
the base into a short or long slender stipe, the lowest sometimes
with a colored bristle-tipped bract 4’ long; perigynia broadly
ovate, prominently nerved on both sides, broadly winged above
the middle, finely scabrous margined, with a short bidentate
beak, somewhat loosely spreading when mature; scale ovate,

44 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

acute, whitish or tawny, about the length of the perigynium ;
achenium ovate, apiculate.

A fine species, easily determined by the slender lax stems, and
silvery-white, subsquarrose spikelets.

Woods and copses, especially in hilly and mountainous parts of
the State. Common. June, July.

Var. perplexa Bailey. Larger, stouter, erect; the spikelets
larger, the staminate portion less conspicuous, approximate, or
aggregated into an erect head, the lowest sometimes prominently
bracteate, perigynia of a firmer texture.

A form occurs which has stiff, subfiexuous spikes, silvery-green
spikelets, ovate above but narrowed below, and somewhat club-
shaped; perigynia thin, spreading, about as long as the pointed
scale.

Dry ground. Washington and Otsego counties. June, July.

Var. sparsiflora Olney. Differs from the typein its more slender
culms, the spikes mostly nodding, and in its fewer, smaller and
fewer-flowered spikelets.

&7. Carex silicea Olney.

Stems 1°-2° high, firm, often recurved at the summit, mostly
smooth; leaves stiff, erect, flat or involute, rough beneath, as
long as the culm; spikes 14’-3' long, often flexuous; spikelets
4-8 or more, separate, moniliform, ovate, acute or obtuse, with a
club-shaped base, silvery-white or tawny, 3’-5" long, erect or
spreading ; bracts scale-like, lanceolate, as long as the stipe-like
base ; perigynia broadly ovate, nerved on both sides, wrinkled on
the broad wing above, tapering into a short, smooth or roughish
bifid beak, about equal to or a little surpassing the ovate, pointed
scale; the tips of the perigynia mostly appressed.

Sandy soil. Suffolk county. July.

This species is abundant near the sea shore. Forms sometimes
oceur in which the spikelets are contiguous or the upper ones
even aggregated. Occasionally the lowest one is borne ona long
peduncle or branch, and rarely it is compound.

28. Carex straminea Willd.
Stems 15’-30' high, erect or the summit drooping, smooth ;
leaves usually shorter than the culm, 1’-14" wide, smooth or
rough-margined, yellowish green; spike 1’-14’ long, flexuous ;

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 45

spikelets 3-8, contiguous or 3’—4" apart, ovate or subglobose above
the contracted staminate base, 2’-24” wide, erect or ascend-
ing ; bracts scale-like, pointed, or the lowest bristle shaped, rarely
leaf-like ; perigynia ovate, faintly or conspicuously nerved on one
or both sides, moderately winged, with a short or long bifid beak,
the tips loosely spreading, a little longer than the ovate acute
tawny scale; achenium oval or obovate, apiculate.—(C. tenera
Dew., Wood’s Cl. B., C. straminea var. tenera Boott., Gray’s
Man., 5th ed.)

A common species in copses and open fields. June, July.

Var. brevior Dew. Every way larger than the type; spike
stiff and erect; spikelets approximate or separate, ovate or sub-
globose above the staminate base, 3’-5" broad ; perigynia orbicu-
lar-ovate, broadly winged, nerved, with a conspicuously short
bifid beak, the points loosely spreading,

Var. festucacea Boott. Spike erect, or slightly flexuous and
recurved ; spikelets 4-10, club-shaped, the sterile portion usually
exceeding the fertile, 4’—6” long, the upper 3 or 4 contiguous, the
others separate, forming an open or interrupted spike 14’—-3' long,
straw-colored or tawny.

Var. Crawei Boott. Differs from the last in its more robust
habit, its weaker and sometimes drooping spikes, its larger
globular spikelets, usually only the highest with a conspicuously
contracted base, and in its broader winged, longer beaked
perigynia.

Saratoga county.

Var. aperta Loott. Resembles the type inits slender habit
and nodding spikes, but has larger spikelets all prominently
tapering at the base, the perigynia more broadly winged, longer
beaked, twice the length of the rusty brown scale.

Var. invisa W. Boott. Stems 1°-2° high, lax at the summit;
leaves as long as the culm, 1” wide or less; spike narrow, flexuous ;
spikelets aggregated or separate, the lowest often distant or
remote, 24’—3" broad, rusty brown ; bracts filiform, 2’—5’ in length.

Sandy soil. Suffolk county.

29. Carex alata Torr.
Stems 1}°-3° high, firm, erect, smooth below; leaves stiff,
rough-margined, 1’-1}" wide, shorter than the culm; spike 1/—1}'
long or more; spikelets 4-10, 4°-6” in length; ovate or obovate,

46 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

acute, contiguous or separate, greenish or straw-colored, some-
times tawny ; perigynia orbicular-ovate or obovate, cuneate or
cordate at the base, nerved, broadly winged, with a short abrupt
beak, longer and broader than the lanceolate, acute or rough-
awned scale —(C. straminea Willd. var. alata Bailey.)

Swales and wet places. Suffolk and Seneca counties. July.

80. Carex mirabilis Dew.

Stems 15’—36' high, erect, smooth; leaves about equaling the
culm, 1}4’-2" wide, rough-edged ; spike 1}’—2’ in length, erect,
often flexuous; spikelets 4-11, globose, contiguous, or the 2 or 3
lower ones sometimes 2”—3” apart, ascending or widely spreading,
green becoming tawny or rusty when old; bracts scale-like, or
the lowest usually short setaceous; perigynia ovate-lanceolate,
lightly nerved on both sides, narrowly winged, gradually taper-
ing into ashort or long rough-margined bifid beak, widely
diverging when mature; scale narrowly ovate, obtuse, much
shorter than the perigynium; achenium oval, apiculate and
stipitate.

Easily determined by its coarse, rigid aspect and squarrose
spikelets. Common in copses and fields. June.

This is added to C. straminea as a variety in the last edition
of the Manual.

81. Carex sychnocephala Carey,

Stems 8’-16' high, erect, smooth ; leaves 4’—9' in length, 1-14’
wide; spikelets 4-5, densely aggregated in a head, 6’—9” long,
3’-5" wide, partly concealed by 3 leaf-like bracts 3’—6’ in length ;
perigynia linear-lanceolate, 24’-3" long, pointed at the base,
nerved, the long slender beak sharply toothed, twice the length
of the blunt or mucronate scale.

Low wet meadows and moist places. Very rare. June, July.

Collected about fifty years ago in Herkimer and Jefferson
counties, but it does not appear to have been found in our State
recently.

Staminate flowers situated above or below the pistillate or the
middle spikelets sometimes wholly sterile or wholly fertile.

Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, perigynia linear-lanceolate.. bromoides.

Spikelets 4-8, perigynia lanceolate............+24 see siccata.

Spikelets 10-15 or more, perigynia ovate-lanceolate..... Sartwellii.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 47

82. Carex Sartwellii Dew.

Stems 18’-30' high, erect, smooth; leaves usually shorter than
the culm, 1’-1}" wide, rough on the slender points; spike 1’—-2’
long, erect, brown; spikelets 12-20, contiguous or the lower
2” or 3" distant, ovate, widely spreading; bracts scale-like, or
the lower ones setaceous, 3’-6’ long; perigynia ovate-lanceolate,
nerved, gradually tapering into a short, rough-edged, bifid beak,
a little exceeding the ovate acute brown scale, loosely spreading
at maturity.

Bogs and swamps. Very rare. Seneca county. July.

The numerous spreading spikelets disposed in a rather compact
spike distinguishes this species. It is C. disticha TTuds. in the
fifth edition of the Manual.

83. Carex siccata D.vw.

Stoloniferous; stems 15'-30' high, slender, erect or spreading,
smooth; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, about 1” wide,
smooth; spikes #'-1}’ long, brown, dry and chaffy ; spikelets
7-16, 4’-6" long, ovate or elliptical, acute or blunt at the apex,
mostly aggregated ; bracts scale like, the lower lanceolate acumi-
nate, sometimes rough-awned; perigynia lanceolate, nerved, with
a long rough bifid beak scarcely spreading at maturity ; scale
broadly lanceolate, acute, brown, with broad white margins
above the middle.

A special feature of this species is the dry or over-ripe appear-
ance of the spikes.

Rich soil in open woods and copses, also on sandy plains.
Rare in the western part of the State, but more common in the
eastern and southern part. June, July.

84. Carex bromoides Scik.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect or spreading, rough above the
middle ; leaves as long as the culm, or shorter, $’—1" wide, rough-
edged; spikes ?'-1}' long, of a clear light brown; spikelets 3-8,
the upper three usually contiguous, the lower ones more or less
separate, the lowest sometimes subdistant, erect, cylindrical,
3’-9" in length; bracts scale-like, the lowest short-setaceous ;
perigynia linear-lanceolate, nerved, tapering below to a thick
corky base, and above into a long slender rough edged bifid

48 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. :

beak, much longer than the oblong-lanceolate or ovate acute
brown scale, erect-spreading at maturity.

The conspicuously corky base of the perigyvia distinguishes
this species.

Wooded swamps, wet meadows, etc. Common. May, June.

Stigmas 3; achenium triangular.

Spikes staminate above, pistillate below.
Flowers disposed in a single spike 2’—8” long.
Bracts and scales not leaf-like.

Benipyniaioblong; erecta. 2's. ce/aicievsicis cucie niaiaicte siele = polytrichoides.
Perigynia awl-shaped, deflexed.... ............0.. pauciflora.

35. Carex polytrichoides Muhi.

Stems 4-15’ high, capillary, diffuse or erect, rough above ;
leaves flat or capillary, }” wide, smooth and soft, mostly about
the length of the culms; spike linear, 2’-5” long, subloosely
flowered, green or brownish at maturity ; bracts scale-like, ovate,
bristle-tipped; perigynia 14” long, subtriquetrous, alternate,
erect, slightly recurved at the apex, nerved, about twice longer
than the obtuse or acute, whitish scale, the latter usually caducous.

Swamps and wet places. Common. June.

The species is easily distinguished by the small green few-
flowered spikes and caducous scales.

36. Carex pauciflora Light/.

Stems 6'-15’ high, stiff, erect or curved, smooth below ; leaves
flat or involute, 4” wide, rough-margined, stiff and often curved,
mostly shorter than the culm; staminate scales 2, light brown,
conspicuously terminating the spike; spike loosely 2-5 flowered ;
perigynia awl-shaped, 4” long, slightly inflated, mostly erect in
the early stage, becoming widely divergent and strongly deflexed
at maturity, twice the length of the lanceolate scale.

Cold sphagnous swamps and bogs. Common in the northern
part of the State, rare elsewhere. June, July.

A pretty species, easily distinguished by its single spike and
subulate at length deflexed perigynia.

Bracts and scales leaf-like.

Poeripynia: 2-6, SM OOt Mercia nc carciewkieisials sis1o © sh0.ere on Backii.

Perigynia 4-9, rough on the angles and beak........ Willdenovii.

Perigynia 2-5, rough on the beak...........eeseees Jamesii.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 49

37. Carex Backii Boott.

Stems 4-4’ high, diffuse; leaves 2-4 times the length of the
culm, 14” wide, slightly rough-margined ; perigynia 2-4, globular-
ovate, abruptly contracted into a long, smooth beak; scales leafy,
mostly concealing the spike; staminate scales inconspicuous.

Woods. Local. June. Found many years ago in Jefferson
county. The name has recently been changed to C. durifolia
Bailey.

88. Carex Willdenovii Schk.

Stems 1’-10’ high or more, slender, erect or diffuse; leaves
1’-14" wide, far surpassing the culm, roughish on the margins;
spike 2’-4” long, 4-9 flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, rough on
the angles and the awl-shaped beak; scales leaf-like below, the
upper broadly lanceolate with a green 3-nerved center and
scarious margins, usually exceeding the perigynia, staminate
portion 2’~3" long.

Moist, shady places in woods and ravines. Rare. Jefferson
and Cayuga counties. June. Sometimes one or two additional
spikes are borne on subradical peduncles.

39. Carex Jamesii Schw.

Stems 3’-10’ high, capillary, spreading or erect; leaves mostly
twice the length of the culm, 4’-14" wide, rough on the margins ;
spike conspicuous, loosely 2-5 flowered; perigynia globular,
smooth, abruptly contracted into a long, rough-edged beak ; scales
leaf-like, mostly exceeding the culm; staminate portion 3’—5’
long.

Woods and ravines. Very rare. Cayugacounty. June. This
is C. Steudelii Aunth.

B. Staminate and pistillate flowers disposed in separate spikes
on the same culm or plant (monceecious), or on distinct culms or
separate plants (dicecious).

Stigmas 2, rarely 3; achenium lenticular.

Plant commonly dicecious.

40. Carex gynocrates Wormsk.
Stems 4’-6’ high, erect, rough at the summit, as long as the
capillary leaves ; sterile spike linear, 6” long or less, fertile spikes
4’-5” in length; perigynia oblong-ovate, teretish, 14’ long,

50 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

nerved, contracted into a short bifid or notched beak, longer than
the ovate acute or pointed scale, horizontally spreading at
maturity.

Swamps. Rare. June, July. Genesee, Wayne, Yates and
Herkimer counties.

Var. substaminata Peck. (C. monosperma JMacoun). This has
a single perigynium at the base of the staminate spike.

Plant moncecious.

Staminate spikes 1-3, stalked, often with a few fertile flowers
at the base or apex; pistillate spikes 1-5, stalked or sessile,
cylindrical, densely flowered or sometimes loosely flowered
toward the base, often staminate at the apex ; bracts leaf-like or
filiform, the lowest usually equaling or surpassing the culm,
sheathless; perigynia compressed, ovate or obovate (turgid in
47 and 48); scales dark purple or brown (sometimes greenish
in 47 and 48), giving a mottled appearance to the spikes, mostly
shorter than the perigynia.

Pistillate spikes erect or spreading (the lower ones
recurved or drooping in 46), scales awnless ....... - 1
Pistillate spikes nodding, scales rough-awned ......... 6
1 Perigynia stalked, their scales blackish-purple or brown, 2
1 Perigynia sessile, their scales brown or purple-margined, 5
2 Perigynia nerved or nerveless, their scales blackish-

UMP lee ceprarce terete et aiesetars tere ojel sie Nm <ravare tater eietate lain ei ate rigida.

2 Perigynia nerveless, their scales brown............+ 3

8 Perigynia obovate, spikes 2” wide ..-.............00% aquatilis.
3 Perigynia ovate or elliptical, spikes less than 2” wide .. 4
4 Scales sharp pointed, squarrose..............eseeee aperta.

4 Scales obtuse, perigynia tortuous at the apex........ torta,

5 Perigynia nerveless................ Rofo cietaastets clevenersiie stricta,
5 Penpynia slightly merved: .. - iat\ecinjesmielsieisie vies ela lenticularis.
G6 Rerigynia ODO V Ate oi 5j...515 « sicfeis's avig w'eitie/elsiujareceln)s|aleie crinita.

6 Perigynia ovate or oblong-ovate..........c eee gynandra,

41. Carex rigida Good., var. Bigelovii Tuckm.
Stems 10-15’ high, erect, smooth, sometimes stoloniferous ;
leaves shorter than, or as long as, the culm, smooth, usually 1”
wide, erect, or the lower ones recurved-spreading, smooth;

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 51

staminate spike linear, 3’-9" long, borne on a stalk 2’-10’ in
length, light brown ; pistillate spikes 2-3, approximate, the upper
two sometimes contiguous and sessile, or the lower two stalked,
the lowest sometimes borne on an erect or spreading peduncle
6’-9" long, subdensely or loosely flowered, often interrupted and
tapering at base, ’-1}' in length; bracts short-setaceous, or the
lowest sometimes exceeding the spike; perigynia elliptical,
nerved or nerveless, whitish-green, mostly covered by the blackish-
purple elliptical scale.

It may be distinguished from the related species by its small
size, blackish fertile spikes and by its alpine habit.

Summits of the higher peaks of the Adirondack mountains,
especially Mt. Whiteface and Mt. Marcy.

In the fifth edition of Gray’s Manual, Carey describes a very
different plant under the above name.

42. Carex lenticularis Vz.

Stems 10-20’ high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading,
mostly smooth; leaves usually shorter than the culm, 4’-1" wide,
rough-margined ; staminate spike cylindrical, sometimes bearing
a few perigynia, 3’-12” long, its stalk 2’-8’ in length, brown,
erect ; pistillate spikes 3-4, 6’-12" long, approximate or con-
tiguous, sometimes the lowest distant, short-peduncled or sessile,
erect or ascending, densely flowered above, more or less loosely
flowered and tapering at the base; bracts leaf-like, usually sur-
passing the culm; perigynia ovate, stipitate, lightly nerved, the
upper third sometimes conspicuously empty and a little recurved,
minutely pointed, one-third longer than the blunt, green and
brown scale.

Well marked by its densely flowered, nearly aggregated, grayish
green spikes, and by the usually empty points of the perigynia.

Gravelly shores of lakes and streams. Adirondack mountains.
July.

Var. merens Howe, n. var. Ditfers from the preceding in its
longer, narrower, darker colored fertile spikes, the lowest usually
short-pedunculate; in its longer, wider bracts, 14’-24' longer
than the culm; in its elliptical perigynia, and in its longer scale
which nearly covers the perigynium.

52 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

43. Carex aquatilis Wahi.

Stems 2°-3° high, firm, erect, acutely triangular above, smooth ;
leaves long, sometimes surpassing the culm, 14’—2’ wide, rough-
margined, pale green or glaucous; staminate spikes 1-4, the
highest on a short stalk, 1’-1}’ in length, the others shorter and
sessile; usually 1 or more witha setaceous or filiform bract;
pistillate spikes 3-5, sessile or the lowest short-peduncled,
approximate or subdistant, or the lowest remote, cylindrical or
subclavate, the upper often staminate at the apex, 4-2’ long,
compactly flowered; bracts leafy, much surpassing the culm;
perigynia broadly ovate or elliptical, nerveless, biconvex, minutely
pointed or pointless, about the length of the narrow, obtuse,
brown scale.

Cold upland swamps ae wet places. Not common. June,
July.

44. Carex aperta Boott.

Stems 20-30’ high, erect, triangular, rough above the middle;
leaves about 14” wide, rough-margined, shorter than the culm;
staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical, the highest 1'-14' long,
short stalked, the other shorter and sessile, usually with a
setaceous bract; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, the upper
approximate and sessile, sometimes sterile at the apex, the lowest
distant, short-peduncled, often staminate above, 9’—15” long,
densely flowered above, more loosely at the tapering base; upper
bract bristle-shaped, longer than the spike, the lowest leafy, mostly
shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, stipitate, nerveless,
olive-brown, minutely dotted, with a small notched point, more
or less spreading at maturity; scale dark brown, narrowly
lanceolate, pointed, horizontally spreading, exceeding the
perigynia.

Rare. Essex county. July.

This is Carex stricta var. decora Bailey in the 6th edition of
the Manual.

45. Carex stricta Lam.

Stems 2°-3° high, erect, acutely triangular, rough above the
middle; basal sheaths with fibrillose margins, the fibrils either
reticulated or parallel; leaves 1’-14” wide, rough margined, more
or lessinvolute when dry, glaucous-green, mostly shorter than the
culm; staminate spikes 1-3, 4/-14’ long, the highest on a stalk

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 53

1-1’ in length, the others smaller and sessile, usually with a scale-
like or short setaceous bract ; pistillate spikes 2-5, }’-2' long, the
upper approximate, sessile, the lower subdistant or remote, short
peduncled, erect or spreading, cylindrical or clavate, densely
flowered above the middle, more loosely at the usually tapering
base, often barren at the summit ; bracts of the upper spikes short
setaceous, of the lower ones leafy, and mostly shorter than the
culm ; perigynia ovate or elliptical, usually with two or three
short nerves at the base, minutely pointed, of a creamy white
color, often dashed with dark purple or sometimes wholly blackish
purple ; scale narrowly oblong, obtuse, reddish or dark brown,
about the length of the perigynium, or sometimes longer.

A common species in wet places. May, June. It almost
always grows in tufts. It is quite variable.

Var. strictior Carey. Pistillate spikes 2-3, approximate, or the
lowest subdistant, densely flowered; perigynia ovate, bright
green, about the length of the acute rusty-brown scale.

Var. xerocarpa S. H7. Wright. Slender; pistillate spikes 2-3,
linear, more narrow than in the type, on filiform erect-spreading
or drooping peduncles }/-1' long; perigynia lenticular; scales
mostly green with rusty brown points. A graceful variety about
one-half smaller than the type.

Var. angustata Bailey. Pistillate spikes cylindrical, strict,
2'-3' long, densely flowered; scales more acute, dark-brown or
rust-colored, often exceeding the perigynium.

Var. curtissima Peck n. var. Stems 18’-24' high, very slender,
erect, rough, exceeding the narrow (3” wide) rough leaves;
staminate spike with a minute one at its base, linear-clavate,
8’-10" long, short-stalked ; pistillate spikes 2, ovoid or oblong,
densely flowered, sterile at the apex, 3’—6" long, 8-10" apart,
sessile ; the lowest bract leaf-like, 1'-14' in length, the uppermost
setaceous; perigynia oval with a minute orifice, longer than the
blunt brown scale.

46. Carex torta Booit.

Stems 15’-80’ high, erect or spreading, acutely angled, mostly
smooth; basal sheaths short, brown, fibrillose, leaves 1}/-6' or
more long, 14’-2” wide; staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical,
4/-14' long, the terminal one short or long-stalked, the lowest
sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-5, #’/-24' long, cylindrical, densely flow-

54 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTAN'ST.

ered, or sometimes loosely flowered toward the base, often sterile
at the apex, approximate, or subdistant, or even remote, the
uppermost sometimes erect, the others spreading, recurved or
drooping, all sessile or the lowest on short, slender peduncles;
bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest about equaling the culm, the
others shorter or longer than their respective spikes; perigynia
lanceolate, thin, deep-green or olive-colored, nerveless, oblique
and tortuous or recurved at the empty apex; scale narrowly
oblong obtuse or acute, a little shorter than the perigynium.
Wet places, especially along streams. Common. June.

47. Carex crinita Zam.

Stems 2°-4° high, stout, acutely angled, rough above; sheaths
smooth, fibrillose at the base; leaves mostly shorter than the
culm, %’—4” wide, hispid beneath and on the margins; staminate
spikes 1-3, 4'-3' in length, the longest on filiform staiks $’-1’ long,
more or less recurved, or even pendulous; pistillate spikes 3-5,
2'-4' long, cylindrical, curved, densely flowered, or loosely flow-
ered and tapering at the base, sometimes staminate at the apex,
approximate, all on filiform stalks 4'-14’ long, recurved-spread-
ing or pendulous ; lower bracts leafy, surpassing the culm, the
upper short, filiform, longer or shorter than the spikes ; perigynia
round-obovate, stipitate, a little inflated, thin, faintly nerved or
nerveless, with a conspicuous entire point; scale brown, oblong,
obtuse, with a rough, green awn, twice the length of the peri-
gynium.

Common in swamps, ditches and wet fields. June, July.

A tall, robust, coarse-looking species, distinguished by its long,
recurved or pendulous bristly fertile spikes.

Var. minor Boott. This is every way smaller; fertile spikes
more compactly fruited, usually shorter peduncled, the upper less
drooping ; scales with less conspicuous awns ; plant paler and of
finer aspect.

48. Carex gynandra Schw.

Stems 2°-4° high, stout or slender, erect, rough on the angles
and sheaths, those at the base fibrillose; leaves shorter or longer
than the culm, 2’-4” wide, hispid beneath and on the margins;
staminate spikes 1-3, cylindrical, the terminal one on a filiform,
curving peduncle 1’ long, the others short-stalked or subsessile,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 55

each with a scalelike or bristle-form bract; fertile spikes 3-6,
subdensely flowered, 2’-4’ long tapering at the base, usually one
or more sterile at the apex, all short-peduncled and recurved or
drooping, the lower subtended by foliaceous bracts longer than the
culm, the upper bracts filiform or setaceous and shorter than the
stem ; perigynia oblong ovate, subinflated, nerveless or obscurely
nerved, with a distinct entire point; scale oblong, obtuse or
lanceolate. with a long rough awn, twice or thrice the length of
the perigynium.

Separated from the last, to which it is closely related, by its
hispid sheaths, soft fertile spikes, and by its ovate or oblong-
ovate perigynia. Both species often grow together and in both
the staminate spike often bears a few perigynia.

Stigmas 3; achenium triangular.

Staminate spike single (sometimes 2 or 3 in 44); fertile spikes
1-4, on slender drooping stalks; perigynia compressed-triangular
with a few indistinct nerves: scales dark purple or brown.

Perigynia oval or oblong-ovate, scale ovate, blunt or

ACULOy Meee ietaha oietat stare ais ee leisie'e'tle,diaaly!s\c's eis's.9 «stale'e littoralis.
Perigynia ovate, scale ovate-mucronate............++ limosa.
Perigynia orbicular-ovate or obovate, scale slender

OMAGEU mer atetctetatels via/cinih.o.Fin vin eit 1s. vieie/aw eieiie.»)o1v aa.0's Magellanica.

49. Carex littoralis Schw.

Stem 15’-24’ high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth;
leaves much shorter than the culm, 1’-1}’ wide, stiff and erect,
smooth; staminate spike (rarely 2 or 3) subclavate, 6’—15" long,
short-stalked, scales brown or blackish-purple; pistillate spikes
* 9-4, densely flowered, cylindrical, all usually staminate at the
apex, subapproximate, the uppermost short-peduncled and sub-
erect, the others on filiform drooping stalks 4’-9” long; bracts
sheathless, the upper setaceous or scale-like, the lower leaf-like,
shorter than the culm; perigynia compressed-oval, or oblong-
ovate, lightly few-nerved, with a minute entire orifice, about the
length of the obtuse or acute dark purple scale.

Wet places. Suffolk county. May.

This species has not before been credited to our State. In the
Manual, New Jersey is given as its northern limit. It is doubt-

56 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

ful if it will be found north of Long Island and Staten Island.
Our specimens were collected near Islip.
It is C. Barrattii, Schw. and Torr., in the 5th edition of the
Manual.
50. Carex limosa JZ.

Stoloniferous; stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect, acutely
angled, rough above the middle; leaves }’—1" wide, thick, some-
times involute, rough-margined, shorter than the culm; staminate
spike solitary, linear, }’-1}' in length, usually equaling its
peduncle; pistillate spikes 1-3, approximate or subdistant, ob-
long or ovoid on recurved or drooping stalks 3-1’ long, 10-20
subloosely flowered, often barren at the summit, $1’ long, 1}’-3”"
wide; bracts slender-setaceous, shorter than the culm; perigynia
ovate or elliptical, nerved, light green, with a minute, entire
point; scale lustrous brown, ovate, acute or obtuse, sometimes
cuspidate, as long and wide as the perigynium.

Cold swamps and bogs. Rare except in the central and
northern parts of the State. July.

It bears some resemblance to C. castanea, but that species has
pubescent leaves and lanceolate perigynia.

Var. radicalis Paine. Staminate spike terminal on the naked,
erect stout culm; pistillate spike single, drooping, on a filiform
radical peduncle 4'-9' long. Herkimer county. Paine.

51. Carex Magellanica Zam.

Stems 10’—20’ high, slender, erect, a little rough on the angles
above; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1’-1}” wide, erect,
rough on the margins; staminate spike single, subclavate, }'
long, its peduncle filiform and drooping; pistillate spikes 2-4, }’
in length, 10-24 subloosely flowered, approximate, all on filiform
drooping stalks }’-1' long; bracts leaf-like, the 2 lower usually
surpassing the culm; perigynia ovate or elliptical, lightly nerved,
pale green, with a minute entire point, one-half the length of the
lanceolate, pointed, dark purple scale, the latter a little divergent
at maturity

Cold sphagnous swamps, often in company with C. limosa.
July.

This handsome species may be identified by its short, mostly
pendulous mottled spikes with long-pointed, dark-purple scales.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 57

Spikes 2-4, oblong, ovoid or cylindrical, densely flowered,
erect, 2’-5” broad or more, }'-1’ long, the upper half or more of
the terminal one fertile, staminate and stalk-like at the base, the
others all fertile or nearly so; bracts leaf-like, the lowest shorter
or longer than the culm.

PIPLcCNMU TOW Line Rite csreai atetannra cists Bais cictulareaieleta eee oats S fusca.
Spikes green, perigynia pubescent ............2ceeeeees virescens.
Spikes green, perigynia smooth ............. Raogerisen triceps.

52. Carex fusca AU,

Stems 15’-30' high, erect, or sometimes curved at the summit,
acutely angled, rough above; leaves subradical, 1” wide, shorter
than the culm, rough-margined; spikes 2-4, the terminal one
staminate at the base, all approximate, or somewhat scattered,
sessile, erect, the upper ones with filiform or bristle-form bracts,
the lowest short-peduncled or sometimes on a spreading stalk
1’ long and subtended by a leafy bract 1-5’ long, mostly densely
flowered, oblong-ovoid or cylindrical, 3’-12” in length or more,
23’-6" thick, dark-brown or mottled; perigynia elliptical,
prominently nerved, light-green, with a minute, entire or slightly
notched point, shorter than the lanceolate, cuspidate, dark-brown
scale, the latter more or less divergent at maturity. (C. Buxbaumii
Wahl.)

Bogs and wet places. Albany, Essex, Genesee and Seneca
counties. June, July.

The slender, mostly naked culms, and the short thick erect
dark-colored or mottled spikes sufficiently distinguish this species.

53. Carex triceps Mx.

Stems 12’-20’ high, stiff, scabrous above; leaves about the
length of the culm, 1’-14” wide, erect, more or less pubescent, the
sheaths densely hairy, pale-green ; spikes 3-4, the terminal stami-
nate at its base, all contiguous, sessile or nearly so, erect, ovate,
ovoid or oblong, 3’-8" long, 2”-3" thick, densely flowered ; bracts
leafy or filiform, the lowest, and sometimes all, exceeding the
culm, perigynia ovate, obtuse, nerved, smooth or hairy before
maturity, longer than the ovate, acute, short-awned, variable
scale.

Dry soil in pastures Hy as and thin woods. Common. June.

58 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

This species is easily distinguished by its three or four short
thick erect contiguous spikes, at first palegreen but turning
brownish when old.

54, Carex virescens Muhi.

Stems 12’-30' high, slender, erect or sometimes spreading,
rough near the summit; leaves pubescent, 1’-1}” wide, mostly
tapering to a long filiform point, often equaling the culm ; spikes
2-5, the highest staminate at the base, all approximate or con-
tiguous, ovoid or oblong, 4’-12" in length, about 2” thick, com-
pactly flowered, all on short stalks, the lowest sometimes
spreading; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest exceeding the
culm; perigynia ovate, prominently nerved, scabrous-pubescent,
longer than, or equaling the ovate, mucronate scale.

Similar to C. triceps in its place of growth and time of maturity.
It is separated from it by the narrower and often longer spikes,
and by its hairy perigynia.

Var. costata Dew. Stems 20’-30' high, spikes cylindrical, erect
or slightly spreading; perigynia strongly nerved or ribbed.
Equally common with the type.

Terminal spike pistillate at the summit, staminate below;
fertile spikes 3-5, linear or cylindrical, on short, erect or long
filiform peduncles, approximate, or the lowest sometimes distant,
subdensely or loosely flowered; perigynia oblong with a short,
notched point, or obtuse and pointless.

Spikes narrowly cylindrical, less than 2” wide.......... 1
Spikes broadly cylindrical, 2” wide ..............-0055 2
1 Spikes loosely flowered, perigynia acute ...........+4 estivalis.
1 Spikes densely flowered, perigynia obtuse....... Yendpcte gracillima.
2 Scale shorter than the perigynium,...............++. formosa.
2 Scale as long as the perigynium.............e++s0e- Davyisii.

55. Carex estivalis I A. Curtis.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect or spreading, rough above the
middle ; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1’-14” wide, sparsely
hairy, bright green, sheaths pubescent ; staminate spike fertile at
the summit, linear or clavate ; pistillate spikes 3-4, linear, erect or
spreading, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the uppermost some-
times sessile at the base of the staminate, the others short-stalked,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 59

the lowest often distant or remote on a filiform spreading
peduncle 1'-2' long, loosely flowered ; bracts leafy or filiform, the
lowest surpassing the culm; perigynia small, 4” wide, ovate,
acutish at each end, nerved, entire at the apex, twice longer than
the ovate, hyaline scale; achenium obovate, substipitate.

Shaded soil in woods. Rare. July. Otsego county. This
delicate carex is distinguished from its near relatives by its slen-
der, loosely-flowered, erect or spreading spikes and its hairy
sheaths.

56. Carex gracillima Schw.

Stems 18’-30' high, erect, mostly smooth ; basal sheaths promi-
nently fibrillose ; leaves shorter than the culm, 1’—2” wide, radical
leaves tufted, 2’-34” wide, rough, light green; staminate spike
with or without pistillate flowers at the apex, linear; pistillate
spikes 3-4, linear, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the lowest dis-
tant, all drooping on filiform peduncles, subdensely flowered, or
loosely flowered at the base; bracts leafy or filiform, the lowest
as long as the culm; perigynia ovate, nerved, entire at the obtuse
apex; scale ovate, obtuse, hyaline, one-half as long as the perigy-
nium; achenium oblong-obovate, apiculate.

Woods and fields in moist or dry soil. Very common. June.

Very rarely the lower spikes have 1 or more additional
branches at the base.

This species is well marked by the blackish purple, fibrillose
basal sheaths, and the obtuse perigynia of the linear, subdensely-
flowered, drooping spikes.

Var. humulis Bailey. A much reduced form with 2-12
flowered spikes and smaller perigynia.

C. gracillima x pubescens Jowe.

Stems 15-30’ high, stiff, rough; leaves 14’-24” wide, roughish
and sometimes hairy, shorter than the culm; spikes approximate
or the lowest distant, sessile or stalked, erect; perigynia ovoid,
hairy with a short bidentate beak, not unlike an abortive peri-
gynium of U. pubescens. (Botanical Gazette, Teb., 1881, p. 169.)
(C. Sullivantii Boott.)

In aswampy meadow. Yonkers, Westchester county. 178.

A similar hybrid, but one more closely resembling C. gracil-
lima, occurs in Albany and Greene counties, where it was

detected by Mr. C. L. Shear.

60 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

The terminal spike bears perigynia at its apex; the perigynia
are smooth and the scale is acute or barely mucronate, not awned.
In these respects it approaches C. gracillima more closely than it
does C. pubescens. This has been somewhat doubtfully con-
sidered by Professor Bailey to be a hybrid between C. gracil-
lima x wstivalis, but it is only necessary to suppose that in this
case the prepotency lies with C, gracillima and in the other with
C. pubescens to make both forms descendants of the same parent
plants, as they probably are.

57. Carex formosa Dew.

Stems 15’-30' high, slender, erect, smooth; leaves short, the
uppermost sometimes equaling the culm, 14’-23” wide, slightly
hispidly pubescent beneath, yellowish green; spikes 2-5, the ter-
minal with 6-8 perigynia at the apex, staminate below, long
peduncled, the others subdistant or approximate, secund, all on
filiform recurved or drooping peduncles, subdensely flowered,
with 2 or 3 empty scales at the base; bracts leafy or filiform,
about equaling the culm; perigynia ovate, turgid, nerved, thin,
tapering to a short entire or minutely-notched beak; scale ovate,
obtuse, cuspidate, white or brownish, one-half as long as the
perigynium.

The spikes are }’-1’ long, and about 2” wide; the perigynium
8” long and 1” wide, giving to the former a thick and heavy
appearance, by which the species may be distinguished.

Woods and wet places. Rare. June. Columbia, Oneida and
Yates counties.

58. Carex Davisii Schw. & Torr.

Stems 14°-8° high, erect, rather stout, smooth or with a soft
pubescence; leaves mostly equaling or exceeding the culm,
14"-4" wide or more, clothed with a soft pubescence beneath,
hispid on the veins and margins; spikes 3-5, the terminal, pistil-
late above, erect, the 2 upper fertile ones contiguous at the base
of the staminate portion, subsessile or short-peduncled, the low-
est distant or remote on a short, erect, or rarely long, spreading
stalk 4-14’ long, densely flowered, 3’-£" wide, light green, erect
or somewhat spreading ; bracts leaf-like, equaling or exceeding
the culm; perigynia ovate, conspicuously nerved, turgid, taper-
ing into a short bifid beak, about the length of the ovate obtuse
awned scale.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 61

Wet meadows. Not common. June. Oneida co-inty.

The drooping of the lower spikes depends on the splitting of
the long sheaths which, for a time at least, include their short
peduncles. This species is conspicuously marked by its short,
thick, mostly erect spikes and large turgid perigynia.

Staminate spike club-shaped, long-peduncled; fertile spikes
2-4, subapproximate or mostly remote, erect; bracts shorter than
the culm; perigynia oblong, ovate or obovate, b2akless except
in 60.

Upper spikes appproximate or nearly so................ 1
Upper spikes not approximate ...............0...0000 2
1 Perigynia oblong, lightly nerved or nerveless........... livida.
1 Perigynia with impressed nerves ................-+...- conoidea.
2) ISLOGE UNS LG TIT Eevee: Seige SAO TOC Oc ODE RCL tems Ora vaginata.
Se Sheatha mot al Apes: ota-e'c lesterol ie, e eco de, sim ajds)ejeicie ase. 0's 3
8 Leaves and bracts 1” wide, shorter than the culm........ tetanica.

3 Leaves and bracts 1’-14” wide, nearly equaling the culm . Crawei.

59. Carex Crawei Dew.

Stoloniferous; stems 6’-12' high, slender, erect or diffuse,
smooth ; leaves short, sometimes equaling the culm, 1’-14” wide,
smooth, rough-margined ; staminate spike clavate 4'-1’ in length
on a stiff, erect stalk 1'-2’ long, sometimes with 1 or more short
additional ones at or near its base, and sometimes with a few fer-
tile flowers at the apex; pistillate spikes 2-4, cylindrical, densely
flowered, 6’—9” long, distant or remote, sometimes the lowest sub-
radical on a short exserted stalk; bracts leafy, sheathing, about
equaling the culm; perigynia ovate, lightly nerved, slightly
turgid, roughish, tapering to a small entire point, longer than
the ovate, cuspidate scale.

Limestone soil. Rare. June, July. Genesee, Herkimer and
Jefferson counties.

Distinguished by its low stature, creeping root-stock, and
densely flowered distant dull brown nearly sessile spikes.

60. Carex livida Willd.

Stems 6’-18' high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves mostly shorter
than the culm, $’—1" wide, flat or involute, stiff, rough margined ;
staminate spike cylindrical, acute, 4'—-1’ in length, on a stiff stalk
}-1' long; pistillate spikes 1-2, contiguous, rarely a third sub-

62 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

radical one, short oblong or cylindrical, +’—?’ long, 15-20 loosely
flowered, sessile ; bracts small, leafy or setaceous, scarcely equal-
ing the culm; perigynia ovoid-oblong, lightly nerved, pale green,
tapering to a small, straight, entire point, a little exceeding the
ovate, light brown scale.

Coldswamps. Very rare. June,July. Oneidaand Herkimer
counties.

61. Carex vaginata Tausch.

Stoloniferous; stems 10'-24’ high, mostly weak and diffuse,
smooth ; leaves subradical, half the length of the culm, 14’-2” wide,
smooth, sligutly rough on the margin, radical leaves tufted, nearly
as long as the culm, 2-3” wide; staminate spike clavate, or ovoid-
oblong and acute, erect or oblique, }’—}’ long, its stalk ?’-1}' in
length, or more; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, remote, 4-10 loosely or
12-15 compactly flowered, }'-}’ or more long, on exserted, filiform
erect or drooping peduncles 4/-1}’ in length, the latter partly
included in the conspicuously dilated sheaths of the short leafy
bracts; perigynia oblong-ovate, nerved, tapering to a short round
oblique-notched beak, longer than the ovate acute or obtusish
thin brown scale.

Swampy places. Very rare or local. June. Genesee county.

This rare species is conspicuously marked by its dilated sheaths
and round-beaked perigynia. It stands under the name
C. Saltuensis Batley in the sixth edition of the Manual.

62. Carex tetanica Schk.

Stoloniferous; stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect, rough at the
summit; leaves mostly shorter than the culm; 4’—1” wide, stiff,
flat or involute above, roughish on the margins, bright green or
glaucous; staminate spike clavate or cylindrical 4-1’ in length,
on a slender, mostly erect peduncle 2’-4’ long, light brown; pis-
tillate spikes 1-3, remote, loosely flowered, cylindrical, usually
with a tapering base, }'-1' in length; the uppermost short-
stalked or nearly sessile, the lower on slender, erect or spread-
ing peduncles }'-3}' long; bracts foliaceous, much shorter than
the culm; perigynia triangular-oboyoid, prominently nerved,
abruptly contracted into a short curved entire point, longer
than the ovate obtuse, sometimes mucronate or cuspidate thin
white and brown scale; achenium short-obovate, tricostate, with
a short, bent style.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 63

Wet swampy places. Rare. June. Cayuga, Seneca and
Jefferson counties.

This is distinguished from its congeners by the long-peduncled
spikes and obovoid, nerved perigynia.

Var. Woodii Builey is a lax form growing in deep shade and
having longer spreading leaves and shorter fewer flowered
fertile spikes.

63. Carex conoidea Schk.

Stems 12'-20’ high, stiff, rough above; leaves mostly shorter
than the culm, 1” wide, rough margined; staminate spike }'-1’
long, clavate, long or short-peduncled, erect, light brown; pistil-
late spikes 1-3, 6’--9” long, subdensely flowered, the upper 2
approximate or distant, short stalked or sessile, the lowest
remote on a spreading or erect peduncle }'-1}' long; bracts
foliaceous, usually shorter than the culm; perigynia oblong-conic
with impressed nerves, and a short straight or curved entire
point, about the length of the ovate rough-awned scale, the
latter more or less divergent at maturity; achenium obovate,
apiculate.

Moist meadows and grassy places. Common. June.

This is easily recognized by the shape and nerving of the
perigynia.

Fertile spikes 2-6, erect on exserted stalks or the uppermost
sessile, approximate or the lower distant; bracts leaf-like,
exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong or pyriform, obtuse,
nerved (obscurely in 64 and 65).

Pericynia Obscurely NErved). coc... e ee esses cen 1
erie yniae distinctly METVed sc ccc crisicvivslsjeisie ve sels» 2
Le ee rl yaw OLOM Otetetera feral ents iets tat /ereletcie/ehele/eleleieieislelsstolereie pallescens.
PESO RI Cay Tike Diy UIT ORM ere sietevul steloteleretslate/efe/eilisiaiels/xielefetereve(s!« aurea,
2 Perigynia oblong-ovate, 14” long...... ...ceeeeeees glaucodea,
BeeripyniaODlon oy Ae LONG cas «ie)~elelsisis clos see cicleieee st grisea.

64. Carex pallescens JZ.

Stems 6’-24’ high, slender, mostly erect, hispid on the angles
near the spikes, smooth below; leaves mostly shorter than the
culm, 1’-1}" wide, rough-margined, slightly pubescent on the
sheaths ; staminate spike often clavate, 4’-8” long, short-stalked ;
pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, densely flowered, 3’-6' long, con-

64 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

tiguous, the uppermost sessile, the others on short peduncles,
erect or spreading; bracts leafy, sheathless, often transversely
wrinkled at the base, exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong,
faintly nerved, pointless, as long as the pointed scale.

Fields and grassy places. Common. June.

The species is well marked by the somewhat clustered, short-
peduncled, fertile spikes, and the oblong obscurely-nerved point-
less perigynia.

65. Carex aurea Nutt.

Stems 3-18’ high, slender, erect or subprocumbent, smooth
below, roughish above; leaves mostly shorter than the culm (or
exceeding it in pigmy forms) 4’-1” wide, smooth, slightly rough
on the margins, bright green ; staminate spike clavate, 3’-8” long,
sessile and inconspicuous, or stalked and manifest; pistillate
spikes 2-4, cylindrical, 3’-9” long, the upper 2 contiguous, sessile
or subsessile, erect or slightly spreading, the lower sudistant, on
slender peduncles 3'-1’ in length, suberect or spreading, some-
times a subradical spike is present on a long, suberect peduncle ;
bracts leaf-like, sheathing, exceeding the culm; perigynia ovoid
or pyriform, nerved, thick, yellowish or golden brown at matur-
ity, obtuse at the apex, longer than the ovate, acute or mucronate
scale ; stigmas 2 or 3, achenium lenticular, apiculate.

Wet springy ground and banks of streams. June, July.

This interesting and infrequent species may be distinguished
by its small pyriform yellowish-brown perigynia and lenticular
achenia.

66. Carex glaucodea TZuckm.

Stems 6-20’ high, erect or spreading, smooth ; leaves mostly
subradical, usually shorter than the culm, 14’-4" wide, rough at
the extremities, smooth on the lower half, glaucous or pale green ;
staminate spike subclavate, 6’-9” long, sessile, sometimes incon-
spicuous; pistillate spikes 2-4, subdensely flowered, perfectly
cylindrical, }'-1' long, the upper 2 usually approximate, the lower
on erect, exserted stalks }'-1' in length, or the lowest remote on
a filiform spreading or recurved peduncle 2'—d' long, glaucous,
turning to a dull brown; bracts like the leaves, sheathing, all but
the lowest exceeding the culm; perigynia oblong-ovate, numer-
ously finely nerved, of a thick or leathery texture, tapering to
an acutish, entire or notched apex, about twice longer than the

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 65

ovate, acute or cuspidate scale; achenium obovate; style even
(not tumid), curved or abruptly bent at the base.

Thin woods and moist places. Rare. June, July. Cayuga
and Dutchess counties.

This species may be separated from C. grisea, which it resem-
bles, by its shorter stems and leaves, its more cylindrical spikes,
and shorter perigynia, and by its curved styles.

67. Carex grisea Wahi.

Stems 1°-2}° high, firm, usually somewhat robust, smooth, or
sometimes roughish at the summit; leaves slightly hispid on the
upper surface, smooth beneath, 14’~3” wide, the highest exceeding
the culm, pale green ; staminate spike 3-9” long, sessile ; pistillate
spikes 2-4, oblong, thick, loosely or subloosely flowered, 4-1’ in
length, the upper 2 usually contiguous, the uppermost sessile, the
others more or less distant on stiff, erect peduncles 4-1’ long,
light green or fading to tawny; bracts leafy, sheathing, erect-
spreading, or the upper divergent, much longer than the culm;
perigynia oblong, obtuse, turgid, finely nerved, about the length
of the ovate, cuspidate or rough-awned scale; achenium obovate,
sometimes apiculate, with a straight, tumid or bulbous-thickened
style. ;

Moist ground and grassy places. Common. June.

This species frequently forms tufts. Its straight, tumid or
bulbous-thickened style articulates at or slightly above its base.
A slender narrow-leaved form occurs which closely approaches,
and which perhaps is referable to Var. angustifolia Boott.

Leaves and bracts alike, sheathing, conspicuously thin, the
latter exceeding the culm; perigynia obovoid or ovate-triquetrous,
. finely striate or nerved, distinctly beaked, shorter than the tri-
nerved, pointed or rough-awned scale.

Spikes 3-8 flowered, sheaths smooth............... oligocarpa.
Spikes 3-10 flowered, sheaths pubescent ........... Hitcheockiana.

* 68. Carex oligocarpa Schk.

Stems 6’-18’ high, slender, erect or somewhat diffuse, rough on
the upper portion ; leaves short, or sometimes equaling the culm,
about 1” wide, slightly rough on the veins beneath and margins ;

9

66 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

staminate spike linear or subclavate, subsessile or on a stalk }’—1’
in length; pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper 1 or 2 contiguous or
distinct, short-pedunculate or sessile, the others distant or remote
on stalks 4’--1}’ long, all erect, loosely 3-8 flowered on a flexuous
rachis; bracts with smooth sheaths, thin, longer than the culm;
perigynia obovoid-triangular, with a distinct straight or slightly
oblique beak, shorter than the rough-pointed or awned scale,
achenium obovate, apiculate; style tumid above the minute
persistent base.

Woods and shady places. Rare in the eastern part of the
State, occasional elsewhere. June.

This species is distinguished by its thin, narrow foliage, few
and loosely flowered spikes, nearly straight-beaked striate peri-
gynia, and tri-nerved awned scale.

69. Carex Hitchcockiana Dew.

Stems 1°-2° high or more, erect or spreading, rough, or smooth
below; leaves short, or the upper equaliug the culm, 1’-1}’
wide, thin, more or less hispidly pubescent ; staminate spike linear
or subclavate, $’-1’ in length, on a slender, erect peduncle 4’-1}’
long; pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely 3-10 flowered on a flexuous
rachis, the upper two approximate, mostly on included stalks or
the highest sessile, the lower distant or remote on erect, slightly-
exserted peduncles; bracts and sheaths roughly pubescent, the
former mostly surpassing the culm; perigynia oval or obovate,
obtusely triangular, striate-nerved, 2” long, with an abrupt or
tapering oblique recurved truncate beak, a little shorter than the
broad trinerved rough-awned white scale; achenium and style
like the last.

Woods. Rare in the eastern part of the State. June, July

This may be distinguished from the preceding species by its
pubescent sheaths, rougher foliage, shorter-stemmed fertile
spikes, and by its perigynia, which have a conspicuously oblique
or recurved beak.

Var. triflora Peck n. var. More slender, with the fertile
spikes 1-3 flowered. 7

Collected on Mt. Defiance. June.

Pistillate spikes 2-6, more or less flexuous, the upper 2 con-
tiguous or approximate, sessile or nearly so, the rest scattered

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 67

and stalked, or sometimes all subdistant; bracts mostly exceed-
ing the culm; perigynia obtusely angled, prominently nerved
and having an abruptly bent or recurved rarely straight beak.

Lower or radical leaves 8” broad or more........ ... albursina.
Lower leaves less than 8” broad ..................: 1
1 Pistillate spikes densely flowered, perigynia ovate.... _ granularis.
1 Pistillate spikes subdensely or loosely flowered....... 2
2 Upper spikes usually contiguous, the sterile subsessile, blanda.
2 Upper spikes rarely contiguous, the sterile stalked... 3
3 Spikes subloosely flowered, bracts shorterthan the culm, _ styloflexa,
3 Spikes loosely flowered, bracts longer than the culm.. laxiflora.

70. Carex laxiflora Lam.

Stems 1°--2° high, erect or spreading, triangular, smooth;
leaves mostly subradical, short, 1}’-4” wide, smooth except on
the margins, the radical often wider and half as long as the culm;
staminate spike linear or clavate, }’-1’ long, conspicuously stalked
or subsessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4, linear, loosely flowered on a
flexuous rachis }’--1’ in length, the uppermost (rarely 2) sessile
or short-stalked at the base of the sterile, the others subdistant
or the lowest remote, all on erect, exserted peduncles 14’ long;
bracts leafy, short-sheathed, shorter or slightly longer than the
culm; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, with a straight or
slightly recurved beak, exceeding the ovate, obtuse, mostly mucro-
nate white scale.

A subradical spike on a slender, flattened peduncle 2’--24’ in
length is not rare.

Woods, ravines and open places. Common. June.

Var. varians Bailey has stouter culms and broader leaves than
the type, the fertile spikes a little closer flowered, the upper 2
mostly contiguous to the sterile, the highest sessile, bracts often
longer than the culm, the perigynia less strongly nerved.

Var. patulifolia Carey differs from the type chiefly in its
broader root leaves, 5’--7” wide, and in the usually longer bracts,
equaling or surpassing the culm.

Very common in damp shades and ravines. May, June.

71. Carex styloflexa Buckley.

Stems 12/--18’ high, slender, erect or diffuse, smooth, leaves
2’ -4' long, 1” wide, the radical longer and 1”- 11” wide; staminate

68 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

spike about 3} long on a slender, smooth stalk }’-} in
length; scales oblong, blunt, light brown; pistillate spikes
9-4, 1/-1’ in length, 5-10 subloosely flowered, scattered, all
but the highest stalked, the lowest usually on a filiform
recurved peduncle; bracts mostly shorter than the culm;
perigynia obovate, lightly nerved, with a straight or recurved
beak, longer than the ovate acute brown scale. .

Grassy places. Rare. June. Albany and Cattaraugus counties.

This has been regarded by some as a variety of the preceding
species, but it is easily separated by its short spikes.

72. Carex blanda Dew.

Stems 8-20’ high, erect, triquetrous, rough on the angles;
leaves 14-3’ wide, rough above the middle, equaling or shorter
than the culm; staminate spike clavate, 4’-9” long, sessile or on
a stalk 1/-1’ long; pistillate spikes 3-4, 3’-9" long, subdensely
flowered, the upper 2 usually contiguous to the staminate spike
and sessile or nearly so, the lower pedunculate, erect, or the
lowest remote on a setaceous peduncle 2’—3’ long, suberect or
recurved; bracts leafy, mostly exceeding the culm; perigynia
obovate, with a long or short tapering base, prominently nerved,
terminating in a short recurved or abruptly bent beak, longer
than the ovate, acute or mucronate white scale, more or less
diverging at maturity.

Woods and fields. Very common June.

Rarely among the large forms 1 or 2 of the lower spikes are
compressed ; occasionally there is but 1 spike, stalked or sessile
and contiguous to the staminate, in which case the latter is
usually long-peduncled, exceeding the bracts. This species has
been considered by some as a variety of C. laxiflora to which it
is joined in the Manual, but its short dense pistillate spikes and
commonly short sessile staminate spike give it such a distinct
aspect that it may be distinguished at a glance.

"3. Carex albursina Sheld.

Stems 12-20’ high, erect or spreading, flaccid below, acutely
triangular and somewhat winged above, smooth; stem leaves
9/-6’ long, 1}’-3” wide, the radical longer, 8’—15” broad, smooth ;
staminate spike linear, 3’-15” in length, mostly sessile and often

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 69

inconspicuous ; pistillate spikes cylindrical, loosely flowered on a
slightly flexuous rachis }’-1’ long, the upper 1 or 2 contiguous to
the staminate and sessile or nearly so, the lowest on a filiform
peduncle 1’-2’ long, all erect or slightly spreading ; bracts leafy,
2”-4" broad, acuminate, the lowest much exceeding the culm;
perigynia ovoid-elliptical or obovate, nerved, 1}’-2” long, half as
broad, with a short recurved beak, twice the length of the obtuse
mucronate white scale. ;

Rich moist soil in woods and shaded places. Not common.
June. Albany, Cayuga and Jefferson counties.

This species was separated from C. laxiflora, to which it was
formerly joined as Var. latifolia Boott, because of its broad
leaves and bracts and its short sessile staminate spike. Its large
perigynia also confirm the validity of its separation.

The fruit of this and the three preceding species shells easily,
and the specimens should be collected while it is yet scarcely
mature.

74. Carex granularis Muhi.

Stems 10’-24’ high, mostly erect, smooth ; leaves short, usually
much shorter than the culm, 1’—4” wide, smooth, rough near the
apex, sheaths prominently glaucous; staminate spike subclavate,
4/1’ long, sessile or short-peduncled, often inconspicuous; pistil-
late spikes 2-5, cylindrical, compactly flowered, 4-1’ in length,
the upper 2 mostly contiguous to the staminate spike, sessile
or slightly stalked, the others more or less distant on exserted
peduncles 1/2’ long, erect or the lowest spreading, or rarely on
a filiform drooping stalk 3’ long; bracts leafy, rough, the lower
sheathing, exceeding the culm; perigynia round-ovate or oblong-
conical, prominently nerved, slightly turgid with a short bent
entire or notched apex, nearly twice longer than the ovate pointed
thin white scale; achenium obovate, minutely dotted, tipped with
the abruptly bent style.

Wet or moist ground in meadows and grassy places. Common.
June.

It is distinguished by the dense, cylindrical fertile spikes, and
the strongly-nerved perigynia.

Var. recta Dew. is usually smaller, the spikes less densely flow-
ered, the perigynia with a straight acute or acuminate point.

70 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Staminate spike clavate, pedunculate; pistillate spikes 2-4,
short-cylindrical, 3-9 loosely or subloosely flowered, all on
exserted erect or spreading filiform stalks, the lowest often sub-
radical or even radical; bracts leafy, sheathed, shorter or longer
than the culm; perigynia acutely triangular, finely and closely
nerved, with a short recurved or sometimes obsolete point ; scale
thin, white or brown.

Pistillate spikes pendulous; leaves 2’-5” broad ...... laxiculmis.
Pistillate spikes erect-spreading, leaves 1’-14” broad.... _ digitalis.

75. Carex digitalis Willd.

Stems 6’-18’ high, slender, almost capillary, erect or at length
spreading, smooth ; leaves about the length of the culm 1’-14’
wide, rough-margined, bright green; staminate spike 6’—9” long,
its stalk 4-24’ in length; pistillate spikes 2-4, loosely 6-9 flow-
ered, the highest subsessile or long-peduncled, the lower sub-
distant or remote on filiform spreading peduncles 1/24’ in length
or more, the lowest sometimes pendulous; bracts leafy, sheathing,
equaling or exceeding the culm; perigynia triangular-elliptical,
finely nerved, with a short, obliquely bent point, nearly twice
longer than the acute white scale.

Woods and ravines. Not very common. June.

The species is known by its narrow, 3-veined leaves and the
small triangular perigynia. It usually grows in tufts.

76. Carex laxiculmis Schw.

Stems 10’-20’ high, slender, suberect or prostrate, smooth ;
leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 14’-5” wide, conspicuously
3-veined, glaucous, rough on the margins; staminate spike
clavate, 6’-10” long, sometimes subtended by a slender green
bract 2”-5” in length, mostly long-peduncled, exceeding the leaf-
like sheathing bracts; pistillate spikes 3’-6” long, densely 3-8-
flowered, all except the subsessile highest one on drooping fili-
form peduncles 14-24’ long; perigynia triquetrous, elliptical,
densely nerved, with a short oblique or curved point, exceeding
the ovate, obtuse or pointed brown or white scale. (C. retro
curva Dew.)

Thin woods and copses. Common. June.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 71

The broad glaucous leaves and drooping spikes on long fili-
form peduncles characterize this species.

There is a late form (Forma serotina) in which the new growth
develops fruit soon after the old fruit has matured. In it the
s:aminate spike is inconspicuous or abortive, and the pistillate
spikes are erect and on peduncles much shorter than usual.

Staminate spikes clavate; pistillate 2-5, erect, mostly on in-
cluded stalks; bracts about the length of their long sheaths-or
obsolete ; perigynia acutely angled, finely nerved (obscurely in
80) with a short recurved or straight beak ; leaves radical, prom-
inently 3-ribbed (narrow and 1-veined in 80).

MoeaveRMALrOw., 1=VOlNEd . via. si: 20s. <0 esses = > ose peduneulata.
Leaves 3-ribbed, bracts conspicuous ...........--+--+ 1
Bracts obsolete, sheaths purple .............-.---++5 plantaginea.
1 Leaves 2’—5" broad, dark preen.............------- Careyana.
1 Leaves 3”-12” broad, whitish-green ............-..-. platyphylla.

77. Carex Careyana Torr.

Stems 1°-2° high, erect-spreading, smooth; leaves rough be-
neath or smooth throughout, 2’—5” wide, shorter than the culm,
dark green; staminate spike clavate, 5’-10" in length, its stalk
3/-1’ long, usually with a scale-like or slender green bract, scales
purplish or brown; pistillate spikes 2-3, loosely 2-8 flowered,
the uppermost sessile at the base of the sterile, the others scat-
tered, sometimes the lowest remote on a partly included stalk
1’-1}/ long; bracts leafy, as long as their sheaths; perigynia
acutely triangular-ovate, 2’-2}” long, closely nerved, with an
oblique or recurved beak, twice the length of the ovate, acute or
mucronate purple-brown scale.

Woods and ravines. Rare. May. Cayuga, Genesee and
Jefferson counties.

78. Carex platyphylla Carey.

Stems 8’-15’ high, slender, erect, at length widely spreading,
smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm or rarely exceeding it,
}/-1’ broad, smooth, glaucous or whitish green; staminate spike
4”-10” long, its peduncle }/-1’ in length or rarely subsessile,
usually with a scale-like or bristle-shaped bract ; pistillate spikes
2-3, 2-10 loosely flowered, scattered, all erect on included stalks;

72 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

bracts leafy, about twice the length of the spikes; perigynia
ovoid, acutely angled, closely nerved, with a recurved, entire or
notched beak. 14” long, a little longer than the pointed brown
scale.

Woods, hillsides and ravines. Common. June.

This species is easily recognized by its broad pale or glaucous
leaves, conspicuous leaf-like bracts and short, loose, few-flowered
spikes.

79. Carex plantaginea Lam.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect, at length spreading or pros-
trate, smooth ; basal bracts 4~7, acute, dark purple; leaves shorter
than the culm, }/—-1’ broad or more, smooth, prominently 3-ribbed ;
staminate spike subclavate, acute at each end, 4’ in length, its stalk
5”-15” long, with dark purple scales; pistillate spikes 3-4, 3-10
loosely flowered, }’—?’ long, distant, erect on included peduncles,
or the lowest subradical on an exserted stalk 1’-2’ in length;
bracts 2’-4” long, acuminate or bristle-tipped, purple, with dark
purple sheaths }’-1’ long or more; perigynia triangular ovate,
finely nerved, with a short recurved beak, 2’-2}” long, a little
exceeding the ovate, acute, purple-pointed scale.

Shaded banks, hillsides, copses and open woods. Infrequent.
May, June.

This is a very distinct species, recognizable at a glance by its
broad radical leaves and its purplish sheaths, bracts and scales.

80. Carex pedunculata Muhi.

Stems 3’-12’ long, slender, diffuse, smooth ; basal bracts purple
with acute green points; leaves flat, 1’-14” wide, rough beneath,
stiff, longer than the culm; staminate spike cylindrical or ovoid,
sessile, obtuse or acute, 2’--3” long, with dark purple scales; fertile
spikes 2-4, 3-8 subdensely flowered, slightly staminate at the
apex, 2’—4” in length, the uppermost sessile at the base of the
sterile spike, the others subdistant on stalks }’-1’ long, suberect
or spreading, radical spikes numerous, prostrate on filiform
peduncles 2’-6’ long; bracts inconspicuous, green, about the
length of the sheaths; perigynia triangular-obovate, minutely
downy or smooth, with a long tapering base and a short recurved
minutely notched beak, smaller than the broadly obovate awned
or cuspidate purplish scale.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 73

Woods and banks. Common. May, June.

This species is characterized by its commonly prostrate growth,
inconspicuous bracts and concealed fruit.

It inhabits chiefly dry shaded situations, but is found in
meadows, on banks, and amongst shrubbery in rocky places.

Pistillate spikes 3-4, few flowered, on erect or drooping partly
included stalks; bracts obsolete or as long as their respective
sheaths ; perigynia minute, oblong, obscurely nerved, with a bent
or straight beak; olive-brown at maturity; leaves short,
setaceous or about 1” wide.

Leaves subradical, not setaceous......,.seeceeseeseeeee ceapillaris,
Leaves radical, setace ons.........0++ Braet itches stearate aire eburnea.

81. Carex capillaris JZ.

Stems capillary, 4’-12’ high, erect, smooth ; leaves shorter than
the culm, 1” wide or less, rough on the margins, the radical ones
numerous, flat, soft, often involute when old; staminate spike
clavate, 2”--3” long, its stalk 3’-9” in length; pistillate spikes 2-3,
scattered, the uppermost usualiy erect and equaling the staminate
spike, the lower on drooping peduncles 3’- 12” long; bracts leaf-
like, as long as their respective sheaths or more, the lowest
usually exceeding its spike; perigynia oblong, 1’-1}” in length,
nerveless, 2-ribbed, slightly turgid, somewhat thin in texture, olive
brown, with a slender, entire roughish beak about twice the
length of the ovate obtuse brown scale; achenium narrowly
obovoid.

Wet places. Local. Cortland county.

82. Carex eburnea Boott.

Stoloniferous ; stems 5’-12” high, capillary, but firm and erect,
smooth; leaves bristle-shaped, recurved-spreading, rough above
the middle, shorter than the culm; staminate spike linear, 3’—5”
long, sessile or slightly peduncled between the more elevated and
conspicuous pistillate spikes, acute at each end, the brown scales
often partly concealed by the scarious sheaths; pistillate spikes
2-4, 2-6 densely flowered, 1’-2” long, approximate on slender
stalks 4’-8” in length, sometimes the lowest distant; sheaths
scarious, white with a tinge of brown at the base; perigynia

10

74 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

triangular obovate, obscurely nerved, smooth, olive-brown, shin-
ing, with a minute round beak, longer than the ovate obtuse or
acutish light-brown scale.

Thin soil on or about limestone ledges. June.

A very small species, but one easily known by its setaceous
leaves and its very small erect pistillate spikes surpassing the
staminate one.

Plant dicecious ; staminate and pistillate spikes of the same size
and color ; bracts, when present, scale-like or setaceous, sheathless ;
perigynia dark purple, densely hairy, with a short, entire beak ;
scales blackish purple.

83. Carex scirpoidea Mz.

Stoloniferous; stems 6’-15’ high, slender, erect, smooth; basal
bracts dark purple, acute or obtuse; leaves subradical, stiff,
mostly much shorter than the culm, 1” wide, smooth; staminate
spike subclavate, 4/-1’ in length with a small greenish tri-nerved
cuspidate bract and dark purple scales; pistillate spikes 4/1’
long, densely flowered; bracts setaceous, sheathless; perigynia
ovate, very hairy, gradually tapering to a short entire or notched
beak, mostly covered by the acutish blackish-purple ciliate scale.

Thin soil covering rocks. Adirondack mountains. July.

Plant moncecious; staminate spike clavate, sessile or short-stalked;
pistillate spikes 1-5, globular-ovoid, oblong or cylindrical, sessile or
short-stalked, the upper 2 contiguous or approximate, or all distinct
and the lowest subdistant, each subtended by a scale-like or green
bract, the lowest often by a leafy one 4’-23’ long; perigynia
subrotund, oval or elliptical, obtusely or acutely angled, mostly
densely pubescent, abruptly contracted into a slender bifid beak ;
scale ovate, commonly brown or purplish, equaling or shorter
than the perigynia.

Plant pubescent... cio ewe nc cence: wesc uses ciuvees pubescens.
elanG PAD LOMS ict. iclareleleiaiaielsisussisintoleltisteystetsintsis sivelale 1
1 Pistillate spikes on short stems, umbellately clustered, umbellata.
1 Pistillate spikes not umbellately clustered.......... 2
2 Bracts sheathing, purplish ...........00---eeee. Richardsonii.
2 Bracts not sheathing...........reseccrsenesece 3
3 Staminate spike 3” long or less ..........+-eee0s a 4

3 Staminate spike more than 3” long ..,-.seeeeeeeees 6

REPURT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. (6)

4 Culms weak, recurved or reclining ............- = 5
4 Culms erect or spreading ...........+.+0e0- ode Peckii.
be Radical spikes present <2. 200. cene « ciciveeessicesas = deflexa,
Belnadical epikes wanting. - 05.5001 cecceercer scree Emmonsii.
6 Staminate spike about 4” wide, the lowest pistillate
spike with a long slender green bract...........- Novee-Angliz.
6 Staminate spike more than }” wide.............. 7
7 Plant stoloniferous, scales of pistillate spikes com-
monly brown or purplish ..........-2++-ece-ees Pennsylvanica.
7 Plant not stoloniferous, scales of pistillate spikes
commonly greenish or tawNy.......-sseeeeeeeee varia.

84. Carex umbellata Schh.

Stems 2’--4’ high, erect, growing in dense tufts from strong
fibrous roots, somewhat stoloniferous; leaves 2’-10’ long, about
1” wide, flat, or sometimes involute, rough, stiff, erect or spread-
ing; staminate spike clavate, }’- 4’ in length, rarely with a pistillate
spike at its base; pistillate spikes in clusters of 2 or 3 on stems
¥’-2’ long; usually level topped, 3 -8 flowered ; perigynia ovoid or
triangular-obovate, nerveless, lightly pubesceat, green or turn-
ing to brownish with age, with an abrupt flattish bidentate
beak, usually covered by the ovate pointed scale.

Dry or sandy soil and rocky places. Common. May, June.

The umbel-like clusters of pistillate spikes suggest the name of
this species. They are often half concealed by the leaves,

Var. vicina Dew. A form with 1 or 2 fertile spikes at the
base of the sterile spike.

It is found with the typical form.

85. Carex Pennsylvanica Lam.

Stoloniferous; stems 6’-18’ high, slender, erect or spreading,
rough or smooth, basal sheaths purplish or dull brown, fibrillose ;
leaves mostly about the length of the culm but sometimes ex-
ceeding it, }’-14” wide, rough-margined, bright or dull green,
erect or diffuse ; staminate spike club shaped, 5’—9” long, usually
sessile, scales oblong obtuse or pointed, brown, or blackish brown;
pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 3, globular or oblong, densely or
loosely flowered, the upper 2 contiguous, sessile, the lowest 2’—6”
distant, sessile or slightly stalked, bracts scale-like acute or

76 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

bristle-tipped, or sometimes the lowest leaf-like and 9’-18” inlength;
perigynia subrotund or obovate, obtusely angled, densely or
lightly pubescent, indistinctly nerved, abruptly contracted at the
base, and narrowed above into a short bifid beak, covered by the
ovate acute or acuminate, dark purplish or light brown scale.

Dryish soil in woods, copses or open places. Very common.
May, June.

Var. separans Peck. Pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, the upper-
most approximate to the short-stalked dark-brown sterile spike,
the lowest 5’-10" distant; perigynia with a longer and more
slender beak; otherwise like the type (Var. distans, Report 46,
p- 51).

Along or within the borders of woods. Jefferson and Otsego
counties. June.

Var. gracilifolia Peck, n. nom. Leaves long and slender, }’—}”
wide, sometimes slightly involute and almost capillary, about
equaling or sometimes considerably surpassing the slender culm.
(Var. angustifolia 1. ¢.)

Light or sandy soil in woods or open places. It often grows in
tufts. This variety*is common on Long Island. May.

Because of the frequent previous use of the varietal name
under which this plant was published it is thought best to give it
a new name.

Var. glumabunda Peck, n. var. Stems 8’-18’ high, rather
weak and often somewhat drooping, frequently growing in
definite tufts; pistillate spikes mostly short and sessile as in the
type, but sometimes the lowest 3’-8” long, conspicuously stalked
or on a capillary peduncle 2’-8’ long which issues from the axil
of the uppermost leaf, the others near the staminate spike and
contiguous to each other or the lower sometimes 4’—6” distant,
these occasionally sterile and acute at the apex; scales conspicu-
ously brown or blackish brown, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, sharp-
pointed or cuspidate, longer than the perigynia and widely
spreading at maturity. (Forma paleacea in part, 1. c.)

Sandy soil. Albany and Suffolk counties.

Very rarely a second long-peduncled spike issues from the axil
of one of the lower leaves. In all these varieties the bract of
the lowest sessile spike is sometimes longer than its spike and
green or foliaceous.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. TT

86. Carex varia Muhi.

‘Stems 6’-18’ high, rather stout, erect or spreading, roughish
above the middle; basal bracts bright purple, fibrillose ; leaves
mostly sherter than the culm, 1’-2” wide, rough ; staminate spike
clavate, 4’-12” long, sessile or short-stalked, tawny or brown;
pistillate spikes 2-5, usually 3, globular or oblong, sessile or
sometimes the lowest short-peduncled, all separate or the upper
2 occasionally contiguous, each with a scale-like bract or the
lower 2 subtended by leaf-like bracts }’-2’ long; perigynia sub-
rotund or obovate, pubescent, abruptly contracted into a short
bifid beak, covered by the ovate, pointed, pale-greenish, whitish
or tawny-brown scale. (C. communis Bailey, Gray’s Man., 6th ed.)

It is noteworthy that the smallest plants often have the long
staminate spikes, and commonly the tall plants the short spikes
which are 4”--6” long. In his description of this species Muhlen-
berg remarks, “ variat spica mascula abbreviata etelongata.” No
other species in this group is known to have such a variable
staminate spike.

In some of its forms C. Pennsylvanica approaches this species,
but the absence of creeping rootstocks, the paler scales of the
pistillate spikes and the more constant green foliaceous bract of
the lowest spike will distinguish this plant. The scale of the
pistillate spike is often entirely whitish or scarious except the
green midrib. The species is found chiefly in hilly or rocky
places in loose or gravelly soil. It seems to avoid sandy soil.
It matures its fruit in May and June.

The name C. varia I/uhl. formerly applied to this species was
referred by Prof. Bailey to C. Emmonsii Dew., and in its place he
substituted C. communis Bailey. This name was discarded in
the List of Plants of Northeastern North America, and C. pedi-
cellata Britton adopted in its stead.

87. Carex Emmonsii Dew.

Stems capillary, 3’-15’ high, suberect or procumbent, smooth;
basal sheaths dull purplish-brown, mostly green at the extremi-
ties, slightly fibrillose; leaves lax, about 4” wide or more, flat,
rough-margined, shorter than the culm or sometimes surpassing
it; staminate spike slender, subclavate, sessile about 38” long,

78 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

acute or obtuse, commonly pale, but dark brown in the variety ;
pistillate spikes 2--4, ovoid, sessile, the upper 2 contiguous, the
other distinct, densely 3-8 flowered, each with a scale-like bract,
the lowest often bristle-tipped, or rarely leaf like; perigynia tri-
angular-oval, pubescent, with a long slender base, contracted
above into a narrow, oblique, bifid beak, usually about the length
of the body; scale ovate-oblong, pointed, whitish, barely tinged
with brown, as long as the perigynium.

Commonly in dry places but sometimes in low wet soil. Com-
mon. May, June.

The species is easily recognized by its weak reclining or pros-
trate stems, contiguous or approximate pistillate spikes and short,
narrow, sessile, staminate spike.

Var. distincta /Zowe n. var. Light or glaucous green; stam-
inate spike linear 4” wide, 2’-5” long; pistillate spikes distinct,
2’--5” apart, the lowest with a green bract 2~4 times the length
of the spike, 3--5 flowered ; perigynia obovoid, minutely pubescent,
with a rather short, straight or oblique bifid beak, about the
length of the acute white scale.

This variety seems to be intermediate between the type and C.
Nove-Angliz.

Var. colorata. Differs from the type only in its dark purple
scales, which give a much darker color to the spikes than in the
type. Commonin Westchester county. It is C. varia MwAl. var.
colorata Bailey in the Manual.

89. Carex Nove-Angliz Schi.

Stoloniferous; stems 4’-12’ high, slender, diffuse or erect,
slightly rough above the middle, usually purple and a little
fibrillose at the base; leaves mostly shorter than the culm, }’-1”
wide, flat, erect or spreading, rough-margined, bright green;
staminate spike linear, 3’-6” long, 4” wide, short-peduncled or
subsessile, light brown; pistillate spikes 1-3, ovoid, densely
flowered, the upper 2 contiguous, or sometimes 3”-6” apart,
sessile or the lower one on a short pedicel, each with a scale-like
awned bract longer than the spike, the lowest distant, con-
spicuously stalked, subtended by a green filiform bract nearly or
fully equaling the culm; perigynia triangular obovoid, slightly
pubescent, tapering to a short base and abruptly contracted

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 79

above into a short, slender, bidentate beak, mostly covered by
the ovate acute or pointed whitish scale.

Damp soil in shaded hilly places. Rare. Rensselaer county.
June.

The distant lowest pistillate spike with its long slender green
bract and the very narrow short-peduncled staminate spike are
noticeable features of this species.

90. Carex Peckii Howe.

Strongly stoloniferous; stems 3’-18’ high, slender, erect or
spreading, smooth, purplish and lightly fibrillose at base ; leaves
mostly much shorter than the culm, 1’-1}” wide, open and flat,
soft, erect or spreading, rough-margined, bright green ; staminate
spike linear, 14’-3” long, sessile, often invisible, scales brown,
white-margined ; pistillate spikes 2-3, ovoid, sessile, 2-8 closely
flowered, the upper two crowded, usually concealing the stamin-
ate spike, each with a green setaceous or short-awned, divergent
bract mostly not longer than the spike, the lowest 1}’—2” distant,
subtended by a green divergent bract about twice the length of
the spike; perigynia triangular-elliptical, 1}’-2” long, }” broad,
hairy, with an evenly tapering base and a short bidentate beak,
longer than the ovate acute or cuspidate whitish or brownish
scale ; achenium exactly elliptical, }” wide, substipitate, the style
deciduous at its base.

Dry soil in woods and open places. May, June. Albany,
Essex, Jefferson, Cayuga and Yates counties.

This is C. Emmonsii Dew. var. elliptica Boott.

91. Carex deflexa Hornem.

Densely tufted; stems 2’-6’ high, capillary, curved, diffuse,
smooth; basal bracts acute or cuspidate fibrillose, dull brown or
purple; leaves shorter or longer than the culm, }” -1” wide, smooth,
open and flat ; staminate spike small and inconspicuous ; pistillate
spikes 1--3, usually 2, contiguous, 2-6 flowered, 1’-1}” in length
and thickness, green or brownish, the lowest slightly peduncled
with a green filiform bract 2”-4” long ; radical spikes occasional ;
perigynia pyriform, tri-costate, thinly pubescent, contracted
above into a short, flat, slightly curved or oblique beak, a little
exceeding the ovate acute or acutish, green and purple glume.

80 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Adirondack mountains. July.

It forms small dense tufts, the short capillary stems often being
prostrate at maturity, the longer leaves partly concealing the fruit ;
or, they are suberect, and the spikes drooping; by which, and the
apparent absence of the sterile spikes, this delicate species may
be readily known.

Var. Deanei Bailey. Stems 6’-12’ high, mostly longer than
the leaves; staminate spike 2”--3” long, less than }” wide, often
oblique; pistillate spikes 4-8 flowered, 2’-3” apart, the lowest
conspicuously stalked, its bract leaf-like and longer than the culm ;
radical spikes few or numerous.

Adirondack mountains.

92. Carex Richardsonii 2. Br.

Stoloniferous; stems 4’-9’ high, stiff, erect or recurved-spreading,
rough; basal bracts dull purple or tawny; leaves shorter than or
as long as the culm, 1’-14” wide, smooth, rough margined, their
extremities often involute, stiff, erect or recurved-spreadin g ; stam-
inate spike clavate, about 1’ long, on a short stalk or subsessile,
conspicuously mottled ; pistillate spikes 1--2, 3’--9” long, densely
flowered, approximate, erect, the lowest on an included stalk,
its sheath (or bract) 6’-9” long, acute or acuminate, usually cover-
ing the lowest scale, dark purple or brown; perigynia subglobose
or obovoid, thickly pubescent, obscurely nerved, with a long
tapering base, contracted above into ashort point with an entire
or erose orifice; scale ovate-oblong, obtuse, purplish-brown with
scarious margins. :

Dry ground. Rare. Monroe county.

This species seems to be quite local. It is, however, well
marked by its purplish bracts and by its spikes appearing as if
spotted with purple or brownish-purple.

93. Carex pubescens Mui.

Stems 1°-2° high, erect, hairy; leaves shorter than the culm
14’-2}” wide, pubescent, dull green ; staminate spike subclavate,
on a peduncle 3’-6” long, erect, tawny; pistillate spikes 2-4,
oblong or short cylindrical, subdensely flowered, 5’-9” long,
approximate, the upper 2 sessile or nearly so, the lowest on stalks
3’—6” in length, all erect ; bracts conspicuous, the upper setaceous,

the lowest leaf-like, 1-2’ long; perigynia acutely triangular-

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 81

obovate, densely hairy, 2” long, #” wide, obscurely nerved, with a
prominent bifid beak, a little longer than the oblong-ovate, cus-
pidate white scale.

Wet, grassy places. Common. June.

It is distinguished from the other species of this group by its
larger size and general pubescence.

Staminate spike single, stalked, often fertile at the apex; pistil-
late spikes 3-5, cylindrical, densely or loosely flowered on a
straight or flexuous rachis, all on filiform more or less drooping
peduncles; bracts sheathing, longer or shorter than the culm;
perigynia obtusely or sharply triangular ovate or fusiform with
a long tapering beak, slightly inflated.

Pistillate spikes densely flowered.........secceesecees 1
Pistillate spikes loosely flowered. ............-+eeeeees 2

1 Spikes clavate or cylindrical, green, perigynia sharply
ANOICOR telatelelaate\croerteievc tisiere.et alee Wx sleis nisiainrsaeecevaree prasina,
1 Spikes cylindrical, fulvous, perigynia obtusely angled... castanea,
a Reximymia short-stalked! o/s ste/sieieis «10, aisis.0(e «sie a.eje@ arctata.
DE LOTS VINE IRESAN GR ya ate steh aefo/sieiaicisiawinie.c’e.e sie b's,e says: oss 3
3 Perigynia tapering into a long beak ...............45. debilis.
3 Perigynia contracted into a rather short beak.......... glabra,

94. Carex prasina Wahi.

Stems 15’-30’ high, slender, often diffuse, slightly scabrous on
the acute angles; leaves shorter than the culm, rough at ihe sum-
mit and on the margins, 14” wide or less; staminate spike cylin-
drical or club-shaped, 1’-1}’ long, on a filiform peduncle }’-1’ in
length, mostly drooping, often with a few pistillate flowers at
the apex; pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, }’-11’ long, densely
flowered or loosely flowered at the base, on filiform nodding
stalks, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, the lowest remote ona
peduncle 1}4’-2}’ in length; bracts leafy, the lower ones usually
surpassing the culm, the upper 1 or 2 often slender, scarcely
exceeding the spike; perigynia acutely triangular, few-nerved,
tapering each way from below the middle, terminating above in
a short, smooth, minutely-notched or entire beak, exceeding the
oblong-ovate, acute or cuspidate white scale; achenium
triangular-elliptical, apiculate.

Moist or wet fields and woods. Common. May, June.

1l

82 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

The pistillate spikes, when fresh, are pa'e green and more
densely flowered than in any of the other members of this group.
This is C. miliacea MuAl. of the older botanies.

95. Carex arctata Booitt.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect-spreading or diffuse, smooth,
somewhat stoloniferous, basal bracts dark purple ; leaves mostly
shorter than the culm, radical leaves numerous, 1}$’-5" wide,
smooth, rough-margined ; staminate spike linear, 6’-9” long, its
filiform stalk 5’-8” in length, often inconspicuous; pistillate
spikes 3-5, $’-1}’ long, loosely flowered on a flexuous rachis, all
on drooping peduncles }’-3’ long, scattered, or the upper 2
approximate, the highest usually extending above the staminate
spike, the lowest remote; bracts leafy, sheathing, or the upper
mostly filiform, equaling or extending above the culm ; perigynia
ovate, stipitate, nerved, obtusely angled, tapering to a short
bidentate beak, longer than the white, acute or cuspidate scale ;
achenium obovoid, apiculate.

Woods and shaded banks. Common. May, June.

The stipitate perigynia constitute a distinguishing feature of
this species.

C. arctata x castanea Bailey. Pubescent; spikes 1” wide,
loosely flowered, green or yellowish, somewhat approximate,
erect-spreading or drooping ; perigynia ovate, nerved, hairy, with
a short bifid beak a little exceeding the acute whitish scale.
(C. Knieskernii Dew.) In the List of the Plants of Northeastern
North America this stands as C. arctata x formosa Bailey.

96. Carex debilis Mz.

Stems 1°-21° high, slender, erect or spreading, smooth, some-
times stoloniferous; leaves shorter or longer than the culm,
14”-2” wide, spreading, rough ; staminate spike linear, pistillate
at the summit, short-stalked or subsessile ; pistillate spikes 3-5,
linear or narrowly cylindrical, loosely flowered on a flexuous
rachis 1/-3' long, the 2 or 3 upper approximate on drooping
stalks }/-2’ in length, or the highest nearly erect, the lowest
remote, pendulous on a penducle 2’—3’ long, rarely branched at
the base ; bracts leafy, sheathing, exceeding or equaling the culm;
perigynia fusiform, nerved, 3” long, tapering into a long slender

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 83

hyaline bifid beak, twice the length of the obtuse or acutish
white scale; achenium exactly elliptical, stipitate, apiculate.

Fields and woods. Very common. June, July.

The species is distinguished by its long flexuous fertile spikes
and its spindle-shaped perigynia.

Var. strictior Bailey. Stems taller and mostly erect; leaves
firmer, 2” wide, spikes stiff and erect or erect-spreading ; peri-
gynia deep green, a little longer than the scale.

Var. interjecta Bailey. Stems tall, erect; pistillate spikes
nearly erect, often compound at base, alternately flowered ; peri-
gynia shorter than in the type. Differs from the last in its nar-
rower leaves and more loosely flowered spikes.

97. Carex glabra Boott.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading,
smooth ; basal bracts dark purple; leaves about the length of the
culm or less, 1’-1}” wide, rough, bright green; staminate spike
linear, 1’ long or more, short-peduncled, often fertile at the apex;
pistillate spikes 3-4, cylindrical, flexuous, subloosely flowered,
1’-14’ long, the upper 2 approximate, the lowest remote, all on
filiform drooping peduncles 1’—6’ long, or the uppermost short-
stalked and suberect; bracts leafy or the upper ones filiform,
sheathing, usually exceeding the culm; perigynia narrowly
oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, nerved, 24’-3” or more in length,
gradually tapering into an empty sharply bidentate beak, twice
the length of the obtuse brown-margined scale,

Wet places. Rare. June,July. Oneida and Otsego counties.

The few flowered slightly tlexuous fertile spikes and the large
perigynia are characteristic of this species, which approaches
C debilis in appearance.

98. Carex castanea Wail.

Stoloniferous ; stems 1°-2° high, erect, acutely angled, lightly
pubescent, basal bracts dull brown, pubescent; stem leaves 1’—3’
in length, the radical half as long as the culm or more, 14’-2”
broad, soft-hairy, conspicuously veined, glaucous or fulvous-green;
staminate spike clavate, usually acutish at each end, 6’—9” long, on
a stiff stalk $’-1’ in length, bright brown; pistillate spikes 2-4,
oblong, or cylindrical, densely flowered, sometimes sterile at the
apex or base, 4/1’ long, 2” wide, the upper 2 or 3 aggregated on

84 7 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

drooping stalks 3’-1’ in length, the lowest distant and pendulous ;
bracts variable, the lowest leafy, 2’-3’ long, sheathing, the upper
setaceous; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, 24” long, turgid, 2-ribbed,
obscurely nerved, spreading, tapering into a long smooth or
roughish, mostly entire beak, about one-third longer than the
acute, fringed, brown scale.

Very rare. May, June. Oneida and Herkimer counties.

Well marked by its glaucous leaves, and its short, yellowish or
brown spikes, the upper subtended by setaceous bracts. This
is C. flexilis Rudge in the older botanies.

Perigynia moderately inflated.

Staminate spikes 1-4, the terminal stalked; pistillate spikes
2-5, sessile or short-stalked (the lower ones long-stalked in 99),
approximate or distant, ovoid, oblong or cylindrical ; bracts leafy,
loager or shorter than the culm; perigynia ovoid or oblong-
conic, nerved, smooth or pubescent, somewhat coriaceous in tex-
ture, with a short bifid beak.

Perigynia scabro-pubescent........ccccccssecsesecce scabrata,
Perigynia smooth or granular, pistillate spikes distant,

Une vncossocdo hones oA Sdoacno8d Sosso0 10 GG SHOHe polymorpha.
Oni vis PUDESCOMG ares sin (atatat= cininiere otelsielalsteleiaetetetsie iets 1
Perigynia smooth or slightly rough, spikes not purple. . 2

1 Pistillate spikes cylindrical, leaves involute ........... filiformis.
1 Pistillate spikes cylindrical, leaves not involute....... 3
3 Leaves and bracts exceeding the culm.............. lanuginosa.
3 Leaves and bracts shorter than the culm............ 4
4 Spikes ovoid or oblong, approximate................. vestita.
4 Spikes oblong-cylindrical, distant.............-..008 Houghtonii
2 Pistillate spikes 6’-12” long, 2”—4” wide, leaves involute. striata.
2 Pistillate spikes 2'-3’ long, 4”-5” wide, Jeaves flat.... riparia,

99. Carex scabrata Schw.

Stems 1°-2° high, rather stout, rough on the angles; leaves
numerous, the upper ones surpassing the culm, 2”-3” wide, rough,
light-green; staminate spike clavate, 6’-9” long, its peduncle
2’-6” in length ; pistillate spikes 3-5, cylindrical, densely flowered
above, thinly at the base, approximate or scattered, the upper 2
sessile and erect, the others on erect or spreading stalks }/—2}’ in
length; bracts leafy, sheathless or sometimes the upper ones
short-filiform, the lowest surpassing the culm; perigynia ovoid,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 85

nerved, slightly turgid, scabro-pubescent, contracted into a short
obliquely toothed beak, exceeding the ovate acute or cuspidate
brown scale; achenium obovate, acutely triangular.

Scattered or in patches along streams and in wet places.
Common. June.

A rather coarse but bright-green species with the fertile spikes
of a bristly or squarrose appearance when mature, It is some-
what stoloniferous.

100. Carex filiformis Z.

Stems 1°-3° high, slender, erect, obtusely angled, mostly
smooth; basal bracts 1/21’ in length, pointed, purplish-brown,
more or less fibrillose ; leaves 1’-14” wide, carinate, prominently
grooved, smooth, rough-margined, becoming doubled or involute
when dry, shorter than the culm, the radical ones numerous and
longer; staminate spikes 1-3, rarely 4, clavate or cylindrical,
1/-2’ in length, on a slender peduncle 1’-2}’ long, subtended by a
scale-like, bristle-tipped, or short setaceous bract ; pistillate spikes
1-4, usually 2, cylindrical, densely flowered, or sometimes loosely
at the base, subdistant or remote, sessile, or the lowest short-
stalked, often staminate at the apex, }’-1}’ in length ; perigynia
obtusely triangular, ovoid, nerved, of a thick coriaceous texture,
densely pubescent or tomentose, slightly inflated, contracted into
a short, sharply toothed beak, mostly covered by the ovate
lanceolate, pointed or rough cuspidate brown scale, the latter
usually widely spreading at maturity.

Swamps and wet meadows. Common. June, July.

This species may be recognized by the long sterile, and gray-
ish fertile spikes, and by the usually erect, narrow, carinate
leaves. It seems to prefer culd elevated swamps and bogs,
though by no means limited to them.

101. Carex lanuginosa Mz.

Stems 1°-2° high, stout, erect, acutely angled, roughish above
the middle; root stock somewhat creeping ; leaves open and flat,
smooth, 1’-1}” wide, shorter shan the culm; staminate spikes
1-3, 1/-11/ long on siti peduncles }’-1}’ in length; pistillate
spikes 2-4, }’-1’ in length, 2}’-3” thick, densely flowered, cylin-
drical, the uppermost usually sessile, the lower distant on short
stalks, or the lowest remote cn a slender peduncle 1’”-1}’ long,

86 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

spreading or suberect, the others mostly ascending; bracts
leafy, the lowest sheathing, longer or shorter than the culm;
perigynia ovate, nerved, densely hairy, abruptly contracted into
a short bidentate beak, about the length of the ovate cuspidate
brown spreading scale.

Wet meadows, marshes and swales. Not rare. June.

This differs from the preceding in its open flat leaves, shorter
bracts and stalked fertile spikes. The carinate or involute leaves
of the former cause them to appear to be much more narrow
than those of this species,-which is considered by some to be a
mere variety of C. filiformis.

102, Carex vestita Willd.

Stoloniferous; stems 1°--3° high, rigid, acutely angled, rough
at the summit; basal bracts fibrillose ; leaves 1’-14” broad, rough,
shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1--2, clavate, mostly
sessile, }’--14’ long; pistillate spikes 2-4, ovoid or short-oblong,
5’-9” in length, compactly flowered, approximate or distant,
rarely remote, sessile, erect, frequently with a few staminate
flowers at the apex; bracts leafy, as long as the spikes, or the
lowest 1}’ long; perigynia ovate, nerved, densely hispid-pubes-
cent, contracted into a short beak, tae white orifice erose or
slightly notched; scale ovate, cuspidate, brown with a white
margin.

Wet or dry sandy places. Rather rare. Albany, Richmond
and Suffolk counties.

It is credited by Dr. Torrey to the western counties of the
State, but if there, it must be very scarce.

103. Carex polymorpha Muhi

Stems 1°--2° high, stout, strict, acutely angled, smooth; leaves
1’-6’ long or more, 1’--3” broad, smooth; staminate spikes 1--4,
the terminal short or long-peduncled, clavate, }’-1’ long, fre-
quently with a few pistillate flowers at the base ; pistillate spikes
1-2, usually cylindrical, densely flowered, occasionally sterile at
the apex, }’--1}’ long, on exserted erect stalks }’--1’ in length;
bracts leafy, sheathing, mostly as long as the spike; perigynia
oblong-ovate, nerved, conspicuously turgid, minutely papillose or
smooth, abruptly contracted into a slender purplish beak with

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 87

an oblique, entire or slightly notched orifice, longer than the
ovate, obtuse, dark purple scale.

“Western counties.” Dr. Torrey in the N. Y. State Flora.
It does not appear to have been collected in the State recently.

104. Carex striata Mz.

Stoloniferous; stems 15’--30' high, stiff and erect, acutely
angled, rough near the summit; basal bracts purple, fibrillose;
leaves shorter or longer than the culm, 1’-2” wide, the upper sur-
face rough, involute when dry ; staminate spikes 2-3, the terminal
one 1’-2’ long, short stalked or subsessile, the lowest with a seta-
ceous bract 4’--1' in length; pistillate spikes 1-2, distant or
remote, the highest sessile, the lowest short-peduncled, densely
or subdensely flowered, 9’--18” long, erect; bracts leafy, shorter
or longer than the culm, or the highest about equaling it; peri-
gynia oblong-ovate or subglobose, prominently nerved, smooth or
roughish with a scattered pubescence, somewhat divergent,
abruptly contracted into a short bifid beak with whitish teeth,
about twice the length of the ovate, obtuse or acute, thin scale.

Wet places and boggy shores of ponds. Suffolk county. June.

Var. brevis Bailey. More slender, the leaves and bracts shorter
and narrower (L” wide), the fertile spikes narrower, the highest
sometimes sterile at the apex and the perigynia pubescent ; other-
wise like the type.

105. Carex Houghtonii 7orrey.

Stoloniferous; stems 1°--2° high, stiff, erect, acutely angled,
rough at the summit; leaves shorter than the culm, 1’--2” wide,
rough-margined ; staminate spikes 1--2, clavate, the terminal one
on a stiff peduncle }’--1’ long, the lowest often with a setaceous
or bristleform bract as long as the spike or longer; pistillate
spikes 1-3, cylindrical or short oblong, subdensely flowered,
34/-1’ long, subdistant, the upper two sessile, the lowest on an
exserted stalk 3’—9” in length, all erect ; bracts leafy, sheathless,
or the lowest short-sheathed, equaling or exceeding the culm;
perigynia broadly ovate, prominently nerved, rough-pubescent,
abruptly contracted into a short, slender, sharply toothed beak,
a little exceeding the ovate pointed or rough-awned brown scale ;
achenium broadly obovate, minutely dotted.

88 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Sandy soil. Rare. Essex and Saratoga counties. June, July.
Sometimes the mature perigynia become reddish-brown or
almost chestnut color.

106. Carex riparia Curtis.

Stoloniferous ; stems 2°-3}° high, stout, acutely angled, rough
above the middle, flaccid at the base; leaves longer than the
culm, 2’-5" wide, mostly smooth on the upper surface, rough
beneath, erect or spreading, glaucous; staminate spikes 2-5,
cylindrical, the highest 14’ in length on a stalk 1’ long or less,
the lowest with a setaceous bract 1/-1}’ long; pistillate spikes
2-4, densely flowered, or loosely at the base, cylindrical or
clavate, 1}’-3’ long, 4”—5” thick, distant, the uppermost subsessile,
the others short-peduncled, all erect, or the lowest sometimes
spreading; bracts leafy, equaling or exceeding the culm;
perigynia oblong-conical, finely nerved, smooth, gradually taper-
ing into a short conical bidentate beak, a little longer than the
ovate-lanceolate, awned scale; achenium narrowly obovate,
apiculate.

Bogs, swamps and wet places. Common. June.

This is readily determined by the large erect spikes and
oblong-conical, finely-nerved, olive-brown perigynia. It is
C. lacustris Willd.

Staminate spikes 1-5, stalked or the lower ones sessile, rarely
fertile at the apex; pistillate spikes 1-4, cylindrical or short-
oblong, densely or subdensely flowered, subapproximate, distant
or remote, sessile or nearly so, erect; bracts leafy, the lower
short-sheathing or sheathless, mostly surpassing the culm;
perigynia turgid, ovate-lanceolate, nerved, pubescent or smooth,
with a long bifureate beak, the teeth mostly recurved-spreading.

Poripy nia SMOOt, 5). x\siscsclenis s aiajeis eieiew ae Sete ays ciate s aristata.
Perigy Nia SNAIL a. seteaiiecmaerencnaeines cuter cetatsteie 1
Lastaminate/apikess 12) faaak aeres wifes ere eit eis efsceieje,atereies hirta.
LoStaminate spikes! 2Q—Bic.is/ereie,aisi a's s\, cralsiojare wsiehelaieisiaisie’s trichocarpa.

107. Carex hirta Z.
Stoloniferous; stems 8’-24’ high, slender, erect or spreading,
smooth below the summit, obtusely angled ; leaves shorter than
the culm, or, in low forms, the radical surpassing it, 1’-1}” wide,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 89

scabro-pubescent, densely hairy on the sheaths, light green;
staminate spikes 1-2, cylindrical, 4/-1}’ long, on a slender
peduncle 1’-2’ in length, the lowest }’ long and sessile; pistillate
spikes 1-3, distant or remote, the highest sessile, the lowest on
an included stalk 4’-1’ in length, erect, subdensely flowered,
#11’ long; bracts leafy, the lowest sheathing, surpassing the
culm ; perigynia ovate-oblong or lanceolate, prominently nerved,
turgid, downy-pubescent, 3’ long, tapering into a long slender
bifurcate beak, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale.

Introduced. Rare or local. Cayuga county. June, July.

It is separated from the next by its light green foliage and
downy sheaths, and by its fewer, softer fertile spikes.

108. Carex trichocarpa Muhl.

Stems 2°-3° high, rigidly erect, acutely angled, smooth or his-
pid on the angles above; leaves stiff, rough, 2’—3” wide, longer
than the culm; staminate spikes 2-5, linear or subclavate, }/-1}’
long, the terminal short-stalked, rarely with a few fertile flowers
at the base or apex, the lowest, which is frequently the longest,
with a bristleform bract, each tapering to an acute apex; pistil-
late spikes 2-4, distant, short-peduncled, or the highest subsessile,
erect, cylindrical, closely flowered above, somewhat loosely at the
base, 1/-21’ long or more; bracts leafy, sheathless, longer than
the culm; perigynia oblong-ovate, prominently nerved, hispidly
pubescent, gradually tapering into a long bifurcate beak, the
teeth sharp and spreading; scale ovate-lanceolate, thin, brown
with scarious margins, shorter than the perigynium; achenium
obovate, apiculate, smooth.

Marshes and wet places. Common. June, July.

Prominently marked by its 2-5 narrow acute sessile sterile
spikes, and its rough-hairy, deeply cleft perigynia.

Var. imberbis Gray. A reduced form with rough sheaths,
smooth perigynia and mostly longer scales.

109. Carex aristata R. Br.

Stems 1°-24° high, erect, stout, acutely angled, smooth below
the spikes; leaves longer than the culm, 1}’-3” wide, smooth,
rough on the margins, stiff, yellowish green; staminate spikes
1-4, club-shaped, the uppermost on a stalk }’-1’ long; pistillate

12.

90 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

spikes 2-4, distant, the upper two sessile, the lowest on a short
included stalk, densely flowered, 9’-24” in length; bracts leafy,
the lowest sheathing, mostly longer than the culm; perigynia
oblong-ovate, smooth, prominently nerved, 3’-3}” in length,
gradually tapering into a long and slender bifurcate beak, the
awn-like teeth recurved, a little longer than the ovate-lanceolate,
hispidly-awned scale; achenium elliptical, apiculate, very minutely
papillose.

Very rare. June. Jefferson county.

Staminate spike solitary; pistillate spikes cylindrical, pendu-
lous; perigynia stipitate, lanceolate, finely and densely nerved,
with a slender deeply cleft beak, strongly reflexed at maturity.

Perigynia with long, very strongly recurved teeth. . comosa.
Perigynia with long straightish or divergent teeth.. Pseudo-Cyperus,

110. Carex comosa Boott.

Stems 2°-3° high, robust, erect, acutely angled, flaccid at the
base, rough above the middle, smooth below; leaves surpassing
the culm, 4”—5” broad or more, rough toward the extremities ;
staminate spike cylindrical, 1}’—1}?’ in length, subsessile or short-
stalked, with a filiform bract mostly exceeding the culm;
pistillate spikes 3-5, 1’-24’ long, 5’-7” wide, compactly flowered,
the upper two, or sometimes three, approximate, the lowest dis-
tant or remote, all on slender pendulous peduncles, frequently
sterile at the apex; bracts leafy, sheathless, surpassing the
culm; perigynia stipitate, lanceolate, densely nerved, gradually
tapering into a long, slender bifurcate beak, the awn-like teeth
strongly recurved; perigynia reflexed at maturity ; scale lanceo-
late, bristle-tipped, a little shorter than the perigynium.

Shores and wet places. Common. July, August.

The strongly recurved teeth of the reflexed perigynia, the
former as conspicuous at the time of flowering as at maturity,
are characteristic of this species, which is closely allied to the
next following one, of which, by some, it is considered a variety.

111. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus ZL.
Stems 2°-3° high, stout, sharply angled, smooth below the
spikes, slightly flaccid at the base; leaves rongh, 2’-4” wide,
much surpassing the culm; staminate spike cylindrical, 1}’-24’ in

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 91

length, short-peduncled, with a filiform bract one-half the length
of the spike or more; pistillate spikes 2-5, compactly flowered,
exactly cylindrical, 2’—3’ in length, usually one or more compound
at the base and sometimes sterile at the apex, the upper ones
mostly approximate and the lowest distant, all pendulous on fili-
form peduncles 4’—2’ long ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, rough on
both surfaces, much surpassing the culm; perigynia triangular-
lanceolate, prominently nerved, smooth, stalked, gradually
tapering into a short forked beak, the sharp teeth straight or
spreading ; scale lanceolate, rough-awned, about the length of the
perigynia which are strongly reflexed at maturity.

Shores and wet places. Common. July, August.

Closely like the preceding when mature, but the spikes are
Mnore evenly cylindrical, and the teeth of the perigynia less
spreading, and not so strongly recurved. Also, in its early stage
it has been contounded with the next fullowing species, which it
resembles, but 1ts longer spikes and peduncles should distinguish it.

Perigynia much inflated.

Staminate spike single (rarely 2), stalked, sometimes fertile at
the summit or base; pistillate spikes 1-4, approximate, or the
lowest distant and spreading, the upper subsessile and suberect or
all on short stalks, spreading or drooping, densely flowered,
squarrose.

Pistillate spikes erect, 3” wide, perigynia 8-nerved .., Baileyi.
Pistillate spikes 6” wide, perigynia 10-nerved ........ tentaculata.
Pistillate spikes 5’--6” wide, the lower drooping ...... hystricina,

112 Carex hystricina Muhi.

Stems 15’/-24’ high, erect, acutely angled, rough above the
middle or near the summit, smooth and flaccid at the base ; leaves
mostly surpassing the culm, 14’-3” wide, rough above the middle
and on the margins ; staminate spike single (rarely 2), cylindrical,
1’_2/ long, mostly short-peduncled, light brown ; pistillate spikes
9-3, oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, #’-1}’ long, the
lowest often with 1 or 2 short branches at the base, approximate,
the uppermost subsessile and spreading, the others on short nod-
ding peduncles; bracts leaf-like, with obsolete sheaths, much
surpassing the culm; or the highest often filiform and about
equaling it; perigynia ovoid or ovate-lanceolate, smooth, many-

92 REPORT OF TH® STATE BOTANIS!.

nerved, gradually tapering into a long, sharply toothed beak; scale,
ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned, shorter than the widely divergent
or horizontally spreading perigynia. :

Wet places. Very common. June, July.

This species may be distinguished from the next by its longer-
stalked drooping spikes and by its smaller, many-nerved peri-
gynia. In cold, springy, sterile soil a small form occurs with
only one or two fertile spikes which are erect and nearly sessile.
The scales of the sterile spikes of this species and C. Pseudo-
Cyperus are strikingly alike.

113. Carex tentaculata, WMuhil.

Stems 18’-30’ high, erect or spreading, acutely angled above
the middle, rough at the summit, mostly smooth below; leaves
1}’-3” wide, rough, longer than the culm ; staminate spike linear,
very rarely with an additional short spike at its base, 14’-24’
long, short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-4, compactly flowered,
ovoid-cylindrical, 1/-14’ long, the upper two contiguous, sessile
or nearly so, erect or divergent, the others approximate or the
lowest sometimes remote on a short stalk, horizontally spreading ;
bracts leaf-like, far surpassing the culm; perigynia turgid-ovoid,
thin, about 10-nerved, widely divergent when mature, tapering
into a long, slender, roughly-toothed beak, about twice the length
of the linear-lanceolate, rough-awned scale; achenium ovoid,
minutely papillose, with a long curved persistent style.

Wet places. Very common. June, July.

This species may be identified by the short-stalked, horizontally-
spreading lowest spike, and by the spreading, slender beaks of
the perigynia, which give to the spikes a coarse, comose appear.
ance. The name ©. lurida, WaA/., is applied to this plant in the
last edition of the Manual. Iarely the staminate spike is fertile
at the apex.

Var. flaccida (Bailey). Smaller, with 2-4 loosely flowered,
approximate, sessile spikes 1’ long or less; the fruit longer than
in the type and less abruptly contracted into the beak; the
spikes of a dull or reddish-brown color

Var. parvula Paine. A diminutive form 5’-10’ high with one
or two globose or ovoid sessile densely flowered reddish-brown
spikes.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 93

C. tentaculata X lupulina (Bailey.). Resembles C. lupulina,
but is every way smaller; staminate spike stalked, pistillate
spikes approximate, sessile, erect-spreading, dull yellowish or
greenish; perigynia turgid-ovate, about 15-nerved, the long
slender beaks widely divergent; scales with long rough awns
shorter than the perigynia.

In a meadow bog in Poestenkill with the above-named species
and C. hystricina, the latter being the most abundant.

114. Carex Baileyi Britton.

Stems 19’-20’ high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth or
rough near the spikes; leaves 1’-1}” wide, rough, longer than the
culm; staminate spike linear, 4/-1’ long, short-stalked or sessile;
pistillate spikes 1-3, compactly flowered, ovoid or exactly cylin-
drical, 4-14’ in length, 2’-3” thick, rigidly erect, sessile, or the
lowest subsessile ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, far surpassing the
culm; perigynia turgid-globular, about eight-nerved, evenly
divergent, very abruptly contracted with a long, slender biden-
tate beak, a little exceeding the long, rough-awned scale; achen-
ium triangular-elliptical, tapering to each end, minutely papillose,
with a strongly curved style. (C. tentaculata var. gracilis Boott,
CO. lurida var. gracilis Bailey.)

Swamps and wet places. Adirondack mountains. July.

This slender handsome species bears but a slight resemblance
to the preceding, of which it was long ago made a variety by
Dr. Boott; nor have intermediate forms been found which might
possibly connect it with that species. On the other hand, it has,
since it was first discovered, maintained its perfect identity as a
mountain-loving species. It does not appear to descend into the
lower regions, where the other species is so common. Even
dwarf forms of the allied species have their fertile spikes thicker
than those of the most luxuriant forms of this, and the two main-
tain their distinctive characters when growing side by side and
under similar conditions. The name C. montamans was given to
this species in the manuscript of this Report, but owing to the
delay in its publication it becomes necessary to substitute for it
the earlier published name of Prof. Britton.

Pistillate spikes 9’-12” broad, erect on stiff peduncles or the
upper sessile; bracts prominently sheathing; perigynia 6” long
and 2” broad, ascending. Spikes hop-like in appearance.

94 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Pistillate spikes 1/-2/ long, achenia without prominent

mammillate angles........... Aodon os obmoULSGu Aaa" lupulina.
Pistillate spikes 2’-3’ long, achenia distinctly mammil-
Tate ON ste ANPIES vereyacin careers sols cveiatel¢ oiololelaictaiavale tals lupuliformis.

115. Carex lupulina Muh.

Stoloniferous ; stems 2°-3° high, erect, robust, acutely angled,
smooth ; leaves 3’-6” broad or more, smooth, rough-mar-
gined, conspicuously nodose, reticulated on the upper surface,
much surpassing the culm; staminate spike single (rarely
two), cylindrical, 1’-3’ in length on a peduncle 4’-14’ long;
pistillate spikes 2-6, closely flowered, 1’—2’ long, 8-10” broad,
the upper ones approximate, short-stalked or sessile, the others
somewhat scattered and longer peduncled, or sometimes all sessile
or nearly so, the lowest usually on a stalk $’-14’ long; bracts
leaf like, prominently sheathing, mush surpassing the culm ; peri-
gynia ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously stipitate, prominently
nerved, thin, 6’-9” long, erect-spreading, gradually tapering into
a long bidentate beak, nearly twice the length of the lanceolate,
awn-pointed scale; achenium triquetrous, sharply angled, stipitate,
about 14” long, scarcely 1” broad, tapering each way from the
middle, the apex continuous with the persistent tortuous base of
the style.

Swamps and water holes. Common. July.

Var. pedunculata Dew. Differs in its more scattered promi-
nently peduncled spikes, its usually long-stalked sterile spike and
the more divergent perigynia.

C. lupulina x retrorsa Dudley. Perigynia straw-colored, hori-
zontally spreading ; scale acute or short-awned.

116. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell.

Stems 2°-3° high, stout, smooth, usually stoloniferous; leaves
longer than the culm, 3’-6” wide, smooth, rough-margined ;
staminate spike clavate, 1}’-3’ long, often long-stalked ; pistillate
spikes 2-5, mostly 4, cylindrical, closely flowered, the upper 3
contiguous, sessile, the others short-peduncled, the lowest distant
or remote on an exserted stalk }’-1’ in length, all erect and stiff,
2'-3’ long, 9”-12” broad or more; bracts fcliaceous, sheathing,
far surpassing the culm; perigynia ovate-acuminate, 5’—9” long,
much inflated, strongly nerved, thin, more or less spreading,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 95

tapering from a stalked base into a long cylindrical, bidentate
beak, about twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate, pointed or
rough-awned scale; achenium nearly as broad as long, with a
mammillate protuberance on each angle, and a long curved style.
(C. lupulina var. polystachya Schw. and Torr.)

Marshes. Rare. Yates and Putnam cvunties. July.

The long spikes and peculiar achenia characterize this species.

Perigynia moderately or much inflated, ascending, divergent
or deflexed.

Staminate spike single (rarely 2), clavate, stalked or sessile,
rarely androgynous; pistillate spikes 1-5, globose, oblong or
short cylindrical, sometimes sterile at the apex, compactly sub-
densely or alternately flowered, sessile or peduncled, erect or
spreading, the upper contiguous or approximate, the others dis-
tinct or scattered or all scattered, green or yello-vish-green at
maturity ; bracts leaf-like, with conspicuous or obsolete sheaths,
erect or divaricate, longer than the culm; perigynia ovoid, lan-
ceolate or awl-shaped, nerved, mostly smooth with a short notched
or long bifurcate beak.

Spikes short-cylindrical, leaves involute .......+.++++ extensa,

Spikes globose or ovoid, distant, bracts sheathing..... 1
Spikes globose or oblong, contiguous above, bracts

DRO lateteterarcicicts ee cls a's ciclereheieje sibleis/s\elnnvinlseisieieeie:s 2

1 Spikes 4-8, distant, perigynia awl-shaped.........- sae Collinsii.
1 Spikes subdensely or densely flowered, perigynia not

oywikeeatel Seeaodoadd dobonoe ote Cou doce oCnOOnTn 3

8 Leaves 27-6" wide........cce.ceeseceessce scree folliculata.

3 Leaves about 1” wide ...........-+ eee eeeee cece Michauxiana,

2 Spikes 3-8-flowered, leaves involute .......-.++++++5 oligosperma,

2 Spikes more than 8-flowered, leaves not involute ..... 4

4 Perigynia deflexed when mature, its beak bent..... flava.

4 Perigynia with a straight beak ........-.+++++e0 5

5 Perigynia small, with a short, minutely notched beak. . (deri.

5 Perigynia much inflated, 6’—-8” long ......+++++++++> 6

6 Spikes 15-30 flowered, perigynia 25-30 nerved .... Grayii.

6 Spikes 3-12 flowered, perigynia 15-20 nerved...... intumescens.

117 Carex Grayii Carey.
Stems 12/-30’ high, stout, acutely angled above, smooth ;
leaves surpassing the culm, 4’-3” wide, rough, light green ; stam-

96 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

inate spike linear or sub-clavate, 1’ long, often inconspicuous,
sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, densely
flowered, globular, contiguous or subdistant the uppermost ses-
sile, the lower short-peduncled, erect, 6’—9” thick; bracts leafy,
longer than the culm; perigynia turgid-ovate or ovoid, 25-380
nerved, 6”-9” long, smooth, widely spreading and deflexed, taper-
ing into a long bidentate, beak, about twice the length of the
broadly ovate, acute scale.

Wet places in the central and western part of the State, rare
in the eastern part. July.

The large yellowish-green spikes, mostly contiguous and of a
bur-like aspect, sufficiently mark this fine species. It is related
to the next following species to which it has sometimes been sub-
joined as a variety. It is C. Asa-Grayi Bailey.

Var. hispidula Gray. Perigynia hispidly-pubescent. Greene
county.

118 Carex intumescens Rudge.

Stems 15’-30’ high, slender, erect, acutely angled, smooth be-
low the middle, sometimes with a few short stolons; leaves
14’-3” broad, rough, longer than the culm, dark green ; staminate
spike cylindrical, #’/-2’ in length, subsessile or on a stalk }’—1}’
long; pistillate spikes 1-3, 5-10 loosely or subdensely flowered
(rarely 1-8 flowered), globular, contiguous or approximate, ses-
sile or the lowest on a short stalk 3’-6’ in length, dark green,
often becoming blackish in drying; bracts leafy, sheathless,
much surpassing the culm ; perigynia turgid-ovoid, 15-20 nerved,
widely spreading, tapering into a long, smooth or roughish bi-
dentate beak, about twice longer than the oblong-ovate cuspi-
date scale.

Wet places in fields or woods. Very common. June, July.

This species has more slender culms, darker foliage, fewer
flowered spikes and fewer nerved perigynia than C. Grayii, to
which it is closely related. It is quite variable. In shaded
places there is a very slender form with one to three perigynia
in a spike; also in open places there is a very slender form with
two to three scattered spikes having one to five rather small
perigynia in each. These sometimes assume a reddish-brown
color even before maturity.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 97

119. Carex folliculata Z.

Stems 15’-30’ high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves 2-6” wide,
rough beneath, the lowest short and long-sheathing, the upper
surpassing the culm; staminate spike small and often inconspicu-
ous, }’ long or more, sessile or short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes
3-4, 10-20 subloosely flowered, globose-ovoid, 5’-8” broad,
approximate, distant or remote, the uppermost sessile, the lower
on exserted peduncles 4-1’ long, all erect, green or tawny;
bracts leafy, sheathing, longer than the culm; perigynia ovate-
lanceolate, many-nerved, inflated, smooth, widely spreading,
gradually tapering into a short bidentate beak, longer than the
ovate rough-awned, white scale.

Swamps and wet places. Common. June, July.

The species is easily recognized by its short, lower stem leaves,
and by its usually distant green or yellowish, subglobose spikes.
On the sand plains west of Rome and in sphagnous marshes of
the Adirondack region a short form occurs, having the pistillate
spikes approximate, four of them being included in a space
of 21’-3’,

120. Carex Michauxiana Bwceki.

Stems 10’—20’ high, stiff, smooth; leaves exceeding the culm,
1’-1}” wide, rough or sometimes smooth below the middle,
yellowish-green; staminate spikes 3’-6” long, sessile, mostly
inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-3, densely flowered, globose-
ovoid, the upper contiguous and sessile, the lowest distant or
remote on an exserted peduncle }’-1’ long, yellowish-green ;
bracts leafy, sheathing, longer than the culm; perigynia lanceo-
late, numerously nerved, inflated, smooth, erect, spreading or
widely divergent, tapering into a short, slender bidentate beak, |
twice longer than the oblong, obtuse, light-brown scale.
(C. rostrata Mv., C. Michauxii Schw.)

Swamps and bogs. Adirondack region. July.

More slender than the last; spikes fewer, more densely
flowered, with the perigynia shorter and more slender, and the
scale much smaller and awnless. An occasional form has the
lowest spike on a peduncle five or six inches long.

121. Carex Collinsii Nutt.
Stems 6’-20’ high or more, slender, erect, rough above the

middle: basal bracts purple; leaves exceeding the culm, 1’—1}”
13

98 REPORT OF THE 8TATE BOTANIST.

wide, rough, bright green; staminate spike linear, 3” long }’
wide, sessile; pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, sessile or the lowest
on a short exserted peduncle, all erect, 4-8 loosely flowered,
green ; bracts leafy sheathing, longer than the culm; perigynia
awl-shaped, finely nerved, smooth, slightly inflated, 6” long,
reflexed, with a long, slender, deeply cleft beak, the awn-like
teeth deflexed at maturity ; scale lanceolate, cuspidate, less than
half the length of the perigynium. (C. subulata M2.)

Swamps and wet places. Very rare. Long Island and Rich-
mond county. June, July.

122. Carex oligosperma Jz.

Stems 15/30’ high, slender, erect or somewhat spreading,
slightly rough on the acute angles above; leaves as long as the
culm, 1” wide, becoming involute, smooth or rough-margined ;
staminate spikes 1 or 2, clavate, }’--11’ long, on stalks }’--1’ in
length; pistillate spikes 1-2, globular or ovoid, 3--8 flowered,
subdistant, the uppermost sessile, the lowest usually short-stalked,
sometimes half staminate; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, shorter or
longerthanthe culm; perigynia turgid ovate, 2”--2}” long, 14” wide,
prominently nerved, ascending, contracted into a short slender
bidentate veak, longer than the ovate obtuse brown scale.

Bogs and marshes. Northern part of the State. July,
August.

Conspicuously marked by its tall slender stems, involute leaves
and few flowered, ovoid spikes.

123. Carex flava Z.

Stems 1°-2° high, erect, smooth ; leaves shorter than the culm,
1’--14” wide, mostly smooth, yellowish-green; staminate spike
subclavate, about 4’ long, sessile or short-stalked, erect or oblique,
sometimes small and inconspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, ovoid
or globular, compactly flowered, aggregated and sessile or the
lowest subdistant and short-peduncled, yellowish-green or fulvous ;
bracts leaf-like, sheathless, divaricate, longer than the culm;
perigynia turgid-ovate, prominently nerved, smooth, tapering
into a long, slender bent or recurved bidentate beak, strongly
reflexed at maturity ; scale oblong-ovate acute or obtusish, brown,
much shorter than the perigynium; achenium short, triangular,
obovate, apiculate, blackish-brown.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. $9

Bogs shores and wet places. Very common and variable.
June to August.

A form sometimes occurs in which the staminate spike is fer-
tile at the apex.

Var. graminis Bailey. Differs trom the type in its much smaller
size, longer leaves which exceed the culm, its mostly erect bracts,
and in its smaller, usually straight perigynia. The beaks are
deeply cleft as in the type and occasionally slightly rough.

This variety is not rare in the Adirondack region.

Var. fertilis Peck n. var. Stems 15’-20’ high, firm and erect,
smooth; leaves 14”—2” wide; staminate spike invisible; pistillate
spikes 4-5, ovoid or short-oblong, 5’-6” long, 3” wide, compactly
flowered, the upper 3 aggregated, sessile, the lowest subdistant on
a partly included stalk 3”--5” in length; bracts short-sheathed,
divaricate and recurved, 3’-8’ long, or the upper sometimes
setaceous ; perigynia yellowish-green with long rough beaks, a
little longer than the oblong, acute deep brown scale.

Low moist ground. Dutchess county. June.

The staminate spike is apparently almost or wholly fertile.

124. Carex Gderi Lrh.

Stems 5’-20’ high, slender, smooth; leaves mostly exceeding
the culm, 1” wide or more, smooth, yellowish-green, fading to
fulvous when old; staminate spike 3’-9” long, often androgynous,
sessile ; pistillate spikes 2-4, ovoid or short cylindrical, 3’—5” long,
densely flowered, aggregated, or the lowest subdistant, all sessile
and erect, sometimes 1 or 2 proliferously branched at the base,
yellowish-green ; bracts Jeaf-like, erect, longer than the culm, or
the upper sometimes setaceous; perigynia obovoid, straight,
prominently nerved, divergent or ascending, contracted into a
short bifid or slightly notched smooth beak, longer than the ovate
acute thin brown scale ; achenium triangular, obovate, apiculate,
sharply angled, blackish-brown.

Wet places. Common, especially in the western part of the
State. July, August.

This is easily separated from C. flava, to which it is closely
allied, by its much smaller spikes and smaller perigynia with a
shorter, straight, smooth, slightly notched beak. In the last edi-
tion of the Manual it is referred to C. flava as Var. viridula
Bailey.

100 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

125. Carex extensa Good.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender but strict, smooth; leaves shorter
than the culm or sometimes surpassing it, involute, smooth ;
staminate spike clavate, 8’-10” long, subsessile; pistillate spikes
densely flowered, ovoid or short cylindrical, 4’-9” long, 23’-3”
wide ; the upper ones approximate, sessile, the lowest remote on
a short partly included stalk; bracts like the leaves or the upper-
most often setaceous, the lowest sheathing, surpassing the culm;
perigynia ovate, prominently nerved, ascending or widely diver-
gent, gradually tapering into a short bifid beak, longer than the
ovate acute or obtuse macronate deep-brown scale; acaenium
elliptical, substipitate.

Introduced and local. Coney Island and Long Island.

Distinguished from the last by its stiff involute leaves, less
approximate spikes and larger, firmer perigynia.

Spikes 1-4, the upper half or more of the terminal one fertile,
sterile below, the others fertile, densely flowered ; perigynia long-
beaked, squarrose at maturity.

126. Carex squarrosa L.

Stems 14°-3° high, stiff and erect, acutely angled, smooth ;
leaves surpassing the culm, 1}’—-4” wide, lax and spreading,
smooth, or rough above the middle; spikes 1-4, ovoid or cylin-
drical, densely flowered, 6’-12” long, 4’-6” wide, usually approxi-
mate, short-peduncled, or the lowest on a stiff stalk 4-1’
long, all erect, the terminal one pistillate above, stami-
nate below; bracts leafy, longer than the culm, or the upper-
most sometimes not exceeding its spike; perigynia turgid,
obovoid, lightly few nerved, thin and papery, abruptly con-
tracted into a long slender bifid beak as long as the body,
the teeth short and thin, horizontally spreading at maturity;
scale lanceolate, mostly concealed by the crowded perigynia ;
achenium elliptical.

Moist meadows and swales. Common. June, July.

This is a very distinct and peculiar species not closely related
to any other in our limits.

Forma robusta Peck. Stouter, leaves firmer, mostly erect;
spikes 8”-12” long, 6’-7" wide, 2’ apart, the lowest on a slender
drooping pedundcle 2’ long.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 101

Staminate spikes 1-4, short or long-stalked, often pistillate at
the base or apex ; pistillate spikes 1-5, cylindrical, usually densely
flowered, the upper approximate (clustered in 127), sessile or
short-stalked, erect or spreading, the lower sometimes drooping,
or all distant, short-stalked or sessile, erect or ascending, some-
times sterile at the apex, straw-colored or tawny ; bracts like the
leaves, the lower sometimes sheathing, equaling or surpassing
the culm; perigynia ovate or globular-ovoid, much inflated,
nerved or nerveless, ascending or spreading (reflexed in 127)
shining, with a prominent bidentate beak. (Spikes pendulous,
loosely flowered and perigynia globular with a needle-shaped
beak in 133.)

Reripymia larce, 14) —S"swide:.a..ce<sseasecececcese 1
Perigynia small, less thin 14” wide.............---. 2
1 Pistillate spikes 2 or more, ascending............... Tuckermani,
1 Pistillate spikes 1 or 2, perigynia widely spreading... bullata.
2 Pistillate spikes less than 4” wide ........-....-.. 3
2 Pistillate spikes 4” wide or more ..........0+.-ee> 4
8 Spikes erect or spreading .......0.....cccceccceeses monile.
SUSMIKesALOOPIN Ge stetayelele icicls «ln16 als ielaivis vee. piainicis| isl longirostris.
4 Spikes contiguous, perigynia reflexed............ retrorsa.
4 Spikes approximate or distant, perigynia not rcflexed, 5
HSpIKes Gmstant <<. ccc cs cc cc ccneesesscccccseusecs utriculata,
5 Spikes approximate or the lowest only distant....... Schweinitzii,

127. Carex retrorsa Schw.

Stems densely clustered, 2°-3° high, firm and erect, smooth
with obtuse angles; leaves much longer than the culm, 14’—4’
wide, rough, bright green; staminate spikes 1-3, often slightly
pistillate above or at the base, cylindrical, 1’-2’ long; pistillate
spikes 3-5, densely flowered, cylindrical, 1-2’ long or more, 4’—5”
thick, the upper contiguous and erect on short included stalks, the
lowest sometimes distant or remote on a short or long partly
drooping peduncle, one or more often compound at the base; bracts
leaf-like, short-sheathing, or sometimes the uppermost filiform, all
much surpassing the culm; perigynia ovoid, prominently few-
nerved, thin, strongly reflexed, tapering into a long bidentate
beak ; scale short lanceolate, usually invisibl

Wet places and water holes. Common. June, July.

102 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Readily identified by the clustered spikes and reflexed
perigynia.

Var. Hartii Gray. Slender; fertile spikes more or less dis-
tant, stalked, loosely flowered ; perigynia slightly reflexed. (C.
Hartii Dew.) This is regarded by Prof. Britton as a distinct
species.

128. Carex Tuckermani Dew.

Stems 14°-3° high, stout, the acute angles rough ; leaves rough,
14’—2” wide, exceeding the culm; staminate spikes 1-3, cylin-
drical, 1’-1}’ long, on a stalk 4’-1’ in length, the lowest some-
times with a few pistillate flowers at its base; pistillate spikes
2-4, densely flowered, oblong or cylindrical, ?’—2’ in length, 4’-6”
thick, rather distant, the uppermost sessile, erect-spreading, the
remainder peduncled, the lowest sometimes remote and droop-
ing ; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, longer than the culm ; perigynia
large, ovate, prominently nerved, thin, 44’-5” long, 24’-3" thick,
contracted into a slender bidentate beak, twice the length of the
lanceolate acute or pointed scale.

Wet places in shaded stations or open fields. Common. June,
July.

The rather short thick spikes and the large ovate shining peri-
gynia are characteristic of this species. When very young the
perigynia of this species and of C. intumescens, OC. Grayii and
some others with inflated perigynia are very pale or almost
white.

129. Carex bullata Schk.

Stems 1°-2° high, slender, erect, acutely angled, rough above,
smooth below the middle, dark purple and fibrillose at the base;
leaves smooth or roughish, stiff, mostly erect, 1’-14” wide, about
the length of the culm; staminate spikes 2-3, cylindrical or sub-
clavate, 4'-14’ in length on stalks 6’—9” long; pistillate spikes
1-2, densely flowered, 6’-9” (rarely 1’) long, 3’—5” thick, sessile
and erect, or, when 2, approximate or remote, the uppermost
short-stalked or sessile, the lowest on a slender peduncle 1’ long
or less, erect or slightly spreading ; bracts leafy with obsolete
sheaths, usually exceeding the culm; perigynia ovate, much in-
flated, nerved, thick, shining, widely divergent, tapering into a
long, smooth or minutely roughened, bidentate beak, longer than
the lanceolate acute or obtuse scale.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 103

A very rare species but one well marked by its 1-2 short thick
spikes, and its large shining widely divergent perigynia. No
specimens of it are in the State Herbarium, but it is said to occur
in Westchester county and in the valley of the Mohawk.

130. Carex monile Tuckm.

Stems 2°-3° high, slender, erect, rough on the acute angles
above the middle; leaves longer than the culm, 14’-2}” wide,
rough at the top and on the margins, lax and somewhat spread-
ing; staminate spikes 2-4, cylindrical or clavate, 1’-1}’ in length,
usually on a stalk 1’ long; pistillate spikes 1-3, densely
flowered, cylindrical, 1’-24’ long, 3’-4” thick, scattered, the
upper ones sessile and erect or erect-spreading, the lowest on a
slender spreading stalk 4/-1’ in length, or sometimes sessile and
erect; bracts leaf-like, with obsolete sheaths, far surpassing the
culm; perigynia globose-ovate, much inflated, thin and papery,
nerved, somewhat divergent, gradually tapering into a long
bidentate beak, about twice the length of the acute or pointed
scale.

Wet places, margins of streams, ete. Common. July.

It may be known by the slender stems and lax leaves, and by
the 2-3 distant or remote, mostly erect, narrow, densely flowered
spikes, and the globose thin shining perigynia. Forms some-
times occur with a single pistillate spike, and such forms having
the spike unusually thick might easily be mistaken for C. bullata.
The species is very common in the Adirondack region.

131. Carex utriculata Boott.

Stems 2°-4° high, stout, acutely angled above the leaves, smooth,
flaccid, conspicuously reticulated below the middle; leaves sur-
passing the culm, 3’—5” broad, nodulose-roughened, dark green ;
staminate spikes 3-4, the terminal one short-stalked, the others
sessile, }/-3’ in length, the lowest with a slender bract exceeding its
spike; pistillate spikes 2-5, densely flowered, sometimes one or
more staminate at the apex, cylindrical, 14/-4’ long, 4”-6” thick,
scattered, the upper sessile, the lower short-stalked, all erect or
nearly so; bracts leafy, the lowest short-sheathing, far surpass-
ing the culm; perigynia small, turgid-ovate, of a thick texture,
few-nerved, divergent, abruptly contracted into a cylindrical,

104 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

sharply-toothed beak, longer than the lanceolate acute or awned
scale.

Swamps, bogs and margins of streams. Common. June, July.

The spikes are longer than in the last species, the perigynia
are smaller and firmer. The species may be recognized by the
nodose-netted stems and leaves. It is common in the Adirondack
region where there are small forms, Var. minor oott, with
spikes scarcely more than 1’—1}’ long.

132. Carex Schweinitzii Dew.

Stoloniferous; stems 1°-2° high, erect, rough on the acute
angles; leaves longer than the culm, 14’-3” broad or more,
rough, yellowish-green; staminate spikes 1-2, clavate, 9’-12”
long on peduncles }’—1’ in length; pistillate spikes 3-4, densely
flowered, often loosely at the base, and sometimes compound,
occasionally staminate at the apex, cylindrical, 1-2’ long or
more, 3’—4” thick, approximate, mostly on short spreading stalks,
or sometimes the lowest remote on a filiform nodding peduncle
2’-24’ long bracts leaf-like, short-sheathing or not sheathing,
longer than the culm; perigynia small, turgid-ovoid, few-nerved,
thin, divergent, gradually tapering into a slender bidentate beak,
nearly twice the length of the rough-awned scale.

Swamps and borders of streams. Oneida and Herkimer coun-
ties. Apparently rare or wanting elsewhere. June.

183. Carex longirostris Zorr.

Stems 20’-30’ high, slender, erect, smooth ; leaves shorter than
the culm, 14’-2” wide, rough, light or glaucous green ; staminate
spikes 2-3, clavate, }’-1’ long, short-peduncled, yellowish-white ;
pistillate spikes 2-5, loosely flowered, cylindrical, 1/2’ long,
distant, the uppermost short-stalked and mostly erect, sometimes
half staminate above, the others on filiform, drooping pedunc!es
14/6’ in length; bracts leafy or the uppermost setaceous, the
lowest barely sheathing, shorter than the culm; perigynia
turgid-globular or globose-ovoid, 2-ribbed, nerveless, divergent,
smooth, very abruptly contracted into a slender bifid beak longer
than the body ; scale lanceolate, whitish, often with a long awn-
like point, equal to or a little shorter than the perigynia.

Dry rocky places in woods or clearings. Not common. June.

A form with spikes less than one inch long is Var. minor
Boott.

EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 105

(F.)
EDIBLE AND POISONOUS FUNGI OF NEW YORK.

The figures and descriptions of the ‘“‘ Edible and Poisonous
Fungi of New York” here given have been prepared with a
view to meet a growing and popular demand for information
concerning a much-neglected department of economic botany,
and to facilitate and encourage a more general acquisition of a
knowledge of the natural food products of our State. Many
who would gladly avail themselves of the agreeable and highly
nutritious food afforded by our edible fungi are debarred from
doing so by a lack of the knowledge necessary for a proper dis-
crimination between the edible and the poisonous or worthless
species. With this knowledge, the fear of the bad would no
longer prevent the use of the good. With it many whose cir-
cumstances are such as to make it difficult or impossible to pro-
cure an adequate supply of animal food might often obtain a
very good substitute for it by the slight labor of gathering it in
the fields and woods.

European works on this subject are less satisfactory, because
the species in this country are not wholly the same as in that.
Some of them are not readily procurable because of their high
price, others and cheaper ones are less desirable because of
deficiency in the number or the character of their illustrations.
It has been the purpose of the writer in his attempt to elucidate
this subject to be satisfactorily profuse in illustrations. The plates
are of such dimensions as to admit of figures of natural size in
all except a single species. Whenever it was necessary a whole
plate has been devoted to a single species. In nearly all cases the
appearance of the young as well as of the mature plant has been
shown, and in several instances well-marked varieties have also been
illustrated. For the benefit of the botanical student the spores
of each species have been figured, magnified to a uniform scale
of four hundred diameters. A compound microscope and a
micrometer are necessary to ascertain the shape and size of the
spore.

Of each species a brief diagnosis or botanical description is
first given for the use of botanists. This is followed by a more
full description in plain and simple language which may readily

14

106 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

be comprehended by the general reader. This description has
been made as concise as was compatible with completeness and
with the avoidance of technical terms. It is supplemented by a
statement of the usual dimensions of the plant, its habitat or
usual place of growth, its time of appearance, its qualities as an
esculent and its relations or resemblances to other species.

Sixty-three edible species have been figured on thirty-nine
plates, three poisonous ones on three plates and one unwholesome
one on one plate. Of the sixty-three edible species, about forty
have been tested as to their edible qualities by the writer. Of
the remainder, all save four have been eaten without harm by
some of his acquaintances or correspondents. The four unproved
species have been recorded as edible by various writers and no
word of suspicion has ever been raised against them, so that it
may be asserted most confidently that no species here represented
as edible is at all dangerous or deleterious if used with modera-
tion and after proper selection and preparation. All the species
are not equally sapid, tender or desirable, but any of them may
be eaten with perfect safety, if collected in good condition and
eaten in reasonable quantity. Nine of these species were first
published as edible in the State Museum reports, seven having
been proved by the writer, two by his friends.

Other species belonging to our flora have been classed as
edible by various writers, but they are not included in the present
work, because opportunity has not yet been found for a personal
trial of their edible qualities or for making accurate figures of
them, It is to be hoped that in due time it may be possible to
include them in a supplementary publication which shall com-
plete this work.

That there are dangerous species whose use as food should be
most carefully avoided is an acknowledged fact, but the number
of such species is far less than many suppose. According to the
authority of those who have especially investigated this subject,
the dangerously poisonous species found in this country all
belong to a single genus, Amanita. About a dozen species of
this genus have been found in our State, and of these, two are
known to be harmless and edible, three or four only are
commonly classed as poisonous, and probably a single one of
these is responsible for a vast majority of the fatal accidents

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 107

resulting from “mushroom poisoning.” There are, however,
some species in other genera that are capable of causing nausea,
vomiting and derangement of the digestive organs. They are
unwholesome because of their persistently bitter, acrid or other-
wise disagreeable flavor, or because of toughness of texture or
the possession of some quality repugnant to the stomach. They
may indeed cause sickness and vomiting, but the irritation they
induce is soon apparent and quickly causes the rejection from the
system of the offending substance and then the normal condition
of the system is soon restored. Sometimes recovery in such cases
may be hastened by the administration of some simple emetic
which will assist the stomach in its efforts to expel the unwhole-
some material.

The dangerous species do not appear to possess such irritating
qualities. The symptoms of sickness do not appear till several
hours after eating, generally eight to fifteen. Then the face
exhibits an ashy paleness, there is distress in the region of the
stomach, resulting in nausea, vomiting and relaxation of the
bowels, the extremities become cold, the pulse feeble, the sight
affected, and finally stupor and death follow if relief is not
obtained. To this kind of poisoning, atropine, the active
principle of Atropa belladonna, has been found to be an antidote.
It has been administered in doses of ;1, to ;'5 of a grain accord-
ing to the severity of the case, and the dose may be repeated if
necessary. It should be administered in subcutaneous injections.

For two thousand years or more people have made use of mush-
rooms for food and from time to time death has resulted from
their use, either through ignorance or carelessness. Still men
persist in their use, and those who would use them if they dared
frequently ask how they may distinguish mushrooms from toad-
stools, the word “ toadstools” indicating to them poisonous or
harmful species. Many attempts have been made to answer this
question and many rules have been formulated by the observance
of which, it has been claimed, all difficulty and danger would be
avoided. Some of these rules are entirely unreliable and to
others there are so many exceptions that they are misleading and
practically worthless. The rules vary according to the stand-
point of the one proposing them. One who considers the Com-

108 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

mon mushroom the only edible species seeks to separate it from
all others, and says “avoid all which have white gills and a hol-
low stem.” This rule precludes the use of many mushrooms
which are just as good as the one it sustains, and at the same
time it is not definite enough to limit the selection to the one
intended. Another, thinking of the Delicious lactarius which
has an orange-colored juice, says “ reject all such as have a white
milky juice.’ This rule forbids the use of several species of lac-
tarius that are no more harmful and scarcely less sapid than the
Delicious lactarius. Again we are told by some one who has in
mind the poisonous amanitas, to “discard all mushrooms that
have a warty cap or a membranous sheath at the bottom of the
stem.” This would be a very good rule if we might add
to it the sentence, unless you know the species to be edible
and safe. The Orange mushroom, which is deemed an edible
species of first quality, has a membranous sheath at the base
of the stem, and the Reddish amanita has a warty cap and
yet is not only harmless but very good, so that the rule which
would forbid the use of these species excludes more than is neces-
sary. The same may be said of those directions which require
the rejection of all mushrooms having a viscid cap or an acrid
taste or whose flesh on being broken quickly changes to a blue
color. And as to the old-fashioned silver spoon test, by which it
was thought that a silver spoon thrust among cooking mushrooms
would be quickly tarnished if they were poisonous and remain
bright if they were edible, that was long ago proved to be most
unreliable by a fatal experiment in which several persons lost
their lives because the cook put confidence it. We are, therefore,
forced to conclude that no abstract rule is at present known by
which the good can in every case be separated from the bad.
The only safe and reasonable way to do this is to learn to recog-
nize each species by its own peculiar specific characters. It is in
this way that we recognize the useful and esculent species among
flowering plants, and it must be in this way that we select our
edible mushrooms. A little more care may be necessary in one
case than in the other, because of a closer resemblance in some
cases between good and bad mushrooms than between good and
bad flowering plants. The principle that is to govern in this

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 109

matter is the same in both cases. The greater the number
of edible species clearly recognizable by any one the greater the
field from which he may draw his supplies. If he is acquainted
with but one species he should limit his use of mushrooms to that
one species, unless he can avail himself of the more extensive
knowledge of some one else or unless he is willing to take the
risk of eating some poisonous or unwholesome species. In a few
instances it is possible to affirm of certain groups of species or of
certain genera, that no deleterious species are known in them.
Thus we have in this State six species of morels and no morel is
known to be poisonous. It is, therefore, possible for any one
who is able to separate a morel from all other fungi, to eat
morels with considerable confidence though he may not be able
to distinguish one species of morel from another. The same
may be said of puff balls. No harmful species 1s known among
them, and he who can discriminate between puff balls and all
other fungi does not incur very much risk in eating any puff ball
of good flavor, though he may not be able to distinguish the
species from each other. The probability is that he will suffer
no karm by so doing, but there is not absolute safety. It is
possible that some rare species exists having deleterious qualities
which have not yet been ascertained by experiment, hence the
lack of absolute certainty; for we know by experience among
the amanitas that excellent edible species may exist in the same
genus with and be closely related botanically to dangerously
poisonous species. Therefore, those rules which say all morels,
all puff balls, and all fairy clubs may safely be eaten are too
sweeping, and would be better if modified by the words, “so far
as known.”

Many mushrooms have a farinaceous taste or odor, or both
taste and odor are of this character. Some have thought that all
species having this meal-like flavor are edible, and indeed many
of them are, and no dangerously poisonous species is known to
have it. But occasionally a species has this flavor combined with
or followed by a bitter or otherwise disagreeable flavor which
would at least render the mushroom undesirable if not unwhole-
some. So that rules designed to aid in tne selection of edible
species have their exceptions and their weak points as well as the
rules designed to protect us against the poisonous species. There

110 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

is, therefore, no escape from the necessity of acquiring a knowl-
edge of each species we would utilize, sufficiently clear and exact
to enable us to distinguish it from all others. Whatever value
investigators and experimenters, who are willing to take some
risks for the good of others, may find in such rules or general
principles, it is evident that they are not sufficiently definite,
exact and reliable for general use. To any one willing to avail
himself of the experience of others and to apply himself suffi-
ciently to learn to recognize the species they have found to be
edible, nature opens a field productive of much palatable and
nutritious food, which is too often left to decay where it grew.

But some care is necessary in the selection of specimens of
species known to be edible. The plants selected should be in
good condition. Well grown, sound, fresh specimens only should
be chosen. Old, partly-decayed, water-soaked, worm-eaten or
withered plants should be discarded. Even young and sound
ones should not be kept too long before they are cooked. They
are in some cases very perishable and deteriorate rapidly. If
more have been collected at one time than are needed for a single
meal it will generally be better to cook them all at once and keep
them in a refrigerator in the cooked rather than in the raw state.
As arule it is better to cook them the same day they are col-
lected. In the case of the inky fungi this will be absolutely
necessary, for they will not keep in good condition from one day
till the next. Some of the species literally grow up in a night and
perish ina day. These also should be cooked with great prompt-
ness, for they are only desirable while young and before the gills
have begun to change to a black inky liquid. Puff balls should
only be used while the inner flesh is pure and white. When the
yellowish stains of maturity begin to appear they are no longer
fit for food. No one would think of eating them after the flesh
has changed to the cottony dusty mass cf maturity.

Many insects are fond of mushrooms. Both they and their
larvee feed on them and the latter often live in them. A mush-
room may appear fair externally, but if it is cut or broken its
flesh may be seen to be full of holes or galleries excavated by
larve, and perhaps a colony of the larvae themselves may be
found within. It is needless to say that such specimens are

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 111

unfit for food. Strange as it may seem, a colony of larve
in the lower part of the stem of a mushroom will some-
times affect disastrously the flavor of the cap or upper
part which they have not yet invaded. This fact may explain in
part the varying opinions of different writers concerning the
flavor and edible qualities of certain mushrooms. Slight differ-
ences in flavor may also be attributed to differences in the char-
acter of the soil in which they grow, the amount of moisture in
the atmosphere, degree of temperature, age and rapidity of
growth and to exposure to the sun and wind. Old and slowly-
developed individuals are likely to be less tender than young and
rapidly growing ones. Differences in individual tastes will also
account in part for differences of opinion on this point. There
are also peculiarities of constitution which have given origin to
the saying, “‘ What is one man’s meat is another man’s poison.”
One person can eat no egg, nor anything into which egg enters
as an ingredient, without suffering or sickness. Another is made
sick by eating strawberries, nevertheless egg and strawberries
are not classed as poisonous. Still it is possible that some fungi
as harmless as egg and strawberries may have been charged with
poisonous qualities from some such accidental circumstance or
individual peculiarity.

In collecting mushrooms for the table it is well, in all cases in
which the stems are too tough for food, to cut the caps from the
stems. In this way much dirt and useless material will be left
where it belongs, and it will be possible in many cases to ascer-
tain if the caps have been attacked by insects. Most often the
larve mine their way up from the ground through the central
part of the stem to the cap, and by cutting the cap from the
stem their holes or galleries are exposed to view. In but few
species are the stems sufficiently tender to be used. Some have
recommended that the caps be placed in the collecting basket in
an inverted position, for if placed in their natural position with
gills downward they will drop their spores and their flavor will
be impaired. It is very doubtful if this partial loss of spores
affects the flavor in any appreciable degree. If more than one
species should be taken during the same excursion it would be
well to keep them separate from each other by wrapping each

112 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

species in a piece of paper by itself. This precaution is not
necessary if the species are so distinct in color, shape or size that
they can readily be separated from each other at home, or if they
are so similar in flavor and texture that they may be treated
alike in cooking without any detriment to their esculent qualities.

Should a doubt arise at any time, concerning the identity of a
supposed edible species, do not use such a@ mushroom until all
doubt on this point has been banished. If it is thought desirable
to compare the plant with the published figures and descriptions
for the purpose of identifying the species, select for this purpose
sound specimens which represent both the young and the mature
forms, that all the specific characters may be shown. Take the
specimens up carefully from their place of growth, removing all
the loose dirt from the base of the stem. Wrap the specimens
carefully in soft paper or large green leaves that they may be
kept as fresh as possible till the time of examination. On reach-
ing home, lose no time in making the examination for in some
species there are evanescent characters which will not be available
after a few hours’ delay. In one family of fungi the color of the
spores is an important character and a great aid in the identi-
fication of species. The color of the spores in many species is
the same as or similar to the color of the mature gills, but there
are so many exceptions that explicit directions for ascertaining
their color will be given in another place.

In the preparation of mushrooms for cooking, the utmost
cleanliness should be observed. Some have the upper surface of
the cap covered with a sticky, viscid or glutinous substance when
fresh This often causes bits of dirt, leaves or sticks to adhere to
the cap tenaciously. In such cases it is generally best to remove
this rubbish by peeling the caps. In other cases the dirt may be
wiped away with a damp cloth or towel, or washed off and then
the surface dried with a towel. It is also well to peel those
having a thick tough skin. In boleti, the stratum of pores on
the lower surface of the cap is apt to form a mucilaginous or
slimy disagreeable mass in cooking. It is, therefore, well to
remove it before cooking. It is easily separable from the cap
und can readily be removed by pressing it outwardly from the
stem with a knife blade. In very large thick-fleshed specimens
it is best to cut in slices or chop in small pieces.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 113

The proper method of cooking will depend somewhat on
the kind of mushroom, the tastes of those that are to eat
them and the conveniences at hand. Many of them can
be cooked in the same manner as a_ beefsteak. It is
customary to cook them in a very simple manner, either
by frying in butter or broiling gently with a little butter
added and seasoning to taste. They may also be stewed or
baked. The skillful cook will devise many ways of cooking them
and various recipes will be found in cook books and in works on
edible fungi. Too much cooking may spoil a mushroom as well
as an oyster or a tender beefsteak. My efforts to make a tough
mushroom tender by steaming have not been successful, but the
experiments have not been numerous nor long continued.
Species too tough to be eaten with pleasure or digested with
comfort have sometimes been utilized by making of them a kind
of soup or broth which could be eaten with relish and comfort,
Sometimes mushrooms are used in small quantity to give flavor
to meats or other dishes. Those of inferior flavor are sometimes
made more agreeable by cooking with them a few specimens of
some more highly flavored species. The same species may vary
in flavor according to the method of cooking and the kind of
seasoning used as well as by reason of the circumstances previously
mentioned.

Mushrooms may be dried and kept for future use. The best
method of drying them is to place them in a current of warm air.
Dry them as quickly as possible without burning them, and keep
the drying process in operation till completed. A common fruit
evaporator would doubtless be a good instrument for drying
them. The drying of thick and moist ones would be facilitated
by cutting them in slices.

The general opinion is that mushrooms constitute a very nutri-
tious and sustaining diet. Chemical analysis and personal
experience indicate this. The former has shown that in
their dry matter they contain from twenty to fifty per cent.
of protein or nitrogenous material. They may, therefore,
well be called a kind of vegetable meat and be used as
a substitute for animal food. Like other vegetables, they are
largely composed of water, which is from eighty to ninety
per cent. of the whole. In consequence of this they shrink greatly

15

114 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

in drying and lose much weight. The presence of so much nitro-
genous material induces rapid decay and loathsome decomposition
in them. It should also teach moderation in their use as food.
A hearty meal on mushrooms alone would be about as reasonable
as a dinner on nothing but beefsteak, and might be expected to
be followed by similar ill consequences. Gormandizing is not
commendable under any circumstances nor with any kind of
food. But especially should it be avoided in mushroom eating,
for the human system demands but small quantities of the nitro-
genous elements which enter into its composition. An excessive
amount is sure to be hurtful, but eaten in moderate quantity it is
easily digestible, acceptable and beneficial. The digestive organs
of the writer are not strong by nature and are easily affected by
unfavorable treatment or indigestible substances, yet he has never
experienced any discomfort from eating mushrooms. He has
eaten them frequently, partaken of many different species, and
experimented with a considerable number of species not classified
as edible. The explanation is simple. They have always been
eaten in moderate quantity. In my opinion, cases of sickness
and digestive derangement that have been attributed to poison-
ous properties of mushrooms are sometimes really due to the
excessive use of species that otherwise are perfectly harmless.

In some countries where edible fungi are commonly and exten-
sively employed as food, even species which we regard as
unwholesome are utilized. They are soaked in vinegar or in salt
water for the purpose of destroying or rendering inert their
noxious properties. They are then carefully washed and thrown
into hot water for a short time, after which they are treated in
the usual way. This practice is not recommended. Aside from
the danger arising from the inefficiency of the treatment in some
cases, it is very improbable that any mushrooms so treated would
still retain a very agreeable flavor. There is, besides, no need of
running any risks with doubtful or suspected species, for the
number of those known to be good and safe is sufficiently great
to satisfy all reasonable demands. Possibly the time may yet
come when the noxious properties of poisonous mushrooms may
be utilized with advantage in medicine, but such species should
not be used as food. He who is too ignorant to recognize with
contidence the species known to be good, would better abstain

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 115

from suck food entirely unless he can avail himself of the knowl.
edge of some one who can recognize them.

A few edible fungi appear early in the season, but with us
July, August and September are the months when the greatest
variety is to be found. The morels occur in May and June. The
Fairy-ring mushroom and the Glistening coprinus sometimes
appear in June, and successive crops follow from time to time
whenever the weather is favorable. During warm, showery
weather in July and August most of our edible boleti are to be
found.

A few of the species continue in September. The latter part
of August and the first half of September will bring the Common
mushroom and the Horse mushroom, the weather conditions
being right. Excessively dry weather and prevailing cold
weather are unfavorable to mushroom growth. Heat and moist-
ure combined are favorable. It sometimes happens when the
fields and open country are too dry for mushroom growth, a
scanty supply may be found in deep woods and shady swamps.
It would be useless to look in such places for the Common mush-
room and the Fairy-ring mushroom, for they do not grow in
woods; but the Delicious lactarius, the Involute paxillus, the
Rough-stemmed boletus and the Chantarelle may be found there.
The Oyster pleurotus and the Sapid pleurotus may be found in
woods or clearings at any time between June and October, pro-
vided there is sufficient rain to induce growth, but the Honey-
colored armillaria, the Imbricated tricholoma, the Masked tricho-
loma and the Elm pleurotus will rarely be found before the last
week in August or the first of September. Let no one expect to
find the Granulated boletus, the Yellowish-brown boletus or the
Small Yellowish boletus except in the immediate vicinity of pine
trees or in places where pine trees have grown. These hints
may be something of a guide to the inexperienced mushroom
hunter. The dates and habitat given under the description of
each species will furnish more full and definite information on
this subject.

Before proceeding to the description of species it may be well
to explain certain technical terms it may be convenient or
necessary to use. For illustration of some of the following terms
see Plate A and its explanation.

116 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

The substance of a mushroom takes the name jlesh though it is
quite unlike animal flesh in texture and appearance. Most mush-
rooms have an expanded part called the cap botanically known as
the pileus. This is generally supported on a stem, but in the
absence of a stem the cap is sessi/e. It varies much in shape in
different species and even in the same species in different stages
of development. In some mushrooms thin vertical plates or
membranes radiate from the stem to the margin of the cap, or
in the absence of a stem, from the point of attachment of the cap
to its free margin. These are called Jamelle or gills. Shorter
ones intervene toward the margin of the cap to fill the spaces
that would otherwise be left vacant. The gills are attached by
their upper edge to the lower surface of the cap and often by
their inner extremity to the stem. They are adnate when
attached to the stem by the whole width of their inner extremity ;
adnexed when attached by a part of their width only ; decurrent
when they run down on the stem, gradually tapering to a point,
and free when not attached to the stem. Sometimes their lower
edge is notched or excavated at or near the stem, which fact is
designated by the words emarginate or sinuate.

In some, the lower surface of the cap is full of small holes or
cells, called pores. These are so small in some species that they
are scarcely noticeable but generally they are easily visible.
They stand like tubes in a vertical position, side by side, with the
openings or mouths downward. Theoretically they may be sup-
posed to be formed by numerous gills connected by frequent par-
titions or transverse membranes.

In still another group of mushrooms the lower surface of the
cap has neither gills nor pores, but instead there are numerous
spine-like or awl-shaped projecting points called teeth. It is very
much as if closely placed gills had been deeply, regularly and
finely notched or gashed, but the teeth are not arranged in reg-
ular radiating rows, as they would be if actually formed in this
way.

The upper surface of the cap is glabrous when it is smooth or
free from hairs, fibrils or scales; even when it has no pits, ridges
or other inequalities ; s?/ky when adorned with soft, close-pressed
fibrils; isrillose if these fibrils are harsher and looser ; jloccose

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 117

when they are soft, short and collected in little flocs or tufts ;
tomentose when crisped and interwoven so as to form a woolly
surface ; sguamose or scaly when coarse and collected in tufts,
also when the cuticle breaks or cracks into small flakes or spot-
like patches. These same terms are also applicable under the
same conditions to the surface of the stem. The cap is also said
to be umbonate when it has a small projection or boss on its
center ; wmbilicate if it has a small central cavity or umbilicus,
and hygrophanous when it has a soaked or watery appearance,
the loss of which by drying is accompanied by some change in
color. The margin of the cap is striate when marked by nearly
parallel radiating lines. If these lines are very slight or are
visible only in the moist or hygrophanous state the fact is indi-
cated by the term striatulate.

The stem is equal or cylindrical when it is of uniform diameter
in all its length ; budbows when more or Jess abruptly enlarged at
its base; stuffed when its interior or central part is of asofter or
looser texture than the exterior. In some mushrooms a thin
membrane, in others a mass of webby filaments, stretches from the
stem to the margin of the cap and conceals the gills in the young
plant, but as the cap expands, this membrane, called the veil,
usually separates from the margin of the cap and adheres to the
stem, forming around it a ring or collar, botanically known as an
annulus.

In a few species the young plant is wholly enveloped in a
membranous or somewhat tomentose volva or wrapper, but this
is soon ruptured by the growing plant and its remains are in
some cases entirely lefé at the base of the stem, in others they
partly adhere to the upper surface of the cap in the form of warts,
or more rarely and exceptionally in a few small irregular patches.
The dangerously po’sonous species occur in a geLus in which
the volva is a prominent character.

The spores are the seeds or reproductive bodies cf mushrooms.
They are as fine as dust and are invisible to the naked eye except
when collected together in great numbers or in masses. The
hymenium is the surface or part of the plant immediately con-
cerned in the production of the spores, and the hymenophore or
hymcnophorum is the part that supports the hymenium. In the
Common mushroom and many others as well, the spores develop

118 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

on certain specialized cells called basidia (basidium in the singular)
on each of which four spores usually develop. In the morels, these
specialized cells are elongated into cylindrical membranous sacks
called asci (ascus in the singular), in each of which eight spores
usually develop. In germination the spores send out slender
threads or filaments called mycelium by botanists, but commonly
known as spawn. The mycelium permeates the soil or other
substance on which the mushroom grows and under favorable
circumstances develops a crop of mushrooms of its own species.

The method and place of spore development furnishes the basis
for the primary classification of fungi. The best way to acquire
a knowledge of our edible mushrooms is to study them in the
light of the primary characters employed in botanical classifica-
tion and, therefore, in their natural relations to each other. It is
my plan to arrange and describe them in their respective classes,
families and genera. It will be seen that the species here
described are all included in three great groups or classes, whose
names and distinguishing characters may be expressed in the
following general manner:

Gasteromycetez. Fungi whose spores are produced in the
interior of the plant. Example. Puff balls.

Discomycetez. Fungi whose spores are produced on the
upper or exterior surface of the cap and are contained in delicate
membranous sacks. Example. Morels.

Hymenomycetez. Fungi whose spores are produced on the
lower surface of the cap. Example. Common mushroom.

In the last class there are a few species in which no cap is
developed. In these the spores are produced on the exterior of
upright simple stem-like plants, or of the branches of upright
bush-like plants, or on the upper surface of jelly-like irregularly
expanded plants. None of the gelatinous plants will be
described and only a few species of the other exceptional cases.
These species all belong to the single genus Clavaria.

The spore-bearing surface, or hymenium, is generally recog-
nizable, even to the naked eye, by its smooth, delicate, waxy
appearance, which is quite unlike that of the sterile surfaces.

In most of the cap bearing mushrooms the lower surface of
the cap is furnished with special organs on whose surfaces the
spores are produced. These are in the forms known as gills,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. ie)

pores and teeth, and these organs furnish the characters on
which the three principal families of the Hymenomycetex are
founded. These characters will be more fully discussed in their
proper place.
Gasteromycetez.
Purr Batts.

Puff balls belong to the class of fungi to which botanists have
given the name Gasteromycetez. This name may be translated
stomach fungi. It has reference to the fact that those plants
which belong to this class have their stomach, that is, their
whole interior, filled with spores when mature. The spores are
developed on basidia as in the Hymenomycete.

These are among the most easily recognized of fungi and the
larger species in their early state are among the best of our
edible species. Almost every country lad is familiar with the
globular plants with papery rind stuffed full of a mass of brown
dust-like material intermingled with cottony filaments. Time
and again these have been seen lying on the ground or adhering
to old stumps or the dead trunks of trees, and often have they
afforded amusement by being subjected to sudden pressure
between thumb and fingers that there might be seen the little
cloud of dust-like spores belched forth like a miniature puff of
smoke, and like smoke quickly vanishing in the air. But no one
would think these good to eat, nor indeed are they while in this
condition. But most puff balls are white within when young
and their substance is then of a soft fleshy texture very unlike
the dusty mass that fills them in mature age. And it is only
while they are white within that they are jit for food. When they
reach maturity the flesh at first assumes greenish-yellow or
brownish-yellow hues and is apt to become moist or watery.
They are then spoiled for edible purposes.

Lycoperdon Tourn.

Most of our puff balls and both the edible species here noticed
belong to the genus Lycoperdon. There are about twenty species
of this genus found in our State, but most of them are quite small,
being less than two-nches in diameter. They are naturally and
botanically divided into two groups characterized by the manner

120 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

in which they open for the dispersion of the spores. In one
group the rind of the mature plant breaks into irregular frag-
ments in the upper part of the plant, and gradually falls away
exposing the mass of spores and permitting them to be
disseminated by the wind. Inthe other group the rind opens by
a small nearly circular but somewhat ragged apical aperture.
This group includes nearly all of the smaller species, and the rind
is generally thinner and more papery than in the others. Both
the edible species here described belong to the first group. Some
botanists have considered this group as worthy of generic dis-
tinction and have applied the name Calvatia to it, but for our
present purpose the original names of the species are deemed
preferable.

No deleterious species of puff ball is known, but so far as my
experiments have gone the small species are inferior in flavor to
the large ones, and these only are at present recommended for
food. Possibly some of the untried small species may be as
agreeably flavored as the large ones, and perhaps improved
methods of cooking may give a more agreeable dish from those
already tried. We have two species of Bovista, a kind of puff
ball differing slightly from lycoperdons in the more perfectly
globular shape and in the more tough and smooth rind of the
mature plant. These are the Lead-colored bovista, Bovista
plumbea, and the Ball-shape bovista, Bovista pila, both of which
are pronounced edible by Professor W. Trelease, but as I have
not tried them they are dismissed from further consideration at
present.

The genus Scleroderma is allied to our common puff balls and
would naturally be classed with them in the popular mind. The
species differ from puff balls in their thicker rind and in having a
colored flesh even in the immature state. I suspect that their
disagreeable flavor has kept them out of the list of edible species,
but one correspondent affirms that he has eaten these fungi and
considers them good.

The two species of puff ball now to be described may be con-
trasted as follows :

Plant 8 to 15 inches in diameter, spore mass olivaceous. L. giganteum.

Plant 3 to 6 inches in diameter, spores mass purplish... L.cyathiforme.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 121

Lycoperdon giganteum Baisch.

Grant Porr Batt.
Plate 1.

Peridium very large, globose or depressed-globose, sessile or
nearly so, glabrous or slightly flocculose, white, whitish or
slightly yellowish, becoming dingy with age; capillitium and
spores grecnish-yellow, then dingy-olivaceous ; spores globose,
about .00016 in. broad.

The Giant puff ball is our largest species. Its diameter is
commonly eight to fifteen inches, but sometimes it attains even
larger dimensions. Its horizontal diameter is often greater than
its altitude. Its rind is smooth and white or whitish, but as it
grows old it becomes yellowish and dusky. The flesh is at first
white but with maturity it assumes greenish-yellow hues and
when it becomes dusty it is brownish or brownish-olivaccous.

It grows in grassy places and appears in August and Septem-
ber. It is not common, but owing to its large size a single one is
sufficient for a meal for a large family. Indeed one writer
advises that, when one is found growing near the house, it should
not all be taken at once, but that a sufficient quantity of it
should be taken for a meal and another portion be cut from it
the next day for another meal, and so on until it is all utilized
or until it is too old for use. The largest specimens are apt to
be depressed so as to resemble in shape a round loaf of bread.

Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bose.

Cur-Suarep Purr Batt.
Plate 2.

Peridium three to six inches in diameter, globose or depressed-
globose, smooth or minutely floccose or scaly, whitish cinereous
brown or pinkish-brown, often cracking into areas in the upper
part, commonly with a short thick stem-like base ; capillitium and
spores purple-brown, these and the upper part of the peridium
falling away and disappearing when old, leaving a cup-shaped
base with a ragged margin ; spores globose, rough, purple-brown,
.0002 to .00025 in. broad.

The Cup-shaped puff ball is smaller than the Giant puff ball and
more common. Ordinarily it is from three to six inches in
diameter. It is at first white, whitish or brownish, but it is apt

16

122 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

to become darker with age, assuming brown or pinkish-brown
hues. The upper part often cracks into angular areas or patches,
the chinks being paler than the surface. When fully mature the
upper part of the rind breaks up into fragments which fall away
revealing the dull purplish-brown mass of spores and filaments
within. After these have disappeared there still remains a cup-
shaped base which is suggestive of the name of this puff ball and
which sometimes persists all winter. From such an effete
specimen the species was first named and described.

This species grows in pastures, sometimes in cultivated ground.
It appears in August and September. In preparing it and the
preceding species for the table select immature specimens whose
flesh is yet pure white. Peel them and cut the flesh into slices
one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. These slices may be fried
in butter and seasoned according to taste or they may first be
dipped in beaten egg and then fried and seasoned. In this way
they make a kind of mushroom fritters or omelet that is liked by
almost every one. If preferred, the beaten egg may be thickened
with bread crumbs or crushed cracker. Some who are very fond
of the Common mushroom fry the plain slices in butter, adding a
mushroom or two to increase the true mushroom flavor, or they
stew them in milk or cream, adding mushrooms if convenient, as
before.

Discomycetez.
Morets, Hetvenrias anp MitrRuta.

The Discomycetex or disk fungi are evidently so named
because in many of the species the fertile or spore-bearing sur-
face is flat like a disk. It includes also many cup-shaped fungi
in which the fertile surface is concave like the inside of a saucer
or cup. But in the group which contains the edible species here
to be noticed the fertile surface is neither flat nor concave, but
decidedly convex, conical, oval or even cylindrical or club
shaped. In some species also it is very irregular or uneven. In
all the species, however unlike they may be in other respects,
there is this agreement, the upper or exterior surface is the
spore-bearing surface and the spores are developed in thin mem-
branous sacks, not on basidia within the plant as in the case of
puff balls. In the morels and allied species the plant consists
of a stem and cap as in an ordinary mushroom, but these are

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 123

very unlike the stem and cap of a mushroom in general appear-
ance. Our edible species are placed in four genera, whose
prominent distinctive characters, so far as our species are con-
cerned, may be ascertained from the following table:

Cap coarsely pitted over its whole surface ............ Morchella.
Cap convolutely lobed .........0.e sees eee cere eeeeee Gyromitra.
Cap irregular or reflexed .........00+e eee eee eeeeees Helvella.
Cap club shaped, often irregularly 50. ......-++++e++4+ Mitrula.

Morchella Dill.

In the genus Morchella, to which the morels belong, the cap
is supported on a hollow stem and its whole surface is very un-
even by reason of a net-work of anastomosing or reticulated
ridges and their intervening cavities. This gives the surface a
pitted or honeycombed appearance. The ridges are blunt on the
edge. The spore sacks are imbedded in the whole surface, both
of pits and ridges, each sack usually containing eight spores, a
fact which can only be ascertained for one’s self by the aid of a
microscope. In the mass, the spores are yellowish.

Six species have been found in our State. All are similar in
color, and the specific distinctions are not very sharp. They are
found chiefly in the size and shape of the cap. All are deemed
edible and similar in texture and flavor, and therefore the sepa-
ration of the species from each other is not of much practical
importance if they are sought for food only. The prevailing
color of the cap in young and growing plants is buff-yellow or
ochraceous, but as the plants become old or begin to dry, darker
hues are assumed. The stems are rather stout, white or whitish,
or barely tinged with yellow, and scurfy or at least not perfectly
smooth and polished. They are hollow and in plants in which
the margin of the cap is attached to the stem the cap also is hol-
low, the cavity being continuous between cap and stem.

The species may be arranged in two groups, in one of which
the margin of the cap is wholly attached to the stem, in the
other it is free.

All the species occur early in the season. They may be sought
in wet weather, in May and June. I have never found any of
them later than June. Most of them seem to prefer to grow un-
der or near pine and ash trees, though they are sometimes found
under other trees.

124 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

There are two or three species of stink horn fungi, species of
Phallus, which, when old, bear some resemblance to morels.
They have a pitted cap supported on a stem, but the cap has an
opening in the top and the stem is porous, and besides, these
plants have such an intolerable odor that no one would think of
eating them. It is not likely that any one would mistake them
for morels.

In the annexed table the distinctive features of the species are
indicated. All the species are so much alike that the usual
botanical diagnosis will be omitted.

Margin of the cap united to the stem ............ 1
Margin of the cap free from the stem............ 3
Cap mrounded or! Ovals foci es \telelae <fe'miccleiele.e sistas = M. esculenta.
P@aploblonsvor cylindrical: sm. c cis or tesel ee ee M. deliciosa.
1 Cap conical or oblong-conical ..............2000- 2
2 Cap distinctly broader than the stem........... M. conica,
2 Cap scarcely broader than the stem............ M. angusticeps.
3 Cap free from the stem to the middle............ M. semilibera,
3 Cap free from the stem to the top............06- M. bispora.

Morchella esculenta Pers.

Common Moret.
Plate 3. Figs. 1 to 3.

In the Common morel the cap is generally a little longer than
broad. It is sometimes nearly globose and sometimes slightly
narrowed toward the top. The pits or depressions in its surface
are rather broader than in other species and more rounded, thereby
giving the surface an appearance more like that of a honeycomb.

The plant is commonly two to four inches high, with a stem
a half inch or more thick.

It has long been known as an edible species, as its specific
name implies.

Morchella conica Pers.
Contcat Moret
Plate 4. Figs. 1 to 4.

The Conical morel has the cap conical or oblong-conical, as its
name indicates. The longitudinal ridges on its surface run more
regularly from top to base than in the Common morel. They are
connected by short transverse ridges which are so distant from
each other or so incomplete that the resulting pits or depressions

REPORT Of THE STATE BOTANIST. 125

are generally longer than broad, and sometimes rather irregular.
The color in the young plant is a beautiful bufi-yellow or very
pale ochraceous, but it becomes darker with age.

The plants are generally three to five inches high, with the cap
one and a half to two inches thick in its broadest part, and dis-
tinctly broader than the stem.

This is similar to the Common morel in its esculent qualities
and is generally admitted by writers to be an excellent food and
of delicate flavor. It has been regarded by some as a mere
variety of the preceding species. Both may be found growing on
either sandy, gravelly or clayey soils.

Morchella angusticeps Peck.

Narrow car Moret.
Plate 4. Figs. 5 to 9.

The Narrow cap morel differs from the Conical morel in its
generally smaller size, more pointed cap and comparatively
thicker stem. Generally the cap is scarcely thicker than the
stem, even at its base, which is its broadest part. It is long and
narrow and sometimes curved. In some specimens the stem is
widest at the top and gradually tapers toward the base as shown
in figure 5.

The plants are commonly two to three inches high, with the
cap generally less than an inch broad in its widest part, but some-
times much larger specimens occur.

Morchella deliciosa /7.
Dericious Moret.
Plate 3. Figs. 4 to 7.

The Delicious morel is easily known by the shape of its cap,
which is cylindrical or nearly so. Sometimes it is slightly nar-
rowed toward the top and occasionally curved, as in the preced-
ing species, but its long narrow shape and blunt apex is quite
strongly contrasted with that species. It is usually two or three
times as long as it is broad, and generally it is longer than the
stem. Specimens also occur in which the cap is slightly more nar-
row in the middle than it is above and below, and rarely it is
slightly pointed at the apex. The pits on its surface are rather
narrow and mostly longer than broad. The stem is often rather
short.

126 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIS?-

The plant varies from one anda half to three inches high. It
is a rare species in our State.

The name indicates that the illustrious Fries, who originally
described the species, considered it an especially agreeable morel,
and indeed he says it is more sapid than the Common morel.
Roques sustains him in this opinion and Quelet speaks of it as
very fine and fragrant.

In the four species already described the margin of the cap is
united to or continuous with the top of the stem. In the two
remaining species the margin of the cap is free from the stem,
and consequently an open space intervenes between it and the
stem.

Morchella semilibera DC.
Har Free Moret.
Plate 3. Figs. 11 to 15,

The Half free morel has a conical cap, the lower half of which
is free from the stem. It rarefy exceeds an inch or an inch and
a half in length, and is usually much shorter than its stem. Tho
pits on its surface are longer than broad. Deformed specimens
occur in which the cap is hemispherical and very blunt or obtuse
at the apex; in othersit is abruptly narrowed above and pointed.

The plants are two to four inches high. The species is rare
with us.

Some writers claim that its flavor is less agreeable than that of
the Common morel. ‘The plants are so scarce that I have had no
opportunity to test its edible qualities.

The species was described by Persoon under the name Morchella
hybrida, a name having reference doubtless to the character of
the cap, which, by being half free, partakes of the nature of the
cap of an ordinary mushroom, while in other respects it retains
the features of the true morels. This name is adopted in Sylloge
Fungorum, but most English writers have employed the other.

Morchella bispora Sor.
Two-srorED Morg1.
Plate 3, Figs. 8 to 10.

The Two-spored morel is very similar to the Half free morel
in external appearance. It is distinguishable by its cap which is
free from the stem almost or quite to tho top. The stem of the
European plant has been described as stuffed, but in our plants it

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 127

is hollow, though possibly in very young plants it may be stuffed.
The remarkable and very distinctive character which gives name
to the species, can oniy be seen by the aid of a microscope. In
this species there are only two spores in each ascus or sack and
these are much larger than the spores of the other species. They
are two or three times longer and sometimes slightly curved.
The spores of the other species are eight in an ascus and are very
much alike in size ana shape, and do not furnish decided specific
characters, but in this species their importance can not be over-
looked. Their length is about .0024 inch, while in the others it is
.0008 to .001 inch.

This is probably our rarest species. I am not aware that it
has been found in but. one locality in our State. A few years
ago Mr. H. A. Warne detected it growing among fallen leaves
in a ravine near Oneida. I have not tested its edible qualities,
but would have no hesitation in eating it if opportunity should
be afforded.

Some writers speak highly of the edible quality of the morels,
others are less enthusiastic over them. My own limited experi-
ence leads to the conclusion that, as a rule, they are not very
highly flavored, though much better than some species classed as
edible. One correspondent says, “I do not think much of morels.
If cooked like mushrooms they become tough.” And here, per-
haps, is one cause of dissatisfaction with them. They may be
spoiled by bad cooking. Some mushrooms are made more tough
by too severe cooking. It is better to let such kinds simmer
slowly over a gentle fire. One receipt for cooking morels says,
cut clean morels in halves, place in a stew pan with butter and
set over a fire. When the butter is melted add a little lemon
juice, salt and pepper. Then cook slowly for an hour, adding
from time to time small quantities of beef gravy.

Cooke speaks of morels in general as about the safest and most
delicious of edible fungi, and Cordier represents the Common
morel as a delicate food and one that is in general demand in
France. There is one thing in favor of morels. They are gen-
erally free from insects, and on this account their natural flavor
is unimpaired, and there is no loss from infested specimens.
Their flesh is rather brittle or fragile and more dry than that of
some mushrooms, in consequence of which they are easily dried
for future use,

128 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Gyromitra /7.

The genus Gyromitra differs from Morchella in the character
of its cap. The surface of this is not pitted as in the morels,
but it is nevertheless very uneven, some parts being prominent
as if inflated, others depressed. These convexities and depres-
sions are so irregular and lobed that they suggest a faint resem-
blance to the convolutions of the brain. In other respects, and
especially in the spore characters, the relationship to the morels
is clear. Three species, Gyromitra esculenta, G. curtipes and
G. spherospora belong to our State, but the first one only is
common and known to be edible.

Gyromitra escu.enta Fr.

Eorste Hetverta. Escurent Gyromitra.
Plate 5. Figs. 1 to 3.

Pileus rounded, lobed, irregular, gyrose-convolute, glabrous,
bay red; stem stout, stuffed or hollow, whitish, often irregular ;
spores elliptical, binucleate, yellowish, .0008 to .0009 inch long.

The Edible helvella, formerly known as //elvella esculenta, is
easily recognized by its chestnut red irregularly rounded and
lobed cap with its brain-like convolutions. The margin of the
cap is attached to the stem in two or three places. When cut
through it is found to be hollow, whitish within and uneven,
with a few prominent irregular ribs or ridges. The stem is
whitish, slightly scurfy, and, when mature, hollow. In large
specimens it sometimes appears as if formed by the union of two
or more smaller ones.

The plant is two to four inches high and the cap commonly
two to three inches broad. Specimens sometimes occur weighing
a pound each. It is fond of sandy soil and is found in May and
June. It grows chiefly in wet weather or in wet ravines or
springy places in the vicinity of pine groves or pine trees.

Cordier says that this species has an agreeable taste and is
highly esteemed. Also that it is sold in the German markets asa
true morel. I have repeatedly eaten it without experiencing any
evil consequences, but its flavor to me is not that of a first-class
mushroom. But it was simply fried in butter and seasoned with
salt. Perhaps with more elaborate preparation or with the
addition of a little lemon juice or vinegar its flavor might be
improved.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 129

Care should be taken by those eating it to use it with moder-
ation and not to cook very old or long-kept specimens. Sickness
has been known to result from eating freely of specimens that
had been kept twenty-four hours before being cooked. When
old and beginning to dry, the cap is apt to assume a darker or
brown color. Often the lower or unexposed surface of the cap
is paler than that which is more exposed to wind and sun.

Helvella Z.

In the genus Helvella the cap is neither pitted nor convolutely
lobed, but it is, nevertheless, quite irregular and variously
reflexed, revolute or contorted so that in no two individuals, even
of the same species, does it appear exactly alike. The stem in
some species is stout and conspicuously marked by longitudinal
grooves or furrows and their intervening ribs or ridges. In some
species these furrows are continuous, in others, some of them are
interrupted or short. In one or two species the stems are slender
and even. All the species are rather small and scarce. They
grow chiefly in woods and do not appear as early in the season
as the morels and the Edible helvella. Though all are deemed
edible I have not found them in sufficient quantity to verify their
edible qualities and will describe onlv one of them.

Helvella crispa /*.
Wuitt Hetvecta.
Plate 5. Figs. 4 to 7.

Pileus deflexed, lobed or variously contorted, white or whitish;
stem equal or slightly swollen at the base, deeply and interruptedly
grooved, white or whitish; spores elliptical, .0007 to .0009 inch long.

The White helvella is distinguished from all other helvellas by
its vhite or whitish color and by its peculiar stem, which is
strongly ribbed and deeply grooved, the grooves or furrows being
interrupted and varying much in length. A transverse section
of the stem shows that it contains several longitudinal cavities or
hollows. The cap is scarcely alike in any two individuals.
Often it is lobed or contorted in such a way as to form two or
more projecting points.

The plant is two to four inches high and the stem from one-
fourth to one-half an inch thick. It grows in woods in August
and September, but is not often plentiful.

ay

130 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Most French authors say that it is excellent when young, and
Cooke says that when fresh it has a pleasant nutty flavor and is
an excellent substitute for morels. Badham also affirms that all
helvellas are esculent and have a general resemblance, in flavor,
to morels. Ido not know of any deleterious fungus that could
reasonably be mistaken for this or any other helvella.

Mitrula 77.
~The genus M/itrula has been made by Saccardo in Sylloge Fun-
gorum to include species having a club-shaped cap. In conse-
quence of this enlargement of the generic character we find Geo-
glossum vitellinum Bres. and a variety of it, or a closely allied
species, Geoglossum irregulare Peck, placed with the mitrulas.
This pretty little fungus might easily be referred to the genus
Clavarza, but for the fact that its spores are contained in asci or
sacks. Nor is it sharply separated from the genus Geoglossum
except by its spore characters. The New York plant differs from
the European in its more compressed and irregular cap, and in
consequence it has been kept distinct as a variety, in Sylloge, and

stands as
Mitrula vitellina Sacc. var. irregularis Peck.
TgrEecuLarR Mirevra.

Plate 5. Figs. 8 to 14.

Pileus clavate, often irregular or compressed and somewhat
lobed, obtuse, glabrous, yellow, tapering below into the short,
rather distinct, yellowish or whitish stem ; spores narrowly ellip-
tical, .0003 to .0004 inch long.

When the Irregular mitrula is well grown and symmetrical it
closely resembles the typical European plant, but usually the
clubs or caps are curved, twisted, compressed or lobed in such a
way that it is difficult to find two plants just alike. The plants
are usually only one or two inches high, so that they would
scarcely be thought of any importance as an edible species. But
sometimes it grows in censiderable profusion in wet mossy places
in woods, so that it would not be difficult to gather a pint of them
in ashort time. Its beautiful bright yellow color makes it a very
attractive object. It is our largest species of d/¢éruda and occurs
in autumn.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 13i

It was first reported as an edible species in the Forty-second
Report. Its flesh is tender and its flavor delicate and agreeable.

This plant was first described in 1879 in the Thirty-second
Report, under the name Geoglossum irregulare. In 1882 Bresa-
dola published his Geoglosswm vitellinum, from which our plant
differs so slightly that it has been considered a mere variety ; and
in consequence of the irregularity in the publication of the
Thirty-second Report, no extra copies having been ordered, the
later name has been given precedence.

Hymenomycetez.
Musurooms, Borert ano Farry Crvss.

The mushrooms hereafter to be described belong to the very
large class of fungi known to botanists by the name Hymeno-
mycetex, a word composed of two parts, signifying membrane
fungi, and in its present use indicating that in these fungi
the spores are produced on thin or membranous parts or sur-
faces. In the Common mushroom and in all others of similar
structure, these spore-bearing membranes or surfaces are found
on the lower or under side of the cap. They are commonly
called gills, and have already been described. The spores are
produced on both surfaces of the gills, and when mature they
drop through the interspaces between the gills and fall to the earth
below or are wafted away by currents of air. All fungi having
a cap with gills beneath belong to the family Agaricinew.

In the Edible boletus and other fungi of similar structure the
lower surface of the cap is full of small holes or pores, previously
described. The spores are developed on the inner surface of
these pores, and when mature they are dropped or ejected into
the open air below. All fungi having a cap with pores beneath
constitute a family called Polypore.

In the Spreading hydnum or Hedgehog mushroom the lower
surface of the cap is furnished with closely-placed depending
spine-like teeth. All fungi of similar structure are included in a
family named Hydnew, from the genus Hydnum, the principal
genus in it. In one species the cap is replaced by spreading
branches with teeth on their lower surface. Spreading or thinly-
expanded plants with no stems which belong to this and the pre-
ceding family are not noticed, since there are no edible species
among them.

132 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

In the Cornucopia mushroom the cap has neither gills, pores
nor teeth on its lower surface, which is even or slightly and
obscurely wrinkled. It, therefore, belongs to a fourth family
which takes the name Thelephorez.

There is still another family with a few edible species in it. It
is named Clayvariex, from its principal genus Clavaria. In this
genus the edible species occur. It is composed of two kinds of
plants. In one kind there is a simple upright club-shaped stem-
like growth with no well-marked cap or expanded part. In the
other there is a branching bush-like growth. In both these the
spores are produced on the exterior surface of tne plants or of
their branches. A synoptical view of the five families is given
in the annexed table.

(CED [OEE 6 cad odebComsoeT ence ee cccscencssees 1
OPK FNNNe Shn8 phocon obooTondSanc aadewacsdon 660 Clavariez.
1 Cap with radiating gills beneath..................- Agariciner,
Ae Capcwithyponesspeneatiimariarcrsistcrel|a vistcle iets reloieleielatsteinis Polyporez.
1 Cap with spine-like or awl-shaped teeth beneath...... Hydnee.
1 Cap with neither gills, pores nor teeth beneath...... . Thelephorez.
Agaricinee.
AGARICS.

The family Agaricinee probably includes more edible species
than any other. Its members are sometimes called “agarics.”
More than 500 species of this family have been credited to our
State flora. For the sake of convenience in the identification
of such a great abundance of material, botanists have divided
the family into smaller groups or sections depending on the
color of the spores. We can do no better than to follow this
arrangement in the study of the species. It is not a difficult
matter to ascertain the color of the spores of an agaric. Gen-
erally they have nearly or quite the same color as the mature
gills, but to this there are so many exceptions that to be exact
we must see the spores themselves. Singly they are invisible to
the naked eye, but when collected in a mass their color is plainly
to be seen. If the cap of a mushroom is cut from its stem and
placed in its natural position, gills downward, on any flat surface,
say a piece of white paper as broad as itself, it will in a few

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 133

hours drop enough spores on the paper to show their color, on
removing the cap. If the spores are white, and we may infer
that they are if the mature gills are white, white paper will not
be so good for disclosing their color, as paper of some dark color.
Black paper is sometimes used when it is suspected that the
spores are white. Or the cap may be placed on a piece of glass
and then the glass may be placed over a white or a colored
background, according to circumstances.

Fresh, sound, fully-developed specimens should be selected to
furnish the spores. If the cap is thin it is well to invert a goblet
or similar vessel over it to prevent it from drying and to exclude
currents of air.

Having ascertained the color of the spores the subjoined table
will show in which section the species belongs.

Spores brown, purplish-brown or black............. Melanospore.
Spores ochraceous, brownish-ochraceous or rusty-ochra-

CRONE o cogdaosoedoddo poco QbOOdODOOnCOCONuNGGeOS Ochrospore.
Spores rosy or pinkish ..... LHe OOD OSRODOOUOOCE Rhodospore.
Spores white, whitish or pale yellow .............-. Leucospore,

Melanospore.

By some botanists the brown and purplish-brown-spored spe-
cies are grouped in one section, and the black-spored species in
another; but both are united in one section in Sylloge Fungorum
and this is sufficiently simple for our purpose. Our edible spe-
cies of this section are included in two genera, Agaricus and

Coprinus.
Agaricus J.

The genus Agaricus originally included nearly all the species
that now compose the family Agaricinex, but it has been divided
and subdivided until now it includes only such brown-spored
species as have free gills and a stem with a collar.

There are several edible species in the genus, and, so far as I
know, it contains no dangerous species. The edible species are
closely related to each other, and in all here noticed the gills
have a pink color in young or middle age, but become dark-
brown or blackish-brown in mature age. There is no simpler
way of expressing the distinctive specific features than by an
analytital table. The species may be arranged in two groups,

134 REPOET OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

depending on their place of growth. This arrangement is not as
exact and satisfactory as is desirable, but it brings together those
species that are most closely related to each other.

Plants growing in pastures, grassy or open

18] BOR eclacs HCI CeG dn OUI O OD ODIIS OT AG 1
Plants growing in woods or groves ......... - 4
I Shiva stint yer OG 655 caScopeoDoueoS obbe 2
U-jSverl OHO iGo ggonae cons Ooacoo bds00U00bC Bow 3
2 Gills at first pink, about as broad as the
thickness Of Ghe'Gap 22. =... ss ere cweriee. A. campester.
2 Gills at first white, breadth less than the
thickness of the cap. ............2.00+ A. Rodmani.
3 Collar radiately divided on its lower surface .. A. arvensis.
3 Collar floccose on its lower surface ......... - A. subrufescens.
4 Flesh quickly changing to dull red where
WONOd. yee neces ck eviews ee ..... A. hemorrhoidarius.
4 Flesh not changing to dull-red where
TOG Gl a oaaconpopoh oooh menosouE oo 5
5 Cap with numerous persistent brown scales ... A. placomyces.
5 Cap without scales or with few evanescent ones. A. silvaticus.

Agaricus campester Z.*
Common Musuroom. Eprste Mussroom.
Plate 6.

Pileus silky or squamulose ; lamellx at first a delicate pink,
becoming brown or blackish-brown with age; stem stuffed, glab-
rous, white or whitish ; spores elliptical, .00025 to .0003 inch long.

The Common mushroom, sometimes called the Edible mush-
room, as if it was the only edible species known, and also
Meadow mushroom in common with A. arvensis, is perhaps more
generally used and better known than any other. It is the one
commonly cultivated and the one most often seen on the tables
of the rich and of fashionable restaurants and public houses. It
is so eagerly sought in some of our cities that it is difficult to find
the wild ones near these towns, for they are gathered almost as
soon as they appear, and the cultivated ones usually bring prices
beyond tne reach of the poor.

* This name is usually written Agaricus campestris, but in Sylloge Fungorum the more
classical and grammatical term here adopted is used,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 135

In very young plants the cap is hemispherical or almost
globose and the gills are concealed. Such plants of this and
of the closely related Horse mushroom have received the
name “button mushrooms,” and are preserved in brine or
other liquid and sold in the leading grocery stores. As the
cap expands the veil separates from the margin revealing
the delicate-tinted pinkish gills. When mature the cap is
very broadly convex or nearly flat. It is generally a little
silky with close-pressed fibrils, but these often vanish with age
and the cap appears quite smooth. Its margin, especially in the
younger plants, extends a little beyond the exterior extremity of
the gills. The color of the cap is commonly white, but with age
it may become a little tinged with dingy hues. The flesh is
white, but sometimes exhibits a tendency to become slightly
tinged with red when cut and exposed to the air. Its taste is
mild and pleasant. The epidermis is separable from the cap.

The gills are closely placed, rounded at the inner extremity
and not attached to the stem. The beautiful pink hue of their
early state gradually becomes darker and finally changes to a
smoky brown, which, in dried specimens, becomes almost or quite
black. This peculiarity in the coloration of the gills is so unlike
anything known in the dangerous species that it seems surpris-
ing that any such should ever be mistaken for this mushroom. A
whole group of pink-spored species, some of which are suspected
of being hurtful, have pinkish-colored gills, but they never assume
dark-brown or blackish hues.

The stem is generally shorter than the horizontal diameter of
the cap and about equal in thickness from top to base. The cen-
tral portion is a little softer in texture than the external part.
A collar encircles it in the upper part. Sometimes this is so thin
and slight that scarcely any vestige of it remains in old plants.

The spores are sometimes described as purplish-brown but I
have never been able to see any decided purple tint in them.
They are not as dark as seal-brown but approach it.

This mushroom, like many other plants that have been long
and extensively cultivated, has developed into several forms
which exhibit quite well-marked distinctive features. One of
these, called the Garden mushroom, Variety hortensis, is repre-
sented by figures Sand 9. Itis often found in cultivation and

186 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

sold in the markets, but is rarely found growing in the fields.
Its cap is of a brownish color and frequently adorned with
darker spots or scales.

Variety griseus has a grayish shining silky cap. I have not
yet found it in New York, but it grows in Virginia. It occurs
in France and is figured by Richon and Rozé.

Variety alba has the cap and stem white. It is our most
common form.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem one and a half to three
inches long, one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick.

The Common mushroom grows in grassy places, in pastures,
manured ground and mushroom beds, never in thick woods. It
occurs mostly in August and September. In cultivation in a
suitable place it may be had in midwinter. Owing to the attacks
of insects it is better to raise mushrooms in winter than in sum-
mer, unless the insects can be effectually excluded from the beds
and the apartments and the temperature properly regulated.
The wild ones are thought by some to have a better flavor than
the cultivated ones, but the latter are good enough for any one
and sometimes command surprisingly high prices. Mushrooms
of all kinds are more eagerly sought and more extensively used
in Europe than in this country, but with the great influx of
Europeans into this country, bringing with them a taste for this
kind of food, and with the rapid increase in population making
an increased demand for all kinds of food, it is probable that
the demand for and the use of mushrooms will soon be as great
here asin Europe. The chief difficulty in the matter is the lack
of a suflicient general knowledge of the species or of the means
of acquiring the knowledge necessary to make it safe to use them.

In the wild state the Common mushroom usually grows in
groups or a single one in a place, but when cultivated they often
form large tufts. A kind of out-door cultivation is sometimes
employed in order to increase the abundance of mushrooms.
Neglected places in fence corners, pastures or roadsides are dug
up and manure incorporated in the soil if it is not already very
rich. Mushroom spawn, after having been soaked in warm
water or kept moist in a warm place for several hours to start it
into growth, is then planted in the prepared places and a coat of
fine manure spread oyer the surface.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 137

It is well to mulch the surface with some coarse material like
leaves, straw or hay, to keep the soil moist. If the planting
is done in spring and the season is favorable a crop of mushrooms
should appear in autumn.

Almost every cook claims to know how to prepare this mush-
room for the table, and recipes for cooking it will be found in
cook books. No extended directions therefore are necessary
here. One of the simplest methods and one which is applicable
to all tender species is to fry gently in butter, seasoning accord-
ing to taste. They may be stewed in milk or cream, broiled on
a gridiron or in a steak broiler, or baked in an oven. To some
they are very acceptable when eaten raw. Doctor Cooke says
that when abroad on a day’s excursion, one or two of these raw
specimens are an excellent substitute for sandwiches, as they sat-
isfy hunger, are nutritive and digestible, and very pleasant and
grateful to the palate.

Agaricus Rodmani Peck.
Ropman’s Musnroom.
Plate 9. Figs. 1 to 6.

Pileus rather thick, firm, glabrous, white or whitish, dingy-
yellow or reddish-yellow in the center, flesh white, unchangeable ;
lamella crowded, narrow, at first whitish, then pink, finally
blackish-brown; stem short, solid, whitish ; spores broadly ellip-
tical, .0002 to .00025 inch long.

Rodman’s mushroom may easily be mistaken for the common
mushroom to which it is closely related. It has been separated
from it because of its comparatively thicker firmer flesh, its more
narrow gills, which are almost white when very young, and its
peculiar collar. This seems to be double, and in the mature
plant the two parts separate in such a way as to leave a deep
groove or channel between them. In very short-stemmed speci-
mens the collar is situated so near the base of the stem that it
appears much like the remains of the volva or wrapper in some
species of Amanita. The spores are a little shorter and broader
in proportion to their length than those of the Common mush-
room, so that at first sight they seem to be nearly globose.

The cap is two to four inches broad, the stem one to two
inches long and one-half an inch or less in thickness.

18

138 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

This mushroom was first described and recorded as edible in
the Thirty-sixth Report. Subsequently Richon and Rozé pub-
lished a species found in France to which they gave the name
Pesalliota duriuscula,the Firm champignon. They speak of their
plant as a suspected species with nothing to recommend it, with
an unpleasant flavor and with a flesh so hard as to render it indi-
gestible. The figure and description of their species indicate
that it is not distinct from Rodman’s mushroom. But Mr. Rod-
man ate of his plant and found it perfectly harmless. It is, there-
fore, classed as edible. I have had no opportunity to test its
edible qualities, but would have no hesitation in eating it if I
could find it in good condition.

It grows in grassy ground and even in crevices of unused
pavements and paved gutters in cities. It appears from May to
July. I have not found it in autumn. It is rare.

Agaricus subrufescens Peck.

SLIGHTLY REDDIsH MusHRoom.
Plate 7.

Pileus at first deeply hemispherical, becoming convex or broadly
expanded, silky fibrillose and minutely or obscurely squamulose,
whitish, grayish or dull reddish-brown, usually smooth and darker
on the disk, flesh white, unchangeable; lamelle at first white
or whitish, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown; stem rather
long, often somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, at first
stuffed, then hollow, white; the annulus flocculose or floccose-
squamose on the lower surface; mycelium whitish, forming slen-
der branching root-like strings ; spores elliptical, .00024 to .00028
inch long.

The Slightly reddish mushroom differs especially from the
Common mushroom in the peculiar deeply hemispherical shape
of the cap of the young plant, in the white or whitish color of
the very young gills, in the at length hollow stem, often some-
what thickened or bulbous at the base, and in the collar,
which has the exterior or lower surface covered with little
downy flakes or scales. Beside these characters it has others
which may aid in supporting its claim to specific distinction. Its
mycelium seems strongly disposed to form strings which adhere
to the base of the stem like white branching thread-like roots,
and the flesh has a flavor like that of almonds. This flavor

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 1389

appears to me to be more pronounced in the older plants than in
those that are very young. When raised in large quantities in
greenhouses it sometimes gives out a perceptible odor of bruised
almonds.

The reddish-brown color is due to the coating of fibrils that
cover the cap. These are often collected in minute tufts, which
give a slight floccose or scaly appearance to the cap. In the
center the epidermis does not separate into fibrils and scales, and
in consequence the disk or center of the cap is smoother and
more distinctly reddish-brown than the rest. The flesh is white
and unchangeable when cut or broken. In this respect it differs
decidedly from the Reddish variety of the Common mushroom,
Variety rufescens, though it resembles it in having the very
young gills white.

The stem is generally rather long and more or less thickened
at the base. It is white and usually slightly flocculose below the
collar, very smooth above it. In the mature plant it is hollow,
but the cavity is very small. One of the distinguishing features
of the species is the flocculent or scaly lower surface of the veil
or collar. It is apparently a double membrane, as in the Field
mushroom, but instead of the lower membrane breaking ina
radiate manner as in that species, it breaks into small floccose
flakes or scales. By this character and by the color of the very
young gills it may be separated from the Garden variety of the
Common mushroom, Variety hortensis, which it approaches in
the color of the cap.

The plant often grows in large clusters of many individuals,
one correspondent affirming that as many as forty individuals
sometimes occur in one cluster. In size it is similar to the Com-
mon mushroom, but under favorable circumstances it seems
sometimes to excel it, the cap attaining a diameter of six inches.

It has been found but once in a wild state within our limits.
Mr. Wm. Falconer, of Glen Cove, Long Island, discovered it
growing on his compost heap composed chiefly of decaying
leaves. From some of these specimens kindly sent me by the
discoverer the original description was derived, but the specimens
were not in satisfactory condition to figure. The present illus-
trations have been made from specimens kindly furnished by
Colonel Wright Rives of Washington, in whose greenhouse an

140 EEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

enormous volunteer crop developed in soil prepared for forcing
cucumbers. The species is apparently more easy of cultivation
than the Common mushroom, less subject to the attacks of insects
and not so intolerant of unfavorable conditions. It is very pro-
ductive, develops sooner after the planting of the spawn and
probably will keep longer in good condition. Specimens picked
in Washington on Monday night, reached Albany in a good state
of preservation on the Thursday following, and some of them
were eaten for supper on that day, making an interval of three
days and three nights between the picking and the eating, and
proving the possibility of supplying a distant market with this
mushroom. Its flesh does not seem to me quite as tender as
that of the Common mushroom, and its almond-like flavor may
not be as acceptable to some tastes, but it is nevertheless an ex-
cellent mushroom and one which may yet supersede the old kind,
especially in the hands of private individuals who are often dis-
appointed in their efforts to raise mushrooms.

Agaricus arvensis Sche/f.

Frerp Musuroom. Horsz Mussroom.
Plate 8.

Pileus smooth or at first slightly floceulent, white or yellowish ;
lamellz at first whitish or very faintly pinkish, soon dull pink,
then blackish-brown; stem stout, hollow, somewhat thickened
or bulbous at the base, white, the collar double, the upper part
membranous, white, the lower part thicker, subtomentose, radi-
ately split, yellowish ; spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 inch long.

The Field mushroom or Horse mushroom, also called Meadow
mushroom, is so much like the Common mushroom that some
botanists have supposed it to be a mere variety of that species.
The most notable differences are its larger size, its hollow, some-
what bulbous stem, its peculiar veil or collar and the paler gills
of the very young plant. The cap in dried specimens is apt to
assume a yellow color, which does not pertain to the Common
mushroom. The collar appears to be composed of two parts
closely applied to each other and making a double membrane, the
lower part of which is of a thicker, softer texture and split in a
stellate manner into broad yellowish rays. This is perhaps the
most distinctive character of the species, and a more detailed

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 141

description is scarcely necessary. No serious harm could come,
so far as utility is concerned, if it should be confused with the
Common mushroom.

It grows in cultivated fields, grassy pastures and waste places.
It is occasionally found under trees and even within the borders
of thin woods. It has been supposed by some that its spores
will not germinate unless they have passed through the alimen-
tary canal of some animal. Whether there is any truth or not
in such a supposition, it is common enough to find this mushroom
growing in places where no trace of the dung of animals can be
seen. It appears from July to September.

A similar mushroom occurs in open places in woods or along
the borders of thin woods. The color of its cap and stem is
white as in the Field mushroom. Its cap is perhaps a little thin-
ner and more fragile, and its stem is usually longer and has a
very abrupt or flattened bulb at its base. Its collar is usually the
same as that of the Field mushroom, but plants sometimes occur
in which it appears to be a single lacerated membrane. Such
plants have been referred to the Wood inhabiting mushroom,
Agaricus silvicola ; but its general affinities seem to me to con-
nect it more closely with Agaricus arvensis, to which I would
subjoin it as an abrupt variety, Variety abruptus, the name havy-
ing reference to the character of the bulb. I have eaten of this
variety and consider it edible. Dried specimens assume a yel-
lowish hue.

Opinions differ concerning the esculent qualities of the Field
mushroom. According to Kerkeley it is inferior to the Common
mushroom, and Badham says its flavor and odor are strong, and
it is generally shunned by English epicures. On the other hand,
Persoon says it is superior to the Common mushroom in smell,
taste and digestibility, and it is, therefore, generally preferred in
France. Vittadini also says it is very delicate and easy of diges-
tion, but has a stronger odor than the Common mushroom.
“Very sapid and very nutritious,” ‘odor feeble, but flavor anise-
like and very agreeable,” “delicious when young and fresh, but
tough when old,” are opinions expressed by various writers. One
author says it is edible and of exquisite flavor, and both these ex-
pressions have been perpetuated in two of the synonyms of the
species, Agaricus edulis Kromh. and Agaricus exquisitus V itt.

142 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Agaricus placomyces Peck.
Frat cap MusnRoom.
Plate 9. Figs. 7 to 12.

Pileus thin, at first convex, becoming flat with age, whitish,
brown in the center and elsewhere adorned with minute brown
scales; lamellz close, white, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown ;
stem smooth, annulate, stuffed or hollow, bulbous, white or
whitish, the bulb often stained with yellow; spores elliptical,
.0002 to .00025 in. long.

The Flat cap mushroom is a rare but a beautiful species. Its
cap is convex or somewhat bell-shaped when young, but when
mature it is nearly or quite flat. Its brown center and its nu-
merous minute brown scales on a whitish background give it a
very ornamental appearance. It becomes darker with age.

Its gills, which in the very young plant are white or nearly
so, pass through the usual shades of pink and brown with advanc-
ing age.

The stem is rather long and swollen into a bulb at the base.
It sometimes tapers slightly toward the top near which it bears
a thin flabby membranous collar. It may be either stuffed with
a pith or hollow. It is white or whitish, but the bulb is some-
times stained with yellow.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem three to five inches long,
one-fourth to nearly one-half an inch thick.

It grows in the borders of hemlock woods or under hemlock
trees from July to September. It has been eaten by Mr. C. L.
Shear, who pronounces it very good. I have not found it in suffi-
cient quantity to give it a trial. This mushroom is very closely
related tothe Wood mushroom or Silvan mushroom, Agaricus si-
vaticus, a species which is also recorded as edible, but which is
apparently more rare in our State than even the Flat cap mush-
room. This differs from the Silvan mushroom in its paler color,
in having the cap more minutely, persistently and regularly scaly,
and in its being destitute of a prominent center. In the Silvan
mushroom the scales, when present, are few, and they disappear
with age.

Having had no opportunity to make the drawings of the
Bleeding mushroom, Agaricus hemorrhoidarius, and of the Silvan

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 143

mushroom, Agaricus silvaticus, and not having tested their edible
qualities, they are, for the present, dismissed from further
consideration.

Coprinus Pers.

The genus Coprinus is easily distinguished from all others by
the character of the gills of the mature plant. These assume a
black color and slowly dissolve into an inky fluid which, in the
larger plants at least, falls to the ground in drops. The thin caps
of some species also partly or wholly waste away in this manner.
Because of the production of this black fluid, which has some-
times been used as a poor substitute for ink, these plants have
received the name “inky fungi.” In a few species the spores are
brown, but generally they are black. Some of the plants liter-

_ally grow up in a night and perish in a day. Many of the species
inhabit dung or manure heaps, as the generic name implies. Most
of them are so small, thin and perishable that they are not valu-
able as food. Even the larger ones have thin caps, and those
deemed edible should be gathered when young and cooked
promptly if used as food. Three species are here noticed.

Cap whitish .........eeeeseeceeeeccneereececs C. comatus.
Cap grayish or grayish-brown.....+..+eee+eee+> C. atramentarius.
Cap buff-yellow or tawny-yellow .......-++++++ C. micaceus.

Coprinus comatus /r.

Suaccy Coprints.
Plate 10.

Pileus at first oblong or nearly cylindrical, becoming campanu-
late or expanded and splitting on the margin, adorned with scat-
tered yellowish scales, whitish ; lamella crowded, white, then
tinged with red or pink, finally black and dripping an inky fluid;
stem rather long, hollow, smooth or slightly fibrillose, white or
whitish, at first with a slight movable annulus ; spores elliptical,
black, .0005 to .0007 in. long.

The Shaggy coprinus, or Maned agaricas it is sometimes called,
is one of the largest and finest species of the genus. When young
the cap is quite long and aarrow, but with advancing age the
margin spreads outward, becomes split in several places and
curves upward. The surface is adorned with loose fibrils and
with scales or spots which appear to be due to the breaking up

144 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

of an epidermis which remains entire in a small patch on the
very top of the cap. Except the top and the scales the cap is
white, but in mature plants it often becomes sordid or blackish
toward the thin margin as if it were stained or soaked by the
inky fluid formed from the gills.

The gills at first are closely crowded together and white, but
soon pinkish, reddish or purplish tints appear, which quickly
change to black. Sometimes all these hues may be seen at one
time in one plant.

The stem is white, smooth and hollow. In the young plant it
is furnished with a collar which is movable or but slightly ad-
herent. It is easily destroyed and has often disappeared at
maturity.

The cap is one and a half to three inches long before expan-
sion. The stem is three to five inches long and one-fourth to
one-third of an inch thick. It grows in rich loose earth by road-
sides, in pastures, waste places or dumping grounds. It appears
in autumn and may sometimes be found quite late in the season.
It is quite fragile and must be handled with care. It is very
tender and digestible and scarcely inferior to the Common mush-
room in flavor, though some think it is improved in flavor by
cooking a mushroom or two with it. It is fit for the table only
before the gills have assumed their black color, but even after
that it is sometimes used in making catsup.

“When young it is very sapid and delicate ;” “ cooked quickly
in butter with pepper and salt, it is excellent;” “edible, tender
and delicious ;” “in flavor it much resembles the Common mush-
room, to which it is quite equal, if not superior ; it is clearly more
digestible and less likely to disagree with persons of delicate con-
stitutions,” are opinions recorded in its favor.

Coprinus atramentarius /7.
Inxy Coprinvs.
Plate 11. Figs. 7 to 11.

Pileus at first ovate, becoming expanded, glabrous or with a
few obscure, spot-like scales in the center, grayish-brown ; lamella
crowded, at first whitish and flocculose on the edge, then black ;
stem glabrous, hollow, white or whitish ; spores elliptical, black,
.0003 to .0004 in. long.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 145

The Inky coprinus is much less attractive in its appearance than
the Shaggy coprinus. Its cap is quite smooth except on the disk,
which is sometimes spotted with a few obscure scales. The color
is grayish or grayish-brown, sometimes with a slight suggestion
of lead color. The margin is sometimes irregularly notched or
lobed.

The gills are at first crowded and whitish, but they soon be-
come black and moist and gradually dissolve away, forming an
inky dripping fluid which is suggestive of the name of the spe-
cies, and which may be used as ink.

The stem is rather slender, smooth and hollow. It sometimes
has a slight vestige of a collar near the base, but it soon
disappears.

The cap varies from one to three inches or more in diameter,
the stem is two to four inches long, one-sixth to one-third of an
inch thick.

It grows in clusters in rich soil, in gardens, waste places or in
woods, and appears in late summer or in autumn. The form
growing in woods is generally smaller and more beautiful than
that growing in open places. It may be called var. s?/vestris.

The cap sometimes appears as if suffused with a bloom. It
deliquesces rapidly and it is, therefore, more available for catsup
than for food. If intended for the table it must be cooked as
soon as brought to the house. In Europe both this and the pre-
ceding species appear in spring as well as in summer and autumn,
but I have not seen them early in the season in our State.

Coprinus micaceus Fr.

GutsTEenIne CopRINts.
Plate 11. Figs. 1 to 6.

Pileus thin, at first ovate, then campanulate or expanded,
striate, sometimes glistening with shining particles when young,
buff-yellow or tawny-yellow; lamellae crowded, whitish, then
tinged with pinkish or purplish-brown, finally black ; stem slender,
fragile, hollow, white ; spores elliptical, brown, .00025 to .0008 in.
long.

The Glistening coprinus is a small but common and beautiful
species. Its cap is somewhat bell-shaped and marked with
impressed lines or striations from the margin to or beyond the

19

146 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

middle. The center is smooth and often a little more highly
colored than the rest. The glistening particles which are sug-
gestive of the name of this little mushroom are not often notice-
able, and when present on the young cap they often disappear
with age. The margin is frequently notched or lobed and wavy
and it is apt to become split as the cap expands. The color varies
from a pale whitish-buff to tawny-yellow or reddish-ochraceous.
It becomes sordid or brownish in old age, especially if wet or
water-soaked.

The gills, as in the preceding species, are at first crowded and
whitish, but they soon change color, becoming pinkish tinted and
then brown and black.

The stem is slender, fragile, smooth, hollow and white. The
brown color of the spores is unusual in this genus.

Cap one to two inches broad, stem one to three inches long,
rarely thicker than a pipe stem.

The Glistening coprinus grows in clusters on the ground or on
decaying wood. It occurs from May to November. It appears
in wet weather and sometimes seems to anticipate rain, starting
to grow two or three days before a rain storm. Several success-
ive crops often come up about a single old stump in one season.
When a cluster appears to grow from the ground it is quite prob-
able that it really starts from some decaying root or other piece
of wood buried in the earth. It is not uncommon to find it grow-
ing from places in the margin of the sidewalks of our cities
where shade trees have been cut down, the decaying stump and
roots furnishing the necessary habitat. In such cases the boys of
the street delight in kicking the clusters to pieces and stamping
them out of existence, thinking probably that they are abund-
autly justified in destroying a vile toadstool which might other-
wise be the means of poisoning some one. These tufts are some-
times very large and composed of very many plants closely
crowded together. Sometimes the caps crack into small areas,
the white flesh showing itself in the chinks.

European writers do not record the Glistening coprinus among
the edible species, perhaps because of its small size. But it com-
pensates for its lack of size by its frequency and abundance, and
it has the advantage of being easily and frequently procurable.
In tenderness and delicacy it does not appear to me to be at all

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 147

inferior to the Shaggy coprinus, and it certainly is harmless, for
it has been eaten repeatedly by various persons and always with-
out ill results. It was published as edible in the Twenty-seventh
Report.

Ochrospore.

Members of this section may be known by the ochraceous hues
of their spores. The color may vary somewhat, being ochraceous,
rusty-ochraceous or brownish-cchraceous in different species. The
recorded edible species occur in three genera, Pholiota, Cortina-
rius and Paxillus. No species of the first genus has been proved
by me.

Cortinarius /*.

Of the genus Cortinarius, eight species have been classed as
edible by English writers. Four of these occur in our State, and
three of them have been tried. The genus contains many species,
and it is almost certain that several others will yet be found to
be esculent. The genus is distinguished especially by the rusty-
ochraceous color of the spores and by the webby character of tLe
veil. In the young plant fine webby filaments stretch from the
margin of the cap to the stem, and in many species these are so
numerous that they at first conceal the gills, but they mostly
disappear with advancing age and leave little or no trace of a
collar on the stem. In some instances a few filaments adhere to
the stem and afford a lodgment for the falling spores, in conse-
quence of which a rusty-brown stain or ill-defined band of color
is seen on the upper part of the stem.

In young plants the color of the gills is generally quite unlike
that of mature ones. In these the gills become dusted by the
spores and assume their color, so that there is great uniformity
in the color of the gills of mature plants in all the species. It is,
therefore, of the utmost importance in identifying species of
Cortinarius to know the color of the gills of the young plant. In
all the species they are attached to the stem at their inner extrem-
ity, and generally they are emarginate. Most of the species grow
in woods or groves or along their borders, and are especially
found in late summer and autumn in hilly or mountainous
regions.

148 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

The three species here described may be tabulated as follows:

PLEMMOts DM DOUE ace ween eleialeiels > efetel eles vieiaisisinlal pie 1
Stem'with’a bulbous’ base .............cceeeeecs C. violaceus.
1 Cap viscid or glutinous when moist.............. C. collinitus.
1 Cap not viscid, dry and fibrillose........ ....... C. cinnamomeus.

Cortinarius violaceus /*.

Vioiet Cortinarius.
Plate 12.

Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane, dry, adorned with
numerous persistent hairy tufts or scales, dark violet; lamellx
rather thick, distant, rounded or deeply notched at the inner
extremity, colored like the pileus in the young plant, brownish-
cinnamon in the mature plant; stem solid, fibrillose, bulbous,
colored like the pileus; spores subelliptical, .0005 in. long.

The Violet cortinarius is a very beautiful mushroom and one
easy of recognition. At first the whole plant is uniformly
colored, but with age the gills assume a dingy ochraceous or
brownish-cinnamon hue. The cap is generally well formed and
regular and is beautifully adorned with little hairy scales or tufts.
These are rarely shown in figures of the European plant, but they
are quite noticeable in the American plant and should not be
overlooked. The flesh is more or less tinged with violet.

The gills when young are colored like the cap. They are
rather broad, notched at the inner extremity and narrowed
toward the margin of the cap. When mature they become
dusted with the spores whose color they take.

The stem also is colored like the cap. It is swollen into a bulb
at the base and sometimes a faint rusty-ochraceous band may be
seen near the top. This is due to the falling spores which lodge
on the webby filaments of the veil remaining attached to the
stem.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem three to five inches long,
about half an inch thick.

The Violet cortinarius grows among fallen leaves in the woods
of our hilly and mountainous districts, in July and August. I
have never found it in the open country. It is solitary or scat-
tered in its growth and not very plentiful. Nevertheless it is a
very good species to eat, and when botanizing in the extensive

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIS?T 149

forests of the Adirondack region it afforded an excellent and
very much relished addition to our bill of fare. It retains some-
thing of its color when cooked, and in consequence a dish of Vio-
let mushrooms is scarcely as attractive to the eyes as to the
palate,

Cortinarius collinitus 7,

SMEARED CoRTINARIUS.
Plate 13. Figs. 1 to 6.

Pileus convex, obtuse, glabrous, glutinous when moist, shining
when dry; lamelle rather broad, dingy-white or grayish when
young; stem cylindrical, solid, viscid or glutinous when moist,
transversely cracking when dry, whitish or paler than the pileus ;
spores subelliptical, .0005 to .0006 in. long.

The Smeared cortinarius is much more common than the Vio-
let cortinarius and has a much wider range. Both the cap and
stem are covered with a viscid substance or gluten which makes
it unpleasant to handle. The cap varies in color from yellow to
golden or tawny-yellow and when the gluten on it has dried it is
very smooth and shining. The flesh is white or whitish. The
young gills have a peculiar bluish-white or dingy-white color
which might be called grayish or clay color, but when mature
they assume the color of the spores. They are sometimes min-
utely uneven on the edge.

The stem is straight, solid, cylindrical and usually paler than
the cap. When the gluten on it dries it cracks transversely, giy-
ing to the stem a peculiar scaly appearance.

The cap is one and a half to three inches broad, and the stem
two to four inches long and one-fourth to one-half inch thick.

The plant grows in thin woods, copses and partly-cleared
lands and may be found from August to September.

It is well to peel the caps before cooking, since the gluten
causes dirt and rubbish to adhere tenaciouslv to them.

Cortinarius cinnamomeus /*.
Cinnamon Cortinarius.
Plate 13. Figs. 7 to 20.
Pilous thin, convex, obtuse or umbonate, dry, fibrillose at least
when young, flesh yellowish ; lamelle thin, close, adnate; stem
slender, equal, stuffed or hollow ; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long.

150 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST-

The Cinnamon cortinarius is smaller than either of the forego-
ing species, but it is more abundant. It is quite variable in size,
shape and color. The cap is generally convex at first, but often
expands until it is nearly flat. Sometimes it has a central prom-
inence or umbo. It is more or less coated, at least when young,
with minute silky fibrils, but sometimes becomes smoothish with
age. Its color is commonly cinnamon-brown, brownish-och-
raceous or tawny-brown. The gills are some shade of yellow
when young, except in one variety, but when mature they assume
the color of the spores. The stem is rather slender, often flex-
uous, fibrillose or silky, stuffed or hollow when old, and yellowish
or colored like the cap, or a little paler.

In the Half-red variety, Variety semisanguineus, figures 15 to
20, the young gills have a dark blood-red color. This perhaps
ought to be considered a distinct species.

The cap is usually one to two inches broad, the stem one to
three inches long and one-fourth of an inch thick or less. The
plant grows in woods or their borders, under trees or in mossy
swamps. Like many flowering plants which have a wide range
and are not particular as to their habitat, this mushroom is per-
plexing because of its variability, but it is believed that the de-
scription and figures here given will make it recognizable. The
fresh plant often has a slight odor like that of radishes.

Paxillus /*.

The genus Pavillus is characterized by its gills which are
easily and smoothly separable from the cap just as the tubes of a
Boletus are, from the cap that supports them. They are reticu-
lately connected at the base in the single species here considered.
The spores are ochraceous.

Paxillus involutus /*.

InvotuTe Paxi.uus.
Plate 28. Figs. 18 to 23.

Pileus compact, convex at first, soon expanded and centrally
depressed, nearly glabrous, grayish-buff or ochraceous-brown or
yellowish ferruginous, the margin involute and when young cov-
ered with a grayish tomentum ; lamellz close, decurrent, branched
and reticulately connected behind, whitish, then yellowish or sub-
ferruginous, changing to reddish-brown where cut or bruised ;

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST ilsnl

stem central or eccentric, solid, glabrous, colored like the pileus ;
spores elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long.

The Involute paxillus is somewhat variable in color and exhib-
its a strange admixture of gray, ochraceous, ferruginous and
brown hues, sometimes one being more prominent, sometimes
another. It is apt to be viscid when moist and shining when
dry. The margin is rolled inwards in the young plant, and is
adorned with a grayish tomentum or villosity. It sometimes ex-
hibits short markings as in figures 20 and 21. The flesh is not a
clear white, but tinged with gray.

The gills are at first whitish, but they become yellowish or
rust colored with advancing age and assume brownish or red-
dish-brown stains where cut or bruised. They are decurrent and
a little wavy and reticulately connected where they run down on
the stem. The interspaces between them are marked with veins.

The stem is generally shorter than the diameter of the cap and
solid. It is colored nearly like the cap and is sometimes adorned
with a few darker spots.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem one to three inches long,
one-third to one-half an inch thick.

The Involute paxillus grows in woods either on the ground or
on decayed wood. It grows singly or in groups and seems to
like damp mossy soil well filled with vegetable matter. It is
common in cool hemlock or spruce woods, but occurs also in
mixed woods, and along the borders of marshes. When grow-
ing on old decayed stumps or the prostrate moss-covered trunks
of trees the stem is sometimes eccentric, but in other cases it is
generally central. It appears from August to November.

It is sometimes called the Brown chantarelle, but it is scarcely
a rival of the true chantarelle. Most authors record it as edible
but they do not praise it highly Richon and Rozé say it is
edible but scarcely to be recommended. Letellier on the other
hand says it can be employed as food with much advantage. It
is also said’to be held in high estimation in Russia. With us it
is scarcely available except to people living near damp woods or
swamps.

Rhodospore.

The name of this section, which in some works bears the name

Hyporhodii, indicates that the spores are red, but their color is

152 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

really a peculiar pinkish or rosy hue commonly described as
flesh color or salmon color. It is a combination of ochraceous
and pink. The mature gills usually have this color. Only a
few species of this section are known to be edible and some have
been thought to be unwholesome. There are several genera, but
the species here considered belong to one only.

Clitopilus 77.

The species of this genus are separable from all others of the
section by their fleshy stem and decurrent gills. Mushrooms of
similar structure occur in the genus Clitocybe which belongs to
the section characterized by white spores. Their gills also are
generally white in the mature plant. The pink-gilled species
need not be confused with the Common mushroom and those of
its relatives that have the gills of a pink color while young, for
in them the pink color is soon replaced by brown or blackish-
brown, but in these the gills retain their pinkish hue and never
assume darker colors. Besides, in the Common mushroom and its
allies the gills are not attached to the stem by their inner
extremity, but in the species of this genus they are. Many
species, not of this genus only but also of other genera in this
section, have the gills white or whitish in the young plant, but
with advancing age they assume the more permanent pinkish hue.

Clitopilus prunulus Scop.
Pcium Curropizuvs.
Plate 14, Figs. 1 to 6.

Pileus fleshy, compact, broadly convex or nearly plane, some-
times centrally depressed, dry, suffused with a bloom, whitish or
grayish, the margin sometimes wavy; lamella somewhat distant,
decurrent, at first whitish, becoming salmon colored ; stem glab-
rous, solid, white; spores oblong elliptical, pointed at each end,
.0004 to .0U045 in. long.

The Plum clitopilus is not a common species with us, and when
it does occur it is not in abundance. Its cap is white or whitish
inclining to grayish with the center sometimes decidedly darker
than the margin. It is dry and firm and often seems to be
covered with a bloom. Its flesh is white and the plant has an
odor like that of meal.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 153

The gills are at first nearly white but they assume a pale-pink
or salmon color with age. They run down on the stem.

The stem is solid, smooth and white.

Cap two to three inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one-
fourth to one-half an inch thick. This plant is found in woods
in warm wet weather in July and August. Itis solitary or there
are but few individuals ina place. English writers speak highly
of it as an esculent, and class it among the most delicious of edible
species. Gillet says that it is one of the best mushrooms that
can be found.

Clitopilus orcella Bull.

SwesterEaD Musroom.
Plate 14. Figs. 7 to 11.

Pileus fleshy, soft, broadly convex or nearly plane, generally
irregular and wavy on the margin, silky, white or yellowish-
white; lamellz close, decurrent; stem short, solid, flocculose,
sometimes eccentric; spores oblong-elliptical, pointed at each
end, .00035 to .0004 in. long.

The Sweetbread mushroom is so much like the Plum mushrocm
that it is not surprising that they have been regarded as forms of
one species. The differences indicated in the descriptions would
make the Sweetbread mushroom generally a little smaller and
less regular, the flesh softer, the cap slightly viscid in wet
weather and a clearer white, and the gills a little closer together.
Intermediate forms seem to connect the two supposed species,
and however interesting the differences may be to botanists, the
mushroom eater will scarcely try to keep the two forms separate.
Both have the farinaceous odor and are not very different in taste.
Some have considered the Sweetbread mushroom as slightly
superior in the delicacy of its flavor. Both are good enough.
The Sweetbread mushroom sometimes grows in pastures and open
places. Miss Banning sometimes finds it growing in rings after
the manner of the Fairy-ring mushroom. She finds some plants
with the usual strong new-meal odor, others with but little odor
and all with a flavor suggestive of cucumbers.

Leucospore.

The Leucospore or white-spored agarics are distributed among
many genera. The species are more numerous than in any other
20

154 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

section and many of them are edible. On the other hand, our
most dangerous species occur in this section. The spores are
generally white, as the name of the section indicates, but in a
few cases they have a dingy or sordid-white hue, and in several
species they are pale-yellow. In one or two species not found
within the limits of our State they have a green color, but these
are not yet recorded as edible species. In one mushroom the
spores assume a pale-lilac tint after a brief exposure to the air
and light. Pale-yellow spores occur especially in the genera
Cantharellus, Lactarius and Russula.

Our edible species are found in about a dozen genera. The
subjoined analytical table will serve to indicate the leading char-
acters of each genus and may be used as a guide or an aid in
tracing any species to its proper genus,

Plant with a membranous sheath at the base of the

stem or with superficial warts on the cap........ 1
Plant destitute of such sheath and warts ..........

Ae Stem furnished with; acollan) jer risers eerste isisicielelele Amanita.

1 Stem destitute of a collar.............. seeeeeess. Amanitopsis.

2 Gills narrow, obtuse on the edge.......... ...... Cantharellus.

SeGillsaoute onthe edpenseeetci et sect sddoauese 3

8 Gills somewhat waxy in texture ... .......,.... .. Hygrophorus,

BaGilla mot waxy ini texture. vrcccise Garon s seas 4
4 Cap eccentrically or laterally attached to the stem

OL ACOMNIGRS! 1- atarofaratats\alaletotrlet eters sete HORDE UDS Pleurotus.

4 Cap centrally attached to the stem.............. ' 5

5 Gills free from the stem............. Se NOR cg OO Lepiota.

5 Gulaiattached: to the Aten a7. .0ts 1 -eristeysie sl <shintel ote ste 6

6 Stem furnished with a collar ................... Armillaria.

6 Stem destitute of a collar ............... Sduoes 7

eSUGINUIDLIDELO stats clelsletote al piateterstoiety sieteleteteteiel tate piereteretai 8

ASCO NAb DMMUMLG cesta eraretelvns oteteialetiaraiersla/oracateterers ater 9
8 Gills exuding a white or colored juice where

WOU GGsettetetererontsclerersttarets wietalatatale is eve AION Gac Lactarius.

8 Gills exuding no juice where wounded........... Russula.

9 Dry plant reviving on the application of moisture... Marasmius.
9 Plant putrescent, not reviving on the application of

MINOMS LLG sina isle ais ris's tain’ oe 'o'p Bisel sas) efsieratwiatelaiersiatainss 10

10 Edge of the gills notched or excavated at the stem Tricholoma.
10 Edge of the gills even..... sievcceessccescseces Clitosybe.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 155

Amanita Pers.

In the genus Amanita the very young plant is enveloped ina
membrane or a tomentose wrapper which is ruptured by the
growth of the plant. In some species the remains of the rup-
tured wrapper persist about the base of the stem, forming a kind
of cup or sheath; in others, a part of the wrapper is carried up
on the surface of the cap and adheres to it in small irregular
patches or in the shape of numerous small warts or prominences
which are easily separable from it. It sometimes happens that
these superficial warts are washed off by heavy rains. The cap
in most of the species is regular and broadly convex or nearly
flat when mature, and in some instances it is slightly sticky or
viscid when moist. The gills are free from the stem and the
stem is furnished with a membranous collar. These plants are
generally large and attractive in appearance. Inasmuch as our
most dangerous species belong to this genus it is very important
that the specific characters of the edible ones should be thor-
oughly understood by those who would use them for food. Mis-
takes here are attended with too much risk to be lightly made.
Some would counsel the rejection of all species of Amanita
because of the presence in it of some poisonous ones ; but it would
be as reasonable to say we will eat no parsnips because the poison
hemlock belongs to the same family, or no potatoes, tomatoes or
egg plant because the deadly night shade is closely related. The
only thing necessary is the ability to separate the good from the
bad in one case just as we do in the other.

Amanita ceesarea Scop.

Orance AMANITA.
Plate 15.

Pileus glabrous, striate on the margin, red or orange, fading to
yellow on the margin; lamellz yellow; stem annulate; loosely
sheathed at the base by the ruptured membranous white volva,
yellow ; spores elliptical, white, .0003 to .0004 in. long.

The Orange amanita is a large, attractive and beautiful species.
When very young the cap and stem are contained in a white
membranous envelope or wrapper not very much unlike a hen’s
egg in size, shape and color. As the parts within develop, the

156 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

wrapper ruptures in its upper part, the stem elongates and carries
upward the cap, while the remains of the wrapper surround the
base of the stem like an open sack or loose sheath. The cap is
at first red or orange, but with advancing age it fades to yellow
on the margin. Sometimes the whole cap becomes yellow. In
dried specimens the red color often wholly disappears. The
margin, even in the young plant, is marked by distinct impressed
parallel radiating lines or striations. The flesh is white but
more or less stained with yellow under the separable epidermis
and next the line of attachment of the lamellz or gills. Its taste
is mild and pleasant. Asin most of our other species of Amanita,
the cap, when fully expanded, is nearly flat above, and when moist
its surface is slightly sticky or viscid.

The gills are rounded at the extremity next the stem and are
free, that is, not attached or grown fast to the stem. They are
yellow, and in this respect are unlike the gills of nearly all the
other edible species of mushrooms here described. Generally the
color of the gills in the mature plant resembles the color of the
spores of that plant, but in this species we have an exception.

The stem and the flabby membranous collar that surrounds it
toward the top are yellow like the gills, though sometimes they
are stained in places by darker or saffron-colored hues. The
stem of the young plant contains in its center a soft cottony sub-
stance or pith, but with advancing age this disappears and the
stem is hollow. This character generally holds good in all the
species of Amanita here described. In the very young plant the
outer edge of the collar is attached to the margin of the cap and
thereby it covers and conceals the gills, but with the elongation
of the stem and the expansion of the cap, the collar separates
from the margin and remains attached to the stem only.

The expanded cap is usually three to six inches broad, the stem
four to six inches long and a half inch or more in thickness.
Sometimes these dimensions are exceeded.

The plant grows chiefly during rainy weather or just after
heavy rains, in July, August and September. It is found in thin
woods and seems to be especially fond of pine woods and a sandy
soil. Itis not common. It sometimes grows in rings or in the
arc of a circle.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 157

This fungus has been held in high estimation as an article of
food from very ancient times. It was used by the Greeks and
Romans and having graced the table of a Roman emperor it
received the name “Cvzsar’s mushroom,” whence the botanical
name. One ancient writer terms it “Cibus Deorum,” the
food of the gods. Imperial mushroom, Orange mushroom,
true Orange, Yellow-egg and Kaiserling are other names
applied to it.

All authors who have written concerning its esculent qualities
agree in characterizing it as “delicious.” Cordier says that it is
an exception to the general rule that young plants are better for
food than those fully grown. The inference is that the mature
individuals are just as tender and sapid as the young ones. I
have not tested this point. No charge or even suspicion of noxi-
ous quality seems to have been entertained against it in any case.

There is but one harmful species with which it is possible to
confuse the Orange amanita. It is the Fly amanita, Amanita
muscaria. These two resemble each other in size, shape and
color of the cap, but in other respects they are quite distinct.
The chief distinctive characters may be contrasted as follows:

Orange amanita. Cap smooth, gills yellow, stem yellow, wrap-
per persistently membranous, white.

Fly amanita. Cap warty, gills white, stem white or slightly yel.
lowish, wrapper soon broken into fragments or scales, white or
yellowish.

In Europe there is said to be a variety of the Orange amanita
with the cap wholly white or whitish, but no such variety has
yet been recorded in this country.

Amanita rubescens /7.

Reppish AMANITA.
Plate 16.

Pileus warty, even or but slightly striate on the margin, more
or less tinged with dingy-red or brownish-red hues; lamellz
white or whitish; stem annulate, bulbous at the base, whitish,
but generally with dull reddish stains, especially toward the base ;
spores elliptical, .0003 to .00035 in. long.

The Reddish amanita has a peculiarly sordid and uninviting
appearance, owing to the dingy character of its colors. The

158 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

wrapper which covers the young plant soon breaks up into small
fragments, those on the cap being carried up with it in the
growth of the plant and generally remaining on it in the form of
small wart-like protuberances. The part remaining behind at
the base of the stem is so fragile and fieeting that nearly ail
traces of it soon disappear, and were it not for the warts on the
cap and the free lamella the plant would scarcely be suspected of
being an Amanita. The warts on the cap are easily removable
and are sometimes washed off by rain, leaving the cap entirely
smooth. The margin of the cap is generally even, but some-
times, especially in fully matured individuals, it is more or less
striated. While the color is peculiarly dull and sordid it varies
considerably. The cap may be whitish tinged with pink or red,
brownish-red or dingy grayish-red. Sometimes it is not uni-
formly colored but has the margin paler than the center, or there
may be darker stains in some places. The flesh is white or
slightly tinged with red. Sometimes wounds of the flesh, gills or
stem slowly assume a dull reddish color, but this is not a constant
character.

The stem has a membranous collar near the top and a bulb at
its base. In some cases this bulb is quite abrupt, in others it is
po nted below and gradually narrowed into the stem above. The
surface of the stem may be smooth in some plants, but generally
it is more or less adorned below the collar with minute scales or
mealy or branny particles. It is commonly of a whitish or
dingy-white color, more or less stained with dull-red, especially
toward and at the base. The center of the stem is of a looser,
softer texture than the rest, and in mature plants it sometimes
becomes hollow.

Cap three to five inches broad, stem three to six inches long,
and generally about half an inch thick.

It grows either in woods or in open places, and may be found
from July to September.

The Reddish amanita, as found in New York, is generally of a
paler color than that indicated by most of the published figures
of the species. Frequently the cap is almost white, with but a
slight reddish or brownish-red tint. The strong distinguishing
character of the species is the almost entire absence of any
remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem. By this and by

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 159

the presence of the dull-red hues and stains it may be distin-
guished from any of our poisonous species.

Some writers have referred to this species as of doubtful qual-
ity, suspected character or as poisonous, but later authors agree
in classing it with the edible species. According to Cordier it is
largely used in the eastern part of France, and is one of the most
delicate mushrooms. Gillet agrees with him in this opinion.
Cooke says it is pleasant both in taste and smell, and is a very
common, safe and useful species. Stevenson records it as delicious
and perfectly wholesome.

Amanitopsis Roze.

The principal feature wherein the genus Amanitopsis differs
from Amanita is in the absence of a collar from the stem. Its
species were formerly included in Amanita. We have one edible
species.

Amanitopsis vaginata Moze.
SHEATHED AMANITOPSIS.
Plate 17.

Pileus rather thin, fragile, glabrous or adorned when young
with one or more adhering fragments of the volva, deeply and
distinctly striated on the margin ; lamellz free, white or whitish ;
stem destitute of an annulus, sheathed at the base by the torn
remains of the rather long, thin, flabby volva; spores globose,
white, .0003 to .0004 in. broad.

The Sheathed amanitopsis is distinguished from any species of
Amanita by the absence of a collar from the stem.

In this plant the cap is quite smooth except in rare instances in
which one or two fragments of the ruptured wrapper adhere to
it fora time. The striations on the margin are deep and distinct,
as in the Orange amanita. The cap is quite regular, but it is
fragile and easily broken. In some instances a slight blunt pro-
tuberance or umbo develops at its center. It varies considerably
in color, and several varieties depending on this variation have
been described.

The flesh is white, but in the darker-colored forms it is grayish
under the separable epidermis.

160 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

The gills are white or whitish and are gradually more narrow
toward the stem. The stem is often smooth but generally it is
sprinkled with minute mealy or branny particles or floccose scales,
especially in young and vigorous specimens and in the dark-
colored forms. It is either hollow or stuffed with a cottony pith.
It is not bulbous, but it is sheathed at the base witha soft, flabby,
torn membrane, the remains of the wrapper. This adheres so
slightly to the stem that if the plant is carelessly pulled the sheath
is left in the ground.

The cap is two to four inches broad; the stem, three to five
inches long and one-fourth to one-half an inch thick.

The plant grows singly or scattered in woods or in open places.
It is common in the deep damp vegetable mold of dense evergreen
woods in mountainous regions, but is not limited to such localities.
It is found in almost all parts of the State and on a great variety
of soil. It sometimes grows on much decayed wood. It occurs
from June to October.

In the white variety, Variety alba, the whole plant is white.
This is A. névalis (Grev.) and A. fungites (Batsch.).

In Variety fulva, A. fulva (Scheff) figures 1 to 4, the tawny
variety, the cap is tawny-yellow or pate ochraceous.

In the livid variety, Variety livida, the cap has a livid or
leaden-brown color and the gills and stem are more or less tinged
with a smoky-brown hue. This is A. livida and A. spadicea
(Pers.). See figures 5 to 9.

Some of the older authors placed the sheathed mushroom among
the doubtful or suspected species, but more recent writers gener-
ally admit that it isedible. My own experience indicates that it is
scarcely first class, though some pronounce it “ delicate,” “ delici-
ous,” ete.

Lepiota #7.

The species of Lepiota have the gills typically free from the
stem, as in Amanita and Amanitopsis, but they differ in having
no superficial or removable warts on the cap, and no sheathing or
scaly remains of a wrapper at the base of the stem. In some
species the epidermis of the cap breaks into scales which persist-
ently adhere to the cap, and this feature, indeed, suggests the
name of the genus, which is derived from the Latin word lepis,
a scale.

REPORT OF THE STATE BUTANIST. 161

Our State is favored with at least two very good edible species,
both of which are easily recognized, if the generic characters are
kept in mind.

Chorals, miliinin yo deok conpeeeKoe ce cadeder 306 L. procera.

Cap smooth, not umbonate....................+.: L. naucinoides.

Lepiota procera Scop.
Paxraso. Musproom. Tari Leprora.
Plate 18.

Pileus thin, umbonate, adorned with brown spot-like scales;
lamellze white or yellowish-white, free, remote from the stem;
stem very long, annulate, hollow, bulbous; spores large, ellipti-
cal, .0005 to .0007 inch long.

The Parasol mushroom is a very neat, graceful and attractive
species. When young the cap is brownish or reddish-brown and
somewhat resembles an egg in shape. Its reddish-brown epider-
mis soon breaks up into numerous fragments, and as the cap
expands these become more and more separated from each other,
except on and near the central boss or umbo. As the cap is
paler beneath the epidermis it appears, when expanded, to be
variegated by brown spots or scales. The paler surface has a
somewhat silky or fibrillose appearance, minute fibrils radiating
from the center toward the circumference. The cap sometimes
becomes fully expanded, but usually it maintains a convex form
like an opened umbrella or parasol. This form, together with
the prominent umbo and the long slender stem, is very suggest-
ive of the common name of this fungus. The flesh is soft, dry,
slightly tough and white. It has no unpleasant odor or flavor.

The gills are whitish or slightly tinged with yellow. They are
elosely placed side by side, narrower toward the stem than
toward the margin, and their inner extremity is so far from the
stem that a conspicuous clear space is left about it.

The stem is very long in proportion to its thickness and is,
therefore, suggestive of the specific name procera. It has a
rather thick, firm collar, which in the mature plant generally
becomes loosened and movable on it like a ring. At the base it
swells out and forms a bulb. Generally the part below the collar
is variegated by numerous small brownish dots or scales, but
these are by no means a constant character. The stem is hollow
or it sometimes contains a soft cottony or webby pith.

21

162 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Cap three to five inches broad, stem five to ten inches long,
one-fourth to one-half an inch thick.

This plant grows in thin woods, in fields and pastures and by
roadsides. It usually grows singly or scattered, but sometimes
in clusters. It may be found from July to September, but,
unfortunately, it is not very common with us.

The Parasol mushroom has been highly commended and is evi-
dently a first class edible species. “One of the most delicate
species, although the flesh is slightly tough,” “ almost the greatest,
if not the greatest, favorite with fungus eaters,” ‘very delicate,
of easy digestion and in great demand,” are some of the recorded
utterances in its favor.

There is no poisonous species with which it can beconfused or
for which it can be mistaken. The very tall slender stem with
its bulbous base, the peculiarly spotted cap with its very prominent
darker colored umbo, and the broad space or basin about the
insertion of the stem and between it and the inner extremity of
the gills, easily distinguish this mushroom.

There is a form in which the umbo and spot-like scales are
paler than usual, and the whole plant, except these, is white. I
regard it as a mere variety of the species. A form without an
umbo and with a somewhat shaggy appearance to the cap has
been found in the western part of the State. It closely resembles
the Ragged lepiota, Lepiota rhacodes, a species which is also
edible. Our plant, however, differs from the description of
L. rhacodes in having larger spores ; these being scarcely smaller
than those of the Parasol mushroom. It is the opinion of some
botanists that Z. procera and L. rhacodes are forms of one species,
so closely are they related, and in Massee’s Fungus Flora the
latter is considered a mere variety of the former.

Lepiota naucinoides Pk.
Samocrn Leprora.
Plate 19.

Pileus soft, smooth, white or smoky-white ; lamella free, white,
slowly changing with age to a dirty pinkish-brown or smoky-
brown color; stem annulate, slightly thickened at the base, colored
like the pileus; spores subelliptical, uninucleate, white, .0003 to
.0004 in. long.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 163

The Smooth lepiota is generally very regular and symmetrical
in shape and of a pure white color. Rarely the central part of
the cap is slightly tinged with yellow or with a smoky-white hue,
which is occasionally dark enough to be called smoky-brown.
Its surface is nearly always very smooth and even. In rare
instances a slight mealiness or granular roughness develops on
the central part of the cap. A very unusual form someti:nes
occurs in which the surface of the cap is broken into rather large
thick scales which give it a singular appearance. To this form
the name Variety sgwamosa has been applied.

The gills are a little narrower toward the stem than they are
in the middle. At the inner extremity they are rounded and not
attached to the stem. They are white or slightly tinged with
yellow until maturity or old age when they acyuire a slight
pinkish-brown or even a smoky-brownish color. In dried
specimens this last color prevails.

The stem has about the same color as the cap. It has a white
collar of which the external edge is generally thicker than the
inner. It sometimes breaks loose from its attachment to the
stem and becomes a movable ring upon it as in the Parasol
mushroom. Occasionally in old specimens it becomes torn and
disappears entirely. Nearly always the stem gradually enlarges
toward the base and forms a more or less distinct bulb. It is
hollow, but as in most of the preceding species, the cavity often
contains webby or cottony filaments, especially in the immature
plants.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem two to three inches long,
one-fourth to one-half an inch thick.

The Smooth lepiota grows in grassy places in lawns and pas-
tures or by roadsides. Rarely it is found in cultivated fields,
and even in thin woods. It may be found from August to
November.

In my estimation this species is scarcely, if at all, inferior in its
edible qualities to the Common mushroom. Its flesh is thick and
white and usually tender and savory. It is very free from the
attacks of insects and growing, as it often does, in places where
the grass is short and dense, it has a neat, clean and attractive
appearance. Its gills retain their white color a long time, and
in this respect it has an advantage over the Common mushroom,

164 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

in which they soon pass from the delicate pink of youth to the
repulsive blackish hue of age. One of my correspondents in
speaking of this species says “it grows abundantly here and is
one of our finest edible mushrooms. I have taught our people
to eat it and it is now highly prized in this region.”

It being similar to the Common mushroom in size and color it
is sometimes confused with that species. Buta glance at the
color of the gills is sufficient to separate the two. The color of
the spores and the character of the stem and collar are also dis-
tinguishing differences. It still more closely resembles the
Chalky mushroom, Agaricus cretaceus, but the darker color of
the gills and the brown color of the spores of that species will
also abundantly distinguish it. Our plant is apparently the
American representative of the European Lepiota naucina, to
which it was formerly referred, and from which it scarcely differs
except in the shape of its spores and in its smoother cap. The
spores are described by Fries as globose in the European plant.
All the species here mentioned are edible, so that discrimination
between them would not be necessary for safety in using any of
them for food. Itis, however, more satisfactory always to recog-
nize without any doubt the species used for food. Our figures
and descriptions will enable any one to do so. The Smooth
lepiota was first recorded as edible in the Twenty-seventh Report,
where it stands under the name Agaricus naucinus.

Armillaria 77.

The species of Armillaria differ from all the foregoing white
spored species in having the gills attached to the stem by their
inner extremity. Like them their spores are white and the stem
has a collar, but there is no wrapper at the base of the stem as in
Amanita and Amanitopsis. By the collar the genus differs from
the other genera which follow.

Armillaria mellea Vahi.
Honery-coLtorrp ARMILLARIA.
Plate 20.
Pileus adorned with minute tufts of brown or blackish hairs,
sometimes glabrous, even or when old slightly striate on the
margin ; lamella adnate or slightly decurrent, white or whitish,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 165

becoming sordid with age and sometimes variegated with red-
dish-brown spots ; stem annulate, at length brownish toward the
base ; spores elliptical, white, .0003 to .000¢ in. long.

The Honey-colored armillaria is very plentiful and extremely
variable. The cap is generally adorned with numerous minute
tufts or scales of brown or blackish hairs, which are often more
dense on the disk or center than toward the margin. In young
plants they are often so crowded on the disk as to cover itand give
it a darker hue than the margin has, and they sometimes are so
fine and matted that they have a kind of woolly or tomento e
appearance. In some forms of the species they are entirely
wanting, or they disappear with age. The cap is sometimes
charged with moisture, and as this evaporates the color becomes
slightly paler. Its color varies from almost white to a dark red-
dish-brown, which is shown in figure 4. The most common hue
js a brownish-yellow shown in the lower figures of the plate.
The margin of the cap in mature plants is commonly striated,
but forms are not rare in which no striations appear. The center
of the cap is sometimes prominent, as in figure 3. The flesh is
white or whitish and its taste is somewhat unpleasant or acrid.

The gills are at first white or whitish, but with age they
become less clear in color and are often more or less stained or
spotted with reddish-brown. The inner extremity of those that
reach the stem is attached to it and usually runs down slightly
upon it. Sometimes there is a slight notch on the lower edge of
the gills near the stem.

The stem is adorned with a collar which may be membranous
or of a thick cottony texture, or so thin and webby that it entirely
disappears in the older plants. Externally the stem is rather
firm and fibrous, but centrally it is soft and spongy or even hol-
low. It varies considerably in color, but usually it assumes a
reddish-brown or livid-brown bue, especially toward the base,
remaining paler above. Sometimes a yellowish-green tomentum is
noticeable at the base of the stem, and occasionally on the collar.
The stem may be of uniform thickness or slightly thickened at
the base or even narrowed almost to a point here In one variety
it has a distinctly bulbous base, in another a tapering base like a
tap root which penetrates the earth deeply.

166 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Cap one to six inches broad, stem one to six inches long, one-
fourth to three-fourths of an inch thick.

The Honey-colored armillaria is very common and grows either
in woods or in cleared land, on the ground or on decaying wood.
A favorite habitat is about stumps and prostrate trunks in
recently cleared places or in bushy pastures. Its mode of growth
is either solitary, gregarious or in dense tufts or clusters. Tufts
a foot in diameter and composed of twenty or more plants
are not uncommon. The plants are especially abundant in hilly
and mountainous districts in autumn. They rarely appear
plentifully before the first of September, though occasional
specimens have been seen as early as June.

Monstrous forms sometimes occur, and there is an abortive
form which consists of a whitish irregular rounded mass of cellu-
lar matter without any distinction of stem cap or gills. This
usually grows in company with the ordinary form, and is an inch
or two in diameter. The mycelium of this fungus is thought to
be destructive to the wood in which it grows. Probably most
of the plants which appear to grow on the ground really take
their rise from mycelium which permeates some fragment of
wood or some root buried in the ground. It attacks both the
hard woods and soft woods.

Authors disagree concerning its edible qualities. Some of the
older authors considered it poisonous, but modern writers gen-
erally agree that itis harmless and edible, but of inferior quality.
Cordier says it is edible and loses its acridity in cooking, but the
stems are tough and not used. F

Richon and Rozé affirm that its taste is astringent and that its
acridity does not entirely disappear in cooking, but that it is
edible though of indifferent quality.

According to Vittadini, it is preserved in vinegar, salt and oil
for use in winter, and its acridity is lost in cooking. Gillet also
says that in reality it is harmless, though it has an acrid, disa-
greeable taste, which disappears in cooking. “ Esculent but not
commendable,” is the verdict of Berkeley; “edible but tough,”
says Stevenson, while Cooke tells us that it is very common and
much used on the Continent, but is not recommended.

My own experience in eating it at various times, both fried and
stewed, has always been without any harm. Cooking has

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 167

appeared to me to dispel the unpleasant taste of the raw plant,
but sometimes when the dish was prepared by stewing in milk
and water, a slight, unpleasant burning sensation was felt in the
throat a short time after eating. I consider it a perfectly safe
and edible species, but not of first quality. Only the caps of
young and fresh specimens should be used.

It is not improbable that such a variable plant as this may
vary somewhat in flavor. We do not expect all varieties of
apples to have exactly the same flavor, though the species may
be one. The degree of toughness, too, may vary according to
the age and the rapidity of the growth of the plants. Individual
tastes may also differ, so that what would please one might be
distasteful to another. Such facts may account, in part, at least,
for the varying opinions concerning the edible qualities of this
very common mushroom. The essential thing to know is, that
the species is not dangerous. Then those who like it may eat it.

The following varieties of this species may be noted :

Variety obscura has the cap covered with numerous small
blackish scales.

Variety flava has the cap yellow or reddish-yellow, but in
other respects it is like the type.

Variety glabra has the cap smooth ; otherwise like the type.

Variety radicata has a tapering, root-like prolongation of the
stem, which penetrates the earth deeply.

Variety bulbosa has a distinctly bulbous base to the stem.

Variety exannulata has the cap smooth and even on the margin,
and the stem tapering at the base. The annulus is very slight
and evanescent or wholly wanting. The cap is usually about an
inch broad, or a little more, and the plants grow in clusters,
which sometimes contain forty or fifty individuals. It is more
common farther south than it is in our State, and is reported to
be the most common form in Maryland.

Notwithstanding the variability of the species, it is easily rec-
ognized when its characters are once known. I do not know of
any dangerous species which could easily be mistaken for it.

The abortive form which often grows with it, is not distin-
guishable from the abortive form of Clitopilus abortivus. It has
a farinaceous taste which is lost in cooking. It is not inferior to
the normal form in flavor, and may be eaten with safety.

168 REPORT OF THE STATE LBOTANIST.

Tricholoma J*.

The species of Zricholoma, and all the white-spored, gill-bear-
ing fungi to be hereafter described in these pages, differ from all
the preceding species in having no collar on the stem. In this
genus the gills are attached to the stem, and are excavated or
notched on the edge at or near the stem. It often happens that
this notch is so near the extremity of the gill that the part
attached to the stem is more narrow than the gill just beyond
the excavation and causes the gill to appear as if rounded at the
inner extremity. This is an important character, though not a
very conspicuous one. The stem is fleshy and generally short
and stout. Three species have been tried and approved, and are
here described. Others reported as edible belong to our flora
and await further trial.

Cap wiki Denl MORE erataiete oe ale ane eels ba tefeleieeieles T. transmutans.
Cap not: viscid, reddish-brown....... ........+-. T. imbricatum.
Cap not viscid, reddish-violaceous ............... T. personatum.

Tricholoma transmutans Peck.

Cuaanainc TRICHOLOMA.
Plate 21. Figs. 1 to 5.

Pileus viscid when moist, tawny-red, becoming reddish-brown
with age; lamelle whitish or pale-yellowish, becoming dingy or
reddish-spotted when old; stem whitish, generally becoming red-
dish-brown toward the base, stuffed or hollow, spores white,
subglobose, .0002 in. broad.

The Changing tricholoma has the cap moist and sticky when
young and fresh, or during wet cloudy weather. Its color at
first is tawny or tawny-red, but with advancing age it generally
becomes darker, assuming a cinnamon-red or reddish-brown hue,
but sometimes retaining a paler hue on the margin than in the
center. The flesh is white and emits a mealy or farinaceous
odor, especially when cut. The taste also is farinaceous.

The gills are placed closely side by side and are notched at the
inner extremity where they are attached to the stem. At first
they are whitish or slightly tinged with yellow, but when old
they are much darker and more or less spotted with reddish-
brown. ;

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 169

The stem is about as long as the diameter of the cap. It is
generally paler than the cap, being whitish when young, but
assuming darker hues with age, especially toward the base. It
is often stuffed with a softer substance or pith when young, but
it soon becomes hollow.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem two to four inches long,
about half an inch thick.

It grows in thin woods or open placesin wet weather. It may
be found from August to October. It is often found growing in
tufts or clusters, but it is usually gregarious. It seems to prefer
a sandy or light gravelly soil. It sometimes grows in company
with the next species in groves of young spruce, balsam-fir and
tamarack trees. Its edible qualities are very similar to those of
the next species, from which it is easily known when moist, by
reason of the viscidity of its cap. It was first recorded as edible
in the Forty-second Report.

Tricholoma imbricatum /*.

Ivsricatep TrIcHOLoMA.
Plate 21. Figs, 6 to 11.

Pileus dry, innately squamulose, fibrillose toward the margin,
brown orreddish-brown; lamellze white, or yellowish- white, becom-
ing reddish or spotted with reddish-brown ; stem solid, white and
pulverulent at the top,colored like but generally paler than the
pileus toward the base; spores elliptical, white, .00025 in. long.

The Imbricated tricholoma does not differ very greatly from
the Changing tricholoma in size and color, but it can easily be
distinguished from that species by the dry, not viscid, upper surface
of its cap and by its solid stem. The cap is generally a little
darker colored and its surface often presents a somewhat scaly
appearance as if theepidermis had been torn into minute, irregular,
scale like fragments. The color is a cinnamon-brown or dark
reddish-brown. The fiesh is firm, white or whitish, and has a
pleasant farinaceous odor and taste when fresh.

The gills have very nearly the same color and character as
those of the Changing tricholoma.

The stem also is similar to the stem of that species, but it has
no central cavity. Sometimes when old it becomes hollow by
the mining of insects.

22

170 BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem two to three inches long,
one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick.

This species grows under or near coniferous trees, such as pine,
spruce, hemlock and balsam-fir. It appears in September and
October. Like the preceding species it sometimes grows in
clusters. It is often associated with TZricholoma vaccinum, a
species very similar to it in size and general appearance, but
which differs in three particulars. The margin in the young
plant is covered with a soft downy or cottony coat, the stem is
hollow and the taste is bitter or unpleasant. Nevertheless some
writers class it among the edible species. Gillet says it is edible,
but not of avery delicate flavor. So much do the two species
resemble each other that so good a mycologist as Persoon seems
to have confused them under the common name Agaricus rufus.
A mistake of this kind by any oneusing the Imbricted tricholoma
for food would not be serious, since this closely related plant has
no dangerous properties.

Tricholoma personatum /*.

Maskep TRIcHOLOMA.
Plate 22.

Pileus moist, glabrous, variable in color; lamelle crowded,
rounded behind, free or nearly so, separable from the pileus, vio-
laceous becoming sordid-whitish or fuscous; stem short, solid,
fibrillose, whitish, commonly tinged with lilac or pale violet;
spores elliptical, sordid-white, .0003 to .00035 inch long.

The Masked tricholoma is worthy of a place among the escu-
lent species of the first class. When young the cap is very con-
vex and firm, but when mature it is nearly flat and the flesh is
more soft. It is very smooth and usually quite regular in shape
when young, but in older plants the margin sometimes becomes
irregular or wavy. In young plants the margin is rolled inwards
and often whitened with downy or mealy particles or frosted
with a slight bloom, but in old ones it is naked, and in wet
weather it may even be curved upwards. The cap is apt to
become water-soaked in wet weather, in which condition it has
an uninviting appearance. It varies much in color, but generally
it has a pale lilac hue, which is apt to change with age toa
russety shade in the center. Occasionally the color of the cap is

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. aval

almost white or pale grayish. The flesh when dry is nearly
white and has a pleasant taste.

The gills are closely placed and rounded at the end next the
stem, to which they are but slightly attached, or from which
they may be entirely free in some cases. They are generally
more brightly colored in the young plant than in the mature one.

The stem is generally rather short and stout, its length being
less than the diameter of the cap. It is solid, and externally
adorned with fibrils and downy particles when young and fresh,
but it soon becomes smooth. In color it is like the cap or paler
than it. It is sometimes a little thicker at the base than at the
top, and in one variety, which I have called var. bulboswm, and
which is represented by figures 7 and 8, it is very distinctly
bulbous.

Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to three inches long,
one-half to one inch thick.

It grows in thin woods and in grassy open places. It does not
often appear before September, but it may be found till freezing
weather stops its growth. It generally grows singly or in
groups, but occasionally it is found in clusters of several indi-
viduals.

Nearly all writers speak well of its edible qualities. Dr.
Badham says that its taste is pleasant, and when not water-
soaked it is a fine, firm fungus with a flavor like veal. Letellier
states that it can be eaten with pleasure and without the least
risk. Others pronounce it edible, very good, highly esteemed,
very savory. My own experience leads me to place it among the
first-class mushrooms.

In England this species is sometimes called Blewits and in
France, Blue stem, although the coior in our plant is more violet
or lilac than blue. In Europe it is said to have been sometimes
confused with Zricholoma nudum, a very closely related species,
and also with Cortinarius violaceus, the Violet cortinarius, but
such mistakes could result in no harm to the eater, for both these
are edible and perfectly safe. So far as known, we have no hurt-
ful species with which the Masked tricholoma would be likely to
be confused. Its gills are somewhat separable from the
hymenophore or flesh of the cap in the same manner as the gills
of a Paxillus are, and for this reason the species has sometimes

172 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

been referred to that genus, but mycologists generally place it in
the genus Tricholoma. The spores, when dropped on white paper,
have not the clear white color shown by those of most species of
Tricholoma. The color is dingy-white or sordid-white.

Clitocybe J.

The genus Clitocybe differs from Tricholoma in the character
of the gills. They are attached to the stem by their inner
extremity as in that genus, but they are not notched or excavated
on the edge near the stem, and they are generally decurrent.
Several of our species have been recorded as edible, but triai has
been made by us of only a few of them. Those here described
are tabulated below.

Cap thick-fleshed, with no reddish hues....... 1
Cap thin-fleshed, more or less reddish ........ 2
1 Cap grayish, gills close together............. C. nebularis.
1 Cap brown or blackish-brown, gills wide apart. C. media.
2 Cap funnel shaped when mature........... C, infundibuliformis.
2 Cap convex or nearly plane when mature... C, laccata.

Clitocybe nebularis Batsch.

CiLoupEep CLrrocyBE.
Plate 28, Figs. 8 to 13.

Pileus fleshy, firm, at first convex, becoming nearly flat;
lamella crowded, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or slightly
tinged with yellow; stem firm, fibrillose, generally thickened at
the base; spores elliptical, white, .0002 in. long.

The Clouded clitocybe is a rather large and firm mushroom
with the cap at first convex, but when mature it becomes nearly
flat or a little depressed. It is smooth and of a grayish or
clouded-gray color, often becoming paler with age and sometimes
evidently with a slight yellowish tint. The center of the cap is
sometimes darker than the margin. In the American plant the
color is generally paler than that of the European plant, as indi-
cated by the published figures. The color of the flesh is white.

The gills are quite closely placed, and in the young plant are
attached to the stem by the whole width of the inner extremity,
but as the cap expands they appear to run down upon the stem
and terminate in a narrow point. They are white or slightly
tinged with yellow.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. 1738

The stem is usually rather short and stout. It is thickest at
the base and gradually tapers upward. It is firm and more or
less adorned with longitudinal fibrils. It is generally paler than
the cap. Its center is somewhat softer in texture than the
exterior parts.

Cap two to five inches broad, stem one and a half to three
inches long, one-half to one inch thick.

The usual habitat is among fallen leaves in woods where it
appears in September and October. I have never seen it in fields,
It is a rare species with us. It sometimes grows in clusters.

Some of the French mycologists do not admit this among the
edible species, but English writers speak highly of it. Cordier
says it is bad; Richon and Rozé say that its flavor is scarcely
agreeable, and that it should be placed among the suspected
species. Quelet asserts that he has eaten it often and found it
good, but that sometimes it is indigestible and nauseous. Roques
classes it as edible. Bulliard says “it is very agreeable to the
taste.’ According to Badham it requires very little cooking and
the flesh is perhaps lighter of digestion than that of any other.
Stevenson quotes it as edible and very good, with a somewhat
pungent taste and an odor of curd cheese. Cooke regards it as
one of his favorite mushrooms, to which he gives special atten-
tion, and he thinks that no person, having a practical knowledge
of its qualities, would place it among the suspected species.

Clitocybe media Peck.

INTERMEDIATE CLITOOYBE.
Plate 23, Figs. 1 to 7.

Pileus at first convex, becoming flat or slightly depressed, dry,
dark grayish-brown or smoky-brown, the margin often wavy or
irregular, the flesh white, taste mild ; lamellee broad, subdistant,
adnate or decurrent, whitish, the interspaces somewhat venose ;
stem not at all or but slightly thickened at the base, colored like
or a little paler than the pileus; spores elliptical, white, .0003 in.
long.

The Intermediate clitocybe is very similar to the Clouded clito-
cybe in size and shape. Indeed, it might easily be mistaken for
a dark colored variety of that species, but when examined closely
it will be seen that the gills are not so close together as in that

174 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

species, the spaces between them being noticeably wider, and
often marked with little ridges or cross veins. The stem is also
more cylindrical, scarcely tapering at all from the base upwards.
In this respect it differs also from the Club foot clitocybe, Clito-
cybe clavipes, a species scarcely differing from the Intermediate
clitocybe in color, although it has a more soft and spongy flesh
and its cap is more narrow and more gradually tapering down-
ward into the stem. It therefore appears somewhat like an
inverted cone, while the stem may be compared to a long and
narrow cone whose apex is united with the apex of the inverted
one formed by the cap.

The Intermediate clitocybe is very scarce, and has been found
in cool deep woods only, growing among mosses that thickly
carpeted the ground. It occurs in September. Its flesh is well
flavored and it is a mushroom well worthy a place among the
most desirable species. It is a matter of regret that it is not
more abundant. It was first published as edible in the Forty-
second Report of the State Museum, its edible qualities having
been tested by the writer.

Clitocybe infundibuliformis Scheff.

FUNNEL-FORM COLITOOYBE.
Plate 24. Figs. 1 to6.

Pileus at first convex and umbonate, becoming infundibuliform,
dry, flaccid, reddish or pale tan color, fading with age; lamella
decurrent, white; stem generally tapering upward from the base,
colored like or paler than the pileus ; spores somewhat elliptical,
white, .0002 to .00025 in. long.

The Funnel-form clitocybe is a neat and rather pretty species,
easily recognized by the funnel-like shape of the mature cap and
its pale red color. When young the cap is slightly convex and
often adorned with a very small prominence or umbo in the center.
If observed closely it will be seen to be coated with a slight down
or silkiness, especially on the margin. But as the cap expands it
becomes depressed in the center, and in wet weather it resembles
somewhat a large wine-glass in shape. The color is apt to fade
and sometimes the margin of the cap becomes irregular or wavy.
Occasionally specimens occur in which the cap is almost white.
The flesh is thin and white.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 175

The gills also are thin and white or whitish and rather closely
placed. They run down on the stem in the mature plant, ending
in a narrow point.

The stem is quite smooth and generally tapers upward from
the base. It is sometimes white, but more often is colored like
the cap. Usually a soft white down or felt is noticeable at its
base. This is its mycelium which spreads in the soil or among
the fallen leaves in which it grows.

The cap is two to three inches across, the stem is two to three
inches long and one-fourth to nearly one-half an inch thick in the
largest specimens.

It is not uncommon in woods in summer and autumn. Like
many other species it is more abundant in wet weather. It
delights especially to grow among fallen leaves in mixed woods,
and though generally single or scattered in its mode of growth it
sometimes forms clusters, in which case the cap is apt to be more
or less irregular.

Although small in size and thin in flesh it affords a very deli-
cate and delicious food.

When once known it is easily recognized, and I do not know of
any hurtful mushroom in our flora with which it is likely to be
confused.

Clitocybe laccata Scop.

Lacoate Curtocyse. Waxy CuirocyBE.
Plate 25.

Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes umbilicate,
hygrophanous, glabrous or minutely scurfy-squamulose; lamellz
broad, distant, adnate or slightly decurrent, more or less tinged
with flesh color; stem slender, equal, fibrous, stuffed, colored like
the pileus; spores globose, rough, .0003 to .0004 inch broad.

The Laccate clitocybe is a small but very common species which
has a very wide range and is sometimes very abundant. It is
also very variable, but easily recognizable when its peculiar
characters are understood. It is thin ia flesh, not highly flavored
and apt to be tough, but because it has been classed among the
edible species of Europe and because of its abundance and avail-
ability it is here admitted.

The cap is convex or nearly plane, even or umbilicate, smooth
or with a slight scurfy roughness, When moist it has a watery

176 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

appearance, and as this moisture dries the color changes more or
less. In the moist state the color is some shade of pale red, buff
red or flesh red, but when dry it fades to a grayish or pale
ochraceous hue.

The gills are broad, rather wide apart and attached to the
stem by their entire width. Sometimes they are slightly decur-
revt and occasionally emarginate, contrary tothe generic charac-
ter. They have a peculiar pale fleshy red hue which is more
persistent than the color of the cap, and which is one of the best
characters for the recognition of thespecies. When mature, they
are apt to be dusted by the white spores.

The stem is rather long and slender, having a fibrous appear-
ance and being either straight or flexuous. It is stuffed or
almost hollow, rather tough and colored like the cap.

The cap varies from half an inch to two inches in horizontal
diameter, and the stem from one to three inches in length and
one to three lines in thickness.

There are several well marked varieties that have received
names. One of theprettiest is the Amethyst variety, Variety
amethystina, Figs. 23 to 27, in which the moist cap is much darker
colored than in the ordinary form, and when dry it is of a
grayish hue, but the gills have a beautiful deep violaceous color
which is quite persistent. The spores are rather large and the
lamellz more decurrent than usual. It may be a good species.

In Variety pallidifolia, the pale gilled variety, the gills are
much paler than usual, being but slightly tinged with the ordinary
flesh color.

In Variety striatula, the striatulate variety, the plants are
small, the cap is smooth, and so thin that shadowy lines or
striations are seen on it radiating from near the center to the
margin. This variety usually grows in very damp or wet places.
Its spores are rather large, which may indicate a good species.

The Laccate mushroom may be found from the beginning to
the end of the season, if the weather is not too dry. It is not
particular as to its place of growth, but occurs in woods, groves,
swamps or open fields, growing on naked ground or among
grass, mosses or fallen leaves. It is especially fond of pine woods
or groves where the soil is kept shaded and moist.

Because of its departure from the generic character in its peculiar
gills and spoves it has been placed by some writers in a distinct

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 177

genus under the name Zaccaria laccata. It is closely related to
Clitocybe ochropurpurea B. & C., a much larger species with a
paler cap and brighter gills, and a short thick stem and often an
irregular deformed development. This also should be associated
with it generically under the name Laccaria ochropurpurea, it
that genus is sustained.

Pleurotus Fr.

The genus Plewrotus scarcely differs from Tricholoma and
Clitocybe except in the relative position of the stem and the cap.
In these genera the cap is supported by a stem which is attached
to it centrally. In Pleurotus the stem is attached to the cap at
some point to one side of the center. Sometimes this point is on
the very margin of the cap, and in a few species the stem is
scarcely developed at all. Some of the species have the gills
rounded or notched at the inner extremity as in the genus
Tricholoma, and some have them decurrent on the stem as in
Clitocybe. A distinctive character which is worthy of notice in
this genus is found in the habitat. All the species, with which
we have to do, grow on dead wood, while those of the two pre-
ceding genera, so far as here given, grow on the ground. Gen-
erally their flesh is more tough than in terrestrial species.
Sometimes they grow from dead spots or dead branches of living
trees, and are often out of reach, being far up from the ground.

Stem present, distinct .......... sees eee cece eees 1
Stem wanting or indistinct. .........0es cesses sevens P. ostreatus.
1 Spores white. .........-.-seeeseeeeeceseeeceeceees P. ulmarius.
1 Spores faintly lilac-tinted..........+.02 eee eeee eens P. sapidus.

Pleurotus ulmarius Bull.

Em Prevsotes.
Plate 26, Figs. 1 to 4.

Pileus convex or nearly flat, firm, glabrous, white or centrally
tinted with reddish-yellow or brownish-yellow, flesh white;
lamelle rather broad, rounded or notched at the inner extremity,
adnexed, white or creamy white; stem firm, eccentric, generally
curved, white or whitish ; spores globose, white, .0002 to .00025
in. broad.

The Elm pleurotus, orelm tree mushroom, is a conspicuous
object, growing, as it generally does, from dead places in or on

23

178 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

the stumps of cut branches of standing elms. By its large size
and white color it easily attracts attention. Its cap is broadly
convex or nearly flat, quite smooth and usually white or whitish.
Sometimes it is centrally tinged with a rusty or dull yellowish
hue, and occasionally adorned with roundish spots as shown in
figure 2. I have never seen the American plant as highly
colored as some of the figures of the European plant. Some-
times the epidermis will be found cracked in small areas giving
to the cap a scaly or tessellated appearance, and occasionally it
cracks longitudinally. The flesh is firm and white.

The gills are quite broad and not very closely placed side by
side. They are notched at the inner extremity as in species of
Tricholoma. They are white, or when old, tinged with yellow.

The stem is firm and solid and united to the cap a little to one
side of the center. It is generally more or less curved. This is
especially the case when it grows from the side of the trunk of
the tree. It is commonly smooth, but sometimes a little downy
or hairy at the base. In color it is white or whitish.

Cap three to five inches broad, stem two to four inches long,
one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick.

It appears from September to November. It is not uncommon
to see this mushroom late in autumn growing on the elms that
have been planted as shade trees along the streets of our cities
and in our public parks. It grows especially on those that have
been severely trimmed or had their tops cut away. Its time of
appearance is so late in the season that it is not often infested by
insects. It therefore persists a long time and will keep two or
three days without harm. Its flesh is not as tender as that of
many of the mushrooms that grow on the ground, but it has an
agreeable flavor and is quite harmless. Most. tree-inhabiting
mushrooms grow more slowly and are, therefore, more tough
and more slow to decay than those growing on the ground.
They are also less easily collected since they often grow high up
on standing trees. In consequence of their persistent character
they are easily dried and preserved for winter use.

The Elm pleurotus sometimes grows on other than elm trees,
as the maple and poplar. Occasionally when growing from the
cut surface of an upright stump, or from the upper side of a
branch, its stem is straight and attached centrally to the cap.
Such a form has received the name Variety verticalis. A form

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST io

is said to grow in Europe in which the whole stem is downy or
hairy, but I have not found it in our State. According to Vitta-
dini the Elm pleurotus is a fungus of first quality and very
desirable. Letellier commends it as an article of food because
of its large size, and Dr. Cooke mentions one specimen which
was so large that it made a good meal for three or four persons.
Quelet says that it is sapid, but should be eaten while young.
When dried specimens are soaked several hours in water they
resume their original size and are nearly as good as if fresh.

Pleurotus sapidus “‘alchd.

Sarip PLEvRotus.
Plate 27.

Pileus convex or depressed, glabrous, often irregular, variable
in color, flesh white; lamelle subdistant, decurrent, whitish;
stems commonly tufted, growing from a common base, eccentric
or lateral, glabrous, white or whitish ; spores oblong, pale lilac,
.00035 to .0v045 in. long.

The Sapid pleurotus generally grows in tufts or crowded clus-
ters, whose stems are more or less united at the base, and whose
caps crowd and overlap each other. The caps are smooth and
firm and in wet weather are somewhat moist. They are convex
on the upper surface or centrally depressed, and owing to their
crowded mode of growth are often very irregular in shape.
They vary greatly in color, being white, yellowish, ashy gray,
dull lilac or even brownish. The flesh, however, is white.

The gills are rather broad and somewhat wide apart. They
run down on the stem and there often branch and connect with
each other. They are whitish or yellowish and sometimes pre-
sent a ragged or torn appearance.

The stems are generally short and two or more usually grow
from a common base. They are commonly white and smooth,
solid and firm, and attached to the cap laterally or a little to one
side of the center, though specimens occasionally occur in which
the stem is quite central.

The peculiar character which distinguishes this species, and
about the only one that is available for separating it in all cases
from the next, is the lilac tint of the spores. When these are
thrown down on black or brown paper they have a sordid, whitish
appearance, but if caught on white paper the color of the mass

180 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

is a very pale dull lilac as represented by figure 9. It has
seemed to me that they are whitish, even on white paper, when
first thrown down, but after a short exposure or after a greater
accumulation the lilac tint appears. Notwithstanding this pecu-
liarity in the color of its spores the species is classed among the
white-spored mushrooms, and it is perhaps a question whether it
is, after all, anything more than a variety of the next species.

Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one-
fourth to two-thirds of an inch thick.

The Sapid pleurotus grows in woods and open places from June
to November. It is quitecommon and more abundant in wet
weather. It inhabits decaying wood and may be found about old
stumps, prostrate trunks of trees or even on dead or dying trees
while yet standing. Sometimes it appears to grow from the
ground, but a careful investigation would show that it starts from
some decaying root or some buried piece of wood. In Europe it
is said to grow on elm and oak, but in our State it inhabits other
trees also, such as beech, birch, maple and horse chestnut. I have
eaten it both fried and stewed and consider it about the same as
the Oyster mushroom inedible qualities. In Hungary, according
to Dr. Kalchbrenner, it is eagerly sought for food in the woods,
and is also cultivated on pieces of elm trunks in gardens.

Pleurotus ostreatus 7.

Oyster PievRrotus. Oyster MusHRoom.
Plate 26. Figs. 5 to 9,

Pileus convex, soft, imbricated, glabrous, moist, whitish, ciner-
eous or brownish, flesh white ; lamellz broad, decurrent, anasto-
mosing at the base, white or whitish; stem short, firm, mostly
lateral and indistinct or absent; spores oblong, white, .0003 to
.0004 in. long.

The Oyster mushroom or Oyster fungus, so named because of
its shape probably, rather than because of its flavor, is very simi-
lar to the Sapid mushroom. According to the descriptions of the
European plant it is quite variable in color, but with us the pre-
vailing colors are white or ashy-gray, changing to yellowish in the
old or dried state. The stem when present is generally shorter than
in the Sapid pleurotus and more often lateral. It is sometimes hairy
at the base aad sometimes wanting entirely. But the caps are

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 181

vlustered and overlapped very much as in that species, and the
gills are the same in both. For table purposes there is little need
of keeping the two distinct. Both are much more liable to be
infested by insects than the Elm pleurotus. Both grow on decaying
wood and at the same season and under similar conditions. The
Oyster mushroom is apparently much less frequent in our State
than the Sapid mushroom. It has Jong been classed among the
esculent species, but in consequence of the toughness of its flesh it
does not rank as a mushroom of first quality. Miss Banning states
that she has eaten it both raw and cooked, but that she failed to
detect any resemblance between its flavor and that of the oyster.
Dr. Cooke says that it isa fleshy fungus, and when slowly and
carefully cooked it is a pleasant and digestible one, but that it
may be spoiled by bad treatment. French writers speak well of
it and agree that it is both safe and excellent, but some recom-
mend it only while young and tender. No charge of being dele-
terious is brought against it.

The remaining white-spored genera here represented differ
from all the preceding either in the character of the gills or of
the flesh.

Hygrophorus /*.

In the genus Hygrophorus the gills of the mature plant have
a soft waxy texture which distinguishes them from all others.
They are not easily separable into the two membranes which
form their two surfaces, as in the preceding genera. As in
Pleurotus, the gills of some of the species are rounded or
notched at the end next the stem, but of others they are decur-
rent on it. Those with decurrent gills bear considerable external
resemblance to the species of Clitocybe, but the gills are generally

thicker and much further apart than in that genus. No species
' of Hygrophorus is known to be dangerous, though two or three
have been classed as suspected.

Hygrophorus pratensis F’.
Mrapow Hyerornorus. Pasture Hy@ropHorus.
Plate 28. Figs. 11 to 17.
Pileus compact, convex turbinate or nearly flat, glabrous, the
margin thin; lamella thick, distant, decurrent, whitish or yellow-
ish, the interspaces veiny ; stem short, glabrous, white or whitish,

182 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

sometimes yellowish; spores broadly elliptical, whitish, .00024
to .00028 in. long.

The Meadow hygrophorus, also called Pasture hygrophorus
and Buff-caps, is a rather small but stout-appearing mushroom,
which is quite variable in the color of its cap. This is commonly
buff or yellowish, more or less tinged with red or tawny hues.
Sometimes it is almost white. When young, the cap is nearly
hemispherical or strongly convex, but with advancing age the
thick fleshy center becomes more prominent. In full maturity
the thin margin is apt to be extended horizontally so that the
surface of the cap is nearly flat and its shape resembles an in-
verted cone whose sides are fluted by the widely separated gills.
The flesh is white or nearly so and has a mild taste.

The thick gills extend far down on the stem in the mature
plant, and in the bottom of the spaces between them cross veins
may be seen connecting them together.

The stem is mostly white, or if tinged at all with the color of
the cap, it is paler than it. Sometimes it tapers downward, be-
coming more narrow at the base than in the upper part. Its sur-
face is smooth.

Cap one to two inches broad, stem one to two inches long,
one-fourth to one-half an inch thick.

This species grows in old pastures and clearings or in thin
woods. It is often found in old abandoned fields partly over-
grown with brakes and bushes. It may be found from July to
September.

It has, for many years and by nearly all writers on this sub-
ject, been classed with the edible species, and Dr. Cooke pro-
nounces it to be thoroughly wholesome and of delicate flavor.

Hygrophorus miniatus /*.

Vermition IlycrorHortvs.
Plate 28, Figs. 1 to 10,

Pileus thin, fragile, at first convex, becoming nearly plane,
glabrous or minutely squamulose, often umbilicate, generally
red; lamellw distant, adnate, yellow, often tinged with red;
stem slender, glabrous, colored like the pileus; spores elliptical,
white, .0003 in. long.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 183

The Vermilion hygrophorus is a very highly colored, beauti-
ful species. It is small, but in some localities it is so abundant
that no difficulty need be encountered in procuring a quantity of
it sufficient for a meal for a large family. The cap is thin and
fragile, and it must be handled with care or it will be broken.
In the young plant it is convex, but it expands with age until it
is flat or even centrally depressed. Its surface is sometimes
smooth and even shining, again it is roughened as if coated with
minute scurfy scales. Frequently there is a little central depres-
sion or umbilicus in it. When young and moist the margin often
shows slight striations, but in the dry or mature plant these are
not seen. The margin is often irregular or wavy, and in very
wet weather it may become curved upwards so that the cap be-
comes concave. The color is usually a bright red or vermilion,
but sometimes it fades to paler or orange shades, and there is a
variety in which the whole plant is yellow. This I have called
variety Jutescens and have represented it by figures 9 and 10.
The bright color of this plant is apt to disappear in drying.

The gills are commonly yellow, but sometimes they are more
or less tinged with the red color of the cap. They are not so
wide apart as in the Meadow hygrophorus. They are generally
attached to the stem by the entire width of the inner extremity,
but specimens occur in which they are plainly notched at the
inner end, and others are found in which they are slightly
decurrent.

The stem is rather slender. In young plants it is solid, but in
older ones it becomes wholly or partly hollow. It is colored like
or sometimes paler than the cap.

Cap one-half to two inches broad, stem one to two inches long,
one to two lines thick.

The Vermilion hygrophorus grows in woods, swamps and old
fields in soil either wet or dry, among mosses or fallen leaves or
on naked earth. It is sometimes found in great profusion in
recent clearings over which fire has run. In such places it com-
monly attains a larger size than in dense woods, the cap attain-
ing a diameter of even three inches. It is evidently fond of
moisture and is more abundant in wet weather than in dry. It
will grow even in the wet Sphagnum of peat bogs, and yet it is
also found on the dry knolls and hillocks of the Adirondack

184 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

region, growing freely under the shade of the brakes (Pterds
aquilina) that cover them. It thus shows a great adaptability
to varying conditions. It grows either singly, in groups or in
clusters, and may be found from June to September. It is
especially abundant in the Adirondack region.

Having experimented with this species twenty years ago I was
agreeably surprised to find it scarcely surpassed by any in ten-
derness of substance and agreeableness of flavor. It was first
recorded as an edible species in the Twenty-sixth Report of the
State Museum.

A common species that closely resembles it is the Chantarelle
hygrophorus, ygrophorus Cantharellus. This is a smaller and
more graceful plant, having a long slender stem and gills running
very distinctly down on it. The colors of the two plants are the
same, and they might easily be confused unless the character of
the gills is noticed.

Lactarius #F*.

In the genus Lactarius the gills exude a milky or colored juice
where cut or broken. This character alone is sufficient to dis-
tinguish this genus from all others, but there are other features
which are quite characteristic. The texture is such that while
the flesh seems firm and rigid it is nevertheless very brittle and
easily broken. The fracture is quite even and not ragged or
torn as in more fibrous or filamentous substances. The species
are mostly stout and fleshy in appearance and resemble in
outline those of the genus Clitocybe. In the mature plant
the cap is generally somewhat funnel-shape or like a broad
inverted cone. The gills are more or less decurrent and the
stem is mostly stout .and short. Some of the species have the
cap adorned with circular zones or bands more highly colored
than the adjacent parts. This feature is rarely seen in any other
genus. The taste of the juice and flesh in many species is very
acrid or hot and burning, like that of cayenne pepper. Unless
this can be destroyed by cooking or drying such species must be
considered wholly unfit for food. There is much uniformity in
the spores of all the species. They are globose or nearly so and
roughened by minute points or protuberances. Their color may
be white or yellowish, according to the species.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 185

Lactarius deliciosus /r.

Dexiorous Laorartus.
Plate 29.

Pileus at first convex and often slightly umbilicate, becoming
nearly plane or centrally depressed, sometimes almost funnel-
shaped, glabrous, yellowish-orange or grayish-orange varied with
brighter mottled zones; lamellae orange-colored ; stem glabrous,
often marked with a few orange-colored spots, colored like or
paler than the pileus; juice orange-colored ; spores globose, yel-
lowish, .0003 to .0004 in. broad.

The Delicious lactarius is well marked by its peculiar colors
and is easily distinguished from all our other species of Lactarius
by its orange-colored juice. The cap is convex when young,
but in the mature plant it sometimes becomes centrally
depressed or even shaped like a funnel. It is smooth, and when
fresh and moist its surface is slightly viscid. Its color is some
shade of orange enlivened by mottled circles or zones of deeper
hue. These zones often appear as if composed of numerous con-
fluent spots. They are less distinct in old plants, in which also
the ground color fades and becomes tinged with greenish hues, as
shown in figure 4. Such plants have an unattractive appearance
and should not be used for food. The flesh is whitish, but tinged
with orange, especially along the line of attachment of the gills.
There is often a slightly acrid taste to it when fresh.

The gills are very similar to the cap in color. The orange-
colored milk exudes from these in drops if they are cut or broken.
This milk or juice pervades the whole plant and may exude from
wounds in any part. Wounds and bruises slowly assume a dull
greenish hue.

The stem is colored like or a little paler than the cap and is
often adorned with a few bright orange spots. It is generally
quite short when growing on naked ground, but longer if growing
among mosses. In some cases it is narrowed at the base, in
others not. It is generally hollow in mature plants.

Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to four inches long, one-
third to two-thirds of an inch thick.

Common in woods, groves and damp, mossy places. It is
especially fond of pine woods and mossy swamps, though not by
any means limited to these. It may sometimes be found in

24

186 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

swamps when dry weather prevents its growth elsewhere. It
appears from July to October.

The following are some of the many quotations that might be
made concerning the edible qualities of this mushroom. It is
one of the best mushrooms with which I am acquainted and
fully deserves its name and the high estimation in which it is
held. Its flesh is firm, juicy, sapid and nutriticus. Badham. It
is the most delicate and the safest mushroom known. Vittadini.
It is a species highly esteemed and generally liked. It is very
good when properly cooked. It is also good preserved in
vinegar. Lichon and fozé. It is certainly very good when
cooked with care. (uelet. It is most excellent. Berkeley. Fried
with butter and salt it has a taste like lamb. Seynes. It is edible
but it is not as good as its name seems to indicate. (llet.
Served at the annual Woolhope dinners, it has always given
satisfaction. Cooke. It is the most delicious mushroom known.
Smith. My own experience with it leads me to consider it very
good but scarcely equal to the best. Doubtless differences of
opinion concerning it may be due in part to different methods of
cooking. It is said to require delicate cooking, for too long or
too rapid cooking will make it tough. One of the best methods
is to bake gently three-fourths of an hour ina close covered dish,
having seasoned it with butter, pepper and salt. I consider it
one of our most valuable mushrooms, because of its common
occurrence and goodly size, and because of the almost total im-
possibility of mistaking any deleterious species for it if regard
be had to the color of its juice. From this it is sometimes called
the Orange milk mushroom.

Lactarius volemus #7’.

ORANGE-BROWN LAoraRIus.
Plate 30.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes becoming centrally
depressed or almost funnel-form, glabrous, dry, golden-tawny
or brownish-orange, sometimes darker in the center; lamellx
crowded, adnate or subdecurrent, white or tinged with yellow;
stem colored like or a little paler than the pileus, glabrous; juice
white, abundant; spores globose, white, .00035 to .00045 in. broad.

The Orange-brown lactarius is a clean, firm and attractive
species. It varies but little in color and is, therefore, easily recog-

2

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 187

nized. The cap is at first convex and, as in nearly all species of
Lactarius, with advancing age it expands and becomes nearly
flat or is somewhat depressed in the center and slightly funnel
form. It is very smooth and generally quite regular. Sometimes

it has a slight umbo or protuberance in the center as shown in

figure 2. In the mature plant the epidermis sometimes cracks
into small angular patches or areas. In the descriptions of the
European plant this is given as one of the distinguishing charac-
ters of the species, but it is by no means constant in the Ameri-
can plant. Indeed, it is more often absent than present. The
color of the cap is a peculiar mixture of red, brown and yellow,
somewhat difficult to describe. It has been called reddish-
tawny, golden-tawny, brownish-orange and orange-brown. It
varies somewhat in the depth of coloring, some being a shade
darker or a shade paler than others, but the essential color is
quite constant. In variety subrugosus, represented in figure 6,
the margin of the cap is roughened with wrinkles which form
irregular reticulations. In this variety the color is generally a
little darker than in the normal forms. The flesh is white, some-
times tinged with yeilow.

The gills are closely placed side by side and are attached to
the stem by the whole width of their inner extremity, or in ma-
ture funnel-form caps they run down on the stem somewhat.
They are white or yellowish. Where cut or broken a white
juice or milk exudes in drops, and wounds or bruises quickly
assume a brownish hue.

The stem is colored like the cap, but generally it is a little
paler. It is quite firm and smooth and generally solid. It varies
in length but is not often longer than the diameter of the cap.

Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to four inches long,
one-third to three-fourths of an inch thick.

It grows in thin woods and open places. It is especially found
in woods and groves of chestnut and oak. Itisa common species
and occurs from July to September. It is most abundant in
warm showery weather. Usually many individuals will be found
growing in company or in groups, so that it is not difficult to ob-
tain a generous supply for the table. It is remarkably free from
the attacks of insects, which is a point in its favor as an esculent.
Sometimes in drying it emits an unpleasant odor, which is per-

188 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

haps an indication that the specimens should not be kept too
long before cooking. Many writers affirm that this fungus is
guite as good raw as it is cooked, but to me it often has a slightly
acrid or astringent flavor in the raw state. All acknowledge it
to be edible. ;

Cordier says it is excellent and among the most agreeable
edible mushrooms, and that in some countries it is eaten raw as
well as cooked. Paulet declares it to be fine and delicate and
that it is eaten with delight. Quelet asserts that it is better raw
than cooked and that its sweet milk affords an agreeable drink
for the botanist in the warm days of summer. Stevenson gives
it as edible and delicious. My own experience with it would
scarcely lead me to class it as more than an ordinarily good
mushroom. Perhaps it might be improved by better cooking
than I was able to give to it. I have not eaten it uncooked.

There are two or three species somewhat similar to the Orange-
brown mushroom in color, but none of them are hurtful. We
are sometimes cautioned against mistaking the Red lactarius,
Lactarius rufus, for it. This is reported by Fries as very pois-
onous. Ihave found this on the high summits of the Catskills
and in the cold mossy swamps and woods of the Adirondack
region, but never in company with the Orange-brown lactarius.
It is easily distinguished by its more red color, its smaller size,
and especially by its exceedingly acrid burning taste. No one
who had tasted it in the raw state could be induced to swallow
the least particle of it.

Russula 7/7.

The species of /2ussu/a are very similar to those of the genus
Lactarius in size, shape, structure and texture. The spores also
are of the same character. But this genus is at once separated
by the absence of any milky or colored juice. The coloration is
also peculiar in many of the species, bright or clear red and pur-
plish hues prevailing. This character doubtless suggested the
name of the genus. No species exhibits the colored circular
zones seen on the caps of so many species of Lactarius. The
taste of the flesh is very similar in both, in some species it being
peppery or acrid, in others mild.

The following is the only species which I have tried, though
several have been recorded as edible.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 189

Russula virescens /J*.

Greeniso Russura.
Plate 81.

Pileus at first nearly globose, then expanded and convex or
centrally depressed, firm, dry, adorned with small flocculent
patches or warts, greenish, sometimes tinged with yellow ; lamel-
le moderately close, free or nearly so, white; stem short, firm,
white; spores nearly globose, slightly roughened, white, .00024
to .0003 in. broad.

The Greenish russula is quite distinct and easily recognized by
its green or grayish-green and warty cap. In the young plant
this is rounded or almost globular, but it soon becomes convex
and sometimes when mature it may even be centrally depressed.
Its surface is dry, not viscid as in some other greenish species,
and it is broken up into small scales or wart like patches. The
margin in the typical form is even, but specimens often occur in
which it is marked with impressed lines or striations as in figures
3and 4. The margin of the expanded cap often becomes split.
The flesh is white and has a mild taste.

The gills are white or whitish. They are narrow at the inner
extremity and barely reach the stem. Generally some of them
are forked and often a few shorter ones intervene between the
long ones.

The stem is commonly shorter than the diameter of the cap.
It i: smooth, white and solid or somewhat softer and spongy in
the center.

Cap two to four inches broad, stem one to two inches long,
one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick.

In grassy grounds, groves or thin woods. July and August.

A green color in mushrooms is very rare, but in the genus
Russula there are sevoral species that exhibit it or an approach
to it. But these all lack the wart-like adornments that charac-
terize the Greenish russula, and therefore need not be mistaken
for it. The color in our plant is pot a bricht green, but one
more or less mingled with gray or yellowish. Sometimes the
central part of the cap is more highly colored than the margin
and sometimes it is paler, exhibiting here the yellowish tints.

Vittadini places this among the most safe and delicate species
of Russula. Roques speaks highly of ‘and says it can be eaten

190 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

with entire confidence. According to Cordier it is a delicious
mushroom with a pleasant taste and an agreeable odor. Richon
and Rozé say it has excellent qualities but it needs proper season-
ing One of the most commendable of the edible russulas,
edible, but its flavor is improved by cooking, edible but in little
demand, are other opinions recorded concerning it. My own
experience indicates it as of second-rate quality, but entirely
harmless.
Cantharellus <Adans.

The genus Cantharellus is separated from all the preceding
genera by the character of the lamellz. These have an obtuse
or blunt edge, and are mostly forked or branched. They are
generally narrow. In general appearance the species are not
much unlike species of Clitocybe, fur the gills are usually decur-
rent, but their thick branching and anastomosing habit and blunt
edge give a very distinct character to the hymenium.

Cantharellus cibarius /7.

CHANTABELLE.
Plate 2.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, becoming expanded or slightly
depressed, glabrous, yellow, the margia at first involute, then
spreading and often wavy or irregular; lamelle narrow, thick,
distant, decurrent, branched or anastomosing, yellow ; stem firm,
glabrous, solid, yellow; spores elliptical, pale yellowish, .0003 to
.0004 inch long.

The Chantarelle is beautiful in color if not in shape, and is
most easily recognized. Its color is a uniform rich egg-yellow,
which is very constant. This extends to all parts of the plant
except the inner flesh, which is white. The suface of the cap is
smooth, but owing to the lobing and wavy character of the mar-
gin the shape is often irregular and unsymmetrical. The cap is
generally convex or nearly flat above, but sometimes it is cen-
trally depressed. It is gradually narrowed downwards to the
stem, often presenting the general outline of a broad inverted
cone.

The gills are narrow, with a rounded or blunt edge and with
irregular branches which often connect with adjacent gills. In
some individuals they are more branched than in others.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 191

The stem is variable in length. It is often curved or slightly
crooked, and sometimes tapers downward. It is smooth and

solid, and by some it is considered as good as the cap for food.

Cap one to three inches broad, stem one to two inches long,
one-fourth to one-half an inch thick. :

It grows in woods and open places. It isa common species, and
may be found from June te September. <A favorite habitat is in
the deep shade of hemlock or spruce trees, but it also grows freely
in thin woods of deciduous trees in wet, showery weather. li
commonly grows in groups but sometimes in curved lines, as if
trying to form a “fairy-ring.’” The European plant is said to
exhale an odor like that of ripe apricots, but I have not been
able to detect any decided odor in the American plant. The taste
of the raw piant is often a little pungent or acrid.

The Chantarelle has long been celebrated for its edible quali-
ties. Fries says that it is justly enumerated among the most
sapid fungi; Badham, that no fungus is more popular; Cocke,
that it is alike esteemed in France, Germany, Austria and Italy,
where it is eaten regularly and exposed in the markets for sale;
Gillet, that it is an excellent plant whether used as food or as a
condiment; Stevenson, that it is edible and delicious. Accord-
ing to Berkeley, it is occasionally served up at public dinners at
the principal hotels in London on state occasions, when every
effort is made to secure the rarest and most costly dainties.
Miss Banning affirms that she has eaten it both raw and cooked
and that by a confirmed fungus eater it would be pronounced
most charming. My own trials of it would lead me to place it
among the best and most important of our wild mushrooms.

The Orange chantarelle or False chantarelle, Cunthureilus
aurantiacus, is the only species liable to be mistaken for the
edible chantarelle. It may at once be recognized by the orange
color of its gills, which are also thinner and more close and are
regularly and repeatedly forked. The color of its cap is a paler
aud more dingy yellow, varied with smoky-brown tints.

Marasmius #7.

The genus Marasmius differs from all the preceding genera by
the tough texture of the small thin plants that compose it. Tho
plant quickly withers or shrivels in dry weather and revives

192 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

again under the influence of moisture. The gills are thin and
have an acute edge. They are rather tough and flexible like the
cap. The spores are white.

Marasmius Oreades Fr.

Farry-R1ne Musnroom.
Plate 14. Figs. 12 to 21.

Pileus fleshy, tough, glabrous, convex or nearly plane, often
somewhat umbonate, reddish or tawny-red, becoming paler with
age or in drying; lamellz broad, distant, rounded behind or tree,
whitish or yellowish; stem slender, tough, solid, coated with a
close dense villosity, whitish; spores nearly elliptical, white,
-0003 to .00035 in. long.

The Fairy-ring mushroom has reccived this name because of
its tendency to grow in rings or circles. In France it is called
False mousseron and in England, Scotch bonnets. It is also
called Fairy-ring champignon. When young and moist its cap
is reddish, tawny-red or pale yellowish-red, but it becomes paler
with age or as the moisture disappears. When dry it is gener-
ally pale-yellow or buff, as shown in figures 16 and 17. Some-
times it is slightly striated on the margin, especially when moist,
as shown in figure 12. Often it is prominent in the center as if
broadly umbonate. This is seen in figures 13 and 14. The
flesh is rather thin, white and inclined to be tough.

The gills are rather broad and wide apart. They are rounded
at the inner extremity and scarcely or but slightly attached to
the stem. They are whitish or yellowish.

The stem is rather slender but solid and quite tough. It is
covered with a fine close villosity or tomentum which can be
scraped away, revealing the smooth surface of the stem boneath.
Its color is whitish or pale-grayish

Cap one to two inches broad, stem one to two and a half inches
long, scarcely one tourth of an inch thick.

Common in pastures, lawns and grassy places by roadsides.
May to October; appearing in wet weather or after heavy rains.
It usually grows in groups, sometimes in arcs of circles or in
complete circles ov even in lines. It sometimes forms clusters.

It has long been esteemed as edible, but owing to its small size
and somewhat teugh substance it has not gained the general

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 193

popularity it deserves. The following recorded opinions of it
will not be without interest: It is very good while young.
When young it may be eaten in an omelet. It has a very agree-
able taste and odor and gives a delicious flavor to sauces, but it
needs cooking a long time. There is little of it and it serves
only asa condiment. It is edible and recommended especially
as a condiment. It is delicious when broiled with butter. It
may be pickled or dried for future use. It is very agreeable but
in little demand because of its small size. It isa very delicious
mushroom and the abundance in which it everywhere grows
makes it a very valuable one. Its tendency to toughness is easily
overcome by proper cooking.

There are two or three mushrooms which are somewhat sim-
ilar to the Fairy-ring mushroom in size and color, and which
might by carelessness be mistaken for it. One of these, the
Semiorbicular naucoria, Nawcoria semiorbicularis, sometimes
grows in company with it. It may be distinguished from it by
the color of the gills, which in the mature plant are rusty brown.
Its spores when caught on white paper havea dark rusty or
ferruginous color, and its stem is smooth.

The Oak-loving collybia, Collybia dryophila, also resembles it
in the color of the cap and gills, but its gills are more narrow
and very closely placed side by side, and the stem is very smooth
and hollow. This usually grows in woods, but sometimes it
occurs in open places and then might be taken for the Fairy-ring
mushroom through carelessness.

An esteemed correspondent gives the following method of
cooking this mushroom :

Throw the clean caps into sufficient boiling water to make a
nice gravy when done, and cook them half an hour. Then rub
together a small quantity of butter and flour and water, with
salt and pepper, and add to the mushrooms, stirring for a moment.
Pour on hot toast and serve in a hot dish.

Another method is to put the caps in water with butter and
seasoning and let them simmer slowly ten or fifteen minutes.
Then thicken with flour and serve alone, or if preferred pour
over cooked meat.

As a condiment, chop in small pieces and add to cooking hash,
stews, broths or meats just before time to serve.

25

194 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

Polyporee.
Boteti, Potyport axp Liver Founavs.

In the family Polyporez the cap has no gills on the lower sur-
face, but instead of them there are small tubes, holes or pores.
The spores of the fungus are produced on the inner surface of
these pores, and when mature, they are dropped or ejected from
them into the open air. They may be caught in the same man-
ner as the spores of agarics, but their color has not been em-
employed in classification to the same extent that it has in that
family. The edible species to be described belong to three gen-
era, Boletus, Polyporus and Fistulina. The distinctive charac-
ters of these genera are indicated in the subjoined table.

Pores compacted together and forming a continuous

StTAtUM 2... ee cece cece cece ees ences rscseeseces : 1
Pores each in a distinct tube ........... sOeoRO ESA a0 Fistulina.

1 Stratum of pores easily separable from the cap......... Boletus.
1 Stratum of pores not separable from the cap........... Polyporus.

Boletus Dili.

The genus Boletus contains most of the edible species of this
family. The substance of the cap is soft and fleshy and the cel-
lular or porous stratum on the lower surface may be easily and
smoothly removed by pressing it outwardly from the stem
toward the margin. This is the chief character by which to
separate a boletus from a polyporus. Nearly all boleti grow on
the ground and have the stem centrally attached to the cap.
Unfortunately for mushroom eaters, many of them grow only in
warm and wet or showery weather when insects are numerous,
and therefore they are very liable to be infested by larva. Care
must be taken to reject such plants. The stems also must be
discarded, for they are too tough to be good. The tubes or pores
are apt to form a disagreeable mucilaginous mass if retained, and
it is well to remove them before cooking. Some species have a
viscid surface to the cap which causes dirt, sticks and leaves to
adhere tenaciously to it. The caps of such plants should be
peeled before cooking.

Cap viscid when moist..........eeeeesseessceee . 1

Cap T0t VISCId 1.1... epee cere cca e etre ncescsnc Sc
1 Stem furnished with a collar...........ceesecece 4c 2

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 195

I Stem) destitute ofa.collar <s.... 2. acclesciaices acces B. granulatus,

2 Stem dotted above the collar .............ceces “ B. luteus.

2 Stem dotted both above and below the collar ..... B. subluteus.

3 Stem rough with prominent colored dots.......... ° 4

SAS LEMME WILNGNOTE OLS siis.cis)s'a'elatoicjera sie sce celsiecetelsieieieie's 2 5
4 Margin of the cap adorned with adhering fragments

Oita Me MDPANOUS EVEN aerate sicreleiers inicie! sles eve\aie <'s B. versipellis.

4 Margin of the cap naked .........2s+s0008 BOONE B. scaber.

DESLEIMINA OIG ce nee ciate t,o shares vetarerecereatctare 2ce.oe'e shataisreres ; B. edulis.

besten hollow, Or CAVEMNOUS :..¢cucesccsccccssess ss . B. castaneus.

Boletus luteus 7.
YELLow-BrowNn Boxetvs.
Plate 38, Figs. 7 to 12.

Pileus viscid or glutinous, dingy or brownish-yellow. somewnat
variegated with darker lines, spots or streaks, flesn white, some-
times tinged with yellow ; tubes minute, yellow, becoming darker
or ochraceous-yellow with age; stem short, stout, annulate, yel-
lowish and dotted above the membranous annulus; spores yellow-
ish brown, .00025 to .0003 in. long.

The Yellow-brown boletus is one of our rarest fungi. Its
broadly convex or nearly flat cap is of a peculiar dingy color
formed by a mixture of yellow and brown or reddish-brown,
which is very obscurely varied by slightly deeper colored streaks
or spots. When wet it is covered with a sticky gluten which is
so tenacious that it can be peeled away with the cuticle. The
flesh is white, but in mature plants it is sometimes tinged with
yellow. The tubes are nearly plane in the young plant, that is,
their mouths are in a plane surface. They are at first concealed
by the white membranous veil which soon breaks from its
attachment to the margin of the cap and shrinks to the stem, on
which it forms a kind of collar. The young tubes are yellow, but
they assume dingy ochraceous hues with age.

The stem is generally shorter than the horizontal diameter of
the cap. It is yellowish above the collar and marked there with
small brown dots. Below the collar it is generally more or less
covered by a continuation of the veil, so that in very short-
stemmed plants it appears as if sheathed by a wrapper as in the
genus Amanita.

196 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

Cap two to five inches broad, stem one to two inches long, one-
half to three-fourths of an inch thick.

I have tound this species under pine trees only. It occurs in
autumn.

European authors have written about its edible qualities as
tollows: Edible and highly esteemed , 10s flesh is very tender ; 16
is excellent ; it is good and extensively consumed in Germaiy.

Boletus subluteus Peck.

SMALL-YELLOwIsH BoLztus.
Plate 33. Fir”. 1. to6.

Pileus viscid or glutinous wnen moist, often obscurely streaked
or spotted, dingy-yellowish or ferruginous-brown, flesh whitish or
tinged with dull yellow ; tubes plane and yellow in the young
plant, becoming dingy-ochraceous witn age, and sometimes con-
vex: stem slender, whitish or dingy yellowish, annulate, dotted
both above and below the annulus; spores oblong or subiusiform,
.0003 to .0004 in. long.

The Small-yellowish boletus scarcely differs from the Yel-
low-brown boletus except in its smaller size and its more
slender stem, which is dotted both above and below the
collar. Its collar is less membranous in the mature plant,
for it collapses or shrinks into a thick, often discolored,
band instead of persisting as a flexible membrane. It is quite
probable that it has often been confused with the larger species,
and so far as its edible character is concerned such confusion
would not be serious for there is but little difference in their
flavor. This species is much more frequent than the other. It
may be found from August to October. It occurs only in pine
regions or in places where pine trees once grew. It is especially
fond of a light sandy soil shaded by a thin or scattered growth
of pine trees.

I do not know of any dangerous species with which these two
boleti are liable to be confused.

Boletus granulatus JZ.
GRANULATED BoLetus.
Plate 34, Figs. 1 to 5.
Pileus viscid or glutinous when moist, variable in color, usually
grayish-yellow or tawny, the flesh white tinged with yellow;

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 197

tubes at first very pale-yellow, becoming dingy-ochraceous with
age; stem short, thick, solid, dotted above, whitish or yellowish ;
spores oblong, rusty-ochraceous, .0003 to .0004 in. long.

The Granulated boletus has the cap viscid or glutinous when
moist. It varies much in color. It may be pinkish-gray,
grayish-yellow, reddish or ferruginous-brown or tawny. It is
sometimes obscurely spotted from the drying gluten. The flesh
is rather thick and white except along the lower surface next the
tubes where it is generally tinged with yellow. The tubes are
at first pale-yellow or aimost white, but they assume the dingy-
ochraceous hue which is common to many species in maturity.
When examined closely, the mouths of the tubes are seen to be
dotted with minute granules which give rise to the name of the
species. These are at first in the form of drops of a thick juice,
but with age they become dry and form brownish granules.

The stem is short, generally less than the horizontal diameter
of the cap. It has no collar, but is dotted with small brown
granules similar to those on the tube mouths. These granules
are more numerous and distinct near the top of the stem.
Sometimes they extend to the base, sometimes not.

Cap one and a half to four inches broad, stem one to two
inches long, one-third to one-half an inch thick.

The Granulated boletus grows in pine woods and groves or
under or near scattered pine trees. It may be found from July
to October. It is one of our most common species in pine
regions. It usually grows gregariously, many plants occurring
inasmall area. It sometimes grows in circles.

The absence of a collar on the stem at once distinguishes it
from the preceding species.

The American boletus, Boletus Americanus, is often found
growing with it and may be separated from it by the pale-
yellow color, both of the cap and the flesh, and by its much more
slender stem.

Nearly all authors agree in placing the Granulated boletus in
the list of edible species. Dr. Cooke says that it has given him
the greatest satisfaction and that he prefers it to the Edible
boletus or, indeed, to any other which he has tried. This is a
pretty strong recommendation, and is the more gratifying because
this species is so abundant and so easily obtainable.

198 BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

Boletus versipellis 7%

OrancE-oaP BoLetus,._
Plate ut, Figs. 6 to 10.

Pileus convex, dry, smooth or at first very minutely tomentose,
‘reddish or orange-red, the flesh white or grayish, the margin
adorned with the inflexed remains of a membranous concolorous
veil; tubes small, depressed around the stem, whitish or grayish-
white, becoming darker or more dingy with age; stem ratner
long, firm, solid, roughened with small reddish or blackish prom-
inent dots or scales, whitish; spores oblong-fusiform, brown,
.00055 to .0007 in. long.

The Orange-cap boletus takes its common appellation from the
color of the cap. This is quite constantly a dull yellowish-red,
less brilliant than orange. The peculiar distinguishing feature
of the species is found in the torn or somewhat scalloped remains
of the veil which adheres to the margin of the cap am] is of the
same color as it. It is generally turned under the margin and
adheres slightly to the tubes also. It is not difficult to imagine
it to be an extension of the epidermis of the cap.

The tubes are rather long, and in the mature plant they often
form a convex mass, those near the margin and those near the
stem being shorter than the intervening ones. The color is at
first whitish or grayish, but in the mature plant it is considerably
darker and not easily defined.

The stem is usually equal to or a little longer than the hori-
zontal diameter of the cap. It is frequently a little narrowed at
the top. Its color is similar to that of the young tubes, and it is
adorned with numerous reddish or blackish prominent points,
dots or scales. In some instances these are uniform in color, in
others the two kinds of points are intermingled on the same stem.

Cap two to six inches broad, stem three to five inches long, one-
third to three-fourths of an inch thick.

Woods and open places. I find this species especially in sandy
soil of pine districts. It is single or scattered in its mode of
growth and appears from August to October. It is by no means
as common as the next species, to which, in my trials of it, it
seemed inferior in esculent qualities. But differences in age or
conditions of growth or in methods of cooking might make the
difference in flavor. Dr. Cooke says it is equally as good as the
next species.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 199

Boletus scaber /).

Roves-steMMED Botetus.
Plate 35.

Pileus glabrous or nearly so, 7ommonly convex, the flesh white
or whitish ; tubes small, long, soon convex in the mass, depressed
around the stem, at first whitish, becoming darker, dingy or
brownish ; stem firm, solid, often narrowed at the top, whitish or
grayish, roughened with numerous small prominent, reddish or
blackish dots or scales; spores oblong-fusiform, brown, .00055 to
0007 in. long.

The Rough-stemmed or Scabrous-stemmed boletus may well be
called our most common and, in respect to color, our most variable
species. Its cap varies in color from white to almost black. It
also varies somewhat in shape. It is generally convex or cushion-
shaped, but scmetimes it is hemispherical or even broadly conical.
Its surface is commonly smooth, but occasionally specimens are
found in which it is slightly downy or even scaly. The flesh is
white or whitish, and the margin in mature plants is often thick
and blunt by reason of the lengthening of the tubes.

The tubes are long and mostly convex in the mass in the
mature plants. They are much shortened around the stem, thus
leaving a depression or cavity there. When youngand fresh they
are whitish, but they become darker and dingy or brownish with
age. Bruises or wounds of the whitish tubes and flesh sometime=
produce a slight change in color, it assuming pinkish or blackish
hues.

The stem scarcely differs in any respect from the stem of the
Orange-cap boletus, and its characters need not be repeated here.

Several varieties have been described, most of which depenc.
on the color of the cap.

Var. niveus has the cap white. Fig. 3. This is thought by
some to be a distinct species.

Var. aurantiacus has the cap orange-red. Fig.4. This differs
from the Orange-cap boletus only in the character of the margin
of the cap.

Var. fuligineus has the cap fuliginous or cinereous-fuliginous.
Fig. 5.

Var. fuscus has the cap brown or dark-brown. Figs. 2, 6 and 7.

200 REPORT OF THE STAT® BOTANIST

Other variations in color are sometimes seen. The epidermis
of the cap sometimes cracks into small angular areas or scales,
which give it a peculiar appearance. This form has been desig-
nated as Var. areolatus, but neither this nor the varieties depend-
ing on color alone have a very substantial basis. They are
probably mere forms rather than true varieties.

Cap one to five inches broad, stem two to five inches long, one-
third to two-thirds of an inch thick.

The Rough-stemmed boletus occurs everywhere in woods,
swamps and open places, and in sandy, gravelly, loamy or clayey
soil. It may be found from June to November. It is easily
recognized by its peculiar stem, no other species, except the
Orange-cap boletus, having a stem like it. The dots are very
different in character from those on the stems of the Granulated
boletus and the Small-yellowish boletus. They are dry and
fibrous, and not formed by the drying and hardening of a thick
juice, as in those species.

Authors differ in their estimate of the edible qualities of this
boletus. Some simply pronounce it edible; others say it is less
agreeable than the Edible boletus, which is generally preferred to
it. Gillet says that it can be eaten without the least fear, but
that young plants should be selected for the table, old ones being
generally more difficult of digestion. My own experiments with
it were highly gratifying, and lead me to consider it a first-class
species for the table.

Boletus edulis Bull.

Episiz Bovervs.
Plate 36. Figs. 8 to 12.

Pileus glabrous, compact, becoming soft with age, grayish-red,
brownish-red or tawny-brown, often paler on the margin, the
flesh white or tinged with yellow, reddish under the epidermis ;
tubes soon convex, depressed around the stem, at first whitish,
becoming greenish-yellow ; stem stout, equal or thickened at the
base, reticulated in the upper part, sometimes wholly reticulated,
solid, pale or brownish; spores oblong-fusiform, .0005 to .0006
in. long.

The Edible boletus is one of our large species, though it is by
no means as common as desirable. When young the cap is firm
and the tubes white, with their mouths very indistinct. With

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST. * 201

advancing age the cap becomes softer and more yielding to pres-
sure and the tubes assume a greenish-yellow or greenish-ochra-
ceous hue and their mouths are then distinct. In color the cap
is guite variable, exhibiting a mixture of red, yellow and brown
hues. It is most often tawny-brown or reddish-brown on the
disk, with paler and yellowish hues on the margin. the flesh is
tinged with red under the cuticie.

The tubes form a convex mass, being depressed around the
stem.

The stem is stout, sohd and firm. It is adorned with a fine
network of raised lines just below the tubes, and sometimes these
reticulations extend to the base. It is most often somewhat
swollen or thickened toward the base. Its color is generally
paler than that of the cap, it being brownish or yellowish-brown
or dingy white.

Cap four to six inches broad, stem two to six inches long, one-
half to one and a half inch thick.

The Edible boletus grows in groves, woods and their borders,
and sometimes in open waste places. It occurs in warm, showery
weather, during July and August. It holds a prominent place
among edible boleti, just as the common mushroom does among
edible agarics. It has long been known as an edible species, and
on this account its reputation has become widely spread. It has
an agreeable, nutty flavor, even when raw, and it has secured
favorable mention from nearly all writers on this subject. Bad-
ham recommends, especially, this and the Rough-stemmed
boletus. Gillet says it is an excellent species, with an agreeable
flavor, and that it is largely consumed in some parts of France.
It is also cut in slices and dried for future use, and in this way is
sold in the markets of Europe.

Boletus castaneus Bull.

Cuxstyut Boxetus.
Plate 36. Figs. 1 to7.

Piieus convex, becoming nearly plane or depressed, dry, firm,
at first minutely velvety, commonly reddish-tawny or cinnamon,
flesh white, unchangeable; tubes short, small, at first white,
becoming yellowish; stem firm, short, stuffed or hollow, colored

26

202 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

like the pileus; spores oval or pvroadly elliptical, pale-yellow,
.0004 to .0005 in. long.

The Chestnut boletus is unlike any other species here described,
in having a hollow stem. Its cap is at first convex, but it becomes
expanded with age and sometimes the margin curves upward, as
shown in figure 4. There is a minute velvety down on its sur-
face, which is scarcely noticeable except to a close observer. The
color is generally reddish-tawny or cinnamon. It is not always
as dark as is indicated by the name.

The tubes are small and short. At first they are white, but
they become yellowish as the plant matures.

The stem is short and not always straight. It is clothed and
colored like the cap. Sometimes it tapers towards the top.
When young it is soft and spongy in the center, but it becomes
cavernous or hollow when old, as shown in figure 6. Its pale
yellow spores are also a peculiar feature.

Some species of this genus quickly assume bluish tints where
the substance is bruised or broken. The rule is sometimes given
to avoid all such as poisonous. And yet one correspondent, an
enthusiastic mycophagist, informs me that he eats such species,
and has done so repeatedly without harm. In one instance how-
ever, which was brought to my notice, sickness and vomiting
followed the eating of the Sensitive boletus, Boletus sensibilis,
a species which assumes a blue color in a remarkable manner
where bruised, cut or broken. Even the pressure of the fingers
in handling it causes it to assume blue spots where touched. All
the family partaking of it were made sick, but all recovered.

Polyporus Mich.

In members of the genus Polyporus the stratum of pores is not
smoothly or easily separable from the cap. Most of the species
grow on dead or decaying wood and are too tough for food. A
few grow on the ground, but even these are inclined to be tough.
Very few of the wood inhabiting species have a central stem and
many have no stem at all. In some the texture is dry, hard,
corky or woody, such as no one would think of eating, and of
those classed as edible, it is generally better to select only the
very young plants for food. My personal experience with these
has not extended beyond the single species here described.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 203

Polyporus sulphureus F*.

Sutpaury Poryporvs.
Plate 37. Figs. 1 to 4.

Pileus broad, somewhat irregular and wavy, growing in tufts
and closely overlapping each other, uneven, reddish or orange
color when young and fresh, fading with age, flesh white ; tubes
very small, short, sulphur yellow; spores elliptical, white, .0003
in. long.

The Sulphury polyporus is easily recognized by its clustered
mode of growth and its attractive colors. The caps are often
five or six inches broad and they closely overlap each other,
sometimes forming tufts or clusters of considerable size. Gen-
erally the flesh is not more than half an inch thick, white and
easily broken. When young it is soft and juicy, and in warm,
moist weather it sometimes exudes a yellowish milk or juice if
cut or broken. In maturity it is dry and almost friable. The
color of the young cap is yellowish-red or pale-orange, but the
red or orange soon fades to yellow or becomes mingled with
yellow. Its color is generally lost in drying. The margin of the
growing cap is often beautifully yellow. It is more or less wavy
or irregular.

The tubes are minute and short. They areof a bright sulphur-
yellow color. which is more persistent than the red color of the
cap.

There is no stem, but sometimes the cap is prolonged on one
side into a stem-like base.

This species has a wide range and is found in all parts of our
State. It grows in woods and in the open country. Its showy
clusters are sometimes seen growing from dead spots in the
trunks of living standing trees. It is perfectly at home on the
deadwood of nearly all kinds of trees. Even fruit trees some-
times support it. It may appear at any time from June to Sep-
tember, but it delights in showery wet weather.

A variety sometimes occurs which might well be named variety
glomeratus. In it a multitude of small caps are so closely and
intimately united that their individuality is lost in the large mass
which they form. Irregular and unequal holes or cavities in the
general surface of the mass afford opportunity for a partial de-

204 ' - REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

ve.opment of tae pores or the imperfect caps. This variety is
said te be more common in some of the western States than it is
here.

In using the Sulphury polyporus for food, only the young and
freshly grown caps were taken. These thinly sliced and fried in
butter were much better than I had expected to find them.
Mature specimens would probably be tough, dry, disagreeable
and indigestible.

Fistulina bw.

In the genus Fistulina the tubes stand close to each other, but
are separate or distinct from each other and do not form a con-
tinuous compact mass as in Boletus and Polyporus. They areat
first very short and resemble minute warts or papillx, but they
become cylindrical with age. We have only the single species
here described.

Fistulina hepatica /*.

Liver Fisrorina.
Plate 37. Figs. 5 to 9.

Pileus fleshy, juicy, soft, dark-red, flesh red, variegated with
brighter streaks ; tubes small at first, yellowish or slightly tinged
with pink, becoming dingy with age; spores elliptical, yellowish,
.0002 to .00025 inch long.

The Liver fistulina has received various popular names in
countries where its edible qualities are generally known. Among
these are Oak tongue, Chestnut tongue, Beef tongue and Beef-
steak fungus. Its cap when young is roughened on the upper
surface with minute papille, which, with its shape and red color,
are suggestive of the name Beef tongue. These papille dis-
appear with age. In texture it is soft and juicy, but rather
tough and somewhat fibrous. Its juice is reddish and the flesh
is streaked with red. Its surface, when moist, is a little sticky
or clammy to the touch. Generally there is a short lateral stem,
but occasionally specimens are found without any stem.

The tubes are on the lower surface of the cap and quite small.
At first they are like small pimples or papilla, but they soon
lengthen and become cylindrical. They are yellowish, more or
less tinged with pink when young and fresh, but with age they
assume a dingy, ochraceous hue which is almost indefinable.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 205

The cap varies from two to six inches or more in breadth. It
grows from old stumps of oak or chestnut in wet weather in July
and August.

This Vegetable beefsteak or Beefsteak fungus has been highly
commended by European writers. It has a slightly acid flavor,
which is by no means disagreeable to some palates. Its tough-
ness may be an objection with some, but it is not more tough
than beefsteak. Some authors recommend only the young plant
for food, but another says it is best when fully matured, the
young fungus being somewhat bitter and astringent.

“Tt is good broiled with a steak and properly seasoned ;” “if
it is not beef itself, it is sauce for it;” “it is truly a vegetable
beefsteak, for the taste resembles meat in a remarkable man-
ner;” “no fungus yields a richer gravy, and, though rather
tough when broiled, it is scarcely to be distinguished from broiled
meat,” are some of the expressions concerning the edible qualities
of this fungus.

Hydnee.
Hepernoa Musnrooms.

In the family Hydnew, the cap, when present, has neither gills
nor pores on its lower surface, but instead of these there are
numerous spine-like or awl-shaped teeth projecting downwards.
On the surface of these teeth the spores are developed. There
are several genera in the family, in which these teeth are vari-
ously modified in shape and size, but as there are no edible
species among them, they do not concern us now. Our edible
species belong to the single genus Hydnum.

Hydnum JL.

The distinct awl-shaped teeth or spines on the lower surface of
the cap, when the cap is present, characterize this genus. In one
edible species the cap is replaced by numerous branches, on whose
inferior surface the teeth are developed. There are many species
which are merely thin, effused membranous expansions, on whose
surface the teeth are formed, but these furnish no edible species.

Teeth on the lower surface of a cap..............-. H. repanduam,
Teeth on the lower surface of flattened branches .... H. coralloides.

206 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

Hydnum repandum J.

Spreapinc Hypnoum.
Plate 38.

Pileus fleshy, fragile, convex or nearly plane, often irregular,
nearly smooth, variable in color; spines pointed, whitish ; stem
stout, whitish or paler than the pileus, solid, often eccentric;
spores globose, yellowish, .0003 in. broad.

The Spreading hydnum, or “hedge hog mushroom,” figures 1
to 6, is not rare with us. Its cap is somewhat variable in color.
It may be a pale-buff or rusty-yellow or pale-red or sienna-red.
It is not often well formed and regular. The margin is apt to
be wavy or lobed, and the stem attached to the cap a little to
one side of the center. The substance is compact but easily
broken. It is rather dry and whitish, but sometimes changes
color slightly if cut or broken.

The spines or needles of the lower surface are about one-fourth
of an inch long. They are whitish, often slightly tinted with
yellow or pinkish.

The stem is mostly short, solid and stout, sometimes thickened
at the base, sometimes at the top. It is commonly whitish, or
at least paler than the cap.

Cap one to four inches broad, stem one to three inches long,
one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick.

The Spreading hydnum grows in woods and in open places,
either on naked soil or among grass or fallen leaves, either singly
or in clusters. It appears from July to October.

The Reddish variety, Variety rufescens (Hydnum rufescens
Pers.), figures 7 to 10, is smaller, thinner and more regular, with
the stem mostly central. Its color is more red than in the typi-
cal form, and by some it is considered a distinct species. It is
more common in woods. Its edible qualities are similar to those
of the typical form.

According to Badham, the Spreading hydnum is as good as oys-
ters, which it somewhat resembles in taste. Stevenson says it is
one of the most delicious fungi, but that it requires about four
hours slow cooking. Berkeley also pronounces it a most excellent
fungus, but one that requires a little caution in its preparation for
the table. One method of cooking it consists in first slicing the
caps and steeping twenty minutes in warm water; then placing
in a stew pan with butter, salt, pepper and beef gravy and sim-

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 207

mering slowly for an hour. Cooke suggests that, owing to its
slight pungency of flavor both raw and cooked, it may serve as
a good substitute for mustard. and be placed with the meat in
sandwiches. It may be dried and preserved for future use.

Hydnum coralloides Scop.

CoraL-LIkE Hypnvm.
Plate 2%, Figs, 11 to 13.

Plant much branched, pure white, sometimes becoming yellow-
ish with age; branches numerous, spreading, dense, angular or
flattened, bearing the numerous crowded awl-shaped teeth along
the lower side; spores globose, uninucleate, .0002 in. in diameter.

The Coral-like hydnum departs very decidedly from the usual
form of the species of this genus, and is so unlike the others that
it might easily be thought to belong to another genus, and, indeed,
some French authors have included it in a separate genus Dryo-
don. It is so white, and its branches and spines are so numerous
and dense, that it has been compared to a cauliflower in its
general appearance. Others have evidently thought it resembles
some species of coral. The plant is generally from two to four
inches high and nearly or quite as broad, but sometimes it
attains much larger dimensions. The stem is very short, dividing
into branches almost at the base. The larger branches are more
or less angular or compressed. The terminal ones are often
curved upwards and terminate in a crowded, somewhat spread-
ing, mass of spines. Generally the spines are closely arranged
along the lower side of the spreading branches and point down-
ward toward the earth. They vary from one-sixth to one-third
of an inch in length. They are easily broken. The pure
white color of the whole plant, when young and fresh, and the
unusual appearance of the branches, densely and stiffly fringed
by the pendulous spines, make this fungus a very noticeable and
an attractive object. It is said that a desire to study fungi was
first awakened in the illustrious Fries upon his beholding for the
first time this beautiful species growing in the woods.

It occurs on prostrate trunks of trees of various kinds, but with
us it seems to prefer the beech. It is quite common in hilly and
mountainous woods in rainy weather. It appears from August
to October.

208 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

In our botanical expeditions in the extensive wilderness of the
Adirondack region we.were often obliged to camp in the woods
several nights in succession. On such occasions this beautiful
fungus sometimes contributed a luxurious dish to our ordinarily
very simple and, sometimes, very limited bill of fare. In such
cases it proved as good as it was beautiful.

It is scarely possible to mistake any deleterious fungus for this,
and it also has the advantage of generally being free from the
attacks of insects and from dirt.

Thelephoree.
Cornucopia Musnrooms.

In the family Thelephoree the hymenium or spore-bearing
surface is reduced to its utmost simplicity. It is a perfectly even
surface of the hymenophore, or one rendered slightly uneven by
obscure wrinkles or inconspicuous papille or granules. But few
species have a distinct stem and cap. Probably no edible species
will be found outside the genus Craterellus.

Craterellus #7.

In the genus Craterellus the spore bearing surface is even or
slightly rugose or wrinkled. The caps are generally thin and
sometimes long and narrowly obconical or funnel-shaped. A
single representative species is here described.

Craterellus cornucopioides ers.

CornucoriA CRATERELLUS.
Plate 4. Figs. 7 to 10.

Pileus thin, flexible, tubiform, hollow to the base, blackish-
brown, sometimes a little scaly; hymenium even or somewhat
rugose-wrinkled, cinereous; stem very short, almost wanting;
spores elliptical, whitish, .0005 to .0007 in. long.

The Cornucopia craterellus,. or “ Horn of plenty,” is more
common than attractive. It is easily recognized by its elongated
tubular or narrowly trumpet-shaped cap and its dingy-gray or
sooty-brown hue. It takes its name from its peculiar shape.
Its flesh is quite thin, a little tough, flexible and dry. The
surface of the cap is smooth or but slightly roughened,
with a few obscure fibrous tufts or scales. The color varies
from grayish to a dark smoky-brown or sooty hue. The

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANISC 209

margin is sometimes erect, sometimes widely spreading and
decurved like the margin of a trumpet’s mouth. It is often
wavy, lobed, irregular, folded or overlapping, or split. The
cavity of the cap extends to the very base.

The spore-bearing surface is commonly a little paler than the
upper surface and varies from ashy-gray to pinkish-brown or
dark smoky-brown. It is generally a little uneven or rugose-
wrinkled. It extends nearly or quite to the ground, the stem
being very short or almost wanting.

The cap is from two to four inches long and one to two anda
half broad at the top. The plants grow gregariously or in tufts
in woods and shaded places. It is found especially in old roads
in woods on naked soil, or on shaded banks, but sometimes it
grows among fallen leaves or mosses. It may be found from
July to September.

Cordier and some other French writers class this fungus among
the edible species, but say that it is not very popular because of
its thin flesh and dark color. Dr. Cooke admits that his first
trial of this fungus was so satisfactory that he never missed an
opportunity afterwards of gathering them for the table, and he
says that a friend who learned of the edible qualities of this
fungus from him now thinks nothing of walking six or eight
miles to procure a dish of this craterellus.

Clavariee.
Farry Cxoss.

In this family no definite cap is developed, and no definite
inferior fertile surface. The plants are of upright growth, either
simple or branched, and the spores are developed on the upper
or exterior surface of the plant or of its branches. The edible
species are found in the single genus Clavaria.

Clavaria Vail.

In this genus the fleshy plant is either simple or branched.
When simple it is commonly slightly thickened upward, assum-
ing a shape similar to a club, a character which has suggested
the generic name. In some of the branched species the branches
are very numerous and crowded and the plants have an appear-
ance strongly suggestive of a bush in miniature. The flesh in
some species is very tender and fragile.

27

210 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

In collecting them for eating care must be exercised to select
only sound specimens, for insect larvae usually enter the plant at
or near the base, so that the branches may appear sound while
the larve are at work below. Disappointment in the flavor will
result from the use of the sound branches of such plants, for
their flavor is spoiled by the presence of the larvze in the base of
the plant. No dangerous species are known in this genus, but
some have a disagreeable flavor.

Tips of the branches yellow. ... ........-.ssssssoeces C. flava.
DG CGN Shia Gi) TEC Lode sueBdase joodDe) Besodor C. botrytes.
Tips of the branches colored like the branches ........ C. cristata.

Clavaria flava Scheff.

PaLe-YELLOw CLAVARIA.
Plate 39. Figs. 1 to 4.

Stem short, thick, white, much branched; branches terete,
even, fastigiate, whitish or yellowish, the tips pale yellow ; spores
oblong-elliptical, yellowish, .0003 to .00045 inch long.

The Pale-yellow clavaria has a very thick but short, fleshy, white
stem, which supports many smooth crowded branches. These
divide and subdivide until the upper part of the plant is a dense
mass of small branchlets, each one of which terminates in one to
three blunt tooth-like points. The stem and branches are white
or whitish, sometimes slightly tinged with yellowish hues, but
the ultimate branchlets or points area clear, pale yellow while
young and fresh. When old the yellow tips are apt to fade, and
then the whole plant is nearly uniformly colored. The flesh is
white and its taste agreeable. The plants are from two to five
inches high, and the mass of branches is nearly as broad. It
grows in thin woods and open places, and may be found from
July to September.

Vittadini says that this clavaria is less esteemed in Italy than
the Red-tipped clavaria. Roques says it furnishes a healthful
food and one easy of digestion, that it is commonly eaten in
France and in great demand in Germany. My own experiments
in eating it lead me to give it high commendation. Its flesh is
tender and well flavored, and it seems to me nothing better could
be desired by the mycophagist,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 211

Clavaria botrytes Pers.

Rep-tippep Cravarlia.
Plate 39. Figs. 5 to 7.

Stem short, thick, fleshy, whitish, much branched; branches
often somewhat rugose-wrinkled, repeatedly branched, the tips
red ; spores oblong-elliptical, .0005 to .0006 in. long.

The Red-tipped clavaria differs but little from the preceding
species in size and structure, but is easily distinguished by the
red tips of the branches. The color elsewhere may be whitish
or yellow or pinkish. When old the tips sometimes fade, and
then it is less easy to separate this species from the Pale-yellow
clavaria. The branches are sometimes longitudinally wrinkled.
It grows in thin woods and open places, and may be found in wet
weather in July, August and September. Nearly all mycologists
agree in classing this among the edible species. They ascribe to it
delicious qualities and an agreeable flavor. Unfortunately, it is
not very common in our State.

Clavaria cristata Pers,
CrestED CLavaRiA.
Plate 39. Figs. 8 to 12.

Stem rather slender, even, tenacious, stuffed, branched;
branches dilated above, acutely incised or crested, the tips gener-
ally becoming brown with age; spores globose or broadly ellip-
tical, white, .00025 to .0003 in. long.

The Crested clavaria is smaller than either of the two species
alreaay described, but it is much more abundant. It is not often
more than two or two and a half inches high, but it often grows
in tufts as broad as they are high. It varies in color, but is com-
monly white or whitish. Sometimes it has a dingy look as if it
had been smoked. Again it is faintly tinged with dull pink or
creamy-yellow. It is easily recognized by the peculiar tips of the
branches. These are rather slender and acute or pointed, and
sometimes so numerous as to give a crested appearance to the
apically-flattened branch they terminate. When old they usu-
ally turn brown or blackish-brown at the tips. Unusual forms
of the plant occur in which these acute terminal branchlets are
wanting. The branches then end abruptly in a blunt point.
Perhaps these forms are referable to C. coralloides, but that is
described as having the tips of the branches acute.

212 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

The Crested clavaria grows in woods and in open places. It is
especially common in the hilly and mountainous districts of the
State. It loves cool, shaded and moist places, and grows on
naked soil or among mosses and sphagnum. It usually grows in
groups, sometimes in lines, and it is so plentiful that it is not
difficult in some localities to gather enough for the table in a
short time.

Poisonous and Unwholesome Fungi.

As has already been stated, the most dangerous fungi appear
to belong to the single genus Amanita, and probably most of the
fatal accidents from mushroom poisoning are due to two or three
species. The characters of the genus need not be repeated here.
The prominent distinctive features of the species here described
are indicated in the brief tabular statement annexed.

Cap warty, striate on the margin...........+..+00- A. muscaria,
Cap not warty, even on the margin.............+-+ 1

1 Remains of the membranous wrapper closely pressed
to the base of the stems. o.oo... ipe seis sees ceiewieivie A. verna,

1 Remains of the wrapper distant from the base of the
BtOMcncietatersrstarein a stesars e, cjerasatolelassjatogerel siecle mioletele siernt= A, phalloides.

These plants are not ordinarily poisonous to handle, nor are
they repulsive in taste or odor. They are clean and attractive in
appearance, and the symptoms of poisoning that follow their use
as food are slow in appearing.

On the other hand, those that are classed as unwholesome
usually possess some character that may be taken as an indication
of their unwholesomeness, though this is not always a sure guide
to follow. Their toughness of texture, their nauseous and acrid
taste, or their intolerable odor, will in most cases sound a note
of warning.

A single species will here be illustrated and described as a
representative of this class of fungi. It is the Bitter boletus,
Boletus felleus.

Amanita muscaria /.

Fry Amanita. Fatsk Orange.
Plate 42.
Pileus warty, slightly striate on the margin; lamellx white ;
stem annulate, bulbous thickened at the base where it is more or

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 913

less scaly from the fragments of the ruptured volva; spores
broadly elliptical, white, .0003 to .0004 inch long.

The Fly amanita is our most common poisonous species. It is
also very variable in size and in the color of its cap. It is gen-
erally a most showy and attractive plant. The cap is adorned
with numerous white or yellowish warts, the remains of the
upper part of the wrapper. It is more or less striated on its
margin, but individuals sometimes occur in which the striations
are very inconspicuous or even wholly wanting. The color is
bright-red, scarlet or orange in the young plant, but this nearly
always fades to yellow on the margin in the mature plant.
In one variety the cap is wholly yellow, and in another it is
white. The fading process often goes on until the orange and
yellow hues are replaced by whitish ones. The warts of the cap
are sometimes washed off by heavy rains, so that it is possible to
find specimens of this species without warts. The flesh is white,
but except in white forms it is yellowish just under the epider-
mis. The gills are white, or in some cases slightly tinged with
yellow. The same remark applies to the stem. This is furnished
with a collar and terminates in a bulb at the base. This bulb
is not broad and abrupt above as in the Poison amanita, but is
gradually narrowed into the stem so that it has a somewhat
ovate form. It, as well as the base of the stem, is more or less
scaly from the adhering fragments of the wrapper, the remains
of which do not adhere in an entire membranous sheath as in the
Orange amanita and Sheathed amanita. As in other species, the
stem may be either stuffed or hollow.

Cap three to eight inches broad ; stem four to six inches long ;
one-half an inch or more in thickness.

It grows both in woods and in open places and pastures. It
occurs from June till the freezing weather of October or
November. ,

Very diverse statements concerning the properties of this
fungus have been recorded. While some have attributed to it
edible qualities, others have asserted that it is a most active
poison and has caused numerous accidents by being confused
with the Orange amanita. It is said to have caused death even
when eaten in small quantities, and again it is said to have been
eaten in abundance without any evil result. According to Quelet,

214 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

it acts asacathartic if eaten in small quantity, but causes death if
eaten freely. One of my own correspondents assures me that he
has eaten of the yellow variety, Var. formosa, Fig. 6, without
evil results, and that he regards it as very good. But there
is no disputing the fact that the species possesses intoxicating
and poisonous properties. It has long had the reputation
of possessing properties fatal to flies that sip its juice.
This suggests the names muscaria, Fly amanita, Fly agaric and
Fly killer by which it is known. I have myself secn the cap oj
a single specimen surrounded by a circle of lifeless flies that had
sipped the viscid juice from its moist surface and fallen victims
to its virulent properties before leaving the place of their fatal
repast.

Some have attempted an explanation of the contradictory
statements concerning this plant by supposing that its poisonous
properties are not always developed, that in some localities or
under some favorable circumstances it is harmless. This explana-
tion violates our sense of the constancy of Nature, and is not
at all satisfactory. In the case of my own correspondent, the
.caps were peeled before cooking. May it not be that much of
the noxious quality resides in the epidermis and the viscid sub-
stance upon it, and that by discarding this the dish is rendered
less dangerous? In some instances may it not be true that it
was eaten in too limited quantity to produce evil consequences ?
In some cases it is said that those who eat it freely and without
harm boil it a long time in water and throw away the water.
In this way, doubtless, much of the poison is abstracted. Long
soaking in salt and water, also in vinegar, have been recom-
mended as a means of rendering suspected or noxious species
harmless, and may have been practiced in some of the cases in
which this fungus has been eaten with impunity.* Whatever
may be the explanation of the contradictory statements, the only
safe way is to consider this species as deleterious and avoid its
use under all circumstances. There is no need of taking any
risks with suspected species, since there are so many good ones
against which no charge of evil has ever been established.

* Since this was written another correspondent writes that he has eaten as many as four caps
of the yellowieh form of this species at one meal and without any evil consequences, and that
the caps were not peeled. This makes pertinent the question, is this variety, indeed, a distinct
and harmless species? It scarcely seems possible that the different experiences are explainable
by reason of individual idiosyncrasy, or by variation in the properties of the plant.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 915

It is said that some ot the people of northern Asia make an
intoxicating liquor of this fungus by steeping it in water.

Forms of this species occasionally occur which are wholly
white or whitish. They are referable to Variety alba.

Amanita Frosiiana, Frost’s amanita, is found in more dense
woods. It might easily be taken for a very small form of the
T'ly amanita. Its cap is only one or two inches broad, its gills
and stem are often yellow, its collar is slight and often evanescent
and the base of the stem is not scaly, the bulb being slightly
margined by the remains of the wrapper.

Amanita verna Bull.

VernaL AMANITA.
Plate 41. Figs. 4 to7.

Pilcus glabrous, even on the margin, white, viscid when moist ;
lamella white ; stem annulate, white, floccose, stuffed or hollow,
closely sheathed at the base by the remains of the membranous
volva, bulbous; spores globose, .0005 inch broad.

The Vernal amanita scarcely differs from white forms of the
Poison amanita except in the more persistent and more closely
sheathing remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem. It is
probably only a variety of that species, as most mycologists now
regard it, and it should be considered quite‘as dangerous. I have
not found it earlier than in July, although in Europe it is said to
appear in spring, as its name implies.

Amanita phalloides /*.

Porson AMANITA.
Plates 40 and 41. Figs. 1 to 3.

Pileus glabrous, even on the margin, white, greenish vr brown;
lamella white; stem annulate, abruptly bulbous at the base, the
bulb slightly and loosely margined above by the remains of the
volva; spores globose, white, .0003 in. broad.

The Poison amanita is very variable in the color of the cap,
and yet is so definite in its structural characters that only the
most careless observer would be likely to confuse it with any
other species. There is, however, a sort of deceptive character
about it. It is very neat and attractive in its appearance and
“looks as if it might be good enough to eat.” This appearance

216 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

is fortified by the absence of any decidedly unpleasant odor or
taste, but let him who would eat it beware, for probably there is
not a more poisonous or dangerous species in our mycological
flora. To eat it is to invite death.

The cap is wholly destitute of warts and of striations on its
margin. It varies in color, from white to a dark smoky-brown.
In the most common form it is white or a very pale greenish-
yellow, as if it was white slightly tinged with yellow or green-
ish-yellow. I have never seen in it the decidedly green or olive-
green colors which it appears often to have in Europe, and which
are often indicated in figures of this species. There are two
brown forms, one having the cap grayish-brown, as in figures 1
and 2, the other having it a dark smoky-brown, as shown in
figures 3 to 5. The forms having a grayish or grayish-brown
cap sometimes have the center of the cap darker colored or
almost black. In Europe there is a white form with a black cen-
ter to the cap.

The gills are persistently white. They are rather broad, rounded
at the end next the stem and free from it.

The stem is white in the white-cap forms, but in those having
a dark-brown cap it is usually tinged with brown, but is paler
than the cap. The same is true of the collar. These dark-col-
ored forms are more frequent in the cool woods of mountainous
regions than elsewhere. When young the stem may be stuffed
with a cottony pith, but it becomes hollow with age. The bulb
at the base of the stem is an important character and should
always be taken into consideration in the identification of the
species. It is very abrupt, broad and distinct. Its breadth is
often greater than its length. It is generally narrowly margined
on the upper side by the remains of the wrapper. Sometimes
this margin is reduced toa mere acute rim. It is distant from
the stem, not closely pressed as in the Vernal amanita, and is
frequently split or notched.

The cap is three to five inches broad, the stem three to six
inches long and one-third to one-half an inch thick. The bulb
is from one to one and a half inches broad.

The Poison amanita grows in woods, groves, open places and
bushy pastures, and may be found from July to October. It is
© common fungus.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST Wiley

I suspect that fatal cases of mushroom poisoning are especially
attributable to the Vernal amanita and the white forms of the
Poison amanita. But such accidents could only occur through
ignorance or gross carelessness, for the distinction between these
and the common mushroom is plain and unmistakable. It may
be exhibited as follows:

Poison amanita. Gills persistently white; stem equal to or
longer than the diameter of the cap, with a broad distinct bulb at
the base.

Common mushroom. Gills pink, becoming blackish-brown; stem
shorter than the diameter of the cap, with no bulb at the base.

From all forms of the edible Sheathed amanitopsis, the Poison
amanita differs in its distinctly bulbous stem, in having a collar
on the stem and in the absence of striations on the margin of the
cap. .

From the edible Reddish amanita, it is easily separated by the
entire absence of any reddish hues or stains and of warts from its
cap.

From the Smooth lepiota its distinct, abrupt and margined
bulb at once distinguishes it.

Boletus felleus Bull.

Brrrer Borertvs.
Plate 43.

Pileus fleshy, convex above, glabrous or nearly so, grayish-
brown, buff-brown, reddish-brown or tawny, flesh white, taste
bitter; tubes long, convex in the mass in mature plants, at first
whitish, becoming pale flesh color; stem equal or tapering
upwards, usually reticulated at -the top only, rarely wholly
reticulated, commonly a little paler than the pileus; spores
oblong-fusiform, pinkish, .0005 to .0007 inch long.

The Bitter boletus takes its name from the bitter flavor which
its flesh persistently maintains. It is a common species, and one
easily recognized by its reticulated stem and flesh-colored tubes
taken in connection with its bitter taste.

The cap is rather thick, dry and smooth, but quite variable in
color. This is generally some shade of brown tinged with red or
yellow. The flesh is white, but when cut or broken and exposed
to the air it sometimes assumes a pinkish tint.

28

218 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANI8T

The mass of tubes is generally somewhat convex in the mature
plant, though it may be plane in the young plant. This also
sometimes assumes a pinkish stain where bruised.

The stem varies greatly in length and thickness, and is some-
times crooked and deformed. It is usually reticulated at the top
only.

Cap one and a half to four inches broad; stem one to four
inches long, one-third to two-thirds of an inch thick.

The Bitter boletus occurs in woods and in open places. A
favorite place of growth is in a soil largely composed of decayed
wood and other vegetable matter. It is frequently found growing
about much-decayed stumps and prostrate trunks of hemlock
trees. It may be found from July to September.

The taste of the flesh in this Boletus, as well as in many species
of Lactarius and Russula, is an important aid in the specific iden-
tification. In tasting fungi for this purpose care should be taken
to select only fresh, sound specimens, and the part tasted should
not be swallowed.

Plate

LIST OF PLATES ANJ). SPECIES.

A Diagrammatic representation of parts of mushrooms

“

15
16
17

18

19
20

ar
oF HOPRe
a
OF WOWD

Cor
sss ss ssss
ma ©

Lycoperdon giganteum Batsch. Giant Puff-ball

L, cyathiforme Bose. Cup-shaped Puff-ball
Morchella esculenta Pers. Common Morel

M. deliciosa Fr. Delicious Morel

M. bispora Sor. Two-spored Morel
M. semilibera DC. Half-free Morel

M. conica Pers. Conical Morel

M. angusticeps Peck. Narrow-cap Morel
Gyromitra esculenta Fr. { ee
Helvella crispa Fr. White Helvella

aioe vitellina v. irregularis Irregular Mitrula
Peck.

Agaricus campester L. Common Mushroom
A. subrufescens Peck. Slightly reddish Mush-
room

A. arvensis Scheff. { Field Mushroom

Horse Mushroom

A. Rodmani Peek. Rodman’s Mushroom

A. placomyces Peck. Flat-cap Mushroom

Coprinus comatus Fr Shaggy Coprinus

C. micaceus Fr. Glistening Coprinus

C. atramentarius Fr. Inky Coprinus

Cortinarius violaceus Fr. Violet Cortinarius

C. collinitus Fr. Smeared Cortinarius

C. cinnamomeus Fr. Cinnamon Cortinarius

C. cinnamomeus v. semisan- Half-red Cortinarius
guineus Fr.

Clitopilus prunulus Scop. Plum Clitopilus

C. orcella Bull. Sweet-bread Mushroom

Marasmius oreades Fr. Fairy-ring Mushroom

Amanita czesarea Scop. Orange Amanita

A. rubescens Fr. Reddish Amanita

Amanitopsis vaginata Roze. Sheathed Amanitopsis

Parasol Mushroom
Tall Lepiota

L. naucinoides Peck. Smooth Lepiota
Armillaria mellea Vahl. Honey-colored Armillaria

Lepiota procera Scop.

Plate

Figs. 1to 5
21) ree 6 to 11
22

Figs. lto 7
23 | ee 8 to 13

Figs. 1to 6
24+ Figs. 7 to 10

Figs. 11 to 13
25

Figs. 1to 4
a6 Figs. 5to 9
27

Figs. 1 to 10
28. Figs. 11 to 17

Figs. 18 to 23
29
30
31
32

Figs. 1to 6
33 | ries 7 to 12
34 Figs. lto 5

Figs. 6 to 10
85

Figs. 1to 7
36 | ree 8 to 12

Figs.-1to 4
a7 ree Sto 9
38

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

Tricholoma transmutans Peck,

T. imbricatum Fr.
T. personatum Fr.

Clitocybe media Peck.
C. nebularis Batsch.

C. infundibuliformis Scheff.

Changing Tricholoma
Imbricated Tricholoma

Masked Tricholoma

Intermediate Clitooybe
Clouded Clitocybe

Funnel-form Clitocybe

Craterellus cornucopioides Pers, Cornucopia Crater: llus

Hydnum coralloides Scop.

Clitocybe laccata Scop.
Pleurotus ulmarius Bull.
P. ostreatus Fr.

P. sapidus Kalechb.

Hygrophorus miniatus Fr.

H. pratensis F’r.
Paxillus involutus Fr.

Lactarius deliciosus Fr.
L. volemus F’r.

Russula virescens Fr.

Cantharellus cibarius Fr.

Boletus subluteus Peck.
. luteus L.

. granulatus L.
. versipellis Hr.

jee)

. scaber Fr.

. castaneus Bull.
. edulis Bull.

DW Ww wh

Polyporus sulphureus Fr.

Fistulina hepatica Fr.
Hydnum repandum L.

Clavaria flava Scheff.
C. botrytes Pers.
C. cristata Pers.

Amanita phalloides Fr.

A. phalloides Fr.
A. verna Bull.

A. muscaria L.
Boletus telleus Bull.

Coral-like Hydnum
Laccate Clitocybe

Elm Pleurotus
| Oyster Pleurotus
Oyster Mushroom

Sapid Pleurotus

Vermilion Hygrophorus
Meadow Hygrophorus
Involute Paxillus

Delicious Lactarius

{ Orange Lactarius
Orange-brown Lactarius

Greenish Russula
Chantarelle

Small yellowish Boletus
Yellow-brown Boletus

Granulated Boletus
Orange-cap Boletus

Rough-stemmed Boletus

Chestnut Boletus
Edible Boletus

Sulphury Polyporus
Liver Fistulina

Spreading Hydnum

Pale-yellow Clavaria
Red-tipped Clawaria
Crested Clavaria

Poison Amanita

Poison Amanita (Whitish)
Vernal Amanita

Fly Amanita
Bitter Boletus

EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.

Fig. 1 An Amanita; ¢c the pileus or cap; m the striated margin of the cap;
g the lamelle or gills; a the annulus, ring or collar; s the stem;
v the volva or wrapper; mc the mycelium or spawn.

Fig. 2 A Boletus; c the cap; p the tubes or pores; a the collar; s the stem;
mc the mycelium.

BEPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 221

Fig. 83 A Hydnum; ¢ the cap; ¢t the aculei or teeth; s the stem; mc the

mycelium.

Figs. 4to8 Vertical sections of caps and the upper part of their stems

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

a

wore

showing the relations of gills to stems.
Gills free from the stem; stem hollow,
Gills adnexed; stem stuffed.
Gills adnate; stem solid.
Gills emarginate, also adnate and having a decurrent tooth.
Gills decurrent.
A plant with its cap umbonate, also squamose, and its stem bulbous.
A plant with its cap umbilicate, its gills decurrent and its stem equal.
A basidium with its four spores.
An ascus containing eight spores.

PLATE 1.
LYCOPERDON GIGANTEUM Batsch.
Giant Puff-ball.

An immature plant; about one-half the natural size.

A mature plant with its rind above breaking into fragments, falling
away and exposing the dusty mass of spores; about half the
natural size. :

Two fragments of filaments from the spore mass, magnified about
400 diameters.

Several spores, x 400.

PLATE 2.
LYCOPERDON CYATHIFORME Bosc,
Cup-shaped Puff-ball.

An immature plant.

A full-grown plant with even surface.

A full-grown plant with the surface cracked into areas or broad
spot-like scales.

A mature plant with the upper part of the rind breaking into frag-
ments, falling away and exposing the purplish spore mass.

The ragged cup-shaped base of an old plant after the upper part of
the rind and the spore mass have been dispersed,

Vertical section through an immature plant.

Two fragments of filaments from the spore mass, X 400,

Seven spores, x 400.

PLATE 3.
MORCHELLA ESCULENTA Pers.

Common Morel.
A mature plant.
Vertical section through the center of a mature plant,

A spore sack containing eight spores, x 400,

222 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

MORCHELLA DELICIOSA Fr.
Delicious Morel.

Figs. 4and5 Mature plants, two forms.
‘* 6 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.
‘* 7] Aspore sack containing eight spores, < 400.

MORCHELLA BISPORA Sor.
Two-spored Morel.

@

Fig. A mature plant.
‘* 9 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.
‘* 10 A spore sack containing two spores, X 400. :

MORCHELLA SEMILIBERA DC.

Half-free Morel.
Fig. 11 A mature plant.
‘* 12 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.
*¢ 18 Aspore sack containing eight spores, x 400.

PLATE 4.
MORCHELLA CONICA Pers.

Conical Morel.
Figs. 1 and 2 Mature plants.
‘* 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.

‘« 4 A spore sack containing eight spores, x 400.

MORCHELLA ANGUSTICEPS Peck.
Narrow-cap Morel.

Figs. 5,6and7 Mature plants of various forms.
‘* § Vertical section through the center of a mature plant:
be A spore sack containing eight spores, x 400.

=]

PLATE 5.
GYROMITRA ESCULENTA Fr.
Esculent Gyromitra, Edible Helvella.

Fig. 1 A mature plant.
oe Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.
A spore sack containing eight spores, X 400.

i)

ce

i)

HELVELLA CRISPA Jr,

Figs. 4,5.and6 Mature plants of various forms.
‘* 7 A spore sack containing eight spores, < 400.

MITRULA VITELLINA Sacc. var. IRREGULARIS Peck.
Irregular Mitrula.

Figs. 8to 13 Mature plants of various forms.
‘* 14 A spore sack containing eight spores, x 400.

Fig.

oe

.

1

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 223

PLATE 6.
AGARICUS CAMPESTER L,
Common Mushroom.

A cluster of three young plants, in one of which the veil has just
separated from the margin of the cap, thereby revealing the gills.

2and3 Plants with their caps partly expanded and their gills yet

4
5

pink-colored .
Amature plant with its cap fully expanded and its gills blackish-brown.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an immature

plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.
Four spores, < 400.

Variety HORTENSIS,
An immature plant.
A mature plant.
Four spores, < 400.
PLATE 7.

AGARICUS SUBRUFESCENS Peck,
Slightly Reddish Mushroom.
A young plant whose veil has just separated from the margin of the
cap, reyealing the whitish color of the gills.
A cluster of four plants, two young, and two older ones with the caps
partly expanded and the gills yet of a pinkish hue,

A single plant approaching maturity.
A mature plant whose gills have assumed the blackish-brown color.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young

plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a middle-aged

plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper partof the stem of a mature

plant.
Four spores, X 400.
Branching strings of mycelium,

PLATE 8.
AGARICUS ARVENSIS Scheff.
Field Mushroom. Horse Mushroom.

A young plant with the veil just separated from the margin of the
cap.

A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the dingy pinkish
hue of the gills.

224

é

4c

ae

ry

wo

11

12

1

REPORT OF THE SLATE BOTANIST

A mature plant with the cap fully expanded and the gills of a blackish-
brown color.

Vertical section of the cap and the upper part of the stem of a young
plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.

Four spores, x 400.

PLATE 9.

Aq@aricus RopMANI Peck,
Rodman’s Mushroom.

A young plant.

A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the pinkish color of
the gills.

A mature plant with the cap fully expanded.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an immature
plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem.of a mature
plant.

Four spores, x 400.

AGARICUS PLACOMYCES. Peck,
Flat-cap Mushroom.

A young plant with the veil just separated from the margin of the
cap.

A plant with the cap partly expanded.

A mature plant with the cap fully expanded.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an immature
plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.

Four spores, x 400.

PLATE 10.

COPRINUS COMATUS Fr,

Shaggy Coprinus,
A young plant.

2and8 Immature plants with the cap beginning to split on the margin

4

5

6

7

and the gills beginning to assume the pinkish and blackish hues,

A mature plant with the margin of the cap much split and recurved
and the gills blackened, deliquescing and dripping with an inky
fluid.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young
plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant
approaching maturity.

Four spores, < 400,

oe

Fig.

oe

~

oan

10

11

ar wwe

of. we

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 225

PLATE 11,

COPRINUS MICACEUS Fr.
Glistening Coprinus.
A cluster of seven immature plants.
A mature plant showing the blackened gills.
A mature plant with the margin of the cap split and somewhat
recurved.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma-
ture plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant, the blackened deliquescing gills dripping with an inky fluid.
Four spores, >< 400.

COPRINUS ATRAMENTAR US Fr.
Inky Coprinus.
A cluster of four plants, one of them young.
A mature plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma-
ture plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant, showing the blackened dripping gills.
Four spores, X 400.

PLATE 12.
CORTINARIUS VIOLACEUS Fr,
Violet Cortinarius.

A young plant.
A plant with the cap partly expanded.
A plant with the cap partly expanded, showing the color of the gills,
A plant with the cap fully expanded.
Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of the stem of an imma-

ture plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.
Four spores, < 400.

PLATE 138,
CORTINARIUS COLLINITUS Fr,

Smeared Cortinarius.

A young plant showing the webby veil.
and 3 Immature plants showing the color of the young gills,
A mature plant with the cap fully expanded.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.

6 Four spores, x 400.

29

226

Fig.

ae

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

CORTINARIUS CINNAMOMEUS /’r.

Cinnamon Cortinarius.

. 7 A young plant showing the webby veil.

8,9and10 Immature plants showing the color of the young gills.
11 and12 Mature plants showing the color of the mature gills.
13 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature plant.
14 Four spores, x 400.

Variety SEMISANGUINEUS Fr.
Half-red Cortinarius.

.15 A young plant showing the webby veil.

16and17 Immature plants showing the color of the young gills.

18 A mature plant showing the 2olor of the mature gills.

19 Vertical section of thecap and upper part of the stem of a matured plant.
20 Four spores, x 400.

PLATE 14.

CLITOPILUS PRUNULUS Scop.

Plum Clitopilus
1 A young plant.
2and38 Mature plants, one having the margin of the cap wavy or
irregular.
4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young plant.
5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.
6 Four spores, x 400.

CLITOPILUS ORCELLA Bull.

Sweet-bread Mushroom.

. 7 A young plant.

8 and9 Mature plants.
10 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.
11 Four spores, x 400.

MARASMIUS OREADES Fr,

Fairy-ring Mushroom.

.12 A plant showing slight striations on the margin of the cap.

12,13, 14and15 Plants showing the usual color when fr. sh and moist.

16and17 Plants showing the usual color after the evaporation of the
moisture.

18, 19and 20 Vertical sections of the caps and upper part of the stems of
three plants of different forms or stages of development.

21 Four spores, x 400.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 227

PLATE 15.
AMANITA CASAREA Scop.
Orange Amanita.

Figs. land 2 Twoyoung plants just emerged from the wrapper.

ee

oe

Fig.

3and4 Immature plants with the caps partly expanded.
5 A mature plant with the cap fully expanded and its margin faded to
a yellow color.
6 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem showing the
color of the flesh and gills and the cavity in the stem.
7 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 16.
AMANITA RUBESCENS Fr.
Reddish Amanita,
1 A young plant.
A plant with the cap partly expanded.
3 A plant with the cap fully expanded and with reddish stains on the
gills indicating places where they have been bruised or wounded,
4 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
A plant from whose cap the warts have disappeared.
6 A plant from whose cap the warts have mostly disappeared and on
the margin of which are slight striations.
Vertical section through the center of a plant.
8 Four spores, x 400.

i]

ao

1

PLATE 17.
AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA Roze.
Sheathed Amanitopsis.
Variety FULVA (Sheff.)
1 A young plant.
2and3 Plants with the cap partly expanded, one having an umbo on
the cap and the tawny tint to the wrapper.
4 A plant with the cap fully expanded and darker colored in the
center.
Variety LIvipA (Pers.)
5 A young plant with two fragments of the wrapper adhering to the
cap.
A plant with the cap partly expanded.
A plant with an umbonate cap fully expanded.
Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
Four spores, < 400.

Ve ae am)

PLATE 18.
LEPIOTA PROCERA Scop.

Parasol Mushroom. Tall Lepiota,
1 A young plant.
2 A mature plant.
3 A smaller mature plant with unspotted stem.
4 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
5 Four spores, x 400.

228

HL

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

PLATE 19.
LEPIOTA NAUCINOIDES Peck.

Smooth Lepiota,
A young plant.

2and3 Plants with the cap partly expanded.

4
5

6

co

2

costa

A plant with the central part of the cap tinged with yellow.
A plant with the cap fully expanded and centrally tinged with a
smoky-brown hue.
Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 20.

ARMILLARIA MELLEA Vail.
Honey-colored Armillaria.
A young plant growing on decaying wood.
A cluster of five plants, one of them quite young and having its gills

concealed by the veil.
A mature plant with the cap striated on the margin and centrally

darker colored.
A mature plant with the cap brown and striated on the margin.

Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
Four spores, < 400.

Variety GLABRA Gill.

A plant with the cap glabrous and yellowish.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.
PLATE 21.

TRICHOLOMA TRANSMUTANS Peck.

Changing TYricholoma.
A young plant.
A plant with the cap partly expanded,
A cluster of two young plants and one mature plant, the latter show-
ing the gills spotted with reddish-brown,
Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
Four spores, < 400.

TRICHOLOMA IMBRICATUM Fr.

Imbricated Tricholoma.

A young plant.

A plant with the cap partly expanded.

A mature plant showing spots on the gills.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young
plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.

Four spores, x 400.

sé

Fig.

Fig.

“eé

mow we

a

1
2

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 229

’ PLATE 28.
TRICHOLOMA PERSONATUM Fr,
Masked Tricholoma.

A young plant.
A plant with the cap partly expanded.
A plant with the cap fully expanded.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a young

plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.
Four spores, 400.

Variety BULBOSUM Peck,

A plant with the cap partly expanded.
A plant with the cap fully expanded.

PLATE 23.

CLITOCYBE MEDIA Peck,

Intermediate Clitocybe.
A young plant,
A plant with the cap partly expanded.

8and4 Mature plants.

5

6

12
13

1

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma-
ture plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.

Four spores, < 400.

CLITOCYBE NEBULARIS Batsch.
Clouded Clitocybe.
A young plant.
An immature plant.
A mature plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of an imma-
ture plant.
Vertical section of the cap and stem of a mature plant.
Four spores, X 400,
PLATE 24,

CLITOCYBE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS Scheff.

Funnel-form Clitocybe.
A young plant.

2and3 Mature plants, one showing more fully the upper surface of

4
5
6

the cap.
A mature plant with a wavy margin to the cap.
Vertical section through the center of a mature plant,
Your spores, x 400.

230 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

CRATERELLUS CORNUCOPIOIDES Pers.
Cornucopia Cratereitus.

fig. 7 A cluster of three plants of different degrees of development.
‘* 8 Asingle mature plant.
‘* 9 Vertical section of a small plant.
‘* 10 Four spores, x 400.

HYDNUM CORALLOIDES Scop.
Coral-like Hydnum.

Fig. 11 A plant growing from a piece of wood.
‘* 12 A branch with its branchlets and spines.
‘* 13 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 25.
CLITOCYBE LACCATA Scop.
Laceate Clitocybe.
Figs. 1,2and38 Plants showing the usual color when fresh and moist.
‘* 4and5 Plants showing the paler color of the caps when dry.
‘* 6and7 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stems of two
plants of different form.
‘* 8 Four spores, x 400.
“« Q9and10 Two plants of a larger form, their caps yet fresh and moist.
‘* 41 A plant from whose cap the moisture has evaporated.
‘* 42 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.
‘© 13 Four spores, x 400.

Variety STRIATULA Peck,

Figs. 14,15 and 16 Three plants whose caps are yet moist and show the
marginal striations.
‘* 47 A plant whose cap is dry and paler.
‘« 18 Four spores, x 400.

Variety PALLIDIFOLIA Peck.
Figs. 19 and 20 Plants whose caps are yet moist.

‘* 21 A plant whose cap is dry and paler.
‘* 22 Vertical section of a cap and the upper part of its stem.

Variety AMETHYSTINA Bolt.
Figs. 28, 24and 25 Three plants with their caps yet fresh and moist.
‘* 26 A plant whose cap is dry and paler.
27 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 26.

PLEUROTUS ULMARIUS Bull.

Elm Pleurotus.
Fig. 1 Animmature plant.
‘« 2 Amature plant showing the central coloration and spotting some-
times seen on the cap.

Fig.

oonronw

COA RQTA KY w We

1

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 931

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.
Four spores, x 400.

PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS Fr.
Oyster Pleurotus.

A cluster of plants growing from decaying wood.
A plant showing the upper surface of the cap.

A plant showing the lower surface of the cap.
Vertical section of a plant.

Four spores, x 400.

PLATE 27.

PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS Kalchb.
Sapid Pleurotus.

A cluster of three plants growing from decaying wood.

A cluster of four plants branching from a common base.

A plant of reddish-brown color showing the upper surface of the cap.
A plant showing the lower surface of the cap.

A small pale plant with a lateral stem, the upper surface shown.
Vertical section of a plant.

Vertical section of a cluster of three plants.

Four spores, X 400.

Color of the spores as seen in a mass on white paper.

PLATE 28.

HYGROPHORUS MINIATUS Fr.

Vermilion Hygrophorus.
A young plant.

2,3and4 Various forms of mature plants,

5
6

u

A cluster of four plants.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part cf the stem of a small
plant.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a larger
plant with a hollow stem.

Four spores, x 400.

Variety LUTESCENS Peck
A young plant.

A mature plant,

HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS F*.
Meadow Hygrophorus,

Fig. 11 A young plant.
12,13and14 Forms of mature plants.
‘* 15 and 16 Vertical sections of different forms of mature plants,

ee

se

17

Four spores, x 400.

232

Fig. 18
ae 19
oe 20
ae 21
oe 22
BOF]
Fig. 1
oe 2
cc 3
oe 4
ae 5
“ 6
Fig. 1
ee mt
oe 8
ce 4
oe 5
ce 6
ee a,
ac 8
Fig. 1
oe 2
“8
ce 5
ee 6
rf if
ce 8

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS Fr.
Involute Paxillus.
A young plant.
An immature plant showing the involute margin of the cap.
Amature plant showing spots on the stem and gills where they have
been bruised.
A plant with an eccentric stem.
Vertical section through the center of a plant.
Four spores, x 400,
PLATE 29.
LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS F'r

Delicious Lactarius.
A young plant.

A plant with the cap partly expanded.

A plant with the cap fully expanded and somewhat funnel-shaped,
the gills wounded at 3a.

An old plant faded and tinged with green.

Part of a vertical section through the center of the cap and upper
part of the stem of a mature plant, showing the orange-colored
juice oozing from a wound in the gill at 5a,

Four spores, x 400.

PLATE 30,
LACTARIUS VOLEMUS Fr.

Orange Lactarius.
A young plant.

A plant having a small umbo in the center of the cap.

A plant with a broadly convex cap.

A plant with the cap somewhat funnel-shaped.

A large plant with the cap broadly funnel-shaped, and the gills
wounded, discolored and dripping the white milk at 5a.

A plant with the margin of the cap corrugated or wrinkled on its
surface.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a small
plant, a drop of the white juice issuing from a wound in the gill
at 7a,

Four spores, < 400,

PLATE 31.
RUSSULA VIRESCENS Fr.
Greenish Russula,
A young plant.
A plant with the cap partly expanded.
and4 Two plants with the caps slightly striate on the margin, one
mature and the cap fully expanded,

A mature plant with the cap fully expanded, split in two places on
the margin and yellowish-green in the center,

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant
whose cap is convex.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant
whose cap is centrally depressed.

Four spores, x 400,

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 233

PLATE 82,
CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS Fr,
Chantarelle.
Figs. 1,2, 3,4 and5 Plants of various sizes and shapes.
‘« 6 A plant with the margin of the cap wavy.
‘* 7 A stout plant with the cap somewhat funnel-shaped,
‘*« § Vertical section through the center of a plant.

‘* 9 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 383.

BOLETUS SUBLUTEUS Peck,
Small yellowish Boletus.
Fig. 1 A young plant with the tubes or hymenium yet concealed by the veil.
‘¢ 2 Animmature plant showing the yellow color of the tubes.
‘* 3and4 Mature plants showing the ochraceous color of the tubes.
‘* 5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.

‘* 6 Four spores, x 400,
BoLetus Lureus L.

7ellowish-brown Boletus.
Fig. 7 A young plant with the tubes yet concealed by the veil.
‘* 8 A plant whose veil has just separated from the margin of the cap.

‘* 9and10 Mature plants.
‘€ 11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.

‘* 12 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 34.

BOLETUS GRANULATUS L.

Granulated Boletus.
Fig. 1 A young plant.
** %and38 Mature plants differing in the shape and color of the caps

‘* 4 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.
‘¢ 5 Four spores, < 400.

BOLETUS VERSIPELLIS //r,
Orange-cap Boletus.

Fig. 6 Ayoung plant.
‘« 7 A plant with the dots on the stem of the same color as the cap.
‘*« § A plant with the dots on the stem of different colors.
‘* 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature

plant.

‘© 10 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 35.

BOLETUS SCABER F'r,
Rough-stemmed Boletus.
Figs. 1and2 Young plants with differently colored caps.
‘* 3 A plant with a white cap.
‘« 4 A mature plant having a reddish cap.
30

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST

An immature plant having an ash-colored cap.

A mature plant with a blackish-brown cap.

A plant with a brown cap.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant.
Four spores, 400.

oman

PLATE 36.
BOLETUS CASTANEUS Bull.
Chestnut Boletus.

1 A young plant showing the whitish tubes.

2and3 Mature plants.

4 A mature plant with the margin of the cap slightly curved upwards.
Vertical section through the center of a young plant.

Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.

Four spores, < 400.

1m co

BOLETUS EDULIS Bul.
Edible Boletus.

8 A young plant showing the white tubes.
9 A mature plant of small size.
10 A mature plant of medium size.
11 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem o1 a mature
plant.
12 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 37.
POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS Fr.
Sulphury Polyporus.
1 Accluster of four plants growing from decaying wood.
A single plant showing the upper surface of the cap and the yellow
freshly grown margin.
3 Vertical section of a plant.
4 Four spores, x 400.

FISTULINA HEPATICA Jr,
Liver Fistulina.
A plant showing the upper surface of the cap.
A plant showing the lower surface of the cap.
Lateral view of a plant growing from decayed wood. ,
Vertical section of a plant showing reddish streaks in the flesh,
Four spores, < 400.

eoemrtac

PLATE 38,
HYDNUM REPANDUM L.
Spreading Hydnum,

1and8 Plants whose caps are of a pale color,

2and4 Plants whose caps are of a reddish color,

5 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant.
6 Four spores, X 400.

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 235

Variety RUFESCENS (Pers.)

Fig. 7 A plant whose cap is somewhat wavy on the margin.
‘© 8 A plant whose cap is more regular.
‘© 9 Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a plant.
“10 Four spores, x 400,

PLATE 39.
CLAVARIA FLAVA Scheff.

Pale-yellow Clavaria.
Fig. 1 A young plant,
« 2 A full-grown plant.
“© 3 One of the principal branches with its branchlets.
‘“« 4 Four spores, < 400,

CLAVARIA BOTRYTES Pers,
Red-tipped Clavaria,
Fig. 5 A young plant.
“ 6 A full-grown plant.
‘© 7 Four spores, X 400.

CLAVARIA CRISTATA Pers
Crested Clavaria.

Figs. 8and9 Plants with few branches.
«10 A plant with many branches and a dingy whitish color.
“11 A mature plant in which the tips of the branches have assumed a
brown coior,
«12 Four spores, x 400.
PLATE 40.

AMANITA PHALLOIDES J’r,
Poison Amanita.

Fig. 1 A young plant with the cap slightly expanded, and of a grayish-brown
color.
«2 A mature plant with the grayish-brown cap fully expanded and black-
ish-brown in the center.
«* 3 A very young plant just bursting from its wrapper, two fragments of
which still adhere to the cap,
‘© 4 A plant with its blackish-brown cap partly expanded.
A mature plant with its blackish-brown cap fully expanded.
Vertical section through the center of an immature plant.
Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.
“8 Four spores, x 400.

ao co

PLATE 41.
AMANITA PHALLOIDES F’r,

Poison Amanita.

ea
R

A plant with its whitish cap partly expanded.
“2 A plant with its whitish cap fully expanded.
“ 3 Vertical section through the center of a mature plant.

236

Fig.

Ioa-,

cn)

uy

2

REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST .

AMANITA VERNA Fr,
Vernal Amanita.

A young plant just emerging from its wrapper.

An immature plant with the cap slightly expanded.
A mature plant with the cap fully expanded.

Four spores, x 400.

PLATE 42.
AMANITA MUSCARIA L,
Fly Amanita.
A young plant just breaking from its wrapper.

A plant with its red cap partly expanded.
A mature plant with its cap fully expanded and faded to yellow on

the striated margin.
Vertical section of a part of the cap and upper part of the stem of

a mature plant.
Four spores, x 400.

Variety FORMOSA Fr,
A plant with its yellow cap partly expanded,

PLATE 43.
BoLetus FELLEUS Bull.
Bitter Boletus.

A young plant. |
A young plant showing the color of the young tubes.

8and4 Mature plants with stems of different shapes.

5
6

7

A mature plant with the stem reticulated to the base.

Vertical section of the cap and upper part of the stem of a mature
plant.

Four spores, < 400,

CORRECTIONS OF PLATES.”

PLATE 1.

Fig. 2. The exposed inner substance shown in the upper part of the figure is
too black; it should be dingy-olivaceous.

PLATE 6.
Figs. 7, 10. The spores should be brown, not pink.

PLATE 8.

Fig. 5. The gills should be blackish-brown, as in figure 3.
Fig. 6. The spores should be brown, not pink.

PLATE 13.

Figs. 2, 3. The gills should have no pink tint.
Figs. 7 to 12. There should be no stripes on the caps,

PLATE 14.
Fig. 21. The spores should be white,

PLATE 17.
Fig. 9. The spores should be white.

PLATE 19.
Fig. 7. The spores should be white.

PLATE 24.

Figs. 1, 2, 3,4. The upper surface of the cap is too pale.
Under the name CLITOCYBE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS insert FUNNEL-
FORM CLITOCYBE.

PLATE 28.
Figs. 8,17. The spores should be white, not pink.
PLATE 29.
Fig. 4. The upper surface of the cap should have a dull greenish tint.

PLATE 30.
Fig. 8. The spores should be white.

* The failure of the artist to follow the copy and corrected proof closely makes necessary several
corrections.

238 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST.

PLATE 34.
Fig. 10. The spores should be brown, not pink.

PLATE 35.

Fig. 2. The stem should be dotted as in the other figures.
Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9. The tubes and spores should have no pink hues,
For the name SOABER read SCABER.

PLATE 36.

Fig. 4. The lower surface of the cap should be yellowish.
Fig. 7. The spores should be yellowish, not pink.

TNS Hie xe

(Synonyms are in italics.)

PAGE,
Aga@ricine@W.rercccocsccssesvcscececcsscesnece
Agaricus .....

Carex — (Continued). PAGE.
BAUS V tr cacigeses sch ineladidvecssavasess) (00
Barrattii.. 56

Amanita .......

arvensis ....
campester..
placomyces ..
Rodmani .
subrufescens

seen

Sulva...

EVIE caccccstaveccccceecceccvescecccece
SPAGICEA wrecccccvccccvccsecvecscecvecss
vaginata

UP Ue CeCe CEES Ce Seer

Armillaria Me]@A......scceeeeeeee cece eens
Aster COrdifolius . s.0.-ccccccscvvcccecvcccs

TeBVIS . .cccccucccsscccscccccccnecccusnnse
Tongifolius....cccec.seccsccersccccscoecs
PANDICUIACUD .ccccesccesvceccvcccvcecsnee
PtArMicOldes:. cecceuscevsccscscesvseves

Bidens commata....ccecssccesssccvsccsevecccs
Boletus ....

CASTANCUB ...eeeeceeeevens
O@MULS..ccccscccccvcsscccccceccesceecence
Peleus. cerccccceccccsccessccccvcsecccocs
BPADULAUB ..cecccccccsccccvsescsccssecs
TULEUS .ocrcceccccvcccvcvcvcccceccccccess
BCADEF 2c ccccccccccccccccvscsccecscucess
BUDIULOUB..0.0ccccccscccccevsecccsccccce
versipellis ......

whee eee e ee eeee

Cantharellus cibarius ........ssseeeeeeeeees
Carex

GORLLVALIS! <1. vewevocvcwtdcncceveucnsncemas
alata .....
Albolutescens. srcccecee. secccevecerecee
GIDULBINA wecsrecccvcccvccecescresecccce
BlOPECOIdED .....ceccccccresecescees
BPErta veccccccecvcccccccerecsccscessecs
AQUATILIS. ..ccvcccccccccrccccccccccccvsce
aristata...... oc ecccecccnecencsscosecccse
ABE-GTOYL vocenccnedsecncecbescounscecss

Seema eee ee ee ee eee eee eneenne

BUTCB cere eee en ereeeeneeeeeeteeersenees

blanda...
bromoides.
bullata......
Buxbaumii..
cauescens .
capillaris......
Careyana....... .
castanea ....
cephaloidea ......sesee0es
CEPUBIODNOTE wx. cungscsescetnsssiseecan
ehordorisa, ics casaseseptysceddoseuniles
Collinsil.......... Thkeece
communis...

Neen eee eeee

eee eee ee reer reer
stern eens

ween ene eneee

denen eee eeeee

Hee ne eee e eee ene eeeeeeeee

conoidea ...... Cacceccvcccevccecconesoce
GeAWelicurssvsssssaae cb end eanetdacdsuns
Crinita ..scccccscsecccssesces |
CUISCAUN cvewsaestoosrecosssres teccccence
DOVEtlle occ spavccarccvecces) cuscssssecns
CBD rsess<cnedekavwaliedstuvesecdnans
decomposita,..... Wee cceceverecscevceces
deflexa....... weebenen's abenenecussavsowe
DGWEFRUR js cpsasnvanedssasnuacocedunen
MIPICALIR 5 apicnva tv onet oebanevcatiedsncts<
GESTICHE vosansesussciceeedeccecaedchenan
CUTATOMG cturexacsavnnecstnsssuuces oose
ODUINED oo. rccesserseeses
Emmonsii....
OXHLIG). cenecccccccccaccoresvesscececceess
extensa....
filiformis..... es eccceecncceccsoneseces
flava.......- eeceesccscces eeeeeececececes
FeTAETicanspnkuasessecscesetes
foenea...
FOUMICMIALS .. is cvvcacsscnsnesccverreveecs
formosa.....
LUBCA ca ccc ncssesceneccurecesecunsees eee
glabra
glaucodea,......
gracillima....
Branularis.....ssseceseees
Gravilivenenscnsecisvs'svensadssdeven sens
BTIBCA oceccets sistas
SYVANGLA ns ccceccccccvscucocsvenunsiecss
BYDCCKALES 22. cccvccccrcvccsccccoccccces
Hintaiccside evs bescsucscepagecccesceesses

HFitchcockiana .....sccsecsevvecccvccens

pene nenee

Seem ewe eee eee eeeeeeennees

Senne eee cee e een eeeeenenneee

wee eeeeee

rece eee eee eee eee reer ey

Penne eee wneee

240

Carex — (Continued).
Houghtonli....scccscocscrccccvsccsserce
hystricina .

Tamesil..cccccccccccesccccccccce cecvese
Krnrieskernti...ccccccccseccscnccececevens
lacustris ..
lanuginosa .
laxiculmis.
laxiflora...
lenticularis .
limosa.....
Uttoralis..
livida......
longirostris.....
lupuliformis.,

Mageilanica,. .
Michauxiana
Michauxii.

MONOSPETMNA secsseseevererensesesecces
NOveEe-ANgli® o...creccccnccccevccescces
Qieri .....
oligocarpa
OU OBPETMB..cccsccoccsccccsnseccccsene
paliescens .

POeeeUUCEOCSOOOCOOS OOOO SECIS.

pedicellata ....
pedunculata..

polytricholdes..
prasina ....
Pseudo-Cyperus ..
pubescens ......
retrocurva ...
retrcflexa ........
retroraa....
Richardsonii .......
rigida .....+0-
Tiparia cccccsccccscscccee-
TOREB .ccccccvccsccvescevccsecececceveses
rostrata ..
Saltuensis..
Sartwellii...
scabrata,.....-+
Schweinitzil .
scirpoidea .

-

weet e ee eens

Annee eee e enna ennnene

sparganioldes .
BQUAITOBA ...csccccccccvecescssvensecess

INDEX.

PAGE.

87
91
39
96
49

Carex — (Continued).
Sterllig..sccrcceecccccccscccccccsescsesess
Steudelii .
stipata ...
straminea
striata..
stricta..
RUVIQHESA ones caneensesl teas vecnecnyann
SUDULALG ccansautescersescssovnvassenusé
Sullivantii.....
sychnocephala .
tenella ......006

PAGE.
38
49
80
44

PENET covvuscncsiscacecssnacccccdsnenee

tentaculata ...ccccssavccsscees
tenuiflora .,
teretiuscula .,
tetanica......
COrta .. cece ccvcusccnencncccsccees
Mribuloides’.,.2.snnnesscasssveen
triceps .....
trichocarpa
trisperma ..
Tuckermani.
umbellata..,
WICUIREA 5s cuvuyuacusvevcetescauusesch
VAGINAS . ossonccnvecccecsrevcsrccceccus

vulpinoidea .
Willdenovii......

Clavarle ..ccccnsenccscecnncnccsvacenssaves
Clitocybe.......
infundibuliformis.
media...
nebularis. .
Clitopilus ..ccceccccccevvece-cusvescccvcvess
orcella ......08
prunulu3......
Coniothecium Rubi.......
Coprinus .......+..
atramentarius.
COMALUS. cecseeeeeeee

eee eee eee rr

Cortinarius......
cinnamomeus
collinitus..
rimosus ...
VIOIACEUB ..cssececeeesvens

Craterellus .....
cornucoptoides........+.+

Cucurbitaria Comptonim

Cylindrosporium Padi...

Dendryphium nodulosum ,......seeeeeeeees

PAGE.

Diaporthe Fobusta sisacnsesseesscescccdcesa
DIBCOMYCOLEES anceps crceccessvascurede cs
Eupatorium perfoliatum........cccsssesees
Fistulina hepatica.......cccccescccsecsscecs
(GaBLOROMY GBtChS cs nvesbovssrecueancceeasnoc
SFOOGIONAN a cradduaunesenasscssnasestoe cone
MIVEQUINTE. cnsidaseenetpabscceosssn cones
WNEUINILM ‘weesenssedeveaautansressvedes
Gomphidius nigricans,.........seeesseeeees
Gyromitra esculenta..........ssecesevesees
Hobeloma)Oolyinl,; sssssecvsessersaceaccece
SIVA CRIBDA Je ccasees saeasinimvanereaecce
Hesperis matronalis ..........ssseseeeesees
USF ONES Tene cnsniucanesisceceseccenaatcas aco
Ey Gnu tucetessceraiiees san tacscsecvaess
coralloides ..
repandum.....
TUSESCENS ss 00005
scabripes..
Hygrophorus......
minfatus ....
pratensis ..
Hymenomycetes . seve
inocybes subtomentosa.....
Lactarius .......s0005
deliciosus ....
volemus....
Leplota ........

cyathiforme..
giganteum
Lycopodjum clavatum. ........ seesccevece
Marasmius oreades ...............
Melanospore..........555
Mitrula vitellina....... ...
RONCHI ace csucasessvacecees svsccterece
MUI PUMACO DN a5 5 cvasansiat des 6c chicad
TIBPONA ce sivalladvesauc’enceatincslteryes wee
COMOK. oc cavceseccrcecseresccccssocverc

FRR e eee ee ween eee

INDEX.

Morchella — (Continued).
Geliclosa. .ccccevcrecccccscccveccocccoccs
CECUIODEA. »00erceccccsccccccssccsscseces
RYybrida sccccccsavcsesceccce
SOMUNDEA sens ossccusesecconcvacwescceus

Muhlenbergia sobolifera.....scssceceeseses

Ochrosporee.....ssececceees

Ovularia decipiens...........

Panicum capillare...........008

Paxillus involutus........

PICUFOCUS weccececcccsssccccee
ostreatus.
sapidus...
ulmarius ........00005

Polygonum Douglagalil...........
nodosum .....++

POW DOCS 3.00. enkevancsan

Polyporus sulphureus.....

Porla attenuata ........065

Potamogeton heterophyllus.

Radulum molare..........

Rhodospors .....0++

Rosa blanda.....

Russula virescens...

Senecio Robbinsil.......

16
122
17
204

weet e ee eeneee

Sphewrella rubing .....sccceccccsssecccccecs
Spheeropsis ulmicola........sssccsesecseees
Atachys PalOwcris sc <ccocceccuuscceduwnece
Thelephoresw ....
Thymus Berry cece snchecsravdduvescte
Tolyposporium bullatum .....sceeseeeeeees
TrIGHOIOMA scesesccccscsvossceccoscscsccecs
MmDricatumM oe.sccccccccscecesccessccces
PETSOMDACUM oe seccccccccccccccecccescees
COKTOUM. oo scsccrccccscccccccccccccsceses
PRAMAM BANS oo scscccccassccvcecsccccces
Vermicularia Hepatice......sccecesceseees
Rolosmopraalcicccsvevncccantessnectseva
124)} Volvaria Pockil s:ecscecccsssneccccscacccess

Pee eee Peer ee TTS errr ree

241

PAGE.

125
124
126
126

18

v
erro OL |
peal, au! «
7, a] y e
- ae . Sieg

——
:
7 ~
- f
= i
>
* e
a
.
/
12.
‘
a
Sn

- A)
;
a,
I 5
s il
x
<
*
—

;
:
fy

ll | j

~ ‘ / ~y

C SEL.L
CH Peck,Der C.FAusec, Lity

EDIBLE FUNGI. ae

C.FAuSEL,LITH

C.H Peck, Det

LYCOPERBON CICANTEUM Batscn

GIANT PUFF-BALL. (Fics. 1 & 2 ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE )

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 2

CH Peck.Det C. Fausec, Lit

LYCOPERDON CYATHIFORME Bosc
CUP SHAPED PUFF-BALL

*

-
a -
7 e
an a
os

PLATE 3

EDIBLE FUNGI.

a

aA Aa I Se igi

NS eRe Sls ya

eee

Det

C.H\ Peck

Fics. 4107 MORCHELLA DELICIOSA rr.

Fics. 1To3 MORCHELLA ESCULENTA pens.

DELICIOUS MOREL
Fics. 111013 MORCHELLA SEMILIBERA Fa.

COMMON MOREL
Fics. 8 to 10 MORCHELLA BISPORA sor.

HALF-FREE MOREL

TWO-SPORED MOREL

EDIBLE FUNGI.

Plate 4

BS
—Meegects

ox

FAuSEL, Lith

C

CH Peck,Dev

Fics. 6109 MORCHELLA ANCUSTICEPS Peck.

Fics. 1 To 4 MORCHELLA CONICA Pens.

NARROW-CAP MOREL

CONICAL MOREL

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 5

3,90

ee
PEt et

C.H.Peck,Dev C.FAusec, Litx

\

Fics. 110 3 GYROMITRA ESCULENTA rr. Fics. 4107. HELVELLA CRISPA Fr.
ESCULENT GYROMITRA. EDIBLE HELVELLA. WHITE HELVELLA

Fics. 8t0 14 MITRULA VITELLINA Sacc var. IRREGULARIS Peck
IRREGULAR MITRULA

>
“a

bad
)

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 6

CH Peck,Der C FAUSEL.LITH

ACARICUS CAMPESTER ..
COMMON MUSHROOM.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 7

CH.PecKw,Der C.Fausec, Litx

ACARICUS SUBRUFESCENS Peck
SLIGHTLY REDDISH MUSHROOM.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 8

CH Peck,Det C.Fauset. LitH

AGARICUS ARVENSIS $ scnaerr
HORSE MUSHROOM

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 9

X&

aso

~

ene cee BAO Sd
bs

Fics. 77012 ACARICUS PLACOMYCES pPrck

Peck

Fie. 1 106 ACARICUS RODMANI

FLAT-CAP MUSHROOM

RODMAN'S MUSHROOM

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 10

FAauSeL

CH Peck,Dev

eS

COPRINUS COMATUS ra.
SHAGGY COPRINUS

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 11

CH Peck,Det

Fics.1 to 6 COPRINUS MICACEUS rr. Fics. 717011 COPRINUS ATRAMENTARIUS Fr.
GLISTENING COPRINUS INKY COPRINUS

Sr. = ae ar es

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 12

C.H Peck,Der C.FAUSEL.LITH

CORTINARIUS VIOLACEUS rr.
VIOLET CORTINARIUS

®
a Se
i 1

‘?

—y a

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 13

C.H Peck,Det C.FAuSEL.LITH

Fics. 1 706 CORTINARIUS COLLINITUS rr. Fics. 770 14 CORTINARIUS CINNAMOMEUS Fr.
SMEARED CORTINARIUS CINNAMON CORTINARIUS
Fias. 15 ro 20 CORTINARIUS CINNAMOMEUS rr.

var. SEMISANCUINEUS Fr.
HALF RED CORTINARIUS

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 14

Ka

C.H Peck,Det bs |

C.Fausec. Lith

Fis. 1 106 CLITOPILUS PRUNULUS scop Fies. 7 To 11 CLITOPILUS ORCELLA suit
PLUM CLITOPILUS SWEET BREAD MUSHROOM

Fis. 12 70 21 MARASMIUS OREADES rr
FAIRY-RING MUSHROOM

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLaTe 15

C FAuset,LitH

C.H Pecx,Det

AMANITA CAESAREA scope

ORANGE AMANITA.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 16

ae, Yn

CH Peex, Der C FAuSet, Lite

AMANITA RUBESCENS rr.
REDDISH AMANITA.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

Prate 17

Li CH. Peck,Der C.Fausec bits

AMANITOPSIS VACINATA Roze.
SHEATHED AMANITOPSIS

ee
d a

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 18

CH. Peck,Dev C.FAuSEL.LITH

LEPIOTA PROCERA scop.
PARASOL MUSHROOM. TALL LEPIOTA

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 19

C.H.Peck,Det yt NY R, C.Fausec. LitH

LEPIOTA NAUCINOIDES Peck
SMOOTH LEPIOTA.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 20

i:

EET LV Aa\s

CH Peck,Dev C Fausev, Litr

ARMILLARIA MELLEA vant
HONEY-COLORED ARMILLARIA

% |

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 21

~ ncn

C.K PecK Ber C.FAuset,LitH

fics. 1 To 5 TRICHOLOMA TRANSMUTANS prcx Fics. 6 To 11 TRICHOLOMA IMBRICATUM rr.
CHANGING TRICHOLOMA IMBRICATED TRICHOLOMA

EDIBLE FUNGI. Piate 22

Wy

CH. Peck,Det C.FAUSEL, LiITH

TRICHOLOMA PERSONATUM Fr
MASKED TRICHOLOMA

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 23

Fics.1107 CLITOCYBE MEDIA peck Fics. 810 18 CLITOCYBE NESBULARIS Barscx
INTERMEDIATE CLITOCYBE. CLOUDED CLITOCYBE.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 24

aw
>

ny OE op,
‘ WUife7, |

;
want

C,H Peck,Det C.Fause._

Fie. 1706 CLITOCYBE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS scnacrr Fics. 7T0 10 CRATERELLUS CORNUCOPIOIDES pec
FUNNEL-FORM CLITOCYBE CORNUCOPIA CRATERELLUS

Fias. 111013 HYDNUM CORALLOIDES scope
CORAL-LIKE HYDNUM

EDIBLE FUNGI.
PLATE 25

a oi aU Te a oa at :
RE REY fa Di or ed onae be Seat eal Ke POISE zs OT ES

C Fausec,LitH

CH. Peck,Det

CLITOCYBE LACCATA Scop
LACCATE CLITOCYBE

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 26

———

ae

C.H Peck, Der

C. FAUSEL, LITH
Fics. 1To4 PLEUROTUS ULMARIUS suit Fics. 51709 PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS Fr
ELM PLEUROTUS. OYSTER PLEUROTUS, OYSTER MUSHROOM.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 27

PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS Katcue

SAPID PLEUROTUS.

PLATE 28

EDIBLE FUNGI.

C.H Pecw,DEL C. FAUSEL.LITH

Fie. 1 ro 10 HYGROPHORUS MINIATUS Fa. Fias, 11 ro 17 HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS Fr.
VERMILION HYGROPHORUS MEADOW HYGROPHORUS

Fias. 18 ro 23 PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS Fr.
INVOLUTE PAXILLUS

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 29

C.FAuset, Lith

C.H Peck,Der

LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS Fr
DELICIOUS LACTARIUS.

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 30

C.H Peck,Det C.FAuSeEL, LitH

LACTARIUS VOLEMUS Fr.
ORANGE LACTARIUS. ORANGE BROWN LACTARIUS

PA ~v
2. y

-
ie
” '

: harvey j
a My ~ /

Sy ie}

EDIBLE FUNGI.

Pate 31

Cir ligt® gs eae

a es a

Wee... sane: ETT) Uf
A TZ Vig

|

C Fause.LitH

C.H. Peck, DeL.

RUSSULA VIRESCENS Fr.
GREENISH RUSSULA

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 32

C.H. Peck,DeL C FAuSeEL, LITH

CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS Fn.
CHANTARELLE

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 33

C.H Peck,Dev : C.FAuSEL, LITH.

Fics. 1106 BOLETUS SUBLUTEUS Peck Fics. 71012 BOLETUS LUTEUS lL,
SMALL YELLOWISH BOLETUS YELLOW-BROWN BOLETUS

ae es
s sae,t

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 34

Fics. 110 5. BOLETUS GRANULATUS L. Fics. 610 10 BOLETUS VERSIPELLIS Fr.
GRANULATED BOLETUS ORANGE-CAP BOLETUS,

PLATE 35

EDIBLE FUNGI.

C.FAuset,LitH

CH. Pecw,De

BOLETUS SCABER rr.
ROUGH-STEMMED BOLETUS

EDIBLE FUNGI.
PLATE 36

[RIES BSR eet oe ————— . - -

CH Peck,Det C Fauser. bith

Fics. 1107 BOLETUS CASTANEUS suit Fics§ 8tTo 12 BOLETUS EDULIS suit
CHESTNUT BOLETUS EDIGLE BOLETUS

EDIBLE FUNGI.

PLATE 37

C.H Peck,Dec C.FaAusec. Litx

Fias. 1 104 POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS rr. Fics. 5709 FISTULINA HEPATICA Fr.
SULPHURY POLYPORUS LIVER FISTULINA

PLaTe 38

EDIBLE FUNGI.

CH Peck,Der C.FAuUSEL. LiTH.

HYDNUM REPANDUM L
SPREADING HYDNUM.

PLATE 39

EDIBLE FUNGI.

aera
1

PH Peck Dev SiR ames ; ast ; C FAUSEL, Lit#
4

Fics, 1 t0 4 CLAWARIA FLAVA sScnaerr. Fics, §tT07 CLAVARIA BOTRYTES Perens.
PALE-YELLOW CLAVARIA RED-TIPPED CLAVARIA

Fias. 81012 CLAVARIA CRISTATA Pers.
CRESTED CLAVARIA

POISONOUS FUNGI.

Pate 40

:
i
FS
4
&
r

Wer

NES

FAUSEL LIT

C.H Peck,Det

AMANITA PHALLOIDES fr
POISON AMANITA

~ POISONOUS FUNGI.

PLATE 41

C Fausec. LTH

C.H Peck,DeL

Fics. 1 104 AMANITA PHALLOIDES Fr. Fics. 5tTo7 AMANITA VERNA Butt
(white Form) VERNAL AMANITA

POISON AMANITA

POISONOUS FUNGI.

PLATE 42

Coe

SE

Va
=
R
28
ee
&

ys

CH Pecw,Det C FAuSEL, LITH

AMANITA MUSCARIA L.
FLY AMANITA

- UNWHOLESOME FUNGI.

PLATE 43

BOLETUS FELLEUS Bur
BITTER BOLETUS

29/49

\

NAY

SORA AN

AW \N

NN \

SN \\ \\ , SMM

\ SY

RAN
RAK

NS NEV
AXA

AAS
\\\ AY

NON