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—INCORPORATED 1893.
MEETINGS AT
MOBERLY, JUNE 12, 13, 14;
BOONVILLE, DECEMBER 4, 5, 6.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary,
KANSAS OITY, MO.
THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY,
JEFFERSON CITY, MO.
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ees me ‘ee jee ey
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Missouri State Horticultural Society.
To His Excellency, Joseph W. Folk, Governor:
This report of our Society work, of the meetings held, of the moneys expended, of
the local societies and counties reporting for the year 1906, is respectfully submitted.
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary,
Kansas City, Mo.
City of Jefferson, January 18, 1907.
To the Commissioners of Public Printing:
I require for the use of my office five thousand copies of Missouri State Horti-
cultural Report—three thousand to be bound in cloth and two thousand to be bound
in paper—which I desire printed as per accompanying sample.
Respectfully,
L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary,
Kansas City, Mo.
Approved:
JNO. E. SWANGER, Secretary of State.
WM. W. WILDER, State Auditor.
J. F. GMELICH, State Treasurer.
45
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eee
2°
j>, IRIS
. \qe ty oF
ih. ety 5
oe, nr he
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1906.
Goversor JOSEPH We WOLKE. occ. cc ccaw's ince Ex-Officio Member of Executive Committee
er EES CEH Eee PPE SIGONE «0. ccs siejeie:0 (6 bis sis talsin ais e\einle sinieie aisle ots nyaie Wile nie aleis sisi iaGiejais sie Warrensburg
SEE Iee CD) eV ACCP LEST CCIE. 10 a1-)ats octets stele im ols aint apelotn's wrnle wletelnfns Sel atatateteterwial= sabsane- New Franklin
Wee bern OuUnrN Oe, Second . Vice=Presidewts.. ccs secs sos atem cielo sq oraisis,cis%ole.s cininielslalcln.e Marionville
eA OODNEAINE -Seeretany x taisisrsrtericmlsieiciele sfoja106iele o'le/e’alais|o'eieinicie/s cle .nleicle cic minwwislelne Kansas City
Aree Pome ON: PE POA SUTET Mirae wiaise sidinislaleleinreloioie tals site's, efais\>’o(orelelnieinjeimiaie)eiriaia(ale vicinie ofota vie iwiniaishs Lebanon
NIC OmNEAIN. “Hons: Vice-President (for Wife... iceciscciernielcseioje sister Seat create eters St. Louis
LIST OF HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS.
Eee Josh. President State Wniversiey.n ccc. ce coos sccceice cies vin cicle caGahtameeeaert Columbia
EMAey ee eee Neen CEE te cence © otro sists sities ste <.s ale aielee oie vie alalociciete-sttrjsciie sare iniciasieee Kansas City
aie. (GL TBWYAD Soca gs adBamaoeartns Rabie triGen BUND an Aer EAE Smetnehr ttn ae ae kramer AS cis Harlem
ESS ey eGR TSE HT DES Sante cca tec eleelele ciet sislee sole sac cia clewinels oe clewisreiciatisinctersleynapee Kirkwood
EAAGy San eead oe CO) MTA Meta ore, a ceerate wise Se secieieie cise obec cise tae clon oenis meee asin Mepaseaia ee aces St. Louis
EEL rm tCcre ey SECCHSECINGG cw creecaisi cia hays sis mm sioie fest es. c/e siiginieaciees eave mails of ace helm ettens cma St. Louis
SER OP Hee ES eee ra EDU eS EL ctectatarcfoisieresarctatolescin otere, orasle acciaeic eet s Rajsicte pole’ laleierotercietnis\a/a's-aelivine Soir siere Independence
OB ey Es ee eA gO) WAG ee cafe icijeisic ices ere aia iclotare = sioiaiote efaieteie sieretels eiaieriorelsisin ats Rialto Bldg., Kansas City
BE STU STON... doce cosine te alne.cieeiaia a dale wesvinsae octets geist cake an oe cee ete aauyeineisioe scans erecta Virgil City
WAM: “MIVBRS TORS as co taicecvetew ones ceiainececine ceslemreiemertlocicioeen kieciosishicbe tact oem ee eeeee Union
ed STs UE ATERTIOON Ge etcssibieiotcrnie Bisset avers a oven veiw ave a:svs aintarsiola oleravalere bi clovstavelatetereeyoterclainietatercts Grepsletaisicvo inte Rusk, Texas
BING) SE ICES ER ALY = oooh rctcrerster aye cha clots aielerevale wssisieicrete ai ctstoloiclera atelaywtcrelotois eta cteneltve Cretetemie isis ieiererstieyeis oitcteeeiiees Oregon
AWEME:* IMGO@RIAY Fe, sak toca tise ooscls cine Sracibn S Slgsince cto eis Slane asite eeteretec ios Aaa ac tee eee eee Cowgill
Jee BMY. Oia aja ha So eiectcicle were et ctote eb eetelote cn icis ates brotee crelolone ore tia (ele Sica eet tee Mosca erent LaPlata
ois EINGS) AMINE BS © ceovraianrs ove ne lssvissoreyesate re ove e's a ahataratevavore Stave nis se ciate pipe nvosnyeyeis erento /ebapeingel cl ae epee ReneS Oregon
Jo MONSHIDS | Acie cise cwrcciie sinistiaero sls opnaienisictstereiatue 5 cs lo mais oa tte wieGiele Gears eRe erento Beaman
ERNEST M.. MERRICK ciockcnccesaceseacecch ceticiemens a oaeeeeee 937 B St., Washington, D. C.
ACTIN 4 NEB IGS OWN ~sjavsrs.oscre ajasete ose ae role brarale eretsretvlsists 5)01ovorsis eis etavete.cteteletelcielereoie oleh oietela tele eaaeretstetaiete eerie Lebanon
GET ODORS osisccsicmies.c 2h5s eta ction lo are stare isis atsiete Ble slate aioe Sine EGE hice GAGE RE ROE EEE EE Eeee Holt
BA. PATTERSON ailsccccianiere siatgiclcis opetbierssatolelols aleceietereie loiste live ale emis je eeiel cis ake GRO eee Kirksville
D: Ay ROBNBIID 0 oo. Ss cacsa sce cae ska Seles ces Sais wee ale Sia caw ae howls Oasis olen ee EEE ee eee Columbia
Gr ME TS TWALER RS i raitescie aysie-0 210 Sve e bletele siclaielalnisye ale « lols araicretaleielerelstayerelajeleleleveretelsGlele elas aa Gee acon Louisiana
I DGAR. Wren STUARRIK sic cqcescteecionicioaists laiaiaiciarelovslciovete wreisiace Oretcvene siaratere nvsicioinye aise eceete Louisiana
TEV se SLACK «a, Scie epuinrale:olein 0 oceraTele asi elaie cola es Ntorere rare oieiciom ote olor njetelarSalosiola toate tea lers Sic eo eens Louisiana
DWV SS AUEULR: sacra acs Siac a0 viral ate sires eit oaiearalo aime ictotetuisee eines ooate ee eieraiee owen okie sco ares Louisiana
Dave SSENINO GK. 56 «asiainie’o'0:0'saisie e stereieraie weiatob le ninininre walelote ele(eipie sisieleisiere isi eielete Sait eSeisswisissetartee Moberly
Ge EE URTPPIN $0.5.s dias ale. s'siewia nisie stesvor atte oaieiatsjaserntereicia ere tolove ela lovelstoioufolors oie ie toaieleieeinfoee ee ace Nichols
ET Se SWASY NEA? iss ciaie.nc’e.s sol baia. cra srerele anwialsve stole g ale atclatecataiain oi vier ovsieistateieisis olatite isarTas iste niolaieie intake Princeton
J Bs WELD *&. BRO i asse sescao dies oeisn cmmsaeis ie alas slcieestalels ean Ouse eee ne eee cere ee eer Sarcoxie
eC WEREEINT ESN: 2sssaisie aicietsisveresavete ule cla erstole Sieioiorsleteleiave Ste cine 6 Sieie ls wisi ecctelel se ieee ee eee eae Columbia
ER INE WIEET UN EIR: oie sicrsreclcrcccistcre she ctemioltve oe sitios eleteteraaiaioveTaeielsie/eisieiete ecm oeiceeean eae Fredericktown
GPOME PWELEED™ sa osc ccd wdc ctine toca eles eelvesion ne pulnn Gieicls oeisic ew sicreioe nisisenn Menon nien OS AREOLA EE Sarcoxie
EDINA V ALT DD larscss ie cfeiaiate eat terete sicteron eleeioien a ob pags SoUBoD DDD USEasEIsN0 dS sos agsSaesbsoNsaCN" Sarcoxie
Wi. OR SWILLIKESRSON? fic So cassie wcieecisare atceeie sisiet cles oinioe sre sasicaninoercelente 212 N. 3d St., St. Louis
DSS ENG SWELLS i, Sa seiled wdicate selene cilo etc eisisietesienmemeteaine 403 15th Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin
ele ajtre\alejalahatalalaceraterejeleraietelalereretalaietarsverelelelaistaratelateratevereraiarelsiat=iatelelerersmtalslteistete Weatherby
State Horticultural Society. ‘|
LIST OF MEMBERS.
This list of members comprises the names of those who have paid one or more
years, ard kept in touch more or less with the Society since its incorporation in 1893.
The Sce:etary has a list of over 2,000 names, correspondents,
and members of
Incal societies, who answer questions, send in items, make reports and receive our
State report, circulars of information, crop reports, the same as do the members.
GPA TAEWOOU i. 0:5 ciacisise'sleic simcicietstoicie Springfield
Sem Pest AG COCK lyeccissisicinsiclele cies Warrensburg
ESRC MPATICEM OS S%..\< a:aissjcineeelawretecererstors Carthage
SM See PAE WOOG), anno cic cin iar ejects sie ...-Carrollton
Tho ANG NES) Gsodoconoancedunacdepads Marshall
Bye eA ee NETS ELON Oey tecleielnielelviele st cndaeeneoeee Neosho
FEW td LD OLS CV ic tejaieladaiararsisiniaiorcilent aeons Moberly
BR Wiel DUPAGE ccmecs-scie'cccsit « siieateieteciels Sedalia
SUCH UG OV arersietsleiote!si-.-feiaisietel sreis tases . Saverton
Sean eseOR IC WAIDs 6. clecls wcresuataelacte hasietele'e Steedman
Nee ED oe Wi EO Se jtersivisiereieinleiclorsiste cats Pierce City
Ie (Gia) DINE C8 ae ee aacoodocononca suo Centreview
lOhavoray IDEAS axeeceoonooaccobdnoobGroG .- Rolla
UV TEP GK OTE: soa crejevstacerajsiaiavstorararcreioe areteoat Parkville
Jo DS Hdwards, & Sons. .sacesicse cl. Fairville
MY G2 Oe NNO CE aerets.c cies ciclo mlecaisirlatnicisiciorats Rushville
Sig (OR JONI G MesricccsacoogubsnpgoosnoooL Olden
lehiih: [BMWS Beaspossanasoocasce. Mt. Grove
yee ee EVEL SOG. reinicicicisisine isterasie St. Louis
RODE AMOLS LNG weiaceicisiercisrsjeiaisinersieete Farmington
Wa ere HOUR ON orate ors . ne a R. D. No. 3, Moberly
MissiC2 eR. Jaekson-acu. csonceetes Kirksville
Wel Ate win@vnicenis-eciiecitcusen ere Springfield
J. M. Irvine, Fruit Grower...... St. Joseph
Jat EL sh DONKING es selsn vc iooeclla eat ome eee Sapp
ER Wioed OMENS: acianic cloacae amnesic Boonville
Wes. Jenkins 356. cases eeccaectecacteee Troy
EAE SODNSON. «<< eeiscteneienceeenee Parkville
Heals. J ODNSON 5 ./s0inm side isco eres Parkville
Jipees Gs, Jenkins! cc--emesiceesseee ee Eugene
Ene ES SAN gen (cscs seis 2929 S. 18th, St. Louis
Hye VAXIS JONES. access cecceeen eee emenye Hazel Run
G. C. Johnson....1204 W. 9th, Kansas City
We AEE UU SODNS anes caie.s ncleiovereie coinreeiertece seed
OTONWMIOHNSOTE e, cpictesisaistaisieiatsjaleteeets Princeton
Sip ANU ETONCH 2 s<'acace ssecs dine cleeeeneee Burnham
(Cale Ce dibli(s:Boopqoscansuondonsusddacgcce Hailey
HGS ANeM Pers eiucce cect isecceseenece Hermann
Weer aS (en al Gh Suge Sanncaccoaesbe so Springfield
Sershls w AINE! eaisiersicie cicianie vice tests St. Joseph
WOR el thi ccceticn ee ee oe eee Mayview
Re SIGN Ssburyecaeecsecct ss New Franklin
TEE NOL] Ynctegace sme ser seers Warrensburg
Ree eee Ctl Cefamrcters cree is eisai see Blackwater
Wim | Kainling, 2 “cseecses-eceeeee Highlandville
ODS Chaya gk ee se neosoaddes Warrensburg
CEE ee I NC OMFaioie aieloelsieiclelajsictateliore Parkville
Philip ACM eni an Go, varesioieleceieieee.ciclelteinie Parkville
Wis Hie) SKGISOR. caccisisen cates seicee ncaa Stanberry
© SRO Eo epi caiee ares cscrasis's ofore seis eicceiet Cedar Gap
NH SH ARSIE DY. sieve « scteciwwtenic somes Versailles
JODIE ISOC L CE erajepioiteic/oWvicisiclectesttremiereye Spickards
W. M. Kraft, Colman’s Rural World..
Rei cratecel stomarotatarelalelere) aim eyetolecolesierats St. Louis
VA ee WWee) PISO OD jeeicieleimictoticincl sic eroeeiociate Cameron
WG Woe a i er iacijejalcisleisiaisie steers Platte City
Katherman & Som..........:2... Warrensburg
Ee eM IRIN SSD UG Ve - cre ciple «rorstecie orate Boonville
Wt Sie WIRD Ee eis ae cieicie vices ss onesies Mexico
SMa OITA ote oloial=in la) orase/nls\elelsio\oinyelaee anaes Logan
Daninewow millers yj. ccccstlsemecusieween Parkville
WED SLES OM So) cei o'<\e'aisce etelare eee Nevada
ATONZO MIU WAS) ve u loisic sicisinsiciclaivietcincteee ers ...Sapp
Diep av) LEV a close sicinjersiclereisielelietentereree Warrensburg
Be SO (UOVC aa sic cicisviciv weer croctesee sete Seymour
State Horticultural Society. )
LIST OF MEMBERS—Continued.
GPOW OAT soo sccccsece alec anns wales Logan
Gaye TAM... clesi0:0 Gacnad NOOR cistetelenes Sedalia
RUE NT UEN ELE cpalciicicianle store © :sie'n)s o'siciciere Neosho
SAR Note Ms BM Ms arcjareinjavasete sierarei aisles sie aeie'eiass Corder
Same ace UAE CH a. es wisi stefetareicis cielo sree Savannah
SUSUR ECE) MMII AUTTC OS Men be heat sects wis stories ace Warrensburg
Chak nO OZlastmetescies aie soe Warrensburg
Dee Atads OLTE Scceae cheat aqemetnes ced Mt. Vernon
OMMMOSHORNEG Wie es reciciscis cjatosiouies sss Sarcoxie
Austen (OWNS Su Gadoducoesnosoeds Warrensburg
Wire ete OLEO. Humansville
Roy Watholl, cay adasnt os ascceriemecee eens Nichols
Lol Keele \ilbenuicperacossassoconD06 Louisiana
SSeDPawillliam Sonar cere aaeevericisete Mt. Vernon
Pein WVEDET Won SONS peers -lajerclessicisls elaiele Nursery
AYP) Whittemore: .. «5... Webster Groves
Vis) 1G ANANSI Us nosconosoeogsneoss Warrensburg
Doe BIBWagnelssacevenceerce-se reece Sarcoxie
Wine lla Wes SpedoogdnnadpobeesaDo6 Springfield
INANE Ojar SVAN Maareoanonootes soodot) Sarcoxie
Hraniebh wai Od beroesecere scence Sarcoxie
GER WAG A iiijaciacis craprseiotee arate Sarcoxie
Wang Lele Auer asecdsagccganeossanance Sarcoxie
Chass . Wilson: 0 S22 stecetcscisieeiciet iors Sarcoxie
Sie An Walters:s..scainsmnrisene hele reee Nadine
TN ET PWS ON si oosois:csiviorsicresecraee Seen Hannibal
Rey: (Bs oJ. Wolfen ceedeeeeeene Versailles
Dees WWilliantsones. wees scarce Maitland
J Wiea i WIDLtC: dacs cence cosines ealcsonee eee
..--Central High School, Kansas City
186), dita a \Wenailehn. 6) sacdooossccoudscr Princeton
Hawin Waltersie. wecasaccsceecr Kansas City
INS UR: RW DIO tec. ceeoyseciseiisnic actos Napton
OF Widmann... eee e- 5105 Morgan, St. Louis
Vion sega: WOO flo nrroetcielersrsieieole etaeierereneine Shelbina
Wes \Wallheingony Ssscaodasp oc Independence
(INGE | VOR? 5 “codcocanosecusboddesc St. Joseph
Wis NONE = spdcocdsocesc Boowaddos Fayetteville
Afas late Vee MOEN Se sass qooncoons Springfield
S. R. Young....Mo. Pacific Bldg., St. Louis
(Oh MES YASUO GonoonenbseocoGobcoKes Zeitonia
Mitte ible YAhal nea game udonadaoDdsdondonkdes Nichols
ING YM fae CATT MENG apqoconcocsc Amazonia
ESOUISPeZOLIMO I ye. Geretereieieisis cteicisioicieteleetetotetets Granby
State Horticultural Society. 11
FOREIGN MEMBERS.
Anderson Tully Co..........Memphis, Tenn.
Bret Go) Benedicts.c | del Br ted fem aa eg te
eae plow) sc) 5 5 B 5 |B Bales 3 | Sound Rotten |Percentage
a SS essa eo igor | Salle acihes, al eal vet ee facntite fruit. of sound
ol] 1°) lr}/S]&} 4] w] » | Bushels. | Bushels. fruit.
: | SELES liao er |e RS tes
i holier Be TR DORE Sd ane (ie eee ees a ras Nees cee 18.50 30.25 37.9
Dieter Teteiote eer ctensteretaieloieloveiers ob || TBs sit | (Gees all Seal eee Been amos 47.50 22.50 67.8
4 AGO OOEO DO SOADOSSOADL ¥ x ' - = 2 a abalone 56.00 2.00 96.5
AP ccctahe la joioteieyelejelsieletolase,sfnis orl pratt || eee | cal | eee a| Pua acy | REN aa 54.00 1.75 96.8
Ey taetete ore = tarciartals wieleioietclers weal) Secale hese al aa ee Ut cl | ee 32.75 1.15 96.6
OUsmene deen renionter Fo lleeeeemee| ae els ae tL eels eae |e 68 .50 70 98.9
DA eee ciseelanek cleteh rns cee fe ue WN tel te re eee lh ell cela 00 10.00 2.00.00
User creo. Sravaletacere Sica etets ss imadio| Kissge| Vee | Secon I sta basta laa Keele sil ea 56.50 14.00 80.1
Sea eate ninco sieieet a < of ronald Be) ee ‘2 = 7.00 6.50 51.8
13GB Aek sApaceotuannAtaee| Pe Scholl aastal lecton mecha etal tae cea ees t 00 17.00 200.0
IKE Eee aocciteee tere Boeeleooal oS cE Bl alia net) 5 Wl 59.00 6.50 90.0
Ul) ope SCAG nun Bonodobaae rites 3 : * os nt 42,25 6.50 86.6
lV Ua coesepBnogcnoncect teats Saal eae Pee nea ec by, i 28 .50 24,75 53.5
(OBES aoa daeneooD Aaa ph Sel Sea Sp 4 Vtellecurel ie SP UW Maral| 2.2.25 S55: 75 00
W. W. Williams, legal opinion..... 50 00
Warranted Gas 38 7.7.8. ao wate ae $139 95
otal dishursements: fetes lt oiiwhib us. abe tie BN fo he $1,880 40
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINANCE.
December 6, 1906.
We, your Committee on Finance, would report that we have
examined the report of the Treasurer of the Missouri State Horti-
cultural Society, and all bills and vouchers accompanying the same,
and find them to be correct.
T. C. WILSON,
J. P. SINNOCK,
L. R. KATHERMAN.
_ The expense account since December 6, has been approved by
the Executive Committee.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Dr. Whitten nominated Mr. C. H. Dutcher for President.
There were several approvals, and, there being no other nomina-
tions, Mr. Bell made the motion, and it was seconded, that the
rules be suspended and the Secretary authorized to cast the ballot
278 State Horticultural Society,
for Mr. Dutcher for President. The ballot was read and the
President declared elected.
Mr. Kingsbury nominated Mr. T. H. Todd for First Vice-
President. Mr. Tippin moved that the rules be suspended and the
Secretary instructed to cast the vote for Mr. Todd, who was there-
upon declared elected to the office of First Vice-President.
Mr. W. D. Maxwell was nominated by Mr. Flournoy for the
office of Second Vice-President. There being no further nomina-
tions, Mr. Nelson made the motion that the rules be suspended and
the Secretary cast the ballot for Mr. Maxwell. This done, the
President declared Mr. Maxwell elected Second Vice-President.
In a speech declaring himself unwilling to accept further term
of the office of Secretary, Mr. Goodman nominated Mr. G. T. Tip-
pin for this position. Mr. L. C. Wilson, on behalf of Northwest
Missouri, nominated J. M. Irvine for Secretary. Ballot was taken
on the two names, resulting in the count of 43 for Mr. Tippin, 10
for Mr. Irvine. The President, therefore, declared Mr. Tippin
elected to the office of Secretary.
Mr. Gano nominated Mr. A. T. Nelson for re-election as
Treasurer. No other names were presented, and Prof. Irish
moved that the rules be suspended and the Secretary authorized
to cast the vote for Mr. Nelson. The motion was carried and Mr.
Nelson declared elected.
The officers elected to take their places the first of June, 1907,
are President, C. H. Dutcher, Warrensburg; First Vice-President,
T. H. Todd, New Franklin; Second Vice-President, W. D. Maxwell,
St. Joseph; Secretary, G. T. Tippin, Nichols; Treasurer, A. T.
Nelson, Lebanon.
Mr. Tippin, in a short speech, stated that he was unable to ex-
press his thanks for the compliment and honor conferred upon
him by electing him to the office of Secretary of the Society. He
felt that he was not able to measure up to the stature of his prede-
cessor, but that if, after a quarter of a century’s service, it seemed
opportune for the mantle to fall from those shoulders onto his own,
he deemed it an honor, and assured his fellow members that fail-
ure in the work would be because of inability, and not because of
remissness in striving. If the unanimity of spirit and fairness of
co-operation continued as heretofore, he believed that the new offi-
cers would succeed in carrying on the work of the Society in its
full usefulness and honor.
Winter Meeting. ~ 279
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CONSTITUTION.
The report of the Committee was read by Mr. H. B. McAfee,
Chairman, with suggested changes and additions.
Mr. Campbell made the motion, which was seconded and car-
ried, that the Constitution be adopted seriatim.
On the suggestion of Mr. Bell, the word “one,” before year in
Section 2, was accepted.
On motion of Mr. Irvine, the following amendment to Section
3 was adopted: That, “The Secretary shall compile this voting
list from the names on his books at the adjournment of the annual
meeting, and this list shall be furnished to any member of the So-
ciety, upon application, and shall be published in the annual re-
port of the Society.
Mr. L. C. Wilson moved that the office of Secretary be limited
to four years. After discussion, the motion was put to vote and
lost.
On motion of Mr. T. C. Wilson, the Constitution, as read and
amended, was adopted.
Motion was made by Mr. Irvine to abolish the position of As-
sistant Secretary. The substitute by Mr. T. C. Wilson, to leave the
matter in the hands of the Executive Committee, was carried by a
vote of 44 to 5.
The Constitution, as revised and adopted, appears on page 19
of this volume.
THURSDAY, 2 P. M.
Call to order.
The Dietetic Value of Fruit—Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Depart-
ment of Horticulture, State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Nutrition of Plants from the Standpoint of the Orchardist—
Dr. B. M. Duggar, Department of Botany, Columbia, Mo.
Committee on Resolutions.
The Peach—k. B. Wilkerson, Mexico, Mo.
Strawberries, How to Grow—H. W. Jenkins, Boonville, Mo.
The Cherry in North Missouri—J. E. May, LaPlata.
280 State Horticultural Society,
The Cherry in South Missouri—Ear] B. Hopkins, Springfield,
Mo.
Hardiness—W. L. Howard, Assistant Horticulturist, Colum-
bia, Mo.
Pear Culture—W. D. Craig, Galena, Mo.
THE DIETIC VALUE OF FRUIT.
(By Prof. W. R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture, State University Columbus, Ohio.)
In opening his address Prof. Lazenbury remarked his con-
gratulations to the Missouri horticulturists on the prospects, which
were never so good as now, for obtaining what we desire in our
work. He advised the encouragement of home fruit growing, ob-
serving that Missouri is not so well supplied in this line as is Ohio.
Every one should be surrounded and embowered with fruit trees
and bushes. I am extremely pleased to come to this Society meet-
ing and to meet the members. I would like to see more young men
attending. I hope the older ones will continue to come, but hope
te see more of the younger men starting in. I covet for you
abundant life, not in material things, although I like to see every
one have comfort, but abundance in health, energy and service.
In order to support life and growth, and to maintain the
strength and efficiency of the human body, some things are abso-
lutely necessary. Among these, named perhaps in order of im-
portance, are pure air; wholesome, nutritious food; prompt and
regular removal of the excreta; unbroken sleep, and some form of
muscular exercise.
No one can long enjoy a full measure of health and strength
without due regard to each and every one of these.
Pure air is placed first, for if this is lacking, however great
the attention to the others, health is soon undermined.
Ordinarily we supply the body with food in three daily meals, ~
with intervals ranging from four to twelve hours, and this fully
meets the demands of the stomach. The demands of the lungs are
more imperious. They require, at least, 20,000 meals a day, with
intervals of only a few seconds. But if pure air is absolutely es-
sential to good health, food is no less so. Food is necessary to
form the material of the body and repair its wastes; it is also nec-
essary to keep up the proper temperature and furnish the mus-
cular and other power that the body exerts. In other words, it
serves not alone for building and repair, but for fuel as well.
Winter Meeting. 281
Science teaches us that the energy of the sun, which lights and
heats this restless planet we inhabit, is stored in wood and coal,
petroleum and gas, and is constantly being transformed into the
heat of the furnace, the light of the lamp, the power of the steam
engine, or into electricity, and then into light, or heat, or mechani-
cal power again. The same energy from the sun is stored in the
protein, the fats, the carbo-hydrates of the various foods we use,
and the physiologists and chemists are today telling us how they
are transmitted into the heat that warms our bodies, and into
the power exerted by muscle, nerve and brain.
If the propositions just stated are correct, food may be defined
as anything which, taken into the body, aids in the building of
tissues, or in the production of energy.
From this it logically follows that the most healthful foods
are those that are best fitted to the wants of the user, and that the
best foods are those that are most healthful and most economical.
There is much talk about the relation of diet to health that is
equally foolish and hurtful. Foolish, because it subserves no good
purpose, and hurtful because it tends to fortify the pernicious idea
that our bodies are in such wretched condition as to need con-
stant tinkering, and that some sort of self-medication is a positive
duty. In the place of this widespread delusion, there should be
an inbuilt conviction that there are various products known as
foods, in the choice of which, and in the quantity used, each one
has daily opportunity to exercise the virtues of common sense and
moderation.
One of the most pitiable errors with respect to certain food
products is that which somehow compounds them with medicine.
For example, when one eats freely of fruits he does not feel jus-
tified in simply saying he does so because he finds them agreeable;
he likes and enjoys them, but is constrained to look wise, and
solemnly observe that “Fruits are very healthy.” Some even go
so far as to have for each bodily ailment a different variety of
fruit. Let us banish the idea of making a drug store of our fruit
gardens and orchards, and cease looking upon the family fruit
dish as a sort of homeopathic pill box.
Foods are not medicines. A medicine is something which is
taken into the body to produce a certain specific and unusual ef-
fect, the object being to counteract some injurious tendency or cor-
rect some abnormal condition. If taken when not needed, its ef-
fect is likely to be directly injurious.
The normally healthy body demands what is wholesome, not
282 State Horticultural Society,
what is medicinal. Anything that has real medicinal value is al-
most certain to be unwholesome as a general article of diet. We
seldom or never acquire an abnormal taste or craving for what is
wholesome, but an almost uncontrollable appetite may be developed
for what, if properly used, may be considered medicinal.
“Blessed are they that hunger and thirst,” can be as truly
said of our bodily wants as of our spiritual necessities. “Blessed,”
because hunger and thirst are indicative of health, and when in
health the plainest food tastes good, and with it we can be “filled.”
Nothing gives more genuine pleasure than wholesome food and
good water to a hungry and thirsty man.
Concerning the many kinds and classes of wholesome foods,
few should rank higher in importance and value than the common
fruits of our orchards and gardens. In satisfying our natural
appetite for fruit, fruit that is well matured, juicy and fine-flavored,
we probably reach the highest form of palate gratification with the
least possible digestive effort.
Our ordinary fruits contain eight distinct substances or com-
pounds in greater or less proportions. These are:
1. A large proportion of water, the usual amount ranging
from 85 to 90 per cent. of the total weight of fresh, well-matured
fruit.
2. Sugar, in the form of grape and fruit sugar. The percent-
age is quite variable, ranging from about 1.5 per cent. in apricots
and peaches to about 12 per cent. in some varieties of grapes and
cherries. An average well-grown, fully matured apple contains
about 8 per cent. of sugar.
3. Free organic acids, varying somewhat according to the
class of fruit, and usually of several kinds in each class, but alto-
gether forming usually something less than one per cent. The pre-
dominating acid in the apple and pear is malic; in the grape, tar-
taric, and in the orange and lemon, citric.
4. Fats, oils and ethers, abundant in some mature fruits,
like the olive, occurring in small quantities in others, and in some
almost wholly wanting.
5. Protein or nitrogenous compounds, forming a very small
proportion of most fruits, often not more than .2 of one per cent.
6. Pectose, a substance which gives firmness to fruit, and
which, upon boiling, yields various fruit jellies. It often forms
from 2 to 3 or more per cent. of the weight.
7. Cellulose and starch, the former often called vegetable
fibre, is the material that forms the cell wells, and is found in all
Winter Meeting. 283
parts of all plants. It is less abundant in fine fruits than in any
other part of plants. Starch, which is found so largely in the
cereals, and in certain garden vegetables, is almost wholly absent
in ripe fruit, being converted into sugar during the process of
ripening.
8. A very small percentage of ash or mineral salts.
The substances named above are all essential constituents of a
perfect or well-rounded diet (cellulose excepted).
The proportions of the more important nutrients, however, are
so small that much of our fruit has little direct nutritive value.
Suppose we take the three principal groupes, viz.: carbohydrates,
proteids and fats, which together may justly be called the grand
tripod of nutritive substances, and see what some of our represen-
tative fruits will furnish.
The Horticultural Department of the State University has
made quite a number of analyses of the strawberry, and of the
substances just named the average results are as follows: Carbo-
hydrates, 8.0 per cent; proteids, .3 per cent; fats. a mere trace,
practically nothing.
It has been estimated by students of dietaries that the mini-
mnm daily ration of nutrients for a man of average weight per-
forming an ordinary day’s work is: Carbohydrates, 500 grams,
or 17.8 ounces; proteids, 118 grams, or 4.2 ounces; fats, 56 grams,
or 2.0 ounces.
Taking the analysis of the strawberry, a simple calculation will
show that a person would have to consume 200 ounces, or 13
pounds, of this fruit daily, in order to obtain the requisite amount
of carbohydrates from this source. In order to secure the neces-
sary proteids from the same source, a daily consumption of 1,400
ounces, or 88 pounds, would be required. This would be a task
that even those who have the most ardent taste and liking for this
fruit could scarcely be prevailed upon to attempt. Even though
he should eat the amount named, he would still be deficient in ap-
proximately all the required fats.
Take another illustration: The nutrients contained in the
apple, according to analysis that we have made, are as follows:
Carbohydrates (including cellulose), 10 per cent; proteids, 2.5 per
cent; fats, .2 per cent.
Applying the same calculation as before, we find that one will
have to eat 178 ounces, or a little more than 11 pounds of apples a
aay, for the requisite carbohydrates; he would be obliged to eat
168 ounces, or 1014 pounds, for the necessary proteids, and for the
fats it would require 1,000 ounces, or 6214, pounds daily.
284 State Horticultural Society,
This demonstrates that, however valuable strawberries and
apples may be as a part of an everyday diet, they can scarcely be
considered as nutrients. In other words, their actual nutrient
value is exceedingly low.
In order to support life and maintain strength, strawberries
and apples. like most other fruits, must be eaten in connection with
more concentrated foods.
Wherein, then, does the dietetic value of fruit consist? Let us
briefly consider: The qualities which render fruits and some of
the more delicate garden vegetables wholesome, and cause us to
have a natural appetite for, and hence to enjoy them, are their acid
juiciness and flavor. The juice is largely water, but it contains
the sugar and acid of the fruit, and if these are present in large
quantities, and in the right proportion, it is agreeable and refresh-
ing. Most of our food products are valued on the basis of the dry
matter they contain. Not so with fruit.
Pure milk is 87 per cent. water, and may be further diluted by
breed, feed and greed, and its value as food diminished thereby.
Many of our fruits contain as much water as average milk, but, as
a rule, it is the best fruit that contains the most water. I have
frequently tested the amount of water in the “nubbin” strawber-
ries, “cull” peaches and “runty” apples, and have often found less
than 80 per cent.
In the finest specimens of each of these fruits, not overgrown,
but perfect samples, that would sell for the very highest prices,
I have usually found over 90 per cent. of water. A heaped bushel
of fine large peaches, that contained 100 specimens, showed, when
tested, 92 per cent. of water, leaving only 8 per cent. of solids.
This bushel of peaches sold readily at $5.00. A heaped bushel of
small peaches of the same variety, this bushel containing 400 speci-
mens, showed 84 per cent. of water and 16 per cent. of dry matter.
These were sold with difficulty at 70 cents for the bushel. This
shows that the acid juiciness is the main factor in the value of
fruit. Flavor is due, in part, to the organic acids already men-
tioned, but more largely to certain volatile oils and aromatic ethers.
It is to these oils and ethers that those delicate characteristic
flavors of different varieties of fruit are chiefly due.
Chemistry and physiology have taught us that where these
“fruity” acids, oils, and ethers are taken into the body, they under-
go oxidation, which process tends to lower the temperature of the
blood, or, at least, to modify our temperature sensations, and thus
correct or allay any slight feverishness that may exist. They also
Winter Meeting. 285
tend to keep the organs of secretion, the liver, kidneys, etc., as well,
as the whole digestive track, in a healthy condition. The free acids
of fruits, especially citric and malic, are highly antiseptic bodies,
and tend to prevent disease germs from finding a lodgment and de-
veloping in the body.
In our climate, subject as we often are to rapid changes and ex-
tremes of temperature, the physical system is naturally more or less
debilitated. In this condition we are predisposed to malaria and
other troubles. Fruits and acid vegetables are known to be good
correctives for this debilitated condition. We should remember that,
as a rule, the full beneficial effects of fruit are only to be found in
those that are well grown and mature. Green or unripe fruits may
have an abundant supply of acids, but such fruits are usually in-
jurious when eaten, on account of their indigestibility.
This is due partly to the fact that the starch is not yet con-
verted into sugar, and partly to the coarse and hard condition of
the cellulose. When fruits are perfectly developed and properly
matured, practically all the starch is converted into sugar, and the
cellulose is soft and fine. We know that unripe fruit is not
wholesome. It digests slowly, often ferments in the stomach, and
is the cause of painful disorders. If it is unwise to take into our
stomachs unripe fruit, it is equally unwise to eat that which is over-
ripe. The best results from the dietetic use of fruits come from eat-
ing those that are fresh, healthy and well matured, and using them
regularly, making them form some part of every meal.
Fine fruits are the flowers of edible commodities. They
please the eye, gratify the taste, and minister to our health.
If we appreciate them at their worth, we would grow them
more generally, use them more freely and see that our country is
better supplied with this wholesome, palatable class of food pro-
ducts.
In discussion following this paper Mr. Collingwood said that
the people of the east were great fruit eaters. They are going to
eat apples if they can get them. That this fruit is good for man to
eat, there is no question. You will even notice that prize fighters
include apples in their bill of fare. I belong to a club which
promises to try and live one hundred years. In consulting the best
advice as to the means to accomplish this, they advise the use of
apples. So part of our creed is to eat three baked apples a day.
You are never able to find heavy drinkers among the hearty eaters
of apples. If the people right in this town would eat apples like
286 State Horticultural Society,
our people do, you would make a trade for fifty barrels of apples a
day right here in Boonville.
THE NUTRITION OF PLANTS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
THE ORCHARDIST.
(By B. M. Duggar, Professor Botany, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.)
When this title was suggested to the Secretary of your Society,
I was unaware that an extensive paper upon orchard feeding had
been presented by the Dean of the Agricultural College at a meeting
of your Society last year. However, the subject of plant nutrition,
or the feeding of plants, is one which might well receive annual
attention at your meetings. It is fundamentally important to
every grower of plants.
The subject is one which may be approached from many dif-
ferent directions, and for that reason a number of papers might be
simultaneously devoted to the discussion of this matter without
covering the same ground to any marked extent.
I wish to deal with the general matter of the nutrition of or-
chard plants from three general points of view: First, I will
neglect to be practical, and after an enumeration of the soil nutri-
ents, I wish to emphasize the general physiological importance of
these soil nutrients, and to call particular attention to some special
functions of these in the plant organism; secondly, the amounts
of the various nutrients which are annually removed from the soil
may be considered, with reference to the amounts which may be
furnished by ordinary soils, as well as to that which should be sup-
plied from year to year; thirdly, we may well devote some time
to the important matter of the general sources of the important
nutrients, together with the relation of the amounts of these plant
foods, one to another, in the soil, as affecting their use by the
plant.
The nutrients—Your attention has, I know, been called time
and again to this fact: Plants require more food elements than
are ordinarily supplied in the form of complete chemical fertilizers ;
but if these necessary elements of plant nutrition not contained in
chemical fertilizers are present in all soils to a considerable ex-
tent, and are used by the plants in only small quantities, they
might be left out of a purely economic consideration, unless they
should become important by virtue of their relations to some other
elements in the soil. The most important soil nutrients are com-
pounds of nitrogen, of phosphoric acid and of potash; but these
are not all, for lime and magnesia are indispensable, likewise iron
Winter M eeting. 287
and some sulphate. The last two—iron and some sulphate—are
never added to the soil, unless this be incidental to secure some
other nutrient, for they are already present in sufficient quantity.
When the physiologist grows a bottle-fed plant in’a waver culture
in the laboratory, then these substances must be supplied.
In recent years we have had to admit that it is becoming
more and more important to give annual attention to two other
compounds—to lime and magnesia—or to the relation of lime to
magnesia.
From the solutions of the soil there are obtained, therefore,
nutrient salts or substances containing seven elements, nitrogen
(nitrates), phosphorous (phosphate), potassium (potash com-
pounds), calcium (lime compounds), magnesium (magnesia com-
pounds), sulphur (sulphates), and iron.
All these things are then necessary and all enter into the com-
position of every living cell. If any one of these fails, the plant
shows immediately an indication of lack of vigor, and must event-
ually die. If any one of these is not present in sufficient quan-
tity, the total amount of the orchard crop will be proportionately
reduced, or will fail entirely. If any one of the first four is pres-
ent only in relatively small quantity, and the others in an unusually
large quantity, an unfortunate condition prevails, which may re-
act upon orchard products. This will be considered in detail later.
Some special functions of the nutrients—The absence of phos-
phoric acid in the orchard is felt in the general appearance of the
trees, most particularly, perhaps, in those which are bearing fruit,
or under conditions favorable for growth. You may notice the ab-
sence of phosphoric acid, as the consequent inability to produce
fruit, as quickly in the cultivated orchard as in the uncultivated
orchard. Special evidence of this lack of food is noticed particu-
larly in the leaves, which are then sure to have a sickly, yellow
color. Of course, a yellow color may be produced by fungous dis-
eases and other general causes also, but the lack of phosphoric
acid is the chief cause. Phosphorus is a great balance wheel
among nutients; especially does it regulate the amount of nitrogen
which may be economically used.
Potash has some very important special functions to perform
in the growth of plants besides that of being a direct and import-
ant food. It is with much force claimed that a tree grown upon
a soil rich in potash will suffer less from drouths, on account of
the greater ability of the potash-fed tree to take water from a soil
holding little water. That is a claim; it should be thoroughly
288 State Horticultural Society,
tested. It is claimed, again, that the potash-fed tree is more likely
to survive the severe cold of an unusual winter. In other words,
the potash-fed tree is able to hold its water. Since the injury done
by cold is entirely due to the loss of water, we may easily believe
this hypothesis. Again, it may be of assistance in carrying a tree
through a severe winter by virtue of the fact that a potash-fed
tree is surer to ripen up its wood. We are unfortunately not in
a position to present sufficient experimental evidence bearing upon
these matters, the importance of which cannot be over-estimated ;
but I am glad to say that some experiments along some of these
lines of work are now being conducted by Mr. Chandler of the
Horticultural Department of your Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion.
It may be said, also, that a tree will grow and bear well where
the potash content of the soil is not as great as it should be, and
yet the fruit will fail to be of the first quality, owing to the lack
of color and inability to mellow up as it should. It is claimed,
therefore, that here, too, there is a special influence of the potash.
Certainly the richer potash soils of Missouri and Arkansas leave
little to be desired in the way of color in the apple.
Nitrogen is an element which requires considerable attention
in its general relations. It must be present in such quantity that
there may be sufficient growth, yet one dares not increase the con-
tent in the soil considerably without the strictest caution, on ac-
count of the fact that, in conjunction with an abundance of the
other elements, there will result a so-called weedy growth of the
trees, which is, as you know, in no way conducive to the highest
fruit production. In the presence of an excess of nitrogen, even
if fruit should be produced, it will lack color and quality.
' The special value of lime is almost too well known to need
further reference. When in midsummer the leaves of a fruit tree
are deep green, firm and of heavy texture, it is an indication that
lime is unquestionably present in sufficient quantity. Abundant
lime supply is then especially associated with maximum foliage
activity, and its absence or lack is felt very much, as in the case
of phosphoric acid. The special relation of lime to other sub-
stances in the soil will be referred to later.
Magnesium is an element usually required in less quantity
than any of those just considered. It is frequently present in the
soil in sufficient quantity, and too often in excess in the soils with
which we are familiar; therefore, it should be properly discussed
under its relation to other nutrients.
} Winter Meeting. 289
We may now proceed directly to an examination of the
amounts of these different nutrients in the plant, or more properly,
to the amounts which may be annually removed by the orchard pro-
ducts which are sent away from the farm. In this discussion we
will be limited to potash, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and lime, with
some data on magnesia.
QUANTITIES OF SOIL INGREDIENTS WITHDRAWN BY VARIOUS FRUITS.
(Table prepared by Prof. E. J. Wickson, California Fruits, 1900, p. 157. Compiled from
Analyses by Mr. G. E. Oolby, University of Oalifornia),
Bene techy aDonadgg | Payal aati) Mlenagons’ | uompharte|| Potash | anes
GP ATIIMON Ss orecrjere eases else c/eiscis << 17.29 7.01 2.04 9.95 1.04
YAU Td COUS sercersisveisieierisiasicrs sissies (> 5.08 1.94 66 3.01 16
PAS DOS verace crotareserercraretetoreioe oterehite tars 2.64 1.05 .33 1.40 sll
ESEVTVENINEUS cattiare ctars/ ea mrck beech 16.4 | 7.0 32.8 SES 4.4
/
LUSTIG RAR ane e ee T:Ni 050) (A an ie 30.3 4.8 | 9.5 | 49.7 16.3
RIS ys Aad pat iad oats obs EXEC) b be AN ee a, aera 50.4 8.0 32.8 94.6 28.5
i) ee Ra A Sees Re PORE Mise ree cee 18.5 3.0 10.7 | 80.7 7.2
> Wi einai ne en Aa e ae PTO $2522 x88 be i eee 13.2 | 2.9 17.6 26.8 8.5
Brea ee ee itt At yaikicerssstess..28). sh: 90.4 | 4.1 9.8 46.1 11.0
FS OAC ee ae SPE DN RSV did OR OAD ROBE oe 26.6 4.6 16.1 49.6 14.3
INEMANVIOOM Acasa. cisnan oe VN) oh 0) (sla ea eee ee te Ae ee 1 0.4 0.6 3.0 0.6
AGS ALE BAS 6 iS toe CHOW TELE PERS Ee 6.6 1.6 3.4 17.4 2.6
BABS Sones iigace «tk 1 e071) docs AOR aeRO SOC: rete | 0.8 2.0 5.4 il
Yh? Daa eee PLU ya aes eh 3.0 1.0 18/74) 1020 1.5
VETTES RS Quined.tee. it, .4-0).soe 3.1 CY Nr We 1.9
|
2D nce ei cig CR ne mbar LER. CLA POMS is cree ctare 8.2 1.0 Dal 10.4 15
The total amount of the plant food removed by the fruit is, in-
deed, less than that removed by a crop of wheat, of hay, etc.; nev-
ertheless, the orchard frequently does double duty, in part, at
least ; and it is safe to say that it is as sensitive to an available plant
food supply as any other crop.
The above facts impress us with the importance of a “bal-
anced ration” for plants, orchard or other plants. Soils do not
ordinarily furnish plant food in “balanced” proportion. They may
be deficient in one or another element; the physical condition may
be poor, or an element may be in unavailable form; and, finally,
an excess of certain elements over others may re-act injuriously.
292 State Horticultural Society,
Sources and relations of important nutrients—It has been
abundantly demonstrated that the matter of supplying sufficient
nitrogen to the soil, or of maintaining the nitrogen supply, is not
a very serious problem in modern agriculture. For those so sit-
uated that they can afford it, stable manure is a good source of
nitrogen, as well as a general fertilizer; but nitrogen can also be
cheaply supplied to an orchard soil by means of leguminous crops,
and at least the occasional growing of leguminous crops in the or-
chard should be made a permanent factor of orchard culture. We
cannot exhaust the supply of atmospheric nitrogen, and it is chiefly
this atmospheric nitrogen that leguminous plants appropriate.
In order to supply a nitrogen need, the peculiarities of soil and
other conditions must be considered before determining upon a
leguminous crop to be used. In the selection of the leguminous
crop, one should consider the matter of soil acidity. It is a matter
of common knowledge that neither alfalfa nor crimson clover suc-
ceed well upon acid soils, probably owing most particularly to the
fact that the nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not accommodated to such
acid conditions. Such experiments as have been made in the far
east, however, seem to demonstrate that cowpeas may thrive in
an acid soil; therefore, if the matter of liming is one which is tem-
porarily attended by difficulty, the growing of cowpeas in a slightly
acid orchard would be desirable from the standpoint of the amount
of growth of the leguminous plant which might be attained. The
problem of nitrogen storage in soils or improvement of soils is,
however, essentially bound up in that of liming for the correction
of great acidity, since, if a leguminous crop is plowed under as
green manure, there should be present sufficient lime to assist in
its proper decomposition. Furthermore, if leguminous crops un-
common in the region are attempted, the matter of soil inoculation
must not be neglected.
The effects of lime upon plants are somewhat more complex
than those of the other elements mentioned, for while lime may
act directly as a plant food or nutrient, it may act indirectly in
a variety of ways, such as the following:
Ist. It has an ameliorating action upon magnesia when the
latter is in excess in the soil. In a large number of the soils of
Missouri it is doubtless true that the lime has in great measure
leached out and magnesia has been left in excess. It has been
shown that an excess of magnesia may be extremely injurious to
many crops. The work of Doctor Loew, formerly of the United
States Department of Agriculture, brought out very clearly the
\WIGtHXeW ALOLILSNI SYUHWUVa
\i/
THOM 3H
Winter Meeting. 293
fact that there should be a definite ratio existing for different
crops between the amount of lime and magnesia. While his work
was largely laboratory work, and doubtless needs to be modified
in many particulars with reference to work in the field or or-
chard, still the fundamental fact remains that most plants require
more available lime in the soil than magnesia, and the ratio is
usually directly dependent upon leaf surface. Unfortunately, less
work has been done upon orchard plants than upon herbaceous
ones, so that there is yet much opportunity for valuable work along
this line. (Note that buckwheat has a ratio of 3 of lime to 1 of
magnesia, while oats has a ratio of 1 to 1. Does this explain the
poor yield of buckwheat in Missouri soils?)
2nd. The application of lime for the correction of acidity is
now quite generally practiced. It was not, however, until quite
recently that the agricultural experiment stations and prominent
orchardists in the different states have awakened to a full knowl-
edge of the need of lime by agricultural soils. In Rhode Island, in
Alabama, in Missouri and in various other states it has been
shown that many types of soil require lime, and the matter of a
cheap and effective lime for agricultural purposes is one which
well deserves the attention of every horticultural and agricultural
organization. It is true, however, as previously indicated, that
apple soils need not, from some points of view, be quite so rich in
this substance as others. Many plants, however, particularly bush
fruits, and, so far as the results go, Japanese plums, and grapes,
quite generally show improvement upon the addition of lime. From
the work thus far published, however, with reference to acidity, I
cannot draw the conclusion that many trees are injured by a slight
degree of acidity, provided that the soils are otherwise in fair con-
dition. They may, however, be greatly affected in an indirect
manner, as when the availability of potash becomes important.
3rd. It is further well known in agricultural procedure, as
hinted above, that where potash is held in insoluble connection
with alumina and other soil substances, a dressing of lime may
serve to render available some of this potash. The same may be
effected to a certain extent, apparently, by the application of sod-
ium salts, so that while sodium, such as one would obtain in Chilian
saltpeter, is not directly a plant food, it may be of benefit when
the available potash is present in less than normal quantity.
4th. An application of lime favors the decomposition of or-
ganic matter and the action of the nitrifying organisms.
5th. In addition to all the above, there is the well known
294 State Horticultural Society,
physical effect of lime upon heavy soils. Light, peaty soils may be
_injured from a physical standpoint, but heavy soils will never suf-
fer in this regard.
The amount of lime required on different soils will vary very
greatly from one to several tons per acre. Hilgard considers that a
normal sandy soil should contain one-tenth per cent. available lime,
whereas a clay soil three-tenths per cent. Others, however, regard
heavy applications essential.
The soil survey work of recent years, so far as it has gone in
neighboring states, or has been officially reported upon in this
State, tends to strengthen the general and growing conviction that
there is a very fair supply of potash in most of our agricultural
soils. This potash may not always be present in available form,
and it may be required by some crops in such considerable quan-
tities that applications are desirable even when the soil is fairly
rich in this substance. Nevertheless, the fact remains that con-
siderable potash is present, and that the supply is often almost in-
exhaustible when sufficiently deep cultivation is given, when proper
drainage and the matter of soil acidity are duly appreciated, and
when a proper return of organic matter to the soil is constantly
made.
If, however, we take up seriously the phosphorous problem, we
are brought face to face with a threatening danger. It may be a
little early to speak definitely of general conditions in Missouri,
since the soil survey work is yet incomplete, but two things are
quite certain: (1) The soils of all this general section of the
country are deficient, or are likely to be deficient, in phosphorus;
(2) there are present no other important general sources of phos-
phorus than phosphatic rock and bone-meal products, which cost
much, and which will cost more, since the supplies of these are
growing less, and few finds of rich phosphatic rock are being
made. In 1905, Mr. Hopkins of the Illinois Experiment Station
made the statement that “there is no method known or suggested
by which the ordinary soil of the lower Illinois glaciation can be
made sufficiently rich in phosphorus to produce the most profitable
crops without buying phosphorus in some form and applying it to
the land.” This is true of many other soils.
_ In a very summary way it may then be stated that (1) nitro-
gen, a very essential element, can be had cheaply in all orchards
by means of leguminous crops; (2) the addition of lime is quite
generally recommended for this section of country, and while the
supply of lime is unlimited, a cheap source of agricultural lime is
Winter Meeting. 295
of great importance; (3) potash may be quite generally present
in considerable quantity, but methods of conserving this and of
rendering it available should be constantly borne in mind; (4) the
soils in this section of the country (generally) may be deficient
in phosphorus, and the greatest care should be taken to conserve
this element and to look after a future supply; (5) magnesia seems
to be usually present to a sufficient extent in the soils of this region,
but, where lime is in excess, the application of magnesia for agri-
cultural purposes should be considered worthy of attention.
DICUSSION ON PLANT FOODS.
Secretary Goodman—What is the value of unslacked lime? We
can get car loads for the loading of it.
Prof. Duggar—It has much value, but not as much as fresh
lime. If used to excess, it might do some injury. Two tons is the
amount generally used in the black soils of the south. In Missouri
we have not yet determined just how much is the best to use. The
air slacked is valuable, but not immediately, and therefore, should
be applied some time before you expect results.
Secretary Goodman—What is the value per ton?
Prof. Duggar—I am not prepared to answer that definitely.
Secretary Goodman—We have used ten to fifteen cars. We
drive through the orchard and throw it out by the shovelful in the
tops of the trees—one big scoopful in each tree.
Question—How can we get phosphoric acid the cheapest?
Prof. Duggar—From phosphoric rock.
C. C. Bell—I want to ask a question which is indirectly con-
cerned in this discussion. How shall we protect trees from the
ravages of mice? They have done much damage in my orchard
(shows specimen). This tree was two years old when the meet-
ing was at Farmington. Mr. Von Schrenk said then I had better
pull and burn my trees. Had two thousand of them, and over half
are still here. Those which died didn’t die from this disease, which
he called root gall. I want to enter a protest against making state-
ments which they are not sure of. Now these trees, I cut the root
gall off of them and planted them, and the trees are living yet,
though the professor said to burn all of them. But it’s the mice
that are troubling me. We are expending a great deal of money
at the Station, but I want information which will do us good. I
am a kicker when things are wrong, and want to know how to
poison these mice. The scientific men should find a wash that will
kill the mice and not injure the tree. I want the mouse killed if he
213 a State Horticultural Society,
eats my trees, for I can keep the rabbits off—simple paper will do
that—but the mouse is underground, and will eat and girdle a
tree, and I don’t know how to stop it.
Col. Evans—Is not that trouble you show a disease?
Mr. Bell—This is no disease; it’s a mouse. The tree is trying
to live in spite of the mouse. This mouse eats the little roots and
bites the big roots. It’s the short-tailed mouse. I want the scien-
tific men to find a remedy.
Mr. Love—A good coat of paint will keep the mice away.
Mr. Bell—I want to kill the mouse, and need a wash, with
poison in it, to kill the mouse and not hurt the tree, but be sure
you’re right before giving it out. I wrote to the tanglefoot man.
He wasn’t sure it would not injure the tree; I heard of a man in
California who thought it killed his trees. Prof. Stedman recom-
mended me to try it, but am afraid it will kill the trees.
President Dutcher—Whose tree do you want to try this on?
Mr. Bell—Try it on the trees at the Station. No matter if we
do kill a few trees there. That’s their business.
Mr. Flournoy—Keep the dirt back from the trees. The mice
like to make their home there above the wet. They don’t like low
places.
Mr. May—I would tell Mr. Bell to have two or three fox ter-
riers. They will kill the mice for him. :
Prof. Lazenby—The universal practice is to use coal ashes,
which seems to be a very good remedy.
Mr. Horsfall—We use clean culture in the fall, leaving nothing
about the trees. Owls and hawks are good, too. Don’t leave trash
in the orchard anywhere. The mice crave green food, and they
get it from our trees.
Col. Evans—Mr. Bell asks how to kill those mice? Small bits
of sweet potatoes, dipped in poison and dropped in their runs every
little ways, will do it. There are other ways to drive away those
mice, but Mr. Bell wants to know how to kill them. There are no
mice where there is no grass or trash. A perfectly clean orchard
will have no mice.
COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
The Committee on Resolutions made a partial report at this
time. There was a resolution before this committee concerning
railroad rates, the spirit of which was very important, too much
a ei ti
Winter Meeting. 297
so to be passed on by the committee alone, and this report was
submitted that the Society could take the matter up as a whole.
Mr. Tippin—This resolution was given to the committee by
Mr. Love. I will state, on behalf of the committee, that it is a
question involving rates on apples from Missouri to southwest
points. It refers to one railroad only. We wish it changed to ap-
ply to others. I wish to state that after discussion, if a committee
is appointed to take this matter up, it should be through the State
Railroad Commission. We cannot have change of rates till the
basis of rate is changed. By the old system of fixing rates, the
east got rates to the west, and vice versa.
Mr. Love—(Read resolution). [See page 324.] I think the
committee ought to have read this. This resolution was inspired by
my own practical experience. The reason that only one road was
named is that all my experience was with that one road. I am will-
ing, however, that it shall apply to all roads. Concerning the
Frisco charges, they are raising the rates from year to year, to the
disregard of the horticultural interests of the State. I ask the
President of this Society to appoint a committee to take this mat-
ter up and try and secure a reduction in rates, to at least the same
rate per mile as east of the river. Mr. Erb, Mr. Hazeltine and
myself were appointed as a committee from the Ozark Fruit
Growers’ Association to go to St. Louis in January. I was the
only one who went, but I saw the officials. They treated me most
courteously, but seemed surprised at the complaint; said they had
never heard of any complaint in the west. (Gave several in-
stances where rates had been raised in last years.) The railroads
have no right to charge more for a short haul than a long one. I
am inclined to believe that we have got to kick to get any help in
this direction, and for that reason we need a committee.
Secretary Goodman—I would suggest that the committee be
changed to three members, and that it be made to apply to all roads
in this State.
On motion of Mr. McAfee, the matter, with suggestions made,
was referred to the Committee on Resolutions, to come up in the
regular order. Carried.
Mr. Love, Chairman of Obituary Committee, reported that
they could find no vacancy in our ranks caused by death. We
should record our thanks for this report, which was done by rising
vote.
As to the Jamestown Exposition, Secretary Goodman stated
that he had nothing specially to say. Only we want to get the
20G5°-* State Horticultural Society,
eats my trees, for I can keep the rabbits off—simple paper will do
that—but the mouse is underground, and will eat and girdle a
tree, and I don’t know how to stop it.
Col. Evans—Is not that trouble you show a disease?
Mr. Bell—This is no disease; it’s a mouse. The tree is trying
to live in spite of the mouse. This mouse eats the little roots and
bites the big roots. It’s the short-tailed mouse. I want the scien-
tific men to find a remedy.
Mr. Love—A good coat of paint will keep the mice away.
Mr. Bell—I want to kill the mouse, and need a wash, with
poison in it, to kill the mouse and not hurt the tree, but be sure
you’re right before giving it out. I wrote to the tanglefoot man.
He wasn’t sure it would not injure the tree; I heard of a man in
California who thought it killed his trees. Prof. Stedman recom-
mended me to try it, but am afraid it will kill the trees.
President Dutcher—Whose tree do you want to try this on?
Mr. Bell—tTry it on the trees at the Station. No matter if we
do kill a few trees there. That’s their business.
Mr. Flournoy—Keep the dirt back from the trees. The mice
like to make their home there above the wet. They don’t like low
places.
Mr. May—I would tell Mr. Bell to have two or three fox ter-
riers. They will kill the mice for him.
Prof. Lazenby—The universal practice is to use coal ashes,
which seems to be a very good remedy.
Mr. Horsfall—We use clean culture in the fall, leaving nothing
about the trees. Owls and hawks are good, too. Don’t leave trash
in the orchard anywhere. The mice crave green food, and they
get it from our trees.
Col. Evans—Mr. Bell asks how to kill those mice? Small bits
of sweet potatoes, dipped in poison and dropped in their runs every
little ways, will do it. There are other ways to drive away those
mice, but Mr. Bell wants to know how to kill them. There are no
mice where there is no grass or trash. A perfectly clean orchard
will have no mice.
COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
The Committee on Resolutions made a partial report at this
time. There was a resolution before this committee concerning
railroad rates, the spirit of which was very important, too much
EEE ey _—*
Winter Meeting. 297
so to be passed on by the committee alone, and this report was
submitted that the Society could take the matter up as a whole.
Mr. Tippin—This resolution was given to the committee by
Mr. Love. I will state, on behalf of the committee, that it is a
question involving rates on apples from Missouri to southwest
points. It refers to one railroad only. We wish it changed to ap-
ply to others. I wish to state that after discussion, if a committee
is appointed to take this matter up, it should be through the State
Railroad Commission. We cannot have change of rates till the
basis of rate is changed. By the old system of fixing rates, the
east got rates to the west, and vice versa. .
Mr. Love—(Read resolution). [See page 324.] I think the
committee ought to have read this. This resolution was inspired by
my own practical experience. The reason that only one road was
named is that all my experience was with that one road. I am will-
ing, however, that it shall apply to all roads. Concerning the
Frisco charges, they are raising the rates from year to year, to the
disregard of the horticultural interests of the State. I ask the
President of this Society to appoint a committee to take this mat-
ter up and try and secure a reduction in rates, to at least the same
rate per mile as east of the river. Mr. Erb, Mr. Hazeltine and
myself were appointed as a committee from the Ozark Fruit
Growers’ Association to go to St. Louis in January. I was the
only one who went, but I saw the officials. They treated me most
courteously, but seemed surprised at the complaint; said they had
never heard of any complaint in the west. (Gave several in-
stances where rates had been raised in last years.) The railroads
have no right to charge more for a short haul than a long one. I
am inclined to believe that we have got to kick to get any help in
this direction, and for that reason we need a committee.
Secretary Goodman—I would suggest that the committee be
changed to three members, and that it be made to apply to all roads
in this State.
On motion of Mr. McAfee, the matter, with suggestions made,
was referred to the Committee on Resolutions, to come up in the
regular order. Carried.
Mr. Love, Chairman of Obituary Committee, reported that
they could find no vacancy in our ranks caused by death. We
should record our thanks for this report, which was done by rising
vote.
As to the Jamestown Exposition, Secretary Goodman stated
that he had nothing specially to say. Only we want to get the
298 State Horticultural Society,
fruit ready, and, when the times comes, go and make a good dis-
play. The fruit shown on the tables at this meeting would be
packed and held in sterage for this purpose. There is some fruit
now in storage being held for the same. Call will be made on
the members of this Society later.
THE PEACH.
(By K. B. Wilkerson, Mexico, Mo.)
The first item to consider is a suitable location for a peach or-
chard. If I had a place for only a dozen or so trees, I would set
them most anywhere and on most any kind of soil, rather than do
without them; but if I was wanting to set for commercial pur-
poses, I would be very particular: First, about location of or-
chard from railroad; second, the distance from market; third,
cost of transportation; fourth, whether or not I could manage and
handle the fruit myself. Anyone of these might mean failure as
to profit. After considering this, then comes the location and kind
of soil. I would want a high location, with the land above
the average of fertility, with plenty of sand and iron
in subsoil, and only rolling enough to drain thoroughly; yet would
want orchard where I could give it necessary cultivation, without
washing soil off too much. Would avoid all places for orchard
where water would stand, as peach trees winter-kill badly where
water stands. Peaches must have dry ground, according to my ex-
perience,
As to distance, would set trees 20x20 or 20x25 feet, so they
could be thoroughly cultivated when necessary. The kind of trees
I would prefer to set would be one year old, 3 to 4 feet, or June
buds, according to locality. I do not favor setting large trees.
My idea is to begin with the earliest varieties and continue
in succession to the latest, so as not to have too many to ripen at
once. But we must consider our location and climate as to best
varieties. Two of our best peaches in North Missouri are the
Champion and Elberta. I would cultivate the peach thoroughly,
from time trees were set until middle of summer, and, if dry, a
little later, and would prune early each spring for two or three
years until you get trees low headed and well balanced, with as
few forked trees as possible. After this the crops may govern
both pruning and cultivating. As to the fruit, I find when fruit
OO a
Winter Meeting. 299
is set very thick on the limbs it should be thinned, leaving specimens
from 4 to 6 inches apart. I made a few tests this season. We
thinned our first when they were small and tender, with good re-
sults; those thinned 20 days later paid for the work, but not with
as much success. Then later I tried an experiment with some trees
where the seeds were getting rather hard, with but little success.
Later on I thinned one tree within about two or three weeks of
ripening and took off 1,515 peaches, but I do not believe it paid for -
the work. I believe in thinning early.
As to cultivation, I had one orchard of about 1,400 trees that
was cultivated thoroughly. We worked it 14 times. In some places
there was a dust mulch of from 1 to 2 inches. It did not trouble
me much how many peaches the teams rubbed off, as the trees
were needing more moisture and less peaches; yet they had been
thinned. There was a neighbor across the road who said I was
foolish for thinning and wasting my peaches. I put my teams to
help cultivate his orchard, and he stopped them; said they were
dragging off too many peaches with teams, yet he had 1,500 trees.
He did not thin them, neither did he work them much. This being
the case, when the harvest came he clearly saw his mistake, for his
peaches were small and unsalable. But I had peaches that most
everyone liked, and I made good money and sold at much advanced
prices over other people who did not thin or cultivate.
I remember going into a town with about 56 bushels of peaches
that I had hauled 28 miles over very rough roads. I arrived at
1:30 p. m. on Saturday. I asked a party what he thought of the
market for peaches. He said he had lots of peaches at home that
he could not find any market for worth fooling with. I asked him
if he would help me sell on commission, He said no, but would
work for wages. I told him as I was a stranger in the town I
would hire him. So J drove on the street under the shade of a
big tree and began to give away from 1 to 3 peaches to everyone
that came near,. white or black, and in five and one-half hours I
had sold my entire load for $53.00. So I sold four loads mostly
under the shade of that one tree for $207.00. Why did I sell them
when others could not? Because I made four gatherings of each
variety and graded each gathering into six grades, extra large
soft, No. 1 soft, No. 2 soft; extra large hard, No. 1 hard, No. 2
hard, and packed them in one-third bushel crates and had crates
marked with grade on end of crates, and had each priced accord-
ingly, so we could furnish the most exacting customer.
300 State Horticultural Society,
HOW TO GROW STRAWBERRIES.
(By H. W. Jenkins, Boonville, Mo.)
The growing of strawberries with the writer has afforded
both pleasure and profit, for my experience has been that straw-
berries, well cared for, can be depended upon to return something
each season for the labor expended upon them, as I cannot remem-
ber in my twenty years’ work as a grower, an entire failure.
My natural inclination to love strawberries and the work con-
nected with growing them can probably be attributed to the fact
of my haying a birthday in the strawberry season, the 29th of
May, and a birthday dinner without strawberries would be some-
thing like a Thanksgiving dinner without the turkey and cran-
berries; so I am a natural born crank on strawberries.
The old saying, ‘‘there is no excellence without great labor,”
applies to the growing of strawberries as well as to other things.
To succeed, a man must expect to work with both head and
hands, as it requires labor, guided by experience and judgment, to
grow them; and skill, tact, patience and energy to get them picked
and marketed. The strawberry, probably, is grown over a larger
territory and under a greater variety of climates and out of more
different soils than any other berry; but it naturally follows that
some soils and climates suit it better than others. The varieties
show a greater degree of variation on different soils than any other
berry; so that it is a hard matter to determine what a variety
will do until it is tested and tried, and sometimes it takes more
than one trial to decide fairly on the merits of a new variety. I
have grown berries in four counties in Missouri—Jasper, Jackson,
Clinton and Cooper—the first three on the prairie soils, the last
on loess soils on the Missouri river hills (originally timber land).
My judgment is that this latter produces much the best berries. In
choosing a suitable field for strawberries, select one that has good
natural drainage; the soil must be fertile but not too rich, for then
the growth will.all go to make leaves and stems and not fruit. The
selection of varieties is of the greaest importance. It must be a
variety that produces a berry with size, color, shape and flavor;
but the size and color are the most important, as that is what at-
tracts the eye of the purchaser. The variety, however, must not
only produce a berry having the above characteristics, but it must
be a productive one to make it profitable.
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Winter Meeting. 301
The list of varieties is a long one, and growing longer each.
season; but to be on safe ground, each grower had best test varie-
ties on his own land in a small way before planting extensively. I
have tried many varieties, and have yet to find a perfect one. The
Haverland comes as near filling the bill as any, and could I find
a staminate variety equally as good, I would only grow the two.
The Bubach, Warfield, Dunlap and Ridgeway are all good berries;
Gandy is a good late berry, but not productive till the bed is several
years old. Planting a new bed should always be done in early
spring; April is the best month for planting. Before planting,
work the soil down to a fine, mellow condition; plant in rows four
feet apart and sets plants from eighteen to twenty-four inches
apart in the row, using the spade to make the opening. I usually
have one hand to make the holes, two boys to drop the plants and
two hands to follow and set the plants, with roots straight down,
firming the dirt solid around the plants, being careful to leave the
crown of the plant level with the top of the ground.
For proper pollenization or fertilizing, I usually plant two
rows of pistilate varieties and one row of staminate varieties;
sometimes plant three rows of pistilate and one row of staminate.
Cultivation should begin right after planting, and be kept up
all the season till the first of October. The ground should never be
allowed to become baked and hard, but after each rain it should be
stirred and have the crust broken. Do not try to grow a crop of
weeds and a crop of strawberries at the same time.
I use the twelve-tooth and five-shovel Planet Junior horse cul-
tivators; they are the best plows made for shallow, level cultiva-
tion, and that is what is necessary in cultivating strawberries.
For mulching I use old wheat straw, hauling it onto the ground in
the fall, when roads are good, and have it ready to use in Decem-
ber, putting it on any time when the field is either dry or frozen;
use enough straw to completely cover the ground. It takes about
eight two-horse loads to cover an acre. This we let remain until
the freezing weather is all over, usually about April first; then re-
move enough from plants to give them air and sunshine. Put the
surplus straw in between the rows to keep the weeds down, which
helps to hold the moisture and keeps the berries clean. Straw-
berries are rightly named, for they need straw in the spring as well
as in the winter. After removing the mulch in spring there is
nothing more to do except to prepare your boxes and crates and
get ready to harvest your crop, which is sure to follow, if you have
done your part timely and well.
802 State Horticultural Society.
CHERRY GROWING PROFITABLE IN NORTH MISSOURI.
(By J. E. May, LaPlata, Mo.)
_When I received notice that the Secretary of our Society wanted
me to prepare a paper on the above subject, I was at a loss to know
what I could say, with my limited experience, that would be of in-
terest to those assembied here.
We have grown the cherry in a small way for the past 12 years
and have been able to make it pay us reasonably well. We have also
learned some things in that time that, had we known when we first
set our orchard, might have made our profit greater. The growing
of the cherry is sadly neglected in our part of the State (Adair
county), and I am of the opinion that the average planters make
a mistake in the selection of their ground, and, then plant too deep.
The formation of the soil of our county is such that a cherry tree
set on flat land and set deep is soon doomed, and will never pay the
planter.
We have found that to succeed the ground must be rolling, or,
if flat, must be thrown up in ridges where trees are to stand, thus
draining the water to the middle and, then it ought not to be so
flat that the water will stand between the rows. We like rolling
ground the best, and plow so the dead furrow will come where trees
are to stand, the furrow to run up and down the hill. This makes
a drain under the trees and assures no injury to the trees should
the seasons be wet.
We give good cultivation the first three years and then seed to
clover. One good spraying with Bordeaux in early spring will pro-
tect the trees from fungi and the foliage will not drop so early,
thus injuring the tree and prospect for a crop the following year.
The selection of varieties forms an important part in the
profitableness of the orchard, for if the varieties planted are not
good bearers, or are tender in bud or tree, the orchard is sure to be
a failure. As far as our observation goes, there are only two va-
rieties to plant in our section. These are Early Richmond and
Montmorency, the last named being far superior to the Richmond
in quality of fruit and hardiness of bud. Of 15 English Morrillo, set
seven years ago, all are dead without giving us a quart of fruit.
The extreme cold of 1904 and 1905 finished the last of them.
We have two Abesse from Stark Nurseries, 11 years old, and
Winter Meeting. 303
had our first crop this year. They are a very fine cherry, but not
profitable.
Summing the matter up, then, we would say, select Early
Richmond and Montmorency; plant on rolling ground, not too
deep; cultivate three years and seed to clover; spray for fungi in
early spring with standard Bordeaux; pick and market in good
condition, and I am sure the cherry can be profitably grown in
North Missouri.
CHERRY IN SOUTH MISSOURI.
(By Earl B. Hopkins, Springfield, Mo.)
I feel that my experience in raising this grand fruit has been
so limited that it would be folly to write and advise those who
have had years of experience along this line.
I believe, however, that I can safely say, from my own ex-
perience and from observations, that the cherry has proven un-
profitable. Understand, however, that I am speaking of this par-
ticular locality around Springfield and our own local market. This
year (1906) we had a full crop of cherries in Green county, the
first for a number of years. Prices were low, exceedingly low, so
much so that, finally, in my own orchard, I sold them out at so
much per gallon, and let the buyer pick them, finding that there
was as much profit and less work as when we had them picked and
marketed them ourselves. Cherries sold at from 80 cents per 24-
quart crate to $1.25. Substracting the cost of picking and cost of
crate and boxes, anyone can easily see that very little is left for the
grower. The low prices received cannot be laid to the large crop,
as the crop of 1905, which was comparatively light, brought very
little more, and was just as difficult to dispose of. I am speaking
entirely of the Early Richmond, as this is the only variety I have in
bearing. Another cause of unprofitableness is this: There are
very few years but what we have a hard wind and rain storm
right in the cherry season, sometimes ruining two-thirds of the
crop. This year was no exception to the rule, as I found to my
sorrow when boxing the fruit. The boys will put in the blistered
cherries in spite of all the cautioning you can give them. Then,
again, the Early Richmond comes in right along with the straw-
berry in this country, and in trying to save both crops we seldom
fail to lose some of each. I did not start out to write a paper of any
length, and for fear you will think I am a “croaker”’ or “pessimistic
304 State Horticultural Society,
crank,” I think I will stop. Many hundreds of cherry trees have
been planted in South Missouri in the last four or five years.
Whether these will prove profitable, remains to be proven when
they come into bearing. As for myself, there are many other
fruits that I find to be more profitable than the cherry.
HARDINESS.
(By W. L. Howard, Assistant Professor in Horticulture, University of Missouri,
Oolumbia, Mo.)
The word “hardy” is used in a variety of ways. It is used
to distinguish plants that can be grown out of doors all the year
around from those that must be kept under glass for a part or all
of the year. Also, some plants may be more resistant than others
to both heat and cold, or capable of withstanding unfavorable con-
ditions, as drought and general neglect. In common usage, how-
ever, the word “hardy” has reference to the ability of a plant or
plants to withstand the winter at a particular place. A plant may
be hardy in Missouri, for example, but not in North Dakota.
Throughout this paper “hardy” will be used in its universal mean-
ing, i. e., the ability tc withstand winter injury, and discussed in
connection with the fruiting of the peach.
The subject of the hardiness of the peach is one of profound
interest to every fruit grower, and on this account has been much
studied. In this discussion the question will be considered from
three standpoints: (1) the relation of color to hardiness; (2) the
effect of pruning on hardiness, and (8) the relation of the rest,
or dormant, period to hardiness. ;
The relation of color to hardiness in the peach has been ex-
tensively studied by Prof. J. C. Whitten of this station. He found
that the dark-colored twigs in full sunlight in winter absorb heat
rays and become much warmer than the green-colored ones. In
order to study the question in all its phases, he inserted ther-
mometers in adjacent twigs on a peach tree growing in the field,
and, by whitening one of the twigs with whitewash and covering
the other with a dense coat of lamp-black, he found that the dif-
ference in temperature was very great. The greatest variation
was reached at a time when snow was upon the ground and the sun
shining very brightly, the difference in temperature at that time
being 23 degrees Farhenheit. Under these conditions the dark-
colored twigs absorbed the greatest possible amount of heat from
Winter Meeting. 305
the sun, and at the same time the whitened twigs, assisted by the
bright mantle of snow on the ground, reflected or threw off the
maximum number of heat rays, thus keeping them quite cool, in
fact, one degree below the temperature of the air. These differ-
ences in temperature were noticeable only during times of sunlight.
It was interesting to note that when the blackened twig had be-
come quite warm that, if suddenly shaded, as by a passing cloud,
it would lose all of its heat that it had secured by reason of its
color in five minutes, and that seven minutes would be required
for it to warm up again after the shade was removed.
In the case of natural colored twigs, since the colors are not
so pronounced as pure white and pure black, the differences in tem-
perature, of course, are at no time so great as under the artificial
conditions above mentioned, but they are great enough to cause,
perhaps, one-third of the difference in temperature of the case of
the extremes between the whitewashed and blackened twigs. It
is believed that great fluctuations in temperature within short per-
iods of time may have a very important bearing upon the killing
of fruit buds, especiaily in late winter. Indeed, it was found that
by spraying the trees with whitewash the blooming period in
spring could actually be held back for from three to five days. This
fact is not so important in itself as the probability is that there
are many times in late winter when, if the twigs become warmed
up and are thereby caused to make a very slight growth, they are
certain to be killed by subsequent low ‘temperature. It is a well-
known fact that perfect fruit buds may safely withstand from ten
to twenty degrees below zero, but that, if slight growth has taken
place, they may be killed by a few degrees below freezing. Thus
it is seen that there may be many times, during bright, sunny
days in January and February, when a slight protection in the way
of shading or covering with some white material to reflect the
heat might prevent premature growth and the fruit buds thereby
be saved.
Concerning the effects of pruning on the hardiness of peach
buds, W. H. Chandler, Assistant Horticulturist to the Missouri Ex-
periment Station, has carried on numerous experiments for the
past few years. He cites the fact that it is now known that winter
injury is due to the extraction of water from the cells. Cells which
do not lose their moisture easily and, therefore, are able to with-
stand drying conditions, are less injured in winter. This is why
the cells in young and succulent parts are usually most easily
killed—that is, they lose their moisture more readily and are not
H—20
306 State Horticultural Society.
able to endure the drying which results from freezing. From his
observations in the experimental orchard containing a large num-
ber of varieties of peaches, the following summary is given:
1st. Comparing cut back trees with those not cut back, both
in the Station orchard and in the orchards near it, for the winter
of 1903-4, when the lowest temperature was 14 degrees below zero
F., it may be concluded that for such winters, if there have been
no warm periods to start the buds, cutting back severely lessens the
hardiness enough to be of practical importance. This, however,
would not hold good for South Missouri where the lowest tempera-
ture was only 5 degrees below zero, as at Olden and Neosho.
2nd. Twigs were taken from trees that had been cut back,
and also from those that had not been cut back, and placed in a
warm greenhouse, and the latter grew earlier than the former. In
the winter of 1905-6 the buds were killed in the field at a compar-
atively high temperature, on account of having been slightly started
by previous warm weather. On account of this fact, a larger per-
centage of buds was killed on trees not cut back than on those that
were. From the above we may safely conclude that cut back trees
probably finish their resting period later than those not cut back,
and are certainly better adapted to withstand a winter like that of
1905-6. Since South Missouri has a large predominance of such
winters, when the buds are started on warm days, and since the
temperature seldom goes low enough to kill the buds on cut back
trees, the grower there should not hesitate to cut his trees back,
say, to the base of the one-year-old wood. No such definite state-
ment can be made for North Missouri.
3rd. The wood on cut back trees, as well as on fairly young
trees, is not so severely injured by a severe winter as it is on ex-
tremely old trees not cut back.
4th. The age of the bud, that is, whether it is formed early
or late in the season, does not determine the time it will finish its
resting period. On any one tree the buds that are slowest to start
in winter are those growing at the base of the twig, though late-
season buds on trees that continue their growth late are started less
than any buds on trees that cease growing early.
5th. It is best to train the trees to have spreading, open
heads. Under such circumstances, the wood is stronger and more
buds are formed toward the base of the twigs, thus enabling us to
head back more severely those years when buds are uninjured.
6th. The reason the Elberta, Crawford, Champion and other
important varieties grown in this State are not well adapted to
Winter Meeting. ; 307
South Missouri, is because their buds are too easily started in win-
ter. Of the well-known earlier varieties, Carman and Family
Favorite are probably best adapted to the southern part of the
State, because of hardiness of bud. Carman would be the better
one of the two. Taking the seasons as they come, the Lewis has
shown itself to be able to withstand all the unfavorable conditions
cf late years and proved to be the hardiest variety of all. Nota
good shipper, however—too soft.
By the dormant, or resting, period of plants is meant the period
from the time the leaves are shed in the fall until growth begins
in spring. Fruit trees, in common with nearly all the forms of our
common vegetation growing in fields or woods, have an annual
resting period of four or five months. From extensive experi-
ments conducted by the writer during the past year with several
hundred different species of plants, he is led to believe that the rest
period of plants may in some way have something to do with the
hardiness of plants like peach trees. It has always been supposed
by good botanists that the rest period in plants was a necessity;
that is, that it is a part of their nature to go dormant at a certain
time, and that many of them could not be aroused into growth be-
fore the normal time for awakening in spring. In nearly every
case, with large numbers of different kinds of plants, the writer
found that they could be forced into growth almost at will. It was
found, however, that there are great differences in plants as re-
gards their ability to grow or be made to grow during the winter
after they have once become dormant. Some kinds grow easily by
merely being placed in a warm room, while others must be treated
with ether, chloroform, drying or freezing before they will grow.
The peach is one of the plants which seems to have a comparatively
short resting period, after which it is apparently able to begin
growth again if conditions are favorable. This probably accounts
for the fact that they grow easily during warm days in late winter,
when other species, like the white-oak, for example, has a long
resting period, from which it cannot be aroused except by severe
methods of treatment. It is known that the French gardener, who
grows peaches out of season by special treatment, causes his trees
in midsummer to cease growing, and thus brings on a real resting
period by artificial means. The principal means for accomplishing
this is to withhold water. This is easily done, as the trees are
usually grown in pots or in the greenhouse. After a period of
dormancy lasting a few weeks, the trees are watered and caused to
begin growing again. They can then be kept growing vigorously
308 State Horticultural Society,
and forced into fruiting by midwinter, or even as early as Christ-
mas, if desired. This would not have been possible had the trees
continued to grow throughout the summer. They could never
have been made to continue to grow, nor could they have been
aroused from their rest immediately had they been allowed to go
dormant at the normal time.
With the peach a certain amount of rest period seems to be
necessary, but it appears to be possible to cause this to take place
at a time most convenient to the grower. It is known that some
plants, for example, the lilac, have definite times of rest and activ-
ity, which may be divided into periods. By experiment it has been
found that just at the time of entering certain of these periods,
and also at the time of passing out of them, they may be forced
into growth easily, while at other times they force with great diffi-
culty, or not at all. It is probable that the peach, also, belongs in
this class of plants, and that it has periods of susceptibility to
-growth and corresponding times when it would grow with great
difficulty or not at all.
Experiments are now in progress to try to secure some definite
information on this particular phase of the subject. The matter
has very practical application to orchard practices, inasmuch as it
would be quite possible, in many instances, by special cultural
methods in midsummer or late summer, to cause the trees to con-
tinue growing or to be made to close their growth. If they can be
checked, for example, in midsummer and caused to be dormant for
a time, it might be that the end of their rest period would be en-
tered during late winter, when, of course, they would be quite sus-
ceptible to growth, if conditions were favorable. On the other
hand, they might be kept growing very late in the season, which
would cause them to remain in the resting state until so late in
winter that when they begin to grow there would be no danger of
the buds being killed by subsequent cold spells.
In various ways we are seeking to learn as nearly as possible
the exact length of the normal resting period. It is thought that
_ this will vary with different varieties, which may account for some
of them being killed while others are able to fruit. It may require
three or four years to secure reliable data as to the length of rest-
ing periods, but the work will be continued in the hope that new
light may be thrown upon the very important subject of hardiness.
Winter Meeting. o09'
DISCUSSION ON HARDINESS.
Secretary Goodman—I would ask if cover crops have anything
to do with the hardiness.
Dr. Whitten—We have arrived at no definite conclusion. .A
few years ago nearly every orchard with a cover came through
much the best. The opinion is that generally where clean culti-
vation is practiced we ought to stop early enough to allow a cover
crop to grow.
Prof. Lazenby—TI can corroborate what Dr. Whitten has said.
I have found most all injury to the roots of peach trees occurs
where the ground is bare. Most all of our growers stop cultivation
early enough to grow a cover crop.
President Dutcher—I would ask the professor whether or not
he can present a wash which will destroy the mice. Understand
it is a question of chemistry, not of botany or bugology.
Dr. Whitten—We will take up this matter at the Station, and
think it safe to say we can do some work on it. Prof. Stedman has
done more along this line than any other man at the Station. This
part of the work has fallen largely into his hands. We will do
what we can to test this question if the Society thinks we need to
take it up.
President Dutcher—Mr. Johnson refers to a chemist in Kansas
City. If he can do anything effective in this line, he will cover
himself with both glory and money.
Mr. May—Don’t think that a wash will work below the sur-
face, where the main trouble is.
Mr. Horsfall—The rain would wash off the preparation from
the body of the tree and it would have to be repeated.
Secretary Goodman—Would like to say to Mr. Bell that a tree
planted as deep as the sample shown (about fourteen inches below
the nursery line), ought to be killed.
PEAR CULTURE.
(By W. D. Oraig, Galena, Mo.)
I will give you a few lines on pears as I know them as a
grower, not as an expert, for I have never dug deep down into the
subject.
The pear, as a fruit, is one of the nicest and most delicious
310 State Horticultural Society,
fruits that grow, and can be had from early July to December by
being careful in the selection of the varieties.
Culture—The culture differs with different persons. I let the
blue grass grow up and choke my trees, thus checking the growth
and thereby reducing the blight, but must admit that those who
cultivate thoroughly have finer fruit from same varieties.
Kinds of Soil—While I think pears do well in most of the soil '
in Missouri, at the same time I know that not all land is suited to
pear culture; for instance, take my county of Stone, and the land
from Galena south for forty or fifty miles, and probably as far east
and west, grow them to perfection, while just a few miles north
they have very poor success. It has been suggested that the reason
for our success is our close proximity to the cotton rock, which
abounds in our vicinity. Whether that reason will hold good or
not, I do not know. I have my trees on a southeastern slope near
the James river, on gravelly soil, with a clay sub-soil which holds
the moisture, and they do exceedingly well.
Varieties—While I have been planting almost every known
variety, it has been for experimental purposes rather than for
profit, and, with my limited knowledge, I would now plant, for com-
mercial purposes, Keiffer and Duchess d’ Angouleme, because
they seem to be almost entirely free from blight. For eating, l
would plant Bartlett, Idaho, Clapp’s Favorite and Seckle, although
they will all blight badly.
One reason for the above list, with the exception of Seckle, is
that they are all large, nice and showy.
Diseases and Remedy—Blight seems to be the great enemy of
the pear, for which I cut the blighted limbs back about one foot be-
low the blight, or further, if the limb shows signs of blight lower
down, and burn the cuttings. The knife should be dipped in a solu-
tion of carbolic acid or some other solution to disinfect the blade be-
fore cutting sound wood on any other part of the tree.
A few years ago the State Horticultural Society recommended
that a slit be made in the bark of the tree and a few grains of cal-
omel be inserted in the incision. Whether that proved a success
or not, I am not able to say, as I have never tried it, but I do not
believe that there has ever been a satisfactory remedy found.
Everybody has a remedy for blight as well as borers, but they are
a success only in the minds of the introducer of the remedy.
Time to Plant—I prefer fall planting in our part of the State,
because the trees get the dirt firmly about the roots, and, as most
of our winters are not very cold, the little, white, tender roots grow
Winter Meeting. 311
more or less all winter, and so we seldom ever lose a tree by fail
planting.
Time to Gather—Most varieties should be picked before they
color on the tree and placed in a dark place, which should be kept
dry and cool, where they ripen, and are much nicer in this way.
The Keiffer being an exception, should remain on the tree as
late as possible, then gathered and ripened as other pears.
The possibilities of the pear are great; for instance, take a
location such as I have described where land is cheap, and, with
reasonable care, one should be in easy circumstances in a few years.
I have planted Dwarf trees one spring and gathered ripe fruit
off of them the next, thus getting returns as quick as with a straw-
berry crop.
Kinds of Trees—As to Standard and Dwarf, I would plant
half and half, as the Dwarf gives quicker returns and the Standard
are longer lived.
Distance Apart—The trees should be planted about twenty
feet apart each way, and to make the tree more fertile, I would
suggest the plan of planting two rows of one variety then two of
another, as I believe in the idea of cross fertilization.
Cause of Blight—While to my knowledge there is no known
cause of. blight, my observation has been that during the last two
cool, rainy seasons there has been a great deal more blight than
usual, but that may come partially from the trees being older.
__ The pear should be headed back each season, the same as the
apple, peach and other fruits.
FIRST FIVE YEARS, AND EARLY CARE OF AN APPLE OR-
. CHARD.
(By K. B. Wilkerson, Mexico, Mo.)
The selection or location is the foremost thought. Any up-land
that grows good corn should grow a good orchard, but there may be
exceptions to this. In selecting a location for the family orchard,
look for conveniences as much as other conditions, but in the loca-
tion for a commercial orchard you want land above the average and
just so the surface water will drain off. Rough, hilly land, that
washes badly, I am always ready to let the other fellow have, and
particularly if there is much clay; but where the land has a gravelly
and sandy loam, it can be utilized to advantage. I have planted in
the swampy prairie, the stumpy new ground and the rocky hill-
312 State Horticultural Society,
sides, and grown good orchards, but it is much more expensive and
you take greater chances, especially where you have hired labor.
If you do all the work yourself, it may then be a different proposi-
tion. As to different slopes and timber protection, I have not seen
any of much value, but there should be good air drainage. As to
the northern and eastern slopes, we have had as much damage by
hard winters on these as other slopes. What seems best one time
proves to be the worst at other times. In my opinion, the man
with family orchard should get No. 1 first-class trees; for commer-
cial orchards, No. 2 first-class, two-year-old trees, 4 to 5 feet high.
With the experienced man who thoroughly understands pruning, I
believe extra, select No. 3 trees will make as good, if not better, or-
chards; but without experience, he had better stick to first-named
qualities. JI prefer low-headed trees about 24 inches high. I would
recommend trees from the nearest reliable nursery—emphasize the
word reliable if you sacrifice the word nearest. In setting, have
tried both plowing furrows and digging holes. I prefer digging to
plowing. Plow as deep as possible, but dig holes large enough for
roots and cut all roots off down to 12 inches long.
The depth to set trees varies according to ground; if rolling or
washy, plant from 2 to 3 inches deeper than trees growing in nur-
sery on fairly level land, but plant same depth as in nursery on land
that is flat and where water stands. I have planted on top of the
ground by banking and plowing the ground around. We planted
one orchard of about 70 acres, and about 2,000 trees were planted
on swampy, flat prairie land with good success. Large, firm,
healthy trees are now growing and are 11 years old. If you want
trees to stand firm and not blow over, plant shallow and do not
throw much dirt to trees, and if to the contrary, plant deep. When
a tree bows back and forth and works a hole close around the tree,
you may be sure of that tree being planted too deep. I would much
rather see the roots of a tree exposed 6 inches out from the tree
than set too deep, yet I do not approve of either.
One spring we set about 120 acres of orchard, and where we
furrowed our men got many trees too deep. So next spring we
raised and reset them and since have carefully watched planting
in furrows and deep setting. The following fall we dug the holes
and set shallow about 100 acres; threw about 12 inches of dirt
around each tree to hold it in position and keep the tree from freez-
ing out of ground. The following spring we took the mound down
and had fine success. As to which is best, spring or fall setting,
circumstances and conditions determine that. The pruning can
ee a
Winter Meeting. 3138
be done as soon as trees are set, if in spring; but with fall set trees
I wait until spring to prune, and sometimes do not prune until sec-
ond spring; the size and age of trees must determine that. Pruning
is a hard problem, and I have not found one successful pruner in
twenty men I hire, but sometimes doubt if I know much about it
myself. I have kept close watch on my men in pruning and caring
for the orchards of about 50,000 trees anywhere from 5 to 10 years
old. One great trouble I find with new and often older orchards
is they cut too many of the small limbs and let the large ones alone.
My rule is to watch and cut the largest and strongest growth where
it is not needed, and let the small ones alone up to 5 or 6 years old
or up to when the permanent limbs get large and well established ;
then cut out the small and cross limbs. This is my way of making
low, spreading trees with large bodies, always keeping main leaders
if possible. My reason for not cutting all of the little limbs out is
they thicken up and make fewer water sprouts and make the tree
spread out, but they must be cut out in due time. I believe that
there are more trees ruined by inexperienced pruners than are ever
made better, and trees in bearing ought to be gone over twice—late
spring and early fall.
Cultivate early and thoroughly. I have seen men begin their
first cultivating of orchards after harvest. Orchard should be
first, before you raise a corn crop, and worked when your corn is.
Lay it by when you do your corn and let weeds or anything you
have in the orchard take it, but be careful that nothing is there to
encourage fire to burn the orchard.
Our experience favors some hard crop, as corn, on land that is
strong. I would like to have the time and space to give you my ob-
servation of our orchard from 7 to 10 years old that I have watched
from planting. Some with no other cultivation than corn, others
clover and some corn, rye and cow-peas. Do not work orchards
late in the season. I know of one man who payed us $2,900.00 for
an orchard and worked it early and late and so much that the win-
ter killed about 87 per cent. of it, or $2,523.00 of the purchase price,
only leaving $377.00. Those of his trees and orchards not worked
late stood the winter all right.
After growing about 500 or 600 acres of orchard from 5 to 10
years, I find one of the greatest blessings and one of the greatest
curses we have to contend with is the laboring man. The good,
honest laborer and the reckless, careless, indifferent man. So my
advice is, do not plant any more orchards than you know you can
give close attention to. Cultivate early and thoroughly. Trees are
314 ; State Horticultural Society,
like our chickens, most always on time and seldom late. I will
close by saying where consistent, give your orchards plenty of
work. Rye plowed under green, also cow-peas, and always be on
time, if possible, with your work and do not forget to quit in season.
THURSDAY, 8 P. M.
Piano Solo.
Song by Mr. Brewster.
Resolution by J. C. Evans.
Home Side of Fruit Growing—H. W. Collingwood, New York
City.
How to Interest Boys on the Farm—Miss Alice Kinney, New
Franklin, Mo.
Landscape Gardening—Dr. J. C. Whitten, Columbia, Mo.
Final resolutions.
Honorary members elected.
Thursday evening both instrumental and vocal music were the
first numbers on the program. Then Col. Evans claimed the priv-
ilege of presenting the following special resolution:
RESOLUTION.
The Missouri Horticultural Society records its sense of be-
‘reavement in the refusal of Mr. L. A. Goodman to accept further
election to the office of Secretary of this Society. For twenty-five
years the Society has had the benefit of his masterful leadership.
His annual election has been an annual expression of love and ap-
preciation. The record of his service to the Society is the record
of the achievements of the Society. He has been more than a
leader—he has been an inspiration—and service in the Society has
been made a joy by virtue of participation with him in it. A full
aknowlegment of the debt our Society owes Mr. Goodman would
cover the history of the Society and its services to horticulture dur-
ing the past twenty-five years.
No consideration less than Mr. Goodman’s positive and _re-
peated request to be released from the arduous duties of the Sec-
retaryship would induce us to allow his retirement.
Our deep regret in losing Mr. Goodman from the office he has
so long held and honored is somewhat mitigated by his promise to
continue to give to the Society the benefit of his advice and helpful-
Winter Meeting. 315
ness. We earnestly hope that the Society may continue to be
dominated and guided by his skilled hand.
We comfort ourselves that we are not saying good-bye to Mr.
Goodman—only relieving him of the trying and burdensome duties
from which he has earned relief by faithful service. To few men
is it given to hold such a position for a quarter of a century—such
tenure of office is possible only to a man of sterling character and
magnetic power. Mr. Goodman has not alone fulfilled these con-
ditions of leadership, but he has also won our love, and this record
is a meagre expression of our affectionate regard and unbounded
admiration for Mr. Goodman.
Mr. Goodman replied in a short speech, thanking the Society
for this expression of good will. He said if he thought he had not
the good will of.this Society and the majority of the members over
the State, would think his work had been a failure. Would give
more for the good will and friendship of the horticulturists all over
the State than anything else which this work had brought to him.
H. W. Collingswood gave a most interesting lecture on the
“Home Side of Fruit Growing,” illustrated. The best crop ever
raised was the crop of boys and girls. Fungus may wipe out the
crop of fruit, blight kill the trees, disease sweep the cattle from
the State and we could still manage to get along, but let a moral
blight fall on the child crop and God help the State and country.
The lecture and illustrations showed the methods of work and
the experiments tried on “Hope Farm,” the home of the speaker,
and closed with an original poem, composed by the speaker.
HOW TO INTEREST BOYS IN THE FARM.
(By Miss Alice Kinney, New Franklin, Mo.)
Mr. President and Members of the Convention:
I must preface my remarks by confessing that my own family
are very curious to know where I have gained my information as
to the best ways of interesting boys in the farm, when I have
neither kith nor kin of a boy upon whom to experiment; but, being
a proverbial “Old Maid,” with all the claims of a broader and
clearer insight into such things, than one whose entire vision of life
is narrowed down to, perhaps, one small boy.
For some years I have watched, with the deepest regret, our
neighborhood boys forsake the freedom of a country life and seek
316 State Horticultural Society.
positions in the towns and cities. When I would inquire into the
cause I always received the same reply—‘“‘too lonesome, no social
life, too long days and much hard work.”
The time was when the farm was isolated and, doubtless, lone-
ly, but each year finds the farm and town coming nearer; the ad-
vancement of time and science is fast overcoming the old distance;
we are having the rural delivery; the telephone is in every country
home—and, as a medium of social life, simply ask for connection
with a suburban line some rainy morning and hear the wonderful
exchange of ideas, enough to fill a morning paper. As for “hard
work and long days:”’’ It is true there are hustling seasons on the
farm, when every one has to hustle early and late, but is there any
line of business of which this cannot be said?
The farm offers to the wide-awake boy such rich opportunities
for soul and mind. There is always an opening for the use of his
God-given brains, undimmed by the constant balancing of Saturday
night and his wages. Just here I should like to add that I would
rather a boy be a peanut vender than to receive a regular salary
that was not dependent upon the quality of service and the boy’s
interest in same, for in a peanut venture he must develop push and
thought in order to make a success, while in the latter he would
unconsciously fall into the habit of simply doing what he must.
Our present system of education has largely to solve this
problem. Just look over the list of boys’ studies and you will find
they are fitting him for every vocation in life but the one nearest to
our hearts; hence, he is being educated away from the farm. True,
nature studies are being introduced into our schools, and some
others have a few months in agriculture, with some practical ex-
periments.
Mrs. James told us last evening of what interest the city gar-
dens were to the city boys and girls. If this be true of them, how
much more vital is it to give our boys the same advantages. So
my plea tonight is for the small, rural schools where the mass of
our farmers are educated.
Little Switzerland, with her handful of subjects, realizes the
necessity of keeping her people in close touch with this interest,
compels agriculture to be taught in every school and in every grade,
for she is dependent for her entire revenue upon her agricultural
resources. When we say agricultural, we mean in its broadest
sense, for the boy and the big red apple are inseparable friends,
and nothing could interest him more than to thoroughly under-
stand how to propagate and care for the tree that bears such fruit.
Winter Meeting. 317
However, this study must not be at the expense of other branch-
es, for no class of men need more a general education than the farm-
er to intelligently carry on his work. He must have some knowledge
of chemistry to properly understand the needs and food for his own
particular soil and crops, some knowledge of materia medica in
order to care for his live stock, and much business training is nec-
essary, for all of us appreciate the fact that it is easier to produce a
crop than to market it profitably.
This winter, in our Legislature, we stand thirty-eight farmers
to forty-three lawyers. This small minority is backed by countless
number of men who pay a large per cent. of our State taxes. Then
why should we not demand of the powers that be that equal oppor-
tunities be given our boys, and that every school curriculum in-
clude studies pertaining to this industry.
When we clamor for good roads we are clamoring for the most
vital factor in the boy’s social life, as well as in his education, for
with good roads we shall have our graded district school with their
corps of competent teachers.
I fully realize that I am treading upon dangerous ground when
I speak of the inheritance tax, which at present is centered upon
the University. While the entire State boasts with great pride of
the standing of our University, that ranks second to none, yet, un-
less we can properly prepare more boys in the smaller schools, the
agricultural department can never make the same practical success.
Our high schools have but comparatively few boys. Each year
more and more drop by the wayside.
What we need is more financial aid for the smaller schools, and
we hope this tax may be given to the State at large, or, better still,
each county apply her own income from this resource at home,
where we can provide better opportunities for our neighbor’s boys,
thus elevating the environments that help hold the boys on the
farm. Teach the boy that the tide is turning our way, the farms
that were once neglected are now fast being restored, that the men
with the farms and orchards are the men of the hour who form
the bulwark of this and every other progressive country.
H. C. Irish of Shaw School of Botany, St. Louis, talked about
plans for a National Congress of Horticulture, to be held some time
next year at Jamestown Exposition. It is natural for the members
of this Society to give the most attention to that branch of horti-
318 State Horticultural Society,
culture by which we grow fruit, but we must remember that vege-
table gardening, landscape gardening and floriculture all were in-
cluded in the term horticulture. He read several letters from
prominent workers assuring him of their help in this matter. The
American Pomological Society has about decided to meet at James-
town next year, and other societies will do the same. Thought
that the Pomological Society might be the central figure around
which other meetings might revolve and asked the co-operation of
this Society in this matter.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTING ABOUT THE HOME.
(By Dr. J. ©. Whitten, Horticulturist, Columbia, Mo.)
In planting trees, shrubs, vines and flowers about the home it
is desirable to have a definite arrangement or plan. Proper methods
are just as essential in ornamental plantings, in order to secure
beauty, as are proper methtods in commercial plantings of crops in
order to secure good yields.
One of the first things to bear in mind is that we should plant
a tree, shrub or flower, not simply to show off that plant, but to
decorate the place with it. There is a fundamental difference be-
tween placing a pretty plant in the most conspicuous place, so it will
show off as a specimen, and placing it with a group of others, so
that it will help to beautify the whole place. Too frequently it is
the custom to plant a pretty shrub or to place a flower bed in the
middle of the front yard, where it can best be seen. If more plants
are added later, these are frequently placed in the largest vacant
areas which are left, and so on until the place is fairly filled with
plants or flower beds, scattered promiscuously over the lawn, or
ranged up in rows on either side of the walk or across the grounds
where they can best be seen.
This would serve our purpose all right if our fundamental
ideas were simply to show off best individual plants. As a matter
of fact, our idea should be to use these same plants and flowers
where, if grouped together, each will contribute to the beauty of
the whole place.
Again, I have in mind a home where three dollars was paid
for a magnolia plant. This plant was set in the largest and most
conspicuous place in the open front yard near the center. When
it comes into blossom in the spring and its magnificent, big blooms
Winter Meeting. 319
are very conspicuous, throngs of people walk out from town past the
home in order to see this magnolia tree in blossom. All expres-
sions you hear from them are these: “What a beautiful magnolia
tree!” “How charming its flowers!” but never a comment about
the rest of the grounds or the home where this magnolia is grow-
ing. It would be better if the magnolia were so grouped with other
plants that it would brighten a mass of shrubs, or that it would
help to screen off an unsightly out-building or fence in the rear, so
as to contribute to the attractiveness of the whole place. As it is,
one loses sight of the twenty thousand dollars’ worth of home
grounds and lawn in order to feast his eyes upon three dollars’
worth of the magnolia tree. Rightly placed this magnolia tree
would contribute to its surroundings as a whole by adding beauty
to the entire place; then the passer-by would remember the whole
home place rather than the magnolia tree. It is worth more to be
able to appreciate all the beauty in the twenty thousand dollar
home than it is to be able to remember only three dollars’ worth of
the magnolia tree located in this home grounds.
In order to secure unity for the entire home grounds, the first
thing to get in mind is that the house or home is the principal ob-
ject; that the next most important fact is the green grass or lawn
which surrounds it; that the planting for the most part of trees,
shrubs, flowers and vines should be to harmonize this house with
the green lawn that surrounds it, to make the house appear, if
possible, as if it rose out of its setting of trees and shrubs, rather
than as if it stood bleakly and barely upon a smooth, green lawn.
Usually the line where the base of the house wall leaves off and
green lawn begins is a formal, straight, bold line; the basement
wall is likely to present a bold, bleak appearance; the angles
formed at the ends of the porches or between the front steps and
the porch are formal geometrical lines. It is desired to soften
these lines and the basement wall with masses of plantings where
possible. For instance, if vines are to be trained up about the
porch, they clothe it, take away its formal lines, make it look like a
natural bower of foliage and blossoms, rather than the geometrical
lines of the architect and carpenter.
Masses of plants can be set by filling the angles between the
steps and front porch, or the angle where the end of the porch
leaves off against the bare wall of the building; or small round
masses of shrubs can be set against the corners of the basement
wall, or against any bold, bare, conspicuous wall areas which look
bleak. Sometimes the base wall to a bay-window needs softening
320 State Horticultural Society.
by banking up a few low-growing plants against the wall under the
window itself.
If there are unsightly out-buildings, back fences, or other ob-
jects which would be better obscured, it is better to bank up the
shrubs and flowers in front of them in masses. A coal shed or
unsightly back fence, that may be an eye-sore from the front, may
be a splendid background against which to plant a mass of vines or
low growing shrubs and flowers. These placed in front of it,
using it as a background, may be a thing of beauty.
Shrubs and flowers may be massed in the corners or angles
of the yard, or in the rear, so that they will show as banks slop-
ing toward the front view from the street. It is best to plant the
tallest specimens in the rear of the mass, and the lower ones, or
flowering plants, in front, so the bank of foliage slopes somewhat
toward the point of view. Usually the best place for the small
flowers is not in the formal bed, where they have nothing but the
green lawn against which to be seen, but massed right in the front
edge of the shrubbery bank, so that they have shrubs or vines for
a background against which to show. Where shrubs are planted,
they should be massed close enough so their branches will touch,
and the angles and nooks between them may be filled with flowers.
Arranged in this way, a single flowering plant, or even a shrub bor-
der, will brighten up the whole border. Each mass of plants should
be considered with reference to the whole place, either to help
frame it in, to soften an angle, or hide a back fence, or to fill an
angle in a walk, so as to show a reason for the walk turning at that
particular point.
Shade trees are best placed where they will furnish the nec-
essary shade for the buildings on the grounds. In warm climates
this may be over the south or west porch or along the walk; Place
them, other things being equal, where shade is needed. Usually a
good effect may be secured if a number of them are used to the rear
of the house and to over-shade an outbuilding, pump or other ob-
ject which it is desired to screen with foliage.
BEE-KEEPING IN RELATION TO HORTICULTURE.
(By J. W. Rouse, President Missouri Bee-Keepers Association, Mexico, Mo.)
With pleasure I note the very pleasant relations between the
bee-keepers and ‘horticulturists of Missouri.
We can be of benefit to each other without damage to either.
Winter Meeting. 321
I do not wish to appear boastful, but we could probably suc-
ceed better in bee-keeping without fruit men than they could with-
out the help of bees, as if there were no fruit trees at all, bees
could have other bloom to work on; whereas, without the aid of in-
sects, especially bees, on account of their large numbers just when
needed, to distribute the pollen, the fruit crop would often be short
if not nearly a complete loss.
It has been demonstrated many times the help insects are to
the fruit crop in causing fertilization to take place by the distribu-
tion of the pollen. ;
So I will state, we need each other in our business, as the bees
sometimes receive much help in early spring from fruit bloom.
Tests have been made many times on fruit bloom, and where the
bloom was protected from insects, by covering them with light
gauze, in most instances no fruit would set, or, if so, would fall off.
We tested a pear tree in our own yard one spring. At bloom-
ing time it was very cool; but one day we noticed when the sun was
shining, and one tree that stood near our dwelling and was pro-
tected from the wind, we noticed the bees working on the bloom for
about two hours. This tree had pears on when there were no others
in our neighborhood, so far as we could learn, that season.
In raising cucumbers in the winter time in the north, it must be
‘ done under cover—that is, in greenhouses; artificial fertilization
must then be done in such cases. -A number of greenhouses located
at Minneapolis, Boston and other places have found that bees are
the cheapest method to distribute the pollen to get the fruit to set,
and are kept for this purpose. Mr. Peter Henderson, in his book
on gardening, speaks of this, the help bees are to help fertilization
under cover.
Perhaps many of you have heard of the undertaking to raise
red clover in Australia, and, while it would grow there, no seed was
obtained until bees were obtained to visit the bloom, thus to dis-
tribute the pollen. In a test made in the United States on 20
heads of white clover that were protected from the bees, no seed set
at all, while on 20 other heads there was 2,000 seed set.
What we wish to speak of in particular on this occasion is in
regard to spraying. We do not presume to be able to instruct any
of you how to do this, but wish to lay particular stress not to do
So at one certain time, namely, during blooming time. We are
pleased that Mr. W. M. Scott of the Department of Agriculture at
Washington made his address before ours; we are certainly pleased
to get his experience on spraying during blooming time, the ex-
H—21
o22 State Horticultural Society,
perience he gives, together with so many of you who, we are sure,
are as good and experienced horticulturists as are anywhere. Ac-
cording to this testimony, to spray at blooming time not only does
no good, but in a great many instances the poisonous spray destroys
the fertilizing element in the bloom itself. We notice the paper,
we suppose of one of your members, where he says, in the matter
of spraying during bloom, he has been asked not to do so at that
time; but says “He does not know why he should not do so at that
time, as he considers his fruit interests worth more than all the
bees in his county.” Yet we notice he says further, “That he
sprayed, but, for some reason, he has nearly no fruit at all where
he sprayed at blooming time.” We have the testimony of one of
our members of our State Bee-keepers’ Association, living near
Chillicothe. He states that a neighbor living near him sprayed his
trees during blooming time, and not only destroyed large numbers
of his bees, but the fruit man had scarcely any fruit on the trees so
sprayed at blooming time. We have the Life of the Codling Moth,
by Professor M. V. Slingerland, and he states that the codling
moth does not come in any appreciable numbers until fruit is
set, so to spray for them before that time the work and expense is
lost. We have the catalog of a manufacturer of spray machines,
and he advises to spray from early spring until fall, including
blooming time. His attention has been called to his advice on in-
discriminate spraying. He replies that he advises to spray just as
the bloom is falling, but his book we have does not read that way.
We are pleased to have the testimony of you leading horticultur-
ists about spraying during blooming time, as this manufacturer,
with any others that may do so, may learn after awhile that it is an
injury to their own interest to thus do.
We wish to speak of bees working on damaged fruit. Bees
never attack sound fruit, but only after it has become over-ripe
and cracked, or after soft spots appear, or is attacked by other in-
sects having biting parts, or birds have attacked the fruit. Pro-
fessor Cook, who is an entomologist of national reputation, says
the bees do not cut through the sound skin of the grape (the fruit
most worked on by the bees). In many tests made by him, he has
never found the bees able to do so. In his scientific work on bees,
he shows, by cuts, that bees have no cutting or biting teeth to cut
through the sound skin of the grape. In tests made by the De-
partment of Agriculture with 30 different varieties of grapes, in
every way possible, he could never find that the bees were able to
cut through the skin of the grape. Mr. Dadant of Hamilton, IIl.,
Winter Meeting. 323
who is a large bee-keeper, also grower of grapes, found, after gath-
ering his grapes under cover, the bees having been working on
them before gathering. He placed some where they could get at
them and pricked one. The bees soon covered the grapes, but very
soon left, and it was found that the one pricked was the only
grape the bees had damaged any at all.
In a case that came up some years ago between two men, one
of which was a fruit man, the other a bee man; the fruit man
having peaches that had become over-ripe, the bees attacked them.
He claimed damages of the bee man and a lawsuit resulted. By
expert testimony from different parts of the United States it was
shown that bees never attacked sound fruit; so the fruit man lost
his suit.
Some years ago a bee-keeper at Texarkana had bees in the city
limits, and some thought that the bees, by working on the bloom,
were detrimental, and wanted the bees removed. The bee-keeper
was arrested and a fine imposed for every day the bees were left in
the city. The bees were finally removed under protest and suit
brought by the bee-keeper. He lost in the lower court, but ap-
pealed to a higher court, where he won his case, and the bees were
brought back and damages obtained by him.
Many years ago a Mr. Bassford in California had a large
cherry orchard, but obtained litile fruit. He secured bees to work
on the bloom, and so secured good crops of fruit; while others, liv-
ing away from the visits of the bees, had no better results than he
until they also obtained bees.
There used to be much trouble between fruit men and bee-
keepers in California, but as we do not hear of any more, we pre-
sume that fruit men have learned the benefit bees are to fruit grow-
ing, and so put up with any damage bees may do to unsound fruit.
We wish to refer to the National Bee-keepers’ Association,
which are doing a good work in many lines, one of which is in keep-
ing its members out of lawsuits as far as possible and in defend-
ing their members where unjustly persecuted or prosecuted, but
since coming to this meeting, in walking around some, we came
across some bees kept right near a sidewalk. If this party were
te get into trouble, which he is most sure to do sooner or later if
he does not remove the bees farther away from the public walk, if
he were a member of the National he would get no help from them,
but get the advice to move his bees. No one has a right to thus
keep bees where they are so very apt to become a nuisance, but
324 State Horticultural Society,
bees kept a reasonable distance from a public highway are not a
nuisance if properly handled.
To this Society we offer our sincere thanks for courtesies and
good will shown.
RESOLUTIONS.
Mr. President and Members of the Missouri Horticultural So-
ciety—The Committee on Resolutions begs leave to offer the follow-
ing report:
Whereas, The attention of this Society having again been
called to the seemingly unjust and unfair rates charged by the
railroads of our State upon apples, by a resolution offered by Mr.
T. C. Love; and
Whereas, Attorney-General Hadley of Missouri, in an inter-
view published in the metropolitan press of this date, December
6, states that the rates in Missouri are 25 to 35 per cent higher
than in the neighboring states of Illinois and Iowa;
Whereas, As the rate law of 1905 of Missouri reduced the
rate upon grain, flour, lime, salt, cement, lumber, agricultural im-
plements, furniture and wagons 30 per cent. and on live stock 35
per cent;
Whereas, Live stock being a moré perishable commodity than
horticultural products, upon which it appears that no reduction
of rate was made, but, in some instances, has been raised; there-
fore, be it
Resolved that the President of this Society be authorized to
appoint a committee of three to take up the matter of rates with |
the Interstate Commerce Commission, the State Legislature or
otherwise, as in their judgment may seem best; be it
Resolved further, That the Executive Board of this Society
is hereby authorized and instructed to make provision for the pay-
ment, out of any funds in the treasury of the Society not other-
wise appropriated, of the necessary traveling and other incidental
expenses of said committee, while on duty under this resolution.
Whereas, The forests of Missouri are one of the State’s great-
est sources of wealth; and
Whereas, The aggregate value of forest products exported in
1904 was more than $50,000,000, nearly one-third of the entire
yield of the United States; and
Whereas, Missouri’s wooded areas are being rapidly dimin-
ee
‘TUVHOUWO HOVHd ODNOOA NI ONILINW Id AYUAAMVYLLS
Winter Meeting. 325
ished and destroyed, with a reckless disregard for the natural re-
* generation of the forests; and
Whereas, Fire being by far the most important single agent
in preventing a new growth by burning the seeds or killing the
very young seedlings; therefore, be it
Resolved, That the State Legislature be memorialized by the
Missouri Horticulturai Society to take the necessary steps to the
appointment of a State Forest Commissioner, who shall examine
into the forestry conditions of the State, and, in co-operation with
the United States Bureau of Forestry, frame such law or laws as
may be necessary to prevent forest fires, encourage replanting and
otherwise promote the forestry interests; be it further
Resolved, That this Society, as individuals and as a whole, en-
courage a more general observance of Arbor Day in the public
schools, to the end that a better interest be fostered in the preser-
vation of our trees.
Whereas, Our National Congress appropriates annually large
sums of money for the free distribution of new and desirable va-
rieties of seeds by the Representatives in Congress to their con-
stituents; and
Whereas, Many, if not all, of the seeds so distributed are found
to consist of old and well-known varieties, or are worthless from a
variety of causes, sucn as lack of viability, due to age, or unadapted
to the climate, seasons and soils where they are sent; therefore, be
it
Resolved, That the Missouri Horticultural Society express its
strong condemnation of this ancient imposition on the farmers and
reputable seed dealers of the land; and be it further
Resolved, That the Secretary of this Society be instructed to
send a copy of these resolutions to the proper Congressional Com-
mittee and, in addition, that each member of the Society be urged
te write privately to his Representative protesting against the evil,
and urging that it be discontinued.
Resolved, That we commend the action of the last Legislature
in passing the present fish and game law, and do earnestly request
_ the present Legislature, in making any necessary amendments, to
retain all the protection to birds now provided for in the present
law and to extend the protection wherever consistent.
Resolved, That we hereby indorse the spirit of co-operation
having for its object the bettering of facilities for marketing the
fruit crops of the State, which has manifested itself so prominently
at this meeting, and with pleasure attach that part of President
Roosevelt’s recent message to Congress upon this subject:
o2 State Horticultural Society.
AGRICULTURAL CLASSES MUST AID INDUSTRIAL.
“Tt would be impossible to overstate (though it is, of course,
difficult quantitatively to measure), the effect upon a nation’s
growth to greatness of what may be called organized patriotism,
which necessarily includes the substitution of a national feeling
for mere local pride; with as a resultant a high ambition for the
whole country. No country can develop its full strength so long
as the parts which make up the whole, each put a feeling of loyalty
to the part above the feeling of loyalty to the whole. This is true
of sections, and it is just as true of classes. The industrial and
agricultural classes must work together, capitalists and wage-work-
ers must work together, if the best work of which the country is
capable is to be done. It is probable that a thoroughly efficient sys-
tem of education comes next to the influence of patriotism in bring-
ing about national success of this kind.”
Resolved, That the thanks of the Society are hereby extended
to the people of Boonville and the local horticulturists for their
welcome, as embodied in the mayor’s address, as exemplified by
their attendance at cur sessions and interest taken in the meet-
ings, as shown by the beautiful display of flowers decorating this
commodious hall, by the courtesies of the hotels and hospitalities
of the homes. We are further grateful to our local entertainers
for providing the excellent musical program, and especially grate-
ful to the Business Men’s Club for their kindness and liberal part
in providing this commodious hall; also for the news of the un-
expected but happy marriage of our old bachelor friend, Ben Davis.
We appreciate the presence of delegates and visitors from sister
states, among whom the Hon. H. M. Collingwood of The Rural New
Yorker, Prof. W. R. Lazenby of the University of Ohio, Prof. H.
P. Gould of Washington, D. C., and Mr. S. M. Black of Illinois
were of especial value to our program. We also appreciate the
most excellent papers and addresses given by Miss Anna L. Clarke
of Boonville, Mrs. W. K. James of St. Joseph, Miss Alice Kinney
of Boonville and the Hon. Walter Williams of Columbia.
Respectfully submitted,
W. L. HowarD, Chairman,
GEO: TT. TIPPIN;
H. S. WAYMAN,
Committee.
Adopted, by motion.
Winter Meeting. BY At
Mr. Gano offered a resolution that the Society show their ap-
preciation of the visitors from out of the State, who had taken
part on the program, by making Prof. H. P. Gould, Prof. Wm. R.
Lazenby and Mr. H. W. Collingwood honorary life members of this
Society. The motion was carried.
Meeting adjourned.
EX PRA, LETIERS «AND: PAPERS:
MISCELLANEOUS.
Lee’s Summit, Jackson County, Mo., June 7, 1906.
Mr. L. A. Goodman, Kansas City, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I have just received a letter from Mr. W. H. Under-
wood which is very interesting to me, and I am going to send you a
copy of the letter. It seems to me that these people are going at
horticulture in the right way, and that it will be well worth while
to keep in touch with them. I am forced to admit that my corre-
spondence with Mr. Underwood has resulted in some nice orders
for trees.
The apple that he mentions at Burlington seems to be an
“Early Wealthy,” and he is very anxious to get a start of that va-
riety. Mr. Underwood has been inclined to ignore the Ben Davis,
admitting that it is the best apple for Missouri and Arkansas. He
has always claimed that it is not the thing for Western Kansas,
and when I was at his place last September he threatened to cut
down Ben Davis trees and plant something else; but I took the po-
sition that Ben Davis had never failed anyone else and that in the
long run it would show up more dollars and cents than any other
variety, and from this letter it would appear that the prospects for
Ben Davis making good in the future are brighter. My very best
regards.
Yours truly,
J. S. BUTTERFIELD.
Hutchinson, Kan., June 5, 1906.
Mr. J. S. Butterfield, Lee’s Summit, Mo.:
Dear Sir—Your favor of the 4th inst. received, for which we
thank you very much; also the report of the Missouri Horticultural
Society in the same mail. Very glad to have this, as Missouri cer-
tainly has got Kansas skinned on the report proposition. You
seem to have more intelligent men in charge of that department in
your State.
302 State Horticultural Society,
I am certainly pleased to know that you can bud some trees
from bud sticks which I can get of this year’s growth. I think
very strongly at present about going up to Burlington to look at
these early red apples that are supposed to mature the ist of July,
and if I get anywhere near that tree, you bet your life, I will try
to get a few buds, and I want you to spare no expense in having
your men take extra care of them, so we can propagate them. I
will mail them to you and take care of them as you indicate. I do
not know whether it makes any difference what these are budded
onto, but have an idea a strong growing seedling of some kind,
but you know more about this than I do, and will leave it entirely
with you. The idea is, go get them propagated and to bring the
first few into bearing the very first possible moment, and multiply
them as fast as possible from the start.
In the first correspondence with this party up there he was
very willing to let me have some of these scions last fall, or at
least his son was, but from late correspondence the old gentleman
has forbidden his son to send anyone those scions. I suppose he
thinks he has a good thing, and he is mean enough not to want
anybody else to have any of them, not even down in this district,
where it certainly would not hurt his trade, especially as he only
has twenty or twenty-five trees. I note with much pleasure that
you are liable to make a trip through our country this summer, and
we will certainly be glad to see you and to show you around.
You probably remember that ten acres of trees you furnished
Mr. Frye, who owned the 80 acres between my two quarters, and
which I wrote you I had bought. They tell me they have never had
any apples off that orchard except Missouri Pippin and Winesap,
and, as I understand it, their big crop was 1,900 bushels. Whiis
I had not seen that orchard every month in the year, I had sup-
posed the Ben Davis had borne pretty well, but they tell me no. f
was out there yesterday and I think I saw every tree in that or-
chard, and the Ben Davis are loaded to the guards, and the largest
and most thrifty apples I ever saw this time of the year. This is
also true of the Winesap, and partially so of the Missouri Pippin.
If these do not drop off, I believe there is going to be from 3,000
to 5,000 bushels of apples on that orchard. This made me feel a
little more kindly toward the Bens. I have an idea that this or-
chard is about 15 years old, so suppose I have got to wait for the
Bens to do something two or three years longer. There is one
very surprising thing in that orchard, and it looks like a demon-
stration of what has been worrying me for some time; that is,
PIOKIN(
4
x
PEAOHES.,
9
Miscellaneous. 333
the close planting of our trees. The party who owned that or- .
chard made up his mind that they were too close, as they all
touched, and cut out about fifty trees, being every other tree in
the row and every other row. This leaves the trees about forty
feet apart. But I should say there were thirty or forty trees that
stand out all by their lonesome, with all kinds of sun and plenty
of room to grow. These are the only trees in the orchard that
haven’t apples on them. In fact, these trees that stand out this
way haven’t a dozen apples each, while the other ones, that are
close together, have all the apples they can stand, perhaps more.
These trees I mention were cut out last year, so that may be
that the ones that are left so far apart have been thrown out of
balance by the sun getting at the ground, which they were never
used to, although should not think this would have been so up
to the time they blossomed and set the apples, as we did not
have strong sun this spring. But the fact remains that with those
apples that are far apart there is “nothing doing.” This was also
true in years past with the 145 acres of apples we have right
across the road from this orchard. Where half of this orchard
is planted doubie thickness, we have had twice as many apples
per tree, and there are twice as many trees per acre, making four
times the apples per acre on that patch than the other half of
the orchard where they are planted single 34x36 feet. That is
true up to this year. Apparently the single trees have about as
many apples on as the double spaced trees this year. But, of
course, the proof will come when we pick them. Where the trees
have been closely planted in that orchard we have gotten enough
apples in the last three or four years to pay the whole shot, so that
with another year or two I believe I will have made up my ‘mind
pretty conclusively about close planting.
I have been worrying considerable about this, as I have
thought for the past year or two that I ought to get in and cut out
about every other tree, which, of course, I hated to do.
Yours very truly,
THE UNDERWOOD & VILES COLD STORAGE COMPANY,
Per W. H. Underwood.
Cedar Gap, Mo., May 13, 1906.
Mr. L. A. Goodman, Kansas City:
Dear Sir—I have just read in the Packer that a Mr. Rouse,
President of the Missouri State Bee-keepers’ Association, has is-
sued, an address setting forth the necessity of some legislation in
B04 State Horticultural Society.
the interest of the bee industry, and among other things, the for-
bidding of spraying while apple trees are in bloom. I don’t think
there is much, if any, spraying done in Missouri during the blos-
soming period, but I believe in time it will become a necessity to
do so in order to prevent blossom blight, caused by bacteria, that
deposits poison on the blooms, which effectually prevents the set-
ting of fruit. I have a letter from John Evans that our brilliant
prospects for an apple crop at Olden are all ruined from this cause.
Now, the vaiue of the apple would have been worth, probably,
$25,000—to us; while the value of all the bees in that neighbor-
hood, with the honey they produce, are not worth $250.. So you
see it behooves us fruit growers to be on our guard and not let
so-called sentimental sympathy for “bee buzzers” destroy our in-
dustry. I believe that spraying in bloom will often save an apple
crop.
Yours truly,
Louis ERB.
P. S.—On this place I have no blight, and fruit has set well
with the exception of Missouri Pippin, which dropped a little too
much.
Next year I expect to spray all trees that usually bloom heavy
and set light while in full bloom. I believe spraying at that time
will make apples, and that’s what we are all after.
I understand apple growers in New York State are after the
Legislature to repeal the bee law. Bees may do good in an or-
chard, but I believe (and it has been demonstrated) that Bordeaux
and Paris green do more good.
I hold that apple growers are under no more obligations to
feed their neighbors’ bees than their hogs. Usually the most un-
successful apple growers are the loudest talkers about the bene-
ficial work of bees in an orchard. One of the most successful
growers near Gasport, N. Y., for years raised the best crops of
apples without the assistance of bees, but by thorough spraying
during the blossoming period; and while I like bees, and especially
their honey, as well as any bee buzzer, I believe this theory and
practice is correct.
Miscellaneous. aon
THE AKIN APPLE.
To the Officers and Members of the Missouri State Horticult-
ural Society:
Ever looking forward with a progresseive idea to the time
when we may find better fruits, both in quality and quantity,
keeping in view a desire for the ideal for the greatest good to the
largest number of people, is why I come to this body of intelli-
gent, experienced fruit growers for information as to what is
known of the Akin apple in Missouri as to production, growth and
quality? In a sojourn in Southwest Indiana last summer and
fall, the writer found the Akin, more or less, in various orchards.
While last fall many orchards gave light crops in that part of the
state, the Akin gave evidence of productiveness equal to most va-
rieties except Grimes’ Golden, which was the leader in all or-
chards observed. In my judgment the Akin is a better producer,
keeper and shipper than the Jonathan, and the quality is equal
to Grimes’ Golden. The tree is an upright grower, with dense
folage of dark green. The apple is almost identical in shape, size
and color with Jonathan, and is often sold as the latter. If the
Akin has the good qualities every place as was found in Indiana,
there is no doubt as to its paying as a commercial apple.
S. H. LINTON.
Des Moines, Ia.
United States Department of Agricuiture, Bureau of Entomology,
Washington, D. C., November 28, 1906.
Mr. L. A. Goodman, Secretary Missouri State Horticultural So-
ciety, Kansas City, Mo.:
Mr. Dear Mr. Goodman—I have just received the announce-
ment of the forty-ninth annual meeting of the Missouri State Hor-
ticultural Society at Boonville, Mo. I am not in the least sure
whether I owe this to your recollection or to that of your daugh-
ter, Miss Marie. In either case, I am indebted to the Goodman
family, and only regret that other engagements will prevent me
from attending the meeting. I have long wished to attend one of
your State Horticultural Society meetings, and, perhaps, some day
will be able to do. Yours sincerely,
L. O. HOWARD, Chief of Bureau.
336 State Horticultural Society,
PEACHES, VARIETIES—YIELD, TIME OF RIPENING.
(By Jacob Faith, Montevallo, Mo.)
Peaches—The following varieties are figured at 100 per cent.
as representing the amount of marketable fruit the trees matured
the past season. The varieties are named in the order of ripen-
ing:
Sneed—45 per cent. crop; commences to ripen June 11th to
the 22nd; beautiful, size medium.
Alexander—75 per cent. crop; ripens June 17th to 28th; well
known, good and early sort.
Triumph—80 per cent. crop; ripens June 22nd to July 4th;
large yellow, earliest yellow, free stone; some years subject to rot.
Carmen—90 per cent. crop; ripens June 28th to July 29th;
best in its season; white flesh; large, beautiful, mottled red cheek.
The four above-named varieties I sold at $1.25 to $1.50 per
bushel in home market, Eldorado Springs, Mo. Visitors from other
states said they were the finest peaches they ever saw.
Yellow St. John—25 per cent. crop; ripens July 29th to Au-
gust 8th; large free stone.
Mountain Rose—26 per cent. crop; ripens August 1st to 16th;
large, red cheek, white flesh, free stone.
Champion—85 per cent. crop; ripens August 5th to 20th;
large, skin cream white, red cheek, flavor rich and juicy, best of
its season, free stone.
Family Favorite—100 per cent. crop; ripens August 10th to
22nd; large, clear, waxen color; good shipper.
Foster—20 per cent. crop; ripens August 10th to 19th; yellow
white red cheek; flavor one of the best.
Elberta—20 per cent. crop; ripens August 10th to 29th; very
large, well-colored; one of the finest yellow free stone. More are
planted than any other one variety, but with me too tender in bud;
one of the worst to winter-kill out of 32 varieties. It ripened when
the most seedlings ripen, when the market is glutted with little
seedlings. I had to seil Elberta at 70 to 90 cents per bushel less
than any other budded sort, with the exception of Crosby.
Stump the World—20 per cent. crop; ripens August 26th to
September 6th; very large, skin white, red cheek, free stone.
Capt. Hde—65 per cent. crop; a splendid yellow free stone.
Crosby—95 per cent. crop; orange color, good flavor, rather
Miscellaneous. 337
small; the hardiest in bud I know of; ripens August 28th to Sep-
tember 10th.
Piquet’s Late—75 per cent. crop; large yellow free stone; one
of the best for canning; ripens September 10th to 30th.
Heath Cling—35 per cent. crop; very large pale yellow; one
of the best cling stone; ripens September 20th to 30th.
Salway—95 per cent. crop; large yellow free stone, red cheek;
one of the best to ship with me; most profitable late peach; ripens
September 28th to October 15th.
Ten other varieties too badly winter-killed to report.
About 50 seedling peach trees; most of them had a full crop,
but too small. Would not pay expense for picking and market-
ing. I sold most of my peaches in berry crates, crates to be re-
turned.
Peach buds in Southwest Missouri, Vernon county, 100 miles
south of Kansas City, are killed by cold about six years out of
thirteen, or that has been my observation the past 30 years. But
planting on high, well-drained land, varieties hardy in bud, is a
profitable investment.
There is no better fertilizer for peach trees than wood ashes;
also nothing I ever found to keep borers and other insects from
the roots of trees and cause a uniform healthy growth better than
wood ashes. Tobacco, also, is valuable to put around the bodies
of fruit trees (but not in human mouth).
I got from sawmills over 200 bushels of wood ashes, all that
I could get, which I will put around the bodies of peach trees as
soon as J think ground proper, as much as it will freeze. This will
keep frost in the ground and retard bloom five to twelve days. I
put one peck to half bushel to a tree, according to size of tree and
strength of ashes.. In spring, when trees bloom, I hoe and rake this
mound of ashes from the trees. I use a four-prong potato diger,
prongs standing like a hoe.
REPORT OF IOWA MEETING.
(By H. S. Wayman, Princeton, Mo.)
The forty-first annual meeting of the Iowa State Society was
held in the horticultural room in the capitol building at Des
Moines, December 11 to 13, 1906, with their usual attendance of
enthusiastic fruit growers, who brought with them, in addition to
H—22
338 State Horticultural Society.
their store of horticultural knowledge, the real “fruits of their
labor” to the extent of some thirteen hundred plates of Iowa’s
choicest apples, comprising about one hundred and twenty-five va-
rieties.
The exhibit was tastefully aranged on tables occupying the
entire spacious rotunda of the capitol, and is said to be the most
elaborate exhibit of fruit ever made in the history of the Society.
I mentioned in last year’s report their extensive exhibit of
seedling fruit, and especially their work in the introduction of new,
hardy varieties of apple, which is continuing with seeming in-
creased interest.
The horticultural extension department at Ames has provided
fer the cultivation of all new seedlings of good promise that are
available. This is a more continuous and permanent system of
improvement along this line than is possible when in the hands
of individuals. It has the unanimous approval of the society, and
is receiving new varieties for experimental purposes from all parts
of the state.
The subject of spraying, by Prof. Jones of the horticultural
extension work at Ames, was made instructive and practical by
means of an extensive exhibit of sprayed and unsprayed apples,
with chart records of dates and conditions when sprayed, and
formulas used, a study of which would convince the most skeptical
of his duty to watch and spray without ceasing.
Our Iowa brothers have their enemies and practical obstacles
playing hide and seek with them in their orchards, the same as
we Missourians, and are waging continual war against them, as
shown in the discussion of the subjects of “Present Day Horti-
cultural Problems,” by Prof. L. H. Pammel, Ames, and “Experi-
ments in Spraying,” by Prof. S. A. Beach, Ames. *
Being in attendance only one day during the meeting, I must
omit a full report of the papers and discussions, but suffice it to
say, the program was well rendered and exhibited the care and
good judgment of Secretary Greene in arranging the excellent
program, as well as the work of those on program in the prepara-
tion of their papers.
Miscellaneous. 339
PEACH DISEASES AND THEIR REMEDIES.
Read before the Arkansas Horticultural Society in January, 1906, by O. H. Dutcher
Warrensburg, Mo.)
In the preparation of this paper I have endeavored to sup-
plement what little I may know about peaches with the best results
of the best and most noted growers and experimenters I could
find. I have tried to present these results in language all can read
and understand, that they may appear in your next report as a
handy reference for all who may be interested, but especially for
those just beginning the great industry of peach growing in
Southwest Arkansas. In so doing I have made free use of “Spray-
ing of Plants,” by Lodeman; Bulletin No. 170 of the New York
Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y.; Bulletin No. 132, by Wilcox
of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Auburn, Alabama; Bul-
letin No. 1, by Special Agent E. F. Smith of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture at Washington; Bulletin No. 20, by N.
B. Pierce of Santa Ana, California, and the State Horticultural
Reports of Missouri and Arkansas.
I.—FUNGOUS DISEASES.
We read of, and some of us are acquainted with, over a dozen
of these diseases, but many have duplicate names of the same
thing. Only six or eight then need engage our attention at this
time.
1. Black Spot.—This is an unsightly disease, though not al-
ways very troublesome. It it a surface fungus upon the fruit,
and more severe on late varieties. It is well known throughout the
east and south. In Texas it is said to be especially troublesome.
It forms small dusky-brown or black spots upon the side of the
fruit, and large areas of the peach may be affected. When severe
the growth of the affected portion is stopped, and frequently the
flesh cracks open to the pit. It is not known that the spores infest
the branches, but Mr. Pierce thinks they do, or at least they find
winter lodgment upon the tree itself. It is probably safe to say
that this is most likely the case in warm to very warm climates,
like California or our own southland. If so, winter spraying—
that is, before the buds begin to swell, as soon as the frost is out
of the ground, using 4 pounds of copper sulphate to 50 gallons of
water, will tend to disinfect the trees and greatly reduce, if not
340 State Horticultural Society,
prevent, the summer development of the disease. Many use the
Bordeaux mixture, and think it superior to the simple solution
of the sulphate in water; but the latter is easier, no lime to clog the
nozzle, and there is no danger of injury, as long as the buds are
not open or too much swollen. If early enough, you can use as
much as eight pounds of the sulphate.
Then, to make assurance doubly sure, I recommend that when
the fruit is about half grown, or even before, we make frequent
applications of dust, consisting of 200 pounds of thoroughly pow-
dered lime, 5 to 25 pounds of flowers of sulphur and 5 pounds of
Sal Bordeaux, or 10 peunds of the Legget Dry Bordeaux. This is
a general fungicide, and the dust made by this general formula
can be used at all times without the least danger of burning the
foliage or staining the fruit. With the liquid Bordeaux on the
peach we are in constant danger of injuring the foliage. Prob-
ably 2 pounds of the sulphate to 50 gallons of water, with as much
lime as we can get through the nozzle, would not be entirely free
from danger; and even this should not be used after the fruit be-
gins to ripen. Then use ammoniacal carbonate of copper, but not
more than 4 ounces to 50 gallons of water. This treatment should
be continued till just before the fruit is ready to harvest.
2. Brown Rot.—This disease, according to all who have had
experience with it, is the most serious fungus with which we have
to contend in raising cherries, plums or peaches, It is the most
severe on early varieties, and is extremely prevalent in the Middle
Atlantic states. In 1900 it cost the peach growers of Georgia
alone, $500,000 to $700,000. It has been reported on the pear,
quince and apricot. It causes the rottening of the fruit about the
time of ripening, hence called fruit rot and ripe rot. In increases
rapidly in warm, moist weather; and peaches that touch each
other are among the first to suffer from this fungus. The affected
fruit turns brown, and appears as if decayed. It then becomes
covered with an ashy-colored coating, which consists of myriads of
spores, each one of which is capable of spreading the disease. It
attacks small twigs and frequently kills them. Blossoms may be
affected and so ruined that no fruit can set. Prof. Pierce quotes
Mr. Smith as saying that the fungus winters on the diseased
branches and in the dried fruit adhering to the trees.
One of the first things then in its treatment is to remove the
dried fruit and the dead twigs before growth starts in the spring,
when they become covered with spores, which propagate the dis-
ease, Thorough winter spraying, after frosty weather has passed,
Miscellaneous. | 341
with active fungicides, is imperative. Copper sulphate solution or
Bordeaux should be used, and two applications, in many cases,
ought to suffice—one with a four-pound solution before tree growth
starts, and one with a two-pound solution just before the buds
begin to swell. As the tree comes into full bloom and the polleni-
zation has taken place, use the dust, and repeat when the fruit is
set. An occasional repetition till the fruit is ready to harvest will
be beneficial in all badly infested districts.
3. Leaf Curl.—This disease is sometimes called simply
“Curl;” by some Frenching—why, I know not. These are all pro-
duced by the same fungus, and are known wherever the peach is
grown. The affected leaves become distorted, crumpled, enlarged,
curled, and in early summer fall to the ground. If the season be
favorable, new leaves soon put forth, but the tree is overtaxed and
the fruit stunted. The loss in the United States from this source
has amounted to $3,000,000 in a single year. In 1898 New York
estimated her loss to be many thousands of dollars. It is much
worse near bodies of water, or moist locations subject to heavy
dew, than in dry regions or elevated situations.
Messrs. Lodeman and Wilcox think that this fungus grows
also inside the terminal portions of the young twigs, and causes
them to become swollen and paler in color; that these swollen por-
tions constitute the only home of its perennial portions; that here
the white threads or spawn, from which the fungus is developed,
called mycelia, live through the winter, and that the infection in
the spring time takes place from the mycelia present. Mr. Pierce
is of the opinion that the spring infection is due to the spores of
the fungus, and not to a perennial mycelium. Notwithstanding
this opposite opinion, they both recommend the use of copper sprays
as the remedy. Spray as for brown rot, and you will surely reap
large benefits therefrom. In California they find that winter
spraying for San Jose scale holds the leaf curl in check. If Mr.
Pierce, upon whose authority this statement is made, is right, we
can put the more confidence in proper spraying as a remedy.
4. Leaf Rust—In general appearance this disease is very
similar to leaf blight on plum or cherry foliage. The affected areas
are dull red upon the upper surface and yellowish-brown on the
lower surface of the leaf. The spots are small, but often the foli-
age drops prematurely. If not checked, this fungus causes serious
loss; but fortunately it is more easily controlled than those pre-
ceding. As soon as the leaves appear, dust thoroughly with the
dry fungicide mentioned above. Repeat the application in a few
342 State Horticultural Society,
days, and continue at intervals from one to two weeks till the fruit
begins to ripen. This is good on all kinds of leaves.
5. Leaf Spot.—This disease, sometimes referred to as leaf
blight, and so discussed by Mr. Wilcox, is much like the winter
blaght of Mr. Pierce, though thought to be produced by different
fungi. Mr. Wilcox says it is widely distributed on peach, cherry,
plum and apricot leaves; that minute spots occur after the leaves
are full grown, and often these spots fall out, producing a shot-hole
effect; hence the name shot-hole fungus. The treatment for brown
rot and leaf curl is considered highly efficacious for this and all
similar diseases.
6. Mildew.—The fungus that produces mildew attacks the
leaves, fruit and tender branches in the early part of summer.
Upon the leaves this fungus produces a thick covering of white my-
celia, which obscure the green covering underneath. When the
peaches are about half grown, occasionally white, powdery patches
appear upon their surfaces. If left unchecked, these patches be-
come brown and hard, and not unfrequently cause the peach to
crack.
The branches furnish winter quarters for the spores, and sup-
ply the source of spring infection; hence winter sprays are neces-
sary and should not be neglected. But as soon as the fruit is set
and the leaves begin to grow, use the dust fungicide at intervals of
not more than two weeks. The more frequent the better the result.
7. Prune Rust.—From all I can learn, this trouble is much
_ more common in California, if not wholly confined to prune pro-
ducing sections. It seems to be like cedar rust in this section.
Ii should undoubtedly be treated as leaf curl and leaf rust.
8. Sooty Mold—This is a fungous smut that appears on the
trunk, inner limbs and older bark of peach trees, and gives them a
black appearance. In California they use a winter spray of strong
Bordeaux mixture for it; but I am of the opinion that a wash of
two pounds of sal soda to five gallons of water will destroy this
fungus and keep the bark clean; and this opinion is founded on
actual experience. Like prune rust, it is largely a warm climate
trouble; hence quite prevalent in California.
II.—INSECT PESTS.
As to the remedy for such troubles of the fruit grower, I have
not changed my mind since your last annual session, unless it
may be said of me as it was once said of a non-convalescent, “I
am getting no better fast.” As we should bear in mind that cop-
Miscellaneous. 343
per salts, whether in dry or liquid Bordeaux, is the special remedy
' for fungous troubles, helped as it is, in no mean degree, by the lime
conveyor, and, by the addition of sulphur, so arsenites in some
form, are the standard remedies for chewing insects, and alkalies
for insects that suck.
1. Peach Aphis.—These insects are shining black in color.
They feed upon the juices of leaves, and may be found upon stems
and roots as well. These are soft-bodied insects, and are readily
destroyed by throwing upon them a strong alkali dust, prepared by
dry slacking with a solution of concentrated lye, 8 pounds to 200
of lime. Wooly aphis, and all plant lice of whatever kind or color,
should be treated the same way. Very dilute kerosene emulsion,
or tobacco water, is efficacious in their destruction. Be careful
about the strength of the kerosene emulsion. I think the recipes
generally given are too strong for young trees: If the aphis are
found upon the roots, hoe tobacco stems or dust into the ground
around the tree; or expose the roots and pour upon them water
having a temperature of about 130 degrees.
2. Bud Moth.—tThese insects are sometimes very destructive
to the peach as well as the apple. They are small brown cater-
pillars, and, as the buds begin to swell in the spring, they bore into
them, and even into the wood beneath. Cover the buds early with
Paris green or Disparene, that the young caterpillars may be
poisoned as they gnaw into the bud.
3. Curculio.These very serious pests in the peach orchard
are the same as the plum curculio. The adults are small gray
beetles that pass the winter under the bark of trees, or under rub-
bish, if we fail to clean up our orchards properly. As soon as the
young fruit is formed, they deposit their eggs in crescent-shaped
incisions made with their snouts, in the surface of the fruit. These
eggs hatch in a few days, and the larvae begin to feed upon the
fruit, causing it to fall when quite young, or to ripen prematurely
and decay.
These beetles fall to the ground when disturbed, curl up and
look like small bits of bark. By jarring the trees then, we may
catch the beetles on sheets, and easily destroy them. This is a sure
method, but not practical in a large orchard; but we can and should
remove the affected and fallen fruit from trees and ground, and
burn or otherwise destroy it at least once a week. To thoroughly
spray with a double portion of Paris green may do good. We are
not agreed on this, nor can we be till we know whether or not the
beetle eats the fruit while gouging out the hole for her eggs. If
344 State Horticultural Society,
Paris green be added to our fungicide and used all the time, on
everything we spray, we shall gain time and save labor. In other
words, spray for as many diseases and pests as possible every time
you spray.
4, Bark Beetle-—These beetles love a sick tree. Early in
the spring they bore minute holes through the bark to the sap wood.
In these the eggs are laid, and when hatched, the grubs feed on the
sap wood. There are several broods in one season, and many
varieties of trees are affected. Healthy, vigorous trées are less
liable to attack than weaker ones. Some contend a healthy tree is
never attacked; but be that as it may, when trees of any kind are
badly infested, dig out and burn.
5. Borers—At Van Buren, in 1904, Mr. Harris stated that —
he asked Mr. Scott what do you do about the borer? Mr. Scott re-
plied, I don’t do anything about it. Once I think they killed a tree,
but I cultivated thoroughly, and they can not kill very many of
them. If you are all this fortunate, I need not dwell on this pest;
but I am sure the peach tree borer has arrived. Still I do not see
how thorough cultivation helped the case here cited.
No more beautifui moth can be found in our orchards than the
borer moth. The general color of both sexes is a deep steel blue.
In spring and summer, earlier, of course, as you go south, after
earth and forest and orchard have well warmed up, the female de-
posits her eggs in the bark near the roots, or higher up the trunk,
even in the bark of the larger limbs, according to the species—flat
heads in the trunk and limbs, round heads near the ground.
These are only a few days in hatching. The larvae,now the
borers, penetrate the inner bark and sap wood, forming burrows.
Here they feed during the remainder of the season, doing great
damage. They remain dormant during the winter, form cocoons in
the spring, and finally issue forth as beautiful moths to repeat their
annual labors and die. There are at least two broods a year, and
some kinds may require more than one year for all their changes;
but their busy days produce the same results.
No amount of spraying will do any good. Many washes and
paints have been used to keep the moth from the trees. Some of
them may help, but there is danger of injury. Wooden or wire, or
even paper wrappers, left on from the preceding fall, placed there
for a protection from rabbits, or put on in the spring, will do much
good. But when the borer is actually in the tree, open a small
trench and dig him out; or with rather flexible wire probe the bur-
row. This should be done in the early spring, as soon as you
Miscellaneous. 345
notice projecting masses of excrement, or of comminuted bark
about the tree. With a small trowel make a shallow trench around
the tree—if you have not already made one in looking for borers—
put on the wrapper and level the earth around it. I have used sal
soda solution, already mentioned, with most excellent results when
I was late with the digging-out process, and was afraid the eggs
had already been laid. The solution is easily put on by means of
a compressed air hand sprayer. One man with such an apparatus
can spray the trunks and larger limbs of several hundred trees per
day.
The peach twig berer is considered on the Pacific coast and in
Colorado one of the three or four worst insect pests with which they
have to contend. They winter in peculiar chambers situated in
the crotches of the branches,but leave these in the spring to enter
the new shoots. At this time they are nearly grown, and can easily
bore into the shoots of new leaves and kill the growing terminals.
This, of course, checks the growth, and a few of them will suffice to
produce an irregular and knotty tree. We should watch this borer.
In this connection, I wish to speak of gumming of such trees as the
peach, the cherry and the plum, called Gummosis. The gum-flow
may follow injuries by cuts, bruises, attacks by insects, especially
borers, and may be produced by some fungi. A dose of too-long-
single-tree, or too much pruning at time of active tree growth, will
cause this disintegration of the affected tissues. But no matter
_ what the cause of the gumming, the growth of the tree is checked,
and should be at once scraped off and removed.
III—SOME UNCLASSIFIED DISEASES.
Possibly only a few of us, if indeed any, have experimental
knowledge of the three or four diseases that now follow. If so, we
should post up at once, for they are destructive.
1. Crown Gall and Root Knot.—While this disease is the best
known of any in this division of my paper, I greatly fear it is not
appreciated as it deserves to be. Knots of various sizes, irregular
in form, rough on surface, soft and spongy within, have been ob-
served upon peach, plum, pear, cherry, apricot and apple. These
are much like the galls on the raspberry and blackberry, and on
many other trees, but that they are caused by the same organism
has not yet been shown. Sometimes they occur on the trunk above
the crown, but in all cases they are detrimental, and, when formed
at the crown, the tree is worthless. No remedy is known. Be cer-
tain that you do not plant affected trees or good trees in soi] known
346 State Horticultural Society,
to be infected, for fear they become affected. Should you find
that you have an affected tree, dig it out and burn it. Remove a
good portion of the soil, and replace it with good and healthy soil
before putting out another tree.
This knot must not be confounded with similar knots fourd
on apple trees, caused by careless or imperfect grafting. This
only disfigures the tree, and is not a disease at all.
2. Rosette-—This is a very destructive disease, but easily con-
trolled, as the only remedy is the ax and the torch. The cause is
as yet unknown. At present this disease is confined to the states
to the southeast of us, though it has been reported from a few
stations in the west. Georgia and Alabama are having some
trouble with it. From Mr. Wilcox we learn that the leaf buds on
a tree thus affected grow out in a compact tuft of leaves resembling
a rosette; that the leaves are of a peculiar yellowish color, much
larger than normal leaves, have enrolled margins, and are stiffer
than other leaves; that the mere contact of this disease with healthy
tissue is not sufficient to introduce the disease, but that there must
be real union of the two tissues. Hence, it may be spread through
budding or root grafting.
3. Yellows.—From Mr. Smith and Mr. Wilcox we learn that
this is an American disease, and is known to affect the almond,
apricot and plum as well as the peach. For some time it was con-
fined to a small section of Delaware and the Chesapeake region; but
is now as far south as Southern Virginia, and probably as far as
Arkansas and Northeastern Texas. It is a perplexing and de-
structive disease. Its peculiar symptoms are, first, the premature
unfolding of the leaf buds into slender pale shoots, or into branched,
broom-like growths; and, second, the red spotting and the abnorm-
ally early maturing of the fruit. These reddish spots extend
from the surface to the stone, and their presence is a sure indica-
tion of the disease. The yellowing of the leaves, when the disease
has been in the tree for several years, and from which it gets its
name, has caused this disease to be confused with leaf curl.
From many experiments, Mr. Smith concludes that the disease
is contagious; may be conveyed by seemingly healthy buds when
they are taken from diseased trees; that only a small amount of
infective material is necessary, provided it be induced to unite with
the growing tissues of the trees; that the disease has a long period
of incubation, and that the death of the entire tree requires several
years. He further states that it is quite probable that the whole
is affected when the symptoms appear in any part of it; that the
Miscellaneous. 347
disease is communicated to budded trees in some other way or
ways than by bud inoculation, and that trees are not infected
through the blossom. These and other lines of special inquiry are
under consideration. :
I will simply add from the same authority that this disease
has so far baffled every effort to determine its cause, and for it
there is no cure known to the fraternity; that thousands and
thousands of trees, whole orchards, in fact, in some sections have
been destroyed by it; that in the last few years it has appeared in
new localities, and regions now healthy are threatened; in fact, Mr.
Wilcox says, it seems to be widely distributed in the United States.
All the investigators of this subject unite in advising peach growers
to stamp out the disease, and agree that the only line of treatment
that promises to control it is to dig out and burn both roots and
trees as soon as the first symptoms are observed. Spraying is of
no use. Special fertilization of the soil does no good. Dig out
and burn is, as yet, the only remedy.
4. Little Peach Disease.—Dr. E. F. Smith of Michigan de-
scribes a disease which he calls the “Little Peach” as one in which
the fruit is only about one-third to one-half the diameter of healthy
fruit. It often ripens from one to two weeks later than the unaf-
fected fruit. The leaves have only one-half normal size, and have
a sickly color. The large roots appear to be all right, but the root-
iets appear to be diseased. No cause for the trouble is known. It
is said to be as contagious and as fatal as the yellows, and the rem-
edy is the same—dig out and burn all affected trees.
SUMMARY OF SPECIAL POINTS.
1. The dust fungicide consists of 200 pounds of lime, thor-
cughly pulverized by grinding or dry slacking, 5 to 25 pounds of
sulphur and 5 pounds of Sal Bordeaux, or 10 pounds of the Legget
Bordeaux.
2. For insects that chew, add to the above 5 pounds of Paris
green. This constitutes the Johnson ‘General Formula,” for the
dust made by it can be used, with good effect, at all times, and upon
all kinds of vegetation.
3. For insects that suck, dry slack the lime with a solution of
concentrated lye, 8 pounds to 12 gallons of water, or even 12
pounds, if the attack be severe. Good fresh lime, like the Ash
Grove lime, will generally be sufficient without any lye at all.
4. Time and labor are saved by combining these formula and
dusting for all three enemies at the same time. Lime is the con-
348 State Horticultural Society,
veyor, and more—it is a good fungicide of itself, and a destroyer
of sucking insects.
5. By changing the quantity of the ingredients, the strength
of the dust can be made to suit the disease at any time.
6. Winter sprays consist of, lst, copper sulphate solution, 4
pounds, or even more, to 50 gallons of water, if used early. If near
the swelling of the buds, use only 2 pounds of the sulphate. Never
use this solution on the leaves. 2nd, Liquid Bordeaux. Use the
4-6-50 formula for early spray; the 4-2-50 formula near the time
of the swelling of the buds, and cautiously, after the leaves are out;
better use the 6-2-50 formula.
7. Winter sprays, followed by the dust fungicide, as above
stated, will be quite sufficient for black spot, brown rot, mildew
and prune rust; and surely will prevent leaf rust, leaf spot, ete.
8. If only the leaf rust and leaf spot exist, the dry dust fun-
gicide will be sufficient.
9. For sooty mold use sal soda solution, as directed on another
page. It will pay to use this as a preventive and to keep the bark
clean.
10. If at any time the fruit should be killed, do not neglect to
dust or spray thoroughly and frequently. Otherwise the fungi may
get the start of you, and ‘‘the last story be worse than the first.”
Note: What follows was to have been taken down by short-
hand, but, owing to the lateness of the hour, it was omitted; and,
on the invitation of the Secretary, it was written out and sent him
for publication. But he lost the manuscript.
Now, gentlemen, you will bear me witness that I have not ad-
vocated the dust to the exclusion of the liquid spray. I have tried
to be conservative. For an old orchard already diseased, you will
need your liquid apparatus for ‘‘winter spraying;” but for a new
orchard, or one in a healthy condition, you will need nothing more
than the cheaper and more economical dust spray, provided you
begin in time and keep it up regularly and properly, no matter
whether you are to have a crop or not.
Yesterday Dr. Von Schrenk advocated the liquid spray, for, as
he said, he had not studied the dust process. In answer to my
question, “What salt in the Bordeaux mixture kills the fungi,’ he
said, “The copper hydroxide.” “Is that soluble or insoluble?”
“Tnsoluble,” said he. “Though insoluble, does it kill all the same?”
“Yes,” was his reply.
Later I asked him, ‘‘How do you know copper hydroxide kills
fungi?” “I do not suppose that has been proved absolutely; but
from the greater quantity of the hydroxide it has been so decided,”
Miscellaneous. ee 349
“Very well; but how do you know that any insoluble salt in the
Bordeaux mixture—and there are four of them—kills the fungi?”
“T do not know, but something does, when good Bordeaux is proper-
ly applied.” ‘Of course, but you can’t say copper sulphate did it;
and since we all agree that the soluble copper sulphate does kill
fungi, why convert it into a lot of insolubles about which we know
nothing?” He had no reason for it. I then asked, ‘‘How much
copper hydroxide is made from the sulphate used in the Bordeaux
mixture?” “Very little,’ said he. “Then are we not: silly
to throw away so much soluble sulphate for so _ little
insoluble hydroxide?” “It seems so, though I have not studied
the dust process.”’ “If copper sulphate kills, why not put that di-
rectly on the fungi?” ‘I suppose it would be better; at least, in
some respects.” ‘Do you know of any way to do that?” “I do
not.” “Well, I do, and we do it every time we put Sal Bordeaux
onatree. And that is not all; the sulphate is so held in suspension
that it is copper sulphate after the dust has been in the presence
of moisture three times, and how much longer, I know not; but
as long, I suspect, as any of the dust remains on leaf or twig. If
the sun comes out warm and evaporates the dew or the exudations
from the tree, the sulphate in the dust resumes its work as night
fall comes on again—a thing you can not say of the Bordeaux mix-
ture.”
At the hotel last night I showed the Sal Bordeaux to him and
others. I used the same dust I had used six days before, as well as
some new dust, and each yielded the copper test at once.- ‘Well,
then,” said he, ‘after your sulphate comes in contact with mois-
ture, hydroxide is formed, and you are in the same fix as the other
fellow is.” “Not quite so bad,” said I, “for we have already had
the direct and positive action of the sulphate, and that is what
kills.” The Professor is a very busy man, but I trust he will find
time to take the matter up and investigate for himself. We want
it tested more and more.
One point more and I am done. Last night Mr. Munson said
that no dry spray~ that he had ever seen would control mildew,
downy fungus, or black rot on grapes. That, no doubt, is his ex-
perience; but he should confine that statement to Texas, as he does
the dust to such “dry spray as he had seen,” and probably has used,
for I know our dry spray will control all these, and more, too, in
Missouri, and I will guarantee it in Arkansas as well.
350 State Horticultural Society,
MEETING OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY AT PARKVILLE, OCTOBER 20, 1906.
(Sample of one of the monthly dinners.)
MENU.
Elberta salads, wafers, pickles, quince jelly.
Huntsman’s roast turkey, Ben Davis boiled ham, Grimes Golden roast chicken, Jon1-
than cranberry sauce, Lady Sweet honey.
York Imperial roast pig, Winesap apple sauce, McAfee Nonesuch baked potatoes, Ro-
man stem celery.
Gano apple butter, Pumpkin Sweet pie, Bellflower pie, Ohampion cake.
Maiden Blush coffee, Concord tea.
Paradise Winter Sweet baked apples.
Apples and cider from Graden and Lowmiller’s orchards.
SELECTION OF SCIONS.
L. A. Goodman, of the Missouri Horticultural Society, in a dis-
cussion of scions, said in part:
How much care do we exercise in the selection of scions for
our grafting stock? Are we not too careless in cutting them?
Do we select healthy trees, hearty trees, productive trees, those
bearing the most reguiarly, the best colored fruits and the best
quality? Do we select from individual trees, keeping these facts
in mind? If not, then have we not been propagating our trees to
decay?
Individuality of a tree is a fact long lost sight of, and to our
shame and sorrow and loss be it said. This one thing we all notice,
and yet we have failed, until lately, to utilize this fact. Certain
trees are more hearty, more vigorous, more productive, bearing
better fruit and better color, size and quality. It may be because
of more congenial surroundings or better selection of parentage,
but whatever it may ke, we should use this individuality and per-
petuate and improve it by careful selections. I am sure that if
all trees in our orchards had thus been carefully selected, they
would be worth more than double their present value.
Now, are we not sure that the trees thus grown from most care-
fully selected stocks and scions will give us better results than
our indiscriminate selections so universally practiced? Good two-
year-old trees 5 feet high, with low heads, and:an even spread of at
least 7 to 9 branches coming out at right angles from the body of
Miscellaneous. 351
the tree, the center stem as a leader, is to my mind a perfect tree.
Whole root, or piece, long root or short root, has nothing to do
with the life or vigor or health or productiveness of the tree. It
all depends on the kind of stock and kind of scion we use. Even
double working is often a great advantage, because you then get
a root of known hardiness. The tree which roots from its own
scion is much better than one having a seedling root.
Most of our best varieties are of eastern origin, and you can
easily make your selection in good hearty varieties of the best
quality. Be careful not to plant those varieties, which not being
adapted to your location, lose most of the qualities they do possess
in their own home. Adaptability is the important feature to be
always kept in mind. For instance, do not plant the Ben Davis
here in the north any more than we of the south should plant the
Rhode Island Greening. Use only those varieties of a known value
in a commercial way. If you know some of the newer varieties
doing well, use them sparingly. Beware of new varieties with
great names, old varieties under new names, varieties far removed
¥rom your location as to soil and climate, varieties which claim to
be the best for everywhere, because there is no such apple.—Col-
man’s Rural World.
Wisdom is the knowledge of what is best to do next, skill is showing how to do, and
virtue doing it.
—President Jordan.
O Earth! thou hast not any wind that blows
Which is not music; every weed of thine,
Pressed rightly, flows in aromatic wine;
And every humble hedgerow flower that doth grow.
And every little brown bird that doth sing
Hath something greater than itself, and bears
A living word to every living thing;
Though it may bear the message unawares.
All shapes and sounds have something which is not
Ofthem,. A spirit broods amid the grass,
Vague outlines of the everlasting thought
Lie in the melting shadows as they pass,
The touch of an eternal presence thrills
The fringes of the sunsets and the hills.
—Richard Realf.
The fact none the less remains, that it is to his somewhat
bigoted florist, to his somewhat frenzied horticulturist that we
Owe our more exquisite flowerbeds, our more varied, more abundant,
352 State Horticultural Society,
more luscious vegetables, our even more delicious fruits. Contem-
plate, for instance, the marvels that ripen nowadays in the mean-
est gardens, among the lowest branches, wisely subdued by the
patient and generous espaliers. Less than a century ago they
were unknown; and we owe them to the trifling and innumerable
exertions of a legion of small seekers, all more or less narrow, all
more or less ridiculous.
It is thus man requires nearly all his riches. There is nothing
puerile in nature, and he who becomes impassioned of a flower,
a blade of grass, a butterfly’s wing, a nest, a shell, wraps his
passion around a small thing that always contains a great truth.
To succeed in modifying the appearance of a flower is insignifi-
cant in itself, if you will; but reflect upon it for however short a
while and it becomes gigantic.—Old Fashioned Flowers, Maeter-
linck.
ORCHARDS MUST HAVE CARE.
It is apparently an easy matter for the promotor to make a
northern man believe that all he has to do to get on the high-
road to wealth is to buy some cheap southern land, have it planted
to fruit trees and await returns. The south holds great possibili-
ties for the industrious citizen either in the growing of fruit or in
general agriculture, but there, as elsewhere, no business will thrive
unless attended to.
In traveling throvgh the fruit regions of Southern Missouri
we have observed orchards that had been so left without atten-
tion. The timber had been cut off and the trees set and left, not
only without cultivation but without the stumps and roots of the
timber being killed and removed. The result was that the fruit
trees, such as had survived, were hard to find among the profusion
of sprouts from the stumps and roots of the former forest, and
were of no value when found.
There is, indeed, much less chance for an orchard to take
care of itself in the south than in the prairie regions farther north.
In the latter the fruit trees have but the grass and weeds, in the
shape of vegetation, to contend with, and will soon overtop and
shadow them, gradually gaining the mastery. But on newly cut
timber lands of the south the young newly planted fruit trees are
no match for the vigorous saplings that spring from the old es-
tablished root systems of the former forest giants.
Miscellaneous. 353
Even if the stumps and roots of the forest are killed the or-
chard must still have labor expended upon it if it is to prosper.
There is no business that will thrive if unattended to in any land
for any length of time, and fruit growing is no exception. The
sooner people who have a little capital to invest, thoroughly appre-
ciate this fact the better will it be not only for them but for the
real, permanent develepment of the South as well. The South is
already strewn with ragged, neglected orchards, the property of
non-resident owners, and these exert a deterrent influence upon the
intelligent, thoughtful citizen looking for a location for a home.—
Prairie Farmer.
CHRISTMAS GIFTS.
(By Minna Irving.)
The earth is folded in the snow,
A sound of silver bells
In clear and joyous harmony
From many a steeple swells.
The brook, a crystal coat of mail,
A month or more has worn,
And all the woods are white with frost,
For this is Christmas morn.
The pines in stately symmetry
Uplift their branches green,
On every bough, the squirrel’s prize,
A pendant cone is seen.
The mistletoe upon the oak
Reveals its clustered pearls,
The holly has a coral pin
For all the boys and girls.
W here here and there above the snow
Remain the withered weeds,
The birds are sure to find a store
Of dry and dainty seeds;
For God who makes the summer rose,
And molds the winter drift,
For every creature in the wood
Has hung a Christmas gift.
AN EXPERIMENT WITH OIL SPRAYS.
LIVELY WORK OF THE SCALE.
The San Jose scale is gradually but surely invading many of
the best orchards in the east, and fruit growers are fully alive to
the necessity of fighting it. It has been demonstrated over and
H—23
854 State Horticultural Society,
over again that the lime-sulphur spray can be made very effective
against this pest, but it is not easy to make or to apply thoroughly.
Unfortunately, the soap and oil sprays for this pest have often re-
sulted in considerable injury to the trees. But there are now on the
market several soluble petroleums which can be readily mixed with
water into a very stable emulsion. One can thus apply a dilute pe-
troleum spray with much less danger of injuring the trees. I have
been very favorably impressed with these soluble petroleums ever
since I first tried mixing them with water, and found how perfectly
they worked. Several experiment stations have already tested
these petroleums, and both favorable and unfavorable reports have
been published. I sprayed some trees last winter with the ma-
terial, and estimated killing at least 90 per cent. of the scales; this
fall those trees were swarming with the insect, but I am not dis-
couraged. In September I located the pest in the orchard of one of
our best New York fruit growers, and it was found that 150 trees
in a block of about 600 were badly infested. The owner said the
trees were of no value to him as they stood, and that I might do
what I pleased in the way of fighting the pest. I decided to make
a thorough test of one of these soluble oils, and the whole orchard
was sprayed in October before the leaves were off, but after they
had done their duty toward developing next year’s fruit buds. One
gallon of the oil was diluted with 15 parts of water, and a very
thorough application was made. [ think we killed at least 90 per
cent. of the scales of all ages, from those just born to their mothers,
but the presence of the foliage on the trees prevented our doing the
most thorough kind of spraying. However, the breeding of the
pest was stopped, and another thorough application of the same
spray was made late in November, after the leaves were all off. I
hope to have hit five or more per cent. of the remaining live scales
with this spray, and if any live scales are to be found in March
next, a third thorough application of the same spray will be made.
The trees are six-year-old pear, and several older Japan plum trees,
and also include a few peach trees.
This experiment should be a good test of the effectiveness of the
soluble oil as an insecticide, and also enable one to determine its
effect upon different fruit trees. From the above it is evident that
I have considerable faith in these soluble petroleums as insecticides
for the San Jose scale, and I am sure that many scales can be killed
with them, but I am not yet so sure about the results of the trees.
Therefore, I am not recommending anyone to use these substances,
except in a trial experiment on a few trees, The spray I used on the
Miscellaneous. 855
orchard above mentioned cost a little less than three cents per gal-
lon, which is about double the cost of the lime-sulphur spray, but
all one had to do to make the oil spray was to fill a 150-gallon tank
nearly full of water and pour in 10 gallons of the soluble oil. A
tew minutes agitation of the mixture resulted in a perfect emulsion.
I like to apply these oil sprays, for they spread much better thaa
the lime sprays, so one has not to hit every spot of bark the size of
a pin head, as you do with the lime-sulphur sprays.
My first experience with these soluble oils, as given above,
where the trees were as badly infested as ever the next autumn, set
me to thinking and trying to explain it. A little calculation will
easily demonstrate how necessary it is to make a very thorough
application of any insecticide for this pest. For example, let us
suppose there were 5,000 scales on a tree when it was sprayed,
which would not be a very bad infestation for a tree seven or eight
years old. I think the spray killed 95 per cent. of them, thus leav-
ing only 250 living scales, of which we will say the winter killed
one-half, so that there were only 125 living scales to begin breeding
in the spring. Let us allow that one-half of these would develop
into males. Then the 62 female scales remaining are each capable
of giving birth to from 100 to 500 young lice. Call it only 100, arid
the first crop of young scales would then amount to over 6,000, and
remember that there may be at least two more broods during the
season. It will not require much further manipulation of figures
to demonstrate how easy it would be for a few scales which survive
one thorough spraying, winter conditions, etc., to propagate enough
to infest a tree more seriously than when it was sprayed. These
facts demonstrated to me the necessity of making more than one
application of any spray in order to reduce the numbers of this pest
below the danger limit. I believe we have to kill more than 95 per
cent. of the scales, and I doubt if it is often possible to do this in
ene application of any spray. Therefore, I am recommending that
the trees be sprayed once in the autumn and once in the early
spring before growth begins. JI think the autumn spraying is very
important, for immense numbers of young and tender scales can
then be easily killed, and further development of the insect stopped.
I would begin spraying just as soon as the leaves are off.
PRoF. M. V. SLINGERLAND, Ithaca, N. Y.
—Rural New Yorker.
356 State Horticultural Society,
LIMOID AND KEROSENE FOR SCALE.
On page 911 we read an article on scale by F. H. Skillman.
After the experience we have had with the seale in one of our
peach orchards, it is impossible for us to agree with the writer in
all he says. We differ in regard to the K.-L. mixtures. We have
been intimately acquainted with Prof. C. P. Close for several years,
and know whatever he gives to the public can be relied on. He is
a careful and thorough investigator. He has always claimed that
if the K.-L. mixtures are properly made and thoroughly applied, we
need not fear the scale. According to his directions, we sprayed
our peach trees with 20 per cent. K.-L., and the results were far
better than we dared to anticipate. We succeeded in completely
eradicating the scale. Surely, if Mr. Skillman had properly made
and thoroughly applied the K.-L., he would have obtained different
results. Too much stress cannot be laid on properly making the
K.-L. mixtures. Many of the failures can be charged to the men
who make the mixture. Instead of violently churning the K.-L.,
they simply stir it a little and let it go. No wonder many people
fail to kill the scale when they use K.-L. Every fruit grower
should be thorough in all his operations. Too much care cannot
be taken in making and applying all mixtures. By closely observ-
ing we find that the majority of our fellow fruit growers in this
section have not succeeded in holding the codling moth, scab, scale,
etc., in check, because they either do not properly make or do not
thoroughly apply the mixtures.
Delaware. F. M. Soper & SON.
—From Rural New Yorker.
HORTICULTURAL TALK.
(By Edwin H. Riehl.)
Everbearing Strawberries.—That a variety possessing vigor
and health, together with the nature to produce a good crop of fruit
in late summer or fall, would be of great value to strawberry grow-
ers and those who admire the fruit, is a fact which all must admit.
Numerous attempts have been made in the past to produce such a
variety, but until very recently no satisfactory results were ob-
tained, although a good deal of disappointment was experienced by
‘STAVG NH GOOD HWOS
Miscellaneous. 357
the introduction of several varieties claimed to be perpetual bear-
ers, but later proved to have no such tendency at all. A few years
- ago a variety was offered under the name of .St. Joseph, which did
have a slight tendency to produce some fruit at intervals during
the season, but being of foreign origin it could not stand our con-
ditions of soil and climate, and was not a success. Repeater was
offered with the claim that it was a positive ever-bearer, and in
every way a first-class variety. Never was I more disappointed in
a variety than in this one, because it was offered by a firm that I
always had a great deal of confidence in, and when it turned out to
be poorer than the average variety in cultivation at that time, and
produced but one crop of fruit, and that at the time when most
other sorts ripen, you can well imagine my disgust. Many others
were sent out with this false claim, and after all the old Cumberland
Triumph produced more fall berries than any other variety on the
list. It was never considered a fall bearer, but when conditions
were just right it frequently has produced good fruit in the fall,
and enough of it to make it worth while to send it to market. The
eagerness with which these berries were accepted, and the high
prices they brought, no doubt had much to do with stimulating the
efforts to produce varieties that could be relied upon to produce a
good crop in the fall.
In a recent issue of the Rural World, I made a report on the
Pan-American strawberry, which shows clearly that at last we have
found a variety that is truly a perpetual bearer, and if properly
handled, will produce a full crop of luscious fruit in the fall which
will sell at the grower’s own price. What I mean by properly
handled is this: If allowed to do so, the plant will bear continu-
ously, showing at all times blossoms, green and ripe fruit. Al-
though the plant is exceptionally vigorous it nor any other sort will
ever be able to hold up and give best results if allowed to have its
own way in this regard. The best method of procedure from the
standpoint of profit is to keep all blossoms pinched off until the
first of July. By this time, with proper treatment, the plants will
have developed large fruit crowns and will produce a crop equal to
that of the best varieties we have been growing in the past in their
respective season. j
But, better still, I have another variety to speak of: a seedling
of Pan-American, which, being a pistillate, is, when properly pol-
lenized by its parent, a still more reliable late summer and fall crop-
per than its parent ,with the additional advantage of throwing out
runners freely, thus giving one a chance to soon work up a stock of
358 State Horticultural Society,
it when once started. As reported before, Pan-American seldom
makes runners, and must be propagated by division, which is a slow
process, and will cause the plants to be held at a comparatively
high price for some years to come. While our new ever-bearer,
named Autumn, must have some plants of Pan-American planted
with it for pollenizing, I am by these two varieties assured that ere
long it will be possible for every lover of this luscious fruit to en- ©
joy it at least twice in every season. Particularly pleased will be
those whom I have heard make the statement that so fond were
they of this fruit that, could they afford it, they would go south in
January and follow the strawberry season to the extreme north, so
as to be able to enjoy it as long as possible-—Colman’s Rural World.
North Alton, Ill., February 6, 1906.
HORTICULTURAL HUMBUGS.
(By Prof. W. L. Howard.)
While farmers in general throughout the State are annoyed
and imposed upon by various fakes, it often seems that fruit grow-
ers are singled out as the special prey of several classes of swind-
lers. The fruit grower may not be engaged in the business very
extensively, indeed, fruit growing may be only a side-line to his
general farming, but it is through this part of his work that he is
imposed upon.
The first imposter that I will mention is the irresponsible fruit
tree agent. As I go about the State from time to time, I find the
trail of these persons, with improperly named or worthless varie-
ties, together with disappointment and a general suspiciun of all
reputable dealers, in the wake. These fakers not only do not sell
what they claim to in the way of well-known varieties of the dif-
ferent fruits, but they often make absurd and impossible claims for
what their plants will do. There was the ‘“whole-root” fake, the
“budded-stock-better-than-the-grafted-stock” fake, the ‘‘borer-
proof-apple-tree” fake, and, lastly, the ‘‘seedless-apple” fake is
abroad in the land. It is not so much the direct loss that results
from what the people pay these traveling agents, as it is the indi-
rect injury to the industry that results from their lack of confidence
in the nurseryman. If a man plants a few apple trees, for exam-
ple, and they are found to be not true to name and perhaps una-
dapted to his soil or locality, he becomes discouraged and may per-
Miscellaneous. 359
sistently refuse to ever place another order even with a well estab-
lished, reputable dealer.
Happily, these traveling fakers have had their day in many
localities, and the many reputable nurserymen in the State are ad-
vertising so extensively that the people are learning to place their
first orders direct, and better satisfaction, of course, has resulted.
~The Farmers’ Institute lectures have been the means of doing un-
told good in exposing conscienceless fruit tree agents.
Another fake which infests our State is the newspaper which
claims to disseminate reliable horticultural information. This sort
of literature may come in the form of periodicals bearing the name
of horticulture as their leading title, or may be disseminated in the
form of advertising literature by parties who have land to sell, or
through the medium of supplements or so-called “farm pages,”
published by some of the regular newspapers. The trouble with
the agricultural news in the regular issues of the city papers is
that it is supposed to be of a popular nature. This means that
the articles are often written by editors or correspondents who
know absolutely nothing of the subjects they discuss. I have
known of one particularly flagrant instance of this kind. The cor-
respondent in question prepared agricultural notes for two or three
very prominent newspapers of the country. I think it is quite safe
to say that this individual would not know a sheep from a goat, nor
the difference between some of the commonest of the farm and
garden crops if he were to see them growing in the field. He com-
piled all of his matter from any source that seemed to promise an
interesting “story.” It has been just this kind of literature that
has prejudiced the farming class against any and all agricultural
information that comes in printed form, and has done more to re-
tard agricultural education than all other causes combined. The
reputable horticultural journal is of recent date, and while the
people have learned very fast, not all have learned to distinguish
the genuine from the fake.
Many farmers have, from time to time, been imposed upon by
the sellers of special fruit tree fertilizers. Many of these fertili-
zers have not injured the trees, but on the other hand, have cause
« vigorous growth, but they are not what is claimed for them. In
the first place, they often consist chiefly of some very common fer-
tilizing ingredient, but extravagent claims are made for them, and
the prices are always unreasonable. The basis of these fertilizers
has usually been nitrogen in some form or other. Of course, this
induces very marked twig and leaf growth on most forms of vege-
360 State Horticultural Society,
tation, and is immediately noticeable. This impresses the buyer,
and he is likely to be led into buying a second time before he learns
that the stimulus in growth does not bring in any additional fruit,
or at least, not sufficient to pay him for the outlay.
On account of the prevalence of insects and diseases, various
impositions have been practiced upon the farmer. It has not been
long since our people were humbugged into buying devices for trap-
ping certain fruit insects. Of course, this method proved to be a
rank humbug. Formerly, special materials were sold for com-
‘bating fruit diseases, but these, happily, are found less and less
year by year. Sometimes these so-called remedial agents contain
sulphur or some other material that is really good as fe but
the prices were always extravagant.
There is one humbug that it seems the people will never have
enough of. Reference is made to the various remedies for pear
blight. Pear blight being to the uninitiated a mysterious affection,
has led to no end of speculation among those who do not understand
its nature, and thus they have fallen ready victims to the smooth
tongues of every traveling faker who told them a plausible story.
It is pleasant to recall that the people seem to be progressing
along many lines and are no longer victims to some of the old fakes,
but the pear blight humbug seems to catch them still. I will cite one
specific case. It has been but a short time since we received
inquiries from several parties about the same time, asking about
the value of a certain remedy against pear blight. The remedy con-
sisted in boring a hole in the body of the tree and inserting calomel
or some other material. Some of the parties stated that neighbors
of theirs had tried this method, and that the pear blight, which
was unusually bad everywhere that year, had immediately stopped.
Now, it happened that the pear trees on the experimental grounds
were blighting very badly that year also, and, further, that almost
on the exact date mentioned by the correspondents, the pear blight
with us stopped, too. We were experimenting very extensively
with this disease that season, and had occasion to note that it did
stop at a particular time. While I do not know what caused it to
stop, it is of interest to state that it must have been due to certain
weather conditions. The important thing about the matter is, that
the parties who had tried the absurd remedy mentioned, thought
that the treatment had stopped the blight, whereas it certainly had
nothing to do with it. This example will serve to show how even
intelligent farmers may be misled, and, of course, the traveling
fakir takes full advantage of such a situation—Mo, Agricultural
Farmer, Columbia, Mo.
Miscellaneous. 3 361
DUST SPRAY.
Now of our work with codlin moth.
We have been spraying for eight years. From 1899 to 1902,
inclusive, we used liquid spray alone, saving about 75 to 80 per
cent. of our apples. From 1903 to 1905, inclusive, we used the
liquid spray in connection with the band traps, and with six spray-
ings, based on a knowledge of the habits of the codlin moth, ac-
quired by a careful study of our own place, we were successful in
saving from 85 to 90 per cent. of our apples.
During the season of 1906, we used the dust spray and the
band traps, and saved better than 991% per cent. of our apples free
from worms.
For two or three years previous to 1906, I would frequently
read short statements in farm and horticultural papers in regard to
dust spray, and about eight out of every ten of these statements
were against the process, and were usually given as the opinion of
some prominent man, who, I could see by his position, was not
a practical grower, and in all probability, never had a spray pipe,
or dust spout in his hands. This made me suspicious of these
statements and inclined me to look with favor on the statements of
the practical man who occasionally told through papers of his suc-
~ cess with dust spray. It was in the hopes of learning something
of this that I attended the last meeting of this Association at
North Yakima, last winter.
There we listened to a very able report on a series of spraying
experiments that had heen conducted the previous season under the
supervision of our State College, but all this was along the line of
liquid spray, from the nastiness and laboriousness of which I was
seeking deliverance. However, I found two practical and success-
ful growers in attendance at that meeting who were making a de-
cided success of the dust spray. I refer to Mr. J. M. Brown and
Mr. E. Remey.
I had a talk with these gentlemen and found them so much in
- earnest in their belief in the superiority of the dust spray that they
had but little patience with a man who advocated anything else.
This decided me to give it a trial, as I had rather take the word of
one man who succeeds than of a dozen who fail. So I bought a
“Cyclone” dust spray machine with the intention of giving it a trial
362 State Horticultural Society,
on a small part of our orchard, and continuing the use of the liquid
on the main part for another season, until I could test the dust for
myself. But when we went out to spray the first time the machine
and dust worked so perfectly, and it was so plain to be seen that it
would be utterly impossible for any machine to make such a fog
with water as a carrier, that I concluded right there to drop the
liquid and rely on the dust. We sprayed our orchard seven times
up to July 10th, when, on account of the difficulty in getting
through the orchard with the team, and believing that we had the
best of the worms, we quit spraying. As previously stated, the
worms got less than one-half of one per cent. of our apples, so that
we saved at least ten per cent. more apples than we ever had saved
by the liquid process.
I know that we did thorough work when we used the liquid,
and had we continued its use last season we could not have hoped
for better than 90 per cent. Knowing that our orchard paid a net
profit of $725 per acre, I figure that the dust saved 10 per cent of
that more than the liquid would have saved. This, for the six acres,
amounts to $435, and is not all. Six sprayings with liquid, the
number we found necessary to save 90 per cent., would have cost
for labor and material, $237. The seven sprayings with dust cost
for labor and material $117, showing a balance in favor of dust of
$120, which, added to $435, gives $555 saved by using dust instead
of liquid.
I know we made a very extravagant use of the material, but
having cut loose from the liquid after advocating its thorough use
_ four years, I knew our work would be watched by others, and I was
determined to make good if it was in it. Most growers using the
dust only use half a pound to a ten or twelve-year-old tree. We
used a pound, and thereby doubled the expense for material, but as
it is impossible to do any damage by using too much. I wanted to
be on the safe side and use plenty. The question of expense is a
very small matter if you save a good crop.
To enumerate some of the advantages of dust spray, I would
say:
Our carrier, lime dust, is in itself a very valuable insecticide.
We secure a much more thorough distribution. The air takes up
our dust and spreads it perfectly on all sides of the fruit and foli-
age. Should a heavy rain damage it it is quickly replaced and the
bugs headed off.
It is easier applied; it is cheaper; it is more expeditious; it is
more effective; it adheres better than the liquid. There is no burn-
Miscellaneous. 363
ing of the foliage or russetting of the apple. We spray our or-
chard in six hours. It required six days with the old barrel pump.
I am not here to discourage anyone that is using the liquid
process. If I knew nothing better I should continue its use myself,
but I know positively from my own practical experience that there
is a better way, and I am here to tell you of it.
With the liquid spray we wait until the bloom has fallen to do
the first spraying. Now, we have noticed that the period of bloom
ffor most varieties of winter apples extends three weeks and over,
and the bloom that came out first had been gone for two weeks be-
fore the later opening bloom on the same trees had gone. And
have you noticed the calyx cups on at least ten per cent. of the fruit
are closed when the blcom has all fallen?
Right here is one of the main causes of poor success with the
liquid, in that, for fear of injury to the bloom, you must wait until
a portion of your fruit has closed its cups before you can begin to
spray, and the failure to get a dose of poison in these cups results
in giving the first brood of worms a good start.
With the dust we have no fear of injury to the bloom, and can
do our first spraying as soon as the bloom commences to fall, our
second one when the bloom is half gone, and the third spray just
as the last bloom has fallen. In this way we are practically sure of
getting a good dose in each cup.
Again, I would ask, have you ever examined, under a good
glass, a small apple from the size of a soup bean to that of a wal-
nut? If so, you found it covered with a fuzz or woolly-like sub-
stance, placed there by nature, to protect the skin of the apple from
an excess of moisture. This fuzz is a resistant to liquid spray and
makes it very difficult to reach the skin, while the dust sifts through
to it very readily. Then, again, as the apple reaches a larger size,
vou have noticed that the skin becomes oily—another resistan! to
liquia, but a substance to which dust adheres naturally.
I have omitted a great many details of which I should like to
have written, but I feel that I have already taken too much of the
valuable time of this convention.
I thank you for your attention and will be glad to answer any
questions you may care to ask.
K. L. STEWART.
—Prosser-Washington.
364 State Horticultural Society,
ARTIFICIAL VEGETABLES.
Prof. Leduc Produces Them by Chemical Process—Act Like Real
Plants.
Paris, November 27.
The Academy of Sciences yesterday heard Prof. d’Arsonval
cescribe artificial vegetables, which he exhibited, and which were
produced by the methods of Prof. Leduc of the Nantes Medical
College. Prof. d’Arsonval interested his colleagues greatly, but
unfortunately for the lay public, he did not say whether the so-
called vegetables were edible.
While they were described as vegetables, they have nothing of
the vegetable in their make-up, but they behave after their produc-
duction as do the real vegetables they resemble under natural con-
ditions. Into the composition of these products nothing living
enters. Prof. Leduc makes seeds in pill form, one part of sulphate
of copper and two parts of glucose. These are deposited in bouillon
made of gelatine, to which are added 3 per cent of ferro-cyanide of
potassium and a little sea salt.
The seed develops sometimes on the surface of the liquid and
sometimes in its depths, giving birth to plants resembling seaweed
and other marine plants. It was announced that these artificial
plants were not merely scientific curiosities. Prof. Leduc has been
able to recognize that they have the same properties as the plants
they resemble, and are influenced similarly by heat and light.—New
York Sun.—Fruit Trade Journal.
PRUNING APPLE TREES.
The pruning of apple trees, like the training of children, should
begin early and wisely. It is then that the top is being formed. A
triangular head, that is, a head formed by three leading branches,
is usually preferred. One formed by two branches is more liable
to split the trunk open from the excess of fruit which is sometimes
borne.
Pruning should be continuous during the early years of the
growth of the tree, that is, it should be done as often at least as
LAKE PARK, NEVADA, MO.
Miscellaneous. 365
once a year. When done thus regularly, but few large limbs will
ever be removed. The plan of allowing young trees to go for years
without pruning and of then allowing some irresponsible profes-
sional pruner to go in and cut and slash, thus removing, it may be
one-third of the top, is simply barbarous. It is wholly unnesces-
sary. Neglect of pruning and then over-pruning are among the
great sins of the orchardist. Ordinarily, all trees do not need
much more pruning than that which consists of removing dead
wood.
In the northwestern states, the proper pruning of trees differs
materially from methods that are considered orthodox in the east.
It is absolutely necessary to head the trees low. This is necessary
to lessen the liability of the wind to break off the trunk and to blow
off the fruit. It also lessens the liability to injury from sun scald,
since the short trunk is more easily protected than the long one.
Severe pruning is also relatively more injurious in the north-
west. The danger would seem to be greater in injury to the tree
where wounds are made. In fact, pruning apple trees in the north-
west after they have been nicely started, consists more in thinning
and removing dead wood than in pruning, as the term is under-
stood in the east. This would seem to hold true of all kinds of fruit
trees in the northwest.—Orange Judd Farmer.
AFTER THE STRAWBERRIES ARE PICKED.
A young strawberry plantation that has just borne its first
crop, needs careful attention after the fruit is gathered. The
ground has been tramped hard between the rows in the gathering
of the crop, and the growth of runners will now begin to be trouble-
some. The production of the fruit has been something of an ex-
haustive process on the plants, and the success of the crop another
vear depends very largely on the way the plants are treated the re-
mainder of this season, says Practical Farmer. Fully one-half of
the fertilization made during the whole year should be made after
the crop has been gathered.
We have therefore practiced the following plan: If but a gar-
den plat, the soil between the rows should be well dug with a dig-
ging fork, but in the larger field plantations we run a small plow
close alongside the rows, throwing the furrow from the row. The
fertilizer is then applied on both sides of the row, and the furrow
366 State Horticultural Society,
turned back and the entire middle plowed out, and then worked
level with the cultivator. Keep all needless runners cut off, and
you will find that it pays well to cultivate after picking the fruit,
and not allow the whole plantation to become enveloped in crab
grass to take away the moisture which strawberries need so much.
If your plantation has just borne its second year’s crop, we would
put in a big plow and turn the whole under and prepare the land
for a later crop, for it is better to plant a bed every year than to try
to keep one clean after it has borne two crops.
We have seen heavy crops of cotton grown in North Carolina
after a strawberry plantation was turned under, and further north
there is the late cabbage crop, celery and other things which can
well follow on the strawberry sod. In growing berries for market
one should always have one plat coming in with its first crop, one
with its second crop and turned under, and another being planted
to take the place of the one turned under, and it will always pay to
grow potted plants to set the new bed in late summer.—Colman’s
Rural World.
DOES MULCHING STRAWBERRIES PAY?
In my experience I find that to be sure of even a small patch,
one should mulch. Some winters when the snow is deep and lasi-
ing the damage to unmulched plants might not be severe. Last
winter unmulched berries were almost a failure. I left a small
area unmulched, and by spring nearly all the leaves were dead and
the roots badly heaved. They bore a little earlier, but fewer and
smaller berries. Clean wheat straw is most satisfactory, and if
it is a little old all the better, as it will break up better during the
picking season. I tried a little spoiled hay once, thinking the seed
too immature to grow, but will never do it again.—S. B. Hartman,
Michigan. ; ;
Miscellaneous. 367
HOW DOES IT SEEM TO YOU?
It seems to me I’d like to go
Where bells don’t ring, nor whistles blow,
Nor clocks don’t strike nor gongs don’t sound,
And I’d have stillness all around—
Not real still stillness, but just the trees’
Low whisperings, or the hum of bees,
Or brooks’ faint babbling over stones
In strangely, softly tangled tones.
Or maybe a cricket or katydid,
Or the songs of birds in the hedges hid,
Or just some sweet sounds as these
To fill a tired heart with ease,
If tweren’t for sight and sound and smell
I’d like a city pretty well;
But when it comes to getting rest,
I like the country lots the best.
Sometimes it seems to me I must
Just quit the city’s din and dust,
And get out where the sky is blue—
And, say—how does it seem to you?
. —Eugene Field.
REED NOTES.
(By Madison Oawein. )
Me
W hat bird is that that sings so long?
To hear whose song
Each bashful bud opens its rosy ear,
Leaning it near:
While here,
Under the blossoming button-tree,
I seem to see
A shape, a presence look out at me;
And, clothed in raiment of white and gray,
Pass on like the Spiris of Easter Day.
Ite
Deep in the leaves’ concealing green
A wood-thrush fiutes,
The first thrush seen
Or heard this spring; and straight, me seems,
Its notes take on the attributes
Of mythic fancies and of dreams—
A Faun goes piping oe’r the roots
And mosses; gliding through dim gleams
And glcoms; and while he glides he flutes,
Though still unseen,
*Mid thorny berry and wild bean.
368
State Horticultural Society.
1G
Come, let us forth and homage her,
Olothed on-with warmth and musk and myrrh,
The indescribable odor wild that clings
Around her like a garment: let us sing
Songs to her, glad as grass and all the things
Exulting in her presence—greening things
And airy that have golden wings;
Come, let us forth and give our praise to Spring.
The smell of tannin in the ozoned air,
Under the oaks when the woods are green,
And the scent of the soil and moisture where
The young leaves dangle and make a screen,—
Where the hiding Wood Nymph combs her hair,—
Will breathe us full of the faun again,
Making us kin to the wind and rain.
TeV
The wind goes groping among the trees,
Telling the bees
Where the little buds open that no one sees.
At intervals, while softly cool it blows,
The wild-plum shows
Its bee-swarmed clusters ’twixt the woods’ dark rows.
Vis
Who is it knows
How the blueberry grows,
Blooms and blows?—
Only the bird that sings and sings,
Waving its wings,
Saying, ‘‘OCome see it where it swings!
Ruddy green and amber rose
See, oh, see,
In honor of Spring,
Under this tree,
See how they ring
Their tiny bells, that cluster out,
Silvery red, in arosy rout.”
Wile:
lsaw the Spring go by, her mouth a thread
Of wildrose red,
Blowing a golden oat:
And now, a crown of barley on her head,
The Summer comes, a poppy at her throat.
—Atlantic, May, 1906.
ORCHARD OPERATIONS.
The coming of a period of large corporations for growing ap-
ples and other standing fruit in this part of the country may not
be far away. E. Cyrus Miller, who is himself an extensive orchard-
Miscellaneous. 369
ist in Western Massachusetts, thus sums up the advantages of the
co-operate form of management of orchards:
First, the ability to purchase the best available locations for
such orchards.
Second, to induce all operations from the start on a basis of
reducing expenses to a minimum.
Third, to introduce modern methods of management which
look to the ultimate end of fruit production of the best quality and
the largest quantity, and to dispense with the usual crop producing
that is found necessary in the average orchard.
Fourth, to furnish sufficient storage capacity, to handle fruit
with the greatest economy and to hold same many times until the
usual fall glut in the markets is over.
Fifth, the ability to convert the by-products of the orchards
into profits instead of losses.
Sixth, to attract, by judicious advertising, dealers who are in-
terested in the buying and handling of the best class of fruit.—Col-
man’s Rural World.
SONG.
O lady, leave thy silken thread
And flowery tapestry—
There’s living roses on the bush,
And blossoms on the tree.
Stoop where thou wilt, thy careless hand
Some random bud will meet;
Thou can’st not tread but thou wilt find
The daisy at thy feet.
*Tis like the birthday of the world,
When earth was born in bloom;
The light is made of many dyes,
The air is all perfume;
There’s crimson buds, and white and blue—
The very rainbow showers
Have turned to blossoms where they fell,
And sown the earth with flowers.
There’s fairy tulips in the east—
The garden of the sun;
The very streams refiect the hues
And blossoms as they run;
While morn opes like a crimson rose,
Still wet with pearly showers;
Then, lady, leave the silken thread
Thou twinest into flowers.
—Thomas Hood,
H—24
370 State Horticultural Society,
ARSENATE OF LEAD FOR THE CURCULIO.
Codlin moths and curculio are such universal pests in the ur-
chard, reducing the quantity and quality of the fruit from 20 to 80
per cent. every season, that we are tempted to quote liberally from
a bulletin on the subject, just issued by the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station of Illinois, S. A. Forbes, Entomologist. This bulletin,
entitled “Spraying Apples for the Plum Curculio,” deals also with
a remedy for the codlin moth worm, and is very complete in detail-
ing experiments with the curculio.
The remedy used in the experiments is arsenate of lead, pre-
pared by dissolving 1214 ounces of the acetate of lead and 5 ounces
of arsenate of soda, and pouring them into a barrel containing 50
gallons of water. The varieties of apples in the experiments were
Ben Davis, Wine Sap and Benoni, and from 4 to 8 sprayings were
given, with the following results:
Four times spraying of Ben Davis apples with arsenate of lead
at intervals of ten days, beginning May 6, increased bulk of crop
by 54 per cent., number of apples by 26 per cent., and average size
of fruit by 21 per cent. Diminished curculio injuries to the apple
by 69 per cent., which is the measure of the protection due to treat-
ment.
Six times spraying of Benoni apples with arsenate of lead, be-
ginning May 6, increased bulk of crop by 40 per cent., and number
of apples by 47 per cent.
Six times spraying of Ben Davis apples, beginning May 6, in-
creased bulk of crop by 34 per cent., number of apples by 11 per
cent., and size of fruit by 24 per cent. Sixty-eight per cent. of ap-
ples which would have been injured were protected from curculio
by the treatment. Total value of crop increased, 150 per cent.
Cost of each treatment, including materials, labor, subsistence
and use of team, was 4 to 5 cents per tree, or 17 cents for four
treatments found most effective.
Analysis of peelings from apples sprayed the preceding day
with four times the usual strength of arsenate of lead, showed .256
of a grain of arsenate to a pound of the peelings, or approximately
four pounds of the peelings to a grain of arsenic.
In his summary of results Prof. Forbes says that four spray-
ings of apple trees of late varieties, exposed to very heavy attack of
the plum-curculio, the first spraying applied in early May just as
Miscellaneous. Bf (i
the trees are coming into bloom, and the others at intervals of 10
days thereafter, the whole operation costing 17 cents per tree, may
be expected to increase the yield of the orchard about one-half, to
increase the average size of the fruit by about a fifth, and so to im-
prove the quality of the apples that they should be worth from 214
to 3 times as much as if the orchard had not been sprayed.
This is certainly a very encouraging report as to the value of
arsenate of lead as a remedy against both the codlin moth and the
curculio.—Colman’s Rural World.
ARRANGEMENT OF ORCHARD TREES.
Professor Harvey L. Price, Horticulturist of the Virginia Sta-
tion, in bulletin 161 of that Station, says:
The owner who plants an orchard is confronted in the outset
by the important question of planting plans—that is, arrangement
and distance of trees. Many specific plans for planting trees have
been described from time to time, but those plans falling under the
systems known as square, quincunx and septuple or triangular
planting, are the most popular.
Purely square planting does not favor the use of fillers or dou-
ble planting, inasmuch as the cutting of permanent distances in
half will leave the trees too close together for good results. This
is true even where the filler trees are removed early in the life of the
orchard. Double planting is desirable because it enables us to
make full use of the land while the orchard is young. By convert-
ing permanent squares into temporary quincunxes, we secure an
ideal plan for double planting. Thus, by planting our filler at the
intersection of the diagonals of a forty-foot square, we get five trees
in the square with the central tree standing about twenty-eight feet
from the permanent ones. This is an almost ideal distance for
apple trees for the first ten or fifteen years of their bearing stage.
This system of planting is not confined to the apple, however,
but may be employed with other fruits as well. The practice of
mixing different kinds of fruit trees in the same block is never ad-
visable; the filler should always be of the same kind of fruit as
the permanent trees; it is usually a different and quicker bearing
variety. |
In septuple planting, the trees form equilateral triangles. The
372 State Horticultural Society.
chief claim made for this method is that the trees are more evenly
distributed than by any other—every tree being equi-distant from
the adjacent members of its group. Moreover, the trees in one
row alternate with those of the next, which is an advantage in es-
pecially windy locations. Although this system does not lend itself
readily to double planting, yet it does not prohibit it. Fig. 2 il-
lustrates the different methods of using fillers in connection with
permanent triangles. By introducing fillers in different ways,
quite a variety of distances may be secured. This also meets the
condition of the home orchard, inasmuch as we may approximate
the ideal distances for the different kinds of fruit grown without
modifying the general planting plan. For example, if apple trees
are planted in permanent angles, 40 feet apart, then, by planting
an additional tree in the center of each triangle, we create a sys-
tem of smaller triangles with trees standing approximately 23 feet
apart, which is a very good distance for standard pears and sweet
cherries. | ;
For plums, peaches and sour cherries, an additional tree may
be planted between the corner 40-foot trees, thus converting the
plan into triangles, with trees standing only 20 feet apart; or trees
may be set in the center of the 23-foot triangles, giving a distance
of approximately 13 feet between the trees. The 20-foot triangles
reduce in the same number to approximately 11 feet. Thus, almost
any distance can be secured through the various methods of re-
ducing the triangle.
Where square planting is adopted, standard apples should be
planted from 35 to 40 feet apart; dwarf apples on Doucin stocks,
10 to 15 feet apart; pears and cherries, 20 to 25 feet apart; peaches
and plums, 15 to 20 feet apart. Some variation is allowed for dif-
ferences of variety and condition of soil.
‘*Good times are made and fashioned of men’s souls.”’
LOUIS ERB ON BEN DAVIS.
CEDAR GAP, Mo., October 17.
Editor Fruit Trade Journal—In a recent issue you refer, in a
complimentary manner, to the Ozark Ben Davis, which is all right
and quite the proper thing to do for honest trade papers; but why
at the same time you should refer to your humble servant as “Poet
Erb” is beyond my ken. I can only account for it on the hypothesis
Miscellaneous. 373
that you had Charley Williamson, of Quincy, on your mind when
you wrote the article, for he is a poet sure enough, and, like my-
self, a loyal friend of old Ben.
But even if I were gifted and inclined to court the muses, like
my friend Williamson, I wouldn’t have the nerve to waste good
poetry on Ozark Ben Davis, so long as you newspaper men quote
them as going begging at 60 cents to $1.00 a barrel. Maybe after
“those returns” come in from that train load which we shipped
abroad, ‘I will be in ketter humor to consider poetry, but in the
meantime prose, just common Missouri prose, is good enough for
me.
About three years ago I said in my address at Louisville,
“There are Ben Davis and Ben Davis, but it all depends on where
they are grown.” I should have added, “‘and how they are packed.”
According to my observation a large per cent of the Ben Davis
apples raised on the Ozarks are not properly handled from the
time they leave the tree till they enter the car for shipment. And
do you know that the commission merchants, or wholesale apple
buyers, are largely to blame for this? Every one, or nearly every
one, of these ‘“‘good men,’ who wires the grower, or country
packer, for price on a car of “fancy Ben Davis” will place his
order with the “cheapest fellow,” so that the man who, by nature
and education takes pride in a “good pack,” finding himself not ap-
preciated, finally becomes indifferent and gets in the “swim” to
make sales, taking chances as to whether they will stick or not.
It is only when the buyer is on the spot that a superior pack is
appreciated and properly paid for. Of course, a “good pack’’ is
apt to bring duplicate orders, and occasionally a compliment, but,
as a rule, the buyer is unwilling to pay more, or very little more,
than the current run of prices which are quoted from points of
shipment.
Many years ago a barrel of potatoes, whether it held nine
pecks or eleven pecks, used to sell in Memphis for the same price,
so long as it was a barrel. The old fogies, who stuck up for the
eleven-peck barrel, found it didn’t pay to be stubborn, and so
joined the reformers and did “‘bizness.” Of course, those good old
times, like other youthful joys, are gone to return no more. Mem-
phis people are buying potatoes in sacks now, and demand 60
pounds to the bushel. Sad, but true. Perhaps the time will come
when the quality and manner of packing Ben Davis apples will be
sufficiently appreciated by a willingness on the part of the buyer
to make a proper distinction in price; then there will be an in-
374 State Horticultural Society.
centive for the intelligent grower to exercise more skill and greater
care than he is warranted in exercising under present conditions.
I have been too busy harvesting Ben Davis apples to give much
thought to the correspondence which has been going on recently in
your paper regarding ‘Private Car Lines,” but I quite agree with
Mr. Scales that they are not ‘common carriers.” When I look at the
charge we fruit growers still have to pay, I can’t help thinking that
the men who own, or run them, are all post-graduates of drug
stores or plumbing establishments, and there can be, therefore,
nothing “common” about them.
LOUIS ERB.
DENATURED ALCOHOL AND FARMERS.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, John W. Yerkes, recently
received a letter from a New York farmer who wanted to know if
farmers would be permitted to make alcohol on their own premises
as “they manufacture cheese.” This brought forth a ruling from
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that there.is “no objection
to a farmer manufacturing alcohol in his ‘back yard’ if he wishes
to establish a distillery there.” The following is part of the letter
received:
“At present regular distilleries only can engage in the manu-
facture, enabling the whisky trust to secure practically a monop-
oly. It is proposed to ask Congress to let the farmer (as in Ger-
many) and others in on the manufacture of the product. I regret
to attack the law, but must if the present law is to stand favoring
special interests. It is proposed to further simplify the law, re-
ducing the manufacture to the easy basis of cheese making, and
cut out the ridiculous red tape of the ‘regulations and instructions.’
I regret that I must attack this feature also and show how our
people are to be prevented from making simple and cheap fuel by
red tape instructions, unless assured that a change may be hoped
for?”
Commissioner Yerkes replied that the department “does not
make the law, but endeavors to administer it as enacted by Con-
gress.
“As to what Congress proposes to pass I am not advised,” he
says. “This office knows of no processes by which alcohol can be
manufactured, except by distillation, and as ‘regular’ distilleries
are the only kind recognized by law, alcohol manufactured under
Miscellaneous. 375
the supervision of this department must be manufactured at ‘reg-
ular’ distilleries.
“For your information, however, I will state that there is
nothing mysterious or complicated about a ‘regular’ distillery, and
that the manufacture of distilled spirits at a ‘regular’ distillery
is probably simpler than the ‘manufacture of cheese.’ ”
Instructions are then given in the letter for the guidance of
the farmer who wants to make alcohol in his “back yard.” He
will be required to give bond, the effect of which is to prevent him
from defrauding the government of the tax on any distilled spirits
produced by him.
The farmer will be required to establish a distillery ware-
house, and to tax-pay or denature, just as he may wish, the alcohol
produced by him.~ All of this will be done under government sup-
ervision, but the government pays for this supervision. The manu-
facturer of alcohol does not bear one cent of it.
“If you will take the trouble to investigate,” writes the In-
ternal Revenue Commissioner, ‘‘you will find that the laws and
regulations relating to the manufacture of denatured alcohol is
simply a business proposition, so far as the American farmer is
concerned, and he will not be greatly deterred from entering into
the business by what you are pleased to term ‘ridiculous red tape
of the regulations and instructions.’ ”
Guy E. MITCHELL,
Washington, D. C.
—Prairie Farmer.
BUYING AND CONSIGNING.
Many a dealer is selling fruits and vegetables without re-
gard to value or cost. His chief aim is to “‘do business,” and whether
he sells his own or another’s goods, if he can do a big business, all
his earthly longings are satisfied. It used to be thought the right
thing to try to sell goods of this character at a fair profit, and as
it was known that the chances of loss were greater on perishable
goods, an effort was made to obtain a safe margin. But that was
a good while ago, and under customs which are not now considered
up-to-date. These merchants now cut and slash the prices as
they gently hum, “Competition is the life of trade.”’” There ought
to be some way for the authorities to save such fruit and produce
men from themselves.
376 State Horticultural Society.
But, however we regard these transactions at the selling end
of the route, what must we think of the methods in buying? Good
men, sane in ordinary matters, will actually buy fruits which
nature intended should only be consigned, and will purchase upon
the representation of somebody 500 or 2,000 miles away that they
never knew and never heard of, knowing at the time that they will
lose money. Even if what they are accustomed to buy and actually
need, they will pay more for the goods than they are worth be-
cause somebody else does. They may know nothing actually of
what they are buying—either the color, size, pack or quality—but
if somebody else has offered a dollar a hundred or a dollar a bar-
rel, they will pay $1.05 and order them shipped with draft and bill
of lading, examine a box or barrel at the door and begin unload-
ing without hesitation or foreboding. If they lose money they
buy again on the same reckless basis, confident, apparently, that
lightning won’t strike twice in the same place. It’s too bad to use
nice clean white paper to expose to the world the careless, shiftless
and unbusiness-like ways of our buyers. But every dealer knows
the balance of the story. Let him fill out the particulars for him-
self while we hide any further shame from the world. And what
do we do to correct this evil? We get together in some associa-
tion meeting once a year and publicly and privately damn the
other fellow for his participation in these transactions, and pos-
sibly suggest a combination to anathematize anybody that does
it hereafter, and return to our several places of business to do it
over again with the utmost sang froid.
Now let us take a better view of this matter. It is right to
discuss these matters at our annual conventions and endeavor to
educate all dealers to a proper appreciation of these evils, to build
up a proper sentiment against the practice of buying constant
losses and to encourage each man to let deals alone in which he can
see no possible profit. We gain by these meetings in many ways. We
obtain better, broader and saner business views if we are mind to
profit by our own experience and the experience of others, and I
cannot too highly commend the influence of these annual gather-
ings of the intelligent and bright lights in our “profession.” I
would encourage, and, if possible, require the attendance of every
man engaged as a jobber of fruits or produce. There the folly
of such methods as I have described should be set forth fully, and
an effort made to present safer business methods and prevent the
plungers from committing hari-kari. Without favoring combina-
tion I would convince them of the certainty of loss in all such wild
Miscellaneous. 377
operations, and try to persuade them to stay out even if every-
body else went into such deals.
After all, however, the decision on this and similar matters
must rest with the individual largely. Experience has demon-
strated that it is a losing game. It has been exposed. Let the
men who can keep their heads, and who see a loss in every deal,
step aside and permit the other fellow to swallow it all. If the
clearer and wiser heads will but do this for their own protection,
a revolution will be inaugurated which in one season will set up a
new standard and wiser methods, and pave the way for profit
rather than loss.—B. in Fruit Trade Journal.
MOST WONDERFUL TREE IN COUNTRY.
(Special Correspondence of American Fruits, by Felix J. Koch.)
Out in the gardens of one of the famous Riverside (Califor-
nia) hotels there stands what is without a doubt the most wonder-
ful tree in the United States, if not in the world, judging from the
produce therefrom.
~The tree is an orange, one of the two brought by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture from Bahia, Brazil, in 1874. From it, by the
process of budding, have descended all the naval oranges of Cali-
fornia. In other words, this tree, which is known as the Wash-
ington naval orange, was the father of all the naval orchards in
the state, and the source of the wealth of many golden mines, in ad-
’ dition to having given work to hundreds of thousands of men,
women and children, and enough freight to block great railroad
systems. Whole towns and cities have been built by the yield of
this tree, so that never has there been such a miracle-plant since
Yydrasil, in the Scandinavian myth, spread its branches over the
earth far enough to drop the golden fruit in every mart on the con-
tinent.
When the tree was transplanted to its present site, within an
iron grating in the hotel grounds, President Roosevelt was at the
ceremony. Its first fruit thereafter was, in consequence, sent to
him, and his letter, acknowledging receipt, is carefully preserved
close by, together with a photograph of the re-planting of a tree,
than which there is none more famous, unless it be the one from
which Adam and Eve ate the apple.
_ Even today the little tree hangs heavy with fruit.
378 State Horticultural Society.
SUGGESTS FIGHTING SHORT PACKAGES.
Chicago, IIll., October 25.
In view of the trouble the city is making for Chicago commis-
sion merchants who, by reason of long practice, are compelled to
sell short weight and short measure packages because fruit shipped
to this market by growers comes in no other sized packages, should
not the commission merchants organize to protect themselves by
striking at the root of the evil? Every commission merchant ad-
mits that it is wrong in principle to sell short-measure packages.
If they were getting anything out of it, it is possible that now and
then some commission merchants might wink at the practice on that
account. But the short-weight package is not one of the “tricks
of the trade.”” Neither the commission merchants nor the grocery
trade get anything out of it. They are both merely a catspaw for
the growers. The growers get it all. Why should the receiving
trade, then, submit to such practice which is so detrimental to every
one concerned except the grower and the manufacturer of pack-
ages?
Said a member of one of the prominent houses who is a victim
to the city’s raid, “What right have the shippers-to send in the kind
of packages they do, and why should we, as sensible business men,
submit to the imposition it puts upon us? Even if we do not sell
them technically for half bushels, or other particular measurement,
on the face of them they purport to be such packages. Their outside
appearance indicates it, and they are put up expressly to deceive.
In the majority of cases the house-wife goes to the grocery store
and buys a so-called half-bushel basket of peaches for a half bushel.
She has a right to complain when she gets it home and finds she has
not got much more than a peck of peaches.
“We also ought to be ashamed of our standing as business men
that we allow the kind of fruit in quality to come to the market that
we do. By far the largest share of peaches that come to market
are utterly unfit for food as nature intended. It is all nonsense
to say that we cannot help it. We are the very ones who have the
power to say what shall come to the market and what shall not, if
we only had sense enough to work together to protect our own in-
terest and give us the power that lies in our own hands. When I
think what a foolish lot we are, I often recall the old story of the
dying man who called his seven sons around his bed and promised
Miscellaneous. 379
the bulk of his property to the one who would break a bundle of
twigs which he had bound together. They all tried it and failed.
Then the old man took the bundle apart and easily broke each twig
separately. It was a practical lesson he wished to give them as to
their power in the world united. It often seems to me that the
commission merchants need a dying father, some one to give them
such a practical lesson.”—Fruit Trade Journal.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
(By Colonel John A. Wood.)
(Editor’s Note: The following address was delivered before
the students of the University a short time ago by Colonel Wood,
a member of Visiting Committee appointed by Governor Folk.
Colonel Wood is one of the most progressive and highly respected
farmers of Howard county. His address was so full of interest to
the farmers of Missouri that we consider ourselves fortunate in
presenting it to our readers.)
Mr. President and Students of the Diener of Missouri:
I feel at home in Columbia, living in a sister county. I have
looked forward with pleasant anticipation to the cordial reception
I knew I would receive here, but I must confess it has far trans-
cended my expectations. I had the honor and pleasure of dining
at Read Hall yesterday. I stated there it has never been my
pleasure to see so many healthy, fine looking young ladies together
in my life. Hon. Walter Williams said he would show me at chapel
service as many more, and I must confess it is true, and while you
can justly boast of good looking girls, you have the homeliest set of
boys I ever saw.
You all doubtless know the object of our visit here. We are
not going over the State on a speech-making tour; our mission is
a business one, involving grave responsibility on us and of great
importance to the State at large. Weare expected to complete this
work by the time the Forty-Fourth General Assembly convenes,
and our time is necessarily limited. We are to visit all the educa-
tional, eleemosynary and penal institutions, look after their wants
and needs and condition, and see what disposition has been made
with the appropriation of the Legislature for the last biennial pe-
riod, so that we can make a correct report to the Legislature.
We propose to be as liberal as possible commensurate with the
380 State Horticultural Society.
richness and dignity of the great State of Missouri, and be as just
and fair as it is possible to be with all.
Being a farmer, and having devoted the best years of my life
to that chosen profession, I think it pertinent that I talk to you
along these lines. I notice from the report of the Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture, that for the year 1906, the farm pro-
ducts alone amounted to $6,800,000,000. This ina single year. It
is almost impossible for the mind to realize how much money this
is. I think I can better illustrate it to you by telling you a story.
A little boy came home from school one day crying. His father
asked him what was the matter. He said, “I got a whipping, and
you were the cause of it.’’ “Impossible,” said the father, “how
could I be the cause of your getting a whipping?” “Well, my
teacher asked me how much a million dollars was, and I did not
know. I asked you while you were reading your paper, and you
said it was a hell of a lot of money.”
A business that has grown to such colossal proportions cer-
tainly should receive more consideration at the hands of our agri-
cultural schools and colleges.
Man’s first daily necessity is food, and in civilization this is
drawn from the soil, either by growing of crops or by breeding of
domestic animals, which is the foundation of all material wealth,
and from which the stability and posterity of any country emanates
and depends.
The art of agriculture is 6lder than history, the science of
agriculture is entirely modern. The beginning of the arts date
with the beginning of civilization and the conditions, methods and
prosperity of this industry in any country at any time are re-
lated to the whole previous history of that country; as it is the most
essential of productive industries, so it has been the most conserva-
tive, the most adoptive, and the most persistent. It cannot be ab-
solutely killed in any country short of driving out civilization or
exterminating the inhabitants.
It survives all sorts of political changes, revolutions may occur,
dynasties change and even new races occupy the ground, but agri-
culture endures and perpetuates within itself the methods and tra-
ditions of previous generations.
This industry, therefore, has its own peculiar history, and
while it has grown and developed along with civilization, its prog-
ress has not been what it should be or even with that of the general
intelligence and culture of the race. While every art and science
is being cultivated, that of agriculture should by no means be neg-
Miscellaneous. 381
lected, for it is paramount to every other industry, and should re-
ceive that consideration that it so justly merits. It is true that
agricultural societies are being formed, and have been for the last
century or more, and have done much good by means of the valua-
ble essays and publications that have been diffused over our coun-
try, yet many improvements are yet to be made. [ believe that the
encouragement of experimental and agricultural schools for the
education of our youths, who wish to follow that avocation, is
worthy of the attention of our government if it could be regarded
as such as it ought universally to be. Certainly no governmental
object ever outweighed it, no earthly one ever more justly de-
. manded legislative wisdom.
I can not but observe with regret and concern that many of our
farmers entirely overlook the grand object where their true interest
centers. They, too much, blindly follow the footsteps of their
fathers or ancestors without deriving any benefit from reflection,
inquiry, advice or experience.
It is a prevalent fact that our farmers, in but few exceptions,
consult the nature and character of their soil and regulate their
tillage accordingly. They do not consider whether their farms are
better adapted for grazing or grain; that is determined almost en-
tirely by accident. In the grasses or grain they will grow they
pay little attention to the selection of seed, an article of great im-
portance in every species of crop. They are equally negligent of
the breed of their cattle, horses and hogs, and many things of this
nature may be attended to with little expense, while at the same
time his revenue would be increased and his farm put in much
higher state of cultivation and yield him a much greater quantity
of grain.
While this is true, a man, when he knows his true interest, will
naturally follow it, and I believe the Farmers’ Institute, as an ed-
ucation to the masses of farmers, will serve this mission to a great
extent and tend to awaken the lethargic and slumbering genius
that lies almost dormant with this class, and tend to stimulate and
impel them to noble thoughts and actions which will insure us sta-
bility and prosperity.
The old worn out chestnut that anybody can be a farmer, act-
ual experience already obtained has fully exploded. It requires
great mental enterprise and what we may call intellectual curios-
ity, a natural delight in experimentation, a ready apprehension
combined with persistency, in due measure and with sound judg-
ment,
382 State Horticultural Society.
The great bulk of the nation was not intended to speak and
write, but to work, and must therefore be trained in the special
avocation they may wish to follow.
At the present moment the future of rural society or education
is a great problem. The land question in all countries is one of
paramount importance; it has engaged the attention of the ablest
minds of modern times, and it behooves us to throw into its manage-
ment the highest possible skill. Gold is a rare commodity, there-
fore you only give it to the skilled artisan, while on the other hand,
the management of the soil which raises a host of scientific and
economic considerations of the utmost delicacy is left in most cases
te those who have not had any training in science or in the techni-
calities of agriculture.
Farming is a pursuit which requires in these days the utmost
skill and versatility. This fact is admitted not by mere theorists,
but by the most practical agriculturists in every country. These
days of depression have been the death knell of unskilled farming.
The idea entertained by many that farming does not necessarily
require previous technical training is quite as absurd as to try to
follow any of the professions without their special training school.
I shall not inflict upon this audience today any statistics, but
I should like to know what the loss is to this country resulting
from unskilled agriculture. The figures would be astounding if
known.
What we want is trained farmers, as much as we want trained
men in any other pursuit. If our universities train our statesmen,
our doctors, our lawyers, our clergy, our literary and our scien-
tific men, I can see no reason why they should not also give us
the highest possible attainment in agricultural skill—Missouri
Agricultural College Farmer.
NAME OF THE FARM AND VILLAGE HOME.
How the months do fly! Here it is December, and a fire on
the hearth feels good. Too late, now, to do much adorning out-
doors; but we can sit around the cheerful home blaze and plan
some future doings. Planning is half the battle, sometimes.
How about a name for the home or the farm? Those of us
who haven’t already selected an appropriate one had better uti-
Miscellaneous. 383
lize some of these cold Saturdays mornings in the choosing of a
good name. Several of my readers have written to ask for advice
along this line; but really, dear friends, it isn’t feasible for me to
select a name for some other fellow’s home. It’s like trying to sug-
gest a name for an unknown correspondent’s child, not know-
ing whether it’s a boy or a girl. I’m eager to oblige, but if I poke
my advice around in the dark—not being in possession of all the
necessory facts—lI’ll be sure to get into trouble.
The naming of a home or a farm should be based on natural
surroundings and conditions—that is, the name should “‘fit.”” For
instance, it is ridiculous to name a place “Shady Nook” when
there isn’t a bit of shade within a mile; or to call a farm “Cherry
Hill” when it possesses neither cherries nor hill.
Perhaps the best thing I can do to help in the matter is to
give some names of other folk’s places. Here’s a list that was
published in Farm Journal several years ago; perhaps somewhere
in the list you may find a suggestion which may be worked into a
fitting name for your own place:
NAMES FOR HOMES.
Alta Vista, Edgewood, Lone Tree,
Apple Grove, Elmhurst, Lake View,
Ashland, Fair Dale, Linden,
Arbor Croft, Fernwood, Locust Hill,
Brookside, Fern Cottage, Linden Hall,
Burroaks, Forest Grove, Lake Home,
Big Rock, Fair Lawn, Lindenwood,
Beech Grove, Fern Hill, Locust Lane,
Broadmoor, Fair Oaks, Mound Hill,
Beechland, Fairmount, Mt. Pleasant,
Briar Ranch, Greendale, Maywood,
Brightwood, Glendale, Milldale,
Bayside, Golden Gate, Mount Rose,
Cloverdale, Grassmere, Mirror Lake,
Cool Creek, Greenfield, Maplewood,
Cedar Hill, Greenwood, Maple Hill,
Cherry Hill, Greendell, Maplehurst,
Claymont, Hope Farm, Oak View,
Crystal Springs, Hillside Home, Oakland,
Comfort Cottage, Hickory Grove, Oak Ridge,
Creekside, Hedge Lane, Oakdale,
Clear View, Hazelhurst, Oak Lawn,
Charter Oak, Hillcrest, Gwlwood,
Cool Spring, Hill View, Orchard Knob,
Crystal Lake, Hill Top, Pine Tree,
Deep Spring, Heartsease, Pleasant Valley,
Deerfoot, Home Farm, Pleasant Grove,
Elm View, Ingleside, Pinewood,
East View, Idlewild, Plainfield,
Echo Farm,
Indian Spring,
384 State Horticultural Society.
Pinehurst, Sunshine Cottage, The Pinery,
Pine Bluff, Sunny Heights, The Daisy Farm, ‘
Fine Ridge, Sugar Grove, The Bee Hive,
The Crest,
The Evergreens,
Riverside Farm,
Rose Cottage,
Stony Brook,
Sunset Lodge,
Roadside, Sweetbrier, Three Hills,
Rosedale, Silverdale, Tall Cedar,
Rocky Point, Slab Sides, Twin Oaks,
Summit Hill, Springside, Uplands,
Sunnyside, Spring Hill, Valley Home,
Shady Lane, Springdale, Valley View,
Spring Valley, Shady Lawn, Willow Dale,
Sleepy Hollow, Sunny Slope, Woodland,
Shadeland, Sunny Peak, Woodside,
Shady Nook, Walnut Grove.
Shadyside,
The Elms,
The Cedars,
One more suggestion, please: When the right name is chosen,
let’s use it. What’s the good of a name if nobody knows we have
it? Have it painted on a board, in neat letters, and nail it up
somewhere in plain sight. from the road. Or have it lettered on
your rural mail box. And while you are about it, why not have
the name printed on letter paper and envelopes?
Brookdale. PAUL PLOWSHARE.
—Farm Journal.
Avilion:
“Deep meadowed, happy, fair with orchard lawns.’’—Tennyson.
Another form is Avilanio.
The Italians often use the word Villa, followed by the name of
a mother or wife or daughter, as Villa Maria, Villa Anna.
Cairn—a Scotch word, meaning pile of stones or hill or moun-
tain, is used with the family name, as Cairn-Warren.
STICKING TO THE OLD VARIETIES.
To make a success, we have to start right, says H. M. Dunlap,
Champaign county, Ill. Start with good varieties. A man listens
to the talk of the tree agent who has the new varieties that he
wishes to sell, varieties that cannot be found fault with, because
they have no record, and all the recommendation they have is that
of the man who wishes to sell the trees, and none can dispute him,
because no one knows anything to the contrary. The man who
starts out to sell trees finds that the people want something better
than their neighbors have; they do not want the old varieties.
They know the old varieties, they know their faults; they are
Miscellaneous. 385
just like a man who has grown up and lived in a community all
his life. He may be a sterling man, a man in every sense of the
word, but there is no man but has some faults, and the man who
has lived there all his lifetime has had his faults found out by the
neighbors. A stranger comes in, sleek and well-dressed, and for
a time he can pass on his looks; and so it is with the new varieties.
They pass upon their looks, until you find, after six or eight or
ten years’ care of them, that they are not one-half as good as the
old, well-tried varieties are, and, in that respect, it is the same with
varieties as it is with men.—Prairie Farmer.
FUTILE REMEDIES FOR CODLING MOTH.
It is sometimes as well to know what not to use against an
insect as it is to know what to use. The following remedies have
been suggested at various times and found to be of little or no
value: Moth balls hung in the trees and supposed to keep moths
away; smudging or spraying orchards with ill-smelling compounds;
plugging the trees with sulphur; plugging the roots with calomel;
banding trees with tarred paper to keep the larvae from crawl-
ing up the tree; trap lanterns; baiting the moths with a mixture
of vinegar and molasses; spraying with water, and electric lights
as a repellant of the moth. These so-called remedies have been
tried so often that a fruit grower is simply wasting his time and
money when he uses them.—[C. L. Marlott, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture.|—Orange Judd.
SEPTEMBER.
(By Helen Jackson.)
The goldenrod is yellow,
The corn is turning brown,
The trees in apple orchards
With fruit are bending down.
The gentian’s bluest fringes
Are curling in the sun;
In dusty pads the milkweed
Its hidden silk has spun.
The sedges flaunt their harvest
In every meadow nook;
And asters by the brookside
Make asters in the _brook.
H--25
386 State Horticultural Society.
From dewy lanes at morning
The grapes’ sweet odors rise:
At noon the roads all flutter
With yellow butterflies.
By all these lovely tokens
September days are here,
With summer’s best of weather,
And autumn’s best of cheer.
—Woman’s Journal, Boston
WHY THINNING WILL PAY.
(J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Conn.)
It is the large, fine fruit that brings the profit; pays the mort-
gage, labor, fertilizer and cost of everything, says J. H. Hale, of
Connecticut. It leaves the dollar where you are going to have the
fun out of it. To have high grade fruit, we must thin. Have a
thousand peaches, and leave them all on the trees, and you may
have five half-bushel baskets with 200 in each. You may throw
500 away and still have five baskets of peaches. One may have
not over 45 or 50 peaches in it, and yet have it worth $1.50 to $2.
The other baskets with 200 in them will be worth 50 cents. Fine
peaches will bring from ten to sixteen times as much, besides not
weakening the trees, as little peaches, which are nothing but seed,
skin and wool.
You have a law that will not permit you to sell milk which is
more than so much water. We fruit growers have the advantage
over every other producer; the more we water our stock, the more
they will pay us for it, and the more solids, the less they pay us
for it.
Peaches that are i5 per cent solids and 85 per cent water are
worth 50 cents, but those only 10 per cent solids and 90 per cent
water are worth $3 or $4. I say, dose them with water; soak them,
and this is easiest done by thinning, and so getting large fruit full
of water.—Prairie Farmer.
THE GIFT OF GARDENS.
God Almighty first planted a garden; and, indeed, it is the
purest of human pleasures; it is the greatest refreshment to the
spirits of man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross
Miscellaneous. 387.
handiwork; and a man shall ever see that when ages grow to ci-
vility and elegancy, men come to build stately, sooner than to gar-
den finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold
it, in the royal order of gardens there ought to be gardens for all
the months in the year in which, severally, things of beauty may be
then in season.—Lord Bacon.
APPLES FOR SLEEPLESSNESS.
That apples are healthful and wholesome and have many
medicinal properties, we know, but we find a new quality reported
which we had not before heard of. An expert says:
_ “Rivery one ought to know the very best thing they can do is
to eat apples just before retiring for the night. Persons uniniti-
ated in the mysteries of the fruits are liable to throw up their
hands at the visions of dyspepsia which such a suggestion may
summon up, but no harm can come even to a delicate system by the
eating of a ripe apple before going to bed. The apple is an excel-
lent brain food because it has more phosphoric acid in easily digest-
ed shape than any other fruit.”—Fruit Trade Journal.
TALKING IN THEIR SLEEP.
“‘You think I’m dead,”
The apple tree said,
‘“Because I have never a leaf to show,
Because I stoop
And my branches droop,
And the dull, gray mosses over me grow;
But I’m alive in trunk and shoot.
The buds of next May
I fold away
But I pity the withered grass at my root.”
““You think I’m dead,”
The quick grass said, :
“Because I have parted with stem and blade,
But under the ground
I’m safe and sound,
With the snow’s thick blanket over me laid.
I’m alive and ready to shoot
Should the Spring of the year
Oome dancing here.
But I pity the flower without branch or root.”’
388 State Horticultural Society.
“*You think I’m dead,”
A soft voice said,
“*Because not a branch or root I own.
I never have died,
But close I hide
Ina plumy seed that the wind has sown.
Patient I wait through the long Winter hours.
You will see me again,
I shall laugh at you then
Out of the eyes of a hundred fiowers.”
—Edith M. Thomas, Rural New Yorker.
TESTING NEW FRUITS.
(By Edwin H. Riehl.)
The testing of new fruits, while expensive, whether done pri-
vately or by some organization, is an absolute necessity. Why do
we say it is expensive? Because, in the first place, nine-tenths of
the varieties offered are not as good as the average variety on the
market, or, I dare say, the best. It is getting so nowadays that
many who know a little about how fruits originate and more who
do not, are aware of the fact that there is a chance to pick up a few
dollars by advertising and offering something as a new variety with
a high-sounding name attached. Those sometimes consist of old
sorts renamed, but most generally are inferior seedlings which,
compared with the average variety on the market, are mere trash.
} think I do not miss my guess very far when I say that there are
some people in the country who make it a point to send out a num-
ber of new sorts each season just for what they expect to get out of
it by the various state and other experiment stations. This I dare
say is one of the worst impositions that could possibly come to pass
in more ways than one. The idea is, you see, that it is just as im-
portant to test and expose poor varieties as it is to discover and
recommend desirable ones. Thus the man who does not value his
reputation will offer a variety as something remarkably fine when
he knows quite well that it is not worthy of introduction. Again,
there are those who impose upon the public in this manner inno-
cently, through ignorance. They know that they have a seedling,
and a good one, but not being well posted on varieties generally,
they do not know that there is another variety (though it may be
an old one) that in every way is better than the one they have.
New varieties, whether of any value or not, are usually sold at a
high price, yet when you come to think of it, what does the original
price paid for trees, etc., which prove undesirable, amount to com-
A GOOD BEARING, TREE.
Miscellaneous. 389
pared to the care they require and ground they occupy prior to the
time they begin bearing?
The various experiment stations scattered over the country
are doing good work, generally speaking, but I think I am not in
error when J say there is a great deal of money wasted in this way
too. It is not always possible to find the right man in the right
place, and realizing that there should be a station in a certain local-
ity, the party is chosen who seems most capable among those who
will accept the position. Although for the man who conducts a
station of this sort properly there is little or nothing in it for him
ordinarily, it may occur to the one to whom the idea is proposed
that there is something to be made at it with but little effort on his
part. Thus, with no love for the work (which should be the first
consideration) and little or no knowledge of what it means to test,
describe and report upon the various varieties of the different |
fruits, he is at a loss as to what to do.
In this work there are a good many things to be taken into con-
sideration. The ground selected should be of uniform fertility
and should have the same exposure and drainage. There should
be no pet varieties, no matter where they come from, or at what
price they were procured, but all should have an eqaul chance. If
any fertilizer be applied it should be given uniformly to all varieties
of certain classes. If a certain variety should be received in bad
order, an allowance should be made for that, and the same consid-
ered in the final report. Should a frost occur at blooming time,
that is a time when close observation is necessary, and it is of like
importance to observe closely in case of drought. Last, but not
least, there are always those who, though they may be ever so care-
ful and thorough in their work, have not the knack of writing a
good, clear description of a variety. They do not become so fami-
liar with the plants about them that the different varieties of the
various classes are as familiar to them as human faces would be
which they had had about them the same length of time, having in
case of the plants a better chance for character study.—Colman’s
Rural World.
SPRAYING FOR SAN JOSE SCALE.
The Georgia Experiment Station has recently published a bul-
letin on the San Jose scale, and although the following extract is
intended especially for southern states, what is said may be readily
applied in Missouri. The bulletin says:
390 State Horticultural Society.
Orchards very badly infested with San Jose scale should be
sprayed twice, once in fall or early winter, and again in spring, be-
fore the buds open. It is well-nigh impossible to cover every por-
tion of the tree at one spraying, though that should by all means be
the aim; hence where orchards are badly infested it is advisable to
spray twice each year until the scale is well in control. Thorough
application of lime-sulphur wash, covering the trees from top to
bottom, is necessary if good results are to be expected. Too often
orchardists spray their orchards without proper regard to thor-
oughness, and the result is that they fail to get good results and then
think that the wash is responsible. Lime-sulphur wash does not
spread easily like oil emulsions, and great care in spraying is nec-
essary if good results are to be obtained. On windy days it is al-
most impossible to cover a tree on all sides with any mixture, and
on such days the lime-sulphur wash has its advantage, because it is
easy to see at a glance what portion of the trees have been covered.
The white colored wash will show for itself. Frequently it becomes
necessary to spray one side of the tree one day and wait until the
wind blows from another direction before finishing the spraying.
When spraying orchards to control the San Jose scale it is im-
perative that all trees be sprayed. Not simply the trees that show
infestation, but every tree in the infested orchards. It is false
economy to spray only the trees visibly infested. Frequently
trees may be slightly infested, so slight as to be overlooked by the
average orchardist. If such trees are left without spraying, the
scale may increase so rapidly during a single summer that the trees
will be seriously injured before the following winter.
Spraying in the fall just after the leaves have about all fallen
is advisable in large orchards and in orchards badly infested, when
two sprayings are necessary. Orchards slightly infested may be
sprayed once in fall. The reason why we do not recommend uni-
versal fall spraying is because of the fact that the mixture is usu-
ally washed off quite thoroughly by the winter rains and storms,
leaving the trees unprotected in spring. In case a few scale escape
the spray, they may commence to breed and increase in early sum-
mer, and the young scale are not hindered from settling down as
they would be where the trees are sprayed in spring, and the wash
consequently adhering during the early summer months. Fall
spraying, in large orchards, often becomes necessary on account of
the difficulty of getting the work all done during late winter and
spring. In such cases it would be advisable to spray the least in-
fested portions first, leaving the worst infested portions to spray
Miscellaneous. 391
in spring, or, in case it seems possible to spray some portions of the
orchard twice, spray the worse infested portion in fall, and repeat
the spraying of these blocks in spring shortly before the buds open.
By fall spraying we mean spraying from the time the leaves all
drop—that is, about the last of October to the first of December.
During December and January may be considered the time of
winter spraying. During these months the weather is so liable to
be bad, either stormy cr windy, or both, that it is difficult to do good
spraying. However, in large orchards it is often neces-
sary to spray continuously from November to the time the buds
commence to open. Winter spraying is, therefore, often necessary,
and in order to get the best results, it would be advisable to spray
at such times only the slight or moderately infested portions of
the orchard. If the winter spraying is followed the same day by
heavy rains, it will often be necessary to spray the trees a second
time. The second spraying should be delayed until spring, if pos-
sible, as better results may be expected at that time.
By spring spraying we mean spraying during February, and
up to the time the buds commence to open. In this connection it
should be stated that spraying may be continued until the blossom
buds actually commence to open, and a few instances are on record
where spraying, while the trees were in bloom, has been practiced.
This is not advisable, nor would we recommend spraying later than
one week before the buds first commence to show the pink color.
The advantage of spring spraying lies largely in the fact that
the wash remains on the sprayed trees during the eary summer
months. As soon as the foliage expands the limbs are partially
protected from the washing rains, which helps to make the wash
adhere to the trees. Lime-sulphur wash does not kill scale immedi-
ately, as is usually the case with oil emulsions, hence it is desirable
to have the wash remain on the trees for the longest time possible.
It seems that the action of the lime-sulphur wash is extended over
two or more months. Some nearly grown female may escape death
at the first spraying; young are developed by these females; the
young attempt to seek a place to settle down, and if they find the
limbs covered with lime-sulphur wash, they are unable to find a
suitable location. Even if some young scale find a portion of bark
free from wash, the rains and dews acting on the wash on some
portion of the limbs will carry enough lime-sulphur solution to the
young scale to cause their death. This may seem a far-fetched
statement to some, but in no better way can we explain the un-
doubtedly prolonged action of the lime-sulphur wash.—Colman’s
Rural World.
392 State Horticultural Society.
THE GANO APPLE.
The Gano apple and its distribution over this western and
southwestern country is a matter so plain and so certain that we
here give some facts in regard to how the State Horticultural So-
ciety has had so much to do with its discovery, its first propagation,
its distribution, its popularity, its name and its synonyms.
The apple was propagated by Mr. Ely Jacks in 1838 or 1840,
in Howard county, Mo. Trees were planted from this nursery
near Parkville, Mo. In the early seventies some of these apples
were brought to the attention of the Society, and shown at their
meetings by Mr. Gano of Parkville, and was named “Gano” by the
Missouri Valley Horticultural Society.
In 1884 some of the Gano apples were sent to Charles Downing
and Marshall P. Wilder, and they both pronounced it a distinct
variety under its name “Gano.”
In this same year a committee, consisting of J. C. Evans, W.
G. Gano, F. F. Fine and Prof. S. M. Tracy, recommended that the
trees be distributed through the State Society by L. A. Goodman,
Secretary. All the scions which Mr. Gano could secure were given
to M. Butterfield, nurseryman, Lee’s Summit, for propagation. (See
report of 1884.)
In 1887 a committee reported on the apple, “yellow, nearly
covered with dark red; very handsome; stem long, slender, set in a
deep narrow basin; calyx moderately deep; round ovate; medium
to large; flesh pale yellow, mild sub acid; quality excellent; season
with Ben Davis; tree strong upright grower, somewhat diverging;
full and regular bearer.”
In the spring of 1887, these “Gano trees” were sent out to
twelve different State Horticultural Societies, and over twenty local
Horticultural Societies in different states, more especially Missouri,
Kansas and Arkansas.
The following letter was sent with each package:
“TLee’s Summit, Mo., April 7, 1887.
Dear Sir—By instructions of the Missouri State Horticultural
Society, we forward to your address, by express, today, one bale
containing “Gano” trees. Trusting that they will reach you
promptly and in good condition,Iam, Yours truly,
M. BUTTERFIELD.
Miscellaneous. 393
One of these packages was sent to Springdale, Ark., to John
B. Gill, Secretary, also a large nurseryman. In answer to my let-
ter to him, I received the following in reply:
Springdale, Ark., April 15, 1887.
Dear Sir—I have just received a few trees of the Gano apple
from Mr. M. Butterfield of Lee’s Summit, Mo. Although I had pre-
viously supplied myself with this promising new variety, I feel
under many obligations for your kindness, and wish to express my
admiration and approval of: this new method of disseminating val-
uable new fruit. Yours truly,
JNO. B. GILL.
(See Report of 1887.)
From these statements of facts, it is easy to see how the
“Gano” came to be scattered all over Washington and Benton coun-
ty, Arkansas, and, in fact, all over this western country, especially
Missouri and Arkansas.
~ In 1895 an apple was sent to the Society by S. W. Murray
from Willow Brook, called ‘““Peyton,’” which was decided to be the
“Gano.” The question was asked, “Is there on record a Black Ben
Davis Apple,” and the answer was given, “The Gano, grown on the
rich lands of Washington county, Arkansas, colors up so highly
that it is sometimes called Black Ben Davis.” (See Report for
1896.)
In the year 1899 the following report is found: ‘Black Ben
Davis,” Etris and Arkansas Bell are so much like “Gano” that the -
committee are not able to distinguish between them and the latter
well-known sort.” L. H. CALLAWAY of Illinois.
PROF. R. A. EMERSON of Nebraska.
ProF. J. C. WHITTEN of Missouri.
At least a half dozen apples have been sent to the Society under
different names, and they have been invariably proved to be
“Gano.”
The United States Department of Agriculture at Washington
have given their settlement of this question in making ‘‘Gano” the
correct name and all the others synonyms: Black Ben Davis
(Black Ben), Peyton, Red Ben Davis, Reagan. (See Report of
United States Pomologist.
The position of this State Society has been the only correct
one all along. During the past year fruits grown from trees of
these various so-called names, sent out by the distributors them-
selves, have proven this to be true that they are all one and the
same, ‘‘Gano.”
394 State Horticultural Society.
SOME OF THE STATE SOCIETY WORK DONE THROUGH
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
During all these years of wonderful growth, efficiency and
popularity of the State Society, the Executive Committee has never
lost sight of the best interest of the State, nor the best plan of se-
curing that interest, nor how to present our work to those in au-
thority; and results have always and under all circumstances, and
in all conditions, justified the action of the Executive Committee
in every instance. .
This Committee has never, in all its history, used any of its
own means or the funds of the State for any purpose, unless they
knew that it was for the “Good of the Society.”’ Every dollar spent
has been with only one end in view, the upbuilding of our work.
The right of the Executive Committee to spend this money has
never been questioned in all these years but by a few persons, who
had private interests alone to further, and yet never did anything
to help the Society in any of its work.
The same authority which makes our annual and semi-annual
program pays for the speakers, offers premiums, pays postage,
pays stenographer and typewriter and all other expenses of the
Society.
This same Executive Committee has the right, the power, the
authority, the privilege and the good judgment to spend these
funds for the needs of the Society and for the advancement of our
cause, and no one has a right to deny this power except the Society
itself, the Governor or State Auditor, to whom an itemized account
is given every month, and during the last twenty-five years not one
item even has ever been called in question.
As one item of the work of the Executive Committee, we pre-
sent the following statement of the reorganization of the Society
as only one of the instances where the Committee has worked for
the best interests of the Society, and this same kind of work has
always been done by the Executive Committee:
THE REORGANIZATION OF THE MISSOURI STATE HORTI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY FORMING THE MISSOURI STATE
BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.
Soon after the June meeting at Versailles, in 1905, I received
word from Mr. Chas. G. Miller of Boonville that there was a possi-
Miscellaneous. 395
bility of our State Society losing its appropriation at the next ses-
sion of the Legislature, because of the suspected illegality of our
articles of incorporation. This came to us directly, because of the
veto message of Gov. Folk to the State Poultry Association, which
had been incorporated similarly to our State Horticultural Society.
Some time later I found, in consultation with Gov. Folk, that
he was in doubt as to our legal existence, and I then informed Pres-
ident Dutcher of this condition, and during the summer of 1906 we
made a visit to Jefferson City to consult the Governor about the
matter.
He then reiterated his doubts as to the legality of our organi-
zation and the possibility of our losing our annual appropriation
unless we were legally organized, and advised us to organize in
something like the manner of the State Board of Agriculture, and
suggested that we get a legal opinion from some good attorney as
to our status.
' After this our Vice-President, Mr. Todd, had a personal inter-
view with the Governor, in which he stated that he was personally
a friend of the State Society and its work, and therefore would
dislike to see anything happen to interfere with our valuable work
in the State, and to Mr. Todd again suggested that we take steps
to legalize our existence if it was found in any way doubtful.
At the winter meeting of the Society, held at Boonville, these
facts were fully explained to the Executive Committee, and the
President, Vice-President and Secretary were appointed a commit-
tee to act in this matter.
This committee submitted a full statement of these facts to
Judge W. M. Williams of Boonville, and asked for a written legal
opinion of the status of our State Society under the laws of the
State, and our legal standing.
That opinion was rendered December 24, 1906, and is given
herewith:
Boonville, Mo., December 24, 1906.
_L. A. Goodman, Esq., Secretary Missouri State Horticultural So-
ciety, Kansas City, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I inclose you herewith my opinion in reference to
the Missouri State Horticultural Society, as requested.
Very truly,
W. M. WILLIAMS.
396 State Horticultural Society.
Boonville, Mo., December 24, 1906.
L. A. Goodman, Esq., Secretary Missouri State Horticultural So-
ciety, Kansas City, Mo.:
Dear Sir—I have examined the act approved March 31, 1893
(Session Acts 1893-27,) which provides for the organization of
the “Missouri State Horticultural Society,’’ and have also investi-
gated the question submitted by your committee as to the power of
the General Assembly to make appropriations out of the State
treasury in aid of the Association attempted to be created by said
act.
Section 28, article 4 of the Constitution declares that “No bill
* * * shall contain more than one subject.’ The purpose of
this provision is to prevent incongruous matters which have no con-
nection with each other from being joined in the same bill. The
first part of the act under consideration creates the State Board of
Agriculture, and provides for the appointment of the members
thereof, and the duties which they shall perform. The last two
sections have reference to the Missouri State Horticultural Society,
which is an entirely separate organization, having no connection
whatever with the State Board of Agriculture. The State Board
of Agriculture and the Missouri State Horticultural Society seem
to be entirely distinct, and, so far as the act upon its face shows,
are wholly disconnected.
Section 53, article 4 of the Constitution provides that “the
General Assembly shall not pass any local or special law creating
corporations.” The same provision is reiterated in section 2 of
article 12. The purpose of the act of 1893 would seem to be to
create, by special law, a corporation, to be known as the “Missouri
State Horticultural Society.” It will be noted that this Association
is not a mere agency cf the State government for the performance
of a public function cr duty devolving upon the State. The act
simply creates a corporation, but does not define its powers and
duties, except in a most general way, if it can be said to do so at all.
Section 46, article 4, declares that “The General Assembly
shall have no power to make any grant of public money or thing of
value to any individual, association of individuals, municipal or
other corporation whatsoever,” except in cases of public calamity.
There is nothing in the act of 1893 that removes the State Horti-
cultural Society from the provision of this section, so far as I can
see. It is like any other corporation or association formed for the
promotion of any particular industry or business enterprise of the
State. All societies of this character are an indirect benefit to the
DUOHESS.
Miscellaneous. 397
people at large, but this will not authorize appropriations of public
money for their benefit. State ex rel. Switzler, 143 Mo, 287. The
Legislature at one time attempted to give a bounty to private indi-
viduals for growing forest trees upon their own lands, but the Su-
preme Court, in Deal vs. Mississippi County, 107 Mo. 464, held
the act to be in conflict with the Constitution. So it has been held
that appropriations in aid of educational institutions not under the
control of the State are invalid. The courts declare that direct or
indirect benefits to the public are insufficient to justify the appro-
priation of public money in aid of the corporation from which the
benefits come. Public money can only be collected and disbursed
by the State for public purposes.
In my opinion, the act of the Legislature referred to is in-
valid, and under the Constitution the General Assembly has no
power to make apropriations in aid of your Society as now organ-
ized. The fact that these appropriations have heretofore been
made will not be a sufficient argument to induce their continuance,
as the question may never have heretofore been raised.
I think, if you desire to continue to receive aid from the State,
the form of your organization must be changed. Instead of a pri-
vate corporation, or an association of individuals interested in
horticulture, the body controlling the appropriations made by the
State must be a part of the State government, and probably it will
be best to organize it upon similar lines as the State Board of Agri-
culture. The State cannot donate any of the public money to an
association of individuals or to a corporation, no matter how worthy
the objects or how great the benefits that may result. Public
money must be disbursed by the State itself, or through its own
agencies. A State Board of Horticulture, appointed by the Gov-
ernor, with public duties to perform, something like the State
Board of Agriculture, or the Board of Immigration, or the other
State Boards, would be entirely different from your Society, as now
formed, which, if anything more than a mere voluntary associa-
tion, is only a private corporation.
Very truly,
W. M. WILLIAMS.
At once the committee began the planning for a new bill to be
passed by the Legislature in 1907, and another visit was made by
them to Jefferson City to consult Gov. Folk and Secretary of State
Swanger as to our bill, and how it should be drafted.
The Committee suggested a division of the State into six dis-
398 State Horticultural Society.
tricts, as nearly equal as possible, and outlined a plan of organi-
zation similar to our State Board of Agriculture, and embodying
the good and efficient points of the State Board of Horticulture of
other states.
This plan was approved by the Governor, and with the very
valuable assistance of the Secretary of State Swanger and his Chief
Clerk, Irwin, the following bill was drafted and prepared for
passage. The perfection of the bill and its careful wording is
shown in its acceptance by the Committee on Agriculture by both
the House and Senate, and finally passed without the change of a
single word.
This bill was introduced in the Senate by Hon. T. J. Wornall
of Clay, and in the House by Hon. W. Crossley of Johnson, early in
February, and passed in the Senate on February 21 and in the
House on February 28, showing the nearly unanimous vote of both
houses and the faithful work of those having the bill in charge;
for which the Society has already expressed its appreciation and
thanks to them in a letter signed by the President and Secretary.
SENATE BILL NO. 212.
AN ACT
Entitled an act to create a state board of horticulture, to repeal
sections 4705 and 4706 of article 1, chapter 67, Revised Stat-
utes of 1899, and to enact an emergency clause.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as
follows
Section 1. A state board of horticulture is hereby created,
and shall consist of six trustees from as many districts hereinafter
provided, not more than three of whom shall belong to any one po-
litical party, to be appointed by the governor for a term of four
years, of which the governor, the state superintendent of public in-
struction and the professor of horticulture of the state university
shall be ex-officio members.
See. 2. It shall be the duty of the state board of horticulture
to promote the science of fruit culture in the state of Missouri, to
organize the fruit growers of the state, under such names as they
may choose, for the purpose of affording a systematic means of
gathering useful information for the use of the board, and to pub-
lish the same for the benefit of the fruit growers and farmers of
the state of Missouri.
Miscellaneous. 899
Sec. 3. The state board of horticulture shall have the general
management of the affairs of such organizations of fruit growers
as may be formed under their authority, the power to make such
needful rules, regulations, and by-laws as will best promote the
objects of their organization, to make fruit exhibits, to provide
lectures, and to hold institutes at places of their own selection, for
instruction and advancement in the science and work of horticul-
ture.
See. 4. The state of Missouri shall be divided into six represen-
tative districts numbered from one to six consecutively. District No.
1 shall be composed of the following counties: Adair, Chariton,
Clark, Knox, Lewis, Linn, Macon, Marion, Monroe, Pike, Putnam,
Ralls, Randolph, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby and Sullivan. Dis-
trict No. 2 shall be composed of the following counties: Andrew,
Atchison, Buchanan, Caldwell, Carroll, Clay, Clinton, Daviess, De-
Kalb, Gentry, Grundy, Harrison, Holt, Livingston, Mercer, Noda-
way, Platte, Ray and Worth. District No. 3 shall be composed of
the following counties: Bates, Benton, Camden, Cass, Cole, Cooper,
Henry, Hickory, Jackson, Johnson, Lafayette, Miller, Moniteau,
Morgan, Pettis, St. Clair and Saline. District No. 4 shall be com-
posed of the following counties: Audrain, Boone, Callaway, Craw-
ford, Franklin, Gasconade, Howard, Jefferson, Lincoln, Maries,
Montgomery, Osage, Phelps, Pulaski, St. Charles, St. Francois, Ste.
Genevieve, St. Louis, Warren and Washington. District No. 5
shall be composed of the following counties: Bollinger, Butler,
Cape Girardeau, Carter, Dent, Dunklin, Howell, Iron, Madison,
Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon, Pemiscot, Perry, Reynolds, Rip-
ley, Scott, Shannon, Stoddard, Texas and Wayne. District No. 6
shall be composed of the following counties: Barry, Barton, Cedar,
Christian, Dade, Dallas, Douglas, Greene, Jasper, Laclede, Law-
rence, McDonald, Newton, Ozark, Polk, Stone, Taney, Vernon,
Webster and Wright.
Sec. 5. Immediately after the passage of this act the gover-
nor shall appoint one trustee from each of said representative dis-
tricts, same to be selected with reference to their knowledge of
and practical experience in horticulture and the industries con-
nected therewith. They shall serve without pay, excepting that
necessary expenses incurred in attending meetings of the board
shall be allowed. In the even numbered districts he shall appoint
a trustee to serve for a term of two years, and in the odd numbered
districts he shall appoint a trustee to serve for a term of four
years; and at the expiration of their terms of office the governor
400 State Horticultural Society.
shall appoint a successor for a term of four years, or until their
successors are appointed and qualified.
Sec. 6. At the first meeting of the board they shall organ-
ize by electing from their own number the following officers:
President, first and second vice-presidents, and treasurer. The
treasurer shall give a surety bond to the Governor of the State
of Missouri in the sum of $5,000.00, conditional upon the faithful
discharge of his duties, which bond shall be paid for by the board.
He shall receive all moneys belonging to the board, and pay out
the same only for bills approved by it, on warrants signed by the
president and secretary, and shall render annually to the board a
statement in detail of all receipts and disbursements, for which he
shall receive a salary of $50.00 per year.
Sec. 7. Said board shall employ, from without their number,
a secretary, who shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties
prescribed for him by said board, whose compensation shall not ex-
ceed $100.00 per month. The necessary expenses incurred by him
in attending meetings of the board, or while traveling under the
direction of the board, shall be allowed.
See. 8. The board may receive, manage, use and hold dona-
tions and bequests of money and property for promoting the ob-
jects of its formation. It shall meet semi-annually on the first
Tuesday of June and December of each year, or as much oftener
as the board may deem necessary, and at such places as it may
deem expedient, to consult, discuss and adopt such measures as
will best promote the horticultural industries of the State. The
office of the board shall be located in such place as the board may
determine.
Sec. 9. The board shall annually report to the Governor a
statement of its doings, including a copy of the treasurer’s re-
port for the year. The public printer shall annually, under the
direction of the board, print 6,000 copies of the report of the pro-
ceedings of the board, and of the auxiliary societies, 3,000 to be
bound in cloth and 3,000 in paper; said report to contain not more
than 400 pages, which shall be paid for out of the appropriation
for printing State reports.
Sec. 10. Sections 4705 and 4706 of article 1, chapter 67,
Revised Statutes of 1899, shall be and are hereby repealed in so
far as they conflict with this act.
Sec. 11. There being no law for carrying out the objects of
this measure, an emergency within the meaning of the Constitu-
tion is hereby declared to exist, and this act shall be in force from
and after its passage.
Miscellaneous. 401
The next step was to see that our appropriation was put in
proper shape and recommended by the Appropriation Committee
of both House and Senate.
Another visit was made by the President and Secretary to see
that all things were ready, and offer such explanations which
might be found necessary to these committees. As a result, we
have the same appropriation for the new board that we had been
getting for the past six years.
Another item of importance is the report of the Committee
on Transportation, who succeeded in getting the following bill
passed by the Legislature:
SENATE BILL NO. 467.
AN ACT
To amend article 4, chapter 12, Revised Statutes of Missouri of
1899, by adding three new sections thereto, to be known as
sections 1195a, 1195b and 1195c, and relating to freight
charges and classifications.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as
follows:
Section 1. That article IV, chapter 12, of the Revised Stat-
utes of Missouri, 1899, entitled ‘Railroad classification, charges,
commissioners,” be and the same is hereby amended by adding
three new sections thereto, to be known as sections 1195a, 1195b
and 1195c, which said sections shall read as follows:
Section 1195a. No individual, company or corporation, own-
ing, operating, managing or leasing any railroad or part of a rail-
road in this State, shall charge for or receive for carrying apples
and pears in carloads of 24,000 pounds, minimum weight, more
than six cents per hundred for the first twenty-five miles or frac-
tional part thereof, and not more than one cent additional per hun-
dred pounds for the second twenty-five miles or fractional part
thereof, and not more than one cent per hundred pounds for each
additional twenty-five miles or fractional part thereof. For straw-
berries, peaches, grapes and other berries in carloads of 18,000
pounds, minimum weight, not exceeding fifteen cents per hundred
pounds for the first twenty-five miles or fractional part thereof,
-and not exceeding two cents additional per hundred pounds for
each additional twenty-five miles or fractional part thereof.
Section 1195b. All acts and parts of acts, and all rules and
H—26
AQ2 State Horticultural Society.
regulations, freight schedules, classifications and groupings by
railroad companies, or the railroad and warehouse commissioners
of this State, in conflict with the provisions of this act, are hereby
repealed and declared void.
Section 1195c. Any individual, company or corporation own-
ing, operating, managing or leasing any railroad, or part of a
railroad in this State, violating the provisions of this act, shall on
conviction be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a
fine not to exceed one thousand dollars for each offense.
This bill was introduced by Senator McDavid at the request of
the committee appointed by the State Horticultural Society.
G. T. TIPPIN, Chairman,
A. T. NELSON,
T. C, LOVE.
INDEX.
Page
ett CHeLAl PASSCHIDLY = | IM COTPOLAELOM ene iate = «isis isle 0:0 0c 5 v0 = aisivisle wp lye 1 o\0 elw'w nlc © \eleloiniaietalerortisys ole 7
Ae Cris ALICE SO APG sy Of eELOLELCULEUT OC sje cle cin losorsls wie are 1= 2/oieio' ole telalaleis ois \slelol» alels/ s\n! oialalele =™>\e\nielo 398
Ee: (EP IDSSrR ies TRE ree Cl ae ESE Baan Angee sao Jado qondd sods Hco nD sanoE cc oRnaeonoos soso 401
RGOTESS COLWVEICORIC SETS SCOEES MODI Ye oc 010 010101 211s 010(0:s10)s orwiniele\n piviv Win lcleivleieleleteloleiv/ein\elelsielein/elnl= 24
Address of Welcome, Mayor W. G. Pendleton, Boomnville.................cscccececeeeecees li7
Nel CSS PE LES CO cee lon Py UE CHC Ios iaiareralora stator =o etalon sine mlovern =\=12/7 e1a ala iapasiatoiolaiale 2) le iale)aletalalslelntera[e/ oie ial=ialals 26
AUSIN JWT -Aadancssseasnaenscosaun psesueo ssneacsonaoodaaotcodcoseo soonsenduccdaqddnotadoadscssods 335
ACOH sang HArMer a CN AGUEGG | occ ciateinlel=\= oisinintsisis = =\010 o(0e > o10/v1p\e/<\nielel=ie/o 0/=]n/slolerois1=I=/aloie\w/={e(s/aleicl al sisi oie 374
Je OG. Giga TAG! at on aa sne ddd asd oan noss eb aot neacoodnasoc vans acme rence acson< cobeesagudecsduT 164
Apple Crops Stimate: Ofer. As GOOGMIAI . nc. “Minnayinving..cccu<-asaneecereniaesccceateaene bares Rarctecian ne sa Caene 353
Civics: and'‘School (Gardens, Mrs) Wo.) Dames. ise cniecars tee oie sistem ecicielecineterasieteeiereteieeitaisie 247
Clark Miss “Anna a5 (Paper von BOLECSERY oie cise olais.alolnin cofcre nolata)nereiniers since iad etetainicie emilee «- 182
Codling Moth ....... Sees sats Sages ctercieie alae Mls ctolatei oe erate eisralore ooh cloteiois sioigecieincion Giaeateels 129, 159, 385
WOLD SEOLA SCY Merecc.ctcielarei cra nie winisiele(aiate oieie mateo aratate nie sie laletealotereioisteia cia teisiaimastteiereiseistee erties Saat alates 227
Collingwood) (W. Hi:, TEAL a isccinat vis cis sieves aicjessisitie's wlels sles sieleivielsiaisie wine scree eieieiciets atalataratarsloreeteets 244, 315
Committees” iCOns titulo ca caries we wie. cisisiseicie viateialsloteisivtalelal stoversle/alelereielevehaisveictersletstcine eeoteiaieiere eater eaten 279
FIN ANCO! Fs. ow acqaie si wisia vis oi uiele Se cleels.slele stele icvere oicle eld ale steteielolotave’s aveteivar anit ache Cie Ee 106, 277
Mires -Am= ‘OLRCHATGS 1 carcarscsieiasoretclersras ciaavoxeral sieteie arolescsstocateralorsteretoicteiciel tebe isteteteretelate eines ee, 027
ETULES ANGE TEHLOWCTS i ascrccice sin tiee seteia pine elsle'o's ote etareiniers foie iatoteraieleieeieeieteteate Abocooe: LAN!)
RReSOMUIONS = 5 cisicicieecisig Se ciadinns oc Fae cia ace eicele vie oiSin oe wiolvainaicle Sale ales cee eeeraeteretoe 296, 324
Steam ira his) se sisiacs oe arsieizreiereis ws stocieipoin/nvo aia \cle 0-0 ayeinteleieleletere Sieters e1urae einlave eretel ote ofereerstera aves) 06,
TLrANSPOVtAtIOWs 27.55 sin c's vinre Coke eesceet ae Oolse ceca Cae ae wiser task ee Greer cersatteees 301, 401
CWOnStitWtion: » <.2 cies ise cress ciate certs tte ores Hee we loa vine a raleio te retaltiel= a eieialsiercleterciote: ate: erorete ee ereicie ne leletereentee 18
Constitutions News —AGOpteds W906 sac cnctnsetecfore nis cies cisieradetetotclelateretacisialclerstoteccloleiele oie eters pte 19, 279
WO-OPETATIONI! eee wie dias ia)< Sele caiee Sie tisteierclaisicc esi ceca wen ooh emote Salers encrsteierte eae 162, 202, 205, 212, 325
Craig Wea): Paper sonar CAnStcicescesencseae cas snes secre nceisemepineciectenactacee eee doocas: ale,
Crop to} Grow lin’ Orchards) Beste Jacop Baits cmewieseeeiieniel eo cais-tciletacteieeeieiels teeta Soncsos! 137
Crown Gall and Hairy Root of Apple Tree, H. Von Schrenk and G. G. Hedgecock.. 252
Cultivation, Grapes) Sos ciesesc-> dapacedencdodcobudnaoaCepadocbeprudccdacasancucsddootesc 145
Plant): OOS is sena.ccissis ware a toteiwieie's Sis aialote one mietovare elolaiete lorie seiecieieclee apres saeieiete gees
SPU YUE” Hs = arelcseicrewiela ato cisitre © 0. acla wiere7o. ciel lu aleseratatete eloyalevalaletateloravarcie = ol ioral atete cle een aioe 138
Strawberries se) ovc croc etace is te slate icie. 2 alars/s ate diale,tie sselal sete etelelsterelalareye ctaleloietolatetete wiereloreitetetatebeiats 50, 57
Diseases! SBitter! Otic coins ww sewiac cites e(elensiaer-reiseleleraiceie acre cle eee ace eects 121, 127-138, 180
Crown © Gall 7ame wisicinccicie sic lote tol nsiorwe = niofnln Sie aie rereveteva/elnsereletatepelaiolaleaie!nteterol slereleseisreloteesto terete 252, 345
GRAPE. 6 sie dis seiacisealeresisis swiss a ietuiie afore ievaie (alo ataie chesthete eraiataieolereislet tere tatalate telecine satiewale 69
Hairy VROOtS acct secre cies iorsialeisctetels aveleteraietcietsrettsieiera beeieieniiseisesiscseeeirece noc san 253
MENCAICHY ia fajoie ia wre ioral ctate\elalsiaie'e|nrain(c/oroldle laterals’ aleisteletaic/aeta) ehelete'< lois etsteleteisielelerertaistctaict paresis annsooponde 339
WPCA a iardicsera.dtalsee rari Soateieia etale tore “sia een ohatuletavel cana alate sr ateter stave) teratolots vere lelaialetaletatanstel ete aetetantetetete 47, 310
FROOE CRO Be caret law beets iced canister eel meiaterceee ala ie letel fete slcticiaet io tclecers eet eae tetteietent ers 152, 186
-
\
; :
ee
eae INDEX. III
Page
ine Vin PADCT OOM PCa CHES tenets «cic, nsteista-icjemjatctemisiqaiineien sie pis sisiejele’« c.cefe's sininic s. s\0 vietole sin'e eie.e 140
IDGABE Ney ubTS, WANs IEC. Gin IEG oe GA daaeene: nad seda5o0 be apa onec CODE De ogHOnDOB. COU DODSO Sonor 88
IDViksaiate bys (GS Lota. fey WOON elie phoccaneese or doc Sob ooco> Dn co anode Ocoee ReOMAacdoemOScogacccne 32, 207
year ee eS VE ele LAN Ge IN GIEDICLON arereicielerarscysar= as Seo cicln cine cia e “ie ocle v's nlnyeio eye eo wlnieinye u wipieiniaisie 286
bari ey ca eee Tony WE ee Ur eaten ya eae es ene interes ck eae k alc gdin ve Pe din aee Soe asae =<} 92, 159, 384
Dust Spray, W. D. Maxweill..........--seccecccsecree cece ee ceccsennscenessencetaccsseesseneess 117
iDgin Spnear TOL Ile STR ora: sao0cccupooscnones deombadd co soogcds cnmeaouseinendolbcdesooesrcocor 361
STORED S mts UES nO ee PSELTN Coote retel arte ara) aia'a nimi infoloiclolejaloteteloln[araiaiats(eitiaoia\n/sTala\s\cjniaiale|n(o'e\aicie(e\sfujews'e =m e/eisinie BpoeSe 235
PU beer a nee mE ANGLES cies cle ciarerelelorele(e eisai icicle o'ciataisinloleislatsie wd eee MERE Ren, Seon 25, 26, 178, 339
E
Heaucation. Agriciitural. Col. Jonn 2A: WOOO ms.te<- Problem we secosncrwiciesc cae Pa Ee cae eo ee eee caves 2D0
Sprays; ixperiments Wath Oil; Protsevieave, Slinzerland .s0s-e.nen eee eee cee nee eeee 353
State Board (of) Horticulture» Crea tedencee cesses -ccees sane ee eee Eee EEE eee eee eee Braco ost}
State Society, esalaOpiniony Onussesy eee nen tesenceee eee eee eee ee eee eee noes sieieieio BOO
Stedman; Dr. /J. Ms con) San Jose. Scalestestaestses ak aeee cee een nee REE Eee eee 230
Steiman iC) \W.,_0n Poultry, in sthes Orchard-cetaeieeetseatescesseenete eer ee ae eeeeeeee 90
Stephens We -ELa EL. ony Stock! in, Orchard .4. see esses eee nn eee eee EEE Eee eEee 185
SLOWwant. sts One DUStEODra yearn aere ees aD ea Oana aalsGia ee bs alcohols ceteon ieee SeeE pA |
4
|
INDEX. VII
Page
Sime porries: A Te EP 1ClCumerA teem LING) frccsevarate clase crclemtersroieeieiaieieleeieia ier aie inconaraveleie o gle aicislaeigieed aces 365
Sake DELPICS << DISCUSSIOMUOUS elicits ot siomisvenieinle:s siestele arsct cystoeersicinrehe icles auateis einicimoleiercisetase dae ¢ 50-54, 57-61
Strawberries, DoeseValehin et Paver Sabo EraAPE Mian Geecscoe ciercceioa/etcicta.cre'sts aie aw t'e'clnclene biel wigeces 366
Senahwherniess BEMVerDearLine! Miele ERTCITE 1 cerab ici vaccliveisistnisleluiaieleieia/cis anc ve oiere'e\e » oitis iejeatniow minaisie 356
SUG WDELELES uETO ws COM Grr ONY: HEtse VV er ol CIR Siis acitrereisinfers evai'o oni cis) cierute sle'e' sive e/eleio'eie.s sis'e cisin sisieieve 300
Dera whernies a Varieties Or Marketa Js Co (RUGS aie ccs cs 0.0 ieie « oleae sitiow cir oss clonicleineeieascleiere 61
SRE TAME PIECE CLINE ee ayateternin aloiasaictelalovetcinicletersrelpiaiatere etainieiaisiatcletete sists slate le! eieinie oa cine mieieie ei Ste sloicielelesieisinioe tetera 23-156
T
ehG weed Ofsm lr ttc Ons OZATIC) OTCHAPGS kee ce «siesta ex in’ Eheir Sleep. Widith M2. Thomas) \CP0emM) <...%)5 cic. ac ccccecwclecocececee ccecacavle 387
SRE Tris ET ae ee OFT Gr ELP) CSive ras eicittercininie.clere eleiclarasata aves wialere w eialers era's ereve cia's i ova s"eiorclo wre ialene’e are wleraial wovuiee eels 65
BPSLAEE DEAE TA oN TUG etetrc le eyatets 2 clctevele chal oke nie afovesn cis sole; stata is sloigielsinve oes oveielbis,» oie oie sale wien vide le ers’oeielesiocies 141, 386
iar SO LE ee ee O UME AD DLC mR CMALOS sclalciare «ieiclare ates aie cis bitin ecsre stetelaveleinie ss ererele si aicletoine eresiouieceeis 222
NGO Mat Saye. PONMELOLS IM OLCHATGS » :iccoyss nate 2720/06 ors alates ciavalewe a1a//erw aleia'siciereisieie aiere(aryu catemiaisisions 134
BELTS PEDIErGe COcpea-.m, OTMeE VE ATCO CLIN 7 toc oraiarwceicietsiens cic cjnsaVols a s oa elsinieieis oles se al store ine" ale 0:e wleicis eleva sfo migilareatemeree 208
pPranSporea clomstCOMMMTCECE: = cic: aalewicisio(alersTs 0/4. /a.o.eicievelors crsseletelewielersiete wiele 110, 401
LownSenGs Geos. on Northeast- Missourt? for Pruitt. ccc. ccc. Seinic cd ncecwe caves asin 153
rams poLrcawone Committee. REDOLS Soins ccaniee ac as :e:ats s/o. sais eijsininne « vin-oiw sieved cleiajs)ateroiannitte e's cienle 110, 401
Hransplantin= Peachyand Apple Trees, Hiram: LON Ei. c.c0s ccc cc cncieccecacticcecsetesicmsvente 108
BR rane ae bea, me OOTP SPOT VS 7SS10 sais 1s 0; rao) oinsa rele ears [orereie 7s.) /a)s%ela/o/are(aicrever siete wicble © oreo biciwiciascieis @emicietesoien sioieimeminvewier 235
Vv
NEATH OBIS 5 —— AID LOS ot fersiatsscfa crus oieis io s.o) a's are’ aie cla wcalous oralatolalne chive aiciwisiae see elcala oGle afomiaue ou tieteaiooeemeesls 262
SACI ELIICS echemeis cic caine nisteie sieieistalsOaicl cielnieie rere iste elaisie'eis dstsle(e efs\slevsieelalesisinise sissies ete 55
WET TIGS Sse oa cteisicictole Coa elee ers aio nas omic eels tosa te NE Reis nin ae rae SneUEIN Ue avon la hatoival pave erste Bie 72, 302
(CRN Ofe hn Se eI An Rene SIGE ORES CIEE AS DCIS SEER OR CAE SE OORT ear ea 64-5
BNIURES cha sieye tela) orci cicsa tes wavs a cieraie cia Terceva,olsis aiare se o wiviave vals ie iece thone aleid aj ciate tistelnrsistsio are cacalats i poieve Raminie eee 82
Ornamental Tree kaa sever ctale-eicta oiat oe winston Sime ace sine se alaierelewun aitiote SeieaYapeels CM Nemeraeie 85
HRCA CIES ee esrateiarsioisesveiarnte sierols) aval ele vocetol sinte: aioe siareiet ose eis oinistoince vals ah sistelate wieselesveieleletare 141, 142, 336
EA CATS eee reise lcicte aie hnietore' cle evotate Te Yosnvare7o:a,ne (o/ata wralora eiavate lnvcecsa cia invaiatavs lace sie ace/e oidlsin la erelals erctoislonvarse 310
SULA WD EETIOS WS to cx casi tlereleisiniors ig ste sath bivtele’s waldlateee see eeececameceeeens 50, 57, 61, 301, 357
Wwanictiess sticking >to. Old> Fis Me DUNTAD. seicccig wince oto oes aoe win cle wreisie creleisiw a bie ein slatain- creicrocte sls ose 384
MeratablcsmeArtincial: |} Prot ise DUGmccces cs aeces sincere sae become bob cisic wine oa eld seele estar celsisisitere sels 364
Von sSchnenk ere Herman: OnNsOrown. Gallas. ces cas ss cussfeweisis's saieeic ole ajeleiereoivjeleielsislovsisieie ole woh 252
W
Web ATLAS WEIS ADOES(. wiarciae aielornae stasisiem aarcicie ole s oisieiaiaisio en visiele cine cee So dwenis easton Waee end danae 188, 337
VALCO Dr SOs SEPA OLS Jattisisselciateyesiove siar ete leeiate nisloicinte' arc ie iol Saou noe wales Cheninneoeee 25, 184, 318
Walkerson" Kee. on Peaches and Orchardss.c