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ANNUAL REPORT

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TRUSTEHEHS
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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

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AT HARVARD COLLEGE, IN CAMBRIDGE,

TOGETHER WITH

THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

FOR

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BOSTON:
WRIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS,
Ber : 79 MILK STREET (CORNER OF FEDERAL).
1870. Vi
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Commonwealth of Massachusetts. —

Boston, January 26, 1870.

To the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives.

The Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy respect-
_ fully present the Annual Report of the Director for the past

year, marked [A].

The paper marked [B] contains a list of the Trustees, the
officers and committees for 1870.

During the past year the second $25,000 of the conditional
subscription has been raised, and the corresponding $25,000
has been received from the State. |

For the Trustees,

THEODORE LYMAN,
Secretary pro tem.

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4 | MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

PASS

REPORT :OF' THEY DIRN@EOL

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

‘For THE YEAR 1869.

It is now ten years since, in 1859, the Museum of Compara-
tive Zodlogy in Cambridge was organized. We have closed our
first decade, and it seems, therefore, appropriate to review the
work thus far accomplished and to see where it has brought us.
Beginning with very small means and scientific materials, the
basis for which was chiefly the Gray fund and my private collec-
tion of specimens, hardly known at all abroad and attracting but
little notice in those days at home, the Cambridge Museum occu-
pies now a very honorable place among the prominent scientific
institutions of the world. It is in no spirit of egotism that I, as
Director of this establishment, speak thus of its present standing.
But itis no more than fair that the legislature of Massachusetts
and the individuals who have so generously sustained this un-
dertaking should know that their liberality has not been misap-
plied. Familiar as I am with the history of museums, it is an
astonishment and a gratification to me to find that in this short
time we have attained a position which brings us into the most
intimate relations with the first museums of Europe; we have
a system of exchanges with like establishments over the whole
world ; while the activity of original research in our institution,
and its well-sustained publications, the possibility of which we
owe to the liberality of the legislature, make it one of the

’ - * of
f. (

SENATE—No. 170.

a acknowledged centres of scientific progress. Nor is this all.

Men of high scientific standing in Europe are tempted to come
and join us on the moderate salaries we are able to give, for the

a pleasure of working up collections in some respects more com-
plete and more interesting to the student than any now exist-
2 ing. In this connection, I may add that I have secured, for a 5

; couple of years at least, the assistance of Doctor Steindachner,
{ of Vienna, one of the first ichthyologists now living, to aid
, me in putting up our immense colléction of fishes. Dr. Maack
is another accession of the past year. He is making rapid prog-
| ress in bringing our collection of fossil Vertebrates into order,
in anticipation of the time when an increase of our building
will enable us to display it to the public.

: When our building was first put up, ten years ago, it was
; thought sufficient, and I myself then deemed it large enough,
for the needs of the establishment. But so great has been the

increase of our collections since that time that at this moment

the Museum overflows from garret to cellar; there is hardly :

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room to move between the boxes, barrels and temporary shelves .
put up for the accommodation of specimens, and with the utmost =
economy of space it is almost impossible for our daily increasing 4

number of workers to proceed with theirlabors. Indeed,many
most important and interesting features of the Museum must
be ignored till we have more room; as, for instance, the large

and perfectly unique collection of palms and tree ferns, with ~
flowers and fruits preserved in alcohol, one of the most valuable
results of the Thayer Expedition. This last collection has great
importance in a museum like ours, intended especially for stu-
dents and for educational purposes, because it illustrates, as no
diagram can do, the ancient vegetation of our earth, and has a
direct bearing on its geological and paleontological history. I
had engaged Mr. Lesquereux, one of the few men in this coun-
try capable of arranging such a collection systematically, with
reference both to its botanical and paleontological value; but
on seeing the collection he declined to unpack it, before there
was space enough to spread the whole out without danger of
mixing or confounding the specimens; saying that as such a
collection would probably not be made again, we should be un-
wise to endanger it by our impatience to display it and bring it
into use.

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The same is true of many other collections of equal interest
in our Museum; as, for example, that of the fishes from the
Amazons and other parts of Brazil. Buta very small portion —
of the rich harvest from the Thayer Expedition has as yet been
seen by the public. Indeed, since its foundation the collections
of the Museum have been immensely enlarged by exchanges,
which have been a fertile source of increase, as well as by gifts
and by purchase, the latter mainly made from the Gray fund.
In the past year this fund, which was our first important endow-
ment, has been chiefly spent in the purchase of a collection of
fossil insects from Solenhofen, and of a collection of fishes from
the West Indies, bought of Professor Poey.

While I am preparing this Report, the welcome intelligence is
brought me by Mr. Lyman, treasurer of the Museum, that the
second instalment of the subscription from private individuals,
upon which is dependent the contribution of a like sum by the
Legislature, is just completed. This gives us $50,000 for im-
mediate use, and will enable us to proceed at once with our
building; so that I trust in the course of another year we shall
be able to show to the public, in tangible shape, the verification
of the above statements.

Its rapid growth may give rise to the idea that the Museum
has had large means at its command. It has certainly owed
much to the generosity both of the State and of individuals;
but I claim that its results, as compared with those of other in-
stitutions, are in more than due proportion to the money ex-
pended. The income of the British Museum and the Jardin
des Plantes, for the maintenance of the departments included
in our plan, is more than ten times that of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology. Iam not, of course, comparing equal things
in naming these institutions together; but I maintain that
while the two former are on so much larger scale, ours is in
certain departments, such as corals and fishes, superior to both,
and that in activity of research and publication it yields to
neither, while the increase of its collections since its existence,
and the prominence it has attained among other museums is
such as no like establishment has reached in the same time and
with the same means. I find myself constantly in a dilemma,
between the modesty befitting a director and the desire, which
is also a duty, of showing those who have supported this insti-

-

1870.) «= ~—- SENATE—No. 170.

liberality has served. In thus extolling the institution I speak
also more for others than myself, for I have owed in great de-
gree to the corps of assistants working with me the possibility
of accomplishing my aims. The organization must of course
be the work of the Director ; but for the energetic and intelli-
- gent carrying out of the scheme I have to thank the gentlemen
working with me either as assistants upon very moderate salaries
or as friends of the institution who give their work without any
remuneration whatever. Among the latter our thanks are es-
pecially due to Mr. Lyman, who takes upon himself the trouble-
some office of treasurer, and manages the funds of the Museum
in a way to make them available to the last dollar. 3
- The chief work done this year has been the mounting and
labelling of specimens for exhibition,in order that whenever the
new building should be ready we might open it to the public
without delay. The special reports appended below, will show
how much has been done in this way in each department. I
may state in general that in the entomological department,
under direction of Dr. Hagen, much progress has been made in
arranging the collections, both for exhibition and exchange, and
also for the benefit of special students. Besides the general
systematic collections, the biological, physiological and paleon-
tological collections are already well advanced, as well as one

species. The paleontological collection of Insects has been en-
riched by a valuable collection purchased from Dr. Kranz, in
Bonn, Prussia, to be paid out of the Gray fund, while we owe to
Professor Ratzeburg, in Berlin, a collection of insects destructive
to vegetation, and a valuable work on the same subject. The
_ entomological department of our library has been increased by
the library of the late Dr. Zimerman of South Carolina. In
connection with this subject I would draw attention to the ar-
rangement announced in Dr. Hagen’s report for furnishing
students with cheap and excellent microscopes from Europe.
By a reference to the report of Mr. Anthony, it will be seen,
that while the system of exchanges, in the department of
Conchology, has been kept up with regularity, so that we are
_ constantly in receipt of such specimens as are still wanting in
_ our large collection, the chief labor has been in mounting and

tution how their money has been spent and what ends their

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showing the metamorphoses and different stages of growth of the ©

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putting up specimens. There are at this moment 26. 250
tablets of shells, representing 67,749 specimens, a large propor-
tion of which, for want of room, are hidden in drawers and
cases. I cannot sufficiently praise the perseverance and
industry of Mr. Anthony, who is indefatigable in his care of
this collection.

Mr. Allen’s report shows a considerable increase in the
collection of Mammalia and Birds, during the past year, but we
were obliged to be cautious in admitting larger additions in this —
department, on account of our deficiency of room. With our
present prospect of increased accommodation any difficulty on
this score is removed for the future. The most important ad-
dition to the mammalia has been a very valuable collection of
seals and walrus from Alaska, which we owe to Mr. Charles
Bryant, of Fairhaven. In birds the chief additions are from
Florida and the West Indies. In the systematic arrangement
of these collections, much has been accomplished, and the record
of the year, in this respect, is very satisfactory.

I refer to the reports of Mr. Shaler and Mr. Perry for an
account of the fossil collections.

Mr. Shaler’s report is especially interesting from the notice
of excavations, undertaken partly at his own expense, partly
through the generosity of Mr. James M. Barnard, the constant
friend of the Museum, in Big-Bone Lick. These excavations
have been already very productive and promise larger results
in the future, the more so from the facilities afforded us by the
liberality of Mr. McLaughlin, owner of the ground, who has

_ been exceedingly kind, and seems to take a cordial interest in

the results of our efforts. Mr. Shaler has continued his courses
of instruction, both in the lecture room and in the field. He
has added to his University courses of lectures, those given as
Professor of Paleontology, in the Mining School, also delivered
in the hall of the Museum. His appointment to this new post
leaves his former connection with the Museum unchanged, and
indeed, widens the sphere of usefulness of our institution,
inasmuch as it now affords the means of special study to a class
of students who thus far have derived little or no benefit from it.

It will be seen that under the care of Mr. Perry great prog-
ress has been made in arranging and cataloguing the tertiary
fossils and the fossil Corals, while numerous special collections

4
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(Ee ep 2G

" SENATE_No. 3 170.

-

: “ts70] Jah r
Gor exchange have been prepared. Beside his unremitting and
~ most efficient work, in his own department, Mr. Perry has given
two courses of lectures, during the academic year. He has
presented to the Museum a valuable collection of fossils, the
result of fifteen years’ work among the rocks of New England.
Our fossil collections have also been enriched by a large collec-
tion of fossil Echinoderms from M. Cotteau, the more valuable
for being labelled by that distinguished paleontologist.
The report of Dr. Maack on fossil Vertebrates, simple and
___ short.as it is, speaks for itself. It will be seen how efficient
and able an assistant we have secured in him, and how greatly
such aid was needed in the Museum.

Dr. Stahli has been engaged in arranging and cataloguing
the library, which is becoming, chiefly by exchange, every year
| more valuable. As this Report goes to press I have received
am invoice announcing five series of costly German scientific
periodicals, presented by Prof. P. Merian, in behalf of the
University of Basle.

The class of Reptiles is the only one which has received little
attention during the past year. For the class of Fishes a great
deal has been done in the way of sorting and arranging speci-
mens according either to their systematic or their faunal rela-
tions. In this work I have been chiefly aided by Messrs. Bliss
and Lockwood, students in the Scientific School, and for a time
also by Mr. Martin and Dr. Stihli. But the amount of
_ materials on hand is so large that the progress appears slow.
In the arrangement of the Mollusks preserved in alcohol, I
have received much aid from Mr. Blake, also a student in the
Museum.

Mr. Paul Roetter, now permanently attached to the Museum
% _as artist, has been most industrious in drawing illustrations of
3 _yarious kinds, but chiefly of fishes and Crustacea for the forth-
_ coming publications of the Museum. Among these a monograph
of the North American Astacide, by Dr. Hagen, will soon be
_ ‘Teady for distribution.

_ One of the most valuable accessions ever received at the
4 ; eam consists of collections brought up from deep-sea
soundings, made by a party of the Coast Survey, according to the
directions of the Superintendent, Professor Peirce. These

large collections contain the various kinds of marine animals,
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10 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr. _

secured by the dredge and otherwise, along the coast of Florida,
from the shore to the deepest waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
These specimens, collected chiefly by M. de Pourtales and
during the last cruise in part by myself, are now undergoing
careful examination by various. investigators, and it is hoped
that the results thus secured will be shortly published in a
fitting manner.

M. de Pourtales is now engaged upon a monographic descrip-
tion of the corals, some of which he has described in our Bulle-
tin. Alexander Agassiz and Theodore Lyman have worked up
the Echinoderms, and a summary of their investigations has
also been published in our Bulletin, while the Crustacea and
Mollusks have been entrusted to Dr. Stimpson, for description,
and the Sponges to Professor Oscar Smith in Gratz, and the
Annelids to Professor Ehlers in Erlangen. I have also pub-
lished in the Bulletin a short report of these deep-sea dredgings
and their general scientific results.

IT should not omit to mention that we have had a number of
young ladies as assistants in the Museum this year, and have
found them very efficient and faithful workers. For several
years, I have, at different times, accepted the services of ladies
in the Museum, some as voluntary, others as paid assistants. I
have been the more ready to do this, thinking that I might
assist in securing for women a greater variety of employments,
the need of which is now so much felt. With us the experi-
ment has succeeded admirably. A large part of the work to be
done in a museum is particularly appropriate for women, and I
only regret that a necessary economy forces me to diminish the
number of young ladies thus employed. Both as students and
as assistants they have shown an apt intelligence, with great
fidelity and conscientiousness in the performance of their work.

It is my pleasant duty, in closing this Report, to announce
that a scholarship has been founded this year, at the Museum,
endowed by the Boston Society of Natural History, and called
the Humboldt Scholarship. That Society devoted the whole
result of the festival, by which they celebrated the centennial
anniversary of Humboldt, to this purpose, thus binding by a
new tie, these two scientific institutions, and permanently con-
necting both with the memory of that great man.

With the new building a new chapter opens in the history of

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e Museum. Hitherto the public has accepted to a great de-
zee on my assurance alone, without ocular proof, the immense
wealth of our collections. The projected additions to the
: _ building once completed however, the mounted specimens and
those otherwise prepared for exhibition fairly laid out, it will
_ then be possible for any intelligent visitor to judge not only of
the riches of the Museum, but to trace also the plan of its or-
_ ganization and the ideas I have attempted to illustrate in its
general arrangement. But to preclude possible disappoint-
- ment, I would add that while I hope no true lover of nature
will ever come to our Museum hereafter without learning some-
thing, while he has at the same time his eye and taste gratified,
yet the object of our institution is not that of popular exhibition.
_ Its highest aims are the advancement of science by original re-
search, the opening of practical instruction in Natural History
_ on the largest and most liberal terms to students, and as in-.
cluding and comprehending all lesser views, the attempt to
illustrate so far as the present state of our knowledge renders
_ it possible, the plan of creation as shown in the history of organ-
3 ized beings from the dawn of life on earth till now.

I herewith submit the special reports of Messrs. J. A. Allen,

—_. A. Hagen, J. G. Anthony, N. S. Shaler, J. B. Perry, G. A. ~
_Maack and T. R. Stahli, officers of the Museum in charge of >
_ special departments, as parts of my own. In absence of Mr. =
_ Alex. Agassiz, who is travelling in Europe on account of his Sy
health, I have no special report to present concerning the de- :
partment of the Radiates. Fe
Br. L. AGASSIZ. re
Report on the Mammals, by J. A. ALLEN. :
ae mentioned in the last Report, all the skins of the Mammals . ;
were catalogued and systematically arranged last year. Early a
in the present year the condition of the entire alcoholic collec- S

ior was examined, and spirits added where there had been a BY.
. Ag evaporation or leakage. A few weeks since the 4
fematic arrangement of this collection was commenced, and

veral hundred specimens of those uncatalogued have been ¥

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12 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

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catalogued. Many hundreds more still remain to be recorded. —

It is hoped that during the coming year the cataloguing will be
completed, and the whole collection systematically arranged.
As the work progresses, the specimens are removed from the
barrels in which they are now stored, to glass jars and stone
crocks, these having been found to be in the end the more
economical and convenient. ach species is generally placed in
a separate jar, suited to its size and to the number of specimens
of it contained in the collection. When the number of speci-
mens of any species is very great, as is the case in some of our
smaller native species, the specimens are separated into several
jars, and arranged according to the localities at which they
were collected. This revision of the collection is revealing the
fact that there are a large number of specimens that may be
spared for skeletons, and the preparation of them has already
been commenced. Although this work requires much time, if
it is carried steadily forward, as it is now proposed by the
Director that it’ shall be, the osteological collection in the
Museum, already large, will soon be much increased from this
source. In accordance with instructions received from the
Director, it is proposed to prepare a large series of skeletons of
those species for which there is ample material, for the purpose
of determining within what limits individuals of the same
species may present variations in their osseus structure. This
will give a basis for determining the value of specific identifi-
cations when made from single bones, to which unsatisfactory
data paleontologists are frequently restricted. A comparison
of the young of different species is also to be made, in order to
ascertain at what age they take on their specific, generic and
family characters.

The additions to the collection of Mammals, during the past
year, have been small. This is mainly due to the fact that at
present, at least so far as skins are concerned, there is no longer
room for their proper storage; perhaps in part to the general
necessity for limited expenditures. One invoice of especial
value, however, has been received, through the kindness of
Captain Charles Bryant. This lot is from the Islands of St.
George and St. Paul, Alaska, and embraces a skull, a complete
skeleton and a fresh skin of the Walrus ( Trichechus rosmarus
Auct.), fresh skins and complete skeletons of two adult speci-

~ SENATE—No. 170.

_ mens of the Northern Sea Bear ( Ofaria Stelleri Auct.), and
skins and complete skeletons of two adult male specimens of

the Northern Fur Seal ( Callorhinus ursinus Gray), and also
skins and complete skeletons of two adult females, and skins
and skeletons of two four months old specimens of the same
species. The skins being in good condition for mounting were
immediately sent to Mr. S. Jillson to be stuffed.

The extent of the collection of Mammals already gathered
| may, in general terms, be thus stated. The skins alone, which
comprise less than one-fifth of the whole number of specimens,
| represent about one-half of the described North American
species ; about one-third of the South American, European and
Australian ; one-tenth of the Asiatic, and one-half of the Afri-
ean. In the alcoholic collection, which must.number about
_ three thousand specimens, are represented all the leading
groups, besides many species of which the Museum has no dry
specimens. This evidently forms a satisfactory beginning,
when it is remembered that the increase of this department, as
of that of Ornithology, has not as yet received very special
attention. /

Below are enumerated the additions made to this department
since the last report.

By Donation.

Acassiz, ALEXANDER. 3 boxes of stumps of trees felled by
beavers, and sticks from beaver-dams, from Calumet, Michigan.
Acassiz, Professor Louis. 14 specimens, 4 species, in alcohol,
from Jamaica Plain.
Auten, J. A. 1 Lepus americanus, in peculiar pelage, fresh,
from Massachusetts. !
ALLEN, J. A. and Rey. Tuomas Marcy. (Florida Expedition.)
_ 30 specimens, 10 species, skins ; 14 specimens, 6 species, in alcohol;
_ 24 specimens, 10 species, skulls and skeletons, from St. John’s River,
Florida.
Brake, James H. 1 Scotophilus noctivagans, from Cambridge ;
_ Sd specimens of Hesperomys leucopus, from Provincetown; 1 skele-
_ ton of Hyperaodon bidens, from North Dennis.
_ Bryant, Capt. Caartes. 2 fresh skins and two complete skele-

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14 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE Z00L0GY. es.

sinus) ; 1 fresh skin, a skull and a complete skeleton a we Walk
( Trichechus rosmarus), from Alaska.

Gen, Mrs. M. 1 Condylura cristata and 3 skins of Bats, fan
Cambridge.

Aavcey, Dr. F.V. Box of skulls and other bones of Bos amer-
icanus, from the Laramie Plains.

Hays, Dr. I. I. 1 skull and 2 complete skeletons of Seals, from
Greenland.

Lockwoop, SAMvEL, Jr. 3 specimens, 3 species, from Fallsburg,
N. Y.; 5 specimens, 1 species, from Cambridge.

Martin, Sternen ©. 1 skull of Mesoplodon sowerbyensis ; 15
specimens, 4 species, in alcohol, from Nantucket.

Retrer, Josep. 1 Arvicola riparius, from Cambridge.

By Exchange.

JARDIN DES PLANTES. 6 specimens, 6 species, skins.

Report on the Birds, by J. A. ALLEN.

During the past year the arrangement of the ornithological
collection has considerably advanced. Some fifteen hundred
North American skins and mounted birds received at the close
of last year, and about nine hundred others received since, have
been entered upon the general catalogue, and the entire North
American collection of skins systematically arranged in the
bird room. The condition of the alcoholic collection has also
been thoroughly examined, and fresh alcohol added wherever
it was needed. The North American birds preserved in alcohol
have been entirely rearranged, the cataloguing completed and
the specimens removed from the kegs and barrels, in which up
to the present year they had been mainly stored, to glass bottles
and stone jars. This portion of the collection now numbers
above six thousand specimens, representing three hundred and
seventy-two species, any specimen of which is perfectly acces-
sible for examination. The South American collection is prob-
ably nearly as large, while there are also a large number of
specimens similarly preserved from Europe, the East Indies,
the Pacific Islands and Zanzibar. The whole number of birds

4 Oe

SENATE—No. 170. 15

] 4 in the Museum is now not far from twenty thousand specimens,
(excluding above thirteen hundred lots—four thousand speci-
mens—embraced in the embryological series,) more than one-
half of which are alcoholic. About eleven thousand two hun-
dred are catalogued. The work of cataloguing and systemati-
cally arranging the alcoholic collection is comparatively slow,
it requiring more than four times the amount of time to
thus arrange a given number of alcoholic specimens that it does
the same number of skins. It is expected, however, that during
the coming year the South American lots will be finally ar-
ranged, and that before many months the entire alcoholic col-
lection will be transferred to glass and stone vessels.

In the last report attention was called to the want of dupli-
cate specimens for exchange, and, in respect to the water birds,
the lack of specimens to properly represent many of the»North
American species in the reserve collection. Owing to certain
unfavorable circumstances little has been done. to supply this
want, and the importance of providing for it is again urged.
Through the addition during the present year of some seven
hundred specimens of Florida birds, partly obtained by purchase
and partly by the curator during a vacation trip to that State,
the birds of Eastern North America are now in general well
represented, while of some of the most interesting species the
Museum contains very large and valuable suites.

The circular in reference to obtaining data concerning the
geographical distribution of the birds of North America, issued
by the Museum last year, has received gratifying attention.

While the number of local lists received is not yet large, assur-

ances that such aid will be forthcoming are not wanting. In
addition to the list of Cuban birds, received from Dr. Gundlach,
mentioned in the report of last year, a list of the birds of
Buffalo, New York, with annotations, has been received from
Mr. Charles Linclen, custodian of the Buffalo Natural History
Society ; a partial list of the birds of Clarkson, Ohio, from Mr.
Thomas Hale; notes on the arrival of birds in spring at Rich-
_ mond, Indiana, from Mr. L. B. Case, and an annotated list of
_ the species found in the breeding season at Marshall, Michigan,
_ from D. Darwin Hughes, Esq. An annotated list of the winter
_ birds of East Florida, has been received from Mr. G. A. Board-
_ man, and another from Mr. C. J. Maynard. I should also here

SEN eS eee Ee

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o

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16 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr. _

acknowledge the indebtedness of the Museum to the Rey.
Thomas Marcy for very-important assistance rendered by him
in collecting in Florida.

The additions to this department, as to that of Mammals,
aside from the Florida collections, have been small. In conse-
quence of want of storage room for specimens, some of our
correspondents have been invited to retain, for the present,
their exchanges; but it is now hoped that we shall soon be able,
not only to heartily welcome any additions, but to make some
special effort to increase the ornithological collection. From
the special interest attaching to Florida birds, I consider it
fortunate that the Museum has been able to secure the greater
part of the large collection made in that State last winter, by
Mr. C. J. Maynard; which collection is more than ordinarily
valuable from the specimens being accompanied with measure-
ments and other notes made from the fresh specimens. It has
been for some time known that Florida-born birds, of certain

‘species, differ considerably, in certain characters, from others

of the same species born in the northern States; but the
collections made in Florida last winter, now in the Museum,
reveal the fact that in all the species which range in the breed-
ing season from the Canadas to Florida, the specimens born at
these two widely separated localities differ from each other
very considerably. The southern are not only the smaller, but
they have generally larger, slenderer bills, and brighter and
darker or more intense colors. The Florida collections hence
afford, not only important material for investigating climatic
variations, but very desirable material for exchanges. The
invoice of one hundred and three species of skins of East India
birds, a part of which are mounted, forms also an important
addition. .

Two of the five duplicate collections prepared last year,
averaging about eighty species each, have been sent out in
exchange, as will be seen by reference to the following sched-
ule of additions and exchanges :—

By Donation.

Aten, J. A.,and Rev. T. Marcy. (florida Kxpedition.) 315
specimens, 80 species, skins; 40 specimens, 26 species, in alcohol;

.112 specimens, 45 species, skulls and sternums; 1 egg of Aramus

giganteus ; all from East Florida.

Ne ee en) ee ¢
Ls sie rs 7" _—
4 {ea ae
— “
jor «Won .
: ©
~~ >
. j
— =

ae = 7 ae =a Oe
¥ , i

Tauri chs A.L. 4 eps 2 species, i in alcohol, from

Sherborne.

Buiake, James H. 1 specimen of Larus argentatus, and one of
L. delawarensis, fresh, from Provincetown.
Curtis, Freprerick. 1 nest of Chimney Swift.
Grspon, Gen. JoHn. 3 sage cocks (Centrocercus urophasianus),
fresh, from the Laramie Plains.
Mann, Bens. P. 26 specimens, 5 species, embryos in alcohol,
including 4 of Cathartes atratus, from South Carolina.

Perry, Rev. Joun B. Nests and eggs of 9 species, from ae
lington, Vt.

By Exchange.

JARDIN DES PLaNTES. 28 mounted specimens, 26 species, and
20 skins, 20 species, from Asia and Africa.
Maynarp, C. J. 9 skins of £yiothus linarius.

Tueopotp, W. Jr. 115 specimens, 103 species, skins, from the
East Indies.

By Purchase.

278 specimens, 66 species, from East Florida. 142 specimens, 46
species, (chiefly rare or northern,) from different localities in New
England.

Sent out in Exchange.
To C. J. Maynarp, Newtonville, Mass. 9 specimens, 8 species,
skins.
To Prof. Wr11am Scunrer, Strasburg, 95 specimens, 73 species,
skins.

To Dr. J. Haast, Christchurch, New Zealand. 107 specimens,

90 species, skins.

Report on the Articulates, by Dr. Hacen.

The year 1869 has been an important one with respect to the ©

entomological department of the Museum. The collections
having reached a certain completeness, Professor Agassiz wished
that they should be revised with reference to their permanent
arrangement. For this purpose unusually large means, such as
are not likely to be again needed in this department, were re-
quired. Our outfit for cabinets has cost about $4,000. In this

_ Gonnection I ought to state that the pattern of the cases adopted

3

18 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

for this purpose by the Museum is so appropriate and conven-
ient that it has already been borrowed for public and private
collections, ours being considered by all as the best model.

The first object was to secure the whole collection against
noxious and destructive insects. Next to this was a still more
important work. The greater part of the collection was stored
in separate boxes containing insects of different countries ; but
the Orders were often mixed, and it was necessary to ascertain
the special locality to which every insect belonged and to label
itaccordingly. The value of every collection depends in a great
degree upon the accuracy with which localities are given ; and
in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy this has great impor-
tance in view of the peculiar and comprehensive scheme laid out
by Professor Agassiz for its organization. The task was a la-
borious one, requiring much time and care in its details; a
label was to be provided for every pinned insect, and it was the
more difficult since it was impossible to have printed labels for
every kind of insect, and even when printed they must be ar-
ranged and cut in a certain form and manner, while at the
same time the different orders, families, and if possible the
genera also, were to be separated. The work was delayed still
more by the slow delivery of the new boxes. By the kind and ef-
ficient help of Messrs. Ed. Burgess and B. P. Mann the arrange-
ment of the North American Lepidoptera and Coleoptera was
completed at the end of August. It may also be said that the
collection is now as far as possible secure against destructive in-
sects or injury of any kind, as well as against errors concerning
localities. I should add, in order to justify the expenditure for
this object, that all attempts to make a cheaper kind of boxes
than those used by us, proof against noxious insects by chemical
preparations, have failed. In a Museum intending to preserve
a standard collection permanently intact, they would be wholly
ineffectual. The best made and most perfectly fitting boxes,
and therefore the most expensive, are in the end the cheapest,
considered with reference to the future development of the
Museum.

In the further arrangement, the order of Lepidoptera was first
considered, that order forming the greater part of the whole

collection. The collection of European Lepidoptera was arranged

ESS C8 ae SENATE—No. 170. 19
separately. It consists for the greater part of very fine and fresh
specimens, in a superior condition, including between one-third
and one-fourth of the described species of the Macro-Lepidoptera
and one thirty-third of the Micro-Lepidoptera,—a small propor-
tion, but in good preservation. Besides the specimens set aside
for this purpose, the Museum possesses specimens enough to
provide the general collection also with nearly all the species.
Some are in very fine condition for public exhibition, which is
Pr indeed already begun, some boxes being actually arranged in

the exhibition room. A more exact statement of the number

of the European Lepidoptera possessed by the Museum, would

be as follows:—For the Diurna, Crepuscularia, Bombyces, one-
third ; for the Noctuina and Geometrina, one-quarter ; for the
Tiniena, one-fiftieth ; for Crambina and Pyralina, one-fifteenth ;
for Tortricina, one-forty-second of the known species. The
identification of this portion of the collection is finished, and
for the most part does not admit of doubt. The collection of
North American Lepidoptera north of Mexico, like the European,
has been provisionally separated from the whole, and is chiefly
intended for the use of American students, and for purposes of
exchange with foreign entomologists. This collection was
arranged by Mr. E. Burgess, who began the work last December.
His first care was to collect all the specimens together and place
them by families in the new boxes. The collection thus
arranged, filled about ninety boxes. He then began the syste-
matic arrangement of the Rhopalocera, upon which he is still
engaged. The Diurna and Crepuscularia are finished. This
part of the collection, so far as arranged, contains only one-half —
of the described species. Good specimens of almost all the
North American Lepidoptera, well set, with the locality carefully
designated, are much needed. The Micros, in particular, are

very poorly represented.

The general collection of the Lepidoptera is so far finished as
to be placed in the new boxes, filling fourteen cabinets. The
Diurna are farther revised, and the genera and species separated,
some of them occasionally determined. All the rest are divided
only according to families. For some families of the Diurna
the proportionate number, in the possession of the Museum,
was approximately ascertained.. The Museum possesses of

1? <)S we fw ase |. ~ _- =, ee aeeats
PO TRS oN 2. * ‘eras 1 ed aie ai.”

% : ee a a Pe in > * 7 age us ers, a aN at

20 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

-Papilionide, Danaide, Pieride about one-fifth of the described
_ species. By:

The collection of the American Coleoptera has been separately
arranged, according to Dr. J. Le Conte’s catalogue, by Mr.
Benjamin P. Mann, during the past year. The work is finished
so far as Dr. Le Conte’s catalogue goes. Thirty-six boxes are
already arranged. The remainder of the collection is provision-
ally divided in families and genera. This collection now contains
only a small part of the known species. But further work in
the general collection, and in those of Melsheimer and Ziegler,
will add a considerable number of the rarer species belonging
to the western part of the United States. The Carabidz have
been carefully studied and determined by Mr. Sprague; also a
part of the Lamellicornia. There are in the Museum nearly
one-half of the species of North American Carabide given in
Dr. Le Conte’s catalogue (417 species to 1,107 by Le Conte).
The arrangement of the general collection of Coleoptera is
completed for the Cincindelide and Carabide, filling thirty-six
boxes. The same is true for the greater part of the Lamelli-
cornia. The account of the Carabide shows that the collection
contains one-tenth of the described species enumerated in the
catalogue of Harold and Gemminger. The remainder are
separated by families in the new boxes. The other orders are
only separated by families in the new boxes, with the exception
_ of asmall portion of the Orthoptera, which are further separated
and arranged.

The whole collection fills nearly eight hundred boxes. The
whole work done as yet is very small, considering what remains
to be done, and the scientific revision and determination of the
species is of course only possible at present for a small portion.
Mr. B. P. Mann has carefully identified the North American
Catocalide, and stated the collection to be rich in species.

After careful consideration and by the advice of Dr. J. Le
Conte, it has been resolved that the collection of Coleoptera of
Melsheimer and Ziegler should no longer be kept separate, but
should be incorporated in the above-named collection. The
boxes containing them, far from being well made, have already
endangered the collection. Under the circumstances its incor-
poration in the general collection seemed important ; but every
insect is labelled with ‘‘ Melsh.” or “ Ziegl.,”’ and with another

*
a
ad

—%
ae
“

1870.] SENATE—No. 170.

label agreeing with the former collection, so that in fact the in-
tegrity of both collections is preserved.

The collection representing the metamorphoses and all the
different stages of the species is begun. The objects suitable for

_ the purpose are taken out of the alcoholic collection, enclosed

in glass tubes of a particular pattern, and closed in a manner
used by me and found satisfactory in my own collection, for
many years. The glass tubes, always labelled inside, are
contained in eighteen boxes. Their systematic arrangement is
partly completed, especially in some families of the Coleoptera.

_ The biological collection is partly arranged and fills twenty
boxes, consisting chiefly of the nests of the Hymenoptera, the
silk-producing Lepidoptera, the American galls and the insects
injurious to trees. The splendid additions presented to the
Museum by the celebrated Professor Ratzeburg, of Berlin, form
a prominent and beautiful part of the collection. Some very
fine specimens were collected by myself in the White Mountains.
The materials contained in the Museum are comparatively rich.
Some boxes are placed in the exhibition rooms.

The physiological collection consists as yet only of one hox,
with some beautiful specimens. The Morpho with the head of
the caterpillar, is worthy to be remarked even in this general
report.

The paleontological collection received a very considerable
addition from specimens purchased from Dr. Krantz in Bonn,
Prussia, belonging to the Jurassic schists of Solenhofen and to

the Rhenish brown coal of Rott in the Siebengebirge. Most of |

them are types described and published in H. V. Meyers’ Pale-
ontologica, by the late Senator V. Heyden and myself. The
Diptera, Coleoptera, and some Odonata. form the principal in-
sects of the lignites, the Orthoptera and Neuroptera of the Ju-
rassic schists. One specimen of Locusta speciosa Germar is the
finest and most beautiful yet found. I had seen it some years
ago in Munich, but it was then too expensive to be secured.
Some of the Odonata are really beautiful. The collection is
arranged, labelled and exhibited in the window cases of the
exhibition room.

The microscopical collection has a beginning in preparations

_ made by myself during my entomological work at the Museum,

employing for that object duplicates otherwise useless for study.

22 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

The object of this kind of work is chiefly as a preparation for
further study in this direction, and for the use of students who
wish to devote their time to like investigations. Chiefly for this
purpose the writer of this Report has ordered and imported new
French and German microscopes of a low-stand pattern, recog-
nized in Europe as the most fitting for such work. Some of
them, paid for many months ago, have not yet arrived; es-
pecially the Gundlach objective, noticed in German and English
papers as the strongest now known. After careful examination
and many test experiments I have nearly completed the neces-
sary arrangements for securing as useful and at the same time
‘: as cheap a collection of instruments as possible, and I hope in
a few months that I shall be able to furnish to students an ex-
tensive plan for microscopical study. The Museum will then
be provided with American, French and German microscopes
of the best kind and power, with working lenses, especially
Prof. Bruecke’s working lens, not hitherto known here; also
different kinds of instruments for drawing by the microscope
and the best test objects, as Nobert’s newest test plates and
Miller’s greatest Diatom plates, imported especially for the
instruction of students.

The Library of the Museum has received by purchase a very
valuable addition in the entomological works belonging to the
late Dr. Zimmermann, of S. Carolina, containing chiefly coleop-
terological books. It was thought more convenient to unite in
t the entomological room, in the Museum, all works belonging to
this department, from the library of the Museum as well as those
from the private library of Professor L. Agassiz and my own.
They are arranged alphabetically and a separate catalogue is
ready. The portion of this library relating to the insects of
North America is set aside for students, and everything is done
to make it hereafter as complete as possible.

The alcoholic collection is revised and in tolerable condition.
Further progress in it was not possible for want of time.*

= a ©
a

* After this Report had been handed in, Dr. Hagen received the gratifying intelligence
that Baron d’Osten Sacken has presented to the Museum his whole collection of Galls, of
Cynipide or Gall-producers and their parasites. The collection contains all the species
thus far found in the United States, and is the more valuable because all are types de-
scribed by the Baron in his excellent papers upon this matter in the Proceedings of the
Philadelphia and Stettin Entomological Societies. There exists no collection in the world,
so far as I know, so complete and so carefully worked out as this. As the Museum already ~
possesses the types of American Galls described by the late Mr. B. Walsh, this gift from
Baron d’Osten Sacken now gives unquestionable superiority to our collections in this im-
portant department of Natural History.

Pee

“aS
>

1870.) SENATE—No. 170.

5
-~

_ Report on the Condition and Prospects of the Department of

Conchology, made Dec. 31, 1869, by JoHN G. ANTHONY.

Our last Report brought us to the close of the year 1868, and
we have now to chronicle the operations of the department
during the year about to close.

From the date of that report the policy which was then pur-

sued has been steadily persisted in, so that instead of pressing
our exchanges as formerly and constantly laboring to increase
our large stock of Mollusks, we have preferred to work up ma-
terials already on hand.
_ The classification, arrangement and mounting of the speci-
mens has enabled us to know our possessions and wants with ~
more precision and prepared us to exchange with better judg-
ment and greater profit to our collection. Our advance in this
direction may be summed up in the statement that within the
past twelve months we have added nine thousand two hundred
and fifty mounted tablets to the seventeen ‘thousand then on
hand, so that now we have twenty-six thousand two hundred and
fifty tablets, mounted with sixty-seven thousand seven hundred
and forty-nine specimens of shells.

Of this number, twenty-two thousand four hundred and three
tablets have been mounted with fifty-six thousand nine hundred
and seventy-two specimens by the writer of this during the six
years he has been connected with the Museum, and the remain-
ing three thousand-eight hundred and forty-seven tablets have
been added by the three female assistants, who under the policy
recently adopted have been mostly employed in preparing the
tablets, but who have also occasionally been allowed to mount
the specimens, under proper supervision.

As might be expected, where so much time has been given to
one object but little could be spared for others, and our ex-
changes have consequently been more or less neglected. Never-
theless we have not been altogether idle in that respect, and
have to report twenty-four packages as having been received

during the present year, containing one thousand one hundred

and fifty-five species and twenty-one thousand one hundred and

twenty specimens, while during the same period we have sent

abroad fifteen packages containing two thousand four hundred ~
and twenty-three species and seven thousand seven hundred

if

eee al) er EE Rn ae ORES Oita In enn a
Ca EE a eS a eee

24 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

and seventeen specimens. This does not show a very large in-
crease during the present term, but the accessions have been
mainly of a very superior character. We cannot hope, with
our large collection, to receive many new things, and it would

be unwise to overburden ourselves with useless duplicates;

hence it has been our constant aim to solicit such species only
as were not already in our collection or but indifferently repre-
sented there, and this has also tended to limit the number re-
ceived. Thus restricted, our increase has necessarily been
slower but more useful, and we have had the pleasure of re-
ceiving several parcels of shells possessing no ordinary interest.
Among these we may mention a package containing the most
complete collection we have ever seen of the land shells found
in the Madeira group, but few species being absent of all. those
which are known to occur there. These specimens were in a
most excellent state of preservation, totally unlike the ordinary
sub-fossil condition in which we so generally receive specimens
from those islands; and the number was also considerable, being
one hundred and forty-four species and four thousand four hun-
dred and thirty specimens, all fluviatile and terrestrial. But
one regret was felt in receiving this most beautiful and welcome
addition to our collection, and that consisted in the fact that
they came unannounced and unaccompanied by any letter or
invoice through which the name of the donor could be with
certainty determined, thus preventing us from making due ac-
knowledgments to him for his valuable and timely present—it
is one of the most complete additions made to our collection for
many years. |

Mr. J. A. Allen, the Ornithologist of the Museum, having for
his health spent a period of last winter in the more genial
climate of Florida, has contributed a valuable addition of fresh-
water shells from a portion of our country to which we have
hitherto had very few opportunities of access.

With the consent of Professor Peirce, Superintendent of the
Coast Survey, Count Pourtales has also deposited with us the
results of dredgings made in the Gulf Stream. These dredgings
are of a highly interesting character, bringing to light specimens
of many species hitherto considered only to exist in a fossil

condition, tending strongly towards a material change of opinion,

. i ha "
x x &

ait
Vy ,
Cy 4

1870] ~ . ~~~: SENATE—No. 170. Brier ge

if not to a total reversal, of many ideas hitherto considered
firmly settled in geology.

From Mons. Cailliaud, Director of the Museum at Nantes,
we have received a fine collection, consisting principally of
boring shells in situ and of African fluviatile shells collected
by himself.

The Smithsonian Institution has sent us, through Mr. P. P.
Carpenter, about three hundred and fifty species of shells, care-
fully named from type specimens in the Cumingian collection,
which will not only be of considerable value in themselves, but
enable us to identify and name correctly many species which we
have in quantities from former collections, made in the Society
and Sandwich Islands and elsewhere.

We are also indebted to many other sources for valuable
additions,—to the Portland Society of Natural History for a
fine contribution of our coast shells, to Dr. Hensche for his
invoice of Prussian and other shells, and to Messrs. Mayo,
Layard, Bryan, Coronado, Bayley, Hubbard, Theobald and
Geale, for their several handsome and valuable contributions.
; - Toall these contributors we desire to express our sincere thanks
3 for these and other kind favors received from them.

The work of arranging and cataloguing the collection is still
going on, though this is necessarily a slow process, under the
rules we have adopted, by which we place no species on the list
which has not been mounted or about the name of which we
have any serious doubt.

In terrestrial genera our most extensive genus is Helix, as
established by the older writers. Of this we have consid-
erably over thirteen hundred species, carefully named and
mounted, and these we are now engaged in endeavoring to
arrange and classify under new and better generic relations,
the many attempts by others to make a proper arrangement
having in most instances failed to commend themselves to our
judgment. We have as yet made but little progress in this
work, but propose during the coming year to make it the most
prominent object of our labors. We have also made consider-
able progress during this term, in arranging the Naiades under
several new genera, based mainly upon anatomical considera-
tions, our large collections of Unios, Anodons and Alasmodons,

in alcohol, affording us many facilities in this respect. We
4

eee ne

4
me,

US ee! See e Se et, Oe ep <eeP ae

26 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr. —

have in these genera five hundred and twenty-seven species,
mounted on two thousand one hundred and sixteen tablets,
with five thousand cight hundred and ninety specimens, and
for beauty and perfection in every respect, our collection of
Naiades will compare most favorably with the best on this
continent.

We are more deficient in marine shells, and the work of
mounting and identification is less advanced in this part of the col-
lection than in the terrestrial and fluviatile genera. The genera
most perfectly worked up in marine forms are Conus, Cyprea,
Marginella, Voluta and Columbella. Of Conus we have named
one hundred and seventy species, of Cyprza over one hundred
and fifty, and of Marginella over seventy species, all mounted
on tablets. We trust that we shall be able during the coming
year to get our marine shells more thoroughly worked up, and
be prepared in our next report to give a better account of them.

In summing up the results of our present year’s labors, we
see no reason for discouragement. Our course has hitherto
been steadily onward, and we hope to continue in the same
direction, with an accelerated progress.

Report on the collection of Fossil Remains in general, by Pro-
fessor N. S. SHALER, assistant in Paleontology.

During the past year the work of cataloguing the collections
has been pushed as rapidly as possible, with such success that
at the present time almost all the specimens have been secured
against risk of displacement. The whole collection has been
placed on racks so that there is no longer any ‘difficulty in
obtaining in a moment any specimen which may be sought.
Considerable progress has been made in the work of zoological
and stratigraphical arrangement; about one-half of our stores
are now so far advanced that they are ready for that mechanical
work which will fit them for exhibition on our shelves. Several
persons have been employed in the work of cleaning the fossils
during the past few months, so that it is only required that they
be properly mounted on tablets to complete the work of prepara-
tion. Of the persons engaged in this work, three are young women,
who have been constantly employed. They are paid by the hour,

very carefully done, the patience and dexterity being in many
cases most commendable. Three students in the College and
Museum have been employed in doing the heavier work of
cleaning and arranging; these young men have been able to
give only the hours which could be spared from their studies,
so that the aggregate labor has not been greater than that of
one person continuously employed. The result of this labor
has also been very satisfactory. After a good deal of experi-
ment the precise means of displaying the specimens has been
determined, and one person is now employed in mounting the
specimens on the exhibition tablets. It is hoped that during
the coming year we may be able to take the final step in the
work with a large part of the collection.

Although but little money has been spent by the Museum, in
the purchase or collection of fossils, the additions to the collec-
tion have been numerous and important. We acquired by
purchase from Dr. Krantz, in Bonn, a very fine collection of
fossil insects, from the lithographic slates of Solenhofen and
brown coal of the Siebengebirge, most of the specimens being

_ types from which the species were described, by Dr. Hagen and

Senator von Heyden. Considerable effort has been made to
extend our exchanges. With this intent a printed list of those
species of American fossils which we could furnish in quantities ©
for exchange, was sent to most of the scientific institutions and
leading naturalists of Europe, with the statement that we would
be glad to exchange these or other species, for recent or fossil
species, or for works on natural history which might not be
contained in our collection or library. Responses to this circu-

lar have already begun to arrive, and it will probably do much
to extend our intercourse with other institutions. A similar

catalogue of European fossils is now being prepared for circula-
tion in the United States. About a dozen valuable collections
have been received in exchange, in value many times greater
than has ever been obtained from this source in any one year

- before.

‘During the past summer the assistant in charge of the

department spent two months in making a careful examination
_ of the important deposit of Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky. The

28 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

this fossil fauna. The expenses of these excavations were borr
in part by an ever generous friend of the Museum, Mr. J. M.
Barnard, and in part by the assistant himself. Arrangements
have been made to continue these excavations during the
coming summer. In addition to the materials obtained, much
information was gained, which it is hoped will make these
excavations even more successful, during the coming summer,
than they were during the last. The Museum is especially
indebted to Mr. Barnard for the assistance without which these
rather costly excavations would not have been undertaken, and
to Mr. C. A. McLaughlin, the owner of the ground on which
the excavations were carried on, for the privilege of making the
researches, and for numerous courtesies, while the work was
being. done. In addition to this favor Mr. McLaughlin has
generously given to the Museum a number of valuable fragments
of a mastodon and a mammoth skeleton, now on exhibition in
the rooms of the Museum. A full report of the results obtained
from these researches, will be published in a forthcoming
number of the Bulletin of the Museum.

_ The course of lectures and the systematic instruction in Zool-
ogy and Paleontology, begun during the past year, has been
continued through both terms of the present year. This teach-
ing has afforded to those who were desirous of obtaining special
training in these sciences an opportunity of pursuing their
studies with the necessary guidance and an abundant supply of
the requisite materials. The plan of the course covers two
collegiate years, with four hours instruction per week. In ad-
dition to this specified instruction, those who were pursuing this
course have been allowed to spend their spare time in the Mu-
seum and have received such attention as their studies might
require. The attendance on these courses of instruction, although
never large, has been such as indicated that they supplied a want
in the University. Since their organization forty persons have
pursued a more or less extensive system of studies in the Mu-
seum, taking these lectures and practical exercises as the basis
of their work. This does not include a number who have at-
tended the lectures but have taken no part in the practical in-

"ye 17. be cara + an peas A

1870.) SENATE—No. 170. 29
struction. Among those who have attended this teaching were
teachers from five different collegiate institutions.

In order to render the instruction as effective as possible,
there should be separated from the collections of the Museum a
lot of specimens for the especial use of students. Owing to the
care which has generally been taken to secure large amounts of
materials in making collections for the Museum, it will be pos-
sible to make a good students’ collection without encroaching
upon that part of our stores which must be reserved for scien-
tific purposes.

In addition to the instruction given in the Museum, an oppor-
tunity has been given to the students of the University who were
attending the lectures of the Curator of the Museum on geol-
ogy, as well as the special students of the course of instruction
before described, to learn something of practical field geology.
On the Saturdays in October and November excursions were
made to a number of points of interest in the vicinity of Boston.
Coming just after the Saturday lecture on geology, these excur-
sions have been numerously attended and have served to sup-
plement the geological instruction. |

The teaching power of the Museum, as well as all its other

functions, is now hampered by want of room. The hall, origi-

nally designed for a lecture-room alone, has necessarily been
made to serve as a store-room and work-room, and has besides
to afford quarters to the special students. This has made it
impossible at times to afford a chance to work to those who
sought instruction. It will be possible when the contem-
plated addition to the Museum is effected to have a set of
work-rooms fitted up at a small expense, which will give
accommodations for one hundred students engaged in labora-
tory work. It seems likely that under the new system of elect-
lye studies in the College we shall soon have at least that
number seeking instruction in the Museum in the several de-
partments of Natural History. At present, we have not space
in which to accommodate a single additional student.

The most pressing need in this department is larger supplies
_ of American fossils. One thousand dollars a year would enable
us to keep one collector constantly in the field, and the dupli-
_ Gates obtained from him would enable us to exchange for Euro-
_ pean fossils worth far more than all his collections cost.

|

a
3
4

ee tte De ors een ie a, i > a har a bo t

30 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr. —

List of persons to whom the thanks of the Museum are due
for donations of fossils :— ;

Auten, J. A. Fossils from St. John’s River, Florida.

Barnarp, J. M. For one-half the expenses of excavations for
fossils, made at Big Bone Lick.

Hopes, Gen. G. B., of Newport, Ky. A valuable specimen of
erinoid.

Martin, 8. C., Student in the Museum. A lot of fossils.

McLaveutin, C. A., of Covington, Ky. <A lot of bones and
teeth of a mastodon and a mammoth.

Perry, J. B., Assistant in the Museum. 17 boxes, 148 specimens
of Paleozoic foun and 850 of Pleistocene fossils.

Pourtates, L. F. de. <A lot of fossils, from Springfield, Illinois.

Sater, N.S8., Assistant in the Museum. Share in the expense
of collections made at Big Bone Lick and a collection of Silurian
fossils from Kentucky. '

Wyman, Prof. Jerrrizs. A lot of fossil mollusca, from Florida.

Report on the Tertiary Fossils, by Rev. J. B. Perry, Assistant
: in Paleontology.

As the first of January is near at hand, it becomes my duty
to report generally upon what I have done, and more in partic-
ular upon the advancement which has been made, during the
year, in the arrangement of the fossil collections entrusted to
my care. Presuming that there is an acquaintance with the
condition of things twelve months ago, I proceed to touch upon
such points of interest as are calculated to show the changes
wrought, and the improvements effected since that time.

First of all, I am to indicate the work carried on and the
progress achieved in the systematic disposition of the Tertiary
fossils.

The last annual Report gives an account of the initiatory
steps taken with a view to the arrangement of the Gasteropoda
of the Tertiary era, and of the plan laid out for further investi-
gations upon them and upon the other Cainozoic remains.
Remembering what is there said, one can readily appreciate the
character of the undertaking, and the aims which should be
kept constantly in mind as a guiding light. These aims have

aoe ae ee ee
‘

ne vi
“Tin bie

42 CA SENATE—No. 170. 31
_ been made prominent throughout the year, and in consonance
with them the work bas been pushed forward with as much
vigor as circumstances have allowed.
- Deserving of special notice, and of great importance as
respects the security of the collections, is the Museum system
of cataloguing. It is the design to enter all the specimens re-
ceived into the Institution on blank sheets expressly prepared for
the purpose, and which, for convenience of reference, are to be
bound when the work is completed. Each entry bears a definite
number, and is intended to comprise the generie and specific
designation of the parcel catalogued, the name of the person
who described the species, of the place at which the collection
was made, and its geological horizon; also that of the collector,
followed by an indication of the mode in which the specimens
were obtained, whether by donation, purchase, or exchange, the
donor’s name, when known, being distinctly written, with a brief
record of the number and condition of the individual examples.
Of the Tertiary Gasteropods, more than ten thousand such lots
have been separately entered during the past year. These ten
thousand parcels contain some seventy thousand individual
specimens. According to a rough estimate, the number already
thus catalogued, comprises about four-fifths of the Cainozoic Gas-
teropoda belonging to the Museum collections. In order to give
some impression of the work done in this direction, it may be
added that each entry implies a careful examination of all the
parcel contains, specimen by specimen, and that the sheets of
the catalogue, as thus far made out, are sufficient to form four
quarto volumes of good size.

Upon a considerable portion of the specimens, of which a
permanent record has been in this wise made, the catalogue
numbers have been duly placed, by young ladies working under
my direction, while all the remaining specimens are in a way to
receive their appropriate numbers, with as much rapidity as the
care requisite to accuracy will warrant. It may be thus seen at
a glance, that this part of the Paleontological treasures of the

_ Museum is securely guarded against the dangers to which it

would be otherwise exposed, from occasional mishaps or accident-
al displacements. Indeed, should all the specimens be thrown
into a heap, turned upside down, or otherwise mixed, if not
broken or destroyed by the process, being numbered they would

™“

-_—— ~—s

TS — ae Pe

5 ey et ae ee ee

be, for the most part capable, by means of the catalogue, of
restoration to their true position. They could be made to bear
witness as before in respect to classification, geographical distri-
bution and chronologic succession, to say nothing of all the other
important points, on which their testimony might be invoked.

I have also been busily engaged pushing forward the sys+
tematic arrangement of the different parts of the collection, as
time has been at my disposal or opportunity has allowed. The
aim has been to group the specimens as nature dictates, irre-
spective of much that is arbitrary, if not positively false, in the
usual modes of arrangement, according to the prevalent syste-
matic nomenclature. Meanwhile what has been done in the
past, and what others are now doing, has not been overlooked.
Great pains have been taken to search out, so far as the means
have been at my disposal, the first authentic designation and
figuring of each species. The data in this way obtained have
been usually either noted with brevity or entered more at large
on appropriate labels. The work has been thus carried on by a
combined study at once of specimens themselves and of what
others have done, in order both that every past investigator
may receive his due, and that whatever of progress is made
in the present may be organically linked with the valid re-
sults reached by those who have gone before,—so linked that
there shall be, not a mere juxtaposition of the old and the new,

but an interstitial growth in our knowledge of the organic

world. . .

At the same time the collection has been greatly improved in
other respects. By the aid of assistants, many of the specimens
have been thoroughly cleaned. By this means, and in other
ways, they have been put in readiness for mounting, so far as
they need to be by such manual processes. The mounting of
the specimens upon tablets has been thus far purposely deferred,
but a very large number of tablets are ready to receive them.
Other preliminary matters are further advanced. In the work-
ing up of a group,—in the selection of specimens for the sys-
tematic, the faunal and the chronologic, to say nothing of any
other collection or collections to be formed,—it is of great ad-
vantage to have all the material at hand and under the eye.
Indeed, when one has not such a command of his material it is
almost impossible for him to make as choice a selection, or to

Wy bh bie i
At 4 “Gye Sea

32 MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

0 Fi all as he could wish and otherwise might. In
short, every day which is spent in the systematic arrangement
of the fossils puts them in a better condition for mounting.
Another work has been begun, to which I briefly refer.
In order to the harmonious advancement of the several sec-
tions of paleontological work, I entered, in August last, at the
suggestion of Professor Agassiz, upon the systematic arrange-
ment of the fossil Corals of the Museum. A considerable num-
ber, about thirty-one hundred parcels of these specimens, had

been already catalogued and numbered, either by my colleague,

Professor Shaler, or under his direction. Still other parcels,
owing to the pressure of the moment, had been simply registered
by numbers. Since that time, many additional entries have
been made; while appropriate numbers have been put upon all
the specimens thus entered, which had not before received
them. The parcels thus far catalogued, amount to six thousand
four hundred and sixty-two. There are others yet to be
entered, though the number cannot be very large. Thus the
greater part of this section of the Museum treasures has been
placed in a secure condition. But, in connection with the
numbering of specimens, other work has been done. Since
September, there has been constantly going on, and there is
still in active progress, the process of cleaning these corals, and
preparing them in due time to be mounted on tablets. There
have been thus far prepared all those of the Tertiary times, and
a portion of those of the Cretaceous, while a beginning has been
made upon those of the Lower Silurian age. In addition to
this preparation for mounting, it is very desirable that sections
should be made of a considerable number of the specimens, in
order that there may be a better exhibition of the structure and
other peculiarities of these interesting forms of life.
In entering upon the arrangement and study of this portion,
or of these portions, of the animal kingdom, it was my aim, at
the start, to arrange the multitudinous collections according to
their geological horizons. This was done by bringing all the
specimens of each different age together, so far as I could make
them out, in divisions, answering to the several successive
_ horizons between the Primordial and the latest Tertiary. Of

course, perfect exactness could not be secured at once, from
: 5

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(384

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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE 20 OL nGY, 1 [Apr.

. z

the imperfection of labels and other kindres a C The Ore
was accordingly done somewhat roughly, tho ah the best the
circumstances would allow, the determination of many details
being left gradually to appear as the fruit of other labor and
more critical examinations.

My next aim was the separation of the organic forms of the
several horizons, according to faunas. In other words, I
endeavored to throw the fossils of each geologic stage into
divisions answering to the localities or basins, to which they —
geographically belong, and thus into faunal sections. This task ©
also was accomplished, at first only in an approximative man-
ner, the full working out of many points being left to come as
the matured result of future and more detailed investigations.

A third aim all the while had in mind, and carried out by
degrees, involved the separation of each faunal division into’
minor divisions, accordingly as the specimens belong to the
class of Polyps, of Acalephs, or of Bryozoa. This work has
been carried forward with a good degree of success ; it is, how-
ever, as yet, far from complete, there being up to the present
time, much doubt. whether given groups be Polypian, Acaleph-
ian, or Bryozoan Corals; in other words, whether they should
be systematically arranged as Polyps, Acalephs, or Mollusks.

Another aim which has been kept prominently in view, has
reference to the accurate recognition and bringing together of
all specimens of the same species, as well as the arrangement
of them in groups according to their affinities. Of course, this
work involves the separating from each group of all alien speci-
mens, and their removal to other circles to which they are akin.
In connection with this aim, not a little care has been taken to
verify the systematic names inscribed on the labels, so far as
any appear; also to discover and record the earliest distinctive
designation, description and figure of each species. This task,
indeed, has been entered upon, and carried forward with great
painstaking in some portions of the collection. While, however,
much has been done in this direction, the work as a whole, is
only just begun, and will require an immense amount of labor
and patient investigation, in order to its satisfactory completion.

’ It must thus be evident that not a little preliminary work has

been already accomplished on the fossil corals,—work which is
necessary in order that they may be at once safe, and studied

1870) SENATE—No. 170. 35

with advantage. The collection being arranged ‘according to
the method indicated, it becomes easy, not only to turn to a
given group, but also on a moment’s notice, to lay one’s hand
on any species or particular fossil in the group. Such an
arrangement accordingly renders the consultation of the collec-
tion a pleasure rather than a task; it prepares the way for
further and more critical work ; thus it invites and lures on to
original investigation. .

A few words should be next devoted to matters outside of
the systematic arrangement of fossils.

In the first place, lectures have been delivered. The course
on the Geology of Vermont, which was already begun at the
time of the preparation of the last Report, was duly completed
during the early portion of the year. Another course, on the
Geological History of the Primordial Era, is now in progress.
It was commenced in October last; it is to be completed during
the spring term. The aim of this course of instruction is the
detailed account of all that is up to this time known, at once of
the oldest sedimentary rocks, and of their included organic
forms, which stand as monuments of the earliest well-accredited
life of the globe.

Again, material has been prepared for exchanges. As the
systematic arrangement of fossils has gone on, spare specimens,
not needed in the Museum collections, have been gradually
eliminated and placed by themselves. These specimens have
been carefully cleaned, examined and determined ; or, if there
had been a previous determination of the name, it has been
duly verified and authenticated. As thus worked up, these
specimens have been properly labelled and are in readiness for
collateral uses. As must be evident, the amount of such sur-
plus material is in a way to be steadily and greatly increased,
in proportion as the work of classification goes on. There are

accordingly now on hand and in readiness, or are likely to be

in due time, specimens in large numbers, as well for exchanges
as for distribution, upon proper conditions, among the various
institutions of learning, not only in this Commonwealth but
throughout the country. These specimens, as serving to char-
acterize the several different stages of geologic history, must
be of great benefit in giving broader, more definite and better

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.

USE

te ht ale
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i Ye th sii r et cin ¥, : ¥
UM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. [Apr.

36 =M

views than have always prevailed of the formation and of the
progressive steps in the advancement of our planet. |

Once more, as it may be proper to remark, specimens in con-
siderable number have been brought to light and put in a more
determinate shape in connection with the preliminary work on
_ the Museum collections. The soil removed from many of the
Tertiary specimens abounds in minute shells, which are of great
value as showing more fully the actual life of the times to which
they belong. These specimens have been to a great extent cata-
logued, numbered and disposed in vials for safety. They are now
ready to take their places, and become permanently incorporated
in the several Museum collections which are in process of forma-
tion. ‘They consist in part of the young of species already well
known in their mature forms; in part of adult individuals of
species which never attain to a large size, and partly of specimens |
probably both young and adult, representing groups heretofore
undescribed. The sands and clays also have been as carefully
preserved and accurately labelled, as if they contained gold.
And they do contain that which is more precious than gold to
the naturalist; they abound in Foraminifera and other low
forms of life, and thus will afford abundant material, and in due
time a rich harvest, for the microscopist.

The collection of specimens which has been gradually accu-
mulating on my hands during the last fifteen years, I present to
the Museum. In addition to a small variety of recent land and
fresh-water shells and a considerable number of mineralogical
specimens, it consists for the most part of fossils from various
parts of the country, more especially characteristic of the differ-
ent horizons of Paleozoic and Tertiary times.

For information respecting exchanges, and other additions to
the Paleontological stores of the institution, reference may be
made to the report of Mr. Shaler.

In closing this Report, I desire to refer to the efficient aid I
have received from the several young ladies who have acted as
my assistants. While receiving benefit themselves, becoming
imbued with the spirit of the institution, and acquiring a taste
for Natural History, with some knowledge of it, they have en-
abled me to devote more time than would have else been pos-
sible to critical investigations intimately and necessarily con-
nected with the systematic arrangement of the collections.

- SENATE—No. 170.

- Our thus working together, as it is thought, has been a means
of good to them and of economy to the Museum. Accordingly,
in reviewing the labors of the year, I feel that something has
been done, a little progress made, in the work under my hands,
toward the realization of the purposes of the Director. All
things considered, and so far as I can judge of other depart-
ments from what has been accomplished in my own field of
work, the prospects of the institution, as intended to carry out
the high ends and to reach the grand scientific results implied
in a Zodlogical Museum, were never brighter than they are to-day.

Report on the Collection of Fossil Vertebrates, by Dr.
G. A. Maack.

I arrived at Cambridge, May, 1869, having come to this coun-
try in order to take charge of the collection of fossil Vertebrates
in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. After my arrival I
found it absolutely necessary to submit those fossils which had
been collected for years past, but which had never been arranged
according to a scientific classification, to a close investigation.
I began with the fossil Mammalia, and endeavored to collect
the various materials in this department, scattered over the
Museum, in various cases and boxes. Nearly all of these fossil
Mammalia, that is, bone by bone, tooth by tooth, I have now
determined, labelled and catalogued. I am happy to be able
to report that I have found among this mass of fossils a larger
number of species and genera than I at first expected to find.
Nevertheless, there exist certain gaps in this department of the
Museum, which, however, I hope to be enabled to supply, dur-
ing the ensuing year, through the assistance of my friends in
Europe. |

The following list exhibits hae I have so far determined :—

Elephas primigenius Blumenb., . : : . 20 specimens.
Mastodon angustidens Cuv., . : ; : . 380 s
Mastodon longirostris Kaup, . ; : ; att ae =
Mastodon giganteus Cuv., _.. : : . a ee ss
Rhinoceros tichorhinus Cuv., . : : ‘ Oo =
Rhinoceros incisivus Cuv., .. : : ; £3726 ae

_. Rhinoceros leptorhinus Cuv., . Ril eA eles iat

_ Rhinoceros Steinheimensis Jager, . . . . 9 #

5*

oY OR COMPARA 4

{ ay Schleiermacheri Kaup, . 4
apirus priscus Kaup, . : . orn
Tapirus arvernensis Croiz. et Job., eke yl EE a Sa
BY Zopisodon parisiensis, Gery.; =.) miininibe oa, oleae ee

% rf _Lophiodon Duvalii Pomel, . ; ‘ : eee « ae <
Be -Palaeotherium magnum Cuv., . ‘ : et 6e =
Bee eacotherium medium Cuv., . : : ; memes 1!) ~
Palaeotherium minus Cuv., . : : SA fe ae ee ae
Bs Palacotherium curtum Cuv., Re) eh Oe
FPalaeotherium aurelianenseCuv., . . . . 10 &
Palaeotherium crassum Cuv., . ; 4 aed This -

Palaeotherium Schinzii H. v. Meyer, . : Ade | *
— Anchitherium Bairdii Leidy, . ea .

Tippotherium gracile Kaup,>. - of, . Sede

Equus fossilisCuv., : g ‘ é ee ee
Siderotherium Jager, . : : é : > (haps
Hippopotamus major Cuv., . ; : ; . 7 specimens.
Choeropsis liberiensis Leidy, . ‘ : : eitly (Ae A
Sus palaeocherus Kaup, : ce. oe »' ines RUS eae
Choeropotamus parisiensis Cuv., . : : ie! fc
Pwoponmus porcinus Gery., > same ee vn,
* Anthracotherium magnum Cay, . % . . 1
Anthracotherium velaunum Cuv., . ‘ : Sakae s
Anthracotherium alsaticum Cuv., . a toh aig Lea *
Hyracotherium siderolithicum Pictet, . : aie =

Rhagatherium valdense Pictet, . : ; ra dp: ee
Cainotherium Brav., (Oplotherium Laizer et |

f- ( Parieu,) : ; : : dad : - ae es

% _ Anoplotherium commune Cuv., 4 ba iy ED io lee
- Chalicotherium Goldfussi Kaup, . . .. . 7 | 3
Ns _ Xiphodon gracilis Cuv., . . ; 5 : iis a
Dichobune Campichii Pictet, . é 3 : He “

He Cervus fossilis Cuv., . ; ines : a3 ECs /
ss Cervus furcatus Hensel,. aE Ae ~ sh Be “
a Cervus (Palaeomeryx) minor H. v. Meyer, . oS -

_ Dorcatherium Geoff, . . oS. Sa aa

Bos primigenius Bojanus, . . : : . 50 72

_ Bos priscus Bojan., s : : ; ; sae) cc
Ursus spelaeus Blumenb., : : ey ss . 40 -
Dinotherium giganteum Kaup, ., stad “ss LAVERY aes

Besides the work above mentioned, | have begun to arrange _
the skeletons stored in the attic. From what I can judge the —

58 ‘ é FeeCe sh, we

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‘Wi See aes See bee ;
5 take yo TE eg eed = 5
0) ie ee ‘SENATE—No : “110. ;
: r
« “ -

oy Ja. - - 4 . . : : . . . 7
- collection of skulls in particular is a very large one.

ia

But as it is
necessary for the study of fossil Mammalia, to have a collection
of the skulls of the now living Mammals, at different ages, I

have taken the necessary steps, in this direction, with regard to
our domestic animals. During the ensuing year I hope to
make such a collection.

Report on the Library, by Dr. F. R. Stax.

During the winter of 1868-9 I have examined the Library ~
of the Museum and compared the books on the shelves with the |
shelf catalogues as well as with the card catalogue, marking
their respective places in pencil on the cards. I did not find
many books missing, but many misplaced, some being even in
the wrong alcoves, while a good many had never been entered in
any of the catalogues. My first work was to replace them and

_ to complete the existing catalogue of accessions.

In order to make the library more useful, as well as to avoid ©
misplacement of books, as much as possible, I was directed to
rearrange the library, and to make fewer divisions and sub-_
divisions ; and to place the books in alphabetical order in the
eight or ten large classes to which they belong, according
to their contents. At the same time a general catalogue,
according to this arrangement of books is in preparation, and
will be completed in such a way as to allow any future accessions —
to the library to be easily entered in their proper places. It will
be also provided with a general register of topics and authors,
with cross references and references to the actual place on the
shelves. Any book may in future easily be.found by means of |

this catalogue.

During the year 1869, the valuable library of the late Dr.

_ Zimmermann has been added to our collection, consisting of two

hundred and seventy-three volumes, and two hundred pamph-
lets, all on entomology. A large number of volumes and
pamphlets have also been added by Professor Agassiz, and Mr.
Alexander Agassiz. The latter will complete sets of valuable

works for the Museum during his stay in Europe. Our

exchanges also have increased considerably. Of these I shall
be able to give a full account in the next report. We have also

es indebted to various friends of the ae ee ae wol

3 . cs

interest and value. Such gifts are always received thankfully. —

The increase of the collection from January 1, to Deeainhen. |
- 81, 1869, has been five hundred and fifty-one aL and six
hundred and two pamphlets. The exact number of books
Pscionging to the library I am not prepared to give before the
full catalogue is ready for use. The last number on our list
of additions is three thousand nine hundred and seventy-five.
I estimate the full aggregate at somewhat over eight thousand
volumes and pamphlets.

Desirous of knowing as accurately as possible the present
condition of the collection of Fishes, I directed Mr. Lockwood
to count the glass jars already put up with specimens in alcohol.
He reports that there are 2,842 in the Exhibition rooms, 7,203
in the work rooms, and 5,197 in the cellar,—altogether, 15,242 ;
say fifteen thousand two hundred and forty-two jars, of all sizes,
from the smallest, three inches high by one inch in diameter, to

the largest, three feet high by nine inches in diameter, con-

taining each from one to fifty and more specimens, and occa-
sionally even several hundreds. And yet this is by no means
half of the collection. The rest remains for the present piled
up in tanks, barrels, kegs, cans, earthen jars and other vessels.

L. AGASSIZ.

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[Baa
pee 7 _ TRUSTEES OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 1870.

m4 Z De , yA *<
‘THE GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH, Pe ef
WILLIAM CLAFLIN.

¥,

aia *

: THe teen GovnENOn:

ae JOSEPH TUCKER.
‘THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE, ¢ ie

ap ‘ HORACE H. COOLIDGE. gs

: ‘Tue SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, eng

ee HARVEY JEWELL. ae

| THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, fal:

a , JOSEPH WHITE.

E THe colar JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT,

f REUBEN A. CHAPMAN.

fs LOUIS AGASSIZ. THEODORE LYMAN.
_-—s« JAMES WALKER. JAMES LAWRENCE.
NATHANIEL THAYER. C. W. FREELAND. —
’ SAMUEL HOOPER. SAMUEL ELIOT.

MARTIN BRIMMER.

OFFICERS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY FOR 1870.

His Excellency WILLIAM CLAFLIN, Governor of the Commonwesa
_ President.
- “THEODORE. Lyman, Treasurer and Secretary pro tem. "
: a Louis AGassiz, Director of the Museum. > os As
F Samuet Hooper, Josep WuirE, NaTHanreL THAYER, JAMES Law- ae
a RENCE, Committee on Finance.

_Louts AGASSIZ, JAMES WALKER, —_— ELIOT, CHARLES W. FREELAND, ~ *
vittee on the Museum.

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