learning anb JTabor. LIBRARY OF THE University of Illinois. CLASS. BOOK. VOLUME. . X . XQ^ C.e^^ Books are not to betaken from the^jpibrar^. ^ Accessions No.,.,3. Jcj.uiT . w library U-Ll NOl-^U SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE United States Geological Survey TO THE SECRETARY OE THE INTERIOR 1894-95 CHARLES L>. WALCOTT DIRECTOR LNT FOUR PARTS PART IV.— MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1894 NONMETALLIC PRODUCTS DAVID T. DAY, Chief of Division WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1895 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Part IV.— MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1894 NONMETALLIC PRODUCTS. Ill i C CONTENTS. THE PRODUCTION OF COAL IN 1894, BY EDWARD WHEELER PARKER. Page. Introduction . 1 The coal fields of the United States . 2 The Pennsylvania anthracite fields . 3 The bituminous coal fields . 3 Production . 9 Anthracite . 9 Bituminous . 10 Production in previous years . 13 Labor statistics . 18 Average prices . 19 Imports and exports . 19 World’s product of coal . 21 Coal trade review . 22 New York, N. Y . 24 Boston, Mass . 26 Philadelphia, Pa . 28 Buffalo, N. Y . 31 Cleveland, Ohio . 35 Toledo, Ohio . 37 Chicago, Ill . 38 Milwaukee, Wis . 42 Duluth, Minn . 44 Cincinnati, Ohio . 46 St. Louis, Mo . 47 Kansas City, Mo . 48 Mobile, Ala . 49 Norfolk, Ya . 50 San Francisco, Cal . 50 Official tests of coal mined in the United States . 51 Production of coal, by States . 65 Alabama . 65 Coal fields of Alabama . 65 Development of coal mines iu Alabama . 66 Production . 67 Arkansas . 70 Coals and coal fields of Arkansas . 70 Production . 71 California . 73 Colorado . 75 Coal fields of Colorado . 75 Production — . 77 Georgia . 82 v VI CONTENTS Production of coal, by States — Continued. Page. Illinois . 83 Coalfields of Illinois . 83 Production . 85 Number and rank of mines . 88 Output for the year . 94 Number of employees . 102 Days of active operation . - 103 Average value of coal . 104 Indiana . 106 Coal fields of Indiana . 106 Production . 106 Indian Territory . 110 Coal measures of the Indian Territory . 110 Production . 110 Iowa . 112 Iowa coal fields . . 112 Coal mining in Iowa . 113 Production . 116 Kansas . 122 Kansas coal fields . 122 Production . 123 Kentucky . 126 Keutucky coal fields . 126 Production . 127 Maryland . - . . 132 Elk Garden and Upper Potomac coal fields . 132 Production . 133 Michigan . 138 Michigan coal field . 138 Production . 138 Missouri . 139 Missouri coal fields . 139 Production . . 140 Montana . 144 Montana coal fields . 144 Production . 146 Nebraska . 149 Nevada . 149 New Mexico . 149 New Mexico coal fields . 149 Production . 151 North Carolina . 153 North Carolina coal deposits . 153 North Dakota . 154 Ohio . 156 Coal fields of Ohio . 156 Production . 156 Oregon . 161 Pennsylvania . 162 Pennsylvania anthracite, by John H. Jones . 163 Pennsylvania bituminous . 181 Production . 183 CONTENTS. VII Production of coal, by States — Continued. Page. Tennessee . 188 Tennessee coal fields . 188 Convicts in coal mines . 188 Production . J. . . . 190 Texas . . 193 Texas coal fields .. . . 193 Production . 193 Utah . 194 Virginia . 195 Virginia coal fields . 195 Production . 197 Washington . 199 Washington coal fields . 199 Production . 199 West Virginia . 202 West Virginia coal fields . 202 Production . 203 Wyoming . 208 Coals and coal measures of Wyoming . 208 Kinds of coal . 209 The fuel value . 209 The coal fields . 212 Sweetwater County . 212 Uinta County . 212 Carbon County . 212 Albany County . 213 Sheridan County . . . 213 Crook County . 213 Weston County . 213 Johnson County . 214 Converse County . 214 Natrona County . 214 Fremont County . 215 Bighorn County . 215 Laramie County . 215 Production . . 215 MANUFACTURE OF COKE, BY JOSEPH D. WEEKS. Introduction . . . 218 Appalachian field . 219 Central field . 220 Western field . 220 Rocky Mountain field . 221 Pacific Coast field . 221 Geological horizon of coals coked . 221 Conditions in which coal is used . 222 Ovens used in the United States . 223 Production of coke in the United States . 225 Total number of coke works in the United States . 228 Number of coke ovens in the United States . 229 Number of coke ovens building in the United States . 231 Production of coke from 1880 to 1894 . 232 Value and average selling price of coke . 234 Coal consumed in the manufacture of coke . 236 Condition in which coal is charged into ovens . 241 VIII CONTENTS Page. Imports . 243 The coking industry by States . 243 Alabama . : . 243 Colorado . 247 Georgia . 251 Illinois . 252 Indiana . 253 Indian Territory . 254 Kansas . 255 Kentucky . 256 Missouri . 260 Montana . 261 New Mexico . 262 New York . 263 Ohio . 264 Cincinnati district . 265 Ohio district . 266 Total production . 266 Pennsylvania . 267 Connellsville district . 270 Upper Connellsville district . 277 Alleghany Mountain district . 278 Clearfield-Center district . 280 Broad Top district . , . 282 Pittsburg district . 283 Beaver district . 283 Alleghany Valley district . 284 Revnoldsville- Walston district . 284 Blossburg district . 287 Greensburg district . 288 Irwin district . 288 Tennessee . 288 Utah . 291 Virginia . 291 Washington . 292 West Virginia . 293 Pocahontas-Flat Top district . 294 New River district . 295 Kanawha district . 296 Upper Monongahela district . • . 297 Upper Potomac district . 298 Production by districts . 301 Wisconsin . 303 Wyoming . 303 ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND COMMERCIAL VALUE OF PEAT DEPOSITS, BY NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE SHALER. Description . 305 Commercial history . 305 Process of formation . 308 Distribution of peatbogs . . 310 PETROLEUM, BY JOSEPH D. WEEKS. Important features of the year . 315 Decrease in old fields and increase in new . 315 Decrease in stocks . 316 Increase in price . 316 CONTENTS. IX Page Production and value . 316 Localities . 316 Total production and value . .. . 317 Character of the oils produced . 317 Production by fields . 318 Value of production in 1894 . 318 Production in United States from 1859 to 1894 . 318 Exports . 320 Foreign markets . 322 Production by States and foreign countries . 324 Appalachian oil field . 324 Pennsylvania — New York oil fields . 341 West Virginia oil field . 347 Ohio . 348 Indiana . 364 Colorado . 367 California . 368 Southern California, by S. F. Peckham . 379 Tennessee . 374 Alabama . 375 Kansas . 375 Kentucky . 376 Texas . 378 Illinois . 379 Indian Territory . 380 Missouri . 381 Wyoming . 381 New Mexico . 383 Canada . 383 Peru . 390 Russia . 391 Germany . 395 Italy . 397 Great Britain . ■ . 397 Burmah . 399 Japan . 399 Java . 402 Sumatra . 403 Borneo . 404 Galicia . 404 NATURAL GAS IN 1894, BY JOSEPH D. WEEKS. Introduction . i . 405 Geological distribution, and localities in which natural gas is found . 406 Accumulation and natural storage of natural gas . 407 Pressure of natural gas . 409 Transportation of natural gas . 412 Consumption of natural gas . 413 Value of natural gas consumed in the United States . 414 Consumption aud distribution of natural gas . 415 Substitutes for natural gas . 419 The record by States . 421 Pennsylvania . 421 Ohio . 422 X CONTENTS. The record by States — Continued. Page. . Indiana . 423 Kentucky . 424 West Virginia . 425 Illinois . 425 Kansas . 425 California . 426 Colorado . 428 ASPHALTUM, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Varieties . 430 Occurrence . 430 Production . 431 California . 432 Utah . 433 Texas . 433 Kentucky . 433 Montana . 433 Imports . 435 STONE, BY WILLIAM C. DAY. Value of various kinds of stone produced in 1893 and 1894 . 436 Value of stone produced in 1894, by States . 437 The granite industry . . 438 The term “granite ” as used in this report . 438 Components of granite . 438 Classification of United States granites . 439 Geographical distribution of the various classes of granite . 441 Methods of quarrying, cutting, and polishing granite . 446 Methods of quarrying granite . 446 Structure of granite in place . 446 Opening the quarry . 447 Blasting . 448 Methods of cutting, polishing, and ornamenting granite . 450 Granite for building purposes . 452 Granite for street work . 452 Paving blocks . 452 Curbing and basin heads . 454 Other uses . 454 Granite for cemetery, monumental, and decorative purposes . 454 Polished granite . 455 Carved granite . 456 Value of the granite product, by States . 457 Value of granite paving blocks made in 1894, by States . 457 Granite industry in the various States . 458 Arkansas . 458 California . 458 Colorado . 458 Connecticut . 459 ' Delaware . 459 Georgia . 459 Maine . 459 Maryland . 459 Massachusetts . 459 Minnesota . 460 CONTENTS. XI The granite industry — Continued. Granite industry in the various States — Continued. Page. Missouri . 460 Montana . 460 New Hampshire . 460 New Jersey . 460 New York . 460 North Carolina . 461 Oregon . 461 Pennsylvania . 461 Rhode Island . 461 South Carolina . 461 Vermont . 462 Virginia . 462 Wisconsin . 462 The marble industry . 462 Value of the marble product, by States . 463 Marble industry in the various States . 464 California . 464 Georgia . . 464 Maryland . 467 New York . 467 Oregon . 468 Tennessee . 468 Vermont . 469 Methods of quarrying and manufacturing marble . 471 The slate industry . 473 Uses to which slate is put . 473 Methods of quarrying slate . 474 Manufacture of milled stock . 475 Slate product and its value, by States . 476 Slate industry in the various States . 477 California . 477 Georgia . 477 Maine . 478 Maryland . 478 New Jersey . 478 New York . 478 Pennsylvania . 478 Vermont . _• . 480 Virginia . 481 Historical data . 481 The sandstone industry . 482 Nature and varieties of sandstone . 482 Composition of sandstone as shown by analyses of samples . 483 Uses to which sandstone is put . 484 Value of the sandstone product, by States . 484 Sandstone industry in the various States . 486 Alabama . 486 Arkansas . 486 California . 486 Colorado . - . 486 Connecticut . . 486 Georgia . 486 XII CONTENTS. The sandstone industry — Continued. Sandstone industry in the various States — Continued. Page. Idaho . 486 Illinois . 486 Indiana . 486 Iowa . 487 Kansas . 487 Kentucky . 487 Maryland . 487 Massachusetts . 487 Michigan . 487 Minnesota . 487 Missouri . . . 488 Montana . 488 New Jersey . 488 New York . 488 Ohio.. . 491 Pennsylvania . 491 South Dakota . 491 Texas . 492 Utah . 492 Virginia . 492 Washington . 492 West Virginia . 492 Wisconsin . 492 Wyoming . 492 The limestone industry . 492 Nature, origin, and uses of limestone . 492 Value of limestone products, by States . 493 Limestone industry in the various States . 495 Alabama . 495 Arizona . 495 Arkansas . 495 California . 496 Colorado . 496 Connecticut . 496 Florida . 496 Georgia . 496 Idaho . 496 Illinois . „ . . . 497 Indiana . 498 Iowa . 499 Notes on Iowa building stones, by H. Foster Bain . 500 Kansas . 503 Kentucky . 506 Maine . 507 Maryland . 507 Massachusetts . 507 Michigan . 507 Minnesota . 507 Missouri . 508 Montana . 508 Nebraska . 508 New Jersey . 508 New Mexico . 508 CONTENTS. XIII The limestone industry — Continued. Limestone industry in the various States — Continued. Page. New York . 508 Ohio . 509 Pennsylvania . 509 Rhode Island . 509 South Carolina . 509 South Dakota . 509 Tennessee . 509 Texas..., . 509 Utah . 510 Vermont . 510 Virginia . 510 Washington . 510 West Virginia . 510 Wisconsin . 510 SOAPSTONE, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Occurrence . 511 Uses . 511 Production . 512 Fibrous talc . 512 MAGNESITE, BY CHARLES G. YALE. Occurrence . 514 Production . 515 CLAY, BY JEFFERSON MIDDLETON. Statistics of the clay-working industries of the United States in 1894 . 517 TECHNOLOGY OF THE CLAY INDUSTRY, BY HEINRICH RIES. Introduction . 523 Testing of brick . 523 Sizes of brick . 523 Continuous kilns . 524 Fusibility of clays . 524 Clay ballast . 525 Brick-dust mortar . 526 Mining of clay and shale . 526 Haulage . 527 Uses of clay . 527 Bibliography . 527 Paving brick . 527 Clay required . 528 Preparation of clay . 528 Screening . 529 Tempering . 529 Molding . 529 Repressing . 530 Drying . 531 Burning . 531 Testing . 532 Absorption . 532 Abrasion . 532 Crushing . 533 XIV CONTENTS. Page. Structural materials . . 536 Common brick . 536 Preparation of clay . 536 Molding . 536 Drying . 537 Burning . 537 Requirements . 538 Tests . 538 Front, pressed or ornamental brick . 540 Washed brick . 541 Terra cotta . 541 Roofing tile . 543 Decorative tile . 543 Panel tile . 543 Encaustic tile . 544 Terra cotta lumber . 544 Enameled brick . 545 Hollow ware . 547 Draintile . 547 Sewer pipe . 547 Refractory materials . 548 Fire brick . 548 Clay required . 548 Preparation of clay . 548 Molding . 549 Drying . 549 Glass pots . 549 Preparation of clay . 549 Drying . 549 Burning . 549 Gas retorts . 550 Pottery and porcelain . 550 Washing clays . 551 Slip clays . 552 Analyses . 552 CEMENT. American rock cement, by Uriah Cummings . 576 Hydraulic cement . 576 Increased product . 576 Price . 576 New developments . 576 Product . 577 Portland cement, by Spencer B. Newberry . 580 Increased product . 580 Materials . 581 Processes . 582 General notes on the Portland cement industry . 584 Imports . 584 ABRASIVE MATERIALS, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Buhrstones . . 586 Production . 587 Imports . 587 CONTENTS. XV Page. Grindstones . 587 Oilstones and whetstones . 588 Production . 588 Imports . 590 Corundum and emery . 590 Production . 590 Imports . 592 Infusorial earth . 592 Occurrence . 592 Production . 593 Garnet . . 593 Occurrence . 593 Use . 594 Production . 594 Tripoli . 594 PRECIOUS STONES, BY GEORGE F. KUNZ. Diamonds . 595 Localities . 595 Imports . 598 Ruby . 599 Sapphire . 599 Emerald . 600 Beryl . 600 Quartz gems . 601 Turquoise . 602 Utahite . 602 Garnets, etc . 603 Opal and hyalite . 603 Amber . 603 Jet . 603 Production . 603 FERTILIZERS. Phosphate rock . 606 Production . 607 Imports . 609 The Tennessee phosphates, by Charles Willard Hayes . 610 Introduction . 610 Classification of the phosphates _ . 610 Black nodular phosphate . 611 Black bedded phosphate . 615 The white phosphates . 623 White breccia phosphate . 624 White bedded phosphate . 626 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TENNESSEE PHOSPHATES, BY CHARLES GUSTAVUS MEMMINGER. Production . 631 Methods of mining . 632 Outlets . 633 Chemical composition of black phosphates . 633 XVI CONTENTS. SULPHUR AND PYRITES, 1!Y EDWARD W. PARKER. Page. Sulphur . 636 Occurrence . 636 Production . 637 Review of the industry . 637 Imports . 638 Sicilian sulphur . 642 Pyrites . 644 Production . 644 Imports . 645 SALT, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Production . 646 California . 650 Illinois . 650 Kansas .. . 650 Louisiana . 651 Michigan . 651 Nevada . 652 New York . 652 Pennsylvania, Texas, and West Virginia . 655 Utah . j . 655 Imports and exports . 656 FLUORSPAR. Occurrence . 658 Uses . 658 Production . 658 Cryolite . 659 MICA. Condition of industry . 660 Production . 660 Imports . 661 GYPSUM, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Occurrence . 662 Production . 662 Imports . 665 MONAZITE, BY II. B. C. NITZE. Brief description of the mineral . 667 Historical sketch and nomenclature . 667 Crystallography . 670 Morphological . 670 Physical . 671 Optical . 672 Chemical composition . 673 Composition and analyses . 673 Chemical and blowpipe reactions . 678 Micro-chemical reactions . 1 . 678 Spectroscopic tests . 679 Chemical molecular constitution . 679 Artificial production . 680 Geological and geographical occurrence . 680 Accessory minerals . 684 c CONTENTS. XVII Page. Economic use . 684 Methods of extraction and concentration . 685 Output and value . 688 Bibliography . 690 MINERAL PAINTS, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Minerals used as pigments . 694 Production . 694 Ocher, umber, and, sienna . 695 Production . 695 Imports . 697 Metallic paint . 698 Venetian reds . 698 Slate as a pigment . 699 White lead . 699 BARYTES, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Occurrence . - . 701 Production . . : . 701 Imports . 702 ASBESTOS, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Occurrence . 703 Production . _ . 704 Imports . 705 Canadian production . 705 Other foreign production . 705 MINERAL WATERS, BY A. C. PEALE. Production . 707 List of commercial springs . 711 Imports and exports . 721 16 GrEOL, PT 4 II ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. 3 I. Diagram showing the value of the different kinds of stone produced in the various States during the year 1894 . 438 II. Diagram showing the value of granite produced in the various States during the year 1894 . 458 III. Diagram showing the value of sandstone produced in the various States during the year 1894 . 486 IV. Diagram showing the value of limestone produced in the United States during the year 1894 . 494 V. Preliminary map of the Tennessee phosphate region . 610 VI. Section showing Tennessee phosphate bed and associated rocks _ 616 XIX By Edward W. Parker. « INTRODUCTION. This paper is devoted largely to a review of the coal-mining industry during the period covered by the preceding ten volumes of Mineral Resources, as well as the year under discussion, and the usual method of treatment will be maintained as far as possible. The st atistics of coal production in the United States during 1894 have, as for a number of years past, been compiled almost entirely from direct returns by operators to the Geological Survey or its duly appointed and sworn agents. The one exception, as usual, is the State of Illinois, whose bureau of labor statistics has, through its secretaries (formerly Col. John S. Lord, and for the past three years Mr. George A. Schilling), kindly furnished the figures and other data, frequently in advance of its ordi¬ nary publication. In collecting the statistics for Alabama and Ken¬ tucky, the chief mine inspectors, Messrs. James D. Hillhouse and C. J. Norwood, have cooperated with the Survey, with highly satisfactory results, and their services are deserving of special acknowledgment. In addition to collecting the statistics of commercial mines in his State, Mr. Norwood undertook to collect the statistics of production at the country banks, the result of which investigation is given in connection with the report on Kentucky, page 132. The statistics relating to Pennsylvania anthracite are the work of Messrs. John H. Jones and William W. Ruley, of Philadelphia, who for several years have furnished this feature of the report. The usual acknowledgments are due to Mr. A. S. Bolles, chief of the bureau of industrial statistics of Pennsylvania, for assistance rendered in con¬ nection with bituminous production in some counties of that State. Contributions from secretaries of boards of trade and others regard¬ ing the movement of coal at the important trade centers and shipping ports are gratefully acknowledged here, and also by name in connec¬ tion with the articles which will be found under the general head of 16 GrEOL, pt 4 - 1 l 2 MINERAL RESOURCES. Coal Trade Review on pages 28 to 57. Where any reference lias been made to the flies of technical periodicals, due credit is given in the proper place. Some confusion is apt to occur by the fact that both the long ton of 2,240 pounds and the short ton of 2,000 pounds are used in this chapter. This is unfortunate, but can not be avoided. Pennsylvania anthracite is always measured by the long ton. In cases where Pennsylvania bituminous coal is sold in the Eastern markets the long ton is used. The same is true of West Virginia and of the Tazewell and Wise County coals of Virginia. The laws of Maryland permit the use of the long ton only. In all other cases bituminous coal is sold by the short ton. For the sake of convenience the bituminous product has, in this report, been reduced to short tons, and when the anthracite and bitu¬ minous products are tabulated together the short ton is used. In the section devoted entirely to Pennsylvania anthracite the long ton only is used, and in the table of shipments from the Cumberland region this is also the case. THE COAL FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES. For convenience the coal areas of the United States are divided into two great classes, the anthracite and bituminous. These are subdi¬ vided into distinct fields, and many of the bituminous fields are divided within State lines into minor regions separated from one another by local conditions and bearing local names, such as the Hocking Valley and Massillon fields in Ohio, the Cahaba, Coosa, and Warrior fields in Alabama, etc. These will be discussed under the section devoted to State statistics. In a commercial sense, particularly in the East, when the anthracite fields are mentioned the fields of Pennsylvania are considered, though Colorado and New Mexico are now supplying anthracite coal of good quality to the Rocky Mountain region, and small amounts are mined annually in Virginia. This small quantity from Virginia and a semi- anthracitic product from Arkansas are considered with the bituminous output. In previous years some coal which was classed as anthracite has been mined and sold in New England. The productive area was confined to the eastern part of Rhode Island and the counties of Bristol and Plymouth in Massachusetts. The classing of this product as anthra¬ cite coal was erroneous. The original beds have been metamorphosed into graphite or graphitic coal, and the product requires such a high degree of heat for combustion that it can be used only with other combus¬ tible material or under a heavy draft. It is, therefore, not an economical practice to use this product for fuel in competition with the anthracite coal from Pennsylvania or the bituminous coals from the New River and Pocahontas fields, which are now sent in large quantities to New England points, and its mining for fuel purposes has been abandoned. COAL. 3 THE PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE FIELDS. In Mineral Resources for 1886 the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania are described as grouped into five principal divisions: (1) The southern or Pottsville field, extending from the Lehigh River at Maucli Chunk southwest to within a few miles of the Susquehanna River north of Harrisburg; (2) the western or Mahanoy and Shamokin field, lying between the eastern head waters of the Little Schuylkill River and the Susquehanna; (3) the eastern middle or the upper Lehigh field, lying between the Lehigh River and Catawissa Creek, principally in Luzerne County; (4) the northern or Wyoming and Lackawanna field, which lies in the two valleys from which its geographical name is derived ; (5) the Loyalsock and Mehoopany field, named from the two creeks whose head waters drain it. The latter is a small field about 20 or 25 miles northwest of the western end of the northern field. In addition to this geological division, the fields are also subdivided under different names and in a different way for trade purposes, the divisions being known as trade regions. These are : (1) The Wyoming region, embracing the entire northern and Loyalsock fields; (2) the Lehigh region, embracing all of the eastern middle field and the Pan¬ ther Creek district of the southern field; and (3) the Schuylkill region, embracing the western middle field and all of the southern field except the Panther Creek district. The entire area of workable coal in all the anthracite fields does not exceed 480 square miles. Out of this there has been shipped since 1820, 906,013,403 long tons, an average of 12,080,179 long tons per year, and of 1,887,528 tons for each square mile. The amount consumed at the collieries and sold to local trade would average not less than 10 per cent of the shipments. Adding that to the shipments, the enormous production of about 1,000,000,000 long tons is shown. THE BITUMINOUS FIELDS. The bituminous areas of the United States are grouped, for the sake of convenience, into the (1) Triassic, (2) Appalachian, (3) Northern, (4) Central, (5) Western, (6) Rocky Mountain, and (7) Pacific Coast. They may be briefly described as follows : The Triassic area comprises what is known as the Richmond basin in Chesterfield and Henrico counties, Va., and the Deep River and Dan River fields in North Carolina. The late Dr. Charles A. Ash- burner, in Mineral Resources for 1886, says that the first coal mined systematically in the United States was taken from the Richmond basin, and that in 1822 about 48,214 tons of coal were produced there, more than twelve times the total amount produced in the Pennsylvania anthracite field in the same year. Its maximum output was reached in 1833, when 142,587 tons were mined. This was nearly one-third of 4 MINERAL RESOURCES. the total output of anthracite in that year. In the last two or three years mining in this field has been resumed on a larger scale. New machinery and modern methods have been introduced, and experiments are being made with by-product coke ovens. In 1886 Dr. Ashburner stated the output to be 50,000 tons. In 1887 and 1888 the output was 30,000 and 33,000 tons, respectively. Mr. John H. Jones reported for the census year of 1 889 a product of 49,411 tons. Since then the output has fluctuated considerably, as shown in the subsequent table. In 1894 the product was 52,079 short tons. The Triassic areas in North Carolina, in which coal beds have been opened, occur in two isolated localities, one on the Deep River and the other ou the Dan. The only record of production is from the Deep River division, which began in 1889, with a total of 222 tons. As in the Richmond basin, the production since then has fluctuated, reach¬ ing as high as 20,355 short tons in 1891. The output in 1894 was 16,900 short tons, making the total product of the Triassic field for the past year 68,979 short tons. The Appalachian field, while not the largest in area, is by far the most important, furnishing about two-thirds of all the bituminous out¬ put. The field extends from the northern part of Pennsylvania in a southwesterly direction, following the Appalachian Mountain system, which it embraces, to the central part of Alabama. Its length is a little over 900 miles, and it ranges in width from 30 to 180 miles. Its area is about 62,690 square miles, covering nearly all of western Penn¬ sylvania, the southeastern part of Ohio, the western part of Maryland, the southwestern corner of Virginia, nearly all of West Virginia, the eastern part of Kentucky, a portion of eastern Tennessee, the north¬ western corner of Georgia, and nearly all of northern Alabama. All of the coals are bituminous, except for a little anthracite in south¬ western Virginia (Montgomery County), and are of great variety in chemical composition and physical structure. It contains the famous Connellsville coking coal, the Clearfield and Pittsburg steam coals, the smithing coals of Blossburg and Cumberland, the gas coals of the Upper Potomac and Monongahela rivers, the Massillon and Hock¬ ing coals, the steam, gas, and coking coals of the Flat Top, New River, and Kanawha River regions, the Jellico coal of Kentucky and Tennessee, and the excellent coking coals of southeastern Tennessee and Alabama. The Appalachian field produced 46,186,522 short tons in 1886. It reached its maximum output in 1892, when 83,122,190 short tons were produced, an increase in six years of 36,935,668 short tons, or nearly 75 per cent. The business depression of 1893 and the general strike in the spring of 1894 caused a decrease in the output in those years, but with favorable trade conditions the large yield of 1892 will soon be eclipsed. The output of the field in 1894 was 76,278,748 short tons. COAL. 5 The Northern field is altogether in Michigan. While it covers an area of G.700 square miles and is spread over nearly all the central portion of the State, its importance commercially is comparatively insignificant. The coal is much inferior to that of adjoining regions in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and the facilities for bringing the supe¬ rior coals, either by rail or water, being excellent and transportation cheap, there has been little inducement to develop the Michigan coals. What mining is done is principally to supply a local trade. The annual output has not varied much during the past decade. The largest product was in 1882, when 135,339 short tons were mined. The smallest was in 1884, when the output declined to 36,712 short tons. Since then it has ranged from about 45,000 to 80,000 short tons annually. In 1894 the product was 70,022 short tons. The Central field includes all the areas of Indiana and Illinois and the Western coal field of Kentucky. Its total area is about 47,750 square miles, of which Illinois contains more than three-quarters. The portion of the field lying in Illinois is more than five times that of Indiana and about eight times that of Kentucky. For this reason the region is sometimes known as the Illinois field. It is from this field, particularly the Indiana and Illinois portions, that the well-known “block” coal (so called from its peculiar fracture into cubical blocks) is obtained. This field is third in area and second in producing impor¬ tance. The output has shown an almost uninterrupted annual increase since 1886, when the amount of coal mined was 13,151,473 short tons. The exceptions were in 1889, when a general reaction from the over¬ production of 1888 set in, and in 1894, when the operatives joined in the great strike. In 1894 the product was 22,430,617 short tons. The Western field embraces all the coal areas west of the Mississippi River, south of the forty-third parallel, and east of the Rocky Moun¬ tains. It includes the States of Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas, and the Indian Territory. In extent this is the largest field in the United States of which any accurate estimate has been made, and ranks third in production. Extensive operations are carried on in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and the Indian Territory. Owing, doubtless, to their proximity to the larger cities and their markets, the production in the three States named is the most impor¬ tant, but the Territory coals are superior in quality, and with the increase of population, which is sure to come, its output will equal, if not exceed, that of the other States. The output of the Western field in 1886 was 8,272,501 short tons. Since that time its production has not fallen below 10,000,000 nor exceeded 12,000,000 short tons. In 1894 the yield was 11,503,623 short tons. The Rocky Mountain field includes the areas contained in the States of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. According to Mr. R. C. Hills, the Colorado fields cover an area of 18,100 square miles, but the available coals are contained 6 MINERAL RESOURCES. , within an area of 2,913 square miles. No reliable estimate of the areas in the other States has been made. The estimated quantity of workable coal in Colorado alone is put, by Mr. Hills, at 45,197,100,000 tons, of which 33,897,800.000 tons may be won. In 1887 the total output from the Rocky Mountain field was 3,646,280 short tons. This increased annually until 1893, when 8,468,360 tons were mined, an increase in six years of 4,822,080 short tons, or more than 130 per cent. In 1894 the output decreased to 7,175,628 short tons. The Pacific Coast field embraces the three States bordering on the Pacific Ocean — California, Oregon, and Washington. The areas under¬ lain by coal beds have not been definitely determined. All the coals produced in California are of the lignite variety and of poor quality. Oregon’s product is also lignite, but of better quality, and, having conditions favorable for mining and shipping, operations of magnitude are successfully carried on. Washington contains a number of valuable beds, some of the coals possessing excellent coking qualities. The total output of coal mines on the Pacific Coast in 1887 was 854,308 short tons. The largest output was in 1890, when 1,435,914 tons were pro¬ duced. In 1894 the product was 1,221,238 short tons. COAL 7 The following table contains the approximate areas of these coal fields, with the total product of each from 1887 to 1894: Classification of the coal fields of the United States. Anthracite. New England (Rhode Island and Massachusetts) - ! - Pennsylvania . Colorado and New Mexico _ Bituminous, (a) Triassic: Virginia . North Carolina Appalachian: Pennsylvania. . Ohio . Maryland . Virginia . West Virginia. Kentucky . Tennessee . Georgia . Alabama . Northern: Michigan . Central : Indiana. .. Kentucky Illinois . . . Western: Iowa . Missouri . Nebraska . Kansas . Arkansas . Indian Territory Texas . Rocky Mountain, etc. : Dakota . Montana . Idaho . Wyoming . . Utah . Colorado . New Mexico . . Pacific Coast : Washington . Oregon ...... California. . . Total product sold. Colliery consumption. . . . Area. Total product, including colliery consumption . . Sq. miles. 500 480 15 995 180 2, 700 9, 000 10, 000 550 2, 000 16, 000 11, 180 5, 100 200 8, 660 62, 690 6, 700 6, 450 4, 500 36, 800 47, 750 18, 000 26, 700 3, 200 17, 000 9,100 20, 000 4, 500 98, 500 2, 913 Product in- 1887. Short tons. 6, 000 39, 506, 255 36, 000 39, 548, 255 30, 000 30, 866, 602 10, 301, 708 3, 278, 023 795, 263 4, 836, 820 950, 903 1, 900, 000 313, 715 1,950, 000 1888. Short tons. 4,000 43, 922, 897 44, 791 43, 971, 688 33, 000 30, 796, 727 10, 910, 946 3, 479, 470 1, 040, 000 5, 498, 800 1, 193, 000 1, 967, 297 180, 000 2, 900, 000 55, 193, 034 60, 966, 240 71, 461 3, 217, 711 982, 282 10, 278, 890 14, 478, 883 81, 407 3, 140, 979 1, 377, 000 14, 655, 188 19, 173, 167 4, 473, 828 3, 209, 916 1, 500 1, 596, 879 150, 000 685, 911 75, 000 4, 952, 440 3, 909, 967 1, 500 1, 850, 000 276, 871 761, 986 90, 000 10, 193, 034 21, 470 10, 202 500 1,170,318 180, 021 1, 755, 735 508, 034 3, 646, 280 772, 612 31, 696 50, 000 854, 308 124, 015, 255 5, 960, 302 11,842, 764 34, 000 41, 467 400 1, 481, 540 258, 961 2, 140, 686 626, 665 4, 583, 719 1889. Short tons. 2, 000 45, 544, 970 53, 517 45, 600, 487 49, 411 222 36, 174, 089 9, 976, 787 2, 939, 715 816, 375 6, 231, 880 1, 108, 770 1, 925, 689 225, 934 3, 572, 983 62, 972, 222 67, 431 2, 845, 057 1, 290, 985 12, 104, 272 16, 240, 314 4, 045, 358 2, 557, 823 2, 222, 443 279, 584 752, 832 128, 216 10, 036, 256 28, 907 363, 301 1, 388, 947 236, 651 2, 544, 144 486, 463 5, 048, 413 1, 215, 750 75, 000 95, 000 1, 385, 750 142, 037, 735 6, 621, 667 129,975,557 148,659,402 1, 030, 578 64, 359 119, 820 1, 214, 757 141, 229, 513 a Including lignite, brown coal, and scattering lots of anthracite. 8 MINERAL RESOURCES Classification of the coalfields of the United States — Continued. Product in — 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Anthracite . New England (Rhode Island Short tons. Short tons. 500 50, 665, 431 (a) Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. 46, 468, 641 (a) 52, 472, 504 64, 963 53, 967, 543 93, 578 51, 921, 121 71, 550 Colorado and New Mexico. . . . Bituminous, (b) Triassic : 46, 468, 641 50, 665, 931 52, 537, 467 54, 061, 121 51, 992, 671 19, 346 10, 262 17, 290 20, 355 37, 219 6, 679 19, 878 17, 000 52, 079 16, 900 Appalachian : 42, 302, 173 11, 494, 506 3, 357, 813 764, 665 7, 394, 494 1, 206, 120 2, 169, 585 228, 337 4, 090, 409 42, 788, 490 12, 868, 683 3, 820, 239 719, 109 9, 220, 665 1, 222, 918 2, 413, 678 171, 000 4, 759, 781 46, 694, 576 13, 562, 927 3, 419, 962 637, 986 9, 738, 755 1, 231, 110 2, 092, 064 215, 498 5, 529, 312 44, 070, 724 13, 253, 646 3, 716, 041 800, 461 10, 708, 578 1, 245, 785 1, 902, 258 372, 740 5, 136, 935 39, 912, 463 11, 909, 856 3, 501, 428 1, 177, 004 11, 627, 757 1, 218, 072 2, 180, 879 354, 111 4, 397, 178 Maryland . Kentucky . Tennessee . Georgia . Northern : Michigan . 73, 008, 102 77, 984, 563 83, 122, 190 81, 207, 168 76, 278, 748 74, 977 80, 307 77, 990 45, 979 70, 022 Central : Indiana . 3, 305, 737 1, 495, 376 15, 292, 420 2, 973, 474 1, 693, 151 15, 660, 698 3, 345, 174 1, 794, 203 17, 862, 276 3, 791, 851 1, 761, 394 19, 949, 564 3, 423, 921 1, 893, 120 17, 113, 576 Kentucky . Illinois . Western . 20, 093, 533 20, 327, 323 23, 001, 653 25, 502, 809 22, 430, 617 4, 021, 739 2, 735, 221 j 2, 259, 922 399, 888 869, 229 184. 440 3, 825, 495 2, 674, 606 C 1,500 i 2, 716, 705 542, 379 1, 091,032 172, 100 3, 918, 491 2, 733, 949 1,500 3, 007, 276 535, 558 1, 192, 721 245, 690 3, 972, 229 2, 897, 442 3, 967, 253 2, 245, 039 Missouri . Nebraska . Kansas . 2, 652, 546 574, 763 1, 252,110 302, 206 3, 388, 251 512, 626 969, 606 420, 848 Arkansas . Texas . Rocky Mountain, etc. : 10, 470, 439 11, 023, 817 11, 635, 185 11, 651, 296 11,503,623 30, 000 517, 477 * 30, 000 541, 861 40, 725 564, 648 49, 630 892, 309 42, 015 927, 395 Montana . Idaho . Wyoming . 1, 870, 366 318, 159 3, 094, 003 375, 777 2, 327, 841 371, 045 3, 512, 632 462, 328 2, 503, 839 361, 013 3, 447, 967 659, 230 2, 439, 311 413, 205 4, 018, 793 655, 112 2, 417, 463 431, 550 2, 776, 817 580, 238 150 Utah . Colorado . New Mexico . *. . Nevada . Pacific Coast : Washington . 6, 205, 782 7, 245, 707 7, 577, 422 8, 468, 360 7, 175, 628 1, 263, 689 61, 514 110, 711 1, 056, 249 51,826 93, 301 1, 213, 427 34, 661 85, 178 1, 264, 877 41, 683 72, 603 1, 106, 470 47, 521 67, 247 Oregon . California . Total product, includ¬ ing colliery consump¬ tion . 1, 435, 914 1, 201, 376 1, 333, 266 1,379, 163 1, 221, 238 157, 788, 656 168, 566, 669 179, 329, 071 182, 352, 774 170, 741, 526 a Included in bituminous product. 6 Including lignite, brown coal, and scattering lots of anthracite. COAL. 9 PRODUCTION. Tlie total product of coal of all kinds in 1894 was 152,447,791 long tons, equivalent to 170,741,520 short tons, having an aggregate value at the mines of $180,141,504. Included in this product is the coal shipped, the amount sold to local trade and used by employees, and the amount consumed at the mines by private locomotives or in furnishing power for ventilation, haulage, etc. It also includes the amount made into coke. The total marketable product was 140,810,277 long tons, or 104,434,230 short tons. This includes all the product except that used by the operators themselves and known technically as u colliery consumption.” At the anthracite mines this item consists usually of culm or slack which would otherwise go on the dump. As a rule, no account is kept of the amount so used, and it is returned in the statement of produc¬ tion as “estimated.” For this reason, though included in the total product, no value is placed upon it, the value given for anthracite being that of the merchantable product only. Compared with 1893, the production of coal in 1894, in both the anthracite and the bituminous fields, shows a marked decrease. In 1893 the total product was 162,814,977 long tons, or 182,352,774 short tons, showing a decrease in 1894 of 10,367,186 long tons, or 11,611,248 short tons, or a little more than 6 per cent. The total value shows a decrease of $22,297,132, or more than 10 per cent. The average price per short ton received for all kinds of coal in 1893 was $1.14; in 1894, $1.09, a decrease of 5 cents. The decrease in bituminous production was due chiefly to the prolonged strike in the spring and summer of 1894. This created a scarcity for awhile and caused increased activity at the anthracite mines, but this temporary activity was not sufficient to offset the effects of the trade depression at manufacturing centers, which is responsible for the decrease in anthracite production. The total number of men employed in the coal mines of the United States in 1894 was 376,206, who worked an average of 178 days, against 363,309 men for an average of 201 days in 1893. ANTHRACITE. The output from the Pennsylvania anthracite mines in 1894 was 46,358,144 long tons, or 51,921,121 short tons, valued at $78,488,063. In 1893 the product was 48,185,306 long tons, or 53,967,543 short tons, valued at $85,687,078, showing a decrease in 1894 of 1,827,162 long tons, or 2,046,422 short tons. The average price declined from $1.94 per long ton in 1893 to $1.85 in 1894. In quoting the average price per ton it must be remembered that only the marketed product of anthracite is considered, no value being placed on the colliery consumption. The average price obtained by dividing the total value by the total product would be $1.78 in 1893 and $1.69 in 1894. 10 MINERAL RESOURCES. The number of men employed in the anthracite mines in 1894 was 131,603, who averaged 190 working days, against 132,944 men for 197 days in 1893. In addition to the anthracite production of Pennsylvania in 1894 there were 71,550 short tons mined in Colorado and New Mexico, making the total output of anthracite coal in the United States 51,992,671 short tons. Except in the tables on pages 13 and 14 the anthracite product of Colorado and New Mexico, for sake of convenience, is included in the bituminous product, and, unless expressly stated to the contrary, refer¬ ence in this chapter to anthracite production means that of Pennsyl¬ vania only. BITUMINOUS. The production of bituminous coal in 1894 (including lignite, brown coal, and scattering lots of anthracite, as previously mentioned) was 118,820,405 short tons, valued at $107,653,501. This was a decrease of 9,564,826 short tons, as compared with 1893, when the output was 128,385,231 short tons, worth $122,751,618. The decrease in value was $15,098,117. The percentage decrease in product was 6; the percent¬ age decrease in value, 12. While there is little doubt that the general trade depression had something to do with the decreased production, the chief cause was the long strike, organized in April and continued until July, and in some cases until August, and which will make the year 1894 memorable in the history of coal mining in the United States. The details of the strike, the causes leading up to it, and its effects are treated under a separate head. It may be noted here, however, that in addition to the loss in tonnage and in value of the product, which falls upon the mine owners, the loss to the mine workers is shown in the fact that 230,365 men worked an average of 204 days in 1893, and 244,603 men worked an average of 171 days in 1894. This is equivalent to a loss of one day by 5,167,357 men, or the compulsory idleness of 17,224 men for a year of 300 full working days. In calculating these items, all employees in and about the mines are included except coke workers. The following tables exhibit the production of all kinds of coal in the United States during 1893 and 1894: COAL Coal product of the United States in 1893, by States. Loaded at mines for shipment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. 3, 536, 935 59, 599 96, 412 1, 443, 989 549, 504 11, 778 13, 481 64, 733 5, 336 2, 534 3, 345, 951 65, 386 178, 993 512, 059 196, 227 4, 869 171, 644 16, 260, 463 2, 931, 846 753, 955 3, 300 3, 461,830 252, 879 69, 797 7, 345 1, 197, 468 9, 234 21, 663 23, 745 3, 442, 584 449, 639 80, 006 2, 364, 810 227, 321 60, 412 3 2, 613, 645 3, 676, 137 281, 115 30, 969 13, 071 81,450 26, 833 27, 787 16, 367 1,825 2, 525, 227 322, 754 49, 461 789, 516 27, 063 17, 960 57, 770 636, 002 15, 000 47, 968 5, 618 8, 776 2,000 50 14, 698 1, 612 11, 713, 116 1, 348, 743 167, 002 24, 785 37, 835 3, 594 254 33, 322, 328 1, 934, 429 426, 122 8, 387, 845 1, 427, 219 42, 560 20, 921 411, 558 300, 064 462 1, 680 350, 423 714, 188 7, 649 4,258 50, 875 20, 578 4, 609 80, 964 1, 186, 109 8, 591, 962 18, 888 48, 506 11, 374 390, 689 46, 898 1, 679, 029 2, 280, 685 64, 188 87, 086 7, 352 104, 675, 716 8, 526, 160 2, 213, 570 12, 969, 785 48, 266, 174 1, 202, 655 4, 498, 714 152, 941, 890 9, 728, 815 6, 712, 284 12, 969, 785 States and Territories. Alabama . Arkansas . California . . Colorado . Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . Indian Territory . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maryland . Michigan . Missouri . Montana . New Mexico . North Carolina . North Dakota . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wyoming . Total . . Pennsylvania anthracite Grand total . States and Tertitories. Total product. Total value. Average price per ton. Average number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Alabama . Short tons. 5, 136, 935 $5, 096, 792 $0. 99 237 11, 294 Arkansas . 574, 703 773, 347 1.34 151 1,559 California . 72, 603 167, 555 2.31 208 158 Colorado . 4, 102, 389 5, 104, 602 1.24 188 7, 202 Georgia . 372, 740 365, 972 .98 342 736 Illinois . 19, 949, 564 17, 827, 595 .89 229 35, 390 Indiana . 3, 791, 851 4, 055, 372 1.07 201 7, 644 Indian Territory . 1, 252, 110 2, 235, 209 1.79 171 3, 446 Iowa . 3, 972, 229 5, 110, 460 1.30 204 8, 863 Kansas . 2, 652, 546 3, 375, 740 1.27 147 7,310 Kentucky . 3, 007, 179 2, 613, 569 .86 202 6, 581 Maryland . . 3, 716, 041 3, 267, 317 .88 240 3, 935 Michigan . 45, 979 82, 462 1.79 154 162 Missouri . 2, 897, 442 3, 562, 757 1.23 206 7, 375 Montana . 892, 309 1, 772, 116 1.99 242 1,401 New Mexico . 665, 094 979, 044 1.47 229 1,011 North Carolina . 17, 000 25, 500 1.50 80 70 North Dakota . 49, 630 56, 250 1.13 193 88 Ohio . 13, 253, 646 12, 351, 139 .92 188 23, 931 Oregon . 41, 683 164, 500 3. 57 192 110 Pennsylvania . 44, 070, 724 35, 260, 674 .80 190 71, 931 Tennessee . 1, 902, 258 2, 048, 449 1.08 232 4, 976 Texas . 302, 206 688, 407 2. 28 251 996 Utah . 413, 205 611, 092 1.48 226 576 Virginia . 820, 339 692, 748 .84 253 961 Washington . 1, 264, 877 10, 708, 578 2, 920, 876 2.31 241 2, 757 West Virginia . 8,251,170 .77 219 16, 524 Wyoming . . 2, 439, 311 3, 290, 904 1.35 189 3, 378 Total . 128, 385, 231 122, 751,618 .96 204 230, 365 Pennsylvania anthracite.. 53, 967, 543 85, 687, 078 1.59 197 132, 944 Grand total . 182, 352, 774 208, 438, 696 1. 14 201 363, 309 12 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal product of the United States in 1894, by States. i Loaded at mines for shipment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. 3, 269, 548 43, 911 130, 404 953, 315 488, 077 7,870 16, 679 52, 730 8, 143 6, 368 2, 181, 048 178, 610 56, 688 112, 414 481, 259 8, 978 166. 523 13, 948,910 2, 590, 414 570, 452 3,800 3, 085, 664 248, 398 67, 545 22, 314 923, 581 4,632 30, 878 10, 515 3, 390, 751 511,683 64, 819 3, 066, 398 275, 565 45, 523 765 2, 734, 847 281, 235 47, 344 47, 706 3, 435, 600 51, 750 14, 078 60, 817 7, 055 242, 501 2, 150 1, 955, 255 47, 283 861, 171 12, 900 150 17, 324 36, 000 561,523 8, 266 14, 365 13,042 13, 500 1,000 2, 400 37,311 4, 480 224 10, 636, 402 1,101,940 126, 397 45. 117 45, 068 2, 171 282 29, 722, 803 1, 589, 595 342, 294 8, 257, 771 1, 571,406 59, 985 28, 993 520, 495 417, 281 2,412 1,155 364, 675 11, 173 6,892 48, 810 1,015, 713 21, 162 4,690 187, 518 1, 030, 232 10, 822 56, 853 8, 563 9, 116,314 428, 202 64, 126 2,019, 115 2, 309, 934 21, 482 72, 362 13, 685 96, 475, 175 7, 605, 585 1, 903, 272 12, 836, 373 46, 358, 144 1, 158, 953 4, 404, 024 142, 833,319 8, 764, 538 6, 307, 296 12, 836, 373 States and Territories. Alabama . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . Indian Territory. Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maryland . Michigan . Missouri . Montana . N evada . Mew Mexico . North Carolina. . . North Dakota. . . . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania- . . . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . ATirginia . Washington . West Virginia... Wyoming . Total . Pennsylvania anthracite. Grand total . States and Territories. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age number of days active. Total number of employees Alabama . Short tons. 4, 397, 178 $4, 085, 535 $0. 93 238 10, 859 Arkansas . 512, 626 631, 988 1. 22 134 1.493 California . 67, 247 155, 620 2. 31 232 125 Colorado . 2, 831,409 3, 516, 340 1.24 155 6, 507 Georgia . 354, 111 299, 290 .85 304 729 Illinois . 17, 113,576 15,282,111 .89 183 38, 477 Indiana . 3, 423, 921 3, 295, 034 .96 149 8, 603 Indian Territory . 969, GOO 1, 541, 293 1.59 157 3, 101 Iowa . 3, 967, 253 4, 997, 939 1. 26 170 9, 995 Kansas . 3, 388, 251 4, 178, 998 1.23 164 7, 339 Kentucky . 3, 111, 192 2, 749, 932 .88 145 8,083 Maryland . 3, 501, 428 2, 687, 270 .77 215 3,974 Michigan . 70, 022 103,049 1.47 224 223 Missouri . 2, 245, 039 2, 634, 564 1.17 138 7, 523 Montana . 927, 395 1, 887, 390 2.04 192 1,782 Nevada . 150 475 3.15 60 2 New Mexico . 597, 196 935, 857 1. 57 182 985 North Carolina . 16, 900 29, 675 1.76 145 95 North Dakota . 42, 015 47, 049 1.12 156 77 Ohio . 11,909, 856 9, 841,723 .83 136 27, 105 Oregon . 47, 521 183, 914 3.87 243 88 Pennsylvania . 39, 912, 463 29, 479, 820 .74 165 75, 010 Tennessee . 2, 180, 879 2, 119, 481 .97 210 5, 542 Texas . 420, 848 976, 458 2. 32 283 1,062 Utah . 431, 550 603, 479 1.40 199 671 Virginia . 1, 229, 083 933, 576 .76 234 1,635 Washington . 1, 106, 470 2, 578, 441 2.33 207 2,662 West Virginia . 11,627, 757 8, 706, 808 .75 186 17, 824 Wyoming . 2, 417, 463 3, 170, 392 1. 31 190 3,032 Total . 118, 820, 405 107, 653, 501 .91 171 244, 603 Pennsylvania anthracite. 51, 921, 121 78, 488, 063 1.85 190 131, 603 Grand total . 170, 741, 526 186, 141, 564 1.09 178 376, 206 The following table shows the annual production of anthracite and bituminous coal since 1880. The quantities are expressed both in long tons of 2,240 pounds and in short tons of 2,000 pounds. Annual production of coal in the United States since 1880. c COAL, <£> P *3 ©OrHlCiOOOOt'-dCOCOiOrHO-r* ©ooocior^©t-corHdt^cooo©© COMiOOOiOiOHOOOMifJHCOCOir) © of n tjT cd of ©" o" «-T to tjT co" to oo r-T -f«'** 00 50 ©dT*iOH*noiftoo©©c^©©©oo to a © • s-* ® 43 (M "S fcjooq 2 2^ o OO'tC5C0CCt>l>H?']00«OC0’f CO t— i SO © Tfi t - f rH 1C id C to O r-(©C'i’^t>.m©t^©»-(oo©'^coT-H o' o'" cd o' iff OO CO 00 rjT id oT to CO no oo COOiOMt'C'HOMNOOOMiOOOin iniOCOfOHlNaOiOOCO^MOOHCO nfcQi-*'rfcif'rf’*ft?fr-fcfi-flcftOCCCO Ct-©d©l> © cd id ©" 1> o' c> co ©' ?-( r-’ ci id id tjh td C'150r-cD©00TfCO®00©HH'f bJD oooo(Nooo©ooi>oooiohoo^ © co to cd ci o' © © o d" o © © © ci cf otsoooaoHcciN’tinooifl rH r— 1 r— ( r-H rH t— 1 rH *—l r— 1 rH t— 1 00©-*i©dOO©rHCOOOdiO©aOCO t ^ CO © lO ■ — *t Cl CO OO h- I ' CO O co 00©©ifi®HHTti01>I>©©© or id o t- *-< i-i © cd cd — cd tjJ ci o' oo' ©CJiflioior-i-uo ci ci oo -t -h oo oo 3 nHiOdCOOHiO©^fO©8*OTr t> ci Tj< c i i> o o' o' 'd © id o co’ cd id oo -t<©i>t>ot>t>oooo©©t^aooot- — 'ocoior — nor — t©--^ coh H H to ’T -t t — r © © l- cc © -t Cl og® 00©(M00C0©,#r-ii0©O'+l0iOH r? 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H'fXOO’tiOiOCH'OOOOHO OCO^OOCOOOiOOOOrftCOOiO co" 'd © t-’ r- td H-tJd't ©' OO’ -d rH cd -fdt^C~rHr*OQ©©©dOOdOlO H#1d©Cl'^CO-f©OOllO'^rHr-lL'-0 > co" ©" o" cd td cd oo" oo' r-H -t O t-' id Cl td iCOI>00l-00l>©O05rHMNClO . eny rH rH rH r—1 rH rH ci © to OCMCO©H-Xt'©OOCOOt^C-HlO © iCHCOXO-fiOOrOHnCOOCO© to p o;® -P a t-©iociciio©ctaoio©cioci-H rH r-1 -d id X rH N t> d id O n O id O COO©lOI>d©OOCOOOd©iOOOd p t; iOOI>XOOCO©XCOX ©V. © cd co" oo' o' cd cd cd t-' cd id n t> d x oo p HiOO^Xt'l>X©OHHClC4n p in rH rH rH rH rH rH S to rtHOOOOOOt^OOOOrtdClrHt- r*r*©OCO©t-lO©ClI>©©r-r*l OCOHifliOOOCC©0 00 © o o P © rf. © °2 d" id rH rH o' © © O O d ci 00 ^ © © HOOCOCOH'Ht'OCJaOOdOO dCOXlOfXXHOOt>©CO©OHHO rH rH r-H rH u a © OHNCOi'iOCDhOOOOHNM'f oooooooooooooooooooo©©©©© oocooocoocooooooooooooocoooooo 14 MINERAL RESOURCES, The total amount and value of coal produced in the United States, by States, since 1886, is shown in the following table. The amounts in this table are expressed in short tons of 2,000 pounds : Amount and value of coal produced in the United States, ly States and Territories, from 1886 to 1894. States and Territories. 1886. 1887. 1888. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Alabama . 1, 800, 000 $5, 574, 000 1, 350, 000 $2, 535, 000 2, 900, 000 $3, 335, 000 Arkansas . 125, 000 200, 000 150. 000 252, 500 276, 871 415, 306 California . 100, 000 300, 000 50, 000 150, 000 95, 000 380, 000 Colorado . 1,368,838 3, 215, 594 1,791,735 3, 941, 817 2, 185, 477 4, 808, 049 Georgia . 223, 000 334, 500 313, 715 470, 573 180, 000 270, 000 Idaho . 1, 500 6, 000 500 2, 000 400 1,800 Illinois . 9, 246, 435 10, 263, 543 10, 278, 890 11, 152, 596 14, 655, 188 16,413,811 Indiana . 3, 000, 000 3, 450, 000 3, 217, 711 4, 324, 604 3, 140, 979 4, 397, 370 Indian Territory . 534, 580 855, 328 685, 911 1, 286, 692 761, 986 1, 432, 072 6, 438, 172 Iowa . 4,312, 921 5, 391, 151 4, 473, 828 5, 991, 735 4, 952, 440 Kansas . i _ 1,400, 000 1, 680, 000 1, 596, 879 2, 235, 631 1, 850, 000 2, 775, 000 Kentucky . 1. 550, 000 1, 782, 500 1.933, 185 2, 223, 163 2, 570, 000 3, 084, 000 Maryland . 2, 517, 577 2, 391, 698 3, 278, 023 3, 114, 122 3, 479, 470 3, 293, 070 135, 221 Michigan . 60, 434 90, 651 71, 461 107, 191 81, 407 Missouri . 1, 800, 000 2, 340, 000 3, 209, 910 4, 298, 994 3, 909, 967 8, 650, 800 Montana . 49, 846 174, 460 10, 202 1,500 508, 034 35, 707 3, 000 41, 467 1, 500 626, 665 145, 135 3, 375 New Mexico . North Carolina . 271, 285 813,855 1, 524, 102 1, 879, 995 North Dakota . - 25, 955 41, 277 21, 470 32, 205 34, 000 119, 000 Ohio . 8, 435, 211 8, 013, 450 10, 301, 708 9, 096, 848 10, 910, 946 10, 147, 180 Oregon . » . Pennsylvania : 45, 000 112, 500 31, 696 70, 000 75, 000 225, 000 Anthracite . 36, 696, 475 71, 558, 126 39, 506, 255 79, 365, 244 43, 922, 897 85, 649, 649 Bituminous . 26, 160, 735 21, 016, 235 30, 866, 602 6, 000 27, 806, 941 16, 250 2, 470, 000 33, 796, 727 4, 000 1, 967, 297 32, 106, 891 11, 000 2, 164, 026 Tennessee . 1, 714, 290 1,971,434 1, 900, 000 Texas . 100, 000 185, 000 75, 000 150, 000 90, 000 184, 500 Utah . 200, 000 420, 000 180, 021 360, 042 258, 961 543, 818 Virginia . 684, 951 684, 951 825, 263 773, 360 1, 073, 000 1 073,000 Washington . 423, 525 952, 931 772, 612 1 , 699, 746 1, 215, 750 3, 647, 250 West Virginia . 4, 005, 796 3, 805, 506 4, 836, 820 4, 594, 979 5, 498, 800 6, 048, 680 Wyoming . 829, 355 2, 488, 065 1, 170, 318 3, 510, 954 1,481,540 4, 444, 620 Total product sold. 107, 682, 209 147, 112,755 124, 015, 255 173, 595, 996 142, 037, 735 204, 222, 790 Colliery consumption . . . 5, 061, 194 5, 960, 302 8, 960, 841 6, 621,667 7 295, 834 Total . 112, 743, 403 147, 112, 755 129, 975, 557 182, 556, 837 148, 659, 402 211, 518, 624 COAL. 15 Amount and value of coal produced in the United States, bp States and Territories, from 1S86 to 1894 — Continued. States and Territories. 1889. 1890. 1891. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Short toils. Short tons. Short tons. Alabama . \ 3, 572, 983 $3, 961, 491 4, 090, 409 399, 888 $4, 202, 469 4, 759, 781 $5, 087, 593 Arkansas . 279, 584 395, 836 514, 595 542, 379 647, 560 California . 184, 179 434, 382 •110, 711 283, 019 93, 301 204, 902 Colorado . 2, 544, 144 3, 843, 992 3, 094, 003 4, 344, 196 3, 512, 632 4, 800, 000 Georgia . Idaho . . 226, 156 339, 382 228, 337 238, 315 171, 000 256, 500 Illinois . 12, 104, 272 11, 755, 203 15, 292, 420 14, 171, 230 15, 660. 698 14, 237, 074 Indiana . 2, 845, 057 2, 887, 852 3, 305, 737 3, 259, 233 2, 973, 474 3, 070, 918 Indian Territory . 752, 832 1,323, 807 869, 229 1, 579, 188 1, 091, 032 1, 897, 037 Iowa . 4, 095, 358 5, 426, 509 4, 021, 739 4, 995, 739 3, 825, 495 4, 867, 999 Kansas . 2, 220, 943 3, 297, 288 2, 259, 922 2, 701, 496 2, 947, 517 2, 716, 705 3, 557, 303 Kentucky . 2, 399, 755 2, 374, 339 2, 472, 119 2, 916, 069 2, 715, 600 Maryland . 2, 939, 715 2, 517, 474 3, 357, 813 2, 899, 572 3, 820, 239 3, 082, 515 Michigan . 67, 431 115, 011 74, 977 149, 195 80,-307 133, 387 Missouri . 2, 557, 823 3, 479, 057 2, 735, 221 3, 382, 858 2, 674, 606 3, 283, 242 Montana . 363, 301 880, 773 517, 477 1, 252, 492 541,861 1, 228, 630 Nebraska . 1,500 4, 500 1,500 4, 500 1, 500 4, 500 New Mexico . 486, 463 (a) 28, 907 870, 468 375, 777 10, 262 30, 000 504, 390 17, 864 42, 000 462, 328 20, 355 30, 000 779, 018 39, 365 North Dakota . 41, 431 42, 000 Ohio . 9, 976, 787 9, 355, 400 11, 494, 506 10, 783, 171 177, 875 12, 868, 683 12, 106, 115 Oregon . Pennsylvania : (b) 61, 514 51, 826 155, 478 Anthracite . c45, 598, 487 65, 873, 514 46, 468, 641 66, 383, 772 50, 665, 431 73, 944, 735 Bituminous . 36, 174, 089 2, 000 1, 925, 689 27, 953, 315 6, 000 42, 302, 173 35, 376, 916 42, 788, 490 500 37, 271, 053 10, 000 2, 668, 188 Tennessee . . 2, 338, 309 2, 169, 585 2, 395, 746 2, 413, 678 Texas . 128, 216 340, 620 184, 440 465, 900 172, 100 412, 360 Utah . . 236, 651 377, 456 318, 159 552, 390 371, 045 666, 045 Virginia . 865, 786 804, 475 784, 011 589, 925 736, 399 611, 654 Washington . 1,030, 578 2, 393, 238 1, 263, 689 3, 426, 590 1, 056, 249 2, 437, 270 West Virginia . 6, 231, 880 5, 086, 584 7, 394, 654 6, 208, 128 9, 220, 665 7, 359, 816 Wyoming . 1, 388, 947 1, 748, 617 1, 870, 366 3, 183, 669 2, 327, 841 3, 555, 275 Total product sold. 141, 229, 513 160, 226, 323 157, 788, 656 176, 804, 573 168, 566, 669 191, 133. 135 a Product included in Georgia. b Product included in California. c Includes the product of anthracite in Colorado and New Mexico. MINERAL RESOURCES 16 Amount and value of coal produced in the United States, by States and Territories, from 18S6 to 1894 — Continued. States and Territories. 1892. 1893. 1894. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. V alue. Alabama . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Georgia . Short tons. 5, 529,312 535, 558 85, 178 3, 510, 830 215, 498 $5, 788, 898 666, 230 209, 711 5, 685, 112 212, 761 Short tons. 5, 136. 935 574, 763 72, 603 4, 102, 389 372, 740 $5, 096, 792 773, 347 167, 555 5, 104, 602 365, 972 Short tons. 4, 397,178 512, 626 67, 247 2, 831,409 354, 111 $4, 085, 535 631, 988 155, 620 3, 516, 340 299, 290 Illinois . Indiana . Indian Territory . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maryland . Michigan . Missouri . Montana . 17, 862, 276 3, 345, 174 1, 192, 721 3, 918, 491 3, 007, 276 3, 025, 313 3. 419, 962 77, 990 2, 733, 949 564, 648 1, 500 16, 243, 645 3, 620, 582 2, 043, 479 5, 175, 060 3, 955, 595 2, 771, 238 3, 063, 580 121, 314 3, 369, 659 1,330, 847 4, 500 19, 949, 564 3, 791,851 1, 252, 110 3, 972, 229 2, 652, 546 3, 007, 179 3, 716, 041 45, 979 2, 897, 442 892, 309 17, 827, 595 4, 055, 372 2, 235, 209 5, 110, 460 3, 375, 740 2, 613, 569 3, 267, 317 82, 462 3, 562, 757 1, 772, 116 17, 113, 576 3, 423, 921 969, 606 3, 967, 253 3, 388, 251 3, 111, 192 3, 501,428 70, 022 2, 245, 039 927, 395 15, 282, 111 3, 295, 034 1, 541, 293 4, 997, 939 4, 178, 998 2, 749, 932 2, 687, 270 103, 049 2, 634, 564 1, 887, 390 150 597, 196 16, 900 42, 015 11, 909, 856 47, 521 51, 921, 121 39, 912, 463 475 935, 857 29, 675 47, 049 9, 841, 723 183, 914 78, 488, 063 29, 479, 820 New Mexico . North Carolina . North Dakota . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania: Anthracite . Bituminous . 661, 330 6, 679 40, 725 13, 562, 927 34, 661 52, 472, 504 46, 694, 576 1, 074, 601 9, 599 39, 250 12, 722, 745 148, 546 82, 442, 000 39, 017, 164 665, 094 17, 000 49, 630 13, 253, 646 41, 683 53, 967, 543 44, 070, 724 979, 044 25, 500 56, 250 12, 351, 139 164, 500 85, 687, 078 35, 260, 674 Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wyoming . Total product sold. 2, 092, 064 245, 690 361, 013 675, 205 1, 213, 427 9, 738, 755 2. 503, 839 2, 355, 441 569, 333 562, 625 578, 429 2, 763, 547 7, 852, 114 3, 168, 776 1, 902, 258 302, 206 413, 205 820, 339 1, 264, 877 10, 708, 578 2, 439, 311 2, 048, 449 688, 407 611, 092 692, 748 2, 920, 876 8, 251,170 3, 290, 904 2, 180, 879 420, 848 431, 550 1, 229, 083 1, 106, 470 11, 627, 757 2, 417, 463 2, 119, 481 976, 458 603, 479 933, 576 2, 578, 441 8, 706, 808 3, 170, 392 179, 329, 071 207, 566, 381 182, 352, 774 208, 438, 696 170, 741, 526 186, 141. 564 c COAL 17 Comparing the amount and value of the product in 1894 with that of 1893, the following statement of increases and decreases is obtained: Increases and decreases in coal production during 1894 compared with 1893, by States. * States. Increases. Decreases. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. 739, 757 ' 62, 137 5, 356 1, 270, 980 18, 629 2, 835, 988 367, 930 282, 504 4, 976 $1, 011, 257 141, 359 11, 935 1, 588, 262 66, 682 2, 545, 484 760, 338 693, 916 112, 521 Arkansas . California . Colorado . Georgia . Illinois . Indian Territory . Iowa . 735, 705 104, 013 $803, 258 136, 363 Kentucky . , . Maryland . 214, 613 580, 047 Michigan . 24, 043 20, 587 Missouri . . 652, 403 928, 193 Montana . 35, 086 150 115, 274 475 Nevada . 67, 898 100 7, 615 1, 343, 790 43, 187 4, 175 North Dakota . 9, 201 2, 509, 416 Ohio . r 5, 838 19, 414 Pennsylvania bituminous . . 4, 158, 261 5, 780, 854 278, 621 118, 642 18, 345 408, 744 71, 032 288, 051 Texas . Utah . 7, 613 ~V irginia . 240, 828 Washington . 158, 407 342, 435 West Virginia . 919, 179 455, 638 Wyoming . 21, 848 120, 512 Total . 9, 564, 826 2, 046, 422 15, 098, 117 7, 199, 015 Pennsylvania anthracite. . . . Grand total . 11, 611, 248 22, 297, 132 16 GrEOL, PT 4 18 MINERAL RESOURCES, LABOR STATISTICS. The following table shows under one head the total number of employees in the coal mines of the United States for a period of five years, and the average time made by each : Labor statistics of coal mining since 1890. States and Territo¬ ries. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Num¬ ber of days active. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Num¬ ber of days active. Aver¬ age num her em¬ ployed. Num¬ ber of days active. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Num¬ ber of days active. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Num¬ ber of days active. Average number em¬ ployed. Alabama . 217 10, 642 268 9, 302 271 10, 075 237 11, 294 238 10, 859 Arkansas . 214 938 214 1,317 199 1, 128 151 1,559 134 1, 493 California . 301 364 222 256 204 187 208 158 232 125 Colorado . 220 5 827 6 000 229 5 747 188 7 202 155 6 507 Georgia . 313 425 312 850 277 467 342 736 304 729 Illinois . 204 28, 574 215* 32, 951 219i 34, 585 229 35, 390 183 38, 477 Indiana . 220 5, 489 190 5, 879 224 6,436 201 7,644 149 8,603 Indian Territory. . 238 2,571 221* 2, 891 211 3, 257 171 3,446 157 3, 101 Iowa . 213 8, 130 224 8, 124 236 8, 170 204 8, 863 170 9, 995 Kansas . 210 4. 523 222 6, 201 208* 6, 559 147 7, 310 164 7, 339 Kentucky . 219 5, 259 225 6, 355 217 6, 724 202 6, 581 145 8, 083 Maryland . 244 3, 842 244 3,891 225 3, 886 240 3, 935 215 3, 974 Michigan . 229 180 205 223 195 230 154 162 224 223 Missouri . 229 5, 971 218 6, 199 230 5, 893 206 7, 375 138 7, 523 Montana . 218 1, 251 1,119 258 1, 158 242 1,401 192 1, 782 Nevada . 60 2 New Mexico . 192 827 265 806 223 1,083 229 1,011 182 985 North Carolina . . . 200 80 254 80 160 90 80 70 145 95 orth Dakota .... 216 54 193 88 156 77 Ohio . 201 20, 576 206 22, 182 212 22, 576 188 23, 931 136 27, 105 Oregon . 305 208 125 100 120 90 192 110 243 88 Pennsylvania hi- 232 61, 333 223 63, 661 223 66, 655 190 71, 931 165 75, 010 tuminous. Tennessee . 263 5, 082 230 5, 097 240 4, 926 232 4, 976 210 5, 542 Texas . 241 674 225 787 208 871 251 996 283 1,062 289 429 621 230 646 226 576 199 671 Virginia . 296 1,295 246 820 192 836 253 961 234 1, 635 VV ashington . 270 2, 206 211 2, 447 247 2, 564 241 2, 757 207 2, 662 West Virginia. ... 227 12, 236 237 14, 227 228 14, 867 219 16, 524 186 17, 824 Wyoming . 246 3, 272 3, 411 225 3, 133 189 3, 378 190 3, 032 Total . 226 192, 204 «223 205, 803 219 212, 893 204 230, 365 171 244, 603 Pennsylvania an- thracite . 200 126, 000 203 126, 350 198 129, 050 197 132, 944 190 131, 603 Grand total. 216 318, 204 215 332, 153 212 341, 943 201 363, 309 178 376, 206 a General average obtained from the average days made in the different States, exclusive of Colo¬ rado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. COAL. 19 AVERAGE PRICES. The following table will be of interest as showing the fluctuations in the average prices ruling in each State since 1886. Prior to that year the statistics were not collected with sufficient accuracy to make a statement of the average prices of any practical value. These averages are obtained by dividing the total value by the total product, except lor the years 1886, 1887, and 1888, when the item of colliery consump¬ tion was not considered: Average prices for coal at the mines since 1886. States and Territories. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Alabama . $3. 09 $1.30 $1.15 $1.11 $1. 03 $1.07 $1. 05 $0. 99 $0.93 Arkansas . 1. 60 1. 68 1.50 1.42 1.29 1. 19 1.24 1.34 1.22 California . 3.00 3.00 4. 00 2. 36 2.56 2. 20 2. 46 2.31 2. 31 Colorado . 2. 35 2. 20 2. 20 1.51 1.40 1. 37 1.62 1. 24 1.24 Georgia . 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.04 1.50 .99 .98 .85 Illinois . 1.11 1.09 1. 12 .97 .93 .91 .91 .89 .89 Indiana . 1.15 1. 34 1.40 1.02 .99 1.03 1. 08 1. 07 .96 Indian Territory . 1.60 1.87 1.88 1.76 1.82 1.74 1.71 1.79 1. 59 Iowa . 1.25 1.34 1.30 1.33 1.24 1.27 1.32 1.30 1.26 Kansas . 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.48 1. 30 1.31 1.31i 1.27 1.23 Kentucky . Maryland . 1. 15 1. 15 1.20 .99 .92 .93 .92 .86 .88 .95 .95 .95 .86 .86 .81 .89 .88 .77 Michigan . 1.50 1.50 1.66 1.71 1.99 1.66 1. 56 1.79 1.47 Missouri . 1.30 1.34 2.21 1.36 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.17 Montana . Nevada . 3. 50 3.50 3.50 2.42 2. 42 2. 27 2. 36 1.99 2. 04 3. 15 New Mexico . North Carolina . 3.00 3.00 3.00 1.79 1.34 1. 74 1.68 1.93 1.62 1. 44 1.47 1.50 1. 57 1. 76 North Dakota . 1.59 1.50 3. 50 1.43 1.40 1.40 .96 1. 13 1. 12 Ohio . .95 .88 .93 .93 .94 .94 .94 .92 .83 Oregon . . Pennsylvania bitumi- 2. 50 2. 20 3. 00 2. 89 3.00 4. 29 3. 57 3.87 nous . .80 .90 .95 .77 .84 .87 .84 .80 .74 Tennessee . 1. 15 1.30 1.10 1.21 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.08 .97 Texas . 1.85 2. 00 2. 05 2. 66 2. 53 2. 40 2. 32 2. 28 2.32 Utah . 2. 10 2. 00 2. 10 1.59 1.74 1.80 1. 56 1.48 1.40 Virginia . 1.00 .94 1.00 .93 .75 .83 .86 .84 .76 Washington . 2. 25 2. 20 3. 00 2. 32 2.71 2.31 2. 28 2.31 2.33 West Virginia . .94 .95 1.10 .82 .84 .80 .80 .77 .75 Wyoming . 3. 00 3. 00 3. 00 1.26 1.70 1.53 1. 27 1.35 1.31 Total bituminous. Pennsylvania anthra- a 92 a 99 a 1.21 1.00 .99 .99 .99 .96 .91 cite . a 1.95 a 2. 01 a 1.95 1.44 1.43 1.46 1.57 1.59 1.52 General average.. a 1.30 a 1.45 a 1.42 1. 13 1. 12 1.13 1. 16 1. 14 1.09 a Exclusive of colliery consumption. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The following tables have been compiled from official returns to the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, and show the imports and exports of coal from 1867 to 1894, inclusive. The values given in both cases are considerably higher than the average u spot” rates by which the values of the domestic production have been computed. The tariff from 1824 to 1843 was 6 cents per bushel, or $1.68 per long ton; from 1843 to 1846, $1.75 per ton; 1846 to 1857, 30 per cent ad valorem; 1857 to 1861, 24 per cent ad valorem; 1861, bituminous and shale, $1 per ton; all other, 50 cents per ton; 1862 to 1864, bituminous 20 MINERAL RESOURCES. and sliale, $1.10 per ton; all other, 60 cents per ton; 1864 to 1872, bituminous and shale, $1.25 per ton; all other, 40 cents per ton. By the act of 1872 the tariff on bituminous coal and shale was made 75 cents per ton, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, changed it to 40 cents per ton. On slack or culm the tariff was made 40 cents per ton by the act of 1872 ; was changed to 30 cents per ton by the act of March, 1883, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, changed it to 15 cents per ton. Anthracite coal has been free of duty since 1870. During the period from June, 1854, to March, 1866, the reci¬ procity treaty was in force, and coal from the British Possessions in North America was admitted i*ito the United States duty free. The exports consist both of anthracite and bituminous coal, the amount of bituminous being the greater in the last few years. They are made principally by rail over the international bridges and by lake and sea to the Canadian provinces. Exports are also made by sea to the West Indies, to Central and South America, and elsewhere. The imports are principally from Australia and British Columbia to San Francisco, from Great Britain to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and from Nova Scotia to Atlantic coast points. Coal imported and entered for consumption in the United States , 1867 to 1894. Tears ending — Anthracite. Bituminous and shale . Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Long tons. Long tons. 509, 802 $1, 412, 597 ' 1868 . 394, 021 1, 250, 513 1869 . 437, 228 l' 222' 119 1870 . 415, 729 1 103' 965 1871 . 973 $4, 177 430; 508 1,' 12i; 914 1872 . . . 390 1, 322 485, 063 1, 279, 686 1873 . 2, 221 10, 764 460, 028 1, 548, 208 1874 . 471 3,224 492, 063 1, 937, 274 1875 . 138 963 436, 714 1,791, 601 1876 . 1, 428 8, 560 400, 632 1, 592, 846 1877 . 630 2, 220 495, 816 1, 782, 941 1878 . . . 158 518 572, 846 1, 929, 660 1879 . 488 721 486, 501 1, 716, 209 1880 . . 8 40 471, 818 1, 588, 312 1881 . . . 1,207 2, 628 652, 963 1, 988, 199 1882 . 36 148 795, 722 2, 141, 373 1883 . 507 1, 172 645, 924 3, 013, 555 1884 . 1,448 4, 404 748, 995 2, 494, 228 1885 . 4,976 15, 848 768, 477 2, 548, 432 Dec. 31, 1886 . 2, 039 4, 920 811, 657 2, 501, 153 1887 . 14,181 42, 983 819, 242 2, 609, 311 1888 . 24, 093 68, 710 1, 085, 647 3, 728, 060 1889 . 20, 652 117, 434 1, 001, 374 3, 425, 347 1890 . 15, 145 46, 695 819, 971 2, 822, 216 1891 . 37, 607 112, 722 1, 363, 313 4, 561, 105 1892 . 65, 058 197, 583 1, 143, 304 3, 744, 862 1893 . 53, 768 148, 112 a 1,082, 993 3, 623, 892 1894 . 90, 068 234, 024 61,242, 714 3,785, 513 a Including 14,632 tons of slack or culm, valued at $16,906; 6 including 30,453 tons of slack or culm, valued at $32,267. COAL 21 Coal of domestic production exported from the United States, 1867 to 1894. Tears ending— Anthracite. Bituminous and shale. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Long tons. Long tons. June 30, 1867 . 192, 912 $1, 333, 457 1, 082, 745 1, 553, 115 92, 189 $512, 742 1868 . 1869 . 192, 291 283, 783 121, 098 86, 367 433, 475 1870 . 803, 135 805, 169 106, 820 503, 223 1871 . 134, 571 133, 380 564, 067 1872 . 259, 567 1, 375, 342 141,311 586, 264 1873 . 342, 180 1, 827, 822 242, 453 1, 086, 253 1874 . 401, 912 2, 236, 084 361, 490 1, 587, 666 1875 . 316, 157 1. 791,626 203, 189 828, 943 1876 . 337, 934 1, 869, 434 230, 144 850, 711 1877 . 418,791 1, 891, 351 321, 665 1,024,711 1878 . 319, 477 1, 006, 843 340, 661 1, 352, 624 1879 . 386, 916 1, 427, 886 276, 000 891,512 1880 . 392, 626 1, 362, 901 222, 634 695, 179 1881 . 462, 208 2, 091, 928 191, 038 739, 532 1882 . 553, 742 2, 589, 887 314, 320 1, 102, 898 1883 . 557, 813 2, 648, 033 463, 051 1, 593, 214 1884 . 649, 040 3, 053, 550 646, 265 1, 977, 959 1885 . 588, 461 2, 586, 421 683, 481 1, 989, 541 Dec. 31, 1886 . 667, 076 2, 718, 143 544, 768 1, 440, 631 1887 . 825, 486 3, 469, 166 706, 364 2, 001, 966 1888 . 969, 542 4, 325, 126 3, 636, 347 860, 462 2, 529, 472 1889 . 857, 632 935, 151 2, 783, 592 1890 . 794, 335 861, 251 3, 272, 697 1, 280, 930 4, 004, 995 1891 . 3, 577, 610 1, 615, 869 5, 104, 850 1892 . 851, 639 3, 722, 903 1, 645, 869 4, 999, 289 1893 . 1, 333, 287 6, 241, 007 2, 324, 591 6, 009, 801 1894 . 1, 440, 625 6, 359, 021 2, 195, 716 4, 970, 270 WORLD’S PRODUCT OF COAL. In the following table is given the coal product of the principal coun¬ tries for the years nearest the one under review for which figures could be obtained. For the sake of convenience the amounts are expressed in the unit of measurement adopted in each country and reduced for comparison to short tons of 2,000 pounds. In each case the year is named for which the product is given. The world’s product of coal. Countries. Usual unit in producing country. Equivalent in short tons. Great Britain (1894) . long tons.. United States (1894) . do _ Germany (1893) . metric tons.. France (1893) . do _ Austria (1893) . do _ Belgium (1893) . do - Russia (1892) . do _ Canada (1894) . short tons. . Japan (1893) . do _ Spain (1893) . metric tons. . New Zealand (1893) . short tons.. Sweden (1892) . metric tons.. Italy (1893) . do _ 188, 277, 525 152, 447, 791 85, 211, 326 25, 651, 000 26, 549, 000 19, 411, 000 6, 913, 351 3, 853, 235 3, 400, 000 1,520,109 691, 548 382, 000 317, 000 210, 870, 828 170, 741, 526 93, 934, 409 28, 276, 898 29, 266, 821 21, 398, 104 7, 621, 969 3, 853, 235 3, 400, 000 1, 675, 723 691, 548 421, 155 349, 451 Total _ _ 572, 501, 667 30 Percentage of the United States . . 22 MINERAL RESOURCES. COAL TRADE REVIEW. Coal mining in the United States took a backward stride in 1894, the product falling below that of either 1892 or 1893 and exceeding that of 1891 by a very narrow margin, about three-fourths of 1 per cent. The influences which produced this decrease were (1) the prevailing business distress which, contrary to general expectations, extended from 1893 through 1894 and affected the coal trade in sympathy with manufactur¬ ing industries, and (2) the memorable strike inaugurated the latter part of April and continued with remarkable endurance until late in the summer. The original cause of this strike was undoubtedly overproduction, though the direct cause assigned was the effort of the operatives to secure an advance in wages, or rather a return to the scale which had obtained in the earlier part of 1893. During 1893 there had been no effort made to restrict the production of coal, notwithstanding the industrial depression and a very restricted demand, but on the other hand the output was increased. In many cases mines were worked simply to give employment to the men, while in others the spirit of com¬ petition and an aggressive policy which sought to extend their market into territories naturally tributary to other fields brought about a con¬ dition of affairs which could not act otherwise than disastrously. In order to renew contracts for the succeeding year, operators were obliged to meet competitive prices, and necessarily a reduction in cost of pro¬ duction had to be made. A reduction in the rate of wages was agreed to by the miners in a number of districts, and matters drifted along under an amicable understanding between employers and employees until the officers of the United Mine Workers met in Columbus, Ohio, in March, 1894. It was at this meeting that a restoration of the old rate of wages was demanded, with the alternative of a general strike, to go into effect on April 21. The time was unpropitious for such a demand. Operators had continued to mine and ship coal, with docks and storage places at the larger cities and the lake and Atlantic ports stocked to repletion, so that to accede to such a demand would have been suicidal. It must not be supposed from the above that in all cases, prior to the demand of the leaders, a satisfactory condition prevailed among the miners. The operatives in the Massillon district and in Jackson County (embracing the cities of Jackson, Coalton, and Wellston), Ohio, were on strike in February and March, and there was, of course, some dis¬ affection in other regions. The strike in Ohio was the starting point of the general strike and the nucleus about which it grew. The state¬ ment that the time was not propitious for a strike of such dimensions is made from the miners’ standpoint. If we except the damage done to property during the outbreaks of lawlessness which always attend such strikes, the result to the operators was rather favorable than otherwise. COAL. 23 The suspension of so many mines soon created a scarcity of coal, and prices rapidly rose. Those who had any coal on hand realized hand¬ some profits, and the comparatively few mines that continued to work were paying investments for the time. In the Upper Monongahela district, West Virginia, for instance, where, by sufficient inducement being offered, the miners remained at work, the price of coal went up from 70 cents to $1.50 per ton and the output was increased about five¬ fold. In the Pocahontas Plat Top region, which was exempted from the mine workers’ decree, production was so heavy that the Norfolk and Western Railroad had to lease a number of engines from other roads to transport the product to the seaboard. The same favorable condi¬ tions existed in other sections, particularly along the New and Kanawha rivers, where the union had not sufficient strength to cause an entire suspension of business. In justice to a large body of miners not person¬ ally in sympathy with the strike, it must be said that many of those who quit work did so under persuasion or compulsion. At the time this report is writing, troubles have again arisen in Ohio, the wage scale being again the cause. The scale for the year has been, for some years past, fixed in the spring, usually in April and May, and this adjustment of the scale is, with somewhat monotonous regularity, attended by a strike of greater or less dimensions. In the Pocahon¬ tas Flat Top region a strike is also in progress. This was the one region officially exempted from the strike of 1894. In this case it is a protest against a reduction of wages, and while a difference seemingly exists between the mine owners and their men, it is said to be in reality a fight against the Norfolk and Western Railroad for exacting what are claimed to be exorbitant freight rates, and which in order to ship the coal profitably called for a reduction in wages. This region embraces the county of Tazewell, Va., and McDowell and Mercer counties, W. Va., and employs in the neighborhood of 6,000 men. A comprehensive understanding of the tendency of trade during 1894 and the effects of the strike upon it at the important centers, and the movement of coal between the producing districts and the principal markets, may be arrived at by consideration of the following contribu¬ tions from secretaries of boards of trade and other reliable sources. The influences of the strike overshadowed all other items of interest. The conditions of the money market and the timidity of capital have not been favorable to the opening of any new fields — which is doubtless fortunate, since the capacity of our developed mines far exceeds the needs — and there were no special discoveries of any importance. Some promise is made of the development of valuable cannel coal lands in Johnson and Pike counties, Ky., the parties interested believing that the superior qualities claimed for the coal will make the working of it profitable, notwithstanding the already glutted market. A railroad is building from Chispa Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, to the recently discovered coal fields in Presidio County, Tex. 24 MINERAL RESOURCES. (described in Mineral Resources, 1893), and before the close of the pres¬ ent calendar year this coal will probably be brought in. It is in a region where cheap coal is badly needed, and will doubtless prove remunerative at once. Following will be found the coal trade reviews at the various impor¬ tant cities : NEW YORK CITY. The best report on the movement and prices of coal at New York is contained in Mr. F. E. Saward’s annual publication, The Coal Trade. The following review for 1894 is taken from Mr. Saward’s report : New York City is the point where more coal is handled in the course of the year than anywhere else, except the city of London, England. In its vicinity are the shipping ports of millions of tons of every grade and quality of anthracite and bituminous, so that 15,000,000 tons is" an underestimate of the sales actually con¬ summated at this point. The several shipping points on the New Jersey shore of the Hudson, the Kill von Kull, and the Raritan Bay, known as South Amboy, Perth Amboy, Port Reading, Elizabethport, Port Johnston, Port Liberty, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken, are feeders to the trade of the metropolis for local use and for shipment to eastern ports. The docks of the Pennsylvania Coal Company at Newburg, N. Y., the Delaware and Hudson Canal at Rondout, N. Y., the “Erie'' at Piermont, N. Y., and the Ontario and Western at Cornwall, N. Y., also furnish tribute to the trade of the parties doing business here. The quantity used locally is set down at 6,000,000 tons, to which may be added 2,750,000 for Jersey City and Brooklyn, really but part of the metropolis. Bituminous coal comes in schooners and steam colliers from Norfolk, Newport News, and Baltimore, and in barges from South Amboy, Port Reading, and Port Liberty, N. J., and is used locally for all the purposes to which it is adapted. An approximate statement of the bituminous coal loaded into ocean steamers at this port shows that there are over 1,500,000 long tons so taken ; of this perhaps 150,000 tons is the “ Poca¬ hontas” coal, and the remainder is “ Clearfield.” Prices ranged very low during the year, for the reason, perhaps only too well known, that the tonnage was more of an object in the view of some of the producers than price. There was no attempt to adhere to the agreements made, from time to time, in regard to what would constitute a sufficient amount to meet the require¬ ments of the month next ensuing after the agreement was entered into. As a con¬ sequence, the market value of anthracite dropped to figures below what it had sold for in three years, and the carrying companies were very near bedrock in earnings. The nominal opening prices were as below, free on board, at the loading ports, in the beginning of the years named : Opening prices for free-burning anthracite coal at New York for five years. Years. Broken. Egg- Stove. Chestnut. 1890 . $3. 40 $3. 50 $3. 50 $3. 25 1891 . 3. 50 4.60 3.75 3. 50 1892 . 3. 65 3. 75 3. 90 3. 65 1893 . 3. 90 3. 90 4. 15 4. 15 1894 . 3.50 3. 50 3.75 3. 75 COAL. 25 Figures at the close of the years nominally were : Closing prices for anthracite coal at New York for seven years. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Broken . $3. 95 <63. 90 $3. 75 $3. 75 $4. 00 $3. 75 $3. 10 Egg . 4. 30 4. 15 4. 00 4. 15 4.40 4. 00 3. 20 Stove . 4. 65 4. 40 4.40 4.40 4.75 4. 45 3.35 Chestnut . 4.65 4. 15 3. 95 4.15 4.65 4.45 3.25 The schedules show the decline in value of this magnificent fuel. It is only too evident that the lack of harmony during the year (so far as what may constitute the market requirements) represents a clear loss of many millions of dollars. In the spring of the year the soft coal producers sending to the seaboard put their prices at $2.25 free on hoard vessels at all loading points, with say $3.25 at New York alongside; while for tonnage at the loading ports near New York $2.75, $2.80, and $3 per long ton free on board, according to destination, were the agreed-on rates. The market was an uneven one, and except for the time of the strike the above schedule was seldom realized. During the strike coal was brought from many places not usually shipping to the Atlantic seaboard. It came from West Virginia, England and Nova Scotia, selling at $6 per ton at New York to those having contracts with steamship companies. The cheaper grades of domestic coal sold lower free on board at New York and other loading ports than ever before. So much has this been the c«se that the year closed with the following quotations : $1.80 to $2.25 free on board Norfolk and Newport News; $1.90 to $2.25 free on board, Baltimore; $1.80 to $2.25 free on board, rhiladelphia; $2.40 to $2.75 free on board, New York Harbor. A fair exhibit of the course of prices of the best Georges Creek coal is shown below : Prices for Georges Creek ( Cumberland ) coal at New York. Years. Per ton. Years. Per ton. 1889 . $3.50 3.50 3. 50 1892 . $3. 40 3.25 3.00 1890 . . . 1893 . 1891 . 1894 . The growth of the use of the small sizes of anthracite is worthy of note, and it is stated on good authority that with many of the receivers 40 per cent of the tonnage handled is made up of the smaller coals, such as pea, buckwheat, rice, culm, etc. At the electric-light stations, the power houses for the cable roads, and many of the large office buildings in this city they now use the small anthracite sizes. There was 42.88 per cent of the tonnage shipped by the Cross Creek Coal Company represented by these small coals. Thesoft coal for “bunker” use — that is, put into the “ ocean greyhounds” and other vessels plying to all parts of the world from this port — is a feature that is looked after by the producers of coal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Virginias most earnestly. Competition for this trade brings the prices down to a figure that is much 26 MINERAL RESOURCES. less than it should he to pay a fair recompense to the miner, the carrier, and the producer. The principal lines and their yearly tonnage are given below : Annual tonnage of coal used by steamship companies out of New York. Companies. Tons. Companies. Tons. Anchor Line . 50, 000 C. H. Mallory & Co . 80, 000 Atlas Line . 30’ 000 20, 000 30, 000 North German Lloyd Co . 120; 000 30, 000 40, 000 25, 000 Cromwell Line . Phelps Bros. & Co . Clyde Steamship Co . Red Star Line . Cunard Steamship Co . 100, 000 70, 000 40, 000 National Line . French Line . Morgan Line . 60; 000 75, 000 20, 000 Funch, Eyde A Co . White Star Line . looj 000 American Line . . 75j 000 25, 000 Standard Oil Co . 30 i 000 Guion Line . United States and Brazil Mail New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Co . 40, 000 20, 000 Line . Tramp steamers . 20, 000 200, 000 170, 000 Pacific Mail Steamship Co . Lines taking 20,000 tons . The retail exchange had a hard time of it last year: prices were very uneven at retail, and much coal was sold at $4.50 per ton delivered. It is stated that the amount of wood consumed annually in New York City is 40,000 cords, nearly all of which is sold by coal dealers .. ho purchase their supplies from half a dozen wholesale dealers iu wood. The price to dealers is something over $10 per cord, taking the average the year round. BOSTON, MASS. Mr. Elwyn G. Preston, secretary of the chamber of commerce of Boston, has prepared the following review of the coal trade of that city: The receipts of coal at Boston for the past twelve years have been as follows : Receipts of coal at Boston for twelve years. Years. Domestic. Foreign. Total. By water. All rail, a Anthracite. Bituminous. 1883 . Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. 2, 273, 068 2, 225, 740 2, 221, 220 2, 500, 000 2, 400, 000 3,071, 555 2, 567, 852 2, 719, 493 3, 115, 373 3, 085, 215 3, 394, 567 3, 309, 382 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 44, 464 13, 966 10, 081 5, 538 14, 072 5, 842 1,416 17, 097 41, 779 1887 . 1888 . 2, 057, 279 1, 647, 348 1, 740, 564 2, 039, 443 2, 163, 984 2, 227, 086 2, 237, 599 1, 004, 195 914, 966 964, 857 1, 070, 088 919, 815 1, 100, 384 958, 701 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 50, 000 71, 303 1894 . a Largely bituminous. The figures given above include coal forwarded to interior Massachu¬ setts and New Hampshire points, and for which Boston is merely the discharging port. Coal so forwarded during the year 1894 amounted to 992,039 tons, which would make the local consumption last year COAL. 27 2,316,743 tons. This is a decrease of 131,683 tons compared with the year immediately preceding, caused by the extraordinary industrial depression that prevailed during a great part of the year. The coal trade of the city of Boston during 1894 has been subject to much the same conditions that have prevailed at other large centers. Notwith¬ standing the fact that the price of all grades has been uniformly low, there has at no time been any activity displayed. The coal miners’ strike during May and June caused a sharp tempo¬ rary advance in the price of bituminous coal in anticipation of shortage of supplies, but the stocks on hand were sufficiently large to obviate any serious inconvenience to manufacturing plants until the mines were again open and coal began to move freely. In a few cases resort was had to buckwheat and pea sizes of anthracite, which for a time stimulated the market for those grades. The opening months of the year were remarkably dull, with the demand at the lowest possible point. Stove coal was quoted $3.75 free on board, New York, at which price it remained during the first half of the year. During July and August advances were made to $4 and $4.15, dropping again to $3.75 in September and $3.55 and $3.65 in October, the year closing at $3.75. Georges Creek Cumber¬ land ranged from $3.40 to $3.60 on board cars at Boston until the effects of the strike began to be felt, when advances were made, sales being reported at as high as $5.50 and $6 per ton. In July prices again fell off to $3.50 and $3.60, dropping during September and October to $3.20, the year closing at $3.55. Carriers have been plenty, and although at times high rates were realized, the year has been on the whole unsatisfactory to vessel owners. The range of rates has been as follows : Coal freight to Boston, Mass. From Philadelphia Baltimore . . . Norfolk . New York... Per ton. $ 0. 50 to $1. 05 .40 to 1.10 .70 to 1.00 . 40 to . 75 The highest prices were reached in November and December; the lowest during the summer months, the extremely low rate from Balti¬ more being quoted in April. 28 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following table shows the receipts of coal by months for the past year: Monthly receipts of coal at Boston during 1894. Domestic. By water. All rail. Foreign. Total. Anthracite. Bitumi¬ nous. Anthracite and bituminous. J annarv . 122, 371 54, 925 3,891 114 181, 301 February . 93, 448 26, 618 2, 308 548 122, 922 March . 128, 095 67, 226 1,824 88 197, 233 164, 968 73, 225 3.867 242, 060 M ay . 253, 217 58, 223 6,619 1,508 319, 567 June . 257, 917 49, 309 6, 650 8, 455 322, 331 July . 245, 362 101, 376 6, 360 11, 383 364, 481 August . 187, 175 117, 864 8,939 4,517 318, 495 September . 165, 452 116, 624 5, 554 2, 849 290, 479 October . 175, 995 96, 552 6, 263 1,740 280, 550 November . 211, 661 108, 774 7, 554 7, 882 335, 871 December . 231, 938 87, 985 11, 474 2, 695 334, 092 Total . 2, 237, 599 958, 701 71, 303 41, 779 3, 309, 382 PHILADELPHIA, PA. The following interesting contribution in regard to the coal trade of Philadelphia has been prepared by Mr. John S. Arndt, financial editor of the Inquirer : The developments in the anthracite coal trade in Philadelphia in the year 1894 were perhaps more striking than in any recent year. The mercantile- operations of buying and selling presented few changes of importance, but the methods of handling and the substitution of one size or character of fuel for another were altered in such a way as to involve economic considerations of the first order. The processes are revolutionary in their nature, and bid fair to continue for some years to come, but the progress made in 1894 was most marked. The most important of these, from the consumer’s standpoint, was the great decrease in the number of small retail yards and the concentration of the distributing business in a smaller number of yards of greatly enlarged capacity. In some instances dealers have retired from busi¬ ness, being unable to meet the competition of others with greater cap¬ ital, and in other cases additional real estate has been purchased and the plant thereby enlarged, but in either event the result has been the same. The dealer who sold from 1,500 to 3,000 tons a year has realized more forcibly than ever that in addition to paying 10 or 15 cents a ton more for his coal than his strong competitor paid, his charge for yard expenses and personal profit was so much greater that the contest was a most unequal one. The margin between cost and selling price was narrower than ever before, while the aggregate volume of business has not increased sufficiently to compensate for this loss. COAL. 29 There has been a great change, too, in the use of fuel. Five years ago 90 jier cent of the pea coal brought into the city was delivered to manufacturers; in 1894 considerably over one-half was delivered to re¬ tailers. It comes free from slate aud dirt, and uniform as to size, and has been successfully introduced as a domestic range fuel. It sells at retail at $3.50 per ton delivered, as against $5.25 and $5.50 for chestnut or stove, and yields as much profit to the dealer as the so-called prepared sizes. Its use was enormously extended in 1894, and so great was the demand for itthat many manufacturers fell back upon buckwheat, which they found could be used to great advantage either separately or when mixed with bituminous. The consumption of this size has grown so steadily that the producing companies were able to advance the price slightly, although the market for anthracite was unsettled and weak during the greater part of the year. The average cost per ton of buckwheat delivered on trucks here was a little over $2, and the demand at times was limited only by the capacity of the companies to produce this size. In the same way, rice and culm, which can be had for $1.50 to $1.60 delivered, have come into favor, and the produc¬ ing companies are encouraging its use, as so much bituminous is dis¬ placed thereby. Of the total production of the Philadelphia and Read¬ ing Coal and Iron Company in 1894, 34^ per cent was pea, buckwheat, and smaller coals, and nowhere did these coals meet with greater favor than in Philadelphia. The quantity of anthracite delivered in Philadelphia in 1894 for local consumption was 3,540,000 tons; in 1893 the quantity was 3,570,000 tons. The market was a dragging one all through the year, and was particularly heavy in the closing months. The maximum prices were reached in June, and in December concessions of 15 and 20 cents were freely granted. The circular prices of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company for 1894 and 1893, were as follows, it being understood that a commission of 10 cents was allowed to agents : Prices for anthracite coal at Philadelphia in 1893 and 1894. Kinds of coal. 1894. 1893. Janu¬ ary. April. June. Janu¬ ary. April. July. Lump and steamboat . Broken . Egg . Stove . Chestnut . Pea . Buckwheat . $2.50 2. 25 2.50 2.80 2.70 1. 35 .75 $2.50 2.15 2.25 2. 50 2. 40 1.40 .85 $2. 50 2. 20 2.30 2. 55 2. 40 1.40 .85 $2. 35 2. 40 2. 85 2. 95 2. 75 1.25 .75 $2.20 2.25 2.45 2. 60 2. 50 1.25 .75 $2. 25 2.25 2. 50 2.80 2. 70 1.25 .75 No change in the circular was made after July in either year. As prices declined the reduced price was accepted without comment. These prices were for coal at the mines. The consignee paid the freight rates in addition, which ruled unchanged throughout the year. They 30 MINERAL RESOURCES. varied according to the region from which the coal came, and were as follows : Freight rates from anthracite coal regions to Philadelphia, Pa. Regions. Prepared sizes. Pea. Buck¬ wheat. Schuylkill . $1. 70 1.75 1. 80 $1. 40 1.45 1.50 $1. 25 1.30 1.35 Lehigh . Wyoming . The coal companies controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad Com¬ pany sold their coal at a delivered price according to their custom. The shipments of anthracite coal to consuming centers outside the capes of the Delaware were rather less in 1894 than in 1893. To ports in foreign countries 20,635 tons were shipped as against 26,229 tons in 1893. But the coastwise commerce also fell off to about 1,230,000 tons, as against 1,245,000 tons in 1893. The decrease would have been much greater had it not been for the long strike of bituminous coal miners, which enabled shippers to procure an abundant supply of vessels at the season when the trade was most active, and thus diverted business to this region which, under other circumstances, would probably have gone to New York. The selling price of anthracite in the tide- water market for Philadelphia shipment is always 25 cents below the New York price, the differential being supposed to compensate for the higher water freights that have to be paid here. But during most of June and July vessel freights to Boston ruled as low as 50 cents, because of the bituminous strike, and this induced large shipments. When the strike was over, the freight rates ran up to 80 cents, which was the ruling rate during nearly all of 1893, except for a brief period in the summer, when charters were made as low as 55 and 60. In spite of the interruption to the bituminous trade through the strike, the business of the city and port in this fuel did not fall off materially for the year. The strike had been anticipated and large shipments had been made prior to April 21, and the movement after the conclusion of the strike in August was very heavy. The exports of bituminous to foreign countries was 362,468 tons, as against 296,625 tons in 1893. The coastwise trade also showed an increase, the ship¬ ments to points outside the capes of the Delaware being about 1,735,000 tons, as against about 1,715,000 tons in the year 1893. Prices were in the main satisfactory to the shipper at least, although the railroads realized less from transportation, as rates were reduced. The local consumption of bituminous coal was less than in 1893, the competition of the more cleanly small sizes of anthracite being severely felt. Early in the year the Baldwin Locomotive Works, whose plant is in the center of the city, changed from bituminous to anthracite for steam fuel, and the use of bituminous was relegated almost exclusively to manufactories in the suburbs, where the smoke does not occasion COAL. 31 complaint. The consumption of bituminous steam and gas coal in the city is given at about 845,000 tons, as against 910,000 tons in 1893; but this includes the gas coal consumed in the city gas works, about 250,000 tons, and a very considerable amount of gas coal used in iron and steel mills and other establishments where for certain reasons this fuel is desirable. The use of bituminous coal for steam purposes only is not only small but is certainly not increasing at the present time. The local price of bituminous ranged from $2.60 to $2.70 in 1894, a reduc¬ tion of 10 or 15 cents from 1893, owing to lower freight rates. About 200,000 tons of bituminous coal was delivered in 1894 for the use of steamships and steamboats. This bunker fuel is not included in the statistics given above. About the same quantity was delivered in 1893. Through the courtesy of Mr. Joseph S. Harris, president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company; Mr. W. H. Joyce, general freight agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and Mr. C. E. Ways, general freight agent of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, approximate figures of the coal business of these railroads in Philadelphia have been provided, covering the years 1894 and 1893. The approximation is very close and the figures may be accepted as practically exact. The statement of bunker coal furnished steam¬ ships and steamboats is a close estimate. The coal business of Phila¬ delphia for the years 1894 and 1893 may therefore be tabulated as below : Coal receipts at Philadelphia. Railroads. 1894. 1893. Anthracite. Bituminous. Anthracite. Bituminous. Baltimore and Ohio . Pennsylvania . Philadelphia and Reading . Long tons. 20, 635 1. 230, 000 3, 540, 000 Long tons. 362, 468 1, 735, 000 845, 000 200, 000 Long tons. 26, 229 1, 245, 000 3, 570, 000 Long tons. 296, 625 1,715, 000 910,000 200, 000 Total . 4, 790, 635 3, 142, 468 4,841,229 3, 121, 625 BUFFALO, N. Y. The following review of the coal trade at Buffalo is extracted from the annual report of Mr. William Thurstone, secretary of the Buffalo Merchants’ Exchange: Special features of the anthracite trade for the year 1894 were the low range of prices and comparatively large shipments from Buffalo via lake. Prices ranged from 50 cents to $1 per ton less than during same periods in 1893. This loss fall¬ ing wholly upon the producing companies and the railroad companies carrying the product, the result has been very disastrous, the dividend-paying corporations barely earning their dividends. Apparently earnest efforts were made by the mana¬ gers of the companies to bring about an advance in prices, but their efforts proved failures, either because ill-advised or because the financial conditions of the country made an advance in prices impossible. The falling off in tonnage shipped by lake 32 MINERAL RESOURCES. was in the vicinity of 200,000 tons, and this decrease is remarkably small, in view of the large stocks carried over from last season at western receiving ports and the slowness of the trade and consumers to purchase their supplies. Consumers are still practicing economy in the matter of fuel, as well as in other lines, which kept the supplies above the normal point during the spring of- 1895. It may be interest¬ ing to note the percentages of lake coal brought from the mines to Buffalo by the various railroad lines in 1894. They were approximately as follows : Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, 35 per cent; Erie, 23 per cent; New York Central, 18 per cent; Lehigh Valley, 15 per cent; Wsetern New York and Pennsylvania, 9 per cent. The last-named line has recovered the tonnage it lost during the period of the Reading ascendancy and absorption of Coxe Bros, tonnage by the great com¬ bination. While there are no data at hand for comparison of all-rail tonnage in 1894 with that of 1893, it can be safely stated that the falling off for 1894, as com¬ pared with 1893, has been very serious. The local tonnage has also decreased very considerably in consequence of the hard times and the introduction of gas on the East Side from the West Seneca field. There has been no material extension of the natural gas lines on the West Side, and to some extent there has been less natural gas used in furnaces, because of the Tmcertainty of supply in freezing weather. It is believed that as the pressure at the wells decreases and the obtaining of the supply of natural gas becomes more difficult there will be a material increase in the consumption of anthracite coal for heating purposes all over the city. The consumers have been favored in the way of low retail prices, but this does not seem to have stimulated buying to any noticeable extent. Neither the trestle men nor the retailers can boast of any large profits in the business, but are, like other tradesmen, living in hope of better times. In the bituminous trade the year opened with prices ranging very low and the demand fair, but not up to the market of January, 1893. The trade received con¬ siderable stimulus later in March, and until the 18th of April prices rapidly advanced and the demand was very heavy, occasioned by the anticipation of the great coal strike in the bituminous regions of the United States, which commenced April 21. Great effort Avas made on the part of all producers to supply their customers with enough coal to carry them through a strike which, it Avas thought, would not last longer than thirty days. Much to the surprise of everybody, the strike lasted for two months, with the results that at the end of thirty days the markets all over the country were bare of bituminous coal, and the industries of this section, and also the steamers plying the Great Lakes, resorted to the use of anthracite coal. This entailed considerable expense to the consumers. The strike was finally settled, and the mines resumed work June 18, Avhen for about one month the prices received for coal were good and the demand liea\Ty. Since that time the price has been declining, until now, December 31, 1894, finds the market in about the same condition as it was January 1, 1894, and this with the additional cost paid for mining the coal. Another feature of the year Avas the awarding of the Grand Trunk contract in February, 1894. The greater part of this contract was awarded to some of the Pittsburg operators at an extremely low price. This was the first time that the Pittsburg district had captured so large an amount of this contract, and the prices were so low that it Avas a surprise to the other regions that had been in the habit of furnishing the greater part of this contract. With the awarding of the Grand Trunk contract Pittsburg coal commenced to move very freely in this direc¬ tion, and it is understood from good authorities that Pittsburg coal for the year 1894 has claimed at least 30 per cent of the bituminous coal tonnage of western New York and Canada. Buffalo, as a coke market, has taken a great stride forward during 1894, mainly owing to the large consumption of the Buffalo Furnace Company, and an appreciable increase in the use of coke as a fuel, in the effort to reduce the smoke from the con¬ sumption of bituminous coal. No accurate figures are obtainable as to the tonnage COAL. 33 of coke arriving in Buffalo, but a conservative estimate would be not far from 1,000 tous per working day. The sources of this supply are as follows : The Connellsville region in Fayette and Westmoreland counties, the Walston in Jefferson County, the Reynoldsville in Jefferson County, the Standard Works in Elk County, and the Tyler and Helvetia Works in- Clearfield County, all in Pennsylvania. Many of these plants make coke for domestic use, but the consumption is very small as compared with the use of anthracite coal ; and, though this fuel has merit, it does not seem to meet the popular fancy. The following were the circular wholesale prices of anthracite coal, per 2,240 pounds, during 1894: Anthracite wholesale circular prices at Buffalo in 1894. Dates. Free on board vessels at Buffalo. On cars at Buffalo or Suspension Bridge. ' Grate. Egg. Stove. Chest¬ nut. Grate. Egg. Stove. Chest¬ nut. January 1 . April 2 . June 1 to close of year. . $5. 20 4.45 4. 70 $5.45 4. 70 4.95 $5. 45 4.70 4.95 $5. 45 4. 70 4.95 $4.90 4.15 4. 40 $5. 15 4.40 4.65 $5.15 4.40 4. 65 $5. 15 4. 40 4.65 The retail prices of anthracite per 2,000 pounds, screened, delivered in the city limits during 1894, were as follows : Anthracite retail prices at Buffalo in 1894. Dates. Grate. Egg. Stove. Nut. Pea. Bloss- burg. January 1 . April 2 . April 5 . June 1 . November 1 to close of year. . $5. 50 4.55 4. 75 5. 00 5. 00 $5. 75 4. 80 5.00 5.25 5.25 $5. 75 4. 80 5.00 5. 25 5.25 $5. 75 4. 80 5. 04 5. 25 5. 25 $4.00 3. 75 3.75 3. 75 4. 00 $4.00 4.00 4. 00 4.00 4.00 The range of prices during 1894 for bituminous, delivered to manufacturers, gas works, propeller lines, tugs, etc., was from $1.40 to $2.50 per short ton, in car lots, on track, according to description; the price at retail, for choice for family use, was from $4.50 to $6 per short ton delivered. The shipping docks and coal pockets at this port are: Shipping docks and coal pockets at Buffalo. Names. Average shipping capacity daily. Average capacity of pockets. Western New York and Pennsylvania R. R . Delaware and Hudson Canal Co . . Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R . Lehigh docks Nos. 1 and 2 . Erie docks (New York, Lake Erie and Western R. R.) . Pennsylvania Coal Co . Tons. 2, 500 3, 500 3, 000 6, 000 2, 500 3,000 7,000 Tons. 3, 000 5, 000 4, 000 12, 000 3,000 3, 300 6, 500 Reading docks . Total . 27, 500 36, 800 16 GEOL, PT 4 ■3 34 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following tables exhibit the receipts and shipments of anthra¬ cite, bituminous, and Blossburg (smithing) coal at Buffalo for a series of years : Coal receipts at Buffalo for several years. Tears. Anthracite. Bituminous Blossburg. Total. 1842 . Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1, 800 57, 560 239, 873 790, 876 3, 021, 791 4, 124, 734 5, 298, 420 6, 464, 338 6, 559, 397 6, 725, 500 7, 275, 000 7, 457, 201 7, 692, 160 6, 577, 600 1852 . 1862 . 1872 . 1882 . 1886 . 2, 673, 778 3, 497, 203 4, 549, 015 4, 338, 570 4, 500, 000 4, 800, 000 4, 804, 760 4, 770, 546 4, 272, 130 1, 420, 956 1, 776, 217 1, 892, 823 2, 198, 327 2, 200, 000 2, 450, 000 2, 627, 441 2, 896, 614 2, 280, 470 30, 000 25, 000 22, 500 22, 500 25, 500 25, 500 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Lake shipments of anthracite coal from Buffalo. Years. Tons. 1883 . 1, 467, 778 1, 431, 081 1, 428, 086 1,531,210 1, 894, 060 2, 514, 906 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . Tears. ♦ Tons. 1889 . . 2, 151, 670 2, 157, 810 2, 365, 895 2, 822, 230 2,681, 173 2, 475, 255 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Lake shipments of bituminous and Blossburg coal from Buffalo. Tears. Bituminous. Blossburg. 1887 . . Tons. 8, 706 7,452 11,673 25, 872 34, 066 54, 216 15, 000 2, 500 Tons. 10, 000 5, 000 5, 000 5,000 5, 000 5, 000 7,500 7, 500 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Shipments of bituminous coal by canal. Years. Short tons. 1890 . 25, 872 34, 060 29, 216 19, 336 8, 840 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Outside the city limits at Cheektowaga is the stocking coal trestle of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, with a capacity of over 100,000 tons storage. In the same place the Lehigh has its trestles and stocking plant of 175,000 tons storage capacity, with a shipping capacity of 3,000 tons daily; and has a transfer trestle for loading box COAL. 35 cars with a capacity of 100 cars daily, and at the same point the Erie has a stocking plant with an average daily capacity of 1,000 tons, and storage capacity of 100,000 tons. The Reading has at the foot of Georgia street, in the city, a large trestle and pocket for the conven¬ ience of the retail trade and for use in connection with their docks, with a capacity of 2,000 tons. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg has terminals on Ganson and Michigan streets fronting on Blackwell Canal, with a water frontage of 1,100 feet; also a town delivery yard, with a hoisting plant for loading and coaling vessels, used by Messrs. Coxe Bros. & Co. The distribution of exports of coal by lake from this port since 1886, as reported by the custom-house, was as follows: Clearances of coal at Buffalo since 1886. Desi iriations. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Chicago . Milwaukee . Duluth . Superior . Toledo . . . Tons. 642, 135 376, 615 157, 420 65, 000 55, 290 Tons. 784, 462 376, 876 165, 798 96, 746 84, 563 Tons. 1, 023, 649 549, 831 282, 106 120, 000 83, 850 39, 575 29, 695 35, 330 26, 345 179. 525 Tons. 988, 750 497, 895 160, 430 112, 450 52, 725 36, 520 33,410 31, 890 25, 050 142, 216 Tons. 952, 280 451,550 199, 230 127, 300 96, 230 30, 215 29, 130 40, 065 22, 380 131, 390 Racine . Detroit . Green Bay . Other places . Total . 25, 263 31, 090 23, 870 156, 439 16, 565 40, 203 29, 446 140, 020 1, 531, 212 1, 734, 479 2, 369, 906 2, 081, 336 2, 079, 770 Destinations. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Chicago . Milwaukee . Duluth . Superior . Toledo . Gladstone . Racine . Detroit . Green Bay . Other places . Total . Tons. 957, 805 508, 140 257, 625 162, 075 64, 620 35, 170 30, 510 24, 560 29, 015 295, 375 Tons. 1, 179, 635 715, 975 318, 580 200, 680 102, 585 52, 500 34, 020 22, 500 35, 300 190, 555 Tons. 1, 180, 245 555, 995 278, 515 197, 063 101 , 970 55, 400 41,715 15, 075 57, 800 239, 895 Tons. 1,119,187 551, 264 242, 664 198, 284 98, 530 45, 900 30, 775 9, 491 20, 335 168, 825 2,365,895 , 2,852,330 2, 703, 673 2, 485, 255 CLEVELAND, OHIO. Mr. Charles E. Wheeler, superintendent of the department of trans¬ portation, Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, has contributed the fol¬ lowing in regard to the coal trade of that city : So far as the general situation is concerned, there is little to be said. The coal interests of Cleveland have not escaped the general depression and stagnation which has been widespread throughout the country; and added to this they have had to contend with labor troubles which, during a great part of the year, and in the Massillon district practically a whole year, have paralyzed their trade. Prices have been low, and neither operators nor railroads have received satisfactory returns. 36 MINERAL RESOURCES. Notwithstanding this the output has been large, taking into considera¬ tion the embarrassed condition of business. At the opening of 1895 there is little promise of improved condition of things. The figures of 1893 and 1894, as compiled by this organization, have not included coal in transit, as many other cities do in these reports. Within the Cuyahoga district all coal coming to Lorain, Cleveland, Ashtabula, etc., for reconsignmeut by rail to other places, does not show as coal received or forwarded except where actually rehandled, as in case of lake coal. The effect of this is a decrease in the showing of the district, while some of the other lake ports credit the coal to them¬ selves. Some steps should be taken to secure uniformity in reporting these items, so that comparisons may be made. For instance, a very large part of the coal which Toledo shows received by the Wheeling and Lake Erie goes to Detroit, Toledo’s only interest in the transaction being a switching service from the Wheeling and Lake Erie to the Michigan Central or Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, while of course Detroit would show the coal received at that point, and thus both towns would receive a credit. Considerable of the coal from the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling is also Detroit coal, and were this district to adopt the same policy it would be credited first to Cleve¬ land, second to Toledo, and third to Detroit. It is this unsatisfactory condition of things that led the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce to introduce at the last meeting of the National Board of Trade the resolution calling for the appointment of a committee to take up with various commercial organizations the question of uni¬ form reports. Coal and coke receipts and shij)ments at Cleveland since 1887. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Receipts : Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Bituminous.. 1, 454, 744 1, 737, 781 1, 600, 000 1, 506, 208 2, 838, 586 3, 651, 080 3, 603, 984 2, 715, 540 Anthracite .. 176, 769 181, 551 160, 000 205, 856 201, 927 259, 150 262, 266 207, 604 Coke . 114, 924 124, 827 150, 000 194, 527 189, 640 351, 527 235, 248 298, 061 Total . 1, 746, 437 2, 044, 159 1, 910, 000 1, 960, 591 3, 230, 153 4, 261, 757 4, 101, 498 3, 221, 205 Shipments : Anthracite by rail . 20, 296 29, 735 25, 000 29, 056 34, 910 50, 742 49, 497 44, 177 Bituminous ] by rail.-..l Bituminous ( 703, 506 1, 000, 000 1, 100, 000 1, 200, 000 1, 525, 000 1, 728, 831< 24, 128 30, 000 by lake.. .J l 1, 257, 326 1, 106, 000 Total . 723, 802 1, 029, 735 1, 125, 000 1, 229, 056 1, 559, 910 1, 779, 593 1, 330, 951 1, 180, 177 COAL. 37 The Cuyahoga customs district includes the ports of Cleveland, Ash¬ tabula, Fairport, and Lorain. The following table shows the clear¬ ances from this district for the past seven years : ' Clearances of coal from the Cuyahoga, Ohio, district for six years. Y ears. Tons. Years. Tons. 1887 . 1, 433, 035 1, 855, 260 2, 020, 996 2, 328, 663 1891 . 2, 635, 461 2, 957, 988 3, 052, 342 2, 239, 829 1888 . 1892 . 1889 . 1893 . 1890 . . 1894 . As previously explained, the figures for 1893 and 1894 include only the coal actually rehandled. The following table shows the wholesale prices ruling at Cleveland during 1894 : Wholesale prices of coal at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1894. Kinds. Prices per ton. Bituminous : $2. 20 2.55 1.80 1.60 4. 75 1.65 1.55 1.65 Pittsburg . Saline ville . Goshen . Sherods ville . Osnaburg . Kinds. Prices per ton. Bituminous : Coshocton . $1. 85 1. 80 Hocking . Anthracite : Grate . 4. 24 Ears: . 4. 46 Stove . 4. 46 Chestnut . 4. 46 TOLEDO, OHIO. The following statement in regard to the coal trade of Toledo is taken from the annual report of Mr. Denison B. Smith, secretary of the Toledo Produce Exchange: The commerce in coal here and elsewhere has not regained the strength and activ¬ ity which characterized it before the general depression of business and manufac¬ turing of a year or more. The adversities of the times have affected both price and consumption. Of course when the machinery of the country is once more actively employed the movement will increase. Our receipts this year are more than in 1892 and less than in 1893, hut cheaper cost of mining, cheaper rail freight, cheaper methods of transfer at the lake ports, and, last of all, cheaper lake freight by the great ships that now transport this coal, have all been supplied by the spirit, enter¬ prise, and capital of our citizens, and will extend the demand to wider fields. Our harbor and the straight channel through our hay, admitting the largest vessels that float on the lakes, and’the increase in dock and transfer facilities, justify the expecta¬ tion of renewed and increased traffic here. 38 MINERAL RESOURCES. Attention is directed to the table below, giving a summary of receipts for nine years. Coal receipts at Toledo since 1886. 1886. Wabash It. R . Lake .Shore and Michigan Southern Rwy - Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton R. R . Pennsylvania Co . Michigan Central R. R . Columbus, Hocking Talley and Toledo Rwy.. Toledo, Ann Arbor and North Michigan Rwy. Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City R. R . Toledo and Ohio Central Rwy . Lake . Wheeling and Lake Erie Rwy . Toledo, Columbus and Cincinnati Rwy . Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw R. R . Total . Tons. 12, 598 165, 382 8, 198 201, 427 9, 594 1, 039, 200 1,910 3, 828 404, 684 87, 120 391, 086 15, 832 2, 340, 859 1887. Tons. 9, 637 206, 099 11, 741 330, 020 13, 864 955, 620 552 590, 000 117, 921 454, 813 5, 446 2, 695, 810 1888. Tons. 10, 375 201, 064 37, 831 339, 750 16, 504 1, 358, 025 24, 700 1, 359 637, 000 140, 963 755, 155 2,014 45 3, 423, 780 1889. Tons. 8, 586 35, 693 51, 746 234, 675 19, 935 923, 745 96 3, 287 706, 950 90, 282 763, 055 2, 210 54 2, 838, 314 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Tons. 3,620 20, 592 25, 753 214, 765 3, 152 931, 716 8,420 820, 049 133, 813 853, 940 Tons. 600 8, 872 35, 356 172, 325 524 604, 039 6, 891 300, 429 83, 800 1, 007, 042 35, 064 Tons. 500 43, 252 82, 053 92, 894 420 394, 895 5, 041 450, 000 112, 199 1, 080, 000 30, 000 101 Tons. Tons. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rwy - Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton R. R . PeniiSATlvania Co . Michigan Central R. R . 31,110 100, 000 241, 395 22, 126 72, 000 78, 792 Columbus, Hocking Talley and Toledo Rwy.. Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City R. R . Toledo and Ohio Central Rwy . 854, 740 984, 000 134, 750 1, 100, 000 540, 000 767, 670 116, 000 914, 220 AVheeling and Lake Erie Rwy . Toledo, Columbus and Cincinnati Rwv . Cincinnati, J ackson and Mackinaw R. R . 65 Total . 3, 021, 886 2,754,943 2,291,355 3, 445, 995 2, 510, 808 CHICAGO, ILL. The following interesting review of the coal trade at Chicago is taken from the Black Diamond, published in that city : The tabulation below, giving the receipts of all kinds of coal and coke at Chicago as collected by the Chicago Bureau of Coal Statistics, is an interesting and signifi¬ cant compilation. The method of obtaining these data permits of no inaccuracy, so that the statistics in question are vouched for beyond dispute, being verified by the interests involved. It appears that the trade for 1894 shows an enormous though not an astonishing falling oft’ as compared with that of 1893. This, with one excep¬ tion, is pretty general in connection with all kinds of coal, both hard and soft. There have been, it is true, a variety of peculiar influences at work during 1894. There was financial depression, there was a money panic, there Avere great coal strikes, there Avere great railroad strikes, there was for a time excessWe production, and there was a remarkable decline in prices. Thus we find that the receipts of anthracite coal by lake in 1894 were 1,277,191 tons as compared with 1,424,853 tons in 1893, a decrease in receipts by lake of 147,662 tons from 1893 and a decrease of about 130,000 from the receipts of 1892, showing that the activity in dock coal is considerably less than it has been for some time previous. In the receipts of anthracite by rail Ave find a total for 1894 of 528,000 tons against 668,000 tons for 1893 and 649,000 tons for 1892, a decrease in this particu¬ lar of 140,000 tons upon either of the tAvo preceding years. Thus the total falling oft- in the receipts of hard coal was about 267,000 tons. Beside this is to be placed COAL. 39 the fact that the stock on hand is slightly in excess of that held last year, when the total in round numbers was 580,000 tons, and may be figured now at about 600,000 tons. To all intents and purposes this is practically the same amount that was held at the opening of last year. In view of the causes of depression above referred to, it can only be regarded as a satisfactory sign of the conditions of the trade that, despite the curtailment in receipts and the natural decrease in the amount which has gone into distribution, greater stock is not held in first hands. Given the proper conditions, there should not be too much hard coal to meet the demand that might be made upon it during the remainder of the season. We might say in this connec¬ tion, too, that the general anthracite production was 46,358,144 long tons as against 48,185,306 long tons for last year, showing a decrease of 1,827,162 tons. It will thus be seen that the great loss in consumption has not been at the Western dis¬ tributing points in anything like the ratio as represented from Eastern sources, especially in view of the fact that the receipts of hard coal at Milwaukee were 765,000 tons as against 754,000 tons last year, and that the amount of hard coal which went through the Sault footed up 533,000 tons. We also find that the shipments from Buffalo westward by lake were about 2,400,000 as compared with 2,600,000 tons in 1893, besides the shipments from Erie and Oswego. It will thus be seen that to all intents and purposes, so far as consumption is concerned, the Western anthracite trade has held its own. The soft-coal trade yields a showing altogether different. It has been in this line that the disparity in figures has made itself manifest. And here it must be remarked that the displacement of coal in what might appear to be a shifting and fluctuating manner is the natural outcome of the difficulties which have beset the trade in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. In the first place, the great operating factor which has caused such an alteration in the sum total for the producing regions of the States above mentioned was the great miners’ strike, which in many States for the time being absolutely paralyzed the soft-coal industry in the West. The West suffered, too, by the tie up of the railroad systems, which added a second disorganizing factor. During the period of these strikes some sections of the country were comparatively free from their baneful effects, notably West Virginia and Kentucky. The result of this has been that the product of these regions has vastly increased, and it may be safely said that seldom before has there been such activity in West Virginia as during 1894. Taking the Chicago market as a case in point and as an indication of the tonnage of West Virginia coals, it is discovered that the receipts in this connection were 296,000 tons as against 148,000 tons for 1893 and 126,000 tons for 1892. This is prac¬ tically an increase of about 100 per cent, and illustrates the changing character of the influences affecting the trade. The series of troubles in the Pittsburg and Youghio- gheny territory and that embraced in its contiguous neighborhood yields a return of 300,000 tons in round numbers as against 420,000 tons in 1893. Ohio coal has been sub¬ jected to one factor and another, especially as regards rates and conditions of compe¬ tition, and it is therefore not surprising that the figures in this connection should show considerable variation, the total for 1894 being 460,000 tons as against 680,000 tons for 1893. It is, however, in the States of Indiana and Illinois where the greatest decrease becomes apparent; yet, owing to the fact that the receipts of Indiana and Illinois coal for the month of December reach the same total as for the corresponding period of last year, it is evident that these fuels have recovered their standing and are now steadily maintaining their ordinary trade. The great difference in the sum total of the receipts for the year is to be attributed to the causes mentioned above and to the long period of idleness which afflicted the miners. The showing for Illi¬ nois is 1,500,000 tons for 1894 as against 1,945,000 tons for 1893, a decrease of nearly 450,000. Indiana makes almost the same showing so far as loss of tonnage is con¬ cerned. The sum total for 1894 is 1,165,000 tons as against 1,574,000 tons for 1893, a falling off of about 410,000 tons. Finally, it may be said that neither did coke escape, the great strike in the coke region being greatly responsible for the loss of something 40 MINERAL RESOURCES. like 350,000 tons in the Western trade from this point. Thus the total showing evinces the fact that Western coal has suffered a loss in tonnage of some 850,000 tons and that, taken as a whole, all coal and coke has experienced a loss in trade amount¬ ing to 1,800,000 tons, 1,000,000 tons of which may he said to be in the coniines of Chicago and the remaining 800,000 tons in shipments to contiguous territory. In the early part of 1895, however, shipments were in excess of those of 1894, which would indicate that the trade is rapidly recovering its former health and vigor. In conclu¬ sion, it is only rational to recognize the fact that the conditions which have been experienced in the West have been more operative in the East, in so far as that there has been a large decrease in consumption of all kinds and grades of coal, which has been more pronounced in this section than in others. The following table shows the receipts of coal at and shipments from Chicago during 1893 and 1894 as collected by the bureau of coal statistics: Coal receipts at Chicago. ANTHRACITE. Months. Anthracite by lake. Anthracite by rail. Total anthracite. 1894. 1894. 1893. 1894. 1893. 1894. 1893. Increase. Decrease. January . Tons. Tons. Tons. 51, 326 34, 893 26, 998 15, 206 53, 829 53, 512 15, 639 56, 152 39, 204 72, 215 58, 492 50, 885 Tons. 48, 915 38, 921 29, 873 26, 418 34, 816 40, 716 40, 929 38, 429 77, 389 99, 386 113, 446 79, 529 Tons. 51, 326 34, 893 26, 998 33, 655 171, 401 188, 309 195, 989 187, 560 173, 409 254, 399 282, 887 204, 716 Tons. 48, 915 38, 921 29, 873 72, 713 291, 938 223, 485 201, 933 125, 745 240, 310 274, 010 340, 398 205, 379 Tons. 2, 411 Tons. February . 4,028 2, 875 39, 058 120, 537 35, 176 5, 944 66, 901 19, 611 57, 511 663 March . April . May . June . July . August . September . October . N ovember . December . Total . 18, 449 117, 572 134, 797 180, 350 131, 408 134, 205 182, 184 224, 395 153, 831 46, 295 257, 122 182, 769 161, 004 87. 316 162, 921 174, 624 226, 952 125, 850 61, 815 1, 277, 191 1, 424, 853 528, 351 668, 767 1, 805, 542 2, 093, 620 288, 078 BITUMINOUS. Pennsylvania. 1894. Ohio. 1894. Months. 1894. Tons. 1893. Tons. Increase. Tons. Decrease. Tons. 1894. Tons. 1893. Tons. Increase. Tons. Decrease. Tons. January . . February . March . i . . April . May . June . July . August . . . September October... November December 38, 491 24, 833 26, 116 28, 436 14, 391 21,219 13, 346 47, 795 5, 644 27, 321 20, 102 28, 195 47. 193 31, 816 31,216 35, 312 24, 353 30, 389 38. 194 31, 214 31, 416 33, 451 38, 985 48, 284 16, 581 8, 702 6, 983 9, 100 6, 876 9, 962 9, 170 24, 848 25, 772 6, 130 18, 883 20, 089 67, 998 56, 476 43, 448 53, 249 22, 503 25, 772 11, 840 60, 987 17, 905 40, 583 37, 321 30, 586 84, 856 63,419 64, 296 55, 560 38, 777 67, 860 55, 617 42, 966 58, 226 59, 728 74, 935 89, 557 18, 021 16, 858 6, 943 20, 848 2,311 16, 274 42, 088 4,377 40, 321 19, 145 37, 614 58, 971 295, 889 421, 823 125, 934 468, 668 755, 797 287, 129 Total COAL 41 Coal receipts at Chicago — Continued. bituminous — continued. Months. West Virginia and Kentucky. 1894. 1893. Tons. Tons. January . . 20, 587 17, 091 February . 17, 369 14, 825 March . 12, 767 15, 541 April . 19, 885 17, 855 May . 46, 433 13, 483 June . 39, 225 20, 432 J uly . 4,787 18, 541 August . 19, 197 12, 437 September . 24, 524 19, 794 October . 30, 358 18,426 November . 34, 173 22, 407 December . 27, 349 25, 162 Total . 296, 654 215, 994 1894. Increase. Decrease. Tons. Tons. 3, 496 2, 544 2,774 2, 030 32, 950 18, 793 13, 754 6, 760 4,730 11, 932 11,766 2,187 80,660 . Illinois. 1894. • 1894. 1893. Increase. Decrease. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 164, 821 182, 012 17, 191 164, 334 170,925 6, 591 117, 949 160, 358 42, 409 140, 761 135, 142 5, 619 25, 320 115, 673 90, 353 25, 385 153, 171 127, 786 21,784 119, 563 97, 779 125, 170 132, 767 7,597 147, 164 183, 575 36,411 163, 896 180, 466 16, 570 216, 497 208, 291 8, 206 188, 099 203, 363 15, 264 1, 501, 280 1, 945, 306 444, 026 Months. January . .. February . . March . April . May . June . July . August.... September. October.... November . December. . Total . Indiana. 1894. Tons. 123, 229 120, 683 J10, 773 127, 898 930 70, 706 105, 757 78, 278 125, 368 149, 259 152, 371 1893. Tons. 141, 149 141, 500 156, 833 127, 744 99, 374 123, 699 122, 844 104, 329 140, 557 147, 374 134, 209 135, 363 1,165,252 1,574,975 1894. Increase. Decrease Tons. 154 1,428 15, 050 17, 008 Tons. 17, 920 20, 817 46, 060 98, 444 123, 699 52, 138 62, 279 22, 006 Coke. 1894. Tons. 79,013 64, 566 66, 389 60, 219 40, 693 41, 346 10, 102 15, 300 14, 061 29,712 17, 161 30, 365 409,723 : 459,927 1893. Tons. 79, 618 73, 518 68, 221 59, 328 51,417 52, 673 56, 913 42,813 74,186 72, 316 94, 307 82, 333 807, 643 1894. Increase. Decrease, Tons. 891 Tons. 9, 605 8, 952 1,832 10, 724 11, 327 46, 811 27, 513 60, 125 42, 604 77, 146 51, 968 347, 716 Shipments from Chicago. 1894. Increase. Decrease. Tons. Tons. 5, 527 12, 742 9, 530 6, 028 44, 735 5, 397 57, 314 24, 628 73, 757 35, 120 50, 894 40, 440 229, 310 1894. Increase. Decrease. Tons. Tons. 29, 089 24, 068 47, 495 26, 491 25, 018 28, 398 51, 966 46, 311 24, 938 7, 654 16, 945 25, 082 204, 217 Months. January ... February . . March . April . May . June . July . August September . October.. .. November . December.. Anthracite. 1894. Tons. 59, 718 42, 981 28, 494 15,511 69, 453 34, 853 37, 040 15, 780 54, 886 53, 355 40, 896 Total . I 452, 967 1893. Tons. 54, 191 30, 239 38, 024 21, 539 24, 718 29, 456 57, 314 61, 668 89, 537 90, 006 104, 249 81, 336 682, 277 Bituminous and coke. 1894. Tons. 41, 129 34, 576 23,817 34, 123 14, 209 11,911 6, 013 101,247 81, 578 85, 262 81, 300 1893. Tons. 70,218 58, 644 71, 312 60, 614 39, 227 40, 309 51, 966 52, 324 76, 309 73, 924 68, 317 56, 218 515,165 | 719,382 42 MINERAL RESOURCES. * The following table gives a correct statement of anthracite coal received at this market during the season of 1894, as obtained from custom-house reports and compared with the actual weights as shown on the books of the different consignees: Received by — Tons. Robert Law . 201,417 E. L. Hedstrom & Co . 186, 000 Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co. 162,526 Lehigh Valley Coal Co . 159, 897 O. S. Richardson & Co . 125, 265 Delaware and Hudson Canal Co _ 110, 076 Peabody Coal Co . 103, 701 Coxe Brothers & Co . 70, 000 Received by— Tons. W. L. Scott Co . 57, 055 48, 518 27, 036 12, 000 8,700 5, 000 1, 277, 191 Pennsylvania Coal Co . William Drieske . J. L. Snydacker & Co . Drieske & Hinners . Otto Sclieunemaim . Total . Summary of Chicago coal and coke trade for 1S93 and 1894. 1894. 1893. 1894. 1893. Stock of anthracite coal on hand Jan. 1 . Receipts of— Anthracite by lake. . . Anthracite by rail. . . Bituminous coal . Coke . ; . Shipments of— Anthracite to country Bituminous coal to country . Tons. 580, 430 1, 277, 191 528, 351 3, 732, 694 459, 927 452, 967 390, 077 Tons. 559, 583 1, 424, 853 668, 767 4, 913, 895 807, 643 682, 277 526, 222 Shipments of — Coke . Local consumption : Anthracite . Bituminous . Coke . Stock of anthracite coal on hand Dec. 31 . Tons. 125,088 1, 328, 350 3, 342, 617 334, 839 604, 655 Tons. 193, 160 1, 394, 496 4, 387, 673 614, 483 580, 430 MILWAUKEE, WIS. Mr. William J. Langson, secretary of the chamber of commerce, has kindly furnished the following statement of the receipts and shipments of coal at Milwaukee for a series of years : The volume of trade in 1894, as shown by the receipts, was nearly 90,000 tons greater than in 1893, and within 40,000 tons of that of 1892, which wTas the largest in the history of the city. The total receipts in 1894 were 1,337,046 tons, and the shipments westward by rail and lake 432,768 tons, making the domestic consumption, approximately, 900,000 tons. The growth of the coal trade of Milwaukee has been very rapid, though somewhat restricted during the last two or three years by a scarcity of railroad cars to supply the Western country reached by the roads extending from this point. This difficulty has been partially overcome, and in view of the constant improvement in railroad equip¬ ment shippers will doubtless be accorded more liberal facilities every year. The increase in the coal trade of Milwaukee in the past ten years has been over 100 per cent, notwithstanding the enormous quan¬ tities distributed from the head of Lake Superior throughout the far Northwest. The facilities for handling coal at Milwaukee are of the latest and most approved description. The dock room is ample and easily access- COAL 43 ible to vessels of the largest class, having in this respect a great ad¬ vantage over Chicago. Many vessels engaged in the grain trade of Chicago and ore trade of Escanaba bring return cargoes of coal to Milwaukee. The coal-carrying trade is looked upon as one of the most important factors in building up the commerce of Milwaukee. Receipts of coal at Milwaukee for ten years. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. By lake from — Buffalo . Erie . Oswego . Tons. 392, 003 50, 915 10, 043 126, 741 35, 360 5, 549 19, 452 19, 307 31, 875 19, 491 Tons 395, 971 41, 847 Tons. 464, 972 61, 222 1, 153 78, 259 38, 881 Tons. 631, 263 74, 610 1, 348 98, 631 23, 105 To?lS. 542, 167 47, 862 Cleveland . Ashtabula . Black River . 91, 997 11, 096 89, 071 48, 599 Lorain . Sandusky . ■ Toledo . Charlotte . 12, 417 57,412 69, 079 31, 744 11, 757 46, 606 14,115 2, 781 10, 517 13, 533 19, 733 38, 452 14, 292 30, 253 7, 700 8, 244 15, 367 51, 816 71,516 22, 526 5, 552 4,953 7, 726 588 Other ports . 2, 679 4,331 Total by lake . By railroad . Total receipts . 710, 736 65, 014 714, 242 45, 439 724, 594 118, 385 961, 164 161, 079 907, 743 72, 935 775, 750 759 681 812, 979 1, 122, 243 980, 678 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. By lake from — Buffalo . Erie . Oswego . Cleveland . Ashtabula . Black River . Tons. 510,598 46, 378 2, 408 135, 413 24, 671 Tons. 659, 388 55, 202 17, 022 143, 776 22, 726 Tons. 819, 570 65, 190 26, 177 132, 051 30, 549 Tons. 629, 243 78, 947 46, 065 189, 539 38, 317 Tons. 658, 978 97, 995 41, 891 105, 800 58, 179 15, 351 26, 193 59, 305 6, 120 11, 100 7, 026 9, 720 a 49, 375 3,983 10, 692 53, 644 10, 013 5, 775 5, 179 12, 307 a 6, 949 18, 406 5, 360 64, 548 763 16, 483 1,635 26, 342 1, 800 22, 552 7, 250 90, 357 Sandusky . Toledo . 19, 039 12, 229 55, 909 5, 359 18, 134 12, 173 19, 485 Eairport . Ogdensburg . Huron, Ohio . Other ports . Total by lake . By railroad . Total receipts . 122, 573 2, 065 3, 275 18, 395 903, 658 92, 999 1, 006, 656 149, 377 1, 210, 865 163, 549 1, 117, 448 132, 284 1, 229, 310 107, 736 996, 657 1, 156, 033 1, 374, 414 1, 249, 732 1, 337, 046 a Including cargoes from all ports not reported at the custom-house. Shipments of coal from Milwaukee for the past twelve years. Shipped by — 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul To71S. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. liwy . 146, 295 140, 630 179, 883 177, 286 166, 120 283, 269 Chicago and Northwestern Rwy . . . 41, 746 37, 314 56, 591 70, 420 79, 258 107, 193 Wisconsin Central R. R . 6,725 7,469 8, 943 11, 745 18, 953 12, 624 Milwaukee, Lake Shore and West¬ ern Rwy . 30, 575 11,757 12, 804 13, 072 13, 886 16, 146 Milwaukee and Northern R. R - 10, 075 7,556 10, 872 12,011 15, 627 34, 480 Lake . 355 335 184 269 1, 595 125 Total . 235, 771 205, 061 269, 277 284, 803 295, 439 453, 837 44 MINERAL RESOURCES. Shipments of coal from Milwaukee for the past twelve years — Continued. Shipped by — 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Rwy . Chicago and Northwestern Rwy. .. Wisconsin Central R. R . Milwaukee, Lake Shore and West- Tons. 258, 281 97, 207 11, 727 25, 413 20, 556 224 Tons. 378, 090 103, 279 15, 929 5,884 19, 386 50 Tons. 406, 455 114, 847 14, 449 7,998 26, 723 416 Tons. 252, 168 163, 063 14, 930 11, 041 27, 185 757 To?is. 321, 960 199, 457 10, 967 Tons. 246, 620 167, 753 12, 377 Milwaukee and Northern R. R . Lake . 609 6, 018 Total . 413, 408 522, 618 600, 888 469, 144 532, 993 432, 768 The Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Kailway became a part of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway system, radiating from Milwau¬ kee, and the Milwaukee and Northern Railroad was in like manner absorbed by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, and the traffic of both of these roads for 1893 and 1894 was merged in that of the larger corporations. Receipts of coal at Milwaukee In/ lake and rail annually for thirty-three years, from 1862 to 1894, inclusive. Tears. Tons. Tears. Tons. 1862 . 21, 860 43, 215 44, 503 36, 369 66, 616 74, 568 92, 992 87, 690 122, 865 175, 526 210, 194 229, 784 177. 655 228, 674 188, 444 264, 784 239, 667 1879 . 350, 840 363, 568 550, 027 593, 842 612, 584 704, 166 775, 750 759, 681 842, 979 1, 122, 243 980, 678 996, 657 1, 156, 033 1, 374, 414 1, 249, 732 1, 337, 046 1863 . 1880 . 1864 . 1881 . 1865 . 1882 . 1866 . 1883 . 1867 . 1884 . J868 . 1885 . 1869 . 1886 . 1870 . : . . 1887 . 1871 . 1888 . 1872 . 1889 . 1873 . 1890 . 1874 . 1891 . 1875 . 1892 . 1876 . 1893 . 1877 . 1894 . 1878 . DULUTH, MINN. Mr. Frank E. Wyman, secretary of the Duluth board of trade, has furnished the following interesting review of the coal trade of that city. Receipts of coal at this end of Lake Superior during 1894 show a small increase over the receipts for the year preceding, the difference being about 150,000 tons. The steady increase in the volume of the coal traffic in the Northwest is one of the best indications of the healthy growth and development of this portion of the United States. Reeords at hand showing the receipts at, and distribution of coal from, the head of Lake Superior date back sixteen years. In 1878 there were received at Duluth 31,000 tons of coal. During 1894 the receipts at Duluth and Superior, about the same quantity being received at either place, were 2,350,000 tons, an increase of seventy-six fold within a period of sixteen years. The building of factories, mills, and various industrial enter¬ prises, as well as the increase in population and the development of the lake marine and railroads of the Northwest, must have naturally brought COAL. 45 about an increased consumption of coal, but it is only after carefully considering the facts in relation to the almost marvelous growth of the coal traffic at this point that one can conceive something of the true greatness of the growth and development of that portion of the North¬ west which makes Duluth the distributing point for its supplies from the mines of the East. During 1893 the Pennsylvania and Ohio Coal Company became identified with the trade here, by the purchase of dock facilities and the doing of some business on its own account. Last year its business amounted to 150,000 tons. Most of the companies will improve their dock properties here during the year 1895. The Youghiogheny and Lehigh will double the capacity of its dock, and next year the new docks of the Northwestern Eail and Coal Company, on Allouez Bay, Superior, will have become a factor in the receiving of coal at the head of Lake Superior, to swell the volume of the business. One of the new factors in this trade that made its appearance last year was the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company, which commenced receiving coal at Two Harbors. The outlook for the future of this great traffic indicates that it will continue to increase from year to year for an indefinite period. At the opening of navigation for 1895 there was probably about 400,000 tons of coal on the docks here. This is because the unusually mild winter, up to January, had not been con¬ ducive to a maximum consumption of this fuel product. At the opening of navigation for 1894 the docks were practically empty. The increase in receipts this year over the receipts during 1894, as estimated by the local manager of one of the most prominent coal companies, will be about 200,000 tons, barring any deficit that may be contingent with strikes or kindred labor troubles. Receipts of coal at Duluth, Minn., in 1894, by companies. Companies. Tons. Companies. Tons. Northwestern Fuel Co . 700, 000 460, 000 200, 000 180, 000 135, 000 250, 000 St. Paul and Western Coal Co . 255, 000 120, 000 50, 000 2, 350, 000 Lehigh Coal and Iron Co . Pioneer Fuel Co . Pennsylvania and Ohio Coal Co . Philadelphia and Beading Coal and Iron Co . Youghiogheny and Lehigh Duluth and Iron Range Rwy Co. (Two Harbors) . . . Total . The table below shows the development of the coal trade at the head of the lakes since 1878, and will be found of interest. Coal receipts at Duluth, Minn., and Superior, Wis. Tears. Tons. Tears. Tons. 1878 . 31, 000 163, 000 260, 000 420, 000 372,000 595, 000 736, 000 912, 000 1888 . 1, 535, 000 1, 205, 000 1, 780,995 1, 776, 000 1, 965, 000 2, 200, 000 2, 350, 000 1881 . . . 1889 . 1882 . 1890 . 1883 . 1891 . 1884 .. 1892 . 1885 1893 . 1886 . 1894 . 1887 . 46 MINERAL RESOURCES, CINCINNATI, OHIO. Receipts of coal at Cincinnati during the past fourteen years have been as follows: Coal receipts at Cincinnati, Ohio. Years. Tons. Years. Tons. 1881 . 1, 492, 817 2, 197, 407 2, 025, 859 2, 092, 551 2, 008, 850 2, 130, 354 2, 350, 026 1888 . 2, 551, 415 2, 348, 055 2, 452, 253 2, 608, 923 2, 718, 809 2, 905, 071 2, 755, 137 1882 . 1889 . 1883 . 3890 . 1884 . 1891 . 1885 . 1892 . 1886 . 1893 . 1887 . 1894 . The Survey is indebted to Mr. Charles B. Murray, superintendent of the chamber of commerce, for the statement of coal receipts at Cincinnati since 1891. Statistics for previous years were furnished by the former superintendent, Col. S. D. Maxwell. Prior to 1892 the statistics in the following table were collected for fiscal years ending August 31. The figures for 1892, 1893, and 1894 are for calendar years. The receipts in 1891 from September 1 to December 31 are stated sep¬ arately. Receipts of coal at Cincinnati since September 1, 1871. Years. 1871- 72 . 1872- 73 . 1873- 74 . 1874- 75 . 1875- 76 . 1876- 77 . 1877- 78 . 1878- 79 . 1879- 80 . 1880- 81 . 1881-82 . 1882- 83 . 1883- 84 . 1884- 85 . 1885- 86 . 1886- 87 . 1887- 88 . 1888- 89 . 1889- 90 . 1890- 91 . 1891, 4 mos.. 1892a . 1893a . 1894a . Pittsburg (Yonghio- gheny.) Bushels. 19, 254, 716 24, 962, 373 24, 014, 681 24, 225, 002 27, 017, 592 28, 237, 572 26, 743, 055 20, 769, 027 31, 750, 968 23, 202, 084 37, 807, 961 33, 895, 064 32, 239, 473 32, 286, 133 34, 933, 542 37, 701, 094 41, 180, 713 36, 677, 974 42, 601, 615 43, 254, 460 13, 766, 390 42, 272, 348 28, 643, 562 40, 156, 667 Kanawha. Bushels. 4, 476, 619 6, 004, 675 3, 631,823 6, 386, 623 6, 134, 039 8,912,801 10, 715, 459 13, 950, 802 13, 260, 347 15, 926, 743 14, 588, 573 17, 329, 349 20, 167, 875 20, 926, 596 23, 761, 853 19, 221, 196 19, 115, 172 6, 288, 442 19, 214, 704 24, 971, 261 16, 398, 039 Ohio Kiver. Bushels. 510, 359, 906 611, 075, 072 610, 398, 153 4, 277, 327 4, 400, 792 5, 141, 150 3, 288, 008 4, 068, 452 4, 268, 214 3, 151, 934 3, 560, 881 3, 309, 534 2, 956, 688 3, 007, 078 939, 746 338, 435 1, 533, 358 544, 940 454, 385 1, 479, 670 234, 940 768, 588 405, 202 158, 334 Canal. Bushels. 1, 104, 003 1, 162, 052 710, 000 565, 352 409, 358 322, 171 380, 768 333, 549 202, 489 67, 684 77, 336 180, 621 293, 010 314, 774 205, 717 129, 503 26, 098 12, 129 15, 111 Anthracite. Bushels. 72, 171 75, 000 112, 000 248, 750 282, 578 376, 125 439, 350 768, 750 712, 075 770, 525 779, 925 977, 250 1, 085, 350 1, 257, 900 1, 287, 925 1, 314, 775 1, 328, 225 1, 020, 525 1, 001, 175 1,118, 671 402, 528 1, 268, 170 759, 626 661, 548 Other kinds. Bushels. 1, 597, 260 2, 068, 322 1, 913, 793 1, 654, 425 2, 136, 850 2, 351, 699 2, 336, 752 3, 090, 715 2, 997, 216 3, 910, 795 2, 683, 864 2, 720, 250 3, 693, 850 5, 710, 649 3, 075, 000 4, 709, 775 7, 362, 698 4, 437, 139 13, 335, 006 25, 832, 374 19, 083, 527 Total. Bushels. 30, 790, 796 37, 274, 497 35, 234, 834 35, 390, 310 40, 183, 317 39, 622, 634 38, 892, 229 34, 210, 667 48, 198, 246 40, 244, 438 59, 267, 620 54, 620, 032 56, 412, 059 54, 138, 322 57, 416, 529 63. 345, 532 70, 705, 639 65, 092, 421 67, 988, 146 72, 345, 782 25, 129, 439 76, 858, 816 80, 612, 025 76, 458, 115 a Calendar years b Including Kanawha coal, COAL. 47 ST. LOUIS, MO. The following summary of the coal trade of St. Louis for the year 1894 has been furnished by Mr. James Cox, secretary of the Business Men’s League of that city : The consumption of coal in this city in 1893 was the highest on record, financial depression notwithstanding. The feature of 1894 is the heavy falling off in the receipts of soft coal. The manufacturing output for the year just ended exceeded that of 1893, and a greater number of heavy fuel-consuming plants were in operation. Hence the falling off can not be attributed to financial or commercial depression, or to “hard times.” The strike in the Illinois coal fields is the direct cause. In the first place this caused a reduction of stocks in every direction, the process of scraping being resorted to in more senses than one. When the coal famine was at its worst all sorts of substitutes had to be burned. Several car loads of coal siftings, which had been used for track ballast, were dug up and made to do duty under boilers. Wood of all kinds, shavings, and almost everything that would burn, were brought into requisition; and the city inspectors, who were attracted by a peculiar blue smoke, found that one enterprising con¬ cern was fighting against a shut-down by burning dried apples. The result of this peculiar experiment was far more satisfactory than anyone would have imagined. There is no doubt that the strike, lasting as it did for some months, taught some very valuable lessons in fuel economizing, and that a good deal more power has been obtained from a given quantity of coal than ever before. The influence of smoke-abating devices on coal consump¬ tion has also been tested. The law against smoking chimneys has been enforced with considerable severity and uniformity, and there are very few plants in the business or manufacturing sections of St. Louis which have no abaters. The steam jet is used very extensively. According to some people it increases the consumption of coal to an alarming extent, while others who have made equally careful compari¬ sons do not find the result the same. Scientific tests of some of the higher-priced devices in use show that they reduce the consumption of coal materially, the same power being produced with much less coal. It is to be regretted that there are no statistics available to show exactly to what extent smoke abaters are responsible for the apparent anomaly of an increase in manufacturing activity with a simultaneous decrease in coal consumption. The reduction in the smoke volume is very apparent. The manager of the Southern Plotel states that the saving in laundry bills in his house runs into the thousands, and one large lithographing house is equally enthusiastic. The latter concern had determined to move out into the country owing to the loss to finished work from soot and smuts while drying. The improvement in the atmospheric conditions is so 48 MINERAL RESOURCES. marked that the idea of moving lias been abandoned, and tlie city retains a valuable wage-paying concern. Another evidence of effective smoke abatement work is to be found in tlie increased fashionableness of white paint for exterior decoration. This luxury was out of the question until recently, owing to the great quantity of bituminous coal burned and the denseness of the smoke. As will be seen by the following quotations anthracite coal has ruled $1 a ton lower. This and the smoke-abatement pressure combined have led to an increase in the consumption. Except during the strike, coal generally has ruled very low, and since the year expired some con¬ tracts have been made at even lower figures than those of 1894. ‘ Very fair steam-producing coal is sold at but a fraction over $1. During the strike a good deal of oil was burned and careful tests were made as to relative cost. There can be no doubt that oil can not be burned in competition with coal at anything like $1 a ton. An iron manufacturer, whose plant is on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, says his experi¬ ments proved that his oil cost him as much as $2 coal. Other manu¬ facturers say that coal at $3.50 to $4 comes cheaper. The following are the receipts of coal and coke during the last five years : Coal and colce receipts at St. Louis since 1890. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Soft coal . bushels . . Hard coal . tons.. Coke . bushels.. 69, 477, 225 124, 335 9, 919, 850 72, 078, 225 139, 050 6, 924, 250 82, 302, 228 187, 327 8, 914, 400 87, 769, 375 173, 653 7, 807, 000 74, 644, 375 186, 494 6, 365, 900 The following are the prices per ton of the most used grades of coal in St. Louis in 1894. The prices are for coal in car lots free on board St. Louis. Prices of coal at St. Louis during 1894. Highest. Closing. Highest. Closing. Standard Hlinois . High grade Illinois . Anthracite : Large egg . Small . $1.42£ 1.67J 5. 80 6. 05 $1. 16J 1. 61£ 5. 55 5. 80 Connellsville coke . New River coke . Indiana coke . Kentucky coke . Gas coke . $5. 75 4.95 4. 05 4. 05 4. 80 $4. 75 4. 45 3.80 3. 80 4. 20 KANSAS CITY, MO. Mr. A. J. Vanlandingham, commissioner of the Kansas City trans¬ portation bureau, has furnished the following statement regarding the movements of coal in that city: Kansas City is the wholesale coal market for all the territory east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Missouri River, and is the largest coal market west of the Mississippi River. The general offices of all COAL. 49 the mines in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and many of those in the Indian Territory and Arkansas, are in Kansas City, and their coal is sold from this market, although shipped direct from mines to destination. About 75 per cent of the coal sold by Kansas City wholesale dealers is routed via Kansas City. Kansas City is also the largest consumer of coal of any city west of St. Louis. The steam and commercial coal consumed here is mined in southwestern Missouri and southeastern Kansas. Domestic coal con¬ sists of Pennsylvania anthracite, Arkansas semianthracite, Colorado coal, and the better grades of soft coal from the surrounding district. Average prices for 1894 were as follows : Prices of coal at Kansas City. Kinds of coal. Per short ton. Lump . Mine run . Nut . $2. 71 2. 00 2. 00 1. 25 to $1. 40 7. 50 to 9.00 8. 50 4.20 Slack . Anthracite . Smithing . Coke . Owing to some dealers ending their fiscal year with June 30, others with December 31, it has been somewhat difficult to arrive at the correct figure for local consumption the past five years. Figures below, how¬ ever, are very nearly correct. Local consumption of coal at Kansas City, 1889 to 1894, inclusive. Tears. Short tons. 1889 . 667, 190 1890 . 650, 862 1891 . 613, 644 1892 . . . 629, 997 1893 . 703, 031 1894 . 640, 053 MOBILE, ALA. Mr. A. C. Danner, president of the Mobile Coal Company, has fur¬ nished the following information regarding the coal trade at that port: As near as can be estimated there were received here during the year 1894 from Alabama mines by the railroads and consigned to dealers and shippers 95,212 tons of bituminous coal, 2,000 pounds to the ton. This does not include the coal used by the railroad shops and on their locomotives, which is estimated to have been about 35,000 tons. There has been received by vessel here from Pennsylvania anthracite coal to the amount of about 3,600 tons. There is no special change in the coal business at this port except a moderate increase in the business of furnishing bunker coal to steamers. 16 geol, pt 4 - 4 50 MINERAL RESOURCES. As the channel is being deepened by the Government, more steamers come here, and more coal is being used by them. During the latter j)art of 1894 and the early part of 1895 the U. S. S. Montgomery was stationed at this port for the purpose of testing various Southern coals.1 Sample lots of these coals were also sent to Wash¬ ington for analysis. The following table shows the receipts of coal at Mobile since 1883: Receipts of coal at Mobile, Ala., for twelve years. Years. Alabama coal, (a) 1883 . Tons. 25, 304 17, 808 40, 301 30, 310 39, 232 38, 785 43, 620 39, 320 51, 267 70, 298 90, 000 95, 212 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . . Anthracite and English. Tons. 1, 229 891 775 2, 022 910 648 1,454 1, 327 1,775 1, 500 4, 130 3, 600 Total. Tons. 26, 533 18, 699 41, 076 32, 332 40, 142 39, 433 45, 074 40, 647 53, 042 71, 798 94, 130 98, 812 a This does not include the amount of coal used by the railroads on their locomotives and at their shops. NORFOLK, VA. The following statement of coal handled at Lambert’s Point coal piers has been furnished this office by the chamber of commerce of Norfolk: Coal shipments from Lambert’s Point piers in Jive years. Years. Foreign. Bunkers. Coastwise. Local. Total. 1890 . Long tons. 37, 723 Long tons. 102, 755 Long tons. 941, 019 Long tons. 71,010 Long tons. 1, 152, 507 1891 . 27, 997 135, 112 1, 215, 028 90, 606 1, 468, 743 1892 . 25, 653 129, 627 1, 400, 984 98, 034 1, 654, 298 1893 . 34, 969 125, 688 1, 512, 931 100, 453 1,774,041 1894 . 44, 328 105, 382 1, 810, 480 96, 841 2, 057, 031 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Mr. J. W. Harrison reports the trade for the year as follows : The uniformity of quotations for cargo lots during the year is unprec¬ edented in the former history of the coal trade, as there was no appar¬ ent change at all for the first seven months; and the maximum and minimum values did not show a variance of 5 per cent until the tariff reduction of 40 cents per ton on bituminous grades caused a decline equal to the exact amount of the tariff change. Our large fuel con¬ sumers can not complain of the prices they have had to pay this year, as they have been the lowest ever known. Our consumption should have been largely increased on that account, were it not for the stag- 1 See p. 54. COAL. 51 nancy of trade among our principal manufactories. With the sea¬ sonable rainfall we have had locally, the exceedingly low prices of pig iron and coal now ruling, and the gradual return of confidence new visible everywhere — these combined should lead to a revulsion of trade in the near future. There is every indication pointing to a possible 20 per cent increase of fuel to be consumed in 1895 over and above the quantity burned up this year, and there is no article which so forcibly betokens prosperity as an increased coal demand. The following table of prices will show the monthly fluctuations of foreign coals for “ spot ” cargoes ; the average price is given for each month : Monthly prices for coal at San Francisco in 1894. Kinds. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Not. Dec. Australian (gas) .... English steam . Scotch splint . West Hartley . $6. 25 6. 50 7. 00 7. 25 $6. 25 6. 50 7. 00 7. 25 $6. 25 6. 50 7. 00 7.25 $6. 25 6. 50 7.00 7. 25 $6. 25 6.50 7. 00 7. 25 $6. 25 6. 50 7.00 7.25 $6. 25 6.50 7.00 7.25 $6. 00 6. 50 7.00 7.50 $5. 62 6. 25 6. 62 7.25 $5.62 6. 25 6. 62 7.25 $5. 50 6. 00 6. 00 6. 75 $5. 62 6. 00 6. 12 6.75 The various sources from which we have derived our supplies are as follows : Sources of coal consumed in California. Sources. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. British Columbia . 441,759 652, 657 554, 600 588, 527 647, 110 Australia . 194, 725 321, 197 314, 280 202, 017 211, 733 English and W elsh . 35, 662 168, 586 210, 660 151, 269 157, 562 Scotch . 1,610 31,840 24, 900 18, 809 18, 636 Eastern (Cumberland and anthracite) . Franklin, Green River, and Cedar 32, 550 42, 210 35, 720 18, 960 16, 640 River . 216, 760 178, 230 164,930 167, 550 153, 199 Carbon Hill and South Prairie . 191, 109 196, 750 218, 390 261, 435 241, 974 Mount Diablo and Coos Bay . 74, 210 90, 684 66, 150 63, 460 65, 263 Japan, etc . 13, 170 20, 679 4, 220 7, 758 15, 637 Total . 1, 204, 555 1 , 702, 833 1,593,850 1,479,785 1, 527, 754 To insure a correct statement of the entire amount consumed all the arrivals by water at San Pedro, Port Los Angeles, and San Diego, aggregating 208,036 tons, have been included. The total imports of coke (all foreign) last year were 24,492 tons; in 1893, 29,645 tons. OFFICIAL TESTIS OF COAL MINED IN THE UNITED STATES. Acting under instructions from the honorable the Secretary of the Navy, a number of analyses and tests of coal mined in the United States, and particularly of coal obtained from mines in the Southern States, have been made by officers of the United States Navy. The results of some of these tests are contained in Senate Executive Docu¬ ment No. 82, Fifty-third Congress, third session, and are reproduced below. 52 MINERAL RESOURCES. This document consists of tlie reply of the Secretary of the Navy to a Senate resolution, dated February 8, 1895, which was as follows : Resolved, That the Secretary of the Navy he directed, to communicate to the Senate all examinations and tests that have been made within twelve months past of coals taken from any coal mines in the United States, showing the constituents of such coals and their value for steaming purposes in vessels of the Navy and in stationary engines in the gun factories, armories, and yards under the control of the Department of the Navy; and any other information on this subject that will show the economic value of such coals for steaming purposes and the places at which they can be most advantageously shipped aboard the vessels employed in the naval and Coast Survey service, in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. Since the transmittal of the Secretary’s reply to this resolution, some other tests have been made, the results of which have been furnished the Geological Survey for publication with this report. The results contained in the Senate document, with the dates of the tests, and, in some cases, analyses of the coal, are as follows : Report of test of Black Diamond and Eureka coal made on steamer Walcott, Seattle, Wash., March 31, 1894. Black Diamond. Eureka. Knots per ton of coal . . . 23. 59 19. 24 27. 15 23. 31 43. 5 41. 7 Percentage of refuse from coal consumed . 9.7 33.7 The following tests were made of Blue Canyon and Fairhaven (State of Washington) coals under the boilers of the steam cutter attached to the U. S. S. Yorktown , at Seattle, Wash., April 18, 1894. The tests were made by a board of inquiry composed of 0. J. Boush, lieutenant, United States Navy; J. M. Pickrell, past assistant engineer, United States Navy, and Albert Moritz, assistant engineer, United States Navy: Report of test of Blue Canyon and Fairhaven coals, April 18, 1894. Coals. Where mined. Cubic feet per ton. W ater per pound coal from 54° F. Kef use. Blue Canyon . Whatcom County .... 46 Bounds. 4.18 Per cent. 18 Fairhaven . . do . 45 4. 77 25 The Blue Canyon coal ignites readily, with heavy smoke, which thins out greatly when the coal is coked. It cakes slightly and cokes. There is no slack ; the coal is free from dust and contains but a very small proportion of earthy ingredients. No traces of sulphur were observed. The fracture is very black, with little luster, and becomes duller when exposed to the atmosphere, assuming a slightly brownish color. The Fairhaven coal comes in a mixture of very small lumps and slack, having an oily appearance. It looks as if it crumbled on exposure to the atmosphere. The lumps on being broken present a lustrous black surface. It ignites freely, with a dense black smoke at first, thinning out rapidly as the coal cokes. It has consider¬ able evaporative efficiency after coking. No traces of sulphur were observed. COAL. 53 As far as conlil be determined, either of the above coals is as safe as the Comox, and show greater evaporative efficiency. The following test of 12 tons of coal furnished by the Fairhaven Land Company, of Fairhaven, Wash., was made at Mare Island Navy-Yard and reported by George W. Melville, Engineer in Chief, United States Navy. Report of test of 12 tons of coal delivered in navy-yard, Mare Island , by the Fairhaven Land Company, of Fairhaven, Wash. Duration of test . hours. . 24. 5 Water evaporated, calculated from volume and temperature for each hour . pounds. . 47, 367. 49 Coal consumed . do _ 6,036 Coal consumed per hour . do _ 251. 5 Coal consumed per hour per square foot of grate . do _ 11. 178 Water evaporated per pound of coal . do. . . . 6. 853 Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal . do _ 8. 05 Refuse . percent.. 19.95 Steam pressure in pounds per gauge (average) . 50. 77 Temperature of — Atmosphere (average) . 66. 25 Fire room (average) . 83. 92 Feed water (average) . 69. 25 Uptake, tin and lead melted. Pocahontas coal. — The following tests were made of Pocahontas (Vir¬ ginia and West Virginia) coal at the New York Navy-Yard May 2, 1894: The coal breaks readily, with an irregular fracture, some portions showing a lus¬ trous black surface, while others resemble slate in appearance. The coal when received was in bags and was practically all lumps. The coal burned freely, with a short yellow flame, when first ignited emitting a small quantity of light-brown smoke. It did not cake, and considerable small coal fell through the bars, most of which was returned to the fires. It required very little labor on the part of the firemen. An insignificant amount of clinker was formed, and that of a friable nature. The deposit on tubes and front connections was small in amount and of a brown color. Pieces of tin, zinc, and antimony were inserted iu the front ends of tubes in row next to top ; the tin was partly fused, the zinc and antimony were not. The steam appeared to be dry. Report of test of Pocahontas coal made at the Neiv York Navy-Yard May 2, 1894. Duration of test . hours.. 24g Water evaporated . pounds . . 89, 729. 75 Coal consumed . do _ 11,280 Coal consumed per hour per square foot of grate . do _ 12. 034 Water evaporated per pound of coal . do _ 7. 9548 Equivalent evaporation from dnd at 212° . •- . do _ 9. 38 Refuse . . percent.. 8.390 Steam pressure (average) . 40.04 Barometer (average) . 30. 21 Temperature of— Atmosphere (average) . 63.40 Fire room (average) . 66. 36 Feed water (average) . 62 Uptake (average) . 560 54 MINERAL RESOURCES. Report of test of sample A coal. [Delivered at New York Navy-Yard by Schriver Steamer Line.] Duration of test . hours.. 24.5 Water evaporated . pounds.. 80,909 Coal consumed . do - 11, 280 Coal consumed per hour per square foot of grate . do - 12. 116 Water evaporated per pound of coal . do 7. 7047 Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° . do 9. 02 Refuse . . per cent . . 10. 3258 Steam pressure (average) . 39. 96 Barometer (average) . 29. 90 Temperature of — Atmosphere (average) . 75. 20 Eire room (average) . 87. 40 Feed water (average) . - . 70 Uptake (average) . 583.2 Report of test of the contract coal , Georges Creelc, Cumberland, Md., made at Washington Navy Yard, February 10 and 11, 1895. Duration of test . hours. . 24. 5 Coal burned . pounds.. 11,520 Water evaporated . do 71,574 Refuse from coal . do - 1, 697. 5 Water evaporated per pound of coal (steam pressure, 39.16 pounds per gauge; temperature of feed water, 42) . pounds.. 6.213 Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° . do _ 7.4501 Ashes . . per cent . . 14. 735 Coal per square foot of grate per hour . pounds. . 12. 373 Temperature of uptake, tin melted. Report of test of Standard Victor coal, made at the navy-yard, New York, January 29 and 30, 1895. Duration of test . hours. . 24. 5 Coal burned... . pounds.. 11,040 Water evaporated . . . . do _ 72,831 Refuse from coal . do _ 1,294.13 Water evaporated per pound of coal (steam pressure, 39.81 pounds per gauge ; temperature of feed water, 40) . pounds . . 6. 5971 Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° . do _ 7. 9205 Ashes . per cent. . 11. 722 Coal per square foot of grate per hour . . pounds. . 11. 86 Temperature of uptake, zinc melted. The following are the results of tests made on the U. S. S. Montgom¬ ery , cruising in the Gulf of Mexico, off Mobile, Ala. Trial of Sloss Iron and Steel Company’s ( Birmingham , Ala.) coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning December 8, 1894.] Boilers : Kind of boilers : 3 main (A, B, and D), double-ended; 2 auxiliary (C and E) single-ended; cylin¬ drical return fire tubes. Total area of grate surface : 336.28 square feet Internal diameter of furnaces; 42 inches. Length of grates: A and B, 6.02; D, 6.31; C and E. 5.67. Grate surface in each furnace: A and B, 21.07 square feet; D, 22.08 square feet; C and E, 19.85 square feet. Number of tubes in each boiler: A, B, and D, 632; C and E, 316. Length of tubes : A and B, 6 feet 3£ inches; D, 6 feet 7 inches ; C and E, 5 feet 11£ inches (between tube sheets). Diameter of tubes: (external). Aggregate water-heating surface in each boiler: A and B, 2,734.79 square feet; D, 2,871.20 square feet; C and E, 1,318.65 square feet. Size of chimney (2 chimneys) : 5 feet 8 inches (internal diameter). Height of chimney above grate bars: 60 feet. Wafer contained in each boiler (to steaming level 9 inches above tops of tubes) : A and B, 21.67 tons ; D, 22.95 tons ; C and E, 11.47 tons. COAL. 55 Engines : Number of main engines: 2. Number of cylinders for each main engine: 3. Diameter of cylinders of main engines: H. P., 26£ inches ; I. P., 39 inches; L. P., 63 inches. Stroke of main engines : 26 inches. First speed (135 revolutions). Second speed (120 revolutions). Third speed (100 revo¬ lutions). Area of grate surface 296.58 square feet. 296.58 square feet. 208.26 square feet. used. A, B, I), and C . A, B, and C. 2,947 pounds (or 1.3 Fuel consumed per hour. 5,258 pounds (or 4,934 pounds (or 2.35 tons). 2.2 tons). tons). Per cent of refuse . 11.16 per cent . 11.16 per cent . 11.16 per cent. Indicated H. P. of main engines : Taken from cords. . 2,361.66 . 1,529.12 . 1,185.89. 1,183.62 Mean number revo- 2’l09.14 . f 491.90 . lutions. Estimated I. H. P. of 62 . 62 . . 62. auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. per hour. Miles made per ton of coal. 2.42 pounds . 6.452 . 3.175 pounds . 6.584 . 2.366 pound 8 604. 11.3 miles Number of revolutions. S., 130.1; P., 129.2; S., 119.6; P.,118.3; S., 99.92; P., 99.99; mean, 129.65. mean, 118.95. mean, 99.955. Character of smoke .... Grayish black .... Grayish black .... Grayish black. How often necessary to Every 36 hours. . . . Every 36 hours _ Every 36 hours. 8 weep tubes. Condition of ship's bot- Good . Good . Good. tom. How long out of dock. . 40 days . 41 days . 41 days. Force and bearing of Force, 3 to 4 ; bear- Force, 3 to 4 : bear- Force, 3 to 5; bearing, wind. ing, 0.66 points. ing, 12 to 8. 15 to 44. Sails in use . None . None . None. Condition of sea . Smooth to heavy. . None . Moderate, abeam. Noue. Estimated effect of None . wind, sails, and condi¬ tion of sea on speed. Remarks.— Coal is easily stowed. It requires considerable working to make it burn efficiently, as it cakes soon after slicing, and makes a considerable quantity of clinker. Half of the fires would require cleaning every watch, and the tubes would require sweeping every 36 hours. The fires were very dirty in 8 hours from the time they were started. It forms a great quantity of smoke of a grayish- black color. A small quantity of the coal was tried in the forge, aud was found to be good for black- smithing purposes. A careful examination of the boilers has been made since the test, and no injurious effects have been discovered. We were unable to keep speed up to 135 revolutions after the first 3 hours, the fires being dirty. Boiler E, having had steam on it for two weeks preceding the trial, was not in proper condition for use. The above coal, analyzed under the direction of Commander Theo. F. Jewell, IT. S. Navy, superintendent Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D. C., Navy-Yard, shows the following composition: Analysis of Sloss Iron and Steel Company coal. Test No. 1 : Per cent. Moisture . 0. 33 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 2 Volatile combustible matter . 24.197 Fixed carbon . 70. 311 Sulphur . 425 Ash . 2.737 Total . 100 Phosphorus . 013 56 MINERAL RESOURCES. Trial of Mingo Mountain Coal and Coke Company's ( Middlesboro , Ky.) Mingo Mountain coal by U. S. S. Montgomery . [Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning January 3, 1805; boilers and engines, same as in the preceding test.] First speed (135 rev¬ olutions). Second speed (120 revolutions). Third speed (100 revolutions) . 7.8 hours . Area of grate surface 296.58 square feet. 296.58 square feet . . . 208.26 square feet. used. A, B, C, and D . A, B, and C. 3,027pounds (orl;35 Fuel consumed per hour 7,179 pounds (or 3.2 5,000 pounds (or 2.23 tons). tons). tons). 6.01 per cent . 6.01 per cent . 6.01 per cent. 884.48. Indicated H. P. of main engines : Taken from cords . . 2357.42 . 1662.36 . Average revolutions 2371.87 . 1662.36 . 884.48. Estimated I. H. P. of 62 . 62 . 62. auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. per hour. Miles made per ton of coal. Speed . 2.95 pounds . 4.88 . 2.90 pounds . 6.20 . 3.20 pounds. 8.62. 13.83 miles . 11.7 miles. Number of revolutions. S., 135.07; P., 135.53; S., 120 ; P.,120; mean, S., 100; P., 100.05; mean, 135.30. 120. mean, 100.025. Distance steamed . 121 .8 miles . 215.5 miles. Character of smoke . . . . Gravish-black . Grayish-black . Grayish- black. 1 How often necessary to Every 24 hours . Every 24 hours . Every 24 hours. sweep tubes. Condition of ship's bot¬ tom. Good . Good. How long out of dock.. 65 days . 66 days . 66 days. Force and bearing of Light breeze. wind. Sails in use . None . None. Condition of sea . Smooth. Estimated effect of None. wind, sails, and con¬ dition of sea on speed. Kemarks.— Main engines were indicated, coal and ashes carefully weighed, and great care exercised in obtaining all data required by the engine-room log. The coal is easily stowed. It required but little working to make it burn freely, and the specified number of revolutions were easily maintained. It made very little clinker, and that was easily removed. It makes great quantities of smoke of grayish-black color, and during the full-speed test flames issued from both smoke pipes continuously, heating the pipes and uptakes to a dangerous extent. The sparks fell in great quantities on deck, making it necessary to wet decks and boat covers to prevent them from burning. In the 120 and 100 revolution tests it made all the steam required without overheating pipes and uptakes, and neither flame or sparks came from pipes. The tubes would require sweeping every twenty-four hours. Upon examination of boilers they were found to be uninjured, but inner smoke pipes and the uptakes were warped so that two forward dampers could not be closed. Analysis of Mingo coal from Mingo Mountain Coal and Coke Company, Middlesboro, Ky. Per cent. Moisture . 0.949 Noncombustible volatile matter . 2. 661 Combustible volatile matter . 30. 226 Fixed carbon . 64. 368 Sulphur . . . 0. 140 Ash . 1.656 Total . 100. 000 Phosphorus . 0.008 COAL. 57 Trial of Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, Birmingham, Ala., Pratt division, coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 73.46 tons ; date of test, beginning December 18, 1894 ; boilers and engines same as in preceding tests.] First speed (135 revolutions). Second speed (120 revolutions). Third speed (100 revo¬ lution) . Duration of trial . 12 hours . 19.8 hours Area of grate surface 296. 58 square feet. . . 296.58 square feet. . . 208.26 square feet. used. A, B, D, and C-... 4, 887 pounds (or 2. 18 A, B, D, and C.. A, B, and C. 2,828 pounds (or 1.26 Fuel consumed per 4,667 pounds (or2.08 hour. tons). tons. tons). Per cent of refuse . 9.46 per cent . 9.46 per cent . 9.46 per cent. Indicated H. P. of main engines: 2,464.40 . 1,552.99 . 918.52. 9>j318.82 . L522.99 . 936.55. lutions. Estimated 1, H. P. of 62 . 62 . 62. auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. 2.05 . 2.89 . 2.83. per hour Miles made per ton of 7.216 . 6.908 . 9.436. coal. 14.4 miles . 12.02 miles. Number of revolutions. S., 132.49; P.,132.43; S., 120.01; P., 120; S., 100.11; P., 100.62; mean, 132.46. mean, 120.005. 172.7 miles _ mean, 100.065. 235.9 miles. Grayish black. Every 36 hours. Character of smoke.... How often necessary to Grayish black . Every 36 hours . Grayish black . Every 36 hours . sweep tubes. Conditon of ship’s hot- Good . Good . Good. tom How long out of dock. . Force and bearing of 50 days . Force, 3 to 2 ; bear- 51 days . Force, 2 to 4 ; bear- 51 days. Force, 5 to 2; bearing, wind. ing, 126° to 15J°. ing, 37° to 127c. None . 107jo to 25 J°. None . Condition of sea . . Estimated effect of Light swell . Light swell . None . Light swell None. wind, sails, and con¬ dition of sea on speed. Remarks. —During trials main engines were indicated, and coal and ashes carefully weighed, and great care was exercised in obtaining all tbe data required by the engine-room log. We were unable to keep the speed up to 135 revolutions after the first four or five hours, the fires being dirty. It requires a moderate amount of working to make it burn efficiently: the amount of clinker was not excessive, but appeared to stick firmly to the grate bars and was difficult to remove; the tubes would require sweeping in 36 hours from the time the fires were started ; it formed great,quan titles of smoke of grayish-black color. A small quantity of coal was tested by the blacksmith and found to be good for blacksmitliing purposes. A careful examination of the boilers has been made since the tests and no injurious effects have been discovered. The test of the first speed was closed when only 23.46 tons had been consumed, due to a mistake made in summing up the total number of buckets of coal burned, toward the end of the test. The error was not detected- until after the next test had begun. The coal is easily stowed. This coal, analyzed at the Washington Yavy-Yard under the direction of Commander Jewell, shows: Analysis of Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company’s “ Pratt” coal. Test No. 2 : Per cent. Moisture . 0.36 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 1. 74 Volatile combustible matter . 25. 773 Nixed carbon . 68. 351 Sulphur . .073 Ash . 3.703 Total . 100 Phosphorus . 079 58 MINERAL RESOURCES. Trial of Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company's ( Birmingham , Ala.) “ Cahaba” coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning January 11, 1895; boilers and engines same as in preceding tests.] First speed (135 revolutions). Second speed (120 revolutions). Third speed (100 revolu¬ tions). Duration of trial . 12.2 hours . 18.8 hours. Area of grate surface 296.58 square feet . 256.88 square feet. 168.56 square feet for 11 used. Boilers used . A, B, C, D . A, B, D . hours; 208.26 square feet for 7.8 hours. A and B; A,B, C. 2,978.73 pounds. Fuel consumed per hour . 5,894.74 pounds ... 4,590.16 pounds ... Per cent of refuse . 7 per cent . 7 per cent . 7 per cent. Indicated H. P. of main engines : Prom cords . 2,348.92 . 1,736.70 . 864.33. Average revolutions Estimated I. H. P. of 2|338.95 . h 737.75 . 864.33. 62 . 62 . 62. auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. 2.445 pounds . 2.550 pounds . 3.107 pounds. per hour. Miles made per ton of coal. 5.488 . 7.072 . 8.988. H.44 . 14.45 . 11.96. Number of revolutions. Average, 134.9 - Average, 120.02 . . . Average, 100.005. 137.2 . 176.8 224.7. Character of smoke . . Dark gray . Dark gray. Once in 48 hours. How often necessary to Once in 48 hours. . Once in 48 hours. . sweep tubes. Condition of ship’s bot¬ tom. Good . Good . Good. How long out of dock. . . Force and bearing of 73 days . Force, 4 to 5 ; bear 74 days . Force, 4 to 5; bear- 74 days. Force, 2 to 6; bearing, wind. ing, 33°. ing, 33°, 135°. 120°, 55°. Condition of sea . Moderate . Moderate . Smooth and moderate. Estimated effectof wind, 0.5 knot . None. sails, and condition of sea on speed. Remarks. — Tbe engines were indicated during test. Coal and ashes carefully weighed in accord¬ ance with Department letter of November 10, 1894. Thirty tons of “ Cahaba” coal were purchased for use before and after the trials. Three main and 1 auxiliary boiler were used in making first test, and there was no difficulty whatever in maintaining 135 revolutions. On its completion the fires in aux¬ iliary boiler were allowed to die out, as the coal was making plenty of steam ; also on the completion of the second test fires in boilers were allowed to die out. When third test was about half finished it was found difficult to keep steam up to the required pressure, and the fires were again started in auxiliary boiler, and the remainder of the test was run off with 2 main and 1 auxiliary boiler in use. The coal burns freely with very little working, but if it is necessary to force the fires on accountof limited grate surface it burns poorly. It will not stand much working. The percentage of refuse is small ; amount of clinker moderate, but adheres to the bars and is removed with difficulty. It forms a moderate amount of smoke of gray color. It is easily handled and stored. The tubes (lid not require sweeping during test and on arrival in port they were found to be only moderately dirty. Upon examination of the boilers no bad effects were discovered from its use. This coal, analyzed as tlie preceding ones shows the following: Analysis of Cahaba coal from the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. Per cent. Moisture . 1.320 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 1. 900 Volatile combustible matter . 25. 705 Fixed carbon . 64.329 Sulphur . . 051 Ash . 6.695 100 Total Phosphorus .003 COAL. 59 No. 5. — Trial of Mobile Coal Company’s ( Mobile , Ala.) i‘Milldale” coal by U. S. S. Montgomery . [Quantity tested, 72}}5§ tons ; date of test, beginning January 26, 1895 ; boilers and engines, same as in preceding tests.] First speed (135 revolutions). Second speed (120 revolutions). Third speed (10 0 revolutions). Area of grate surface 296.58 square feet. . . 296.58 square feet. . . 208.26 square feet. used. Boilers used . A, B, C, D . A, B, C, D . A, B, C, D. 3,062.8 pounds. Fuel consumed per hour. 5,895 pounds . 4,667 pounds . 8.94 . 8.94 . 8.94. Indicated H. P. of main 2,199.17 . 1,744.34 . 927.46. engines. Estimated I. H. P. of 62 . 62 . 62. auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. 2.607 pounds . 2.584 pounds . 3.302 pounds. per hour. Miles made per ton of coal. 5.934 . 6.536 . 8.644. Number of revolutions.. Average, 135.05.:... Average, 120.15 . Average, 100. Distance steamed . 148.35 knots . 163.4 knots . Grayish. 60 hours. How often necessary to 60 hours . 60 hours . sweep tubes. Condition of ship's hot- Slightly foul . Slightly foul . Slightly foul. tom. How long out of dock. . . Force aud bearing of 88 days . Force 3 to 4; bear- 89 days . Force 5 to 6; bear- 85 days. Force, 4 to 6; bear- wind. ing, 120° to 140°. ing, 11°. ing,0toll°tol8U°. None. Estim a ted effect of wind , None . Loss, 1 mile per None. sails, and condition of sea on speed. hour. Remabks. — This coal is easily handled and stowed; it is mostly tine coal; the amount of lumps does not exceed 15 per cent in run of mine coal. It cokes readily when thrown on tires. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used during the first two tests, viz, 135 revolutions and 120 revolutions, and 2 main and 1 auxiliary were used in the low-speed test. The coal burned freelv with a moderate amount of working, and there was no difficulty in keeping up to the required number of revolutions; the amount of clinker is moderate and easily removed, and the percentage of refuse is not excessive. The fires did not require cleaning in the first twelve hours; after that, cleaning one-third of the fires each watch kept them in good steaming condition. It makes a moderate quantity of smoke of gray color ; the tubes did not require sweeping during the tests and were only moderately dirty when the ships arrived in port. Upon examination of the boilers and accessories, they were found to be unin¬ jured. The low-speed test was stopped on account of a heavy fog when 22.1256 tons of coal had been burned. The greatest diminution of speed in the tests indicate that the ship’s bottom is becoming foul; the local conditions of the port warrant this assumption. The speed during the second test of this trial was greatly reduced by the wind and sea. The above coal analyzed under the same auspices as the preceding ones gives the following composition : Analysis of Milldale coal from Mobile Coal Company, Mobile, Ala. Per cent. Moisture . 0.080 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 1. 200 Volatile combustible matter . 27. 430 Fixed carbon . ' . 69. 236 Sulphur . • 284 Ash . 1- 770 Total . 100. Phosphorus . . • 007 60 MINERAL RESOURCES, Trial of “ Pocahontas ” ( Norfolk , Va.) coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 50 tons; date of test, November 11 and 15, 1894; boilers and engines, same as in preceding tests.] Second speed (120 revo¬ lutions.) A, B, and D . Indicated H. P. of main engines : 1,448.31 . lj 305.15 . Estimated I. H. P. of auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. per hour . 62 . 3.07 . 7,624 . 14,265 . Average, 118.13 . Distance steamed . 190.2 _ ’ . Character of smoke . Grayish black . How oi'ten necessary to sweep tubes. . Good . How long out of dock . Force and bearing of wind . Forced, 1 to 4 ; bearing, 22J° to 101JO. None . Sails in use . . . Condition of sea . Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condition of sea on speed. None . Third speed. 20.04 hours. 168.56 square feet. A and B. 2,730 pounds. 7.19 per cent. 867.77. 890.78. 62. 2.86. 8,769. 10.94. Average, 100,535. 219.24. Grayish black. 3 days. Good. 13 days. Force, 4 to 6 ; bearing, 39J° to 84 jo. None. Moderate. None. Remarks. — No data for first test of 135 revolutions. No injurious effects to boilers and appurte¬ nances; a moderate amount of clinker. This data is taken from the Pocahontas coal, received on hoard at Norfolk, Va., November 1, 1894. Data for second speed test at 120 revolutions was taken from 10 p. m. November 15 to 11 a. m. November 16, 1894. Data for third speed test at 100 revolutions is taken from 4 p. m. November 10 to meridian November 11, 1894. Twenty-five tons were burned at each speed. COAL. 61 The following tests have been made subsequent to the transmittal of the letter of the Secretary of the Navy to the Senate, and are furnished by the chief of the Bureau of Equipment for publication in this report: Trial of Corona coal, by TJ. S. S. Montgomery , Mobile Coal Company. [Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test beginning February 17, 1895; boilers and engines same as pre¬ ceding tests.] First speed. Second speed. Third speed. 9.75 hours . 14.75 hours. Area of grate surface used.. 296.58 square feet. 296.58 square feet. 212.30 square feet. Boilers used . A, B, C, and D _ 7,466.66 pounds _ A, B, C, andD . A, C, and D. 3,862.07 pounds. Fuel consumed per hour . 5,743.57 pounds _ Percent of refuse . 16.69 . 16.69 . 16.69. Indicated H. P. of main en¬ gines. Estimated I. H. P. of auxil- 2,113.90 . 1,689.09 . 971.80. 62 . 62 . 62. iaries. Fuel burned per H. P. per 3.432 pounds . 3.28 pounds ..•. - 3.736 pounds. hour. Miles made per ton of coal. . . 4.468 . 5.468 . 6.84. 14.9 knots . 14 knots . . 11.79 knots. Number of revolutions . S., 133.465 ; P., S.,120.08;P., 120.04; S., 100,312; P.,100; 133.955 ; mean, mean, 120.06. mean, 100.156. 133.71. 171 knots. Character of smoke . Grayish black .... Grayish black .... Grayish black. How often necessary to Every 24 hours. . . . Every 24 hours . . . Every 24 hours. sweep tubes. Condition of ship’s bottom . . Slightly foul . Slightly foul . Slightly foul. How long out of dock . 108 days . 108 days . . 109 days. Force and bearing of wind.. Light, 50° to 1500.. Light, 150° to 90°. . Light, variable. Sails in use . Hone . Hone. Condition of sea . Smooth . Smooth to moder- Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condition of sea Ho effect . No effect . ate. No effect. on speed. • Remarks.— The Corona coal can be readily bandied and stowed in bunkers. As furnished for test it consisted of about 80 per cent lump and 20 per cent fine coal. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were in use duriug first and second test, and 2 main and 1 auxiliary boilers during third or low speed test. During first test it was impossible to make the required number of revolutions after first 5 hours, the fire being very dirty. This coal would not make sufficient steam without working, and when worked formed great quantities of clinker, which was readily removed. It was necessary to commence clean¬ ing fires 4 hours after test began, and one-half of the fires had to be cleaned each watch thereafter. The percentage of refuse is large. It makes a great quantity of smoke of dark gray color, and the tubes were nearly closed at end of test. On arrival in port, the boilers were opened and examined and were found to be uninjured from the use of this coal. Three blades of port and one blade of star¬ board propellers were bent before this test by coming in contact with sunken trees in river and bay. The ship’s bottom is slightly foul. Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 10 inches ; aft, 16 feet 2 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches; aft, 16 feet 2 inches. Commander Jewell’s report on the analysis of the above coal shows : Analysis of Corona Alabama coal. Per cent. Moisture . 0.72 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 0. 32 Volatile combustible matter . 30.93 Fixed carbon . 59. 17 Sulphur . 0. 77 Ash . 6.09 Total Phosphorus 100. 00 0. 011 62 MINERAL RESOURCES. Trial of Jellico coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 66 tons; date of test, beginning February 3, 1895; boilers and engines, same as preceding tests.] First speed. Second speed. Third speed. Area of grate surface used. . 296.58 square feet. 256.88 square feet. 168.56 square feet. A, B, C, and D . . . . 5,797.65 pounds .. . A, B, and D . Fuel consumed per hour.... 5,054.36 pounds ... 3,277.34 pounds. Per cent of refuse . 5.7 . 5.7 . 5.7. Indicated H. P. of main en- 2,249.60 . 1,488.38 . 928.35. gines. Estimated I. H. P. of aijxil- 62 . 62 . 62. iaries in use. Fuel burned per 11. P. per 2.508 pounds . 3.217 pounds . 3.309 pounds. hour. Miles made per ton of coal.. 5.879 . 5.909 . 8.077. 15.21 knots . 14.05 knots . 11.8 knots. Number of revolutions . S„ 135.17; P., 135; S., 119.955; P., S., 100.05; P., average, 135.085 119.98; average, 100.04; average, Distance steamed . 119. 967. 100.027. 177.7 knots. Character of smoke . Gravish black .... Grayish black.... Grayish black. How often necessary to Once in 60 hours . . Once in 60 hours.. Once in 60 hours. sweep tubes. Condition of ship’s bottom.. How long out of dock . Force and bearing of wind. . Sails in use . Slightly foul . 94 days . Light . .None . Slightly foul . 95 days . Light . Slightly foul. 95 days. Light. None. Condition of sea . Smooth. Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condition of sea on speed. None . None . None. Remarks. — The Jellico Coal Compauy furnished 75 short tons of coal, making hut 67 long tons; therefore 22 tons were burned in making each test, instead of 25 tons, as directed by the Department's orders. The coal burned very freely, making very little clinker and a small amount of refuse. It required little or no working to keep the steam at a pressure that would produce the required number of revolutions. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used in first test. Three main boilers in second test, and 2 main boilers in third test. It makes a considerable quantity of smoke of grayish- black color. The tubes did not require sweeping during the tests, and were in a fair condition when the ship arrived in port. It can be readily handled and stowed in the bunkers. On arrival in port the ship’s diver examined the propellers and reports that all three blades of port and one blade of starboard propellers are bent, caused by coming in contact with sunken logs or trees in the river. Upon examining boilers we ha ve not discovered any bad effects from the use of this coal. Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 9 inches; aft, 16 feet 2 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches; aft, 15 feet 11 inches. COAL. 63 Trial of Virginia and Alabama coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 75 tons ; date of test, April 11 to 13, 1895 ; boilers and engines same as preceding tests.] Trial. First speed. Second speed. Third speed. Duration of trial . Area of grate surface used.. 296.58 square feet. 296.58 square feet. 168.56 square feet. A, B, C, andD . 7,225.80 pounds.. . A, B, C, andD . Fuel consumed per hour. . . . 6,222.22 pounds . . . 3.733.33 pounds. Per cent of refuse . 10.02 . 1U.02 . 10.02. Indicated H. P. of main eu- 1,948.30 . 1,366.42 . 962.32. Estimated I. H. P. of auxil- 62 . 62 . . 62. ianes in use. Fuel burned per H. P. per 3.594 pounds . 4.356 pounds . 3.645 pounds. hour. Miles made per ton of coal. . 4.94 . 5.06 . 7.124 knots. Number of revolutions . Average, 130.6 _ S., 120; P., 120: S., 100; P., 100; Distance steamed . 123.5 miles . average, 120. 126.5 miles . average, 100. 178.1 miles. Character of smoke . Dark grav . Dark gray . Dark gray. How often necessary to Once in 60 hours. . Once in 60 hours. . Once in 60 hours. 1 sweep tubes. Condition of ship's bottom.. How long out of dock . Slightly foul . 162 days . . Slightly foul . 163 days . Slightly foul. 163 days. Force and bearing of wind.. 1 to 2, 15*° to 117*°. 2 to 4, 29° to 117°.. 1 to 4, 5*° to 107*°. Condition of sea . Smooth . Smooth and mod- Smooth and moder- erate. ate. Estimated effect of wind, None . None . None. sails, and condition of sea on speed. Remarks. — The Virginia and Alabama coal can be readily handled and stowed in bunKers. As furnished for test it contained about 60 per cent of lumps. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used during the high speed test, and it was impossible to maintain the required number of revolu¬ tions. The fires were very dirty after running four hours. By keeping 3 main and 1 auxiliary boil¬ ers on during the second test, firing lightly on the auxiliary boiler and cleaning most of the fires each watch, we were able to keep the engines up to the required speed. In order to use this coal efficiently, half the fires would require cleaning each watch. It formed considerable chinker and a large volume of smoke of dark-gray color. The tubes were not swept during the tests; they were moderately dirty when the ship arrived in poit. The amount of refuse exceeded 10 per cent. ” Upon examining the boilers, no bad effects were discovered from the use of this coal. Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 8 inches; aft, 16 feet 8 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches ; aft, 16 feet 9 inches. The above coal as analyzed at the Washington Navy-Yard has the following composition : Analysis of coal from the Virginia and Alabama Coal Company. Per cent. Moisture . 1.18 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 2. 80 Volatile combustible matter . 31.22 Fixed carbon . 55. 75 Sulphur . 2.40 Ash . 6.65 Total . 100 Phosphorus . .034 64 MINERAL RESOURCES. Trial of Pearson “ Warrior” coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning April 4, 1895; boilers and engines same as preced¬ ing tests.] First speed. Second speed. Third speed. Duration of trial . 9 hours 2 minutes. 11 hours 58 min- 15 hours 20 min- Area of grate surface used.. 296.58*square feet. utes. 256.88 square feet. utes. 172.60 square feet. A, B, C, and D.... 6,222.22 pounds ... A, B, and D . A and I). Fuel consumed per hour.... 4,666.66 pounds . . . 3,733.33 pounds. Per cent of refuse . 9.36 . 9.36 . 9.36. Indicated H. P. of main en 2,267.10 . 1,800.75 . 933.32. gines. 62 . 62 . 62. iaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P. per 2.676 pounds . 2.505 pounds . 3.735 pounds. hour. Miles made per ton of coal.. 5.64 . 6.52 . 7.268. 15.32 . 14.5 . 11.09. Number of revolutions . S.135; P.135; aver- S.120; P.120; aver- S. 100; P.100; aver- age, 135 . 141 knots . age, 120. 163 knots . age, 100. Character of smoke . How often necessary to s weep Dark gray . Once in 60 hours.. Dark gray . Once in 60 hours.. Dark gray. Once in 60 hours. tubes. Condition of ship’s bottom.. Slightly foul . Slightly foul . 155 days . Slightly foul. 156 days. 46|° to 149°, 4. None. Force and bearing of wind. . 22£° to 75°, 2 . 45° to 68°, 3 . None . Smooth to moder- Moderate to Estimated effect of wind, Kone . ate. None . smooth. None. sails, and condition of sea on speed. Remarks. — The Pearson “Warrior” coal is mostly fine coal; it does not contain more than 15 per cent of lump. During the first test 3 main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used ; second test, 3 main boilers, and third test, 2 main boilers. The coal burned freely with a moderate amount of working and there was no difficulty in keeping the engines up to the required number of revolutions. The amount of clinker was moderate and easily removed. The percentage of refuse was not excessive. There was only a moderate quantity of smoke, dark gray in color. This coal can be readily handled and stored in bunkers. The tubes did not require sweeping during the test and were not very dirty when the ship arrived in port. Upon examination the boilers and accessories were found to be unin¬ jured by the use of the coal. Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 8 inches; aft, 16 feet 8 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches ; aft, 16 feet 6 inches. This coal analyzed at the Washington Navy-Yard, under Com¬ mander Jewell, shows: Anaylsis of Pearson “ Warrior” coal, Mobile Coal Company, Mobile, Ala. Per cent. Moisture . 0. 51 Nonvolatile combustible matter . 1. 84 Volatile combustible matter . 23. 95 Fixed carbon . 72. 030 Sulphur . 399 Ash . 1.261 Total . 100 Phosphorus . 007 The Secretary of the Navy, in his letter, writes: The points at which vessels can coal most advantageously in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean are as follows: The Atlantic Ocean: Norfolk and adjacent waters, Port Royal. Gulf of Mexico: Key West, New Orleans, Pensacola, and Mobile (the two last named are limited to ves¬ sels of about 21 and 19 feet, respectively). The Caribbean Sea: St. Lucia, St. Thomas, and Cartagena. Pacific Ocean: San Francisco, the ports of Vancouver Island and Puget Sound, Honolulu (for the mid-Pacific Ocean), the Australian and COAL. G5 New Zealand coal ports (where the native supply is abundant and not dear), Nagasaki in Japan, Talcahuano, Chile. Of these, the coal at San Francisco and Honolulu is shipped from points considerably distant, and the prices are a good deal above those at the other points named; they are still, however, very much lower than at many other ports in the Pacific. PRODUCTION OF COAL, BY STATES. ALABAMA. Total product in 1894, 4,397,178 short tons; spot value, $4,085,535. COAL FIELDS OF ALABAMA. The great Appalachian coal field, which follows that mountain sys¬ tem and derives its name from it, finds its southern terminus in Ala¬ bama. The Alabama fields have been fully described by Prof. Eugene A. Smith, of the University of Alabama, in Mineral Resources, 1892 and need only be briefly mentioned here. Locally they are divided into three regions, named many years ago by Professor Tuomey, from the rivers which drain them, the Cahaba, the Coosa, and the Warrior. The coal field occupies a large part of the northern half of the State. It enters at the northeast corner, extends southeasterly, the eastern or southeastern border reaching to the western central portion of the State near Tuscaloosa. From there its border line extends in a north¬ westerly direction until it nearly touches the Mississippi State liue, thence runs nearly due east about half way across the State, and then northeasterly to the Tennessee State line. The Warrior region is by far the largest, containing 7,810 of the 8,660 square miles underlaid by coal measures. Included iu this is the Lookout Mountain region, which runs in a narrow belt from the Georgia line, parallel to the Warrior field proper, and separated from it by a valley drained by branches of the Coosa River at its southern end, and of the Tennessee River at the north. The Cahaba and Coosa fields, containing 435 and 415 square miles, respectively, extend in nearly parallel, narrow belts along the south¬ eastern border of the Warrior, and are separated from it by the valley in which the city of Birmingham is located, and from each other by the valley of the Cahaba River. Because of the demand created by the war, coal was mined in Alabama during its existence, but the first product of which there is any record from the Alabama fields was obtained in 1870, when 13,200 tons were mined. In 1882, the year covered by the first volume of Mineral Resources, the output was 896,000 short tons. The maximum product in any one year was in 1892, when it reached the remarkable total of 5,529,312 tons, an increase in eleven years of 4,633,312, or 5,171 per cent. The output in 1892 was more than 60 times that of 1882. In 1894 the product had fallen, as a result of hard times and the great strike, to 4,397,178 tons, but even this shows an output nearly 50 times that of 1882, the first year recorded in this series. 16 geol, pt 4 - 5 66 MINERAL RESOURCES. DEVELOPMENT OF ALABAMA COAL MINES. Tlie pioneers in the development of Alabama coal lands after the close of the war were not rewarded with success. The value of the coal had been demonstrated, and those who undertook to work the mines which had supplied the Confederate government with coal, and to open new prospects, looked naturally to a remunerative business. In this they were disappointed. The country was still paralyzed from the effects of the war, and there were no manufacturing industries to encourage the development of the natural resources. They had the goods but no market. Ten years after the close of the war the coal fields of Alabama, which are now yielding from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 tons annually, did not reach a yearly product of 1 00,000 tons. From 1870 the industrial development of Birmingham and vicinity began, and coal mining was put on a remunerative basis. In 1883 the product exceeded 1,500,000 tons, the intervening years showing a steadily increasing output. The output in 1884 is given at 2,240,000 short tons, and in 1885 at 2,492,000 short tons. There is little doubt but that these figures are considerably in excess of the actual output. Dr. Ashburner, in his report for 1880, says that they were estimates based on information from various sources, the information being chiefly estimates of other persons. No satisfactory reason is given for the remarkable increase of nearly 50 per cent in 1884 over that of 1883, nor for the 600,000 tons decrease in 1880 from 1885. More than this, Dr. Ashburner states that the state¬ ment for 1886 was compiled from direct returns of producers to the Geological Survey, the Survey being assisted in the work by Professor Smith, State geologist. Since 1880 the annual increase in product up to 1892 is reasonable, and the natural result of industrial activity. In 1888, the year of the great boom at Birmingham, new mines were opened and the capacity of the old ones was increased, so that the product increased in that year nearly 1,000,009 tons, or about 50 per cent over 1887. Although the boom itself collapsed, as most booms will, there were established at Birmingham, Bessemer, and neighboring cities iron and steel and other manufacturing industries, which, encouraged as they are by favorable conditions for cheap production, are perma¬ nent. This is shown by the continued increase in the annual produc¬ tion of coal up to 1892 (see table, page 75), by the increase in the production of iron ore from 075,000 long tons in 1887 to 1,742,410 long tons in 1892, by an increase in the manufacture of pig iron in the same period from 292,702 short tons to 1,025,132 short tons, and by a similar progress in other industries. The decreased product in 1893 and 1894 was not due to local disturbance, but to general trade depres¬ sion throughout the United States, and to the prolonged strike of the latter year, which is treated elsewhere. The improvements on the Warrior River, conducted by the United States Government, and consisting of a series of darns for slack-water COAL. 67 navigation, are expected to do much toward extending the use of Ala¬ bama coal. One of the dams (of which there are to be five) is finished and two more are nearing completion, and it is expected that they will be ready for use by September 1. When this means of transportation has been accomplished, it is claimed that coal can be freighted from the Warrior field to Mobile for 50 cents per ton. It is stated that similar improvements will be made on the Coosa River, which will afford water transportation to the Coosa fields. PRODUCTION. In 1893 the amount of coal produced in Alabama was 5,136,935 short tons, having a spot value of $5,090,792. The output in 1891 therefore shows a decrease of 739,757 short tons, or 11.4 per cent. In value the decrease was nearly 20 per cent, or $1,011,257. The decrease in prod¬ uct was due to the general strike inaugurated by the United Mine Workers in April, and which continued in force until July in some cases, and in others was prolonged until August. The scarcity of coal occasioned by the strike had the effect for awhile of advancing the market price, but this was not sufficient to offset the prevalent decline in values, and an average reduction in price of 6 cents j>er ton, or from 99 cents in 1893 to 93 cents in 1891, is shown. , There were some mines not affected by the strike, and in others, where convict labor is employed, the convicts continued to work while the free labor was out. And it must be stated here that in Alabama, as in Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, and West Virginia, the strike was, in many instances, not due to any special grievance of the miners in those States, but was a “sympathetic ” one, the men being called out by their leaders in order to give strength and encouragement to those who went out “for cause.” In many cases some of the men were not only willing, but anxious, to continue their work, but were persuaded, or, worse, intimidated, by others into compliance with the labor leaders’ orders. Some of the operating companies have reported to this office the extent to which the strike was carried at their mines, and this information is given below as being of interest: In Bibb County the Blocton mine of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, employing nearly 1,100 men, was closed on April 11 and resumed August 17. At the Blue Creek mines, in Jefferson County, operated by the same comjiany, and employing 1,350 men, the strike lasted the same time. At Pratt mines, Jefferson County, owned by same company, 1,500 free miners were on strike, while 1,150 con¬ victs continued to work. At Warrior, in Jefferson County, 50 miners employed by the Watts Coal and Iron Company were on strike from April until July. Two hundred miners at the Gurnee mines of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, in Shelby County, were out from April 11 to August 17. A three days’ strike took place at the Walter Smith mine in Tuscaloosa County. In Walker County the 68 MINERAL RESOURCES. miners employed by the Corona Coal and Coke Company, 350 in num¬ ber, were on strike from April 20 to July 1. The American Coal Com¬ pany and the Carbon Hill and Lost Creek Coal Company, employing 114 and 28 men, respectively, were shut down by the Strike during May, June, and July. These do not represent all the miners that were on strike, but they are all that have been reported to this office. Decreased production is observed in all of the three principal coun¬ ties, Bibb, Jefferson, and Walker. In Bibb County the decrease was over 50 per cent; from 806,214 tons in 1893 to 401,061 tons in 1894. The decrease in Jefferson County exceeded 300,000 tons. In Walker County the decrease was comparatively small, being 35,396 tons from a total production in 1893 of 927,349 tons. The details of production by counties in 1893 and 1894 may be seen in the following tables : Coal product of Alabama in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to localtrade and used by em¬ ployees. U sed at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Bibb . Jefferson . Short ton§. 688, 846 1,818,313 40 60, 300 53, 339 106, 449 806, 448 3,200 Short tons. 1, 783 28, 391 Short tons. 27, 744 44, 922 Short tons. 87, 841 1,201, 651 Short tons. 806, 214 3, 093, 277 40 72, 000 55, 339 167, 516 927, 349 3, 200 12, 000 $802, 487 3, 012, 268 40 76, 600 101, 028 175, 997 907, 172 3, 200 18, 000 $1.00 .98 1. 00 1.06 1.82^ 1.05 .98 1.00 1. 50 216 258 20 198 200 247 187 165 1,280 7, 033 2 135 255 412 2,158 19 St. Clair . Shelby . . Tuscaloosa. . . Walker . 1, 200 7, 644 8, 581 3,500 2, 000 2, 260 15, 986 7, 000 51, 163 96, 334 12, 000 Total . . . 3, 536, 935 59, 599 96, 412 1,443, 989 5, 136, 935 5, 096, 792 .99 237 11, 294 Coal product of Alabama in 1894, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Bibb . 379, 488 4, 250 15, 190 2, 133 401, 061 $401, 061 $1.00 204 1, 089 6, 000 2, 000 8, 000 8, 000 1.00 75 45 6, 011 6, 011 15’ 028 2. 50 257 6 J etferson . 1,805, 269 11,744 82. 959 866, 330 2, 766, 302 2, 477' 795 .90 272 6, 567 St. Clair . 34, 167 950 5, 200 3, 200 43, 517 42, 135 .96 225 98 72, 904 350 3,365 76, 619 no, 600 1.44 114 405 Tuscaloosa . . . 129, 999 1, 400 6, 720 52, 962 191, 081 201, 754 1. 06 261 363 Walker . 843, 227 5,066 16, 970 26, 690 891, 953 812, 528 .91 180 2,252 4, 494 140 4, 634 4, 634 1. 00 140 34 8, 000 8, 000 12, 000 . Total... 3, 269, 548 43, 911 130, 404 953, 315 4, 397, 178 4, 085, 535 .93 238 10, 859 c COAL. G 9 The following table shows the annual output of coal in the State since 1870, with the exception of 1871 ancl 1872, for which no statistics were obtained : Annual coal product of Alabama since 1870. Tears. Short too 8. Value. Average price per ton. Average number of days worked. Number of em¬ ployees. 1870 . 13, 200 1873 . U, 800 50, 400 67, 200 112, 000 196, 000 224, 000 280, 000 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . 1877 . . 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . 380| 800 1881 . 42oj 000 896, 000 1, 568, 000 2, 240, 000 2, 492, 000 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . f 800j 000 1, 950, 000 2, 900, 000 3, 572, 983 $2, 574, 000 2, 535, 000 3, 335, 000 3, 961, 491 4, 202, 469 5, 087, 596 5, 788, 898 5, 096, 792 4, 085, 535 $1.43 1.30 1887 . 1888 . 1. 15 1889 . . 1. 10 248 6, 975 1890 . 4, 090, 469 1.03 217 10, 642 9, 302 10 075 1891 . 4, 759,' 781 5, 529, 312 5, 136, 935 4, 397, 178 1. 07 268 1892 . . 1. 05 271 1893 . .99 237 11, 294 10, 859 1894 . .93 238 It will be seen from the above table that the product in 1894 is the smallest since 1890, and the total value less than in any year since 1889. The average price obtained in 1894 was the lowest in the history of coal mining in the State. In the following table is shown the coal product in Alabama, by counties, for a period of six years, with the increase or decrease in each county during 1894 as compared with 1893. Coal product of Alabama, by counties, since 1SS9. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase. Decrease. Bibb . Blount . Short tons. 500, 525 Short tong. 221, 811 Short tons. 619, 809 Short tons. 793, 469 Short tons. 806, 214 Short tons. 401, 061 8, 000 8, 000 405, 153 De Kalb . 40 40 Jackson . 6,011 2, 766, 302 43, 517 76, 619 191, 081 891, 953 4, 634 8, 000 6,011 21, 280 23, 565 1,434 Jefierson . St. Clair . Shelby . Tuscaloosa .... Walker . Winston . 2, 437, 446 40, 557 84, 333 16, 141 488, 226 2, 665, 060 33, 653 25, 022 65, 517 767, 346 2, 905, 343 66, 096 34, 130 142, 184 980, 219 3, 399, 274 24, 950 27, 968 168, 039 1, 103, 612 3, 093, 277 72, 000 55, 339 167, 516 927, 349 3, 200 12, 000 326, 975 28, 483 35, 396 Small mines . . . Total .... 5, 255 12, 000 12, 000 12, 000 4,000 3,572,983 4,090,409 4, 759, 781 5, 529, 312 5, 136, 935 4, 397, 178 . 'a 739,757 a Net decrease. Previous to 1889 the statistics of coal production in Alabama did not show the value by counties nor the average prices. It is, how¬ ever, interesting to note the almost uniform decline in values in every county since that year, as is shown in the following table. The seem- 70 MINERAL RESOURCES. ingly increased price in Slielby County in 1890, 1891, and 1892 was due to the fact that one of the largest mines was shut down during those years. Its resumption in 1893 brought down the average price to some extent, and the increased production in 1894 caused a further decline. Average prices for Alabama coal at the mines since 1889, bg counties. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Bibb . $1. 20 $1. 10 $1. 17 $1. 08 $1.00 $1. 00 Jefferson . 1. 07 1.00 1.04 1.03 .98 .90 St. Clair . 1.25 1. 18 1.14 1. 10 1.06 .96 Shelby . 1.79 2. 50 2. 60 2.61 1.824 1.44 Tuscaloosa . 1.23 1. 05 1. 03 1.07 1.05 1.06 Walker . - . 1. C4 1.00 1.03 1.02 .98 .91 General average . 1.10 1. 03 1.07 1.05 . 99 .93 In the above table only those counties are considered whose annual product exceeds 10,000 tons. Instead of discussing each county by itself, the foregoing tables have been given as showing in compact form the essential matters of interest in regard to the product and value for a series of years. Similarly the following table shows the statistics of the number of men employed and the average working time in counties producing more than 10,000 tons in each year. The general averages, including all counties, are shown in the table on page 74. Statistics of labor employed and working time at Alabama coal mines. Counties. 1890. . 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Aver¬ age work¬ ing days. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Aver¬ age work¬ ing- days. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Aver¬ age work¬ ing days. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Aver¬ age work¬ ing days. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Aver¬ age work- ing days. Aver¬ age number em¬ ployed. Bibb . 250 1,340 243 1, 175 290 1,500 216 1,280 204 1,089 Jefferson . 267 6, 209 274 5, 405 289 5, 860 258 7, 033 272 6, 567 St. Clair . 250 1,340 242 180 200 75 198 135 225 98 Slielby . 200 150 265 200 225 150 200 255 114 405 Tuscaloosa . . . 157 268 287 298 261 281 247 412 261 363 W alter . 210 1, 500 219 2, 044 217 2, 209 187 2, 158 180 2, 252 The State. 217 10, 642 268 9, 302 271 10, 075 237 11, 294 238 10, 859 ARKANSAS. Total product in 1894, 512,626 short tons; spot value, $631,988. COALS AND COAL FIELDS OF ARKANSAS. The coal fields of Arkansas are an extension eastward of the Indian Territory areas, which are in turn the southern extension of the great western field. Although the Territory areas have not been definitely outlined, the known outcrops at various places north of developed fields at McAlester, Hartshorne, etc., indicate direct connection with the COAL. 71 fields of Kansas and Missouri. The Arkansas Coal Measures contain¬ ing workable beds are all within the area drained by the Arkansas, and contain, so far as known, 1,620 square miles. The full extent of the Coal Measures, however, is 14,700 square miles, while the total Carboniferous formation covers 19,260 square miles. The Arkansas coals are of great variety, ranging from lignite to semianthracite. The commercial product is divided into bituminous and semiautlira- cite, and these are so adapted for different purposes that careful dis¬ crimination in their use is necessary. The semianthracites burn more slowly than the bituminous, have a much shorter flame, and give off very little smoke. They ignite much more readily than true anthra¬ cite coals, are softer, and have the cuboidal fracture of bituminous coals. These coals are preferred for domestic purposes, and are not good steam raisers. The bituminous coals burn more rapidly, with a long flame, some with intense heat. They do not coke, and in their use care should be taken to use grates with small spaces between the bars, as otherwise a considerable quantity of unconsumed fuel is lost. The lignites are of little commercial importance, owing to the cheapness of the superior coals. It is within the period covered by this series that the coal fields of Arkansas have been developed on a commercial scale. There had been some mining done in the State as early as 1870, but not until 1883 did the operations assume any proportions. In that year the product was estimated at 50,000 short tons, and an annual increase of 25,000 tons is shown in the three following years, bringing the product in 1886 up to 125,000 short tons. There were no reliable statistics collected in those years. The business had not settled down to a regularly organ¬ ized industry, and the estimates were based on the best information available. The first authentic statistics were collected by the survey in 1888, covering the production in the preceding year, when 129,600 tons were obtained. About this time the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad extension from Fort Smith was completed into the field, and in the following year (1888) the output more than doubled, and had, with one exception (1892), increased annually up to the close of 1893, when it reached 574,763 short tons, more than eleven times tne product in 1883. PRODUCTION. In 1894 the coal product of Arkansas was 512,626 short tons, a de¬ crease as compared with 1893 of 62,137 short tons, or a little more than 10 per cent. The value decreased from $ 773,347 in 1893 to $631,988, a loss of $141,359, or about 18 per cent. Most of the mines were shut down for from two to three months by the strike, which in Arkausas was a “sympathetic” one, and this accounts for the decreased produc¬ tion. The effects of the “hard times” are shown even more clearly in the decline in value, the average price for the State falling from $1.34 to $1.22. The year 1893, however, happened to be an unusually 72 MINERAL RESOURCES. remunerative one for the Arkansas mines, due chiefly to an increased demand, which was caused by the closing down of many Kansas mines by a strike from May until September. This naturally opened up a new market for Arkansas coal, and while the output was not increased materially over that of 1892, the value shows a decided advance. In the tables below the statistics of coal production in Arkansas in 1893 and 1894 are shown, together with the distribution of the product for consumption : Coal product of Arkansas in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for shipment. Sold to local trade and used by employees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Franklin . Johnson . Pope . Sebastian . Small mines .... Short tons. 9, 629 90, 702 10, 000 439, 173 Short tons. 250 4, 531 250 747 6, 000 Short tons. 2, 500 2, 000 8, 981 Total . 549, 504 11,778 ' 13,481 Total amount produced. Total value. Average price per ton. Average number of days active. Total, number of em¬ ployees. Short tons. 9, 879 $11, 269 $1. 14 77 70 97, 733 191, 799 1.96 114 372 12, 250 45, 000 3. 67 225 70 448, 901 513, 279 1. 14 164 1, 047 6, 000 12, 000 2. 00 574, 763 773, 347 1.34 151 1, 559 Coal product of Arkansas in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by employ¬ ees. Used at mines for steam and beat. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active Total number of em¬ ployees. Franklin . Johnson . Pope . Sebastian . Small mines. . . 3 2 8 Short tons. 1 143, 618 16, 363 328, 096 Short tons. 610 300 960 6, 000 Short tons. 3, 500 1,125 12, 054 Short tons. 147 728 17, 788 341, 110 6.000 $172, 357 52, 289 395, 342 12, 000 $1. 17 2. 94 1. 16 192 229 108 372 62 1,059 Total . 13 488, 077 7,870 16,679 512. 626 631, 988 1.22 134 1,493 According to the Tenth Census of the United States (1880) the coal output of Arkansas was 14,778 short tons, worth at the mines $33,535. No statistics were obtained in 1881. Since 1882 the statistics of pro¬ duction, as far as have been ascertained, have been as follows: Annual production of coal in Arkansas since 1883. Years. Short tons. Value. Average price per ton. Average number of days ■worked. Total number of employees. 1882 . 5, 000 1883 . 50, 000 1884 . 75, 000 1885 . 100, 000 1886 . . . 125i 000 $200, 000 $1. 60 1887 . 129| 600 194j 400 1. 50 1888 . 276. 871 415, 306 1. 50 978 1889 . 279, 584 395, 836 1.42 677 1890 . 399, 888 514j 595 1.29 214 938 1891 . 542, 379 647, 560 1. 19 214 1, 317 1892 . 535, 558 666, 230 1.24 199 1, 128 1893 . 574, 763 773, 347 1.34 151 1,559 1894 . 512, 626 631, 988 1.22 134 1, 493 COAL. 73 In the following table is shown the annual produet since 1887, by counties : Coal product, of Arkansas since 1887 by counties. Counties. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Short tons Short tons Short tons Short tons Short tons Short tons Short tons 9, 879 97, 733 12, 250 448, 901 6, 000 Short tons 1 147, 728 17, 788 341,110 6, 000 Johnson . Pope . Sebastian . Small mines... Total . 81, 900 8, 200 39, 500 106, 037 10, 240 160, 594 105, 998 6, 014 165, 884 a 1,688 89, 000 4, 000 300, 888 6, 000 80, 000 5, 000 451, 379 6, 000 91, 960 17, 500 420, 098 6, 000 129, 600 276, 871 279, 584 399, 888 542,379 | 535,558 574, 763 512, 626 a Product of Franklin County according to Eleventh Census. From the above it will be seen that while the combined product of Franklin and Johnson counties shows an increase of approximately 40 per cent, and that of Pope County, though it is a comparatively unimportant coal producer, also shows an increase, there is a decrease in Sebastian County of 107,791 tons, nearly 25 per cent of its product in 1893. The loss in Sebastian County in 1894 was more than the combined product of Franklin and Johnson counties in 1893. CALIFORNIA. Total product in 1894, 67,247 short tons ; spot value, $155,620. The decreasing tendeucy of coal production in California, noted in the pre¬ ceding volume of Mineral Resources, continued in 1894. The largest product in any one year was obtained in 1889, when it reached 121,820 short tons. In only one other year did it exceed 100,000 tons. This was in 1890. In 1886 the product was estimated at 100,000 short tons, but the figure was in all probability too high. There is little to say in regard to California coal which has not been said before. It is not probable that coal mining in the State will ever develop into an indus¬ try of importance, though from changes of temperature and other local causes the product may be increased. California coals are of inferior quality, mostly lignites, and high in moisture or ash, or both. They can, however, and do to some extent, act as a balancing wheel in keeping prices for other coals at a reasonable figure. Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for better coal, but there is a limit beyond which it is found impolitic to go, and California lignites would be the cheaper fuel notwithstanding their inferiority. This fact should be borne in mind by consumers in San Francisco and other large cities, and encouragement should be given to the development of such mines as the State has. As it is, prices for coal at San Francisco have materially declined in the past few years. In 1890 English coal was selling at from $10 to $13 per ton. At the close of 1894 it brought only from $6 to $6.75 per ton. Such a cheapen¬ ing in fuel is of great benefit to manufacturers. It is true that the decline in values was originally due to heavy importations, chiefly in 74 MINERAL RESOURCES. 1891, when the total receipts exceeded those of the preceding year by nearly half a million tons, and resulted in a glutted market, but unless there should be other resources for consumers to fall back upon the present low prices will not be apt to continue. The following tables show the statistics of production in California in 1893 and 1894: Coal jtroduct of California in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. TJsed at mines for steam and heat. Total amount produced. Total value. Average price per ton. Average number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Amador . Contra Costa... Fresno . Monterey . San Bernardino San Diego . Short tons. 21, 546 35, 016 5, 240 | 2,931 Short tons. 333 899 560 3,544 Short tons. 750 1,064 720 Short tons. 22, 629 36, 979 5, 960 560 6, 475 $33, 944 97, 161 20, 860 2,000 13, 590 $1. 50 2. 63 3. 50 3. 57 2.10 266 173 265 60 220 30 82 30 5 11 Total . 64, 733 5, 336 2, 534 72, 603 167, 555 2. 31 203 158 Coal product of California in 1894. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to lo¬ cal trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total produc¬ tion. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Contra Costa. . 2 Short .tons. 34, 720 Short tons. 112 Short tons. 4,368 Short tons. 39, 200 $99, 310 $2. 53 220 96 Amador . 1 Fresno . > 4 18, 016 8, 031 2, 000 28, 047 56, 310 2.01 270 29 San Diego... ) Total . 6 52, 736 8, 143 6, 368 67, 247 155, 620 2. 31 232 125 The following table shows the total output of California since 1883, with the value when it has been reported, and the statistics of the number of employees and the average working time during the past live years : Coal product of California since 1883. Tears. Short tons. V alue. Average price per ton. Average number of days active. Total num¬ ber of em¬ ployees. 1883 . 76, 162 . 1834 . 77, 485 1885 . 7lj 615 1886 . loo' 000 $300 000 $3. 00 1887 . 50, 000 150, 000 3. 00 . . 1888 . 95| 000 380, 000 * 4. 00 1889 . 12L 820 288 j 232 2. 36 1890 . 110, 711 283, 019 2. 56 301 364 1891 . 93, 301 204, 902 2.20 222 256 1892 . 85, 178 209, 711 2. 46 204 187 1893 . 72, 603 167, 555 2. 31 208 158 1894 . 67, 247 155, 620 2.31 232 125 COAL. 75 COLORADO. Total product in 1894,2,843,400 short tons; spot value, $3,516,340. COAL FIELDS OF COLORADO. The coal fields of Colorado have been described at length by Mr. R. C. Hills in Mineral Kesources of the United States, 1892, and the following has been briefly abstracted from Mr. Hills’s report: The fields embrace a total area of about 18,100 square miles, exclusive of those portions of the measures which do not contain coal of workable thick¬ ness. The productive measures are divided into six independent fields, known as the Raton, South Platte, North Park, Grand River, Zampa, and La Plata. The first three lie east of the great Continental divide and the last three west of it. In addition to the six fields, there are several smaller districts, among which are the Canyon City and the South Park districts, lying on the east of the divide, and the Tongue Mesa on the west. The Raton field lies in the southern part of the State, a little east of the center, and extends into New Mexico. The Colorado portion of the field is contained in the counties of Huerfano and Las Animas, and embraces the important Trinidad region. Some of the coals are cok¬ ing, over 300,000 tons of coal being made into coke in Las Animas County in 1894. Over a million and a half tons of coal have been mined in this field annually since 1890, and in 1893 the product exceeded 2,000,000 tons. The South Platte field is a continuous strip extending from Frauce- ville, in El Paso County, in a northerly direction, following the eastern base of the Colorado range nearly to the Wyoming line. Mr. Hills places the average width of the workable beds of the field at 40 miles, and estimates the area covered at about 6,S00 miles. The actual width of the measures in this field is much greater than 40 miles, and, in fact, they extend over an immense tract in northeastern Colorado, but the change from workable to unworkable or inaccessible areas is so gradual that it is difficult to establish a definite limit. Mr. Hills is the recognized authority on Colorado coal lands and his estimates may be accepted without question. The coals of this field are lignitic, and owing to its slacking upon exposure, it is not adapted for storage or transportation to any great distance. There is, however, a large local market, Denver being directly in the field, and the cheapness of the fuel procures a steady demand. The counties through which this field extends are El Paso, Jefferson, Arapahoe, Boulder, Weld, and a little into Larimer. The North Park field lies entirely in Larimer County, in the northern part of the State. The coal is lignite, and the region remote from rail¬ road transportation. A small amount is mined for local consumption. 76 MINERAL RESOURCES. The South Park district is a small area lying in Park County. Its entire length does not exceed 21 miles, and its average width is less than 3. Its total area is not more than 45 square miles, less than half of which is workable. The coal is noncoking bituminous, and is used chiefly by the Denver, Leadville and Gunnison branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. The Canyon City district is all included within 54 square miles, and is situated near Canyon City, in Fremont County. The coal is non¬ coking bituminous, makes an excellent fuel, and bears a high reputa¬ tion in the prairie States For three years prior to 1894 this field pro¬ duced over half a million tons annually. In 1894 the product was only a little more than half that of 1893. The La Plata field is located in the southwestern part of the State, and like the Raton field, extends across the southern boundary of the State into New Mexico. In Colorado it lies chiefly in La Plata County, extending eastward into Archuleta County, and a short distance into Montezuma County on the west. Its area within Colorado is about 1,250 square miles. The principal mines are in the vicinity of Durango, La Plata County, and it is only within the past two years that they can be said to have assumed any importance. Up to 1892 the product had barely reached 5,000 tons. In 1893 it rose to 18,100 tons, and in 1894 yielded 53,571 tons. The Grand River field is in the extreme western part of the State and extends across the line into Utah. The counties in Colorado in which this field lies are Rio Blanco, Garfield, Mesa, Delta, Pitkin, and Gunnison. In this field and in Gunnison County the only anthracite mined in the State is found. The greater part of the field is noncok¬ ing bituminous coal, but in the southeastern corner, where there has been the greatest amount of development, considerable coking coals exist and as much as 100,000 tons have been coked in one year in this region. The Grand River field, according to Mr. Hills, embraces about 6,950 square miles, of which 1,116 square miles contain accessible beds and an estimated available tonnage of 26,384,800,000, more than half the entire estimated tonnage for the State. The Yampa field is without doubt a northeasterly extension of the Grand River field, being separated from it by only a few miles, and was at one time a part of it. The separation has been caused by erosion. The Yampa is itself divided into two parts, separated from each other by only a few miles, one being drained by the Yampa River, the other by the Little Snake, which joins the Yampa farther west. The field has not been thoroughly explored, and what mining is carried on is for local trade. Mr. Hills places the aggregate area of the field a.t 1,100 square miles. The coals are of superior quality, but there is no rail¬ road communication. The Tongue Mesa district is a small field lying in the southeastern corner of Montrose County. It is a long, narrow strip running north- COAL. 77 west and southeast. It is mined only for local use, the coal being almost a lignite in character, that will not compete with the better fuels which railroad transportation have made available. PRODUCTION. The first production of coal in Colorado, of which there is any record, was in 1804. It came from Jefferson and Boulder counties in the South Platte field, and was used, as the product of those counties chiefly is to-day, by the citizens of Denver and vicinity. Weld County, also a part of the South Platte field, began producing in 1872. The total output reported for the State in 1864 was 500 short tons. In 1872 it was 68,540 tons. In the following year the Raton field was opened, as was also the Canyon City district in Fremont County, but the total product was not materially increased in that year. The time had come, however, for the development of Colorado’s mineral wealths and the rapid increase in the production of coal tells the tale. In 1876 the output reached and passed 100,000 tons. In 1882, six years later, it had passed the million-ton mark. The Grand River field became a producer in 1880. The development of Colorado coal mining since 1882, has also been remarkable. In the volume for 1882 it was stated that coal mining was in its first stages, though it had then reached 1,000,000 tons. In 1885 and 1886 there was considerable activity in railroad building, and the product exceeded 1,350,000 short tons in each year. The year 1887 and the four following years were periods of great activity in coal mining, and the product showed an annual increase of from 400,000 to 500,000 tons, until, in 1891, it reached 3,512,632 short tons. The product in 1892 was about the same as in 1891. In 1893 it increased 600,000 tons and reached the maximum production in the history of the State, gave her first place among the coal-producing States west of the Mississippi River, and sixth in the United States. The heretofore almost uninterrupted increase met with a decided check in 1894. The general strike of the spring and summer included Colo¬ rado, and its effects were disastrous. The total product shows a decrease of 1,270,980 short tons, or 30 per cent. The decrease in value was in exact proportion, there being no change in the average price per ton. 78 MINERAL RESOURCES The following tables exhibit the statistics of coal production in Colo¬ rado during 1893 and 1894, with the distribution of the product for consumption : Coal product of Colorado in 1893, by counties. Counties. Arapahoe _ Boulder . Delta . Douglas . El Paso ...... Fremont . Garfield . Gunnison Huerfano Jefferson . La Plata . Las A nimas . . Mesa . Montezuma . . Park . Pitkin . Routt . Weld . Total . Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Short tons. 579, 222 200 16, 385 482, 649 208, 814 168, 097 491, 248 1, 834 95, 771 , 208, 507 17, 000 38, 692 8, 602 29, 000 3, 345, 951 Sold to lo¬ cal trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. 633 633 $766 $1. 21 150 2 15, 565 68, 433 663, 220 851, 444 1.28 142 1, 143 2, 380 2, 580 8, 310 3. 22 167 6 200 200 400 2. 00 75 3 900 2. 200 19, 415 25, 308 1.20 143 88 9.840 44, 298 536, 787 860, 182 1.60 182 1, 268 608 3, 496 212, 918 253, 659 1. 19 121 300 1, 465 5, 534 83, 443 258, 539 431, 553 1. 67 168 576 2, 316 27, 641 521, 205 600, 651 1. 15 172 999 61 1, 895 4, 738 2. 50 250 7 6, 476 795 1,950 104, 992 152’ 748 1.45 235 152 18, 131 23, 965 336, 735 1, 587, 338 1, 610, 366 1.01J 229 2, 243 100 1, 000 18, 100 41, 250 2. 28 249 23 90 90 450 5. 00 75 3 403 39, 095 97, 738 2. 50 236 185 52 1, 626 88, 931 99,211 lio; 932 1. 12 211 115 816 816 1, 597 1. 96 54 10 5, 350 1, 005 35, 355 52| 510 1.49 217 79 65, 386 178, 993 512, 059 4, 102, 389 5, 104, 602 1.24 188 7, 202 Coal product of Colorado in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total produc¬ tion. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num her of days active. Total num¬ ber of em- ploy- ees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Arapahoe. . . . 1 539 20 559 $839 $1. 50 125 2 Boulder . 12 377, 877 9, 087 32, 770 419, 734 536, 190 1. 28 150 1 091 Delta . 3 1, 797 1, 900 3, 697 5; 545 1 50 143 9 El Paso . 1 27; 668 600 2, 000 30, 268 35, 453 1 17 241 70 Fremont . _ 4 226; 940 3, 334 15, 342 245, 616 409, 966 1 67 104 1 580 Garfield . 2 73; 335 32 2, 296 75 663 85, 767 1 13 142 122 Gunnison. . . . 5 125, 644 792 5,’ 410 68, 479 200; 325 330, 517 L65 156 332 Huerfano .... 6 373, 199 1, 766 33, 080 408, 045 441, 130 1.08 186 753 Jefferson . . . . 2 30, 000 1, 108 3, 000 34, 108 68, 216 2. 00 162 25 La Plata . 6 41. 672 8, 519 302 3,078 53, 571 87, 346 1.63 46 349 Las Animas.. 10 807, 772 14, 658 14, 984 316, 449 1,153,863 1, 167, 174 1.01 199 1,699 Mesa . 2 25, 000 6, 000 250 500 31, 750 63, 500 2. 00 223 46 Montezuma. . 3 235 235 1, 050 4 47 110 6 Montrose .... 1 100 100 125 1 25 80 1 Park . 1 28, 094 849 28 943 91 170 3 15 231 108 Pitkin . 1 2, 793 67 2,111 ' 92, 753 97, 724 110, 117 1.13 266 135 Kio Blanco. . . 4 1, 680 1, 680 4, 310 2 57 172 10 Routt . 12 560 2. 150 2, 710 3, 853 1. 42 24 Weld . 3 38, 697 4,121 42, 818 74, 072 1. 73 145 145 Total . . 79 2, 181, 048 56, 688 1 12, 414 481, 259 2, 831, 409 3, 516, 340 1.24 155 6, 507 c 79 COAL. Iii the table below is shown the total product of the State, by coun¬ ties, since 1887, with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893. Coal product, of Colorado since 1SS7, by counties. [Short tons.] Counties. Arapahoe ... Boulder . Dolores . El Paso . Fremont Garfield . Gunnison ... Huerl'ano ... Jefferson .... Las Animas. La Plata . Mesa . Park . Pitkin . Weld . Routt . Larimer . Douglas . San Miguel . Delta . Montezuma . Montrose ... Rio Blanco.. Total . 1887 16, 000 297, 338 1, 000 47,517 417, 320 30, 000 243, 122 13i;810 12, 000 506, 540 22, 880 23, 421 4, 000 39, 281 3,500 1, 795, 735 1888. 1,700 315, 155 200 44, 114 438, 789 115, 000 258, 374 159, 610 9, 000 706, 455 33, 625 300 46, 588 28, 113 28, 054 400 2, 185, 477 1889. 823 323, 096 54, 212 274, 029 239, 292 252, 442 333, 717 10, 790 993, 534 34, 971 1, 100 41, 823 28, 628 1,491 100 260 1,800 1, 357 816 2, 900 2, 597, 181 1890. 1891. 700 1,273 425, 704 498, 494 800 3, 475 25, 617 34, 364 397, 418 545, 789 183, 884 191, 994 229, 212 261, 350 427, 832 494, 466 10, 984 17. 910 1, 154, 668 1, 219, 224 43, 193 72, 471 1, 000 5, 000 49, 594 52, 626 74, 362 91. 642 46,417 22, 554 705 1, 500 700 1, 500 775 238 200 3, 077. 003 3,512, 632 Counties. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase. Decrease. 654 545, 563 633 663, 220 559 419, 734 74 243, 486 23, 014 538, 887 277, 794 225, 260 541, 733 21, 219 1, 171, 069 81, 500 5, 050 76, 022 19, 415 536, 787 212,918 258, 539 521, 205 1, 895 1, 587, 338 104, 992 18, 100 39, 095 99, 211 35, 355 816 30, 268 245, 616 75. 663 200, 325 408, 045 34, 108 1, 153, 863 53, 571 31, 750 28, 943 97, 724 42, 818 2,710 10. 853 291, 171 137, 255 58, 214 113, 160 32, 213 433, 475 51, 421 13, 650 10, 152 1,487 Pitkin . Weld . 2, 205 330 7, 463 1,894 200 200 200 200 30 2, 580 90 3, 697 235 100 1, 680 1, 117 145 100 1, 680 100 3, 510, 830 4, 102, 389 2, 831, 409 a 1,270,980 a Net decrease. In connection with the above table it will be of interest to note the variations in the average prices in each county. The statistics of value by counties were not obtained prior to 1889, when the Eleventh Census was taken. Since that year, with the exception of 1891, the statistics have been collected in that way by the Geological Survey, and the average prices for five years are shown in the following table. Only those counties are considered whose product averages 10,000 tons or over. 80 MINERAL RESOURCES. Average prices fur Colorado coal since 18S9 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1892. 1893. 1894. ; Boulder . $1.53 $1.32 $1. 36 $1. 28 $1.28 El Paso . 1.27 1. 10 1. 25 1.20 1.17 Fremont . . 2. 12 1.54 1. 92 1. 60 1.67 Garfield . 1.64 1.46 2.00 1. 19 1. 13 Gunnison . 2.28 1.95 1.84 1.67 1.65 Huerfano . 1.37 1. 31 2.00 1. 15 1.08 Jefferson . 2. 54 2.99 1.90 2. 50 2.00 La P lutu .............. 1.91 2. 76 1.76 1.45 1.63 Las Animas . 1.16 1.16 1.22 1. 01J 1.01 Park . 2. 49 3. 00 2. 40 2. 50 3. 15 Pitkin . 1. 45 1. 12 i. 13 Weld . 1.51 1.38 2. 00 1.49 1.73 The State . 1.54 1.40 1.62 1. 24 1.24 Iii tlie following table is shown the number of men employed during 1890, 1892, 1893, and 1894, in counties producing 10,000 tons or over, together with the average working time, for the past three years: Statistics of labor employed and working time at Colorado coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number em¬ ployed. Average working days. Average number em¬ ployed. Average working days. Average number em¬ ployed. Average working days. Average number em¬ ployed. Boulder . 979 193 1,128 142 1,143 150 1.091 El Paso . 54 200 40 143 88 241 70 Fremont . 1,049 195 1,040 182 1,268 104 1, 580 Garfield . 334 248 423 121 300 142 122 Gunnison . 389 259 368 168 576 156 332 Huerfano . 907 253 947 172 999 186 753 Jefferson . 79 233 50 250 7 162 25 La Plata . 97 288 124 235 152 4<5 349 Las Animas . 1, 531 246 1,450 229 2, 243 199 1,699 Park . 150 266 140 2S6 185 231 108 Pitkin . 96 211 115 266 135 Weld . 118 300 4 217 79 145 145 The State . 5, 827 229 5,747 188 7, 202 155 6, 507 The State is divided, for sake of convenience, into four geographical divisions, known, respectively, as the northern, central, southern, and western. The first mentioned contains the counties of Arapahoe, Boulder, Jefferson, Larimer, Routt, and Weld. The central division embraces Douglas. El Paso, Fremont, and Park counties. The southern division contains the counties of Dolores, Huerfano, La Plata, and Las Animas, while Delta, Garfield, Gunnison, Mesa, Montezuma, Pitkin, Rio Blanco, and San Miguel counties lie in the western district. The following table shows the annual product of coal in Colorado since 18(34, that for the years previous to 1867 being given by counties and subsequent to 1878 by districts: c COAL. Coal product of Colorado from 1864 to 1894. Years. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. Localities 1873. 1874. 1873. Jefferson and Boulder comities. . do . . do . . do . . . . .do . . do . . do . . do . . do . Weld County . Jefferson and Boulder counties . Weld County . . Las Animas and Fremont counties. Jefferson and Boulder counties . Weld County . Las Animas and Fremont counties. 1876. Jefferson and Boulder counties. . . . Weld County . Las Animas and Fremont counties. Jefferson and Boulder counties. . . . j Weld County . Las Animas and Fremont counties. 1877. 1878. 1879 1880. Northern division . Central division . . . Southern division . Northern division Central division . . . Southern division . 1881. 1882. Northern division Central division. . . . Southern d i vision . Western division.. Unreported mines . Northern division . Centraldivision. . . . Southern division. . Western division . . Unreported mines . 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Northern division. Central division . . . Southern division. Western division . Northern division . Central division . . . Southern division . Western division . Northern division . Centraldivision. . . Southern division . Western division . Northern division . Central division . . . Southern division . Western division . Northern division . Central division . . Southern division . Western division. Northern division Central division . . . Southern division . W 68tern division . . Product. Shoi 14, 200 54. 340 t tons. 500 1, 200 6, 400 17, 000 10, 500 8,000 13, 500 15, 600 14, 000 43, 790 12, 187 15, 000 44, 280 18, 092 23, 700 59, 860 15, 278 28, 750 68, 600 20, 316 87, 825 73, 137 39, 668 182, 630 70, 647 69, 455 123, 518 136, 020 126, 403 1, 064 50, 000 156, 126 174, 882 269, 045 6, 691 100, 000 300, 000 243, 694 474, 285 43, 500 243, 903 396, 401 501, 307 87, 982 253, 282 296, 188 483, 865 96, 689 242, 846 416, 373 571, 684 125, 159 260, 145 408. 857 537, 785 161, 551 364, 619 491, 764 662, 230 273, 122 68, 540 69, 97 77, 372 98, 838 117, 666 160, 000 200, 630 322, 732 437, 005 706, 744 1, 061, 479 1, 229, 593 1, 130, 024 1, 356, 062 1, 368, 338 1, 791, 735 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 6 82 MINERAL RESOURCES. Coal product of Colorado from 1864 to 1894 — Continued. Tears. Localities. Product. Short tons. 1888 . Northern division . 353, 909 Central division . 529, 891 Southern division . 899, 690 Western division . 401, 987 - - 2, 185, 477 1889... 364. 928 Central division . 370, 324 Southern division . 1, 362, 222 Western division . . 499, 707 2, 597, 181 1890 486, 010 473, 329 Central division . Southern division . 1, 626, 493 Western division . 491, 171 3, 077, 003 1891 540, 231 632, 779 Central division . Southern division . 1, 789, 636 Western division . 549, 986 3, 512, 632 1892 Northern division . 569, 971 638. 123 Central division . Southern division . . . 1, 794, 302 Western division . 508, 434 3, 510, 830 ISM . Northern division . 701, 919 Central division . 694, 708 Southern division . 2, 213,535 Western division . 492, 227 4, 102, 389 1894 . Northern division . 499, 929 304, 827 Central division . Southern division . 1, 615, 479 Western division . 411, 174 2, 831, 409 GEORGIA. Total product in 1894, 354,111 short tons; spot value, $299,290. Coal is mined on a commercial scale in but two counties in Georgia, Dade and Walker. The beds from which it is taken are extensions of the Warrior field in Alabama. The Dade County mines are in the north¬ east end of the Sand Mountain ridge, and the Walker County openings are in the Lookout Mountain vein. This small portion of the Appala¬ chian field (the smallest contained in any one State) occupies an area of about 200 square miles. The Dade County mines have been operated for a number of years. The first reliable statistics of production were obtained in 1886, when a total output of 223,000 short tons was reported. Conservative estimates placed the amount produced in each of the two previous years at 150,000 short tons. There is no record at all ante¬ dating 1884. The Walker County mines were opened in 1892 with an output of 37,761 short tons. During 1893 and 1894 the total product of the State was nearly eveidy divided between the two counties. In the following table are shown the statistics of production during the past six years : COAL. 83 Coal product of Georgia since 1S89. Years. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount pro¬ duced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days worked. Total number of em¬ ployees. 1889 . Short tons. 46, 131 57, 949 15, 000 52, 614 196, 227 178, 610 Short tons. 158 Short tons. 15, 000 Short tons. 164, 645 170, 388 150, 000 158, 878 171, 644 166, 523 Short tons. 225, 934 228, 337 171, 000 215, 498 372, 740 354, 111 $338, 901 238, 315 256, 500 212, 761 365, 972 299, 290 $1.50 1.04 1.50 .99 .98 .85 1890 . 313 312 277 342 304 425 850 467 736 729 1891 . i 1892 . 1893 . 1,000 250 5,000 3, 756 4,869 8, 978 1894 . The following table exhibits the total annual product since 1884: Coal product of Georgia since 1884. Years. Short tons. Years. Short tons. 1884 . 150, 000 1890 . 228, 337 1885 . - . 150, 000 1891 . 171, 000 1886 . 223, 000 1892 . 215,498 1887 . 313, 715 1893 . 372, 740 1888 . 180, 000 1894 . 354, 111 1889 . 225, 934 ILLINOIS.' Total product in 1894, 17,113,576 short tons; spot value, $15,282,111. COAL FIELD OF ILLINOIS. The Illinois coal field occupies the greater part of the Central coal field of the United States, the smaller portions constituting the Indiana field and the western Kentucky field. The area in Illinois embraces about 36,800 square miles, about three and one-half times the area in Indiana and Kentucky combined. The product lias been for several years in about the same proportion, that of Illinois beiug something more than three-fourths of the total output of the Central field. The coal area of Illinois is larger than that of any other State. It is about four times as large as the bituminous area in Pennsylvania, more than twice as large as that of West Virginia, and more than half the area of the entire Appalachian coal field. A line drawn from Hampton, in Rock Island County, to the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers would define approximately the northern line of the Illinois coal field; but from the junction of these streams the boundary line deflects south to the vicinity of Cliatsworth, in Livingston County, and thence eastwardly to the Indiana line. All 'The statistical portion of this report is abstracted from advance sheets of the report of Mr. Geo. A. Schilling, secretary of the bureau of labor statistics of Illinois, and compiled by Mr. J. D. Roper, Statistician. 84 MINERAL RESOURCES. the area south of the line above designated, except a narrow belt along the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio and up the latter stream to Battery Rock, is underlaid by the Coal Measures, and nearly all the counties within the above-described boundary have afforded some coal, although in several of them the coal lies too deep below the surface to be available without a heavier expenditure of capital than the present demand for fuel would seem to warrant. The Coal Measures attain an aggregate thickness of about 1,400 feet, and may be properly divided into upper and lower measures, taking as a line of demarcation the limestone of Shoal Creek and Carliuville, a tough brownish-gray rock that is so persistent in its lithological characters and development as to make it a conspicuous horizon in tracing the detailed stratification of the Coal Measures. This lime¬ stone overlays a thin coal, often only 3 or 4 inches in thickness, but locally increasing to 18 inches to 2 feet or more, as in the vicinity of Highland, in Madison County, where it has been worked in a limited way for many years. Above this limestone there is some 700 feet of strata belonging to the upper measures, inclosing six or seven seams of coal that range in thickness from 6 inches to 3 feet, but none of them attaining to the thickness of those in the lower measures. The extensive area of the Illinois coal field and the liberal expendi¬ ture of capital and labor in it has resulted in placing Illinois in the second place on the list of coal producing States. No other mineral resource within its border is at all comparable in intrinsic value with the coal deposits. The abundance of coal, the wide extent of its area, the facility with which it can be mined, and the low price at which it can be sold, have been important factors in the development of rail¬ road facilities and manufacturing enterprises. For the purposes of inspection and the collection of statistics, the State is divided into five inspection districts. The first district em¬ braces the northeastern corner of the State as far south as and includ¬ ing Iroquois County, on the Indiana line. There are but five coal-pro¬ ducing counties in the district, Grundy, Kankakee, Lasalle, Livingston, and Will, but the fact that the city of Chicago is within the limits of the district, in close proximity to the coal fields, makes it one of the most important. Lasalle County in 1894 was foremost in rank for production. The second district occupies the northwest corner of the State, ext ending south as far as Adams County, which it includes. The coal-producing counties are Bureau, Hancock, Henry, Knox, McDonough, Marshall, Mercer, Rock Island, Schuyler, Stark, and Warren. The third district contains the counties of Cass, Fulton, Logan, McLean, Menard, Peoria, Tazewell, Vermilion, and Woodford, and extends nearly across the State from the eastern border a little north of the center. The fourth district stretches entirely across, and occupies the northern half of the southern portion of the State. It embraces the coal-producing counties c COAL. 85 of Bond, Calhoun, Christian, Coles, Greene, Jersey, Macoupin, Madison, Mason, Montgomery, Morgan, Sangamon, Scott, Shelby, Effingham, Jasper, Bike, and Richland. The fifth district embraces all of the southern portion of the State, from a line drawn east of a point oppo¬ site St. Louis, Mo. The coal-producing counties are Clinton, Franklin, Gallatin, Hardin, Hamilton, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Marion, Perry, Randolph, Saline, St. Clair, Washington, and Williamson. PRODUCTION. The thirteenth annual report of the statistics of coal in Illinois is here presented, being for the year ended July 1, 1894. These reports are made continuous and uniform in every particular, thus enabling the formation of parallel statistics of the coal business for the wiiole State. In this distinct manner the bureau of labor statistics of Illi¬ nois has preserved in the published reports a permanent, uninterrupted, and uniform record of the mine-inspection service and of the resources of the coal industry in this State. The foundation of all conclusions and summaries is derived from the reports of the several State inspect¬ ors; the exactness of these reports is based upon the returns made by the companies or operators owning or controlling the mines, on specially prepared blanks provided by the bureau; therefore these reports of the inspectors present the most definite data extant concern¬ ing each mine. The statement that the total product of the mines for the past year is less than the year preceding w ill not be a matter of astonishment to anyone at all versed in the traffic of coal. However, the tonnage of the State has had a steady yearly increase since 1889. In that year the output wras 14,017,298 tons; last year the total jiroduct was 19,949,504 tons, showing an increase of 5,932,206 tons, or over 42 per cent, during the four years. For the year 1894 the reports gave the output as 17,113,570 tons, being a falling off from last year of 2,835,988 tons, or about 14 per cent. Considering the general depression of business throughout the entire country, affecting very seriously two of the greatest fuel consumers in the land — manufacturing and transporting, the decrease in the output for the year proves to be much less than was predicted by those supposed to be best informed. Another cause of general inactivity is recognized in the great strike during the year. From data carefully procured by the State inspectors under direction of the bureau, it was found that 277 of the mines of the State became involved by the strike, and that over 25,000 men employed at these mines suspended work. The duration of the suspension from work by the mines was 01 days and of the miners 73. Of the mines involved, 249, or 90 per cent, were of the class known as shipping mines, and these comprise 78 per cent of the shipping mines of the State. 86 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following general summaries of the activity in the coal business and other facts closely allied to it are presented: Counties in which coal has been mined . . . 56 Mines and openings of all kinds . 836 Shipping mines . 319 Mines in local trade . 517 Coal of all grades mined . tons.. 17, 113,576 Lump coal (2,000 pounds) . do... 13,865,284 Other grades of coal . do _ 3, 248, 292 Nut coal included in other grades . do. .. 479, 595 Acres worked out (estimated) . 2,818 Employees of all kinds . 38, 477 Miners . . 31,595 Other employees, including hoys . 6,882 Boys over 14 years of age under ground . 701 Employees under ground . 32,046 Employees above ground . 6, 431 Average days of active operations, shipping mines . 183. 1 Aggregate home value of total product . $15, 282, 111 Aggregate home value of lump coal . $13, 998, 588 Aggregate home value of other grades of coal . $1, 283, 523 Average value of lump coal per ton at the mines . $1. 01 Average value of other grades of coal per ton at the mines . $0. 40 Average price per ton for hand mining . $0. 67 Average price paid for hand mining (summer) . $0. 64 Average price paid per ton for hand mining (winter) . $0. 685 Lump coal mined by hand . tons. . 7, 368, 850 Mined by hand and paid for by the day . do _ 988, 153 Mined by hand and paid gross weight . do . . . 2, 727, 331 Mining machines in use . 296 All grades mined by machines . tons . . 3, 396, 139 Lump coal mined by machines . do. .. 2, 496, 793 Other grades mined by machines . do _ 758, 781 Kegs of powder used . 318,263 Men killed . 72 Wives made widows . . . 41 Children made fatherless . 114 Men injured so as to lose time . 521 Coal mined for each life lost . tons.. 237, 689 Coal mined for each man injured . do. .. 32, 847 Employees for each life lost . 534 Employees for each man injured . 74 New mines opened and old mines reopened . 156 Mines closed or abandoned . 108 These totals are a condensation of the experience in the coal fields of the State for the past year. The number of counties yielding the prod¬ uct is 56, the same number as reported last year. Nine of the counties reported have been carried on the list of coal-producing counties, while their aggregate tonnage would scarcely be perceptible in the total for the State — 6,060 tons is their total for the year. Six of these counties are in the fourth district, and 3 in the fifth. This leaves 47 as the number of coal-producing counties. The number of mines or openings reported is 836, or 48 more than last year, the additions being in the c COAL. 87 second, third, and fourth districts, the first adding but one. In the fifth district the number lias decreased by 11, of which 4 are shipping mines. This class of mines has had a total increase of 13 during the year, 1 in the first district, 5 in the second, and 7 in the fourth, the total for the State being 319, a gain of 9 over last year. This grouping, as formerly, continues to represent almost the entire volume of the production of the State. For the past five years their yield has been 95 per cent of the whole output; this year it was 94 per cent. It has already been stated that the product of the State for this year, compared with the year 1893, shows a falling off of 2,835,988 tons, or 14 .22 per cent. Reviewed by districts, it is found the greater shrinkage is in the first and fourth, being 20.9 per cent in the former and 16.7 in the latter; the second shows a decline of 14.8 per cent, the third 9.4, and the fourth 10.6. It is found that the trend of the shipments of the product from the commercial collieries of the northern field — namely, first, second, and third districts — are to the markets of the north, northwest, and east, while that of the southern field, or the fourth and fifth districts, inclines to the trade of the South and West. With such division the falling off of the northern field is found to be 15 per cent and of the southern field 14 per cent, thus showing a quite uniform decline all over the State. In this connection, also, attention is directed to the notable increase in coal production of the State during the past fourteen years. In 1880 the national census showed that Illinois produced 6,089,514 tons of lump or marketable coal; the past year the tonnage of the same grade is reported as 13,865,284 tons, showing an increase of 7,775,770 tons, or 127.7 per cent during the period named. In the last decade the increase in the same grade of coal was over 37 per cent, and in the past five years about 20 per cent. The standard grade, lump coal, for the year averages in value at the mines 1.6 cents per ton less than last year. Approximating a valuation of $1.01 per ton, this is the lowest point touched at any time in the record for the State, excepting the year 1891, when the value was found to be $1,008; for the year 1890 the value was a shade higher, being $1.02. The average price paid for hand mining for the past year, computed exclusively on tons of screened coal, was 67.1 cents. This is 4.35 cents less than obtained the year before, and is the lowest average rate ever reached. It must be understood that this average is deduced by com¬ putations on the different quantities of coal mined at all the various rates, both in summer and winter, and at every mine. The i>rice paid for hand mining this year is founded on 7,368,850 tons of screened coal. This exceeds by over a million and a quarter tons the quantity wrought out last year by hand and paid for by the ton. Con sidering this subject further, it is noted here that in mining coal, 88 MINERAL RESOURCES. employees and employers, in making all computations or reckonings as to wages, howsoever to bo earned or paid, seem to depend largely, if not exclusively, on the rate paid per ton for hand mining. The number of men reported as employed in and around the mines of the State during the year is 38,477. This is the aggregate of the highest number employed at each individual mine at any one time. The number is largely in excess of any previous year, and is 3,087 more than reported last year. Perhaps no better explanation can be given of the employment of this large number of men during the year, so notable in its lack of opportunity for work, than the urgent appeals by men having dependents, and a corresponding sympathetic feeling on the part of mine operators. The number of days of active operation of the mines during the past year is found to be 183.1. This is 4G days less than the preceding year, and is the lowest number of days ever reported. The falling off in demand, the labor troubles, and the exceedingly large number of men employed, have had their inevitable influence in causing this decrease in the possible working days. Machine mining is now virtually confined to the fourth and fifth dis¬ tricts. The whole number of machines in use in all the mines during the year was 296. Last year the number was 310. The total tons cut by machines was 3,396,139, a falling off of 1,198,991 tons from last year. The number of kegs of powder used during the year in all mines was 318,263, which is 35,509 kegs less than reported last year, but is 18,796 kegs more than recorded for 1892. Of the total number of kegs 204,543 were used in hand mining and 33,060 in mines using machinery, leaving 80,660 kegs which were used in blasting at other mines in the various ways incident to the industry. The number of accidents is deplorably larger than for any previous year, reaching a total of 593. By these 72 men were killed or died from the effects of the injury, and 521 men met with accidents causing a loss of time of a week or more. The fatal accidents are 3 in excess of last year, and 12, or nearly 26 per cent, more than the average for twelve years. The non-fatal accidents exceed the number of last year by 118, or about 30 per cent, and is 274, or 90 per cent more than the average for the past twelve years. This grewsome record is susceptible of no other explanation except that an excessively increased number of men were employed, and that a very large per cent of these were inex¬ perienced in the skill necessary for the undertaking. NUMBER AND RANK OF MINES. In the summary preceding, the number of coal mines operated in the State during the past year is given as 836, which is 48 more than reported last year. Without some further explanation a wrong impres- COAL. 89 siou is likely to be formed regarding this large number of mines. As a matter of fact the greater proportion are unimportant in significance as to their product or value, and as to employment of either capital or labor. In order better to illustrate or characterize the mines of the State, and to discern the important from the insignificant, a table is presented giving the number of shipping and local mines for the past eight years by districts and for the State : Number of shipping coal mines in Illinois, 1SS7 to 1894, bg districts. First. Second. Third. Fourth. Fifth. Total. b*fi hi) bi) bio bfi bio Years. £ fl G £ .5 _G r— < p* r— » ft r— i ft r— ( ft r— 1 ft _ * .S( 8 .ft o cd £* c3 O c€ O c3 O J3 O o pd o o o O m , k! m hi m f-3 hi m hi in £ 1887 . 44 24 30 245 77 159 58 53 83 35 292 516 1888 . 37 33 32 235 81 156 57 51 106 45 313 520 1889 . . 36 36 31 233 89 157 57 41 119 55 332 522 1890 . . . 37 42 32 222 93 180 55 82 110 83 327 609 1891 . 38 32 31 233 90 183 56 70 112 73 327 591 1892 . 37 33 30 210 85 171 57 52 101 63 310 529 1893 . 38 33 27 197 84 152 59 45 102 51 310 478 1894 . 39 33 32 209 84 167 66 64 98 44 319 517 Averages . . 38 1 33 31 223 85 166 58 57 104 56 316 535 . 9 2 7 8 8 11 15 9 32 37 5 . 36 5 36 i This demonstrates that the increase in the larger and more impor¬ tant mines has been gradual and permanent. While, of course, some of these extensive plants have been closed from various causes, perma¬ nently abandoned, or consolidated, still it is found that their number has been increased and that 49 costly and durable workings have been opened and established, making an average of 316 during the eight years. On the other hand, it is found that during the same period the number of smaller or local mines has been inconstant, reaching a maximum number of 609 in 1890 and a minimum of 478 in 1893, pre¬ senting an average of 535, but an increase of only 1. The amount of both capital and labor employed in the development of these enterprises can scarcely be estimated. It is shown, however, in the former statement, that 49 shipping mines were opened during these years, and these alone would perhaps involve an investment or outlay of over $2,000,000. The others are smaller mines, and though costing much less to develop the coal, yet the greater number, in their aggre¬ gate cost, would augment the outlay by many thousand dollars. It is further shown that 816 mines have been closed or permanently abandoned, so that the net gain is only 21. Classifying the mines of the State on the basis of their output of lump coal for the year, the following table is presented, also including the two previous years : 90 MINERAL RESOURCES. Classification of Illinois coal mines according to output. Number of mines producing — Less From 1,000 From 10,000 From 50,000 number of Districts. than 1,000 to to to mines. tons. 10,000 tons. 50,000 tons. 100,000 tons. 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893 1894 First . 11 12 11 21 23 24 13 15 17 12 10 11 13 11 9 70 71 72 Second . 148 131 133 72 71 88 12 12 11 3 4 4 5 6 5 240 224 241 Third . 108 96 103 82 74 89 49 52 44 13 11 32 4 3 3 256 236 251 Fourth . 27 21 50 28 29 21 20 14 28 22 26 20 12 14 11 109 104 130 Fifth . 41 25 18 39 40 32 60 53 69 19 29 19 5 6 4 164 153 142 The State . . 335 285 315 242 237 254 154 146 169 69 80 66 39 40 32 839 CO CO 836 30 17 23 14 11 8 1 a48 70 50 21 5 10 8 14 8 Per cent of in- 10. 5 7. 2 15.8 25. 6 15. 9 25.8 2. 6 6.09 Per cent of de- crease . 17.3 14.9 .... 8 2.1 . . . . 6.1 5.2 .... . ... * * * * 17.5 . ... 20 u8.6 «6.8 aNet increase. It is sliown here that the number of smaller mines, or those showing an output of less than 50,000 tons, has increased 70 over last year, while those producing over 50,000 tons have decreased 22. This falling off in the number of these more important mines is the natural conse¬ quence of the depressed condition of trade during the year. Three of the districts show a decrease in the two higher classes, the first and second 1 each, the fourth 9, the fifth 12, and the third adds 1. Another classified table presents the number of mines in the State, according to tonnage, for the past twelve years : Classification of Illinois coal mines by annual output since 1883. Number of mines producing — — — — Total Less From From From number De- than 1,000 to 10,000 to 50,000 to of Increase. crease. 1,000 10,000 50,000 100,000 mines. 1 tons. tons. tons. tons. tuns. ! 1883 . 209 • 233 133 39 25 639 1884 . 262 273 148 38 20 741 102 1885 . 286 290 143 40 19 778 37 1886 . 316 280 135 44 14 789 11 1887 . 320 278 141 42 20 801 12 1888 . 327 271 151 47 25 822 21 1889 . 321 316 139 23 854 32 1890 . 398 301 155 54 28 936 82 1891 . 405 263 164 55 31 918 18 1892 . 335 242 154 69 39 839 79 ; 1893 . 285 237 146 80 40 788 51 1894 . 315 254 169 66 32 836 48 Increase . . 106 21 36 27 7 197 345 148 Per cent of increase. 50.7 9 27.1 69.2 00 CQ 30.8 COAL. 9 L The number this year producing over 50,000 tons is 98. This is a less number than reported for either of the past two years, but is more than is recorded for auy previous year. The decrease in the two more important classes notably increases those of the subordinate classes. The proportion of the product of these mines is made clear in the following table : Classification of the lump-coal product of Illinois in 1894. l Districts. Mines producing — Total number of mines and tons. Over 100,000 tons lump coal. From 50,000 to 100,000 tons. From 10,000 to 50,000 tons. Less than 10,000 tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. First . Second . Third . Fourth . Fifth . The State. . Percentages : 1894 . 1893 . 1892 . 1891 . Mines and aver¬ ages : 1894 . 1893 . 1892 . 1891 . 9 5 3 11 4 1, 050, 679 692, 462 467, 132 1, 550, 520 487, 768 11 4 12 20 19 770, 094 256, 228 812. 420 1,390, 142 1, 308, 463 17 11 44 28 69 455. 200 220, 239 951, 154 850, 625 1,680,075 35 221 192 71 50 91, 325 280, 427 338, 562 85, 823 125, 946 72 241 251 130 142 2, 367, 298 | 1, 449, 356 2, 569, 268 3, 877, 110 3, 602, 252 32 4, 248, 561 66 4, 537, 347 169 4, 157, 293 569 922, 083 830 13, 865, 284 1 3.8 5.1 4.6 3.4 30.6 37.3 37.6 33 7.9 10.2 8.2 6 32.7 34.5 31.8 29.6 20. 2 18.5 18.4 17.9 30 22.8 24.3 29.1 68.1 66.2 68.8 72.8 6.7 5.4 6.3 8.3 . . 32 40 39 31 132, 768 150, 287 142, 077 137, 855 66 80 69 55 68, 748 69, 443 67, 787 69, 745 169 146 154 164 24, 599 25, 200 23, 272 23, 015 569 522 577 668 1, 621 1,667 1,610 1,564 836 788 839 918 16, 585 20, 448 17, 558 14, 118 Separating these mines into two classes, we have one group of 267, each j>roducing 10,000 tons and over for the year, these comprising less than 32 per cent of the whole number, but contributing 93 per cent of the output; while the other group of 569 mines, producing less than 10,000 tons, represent 68 j>er cent of the whole number, yet yield only 7 per cent of the product. Of this last class 55 per cent produced less than 1,000 tons for the year. Percentages and averages for the past four years are given for com¬ parison and information. 92 MINERAL RESOURCES. Another division of the mines iuto two classes, those producing over 50,000 tons and those producing less than 50,000 tons, is presented in the following table: Annual lump-coal product of Illinois since 18S7. Mines producing over 50,000 tons of lump coal. Mines producing less than 50,000 tons of lump coal. Years- No. Short tons. Aver¬ age number of tons per mine. Per cent of whole num¬ ber of mines. Per cent of total prod¬ uct. No. Short tons. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of tons per mine. Per cent of whole num¬ ber of mines. Per cent of total prod¬ uct. 1887 . 62 5, 949, 894 95, 966 99, 840 92, 764 7. 74 57. 90 739 4, 328, 996 4, 666, 681 4, 362, 386 5, 858 92. 26 42. 10 1888 . 72 7, 188, 507 7, 235, 577 8, 011, 777 8. 109, 485 10. 218. 279 8. 76 60. 64 750 6, 222 91.25 39.36 1889 . 78 9. 13 62. 39 776 5, 622 90.87 37.61 1890 . 81 98' 911 8. 65 63. 39 855 4, 626, 587 4, 850, 739 4, 512, 684 4. 549, 171 5,411 91. 35 36. 61 1891 . 86 94^ 296 94, 614 9.37 62. 57 832 5, 883 6, 173 6, 810 6, 883 90.63 37.43 1892 . 108 12.87 69. 37 731 87. 13 30. 63 1893 . 120 11,563, 728 8, 785, 908 96, 364 89, 652 15. 23 71.77 668 84.77 28. 23 1894 . 98 11.72 63. 37 738 5, 079, 376 88. 28 36. 63 Average 8 years .... Percentage 88 8, 382, 894 95, 125 786 4, 622, 078 6, 073 10. 38 64. 46 89. 62 35. 54 Average 7 years .... Percentage 87 8, 325, 321 96, 009 764 4, 556, 749 6, 148 10. 19 64. 63 89.81 35. 37 Average 6 years .... Percentage 81 7, 785, 587 95, 921 781 4, 558, 012 5, 840 9. 42 63.07 90. 58 36. 93 This is a record for eight years of the output of lump coal. The number of the higher class of mines, their total output, and the aver¬ age and percentages bear out the evidence already presented of the depression experienced in the traffic of this class of mines during the past year when compared with the two previous years. The decline for the year, however, was not sufficient to reduce the average number of mines and tons, and the percentages for the eight years, below those shown for the seven and six years, although the average number of tons per mine for the former proves to be somewhat less. The mines rendering less than 50,000 tons have increased in num¬ ber, tonnage, average, and percentages over the two previous years. For the past year they represent 88 per cent of the mines, but furnished only 37 per cent of the output. COAL. 93 The number of shipping mines returned this year is 319. This is 9 more than returned for last year, and 10 more than the year before. The following table presents the record by districts : Statistics of coal production in Illinois by shipping mines in 1894. Districts. No. Total output, all grades. Total lump coal. Per cent of whole number of mines. Per cent of total tonnage. Per cent of total lump. Average number of tons of lump coal per mine. Aver¬ age number of days worked. First . 39 Tons. 2, 517, 733 Tons. 2,211,166 54.2 93.8 Tons. 93.4 64, 557 153 Second . 32 1, 458, 715 1, 209, 947 13.3 83.0 83.5 37, 811 149 Third . 84 2, 821, 084 2, 321, 756 3, 821, 194 33.5 91.7 90.4 27, 640 180 Fourth . 66 5, 117, 187 4, 191, 894 50.8 98.8 98.6 57, 882 190 Fifth . ... 98 3, 328, 518 69.0 93.7 92.4 33, 975 175 The State. 319 16, 106, 613 12, 892, 581 38.2 94.1 93.0 40, 416 174 The class comprises only 38 per cent of the mines of the State, but furnished 94 per cent of the total product, and 93 per cent of the lump coal. The average tons per mine is over 9,000 less than last year, and the average number of running days is 51, or 23 per cent less. A parallel table of the local mines is presented: Statistics of coal production in Illinois by local mines in 1894. Districts. No. Total output, all grades. Total lump coal. Per cent of whole number of mines. Per cent of total tonnage. Per cent of total lump. Average number of tons of lump coal per mine. Aver¬ age number of days worked. First . . 33 Tons. 167, 511 Tons. 156, 132 45.8 6.2 Tons. 6.6 4, 731 169 Second . . 209 244, 908 239, 409 86.7 14.0 16.5 1,146 144 Third . 167 256, 834 247, 512 66.5 8.3 9.6 1,482 162 Fourth . 64 56, 116 55, 916 49.2 1.2 1.4 874 150 Fifth . 44 281. 594 273, 734 31.0 6.3 7.6 6,221 198 The State. 517 1, 006, 963 972, 703 61.8 5.9 7.0 1,881 157 This class has 517, or 62 per cent of all the mines, yet these only sup¬ plied 6 per cent of the coal. It is to be observed, however, that the aggregate tons of these mines is 315,081, or 45 per cent more than last year, and the average per mine nearly 32 x>er cent more. For comparison both classes are presented in condensed form, for five years, in the following table : Percentage of coal product, by shipping and local mines in Illinois, for jive years. Shipping mines. Local mines. Years. No. Per cent of whole number of mines. Per cent of total prod¬ uct. Per cent of lump tons. Average number of lump tons per mine. No. Per cent of whole number of mines. Per cent of total prod¬ uct. Per cent of lump tons. Average number of lump tons per mine. 1890 . 327 34. 9 Tons. 93. 6 34, 176 37, 850 609 65. 1 Tons. 6. 4 1,328 987 1891 . 327 35.6 95.5 92.0 591 64.4 4. 5 8.0 1892 . 309 36.8 95. 1 94.0 45, 356 530 63.2 4.9 6.0 1, 295 1893 . 310 39.3 96.5 96.0 49, 776 478 60.7 3.5 4.0 1,427 1894 . 319 38.2 94. 1 93.0 40, 416 517 61.8 5.9 7.0 1,881 94 MINERAL RESOURCES. This affords a view of the number of mines in the State, with per¬ centages and averages as to the working capacity and activity of each class. The percentages of lump tons of both groups are given for four years, and it will be noticed that in the group of shipping mines these percentages are slightly below those for the total output, and a like degree of increase in the same percentages of the local mines. A further classification of the mines in respect to number and output is shown for the past four years in the following table, by districts: Coal mines in Illinois having a total output, all grades, of 100,000 tons and over. Districts. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. Averages for 4 years. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. First . 11 1, 397, 480 954, 255 781, 531 3, 085, 399 1,289, 969 12 1, 985, 937 15 2, 305, 796 1,015,949 690, 634 12 1, 809, 008 742, 365 12 1, 874, 555 988, 186 6 7 1, 240; 175 849, 791 3, 661, 177 6 5 6 Third . 5 6 4 5 673’ 553 5 760j 127 19 20 17 2, 993, 734 1, 322, 579 13 2, 329, 251 1, 096, 662 17 3, 017; 390 1, 430, 218 Fifth . 9 14 2, Oil, 663 10 8 10 The State . 50 7, 508, 634 150, 173 43.9 59 9, 793, 743 165. 996 52 8, 328, 692 160, 167 43 6, 650, 839 154, 671 51 8, 070, 477 Percentage of whole number of mines and of total prod- 6. 0 7.5 49.1 6.2 46.6 4.7 42. 57 6.0 46. 36 Here is presented the continued vigor and significance of these large collieries. The largest number and greatest output appears for 1893; also the largest average tonnage per mine. The previous year follows next in this regard. The year 1891 has the smallest number of these mines and the lowest aggregate output. The past year is third in rank as to number of mines and tons, but discloses the lowest average tonnage per mine. Regarding these extensive mines as to numbers and tonnage and comparing them with the whole number of mines in the State, it is found that for this year they represent only G per cent of the mines, yet they produced about 44 per cent of the coal; last year they were 7.5 per cent of the mines; still they furnished 49 per cent of the prod¬ uct; the year before only 6.2 per cent of the mines and 46.6 per cent of the output; for 1891, 4.7 per cent of the mines, but 42.5 per cent of the tonnage. Combining the four years gives a result of 6 per cent of the mines producing 46.36 per cent of the output. OUTPUT FOR THE YEAR. The aggregate production for the year as reported is 13,865,284 tons of lump coal out of a total tonnage of 17,113,576 of all grades; the other grades less than lump appear as 3,248,292 tons, the latter for the greater part is of merchantable quality. COAL. 95 The comparative output of lump coal is continued from year to year and is shown in the following table by districts for the past five years: Total tonnage .of lump coal, with gains and losses, for five years by districts. Districts. Output of lump coal by districts. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1892-93. 1893-94. Gain. Loss. Gain. Loss. First . Second . Third . Fourth . Fifth . Total . Net gain. . . . Net loss. . . . Tons. 2, 303, 326 1, 002, 600 2, 375, 970 3, 7>6, 464 3, 240, 004 Tons. 3, 701. 652 1, 215, 883 2, 336, 500 3, 532, 233 3, 173, 956 Tons. 2, 965, 067 1, 461, 224 2,711,574 4, 090, 921 3, 502, 177 Tons. 2,913, 144 1, 708, 909 2, 860, 299 4, 508, 382 4, 122, 165 Tons. 2, 367, 298 1, 449, 356 2, 569, 268 3, 877, 110 3, 602, 252 Tons. 247, 685 148, 725 417, 461 619, 988 Tons. 51, 923 . Tons. Tons. 545, 846 259, 553 291, 031 631, 272 519, 913 12,638.346 a 1,040,401 12,960,224 321, 860 14,730,963 1,770,739 16,112,899 1,381,936 13,865,284 2, 247, 615 1, 433, 859 1, 381, 936 2, 247, 615 2, 247, 615 a Gain over 1889. Here is disclosed the loss and gain in the tonnage of lump coal for five years. This year shows a shrinkage of 2,247,615 tons compared with the year before. The fourth district shows the largest decrease; the first district is next, the fifth next, the second next, the smallest being in the third. This year is the fourth showing a record of decrease in output; the other years were 1885, 1886, and 1889. However, the decrease this year exceeds the aggregate of the former years by 1,135,820 tons, and it also exceeds the gain of any former year by 476,876 tons. The percentages of gains and losses of tonnage of lump coal for six years is given by districts and for the State in the following table: Percentages of increase and decrease in tonnage of lump coal for six years, 1889-1894, by districts. Years. First. Second. Third. Fourth. Fifth. The State. © to OS © t-l o fl w © 0 0 c3 © © © © p © CO oz © fH © a hH © CO oj © u © © Q © co c3 © Fh © a H © 0Q a3 £ © © p © CO ce £ © S3 H © 00 oS © © © P © r/2 © U o S3 r- 1 © CO c€ © u © © p © CO oi © Sh © S3 H © CO e3 © F-t © © P 1889 . 13. 73 9. 86 18. 14 8. 50 6. 91 10. 88 17.43 4. 81 17. 20 2.22 1890 . 15.88 8. 97 2. 55 13.51 9. 38 1891 . 17. 29 9. 75 21.27 18. 53 16. 95 1.26 5.22 2. 08 1892 . 16.05 5. 48 15. 82 10. 20 10.34 17. 70 1893. 1.78 18. 74 1894 . 15. 19 10.18 14. 00 12.61 13. 95 Six years . 17. 74 31.74 32. 15 12.99 17.20 30. 57 23. 70 35. 82 57. 94 43. 31 30. 58 56. 28 32. 78 16. 96 35. 93 24. 26 Five years.... Four years. ... 1.23 3. 03 . . . . . . The decrease for the State from last year is nearly 14 per cent. Noting also the gradations in percentages of decrease by districts, the first shows the highest, 18.74; the second, 15.19; the fourth, 14.0; the fifth, 12.61; and the third, 10.18, the lowest. The percentages of gain and loss by districts and for the State, for four, five, and six years, are 96 MINERAL RESOURCES. also set forth. The first district, after slight gains for two previous years, suffers a contraction of 17.74 per cent from its output six years ago. The other districts, for the same period, show quite large per¬ centages of increase. However, for the State, the gain since 1888 is only 1G.96 per cent, while for last year it was 35.93 and the year before 24.26. The total product, all grades of coal with percentages of lump tons, is presented in the following table: Total product and percentage of lump coal for four years. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Districts. Total product. Per¬ cent¬ age of lump grade. Total product. Per¬ cent¬ age of lump grade. Total product. Per- cent- age of lump grade. Total product. Per rent¬ age of lump grade. First . Tons. 3, 082, 915 87.63 Tons. 3, 458, 066 85. 74 Tons. 3, 394, 686 85. 81 Tons. 2, 685, 244 88.16 Second . 1, 440, 266 82. 73 1, 733, 608 84. 29 2, 000, 664 85. 42 1,703, 623 85.07 Third . 2, 794. 004 83. 54 3, 260, 951 83. 15 3, 397, 433 84. 19 3, 077, 918 83.47 Fourth . 4, 428, 109 79. 61 5, 117, 600 79.94 5, 784, 866 77.93 5, 173, 303 74. 95 Fifth . 3, 915, 404 81.06 4, 292, 051 81.60 5. 371, 915 76. 73 4,473, 488 80. 52 The State.... 15, 660, 698 82.76 17, 862, 276 82.47 19, 949, 564 80. 77 17, 113, 576 81.02 The slight variations observed in the percentages of the lump grade of coal in each district, and for the State during the four years, give significance and marked importance to the correctness and reliability of the returns secured by the State inspectors. The first district shows a gain over previous years; the second, third, and fourth fall slightly below last year; while the fifth gives an increase. For the State the per cent this year is a trifle above last year, and a little below the two former years, leaving 18.98 per cent for the past year of nut and other grades. The total tonnage, all grades, with the whole number of mines and men for thirteen years, is shown in the following table : Total number of mines, men, and product, lump, and other grades, since 1882. Years. Whole number of mines. Whole number of men em¬ ployed. Total prod¬ uct in tons (2,000 pounds). Total tons of lump coal. Total tons of other grades. 1882 . 704 20, 290 11,017, 069 9, 115, 653 1, 901, 506 1883 . 639 23, 939 12, 123, 456 10, 030, 991 2, 092, 465 1884 . 741 25, 575 12, 208, 075 10, 101, 005 2, 107, 070 1885 . 778 25, 946 11, 834, 459 9, 791, 874 2, 402, 585 1886 . 787 25, 846 11, 175, 241 9, 246, 435 1,928, 806 1887 . 801 26, 804 12, 423, 066 10,278, 890 2, 144, 176 1888 . 822 29, 410 14,328, 181 11, 855, 188 2, 472, 993 1889 . 854 30, 076 14, 017, 298 11,597.963 2, 419, 335 1890 . . 936 28, 574 15, 274, 727 12, 638, 364 2, 636, 363 1891 . 918 32, 951 15, 660, 698 12, 960, 224 2, 700, 474 1892 . . 839 33, 632 17, 062, 276 14, 730, 963 3, 131,313 1893 . 788 35, 390 19, 949, 564 16,112, 899 3, 836, 655 1894 . 836 38, 477 17, 113, 576 13, 865. 284 3, 248, 292 c COAL 97 The prominent coal -producing counties, each of which nas con¬ tributed annually over 200,000 tons during the past four years, are presented in the following tables : Counties which hare produced more than 200,000 tons of coal, arranged in order of their rank, for the years 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894. CO 1891. o !« 5 Counties. Rank. Total product. 5 St. Clair . 1 Tons. 1, 595, 839 4 Macoupin . 2 1, 461, 344 1 Lasalle . 3 1, 378, 168 4 Sangamon . . 4 1, 051, 604 1 Grundy . 5 921, 907 3 Vermilion . 6 880, 466 4 Madison . 7 719, 308 4 Christian . 8 718, 326 2 Bureau . 9 701, 064 5 Jackson . 10 681, 859 5 Perry . 11 604, 152 3 Peoria . 12 564, 119 3 Fulton . 13 484, 117 1 Livingston . 14 458, 329 5 Marion . 15 321, 652 2 Mercer' . 16 314, 360 1 Will . 17 233, 603 3 McLean . 18 230, 129 207, 286 4 Macon . 19 5 Williamson . 20 206, 452 3 Menard . 21 204, 583 Total . 13, 938, 667 to 1892. o GO P Counties. r* P cS M Total. product. 4 Macoupin . 1 Tons. 1, 823, 136 5 St. Clair . 2 1,759, 822 1 Lasalle . 3 1,544,311 1, 175, 084 1 Grundy . 4 4 Sangamon . 5 1, 091, 014 3 Vermilion . 6 972, 589 2 Bureau . 7 943, 496 4 Madison . 8 873, 770 5 Jackson . 9 869, 514 4 Christian . 10 767, 354 3 Fulton . 11 666, 473 3 Peoria . 12 632, 939 1 Livingston . 13 532, 667 5 Perry . 14 461, 068 5 Marion . 15 376, 519 2 Mercer . 16 328, 542 5 Williamson . 17 322, 486 3 Menard . 18 285, 695 4 Macon . 19 227, 020 222, S72 3 McLean . 20 Total . 15, 875, 871 1893. Counties. St. Clair . Macoupin... Lasalle . Sangamon . . Grundy . Bureau . Vermilion... Madison Jackson Perry . . Christian ... Fulton . . Peoria . . Livingston . Marion _ Williamson Mercer . Menard _ Macon . . Clinton _ McLean _ Total product. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Tons. 2, 133, 870 1,988,069 1, 494, 826 1, 410, 346 1,186, 919 1, 143, 270 996, 768 951, 894 926, 242 860, 151 839, 650 772, 497 620, 149 542, 516 480, 529 418, 426 363, 206 281,635 280, 233 255, 095 204, 827 18, 151,117 1894. Counties. St. Clair . Macoupin... Sangamon . . Lasalle . . Grundy . Christian ... Vermilion... Madison Bureau . Jackson ... Peoria . . Fulton . Perry . Marion _ Williamson . Mercer . Livingston. . Menard - Macon . Clinton . Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total product. Tons. 1, 623, 684 1, 575, 045 1,142,299 1, 134, 097 1, 130, 420 1, 005, 500 989, 813 889, 768 878, 937 766, 514 611, 792 557, 703 530, 490 478, 757 437, 157 374, 003 342, 127 295, 852 227, 820 200, 920 15, 192, 698 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 7 98 MINERAL RESOURCES. For tliis year twenty counties appear in the list. They produced 15,192,698 tons, which is 88.78 per cent of the total output of the State, leaving to the thirty-six other counties 1,920,878 tons, or 11.22 per cent of the output. For this year St. Clair County again heads the list, hut with over a half million tons less than last year; Macoupin retains the second place, while Sangamon ranks third for the first time; Lasalle takes fourth place after holding third for three years; Grundy County holds fifth place; Christian ranks as sixth, while Bureau, holding sixth place last year, goes to ninth. Will County has now been out of the list for three successive years, and McLean is dropped out for the first time. The following table gives all the counties with their total product for the past eight years : COAL 99 Output of coal in Illinois, by counties, for eight years. Districts. Output of lump coal. 1891— Out¬ put, all grades. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. First district . Counties : Grundy . Kankakee . Lasalle . Livingston . Will . Second district . Counties: Bureau . Hancock . Henry . Knox . Marshall . McDonough . Mercer . Rock Island . Schuyler . Starlr . Warren . Third district . Counties: Cass . Fulton . Logan . McLean . Menard . Peoria . Tazewell . Vermilion . Woodford . Fourth district . Counties: Bond . Calhoun . Christian . Coles . Short tons. 2, 686, 829 Short tons. 2, 877, 794 Short tons. 2, 530, 453 Short tons. 2, 303, 326 Short tons. 2, 701, 652 Short tons. 3, 082, 915 792, 954 97, 000 1, 125, 235 387, 600 284, 040 862. 866 82, 000 1, 090, 435 495, 388 347, 105 698, 033 67, 380 1, 039, 703 382, 965 342, 372 654, 017 62, 460 926, 214 372, 504 288, 131 861, 507 84, 808 1, 174, 961 355, 800 224, 576 921, 907 90, 908 1, 378, 168 458, 329 233, 603 1,069,027 1 1,293.187 1,087, 848 1,002,600 1 1,215,883 1, 440, 266 459, 580 6, 208 117, 533 64, 324 73, 928 110, 103 127, 708 85, 282 22, 686 17, 865 13,810 635, 097 6,515 108, 831 57, 013 87, 013 104, 274 167, 931 57, 872 34, 403 18, 690 15, 518 493, 730 6,028 101,716 57, 588 59, 784 98, 386 175, 690 47, 363 16, 243 19, 171 12, 149 372, 701 6, 948 98, 734 51, 653 56, 574 83, 401 238, 290 39, 696 21, 836 18, 672 14, 095 612, 292 0, 740 116, 173 44, 974 53, 319 73, 596 222, 237 38, 654 15, 369 20, 157 12, 372 701, 064 6,740 131, 986 44, 974 65,219 81, 732 314, 360 41, 540 20, 122 20, 157 12, 372 1, 781, 395 2, 192, 121 2, 050, 349 2, 375, 970 2, 336, 500 2, 794, 004 2, 325 337, 215 159, 000 141,700 155, 621 452, 123 51,847 359, 119 122, 445 7,300 461, 589 174, 330 117, 110 181, 075 533, 817 59, 324 499, 076 158, 500 4,414 366, 577 138, 700 129, 322 181,621 454, 731 67, 973 537, 411 169, 600 4, 650 404, 417 164, 650 1^3, 492 230, 662 482, 725 81, 141 704, 509 129, 724 5, 680 391, 721 155, 048 184, 629 171, 784 498, 601 85, 692 728, 156 115, 189 6, 466 484, 117 176, 052 230, 129 204, 583 564, 119 107, 252 880, 466 140, 820 2, 568. 291 2, 854, 540 3, 164, 835 3, 716, 464 3, 532, 233 4, 428, 109 36, 076 149, 973 34,612 38, 200 1, 036 147, 030 27, 210 59, 724 1,078 249, 774 66. 746 1,468 439, 451 76, 067 2, 773 513, 315 102, 535 2, 773 718, 326 Effingham . 796 11,7)4 152 7, 500 179, 050 1, 369, 919 646. 228 58, 617 16, 601 135 154 879, 888 20, 022 18, 023 a 487 16, 442 (6) 4, 252 126, 569 1, 149, 380 600, 294 94, 975 6, 584 (b) a § Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. Mines. Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. Mines. Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. First . 35 181.5 69, 019 38 220 86, 860 35 218.3 81, 026 36 207.6 82, 961 Second . 26 171 51, 794 26 228 65, 214 29 214.8 43, 734 28 214.6 43,710 Third . 81 182.9 33, 735 80 215 39,316 84 203.8 29, 241 88 193 28, 524 Fourth . 63 194.7 81, 195 56 251 102, 027 55 239.9 72, 771 53 238.8 80, 275 Fifth . 90 186.9 45,762 101 233 52, 366 96 221.8 35, 204 106 225 36, 096 The State. 295 183. 1 53, 318 301 229.6 63, 818 299 219.5 46, 630 311 215.6 47, 593 104 MINERAL RESOURCES. To more clearly illustrate the accuracy of the calculations presented, a corresponding table follows, including all mines producing 1,000 tons or over and running one hundred days or more : All mines producing 1,000 tons or more, and working one hundred days or more, tvith average number of days and average number of total tons produced, for four years, by districts. Districts. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. Mines. Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. Mines. Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. Mines. Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. Mines. Average num¬ ber of days. Average num¬ ber of tons, all grades. First . 56 177.7 46. 067 60 213 56, 459 59 207.5 57, 777 53 200.9 57, 570 Second . 107 187 14, 371 93 225 20, 794 91 268 17, 132 93 215.4 14, 901 Third . 145 187.8 20, 264 136 213 24, 508 144 239.9 22, 152 146 201 18, 483 Fourth . 80 191 64, 404 80 249 72, 132 81 240 62, 592 85 233.5 51, 236 Fifth . 119 195.6 36, 751 128 223 41, 843 120 227.7 35, 477 127 227.8 30, 727 The State. 507 188.9 32, 703 497 225.5 39, 801 495 217.7 35, 523 504 215.8 30, 506 A condensed table of all the mines included in the foregoing state¬ ments, for four years, with the average tonnage, is presented : Years. Shipping mines. Mines in local trade. Both classes of mines. Mines. Aver¬ age number of days. Average number of tons, all grades. Mines. Aver¬ age number of days. Average number of tons, all grades. Mines. Aver¬ age number of days. Average number of tons, all grades. 1891 . 311 215.6 47, 593 193 216.1 2,829 504 215.8 30, 506 1892 . 299 219.5 46, 630 196 215.2 3, 042 495 217.7 35, 523 1893 . 301 229.6 63, 818 196 219.5 2, 881 497 225.5 40, 287 1894 . 295 183 53, 318 212 196.9 4, 018 507 188.9 32, 703 AVERAGE VALUE OF COAL. The proper valuation of the coal production of the State in its aggre¬ gate and per ton is considered of the highest importance. The state¬ ment has been repeatedly made in these reports that the detailed valuations published are as given by each operator to the inspectors as the average value of the coal at the mine. These returns therefore form the basis upon which this value is computed ; first on the number of tons at the given price for each mine; then successively for counties, for districts, and for the State. Very careful and methodical computa¬ tions are wrought out, so that the results present the most reliable figures possible to be obtained. These methods have been adhered to in these reports for each of the several years. The values given are not, however, to be taken as governing in any market nor for any con¬ tracts, but represent only the statement of each owner of the average he receives for the product during the year. Besults of these estimates are shown in lump tons, by districts, for a series of thirteen years : COAL. 105 Average value of lump coal per ton, 2,000 pounds, at the mines. Years. Total lump coal. First dis¬ trict. Second dis¬ trict. Third dis¬ trict. Fourth dis¬ trict. Fifth dis¬ trict. The State. In- crease. De crease. 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . 188!) . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Net decrease . . . Per cent of de¬ crease . Tons. 9, 115,653 10, 030, 991 10, 101,005 9, 791,874 9, 246, 435 10,278, 890 11, 855, 188 11, 597, 963 12, 638, 364 12, 960, 224 14, 730,963 16, 112, 899 13, 865, 284 $1.75 1.59 1.49 1.41 1.32 1. 316 1.369 1.355 1. 302 1.208 1.323 1.333 1.316 $1.87 1.97 1.75 1.71 1.57 1.497 1.473 1.432 1. 477 1. 426 1.432 1.455 1.416 $1.43 1.45 1.31 1.25 1.16 1.095 1. 138 1. 104 1.065 1.032 1.053 1.074 1.043 $1.33 1.32 1.09 .985 .969 .887 .947 .965 .873 .853 .836 .836 .821 $1.31 1. 26 .961 .894 .862 .823 .857 .867 .811 .757 .817 .803 .826 $1.51 1. 48 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.085 1. 123 1. 078 1.019 1.008 1.029 1. 025 1.009 Gents. 3.8 2.1 Gents. 3 22 9 7 1.5 4. 5 !:! 1. 6 a4, 749, 631 a 52. 1 .434 24.1 .454 24.3 .387 27. .509 38.3 .484 37. .501 33.2 50. 10 a Increase. In order to gain information as to the wide range in values resultant from diversified conditions and localities, reference must be liad to the individual tables of mines. In St. Clair, the banner county in point of production for a number of years, the value is found at some mines to be as low as 50 cents per ton, and in many others it ranges but a few cents higher; in all, making the average for the county only G6.5 cents per ton. This is the minimum price in that district and in the State. The maximum value is reached in Grundy County, at $2.25 per ton. This value, however, obtains only for an inconsiderable tonnage. The mines in Bureau and other counties of the second district realize a higher uniformity of values per ton than elsewhere in the State, making the yearly average of this district the highest. The average value found for the State is $1,009 per ton. This is the mean betweeii $1,416 in the second district and 82.1 cents in the fourth. The fourth district for the first time shows the lowest average value per ton, and is only five-tenths of a cent below the fifth district. These two districts represent about 54 per cent of the tonnage of the State, on which this minimum value is based. The total product for the past six years, with the average value per ton and the aggregate value of the total output, is presented in the following table, and concludes the consideration of the value of the product : Total amount and value of lump coal produced in Illinois for six years. Year. Total product of lump coal. Average value of lump coal per ton at the mine. Aggregate value of total product of lump coal at the mine. Aggregate value of the total product, all grades, at the mine. 1889. . . Tons. 11, 597, 963 12, 638, 361 12, 960, 224 14, 730, 963 16, 112, 899 13, 865, 284 $1. 0775 1. 0194 1. 0084 1. 0291 1.025 1.009 $12, 496, 885 12, 882, 936 13, 068, 854 15, 158, 430 16, 517. 960 13, 998, 588 1890 .. 1891 . $14, 237, 094 16, 243, 645 17, 827, 595 15, 282,111 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . 106 MINERAL RESOURCES. INDIANA. Total product in 1894, 3,423,921 short tons; spot value, $3,295,034. COAL FIELDS OF INDIANA. The southwestern part of Indiana contains the southeastern end of the Central or Illinois coal basin. The northern limit of the field in Indiana is in Warren County, where it crosses the State line from Illinois. Its border line passes from Warren through the eastern part of Fountain County, the northeastern corner of Parke County, and on slightly east of south, near and a little west of Greencastle, in Putnam County, and Spencer, in Owen County. It takes in something more than half of Greene County, where an extension juts out into Monroe County, crosses along the western part of Martin County into the eastern part of Dubois, extends eastward into Crawford County, takes in the western third of Perry County, and crosses the Ohio Eiver into Kentucky near Cannelton. The coal-bearing rocks occur altogether in nineteen counties, and have an area of about 6,500 square miles. The most important coal in the State, from a manufacturing point of view, is the well-known “block” coal, peculiar to this State and a part of Illinois. Block coal is described as having a laminated structure, and is composed of alternate thin layers of vitreous, dull, black coal and fibrous mineral charcoal. It splits readily into sheets, and is with difficulty broken in the opposite direction. In burning it swells so little that its expansion is scarcely perceptible, does not change form, and never cakes or runs together. It is as pure as splint coal, free from sulphur, and has the softness and combustibility of wood. Its effects in the iron furnace are said to exceed those of charcoal in the quantity and quality of iron produced. In addition to the block coal, there are four other varieties in the State, known as semiblock, coking, semicoking, and cannel. PRODUCTION . Indiana has held sixth place in the rank of coal-producing States, but not since 1886. In 1887 she fell to seventh; in 1888, 1889, and 1890 she was eighth; in 1891 and 1892 ninth, and rose again to eighth in 1893 and 1894. The output in 1894 was 367,930 short tons, or nearly 10 per cent, less than in 1893, the decrease being due, as in other States, partly to the strike and partly to the business depression. The effects of the latter are more clearly shown in the greater proportionate decrease in value, which fell from $4,055,372 in 1893 to $3,295,034 in 1894, a decline of $760,338, or 18.7 per cent. The average price per ton declined from $1.07 in 1893 to 96 cents in 1894. c COAL 107 Tn the following tables will be seen the statistics of production in Indiana in 1893 and 1891, with the distribution of the product for consumption : Coal product of Indiana in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for shipment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Average number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Clay . Daviess . Dubois . Fountain . Greene . Knox . Short tons. 1. 163, 142 313,312 3,500 251, 730 13, 357 5, 785 478, 086 238, 372 28,512 6 834 252, 840 55, 372 262, 179 339, 643 49, 166 Short tons. 17, 626 4,110 9, 172 200 2, 000 Short tons. 28, 935 2,365 970 300 6, 200 Short tons. Short tons. 1,209,703 319, 787 50, 142 4, 000 259, 930 13, 357 5, 785 491, 847 243, 353 36, 252 7,647 290, 482 186, 053 264, 224 350, 143 58, 946 40, 000 $1,559,339 310, 692 13, 691 4, 000 215, 666 14, 693 5, 258 563, 930 185, 482 42, 758 6, 398 254, 284 200, 705 253, 219 332, 859 52, 398 40. 000 $1.29 .97 1.35 1.00 .83 1.10 .91 1.16 .76 1. 13 .84 .88 1.08 .96 .95 . 89 1.00 196 213 300 150 203 183 135 202 211 198 170 221J 250 158 217 129 2, 976 553 18 18 391 37 27 1, 091 365 100 29 460 357 507 579 136 Owen . Parke . Pike . . Perry _ . Spencer . Sullivan . Vanderburg . Vermilion . Vjgo . Warrick . 6, 307 1,181 7, 400 613 22, 578 121, 412 500 10, 500 9, 280 40, 000 7, 454 4, 000 340 200 7,719 9, 269 1,545 500 7, 345 Total . 3, 461, 830 252,879 69,797 7,345 3,791,851 4,055,372 1.07 201 7, 644 Coal product of Indiana in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded atmines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. TJsed at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total produc¬ tion. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total num¬ ber of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Clay . 25 865, 950 7,020 8,919 8, 825 890, 714 $1,008,293 $1. 13 131 3,114 Daviess . 5 100, 233 550 50 100, 833 104, 021 1. 03 116 350 Fountain and 2 25, 789 492 225 26. 506 29, 535 i. ii 146 105 21 15! 521 3, 000 500 19, 021 14! 865 .78 143 36 5 292, 606 858 7, 010 300, 474 287, 498 . 96 141 576 Knox . 2 18, 076 9, 641 1, 145 28, 862 24, 133 . 84 153 64 Parke . 15 327, 011 21, 992 7, 262 356! 265 370! 419 1. 07 135 1, 065 Pike . 5 158, 749 l! 183 4, 935 8,689 173,556 134, 007 .77 148 348 2 22, 668 7, 492 536 30, 696 34, 657 1. 12J 168 93 Spencer . 5 6, 711 3, 187 285 10, 183 10, 513 1. 03 170 40 Sullivan . 12 496, 495 18j 589 17, 193 4, 800 537, 077 440,410 .82 152 885 Vanderburg . 5 55, 286 108, 923 11, 672 175, 881 168, 987 .96 215 330 4 289 j 791 2, 060 4, 371 296! 222 243| 354 . 82 165 710 Viffo . 10 309, 593 10, 666 1, 280 32l! 539 301,555 . 95 196 740 ~W arrick . 8 10L 185 16, 745 2,' 162 120, 092 86! 787 .72 199 147 Small mines . 36! 000 36, 000 36, 000 . Total . 107 3,085,664 248, 398 67, 545 22, 314 3,423,921 3, 295, 034 .96 149 8, 603 Previous to 1889 the statistics of production by counties were not obtained. The following table shows the annual product by counties since that year, with a statement of the increase or decrease in each county in 1894 as compared with 1893 : 108 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal product of Indiana since 1889, by counties. [Short tons.] Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase in 1894. Decrease in 1894. Clay . Daviess . 695, 649 191, 585 15, 848 41, 141 1,267 185, 849 9,040 710 3,958 357, 434 40, 050 154, 524 18, 456 317, 252 183, 942 187, 651 371, 903 2, 160 66, 638 1, 161, 730 189, 696 13, 994 24, 000 980, 921 155, 358 7, 700 23, 700 1, 146, 897 174, 560 1, 209, 703 319, 787 10, 142 4, 000 890, 714 100, 833 318, 989 218, 954 10, 142 Fountain . Gibson . 13, 888 18, 931 19, 021 300, 474 28, 862 14, 931 19, 021 40, 544 15, 505 Greene . Knox . 197, 338 164, 965 228, 574 14, 314 259, 930 13, 357 Martin . Owen . Parke . Perrv . Pike . Spencer . Sullivan . Vanderburg ... Vermilion . Vigo . 345, 460 40, 201 115, 836 11, 656 286, 323 192, 284 173, 000 429, 160 12, 600 307, 382 35, 400 122, 066 15, 340 181, 434 205, 731 228, 488 400, 255 8, 200 394, 335 37, 796 78, 760 8,426 316, 893 190, 346 301, 063 307, 113 5, 785 491,847 36, 252 243, 553 7,647 290, 482 186, 053 264, 224 350, 143 7, 575 356, 265 30, 696 173, 556 10, 183 537, 077 175, 881 296, 222 321, 539 1,790 2,536 246, 595 31, 998 135, 582 5, 556 69, 997 10, 172 28, 604 Warrick . Small mines . . . Total . 89, 059 36, 000 96, 134 36, 000 84, 009 40, 000 58, 946 40, 000 120, 092 36, 000 61, 146 4,000 2, 845, 057 3, 305, 737 2, 973, 474 3, 345, 174 3,791,851 3, 423, 921 . a367,930 1 a Net decrease. Tlie following table is of interest as showing the total amount and value of coal produced in the State from 1886 to 1894, and the total number of employees and average number of working days in each year since 1889 : Statistics of coal production in Indiana since 1886. Years. Short tons. Value. A verage price per ton. Humber of days active. Humber of employees. 1886 . 3, 000, 000 $3, 450, 000 $1. 15 1887 . 3, 217j 711 4, 324| 604 1.03 1888 . 3, 140| 979 4' 397j 370 1. 40 1889 . 2, 845| 057 2, 887, 852 1.02 6,448 1890 . 3^ 305j 737 3! 259| 233 .99 220 5,489 1891 . 2, 973. 474 3, 070, 918 1.03 190 5,879 1892 . 3, 345, 174 3, 620, 582 1.08 225 6, 436 1893 . 3, 791, 851 4, 055, 372 1.07 201 7, 644 1894 . 3, 423, 921 3, 295, 034 .96 149 8, 603 Iu the following table is shown the total annual product of cool in the State since 1873 : Product of coal in Indiana from 1878 to 1894. Years. Short tons. Years. Short tons. 1873 . 1, 000, 000 812, 000 800, 000 950, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 196, 490 1, 500, 000 1,771,536 1, 976, 470 2, 560, 000 1884 . 2, 260, 000 2, 375, 000 3, 000, 000 3,217, 711 3, 140, 979 2, 845. 057 3, 305, 737 2, 973, 474 3, 345, 174 3, 791,851 3, 423, 921 1874 . 1885 . 1875 . 1886 . 1876 . 1887 . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 . 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . 1880 . 1891 . 1881 . 1892 . 1882 . 1893 . 1883 . 1894 . COAL 109 III accordance witli the plan adopted in discussing the production in other States, the following tables are given to show the tendency in prices and the statistics of labor employed and average working time by counties for such years as they have been obtained. They include only those counties whose annual product averages 10,000 tons or over. Average prices for Indiana coal since 1SS9, in counties averaging 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Clav . $1. 14 $1.01 $1. 15 $1.25 $1. 29 $1.13 Daviess . 1.02 1. 04 1. 12 1. 11 .97 1.03 Fountain . 1.29 1.00 .99 .89 1.00 1.08 78 Greene . .91 .94 .91 .84 .83 .96 .84 1. 10 . 84 Parke . - . 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.09 1. 16 1.07 Perry . 1.18 1.05 1. 10 .86 1. 13 1.12J Pike . .83 .98 .90 .87 .76 .77 Spencer . 1.15 .96 .88 .80 .84 1.03 Sullivan . .94 .94 1.01 .89 .88 .82 Vanderburg . 1. 16 1.02 1.09 1.06 1.08 .96 Vermilion . .89 1. 17 .98 .96 .96 .82 Vigo . .88 .80 .80 1.14 .95 .95 Warrick . .77 .81 .89 .72 The State . 1.02 .99 1.03 1.08 1.07 .96 Statistics of labor employed in Indiana coal mines. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average num- her employed. Average num¬ ber employed. Average num¬ ber of days worked. Average num¬ ber employed. Average num¬ ber of days worked. Average num- ' ber employed. Average num¬ ber of days worked. Average num¬ ber employed. Average num¬ ber of days worked. Average num¬ ber employed. Average num¬ ber of days worked. Clay . 2,592 2, 179 218 2, 346 181 2, 797 239 2, 976 196 3,114 131 Daviess . 455 280 231 359 217 403 224 553 213 350 116 Fountain . 41 48 260 252 40 30 315 18 150 75 160 7 36 143 Greene . 296 250 218 154 300 335 227 391 203 576 141 Kuox . 22 28 138 37 183 64 153 Parke . 591 558 254 510 255 639 228 1,091 202 1,065 135 Perry . 109 100 250 95 190 88 227 100 198 93 168 Pike . . 340 235 170 230 1984 160 163 365 211 348 148 Spencer . 29 39 261 46 204 13 310 29 170 40 170 Sullivan . 556 588 181 544 1304 522 242 460 221J 885 152 Vanderburg . 318 454 262 338 2284 282 262 357 250 330 215 Vermilion . 276 307 244 380 147 545 164 507 158 710 165 Vigo . 629 280 161 487 244 491 217 579 217 740 196 Warrick . 85 131 222 161 199 171 141 136 129 147 199 The State.... 6,448 5, 489 220 5, 879 190 6, 436 225 7, 644 201 8, 603 149 , 110 MINERAL RESOURCES. INDIAN TERRITORY. Total product in 1894, 969, GOG short tons; spot value, $1,541,293. COAL MEASURES OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY. The Ouachita Mountain system extends east and west through the Indian Territory south of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers. The Coal Measures of the Territory are excessively folded along the immediate axes of this system. To the northward the coal-bearing beds dip away toward the Kansas measures. West of the ninety-eighth meridian they are overlapped by the Red beds of Oklahoma; south of the system, except in a limited region near Ardmore, the Carboniferous rocks are overlapped by the Red beds and the Cretaceous of the Texas region. By this geologic arrangement the area containing available Coal Measures is mostly exposed on the north side of the Ouachita Moun¬ tains and in the prairie region of the northeast portion of the Territory adjacent to Kansas. Local outcrops may be preserved in patches in the area of excessive folding, but little is known concerning them. By these mountainous conditions it will be seen that the coal fields of the Indian Territory are not continuous with those of Texas, as is fre¬ quently and erroneously asserted. Their relations by direct continuity are with the Arkansas and Kansas coal fields. Little reconnoissance, to say nothing of detailed exploration, has been made of the coal fields of the Indian Territory. The outcrop of the measures of the Carbon¬ iferous formation containing them is approximately delineated on the latest edition of the geological map of the United States, published by the United States Geological Survey. The only portion of the coal fields of the Territory which has been accurately defined is what is known as the Choctaw field. The survey of this field was made by Mr. H. M. Chance, and his report has been published in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XVIII, page G53, and in Mineral Resources, 1889-90, page 208. PRODUCTION. Ko record of the production of coal in the Indian Territory prior to 1885 is in existence. During 1885 an output of 500,000 short tons was obtained. From that time the output increased annually, except in one year, until 1893, when it reached 1,252,110 short tons, more than five times the product nine years before. In 1894, owing to the general strike, which extended its influences to the Territory, the product fell off about 22 per cent, to 9G9,G0G short tons. There was only one com¬ pany whose mines were not closed. The others suspended operations from two to four months. The exception was the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad Company (formerly the Choctaw Coal and Railway COAL. Ill Company), and the product at these mines showed a slight increase over 1893. The Choctaw Coal and Railway Company was reorganized in 1894, and the name changed to the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad Company. By the reorganization the company is placed upon a better financial basis, and the railroad will be extended westward into Colorado, to furnish a new outlet for the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company’s mines. Contracts for 15,000 tons of steel rails, necessary to complete the extension, were made in August, 1894. The product of the Territory in 1894 was less than in any year since 1890. In 1891 it passed the million-ton mark, and increased further both in 1892 and in 1893, the latter year recording the largest product m the history of coal mining in the Territory. The following table shows the statistics of production in the past four years : Coal product of the Indian Territory in 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894. Distribution. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Loaded at mines for shipment . Sold to local trade and used by employees. Used at mines for steam and beat . Made into coke . Total . Total value . Total number of employees . Average number of days worked . Short tons. 1, 026, 922 9, 405 22. 163 32, 532 Short tons. 1, 156, 603 10, 840 18, 089 7, 189 Short tons. 1, 197, 468 9, 234 21, 663 23, 745 Short tons. 923, 581 4, 632 30, 878 10, 515 1, 091, 032 $1, 897, 037 2, 891 222 1, 192, 721 $2, 043, 479 3, 257 211 1, 252. 110 $2, 235, 209 3, 446 171 969, 606 $1, 541, 293 3, 101 157 The value of the product in 1894 decreased in greater proportion than the amount, from $2,235,209 to $1,541,293, the difference being $693,916, or about 31 per cent, against a decrease of 22 per cent in the amount. The value in 1893 was somewhat enhanced by the long strike in the Kansas mines, which created an unusual demand for Territory coal, and was an important factor in the increased product for that year. The trade depression in 1894 brought the average price down to $1.59, the lowest on record, and 20 cents below that of 1893. The developed coal fields of the Indian Territory are mostly in the Choctaw Nation, and are reached by four lines of railroad, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the St. Louis and San Francisco, the Denison and Washita Valley, and the Choctaw Coal and Railroad Company’s rail¬ roads. The last mentioned, however, acts really as a feeder to the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the St. Louis and San Francisco lines, though its own line is now being completed to marketing points. . The Denison and Washita has also acted principally as a feeder to the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, but is now completing its line through to Denison, Tex., and will soon be independent of the other roads for reaching points of consumption. The Territory coals are bituminous, of excellent quality. They are consumed largely in Texas, going as far south as Houston and San Antonio. The output has shown an 112 MINERAL RESOURCES. almost steady increase since 1885, the only exceptions being in 1889 and 1894. The following table shows the annual production since 1885 : Product of coal in the Indian Territory from 1885 to 1894, inclusive. Years. Short tons. Value. Average price per ton. N umber of employees. Number of days active. 1885 . 500, 000 1886 . 534' 580 $855, 328 $1. 60 1887 . 685j 911 1, 286, 692 1.88 1888 . - . 76lj 986 1, 432, 072 1.89 1889 . 752j 832 1, 323, 807 1.76 1,862 1890 . - . 869, 229 1,579, 188 1.82 238 2, 571 1891 . 1,091, 032 1, 897, 037 1.71 222 2,891 1892 . - . 1, 192, 721 2, 043, 479 1.71 211 3,257 1893 . 1,252,110 2, 235, 209 1.79 171 3,446 1894 . 969, 606 1, 541, 293 1.59 157 3,101 IOWA. Total product in 1895, 3,967,253 short tons; spot value, $4,997,939. IOWA COAL FIELDS. The coal-bearing area of Iowa covers a little more than one-third of the entire surface of the State. It is the northernmost extension of the great Western field, which, as previously described, includes all the coal area west of the Mississippi River, east of the Rocky Mountains, and south of the forty-third parallel. The northern limit in Iowa occurs in Humboldt County, a little northwest of the central point of the State. From here its eastern border runs in an irregular line to the southeastern corner of the State. The western border has not been well defined on account of the deep deposits of glacial-drift material, but it is approximately along a sinuous line to Council Bluffs on the Missouri River, which, with the entire southern boundary line of the State, completes the limits of the field in Iowa. Beyond these boundaries, particularly to the east, small outlying basins occur, some of which afford seams of coal sufficiently thick for profitable working. 1 The strata of the Iowa region have suffered but little deformation since their deposition. Folds are almost entirely absent, and the few that occur are so slight as to offer no difficulties in practical mining, their influence being felt rather in prospecting, and there only to a limited extent. Tn no case is any seam of coal more than 13 feet thick known to be worked in Iowa, and seams of this thickness are quite rare. A consid¬ erable number are profitably worked which have a thickness of 1^ to 4 feet, but the very great majority of the seams worked have thicknesses of from 4 to 6 feet. This factor alone greatly simplifies the problems of mining, as the complex methods of timbering in use in working thicker beds have no use here at all. 1 See paper on the Iowa coal deposits, by Charles R. Keyes, Mineral Resources, 1892. COAL. 113 At present no mine operates at a depth much exceeding 250 feet, though some have been worked at a lower level. A majority are from 100 to 200 feet deep, and a considerable amount of coal is reached by drifts and shallow slopes. It is probable that the greater portion of the coal of this territory may be won by shafts not exceeding 500 feet in depth. The difficulties and dangers of deep mining are at present nowhere encountered; and while in the future it is not improbable that considerable deep mining will be carried on in the southwestern coun¬ ties, even here the amount of coal finally won will not be apt to exceed that taken from the shallow shafts. One of the greatest difficulties encountered in coal mining has always been the presence of inflammable gas. The mines of Iowa are prac¬ tically free from that danger. The physical properties of Iowa coals show great variation. The consideration of hardness, crushing strength, presence of joints, and other physical characteristics must all enter into the estimates of the cost of their mining. If the coal be hard, it must be blasted ; if soft, it may be cut and wedged; if it have a low crushing strength, allowance must be made for the fact in estimating the size of pillars. The joints and cleavages may help or hinder in the cutting of the coal. Probably the most far-reaching in effect of anyone condition present is that the coal here is not found in a few continuous seams of constant thickness and definite stratigraphic position, as is more usual in other fields, but that it is instead found in numerous distinct interlocking basins of limited extent. The Coal Measures of Iowa have been exposed to very heavy erosion, and the effects of this action are to be seen in weak roofs, “ cut-outs,” washes, and other similar “ troubles” so often encountered in the mines. There was also an erosion period preceding the deposition of the coal measures which has profoundly influenced the distribution of the productive beds. 1 COAL MINING IN IOWA.2 The developed coal field of Iowa lies in 24 counties, and some of these have produced only small amounts. A district lying southeast and northwest from Lee County to Hamilton, along the Des Moines River, embraces 19 of the 24 counties. Four others lie in the southwestern corner of the State along the Nodaway Eiver, and Scott County shows a small outskirt of the Illinois field. Of the entire field, Mahaska is the banner county, producing 1,172,530 tons in the year ending June 30, 1893. Most of this coal is a good quality of steaming and fuel coal, easy of access and workable. Many of the mines are developed by drift or slope entries. Of the shaft mines none are over 250 feet deep, while the principal ones are 125 feet or less. The thickness of the 'Mr. H. Foster Bain, Iowa Geological Survey. 2 Abstract from a paper by Mr. G. A. Davis, read before the Iowa Society of Civil Engineers and Surveyors. 16 GBOL, PT 4 - S 114 MINERAL RESOURCES. veins run from 3 to S feet, and even more. The coal is worked by both the room-and-pillar and the long-wall systems, the former plan being the most used, because it requires a peculiar roof for the long- wall sys¬ tem, and where it can be used it is considered the best, being safer, requiring less timbering, and removing a larger per cent of coal. A good roof of slate or stone is a great advantage in working a mine; indeed, may be said to be a necessity, as there are some veins unwork¬ able from the fact there is not enough hard material overlying them to make safe work. In Keokuk the first large mines opened had excellent roof and no faults to make waste piles, but the later ones have poorer roofing and large waste i>iles from the faults and bottom that must come up on account of thin veins. This makes these mines much more expensive to work. In general the dip of the coal vein somewhat conforms to the surface of the ground above, and, for convenience in working, the hoisting shaft is sunk in low ground, so the coal will haul downhill and the water run to the sump to be pumped out. The dip of the vein and the whole lease should be prospected thoroughly by numerous holes bored through the coal, and especially where it is proposed to sink the shaft, in order to avoid quicksand aud to ascertain the lowest point for location. The size of the shaft is usually 7 by 15 feet, to pro¬ vide for two cages and tbe necessary room for pipes for compressed air, water, or electricity when required. It is mostly lined with 4-inch timbers in Keokuk County, but cases occur where even 12 inch tim¬ bers are not heavy enough. One shaft encountered a soft, bluish mud called usea mud.’7 This shaft is about 15 feet deep, is said to have cost $10,000, and was soon abandoned not only because it gave trouble but because it was not in the best location. The average cost of sink¬ ing a shaft is about $12 per foot in depth; the cost to timber with 4-incli stuff is $3 to $3.50 per foot in depth; air shaft, 5 by 10, costs about $10 per foot in depth. Main entries are about 7 feet wide at the bottom and 0 feet at the top, not less than 5 feet high or as high as the coal vein is thick. When the vein is less than 5 feet in thick¬ ness, top or bottom is removed to give this height. Side entries may be less. In long-wTall working enough of the entry roof is removed to make gobbing or packing on the sides, and the settling of the roof causes it to lock or key itself before it has settled more than half the height it was excavated. The timber used for mine props is an item of expense that varies with the conditions met with in each mine. They cost 1 cent per linear foot, delivered at the mine, for 4-inch diameter at small end. They should be straight, seasoned thoroughly, aud have both ends sawed square. They are not used as plentifully and care¬ fully as they should be, the mine inspectors’ records for the last bien¬ nial report showing that of 7,000 miners working in Iowa, 31 were killed and 48 were injured by falling coal and slate during the years 1892 and 1893. COAL. 115 Tlie miners usually work in pairs, two men per room. They load the coal into pit cars, which the company hauls out and empties on screens of diamond-shaped bars set 1£ inches apart and 12 feet long, set at an angle of 26°, or 4 to 1. Accompanying each car is a numbered brass check, which is credited with the weight of lump coal sent with it. As an incentive to good work, the nut and slack are not paid for. Some men shoot the coal to pieces more than others, and good judgment in digging coal counts in dollars and cents here, as well as in other trades. The method of digging coal is about the same in all mines where the vein lies horizontal or nearly so. A room is simply enlarging branch entries. The miner with pick cuts under the face of the coal as far as he can reach, usually about 4 feet, then drills a hole about the same depth up near the roof, then puts in powder and shoots the coal down. Formerly the powder holes were drilled with the ordinary hand drill, but now they are all bored with a miner’s patent auger, with which a hole 6 feet deep can be bored in twenty minutes. In What Cheer iron men (picks worked b\* compressed air) have been introduced. With this machine (the Harrison) a man can cut under about 40 feet face, 4 feet deep, in a day. He will have one or two assistants, whom he pays a stipulated price per day, and he gets credit for all the coal he sends out. The company furnishes the machines and the compressed air and pays all expenses connected with them. Entry work, on an average, costs by hand pick $1.80 per linear yard, and 75 cents per ton of coal removed. With machine it costs $1.50 per linear yard and 40 cents per ton. The proportion of nut and slack to lump in Keokuk County is about as follows: Slack, 10 per cent; nut, 15 per cent, and lump, 75 per cent. Ventilation is by fan in the large mines and by steam jet or furnace in the smaller ones. The fan forces air into the mine, which is carried around through the various side entries and rooms by a system of stoppings in the entries until it reaches the upcast shaft. The furnace or steam jet is placed at bottom of the upcast shaft to create a draft from the workings. The coal is usually hauled to the bottom of the hoisting shaft by small chunky mules, but in some cases the endless rope and tail-rope methods are used. Pit cars usually hold about 1,500 to 2,000 pounds each, and run on track of 2 foot 8 inch to 3 foot gauge, laid with 12 to 18 pounds per yard T-rail, laid on 24 by 4 inch oak cross-ties placed 2 feet apart. The cost of a first-class plant for operating a mine of say 500 to 800 tons per day capacity is approximately as follows: Main shaft, 7 by 15, per foot depth, $15; air shaft, 5 by 10, per foot depth, $10; top works, tower, screens, cages, tipples, etc., $4,500; two boilers in place, $2,000; boiler house, $300 ; engine, $2,000; engine house, $300; track scales, $800; pump, pipes, etc., $500; sixty pit cars, $20 each, $1,200; black¬ smith shop, $200; oil house, $100; powder house, $100; fan, $200; fan engine, $250; house, $150; rails, spikes, etc., $500; hardware, tools, and sundries, $2,500; total, $15,625. If machine picks are used, add for air compressor, $4,000, and for eight machine picks, $3,200. 116 MINERAL RESOURCES. This plant will require about 13 topmen at a cost of $25 per day, and 1G to 18 men, including mule drivers, underground, at a cost of $30 to $40 per day, and from 150 to 250 miners. Patent loaders cost about $1,500, and if the coal is clean and requires but little picking over, they are a good investment, as they save the work of from 4 to G men, chunking in box cars, where the mine loads 400 tons or more per day. Besides, they place the load over the car trucks instead of leaving the bulk of it piled in the center of the car. The railroad tracks at the mine should have a grade of 1.5 per 100 feet from a point 100 feet below scales, to the end of empty storage tracks. From this point, 100 feet below scales, it should have 300 feet of 1 per 100 feet, and lesser grade from there on, or even level it the ground will admit of it. Steeper grades than 1.5 per 100 feet are liable to cause trouble in bad weather, while less grades on the empty track and over the scales cause cars to move hard in cold weather; and the availability of these grades should be kept in view when locating the hoisting shaft. PRODUCTION. The coal deposits of Iowa were first brought to public notice by Dr. David Dale Owen of the United States General Land Office, who was sent out to survey the mineral lands of the Northwest. In his report, which was published in 1852, he pointed out a number of localities where good coal could be obtained. Mr. A. H. Worthen subsequently pointed out some additional places where coal was being mined for local use. The Eighth United States Census (18G0) contains the results of the first attempt made to gather authentic information of coal min¬ ing in Iowa. Statistics were collected for the preceding year (1859), and showed a total output of 48,263 short tons, valued at $92,180. The State census taken in 18G5 showed a total tonnage of 69,574 tons. The Ninth United States Census, taken in 1870, reported a product of 283,467 short tons, valued at something over $500,000. At the State census of 1875 the tonnage was 1,231,547, having a valuation of $2,500,140, showing a five-fold increase in both amount and value in five years. During the next five years little increase was noted, the product at the Tenth Census, 1880, being 1,461,166 short tons, worth $2,507,453. 1 In 1882, Mr. Albert Williams, jr., in Mineral Resources for that year, placed the total product at 3,920,000 short tons. This was merely an estimate, but may be assumed as approximately correct, as in the fol¬ lowing year, 1883, the product reported by the mine inspectors was 4,457,540 short tons, more than three times the product in 1880. From 1883 to 1890 the product was between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 tons annually, reaching a maximum in 1888, when a total of 4,952,440 tons was obtained. For the past four years the total has not reached 4,000,000 tons, and from the practically stationary output for the past 1 Iowa Geological Survey, Vol. II, pp. 521 to 523. COAL. 117 decade it appears that the mines of the State are producing all the coal the market for it demands. That is to say, the coal mining industry has reached a point where its further development will depend upon the growth of other industrial enterprises in the State and the creation of an increased local demand. The output in 1804 was 3,967,253 short tons, valued at $4,997,939, against 3,972,229 short tons in 1893, worth $5,110,460. The decrease in tonnage, less than 5,000 tons, is so little as to be scarcely worth men¬ tioning. The noticeable feature of the year was the decline in value of over $100,000, and this would have been more noticeable still but for the mild winter of 1892-93, which, added to the business depression, caused a decline in the value of the product of 1893 as compared with that of the preceding year. The strike of 1894 affected Iowa’s product to some extent, but even if the strike had not occurred it is doubtful whether the output would have been substantially increased, as the market, restricted by the stringency of the times, would not have absorbed much more than the amount taken out during the year. The difference would have been in distributed periods of idleness for the miners throughout the year, instead of in one protracted spell. Nat¬ urally, if the strike had occurred as it did in other States, and not extended to Iowa, the mines of the State would have been benefited temporarily, but the new markets would not have been held upon the resumption of work in other sections. The statistics of production by counties in 1893 and 1894 are shown in the following tables, together with the distribution of the product for consumption: Coal product of Iowa in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for shipment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Average number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Appanoose . 470, 842 12, 611 6. 467 489, 920 $737, 949 $1.51 151 1,793 Boone . 140, 101 29, 936 2. 033 172. 070 321. 137 1.87 208 577 Dallas . 11, 186 2, 275 13, 461 24, 509 1.82 159 55 Greene . 15; 000 2; 800 200 is; 000 36; 000 2. 00 150 60 Jasper . 151, 836 10, 736 67 162, 639 208, 909 1.28 253 284 Jefferson . 120 360 2 482 723 1. 50 120 3 Keokuk . 126, 848 14,186 11, 063 152, 097 104, 375 1.21 155 528 Mahaska . 1, 306, 536 71,071 42, 323 1, 419, 930 1, 570, 537 1. 11 258 2, 209 Marion . 101, 933 8,932 280 111, 145 134, 304 1.21 193 292 Monroe . 554, 350 10, 948 5, 607 570, 905 638, 085 1. 12 214 1, 103 Polk . 170, 261 95, 454 6, 016 271, 731 468, 933 1.73 211 697 Taylor . 7, 530 3,445 15 10, 990 22, 279 2. 02 228 29 Van Buren . 19, 295 3, 337 335 22, 867 31,021 1.36 178 69 W apello . 215,911 11, 139 3,410 230, 460 293, 683 1.27 174 603 1 , 000 2, 000 3, 000 5, 250 1.75 100 15 Wayne . 43; 195 2i ; 416 825 65, 436 95, 940 1.47 205 155 Webster . 106, 640 9,093 1,363 117, 096 196, 826 1.67 194 391 140, 000 140, 000 140, 000 1. 00 Total . 3, 442, 584 449, 639 80, 006 3, 972, 229 5. 110,460 1. 30 204 8, 863 118 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal product of Iowa in 1SD4, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship, ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total pro¬ duction. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short ions. tons. tons. Short tons. Appanoose . 44 638, 804 18, 912 9, 555 667, 271 $852, 124 $1.30 153 2, 254 Boone . 14 215, 641 24, 771 1,110 241, 522 386, 393 1.60 169 842 Balias . 1 Davis . > 4 10. 147 4, 132 1, 142 15, 421 26, 104 1.65 186 62 Greene . ) Jasper . 6 115, 104 4, 257 2, 443 121, 804 213, 156 1. 75 204 177 Jefferson . 2 300 815 12 1, 127 1, 542 1. 37 101 7 Keokuk . 13 129, 694 10, 837 2, 219 142, 750 162, 786 1.14 128 551 Mahaska . 14 1,053, 142 84, 301 15, 545 1, 152, 988 1, 357, 448 1.18 199 2, 396 Marion . 12 99, 088 8, 942 665 108, 695 114, 623 1.05 121 329 Monroe . 8 482, 156 9, 656 13, 352 505, 164 559, 017 1.09 172 1,212 Polk . 19 247, 902 132, 706 15, 039 395, 647 577, 058 1. 50 184 944 Taylor . 2 13, 880 900 14, 780 27, 343 1. 85 212 52 V an Buren . 5 21, 658 1,859 102 23, 619 32, 257 1.37 174 78 Wapello . 8 228, 228 48, 403 1,952 278, 583 304, 661 1.09 167 541 W arren . 5 5, 409 7, 232 8 12, 649 20, 015 1.58 177 32 Wayne . 2 39, 981 1, 787 456 42, 224 63, 432 1.50 121 140 Webster . 16 89, 617 12, 173 1,219 103, 009 168, 980 1.64 155 378 140, 000 140, 000 140, 000 Total . 174 3, 390, 751 511. 683 64, 819 3, 967, 253 4, 997, 939 1.26 170 9, 995 The State is divided into three inspection districts, known, respec¬ tively, as the first or southern, the second or northeastern, and the third or northwestern. The following table shows the annual produc¬ tion according to districts since 1883 : Total production of coal in Iowa, by districts, from 1883 to 1894, inclusive. Districts. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Short tons. 1, 231, 444 1,654, 267 1, 571, 829 Short tons. 1. 165, 803 1, 583, 468 1,621,295 Short tons. 1,294,971 1,379, 799 1, 337, 805 Short tons. 1, 416, 165 1, 890, 784 1, 008, 830 Short tons. 1,598, 062 1, 989, 095 886, 671 Short tons. 1, 712, 443 2, 211, 274 1, 028, 723 Short tons. 1, 497, 685 1, 720, 727 876, 946 Second . Third . Total . 4, 457, 540 | 4, 370, 566 4, 012, 575 4, 315, 779 4, 473, 828 4, 952, 440 4, 095, 358 Districts. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase in 1894. Decrease in 1894. Short tons. 1, 536, 978 1, 626. 193 718, 568 140, 000 Short tons. 1, 229, 512 1, 814, 910 641, 073 140, 000 Short tons. 1, 398, 793 1, 666, 224 713, 474 140, 000 Short tons. 1, 505, 205 1, 734, 666 592, 358 140, 000 Short tons. 1, 654, 112 1, 417, 542 755, 599 140, 000 Short tons. 148, 907 Short tons. 317, 124 Third . . 163, 241 Small mines . . . , 4, 021, 739 3. 825, 495 3,918, 491 3, 972, 229 3, 967, 253 a 4. 976 a Net increase. The counties composed in each district and the county since 1883 are shown in the following table : product of each COAL 119 Product of coal Jn the first inspection district of Iowa from 1883 to 1894, inclusive. Counties. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Appanoose . Adams . Short tons. 144, 364 4, 358 Short tons. 178, 064 4,459 Short tons. 275, 404 4, 364 Short tons. 168, 000 10, 731 Short tons. 179, 593 22, 233 Short tons. 235, 495 21,075 Short tons. 285, 194 13, 457 280 ' 3, 825 8, 123 339, 229 145, 180 258, 401 1,040 2, 768 9, 736 39, 258 359, 199 14, 515 17, 480 Davis . Jailers on . Lucas . Marion . Monroe . 590 43, 553 546, 360 101, 903 104, 647 1,358 9, 153 460, 017 108, 735 110, 238 37, 694 1,250 492, 750 112, 012 113, 699 1, 120 1,213 594, 450 158, 697 131, 824 2,016 11,645 529, 758 238, 218 205, 525 2,016 10, 514 408, 765 258, 330 261, 964 Page . Taylor . Van Buren . Wapello . Warren . Wayne . Total . 838 105 1,880 266, 360 14, 367 2,119 1,130 142 1,991 269, 607 15,374 5,541 2, 037 691 1,336 210, 461 14, 364 28, 909 1,736 9,615 9, 003 265, 564 26, 132 38, 080 1,993 13, 642 29, 491 304, 722 27, 772 31, 454 3, 842 8, 962 29, 075 426, 042 19, 155 27, 208 1,231,444 1, 165, 803 1, 294, 971 1,416, 165 1, 598, 062 1, 712, 443 1,497,685 Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase. Decrease. Appanoose . Adams . Cass . Davis . Jefferson . Lucas . Marion . Monroe . Montgomery . . . Page . Taylor . Van Buren . W apello . Warren . Wayne . Total . Short tons. 284, 560 (a) (a) (a) | 351,600 153, 506 324, 031 (a) (a) (a) 47, 464 341,932 8, 470 25,415 Short tons. 409,' 725 (a) (a) (a) 800 165, 867 393, 227 (a) (a) 10, 500 36, 166 165. 827 2, 000 45, 000 Short tons. 411, 984 (a) (a) (a) 1,000 134, 400 507, 106 (a) (a) 15, 204 ' 28, 946 231,472 3,600 62, 078 Short tons. 489, 920 (a) (a) (a) 482 111, 145 570, 905 (a) (a) 10, 990 22, 867 230, 460 3,000 65, 436 Short tons. 667, 271 (a) (a) (a) 1, 127 108, 695 505, 164 (a) (a) 14, 780 23, 619 278, 583 12, 649 42, 224 Short tons. Ill, 351 645 3,790 752 48, 123 9,649 Short tons. 2, 450 65, 741 23, 212 61,530,978 61,229,512 61,398,793 6 1,505,205 61,854,112 c 148, 907 ! . . 1 a Included in product of small mines. b Exclusive of product of small mines. c_Net increase. Product of coal in the second inspection district of Iowa from 1883 to 1S94. Counties. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Mahaska . Keokuk . Jasper . Scott . Marshall . Short tons. 1, 038, 673 560, 045 51, 389 4, 160 Short tons. 1 , 044, 640 482, 652 51. 896 4,280 Short tons. 854, 319 417, 554 101, 276 6, 650 Short tons. 953, 525 610, 741 320, 358 3,360 448 2,240 112 Short tons. 1, 148, 614 670, 888 159, 083 9, 670 224 504 112 Short tons. 936, 299 607, 002 308, 200 10, 170 Short tons. 1, 056, 477 455, 162 199, 152 9, 446 Hardin . 1, 120 490 Muscatine . Total . 1, 654, 267 1, 583, 468 1, 379, 799 1, 890, 784 1,989,096 «2, 211,274 1, 720, 727 Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase. Decrease. Mahaska . Keokuk . Jasper . Scott . Marshall . Short tons. 1, 103, 831 349, 318 173, 044 (6) Short tons. 1, 231, 405 316, 303 267, 202 (6) Short tons. 1,141,131 361, 233 163, 860 (b) Short tons. 1,419, 930 152, 097 162, 639 (1 b ) Short tons. 1, 152, 988 142, 750 121, 804 (b) Short ions. Short tons. 266, 942 9, 347 40, 835 Hardin . Total . (6) 1 (6) ( b ) (b) ( b ) cl, 626, 193 cl, 814, 910 cl, 666, 224 • | | cl, 734, 666 cl, 417, 542 317. 124 a Includes 348,483 tons nut coal not included in county distribution. b Included in product of small mines, c Exclusive of product of small mines. 120 MINERAL RESOURCES Product of coal in the third inspection district of Iowa from 1SS3 to 1894. Counties. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. Boone . Dallas . Greene . Guthrie . Hamilton . Polk . Webster . Short tons. 523, 019 42, 793 99, 513 2, 238 625, 879 278, 387 Shorttons. 529, 842 41, 647 107, 886 5, 809 2, 103 694, 312 239, 696 Shorttons. 513, 174 36, 944 100, 337 5, 148 1, 028 518,442 162, 732 Short tons. 330, 366 24, 624 131, 643 19, 257 3, 710 378, 520 120, 710 Short tons. 187, 116 45, 270 118, 601 20, 502 7, 469 341, 705 163, 768 2, 240 Shorttons. 156, 959 54, 457 122, 127 20, 922 7, 257 336, 749 178, 881 2, 240 Short tons. 174, 392 67, 055 51, 438 12, 275 434, 047 137, 739 Total . 1, 571, 829 1, 621, 295 1, 337, 805 1, 008, 830 886, 671 a 1,028,723 876, 946 Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase. Decrease. Boone . Dallas . Greene . Guthrie . Short tons. 153, 229 33, 466 45, 192 (&) Short tons. 151, 659 48, 710 53, 215 (6) Shorttons. 139, 820 26, 550 43, 360 (b) Short tons. 172, 070 13, 461 18, 000 (b) Short tons. 241, 522 10, 201 5, 220 (■ b ) Short tons. 69, 452 Short tons. 3. 260 12, 780 Polk . Webster . Story . 367, 852 118, 829 309, 467 78, 022 388, 590 115, 154 271, 731 117, 096 395, 647 103. 009 123,916 14, 087 Total . c718, 568 c 641, 073 e 713, 474 c 592, 358 c 755, 599 d 163, 241 . a Includes 149,131 tons nut coal not included in county distribution. b Included in product of small mines. c Exclusive of product of small mines. dNet increase. The product in some of the earlier years in the history of coal mining has already been referred to. Below is given in tabular form the output in all the years for which figures are obtainable, with the value and aver¬ age price per ton when known, and the statistics of labor employed during the past six years. Product of coal in Iowa from 1860 to 1894, inclusive. Years. Short tons. Value. Average price per ton. Number of days active. Number of employees. 1860 . 48, 263 $92, 180 $1.91 1865 . 69! 574 1866 . 99! 320 1868 . 24lj 453 1870 . 283, 467 1875 . 1, 231, 547 2, 500, 140 2. 03 1880 . l’ 46l' 166 2, 507! 453 1. 72 1882 . 3| 920* 000 1883 . 4! 457, 540 1884 . . 1885 . 4' 012, 575 1886 . 4' 315! 779 5, 391, 151 1. 25 1887 . 4, 473! 828 5! 99 f 735 1.34 1888 . 4’ 952' 440 6' 438| 172 1.30 1889 . 4, 095' 358 5, 426j 509 1. 33 9 247 1890 . 4, 021, 739 4! 995! 739 1. 24 213 8, 130 1891 . 3, 812, 495 4, 807, 999 1.27 224 8, 124 1892 . 3, 918, 491 5, 175, 060 1.32 236 8, 170 1893 . 3, 972, 229 5, 110, 460 1. 30 204 8, 863 1894 . 3, 967, 253 4, 997, 939 1.26 170 9, 995 It will be seen fyom the above table that the greatest range in the average price per ton during the past nine years has been 10 cents; the highest $1.34, in 18S7, and the lowest $1.24, in 1890. c COAL 121 in the preceding tables the product for a series of years, by counties, has been given. In the following tables will be found the average price per ton for a period of six years, and the statistics of labor and work¬ ing time in counties producing 10,000 tons or over: Average prices for Iowa coal since 18S9, in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Appanoose . $1. 32 $1.38 $1.39 $1.51 $1.51 $1.30 Boone . 1.86 1.82 1.86 1.80 1.87 1.60 Dallas . 1.66 1. 70 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.60 Greene . - . 1.74 1.63 1.40 1.76 2. 00 2. 00 Jasper . 1. 42 1. 11 1.44 1.28 1.28 1.75 Keokuk . 1.25 1.23 1.31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1.21 1.14 Mahaska . 1.16 1.06 1.06 1. 15 1.11 1.18 Marion . 1.28 1.26 1. 16 1.17 1.21 1.05 Monroe . 1. 16 1.21 1.21 1.26 1. 12 1.09 Polk . 1.59 1.49 1.50 1.57 1.73 1. 50 2.07 2. 15 2. 00 2.02 1.85 Van Buren . 1.39 1.29 1.29 1.32 1.36 1.37 Wapello . 1.13 1.10 1. 24 1.29 1.27 1.09 Wavne . 1.47 1.25 1.52 1.49 1. 47 1.50 Webster . 1.63 1.54 1.71 1. 61 1.67 1.64 The State . 1.33 1.24 1.27 1.32 1.30 1.26 Statistics of labor cmploged and working time at Iowa coal mines. t Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number employed. || Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. U 5 Z D £ r a; K* <1 Average working days. 1 Appanoose . 1,080 165 1,419 207 1,213 184 1, 793 151 2, 254 153 Boone . 465 191 484 196 534 189 577 208 842 169 Dallas . 130 207 140 210 89 242 55 159 43 172 Greene . 121 209 120 185 120 214 60 150 19 213 Jasper . . . 335 246 416 256 426 274 284 253 177 204 Keokuk . 1,018 184 795 204 610 285 528 155 551 128 324 298 Mahaska . 1,673 258 1, 815 263 1,818 238 2, 209 258 2,396 199 Marion . 269 265 394 222 267 244 292 193 329 121 Monroe . 735 197 806 203 1,112 233 1, 103, 214 1,212 172 Polk . 700 243 779 239 938 268 697 211 944 184 35 241 54 223 29 228 52 212 Van Buren . 108 280 85 207 92 226 69 178 78 174 Wapello . 773 159 421 214 445 260 603 174 541 167 Wayne . 60 180 130 205 140 232 155 205 140 121 Webster . 307 182 273 182 302 247 391 194 378 155 The State . 8, 130 213 8, 124 224 8, 170 236 8, 863 204 9,995 170 122 MINERAL RESOURCES. KANSAS. Total product in 1894, 3,388,251 short tons; spot value, $4,178,998. KANSAS COAL FIELDS. The Kansas Coal Measures have never been accurately defined. They form a part of the great Western field which passes through the eastern half of the State from Iowa and Missouri into the Indian Territory, with an outlying area of Cretaceous lignite to the west and in the northern central part of the State. The main portion of the field occu¬ pies, approximately, one-fourth the area of the State. What little is known geologically of the Kansas Coal Measures is contained in the Eighth Biennial Report of the State Board of Agriculture, which says: The Coal Measures consist of three kinds of rock formations — sandstones, lime¬ stones, and shales. In these are inclosed the beds of coal, which do not occupy any¬ where more than one- twentieth of the thickness assigned to the Coal Measures, and over large parts of the area there is no coal at all. Still, a few square miles, with one bed of coal 30 inches thick, would he a rich district, and there are several such districts in eastern Kansas. The bottom of the Lower Coal Measures is the richest horizon of the formations. It is in this horizon, not far from the Spring River boundary, that we have the Weir City and Scammon coal held, of Cherokee County, and the neighboring coal helds of Erontenac and Pittsburg, in Crawford County. The Fort Scott or Mound coal, of Bourbon County, is higher in the same division. A thin seam in northwestern Bourbon County should he placed near the top of the Lower Coal Measures. A thick bed of limestone in western Bourbon, which slopes down to the Neosho River, in Allen and Neosho counties, and passes into Montgom¬ ery, may possibly be regarded as the top of the Lower Coal Measures. The Thayer coal seam and one at Howard and Stockton, which latter is possibly near the horizon of the coal of Osage and Shawnee counties, may all he called in the Upper Coal Meas¬ ures, whose upper limit may he found in the strata which cross the Kaw Valley west of Wamego. Still, some seams of coal are found at higher horizons, though they are thin and of little use. Examples are found in the north of Pottawatomie County and in the strata of the Fort Riley section, on Humboldt Creek, in Geary County. The Leavenworth coal, found over 700 feet deep, is in the Lower Coal Measures. The recent borings at Alma, McFarland, and Cherryvale, though revealing no seams of thickness workable at the depths reached, also illustrate the fact that the best place for coal is at the bottom of the Coal Measures. The Coal Measures contain more persistent beds of sandstone than are found in any other group in Kansas except the Dakota. Sandstones are more variable, where of any great extent, than limestones, and often change into arenaceous shales, and these again to clay shales or back to sandstone. This is also true of their thickness. If beds have considerable vertical extent, they are frequently separated by partings of arenaceous shale, which in places are several feet thick. The Coal Measures of south¬ east Kansas are, however, characterized by three very persistent sandstone horizons, and they probably also extend north of the Kaw River, though there more hidden by Quaternary formations. * * * One fact as to the coal beds should be borne in mind. None of them has a very great extension at right angles (nearly east and west) to the Spring River trend. The Cherokee seam, on which the Pittsburg and Weir City fields are situate, extends north by east into Missouri, and in the opposite direction into the Indian Territory, but it is only 3 or 4 miles wide. The Stockton coal is probably carried through Osage County and north of the Kaw River, in Jefferson County, but the greatest width of the coal field in Osage County is only 8 or 10 miles. COAL. 123 In the First Biennial Report of the Board of Education, covering the years 1877 and 1878, Prof. B. F. Mudge says: “The thickest and best seam of coal in Kansas is the Cherokee bed, found in Cherokee, Crawford, and Labette counties. It extends from the Indian Territory, entering the State near Cbetopa, and runs across the south¬ east part of Labette County, the west and northwest parts of Cherokee, and south¬ east part of Crawford, and enters Missouri.” This description of position is practically correct to-day, though on part of this area it was another seam that was probably known at that time. On the eastern edge of this line there is, however, only the one seam that is worked. Its workable area has largely been increased within the limits formerly known. At a few miles north of Columbus the coal-mining region begins, and we have a series of mining towns — Scammon, Weir City, Cherokee, Fleming, Frontenac, Pittsburg, Arcadia, Minden — around which the coal seam, whose average thickness is over 40 inches, is worked. In the northeastern part it is worked in “strip” banks and drifts; in the southern part by shafts, the deepest of which is 140 feet. In part of the district there is a workable seam above this. The widest part of this area is said to be 8 miles, but it is not more than about 4 on the aver¬ age. Recently Mr. John Marchant reports having made a “prospect” drill hole If miles east of the railway station at Scammon, and found coal 33 inches thick. This would extend the width of the field at that place more than a mile, as Scammon has been considered on the east edge of the field. The foregoing takes no account of the lignite coal of north central Kansas. It is not coal of the Coal-Measures epoch. It is found in that series of Cretaceous formations which we call the Dakota group. As a fuel7 it is mostly an inferior material, hut as it is more than 200 miles from the Carboniferous coal fields, and a still greater distance from the lignites of superior quality found in still higher horizons in Colorado and Wyoming, it is used locally to a limited extent. PRODUCTION. There has been some coal mined in Kansas from the early days of settlement. Seams outcrop in Cherokee, Crawford, Bourbon, Linn, Neosho, and Labette counties, and these outcrops have been worked by drifts into the hillside and in places by “stripping” off superincum¬ bent earths, and even limestone, when the thickness has not exceeded a few feet. The earliest record of coal mining in Kansas is for the year 18G9, reported by the Ninth United States Census. In that year the product was 32,938 short tons. There is then a lapse of eleven years, during which no statistics were obtained. Mineral Resources for 1883-81 gives the output in 1880 at 550,000 short tons, 17 times as much as it was eleven years before. Through the series of Mineral Resources the product shows an annual increase up to 1892, when an output of a little over 3,000,000 tons was obtained. At this time the coal production had reached a point collateral with the industrial con¬ ditions of the territory tributary to the coal field, and the increases and . decreases in coal production from now on in Kansas may be taken as fairly indicative of trade conditions. Unusual climatic conditions — that is, extraordinarily severe or exceedingly mild winter seasons — will affect the output somewhat, but such changes are of minor importance. The product in 1891 was the largest in the history of the State, exceeding that of 1893 by 735,705 short tons, or nearly 28 per cent. I 124 MINERAL RESOURCES. The value increased $803,252, or nearly 20 per cent. The increase in Kansas was due to two causes. In the first place, the coal mining industry in 1893 was seriously upset by a strike local to the State, but bitterly contested from the middle of May until September 1. This caused a decrease in the production of 354,730 tons, as compared with 1892. In the second place, while some of the miners went out in sympathy with the general strike in 1894, the disaffection did not extend over the entire State, and the mines which kept going found, tempo¬ rarily, new markets for their product, and the results are shown in the increased output. It is remarkable that under these circumstances there should have been a comparative decrease in valuation. It may in reality be taken as showing in a more radical manner the widespread business depression, the decline in values throughout the year being more than enough to offset the temporary advantage gained by the shutting out of other sources of supply. In the following tables the production of coal in Kansas during 1893 and 1894 is shown by counties, together with the distribution of the product for consumption : Coal product of Kansas in 1898, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to lo¬ cal trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days ac¬ tive. To number of em¬ ployees.! Cherokee . Coffey . Short tons. 673, 810 Short tons. 10, 257 1,720 14, 151 4, 684 800 62, 160 2, 602 20, 947 no, oeo Short tons. 13,454 Short tons. Short tons. 697, 521 1. 720 1, 195, 868 11, 768 800 309, 237 46, 464 279, 168 110, 000 $805, 525 3, 765 1,321,489 21, 650 2,000 477, 914 56, 853 526, 544 160, 000 $1. 15 2. 19 1.10 1.84 2.50 1.55 1.22 1.85 1.45 106 150 163 162 250 208 194 145 1,978 6 2, 883 57 5 1, 145 136 1, 100 Crawford . Franklin . Labette . 1, 160, 601 7,081 15, 716 Leavenworth . . . Linn . Osage . Small mines . 216, 678 43, 512 257, 725 30, 396 350 496 3 Total . 2, 364, 810 227, 321 60, 412 3 2, 652, 546 3, 375, 740 1.27 147 7,310 Coal product of Kansas in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. ' Sold to local trade and used by employ¬ ees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total produc¬ tion. Aver- . age value. p™e per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Cherokee . .26 914, 056 24. 878 8, 551 657 948, 142 $1,075,480 $1.13 143 1,834 Crawford . 25 1,520. 953 14, 547 18, 753 i, 554, 253 1, 669, 789 i 1. 07 167 2, 723 Franklin . 9 4, 024 13, 378 16 17, 418 32,' 799 1. 88 147 87 Leavenworth . 4 30f 421 77, 272 17, 166 108 395, 967 591,661 1.49 197 1,406 6 22, 408 3, 185 274 25, 867 31,088 1.20 91 132 Osage . 39 300, 036 21, 390 763 322, 189 609, 324 1. 89 159 1,129 Atchison. Cof- fev, and La- 1 be'tte . 4 • 3,500 915 4,415 8. 857 2. 01 266 28 Total . . . 113 3, 066, 398 275, 565 45, 523 765 3, 388, 251 4, 178, 998 1. 23 164 7,339 COAL 125 The following table shows in condensed form the statistics of coal production in Kansas since 1880. It will be noted that the first decrease in the amount of coal produced as compared with former years occurred in 1893. Coal product of Kansas since 1S80. Tears. Short tons. Value. Average price per ton. Number of days active. Number of men employed. 1880 . 550, 000 1881 . 750, 000 1882 . 750' 000 1883 . 900, 000 1884 . 1, 100^ 000 1885 . 1. 212. 057 $1 485 002 $1. 23 1886 . 1. 400, 000 1 680 000 1. 20 1887 . 1 , 596, 879 2, 235, 631 1. 40 1888 . 1, 850 000 2 775 000 1. 50 1889 . 2, 221, 043 3, 296, 888 1. 48 5, 956 1890 . 2, 259, 922 2' 947, 517 1.30 210 4| 523 1891 . 2, 716, 705 3, 557, 305 1.31 222 6, 201 1892 . 3, 007, 276 3, 955, 595 1. 314 208 6, 559 1893 . 2, 652, 546 3, 375, 740 1.27 147 7,310 1894 . 3, 388, 251 4, 178, 998 1.23 164 7, 339 In the following table is shown the total product of the State since 1885, by counties, with the increases and decreases during 1894 as compared with 1893: Coal product of Kansas since 18S5, by counties. [Short tons.] Counties. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Atchison . 371,930 375, 000 385, 262 450, 000 549, 873 18, 272 827, 159 37, 771 2,541 245, 616 25, 345 446, 018 68, 448 724, 861 12, 200 900, 464 9, 045 4, 000 319, 866 10, 474 179, 012 100, 000 Crawford . 221, 741 14, 518 250, 000 15, 000 298, 049 18, 080 425, 000 25. 000 Franklin . Leavenworth .... Linn . 120, 561 5, 556 370, 552 107, 199 160, 000 8, 900 380, 000 211, 100 195, 480 12, 400 393, 608 294, 000 210, 000 17, 500 415, 000 307, 500 Osage . Small mines . Total . 1,212, 057 1,400, 000 1, 596. 879 1, 850. 000 2, 221, 043 2, 259, 922 Counties. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increases Decreases in 1894. ; in 1894. Atchison . 3, 500 948 142 475 1, 554, 253 17,418 440 395, 967 25, 867 322, 189 120, 000 3, 500 250, 621 832, 289 1,218 997, 759 10, 277 800 380, 142 38, 934 355, 286 100, 000 825, 531 3, 664 1, 309, 246 11, 150 800 330, 166 43, 913 372, 806 110. 000 697, 521 1,720 1, 195, 868 11, 768 800 309. 237 46, 464 279, 168 110, 000 1,245 Crawford . 358, 385 5, 650 360 86, 730 20, 597 Osage . 43, 021 10, 000 Total . 2, 716. 705 3, 007, 276 2, 652, 546 3, 388, 251 a 735, 705 a Net increase. 126 MINERAL RESOURCES. In the preceding table the output by counties has been shown. The following tables indicate the tendency of prices for such years as they have been obtained, and the statistics of labor employed, together with the average working time : Average prices for Kansas coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Cherokee . $1. 20 $i. 22 $1.19 $1. 22 $1. 15 $1. 13 Crawford . 1.20 1.24 1.09 1. 08 1. 10 1. 07 Franklin . 2.18 2. 00 1.90 1.85 1. 84 1.88 Leavenworth . 1.69 1. 60 1.40 1.60 1.55 1.49 Linn . 1.32 1.34 1.23 1.27 1.22 1.20 Osage . 2. 03 1. 35 2.04 2.04 1. 85 1.89 The State . 1. 48 1.30 1.31 1.314 1.27 1.23 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Kansas coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. U © JD 9^ P © P o ci £ ? ° fcD 2 u © . © eg tL-© a M © r* <1 U © ti P o eg - f-i © r- < b£ .9 3 © • £ ® © eg tsra 5 © > U © 2rd P © P © © ^ eg S t- © © > P 2 fcH © . © ei b£r© eg U © > <1 t-i © P © P >> © So* 2§ © V tc 2 © • £ * © cfi tJC'© U © > u © .© c • p © p o §bg< g| © > *4 be 2 u © . © ci be*© ci u © > < Cherokee . Crawford . Franklin . Leavenworth . Linn . Osage . The State . 1,413 1,447 47 745 60 804 186 198 224 273 164 209 1, 609 1,785 48 1,073 94 1,581 180 202 207 245 236 270 1, 777 2, 234 57 1, 020 115 1,312 183 213 180 247 237 202 1. 978 2, 883 57 1, 145 136 1, 100 106 163 162 208 194 145 1, 834 2, 723 87 1, 406 132 1,129 143 167 147 197 91 159 4, 523 210 6, 201 222 6, 559 208 7, 310 147 7, 339 164 KENTUCKY. Total product in 1891, 3,111,192 short tons; spot value $2,749,932. KENTUCKY COAL FIELDS. Kentucky is the only State having within its borders parts of two great coal fields, the Appalachian and the Central. In the State they are known as the eastern and the western fields. The eastern field has an area of 11,180 square miles, and contains coals of superior excellence. Within its borders are found some excellent cannel coals, some supe¬ rior coking coals, and a part of the famous Jellico steam and domestic coal, which extends from Anderson and Campbell counties, Tenn., into Whitley County, Ivy. The discovery of the coals in eastern Kentucky capable of producing a high grade coke is one of great importance in its bearing upon the future development of the Appalachian region. Some of these coking coals are nearer Chicago and the Bessemer ores of Lake Superior than Connellsville coke, and they are the nearest coking COAL. 127 coals to Cincinnati and Louisville. But their greatest value is in their proximity to the great ore deposits of the South. The conditions in the neighborhood are favorable to the manufacture of cheap iron and steel, and a local market may be built up capable of absorbing a large out¬ put of high grade coke. The western field forms the southeastern extremity of the Central or Illinois field. It has an area of 4,500 square miles. It is penetrated throughout its entire length by the Green Eiver, which is navigable at all seasons, and which exposes in its course outcrops of all of the twelve seams in the field. The western part of the field is convenient to the Ohio River, so that all of the coal is accessible to cheap water transportation. Some coke of excellent physical structure is made from one of the coals in the Upper Measures. There is an abundant supply of cheap iron ores convenient to the field. Should the contem¬ plated ship canal connecting Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River be completed the high grade ores of Lake Superior could be brought to Kentucky to mix with these cheap ores, and a profitable iron industry built up, in addition to affording an outlet by water for these coals to the lakes.1 PRODUCTION. The first record at hand of the production of coal in Kentucky is for the year 1873, when a total of 300,000 tons was reported. The sta¬ tistics were not collected accurately, and the statement for that year and from 1873 to 1886 were estimated upon the best information obtain¬ able. They are fairly indicative, however, of the growth of the coal mining industry in the State. In 1883 the product was estimated at 1,650,000 tons, five and a half times the output a decade previous. In 1887, according to the report of Mr. C. J. Norwood, chief inspector of mines, the product was 1,933,185 short tons. The Eleventh United States Census showed a product in 1889 of 2,399,755 short tons. From 1889 to 1893 the statistics were collected by the Survey. In 1892 and 1893 the totals have differed somewhat from the mine inspector’s reports, the difference being due, doubtless, to the exclusion by some of the operators of the item of slack coal in their reports to the Survey. For 1894 arrangements were made with Mr. C. J. Norwood, State mine inspector, to collect the information for the Survey and thus to obtain uniformity and at the same time relieve the operators of making two sets of reports. Mr. Norwood also undertook to collect the statistics of the production at small mines, of which there are a great number in the State. The total product from this source in 1894 was found after a careful investigation to have been 153,999 short tons. The estimated product in 1893 was placed at 150,000 short tons. The following tables show the statistics ot production by counties, in 1893, as collected by the 1 Abstract from a paper by Prof. John R. Proctor, State geologist. (Mineral Resources, 1892, p. 415.) 128 MINERAL RESOURCES. Survey, and in 1894, as collected by Mr. Norwood, with the distribu¬ tion of the product for consumption : Coal product of Kentucky in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver- age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Bell . 16, 829 2, 001 242 24, 599 43, 671 $38, 006 $0. 87 177 194 Boyd . 161, 706 1, 000 162, 706 134, 144 .82 225 275 14, 134 8! 585 22! 719 28! 999 1. 25 224 45 102, 605 2, 623 616 105, 844 131, 315 1. 24 222 476 31, 560 1, 800 1, 200 34, 560 33! 550 .97 182 143 7,’ 546 7, 546 10, 994 1.46 188 18 Greenup . 1. 964 1.964 6,004 3. 05 100 12 Hancock . 5, 000 5, 000 12, 500 2. 50 150 25 Henderson . 77! 624 23, 683 2, 332 103, 639 87, 594 .85 185 194 Hopkins . 619! 618 23j 491 13! 849 56, 851 713,809 468, 519 .66 232 1,264 6, 073 132 6, 205 16, 357 2.64 281 27' 160, 286 1, 200 500 161, 986 137, 097 . 85 240 275 183^ 133 9, 717 772 193, 622 173, 114 .89 223 93, 807 550 875 95, 232 131, 096 1.38 244 380 McLean . Muhlenberg. . . . 283, 181 4, 173 2,916 290, 270 218, 303 .75 173 597 304, 422 5,011 3, 225 312, 658 243, 120 .78 170 590 Pike . 31, 000 21, 897 52, 897 56, 292 1.06 180 108 9! 010 9! 010 9! 032 1. 00 114 70 141, 782 13, 170 3, 242 158! 194 150! 835 . 95 181 332 34! 953 2, 646 400 37! 999 28! 095 . 74 215 52 Whitley . 334, 958 1, 890 800 337! 648 349! 203 1. 03 163 850 150, 000 150, 000 150! 000 1. 00 Total . 2, 613, 645 281, 115 30,969 81, 450 3, 007, 179 2, 613, 569 .86 202 6, 581 COAL 129 Coal product of Kentucky in 1894, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver, age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tong. tons. tons. tons. tons. Bell . 61, 384 1, 100 538 63, 022 $79, 715 $1. 27 208 192 77, 581 e! 705 980 85' 266 il6, 199 1. 37 no 516 3, 541 6, 808 4 lo! 353 8, 986 . 87 142 33 34, 641 900 30 35, 571 35, 297 1. 00 129 111 53, 505 25, 660 909 80’ 074 70j 601 . 88 164 215 Hopkins . 725, 278 2L 618 17, 597 44, 266 811, 759 607i 250 .75 182 1,535 Johnson . 16, 402 500 16, 902 40, 596 2. 40 284 98 Laurel . 249, 446 10, 357 1, 374 26l' 177 209’ 981 . 80 108 927 48, 367 ' 460 ’ 700 49’ 527 57’ 827 1. 17 246 152 Muhlenberg.... 253| 861 7, 688 8, 031 269, 580 205 j 513 . 76 105 642 Ohio . 339, 105 5, 726 4, 106 348, 937 248, 480 .70 147 673 Pulaski . 49, 421 '747 1,497 5l’ 665 51, 813 1. 00 90 339 Rockcastle . 800 ' 800 800 1.00 20 38 Union . 103, 072 24, 196 3,817 3,500 134, 585 117, 497 .87 168 260 Webster . 39, 220 2, 029 685 41, 934 27, 505 .66 98 89 Butler, Chris- tian, and Me- 72, 157 1,040 975 74, 172 84, 478 1. 14 180 204 Boyd, Greenup, and Lawrence. 195, 049 2,364 2, 316 199, 729 178, 386 .89 188 517 Knox andWhit- 412, 017 6, 338 3, 785 422, 140 414, 391 .98 125 1, 542 153, 999 153, 999 19L 617 1. 27 Total . 2, 734, 847 281, 235 47, 344 47, 766 3,111,192 2, 749, 932 .88 145 8, 083 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 9 130 MINERAL RESOURCES The following table exhibits the annual product of the State since 1873: Annual coal product of Kentucky since 1873. Tears. Short tons. Tears. Short tons. 1873 . 300, 000 360, 000 500, 000 650, 000 850, 000 900, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 100, 000 1, 300, 000 1, 650, 000 1884 . 1. 550, 000 1,600, 000 1, 550, 000 1,933, 185 2, 570, 000 2, 399, 755 2, 701, 496 2, 916, 069 3, 025, 313 3, 007, 179 3, 111, 192 1874 . 1885 .. 1875 . 1886 . 1876 . 1887 . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 . 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . 1880 . 1891 . 1881 . 1892 . . 1882 . 1893 . 1883 . 1894 . Since 1889 the product, by counties, has been as follows: Coal product of Kentucky since 1889, by counties. Counties. Bell . Boyd . Butler . Carter . Christian _ Daviess . Greenup . Hancock . Henderson. . . Hopkins . Johnson . Knox . Laurel . Lawrence. ... Lee . McLean . Muhlenberg . Ohio . Pulaski . Rockcastle . . Union . Webster . Whitley . Small mines . Total . . 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. 20, 095 15, 693 7,971 43, 671 163, 124 a 191, 600 179, 350 194, 470 162, 706 6, 489 644,931 12, 871 18, 951 22. 719 172, 776 179, 379 145, 937 139, 351 105, 844 27, 281 (5) 34, 060 47, 895 34, 560 30, 870 (6) 6,711 8, 064 7,546 632 1,964 21,588 (c) 16, 815 13, 393 5, 000 65, 682 cl 26, 640 124, 021 80, 661 103, 639 555, 119 604, 307 680, 386 730, 879 713, 809 32, 347 21, 222 21, 522 24, 543 6,205 48, 703 90, 000 100, 000 106, 031 161, 986 280, 451 291,178 308, 242 241, 129 . 193,622 79, 787 (d) 80, 848 97, 000 95, 232 35, 177 (C) 25, 000 206; 855 240, 983 26oj 315 277, 865 290, 270 246, 253 267. 736 322, 411 310, 289 312, 658 84,363 (a) 15, 810 10, 990 52, 897 1, 432 9, 774 9, 010 56, 556 67, 763 86, 678 127 ; 225 158, 194 32, 729 J133, 216 33, 883 38, 207 37, 999 184, 874 262, 541 265,516 340,015 337,648 46, 572 180, 000 180, 000 200, 000 150, 000 2, 399, 755 2, 701,496 2, 916, 069 3, 025, 313 3, 007, 179 1894. Short tons. 63, 022 111,659 19, 982 85, 266 38, 836 10, 353 1,573 35, 571 80, 074 811, 759 16, 902 72, 858 261,177 86, 497 49, 527 15, 354 269, 580 348, 937 51, 665 800 134, 585 41,934 349, 282 153, 999 3, 111,192 Increase 1894. Short tons. 19, 351 4, 276 2, 807 30, 571 97, 950 10, 697 67, 555 49, 527 15, 354 36, 279 3,935 11, 634 3, 999 e 104, 013 Decrease 1894. Short tons. 51, 047 2, 737 20, 578 391 '23,565' 89, 128 ' s'rib' 20, 690 1, 232 8,210 23, 609 a Includes Pulaski. b Includes Christian, Crittenden, and Daviess. c Includes Hancock and McLean. d Includes Lawrence, e Net increase. COAL 131 The following tables exhibit the average price per ton received for coal at tlie mines in counties producing 10,000 tons or over, the number of employees, and the average number of days worked: Average prices for Kentucky coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Bell . $1. 40 $1.25 $1.50 $0. 87 $1.27 Boyd . 1. 10 $0. 84 .81 .74 .82 .80 Butler . 1. 24 1.00 2.00 1.25 1. 25 Carter . 1.14 1. 10 1. 04 1.29 1. 24 1.37 Christian . 1.26 .86 1. 16 .95 .97 1.25 1.58 1.84 2. 50 2. 50 1. 00 Henderson . 1.26 .89 .92 .86 .85 .88 Hopkins . •78 .76 .73 .70 .66 .75 Johnson . 1.67 2. 13 2.28 2. 37 2. 64 2. 40 Knox . .84 .77 1.00 .79 .85 .80 Laurel . .90 .95 1.00 .94 .89 .80 Lawrence . Lee . 1.34 1.25 1.00 1. 15 1.38 .98 1. 17 Muhlenberg . .87 .80 .84 .89 .75 .76 Ohio . .81 .78 .79 .83 .78 .70 Pulaski . 1.30 1.00 1.39 1.20 1.06 1.00 Union . 1. 13 1.08 1. 26 1.01 .95 .87 Webster . .80 .78 .88 .86 .74 .66 Whitley . 1.10 1.09 1. 19 1.05 1.03. 1.01 The State . .99 .92 .93 .92 .86 .88 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Kentucky coal mines. Counties. 1890/ 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number emploj ed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Avarage working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Bell . 75 130 30 136 194 177 192 208 Boyd . 300 287 300 285 275 225 287 183 Butler . 45 200 65 192 224 64 195 Carter . 459 237 437 227J 375 276 476 222 516 110 Christian . 125 187 135 210 143 182 88 194 Hancock . 100 80 100 275 25 150 111 129 Henderson . 231 249 150 231 194 185 215 164 Hopkins . 1, 104 231 1,203 244 1,292 228 1,264 232 1,535 182 Johnson . 110 267 153 280 157 291 27 281 98 284 Knox . 200 240 215 200 225 185 275 240 255 113 Laurel . 680 225 798 233 775 177 654 223 927 108 300 289 325 295 380 244 226 194 Lee . 152 246 Muhlenberg . 495 213 586 215 555 219 597 173 642 105 Ohio . 520 236 625 225 818 169 590 170 673 147 74 170 45 135 108 180 339 90 Union . 131 189 289 161 313 191 332 181 260 108 Webster . . 67 226 64 194 52 215 89 98 Whitley . 625 204 680 190 890 216 850 163 1,287 125 The State . 5, 259 219 6, 355 225 6, 724 217 6, 581 202 8, 083 145 132 MINERAL RESOURCES. MARYLAND. Total product in 1894, 3,501,428 short tons; spot value, $2,687,270. ELK GARDEN AND UPPER POTOMAC COAL FIELDS.1 On the extreme fringe of the great Appalachian coal-basin is a long, narrow, detached coal field, which is, in some respects, one of the most important in the United States. This field, about 90 miles long by 2£ to 16 miles wide, extends from the southwest corner of Somerset County, Pa., through Allegany and Garrett counties, Md., Mineral, Grant, and Tucker counties, W. Va., into Randolph County, W. Ya. In this distance four distinct subdistricts are recognized, the Wellersburg in Pennsylvania, the Cumberland-Georges Creek in Maryland, and the Elk Garden and the Upper Potomac in West Virginia. The output of coal from the whole field, including steam, domestic, smithing, and coking coal of the best quality, is about 4,500,000 tons annually. It is the nearest to tide water of all the bituminous coal fields which supply the great coal markets of the Northern Atlantic seaboard, and its coal beds are so situated as to permit a well nigh unlimited increase of production should the trade of these markets demand it. This great coal field has sometimes been termed the Cumberland coal field, from the fact that the Cumberland field p roper, which, about half a century ago, began sending its high-grade steam coal into market, was for a long time the only one of the sub-basins which produced coal; but as the name “Cumberland” is now more appropriately applied to a coal (that of the Big Vein) which is not mined throughout the entire district, and as the amount of coal in the beds below the Big Vein is vastly greater than that remaining in it, some other name would be more appropriate and less misleading. As the district is watered chiefly by the Potomac River and its tributaries, aud as most of the mining is along the banks of that stream, the name “Potomac Basin” has been suggested for this entire coal field; the distinctive and well known names of the several subbasins, however, being still retained. The general course of this basin is northeast and southwest. It is hemmed in by the Allegheny Front Mountains on the east and the Backbone Mountains on the west. Its general shape from Pennsyl¬ vania to near the southern border of Tucker County, W. Ya., where it abuts on several parallel mountain ranges, is that of a wedge, very narrow in Pennsylvania, only 24 miles wide at the State line, and widening as the mountains draw away from each other, until, at the point named in Tucker County, it is some 16 miles wide. The northern end of this field passes through the western part of Allegany County and a portion of the eastern part of Garrett County, Maryland, and from it the entire coal product of Maryland is obtained. 'Abstract from a paper by Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Virginia Beach, February, 1894 (Trans. A. I. M. E.). COAL. 133 The main field of the Appalachian range touches the western part of Garrett County, but no coal is mined from it on a commercial scale in this State. Coal from the Cumberland region in Maryland is shipped over the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company’s railroad, and the Georges Creek and Cumberland Railroad as initial lines, to the Pennsylvania Railroad at Cumberland, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at Piedmont, whence it is transported to Atlantic coast points. A comparatively small amount goes west for smithing purposes. PRODUCTION. With the possible exception of the shipments of Pennsylvania anthracite, the records of the Cumberland coal trade, which includes the shipments also from the West Virginia portion of the field, are the most perfect we have. The record of anthracite shipments dates back to 1820; that of the Cumberland field to 1842. The advantage pos¬ sessed by the anthracite is twenty-two years of anteriority in mining. The Cumberland region began with 1,708 long tons in 1842. in 1852, ten years later, it produced 334,178 long tons. In the follow¬ ing decade it reached as high as 788,909 long tons in one year, 1860; but at the outbreak of the war, in 1861 and 1862, it declined to 269,674 and 317,634 long tons, respectively, but recovered in 1863 to 748,345 long tons. At the end of the next decade, in 1872, the output exceeded two million tons, the actual product being 2,355,471 long tons. At this time the product seems to have reached the limit of demand tempora¬ rily, for the tonnage during the following ten years averaged about 2,000,000. The industrial activity from 1882 to 1892 is shown in the increased coal product from this field, the maximum being reached in 1891, with a total shipment of 4,382,096 long tons, of which more than three-fourths, or 3,420,670 long tons, were from the Maryland mines. In 1892 the product was decreased by the decision of the operators to curtail production rather than cut prices. The total shipments in that year were 4,029,564 long tons, of which Maryland shipped 3,016,393, or almost exactly 75 per cent. In 1893 the output increased somewhat to 4,347,807 long tons, Maryland’s quota being 3,316,010. During 1894 the shipments were decreased by the strike and by trade depression to less than 4,000,000 long tons, of which MaTyland furnished 3,065,707. The operators were unable to maintain prices in the face of the unfavorable conditions and the value declined from $3,267,317 in 1893 (an average of 98 cents per long ton, or 88 cents per short ton) to $2,687,270 in 1894, the average price being 86 cents per long ton, or 77 cents per short ton. 134 MINERAL RESOURCES, The following table shows the statistics of production in Maryland since 1889. The figures are reduced to short tons for the sake of uniformity throughout the report. Coal product of Maryland since 1889. Years. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. 1889 . Short tons. 2, 885, 336 3, 296, 393 Short tons. 44, 217 52, 621 Short tons. 10, 162 8, 799 Short tons. 2, 939, 715 3, 357, 813 3, 820, 239 $2, 517, 474 2, 899, 572 $0.86 .86 3,702 3, 842 1890 . 244 1891 . 3, 771, 584 36, 959 11, 696 3, 082, 515 .80 244 3, 891 1892 . 3, 385, 384 30.955 3,623 3, 419, 962 3, 063, 580 .89 225 3, 886 1893 . 3, 676, 137 26, 833 13, 071 3,716,041 3, 267, 317 .88 240 3, 935 1894 . 3, 435, 600 51, 750 14, 078 3, 501, 428 2, 687, 270 .77 215 3,974 The following table shows the annual output of coal in Maryland since 1883 : Product of coal in Maryland from, 1883 to 1894. Years. Short tons. Value. Average price per ton. Average number of days active. Average number of men employed. 1883 . 2, 476, 075 2, 765, 617 2, 833, 337 2, 517, 577 3, 278, 023 3, 479, 470 2, 939, 715 3, 357, 813 3, 820, 239 3, 419, 962 3, 716, 041 3, 501, 428 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . $2, 391, 698 3, 114, 122 3, 293, 070 2, 517, 474 2, 899, 572 3, 082, 515 3, 063, 580 ?, 267, 317 2; '687, 270 $0. 95 .95 1887 . 1888 . .95 1889 . . 86 3,702 3, 842 3, 891 1890 . .86 244 1891 . .80 244 1892 . .89 225 3^ 886 3, 935 1893 . .88 240 1894 . . .77 215 3j 974 COAL. 135 The following tables, showing the shipments from the various mines in Maryland since 1883 and the total shipments from the Cumber¬ land field (including the West Virginia mines in the field) since 1842, are obtained from the official reports of the Cumberland coal trade. The Maryland mining laws compel the use of the long ton as a basis of measurement, and the quantities in these tables are so expressed: Shipments of coal from Maryland mines from 1883 to 1894. [Long tons.] Companies. 1883. Consolidation Coal Co.... New Central Coal Co . Georges Creek Coal and Iron Co . Maryland Union Coal Co. Borden Mining Co . Maryland Coal Co . American Coal Co . Potomac Coal Co . Hampshire and Baltimore Coal Co . Atlantic and Georges Creek Coal Co. (Pekin mine) . Swanton Mining Co . Bisen Avon Coal Co . Piedmont Coal and Iron Co . Union Mining Co . National Coal Co . Davis and Elkins mine. . . 456, 210, 257, 137, 151, 235, 190, 139, 194, 69, 34, 84, 4, 5, 38, 238 850 490 105 665 854 055 723 534 000 905 721 619 024 998 James By an . George Hansel . Barton and Georges Creek Valley Co . . Enterprise mine . Franklin Consolidated Coal Co a . Big Vein Coal Co . Piedmont-Cumb erland Coal Co . Total 2,210,781 2, 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 689, 212 210, 140 710, 064 203. 814 675, 652 149,561 936,799 1,023,349 181, 906 169, 484 871, 463 118, 885 266, 042 117, 180 162, 057 295, 736 194, 330 169, 463 257, 343 98, 095 179, 537 365, 319 220, 339 196, 280 265, 942 116, 771 137, 747 288, 742 211,305 156, 757 394, 012 148, 523 192, 636 316, 518 259, 632 209, 793 437, 992 106, 620 212, 520 340, 866 287, 058 208, 777 311, 258 206, 549 268, 438 297, 537 205, 212 36, 416 75, 467 28, 620 100, 961 64, 938 52, 862 69, 192 7,321 42, 688 65, 830 61,610 11, 934 6, 375 58, 383 3,884 40, 748 1,250 5,310 42, 680 74, 437 32 5, 641 48, 307 58, 002 1,678 6, 824 62, 637 58, 382 7, 500 117, 775 82, 667 3, 608 1,989 6, 396 76, 592 98, 443 3,559 3, 734 72, 571 18, 089 113 69, 857 399 123, 429 288 71, 837 21, 310 2, 493 469, 301 2,529,765 12,247,837 2, 926, 902 3, 106, 670 2, 637, 838 Companies. Consolidation Coal Co. New Central Coal Co. . 1890. 956, 031 218, 169 1891. 910, 977 206, 813 1892. 912, 787 201, 428 Georges Creek Coal and Iron Co . Borden Mining Co . Maryland Coal Co . American Coal Co . Potomac Coal Co . Atlantic and Georges Creek Coal Co. (Pekin mine) . . Swanton Mining Co . Union Mining Co . National Coal Co . Barton and Georges Creek Valley Co . . Enterprise mine . 351, 310 290, 055 366, 839 386, 731 217, 232 752 41, 401 17, 933 60, 206 175, 838 11 356, 927 300, 268 406, 464 449, 631 184, 706 33, 029 179, 232 201,124 297, 632 253, 629 280, 946 384, 681 137, 738 5, 162 176, 996 201, 365 Franklin Consolidated Coal Co a . . Big Vein Coal Co . Piedmont - Cumberland Coal Co . Anthony Mining Co . Total . 66, 644 52, 917 76, 593 62, 832 72, 117 66, 683 29, 003 115 42, 439 9, 725 14, 564 10, 665 1893. 1894. Increase in 1894. Decrease in 1894. 907, 559 223, 504 345, 791 367, 725 356, 820 443, 963 121, 258 892, 502 151, 002 364, 668 265, 548 351, 542 453, 680 108, 977 15, 057 72, 502 18, 877 102, 177 5,278 9, 717 12, 281 2, 465 173, 548 2, 465 205, 210 31,662 193, 545 165, 886 27, 659 57, 598 63, 940 17, 869 11, 228 64, 766 47, 023 6,483 17, 617 7, 168 16, 917 11, 386 6, 389 3, 316, 010 3, 065, 707 b 250, 303 a Succeeded by Davis Coal and Coke Co. in 1894. b Net decrease. 136 MINERAL RESOURCES. Total shipments from the Cumberland coal field in I Frostburg region. Cumberland and Pennsylvania R. R. Cumberland Coal and Iron Company’s railroad. Years, By Baltimore and Ohio R. R. By Chesapeake 1 and Ohio canal. By Pennsylva¬ nia R. R. c3 +3 O H ByBaltimore and Ohio R. R. By Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Total. Long Long Long Long Long Long Long tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. 1842 . . 757 757 95J 951 1843 . 3 661 3, 661 6 421 6,421 1844 . 5, 156 5; 156 9; 734 9; 734 1845 . 13’ 738 13, 738 10 915 10, 915 1846 . 11, 240 li; 240 18, 555 18; 555 1847 . 20, 615 20; 615 32 325 32, 325 1848 . 36’ 571 36; 571 43 000 43; 000 1849 . 63, 676 63, 676 78, 773 78; 773 1850 . 73* 783 3, 167 76; 950 119 023 875 119, 898 1851 . 70 893 51 438 122; 331 103 808 31, 540 135; 348 1852 . 128, 554 46, 357 174; 891 139; 925 19, 362 159; 287 1853 . 150 381 84, 060 234, 441 155, 278 70; 535 225; 813 1854 . 148 953 63, 731 212; 684 173 580 92, 114 265; 694 1855 . 93, 691 77, 095 170, 786 97, 710 100, 691 198; 401 1856 . 86 994 80; 387 167; 381 121, 945 105; 149 227; 094 1857 . 80, 743 55, 174 135, 917 88, 573 54, 000 142; 573 1858 . 48, 018 166, 712 214; 730 66, 009 87; 539 153; 548 1859 . 48, 415 21i; 639 . 260; 054 72,' 423 86,' 203 158; 626 I860 . 70, 699 232| 278 302, 947 80; 500 63; 600 144; 100 1861 . 23, 878 68; 303 92, 181 25, 983 29; 296 55; 279 1862 . 71, 745 75; 206 146, 951 4i; 096 23; 478 64; 574 1863 . 117, 796 173; 269 291, 065 Hi; 087 43; 523 154; 610 1864 . 287, 126 194; 120 481 ; 246 67; 676 64; 520 132, 198 1865 . 384' 297 285; 295 669; 592 104, 651 57, 907 162; 558 1866 . 592’ 938 29i; 019 883, 957 52; 251 52; 159 104, 410 1867 . 623| 031 385; 249 1, 008, 280 40; 106 72; 904 113, 010 1868 . 659^ 1 15 42k 406 li 083; 521 100, 345 57; 919 158, 264 1869 . 1, 016; 777 573; 243 1, 590, 020 130, 017 78; 908 208, 925 2, 092, 660 1, 192, 224 3, 284, 884 Eckhart Branch It. it. 1870 . 909 511 520 196 1, 429, 707 114 404 83, 941 198 345 1871 . 1 247 279 656, 085 i; 903; 364 69, 864 194, 254 264, 118 1872 . 1, 283, 956 612; 537 22, 021 1; 918; 514 26; 586 203, 666 230, 252 1873 . 1, 509, 570 641, 220 114, 589 2, 265, 379 89, 765 137, 582 227, 347 1874 . 1, 295, 804 631, 882 67, 671 1, 995, 357 113. 670 135, 182 248, 852 1875 . 1, 095, 880 715, 673 160, 213 1, 971, 766 52, 505 164, 165 216, 670 1876 . 939, 262 443, 435 131, 866 1, 514, 563 15, 285 189, 005 204, 290 1877 . 755, 278 473, 646 170, 884 1, 399, 808 63, 181 111, 350 174, 531 1878 . 823, 801 486, 038 145, 864 1, 455, 703 99, 455 123, 166 222, 621 1879 . 933, 240 397, 009 154, 264 1, 484, 513 141, 907 104, 238 146, 145 1880 . . 1, 055, 491 471, 800 213,446 1, 740, 737 197, 525 131, 325 328, 850 1881 . 1, 113, 263 270, 156 153,501 1, 536, 920 271,570 151, 526 423, 096 1882 . 576, 701 115, 344 91, 574 783, 619 199, 183 76, 140 275, 323 1883 . 851, 985 302, 678 217, 065 1,371,728 197,235 141, 390 338, 625 1884 . 1, 193, 780 150,471 199, 138 1, 543, 389 299, 884 124, 718 414, 602 1885 . 1, 091,904 171,460 206, 227 1, 469, 591 289, 407 117, 829 407, 236 1886 . 1, 131, 949 115, 531 141, 520 1, 389, 000 243, 321 113, 791 357, 112 1887 . 1, 584, 114 132, 177 176, 241 1, 892, 532 332, 798 125, 305 458, 103 1888 . 1, 660, 406 155, 216 193, 046 2, 208, 668 374, 888 95, 191 470, 079 1889 . 1, 430, 381 26, 886 177, 152 1, 634, 419 368, 497 26, 407 394, 904 1890 . 1,511,418 291, 704 1, 803, 122 522, 334 522, 334 1891 . 1, 628, 574 9, 070 289; 235 li 926; 876 463; 142 39, 294 502, 436 1892 . 1, 426, 994 93, 705 214, 012 1, 734, 710 349, 207 *170, 116 519, 323 1893 . 1, 332, 634 135, 409 360, 801 1, 828, 850 341, 321 201,947 543, 268 1894 . 1, 068, 739 95, 523 372, 207 1, 536, 467 436, 216 208, 914 645,130 Total . 34, 383, 375 11, 365, 295 4, 264, 231 50, 012, 901 5, 663, 150 3, 170, 342 8, 833, 492 a Includes 103,834 tons used on line cf Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad and its branches pany in locomotives, rolling mills, etc. c 137 COAL. Maryland and West Virginia from 1H42 to 1S94. 83, 136 78, 298 215, 767 69, 765 79, 455 53, 480 4, 863 112 Frostburg region. Piedmont region. Georges Creek and Cumberland R. K. p4 © © O 00 © b D h o © O k.2 ^ pG .o . G « * © £ .fc o -G g C0*r- 1 • G a • w By Chesapeake and Ohio canal. > GC ^ §« CL .2 ^ 0 ffl +2 .© ^ 1g WO G G a a r-J © CC i-> g o 3S *c3 O H Long tons. lMng tons. Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. . . . . . 73, 725 181, 303 227, 245 269, 210 252, 368 218, 318 257, 740 289, 298 85, 554 69, 482 266, 430 65, 570 42, 765 51, 628 63, 060 47, 934 52, 564 36, 660 36, 627 36, 240 44, 552 71, 345 90, 964 72, 532 88, 658 83, 724 60, 988 96, 453 121, 364 103, 793 109, 194 90, 800 7, 505 . 2, 190, 673 Empire and West Vir¬ ginia mines. 28, 035 81, 218 85, 441 77, 582 57, 492 63, 537 108, 723 998 51 66, 573 125, 097 93, 861 202, 223 156, 959 214, 518 98, 371 153, 230 286, 787 365, 029 677, 593 763, 845 568, 003 741, 954 773, 074 4, 947 31, 436 77, 829 283, 336 291, 685 348, 196 418, 057 341, 024 243, 487 228, 138 229, 766 236, 314 201, 938 111, 036 584, 876 5, 220, 544 3, 046, 689 8, 852, 109 213, 180 203, 595 495, 819 510, 060 585, 658 500, 047 576, 150 627, 923 608, 516 905, 731 993,111 804, 317 943, 892 884, 110 88. 722 277, 929 338, 001 466, 928 403, 489 346, 308 449, 011 564, 397 576, 047 774, 904 959, 673 971, 214 1, 031, 797 900, 399 —< a 0.’ p Ad 72 C3 O © & C3 O Long tons. 4, 042 82, 978 65, 719 157, 760 155, 845 183. 786 204. 120 116, 574 254, 251 297, 842 295, 878 97, 599 98, 684 216, 792! 258, 642| 343, 202 343, 178 458, 153| 482, 325 652, 151 604, 137 850, 339 816, 103 778, 802 767, 064 879, 838 632, 440 584, 996 609. 204 501, 247 603, 125 504, 818 269, 782 680, 119 344, 954 368, 744 282, 802 262, 345 286, 700 57, 459 51, 121 266, 901 338,107 304, 437 16 415.105 Pi .3 'a ca > 09 a a ® P* Long tons. 22, 021 114, 589 67, 671 160, 698 131, 866 170, 884 145, 864 154, 264 213, 446 278, 598 185, 435 419, 288 356, 097 420, 745 239, 891 389, 104 715, 151 798, 842 1, 282, 748 1, 474, 087 1, 205, 486 1, 586, 541 1, 577, 404 12, 110, 720 & be be be Long tons. 1,708 10. 082 14, 890 24, 653 29, 795 52, 940 79, 571 142, 449 196. 848 257, 679 334, 178 533, 979 659. 681 662. 272 706, 450 582. 486 649, 656 724, 354 788, 909 269, 674 317, 634 748, 345 657, 996 903, 495 1, 079, 331 1, 193, 822 1, 330, 443 1, 882, 669 1, 717, 075 2, 345, 153 2, 355, 471 2, 674, 101 2, 410. 895 2, 342, 773 1, 835, 081 1, 574, 339 1, 679, 322 1,730, 709 2, 136, 160 2, 261, 918 1, 540, 466 2, 544, 173 2, 934, 979 2, 865, 974 2, 592, 467 3, 375, 796 3, 671, 067 3, 213, 886 4, 006, 091 4, 380, 433 4, 029, 564 4, 347, 807 3, 966, 106 83, 369, 458 and at Cumberland and Piedmont; also 266,830 tons used by the Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad Com' 138 MINERAL RESOURCES. MICHIGAN. Total product in 1894, 70,022 short tons; spot value, $103,049. MICHIGAN COAL FIELD. The coal deposits of Michigan are detached from those of any other State, and form what is known as the Northern field. The area is about 6,700 square miles, the central point being near the town of St. Louis, in Gratiot County, and the southern boundary passing a few miles south of Jackson, in Jackson County. Beyond this to the south there are several detached patches of productive Coal Measures. The great¬ est thickness of the measures is found along a line extending from Ionia County to Saginaw, the thickest coal beds lying along Six Mile Creek. The principal operations are carried on near the city of Jack- son, in Jackson County, but these are small when compared with other States. The Michigan coals are of inferior quality when compared to those shipped by lake and rail into the State, and the imported coals are sold so cheap that there is little encouragement for the development of the Michigan field. The basins in which the coal deposits were laid down were unprotected by later deposits prior to the period of Glacial movement, and were exposed to the action of that time. The exposure to the forces of nature before the time of the glaciers seriously affected the qualities of the coal formation, and much of it was worn away and destroyed by moving glaciers, what was left being buried under the debris of the Glacial drift. These conditions have left the rock forma¬ tion of Michigan with but few exposures, and actual boring is neces¬ sary to determine whatever of mineral value lies below the surface. This requires considerable trouble and expense, and is not resorted to unless for some specific purpose. Considering all these disadvantages there is little wonder that the coal fields have not been more fully exploited. PRODUCTION. Coal production in Michigan has never reached as much as 150,000 tons in any one year, the highest point attained being in 1882, when the product was 135,339 short tons. The first record of production was obtained in 1877, when an output of 69,197 short tons was reported. It increased each year but one from then until 1882, the product in 1880, 1881, and 1882 having exceeded 100,000 tons. But the attempts made in those years to stimulate coal mining in the State were not attended with much success. Two mines closed down in the following year and the product decreased nearly one-half in 1883, and in about the same proportion in 1884. Since then the output has fluctuated between 40,000 and 80,000 tons, varying to some extent with the rise and fall of the thermometer, the largest product being 81,407 tons in 1888, the year of exceptional activity in coal mining throughout the United States. COAL. 139 The following tables show the statistics of production during the past three years, and the total output since 1887. The amount produced previous to 1877 is estimated to have been 350,000 short tons, so that the total tonnage from the Michigan coal fields to the close of 1894 has been approximately 1,764,250 tons. Coal product of Michigan in 1892 , 1893, and 1894. Years. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age number of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. 1892 . Short tons 27, 200 27, 787 Short tons 45, 180 Short to'ns 5, 610 Short tons 77, 990 45, 979 $121, 314 $1. 56 230 195 1893 . 16, 367 1, 825 82, 462 1.79 154 162 1894 . 60, 817 7, 055 2, 150 70, 022 103, 049 1.47 224 223 Product of coal in Michigan from 1877 to 1893. Years. Short tons. Years. Short tons. 350, 000 69, 197 85, 322 82, 015 129, 053 130, 130 135, 339 71, 296 36, 712 45, 178 1886 . 60, 434 71, 461 81, 407 67, 431 74, 977 80, 307 77, 990 45, 979 70, 022 1877 . 1887 . 1878 . 1888 . 1879 . 1889 . 1880 . 1890 . 1881 . 1891 . 1882 . 1892 . 1883 . 1893 . 1884 . 1894 . 1885 . MISSOURI Total product in 1894, 2,245,039 short tons ; spot value, $2,634,564. MISSOURI COAL FIELDS. A line drawn from the junction of the Des Moines River with the Mississippi, in the northeast corner of the State, diagonally across to the southwest corner, will have northwest of it nearly all the coal terri¬ tory of Missouri. An arm of this territory, however, follows the course of the Missouri River eastward for a short distance in the central part of the State, and some coal is also found in the vicinity of St. Louis. The total area included is estimated at about 25,000 square miles, dis¬ tributed over fifty- seven counties in whole or in part. All of the coals are of the bituminous variety, with the exception of some limited deposits which approach cannel coal in character. The bituminous coals have, as a rule, a high percentage of ash compared with the best coals of this character. They are comparatively soft, and deteriorate by exposure or much handling. They also usually carry considerable sulphur in the form of pyrite, which, though some of the coals are rich in hydrocarbons of high caudle power, unfits them for the manufacture 140 MINERAL RESOURCES. of illuminating gas. The mines are not troubled much by excess of water. In fact, many of them are so dry as to be dusty. The separation of the Western coal field, of which Missouri forms an important part, from the Illinois or Central field is made by the Missis¬ sippi Kiver and its immediate valley. At one place near the northern border of the Illinois field the present course of the Mississippi cuts through it, a small portion of the Central field being found across the river in Iowa. The two fields are really tbe same, the barren valley being a narrow one, and in it isolated bodies of coal are found both in Iowa and Missouri. It has been customary, however, to consider them separately, and they are so considered in this report. The principal users of Missouri coal are the railways of the State. The manufactur¬ ing industries come next, after which comes the domestic consumption in grates, stoves, and furnaces. As before stated, they are not adapted for gas making, the expense of purifying from sulphur being too great to be practicable. PRODUCTION. The total product of coal in Missouri in 1894 was 2,245,039 short tons, valued at $2,634,564. In 1893 the output was 2,897,442 short tons, worth $3,562,757. The decrease, therefore, in 1894 was 652,403 short tons, or a little more than 22 per cent in amount, and $928,193, or more than 25 per cent in value. The strike of the spring of 1894 was pretty general throughout the State, varying at different places from three to six months. In some cases operators stated that the product had been curtailed about 40 per cent by the strike. The effects of the business depression is shown in the greater comparative decrease in value, the average price per ton declining from $1.23 in 1893 to $1.17 in 1894. The production by counties during the past two years, with the distribution and value, is shown in the following tables : COAL 141 Coal product of Missouri in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. Adair . PO 358 193 343 20, 893 $31, 180 $1.49 188 81 Audrain . 9.297 27, 739 950 37, 986 53, 028 1.40 184 101 Barton . 41,600 300 460 42, 360 47, 530 1. 12 116 207 Bates . 396, 476 8, 893 4, 450 409, 819 414,806 1.01 162 771 Boone . 9.000 2, 550 100 11, 650 18, 925 1. 62 203 32 Caldwell . 14, 325 3, 078 699 18, 102 35, 849 1. 98 223 74 Callaway . 1 000 23, 240 26 24, 266 37, 333 1.54 218 127 Clay . 11.523 315 886 12, 724 20, 995 1. 65 240 55 Cooper . 1,461 91 80 1, 632 3, 264 2. 00 204 5 Grundy . 403 35, 230 2,000 37, 633 77, 148 2. 05 300 130 Henry . 91,700 7,709 1,006 100,415 145, 754 1.45 225 279 604 604 1, 098 1. 82 60 7 Johnson . 10, 100 797 112 11, 009 15, 872 1. 44 285 26 Lafayette . 321, 948 13,550 4,170 339, 668 516, 573 1.52 226 1,148 Linn . 80, 084 12, 039 1,084 93, 207 151, 442 1.62 233 290 Macon . 664, 461 8, 621 15, 397 688, 479 728, 900 1. 06 232 1,833 Moniteau . 20 450 50 520 1,000 1.96 125 3 Montgomery . . . . 12, 000 12, 000 16, 200 1.35 200 48 Morgan . Putnam . 134, 267 1,581 3, 734 139, 582 189, 273 1.36 236 460 Randolph . 209, 808 2, 942 1,740 214, 490 236, 571 1.10 191 523 Ray . 212, 559 6, 390 1,469 220, 418 333, 563 1.51 196 636 St Clair . 336 336 525 1. 56 150 o Yernon . 294, 501 4,443 10, 705 309, 649 310, 928 1.01 126 537 150, 000 150, 000 175, 000 Total . 2, 525, 227 322, 754 49, 461 2, 897, 442 3, 562. 757 1.23 206 7,375 Coal product of Missouri in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat Total product. Total value. Aver age price per ton. Aver age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Adair and Au- tons. tons. tons. tons. drain . 6 15, 922 9,049 100 25, 071 $41, 517 $1.66 199 87 Bates . 17 260, 044 14, 476 5, 186 279, 706 289, 665 1.04 83 919 Barton . 5 131, 977 6, 675 1,325 139, 977 147, 712 1.06 195 412 Boone . 3 10, 000 7,860 300 18, 160 28, 200 1. 55 200 50 Caldwell . 3 23, 343 2, 155 806 26, 304 46, 301 1.76 228 115 Callaway . 14 2, 000 15, 734 953 18, 687 29, 884 1.60 156 81 Cooper . 2 2, 155 48 40 2,243 5, 236 2. 33 90 20 Henry . 14 152, 945 4,841 623 158, 409 179, 413 1. 13 156 327 2 6, 235 263 6, 498 9, 313 1.43 240 25 Lafayette . 30 179' 691 18,410 5, 322 203. 423 348, 153 1. 68 119 1, 305 Linn . 5 66, 495 10, 167 610 77, 272 122, 984 1.59 233 264 Macon . 10 469, 529 3,832 16, 218 489, 579 467, 751 .96 183 1, 387 Morgan . 3 745 745 1, 500 2.01 95 6 Putnam . 3 111, 415 2, 180 3, 060 116, 655 14L 262 1.21 146 486 Randolph . 11 192, 832 4, 893 3, 672 201, 397 220, 418 1.09 144 566 Ray . 6 95, 316 3, 277 2, 093 100, 686 145, 443 1.44 78 690 V ernon . 10 234, 636 2, 662 6, 915 244, 213 241, 938 .99 90 666 Chariton . Moniteau .... Jackson . ► 5 720 15, 234 60 16,014 27, 874 1.28 147 117 Montgomery . St. Clair . 120, 000 120, 000 140, 000 Total . 149 1, 955, 255 242, 501 47, 283 2, 245, 039 2, 634, 564 1.17 138 7, 523 142 MINERAL RESOURCES. Prior to 1887 the records of the production of coal in Missouri are simply estimates. They are, however, the best information we have, and are given below as such. In the later years the statistics have been collected with a certain degree of accuracy. The figures in the following table for 1887 and 1888 were reported by the mine inspectors; those for 1889 were collected by the Eleventh United States Census, and since then by the Geological Survey. The maximum product was attained in 1888, a year of unusual activity in the coal mining indus¬ try, the output reaching a total of 3,909,907 short tons. The following year it dropped to 2,557,823 short tons, and has not since reached 3,000,000 tons in any one year. As in the cases of Iowa and Kansas, the production of coal in Missouri has for several years been on a par with the industrial development of the State. The markets are neces¬ sarily restricted to a comparatively local region. On the east it meets competition with Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia coals, brought by cheap vater transportation to the Mississippi River towns (St. Louis drawing nearly all of its supply from Illinois); on the west where its chief market is, outside of the State, it soon strikes the Colo¬ rado and other Rocky Mountain coals ; Iowa stands as a bar to the north, and the Indian Territory and Arkansas, with coals of superior quality, lie to the south. Any radical changes in the production of coal may then be taken as indicative of the general condition of indus¬ trial enterprises in the State. The following table exhibits the annual production of coal in Missouri since 1873: Coal product of Missouri since 1873. Tears. Short tons. Tears. Short tons. 1873 . 784, 000 789, 680 840. 000 1, 008, 000 1, 008, 000 1, 008, 000 1, 008, 000 1, 680, 000 1, 960, 000 2, 240, 000 2, 520, 000 1884 . 2, 800, 000 3, 080, 000 1, 800, 000 3, 209, 916 3, 909, 967 2, 557, 823 2, 735, 221 2, 674, 606 2, 773, 949 2. 897, 442 2, 245, 039 1874 . 1885 . . 1875 . 1886 . 1876 . 1887 . . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 . 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . 1880 . 1891 1881 . . . 1892 1882 . 1893 . 1883 . 1894 . COAL, 143 The following table contains the statistics of production by counties since 1889, with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893: Coal product of Missouri since 1889, by counties. Counties. Adair . Audiain . Barton . Bates . Boone . Caldwell . Callaway . Chariton . Clay . Cooper . . Grundy . Henry . Jackson . Jasper . Johnson . Lafayette . Linn . . Macon . . Moniteau . Montgomery . . . Morgan . . Putnam . . Randolph . Ray . St. Clair . Vernon . Other counties and small mines . . Total. 1889. Short tons. 18, 592 26. 194 61. 167 755, 989 31,405 13, 594 16, 053 996 23, 401 180, 118 720 12, 841 348, 670 6. 992 446, 396 12, 300 2, 000 83, 774 221, 463 220. 530 6,880 39, 420 28, 328 2, 557, 823 1890. Short tons. 16, 000 20, 261 28. 500 751, 702 17, 000 21, 599 5, 331 24, 000 109, 768 5,950 347, 688 1,300 540, 061 13, 584 650 108, 514 269, 372 278,118 5,050 13, 385 157, 388 2, 735, 221 1891. 1892. Short tons. 10, 940 8, 772 85, 002 628, 580 16, 340 51, 065 22,458 30, 000 102, 866 4,500 277, 393 26, 994 592, 105 16, 129 220 122, 666 274, 520 213, 539 2, 500 48, 017 140, 000 2, 674, 606 Short tons. 11, 138 23, 012 50, 561 572, 730 15, 636 30, 806 21,710 1,720 27, 300 89, 769 5, 680 324, 848 40, 622 668, 146 16, 689 48 137, 058 149, 608 235, 298 6, 500 155, 070 150, 000 1893. 2, 773, 949 Short tons. 20, 893 37, 986 42, 360 409, 819 11,650 18, 102 24, 265 12, 724 1, 632 37, 633 100, 415 604 11, 009 339, 668 93, 207 688, 479 520 12, 000 139, 582 214, 490 220, 418 336 309, 649 150, 000 2, 897, 442 1894. Shoi't tons. 10, 150 14, 921 139, 977 279, 706 18, 160 26, 304 18, 687 100 2, 243 158, 409 6, 000 6, 498 203, 423 77, 272 489, 579 364 8, 871 745 116, 655 201, 397 100, 686 679 244, 213 120, 000 Increase in 1894. Short tons. 2, 245, 039 97, 617 6, 510 8, 202 100 611 57, 994 6, 000 745 343 Decrease in 1894. Short tons. 10, 743 23, 065 130, 113 5, 579 12, 724* ’37,633' 604 4, 511 136. 245 15, 935 198, 900 156 3, 129 22, 927 13, 093 119, 732 65, 436 30, 000 a 652, 403 a Ret decrease. The following tables are worthy of attention, as showing the tend¬ ency of prices during a series of years and the statistics of labor em¬ ployed at Missouri coal mines during the same period : Average prices for Missouri coal since 1889, in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Adair . $1.66 $1.70 $1. 75 $1. 75 $1.49 $1.48 Audrain . 1.47 1.61 1.57 1.50 1.40 1.50 Barton . 1.35 1.06 1.22 1.29 1. 12 1. 06 Bates . 1.14 1.02 1.04 1.00 1.01 1.04 Boone . 1.54 1.50 1.50 1.53 1.62 1. 55 Caldwell . 1.97 1.98 2. 15 2. 20 1.98 1.76 Callaway . 1.79 1.50 1.42 1.56 1.54 1.60 2. 05 2. 05 2. 05 2. 05 2. 05 Henry . 1.55 1.48 1. 33 1.41 1.45 1.13 Lafayette . 1.60 1.55 1.55 1.60 1.52 1.68 l. 88 1. 19 1.56 1. 62 1.59 Macon . 1.23 1. 11 1.02 1.04 1.06 .96 Montgomery . 1.42 1.35 1.35 1.36 1. 35 1.25 Putnam . . 1.34 1.31 1.31 1.37 1.36 1.21 Randolph . 1.29 1.14 1.06 1.07 1. 10 1.09 Ray . 1.57 1.52 1.62 1.54 1. 51 1.44 Vernon . 1.18 1.20 1.04 1. 02 1. 01 .99 The State . 1. 36 1.24 1. 23 1.23 1.23 1.17 144 MINERAL RESOURCES. Statistics of labor employed and working time at Missouri coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. 1 Average number employed. Average working aays. Average number employed. Average working aays. 1 Average number employed. Average working days. Adair . 48 280 40 300 40 300 81 188 '28 226 Audrain . 70 205 33 180 60 224 101 184 59 186 Barton . 90 231 263 221 149 179 207 116 412 195 Bates . 1,315 215 1, 077 235 663 207 771 162 919 83 Boone . 46 290 53 257 38 273 32 203 50 200 Caldwell . 77 294 194 230 158 244 74 223 115 228 Callaway . 11 218 90 230 97 243 127 218 81 156 50 200 90 297 140 275 130 300 Henry . 311 207 286 218 246 219 279 225 327 156 Lafayette . 1, 056 217 850 206 949 233 1,148 226 1,305 119 90 240 135 219 290 233 264 233 Macon . 1,027 259 1, 198 228 1,489 252 1,833 232 1,387 183 Montgomery . . 33 200 37 260 40 195 48 200 35 156 Putnam . 355 234 430 196 393 242 460 236 486 146 Randolph . 635 229 535 249 371 227 523 191 566 144 Ray . 687 241 753 178 694 206 636 196 690 78 V ernon . 44 118 139 131 186 166 537 126 666 90 The State . 5, 971 229 6, 199 218 5,893 230 7, 375 206 7,523 138 MONTANA. Total product in 1894, 927,395 short tons; spot value, $1,887,390. MONTANA COAL FIELDS.1 The coals of Montana, like those of the Rocky Mountain region gen¬ erally, are all of Cretaceous age, and, though often the equal as fuels of the Carboniferous coals of the Eastern part of the country, differ wholly from them in their mode of occurrence. The coals of the State embrace a wide variety of true bituminous coals, found only in or near the mountains, and the inferior lignites whose seams form prominent parts of the series of rocks that underlie the Great Plains country. Although formerly supposed to belong to but one geological formation, the coals of the Rocky Mountain region are now known to belong to four very different horizons. The oldest, known as the Kootanie group of rocks, is a series of sandstones and shales of fresh- water origin. The coals so extensively mined in the Rocky Mountains of Canada belong to this series of strata, and the seam of coal that underlies the Great Falls coal field is also of this age. Separated from the Kootanie rocks by a thickness of several thousand feet of black shales, the Belly River beds, as they have been termed, form the next coal-bearing horizon. The coal seam at the top of this series of light-colored sandstone beds is extensively mined at Lethbridge, Canada, and shipped into Montana. The coal seams opened during the past year in the Sweet Grass Hills belong to this group of rocks. The Laramie rocks, which everywhere 1 By W. H. Weed, United States Geological Survey. COAL. 145 throughout the Rocky Mountain region, from Mexico to Canada, have proved to be coal bearing, overlie several thousand feet of gray shales and clays, capping the Belly River series, and the rocks of this group, with those of the overlying lignite-bearing Fort Union beds, are the only coal-bearing horizons in the southern and eastern parts of the State. The true bituminous coals are found only in the vicinity of the moun¬ tains. Throughout the broken plains country of the eastern part of the State the coals are all lignitic. These lignites have been mined at a few localities in past years, but their low heating power and rapid crumbling unfit them for general use, and the bituminous coals have occupied the market. The lignites are very generally exposed in the bluffs and steeper hillsides of eastern Montana, and form a supply of fuel for local consumption that will be used more and more as this tree less country is settled. The lignites differ from the true coals in two important particulars: they contain a large amount of moisture and they crumble upon exposure soon after mining. The moisture makes them of low heating power, and their rapid crumbling unfits them for transportation and is a serious detriment in burning. These qualities render them commercially valueless at present, except for local con¬ sumption, notwithstanding the thickness of the seams and the purity of the fuel. An average analysis of the lignites of eastern Montana shows : Average analysis of Montana lignites. Per cent. 12-15 40-45 30-35 5-10 Fixed carbon . Ash . Small quantities of lignite are mined at Chinook and Havre and near Miles City. The best fuels of this class occur in the chain of hills known as the Bull Mountains, north of Billings. BITUMINOUS COAL. The bituminous coals of Montana occur in small isolated fields within the mountain region and in a great belt of coal land that extends along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains. With the exception of the intermontane field just north of the Yel¬ lowstone Park, the producing coal mines of the State are all situated in this foothill coal belt. The character of the coals varies widely in different seams and at different fields. Long and short fiamed, coking and noncoking coals occur sometimes in adjoining seams of the same mine. As a tvhole the coals contain a high percentage of ash, and would not rank high in more favored localities. Some of the coals, however, are as pure as the best of Wyoming or Colorado fuels. It is a characteristic of the seams 1G geol, pt 4 - 10 146 MINERAL RESOURCES. tlmt they thin out rapidly within a few miles, and they lose their indi¬ viduality at any distance. This is particularly true of the Laramie beds. But one workable seam is known in the Belly River, and one in the Kootanie formations of the Great Falls field, but the Laramie rocks often hold a great number of seams of workable thickness, good qual¬ ity, and considerable extent. The seams are usually covered by a hard sand-rock roof, separated from the coal by but a few inches of shale, and the mines are free from gases and but little troubled by water. The mines depend very largely upon the railroads as consumers, and the cities take comparatively small amounts of coal. The coal fields of the great belt of coal land east of the mountains are but portions of this continuous strip in which the seams have proven workable, and the fields take their name from the nearest large town or stream. The most easterly field is that known as the ltocky Fork, and embraces the coal lands lying at the base of the mountains south of the Yellowstone River, near Billings. During 1894 the coal fields of Montana show an increase of produc¬ tion over all preceding years. The only mines of importance opened during the year are those of Belt Creek, part of the Great Falls field, but the seams of the Flathead country and those found in the Sweet Grass Hills have attracted much attention and will probably soon be opened. The opening of the Pacific Coast line of the Great Northern Railway has brought these fields closer to railroad transportation, and has also stimulated the opening up of the lignite seams near Chinook and Havre. The total average of coal land claimed and recorded by the Land Office does not represent the actual amount of land held, as very few of the claimants possess the means to pay the Government price of $10 or $20 an acre at the end of the year allowed after filing. PRODUCTION. Montana was one of the few States whose product in 1894 exceeded that of 1893. Owing to the remoteness of the region, it was not included in the general strike that upset the industry in the Appalachian, Cen¬ tral, and Western fields; but, on the other hand, derived some benefit from the scarcity of coal in the other regions. Owing to the business depression, and particularly to the injury to her silver industries occa¬ sioned by adverse legislation, a decrease in coal production would have been looked for. The increa.se was not much, about 4 per cent, but it was an increase. The value moreover shows comparatively a little larger increase, something over 6 per cent, the average price per ton advancing from $1.99 to $2.04. c COAL. 147 The production by counties for the two years is shown in the follow¬ ing tables : Coal product of Montana in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num her of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Cascade . Choteau . Dawson . Short tons. 493, 355 1, 596 Short tons. 15, 105 3,529 440 200 564 125 100 7, 000 Short tons. 8, 000 170 Short tons. Short tons. 516, 460 5, 295 440 200 63, 163 125 100 306, 526 $907, 640 20, 953 1,320 1,200 148, 021 666 500 691, 816 $1. 76 3.96 3.00 6. 00 2. 34 5. 33 5.00 2. 31 247 93 96 50 278 150 140 240 634 36 5 3 151 o 2 568 Fergus . Gallatin . Lewis and 61, 209 1.390 Part . Total . 233, 356 8, 400 57, 770 789, 516 27, 063 17, 960 57, 770 892, 309 1, 772, 116 1.99 242 1,401 Coal product of Montana in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total produc¬ tion. Aver- Total a?e value. ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Cascade . 6 Short tons. 623, 295 Short tons. 4,210 2, 177 Short tons. 11, 455 10 Short tons. Short tons. 638, 960 $1,238,001 $1.94 11,089 1 3.83 1,635 3.00 184 1, 165 Choteau . ' 6 705 2. 892 545 92 28 Dawson . 2 89 6 Fergus, Granite, Lewis, Clarke, and Meagher . Gallatin . 5 900 563 25 1,488 69, 257 214, 253 4, 840 3. 25 168, 431 2. 43 50 22 3 66, 648 975 1,634 4, 200 265 153 Park . 4 m 623 4. 430 36, 000 463, 394 2. 16 198 408 Total . 26 861, 171 12, 900 17, 324 36, 000 927, 395 1, 887, 390 2. 04 192 1,782 The following table shows the total output of coal in Montana since 1883, and the value of the product in the past five years : Product of coal in Montana since 1883. Tears. Short tons. Value. Tears. Short tons. Value. 1883 . 19, 795 80, 376 86, 440 49, 846 10, 202 41,467 1889 . 363, 301 517, 477 541, 861 564, 648 892, 309 927, 395 1884 . 1890 $1, 252, 492 1. 228, 630 1, 330, 847 1,772, 110 1, 887, 390 1885 .. 1891 . 1886 . 1892 . 1887 . 1893 . 1888 . 1894 . The development of the Montana coal fields on a commercial scale dates from 1889. Previous to that year the largest output was in 1885, when the product was 80,440 short tons. During 1893 extensive improve¬ ments were made at the Sandcoulee mines, in Cascade County; mining machines were introduced and the output of the county was increased over. 100 per cent — from 242,120 short tons in 1892 to 510,460 short tons in 1893. The increase in this county in 1894 was more than three times the total increase in the State, the gain in Cascade County being in part offset by a decrease of over 90,000 tons, or about 45 per cent, in Park County. 148 MINERAL RESOURCES, The following tables show the product and value, by counties, since 1889, and the average price per ton and the statistics of labor and working time in the important producing counties: Product and value of Montana coal since 1889, by counties. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product V alue. Cascade . Choteau . Custer . Short tons. 166, 480 820 3, 470 733 460 43, 838 50 $339, 226 2, 160 9, 129 1,900 1, 380 104, 377 200 Short tons. 200, 435 800 10, 228 450 1, 260 51, 452 115 $406, 748 2, 000 26, 417 1, 350 5, 740 119, 084 283 Short tons. 198, 107 478 $396, 219 ■ 1,723 Short tons. 242, 120 1, 574 $484, 320 6, 338 Dawson . Fergus . Gallatin . Lewis and Clarke. 250 250 56, 981 625 1, 400 135, 893 335 400 61, 198 1, 000 2, 100 152, 496 50 200 30 120 150 147, 300 450 421, 950 Park . Total . 252, 737 690, 870 285, 745 692, 570 258, 991 684, 473 363, 301 880, 773 1 517, 477 1, 252, 492 541, 861 1, 228, 630 564, 648 1, 330, 847 — Counties. 1893. 1894. Increase. 1894. Decrease, 1894. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Cascade . Choteau . Dawson . Fergus . Gallatin . Short tons. 516, 460 5, 295 440 200 63, 163 $907, 640 20, 953 1, 320 1, 200 148, 021 Short tons. 638, 960 2,892 545 396 69, 257 600 60 503 214, 253 $1,238,001 11, 089 1,635 1,625 168, 431 600 300 2,315 463, 394 Short tons. 122, 500 105 125 6, 094 600 403 $320, 361 315 425 20, 410 600 . 1, 815 Short tons. 2, 403 $9, 864 Lewis and Clarke. Meagher . Park . 125 100 306, 526 666 500 691, 816 65 92, 273 366 228, 422 Total . 892, 309 1, 772, 116 927, 395 1,887, 390 a 35, 086 a 116, 274 I a Net increase. Average prices for Montana coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Cascade . $2. 04 $2. 03 $2. 00 $2. 00 $1. 76 $1.94 Gallatin . 2. 38 2. 31 2. 38 2.50 2. 34 2.43 Park . 2.86 2. 73 2. 43 2.64 2. 31 2.16 The State . 2. 42 2. 42 2.27 2.36 1.99 2. 04 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Montana coal mines. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Counties. 1 Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working- day s. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. 379 401 426 275 634 247 1, 165 184 120 139 146 298 151 278 ' 153 265 705 562 565 241 568 240 408 198 . 1, 251 1,119 1,158 258 1,401 242 1,782 192 COAL. 149 NEBRASKA. The southwestern corner of Nebraska contains a portion of the West¬ ern coal field, but the veins of coal being on the edge of the field are pinched to thin seams, varying from G to 22 inches. Some coal has been taken out in past years for local consumption, but with the development of the fields of Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri, more favored both as to quality and conditions for economical mining, and with the operators of these mines seeking a market for their surplus product, such little work as had been done on Nebraska coal deposits has been practically abandoned. NEVADA. The production of even a small amount of coal in Nevada is of importance. In 1891, 150 short tons were mined in this State by Mr. William Groezinger, of Columbus, Esmeralda County, and was sold to and used by the Columbus Borax Works. It brought $475. Mr. Groe¬ zinger writes that a coal field of considerable extent has been discov¬ ered about 20 miles from Candelaria. He states there are twelve different veins, varying in thickness from 4 to 12 feet, of semibituminous coal, some of which will make coke. The outcrops are badly weathered and decomposed, but the quality improves at greater depth. At present all the silver mines in the vicinity are shut down and there is no demand for the fuel. With a return to prosperity for the silver-mining indus¬ try, attention will be given to any properties promising an adequate and cheap supply of fuel. Coal is also reported in the vicinity of Carlin, in Elko County, and a company of Nevada citizens has been organized, under the name of the Humboldt Coal Company, to exploit the deposits. No output was obtained in 1894. NEW MEXICO. Total product in 1894, 597,196 short tons; spot value, $935,857. NEW MEXICO COAL FIELDS. The coal fields of this Territory have not been even approximately defined, and only a sketch of the developed regions can be given. It is taken from the official report of the bureau of immigration of the Ter¬ ritory. Coal is found in Bernalillo, Colfax, Grant, Lincoln, Bio Arriba, San Juan, Santa Fe, and Socorro counties, in beds from 1.5 to 16 feet in thickness and ranging from brown coal, or lignite, to anthracite. Colfax County contains the southern extension of the Baton field in Colorado. This field in New Mexico covers an area of about 600,000 acres of the best bituminous coal, possessing excellent coking qualities. The mines are from 4 to 6 miles distant from the town of Baton. The veins are from 3.5 feet thick at Blossburg to 9 feet thick at Leconte. 150 MINERAL RESOURCES. The capacity of the mines is about 500 tons per day. The coal has a red ash and carries very little sulphur. The Baton is one of the most important fields in the State. In 1891 it produced nearly two-thirds the total output of the Territory, but this seemingly large proportion was due to a decreased product in that year in Bernalillo County. The product in 1892 was the largest in any one year, reaching 297,911 short tons. The depression in trade, and particularly the unhealthy condi¬ tion of the silver-mining industry, was seriously felt in this region during 1891, the product falling off to 114,925 short tons. The Bernalillo fields cover almost the entire western portion of the county of that name. It is also one of the important fields, rivaling the Baton field in amount of production, and owing to the decrease in that field in 1894 produced nearly two and a half times as much coal as the Baton field during the year. In only two years since 1887 (1890 and 1891) has the product fallen below 200,000 tons. The principal mines are worked at Gallup, on the Atlantic and Pacific Bailroad. The coal mined is bituminous. Some lignite occurs in the northern part of the county, along the Bio Puerco. Grant County contains some semianthracite coal, which is found near Silver City, but no product has been reported for several years. In Lincoln County coal is found near White Oaks and Fort Stanton. Some coal is mined at both places, the product at the former being consumed in operating the Homestake gold mine. The Bio Arriba coal fields are the southern extension of the La Plata fields of southwestern Colorado. They underlie nearly all the northern part of Bio Arriba County. The coal is bituminous in character and extends over about 5,000 acres in New Mexico. The San Juan fields are very extensive, covering at least 30,000 acres, but they have been worked only to a limited extent and for a purely local market. The product in each of the past three years has been about 200 short tons. The Santa Fe County fields cover about 15,000 acres and contain four distinct veins 4 to 5 feet thick. In this field are found both anthracite and bituminous coal. The former is hard, dense, and of a brilliant luster, containing 87.71 per cent fixed carbon and 5 per cent ash. The bituminous coals are free burning and are also good coking coals, the coke made from them being used by the copper smelters in the vicinity. In some places both anthracite and bituminous coal occur in the same mines, the heat of the porphyritic dikes which traverse the country undoubtedly having caused the transformation from one species into another. Natural coal has also been frequently found. The output from this field has increased largely in the past two years, from 36,780 short tons in 1892 to 118,892 tons in 1893 and 187,923 tons in 1891. Tli’e Socorro County fields contain about 23,000 acres of coal, bitu¬ minous in character and having excellent coking qualities. No product has been reported during the past two years, though in 1889, 1891, and 1892 the mines yielded over 50,000 tons. COAL. 151 PRODUCTION. No product was reported from New Mexico at the Tenth United States Census in 1880, the first record of production in the Territory being contained in Mineral Resources for 1882. In this volume it was given at 163,992 short tons, but corrected by more complete returns in the volume for 1883-84 to 157,092 short tons. From 1882 to 1888 the product increased annually, except in 1886, amounting in 1888 to 626,665 short tons. In 1889 and 1890 the output decreased, falling off in the latter year to 375,777 short tons. During the three succeeding years it recovered its former proportions, reaching the maximum out¬ put in 1893. The output in 1894 was about 10 per cent less than in 1893, while the value decreased less than 5 per cent. A rather contra¬ dictory statement is shown when the average prices for 1893 and 1894 are considered comparatively. In only one county of any importance was there an increase in price. This was Bernalillo County, and the advance was but 2 cents per ton, from $1.42 to $1.44. In all the other counties (leaving out the insignificant product of 200 tons in San Juan County) the price shows a decrease of from 5 cents to 27 cents per ton, and yet the average for the Territory shows an advance of 10 cents per ton, from $1.47 in 1893 to $1.57 in 1894. This paradoxical effect was caused by the increased output in Santa Fe County, where, although the average price declined from $2.13 to $1.96, the increased product was sufficient to raise the general average for the Territory. The following tables exhibit the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894, by counties, with the distribution of the product for consumption: Coal product of New Mexico in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to 1 local Used at trade and mines for used by i steam ein- and heat, ployees. Made into coke. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees- Bernalillo - Colfax . Short tons. 275, 993 246, 936 Short tons. 808 1,339 1, 962 100 210 1, 143 Short tons. 1,890 1, 508 Short tons. Short tons. 278, 691 249, 783 1,962 15, 500 210 118, 892 $396, 106 301, 503 7, 698 20, 150 245 253, 242 $1.42 1.31 3.92 1.30 1.17 2. 13 196 248 78 250 60 257 370 272 12 25 3 328 Lincoln . Rio Arriba. .. San J uan . 15, 000 400 Santa Fe . Socorro . 98, 073 4, 978 it, 698 56 56 100 1.79 50 1 Total . . . 636, 002 5, 618 8, 776 14, 698 665, 094 979, 044 1.47 229 ], 011 152 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal product of New Mexico in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Bernalillo . 3 Short tons. 267, 314 109, 989 220 Short tons. 869 Short tons. 2. 230 Short tons. Short tons. 270, 413 114, 985 $388, 103 143, 925 9, 680 26, 290 $1.44 1. 25 192 460 3 3, 501 2, 405 1,495 30 in 136 6 2, 655 3. 65 104 16 Rio Arriba and 2 18, 000 20 3,000 21, 020 1. 25 289 26 2 200 200 250 1. 25 24 4 Santa Fe . 4 166, 000 1.271 7, 610 . 13, 042 187, 923 367, 609 1.96 193 343 Total . 20 561, 523 8, 266 14, 365 13, 042 597, 196 935, 857 1.57 182 985 The following table shows the annual output of the Territory since 1882, with the value of the product since 1885. It is probable, how¬ ever, that the values given for years prior to 1889 are too high. They were estimated on a basis of $3 per ton, which was evidently excessive. Coal product of Neiv Mexico since 1882. Years. Short tons. Value. Years. Short tons. 1882 . 157, 092 211, 347 220, 557 306, 202 271, 285 508, 034 626, 665 1889 . 486, 943 375, 777 462, 328 661, 330 665, 094 597, 196 1883 . 1890 . 1884 . 1891 . 1885 . $918, 606 813, 855 1, 524, 102 1, 879, 995 1892. . 1886 . 1893 . 1887 . 1894 . 1888 . Value. $872, 628 504, 390 779, 018 1, 074, 251 979, 044 935, 857 In the following table the product since 1882 is shown by counties, together with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893: Coal products of New Mexico since 1882, by counties. Counties. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. Bernalillo . Colfax . 33, 373 91, 798 42, 000 112, 089 62, 802 102, 513 97, 755 135, 833 106, 530 87, 708 275, 952 154, 875 300, 000 227, 427 Bio Arriba . Santa Fe . Socorro . Other counties _ 12, 000 3, 600 16, 321 17, 240 3,000 37, 018 11, 203 3, 000 41,039 14, 958 1,000 56, 656 7, 000 1. 000 69, 047 11,000 7, 500 58, 707 12, 000 25, 200 62, 038 Total . 157,092 211,347 220, 557 306, 202 271, 285 508, 034 626. 665 Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. In¬ crease, 1894. De¬ crease, 1894. Bernalillo . Colfax . Lincoln . Bio Arriba . Santa Fe . Socorro . 233, 059 151, 464 1,255 13, 650 34, 870 52, 205 440 181, 647 151,400 1, 175 12, 175 22, 770 76, 515 295, 089 1,000 7, 350 16, 500 65, 574 300 248,911 297, 911 3,145 20, 600 36, 780 53, 783 200 278, 691 249, 783 1,962 15, 500 118, 892 270, 413 114, 985 2, 655 a 21, 020 187, 923 693 5, 520 69, 031 8, 278 134, 798 Other counties. . . . Total . 6, 610 266 200 . 66 486,943 375,777 462,328 1 661, 330 665, 094 597, 196 6 67. 898 alncluding Union County. b Net decrease. COAL. 153 The average price per ton and the statistics of labor and average working time in the more important counties for a series of years are shown in the following table: , Average prices for New Mexico coal since 1SS9 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. $1.70 1.33 1.82 2. 14 3. 29 $1.14 1.31 1.72 2. 29 $1.47 1. 35 1.95 2.13 3. 22 $1.45 1.33 1.50 2. 63 3.43 $1.42 1.31 1.30 2. 13 $1. 44 1.25 1.25 1.96 The Territory . 1.79 1.34 1.68 1. 62 1.47 1.57 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Ne tv Mexico coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. 375 187 449 179 370 196 460 192 360 384 370 261 272 248 136 1 11 Rio Arriba . 20 20 35 270 25 250 25 300 55 36 30 267 328 257 343 193 . 175 180 253 The Territory. 827 806 1, 083 223 1,011 229 985 182 NORTH CAROLINA. Total product in 1894, 16,900 short tons; spot value, $29,675. NORTH CAROLINA COAL DEPOSITS. Coal deposits exist in this State in Stokes and Rockingham counties, along the Dan River, and in Chatham and Moore counties in the valley of the Deep River. They are in two isolated areas occurring in the Triassic formation, and are therefore of the same geologic age as the coals of the Richmond basin. The census investigation of 1889 (Elev¬ enth United States Census), carried on by Mr. John H. Jones, failed to find any operations in the Dan River region, except a few unimportant country banks, and the output from these was so small and uncertain that no definite information could be obtained. In December of that year the Egypt Coal Company began mining in the Deep River field, near Egypt Depot, Chatham County, and has been prosecuting work there continually since that time, but was reorganized in 1894 under the title of Langdon-Henzey Coal Mining Company. In 1894 the Kohinoor Coal and Iron Company opened a mine near Carbonton, in the same county, and the Gulf and Gleudon Mining and Manufacturing 154 MINERAL RESOURCES. Company opened up a mine in Moore County. The history of coal mining in the State therefore dates from 1889, since when the product has been as follows : Coal product of North Carolina since 1889. Tears. Short tons. Value. 1881) . 192 10, 262 20, 355 6, 679 17, 000 16, 900 $451 17,864 39, 635 9, 599 25, 500 29, 675 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . The statistics of production for the past four years and the total product since 1889 are shown in the following tables: Coal product of North Carolina in 1891, 1892, 1S93, and 1894. Distribution. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Loaded at mines for shipment . Sold to local trade and used by employees . Short tom. 18, 780 600 975 Short tom. 6, 679 Short tons. 15, 000 Short tons. 13, 500 1,000 2, 400 2, 000 Total product . Total value . Total number of men employed . 20, 355. $39, 635 80 6, 679 $9, 599 90 17,000 $25, 500 70 16, 900 $29, 675 95 NORTH DAKOTA. Total product in 1891, 42,015 short tons: spot value, $47,049. Very little development has been made of the coal fields in this State, and very little information is available as to the extent or value of the coal deposits. The Mouse River coal field, which lies from 80 to 150 miles or more to the north and northwest from Bismarck, has been reported on by Mr. George H. Eldridge. Mr. Eldridge’s report was given in Mineral Resources for 188G, and is repeated here as the latest information of value. The strata carrying the coals of this region may all he referred to the lower part of the Laramie group, upon both lithological and paleontological evidence. They consist, in ascending order, of heavily bedded, coarse-grained sandstones, of gray color, and often ferruginous, containing thin, paper-like seams of lignite, the whole weathering easily. These are overlaid by other gray and yellow sandstones inter¬ calated with clays, the former somewhat argillaceous, the latter arenaceous. Above these last come other purer drab clays, with some beds of sandstone, the latter being very variable in texture and in their ability to withstand the weather. Many of the strata have a strong tendency to a concretionary structure. In the uppermost series of strata just mentioned, the coal seams are larger and the underlying clays thicker, and invariably of a leaden gray color, except where, here and there, they are tinged chocolate from the lignitic matter contained in them. All the clays form bold and steep bluffs, and are a noticeable feature of the landscape where they occur. COAL. 155 The Lower Laramie of this region contains only comparatively unimportant lig¬ nite beds, the more important ones occurring higher up in the series and to the southwest of our area of exploration, on the Missouri River, near Fort Stevenson and elsewhere, there being a dip of very slight amount toward a common center at Fort Union, forming there a great but very shallow synclinal basin. The localities of the exposures of lignite are: 8 miles below the Big Bend of Mouse River; 25 miles above the Big Bend, where the lignite is of comparatively fair quality, taken with the other lignite beds of this locality ; another exposure of this seam a mile farther up the river; 1 mile below the mouth of Lake River, a 6-inch seam not figured; on Lake River, 40 miles above its entrance into Mouse River, a 30-inch and a 36-inch seam, the former very dirty, the latter much cleaner, with numerous thin seams of an inch or two scattered all along through the series. While, therefore, we may have seams of lignite from one-half inch to 8 inches thick outcropping along the bluffs between the Big Bend of Mouse River and the source of Lake River, and also two of a thickness of over 2 feet, but one workable bed of 3 feet was met with. The coal of this bed exhibits the usual characteristics of the poorer classes of lignites, layers of the fibrous structure being intercalated with those of homogeneous appearance, and conchoidal fracture and a jetty luster. The entire seam contains much gypsum in the crystalline and powdered forms. The coal is by far the poorest observed during our exploration, and has no resistance whatever to the influences of weathering. It will therefore, in all probability, never be used for other than domestic purposes by the future settlers of this river. Owing to the lay of the country, boring is the only means of determining the extent of any of the beds of lignite. The, inferiority of the North Dakota lignites as compared with the true coals which are brought into the State, principally from Montana, limits their consumption to a local market. The production by counties in 1893 and 1894, and the total product since 1884, is shown in the follow¬ ing tables: Coal product of North Dakota in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. U sed at mines for steam and heat. Total amount produced. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Morton . Short tons. 19, 000 23, 968 5, 000 Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. 19, 000 25. 080 $20, 900 24, 250 11, 100 $1.10 . 97 169 35 Stark . 1,112 500 227 41 Ward . 50 5, 550 2. 00 150 12 Total . 47, 968 1,612 50 49, 630 56, 250 1. 13 193 88 Coal product of North Dakota in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines, 1894. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to localtrade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Total produc¬ tion. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Morton . 9 Short tons. 8, 851 25, 100 3, 360 Short tons. 100 Short tons. Short tons. 8, 951 $10, 294 30, 055 $1. 15 110 30 Stark . 4 2, 924 1,456 28, 024 5, 040 1.07 211 31 Ward and McLean. . 2 224 6j 700 1.34 135 16 Total . 8 37,311 4,480 224 42, 015 47, 049 1. 12 156 77 156 MINERAL RESOURCES. Coat product of North Dakota since 18S4. Years. Short tons. Years. Short tons. 1884 . 35, 000 25, 000 25, 955 21, 470 34, 000 28, 907 189U . 30, 000 30, 000 40, 725 49, 630 42, 015 1885 . 1891 . 1886 . 1892 . 1887 . 1893 . 1888 . 1894 . 1889 . OHIO. Total product in 1894, 11,909,856 short tons; spot value, $9,841,723. COAL FIELDS OF OHIO. The Coal Measures of Ohio are a part of the great Appalachian sys¬ tem whose northwestern prolongation extends over the eastern and southeastern portion of the State. They occupy between one fourth and one-third the entire area of the entire State, and between 10,000 and 12,000 square miles. The coals are all of the bituminous variety, are known in general terms as block coal, gas coal, cannel coal, etc., and by many special names, as Mahoning Valley, Hocking Valley, Salineville, etc., according to the producing localities. The best furnace coal is the block coal of the Mahoning Valley; the best coke is made from the coals of Columbiana County in the region about Coalton, Jackson, and Wellston. Jackson County yields the best domestic coal, and Belmont County produces a high grade of gas coal. In the Mahoning Valley raw coal is used with a little Connellsville coke in the blast furnaces of the district. Raw coal is also used in the Hocking Valley. In Jackson County raw coal from two seams — the Jackson and Wellston — is used. At Leetonia coke is used, some of which is made on the spot and mixed with Connellsville. Gas is made from the coals of the Mahoning and Hocking valleys, Steubenville, and the Ohio River coals at Bellaire, Pomeroy, and Ironton.1 PRODUCTION. The coal product of Ohio has been reported since 1872, in which year the output was 5,315,294 short tons. This was followed by several years of less activity, the product not reaching as high a figure again until 1878, when 5,500,000 tons were mined. Prom 1878 to 1882, the output increased at an average of about a million tons annually, reach¬ ing 9,450,000 tons in the latter year. It declined again in 1883 and 1884, and then for four years increased annually until 1888, when the total output was 10,910,951 short tons. A million-ton decrease was noted in 1889, after which it advanced again, reaching 13,562,927 short 1 For a more detailed deacription of the coala aud coal fields of Ohio see Mineral Resources 1882, p. 65, and 1883-84, p. 59. COAL. 157 tons in 1892. In 1893 it was 300,000 tons less, and it dropped still further in 1891, to 11,909,856 short tons. The decrease from 1893 was 1,343,790 short tons, a little over 10 per cent. The value fell off more than 20 per cent; the average price declining from 92 cents to 83 cents per ton, and evincing in a marked degree the trade depression. Ohio has the distinction of inaugurating the great strike of 1894. The meeting at which the strike was decided upon was held in Colum¬ bus, and the Ohio miners were the first ones to quit work. From here it spread to Pennsylvania, Maryland, part of West Virginia, and the Western States. The conditions in Ohio were very adverse to the coal interests of the State. The completion of the Norfolk and Western Railroad to Kenova, on the Ohio River, opened an outlet for the Poca¬ hontas coal into the State. The Kanawha River coals were already in the markets of Cincinnati, and other Ohio River points by water trans¬ portation, and had also an outlet to other points in the State by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Active competition on the part of these two regions necessarily cut into the business of Ohio operators, who had either to meet the competition or close down their mines. New markets for Ohio coal were not to be had. Durin'g the latter part of 1893 and early part of 1894 wages had been reduced in order to meet the competitive business, and the strike was inaugurated for the purpose of restoring the old rates, or of adopting the scale for 1894, which amounted to the same thing. The effects of the strike have been discussed in another portion of this report. During 1894 one large combination of operators was effected, all of the mines in the Massillon district, 21 in number, having formed a pool and placed themselves under the control of the Massillon Consolidated Coal Company. A similar organization exists among the Hocking Valley producers, known as the Hocking Fuel Company. The object is to restrict pro¬ duction to the market demands, to distribute the business among the operators in equitable ratio, and to prevent competition. The ultimate result of these associations will be looked for with interest, as there is evidently an inclination among operators in other sections to organize in a similar manner. 158 MINERAL RESOURCES In the following tables will be found the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894, with the distribution of the product for consumption: Coal product of Ohio in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total num¬ ber of em¬ ployees. .Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Athens . 1, 528, 894 18, 563 26, 81 1 23, 417 1, 597, 685 $1, 321,841 $0. 83 162 3, 203 825, 824 145, 331 2, 878 974, 043 787, 419 . 81 199 1, 684 261, 169 158 261, 327 227! 337 . 87 166 652 Columbiana _ 460! 075 4, 459 2, 780 467, 314 412! 599 .88 210 964 236, 069 6, 130 2,400 244, 605 243, 920 1. 00 233 398 Gallia . 11, 109 284 11, 393 10, 399 .91 176 36 39, 986 6, 768 412! 395 294, 738 .71 176 993 Harrison . 2, 640 2, 640 2, 840 1. 08 124 10 Hocking . 1, 601, 109 18, 940 17, 003 1, 637, 052 1, 343! 231 .82 193 2, 072 Jackson . 1. 704, 601 96, 546 25! 425 1, 826! 572 1,933! 116 1.06 201 3! 188 Jefferson . 955, 914 116! 810 3! 891 1, 164 l! 077! 779 ' 848! 449 .79 194 2, 033 Lawrence . 23, 238 13, 274 36, 512 34, 290 .94 143 142 Mahoning . 157! 503 14, 603 1. 598 173! 704 249! 903 1. 44 196 419 Medina . 146, 700 5! 200 1, 200 153! 100 191, 725 1.25 228 349 Meigs . 127, 999 93! 478 7, 057 228! 534 250, 919 1. 10 142 601 Morgan . 10, 000 10, 000 7, 500 .75 204 30 Muskingum. . . . 174, 772 3l! 194 205! 966 171, 082 .83 214 388 Perry . 1, 389, 250 27! 591 21, 282 1,438! 123 1, 218, 789 .85 178 2, 585 Stark . 86L 708 24! 107 40, 385 926, 200 1, 149, 243 1.24 161 2! 105 Summit . 2l! 403 7, 580 6 28! 989 50, 244 1. 73 256 90 Trumbull . 15j 116 15, 681 24, 153 1. 54 128 53 Portage . 84! 269 3, 202 1. 960 89, 431 138, 561 1. 55 217 252 Tuscarawas _ 639, 209 56! 604 2! 510 204 698! 527 588, 458 .84 234 1, 329 Vinton . 61, 374 10, 902 700 72, 976 70. 562 . 97 200 179 646 ' 646 571 .88 61 8 Wayne . 60, 160 102 2, 190 62, 452 79, 251 1.27 167 168 600, 000 eoo! 000 700! 000 1. 17 Total . 11,713, 116 1,348,743 107, 002 24, 785 13, 253, 646 12, 351. 139 .92 188 23, 931 Coal product of Ohio in 1894, by counties. 1 Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total pro¬ duct. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Athens . 33 1, 439, 949 28, 377 25, 517 15, 057 1, 508, 900 $1, 123, 887 $0. 74 124 3,445 Belmont .... 31 797, 687 105, 312 3, 285 906, 284 640, 110 .71 157 1. 947 Carroll . 7 258, 648 2, 800 1, 845 263, 293 204, 099 .78 133 466 Columbiana. 23 537,' 967 16! 507 3,806 558! 280 431, 251 .77 161 1, 417 Coshocton .. 10 156, 295 9, 948 184 166, 427 151, 136 .91 168 451 Guernsev. .. 14 874, 342 9, 653 7,864 891, 859 559, 879 .63 165 1, 880 Hocking.... 18 1, 476, 356 23, 607 8, 548 12, 357 1, 520, 868 1, 172, 684 .77 122 2, 549 J ackson .... 35 1, 441, 243 40, 546 30, 161 1, 511, 950 1, 469, 802 .97 142 3, 803 Jefferson . . . 32 745, 706 84, 897 2, 920 17, 677 851, 200 607, 880 .71 153 2, 093 Lawrence _ 7 25, 319 31, 860 57, 179 1.03 134 198 Mahoning .. 8 32, 156 10, 077 515 42, 748 59, 722 1.40 138 206 Medina . 5 105, 587 1, 000 4, 200 110, 787 125, 569 1 13 150 351 Meigs . n 59! 509 109, 834 1 , 250 170, 593 179, 771 1. 05 146 534 Muskingum 15 95,' 636 13, 683 15 109! 334 97, 171 .89 112 458 I’erry . 56 1, 523, 996 62, 184 12, 845 1, 599, 025 1, 240, 084 . 78 139 3 597 Portage . 3 85, 413 2! 593 2! 088 90! 094 137, 343 1.52 182 249 Stark . 25 424, 193 13! 575 15! 182 452 1 950 539 121 1. 19 81 2, 250 Summit . 3 8! 258 6, 144 108 14, 510 24, 187 1. 67 126 80 Trumbull. . . 2 1,303 975 2! 278 4, 261 1. 87 76 14 Tuscarawas . 24 458, 202 23, 922 2, 874 26 485, 024 319,653 .66 120 646 Vinton . 6 41, 307 1, 093 1, 000 43, 400 40 600 . 94 115 155 Wayne . 3 25, 178 2! 674 2! 190 30! 042 36, 520 1. 22 83 184 Gallia, Har- rison, and Morgan. . . 3 22, 152 679 22, 831 18, 426 . 81 185 82 Small mines. 500, 000 500! 000 600, 000 Total . 374 10, 636, 402 1, 101,940 126, 397 45,117 11, 909, 856 9, 841, 723 .83 136 27, 105 ! COAL 159 The following table shows the annual output of the State since 1884, by counties : Coal product of Ohio since. 18S4, hij counties. Counties. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Athens . 627, 944 823, 139 899, 046 1, 083, 543 1,336, 698 1,224,186 1, 205, 455 Belmont . 643, 129 744, 446 573, 779 721,767 1,108,106 641 , 862 774, 110 Carroll . 102, 531 150, 695 216, 630 293, 328 355, 097 351, 782 328, 967 Columbiana . 469, 708 462, 733 336, 063 516, 057 466, 191 596, 824 567, 595 Coshocton . 56, 562 99, C09 52, 934 124, 791 167, 903 166, 599 177, 700 Gallia . 20, 372 16, 383 17, 424 15, 365 16, 722 23, 208 16, 512 Guernsey . 375, 427 297, 267 433, 800 553, 613 383, 728 362, 168 413, 739 Harrison . 5, 509 4, 032 2, 865 33, 724 8, 600 Hocking . 372, 694 656, 441 741, 571 853, 063 1, 086, 538 845, 049 1, 319, 427 Holmes . 12, 052 11, 459 12, 670 10, 526 8, 121 9, 423 Jackson . 831 ! 720 79L 608 856! 740 1, 134! 705 1, 088, 761 926! 871 970, 878 Jefferson . 316, 777 271, 329 275, 666 293, 875 243, 178 271, 830 491, 172 Lawrence . 176, 412 145, 916 166, 933 143, 559 137, 806 102, 656 77, 004 Mahoning . 241, 599 275, 944 313, 040 272, 349 231, 035 240, 563 256, 319 Medina . 77, 160 152, 721 252, 411 225, 487 198, 452 136, 061 139, 742 Meigs . 248, 436 234, 756 192, 263 185, 205 242, 483 220, 277 255, 365 Monroe . 20, 725 1, 000 Morgan . 7. 636 5, 536 4, 370 4, 100 8! 060 Muskingum . 8L398 86| 846 96, 601 171, 928 211,861 2lf 005 229, 719 Noble . 3, 342 6, 320 6, 200 38, 400 6, 850 Perrv . 1, 379, 100 1, 259, 592 1, 607, 666 1, 870, 840 1, 736! 805 1, 565! 786 1, 921 ! 417 Portage . 65, 647 77, 071 70, 339 65, 163 70, 923 78, 117 70, 666 Sciota . 3, 650 2, 440 Stark . 513! 225 39L 418 593, 422 784, 164 793, 227 851, 994 836, 449 Summit . 253, 148 145, 134 82, 225 95, 815 112, 024 50, 726 112, 997 Trumbull . 257, 683 264, 517 188, 531 167, 989 157, 826 108, 120 47, 714 Tuscarawas . 317, 141 285, 545 267, 666 506, 466 546, 117 683, 505 589, 875 Vinton . 69, 740 77, 127 60. 013 89, 727 108, 695 102, 040 80, 716 Washington . 5, 600 5, 000 5, 500 1, 880 2, 432 18, 045 5, 990 Wayne . 120.571 81,507 109, 057 105, 150 91,157 84, 178 38, 528 550, 000 Total . 7, 640, 062 7, 816, 179 8, 435, 211 10, 300, 807 10, 910, 951 9, 976, 787 11, 494, 506 Counties. Athens . Belmont . Carroll . Columbiana . . . Coshocton . Gallia . Guernsey . Harrison . j. Hocking . Holmes . Jackson . Jefferson . Lawrence . Mahoning . Medina . Meigs . Monroe . Morgan . Muskingum ... Noble . Perry . Portage . Stark . Summit . Trumbull . Tuscarawas .. Vinton . Washington. . . Wayne . Small mines ... Total 1891. Short tons. 1, 482, 294 819, 236 313, 543 621,726 189, 469 17, 493 390, 418 3, 960 1,515, 719 1, 475, 939 697, 193 76, 235 200, 734 160, 184 282, 094 160, 154 3, 800 , 785, 626 69, 058 917, 995 140,079 83, 950 736, 297 98, 166 5, 950 21,371 600, 000 1892. Short tons. 1, 400, 865 1, 037, 700 367, 055 520, 755 228, 727 19, 000 455, 997 3,220 1, 786, 803 1, 833, 910 932, 477 71,376 205, 105 101, 440 266, 044 1893. Short tons. 1,597, 6S5 974, 043 261, 327 467, 314 244, 605 11, 393 412, 395 2, 640 1, 637, 052 1, 826, 572 1, 077, 779 36, 512 173, 704 153, 100 228, 534 12, 000 177, 488 300 1, 452, 979 76, 398 856, 607 147, 847 30, 187 777, 215 83,113 44, 720 73, 599 600, 000 10, 000 205, 966 1, 438, 123 89, 431 926, 200 28, 989 15, 681 698, 527 72, 976 646 62, 452 600, 000 1894. Short tons. 1, 508, 900 906, 284 263, 293 558, 280 166, 427 12, 894 891, 859 1,701 1, 520, 868 1, 511, 950 851, 200 57, 179 42, 748 110, 787 170, 593 8,236 109, 334 1, 599, 025 90, 094 452, 950 14,510 2, 278 485, 024 43, 400 30, 042 500, 000 Increase in 1894. Short tons. 1,966 90, 966 1,501 479, 464 20, 667 160, 902 663 12, 868, 683 13, 562, 927 13, 253, 646 11, 909. 856 Decrease in 1894. Short tons. 88, 785 67, 759 78, 178 939 116, 184 314, 622 226, 579 130, 956 42, 313 57, 941 1,764 96, 632 473, 250 14, 479 13, 403 213, 503 29, 576 646 32,410 100, 000 a 1,343, 790 a Net decrease. 160 MINERAL RESOURCES. Records of tlie total production of coal in Ohio extend only as far back as 1872, since which time the annual output has been as follows: Annual coal product of Ohio since 1872. Years. Short tons. c Years. Short tons. 1872 . 5, 315, 294 4, 550, 028 3, 267, 585 4, 864, 259 3, 500, 000 5, 250, 000 5, 500, 000 6, 000, 000 7, 000, 000 8, 225, 000 9, 450; 000 8, 229, 429 1884 . 7, 640, 062 7, 816, 179 8,435, 211 10, 300, 708 10,910, 951 9, 976, 787 11, 494, 506 12, 868, 683 13, 562, 927 13, 253, 646 11, 909, 856 1873 . 1885 . 1874 . 1886 . 1875 . 1887 . 1876 . 1888 . 1877 . 1889 . 1878 . 1890 . 1879 . 1891 . 1880 . 1892 . 1881 . 1893 . 1882 . 1894 . 1883 . Mr. R. M. IJazeltine, State inspector of mines, reports the total out¬ put for the State as obtained by him at 11,910,219 short tons. The difference between Mr. Hazeltine’s figures and those reported to the Survey is 363 tons out of a total of nearly 12,000,000. The statistics were collected entirely independently, Mr. Hazeltine obtaining the out¬ put by grades of coal, separating the lump and nut from pea and slack. In the Survey schedules no inquiry is made as to the amount of the different sizes taken out. Uniform with the plan adopted for all the States the reports to the Survey show the shipments, local and mine consumption, and the amount made into coke. That two separate offices and methods should show totals so nearly identical is, to say the least, remarkable. Taken in connection with the preceding tables of production, the fol¬ lowing tables, exhibiting the average prices and the statistics of labor for a series of years, will be found of interest: Average prices for Ohio coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Athens . $0. 81 $0. 83 |0. 85 $0. 85 $0. 83 $0. 74 Belmont . .87 .78 .84 .84 .81 .71 Carroll . .74 . 85 81 .83 .87 .78 Columbiana . . .79 .91 .96 .90 .88 .77 Coshocton . .98 .90 1.00 1.01 1.00 .91 Gallia . 1.04 .90 .92 .92 .91 .85 Guernsey . .87 .68 .79 .72 .71 .63 Hocking . .80 .81 .81 .85 .82 .77 Jackson . 1.03 1.00 1.06 .99 1.06 .97 Jefferson . 1.00 .83 .85 .92 .79 .71 Lawrence . 1.04 1.08 1.04 1.06 .94 1.03 Mahoning . 1. 12 l. 20 1.25 1.41 1.44 1.40 Medina . 1.16 1.20 1. 16 1.23 1.25 1. 13 Meigs . Muskingum . 1.02 1.24 .96 1.13 1. 10 1.05 .99 .86 .82 .91 .83 .89 Perry . .84 .85 .84 .85 .85 .78 Portage . 1.27 1.59 1.52 1.52 1. 55 1.52 Stark . 1. 26 1. 30 1.25 1.22 1.24 1.19 Summit . 1.83 1. 50 1. 38 1.43 1.73 1. 67 Trumbull . 1.64 1.20 1.41 1.54 1.54 1.87 Tuscarawas . .80 .85 .79 .85 .84 .66 Vinton . 1.03 1.07 1.05 1.02 .97 .94 Wayne . 1.23 1. 07 1. 15 1.30 1.27 1.22 The State . .94 .94 .94 .94 .92 .83 COAL. 161 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Ohio coal mines. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Counties. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Athens . 2, 122 198 2, 702 193 2,536 193 3, 203 162 3,445 124 Belmont . 1, 401 201 1,276 238$ 1,713 224 1.684 199 1, 947 157 Carroll . 642 188 589 200 595 214 652 166 466 133 Columbiana . 987 219 1,031 251 932 223 964 210 1,417 161 Coshocton . 327 237 284 265 386 229 398 233 451 168 Gallia . 33 205 35 218 38 220 36 176 40 160 Guernsey . 788 225 810 188 800 229 993 176 1,880 165 Hocking . 1,625 240 1,674 241 2, 099 216 2, 072 193 2, 549 122 Jackson . 2,654 180 3, 097 189 3, 347 214 3,188 201 3, 803 142 Jefferson . 944 203 1, 237 232 235 1.544 208 2, 033 194 2, 093 153 Lawrence . 242 198 223 247 263 142 143 198 134 Mahoning . 537 220 525 233$ 484 206 419 196 206 138 Medina . 310 219 314 221 175 255 349 228 351 150 Meigs . 616 202 623 190 636 190 601 142 584 146 Muskingum . 366 250 338 213 356 192 388 214 458 112 Perry . 2,977 188 3,284 170 2,380 187 2, 585 178 3,597 139 Portage . 155 236 149 225 204 207 252 217 249 182 Stark . 1,930 182 1,952 190 1,776 199 2, 105 161 2,250 81 Summit . 389 173 376 194 406 221 90 256 80 126 Trumbull . 102 243 176 226 86 205 53 128 14 76 Tuscarawas . 1.082 196 1,161 232 1,300 224 1,329 234 646 120 Vinton . 186 241 197 206 197 198 179 200 155 115 Wayne . 87 178 65 200 196 166 168 167 184 83 The State . 20, 576 201 22, 182 206 22, 576 212 23, 931 188 27, 105 136 OREGON. Total product in 1894, 47,521 short tons; spot value, $183,914. Very little is known of the economic geology of the State, or of the exact distribution of the coal-bearing formation within its borders. The developments are confined to the coal basin in Coos County, though other lignite discoveries have been reported. The Coos County basin covers several hundred square miles, and extends from the Umpqua Eiver north into Douglas County, south to the Coquille Eiver, and back from the Pacific coast from 15 to 20 miles. The mines at Marsh¬ field continue to furnish the entire output. The coal is loaded direct from the mines to Pacific Ocean steamers and sold principally in San Francisco. While the coal is classed as lignite, it is black and of very excellent appearance when first mined. It will not coke, and the prin¬ cipal use is for domestic purposes. 16 geol, pt 4 - 11 162 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following tables show the statistics of production for the past three years and the total output since 1885 : Coal product in Oregon in 1S92, 1893, and 1894. Distribution. 1892. 1893. 1894. Loaded at the mines for shipment . short tons.. Sold to local trade and used by employees . do _ Used at mines for steam and heat . do _ Total product . do - Total value . 31, 760 2, 358 548 37, 835 3, 594 254 45, 068 2, 171 282 34, 661 $148, 546 90 120 41, 683 $164, 500 no 192 47, 521 $183, 914 88 243 Total number of employees . Average number of days worked . Coal product of Oregon from 1885 to 1894. Years. Short tons. 1885 . 50, 000 45, 000 1886 . 1887 . 3lj 696 1888 . 75^ 000 64, 359 1889 . Years. Short tons. 1890 . 61, 514 51, 826 34, 661 41, 683 47, 521 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . . 1894 . PENNSYLVANIA. Total product in 1894, 81,994,271 long tons, or 91,833,584 short tons; spot value, $107,967,883. Pennsylvania, as is well known, is by far the most important of the coal-producing States. It is so prominently ahead of every other pro¬ ducing State, having in the combined product of anthracite and bitumi¬ nous coal more than five times the output of Illinois, which ranks second, that comparisons are only of interest when drawn with reference to the ratio of Pennsylvania’s output to that of the total in the United States or of the combined product of the other States. It is not possible to carry such comparisons back to an earlier date than 1880, owing to incomplete statistics in a number of the States. During 1880 the total output of coal in the United States was 63,822,830 long tons, or 71,481,569 short tons, of which Pennsylvania produced 42,437,242 long tons, or 47,529,711 short tons, or practically two-tliirds of the total. The product of Pennsylvania coal has always exceeded 50 per cent of the total product of the United States, the lowest percentage being 52, in 1884 and 1888. The average percentage for the fifteen years from 1880 to 1894, inclusive, was 56. In the following table is shown the total product of Pennsylvania and the United States since 1880, with the percentage of the total produced by Pennsylvania in each year: c COAL. 163 Product of Pennsylvania coal compared ivith total United States since 1SSO. Years. Total United States. Pennsylvania. Per cent of Penn¬ sylvania to total. 1880 . Short tons. 71.481,569 Short tons. 46, 529, 711 65 1881 . 85, 881, 030 54, 320, 018 63 1882 . 103, 285, 789 57, 254, 507 55 1883 . 115,212, 125 62, 488, 190 54 1884 . 119, 735, 051 62, 404, 488 52 1885 . 110, 957, 522 62, 137, 271 56 1886 . 112, 743,403 62, 857, 210 56 1887 . 129, 975, 557 70, 372, 857 54 1888 . 148, 659, 402 77.719,624 52 1889 . 141,229,514 81,719, 059 58 1890 . 157, 788, 657 88, 770, 814 56 1891 . 168, 566, 668 93, 453, 921 OD 1892 . 179, 329, 071 99, 167, 080 55 1893 . 182, 352, 774 98, 038, 267 54 1894 . 170, 741, 526 91, 833, 584 54 Total for 15 years . 1, 997, 939, 658 1, 109, 066, 601 56 In 1893 the total output of coal in Pennsylvania was 87,534,167 long tons, equivalent to 98,038,267 short tons, worth $120,947,752. The product in 1894 shows, by comparison, a decrease of 5,539,896 long tons, or 6,204,683 short tons, and a loss in value of $12,979,869. The percentage of loss in product was something over 6, and in value a little more than 10. The decrease was divided between the anthracite and bituminous fields as follows: Anthracite, decrease in output, 1,827,162 long tons (equivalent to 2,046,422 short tons), or a little less than 4 per cent; decrease in value. $7,199,015, or about 9 per cent. Bituminous, decrease in output, 3,712,734 long tons (equivalent to 4,158,261 short tons), or not quite 10 per cent; decrease in value, $5,780,854, or about 16 per cent. The statistics of production of anthracite and bituminous coal in Pennsylvania are discussed separately in the following pages. The article on anthracite production has been prepared by Mr. John H. Jones from statistics compiled by Mr. William W. Euley, chief of the Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics of Philadelphia. The statistics of bituminous production have as usual been compiled in the office of the Geological Survey. PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE. [By John H. Jones.] The production of anthracite coal in 1894 showed a considerable falling off as compared with the previous year, a result naturally to be expected from the generally bad trade conditions continuing from 1893. In the latter year, notwithstanding the general depression, there was a large increase over the production of 1892, this increase, how¬ ever, being in the first half of the year, the last six months’ production showing a decrease. In 1894, however, the case was reversed, there being a large reduc¬ tion in the first four months of 1894 compared with 1893, while the 164 MINERAL RESOURCES. production of the remaining months, taken in the aggregate, increased over that of the corresponding period of 1893, although the comparisons by months indicate great variations from this general result. A good comparison can be made of the varying conditions spoken of above by an examination of the table given in the body of this report, showing the shipments by months for the last three years. As practically all the anthracite coal mined in the United States comes from Pennsylvania, and furthermore from an extremely small area in that State, it has been the custom in these reports to go into some detail as to the division and classifications of these fields, the territory they comprise, and how they are reached. The entire anthracite fields cover an area of something over 480 square miles, and are situated in the eastern middle part of the State, extending about equal distances north and south of a line drawn through the middle of the State from east to west in the counties of Carbon, Columbia, Dauphin, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill, and Susquehanna, and are known under three general divi¬ sions, viz: Wyoming/ Lehigh, and Schuylkill regions. Geologically they are divided into well-defined fields or basins, which are again subdivided for convenience of identification into districts. The Bernice basin, in Sullivan County, formerly classed as the west¬ ern northern field, is now not considered strictly anthracite. In the tabular arrangement indicating the divisions of the fields, given below, the western northern is therefore omitted. Geological fields or basins. Local districts. Trade regions. Wyoming. > Lehigh. : Schuylkill. so-called initial railroads, Northern Eastern Middle. Southern . Western Middle Carbondale . Scranton . Pittston . Wilkesbarre .... Plymouth . Kingston . Green Mountain . Black Creek ...... Hazleton . Beaver Meadow . ' Panther Creek . . East Schuylkill . < West Schuylkill. Lorberry . I Lykens Valley .. f East Malianoy . . . \ West Mahanoy .. [ Shamokin . The above territory is reached by twelve as follows : Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. Lehigh Valley Railroad Company. Central Railroad Company of New Jersey. COAL. 165 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company Delaware and Hudson Canal Company’s Railroad. Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Erie and Wyoming Valley Railroad Company. New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company. New York, Ontario and Western Railroad Company. Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill Railroad Company. New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad Company. Wilkesbarre and Eastern Railroad Company. The above roads carry all coal shipped from the regions, and their tonnage as compiled by the Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics consti¬ tutes the official source from which the figures showing the shipments from the several trade regions from the commencement of the industry to the present time are taken. The table presented further on in the report gives in concise form an idea of the growth and importance of anthracite coal mining. The total product in 1894 was 46,358,144 tons, of which 41,391,200 tons were carried to market, 1,034,780 tons sold to local trade at or a short distance from the mines, and 3,932,164 tons used at the mines for steam and heating purposes. This last item is to a considerable extent estimated, as a large amount of it is culm and dirt, of which no accurate account is kept by the operators, and they can only give a fair approximation of its amount in their report. It is also to be noted that on account of the comparatively unmarket¬ able nature of this part of the product, the value given pertains only to coal shipped and that sold to local trade, and the average price per ton is computed accordingly. The following table shows the total product in 1894 as compared with 1893, with other details as to the value, persons employed, etc. : Total product of anthracite coal in 1893 and 1894. Years. Total product. Value at mines. Average per ton. Number of persons employed. Number of days worked. 1893 . . 1894 . . . . . . 48, 185, 306 46, 358, 144 $85, 687, 078 78, 488, 063 $1.94 1.85 132, 944 131, 603 197 190 In the table following, the detailed production by counties is given for the years 1893 and 1894, showing not only the total product, but also the shipments, local and colliery consumption, for each county separately for the two years. 166 MINERAL RESOURCES. * Distribution of the anthracite product of Pennsylvania in 1893. Counties. Total prod¬ uct of coal of all grades. Distribution of total product. Loaded at mines for shipment on railroad cars. Used by employees and sold to local trade at mines. Used for steam and heat at mines. Susquehanna . Lackawanna . Luzerne . Carbon . Schuylkill . Columbia . Northumberland . Dauphin . Total . Long tons. 435, 000 11,550, 005 19, 108, 135 1, 365, 663 10, 533, 245 687, 334 3, 827, 65i 678, 273 Long tons. 375, 000 10, 548, 629 17, 049, 072 1, 207, 204 9, 256, 310 591 421 3, 462, 889 604, 273 Long tons. 25, 000 318, 545 466, 503 18, 421 132, 777 13, 842 72, 711 26, 000 Long tons. 35, 000 682, 831 1, 592, 560 140, 038 1, 144, 158 82, 071 292, 051 48, 000 48,185,306 43, 094, 798 1, 073, 799 4, 016, 709 Distribution of the anthracite product of Pennsylvania in 1894. Counties. Distribution of total product. Total product of all grades. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment on rail¬ road cars. Used by employees and sold to local trade at mines. Used for steam and heat at mines. Susquehanna . Lackawanna . Luzerne . Carbon . Schuylkill . Columbia . Northumberland . Dauphin . Total . 418, 375 11, 466, 301 17, 508, 032 l, 584, 268 10, 234, 624 593, 569 3, 944, 713 608, 262 368, 375 10, 500, 947 15, 558, 959 1, 394, 883 8, 994, 308 504, 973 3, 526, 530 542. 225 20, 000 302, 523 440, 973 23, 872 125, 857 12, 624 88, 163 20, 768 30, 000 662, 831 1,508, 100 165, 513 1, 114, 459 75, 972 330, 020 45, 269 46, 358, 144 41,391,200 1, 034, 780 3, 932, 164 From the above tables a complete comparison may be made of the anthracite business for these years, the decrease in 1894, and the pro¬ portion of this decrease for each county. The following statement shows the shipments by mouths for the last three years, and from it can be seen the variations in shipment for the different parts of the year, as noted in the commencement of this article : Monthly shipments of anthracite in 1892, 1893, and 1894. Months. 1892. 1893. 1894. Januarv . 2, 851, 487 3, 069, 579 2, 688, 021 February . 3, 172, 022 3, 084, 156 2, 344, 511 March . 3, 070, 527 3,761,744 2, 565, 061 April . 2, 939, 157 3, 284, 659 2, 799, 307 May . , . 3, 524, 728 3, 707, 083 3, 884, 277 June . 3, 821. 807 4, 115, 633 5, 116, 844 July . 3, 648, 583 3, 275, 863 3, 868, 216 August . . 3, 691, 839 3, 308, 768 3, 089, 844 September . 3, 754, 482 3,614,496 3, 270, 612 October . 4, 052, 897 4, 525, 663 4, 137, 085 November . 3, 769, 711 3, 905, 487 4, 522, 232 December . 3, 596, 081 3, 436, 406 3, 105, 190 Total . 41, 893, 321 43, 089, 537 41, 391, 200 As was also noted in the preface of this report, below is given table showing the shipments by regions from 1820 to the close of 1894. It must be remembered in regard to this table that it shows only shipments, the amount sold to local trade and used at mines not being included. COAL 167 Annual shipments from the Schuylkill, Lehigh , and Wyoming regions from 1S20 to 1S94. Years. . Schuylkill region. Lehigh region. Wyoming region. Total. Long tons. Per ct. Long tons. Per ct. Long tons. Per ct. Ijong tons. 1820 . 365 . 365 1821 . 1, 073 1, 073 1822 . 1, 480 39. 79 2, 240 60. 21 3, 720 1823 . 1, 128 16. 23 5, 823 83. 77 6' 951 1824 . j, 567 14. 10 9, 541 85. 90 11, 108 1825 . 6| 500 18. 60 28, 393 81. 40 34, 893 1826 . 16| 767 34. 90 3l| 280 65. 10 48, 047 1827 . 3f 360 49. 44 32j 074 50. 56 63, 434 1828 . 47’ 284 61. 00 30| 232 39. 00 77, 516 1829 . 79' 973 71. 35 25| 110 22. 40 7, 000 6.25 112, 083 1830 . 89, 984 51.50 41, 750 23. 90 43. 0(10 24. 60 174, 734 1831 . 81, 854 46. 29 40, 966 23. 17 54, 000 30. 54 176, 820 1832 . 209, 271 57. 61 70, 000 19. 27 84, 000 23. 12 363, 271 1833 . 252, 971 51.87 123, 001 25. 22 111,777 22.91 487, 749 1834 . 226, 692 60. 19 106, 244 28. 21 43, 700 11.60 376, 636 1835 . 339, 508 60. 54 131, 250 23.41 90, 000 16. 05 560, 758 1836 . 432, 045 63. 16 148, 211 21. 66 103, 861 15. 18 684, 117 1837 . 530, 152 60. 98 223, 902 25. 75 115, 387 13.27 869, 441 1838 . 446, 875 60.49 213, 615 28. 92 78, 207 10. 59 738, 697 1839 . 475, 077 58. 05 221, 025 27. 01 122, 300 14.94 818, 402 1840 . 490, 596 56. 75 225, 313 26. 07 148, 470 17. 18 864, 379 1841 . 624, 466 65. 07 143, 037 14. 90 192, 270 20. 03 959, 773 1842 . 583, 273 52. 62 272, 540 24.59 252, 599 22. 79 1, 108, 412 1843 . 710, 200 56. 21 267, 793 21. 19 285, 605 22.60 1, 263, 598 1844 . 887, 937 54. 45 377, 002 23. 12 365,911 22. 43 1, 630, 850 1845 . 1,131,724 56. 22 429, 453 21. 33 451, 836 22.45 2,013,013 1846 . 1, 308, 500 55.82 517, 116 22. 07 5! 8, 389 22.11 2, 344, 005 1847 . 1, 665, 735 57. 79 633, 507 21.98 583, 067 20. 23 2, 882, 309 1848 . 1, 733, 721 56. 12 670, 321 21.70 685, 196 22. 18 3, 089, 238 1849 ... - . 1,728, 500 53. 30 781, 556 24. 10 732, 910 22. 60 3, 242, 966 1850 . . . 1, 840, 620 54.80 690. 456 20. 56 827, 823 24.64 3, 358, 899 1851 . 2, 328, 525 52.34 964, 224 21.68 1,156,167 25. 98 4, 448, 916 1852 . 2, 636, 835 52.81 1,072, 136 21.47 1,284,500 25. 72 4, 993, 471 1853 . 2, 665, 110 51.30 1, 054, 309 20. 29 1, 475, 732 28.41 5, 195, 151 1854 . 3, 191, 670 53. 14 1, 207, 186 20. 13 1, 603, 478 26. 73 6, 002, 334 1855 . 3, 552, 943 53.77 1, 284, 113 19. 43 1,771,511 26. 80 6, 608, 567 1856 . 3, 603, 029 52. 91 1, 351, 970 19. 52 1, 972, 581 28.47 6, 927, 580 1857 . 3, 373, 797 50. 77 1, 318,541 19.84 1, 952, 603 29. 39 6, 644, 941 1858 . 3, 273, 245 47.86 1, 380, 030 20. 18 2, 186, 094 31.96 6, 839, 369 1859 . . 3, 448, 708 44.16 1,628, 311 20. 86 2, 731, 236 34 98 7, 808, 255 1860 . 3, 749, 632 44. 04 1, 821. 674 21.40 2,941,817 34. 56 8, 513, 123 1861 . 3, 160, 747 39. 74 1, 738, 377 21.85 3, 055, 140 38.41 7, 954, 264 1862 . 3, 372, 583 42.86 1, 351, 054 17. 17 3, 145, 770 39.97 7, 869, 407 1803 . 3, 911, 683 40.90 1,894.713 19. 80 3,759, 610 39. 30 9, 566, 006 1864 . 4, 161,970 40.89 2, 054, 669 20. 19 3, 960, 836 38.92 10, 177, 475 1865 . 4, 356, 959 45. 14 2, 040, 913 21. 14 3,254.519 33.72 9, 652, 391 1866 . 5, 787, 902 45. 56 2, 179. 364 17. 15 4, 736, 616 37. 29 12, 703, 882 1867 . 5, 161, 671 39. 74 2, 502, 054 19. 27 5, 325, 000 40. 99 12, 988, 725 1868 . 5, 330, 737 38. 52 2, 502, 582 18. 13 5, 968, 146 43.25 13, 801, 465 1869 . . 5, 775, 138 41. 66 1, 949, 673 14. 06 6, 141, 369 44. 28 13, 866, 180 1870 . 4,968, 157 30. 70 3, 239, 374 20. 02 7, 974, 660 49. 28 16,182, 191 1871 . 6, 552, 772 41.74 2, 235,707 14.24 6, 911, 242 44. 02 15, 699, 721 1872 . 6, 694, 890 34. 03 3, 873. 339 19. 70 9, 101, 549 46. 27 19, 669, 778 1873 . 7,212, 601 33.97 3, 705, 596 17.46 10, 309, 755 48. 57 21, 227, 952 1874 . 6, 866, 877 34.09 3, 773, 836 18. 73 9, 504, 408 47.18 20, 145. 121 1875 . 6,281,712 31.87 2, 834. 605 14. 38 10, 596, 155 53. 75 19, 712, 472 1876 . 6, 221, 934 33. 63 3, 854, 919 20. 84 8,424, 158 45. 53 18, 501,011 1877 . 8, 195, 042 39. 35 4, 332, 760 20. 80 8, 300, 377 39. 85 20, 828, 179 1878 . 6, 282, 226 35. 68 3, 237. 449 18. 40 8. 085, 587 45. 92 17, 605, 262 1879 . 8, 960, 829 34.28 4, 595, 567 17. 58 12, 586, 293 48. 14 26, 142. 689 1880 . 7, 554, 742 32.23 4, 463, 221 19. 05 11, 419, 279 48.72 23, 437, 242 1881 . 9, 253, 958 32.46 5, 294, 676 18. 58 13,951,383 48. 96 28, 500, 017 1882 . 9, 459, 288 32.48 5, 689, 437 19. 54 13,971.371 47. 98 29, 120,096 1883 . 10, 074, 726 31.69 6, 113, 809 19. 23 15, 604, 492 49. 08 31, 793, 027 1884 . 9, 478, 314 30. 85 5, 562, 226 18. 11 a 15, 677, 753 51.04 30,718,293 1885 . 9, 488, 426 30. 01 5, 898, 634 18. 65 «16, 236, 470 51.34 31,623, 530 1886 . 9, 381, 407 29.19 5, 723, 129 17. 89 a 17, 031, 826 52. 82 32, 136, 362 1887 . 10, 609, 028 30. 63 4, 347, 061 12. 55 a 19, 684, 929 56. 82 34,641,018 1888 . 10, 654, 116 27. 93 5, 639, 236 14. 78 « 21, 852,366 57.29 38, 145, 718 1889 . 10, 486, 185 29. 28 6, 294, 073 17. 57 a. 19, 036, 835 53. 15 35, 817, 093 1890 . 10, 867, 822 29. 68 6, 329, 658 17.28 al9,417, 979 53.04 36, 615, 459 1891 . 12, 741, 258 31. 50 6, 381, 838 15.78 a 21, 325,240 52. 72 40, 448, 336 1892 . 12, 626, 784 30. 14 6,451,076 15.40 a 22, 815, 480 54.46 41, 893, 340 1893 . 12, 357, 444 28. 68 6, 892, 352 15. 99 23, 839, 741 55. 33 43, 089, 537 1894 . 12, 035, 005 29. 08 6, 705, 434 16. 20 22, 650, 761 54. 72 41, 391, 200 Total 75 years 314,124,187 34. 67 161, 259, 094 17.80 430, 630, 122 47. 53 906, 013, 403 a Includes Loyalsock field. In the following pages is given a directory of the anthracite mines in Pennsylvania, with names of operators, post-office addresses, etc. NORTHERN COAL FIELD. 168 MINERAL RESOURCES. $ o p o *-*3> P O O p © ® o P« © P © o O p 3 • -2 , o • - sPP^ p © .q <1 p ^ § © © © P-« cc © © fe fe W-H C3 © 1^1 S o o © © . © P © © _ s © ooooooo©c©P-MC'r §Pr2 ss § Oco P4 o O P P 2 o o © P3 *‘p © : ~o °.S^p g go r~) P © ssOA p •5 o au 3 MO O^J £ ._ O O ^-ptLS1"2 9 OJ a; r~— o •- S <-> o 1-9 PH S -n 1-5 o o 1 O o^1 a Hi C3 ^ -4-3 © p p p ^ © p o £ 2 a 6 O d W §’ P OP 3 p p ; 2 >>Z - © t ’ b r Ph2 /■vi b*- pd c ^ O P O rU r-t ©^ +3 © P< P © CO £ g ® rt O c. O 2 O « 3 w © P to 03 o c o o :PJ i © 000 w '■p '© .1-1 1 o So¬ li* PhCG l|5 p .9 ei- o? o A ® OPS r= Sir 00 PU tf « , . . 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PT 4 - 12 O 04 05 CO 05 l© ^ H*H 4fH CO X CO X X CO lOClH-H iO iO lO X X X X XOift X lOiOlO I© XXX X O *-H CO CO X X 177 178 MINERAL RESOURCES. t* PS o H U w ps re! a re Eh O O o a re P< | 6 a £ c p— * o o w pa o Ph £ w P w a Tfl £ o 'd p ct a p P ct rP © P o t* ► © rS4 QJ Ct ct pa © •ri o rrj -- f— I Z 'd rS P Ct Hh H -P ft Ph * a" p 2 © +3 •g as l! £ S CC 'd g ct 9 * * B | ct Ph Ph g a J? o O O H _, oS d © o O u k> ct © P r-H B ^ re t> K a: PP res .. re (*a g 3 w Ph p © c A £ "© ® g * -£ | Is d P P £ © 2 bJD M P CO d Ht rP ^ ° ^ X ki W P ^ d © p O h o p S | d U-1 O _, P P b ct Ph 2 o ct Ph © O 3 re § .2 ft b 3 -§ o a o p2 Tv fl as a £ -: , K Pd h e Pd ® ad as ft o Ph PS o o Ph O m PS o H O Ph Hi <1 PS PS fc PS O ad p O © £ © bC ct rP © w <5 © © k; p ^ ® ^ k. P -p ct KhJ - pH © ® S u « 5 5 O . 2 © o o a? hT 03 K*i C "d 3 a & £ P P O 03 o ^ af I H S ® 4h Sh ks ^ P | |c I R pP <^h a> a? © Ph p2 P ct P o >H ► © 5z bt) > P . © . ct ct rd ' 3 rP ,2* ^ ad ® -H g A g t* ft -S ^ _ © 'S ^ -p H © ki Jh rP ^ © ct Ph 2 o o p o o O g 6 Ph O A g as O bC Ph ^3 P P cs O -JH © ki P d 2 c o p o w 6 -£ o g OS S3 re § "a, « ® ft res a re td ft c aa O ' O res t>a P © v OOP ^ O O > ° © rP rP rd « ,M> ^ © © ft O O W COAL. 179 As noted in tlie beginning of this article, the general depression in business conditions was severely felt by the anthracite coal trade dur¬ ing the year 1894, resulting in prices which have been unprofitable to the producers and very burdensome for the employees about the mines, to say nothing of the shrinkage in the revenues of the transportation companies. Efforts were inaugurated early in the year to bring about a better understanding between the several interests as to the pro¬ portion of the output each should be entitled to, as it has been fully demonstrated that the capacity to produce is far in excess of the demand. Committees comprising representatives of the corporation and individ¬ ual operators, together with the railroad interests, were engaged for months during the latter half of the year in discussing the questions which naturally presented themselves in the discussion of so impor¬ tant a subject, but up to the close of the year nothing of a definite character had been accomplished, and the further consideration of the matter passed over into the year 1895. It is confidently expected that some satisfactory adjustment may be reached early in the year which will place the anthracite trade in better condition. The year 1894 has not been marked with any unusual circumstances in the way of development in any of the regions. The usual amount of extensions of underground workings and repairs to breakers have been accomplished, as well as the completing of new breakers in some localities necessary to the proper development of the mines to their highest productive efficiency, but nothing has occurred to affect the general conditions of the trade other than the depression in business referred to above and the continued tendency to overproduction of coal. During the latter part of May, 1894, a storm of unusual severity visited central Pennsylvania, the rainfall in some localities exceeding 9 inches in three days, flooding the mines and seriously interfering with mine operations for several weeks afterwards. The damage to several of the transportation lines was also very considerable. Below is a statement showing the largest shipments of anthracite coal ever made in each month of the year during any year to Decem¬ ber, 1894. Largest monthly shipments of anthracite in any year to 1S94. Months and years. Long tons. January, 1891 . 3, 138, 961 February, 1892 . 3,216,973 March, 1893 . 3, 761, 744 April, 1893 . 3, 284, 659 May, 1 894 . 3, 793, 303 June, 1894 . 5, 112,359 July, 1894 . 3, 868, 215 Months and years. Long tons. August, 1888 . 4, 097, 563 3, 916, 326 4, 525, 663 4, 493, 281 3, 596, 082 September, 1888 . November, 1894 . Total . 46, 805, 129 By this table a maximum production of 46,805,129 tons a year is indi¬ cated. The actual demand for consumption will not exceed 43,000,000 tons, and it is believed, from the data accessible, that at no time has 180 MINERAL RESOURCES. the actual consumption of anthracite coal reached 42,000,000 tons in any one year, and that the present capacity of the anthracite mines is at least 10 per cent greater than the consumption. The shipments for the month of June, 1894, were the largest ever made in any month, being over 5,000,000 tons. This exceptional ton¬ nage, and the unusually large shipments in May and July of the same year, were made possible on account of a formidable strike in the bituminous coal regions of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West. Virginia during the months named above, in which period much anthracite coal was used to take the place of bituminous. It has been several years since we have been called upon to record the death of any of the more prominent persons occupying a control¬ ling influence in the anthracite coal trade. During the year 1894 two gentlemen passed away whose long and active connection with the anthracite industries have made their names familiar to the coal trade everywhere. Edward B. Leisenring died at Hamburg, Germany, September 18, 1894, aged 49 years. Mr. Leisenring was (as was his father, the Hon. John Leisenring of Maucli Chunk, Pa.) largely interested in the mining of coal, and was identified with numerous business enterprises in his native State and Virginia and Alabama. At the time of his death he was president of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. Ezra Brockway Ely died at his residence, Bayonne, N. J., Novem¬ ber 23, 1894, after an illness of only one week. Mr. Ely was 56 years old at his death, and had been connected with the coal trade for about thirty-five years in various capacities.. At the time of his death he was president of Coxe Bros. & Co., Incorporated, and vice-president of the Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill Railroad Company. He was a member of the executive committee of the Anthracite (individual) Coal Operators’ Association. The death of Hon. Eckley B. Coxe on May 13, 1895, while this volume was in press, though after the close of the calendar year which it cov¬ ers, is an event of such importance as to call for appreciative, though necessarily brief and hasty, comment. Mr. Coxe was unquestionably the most eminent, as well as the most universally beloved, of the lead¬ ing representatives of anthracite mining. As a mining engineer he stood at the head of his profession ; as the possessor of great wealth and the employer of thousands of workmen he was distinguished for energy, sagacity, and wise philanthropy; in political life he bore an unchallenged reputation for stainless integrity and high devotion to the public interests; for the promotion of education and scientific investi¬ gation he was not only a liberal giver, but also an intelligent and earnest laborer; and to all who knew him, his strong and winsome personality made him dear. A bare outline of his career is all that space permits in this connection. He was born in Philadelphia June 4, 1839; graduated in 1858 from the University of Pennsylvania, and subsequently studied at the Ecole COAL. 181 des Mines, Paris, and the Mining Academy, Freiberg. After his return to this country he published a translation of Weisbach’s Mechanics, which is a monument of patient and intelligent work. The chief labor of his life was connected with the management of the large anthracite lands and collieries of Coxe Brothers & Co., but he found time to ren der efficient public and private service in many other directions. He was one of the three founders, in 1871, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, of which he served two terms as president and (at different times) ten years as vice-president, and to the Transactions of which he contributed some of its most elaborate and valuable pro¬ fessional papers. He was also a member of the American societies of civil and mechanical engineers, of the latter of which he was elected president in 1893. He was twice elected to the senate of Pennsylvania; was a director of the Beading Bailroad Company, and a trustee of Lehigh University. The anthracite business is peculiarly indebted to him in four par¬ ticulars : 1. For his earnest support of the Pennsylvania geological survey, which has thoroughly mapped the anthracite regions, both above and below the surface. 2. For his generous and unwearied labor to promote the education not only of mining engineers but also of mining foremen and common miners. 3. For his vigorous defense of individual operators in the anthracite region against the large corporations which combined the business of transportation with that of mining. 4. For his lifelong effort to improve the methods and machinery of anthracite mining and to diminish the waste of extraction and prep¬ aration. One branch of this work was the introduction of the practice of burning the smaller sizes of anthracite, previously thrown away with the refuse from the breaker. To this problem he devoted immense labor of study and experiment, with results which are already impor¬ tant and are destined to become still more so. At the close of the year 1894 indications are not wanting which mark the approach of returning confidence and the resumption of manufacturing industries in almost every department, but more espe¬ cially in the iron trade, which itself involves so many auxiliary interests. It is hoped that these improved conditions will reach the anthracite trade during the coming year. PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS COAL. Total product in 1894, 39,912,463 short tons; spot value, $29,479,820. Pennsylvania bituminous coal fields. — The bituminous coal deposits of Pennsylvania form the northern extremity of the great Appalachian coal fields, and to a greater or less extent underlie all the territory of the State lying west of the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. The counties of Bradford, Tioga, Potter, Warren, Crawford, Venango, Forest, Elk, Cameron, Clinton, and Lycoming, in the northern portion of the State, exhibit oidy detached basins of the Lower Measures, which, 182 MINERAL RESOURCES. liowever, are extensively mined, and the product finds ready markets for manufacturing purposes and for steam. The remaining counties, bounded by the western and southern State lines and a line drawn north¬ ward along the eastern boundaries of Fulton, Huntingdon, and Center counties, and thence westwardly along the northern boundaries of Clear¬ field, Jefferson, Clarion, and Mercer, embrace an almost unbroken area of one or more of the important beds belonging to the Carboniferous Measures. The counties of Allegheny, Westmoreland, Washington, Greene, and Fayette, situated in the southwestern corner of the State, contain the Upper Productive Measures, at the bottom of which lies the notable Pittsburg bed, yielding in the vicinity of Pittsburg a gas coal of the highest quality. To the eastward are the coking coals from which the celebrated Connellsville coke is made, and to the southward the Cum¬ berland steam coals of Maryland. Small areas of this bed also occur in Indiana, Somerset, and Beaver counties. The remaining counties referred to contain only the Lower Productive Measures, ranging from the isolated areas of the Pittsburg bed to the Brook ville bed, the low¬ est in the Lower Productive series, and the Mercer, Quakertown, and Sharon beds in the Conglomerate series. The product from this terri¬ tory, as well as that from the southwestern counties, wherever the Lower Measures are being mined, is classed in the trade as semibitumi- nous, containing, as it does, less than 18 per cent of volatile combusti¬ ble matter. While an excellent quality of coke is produced from coals mined in some localities from these Lower Measures, the distinctive advantages consist in their superiority as steam and rolling-mill fuels, being much sought after for locomotive and steamship purposes. In the Freeport and Kittanning beds of the Lower Productive series cannel coal of good quality has been found to overlie the seam for con¬ siderable areas in certain localities, but on account of the veins being thin and troublesome to separate in mining it is not deemed of much commercial value. Varieties of Pennsylvania bituminous coal. — The coal field of Pennsyl¬ vania contains almost every possible variety of bituminous coal. The greater part of the coal mined in this field is true bituminous coal, con¬ taining 20 per cent and upward of volatile combustible matter, but in the detached deposits of Tioga, Bradford, and Huntingdon counties and along the summit of the Alleghany Mountains the coal has a semi- bituminous character, containing only from 15 to 18 per cent of volatile matter. The bituminous coals of Pennsylvania are known the country over for their admirable qualities. Coal for domestic use, steam coal, gas coal, coking coal, blacksmitliing coal, are all found in wonderful variety and profusion in the Pennsylvania Measures, and of unsurpassed quality for each purpose. To the cities of the Atlantic Coast, to those of the extreme South, and to those of the far West, Pennsylvania coal goes constantly, and is in steady demand. Reserves. — Some twenty-one or twenty-two coal seams of commercial importance have been found and named in the bituminous field of COAL. 183 Pennsylvania. These have been in most cases traced with much cer¬ tainty throughout the district, nearly every bituminous deposit known to exist in the State being with more or less certainty identified with some one of them. The quantity of available coal contained in these seams has been estimated by Dr. H. M. Chance, assistant geologist of the State geological survey, and a statement prepared by him is subjoined. It should be stated that no attempt is made in this table to show the total amount of bituminous coal contained in the deposits of Pennsyl¬ vania; the information it gives is of much more value, being in respect of the total amount of that coal alone which is accessible and workable, and of commercial value. Reserves of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania. Beda. Long tons. Upper Barren Measures : Washington bed, 3 to 3J 787, 200, 000 Upper Productive Meas¬ ures : Waynesburg bed, 3 to 5 2, 126, 400, 000 312, 000, 000 432, 000, 000 326, 400, 000 10, 438, 800, 000 Uniontown bed, 2 to 3 feet . Sewickley bed, 3 feet. .. Redstone' bed, 2 to 3 feet . Pittsburg bed, 6 to 12 feet . Lower Barren Measures: Bush Creek, Coleman, etc., beds . 13, 635, 600, 000 878, 400, 000 Lower Productive Meas¬ ures: In Westmoreland, Pay¬ ette, and Allegheny 2, 064, 000, 000 28, 800, 000 Millerston bed, 3 feet. . . Beds. Long tons. Lower Productive Measures : Freeport upper bed, 3 to 5 feet . 3, 764, 800, 000 2, 385, 600, 000 1, 596, 000, 000 829, 800, 000 4, 225, 200, 000 696, 000, 000 1, 627, 200, 000 Freeport lower beds, 2 Kittanning upper bed, 2 to 4 feet . Kittanning middle bed, 2 to 3 feet . Kittanning lower bed. 2 to 6 feet . Clarion coals, 2 to 3 feet. Brookville bed, 2 to 4 feet . Conglomerate series : Mercer coals, 2 to 3 feet. . Quakertown bed, 2 feet. . Sharon coal horizon, 2 to 3 feet,. . . 17, 217, 400, 000 932, 600. 000 57, 600, 000 38, 400, 000 Grand total . 1, 028, 600, 000 33, 547, 200, 000 The total available tonnage may be divided thus: Classification of beds. Long tons. Beds over 6 feet thick . 10, 957, 200, 000 19, 586, 800, 000 3, 003, 200, 000 Beds from 3 to 6 feet thick . Beds from 2 to 3 feet thick . Total . . . 33, 547, 200, 000 PRODUCTION. The records of bituminous production in Pennsylvania for the earlier years of the industry are very incomplete. In fact, from 1840 to 1872 the only record extant is that of the shipments over some of the railroads, from a few of the districts, and these bear very little relation to the total product (see Mineral Resources, 1883-84, p. 84). For instance, this statement for 1873 showed the total shipments to have been about 4,600,000 long tons, whereas the total production for that year, the first for which any statistics were obtained, was 11,695,383 long tons. From 184 MINERAL RESOURCES. 1873 to 1882 the product lias been estimated in round numbers, the out¬ put in the latter year being about double that of 1873, approximately 22,000,000 long tons or 24,010,000 short tons. During the next decade the output increased each year, nearly doubling in 1892 the yield in 1882. In 1893 the output fell off 2,023,852 short tons, or between 5 and 0 per cent, as compared with 1892. The first half of 1893 was favorable in the bituminous regions of Pennsylvania, and operations were active; but later, when the unfavorable conditions of trade manifested themselves, production fell off and prices declined so severely that all of the benefits of the earlier months were overcome, and the average price for the year was 4 cents lower than in 1892. The unfavorable conditions were still more pronounced in 1894, and this, added to the disastrous effects of the long strike in the spring and summer of the year, caused a diminu¬ tion of over 4,000,000 tons, or about 10 per cent in the tonnage, while the value declined about 16 per cent. The average price per ton fell off from 80 cents in 1893 to 74 cents in 1894. The decrease was general throughout the State, but five counties of the more important producers showing an increased output. Clearfield County suffered the heaviest loss, the product in this county being more than 2,000,000 short tons, or about 33 per cent, less than that of 1893. A decline in value is noted in nearly every county. The returns show an increase in the total number of employees, but the decrease in the average working time more than compensates for this seeming discrepancy. The following tables exhibit the statistics of the production of bitum¬ inous coal in Pennsylvania during 1893 and 1894: Coal product of Pennsylvania in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for shipment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total produc¬ tion. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total num¬ ber of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Allegheny .... 6, 445, 548 156, 987 45, 560 15, 000 6, 663, 095 $5, 481, 787 $0. 82 161 14, 328 Armstrong _ 534, 029 14, 352 1,730 10, 928 561, 039 426, 886 .76 214 1, 080 Beaver . 135, 140 14, 230 725 150, 095 146, 390 . 98 215 318 Bedford . 392j 443 46; 068 1, 630 61, 366 501, 507 371, 499 .74 185 896 Blair . 109, 272 2, 585 3, 794 62, 251 177, 902 137, 310 .77 166 632 Bradford . 42, 158 281 300 42, 739 55 561 1. 30 167 83 Butler . 153' 811 965 1, 240 156, 016 125, 637 . 81 208 276 Cambria . 2, 776, 201 358, 900 22, 799 124, 567 3, 282, 467 2, 584, 416 .79 199 6, 073 Center . 382, 052 2, 316 399 73, 289 458, 056 344, 194 .75 193 743 Clarion . 533, 507 15, 421 2, 230 551 158 398, 384 . 72 231 1 2°4 Clearfield . 5, 982, 263 21, 294 21, 366 123, 835 6, 148, 758 4, 905, 089 .80 186 10; 455 Clinton . 94, 582 94 582 70 792 163 175 Elk . 572, 647 4, 349 4, 849 52, 320 634, 165 497; 975 .79 195 1,244 Fayette . 1, 058, 492 285, 835 142, 693 4,774,126 6, 261, 146 4, 563, 989 .73 195 6, 780 Huntingdon. . . 288, 974 9, 119 5,454 303, 547 228, 432 .75 182 487 Indiana . 327, 762 999 285 51,620 380, 666 291, 488 .77 186 605 Jefferson . 3, 329, 782 20, 876 19, 752 514, 786 3, 885, 196 2, 863, 049 .74 210 5, 537 Lawrence . 162, 638 33, 775 323 196 736 201, 727 1. 03 218 430 Lycoming . 52' 261 511 420 53, 192 64, 910 1. 23 279 117 McKean . 19’ 169 19 169 21 086 1 10 285 19 Mercer . 469, 921 17, 027 12, 703 499 651 444 855 89 187 981 Tioga . 913j 707 16; 950 9; 454 22, 137 962, 248 1, 166; 769 1.21 214 2, 425 Somerset . 511, 816 5, 387 504 14, 921 532, 688 335, 385 .63 214 695 Wes tmorel an d 4, 760, 933 91, 155 100, 973 2,486,699 7, 439,760 6, 133, 014 .82 205 10, 270 Washington .. 3, 273, 220 15, 047 26, 879 3, 315, 146 2, 600, 050 .78 184 6, 058 Small mines _ 800, 000 800 000 800, 000 Total.... 33, 322, 328 1, 934,429 426, 122 8,387,845 44, 070, 724 35, 260, 674 .80 190 71,931 COAL 185 Bituminous coal product of Pennsylvania in 1S94, by counties. Sold to Used at mines for steam and heat. Hum- Loaded local Counties. J her of mines. at mines for ship¬ ment. trade and used by em¬ ployees. S hort Short Short tons tons. tons. Alleghenv . . 88 6, 039, 958 230, 956 40, 645 Armstrong . 13 576, 918 987 2, 125 Beaver . •7 98, 879 4,272 454 Bedford .... 16 251, 622 4,631 3, 632 7 238. 482 3, 195 5, 080 300 10 134, 367 2, 449. 703 1 450 Cambria .... 70 433, 466 24. 002 Center . 17 271, 110 15, 283 501 Clarion . 20 392, 586 6,627 1,791 Clearfield . . . 95 4, 033, 749 33, 347 13, 154 Elk . 5 307, 518 1, 568, 452 4, 290 2,165 84, 624 Eayette . 58 97, 002 Huntingdon 7 184, 422 10, 390 5, 220 Indiana .... 11 392, 053 980 265 Jefferson... 23 2, 896, 204 17, 929 16, 000 Lawrence.. . 5 131. 249 1,033 140 Mercer . 11 309, 499 11, 435 10, 660 Somerset ... 22 397, 834 11,084 2, 624 Tioga . 6 681, 333 3, 655, 187 12, 997 26, 487 9, 560 26, 913 Washington Westmore- 48 69 4, 775,416 60, 272 92, 029 Bradford, Clinton, Forest, Lycom¬ ing, and McKean . . Small mines 5 226. 262 1,482 600, 000 410 Total . . . 613 29, 722, 803 1, 589, 595 342, 294 Made into coke. S hort ) tons, j 43, 000 i60 53, 210 9, 4001 1, 476 71,756, 20, 912, 68, 214 85, 050 4, 690, 911 5, 250 318, 021 6,653 670 42, 841 2, 840, 247 Total produc¬ tion. Short tons. 6, 354, 559 580, 030 103, 765 313, 095 256, 157 137, 593 2, 978, 927 307, 806 401, 004 4, 148, 464 399, 023 6, 440, 989 200, 032 398, 548 3,248, 154 132, 422 331, 594 418, 195 704, 560 3, 461, 428 7, 76 7, 964 228, 154 600, 000 Total value. Aver- I age price per ton. $4, 8, 257, 771 2, 2, 2, 2, 684, 407 416, 339 94, 197 216, 932 191, 567 105, 211! 160, 735 208, 2201 279, 675 983, 214 341, 873 472. 578 147, 909 291, 885 299, 565 122, 475 271, 104 264, 430 956, 483 146, 532 5, 982, 484 242, 005 600, 000 39, 912, 463 29, 479, 820 $0. 74 .72 .91 .69 .75 .76 .73 .68 .70 .72 .86 .60 .74 .70 .71 .92 .82 .63 1.36 .62 .77 1.06 Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. 154 168 146 144 142 111 165 111 201 134 147 198 133 164 164 165 121 150 149 159: .74 Total number of em¬ ployees. 14, 107 1,153 312 855 730 497 6, 230 855 926 9, 654 1, 107 8, 847 478 724 5, 184 490 1,014 731 2, 213 6,889 202 11,517 180 497 165^75, 010 The following table shows the total product since 1873: Product of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania since 1873. Years. Short tons. Years. Short tons. 1873 . 13, 098, 829 12, 320, 000 11,760, 000 12, 880, 000 14, 000, 000 15, 120, 000 16, 240, 000 21, 280, 000 22, 400, 000 24, 640, 000 26, 880, 000 1884 . 28, 000, 000 26, 000, 000 27, 094, 501 31, 516. 856 33, 796, 727 36, 174, 089 42, 302, 173 42, 788, 490 46, 694, 576 44, 070, 724 39, 912, 463 1874 . 1885 . 1875 . 1886 . 1876 1887 . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . 1880 . 1891 . 1881 .... 1892 . 1882 . 1893 . .' . 1883 . 1894 . The production by counties was not reliably ascertained prior to 1886. The results obtained by the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of the State for 1882, 1884, and 1885 were published in the earlier volumes of Min¬ eral Resources, but owing to the failure of a number of mines to report their production, the statistics were very incomplete, the total for 1885, 186 MINERAL RESOURCES for instance, being more than 5,000,000 tons short of the actual product. Since 1886 the product by counties has been as follows : Bituminous coal product of Pennsylvania since 1886, by counties. Counties. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Allegheny . 4, 202, 086 4, 680, 924 5, 575, 505 4, 717, 431 4, 894, 372 Armstrong . 210, 856 235, 221 226, 093 289, 218 380, 554 Beaver . 208, 820 197, 863 63, 900 93, 461 139, 117 Bedford . 173, 372 311,452 248, 159 257, 455 445, 192 Blair . 305, 695 287, 367 314, 013 215, 410 298, 196 Bradford . 206, 998 167, 416 163, 851 129, 141 126, 687 Butler . 162, 306 161, 764 194, 715 288, 591 167, 578 2, 790, 954 Cambria . 1, 222, 028 1, 421, 980 1, 540. 460 1, 751,664 3,200 313, 383 3, 000 508, 255 700 2, 300 395, 127 Center . 382, 770 452, 114 Clarion . 429, 544 593, 758 535, 192 596, 589 512, 387 Clearfield . Clinton . 3, 753, 986 5, 180, 311 5, 398, 981 32, 000 555, 960 5, 224, 506 106, 000 614, 113 6, 651, 587 159, 000 Elk . 526, 036 609, 757 1, 12L 534 Fayette . 4, 494, 613 4, 540, 322 5, 208, 993 5, 897, 254 6, 413, 081 Greene . 5, 600 3, 002 5, 323 53,714 (a) Huntingdon . 313,581 265, 479 281, 823 280, 133 322, 630 Indiana . 103, 615 207, 597 157, 285 153, 698 357, 580 Jefferson . 1, 023, 186 1,693, 492 2, 275, 349 2, 896, 487 2, 850, 799 Lawrence . 101, 154 125, 361 106, 921 143,410 140, 528 McKean . 617 9, 214 10, 443 11, 500 (a) Mercer . 537, 712 539, 721 487, 122 575, 751 524, 319 Somerset . 349, 926 416, 240 370, 228 442, 027 522, 796 Tioga . 1, 384, 800 1,328, 963 1, 106, 146 1, 036, 175 903, 997 (a) Venango . 2, 500 2, 296 2, 000 6,911 Washington . 1, 612, 407 1,751,615 1, 793, 022 2, 364, 901 2, 836, 667 Westmoreland . 5, 446, 480 6, 074, 486 6, 519, 773 7, 631, 124 8, 290, 504 Small mines . 200, 000 240, 000 (6) 1, 000, 000 Total . 27, 094, 501 31,516,856 33,796,727 36, 174, 089 42, 302, 173 Net increase . 4, 422, 355 2, 279, 871 2, 377, 362 6, 128. 084 Counties. Allegheny . Armstrong . Beaver . Bedford . Blair . Bradford . Butler . Cambria . Cameron . Center . Clarion . Clearfield . Clinton . Elk . Fayette . Forest . Greene . Huntingdon . Indiana . Jefferson . Lawrence . Lycoming . McKean . Mercer . Somerset . Tioga . Venango . Washington . W estmoreland _ Small mines . Total . . Net increase . 1891. Short tons. 5, 640, 669 484, 000 129, 961 389, 257 237, 626 68, 697 211, 647 2, 932, 973 526, 753 479, 887 7, 143, 382 130, 802 973, 600 5, 782, 573 269, 021 456, 077 3, 160, 614 164, 669 15, 345 526, 220 480, 194 1, 010, 872 2, 606, 158 7, 967, 493' 1, 000, 000 42, 788, 490 486, 317 1892. Short tons. 6, 399, 199 583, 519 140, 835 552, 461 259, 224 57, 708 145, 729 3, 086, 554 496, 521 569, 333 6, 876, 785 98, 242 731, 575 7, 260, 044 333, 855 514, 463 3, 706, 329 216, 561 20, 515 21, 282 420, 145 509, 610 999, 784 2, 903, 235 8, 791, 068 1, 000, 000 46, 694, 576 3, 906, 086 1893. Short tons. 6, 663, 095 561, 039 150, 095 501, 507 177, 902 42, 739 156, 016 3, 282, 467 458, 056 551, 158 6, 148, 758 94, 582 634, 165 6, 261, 146 303, 547 380, 666 3, 885, 196 196, 736 53, 192 19, 169 499, 651 532, 688 962, 248 3,315, 146 7, 439, 760 800, 000 1894. Short tons. 6, 354, 559 580, 030 103, 765 313, 095 256, 157 28, 027 137, 593 2, 978, 927 307, 806 401, 004 4, 148, 464 100, 000 399, 023 6, 440, 989 123 200, 032 398, 548 3, 248, 154 132, 422 80, 160 19, 844 331, 594 418, 195 704, 560 3, 461, 428 7, 767, 964 600, 000 Increase in 1894. Short tons. 18, 991 78, 255 5,418 179, 843 123 17, 882 26, 968 675 146, 282 328, 204 44,070,724 39,912,463 c2, 623, 852 I . Decrease in 1894. Short tons. 308, 536 46, 330 188, 412 14, 712 18, 423 303. 540 150, 250 150, 154 2, 000, 294 235, 142 103, 515 637, 042 64, 314 168, 057 114, 493 257, 688 200, 000 c4, 158, 261 a Included in product of small mines. b Included in county distribution. c Net decrease. COAL 187 In the following tables will be found a statement of the average prices which obtained iu the different counties since 1889, and the statistics of labor and working time during the same period : Average prices for Pennsylvania coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Allegheny . $0.85 $0. 93 $1. 03 $0.91 $0. 82 $0. 88 Armstrong . .73 .72 .76 . 76 .76 .72 Beaver . 1.18 1.05 1. 00 1.01 .98 .91 Bedford . .80 .80 .86 .82 .74 .69 Blair . .98 .81 .87 .85 .77 .75 Bradford . 1.33 1.28 1.34 1.42 1.30 1.53 Butler . .97 .87 .89 .93 .81 .76 Cambria . .77 .83 .80 .82 .79 .73 Center . .79 .79 .75 .79 .75 .68 Clarion . .72 .75 .75 .75 .72 .70 Clearfield . .84 .85 .84 .81 .80 .72 Clinton . .78 1. 15 1.01 .76 .814 Elk . .81 .84 .83 .83 .79 .86 Fayette . .63 .77 .82 .77 .73 .69 Huntingdon . .75 . 77 .78 .75 .75 .74 Indiana . .71 .82 .76 .77 .77 .70 Jefferson . .73 . 85 .88 .81 .74 .71 Lawrence . 1.05 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 .92 Lycoming . 1.12 1.22 1.23 McKean . 1.05 1. 10 1. 10 .95 Mercer . .89 .85 .90 .88 .89 .82 Somerset . .70 . 65 .71 .66 .63 .63 Tioga . 1.22 1. 10 1. 14 1.44 1.21 1.36 Washington . .66 .93 .87 .87 .78 .62 W estmoreland . .74 .80 .87 .81 .82 .77 The State . .77 .84 .87 .84 .80 .74 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Pennsylvania coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Allegheny . 9, 036 198 11, 194 199 11, 223 225 14, 328 161 14, 107 154 Armstrong . 661 251 805 230 964 246 1, 080 214 1, 153 168 Beaver . 205 251 228 201* 323 210 318 215 312 148 Bedford . . 662 288 605 230 975 265 806 185 855 144 Blair . 595 284 503 249 848 203 632 166 730 142 Bradford . 292 196 169 228 122 206 83 167 90 134 Butler . 314 237 342 240 358 169 276 208 497 111 Cambria . 4, 140 361 4, 284 258 4,913 228 6, 073 199 6,230 165 Center . 623 230 823 200 767 181 743 193 855 111 Clarion . 938 237 895 221 985 235 1,224 231 926 201 Clearfield . 9, 324 336 10, 067 227 10, 225 212 10, 455 186 9, 654 134 Clinton . 200 265 181 291 175 175 175 163 190 153 Elk . 1, 181 255 1, 622 229 1, 265 230 1,244 195 1, 107 147 Eavette . 6, 503 247 7, 545 216* 7,952 239 6,780 195 8, 847 198 Huntingdon . 611 237 595 246 560 244 487 182 478 133 Indiana . 668 245 561 227 656 191 605 186 724 164 Jefferson . 3, 971 245 4, 172 237 4,567 232 5, 537 210 5, 184 164 Lawrence . 307 232 327 236 368 250 430 218 490 165 60 252 117 279 166 231 McKean . 42 230 28 304 19 285 50 200 Mercer . 1,023 231 972 241 876 181 981 187 1,014 121 Somerset . 646 225 531 266 577 238 695 214 731 150 Tioga . 2, 019 192 1,980 241 2,249 223 2,425 214 2,213 149 Washington . 4, 644 227 4, 135 222 4,895 202 6, 058 184 6, 889 159 Westmoreland . 12, 080 228 11, 083 221 10, 724 234 10, 270 205 11,517 202 The State . 61, 333 232 63, 661 223 66, 655 223 71,931 190 75,010 165 188 MINERAL RESOURCES. TENNESSEE. Total product in 1894, 2,180,879 short tons; spot value, $2,119,481. TENNESSEE COAL FIELDS. The great Appalachian field crosses the eastern part of Tennessee in a comparatively narrow belt, 71 miles wide at tbe northern boundary and narrowing to 50 miles at the southern or Alabama and Georgia State line. The general direction of the belt is northeast and southwest. Tlie workable coal area is confined to what is known as the Cumber¬ land table-land. About 5,100 square miles are contained in the area which is embraced in 19 counties. The coals are all bituminous in char¬ acter and some are of very excellent quality. In Campbell County is a part of the famous Jellico steam coal field. The Sewanee vein is one of the most important ones in the State and is worked extensively in Grundy County. Coke of high grade is made from the coal of this seam, particularly in Grundy County. Extensive coking establish¬ ments are also found in Claiborne, Hamilton, Marion, Rhea, and Roane counties. About 500,000 tons of coal are coked in the State annually. A comprehensive paper on the Tennessee coal fields, by Prof. J. M. Salford, was published in Mineral Resources, 1892. CONVICTS IN COAL MINES. Mention was made in the previous report of the purchase by the State of 9,000 acres of coal land in Morgan County for the purpose of using the convicts therein, instead of leasing them to corporations. Work was begun on these mines in 1894, but up to the close of the year only 500 short tons of coal had been taken out. The idea, there¬ fore, is still practically one of experiment only, but nevertheless the following report, by Mr. L. E. Bryant, engineer in charge, will be found interesting. 1 Owing to troubles which had been brewing a long time between the free and convict miners, and which culminated in the Coal Creek war of two years ago, the present administration in Tennessee has sought to eliminate the primary causes of such a condition of things by employing its own convicts on its own land in the production of coal, instead of leasing them to contractors to be employed by the side of the free laborers, who have always regarded them as a menace to their best interests and organization. The first step toward this end was accomplished by the penitentiary act of 1893, appropriating the necessary funds and appointing a committee to investigate any and all coal lauds offered to the State as suitable ground on which to commence oper¬ ations. After a careful inspection the committee very justly decided on 9,000 acres of land about 20 miles north of Harriman, in Morgan County, to which a railroad is building. The Coal Measures on this property reach an exaggerated development compared with the more southwestern and better known coal territory of the State, no less than nine workable seams occurring above drainage on some portions of the property, leaving fully 2,000 feet of lower measure rocks still to be explored. Two of the veins are more favorably situated for working than the rest, and as they are of a quality to recommend them for mining, operations will first be com- 1 Written for tlie Engineering and Mining Journal, September 15, 1894. COAL. 189 nieuced in them. The lower one, which ranges from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, makes an admirable coke, while the higher one is more especially suited for steam and domestic purposes. This latter vein often reaches 6 feet in thickness and mines in large, bright lumps. The commission contemplates going into business on a large and thoroughly modern scale; the three-headiug system with 40 to 45 foot rooms will probably be adopted, the conditions being favorable. The screening plant will be of the latest design for large capacity, and all coals below 2 inches will be washed and the sizes hand picked. As much of the product will be put into coke and high-class domestic coals as possible, these grades permitting farther shipment than the cheaper steam coals, and consequently command a wider market. The beehive oven will be used in the coking plant, and besides the usual furnace and foundry article, especial atten¬ tion will probably be given to the production of crushed coke for base-burning anthracite stoves, as this branch of the coke industry is quite promising in the South. In working the convicts quite a change from the ordinary method in use in this district will in all probability be introduced. It has been the custom to task the convict to a certain number of cars or tons of coal per day, relying on him to lay his track, set his props, mine, shoot, and load his coal, and deliver it on the entry. This is quite too much responsibilit3r for the ordinary free miner, where one wants a mine kept in good condition and the mining laws are strict. The evils resulting from this are found to be badly laid track, badly set props, and, as a rule, twice as many as needed, coal not mined at all, but simply shot to pieces, and finally loaded up with all the slate, sulphur, and other refuse at hand that would help fill up the requisite number of cars for the task. The only way heretofore iu use to prevent these things has been by whipping, the efficacy of which has never been proved, and its effects on the mental conditions of convicts, even if they are mostly black, can hardly be imagined by a layman. It is now proposed to systematize the work as much as possible and relieve the convicts of all the responsibility possible and at the same time make it as nearly im¬ possible as one can for them to do any of the things spoken of above as objectionable. No attempt will be made to use coal-cutting machinery, but the best of the men able to handle a pick will be selected and used just as if they were machines. They will undercut coal and do nothing else, and be formed in gangs on each entry under free bosses if necessary and convict ones if found practicable. Tasks of so many feet per day will probably be introduced, but the penalty for not completing them in the eight or nine hours allowed will be overwork until it is done. After these men have cut the coal a free boss, with probably half a dozen assistants, will bore and shoot it, and an inspection of the working places will follow this, when, if everything is safe, the great mass of convicts will be turned into the rooms and the coal loaded in the presence of convict inspector bosses if possible and free if necessary, whose duty it will be to see that the men do a reasonable day’s work and load the coal clean. After this crew has finished, the timbermen and track layers will follow and put the rooms in shape for the next operation. It has been found dangerous in many camps to give powder to the convicts in the proportions of one or two shots per day, as in many cases they use only about half of it, and secrete the balance for some pyrotechnic display, which while often innocently meant, is sometimes directed toward the roof of the mine, iu order to cause a cave in and give a holiday until the fall is cleaned. Anarchistic plots are not unheard of either, but the main benefit to be derived from this provision for curbing the issuance of explosives will undoubtedly be a more merchantable article of coal. Such a sys¬ tem as this makes it possible to establish a series of grades, as rewards of fidelity and good work, and this fact may be taken advantage of if it is found practicable. The outside laborers, inside bosses, timbermen, track layers, coal cutters and loading inspectors could be formed into a privileged class, as it were, whose rewards would be shorter hours of labor and some distinctive badge. Whether or not these iucen- 190 MINERAL RESOURCES. tives alone would do to keep up the requisite amount of enthusiasm is immaterial, for if the system depended on that alone a small extra monetary consideration would do the work. The trouble will come in getting rid of the coal without having clashes with local mines. The question of cost of production is the thing least to fear. Sanitary arrangements of the latest known design will be used in the dormitories for the men, and what has heretofore been almost impossible will be attempted — that is, to keep the convicts clean. Those who have had any acquaintance with the sub¬ ject will know that this will probably cause more trouble than all the other regula¬ tions together. In the latter part of May, 1895, Mr. Bryant, in reply to an inquiry from this office, reported that, owing to legislative complications, work at the State convict mines had not been pushed as fast as at first con¬ templated. Shipments had begun, however, and it was expected that at the extra session of the present legislature the necessary appropri¬ ation for the construction of crushing, washing, and coking plants would be made. No material change has been made or ordered in the plans outlined in the preceding article, and Mr. Bryant expects to have the main body of the State convicts at the mines by January 1, 1896. Whether or not the experiment will prove financially remuner¬ ative to the State can only be told after that time, as the work now in progress is preliminary and consists of entry driving and room turn¬ ing. Enough has been gathered from the experience so far to demon¬ strate that the coal is of good quality, and Mr. Bryant thinks the coke will be rather better than the average in the South. The chances of success have rather increased than decreased as the work has pro¬ gressed. The mines are expected to produce from 2,000 to 4,000 tons daily. Only screened and washed coal will be shipped. The fine coal will be made into coke. PRODUCTION. The records of coal production in Tennessee date from 1873, but for ten years from that date the amounts reported were principally esti¬ mates, except for 1880, when the Tenth United States Census showed a total product of G41,042 short tons. The estimated output iu 1873 was 350,000 short tons. From then until 1891 there was a practically steady increase in the annual production, reaching in the latter year 2,413,678 short tons, the largest output in any one year in the history of coal mining in the State.- Except for the census years 1880 and 1889, the only reliable statistics of production in Tennessee have been com¬ piled by the Geological Survey and published in Mineral Resources of the United States. The years for which they were thus obtained are from 1885 to 1894 (except the census year of 1889), and appear in a subsequent table. In 1892 the coal mining interests of the State suffered severely from the riots brought on by the opposition of free labor to the employment of convicts in competition with it (see Mr. Bryant’s report, preceding). In that year the product was 321,614 short tons, or more than 15 per COAL 191 cent, less than in 1891. Owing to the action of the State authorities, these demonstrations were less marked in 1893, but the industry felt the effects of the industrial and financial depression, and a further decrease of 189,806 short tons, or nearly 10 per cent, was noted. The strike of 1894 affected some of the mines in this State, but not so gen¬ erally as in others, and the product increased 278,621 tons, or about lo per cent over that of 1893. The value increased only $71,032, about 3£ per cent, the average price in sympathy with the general decline in values falling from $1.08 per ton to 97 cents. In the following tables the statistics of production during 1893 and 1894 are given by counties: Coal product of Tennessee in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and beat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. 306, 177 1,750 3, 850 311,777 $319, 115 $1.02 247 665 Campbell . 251, 796 7,231 1,476 2, 000 262, 503 . 328, 897 1.25 175 936 Claiborne . 154, 754 500 800 25, 476 181,530 163, 447 .90 142 280 600 600 1, 200 2, 400 2. 00 100 0 Grundy . 132, 912 1,019 2,302 157, 780 294, 013 305i 774 1.04 247 548 Hamilton . 112, 750 1,552 1,848 39, 373 155, 523 158, 681 1.02 260 670 Marion . 140, 572 1,254 633 69, 135 211,594 206, 452 .98 262 480 77, 565 384 241 78, 190 83, 542 1. 07 224 272 Khea . 1,790 9, 353 1,344 84, 044 96; 531 86; 151 .89 295 245 Eoane . 5,405 3,842 4, 557 25, 750 39, 554 57, 891 1.46 203 160 Scott . 138, 395 9, 395 2, 190 8,000 157, 980 220, 800 1.40 222 414 104, 503 1,680 1,680 107, 863 111, 299 1.03 307 300 4. 000 4j 000 4; 000 Total _ 1, 427, 219 42, 560 20, 921 411, 558 1, 902, 258 2, 048, 449 1.08 232 4, 976 Coal product of Tennessee in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Anderson .... 7 535, 108 3, 014 4, 600 1,500 544, 222 $527, 671 $0. 97 256 1, 217 Campbell . ... 8 169, 448 4, 105 1,340 8, 395 183, 288 192, 757 1.05 140 698 Claiborne. . . . 4 142, 145 550 24, 458 167, 153 157, 377 .94 169 277 Franklin, Grundy, Putnam, and White. 4 327, 716 2, 931 8, 800 144, 355 483, 802 415, 629 .86 224 1,229 Hamilton .... 3 100, 398 1,193 1,009 53, 701 156, 301 141, 008 .90 218 441 Marion . 3 110,945 11, 143 434 62, 075 184, 597 209, 627 1.14 183 522 6 63, 451 4, 386 3, 456 800 350 64, 601 124, 115 118, 887 149, 413 4, 500 63, 233 125, 823 .98 145 373 3 7, 751 11,238 12, 760 3,360 2, 800 108, 618 1. 01 253 209 2 101,393 16, 000 118, 887 162, 969 4, 500 1.00 307 210 3 114; 353 6; 300 1.09 194 366 4. 500 Total . . 43 1, 571, 406 59, 985 28, 993 520, 495 2, 180, 879 2, 119, 481 .97 210 5,542 192 MINERAL RESOURCES The annual output of the State since 1873 has been as follows: Coal product of Tennessee from 1873 to 1894. Tears. Short tons. Tears. Short tons. 1873 . 350, 000 350, 000 360, 000 550, 000 450, 000 375, 000 450, 000 641, 042 750, 000 850, 000 1, 000, 000 1884 . 1, 200, 000 1, 440, 957 1, 714, 290 1, 900, 000 1, 967, 297 1, 925, 689 2, 169, 585 2, 413, 678 2, 092, 064 1, 902, 258 2, 180, 879 1874 . 1885 . 1875 . 1886 . 1876 . 1887 . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 . 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . . 1880 . 1891 . 1881 . 1892 . . 1882 . 1893 . 1883 . 1894 In the following- table is shown the total production, by counties, since 1889, with the increase and decrease in each county during 1894, as compared with the preceding year : Coal product of Tennessee since 1889, by counties. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase in 1894. Decrease in 1894. Anderson . Campbell . Claiborne . Franklin . Grundy . Hamilton . Marion . Morgan . Putnam . Short tons. 457, 069 123, 103 (a) C3 A~ U

Pierce . ( Skagit . 1 Thurston . . . > Whatcom...) Total ... 19 1,030,232 10,822 56, 853 8,563 1,106, 470 2, 578, 441 2. 33 207 2,662 The annual product since 1885 has been as follows : Product of coal in Washington since 1885. Years. Total product. Total value. Average price per ton. Total em¬ ployees. Average number of days worked. Short tons. 1885 . 380, 250 1886 . 423j 525 $952, 931 $2. 25 1887 . 772, 601 1, 699, 746 2. 19 1 571 1888 . 1, 215’ 750 3| 647, 250 3.00 1889 . 1,030, 578 2, 393, 238 2. 32 2 657 1890 . L 263^ 689 3, 426| 590 2.71 2,206 270 1891 . 1,056,249 2, 437, 270 2.31 2. 447 211 1892 . 1, 213, 427 2, 763, 547 2.28 2, 564 247 1893 . 1,264, 877 2, 920, 876 2.31 2, 757 241 1894 . 1, 106,470 2, 578, 441 2. 31 2,662 207 COAL 201 The total output of the State since 1887, by counties, with the in¬ creases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893, is shown in the following table: Product of coal in Washington since 1S87, by counties. [Short tons.] Counties 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. King . * . Kittitas . Okanogan . 339, 961 104, 782 546, 535 220, 000 415, 779 294, 701 517, 492 445, 311 429, 778 348, 018 Pierce . Skagit . 229. 785 276, 956 273, 618 285, 886 271, 053 1,400 6, 000 Thurston . Whatcom . 15, 295 42, 000 46, 480 15, 000 Not specified . 82, 778 130, 259 Total . 772, 601 1, 215, 750 1, 030, 578 1, 263, 689 1, 056, 249 Counties. 1892. 1893. 1894. Increase in 1894. Decrease in 1894. Xing . 508, 467 285, 088 577, 731 253, 467 422, 676 232, 580 50 406, 831 7, 537 26, 880 9, 916 155, 055 20, 887 Kittitas . Okanogan . 50 . 4, 632 26, 880 Pierce . Skagit . 364, 294 4, 703 22, 119 28, 756 408, 074 2, 905 1,243 Whatcom . Not specified . 22, 700 12, 784 Total . 1, 213, 427 1, 264, 877 1, 106, 470 a 158, 407 a Net decrease. In the following tables are shown the average prices ruling in each county since 1889, and the statistics of labor employed and average working time since 1890: Average prices for Washington coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. King . $2. 55 2. 64 2.114 1.79 $2. 61 2. 76 2. 854 2. 00 $2.35 2. 22 2. 334 $2. 42 2. 11 2. 26 2. 01 2. 68 $2. 22 2.71 2. 25 $2. 62 2.11 2.15 2. 28 2. 23 3.00 2. 40 2. 32 2. 71 2. 31 2.28 2.31 2. 33 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Washington coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. A veragemumber employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. King . 1,098 292 1, 285 226 1,296 265 1,256 272 919 244 Kittitas . 489 259 501 148 500 178 . 672 162 809 125 Pierce . 589 257 601 236 626 269 756 260 818 237 30 240 42 223 38 245 Whatcom . 30 150 70 305 56 291 43 328 The State . 2,206 270 2, 447 211 2, 564 247 2, 757 241 2, 662 207 202 MINERAL RESOURCES. WEST VIRGINIA. Total product in 1894, 11,627,757 short tons; spot value $8,706,808. WEST VIRGINIA COAL FIELDS. West Virginia contains more of the great Appalachian coal field than any other State. The total area embraces about 16,000 square miles — more than 80 per cent of the total bituminous areas of Ohio and Penn¬ sylvania combined, 60 per cent more than Pennsylvania alone, and 2,000 square miles more than Kentucky and Tennessee combined. The area underlaid by coal is about two-thirds of the total area of the. State. The general boundaries of the coal fields have been briefly outlined in Mineral Resources for 1886, as follows : The eastern boundary begins at the south, on the mountain just east of the Bluestone River, and proceeds thence to Little Sewell Moun¬ tain, on the top of which the lowest seam of the lowest coal measures may be seen; thence, but not by a very clearly defined line, with the common boundary of Nicholas and Greenbrier and Webster and Poca¬ hontas counties to Rich Mountain, in Randolph County; following this last-named ridge to Laurel Mountain, the dividing line between Upshur County on the west and Randolph and Barbour counties on the east; and thence with the Briery Mountain into Preston County, and so on to the Pennsylvania State line. To the east of this boundary there are small outlying patches of coal, as in Greenbrier County, in Meadow Mountain, and possibly in Pocahontas County and in some of the syn¬ clinal valleys of Tucker County; but these patches are unimportant as compared to the vast area to the west, and in but few instances will they yield coal of any value except for local use. This statement will not, however, apply to the small area in Mineral and Grant counties, which is entirely separated by sub-Carboniferous outcrops from the main West Virginia coal field. In every county west of this general eastern boundary to the Ohio River will valuable coal be found, if not outcropping in the hills, then below the surface and accessible by shafting, so that out of fifty-four counties in the State only Monroe, Pendleton, Hardy, Hampshire, Mor¬ gan, and Jefferson counties may be considered as lacking in workable coal beds. For convenience of description the coal formation may be divided into five groups, as follows: 1. The Pottsville Conglomerate group is composed of alternating beds of conglomerate and sandstone, the former characterizing the group with beds of shale and slates, which contain in many places valuable workable coal beds. The thickness of the group varies from 100 to 1,000 feet. c COAL. 203 2. The Lower Coal Measures, resting upon the great Millstone Grit or Potts ville Conglomerate series, containing very many important ami valuable coal seams and having a thick series of sandstones, known as the Mahoning, capping the group. 3. The Lower Barren Measures, composed of reddish and blueish shales and slates, sandstones, and limestones — the latter in some parts of the State being very important — usually destitute of workable coal beds, and terminating above at the Pittsburg coal bed. 4. The Upper Coal Measures, containing several important coal seams, of which the Pittsburg or the Cumberland big seam lies at the base. 5. The Upper Barren Measures, composed of sandstones and shales. PRODUCTION. The development of the West Virginia coal fields has been of extra¬ ordinary growth. In 1873 the product was 672,000 short tons. In 1883 it was 2,235,833, and in 1893 it was 10,708,578 short tons, and added nearly another million tons increase in the product for 1894. In 1882, the first year covered by Mineral Resources, West Virginia ranked fifth in importance among the coal-producing States, and held that position until 1886, when she took fourth place. At this time she produced only about one-half as much as Ohio, the third in rank. The ratio of increase in the two States did not vary much until 1889, when West Virginia’s product amounted to more than 60 per cent that of Ohio; in 1891 it was more than 70 per cent; in 1893 it was more than 80 per cent, and in 1894 the product of Ohio was less than 3 per cent larger than West Virginia. It must be taken into consideration, how¬ ever, that in 1894 Ohio was one of the heaviest sufferers from the effects of the great strike, while West Virginia was in the main bene¬ fited. In some districts where the miners’ union was strong the West Virginia operators suffered with the others, while in other ‘districts where the union was weak the strike did good rather than damage, and in the Pocahontas field, which was exempt from the strike order, the operators and the railroad were alike unable to meet the demands upon them. Then, too, West Virginia suffered less from the effects of the industrial depression than most of the coal-producing States, for the average price declined but 2 cents per ton compared with 1893, and the decline in nearly all the other bituminous regions was consid¬ erably more than that. It is not to be supposed that the same condi¬ tions which affected the comparison of Ohio and West Virginia in 1894 will obtain in 1895 nor for some years to come, if ever, but still with the advantage possessed by the latter for extending her markets, and particularly the facilities for reaching the seaboard, the product is likely to increase in greater proportion than Ohio’s, and the order of their standing will be reversed before the close of the century. During 1894, an organization was formed by the operators along the New and Kanawha rivers in Fayette and Kanawha counties, under 204 MINERAL RESOURCES. the name of the Kanawha and New River Coal and Coke Company, for the purpose of extending the markets for the coals of those regions, particularly in the West. The company is incorporated with a cap ital of $1,000,000, and the various mining companies will participate in the results on a mutual basis. Another change of importance has been made in the method of marketing West Virginia coals, and jirob- ably to this change is due in large measure the formation of the new company. Heretofore the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad has been the purchaser of all the coal mined along its line, and has paid the oper¬ ators a certain price agreed upon. The railroad company would then transport the coal to the markets and receive for freight the difference between the price at mines and delivered. At the last session of the legislature a law was passed prohibiting railroad companies from engaging in the coal business in this way, as being outside their legiti¬ mate business of common carriers, so that for the future operators will be obliged to go into the market for themselves. In the following tables are exhibited the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894, showing the distribution of the product for consumption by counties, the value, the number of employees, and the average number of working days : Coal product of West Virginia in 1893, by counties. Counties. Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for steam and heat. Made into coke. Total product. Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees. Short Short Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. Barbour . 4, 088 1, 196 5, 284 $4, 718 $0 89 217 8 Brooke . . . 25, 700 6, 650 550 32, 900 29, 015 . 88 260 79 Fayette . 2, 116. 656 34! 323 12, 657 489, 224 2, 652, 860 2, 120! 758 .80 224 4, 487 Grant . 5, 600 1, 120 11 6, 731 5, 109 . 76 150 15 Harrison . 168, 686 3,' 151 228 21, 567 193, 632 128! 828 .67 211 298 Kanawha . 1, 415, 745 22, 485 5, 106 2, 916 1,416, 252 1, 236, 861 .86 276 2, 306 Logan . 425 425 425 1. 00 50 4 Marion . 783, 024 10, 708 13, 490 255, 112 1, 062, 334 742, 616 .70 203 1, 536 Marshall . . 152, 697 5, 200 1, 100 158, 997 124, 407 . 78 194 245 Mason . 112! 408 39, 815 1, 410 153, 633 143, 130 . 93 194 376 McDowell . 1, 620, 409 29, 173 6! 549 510, 347 2, 166, 478 1. 526! 598 .70 185 3,375 Mercer . 776,217 5, 134 2,366 211,711 995, 428 690, 490 .69 209 1,281 Mineral . 643, 329 9, 346 350 653, 025 537, 366 . 82 229 666 Monongalia .... 27 j 500 200 350 10, 550 38, 600 27, 975 .72 225 60 Ohio . . 80, 565 45 80, 610 66, 269 . 82 221 135 Preston . 52,211 l! 579 989 27, 893 82, 672 57! 131 .69 140 200 Putnam . 208, 231 1, 450 200 209, 881 211, 556 1. 01 204 520 Raleigh . 9l! 730 600 92, 330 92, 330 1. 00 165 145 1, 494 1, 494 1 494 1. 00 100 8 Taylor . 63| 661 1,820 91 13, 068 78, 640 45, 968 .58 260 105 Tucker . 322,576 15, 749 1,406 136, 641 476, 372 338, 126 .71 267 675 Small mines. . . . 120, 000 120, 000 120, 000 . Total . 8, 591, 962 390, 689 46, 898 1, 679, 029 10, 708, 578 8, 251, 170 .77 219 16, 524 COAL 205 Coal product of West Virginia in 1894, by counties. Counties. Num¬ ber of mines. Barbour . Brooke . Fayette . Grant . . Harrison . Kanawha _ Marion . Marshall _ Mason . . McDowell Mercer . Mineral . Monongalia. . . Ohio . Preston . Putnam . Randolph _ Taylor . . Tucker . Logan, It a - leigli, and Wayne _ Small' mines . . Total ... 4 45 2 10 23 11 4 9 29 7 6 3 12 4 4 3 2: 4 187 Loaded at mines for ship¬ ment. Short tons. 7,616 39, 623 2, 157, 737 6, 104 235, 173 1,059, 719 1,154,744 145, 513 65, 577 2, 088, 249 786, 363 559, 829 59, 883 18, 000 35, 884 201, 625 15, 643 84, 755 277, 307 116,970 9, 116, 314 Sold to local trade and used by em¬ ployees. Used at mines for 8 team and heat. Made into coke. Short Short Short tons. tons. tons. 2, 104 5, 222 150 33, 726 18, 522 356, 627 459 2, 782 17, 679 17, 356 5, 360 1, 924 6, 743 13,482 224, 929 10, 407 72, 470 400 2. 755 26,313 8, 842 1, 034, 965 5,620 8, 450 272, 517 3,163 278 985 645 18, 045 84, 610 300 829 246 3,895 16, 363 2, 150 560 _ 1 _ . .. 9, 296 108 8, 523 4, 194 2,438 80, on 125, 000 428, 202 64, 126 2,019, 115 Total product. Short tons. 9, 720 44, 995 2, 566, 612 6, 563 255, 634 1, 084, 359 1, 399, 898 156, 320 140, 802 3, 158, 369 1,072, 950 563, 270 79, 558 102, 910 40, 854 220, 138 16, 203 102, 682 363, 950 116, 970 125, 000 Total value. Aver¬ age price per ton. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of days active. Total number of em¬ ployees $8, 679 $0. 89 223 20 34, 461 . 77 205 100 1, 852, 472 .72 164 4, 594 4,510 .69 no 23 182, 653 .71 168 519 942, 782 .87 155 2, 706 1,198, 514 .86 274 1,479 113, 337 .72* 177 220 122, 036 .86 177 391 2, 104, 466 .67 207 3, 891 761, 199 .71 211 1, 274 432, 234 .77 189 564 69, 039 .87 181 164 86, 555 .84 166 249 27, 969 .68 152 105 247, 082 1. 12 158 530 14, 602 .90 93 120 63, 498 .62 204 158 225, 961 .62 179 390 89, 759 125, 000 .77 118 327 8, 706, 808 . 75 18617, 824 The annual output since 1873 has been as follows: Coal product of West Virginia since 1873. Years. Short tons. Years. Short tons. 1873 . 672, 000 1, 120, 000 1, 120, 000 896, 000 1, 120, 000 1, 120, 000 1, 400, 000 1,568, 000 1. 680, 000 2, 240, 000 2, 335, 833 1884 . 3, 360, 000 3, 369, 062 4, 005, 796 4, 881, 620 5, 498, 800 6, 231, 880 7, 394, 654 9, 220, 665 9, 738, 755 10, 708, 578 11,627,757 1874 . 1885 . 1875 . 1886 . 1876 . 1887 . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 . 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . 1880 . 1891 . 1881 . 1892 . 1882 . 1893 . 1883 . 1894 . The following table will be found of interest as showing the annual increase in the coal output of West Virginia since 1880, and the aver¬ age annual increase in the fourteen years: Annual increase in the coal product of Jf'est Virginia since 1SSO. Years. Short tons. 112, 000 560, 000 95, 833 1, 024, 167 9, 062 636, 734 875, 824 617, 180 733, 080 1, 162,774 1,826, 011 518, 090 969, 823 919. 179 1882 over 1881 . 1883 over 1882 . 1884 over 1883 . . 1885 over 1884 . 1886 over 1885 . 1 1887 over 1886 . 1888 over 1887 . 1889 over 1888 . . 1890 over 1889 . . 1891 over 1890 . . 1892 over 1891 . 1893 over 1892 . 1894 over 1893 . 10,059,757 i 718, 554 j 206 MINERAL RESOURCES Iii the following table will be found the total product of the State, by counties, since 1886, with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893. The important increases were in McDowell, Marion, Mercer, and Monongalia counties, while the greater part of the decrease was borne by Kanawha County. Coal product of West Virginia from 1886 to 1894, by counties. [Short tons.] Counties. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Brooke . Fayette . Harrison . Kanawha . 22, 880 1, 413, 778 234, 597 876, 785 40, 366 1, 252, 457 154, 220 1, 126, 839 11, 568 1,977, 030 109, 515 863, 600 31, 119 1, 450, 780 174, 115 1, 218, 236 586, 529 282, 467 47, 706 185, 030 921,741 493, 464 74, 031 143, 170 129, 932 218, 752 36. 794 1, 591, 298 144, 403 1, 421, 116 956, 222 455, 728 123, 669 145, 314 1, 005, 870 573, 684 31,360 103, 586 178, 439 205, 178 Marion . Marshall . Mason . Mercer . Mineral . Monongalia . 172, 379 251, 333 150, 878 328, 733 361,312 365, 844 92, 368 140, 968 575, 885 478, 636 363, 974 47, 702 72, 410 969, 395 456, 361 Ohio . Preston . Putnam . (а) 170, 721 (б) 131, 936 276, 224 53, 200 140,019 231, 540 145, 440 Taylor . Tucker . Other counties and small (c) 22, 400 168, 000 24, 707 55, 729 62,517 83, 012 173, 492 18, 304 76, 618 245, 378 100, 000 Total . 4, 005, 796 4,881,620 ' 5,498,800 | 6,231.880 7, 394, 654 Counties. Barbour . Brooke . Fayette . Grant . Harrison . Kanawha . Logan . McDowell . Marion . Marshall . Mason . Mercer . Mineral . Monongalia . Ohio . Preston . Putnam . Raleigh . Randolph . Taylor . Tucker . Wayne . Other counties small mines. . . . 2, 1, and Total . 1891. 1892. 1893. 33, 950 307, 421 26, 521 2, 455, 400 150, 522 324, 788 221, 726 1, 317, 621 267, 136 000, 047 193, 703 159, 990 172, 910 693, 574 31, 000 90, 600 140, 399 94, 230 32, 900 2, 652, 860 193, 632 1, 446, 252 1, 696, 975 919, 704 118, 974 159, 644 1, 191, 952 582, 402 48, 900 120, 323 98, 006 89, 886 95, 824 101, 661 358, 734 100, 000 9, 220, 665 115, 145 359, 752 120, 000 2, 166, 478 ] , 062, 334 158, 997 153, 633 995, 428 653, 025 38, 600 80, 610 82, 672 209, 881 92, 330 78, 640 476, 372 133, 934 1894. 9,720 44, 995 2, 566, 612 6, 563 255, 634 1, 084, 359 11, 611 3, 158, 369 1, 399, 898 156, 320 140, 802 1, 072, 950 563, 270 79, 558 102, 910 40, 854 220, 138 84, 359 16, 203 102, 682 363, 950 21, 000 125, 000 Increase in 1894. 9, 720 12, 095 6,563 62, 002 11, 611 991, 891 337, 564 77, 522 40, 958 22, 300 Decrease in 1894. 86, 248 361,893 2, 677 12, 831 89, 755 10, 257 16, 203 24, 042 21, 000 41, 818 7,971 112,422 8, 934 9,738,755 10,708,578 11,627,757 d 919, 179 a Included in product of Marshall County. b Included in product of Mason County. c Included in product of Harrison County. ii Net increase. COAL 207 Uniform with the discussion of the product of other States the fol¬ lowing tables are given, showing the average price per ton and the statistics of labor employed and working time for a series of years: Average prices for West Virginia coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. $0. 73 . 90 $0. 77£ . 90 $0. 82* . 85 $0. 94 . 84 $0. 88 . 80 $0. 77 . 72 Fayette . .66 . 70 . 72 . 77 . 67 . 71 .96 .96 .97 .92 .86 . 87 Logan . .64* . 86" Marion . . 71 . 69 .70 .74 .70 Marshall . .75 • 81* .93 .80 . 79 .78 . .72* .86 . 91 .90 .96 .93 .67* • 641; .80 .71 .671 .74 .73 .70 . 67 Mercer . .75 .76 .69 .71 Mineral . . 87* .64 .84 . 77 .82 .77 .72 .65 .72 .72 .87 Ohio . .88* .66 .97 .78 .99 .82 .84 Preston . .72 .64 .67 .69 .68 Putnam . 1.12 .97 1.19 1. 11 1.01 1. 12 .89 1. 00 .78* .90 1.00 Taylor . Tucker . .631 .691 .76 .76 .60* .64* .61 .70 .58 .71 .62 .62 .76 .82 .84 .80 .80 .77 .75 Statistics of labor employed and working time at West Virginia coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number employed. Average working (lavs. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed . Average working days. f-l 03 3 03 si g 2 <£) 03 "4 Average working days. A verage number employed. Average working days. Brooke . 50 202 59 274 51 226 79 260 100 205 Fayette . 2, 824 225 3, 823 245 4, 102 252 4, 487 224 4,594 164 Harrison . . 305 194 285 214 473 148 298 211 439 178 Kanawha . 2, 756 230 2, 802 217 2, 677 217 2, 306 276 2, 706 155 Logan . 150 70 Marion . 865 218 1,408 279 1, 114 275 1,536 203 1,479 274 Marshall . 175 265 190 257 210 199 245 194 220 177 Mason . 480 229 311 236 338 215 376 194 391 177 McDowell . 1, 315 183 1,536 227 2, 061 195 3, 375 185 3, 891 207 Mercer . 1,465 217 1, 510 244 1,621 211 1,281 209 1, 274 211 Mineral . 620 279 624 259* 500 244 666 229 564 189 Monongalia . 55 260 50 260 72 308 60 225 164 181 Ohio . 153 268 131 276 222 243 135 221 249 166 Preston . 337 282 304 221 170 209 200 140 105 152 Putnam . 375 194 526 143 483 180 520 204 530 158 Raleigh . 120 167 145 165 142 146 8 100 120 93 Taylor . 108 256 118 287 128 282 105 260 158 204 Tucker . 353 309 550 306 525 306 675 267 390 179 Wayne . 35 210 The Slate . 12, 236 227 14, 227 237 14, 867 228 16, 524 219 17, 824 186 208 MINERAL RESOURCES. WYOMING Total product in 1894, 2,417,403 short tons; spot value, $3,170,392. COALS AND COAL MEASURES OF WYOMING. 1 Not less than 40 per cent of the entire area of 'Wyoming is under¬ lain with Coal Measures, and over one-half of this is known to contain coal veins of commercial value. The term “ Coal Measures,” as used in this connection, needs to be defined, so that it will not confuse the Eastern geologists, who might consider the Measures Carboniferous, and also that it may not be synonymous with the Laramie group, which horizon has been called the Western Coal Measures. It is now definitely known that all of the Rocky Mountain Cretaceous groups are coal bearing, and at present coal mines are being worked in the Dakota, Bear River, Montana, and Laramie groups, in Wyoming. Since all of the Cretaceous groups are coal bearing, it is only proper to refer to the Cretaceous system as the Western Coal Measures, instead of referring to a single group. The coal fields are so numerous in the State that every county, with one exception, has coal mines opened. There are 21,464 square miles of coal lands known, which estimate will be found low when the bounda¬ ries have been defined by actual survey. The fields have numerous veins, generally ranging from six to eight workable ones, and the veins vary in thickness from 4 to 75 feet. The following table will give the number of square miles of produc¬ tive Coal Measures known in each county, together with the number of local and shipping coal mines, and the maximum and minimum thick¬ ness of the coal veins. This estimate is based upon careful field obser¬ vations that have been made during the last ten years. Square miles of productive Coal Measures in Wyominy, by counties. -Names of counties. Areas. Number of local mines. Number of shipping mines. Thickness of coal veins. Sweetwater . Sq. miles. 3,313 2, 421 2, 360 2. 224 10 Feet. 4 to 12 Carbon . 3 3 6 31 Crook . 3 1 5 7 Fremont . 3 4 7 Uinta . 2, 000 3 7 75 Bighorn . l| 820 1, 612 2 5 2 Converse . 1 2 4 6 Sheridan . i; 524 1, 320 1, 247 31 2 6 16 Johnson . 3 4 7 Natrona . 2 4 17 W eston . 1, 208 2 5 7 Albany . 400 3 4 6 Laramie (no estimate) . . i Total . 21, 449 23 23 | 1 By Wilbur C. Kniglit, University of Wyoming. COAL. 209 KINDS OK COAL. There are three varieties of coal mined in Wyoming, which are as follows: Bituminous (coking and noncoking), semibituminous, and lignite. The bituminous coal is an excellent fuel for all purposes, and is sold as far east as the Missouri River and westward to the Pacific Ocean. This variety is quite hard, breaks with a bright fracture, and stands storage and long transportation with but little loss. The semi¬ bituminous coal contains a higher percentage of water and in general is utilized wherever bituminous coal can be used, except for coke making. On account of its slaking qualities it can not be successfully stored. The lignites contain a high percentage of water, often 20 per cent. They have a decided woody texture and are generally of a brown color. This fuel is largely used for steam and domestic purposes, but can not be safely burned under a locomotive boiler on account of light burning particles of coal being forced through the screens and causing great destruction by fire. This variety is chiefly mined during cold weather, when it can be transported long distances without slaking. When taken out in the heat of summer and exposed to the sun’s rays it cracks and snaps and gradually falls to pieces. THE FUEL VALUE. Fifty -four samples of coal, representing the most noted localities in the State, have recently beeu analyzed and their heating power deter¬ mined in the University of Wyoming. The calorimetric work was done by Professors Slosson and Colburn, and the analyses were made by the writer. The following table will give the results of these determinations: 10 geol, pt 4 - 14 Heating power and proximate analyses of Wyoming coals. 1 210 MINERAL RESOURCES. Total fuel. i© to lO CO C© CD O 00 to w d IN 6 H ©DODO© OC iO O O 00 CD Tf It- 03 i© ci 1— 1 CO o o\ 03 03 CD 03 03 OOCCDltOtOCOOCOOCO H tO tO O © -^ O tO O U U ooPocaor-oPcocoto 0C 00 03 03 03 03 03 00 CO CO CO 83. 73 89. 18 82. 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OO g-S. p aM a 5m* •■* © i np;- A Si P .2 c/: .2 : P^P_ P © P © eg © C3 © mmmm o c O © Pi ©P 9 * ‘Sh? © o >; © -H g g O £ ^ © &9 fe 2 .o ~ — j— co © ce be aoa CO Sm p © .P CT2 q © © g T aa as as a: 3 A o° a g 2-2 r© n u © CD .cf >s p © Q .2 P © o : © ■ © © :uo c3 ■ ci eg © • © © O cCj^ un ® 5 N ^ be'-© rc 13 .2 *© M © c3 O Pp f2 2 rs — © © © g OPJ ©=22 «*S P©3 © P PPPP ^ P*c * S3 a “ CC KQ © o2 O ct ^ © ctO c§. 3 ks . © k.4^ ^ rt © © O © «* O 02 "E &e a a o-c gw fH O c3 © OP k; P A W o ce.p an oM u - ■S a 03 Q V. c3 ©o CD TS 03 © OM aa S N o ® K-.'S q & o 'A >» a :o • u • © >-. ' -*^+1 ; ci pp c3 5 =gss^ai 5_* ^ — P © C2 ',_‘ © c3 P P P P P © ; cs . © • o • ^ . © Pr) +- © ^ f-i P c3 ° • © :o ! 13 . © ■o be©= be' • © :o ! 13 . © ;0 • © • *p © w , v*/ -• c3 ’-' © £►, c3 5! >v. a a 3 b ^ © TO © . P . -r- . P PPh HOPcSMMt> H CQ CO i© CO COAL 211 oo »© o -i< ■»* O ”M 05 ©COlfii©OOi©NX©i©iO l©Oi© Ol©00(MO5*^t6oit6oo5i©^-'^oo6i> COOOOOOOC-t-COr^COL-t'-OOt^OOt^C- l© o • M TM© • •— • CO r—> COrH|>H©nOTj< i O 00 CO CO O CO O • CC Tji ; • PH Hri CV1 r-i rH • NNOifl ■^WrPCJ OlOOOlOOOlOOOLO®®®®!© l©CO®IO-COI>»©CO^OC(Ml©®rHCCCO Tf 05 COCOCOTj5l©-^-rjilHl©CO®T^rHCOcdt^ rH rH »H © O ift TjiO©^ 00® ®®® »©»©®1©®1©®®® Oi t> 05 L'-t^l©t^®I>C001CO 00 © l> t> Tt -rt -rf HO i©^©05®Tt‘t'^Tjl(N06lO-^'K CO 00 O 05 O ^ W t^CO»©lft®CQl©OOCOl©®l©l©l©®l© OH®l©i©»©WHOOlOlNC<10WCC t6 t- © o CO CO CO CO ®CO®t^t— iCOHtCOCO^HtiC: i©iOHiOHt>®®r^oio i©io»©oo ® 05 ® ® ® i© ® ® ® ® 03 00 r> t> t> t> r— " ® ® 00 CQ 05 00 CO © Tf CO 05 05 05 05 05 ®®Tt«e©®®rHCO®Cl>®®'i k k ■*- a p p p . o o :oo . f-4 4^ d SHS cs 2 o -JEb 30 £ ca s g^s o p rjt/3 ® t> >> ® .£ - 2 sM o 2 1 .2 & O a,Mg K^O° 3 o 3,-B © © © © PhP3 I © • o ££ : g§t 66 1 S3 so ■+-> O . § a S' ■5SJ “ ®,M CC Vj §J? ■a ” X © a) © 2j* m^ ~ ©~ P © ct a ^3 ce © *Er2r© © P *P © mm •o kv& ! 43 -g ^ . G 2 • © P O : s 6« : £ - ® 3 - :feil6§ ilr* k- 5 ®-ss®6 k © 0 co <1 •2 aM a ® beg1® ° £ ^'S g°o &S g gs ££3£;s • ^ .jj-g S © O 3 3 §6 5 sto £ 2 n o® S - - p 3 H ® ® o 2 £^ eO Q- m css o o •w ®i2'CS3 BS Ofl - ' OOP peco 3 O-s OS 6 M.-t< SO d © © 3 r= o 3 . © k_* ◄ ^■g-gg . • « o ^ o O "3 o O^ m p ® 3 S-g M° fefn ^ ^ k §p s © _ © p © © © ft s £ < p CQ nj H C/2 l“5 : "© ^ ; g-g * rH *E • © a> ! © ^3 £ § oo £-< to | ® . © o ©£° 5^ § S’M ®^^o ^ 3 ®U S 3 ” . • • O .5 © ks . N ©H O © © ijf © 0 k 4© CO OC CO CO CO CO OO'-'NM'nnnO^OOOO-'ClW^ COr^x»i>«t'^Tjir}»'^'rf 69, 000 1, 700 3, 300 74j 000 lioj 500 1.50 229 HO 3 1,925 10 l' 935 4, 270 2. 22 137 7 3 1, 500 5, 180 50 6,’ 730 17! 047 2. 53 160 12 Sheridan . 6 43, 995 ' 321 44! 816 68, 413 1. 53 269 90 Sweetwater. . . 9 1, 347, 448 4, 335 38, 112 1, 389, 895 1, 708i 611 1.23 182 1, 622 Uinta . *) 115, 083 1,432 116, 515 187, 781 1.61 108 245 Crook and Weston . 3 313, 012 1,535 18, 990 13, 685 347, 222 523, 833 1.50 261 377 Total . . . 34 2, 309, 934 21, 482 72, 362 13, 685 2, 417, 463 3, 170, 392 1.31 190 3,032 COAL. 217 lii tbe following- table is shown the total outputin the State, by coun¬ ties, since 1868, and the value of the total product since 1885: Total prod ad of coal i a Wyoming, by counties. Years. Carbon County. Sweet¬ water County. Uinta County. 1868 . Short tons. 6, 560 30, 482 Short tons. 365 Short tons. 1369 . 16, 933 1,967 1870 . 54, 915 20, 945 29, 435 1871 . 31, 748 40, 566 75, 014 1872 . 59, 237 34, 677 127,831 1873 . 61. 164 44, 700 153, 836 1874 . 55, 880 58, 476 104, 705 1875 . 61, 750 104. 664 134, 394 1876 . 69, 060 134, 952 130, 538 1877 . 74, 343 146, 494 122,016 1878 . 62,418 154, 282 116, 500 1879 . 75, 424 193, 252 132, 315 1880 . 100, 433 244 . 460 182, 918 1881 . 156, 820 270, 425 200, 936 1882 . 200, 123 287, 510 211, 276 1883 . 248, 380 304, 495 190, 163 1884 . 319, 883 318, 197 219. 351 1885 . 226, 863 328, 601 234, 657 1886 . 214,233 359, 234 255, 888 1887 . 288, 358 465, 444 361, 423 1888 . 338, 947 732, 327 369, 333 1889 . 199, 276 857, 213 309, 218 1890 . 305. 969 978, 827 350, 278 1891 . 432, 180 1, 202, 017 332,327 i 1892 . 499, 787 1. 265, 441 330, 104 1893 . 395, 059 1, 337, 206 292, 374 1894 . 436, 350 1, 389, 895 116,512 W eston County. Converse County. Other cou mies. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. . 8, 855 36, 651 45, 189 17, 207 55, 093 11, 000 5, 847 9, 520 7, 265 18, 300 47, 446 58, 884 29, 933 17, 393 25, 748 27, 897 45, 907 56, 320 74, 000 200, 024 326, 155 344, 300 310, 906 341, 822 Total. Value. Short tons. 6, 925 49, 382 105, 295 147, 328 221, 745 259, 700 219, 061 300, 808 334, 550 342, 853 333, 200 400. 991 527,811 628, 181 707, 764 779. 689 902, 620 807, 328 829, 355 1, 170, 318 1,481,540 1, 388. 276 1, 870. 366 2, 327, 841 2, 503, 839 2, 439,311 2, 417, 463 $2, 421, 984 2, 488, 065 3, 510. 954 4, 444, 620 1, 748, 617 3, 183, 669 3, 555, 275 3, 168, 776 3, 290, 904 3, 170, 392 The following tables show the average prices per ton which have obtained in the more important counties since 1890, and the statistics of labor engaged in the production during the same period : Average price for Wyoming coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over. Counties. J 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Carbon . $0. 98 Converse . . 1. 78 $1.75 1.74 1.50 1.70 1.78 1.45 $1.50 1.77 1. 00 1.48 1.71 1.50 $1.11 1.63 $1.53 1.58 1.67 1.14 1.74 1.50 $1.26 1.50 1.53 1.23 1.61 1.50 Sweetwater . 1.20 Uinta . 1.56 Weston . 1.16 1.56 1.50 Tbe State . 1.26 1 1. 70 1.53 1.27 1.35 1.31 Statistics of labor employed and working time at Wyoming coal mines. Counties. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. Average number employed. Average working days. 714 609 505 241 622 164 539 179 30 85 105 210 110 201 140 229 48 241 90 269 1, 672 1,754 1, 643 198 1,729 179 1,622 182 422 ’ 548 462 243 ' 439 201 245 108 W eston . 416 402 400 297 400 250 377 261 The State . 3, 272 3,411 3, 133 225 3, 378 189 3, 032 190 THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. By Joseph D. Weeks. [The ton used in this report is uniformly the short ton of 2,000 pounds. ] INTRODUCTION. In this report, as in previous ones of the series, the word “coke” is used to define that coke made from bituminous coal in ovens, pits, etc., which, for convenience, may be termed “ oven coke.” The statistics and statements in no way refer to that other commercial coke which is a residual or by-product of the manufacture of illuminating gas, and which may be termed “ gas coke.” In view of the fact, however, that the processes of coke making in the so-called “by-product” ovens are analogous, and in many cases precisely the same as those employed in gas houses, and further that these by-product ovens will in the near future assume an important relation to the coke making of the United States, it is more than probable that in future reports the production of what we have heretofore termed “ gas coke” may have to be included. The coal used in coking in the United States is mined from all five of its great coal fields: (1) The Appalachian; (2) the Central; (3) the Western; (4) the Rocky Mountain, and (5) the Pacific Coast. With the exception of that made in the Appalachian field, however, the ton¬ nage of coke produced in the United States is quite small, but 411,372 tons of the total of 9,196,244 tons produced in 1894, or about 4J per cent, being produced outside of this field. While the production in these fields outside of the Appalachian region is quite small in per¬ centage it is really a growing one, the proportion of coke produced in these fields in 1894 being somewhat larger than the amount produced in 1892 or 1893. These fields promise also to be of more importance in the future. This is especially true of the coke made from the Cretaceous coals of the Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, and Utah districts in the Rocky Mountain field and the cokes from the Washington district on the Pacific Coast. The cokes from the Rocky Mountain field are of great value even at the present time in smelting the ores of the far West and the Pacific Coast, and they must be of still greater impor¬ tance as those sections develop more generally their mineral and rnanu- 218 c THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 219 factoring possibilities. One reason why the cokes from these fields have not already assumed greater importance is the fact of the long distances they must be carried to reach the points of consumption, and, in many cases at least, to the fact that the best methods tor coking have not yet been adopted, and consequently the cokes, especially those made on the Pacific Coast, are not as well adapted to smelting as are the cokes that are brought by water at cheap rates from Europe. A brief general description of each of these districts will be of importance, and will render clearer the conditions under which the coke is produced as well as indicate the character of the coal from which it is made. THE APPALACHIAN FIELD. Beginning with a few isolated patches of coal near the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, the great Appalachian coal field stretches for a distance of over 750 miles in a southwesterly direction to Tusca loosa, Ala., where it is lost. This is at present, and promises to be in the future, the most important coal field in America. It has an aver¬ age breadth of from 80 to 90 miles and an area of fully 65,000 square miles. The eastern escarpment of the Alleghany Mountains forms the eastern border of this basin, while the Cincinnati anticlinal hems it on the west and separates it from the measures of the Illinois basin. The eastern line of this field is comparatively regular, following the trend of the mountains, but the western line is very irregular, being quite broad in its northern area, contracting through Tennessee and north¬ ern Alabama, and expanding at its termination in Alabama, though it is here by no means so broad is in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Along nearly the entire length of this great coal field from Blossburg, Pa., to Birmingham, Ala., the coking industry has been established. The ovens, following the zone of best coking coal, are generally found near the eastern limits of the field, the coal in the middle or western part of the basin being, as a rule, not so well adapted to coking by methods at present used as that of the eastern. While the coal all through this basin is usually a coking coal, as pointed out by Rogers many years ago, these coals increase in bituminous matter as they go westward, so that the coal of the Pittsburg seam, which in Cumberland has only some 18 per cent volatde matter, contains 30 per cent in the Connellsville region, 32 to 33 per cent in Pittsburg, and 35 to 38 and even 40 per cent in Ohio. The veins also thin out as they go westwardly, which makes the mining more expensive. Referring to the example already given, the Pittsburg vein, which is the big vein at Cumberland, is sometimes 14 feet; in Connellsville, 9 feet; in Pittsburg, 5 to 6 feet, and in Ohio from 2 4 to' 4 feet. Where the veins are thin the percent¬ age of ash, and especially the percentage of sulphur, is apt to be much higher than in the thicker vein. For all of these reasons, as stated above, the coals in the middle and western part of the Appalachian basin, as a rule, are not so good as those closer to the mountains. 220 MINERAL RESOURCES. The importance of the Appalachian field as a coke producer is indi¬ cated not only by the large percentage of coke produced in the United Slates, which comes from the Coal Measures of this field, but from the fact that in it are found the Connellsville, Pa.; the Kew Kiver, Ya. ; the Pocahontas Flat Top, Virginia and West Virginia; the Suwanee, Tenn., and the Birmingham, Ala., coal fields, together with other important fields. CENTRAL FIELD. The Central field includes the coals in Indiana, Illinois, and the western part of Kentucky, the field reaching from the Cincinnati anticlinal on the east to the Mississippi Itiver on the west. While it is estimated to cover an area of 47,250 square miles of coal fields, it is at present of but little importance as a producer of coke, the total output in 1894 being not over 38,259 tons. Most persistent efforts have been made to produce a coke from the coals of this field that would answer as a metallurgical fuel. The iron and steel works of Chicago are in this district and St. Louis is just at its western border. It is readily seen what an advantage it would be to these works could they draw their supply of coke from the coal fields which are just at their doors, instead of sending to Connellsville and the Virginias, from 500 to 650 miles distant, for their fuel. The chief reason why so little coke has been made from the Coal Measures of this district is the impurity of the coal, and in some instances its low coking power. Practically all attempts to make a metallurgical fuel from the coals of this district have been abandoned, notwithstanding repeated efforts, except in western Kentucky. At the present time, however, consider¬ able attention is being paid to the possibility of using the by-product ovens for coking coals from this field. In the attempts to use the bee¬ hive oven in coking the coals in this district, high in ash and sulphur, it was found that washing the coal took out some of the constituents necessary to make a good coke. It is claimed by some of the advocates of the by-product oven, however, that a coal much lower in bituminous matter can be more successfully coked in the by-product oven than in the beehive oven, and it is also asserted that if the coal contains a very large percentage of water, even as high as from 15 to 20 per cent, it is rather an advantage than an injury to the coking jmocess. If these facts are true there is no reason why the coals of this district could not be washed, even though considerable bituminous matter was washed out, and the coal thus cleaned made into a good coke in these by product ovens. THE WESTERN FIELD. The Western field, which includes the States of Missouri and Kansas and Indian Territory, is of but little more importance than the Central field as a producer of coke. The coke made in this field is chiefly THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 221 in the New Pittsburg district of Kansas and in the lead district of Missouri for use by the lead and zinc smelters in the neighborhood. A small amount is also made at McAlester, Ind. T. ROCKY MOUNTAIN FIELD. Located, as the Eocky Mountain field is, in close proximity to the mines of the precious metals, as well as near good iron ore, it is the most important coking field in the United States next to the Appa¬ lachian and has more promise than any of the others. It includes the coal fields of Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. PACIFIC COAST FIELD. So far the only coals coked on the Pacific Coast are those of Wash¬ ington, chiefly those in the neighborhood of Wilkeson, in Pierce County, and at Cokedale, in Skagit County. The coals of Washington are Cre¬ taceous, and still preserve at many places the lignite characteristics. In some parts they have been altered locally in character and are true coking coals. GEOLOGICAL HORIZON OF COALS COKED. By far the largest part of the coal used for coking in the United States comes from three seams, the Pittsburg seam of the Upper Coal Measures (No. XV of Eogers), the great Conglomerate (the lower for¬ mation of the Carboniferous), and the Pratt seam of Alabama. The coal used in Connellsville is from the Pittsburg seam, known locally as the Connellsville seam; that used in the New Eiver and Flat Top dis¬ tricts of Virginia and West Virginia is from the Conglomerate, known as the Pottsville Conglomerate in Pennsylvania and as No. XII of the Eogers Virginia survey. The identification of the Pratt seam with the northern coals is not definite. It is from this seam that most of the coke produced in Alabama is made. In addition to the above-named coal seams, coke is also made to a considerable extent in the Appalachian field from the lower measures, especially from the upper Freeport and the lower Kittanning. The Blossburg and Clearfield, the G-foot and 11-foot veins of the Cumberland and Potomac coal fields, and the Kanawha splint and gas coals are from the lower measures. In Colorado, as elsewhere in the Eocky Mountains, the Carboniferous strata are not, in an economic sense, coal¬ bearing; the productive measures being, without a single important exception, of the Upper Cretaceous age. Indeed, of the 18,100 square miles of coal fields credited to Colorado, all but 150 square miles, which is believed belong to the Dakota, may be assigned to the Laramie group, or uppermost of the Cretaceous terranes of North America. What the Carboniferous is to the Appalachian system and to Europe, the Laramje is to the Eocky Mountain region, it being preeminently 222 MINERAL RESOURCES. the coal-bearing formation throughout the country west of the one hundred and fifth meridian. CONDITIONS IN WHICH COAL IS USED. As a rule, good coking coals are exceedingly friable, but a small proportion of lumps is produced in mining, though even the lumps rapidly crumble on exposure to the air. Notable examples of these are the Connellsville and Flat Top coals. The Connellsville coal is so valuable for coke, and there is so much other coal in its immediate vicinity that will stand transportation, that it is hardly mined at all for any purpose than coke making. A few thousand tons a year, outside of that used locally at the mines and in the houses of the operators, will cover the total production of the Connellsville region for domestic and steam or heating purposes. The result is that ail of the coal as it comes from the mine, or “run of mine,” as it is termed, is coked in the Connellsville region. On the other hand, there is a very good demand for Pocahontas, or Flat Top, coal for steam or heating purposes, it being one of the best steam coals in the world. As consumers prefer this coal in lumps, a great deal of the coal mined m the Pocahontas Flat Top region is screened, and the slack from these screenings, mixed to a greater or less extent with run of mine, is coked. In many parts of the United States in which coking is carried on, and especially in those districts in which coking is not an extensive industry, coke is made chiefly for the purpose of utilizing this slack or fine coal which results from the mining and preparation of coal for steam, household, and other purposes of the general market. Practi¬ cally all of the coal used in coking in Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Indian Territory, Kansas, Missouri, and Washington is of this character, while a large proportion of that from Colorado, Kentucky, Montana, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia is also slack coal. Even in Pennsylvania a considerable portion of the coal used is screenings or slack produced in mining. Of the 14,337,937 tons of coal used in coking in the United States in 1894, 4,294,734 tons, or about 30 per cent, were slack or screenings. It is this use of slack which makes it so difficult at times to ascertain just how much coal has been used to produce a given quantity of coke. The coal is regarded as having no value; it is not weighed when it is charged into the oven, and there is no way to ascertain the actual amount of coal charged; it can only be estimated. It is also true that coke makers using coal somewhat high in ash, and even pure coals low in volatile matter, are gradually learning of the great importance of thoroughly comminuting the coal before using. Quite a number of machines, mostly on the principle of the old Carr disintegrator, are erected for the purpose of disintegrating or finely dividing the coal and making it somewhat homogeneous, both in size of pieces and distribution of ash, before putting it into the ovens. The THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 223 effect of this disintegration is chiefly to disseminate the ash (which exists in the coal largely as slate) thoroughly through the coal mass, instead of permitting it to go into the oven in the form of slate, in which condition it not only interferes with the coking process, espe¬ cially the rising of the gas through the mass of the coal, but it remains in the resultant coke in such a condition as to require a much larger amount of heat and lime to flux it out if the coke is to be used as a blast furnace fuel. OVENS USED IN THE UNITED STATES. It still holds true that the solid wall oven, or, as it may be termed, the “open retort,” usually of the beehive form, is practically the only one yet used in this country. Some closed retort ovens of the Belgian type exist in Pennsylvania, and a few retorts, which may be regarded as by-product coke ovens, were used in Colorado and West Virginia. There is also a block of by-product retort ovens on the Semet- Solvay principle in operation at Syracuse, 1ST. Y., near the Solvay Soda Ash Works, the design of these ovens being chiefly to collect ammonia from the gases that pass off for use in the Solvay or ammonia process of soda making. Somewhat similar ovens or retorts on the Huessener principle have been erected at Wiuifrede, W. Va. These ovens have been erected chiefly for the recovery of the by-products from the slack coal, which is produced in large quantities, the coke being used for domestic purposes. Accompanying these ovens, in addition to the ordinary tar and ammonia plants, is a Slocum benzole plant. There is also a bench of retorts, built on the Huessener coke-oven principle, in operation in Colorado. Considerable attention has been given during 1894 to the erection in the United States of coke ovens for the saving of by-products. The author of this report has made a special examination into the forms chiefly in use in Europe, and will publish in the near future a complete statement regarding the principle on which these ovens are constructed, their method of operation, and the results obtained both technically and commercially. Here it need only be said that these ovens are closed retorts into the coking chamber of wliich no air is admitted, the gases being removed through hydraulic mains, and after being deprived of their tar, ammonia, and in some cases benzole, are returned to the ovens and burned in the flues under the bottom and in the side walls of the ovens in connection with air. The usual dimensions of these ovens vary somewhat with the style, being from 25 to 33 feet long, 14 to 26 inches wide, and 6 to 7 feet high, taking a charge of from 4 to 8 short tons of coal, and coking the coal in from eighteen to forty-eight hours. The length of the coking time depends somewhat on the char¬ acter of the coal, but more especially on the width of the oven and the thickness or thinness of the wall between the flues and coking chamber. The yield of by-products depends chiefly upon the coal, the tightness of 224 MINERAL RESOURCES. the oven, tire heat at which the oven is operated, and the character of the by-prodnct plant. It can be said in a general way, however, that from Connellsville coal, for example, from 1 to 1.2 per cent of sulphate of ammonia can be procured per ton of coal, from 3 to 3i per cent of tar, and from tliree-fourths of 1 per cent to If per cent of benzole. There is also a portion, varying somewhat with the coal, of excess gas — the gas more than is needed for the coking of the coal. This will vary from 25 to 50 per cent, say, with Connellsville coal, 4,000 to 5,000 cubic feet excess gas. At most of the coke works in Europe the w7aste heat, or heat as it comes from the flues after having done its work, is passed under boilers for raising steam. The amount of water evaporated by this waste heat per ton of coal charged will vary from one- half ton to 1 ton. These by-product ovens can be broadly divided into two classes: 1. Those in which the flues in the side vralls are horizontal. There are usually three flues in the side walls of these ovens; the gas passes first into the upper flue, passes along the entire length, passes down into the middle flue, passes its entire length and into the third or bottom flue, and then passes out of the flue. These flues are usually the same length as the coking chamber. The ovens of this type are known as Carves, Huessener, or Huessener-Carves, and the Semet-Solvay. In some of these horizontal -flue ovens the air is heated by recuperators before mixing with the gas and burning; in others, not. 2. The vertical-flue oven, in which the flues iu the side Avails are divided into tAvo pairs, consisting of 16 vertical flues each, or 32 flues to a side. The burning gases passing into the coking chamber under¬ neath the first pair of 16 flues distribute tliemsel\res through the 16 flues, pass up the side of the oven, meeting in the top, and pass over and down through the second pair of 16 flues and out of the oven. There is but one type of vertical flue oven in use, Avliich is known as the Otto- Hofmann, but should be more properly styled the Otto-Hoffmann- Coppee, the vertical -flue being a characteristic of the retort oven, on Avhich some improvements Avere made by Dr. C. Otto and to which Mr. Hoffmann added a Siemens regenerator for preheating the air. The essential feature of the Otto-Hoffmann oven is that it as a vertical-flue oven with preheating of the air by a Siemens regenerator. A complete report on the various forms of the by-product ovens, as stated above, will be given in the supplementary report. There are some 3,000 of these ovens in operation in Europe, especially in Westphalia, Germany; Mons district, Belgium, and Durham district, England. They are making a coke that is a perfectly satisfactory metallurgical fuel either for blast furnaces or foundries; indeed, the foundry coke made in these by-product ovens commands a higher price than the coke made from the same coal in beehive ovens. A bank of 60 Otto-Hoffmann ovens is being erected in this country at Johnstowm by the Cambria Iron Company; a set of 50 Semet-Solvay ovens is being THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 225 built at Dunbar to use Connellsville coal, and as this report is being written plans are being considered for 3 sets of by-product ovens near Pittsburg, two of wliicb will probably be Slocum “full-depth” ovens, which are modified Carves-Huessener ovens with thin walls and narrow coking chamber, and the third probably on the Huessener principle, the chief feature of which, in contradistinction from the others, is aux¬ iliary firing or the introduction into the flues at given points of addi¬ tional gas to maintain the heat of the flues and the use of the air without preliminary heating. PRODUCTION OF COKE Ilf THE UNITED STATES. In the following table will be found a statement of the production of coke in the United States, by States, followed, for purposes of com¬ parison, by similar tables for 1892 and 1893: Manufacture of coke in the United States, by States and Territories, in 1804. States anil Terri tories. Alabama . Colorado (a) . Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . Indian Territory Kansas . Kentucky . Missouri . Montana . New Mexico .... Ohio . Pennsylvania . . . Tennessee . Utah . Virginia . Washington West Virginia . . Wisconsin . Wyoming . Total . New York . Estab- Ovens. Yield of coal in coke. Coke pro¬ duced. Total value of coke Value lisk- meuts. Built. Build¬ ing. Coal used. of coke per ton. Short tons. Per ct. Short tons. 22 5, 551 50 1, 574, 245 58.7 923, 817 $1, 871, 348 $2. 025 8 61,154 250 542, 429 58.5 317, 196 903, 970 2. 85 1 338 0 166, 523 55. 9 93, 029 116,286 1.25 1 24 0 3,800 57.9 2,200 4, 400 2. 00 2 94 0 13, 489 48.6 6, 551 13, 102 2.00 1 80 0 7,274 42 3, 051 10, 693 3.50 6 61 0 13, 288 63.5 8,439 15, 660 1.855 6 293 0 66,418 44.8 29, 748 51, 566 1.73 3 10 0 3, 442 65.4 2, 250 3, 563 1.58 2 153 0 22, 500 44.4 10, 000 110, 000 11.00 1 50 0 13, 042 50 6,529 28, 213 4. 32 8 363 0 55, 324 59 32, 640 90, 875 2.78 101 25, 824 118 9, 059, 118 66.9 6, 063. 777 6, 585, 489 1.086 11 1,860 0 516, 802 56.6 292, 646 480, 124 1.64 1 83 0 c 16, 056 180, 091 2 736 100 280, 524 64.2 295, 747 1.64 3 84 0 8,563 61.2 5, 245 18,249 3.48 78 7,858 60 1, 976, 128 60.4 1, 193, 933 1, 639, 687 1.373 1 120 0 6, 343 67 4, 250 19, 465 4.58 1 24 0 8,685 50 4, 352 15, 232 3. 50 259 1 44, 760 12 578 13 14, 337, 937 64 9, 179, 744 16, 500 12, 273, 669 1. 337 260 44, 772 591 9, 196, 244 . . a Includes Utah’s production of coal and coke and value of same, t Includes 36 gas retorts. c Included with Colorado’s coke production. I From this table it appears that the total production of coke in the United States in 1894 was 9,196,244 tons, as compared with 9,477,580 tons in 1893 and 12,010,829 tons in 1892. The production of 1894 is the smallest in the history of coking in the United States since 1888. This great falling off is due to the depression in the iron business and chiefly to the falling off in the production of pig iron, in the manufacture of which is consumed by far the largest proportion of the coke made in the United States. In 1894 the total production of pig iron smelted with coke exclusively, or with a mixture of coke and anthracite, was 6,314,891 tons, as compared with 6,687,830 tons in 1893 and 8,390,359 16 GrEOL, pt 4 - 15 226 MINERAL RESOURCES tons in 1892. This is a reduction in round numbers of 363,000 tons as compared with 1893, and 2,000,000 tons as compared with 1892. The falling off iu coke production was 281,336 tons in 1893 as compared with 1894, and 2,814,585 tons as compared with 1892. It will be seen from this, therefore, that the falling off in production of coke is very nearly accounted for in the falling off in the production of pig iron : Manufacture of colce in the United Staten, by States and Territories, in 1S93. States and Terri¬ tories. Estab¬ lish¬ ments. Ovens. Coal used. Yield of coal in coke. Coke pro¬ duced. Total value of coke. Value Built, Build¬ ing. of coke per ton. Short tons. Per ct. Short tons. Alabama . 23 5, 548 60 2, 015, 398 58 1, 168, 085 $2, 648, 632 $2. 27 Colorado (a) . 8 61, 154 200 628, 935 57.7 362, 986 1, 137,488 3. 13 Georgia . 1 338 0 171, 645 52.8 90,726 136, 089 1.50 Illinois . 1 24 0 3, 300 06.7 2,200 4,400 2. 00 Indiana . 2 94 0 11, 549 49. 6 5,724 9, 048 1.58 Indian Territory. . . . i 80 0 15, 118 47 7,135 25, 072 3.51 Kansas . 6 75 0 13, 645 62.8 8,565 18, 640 2. 18 Kentucky . 4 283 100 97, 212 50 48, 619 97, 350 2. 00 Missouri . . . 3 10 0 8, 875 66.5 5, 905 9, 735 1.65 Montana . 2 153 0 61, 770 48.5 29, 945 239, 560 8.00 Kew Mexico . 1 50 0 14, 698 39.5 5, 803 18, 476 3.18 New York . 1 12 0 15, 150 84.8 12,850 35, 925 2.80 Ohio . 9 435 0 42, 963 52 22, 436 43, 671 1.95 Pennsylvania . 102 25, 744 19 9, 386, 702 66 6, 229, 051 9, 468, 036 1.52 Tennessee . 11 1,942 0 449,511 59 265, 777 491,523 1.85 1 83 0 c 16, 005 Virginia . 2 594 206 194, 059 64.5 125, 092 282, 898 2. 26 Washington . 3 84 0 11,374 59 6, 731 34, 207 5. 08 West Virginia . 75 7, 354 132 1, 745, 757 60.8 1,062, 076 1, 716, 907 1. 62 Wisconsin . 1 120 0 24, 085 62 14, 958 95, 851 6.41 Wyoming . 1 24 0 5, 400 54 2,916 10, 206 3.50 Total . 258 44, 201 717 14, 917, 146 63.5 9, 477, 580 16, 523, 714 1.74 a Includes Utah’s production of coal and coke and value of same. b Includes 36 gas retorts, c Included with Colorado’s coke production. Manufacture of coke in the United States, by States and Territories, in 1892. States and Terri¬ tories. Estab- Ovens. Coal used. Yield of coal in coke. Coke pro- duced. Total value of coke. Value of coke per ton. lish- ments. Built. Build¬ ing. Short tons. Per ct. Short tons. Alabama . 20 5, 320 90 2, 585, 966 58 1,501,571 $3, 464, 623 $2.31 Colorado (a) . 9 b 1, 128 220 599, 200 62.3 373, 229 1, 234, 320 3.31 Georgia . 1 300 0 158, 978 51.5 81, 807 163, 614 2. 00 Illinois . 1 24 0 4, 800 66 3, 170 7, 133 2. 25 Indiana . 2 84 0 6, 456 49.7 3,207 6, 472 2. 02 Indian Territory. . . . . 1 80 0 7, 138 50 3, 569 12, 402 3.47 Kansas . 6 75 0 15, 437 59.2 9, 132 19, 906 2. 18 Kentucky . 5 287 100 70, 783 51 36, 123 72. 563 2. 01 Missouri . 3 10 0 11, 088 65.8 7, 299 10, 949 1.50 Montana . 2 153 0 64, 412 53.6 34, 557 311,013 9. 00 New Mexico . i 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 10 436 0 95, 236 54. 4 51, 818 112, 907 2. 18 Pennsylvania . 109 25, 366 209 12,591,345 66.1 8, 327, 612 15,015, 336 1.80 Tennessee . 11 1,941 0 600, 126 59 354. 096 724, 106 2. 05 Utah . 1 83 0 c7, 309 Virginia . 2 594 206 226, 517 65.3 147, 912 322, 486 2.18 Washington . 3 84 30 12, 372 58 7. 177 50, 446 7.03 West Virginia . 72 5,813 978 1, 709, 183 60.5 1, 034, 750 1,821,965 1.76 Wisconsin . 1 120 0 54, 300 62.2 33, 800 185, 900 5. 50 Wyoming . 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total . 261 42, 002 1,893 18, 813, 337 64 12,010,829 23,536, 141 1.96 a Includes Utah’s production of coal and coke and value of same. b Includes 36 gas retorts. c Included with Colorado’s coke production. THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 227 It will be noted that Pennsylvania still maintains its supremacy as the chief coke-producing State, its production in 1894 being 6,003,777 tons out of a total of 9,196,244 tons, or 65.9 per cent. In 1893 its pro¬ duction was 65.7 per cent and in 1892 69 per cent. It will be seen, therefore, that notwithstanding its falling off in production, chiefly in the Connellsville region, as a result of the great strike of some weeks’ duration in that district in the early summer of 1894, Pennsylvania maintained its relative position as a coke-producing State. West Vir¬ ginia, which in 1893 stood third as a coke-producing State, in 1894, became the second, producing 1,193,933 tons, or about 13 per cent, while Alabama, which was the second State in 1893, became third in 1894, producing but 923,817 tons, or 10.4 per cent. No other State pro¬ duced as much as 500,000 tons. Colorado still maintains its position as the fourth State, producing 301,140 tons in 1894, or 3.3 per cent. Tennessee still follows Colorado closely, producing 292,646 tons in 1894, or 3.2 per cent. Virginia produced 180,091 tons, or nearly 2 per cent. These six are the only States that produced over 100,000 tons of coke iu 1894. Comparing the tonnage of the States in 1893 and 1894, it will be seen that of the six chief coke-producing States the production declined in Alabama, Colorado, and Pennsylvania, but increased slightly in Ten¬ nessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The reduction in production in Alabama in 1894 as compared with 1893 was 244,268 tons, or about 21 per cent; in Colorado 45,841 tons, or 13 per cent, and in Pennsyl¬ vania 165,274 tons, or nearly 3 per cent; while the increased produc¬ tion in Tennessee was 26,869 tons, or 10 per cent; in West Virginia 131,857 tons, or 12.4 per cent, and in Virginia 54,999 tons, or 44 per cent. There was also a slight increase in the production of Georgia and Ohio. The production of the other States is so small that no com¬ parison need be made with previous years. In the following table are consolidated the statistics of the manu¬ facture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1894, inclusive. In the column of “coke produced” in 1894 is included the coke produced in New York, but as there is but one works in New York we have not included the amount of coal used, the total value of the coal, nor the value of the coke. The exclusion of New York, however, will not greatly alter either the average value of coke at ovens, the yield of coal in coke, or the average value per ton of coal. 228 MINERAL RESOURCES, In the following table are shown the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1894, inclusive: Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the United States, 1880 to 1894, inclusive. Years. Estab¬ lish¬ ments. Ovens built. Ovens build¬ ing. Coal used. Coke pro¬ duced. Total value of coke at • ovens. Value of coke at ovens, per ton. Yield of coal in coke. 1880 . 186 12, 372 14, 119 16, 356 18, 304 1,159 1,005 712 Short tong. 5, 237, 741 6, 546, 662 7, 577, 648 8, 516, 670 7,951,974 8, 071, 126 10, 688, 972 11, 859, 752 12, 945, 350 15, 960, 973 18,005,209 16, 344, 540 18, 813, 337 14, 917, 146 Short tons. 3, 338, 300 4, 113, 760 4, 793, 321 5, 464, 721 4, 873, 805 $6, 631,267 7, 725, 175 8, 462, 167 8, 121, 607 7, 242, 878 7, 629, 118 11, 153, 366 15, 321, 116 12, 445, 963 16, 630, 301 23, 215, 302 20, 393, 216 23, 536, 141 16, 523, 714 a 12, 273, 669 $1. 99 1. 88 Per cent . 63 1881 . 197 63 1882 . 215 1. 77 63 1883 . 231 407 1. 49 64 61 1884 . 250 19, 557 812 1. 49 1885 . 233 20, 116 22, 597 26, 001 30, 059 34,165 37, 158 432 5, 106, 696 6, 845, 369 7, 611, 705 8, 540, 030 1. 49 63 1886 . 222 4, 154 3, 584 2,587 2,115 1, 547 1. 63 64 1887 . 270 2. 01 64 1888 . 261 1. 46 66 1889 . 252 10, 258, 022 11, 508, 021 10, 352, 688 12, 010, 829 9, 477, 580 9, 196, 244 1. 62 64 1890 . 253 2. 02 64 1891 . 243 40, 245 42, 002 44, 201 44, 772 911 1. 97 63 1892 . 261 1, 893 1. 96 64 1893 . 258 717 1. 74 63.5 1894 . 260 591 al4,337i 937 1.337 64 a Excluding New York. TOTAL NUMBER OF COKE WORKS IN THE UNITED STATES. The following table gives the number of establishments manufactur¬ ing coke in the United States at the close of each year from 1880 to 1894, by States : Number of establishments in the United States manufacturing coke on December 31 of each year from 1880 to 1894. States and Ter¬ ritories. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Alabama . 4 4 5 6 8 11 14 15 18 19 20 21 20 23 22 Colorado . 1 2 5 7 8 7 7 7 7 9 8 7 9 8 8 Georgia . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Illinois . 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 8 8 4 4 1 1 1 1 Indiana . 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 Indian Territory 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kansas . 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 Kentucky . 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 10 9 9 7 5 4 6 Missouri . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 Montana . 0 0 0 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 New Mexico .... New York . 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 .2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ohio . 15 15 16 18 19 13 15 15 15 13 13 9 10 9 8 Pennsylvania . . . 124 132 137 140 145 133 108 151 120 109 106 109 109 102 101 Tennessee . 6 6 8 11 13 12 12 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 11 Texas . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Utah . 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Virginia . 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Washington .... 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 West Virginia . . 18 19 22 24 27 27 29 39 52 53 55 55 72 75 78 Wisconsin . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wyoming . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total . 186 197 215 231 250 233 222 270 261 253 253 243 261 258 260 THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 229 The word “ establishment ” is rather an indefinite one. In some cases proprietors of coke works owning several different banks or blocks of ovens will report them all as one establishment, they being under one general management. In other cases they will be reported separately. The number differs so much from year to year as to make this table of but little value for comparison. The number of establishments in the country for each year since 1850 for which there are any returns is as follows : Number of coke establishments in the United States since 1850. Tears. Number. 1850 (census year). 1860 (census year) . 1870 (census year) . 1880 (census year) . 1880, December 31- 1881, December 31. 1882, December 31. 1883, December 31. 1884, December 31. 1885, December 31. 4 21 25 149 186 197 215 231 250 233 Years. 1886, December 31 1887, December 31 1888, December 31 1889, December 31 1890, December 31 1891, December 31 1892, December 31 1893, December 31 1894, December 31 Number. 222 270 261 253 253 243 261 258 260 NUMBER OF COKE OVENS IN THE UNITED STATES. The following table shows the number of coke ovens in each State and Territory on December 31 of each year from 1880 to 1894, together with the total number of ovens in the United States at the close of each of these years. In the earlier years covered by this table some coke was made in pits and on the ground, and in testing the adapta bility of certain coals to the manufacture of coke this is still customary, though in the latter years but little of the coke reported as produced in the United States was made in anything but ovens. Number of coke ovens in the United States on December 31 of each of the years from 1880 to 1894. 230 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1894. HTf'CO'^'^OHMOCOOClm-^OOOO'tOOO^ iOlOCO(MO)COOOiHimOHCO(MOOOCOOO»OC'llN IOHCO CM rH CO CO 00 l> CO • ifl'n irTr-^ t-- 44, 772 1893. OO-^OO^’tOlOCOOMOCUO^iMCO^’f'+O^ HlOCCa0rHU0lOrHC0HiHi00O5C0tn(M e OOHiOlO «CCCDH'a0 05 00H Hb • CD r-t OO M tO H o CO H CO CO H • tO CO H< CC rH r—T • CDD r-T r— T ■ rH 22,597 1885. lOHOOOOCOCOOWO • (M CO t- O O CO CM CO • CO CO 05 tM 05 • CO • r— 1 Hi O CO 00 rH 1882. CO H O Hi tH O O tn O O O 'OHHOOOOOOO COHCMODOCMCMH 1 H d CO d t - tO CO y 1ST. S. Shaler. DESCRIPTION. v The term “peat” is properly applied to those deposits of vegetable matter which have been accumulated below the surface of permanent water areas. In some cases, as will be seen from the account of bogs given below, the water may be held, not as in a lake, but in the inter¬ stices of living and dead vegetation lying on slopes of considerable declivity. The most characteristic form of peat is that in which material when first removed from the bog appears as a tolerably compact, black, vegetable mud, the particles of which are so soft as to resemble half- melted wax. This is ordinarily the condition of lake-bog peat at the depth of a foot or more below the growing surface. Near the top of the deposit, however, where a portion of the roots of the plants which afford the materials of which it is made are still living, or are in an undecayed state, the mass often has a somewhat fibrous character. COMMERCIAL HISTORY. The commercial importance of peat deposits was developed in coun¬ tries where and in times when the original forests were insufficient for the needed fuel supply, or where the progress of agriculture had made the amount of wood insufficient for domestic use. In all such regions, where peat bogs were accessible, it became the custom to cut this imperfectly decayed vegetable matter into slabs or blocks, which, when dried in the sun, were stored under roofs in order to protect them from subsequent wetting. The greatest consumption of peat seems to have been during the eighteenth century, when the forests of northern Europe had been to a great extent cleared away, while the use of coal had not as yet become general through the extension of the modern means of transportation. In this century the rural population of northern Ger¬ many, Scandinavia, Russia, France, and the British Isles, except in the case of the wealthier classes, to a great extent depended on this material for household uses. Owing to the fact that, in favorable situa¬ tions, the accumulations of peat would be renewed to a depth of 2 to 3 feet in the course of thirty or forty years, the supply from European 305 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 20 306 MINERAL RESOURCES. bogs, though drawn upon for many centuries, seems never to have approached exhaustion. The first settlers of this country, coming as they did from portions of the Old World where peat was in common use, naturally brought with them the habit of making use of this material as a fuel. At many places in New England where wood could be had for the cost of cutting and drawing it to the house the people were by custom led to betake themselves to peat. The material, however, was' not much availed of except in the southeastern portion of Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, and the islands of Nantucket and Marthas Vineyard, where the forests were never very well developed and where firewood in time became rather scarce. Here the use of peat became somewhat general and continued until the progressive cheapness of anthracite coal led to the general abandonment of the local fuel. Until within thirty years, however, the larger part of the agricultural population on the island of Marthas Vineyard adhered to the use of the material. At present it is made to serve in but few households in this district. Still, in the town of Gay Head, in the western extremity of the islands, the people, mostly the descendants of the Indian tribe which originally occupied the district, still supply their fires from the numerous bogs which there occur. The persistence of the habit of peat-using in this town is due to the fact that there are no considerable woods within its bounds. More than a quarter of a century ago peat was considerably used, owing to the high price of coal, in Chatham Township, and to a small extent in other portions of New Jersey, but the cheapening of the fuel from the mines of Pennsylvania has ever since made the use of peat commercially unsuccessful. The modern decline in the use of peat for fuel having taken place in all countries where it has been in former times extensive is clearly to be accounted for on economic grounds. In any state to which peat can be conveniently brought, peat ranks as an inferior fuel; although it can be produced at small cost in the way of labor, it does not give an enduring heat; a large mass has to be handled to obtain a given effect, and in wet weather the porous nature of the substance causes it to absorb much water. Bv the use of various devices it has been found possible to produce from this vegetable mud a compact material fairly comparable in quality with lignite or the poorer bituminous coals. Some studies made by the present writer appear, however, to indicate that it is difficult by any manufacturing process to make from peat a fuel which will compete with anthracite coal at a less price than about $10 a ton. Therefore, while the bog fuel may be profitably used in its natural or manufactured state in certain parts of the world which are distant from coal beds, there is little reason to believe that an extended industry will ever again be founded on it. Within the limits of the United States there is probably no district where the manufacture of peat into a compact fuel can profitably be PEAT DEPOSITS. 307 essayed. It may be that in case electricity should come into general use as the motive power of railways it will be found profitable to con¬ vert the heat-giving value existing in certain peat bogs near such lines into that form of energy. In this case, the energy could be conveyed by wire and would thus be independent of those considerations which rest upon the bulky nature of peat fuel. It should be noted, however, that the limitations as to the distance to which electromotive force can be profitably conveyed would set rather narrow bounds to any such use of bog fuel. Many instances could be cited in various arts where the abandon¬ ment of a substance for a particular use has been followed by its being made of service in some other economic field. It seems that another case of the same nature will be found with peat. During this century this substance has been much used for manurial purposes; it seems likely, indeed, that in time it may have a value in this economic field fit to compare with that which it had in former times as a domestic fuel. Experience has shown that peat may be of service to the agricul¬ turist in either of several ways. Where the mass has been made up by the decay of leaves and twigs such as are often borne in large quanti¬ ties into a lake basin by a swift flowing stream, the substance has a distinct value on account of the fertilizing materials which it contains. In general, however, peat, especially that formed by the water-loving mosses, will not from the chemical nature of its components repay even a short transportation. On dry soils, however, this half-decayed vege¬ table matter may be found of distinct value for the reason that the sands of which they are composed are unable to retain moisture in sufficient quantity for the effective service of till crops, and this water-retaining capacity is very much increased by the admixture of peaty matter. For such use the varieties of peat formed in bogs fed by streams which are muddy in times of rain are the most valuable. The fine sediment serves to fill in the interstices between the grains of sand and the soil. A third use of peat in the agricultural arts is as an absorbent mate¬ rial when commingled with other substances; thus, in utilizing waste fish or the offal from slaughterhouses or manure from barns it may be made to serve a valuable purpose. It is indeed extensively used in this way in many parts of the United States; and, as our agriculture becomes more intensive, the service which it can render will be better appreciated. It seems very likely that in the development of our till¬ age arts it will be more and more the custom for farmers to procure the raw materials and to compound fertilizers according to their needs. Where this is done peat will be found a valuable substance in forming the compost bed, its great absorbent power giving it a peculiar value in such work. The secondary uses of peat above noted, even more than its original value as a fuel, make it desirable to set forth in a brief way the condi¬ tions of its formation and the distribution of the deposits in the United States. 308 MINERAL RESOURCES. PROCESS OF FORMATION. The formation of peat deposits depends upon a certain arrest in the process of decay which normally occurs in dead organic matter where it lies in the open air, an arrest which is accomplished where the materials are kept permanently wet. In any ordinarily dry forest we observe that the fallen leaves and branches are, by the process of decay, at first converted into a blackened and softened mass, which rapidly passes through the further processes of decay by which the carbon of the woody matter is returned to the air whence it came and the ash or mineral substance to the soil whence it was extracted by the roots. If we can trace such a forest bed toward the margin of a swamp we may note that as the earth becomes more and more humid the process of decomposition takes place more slowly and the dark mold becomes thicker. A little observation will show that beneath the water plane of the swamp the decay stops with those changes which blacken and soften the dead vegetable matter. The arrest of the disintegration arising from the action of the water is due, in part at least, to the fact that the oxygen of the air does not have free con¬ tact with the carbon, and thus can not convert it into the gaseous substance known as “ carbon dioxide,” nor can various other combina¬ tions which take place in the air be effected. Moreover, when buried beneath the water, various microscopic organisms effective in produc¬ ing decay are shut out from the mass, which, in its submerged state, never undergoes changes which deprive it of its fixed carbon, though for a long time it may yield considerable amounts of a light, burnable gas. In this unchanged condition it may remain for an indefinitely long time, perhaps, indeed, until by changes of the height of the land it is lowered beneath the ocean level to be buried in strata and in course of ages to become a coal bed. Although bogs are ordinarily formed beneath lake basins by the gradual growth of water-loving vegetation from their sides and bottoms, a process which goes on until the lake may be converted into a normal peat swamp, there is another way in which peat may be accumulated and which in certain regions gives rise to very extensive bogs which were not formed in a water basin ; these are commonly known as climb¬ ing bogs, and in one or another of their several forms they are widely disseminated. In high latitudes peat deposits are due to the growth in a luxuriant form of the common sphagnum. Starting on the borders of a lake basin, the dense mass of branches of this plant will, if the air be very moist, grow not only over the surface of the water but upward from its level upon slopes which may have an inclination of 5 or 10 degrees. As the lower part of the vegetable mat decays it forms a peat of ordinary quality, which may gradually attain a thickness of many feet. In the process of growth these highland morasses often extend into forests, where they gradually kill the trees, so that the region once wooded may become an open moorland. PEAT DEPOSITS. 309 In southern regions other species of plants, particularly and in the main the ordinary species of cane, affect, though in another way, the establishment and extension of climbing bogs; it is the habit of these reeds to grow in close-set order, it not infrequently happening that more than 100 stalks are found on the area of a square foot. The small inter¬ spaces between the separate shoots become, for some distance above the surface of the earth, densely filled with fallen leaves and other waste from the plants. This interstitial matter serves to hold the water and to maintain a wet surface, which serves to prevent the complete decay of the vegetable matter. By the accumulation of this material peaty layers, sometimes having a thickness of 2 or 3 feet, maybe accumulated on surfaces having a slope of as much as 5 degrees; but the deposits thus formed never have the considerable thickness common in the moss- formed peat. They are, moreover, much less pure, for the reason that the cane contains a relatively large amount of siliceous ash. It should be also noted that the cane-made peats abound in materials suited to the growth of ordinary crops. They afford, indeed, very fertile soils, while the moss peats are not fitted to nurture any of our important crop plants. It should be noted that the quality of peat as regards its fuel yalue, either for immediate use in its natural state or after artificial treat¬ ment, varies greatly, according to its previous history. It may be said in . general, at least as far as the deposits of this country are concerned, that none of the climbing bogs, either those formed by mosses or by cane, have any noteworthy value. The last-named group may indeed be entirely excluded from the consideration. Furthermore, that the lake bogs afford the best peat for fuel purposes at some distance from the neighboring highland and at a considerable depth, generally at least 4 or 5 feet below the surface. In such positions the deposit is formed where it is not affected by wash from the shores and where the material, having been long exposed to the agents of change, has lost, through the expelled gases, its more volatile material, and at the same time has become more compact. There is another feature connected with the growth of lake bogs which should be noted, as it may be of importance to those who are led to examine them from au economic point of view. The greater part of the peat-filled lakes were formed at the close of the Glacial period. When abandoned by the ice, these basins became filled with water and around their margins the growth of mosses began, these delicate plants form¬ ing a lodgment wherever the blows of the waves were not sufficient to break them up. Gradually the mantle of vegetation spread out from the shores, floating upon the surface of the lake. In time the moss raft thickened, and from its lower decaying surface quantities of peaty mat¬ ter dropped through the intervening water to the bottom. If the basin was not very large, and if the circumstances, such as climate, favored the growth of the plants, the whole of the basin may have become filled 310 MINERAL RESOURCES. with the accumulation, the lake water, except so far as held in the inter¬ stices of the swamp, having been expelled. It is, however, a common case, especially in the larger basins, that the central portion of the area, though covered by a mantle of vegetation sufficiently firm to uphold the feet of a man, is underlaid by a considerable depth of water, which, in turn, rests upon a more or less considerable layer of x^eat which has dropped down from the superficial covering. In most cases, such a deposit is recognized as a ‘‘quaking bog,” but in some instances it may be impossible, even by jumping on the surface, to induce motion, and yet the layer of unexpelled water may exist at the depth of three or four feet below the surface. Such bogs can only be explored by the use of boring tools or of pricking rods. It not infrequently happens, esx>ecially in a large bog through which a stream finds its way, that the barrier which retains the lake has been somewhat cut down, so that the surface becomes x>artly dried. In this case the area of x>eat may become covered by a forest composed of those sx>ecies, such as the white cedar and the water maide, which tolerate a considerable amount of moisture about their roots, the nature of the underlying material being indicated only by the level character of the area. 4 DISTRIBUTION OF PEAT BOGS. The considerations already x^resented above make it plain that the formation of peat deposits depends upon the existence of sufficient rain¬ fall and the occurrence in any region of basins suited for the accumu¬ lation of such deposits. In a word, the formation of the accumulations depends upon climate and topography. Excessively hot summers ax>pear so to promote the decomposition of vegetable matter, even where it is accumulated below water level, that peat accumulates very slowly or not at all. A very short summer season, such as occurs in high latitudes, is also unfavorable to the for¬ mation of such deposits, for the reason that the amount of growth of the vegetation in any one year is relatively very small. Within the arctic circle such fossil woody matter is only found in notable quantities within those districts which are warmed by the ocean streams; where metamorphosed peats in the form of coal are formed they indicate other conditions of climate than those which exist at the present day. Within the limits of North America, it seems likely that peat dex>osits of considerable dex>th exist nearly as far north as the arctic circle. Their considerable development, however, is limited to the region occu¬ pied by the eastern glacial fields of the last ice ejwch. They do not, indeed, occur in all x>ortious of this area. A line drawn from the At¬ lantic coast in southern New Jersey westward through northern Penn¬ sylvania, Ohio, northern Indiana, northern Illinois, central Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota will, in a rough way, describe that northeastern portion of the United States where peat dejmsits may be regarded PEAT DEPOSITS. 311 as common and of sufficient importance to deserve mention in tlie gen¬ eral resources of the country. As it will hereafter be noted, there are many local deposits formed under peculiar circumstances in other parts of the country which deserve notice. In the peat district of the northeastern United States and the adja¬ cent portions of Canada the accumulations are generally of the lake-bog type. In eastern Canada, Newfoundland, and the maritime provinces climbing bogs of the type so common in Ireland and other portions of northwestern Europe occur, but they lack the extent and depth of those in the Old World. Within the United States the only climbing bogs of a conspicuous character occur in eastern Maine, but even there they are relatively unimportant except from a scientific point of view. Simi¬ lar accumulations of a smaller sort formed on declivities may be noted in the more western parts of New England and in northeastern New York. Nowhere within the limits of the United States, so far as is known to the writer, are these high-lying bogs of other than scientific interest. The practical limitation of the eastern peat bogs of the United States to the glaciated district is due in part to the relatively moist climate of that area, but in larger measure to the very numerous lakes of small size which were developed in this region by the last ice sheet which was imposed upon it. While the glacier lay upon the surface, it wore it in an irregular manner, forming numerous basin-shaped hol¬ lows in the bed rock. When the ice melted away the detritus which it had taken into its mass and that which had been accumulated in the form of eskers, in channels or ice arches of the old subglacial streams, was distributed over the surface without relation to the natural water¬ courses, so that wheu the earth was bared it became covered with in¬ numerable lakelets or larger bodies of water. Immediately after the Glacial period these basins, in New England alone, were probably to be numbered by the tens of thousands. It seems likely, indeed, that somewhere near one-fourth of the area was wet enough to favor the more or less complete preservation of peaty matter. A large num¬ ber of these basins were drained by the cutting down of their drift barriers through the action of the effluent stream ; the greater part of the others, especially those, by far the most numerous, which were less than a quarter of a mile in diameter, have been converted into peat bogs. Where the basins were more than a quarter of a mile in diam¬ eter, unless they were so shallow as to permit the plentiful growth of pond lilies in front of the advancing margin of the bog, thereby pro¬ tecting the growing mosses from the stroke of the waves, we rarely find peat accumulations. It should be noted, however, that in certain cases where the basins are retained and walled by sands, the varying height of the water level in different seasons has hindered the growth of the bog-making plants. In general, it may be said that the water basins which owe their origin to glacial action have been reduced to 312 MINERAL RESOURCES. peat bogs, only the larger and rarer lakes having been preserved by the action of the waves from the process of occlusion. After the close of the glacial period another action set in which led to the formation of a peculiar class of basins. During the ice epoch the land beneath the glacial covering was tilted down to the northward with a variable slope, which in the region from Lake Michigan east¬ ward appears to have been at a rate which varied, but which amounted in general to a foot or two in a mile of northing. Some time after the ice went away a reversed movement set in, the land in the north being elevated to its present position. This movement in certain parts of New England, particularly in eastern Massachusetts, greatly diminished the flow of some of the rivers and so permitted them, as in the case of the Sudbury and the Neponset, to become to a considerable extent occupied by bogs. It seems likely that certain of the peat accumula¬ tions in New York may have been formed under similar conditions. Although peat swamps occur in a considerable variety of conditions, the following general statements and classification may prove service¬ able to those who are seeking these deposits. In general it may be said that bogs are rare in regions which may be termed mountainous, where the streams have the character of torrents; in such regions of steep slopes even the irregularities of surface due to glacial action are not likely to produce water basins. Where the surface approaches a level and has little drift upon it, basins which have been converted into peat bogs are apt to be not uncommon; but for the reason that excavations which would contain water are relatively rare on the sur¬ face of glaciated bed rock, peat bogs do not usually abound in such fields. It is where the drift is thick and irregularly disposed that such deposits are most likely to be found. The bogs found in drift basins differ somewhat in their number and their character, according to the nature of the Glacial waste. Where the loose material has the nature known as till or bowlder clay, the basins now occupied by the bogs are likely to be entered by consider¬ able streams bearing muddy waters. In such positions the peat is apt to be relatively impure. On the other hand, where the basins are situ¬ ated in fields occupied by stratified sands and gravel, from which the clay has been washed, inflowing streams are rare, and where they exist they are seldom muddy, even in times of flood, so that the peat accu¬ mulations are tolerably well preserved from admixture with eartliy matter. In general it maybe noted that the washed drift, where it lies in the shape of pitted plains or undulating kame deposits, affords fields which most abound in peat, though the areas are generally small. In some parts of the country, particularly in Michigan, morainal deposits lying on approximately level surfaces often constitute dams which serve to retain shallow lakes that have been converted into swamps. Some of the most extensive bogs in southern Michigan owe their origin to this cause. PEAT DEPOSITS. 313 Along the coast of New Jersey the process of down sinking of the land, which apparently has gone on for some thousands of years, prob¬ ably at an average rate of from 1 to 3 feet in a century, has produced a flooding of ancient valleys, which are now partly occupied by the sea and partly by fresh water. Extensive deposits of peat, as well as of marine marsh accumulations, appear to have been formed in this manner. Southward along the Atlantic Coast to the central parts of Florida a depression of the shore lauds essentially similar to that which has taken place in New Jersey has occurred. Owing to the warmer climate the peaty accumulations do not develop as well as they would in simi¬ lar positions in a higher latitude; the deposits appear in general to contain much more ash, and in most cases are unfit for use as fuel; they have, however, more value for use in the preparation of fertilizers than those which are formed farther to the north. Along the Mississippi and other rivers which have a well-developed fluviatile or inundation plain these fields formed by the deposits laid down during flood times normally slope from the banks toward the sides of the valley in which the stream lies. There is thus, at the foot of the territory which is above the level of inundation, a belt of morasses commonly known as “back swamps.” It often happens that these lowlands are the seat of a considerable peaty accumulation com¬ posed mainly of leaves and stems of trees and of the silt of the finer sort which is precipitated from the river, which occupies the area for a considerable part of the year. This bog earth is entirely unfit for use as fuel, but is of great value for use as a fertilizer, either in its native state or as admixed with other manurial substances. West of the Mississippi the swamps continue with gradually dimin¬ ishing value until they come near to the margin of the district which may be termed arid. From western Texas northward traces of peat may be found at various points as far north in the United States as the Canadian border and western Minnesota, and scantily yet farther to the west. It may be said in general, however, that even in the glaciated district deposits of much economic value even to the agriculturist are not common in the country west of the Mississippi. As regards the number and area of bogs, that portion of New Eng¬ land which lies to the east of the Berkshire hills and the Green Moun¬ tains is by far the richest part of this country, the reason for this being that the rocks in that section are locally very much diversified, so that they have induced a very irregular surface when affected by glacial action. The contrast between this section and the portions of New York which have a similar climate will show the importance of these conditions. In New England there are probably per unit of area at least five times as many morasses as there are on those portions of New York which are underlaid by horizontally stratified rock. 314 MINERAL RESOURCES. Another general fact is that along the eastern face of North America the thickness of the peat deposits, and the proportion of the lakes which have been closed by such accumulations, steadily decreases as we go away from the shore. This indicates the importance of a moist climate in favoring the development of peat deposits. It may also be said that the average fuel value of peat decreases as we pass from the seashore toward the inland district, while the value of the material for fertilizing purposes increases. The reason for this is that as the peat grows more slowly the admixture of animal organic matter derived from the bones of fishes and the shells of crustaceans and mollusks constitutes a rela¬ tively larger portion of the mass, while at the same time the fine silt, borne in by the streams, which generally has some fertilizing value, is also relatively greater. PETROLEUM.1 By Joseph D. Weeks. [The barrel used in this report, unless otherwise specified, is of 42 Winchester gallons.] IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE YEAR. The most notable features in connection with the production of petro¬ leum in 1894 are: (1) The continued decline in production in the older fields and the increase in the newer fields, especially in the Lima- Indiaua field and in California, the total production for the United States showing an increase 5 (2) the increase of consumption overpro¬ duction, resulting in a heavy decline in stocks held at the wells, and (3) the increase in price as compared with 1893. Briefly summarized, the facts regarding these three features of 1894 are as follows: DECREASE IN OLD FIELDS AND INCREASE IN NEW. The production of New York declined from 1,031,391 barrels in 1893 to 942,431 in 1894; of Pennsylvania from 19,283,122 barrels in 1893 to 18,077,559 barrels in 1894; West Virginia about held its own, the pro¬ duction increasing from 8,445,412 barrels in 1893 to 8,577,624 barrels in 1894; Ohio increased from 16,249,769 barrels in 1893 to 16,792,154 barrels in 1894. The chief increase was in what is known as the Macksburg or Eastern Ohio district, in which the oil is of the same character as that of the Pennsylvania and New York field, the increase being from 2,601,394 barrels in 1893 to 3,183,370 barrels in 1894. The Lima district about held its own. The production of Indiana increased from 2,335,293 barrels in 1893 to 3,688,666 barrels in 1894; Colorado decreased from 594,390 barrels in 1893 to 515,746 barrels iu 1894; Cali¬ fornia increased from 466,179 barrels in 1893 to 705,969 barrels in 1894, while Kansas, which did not appear as a producer in 1893, produced 40,000 barrels in 1894. The total increase in production in the United States was from 48,412,666 barrels in 1893 to 49,344,516 barrels in 1894, an increase in the production of the United States of 931,850 barrels. 1 For much of the statistical information used in this report the writer is indebted to the previous publications of Mineral Resources and to the reports of the Eleventh Census, the Oil City Derrick, the American Manufacturer and Iron World, and Stowell’s Petroleum Reporter of Pittsburg. Other special acknowledgments will be given in the body of the report. 315 316 MINERAL RESOURCES. DECREASE IN STOCKS. The stocks of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oil field at the close of 1S94 was 6,499,880 barrels, as compared with 12,31G,G11 barrels at the close of 1893, a reduction of nearly 6,000,000 barrels, though the production of the Appalachian field had declined only some GOO, 000 barrels. INCREASE IN PRICE. The average value of certificate oil in the Appalachian field in 1894 was 83J cents a barrel, as compared with G4 cents a barrel in 1893 and 55f cents in 1892. In the Lima field the average price advanced from 36§ in 1892 to 47^ cents in 1893 and 48 cents a barrel in 1894. The total value of the 48,412,666 barrels produced in 1893 was $28,932,326, or 59§ cents a barrel, while the total value of the 49,344,516 barrels produced in 1894 was $35,522,095, or nearly 72 cents a barrel. PRODUCTION AND VALUE. LOCALITIES. The petroleum-producing localities in the United States remain about as they were in 1893, though Wyoming and Kansas are added to their number. While petroleum has been found in nearly every State and Territory, the localities in which it has been produced in paying quan¬ tities are few. These are the well-known oil regions of New York and western Pennsylvania and the various districts of West Virginia and eastern Ohio, which are designated in this report as the Appalachian oil field. This is the most important of the oil-producing territories, its total production in 1894 being some 30,781,924 barrels of the total production of 49,344,516 barrels, or 62.4 per cent. Outside of this Appalachian field the most important oil-producing districts are the limestone fields of Lima, Ohio, and of Indiana, continuations of the Lima district. The different sections in this field, however, produce oils varying greatly in quality. In what we have called this Lima- Indiana field there were produced in 1894, 1 7,296,510 barrels. In addi¬ tion to these two oil fields the Florence oil district of Colorado and the oil fields of southern California have heretofore been the only other important producing districts. In 1894 there were produced in the Colorado oil field 515,746 barrels and in the California oil field 705,969 barrels. The only other important oil district, so far as concerns pro¬ duction in 1894, was Kansas, in which 40,000 barrels were produced. The Wyoming field also begins to assume some importance, 2,369 bar¬ rels having been produced in this field in 1894. Outside of these six fields the total production of the United States in 1894 was but 1,998 barrels. It would be useless to give space to these minor fields were it not for their promise of the future. For example, Indiana was insig¬ nificant in petroleum production until 1889, Kansas had no production PETROLEUM. 317 in 1892 or 1893, and Wyoming has been carried heretofore as the name of a district in which there were great possibilities of oil production. TOTAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE. In the following table is given a statement of the total amount and the total value of all crude petroleum produced in the United States in 1893 and 1894 by States and important districts : Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in theUnited States in 1893 and 1894. States anti districts. 1893. 1894. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Xew Tork . Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania . Franklin . Smiths Ferry . West Virginia: West Virginia . Burning Springs . Volcano . 1, 031,391 $660, 090 942, 431 $790, 464 19. 196, 051 66, 278 20, 793 12, 285, 473 265, 112 13, 308 18, 017, 869 57, 070 2, 620 15, 112, 488 228, 280 2,198 19, 283, 122 12, 563, 893 18, 077, 559 15, 342, 966 8, 427, 448 5, 964 12, 000 5, 393, 567 4, 955 27, 000 | 8, 553, 046 14, 560 10, 018 7, 173, 867 38, 176 9, 674 Ohio: Macksburg . Eastern and Southern . Lima . Mecca-Belden . Indiana . Kentucky . Missouri . Colorado . . California . Texas . Indian Territory . 8, 445, 412 5, 425, 522 8, 577, 624 7, 221,717 | 2, 601, 394 13, 646. 804 1,571 1, 664, 892 6, 448, 115 11,335 3, 183, 370 13, 607, 844 940 2, 670, 052 6, 531, 765 4, 476 16, 249, 769 8, 124, 342 16, 792, 154 9, 206, 293 2, 335, 293 3, 000 50 594, 390 470, 179 50 10 1, 050, 882 1, 500 154 497, 581 608, 092 210 60 3, 688, 666 1,500 8 515, 746 705, 969 60 130 300 2, 369 40, 000 1, 774, 260 450 40 303, 652 823, 423 300 810 1,800 15, 920 40, 000 Total . 48, 412, 666 28, 932, 326 49, 344,516 35, 522, 095 From the above table it will be seen that the total production of petroleum in the United States in 1894 was 49,344,510 barrels, as com¬ pared with 48,412,000 barrels in 1893 and 50,509,130 barrels in 1892. The increased production in 1894 over 1893 is chiefly in the new fields. There is a decline of production in New York, Pennsylvania, and Colorado, a slight increase in West Virginia and eastern Ohio; a slight decline in the Lima field, while there is a marked advance in production in Indiana and California. CHARACTER OF THE OILS PRODUCED. The oils produced in the Franklin, some of the Burning Springs, and the Volcano, West Virginia, and the Mecca-Belden, Ohio, districts, and in Missouri, Texas, and Indian Territory are chiefly lubricating 318 MINERAL RESOURCES. oils, being used either as lubricators in their natural state or for the production of high-grade lubricating oil. All of the other oils are what are known as illuminating or fuel oils. The Indiana and Lima oils were for a while after their first production regarded chiefly as fuel oils, and while they are still used to a large extent for fuel purposes the illuminating oil produced from them, especially the oil from the most eastward pool in Ohio, is of a very high character, the recent methods adopted for refining being such as thoroughly to remove from it its offensive odor and to make from it an illuminating oil better than that produced from the Appalachian crude. PRODUCTION BY FIELDS. The production of petroleum in the chief producing fields of the United States in 1893 and 1S94 was as follows: Production of petroleum in the United States in 1893 and 1894, by fields. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Fields. Production. 1893. 1894. Appalachian . 31,362,890 15, 982, 097 594, 390 466, 179 30, 781, 924 17, 296, 510 515, 746 705, 969 40, 000 2, 369 1,998 Lima-Indiana . . Florence, Colorado . Southern California . Kansas . Wyoming . Other . 7, 110 Total . 48, 412, 666 49, 344, 516 VALUE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCED IN 1894. The total value of the petroleum produced in the United States in 1894 was $35,522,095, or 71.988 or 72 cents a barrel. The value in 1893 was 59f cents a barrel. The total value of the oil produced in 1894 was nearly $7,000,000 greater than that of the product of 1893, though the increase in production was a little less than 1,000,000 barrels. The average value of certificate oil, which includes most of that produced in the Appalachian field, in 1894 was 83§ cents a barrel. The average value of the Lima oil was 48 cents a barrel. The average value of the Franklin oil was $4 a barrel; of the Colorado, 58| cents a barrel; of the California, $1.17 a barrel; of the Wyoming, $6.72 a barrel, and of the Kansas, $1 a barrel. PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PETROLEUM IN THE UNITED STATES, I859 TO 1894. In the following table will be found a statement of the production of crude petroleum in the United States from the beginning of pro¬ duction marked by the drilling of the Drake well in 1859 up to and including the production of 1894, the table being by years and States: Product of crude petroleum in the United States from 1859 to 1894. [Barrels.] C PETROLEUM. 319 'S * rj ^ LlJ poa OOC500)05000b«Cnn^,>!»'OW^OCOOOCDCOOOOfOCOlftH©lflCONO!0 0«0 o OOO05OOOOOHO^^0iC0'+'-O«0O'#INnC0C0nOi(OWHh00MOH CO OOOOCOHt-t>COHOI>OlHL-05lOCDCOOOriH^CO!D^(M(X)QOOiOOC5HOiO CO J W ' - ' L L— (.<•) 1— I W ' t— I— I l— T— I > - I vjv 'T' V#'* VJV 'w' U.J r— I W »A.> cd©cdco"rdcdp^tdtdcdidcTidcdcdcdcdedcrco"'d'cD"i-H©cfodi>'idadcdcdcdrHarcd”d OHlOHHOJOJT»(’1*HCOOOO}(MCOCOi005HCOCO'H'^r-(Ti<©t>HCONO>OH^ lOHOCOr-t^ifJMCONWlMNQOOJHHMCOCJNCOOrJiNOOCMNCOr-'OOfUO^M cd cd cd cd cd cd cd cd •*£ id id co" of cT cd 05 cd id aT cd t-d © cd t-T co" cd i> id id t* o' oo oT g ri H HHHNNCONNNNiMNCOTluOirj^^ be .2 2 o p>5 •2 £ h •» ® S «H-S a c3 X © H fl ci W 'CO^-fiOOO • Tjufl Ift 'lUO *xO • o o o • o o o • iD > r* gn3 £ g p & © M 'Mlfl00*tOH®OOOOOO • COiOTjKONaOJOOOOOO 'CU'HHt'I'O'^OOiOOiO •OrtiTjCOiCOifl •t-HHrlH'd 05(NT)iCD(M^t-0500Cia3t-0 • tH ri tH ^ 00 O 05 ’t • CCJCOrfOO’^OCOt'- • co" cd'oo ltd '•d'd »rT •t>C5HCOCO(NO)H • (M CO CO CO 00 ID lO J-4 t>#c8 -t-3 a CO .P V be .ooooooooooooooocooooococq^ • OOOOOOOOOOOOO-trHr^t-.QO'-'fM • OOOOOOOOOOOOO^T— (looaor^co •OOINOOO)HCOCOOHlMlfl05'#NCOOlOt' ■ OCU>00 00t'i0(N(M050JO^-'+05OHTfN 'OHHHHHHHH rlrlr I lO rjl 00 ^ lO • cd cd cd oo" oo rP o ■ OCOCOOC10NH(MHOOiniCCCOCOHHC5i< iOCDOCt»HrliCOCOCOOOOP-HCOCOiOOiMCOiO iOt'OOHH05 00b*COOOO)OOO^COCOO)l>H •OHOWOOOCOO^OONOOOHrlfONON •OC0CaC0CQC0C0C0Ttl05iO00*-irHt^0J^C0^05 • CM COt'OOr(tHl>mwt- • r-T id o cd co" cd co" co" o p "gfc d © OO0)O05C5OOO^Olft-f^Olfi-C!0incU0HC5O055}HOC000l000C0NMO OOOOJOOOOOriO-tWCiCOTfHOl'^h^OOCOOTfOOXCCOOCOt'Ha 00'-OCOC5HI>t>COr^Ot^(MHl'050a^'^HCOlOlOCO(MOO’-iCO-^(N!MCOin05 cdocdcdrH'cdt^'id'tdco"ido'id'co"co"co"t— 'odidcdidt^'cdcdodcdcdcdcdcdt^'cdoTcd’dor OHl0HH05 05^^HCDO05 05(N00C0C0C0C0(Mt'iO(Mt'h*05O0000»OO(NHH lOHOCOH^ifJCOCON(MNW0005l'C5HHCOOCOOHt>t>t'CO^^'^O^COO cd cd cd cd cd cd cd cd id id cd od o' oo co" cd id of co" id ©" cd cd ©" id cd cd r-d oo co" oo © of rH HHHOUMCOIMNININNHNWCOIMIMH 0>OHC]C0^i0C0t-00 05GHCQC0'^inc0t'00©OH(NC0^»nC0t^00OOH(NC0'f iOC0C0C0'OC0CC0C0CDC0l>r-t^l>r'C't-t'l>h-00 00 00 C0X000000000005050)C5 03 CO CO CO OO CO CO 00 CO CC CO CO 00 CO CO 00 CO OO CO CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 cocococcooooooooccco a In addition to this amount, it is estimated that for want of a market some 10,000,000 barrels ran to waste in and prior to 1862 from the Pennsylvania fields; also a large amount from West Virginia and Tennessee. & Including all production prior to 1876 in Ohio, W est Virginia, and California, c This includes ail the petroleum pro¬ duced in Kentucky and Tennessee prior to 1883. 320 MINERAL RESOURCES. From the above table it appears that the enormous total of 636,713,680 barrels of crude petroleum, more than 100,000,000 tons, have been pro¬ duced in the United States since the beginning of operations at Titus¬ ville, Pa., in 1859. By far the largest portion of this has been produced in what is known as the u Pennsylvania and New York oil fields,” these fields producing alone 497,512,870 barrels of the total of 656,713,680 barrels, or nearly 76 per cent. Ohio has produced 113,782,343 barrels and West Virginia 29,059,479 barrels, and Colorado and California have produced respectively 3,658,843 and 5,475,419 barrels, while Indiana, which does not figure as a producer of petroleum until 1889, has produced 6,955,532 barrels, over 6,000,000 barrels of which has been produced in the last two years. For convenience of reference a statement is given below of the pro¬ duction of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1894, by States: Production of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] States. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Pennsylvania and New York . 28, 458, 208 16, 124, 656 492, 578 368, 842 307, 360 63, 496 6, 000 33, 009, 236 17, 740, 301 2, 406, 218 665, 482 323, 600 136, 634 9, 000 28, 422, 377 16, 362, 921 3, 810, 086 824, 000 385, 049 20,314, 513 16, 249, 769 8, 445, 412 594, 390 470, 179 2, 335, 293 3, 000 19, 019, 990 16, 792, 154 8, 577, 624 515, 746 705, 969 3, 688, 666 1, 500 300 Ohio . West Virginia . 698| 068 6, 500 Kentucky . 1, 200 64 1,400 54 40, 000 60 Texas . 45 50 Missouri . 278 25 10 50 8 30 80 10 130 2, 369 Total . 45, 822, 672 54, 291, 980 50, 509, 136 48, 412, 666 49, 344, 516 EXPORTS. In the following table are given the exports of crude petroleum and its products from the United States from 1871 to 1894, together with a statement of the production of the United States in the years named. The figures of exports are from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department The figures of production were collected by the writer: PETROLEUM to to § to £ •~ *s oo ? — to <>0 S •r ^ fi ® s |- 2 § ^se £ e u o ~ M W o H vftinOOf-tOJCOt^h-incO'fCJOCO'^WMOSMiCOCOCO •NXOOt'®H^OC^Oh*t-HTj<0'^005lOM»rHOO ^X®QO(N»WOOO'tOHOOHMNOOt'WO>OOHOX ^ ^ H N -t Iff oT W »0 io" CO- CO CO t> rH © 00* Iff CO o h*T cT ©f of S to O Cl .O ’t CO CKO O IO M to iO 't 05 O Cj C- IM 05 OOt^O)Ot-iftiOOWiOiO!Ot'-T)'Of-icO'HWiMHt'H'^ «OCOlOMH®l'*Ht>'»l<00'itt'050500ooooc«JCOH t-©rHCOH«CMCMt'-''^t-'^H<©HiC©COO5'rl<00©'<*©1CO ccf of oo ©~ ©~ co ©~ of of rH~ ©f © ©f -^T h* C000'^WOMO«Nift MCOHLO^COCOt'OiO-^'HTjit^.COOO'^t'OOOJCOWW '^dttVVHoTHV^weoVoHHNowco't^oo 4’^«C0CD^'tN’f-HOC0'^C005Cl>C00:i'-fC © — ? I M Cl CM CO CO -t .*0. lO O IO O O © © i: - -Cl-X Cl u © _ © ^ © >. • -e ^ 2^ © CO <—* £ ^ .2 .2 +3 p rC — ^5 .2 I n ^ O-rt g^fl x « ® toOOOiOrflHHl>iOOMHM003h-COOO>lCiOWOH^ KiOHacjt^cr'CtiOQO^icoiooot'ioocoxcicoo C^©oi'©'fo©oo3co(N:oifn-©coo(NO>co(n©i> ocor'^ccoocoooh-inmt'^ojHct'HHoorHTf r-ii0HN©W0UMt>-01©l'©NMO'tH0505©C0^H hhhiMWINWHH^'^COCOHHh 3 P 'V a © ri <*■' © ®-§ g-a © 3 £ Mta S3 '& l> c3 • © "T rP © '—'-4-3 tdO® 5 S3 43 iP C3® 9 S too P +2 cS P a p © p •rH • 2 ® §■§ OD P ci *lj pa © -H CD rP C8 P-bX) c3 ft C6 «jj § 11 ^ os+i- ~C3 P >• p t>D S 2 S.g5 & fe P a-g CD O-P a- ' p © O «*H * 3 ® ® § ®s ea. ,N00©00O©N©(M©00'M^I00®^C0©®NtJ<(M^00 ecio -h X 5ticoco<©coi>'c>^r i© ccf co*~ co~ co oT o' 00 o' C^T CO~ i— T i— T '2O»t'O(N®iflNlM^ifl®OOHa00MftMOO4H C -h iTj co O W CO W H © r- HXMlOCOt^POCOXCOO-^iOtM fh HMClO^W^COCO^OiOOr-iMr-Hr-iH 00 CM o o r— O CM 00 © © r— © © o © © -* © 00 CO ©4 © O O o oo co 00 o CM o 00 00 rH © CXJ CM © r— 03 © rj' 00 00 Tf4 O ©1 00 o -T CM CO CM CM t— 00 03 © 00 © (M o t— 05 o t— oo CO © -t CO CO 05 05 03 © 00 © 03 © oo © © 05 00 O o I— r— 05 -* o CO 05 © 00 © CO © 03 CO CO q r— i iO CM CM CO © O l- I-1 o —i rt< © © © CM © t— 03 *“ 1 r- rH r-T CM ©4 ©1 CM ©4 CO Ttl © © OO CO oo ©1 05 05 © 05 ©1 o 05 © r— CO r— r- r— Tf © r— t— cc e i CM o o ©4 CM o o o CO 05 © © co © CO © © © t— s CM © o o 05 © © o 00 © CO CM 05 CO © CM © CM 00 00 © o 00 CM CO 00 r— Tf © 00 r— CO rH oo © OO 00 ©4 © CO © © © ©4 ©r -t CO o 05 CO © CM o o © ©1 o 00 r— -r 00 rH © 03 CM CO 03 e CM -+ © 05 05 i— i 05 © o o 00 rH 05 05 05 © © 03 © CO © rH cb T— 1 ©1 CO © © 00 r— 1 ©1 CO © -t t— ©4 CO ©4 O r”* 1 CM ©1 ©J CO CO CO CO ci »« IS w e ^ Cl © ^ ^ CO CO COCDt-Cl«©»©OOuOOOCO'—(M^CM01<©r-H'MC©C5tn'^t>- lOXTft^COCliOOOOOOiOCXCJCOHCXiO^OH ^COMOONb- L— OlCOClCOt— O O) W H H O I> O Tf CQ ©t>ooooa©»OHt>cuooo©Nt»'Xuo®©©ci© lOocoooociOH'fC'icoNint’HOcoHcai-cjHO rj'CO-^HOCOCOQOOHCO^TjtruoOlMNCOQOOOt'© cowoob*oooocio^t'iOHOicooot"f©co©in©© • ^ CO 00 t- - I'O-t'OCOinHCOtDl'HOOOXCDMOlCOr-iC'l 200COa05t'©OOiOTMC©lO®CUO©Hl>©'rtOHCO© © oocTirf cq oo -h i.rT ca i> — ' o' o' ^-T o' o' ©f in' ci" co~ uo oo cT ocT Kt'OOOt- cot— r-.OCOOCllOlCOOCM'^'^Ot— rj(f- 'COO grtNiOlC®OOCOMiOHO'>tHOOOOH(NOt'X^^(NCO ci oo t-- fl5 ^mt>OhNNOON ^TfH^i0NOrti©C0«O»t> t^CO ^ClOOClOlOCOt-O'-tOOOClCOOO^GOOUOOCOt - 1* POOCONOOHOOJOCOCOCJMHHHINOOCJOXOO© ' - - I w—l — —4 __ — (—4 t— < — —I r— . - - I — < _ _J~ iftN^^OHONMHOO^HOrJCOOt'OCO^UflTfi toOifto^citnooooocoH^HNOin^occocJooom 201©1^0t— t— C5t-uOr-Hr-IOOCO^Tj'Cl(Mt-rtiOC5Caot— <*tiOiOC5>O©©-^iMH-t'Cl-4C0'^! “ - - - - 1 O I „S o 00 O O 00 (M O r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . KffiCOlOH ^uoocofM^iooor-cot-ooccooocqoioio gMtONOONiO^UOHOOJCO©^ ^CO^ClTtl^COCOiO ^ oo oo o' o' '<*' co cT co oT irf o o'" t> co" -tjT tjT of n co of t-h to uo HHHHHHHHWrlHHHHHHHrirlHn'’ .O’#Hr('OCCC5O00OMNt'Ol0OC0iflClC505HHifl c«O0)t'C500OOCii0OC5OOH00OC0OOOM3)0JH ^t— OH-^UOt— CCt'-H^OMOXO^OOL^O^OHCOOS •^i-4~4\t}ccaocQt^oSoS'G*0)c6a}C$e}aoi-4'^'&in\nt££^in '^t'OONCO'tOOOt'OONCOOi'O^iOCOCOOffiOH ®H^O^t>CONHOt'OCO^HOOr*TfHirtCOOiO^ ^ ©f of c O^COCO-rrl— '^0*Tt(©JC10(M SWCOOTjilOCOOOOt'^OOIC ^COOlOHiOb- C0t> Oi ^ H CD 05" o" o' exT CO o' o" lO Cl' oT ^ o" o' t— ' iff o' ~rf r-T r-T HHHHHNNNNM^^»O^at>»t>00C5©OH01 OOOONOOOODOONOOOOOONNOtO^ONWN ClrJ(HO»0J^i0C0O05OG005HMM04lN050 0)TfOi’-*lGC$lOO$'*t^y-*'*'*f'r£cS'cQG$lt5£?C$'cGCQ-4a> -incohoociHOOio©oono OCOOClOOlOt- OCOOt— TfCOHlOt> t— t— OOiOCCtCOCO^ ao^fiaao o co ©~ o' o" ^ r-T r-T -iT t> i>T oo t— cf o -^T cf *-T of ©f HOnL'lHOOOrj'rtOOOOOOHH^COiflMNOOlMCOh OW'if^lflCOinOCOrtHClOJOOHHH^OClHOO »— (»— II— I *-H r-HHHHNNCPM 3-S ° © ’O fcH 0 ^ © PS ^•^OiOtJiCMOOOCIXOCOOOiO COOCO-rHOOO^lMCOCOCOCOC t v U I' UU (MHt— C5iO«OCOCOHri(NCO®^(NOOXOinOC5 -(OiOCOCQOOOO iflCOCOONNOO^OHOOJOOt - *OOCQCOTH40bHOWaOHTf N(MCO©HHCOCOONOlO^CQOOOW©HXWlO^CO HOICO'^iOOt-OOClOHOlCO'^OOt— 00 05©Her month, as well as the pipage, being regulated somewhat by the selling price of the oil. In the selling price of the oil, therefore, no charges for storage in tanks nor for transportation are included. Practically, therefore, the prices given are the prices for the oil at or near the wells. The average prices cover only the ordinary grades of oil. They do not include the prices of special oils, such as that from the Franklin district in Pennsylvania or the lubricating oils from Burning Springs or Volcano in West Virginia, nor the oil from the Mecca-Belden district 334 MINERAL RESOURCES. in Ohio, but only that grade of oil which is known as Pennsylvania oil and is used chiefly for the production of illuminants. It is also true that at certain times oils from different districts in the Appalachian field have been worth an advance on certificate oil, and frequently old oil or tank oil — that is, oil that has stood for some time in tanks — is worth less than fresh oil, or oil that has been recently produced. This is especially the case when there is a large demand tor the lighter oils, fresh oils producing a larger percentage of the lighter products than old oil. These averages, it should be understood, are not true averages — that is, averages which consider the price and the quantity sold at that price — but they are averages of the prices obtained for certificates or for oil at the primary markets from day to day. It is probable that the true average prices would be slightly under the averages obtained by averaging the prices. The figures given in the following table are, under the circumstances, the only ones that can be ascertained, and do not vary much from the true average : Monthly and yearly average prices of pipe-line certificates of crude petroleum at wells from 1860 to 1894. [Per barrel.] Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. jJune. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Yearly. 1860 . $19. 25 $18. 00 $12. 62* $11. 00 $10. 00 $9. 50 $8. 62* $7. 50 $6. 62* $5. 50 $3. 75 $2. 75 $9. 59 1861 . 1.00 1. 00 1.00 .62* .50 .50 .50 .25 .20 .10 .10 . 10 .49 1862 . .10 .15 .22* .50 .85 1.00 1. 25 1.25 1.25 1. 75 2. 00 2.25 1.05 1863 . 2.25 2. 50 2.62* 2. 87* 2. 87* 3. 00 3.25 3.37* 3.50 3. 75 3.85 3.95 3. 15 1864 . 4. 00 4.37* 5. 50 6.56 6. 87* 9. 50 12. 12* 10. 12* 8.87* 7.75 10. 00 11. 00 8. 06 1865 . 8. 25 7. 50 6. 00 6. 00 7.37* 5. 62* 5. 12* 4. 62* 6. 75 8. 12* 7.25 6.50 6. 59 1866 . 4. 50 4. 40 3.75 3.95 4.50 3.87* 3.00 3.75 4. 50 3. 39 3. 10 2. 12* 3. 74 1867 . 1.87* 1. 85 1.75 2. 07* 2.35 1.90 2. 62* 3.15 3.40 3.55 2. 50 1.87* 2. 41 1868 . 1.95 2. 00 2. 55 2.82* 3.75 4. 50 5.12* 4.57* 4. 00 4. 12* 3.75 4.35 3.62* 1869 . 5. 75 6. 95 6. 00 5. 70 5. 35 4. 95 5. 37* 5. 57* 5.50 5. 50 5.80 5.12* 5. 63* 1870 . 4.52* 4. 52* 4. 45 4. 22* 4. 40 4. 17* 3.77* 3. 15 3. 25 3.27* 3.22* 3. 40 3. 86 1871 . 3. 82* 4.38 4. 25 4. 01 4. 60 3.85* 4. 79 4. 66 4. 65 4. 82* 4. 25 4. 00 4.34 1872 . 4.02* 3. 80 3. 72* 3. 52* 3.80 3.85 3.80 3.58* 3. 25 3. 15 3. 83* 3. 32* 3.64 1873 . 2. 60 2. 20 2.12* 2. 30 2. 47* 2. 22* 2. 00 1.42* 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.00 1. 83 1874 . 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.90 1. 62* 1 32* 1. 02* .95 .95 .85 .55 .61* 1. 17 1875 . 1.03 1. 52* 1.75 1.36* 1.40 1.26* 1. 09 1. 13 1.33 1. 32* 1.44 1.55 1.35 1876 . 1.80 2. 60 2.01 2. 02* 1.90* 2.01* 2. 24* 2.71* 3.81 3.37* 3. 11 3.73 2. 56* 1877 . 3. 53* 2. 70 2. 67* 2. 58 2. 24 1. 94* 2. 07* 2.51 2. 38 2. 56* 1.91 1.80 2. 42 1878 . 1.43 1. 65* 1.59 1.37* 1.35* 1. 14 .98* 1.01 .86* .82* .89* 1.16 1. 19 1879 . 1. 03 .98 .86* .78* .76 .68* .695 .67* .69* •885 1.05* 1.18* .855 1880 . 1.10* 1. 03* . 88| .78 .80 1.00 1.06* .91 .96 .96* .91* • 91* .94* 1881 . .95* .90* .83* .86* .815 .81* •76| • 78* .97* .91* .85* .84* ,85| 1882 . .83* .84* .81| •78* .71* .54* • 57* .58* • 72* .93* 1. 14 .96 .78* 1883 . .93| 1.01 • 97* •94* 1.00* 1.16* 1.05* 1.08 1. 12* 1.115 1. 14* 1.14* 1.051 1884 . 1. 11 1.04* •98* .94 • 851 .68* .63* .815 .78 •715 .72* •74* • 83* 1885 . .70* .72* .80* .78* .79 .82 .92* 1. 00* 1.00| 1.05* 1.04* .89* .87* 1886 . .88* .79* .77* •74* .70 .66* .66 ■ 62* .63* .65* •71* •70* .71* 1887 . .70 .64* .63* .64* .64* .62* .59* .60* .67 .70* •735 .803 .66* 1888 . .91* ,91| •98* .82* . 86J .755 .80* .905 •93* .90* .85* .89* .87* 1889 . .86* .89* .905 .88 .83* .835 • 95* .99* •995 1.01* 1.08* 1.04* .94* 1890 . 1.05* 1. 05* .90 • 82| .885 .89* .89* .89* .815 .80* •72* .671 .861 1891 . •74* .78* -74* .71* .69* .68* .66* .64 .58* .60* .58* .59* .67 1892 . .62* .60* • 57* .575 .57* .54* .52* .55 .54* .51* .52 .531 .55* 1893 . .53* •57* .65* .68* .58* .60* •57* .585 .64* .70* •73* .781 .64 1894 . .79* .80* .82 .84* .86 .89* .83* .81 .83 .83 .83 .91* .835 From the above table it will be seen that the average price of petro¬ leum in 1894 was higher than it has been in any year since 1890, while the price of oil in December, 1894, was the highest average price of any month since February, 1890. From that date — that is, February, 1890 — PETROLEUM. 335 when oil was quoted at $1.05J, there has been, on the whole, a gradual decrease until October, 1892, during which month the average price stood at 51| cents per barrel. From this date there has been a grad¬ ual increase, oil touching 70| cents in October, 1893, and 91| cents in December, 1894. In the last fifteen years the average price of oil for the entire year has been above the average price for 1894 during eight years, and the same or less than the price of 1894 for seven years. For the reasons stated previously — namely, a consumption very much in excess of production, resulting in a great reduction in stocks — it is very probable that the price of petroleum in 1895 will be very much in excess, at least during part of the year, of any prices that have ruled possibly since 1872, when the average price was $3.64. In 1876 the price was $2.56|, and in 1877 $2.42. Since 1877 the average price of oil has been above the dollar mark only in two years. In one of these years, 1878, it was $1.19, and in the other year, 1883, it was but $1.05§ a barrel. I WELL RECORDS IN THE APPALACHIAN OIL FIELD. In the following table will be found statements showing the well records in the Appalachian field — that is, the number of wells completed in the Appalachian field during each month of 1894 by months and districts, and the wells completed in each year from 1891 to 1894 by months, as well as the initial daily production of new wells by months and districts for 1894, and by months from 1891 to 1894 : Total number of wells completed in the Appalachian oil fields in 1894. Months. Bradford. Allegany. Middle field. Venango ■ and Clarion. Butler and Arm¬ strong. South¬ west district. Macks- burg. Total entire field. J anuary . 8 2 7 34 38 91 9 189 February . 7 3 9 29 27 95 6 176 March . 14 3 8 40 34 103 15 217 April . 19 5 20 42 50 125 17 278 May . 27 6 18 59 64 133 17 324 June . 27 6 25 63 85 143 21 370 July . 32 7 18 68 57 137 23 342 August . 25 10 22 81 69 134 18 359 September .... 32 9 28 78 82 133 19 381 October . 33 12 24 97 81 126 21 394 November . .. . 30 6 23 72 84 153 22 390 December .... 30 13 13 68 84 108 27 343 Total . 284 82 215 731 755 1,481 215 3, 763 The increase in the number of wells completed in each month during the last year will be noted. In Bradford but 8 wells were completed in January, while 30 were completed in December. In Allegany 2 were completed in January and 13 in December. While the other dis¬ tricts show a much larger number of wells completed than in the two named, the percentage of increase is not as great. 336 MINERAL RESOURCES. In order that the comparative work done in this field in 1893 and 1894 may be observed, we give the following table : Total number of wells completed in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894. , Districts. Wells completed. 1893. 1894. 52 41 91 243 298 1,065 190 284 82 215 731 755 1,481 215 Total . . 1, 980 3,763 It will be noticed from this comparative table, as has been suggested elsewhere, that the great activity in drilling wells in the Appalachian oil field has been in the old districts. The number of wells completed in the Bradford district in 1894 was five and one-half times the num¬ ber completed in 1893; in Allegany it was double; in the Middle field more than double; in the Venango and Clarion district three times; in the Butler and Armstrong two and one-half times, while in the South¬ west district the increase was but 40 per cent, and in the Macksburg district only 13 per cent. The increase in the entire field was 90 per cent. The following table, giving a statement of the number of wells com¬ pleted in the Appalachian oil field for each month during the years 1891 to 1894, will make still more evident the great activity in drilling wells in 1894. The number of wells completed in 1894 is nearly 400 greater than in 1891, and nearly 1,800 greater than in 1892 or 1893. Number of wells completed in the Appalachian oil field each month from 1891 to 1894, by months and years. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. J une. J uly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 .... 310 243 275 288 314 304 334 333 281 246 255 205 3, 388 1892 .... 182 180 149 174 174 162 179 143 146 160 174 145 1,968 1893 .... 135 99 143 146 196 228 219 163 179 154 144 174 1,980 1894 .... 189 176 217 278 324 370 342 359 381 394 390 343 3,763 The tables given do not include any wells drilled in the Franklin lubricating oil district of Pennsylvania, nor the wells drilled in the Volcano and Burning Springs districts of West Virginia that produce lubricating oil, nor in the Macksburg district, Ohio; nor will the statement given below include any of the initial production of the wells drilled in these several districts. The districts, not only in the above table, but in the one given sub¬ sequently regarding the initial daily production, have been described in other parts of this report. Here it may be said, briefly, that the Bradford district includes a portion of Cattaraugus County, N. Y., PETROLEUM. 337 and forms, with the Allegany (N. Y.) district, the Northern or Brad¬ ford field. The Middle field is chiefly in Warren and Forest counties, Pa., though the Lower field includes also a portion of Warren County. The Venango and Clarion and the Butler and Armstrong fields are the chief districts of what is known as the Lower field, all of which is in Pennsylvania. The Southwest field includes the wells in Allegheny, Washington, Beaver, and other southwestern counties of Pennsyl¬ vania, as well as those in West Virginia and eastern Ohio, except those in the neighborhood of Macksburg; that is, the Southwest district includes the Sistersville, Eureka, Mannington, Mount Morris, and other fields in West Virginia and eastern Ohio. The Macksburg district includes the wells in the vicinity of this well-known oil town. In the following table is given the initial daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field in 1894 by districts and months. By initial daily production is meant the production of the well when it is first drilled into the sand and begins producing: Initial daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field in 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Months. Bradford. Allegany . Middle field. Venango and Clarion. Butler and Arm¬ strong. South¬ west district. Macks¬ burg. Total entire field. J anuary . no 3 130 224 764 7, 293 143 8,667 February . 98 0 39 128 282 5,317 50 5,914 March . 199 20 106 189 598 4, 914 74 6, 100 April . 181 25 251 239 1,276 5,440 172 7, 584 May . 415 27 199 366 806 5, 371 246 7, 430 June . 188 27 256 386 2,312 8,051 223 11,443 Julv . 212 36 144 391 1,351 6,613 262 9, 009 August . 232 33 195 490 1,561 4,943 232 7,691 September . 143 24 231 336 1,471 4,527 180 6,912 October . 227 45 175 426 1, 717 4, 780 468 7, 838 November . 188 18 114 345 2, 397 4,230 215 7, 507 December . 103 63 113 295 2, 057 2, 885 433 5, 949 Total . 2,296 326 1,953 3, 815 16, 592 64, 364 2, 698 92, 044 For comparison we give below a statement showing the initial daily production of all the producing wells drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894: Initial daily production of new ivells in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1S94. Districts. 1893. 1894. Barrels. 2, 296 326 1, 953 3,815 18, 592 64, 364 2,698 Bradford . Barrels. 410 100 744 1,533 6, 345 76, 633 2,610 Allegan v . Middle field . . 88, 375 92, 044 From the above table it will be seen that though there was au increase of 1,783 in the number of wells completed in this field in 1894 over 1C GEOL, pt 4 - 22 338 MINERAL RESOURCES. 1893, tlie increased initial production was but 3,669 barrels; that is, the initial production of each producing well completed in 1893 was 44.6 barrels and in 1894 24.4 barrels, a reduction of 20.2 barrels per well. The tables given above, especially the last, show the difference in the producing capacity of the wells in the several districts, and also the changes in production. There is a remarkable regularity in the ini¬ tial daily production of new wells in the old districts in the two years covered by the report, while there is a great variation in what may be termed the newer districts. How great this variation is will be seen from the following table, which gives the average initial daily produc¬ tion of each well in each district for the years 1893 and 1894: - Average daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894, by districts. Districts. 1893. 1894. Barrels. 8 Barrels. 8 Allegany . 9 2 4 Middle Held . 8.2 9 6.3 5.2 Butler and Armstrong . 21.3 22 72 43. 5 13.7 12.5 Total . 44.6 24.4 With the exception of the Allegany field, and this is of but little importance as an oil producer, there is but little variation in the aver¬ age daily initial production of the new wells drilled in any of the older districts, the average being, as a rule, less than one barrel. In the Southwest district, which is a new district, however, the average in 1893 was 72 barrels a day and in 1894 43£ barrels, a difference of nearly 30 barrels a day in initial production, while the average initial produc¬ tion per well in the entire field was 44.6 barrels in 1893 and 24.4 in 1894, a difference of some 20 barrels. The total daily initial production of new wells completed in .the Appalachian oil field from 1891 to 1894, as far as it could be ascer¬ tained, is as follows: Total daily initial production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field, from 1891 to 1894, by months. [Barrels.] Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. J une. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . 13,361 12, 249 5,910 8, 667 6, 618 9, 992 6, 982 5, 914 7,751 8, 661 7,650 6, 100 7,710 6, 751 6, 962 7, 584 7, 875 7,793 8, 176 7, 430 5, 263 9,585 10,815 11, 443 6,543 10 669 7,662 9, 009 13, 536 7, 861 8, 733 7, 691 18, 118 6, 347 6, 640 6,912 46, 748 8,833 4,510 7, 838 33, 660 6, 932 6, 495 7, 507 15, 538 7,580 7, 840 5, 949 In the following table will be found a statement of the number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1894, by months and PETROLEUM. 339 districts. By “ dry holes ” is meant wells that are drilled that pro¬ duce neither gas nor petroleum. If, in drilling for oil, gas is found, the well is not regarded as a dry hole: Total number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894. Months. Bradford. Allegany. Middle field. Venango and Clarion. Butler and Arm¬ strong. South¬ west district. Macks- burg. Total. Januarv . 0 1 1 .6 11 14 3 36 February . 1 3 3 7 5 20 2 41 March . 2 0 1 8 8 27 8 54 April . 3 2 2 6 17 31 7 68 May . 1 2 1 6 21 31 5 67 Juue . 5 l 2 9 26 32 9 84 July . 6 1 1 11 14 26 8 67 August . 1 5 2 14 18 32 8 80 September. . . . 6 4 3 13 28 41 7 102 October . 4 2 5 25 15 32 8 91 November . . . . 7 2 8 11 21 40 11 100 December .... 10 5 2 8 20 31 9 85 Total - 46 28 31 124 204 357 85 875 This table, taken in connection with the table showing the number of wells drilled, is interesting as showing to some degree the probabil¬ ities of finding oil in the difi'erent districts. This statement is made with some reservation in view of the fact that “ wildcatting” is common in all districts, and therefore the number of dry holes will depend some¬ what upon the amount of testing of territory done in each district. A comparison of the number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in the years 1893 and 1894 is of considerable interest. It is as follows: Number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894. Districts. 1893. 1894. 8 22 46 28 17 31 56 124 88 204 206 357 Macksburg . 46 85 Total . 443 875 It will be seen that while the number of wells completed in 1893 and 1894 were 1,980 and 3,763, respectively, the number of dry holes increased from 443 in 1893 to 875 in 1894; that is, on the average the percentage of increase of dry holes did not ditfer greatly from the per¬ centage of increase in the number of wells. It will be noted that of the 52 wells completed in the Bradford dis¬ trict in 1893, 8, or 15 per cent, were dry, while of the 284 drilled in this same district in 1894, 46, or some 16 per cent, were dry — practically the same average. In the Southwest district, however, the number of dry wells to the totnl number of wells completed in 1893 was about 20 per cent, whereas in 1894 it was 24 per cent. 340 MINERAL RESOURCES. In the following table will be found a statement of the number of dry holes drilled in each month from 1891 to 1894: Dry holes drilled from 1891 to 1894. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . 46 61 52 59 48 72 67 66 41 50 59 43 664 1892 . 37 36 38 40 48 33 43 31 40 37 40 39 462 1893 . 39 24 36 28 41 48 40 40 43 35 28 41 443 1894 . 36 41 54 68 67 84 67 80 102 91 100 85 875 The activity with which drilling is being prosecuted in the various fields and districts at any given time is better shown by the number of rigs and derricks building and wells drilling than by the number of wells completed. In times of great prosperity and bright outlook for the future there is great activity in building rigs and drilling wells. Therefore the reports of rigs building and wells drilling at a given time show better what the oil producers regard as the outlook for the future than wells completed. In the following table will be found a statement of the number of rigs and derricks in the course of construction at the close of each month of 1894 for each of the districts of the Appalachian field : Rigs building in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894. Months. Bradford. Allegany. Middle field. Venango and Clarion. Butler and Arm¬ strong. South¬ west district. Macks- burg. Total. January . 7 1 10 26 20 93 9 166 February . 10 2 14 25 S3 83 13 180 March . 10 2 13 25 34 90 13 187 April . 17 6 25 27 51 98 9 233 May . 17 8 21 32 42 104 13 237 June . 21 4 13 42 63 82 13 238 July . 21 5 22 39 54 86 18 245 August . 19 6 20 48 53 128 18 292 September .... 18 0 20 41 56 104 15 254 October . 21 4 14 47 55 101 27 269 November .... 16 2 10 52 57 92 19 248 December . 17 5 12 43 64 90 17 248 Average . . 16 4 16 37 49 96 15 233 This table shows a decided increase in the number of rigs building at the close of 1894, as compared with the number building in January in all the districts except the Southwest, where there has been a fall, ing off, there being but 90 rigs building at the close of the year, as compared with 93 at the beginning of the year. On the other hand, in 1893 the number of rigs building in the Southwest district at the close of the year was 30 per cent greater than the number at the beginning of the year. In the following table will be found a statement of the number of rigs building in the entire Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from 1891 to 1894: PETROLEUM. 341 Rigs building in the Appalachian oil field, 1891 to 1894. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May .Tune. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1891 . 233 195 218 186 208 234 182 188 131 156 142 112 182 1892 . 110 132 111 100 108 89 96 74 98 108 130 122 107 1893 . 108 107 132 159 144 135 116 114 91 110 143 193 129 1894 . 166 180 187 233 237 238 245 292 254 269 248 248 233 In the following tables will be found statements regarding the num¬ ber of wells drilling but not completed at the close of each month of 1894, by districts, and also in the entire Appalachian oil field for each month from 1891 to 1894. This, compared with the statement given above of the number of rigs building, shows some interesting features, as, for example, in the Southwest district, though there were fewer rigs building by 3 in December than in January, there were 39 more wells drilling. At the close of the year there were 456 wells drilling, as com¬ pared with 233 drilling in December, 1893, and 188 drilling in January, 1893: Wells in process of drilling in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894. Months. Bradford. Allegany. Middle field. Venango and Clarion. Butler and Arm¬ strong. South¬ west district. Macks- burg. Total. January . 9 1 9 27 37 175 11 269 February . 10 2 11 23 56 176 4 282 March . 21 5 12 27 72 174 19 330 April . 27 4 16 32 78 183 5 345 May . 32 3 25 33 103 197 17 410 June . 30 9 24 44 79 229 15 430 July . 22 9 31 45 116 257 18 498 August . 32 10 34 44 116 230 18 484 September .... 37 13 27 48 120 228 16 489 October . 34 12 25 46 122 215 15 469 November .... 28 11 21 54 123 195 19 451 December . 23 7 21 49 120 214 22 456 Average.. 25 7 21 40 95 206 15 409 Number of wells drilling in the Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from 1891 to 1894, by months and years. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1891 . 407 410 401 387 380 407 420 406 397 386 351 286 386 1892 . 264 273 251 230 233 258 204 244 236 246 228 238 242 1893 . 188 214 206 269 291 305 266 248 233 219 277 233 246 1894 . 269 282 330 345 410 430 498 484 489 469 451 456 409 PENNSYLVANIA-NEW YORK OIL FIELD. PRODUCTION. In the statistics of production, shipments, stocks, etc., of the Appa¬ lachian oil field previously given are included the statistics of Pennsyl¬ vania and New York as well as West Virginia and eastern Ohio, these four localities making up the Appalachian field. It is both interesting and important, so far as it can be done, however, to give the statistics 342 MINERAL RESOURCES. of production for each of these States. This is especially necessary regarding Pennsylvania and New York, as for many years the statistics of petroleum in the United States were practically those of the produc¬ tion in these two States. Therefore, a comparison of the increase or decrease iu production should be made on the basis of the ascertained statistics of production of these two States. What has been stated already regarding the difficulty of ascertaining the exact figures for the several States separately for certain items should be recalled. There is but little difficulty in ascertaining the production of the several States, but it has been found impossible in some cases to separate the stocks, shipments, etc., of the four States comprising this field. In the following table is given a statement of the production of crude petroleum in New York and Pennsylvania in 1894 by districts and months: Production of crude petroleum in Pennsylvania and New York in 1894 by districts and months. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Districts. January. Febru ary. March. April. May. June. July. Allegany, N. Y . 56, 704 49, 075 61,971 58,166 57, 660 60, 108 56, 813 Bradford, Pa . 278, 342 248, 035 299, 651 280, 599 294, 175 299, 976 289, 663 Middle district . 95, 380 84, 038 96 766 91,746 100,712 104,715 103, 034 Tioua . 29, 815 24, 327 29, 470 25. 281 27,071 26, 050 25, 784 Tidioute and Titusville. . 18, 190 15, 852 16, 688 16, 810 16, 903 16,756 14, 500 Grand Valley . 4, 500 3, 500 4, 500 4, 000 4,000 4,000 4, 000 Second Sand . 21,922 20,871 25, 737 24, 025 28, 729 26, 902 33, 018 Clarendon and Warren.. 28,316 22, 489 28, 878 25.813 27, 143 26, 900 30, 022 Lower district . 426, 096 392, 924 447, 907 421, 911 457, 649 485, 998 486. 583 Washington County . 155, 307 143. 903 166. 338 171, 302 154, 107 156, 086 141, 954 Beaver County . 35. 383 34, 462 43,537 39, 798 39, 650 40, 642 36,417 Greene County . 5, 960 5,490 4,539 4, 430 6, 213 3,643 6, 509 Allegheny County, Pa. . . 418, 302 382, 906 430, 750 366, 850 409, 256 407, 076 390, 624 1,574,217 1, 427, 872 1,656, 735 1, 531, 731 1, 623, 268 1, 658, 852 1,618,921 Franklin district . 4, 985 4, 161 5,642 5,550 4,663 4,894 5, 628 Smiths Ferrv district.... 218 218 218 219 218 218 218 Total . 1, 579, 420 1, 432, 251 1, 662, 595 1, 537, 500 1, 628, 149 1, 663, 964 1, 624, 767 Districts. August. September. October. November. December. Total. Allegany, N. Y . 54, 750 48, 908 55, 390 48, 968 48, 332 656, 845 Bradford, Pa . 290, 399 262, 538 284, 394 262, 011 270, 049 3, 359, 835 Middle district . 102, 461 96. 335 105, 032 94,711 94, 698 1, 169, 628 Tiona . 25, 495 20, 793 28, 751 25, 671 30, 103 318,611 Tidioute and Titusville.. 14, 000 13, 000 14, 194 14, 032 12, 500 183, 425 Grand Valley . 4. OuO 4,000 3, 500 3,000 3,000 46, 000 Second Sand . 26, 703 26, 170 29, 151 26, 226 26, 270 315, 724 Clarendon and Warren.. 30, 779 26,715 33, 681 27, 350 30, 484 338, 570 Lower district . 510, 472 490, 560 532, 475 526, 230 580, 769 5, 760, 574 Washington County . 129, 841 122, 861 136, 865 117, 952 124, 264 1, 720, 780 Beaver County . 37, 079 34, 259 41,677 40,448 43, 438 466, 790 Greene County . 4, 344 4, 338 5,849 6,589 6, 272 64, 176 Allegheny County, Pa. . . 377, 608 357, 453 364, 202 330, 218 324, 097 4, 559, 342 1,607, 931 1, 507, 930 1,635, 161 1,523,406 1, 594, 276 18, 960, 300 Franklin district . 4, 062 3,967 5, 603 4,127 3,788 57, 070 Smiths Ferry district. . . . 219 219 218 219 218 a 2, 620 Total . 1, 612, 212 1,512,116 1, 640, 982 1, 527, 752 1, 598, 282 19, 019, 990 a This production only represents dump oil, the pipe-line runs of this district being included in runs of Beaver County. PETROLEUM. 343 The production of New York includes all the oil produced in the Allegany district and about per cent of that produced in the Brad¬ ford district, this percentage being the production of Cattaraugus County, N. Y. On this basis the total production of crude petroleum in the State of New York would be 942,431 barrels. The remainder of the 19,019,990 barrels of production shown in the previous table should be credited to Pennsylvania, which makes the total production in this State, including the Franklin district and Smiths Ferry dump oil, 18,077,559 barrels. The table shows a falling off in production of every district in this field except Tiona, Second Sand, Clarendon and Warren, and the Lower district, and the increases in these districts are not marked. The great falling off is in the Allegheny County district, Pennsylvania, the pro¬ duction of 1893 being 5,488,792 barrels as compared with 4,559,342 barrels in 1894. In the following table is given the total production of crude petro¬ leum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields for the twenty-four years from 1871 to 1894 : Total product of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields from 1871 to 1894, by months and years. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Tears. January. February. . March. April. May. J une. July. 1871 . 418, 407 372, 568 400, 334 385, 980 408, 797 410, 340 456, 475 1872 . 583, 575 462, 985 461, 590 462, 090 537, 106 491, 130 517, 762 1873 . 632, 617 608, 300 ' 665, 291 641,520 776, 364 793, 470 867, 473 1874 . 1, 167, 243 835, 492 883, 438 778, 740 895, 745 621, 750 1, 033, 447 1875 . 852, 159 719, 824 789, 539 675, 060 696, 508 696, 210 788, 361 1876 . 712, 225 668, 885 718, 177 701, 490 735. 351 723, 600 763, 623 1877 . 842. 890 783, 216 901, 697 972, 810 1, 127, 594 1, 130, 790 1, 189, 005 1878 . 1, 203, 296 1,094, 856 1,208, 380 1, 195, 890 1, 264, 862 1,217, 250 1, 283, 865 1879 . 1, 369, 921 1,261,935 1,499, 315 1, 530, 450 1,644, 922 1, 675, 650 1, 637, 767 1880 . 1,904,113 1, 870, 008 2, 015, 992 2,015, 700 2, 228, 931 2, 158, 440 2, 248, 430 1881 . 2, 244, 090 1,913, 128 2, 274, 532 2, 205, 780 2, 393, 293 2, 377, 860 2, 372, 678 1882 . 2,353,551 2, 131,332 2, 482, 170 2, 402, 790 2, 486, 572 2, 825. 940 3, 258, 162 1883 . 1, 948, 319 1,756, 188 1, 830, 674 1,816, 530 1,962, 052 1, 977, 900 2, 020, 394 1884 . 1, 825, 838 1, 880, 650 2, 052, 262 2, 065, 860 2,381,854 1, 862, 190 2, 059, 950 1885 . 1, 652, 176 1, 437, 884 1, 638, 133 1, 780, 290 1,771,371 1,767, 210 1,775, 804 1886 . 1,748, 958 1, 604, 848 1, 928, 448 1, 938, 360 2, 178, 373 2, 335, 380 2, 418, 961 1887 . 1, 990, 851 1, 827, 924 2, 007, 196 1, 960, 860 1, 993,517 1,912, 860 1,899, 525 1888 . 1,155, 937 1, 290,718 1, 338, 877 1, 349, 403 1, 473, 362 1,450, 703 1,394, 847 1889 . 1, 542, 806 1,332,482 1, 628, C61 1, 635, 933 1,821, 776 1,811,485 1, 954, 168 1890 . 2, 108, 248 2, 055, 424 2, 313, 189 2. 328, 870 2, 378, 382 2, 370, 001 2, 524, 206 1891 . 2, 830, 081 2, 287, 320 2,360,011 2, 337, 498 2, 288, 656 2, 316, 988 2, 289, 089 1892 . 2, 786, 528 2, 703, 663 2, 657, 432 2, 574, 814 2,485 040 2, 439, 346 2, 360. 886 1893 . 1, 723, 918 1,671, 620 1, 900, 363 1, 682, 271 1, 763, 655 1,780,836 1, 720, 088 1894 . 1, 579, 420 1,432, 251 1, 662, 595 1,537,500 1, 628, 149 1,663, 964 1, 624, 767 344 MINERAL RESOURCES. Total product of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields from 1871 to 1894, by months and years — Continued. Years. August. September. October. November. December. Total. 1871 . 462, 582 461, 940 485, 243 464, 610 477, 958 5, 205, 234 1872 . 549, 909 500, 430 442, 432 638, 610 645, 575 6. 293, 194 1873 . 936, 138 954, 270 942, 493 991,470 1, 084, 380 9, 893, 786 1874 . 931, 519 840, 630 919, 739 861, 060 858, 142 10, 926, 945 1875 . 718, 766 698, 940 731, 073 700, 200 720, 874 8, 787, 514 1876 . 782, 223 780, 600 809, 162 786, 480 787, 090 8, 968, 906 1877 . 1,273, 759 1,214,910 1, 269, 326 1, 173, 420 1,256, 058 13, 135, 475 1878 . 1,341,928 1,315,710 1, 369, 797 1, 348, 950 1, 318, 678 15, 163, 462 1879 . 1, 892, 302 1, 856, 700 1, 836, 378 1, 710, 480 1, 769, 356 19, 685, 176 1880 . 2, 341, 027 2, 346, 300 2, 385, 636 2, 274, 420 2, 238, 634 26, 027, 631 1881 . 2, 331, 727 2, 193, 420 2, 323, 171 2, 266, 830 2, 480, 000 27, 376, 509 1882 . 3, 104,495 2, 620, 380 2, 297, 658 2, 192, 940 1, 897, 510 30, 053, 500 1883 . 1, 879 437 1.913,370 2, 076, 659 1, 958, 340 1, 988, 526 23, 128, 389 1884 . 2, 099, 165 1, 948, 260 1, 961, 866 1,811,700 1,822,614 23, 772, 209 1885 . 1,705, 961 1,712,790 1, 874, 105 1,761,660 1, 898, 657 20, 776, 041 1886 . 2,413,206 2, 418, 540 2, 408, 111 2, 222, 790 2, 181,625 25, 798, 000 1887 . 1, 848, 877 1,779, 930 1, 843, 291 1,125,450 1, 288, 602 a 21, 478, 883 1888 . 1, 382, 077 1, 273, 080 1, 304, 518 1, 442, 405 1, 582, 741 16, 488, 668 1889 . 1, 964, 227 1,867,610 1, 959, 169 1,913,871 2, 055, 247 21, 487, 435 1890 . 2, 514, 968 2, 584, 949 2, 750, 698 2, 575, 941 2, 626, 035 629,130 910 1891 . 2, 473, 398 2, 837, 562 3,575,911 3, 834, 262 3, 578, 460 33, 009, 236 1892 . 2, 328, 596 2, 125, 511 2, 072, 022 1, 950, 553 1, 937, 986 28, 422, 377 1893 . 1, 691, 652 1, 614, 021 1,616, 391 1, 533, 555 1, 616, 143 20, 314, 513 1894 . 1, 612, 212 1, 512, 116 1, 640, 982 1, 527, 752 1, 598, 282 19, 019, 990 a Not including 877,310 barrels dump oil and oil shipped by private line3. b Pipe-line runs. As is stated elsewhere, the total production and pipedine runs or receipts are not the same, and hence it will be found that the statis¬ tics of production in the above table do not agree with statements of so-called production which are frequently published, these latter being simply pipe line runs. A similar statement may also be made here regarding what is called the total production of the United States. This usually means only the production of the Appalachian field and the Lima- Indiana field, little or no account being taken of the produc¬ tion west of the Mississippi and on the Pacific Coast. In the following table is given a statement of the average daily pro¬ duction of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields for each month from 1871 to 1894. We desire to repeat that this table is not the same as the daily average receipts published by the pipe lines, but the daily average production, the total production in¬ cluding some oil that is not reported in the daily returns of the pipe lines. The averages are obtained by dividing the product of each month in the table given elsewhere by the number of days in each month, and the production of the year by 3G5 or 360, as the case may be: PETROLEUM, 345 Average daily product of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York fields each month for the years 1871-1894, by months and years. [Barrels.] Years. January. February. March . April. May. June. 1871 . . 13,497 13,306 12, 914 12, 866 13, 187 13, 678 1872 . 18, 825 15, 965 14, 890 15, 403 17, 326 16, 371 1873 . 20, 407 21, 725 21, 461 21, 384 25, 044 26, 449 1874 . 37, 653 29, 839 28, 598 25, 958 28, 895 30, 725 1875 . 27, 489 25, 708 25, 469 22, 502 22, 468 23, 207 1876 . 22, 975 23, 065 23, 167 23, 383 23, 721 24, 120 1877 . 27, 190 27, 979 29, 087 32, 427 36, 374 37, 693 1878 . 38, 816 39, 102 38, 980 39, 863 40, 802 40, 575 18.79 . 44,191 43, 515 48, 365 51, 015 53, 062 55, 855 1880 . 61, 423 64, 552 65, 032 67, 190 71,901 71, 948 1881 . 72, 390 68, 326 73, 372 73, 526 77, 203 79, 262 1882 . 75, 921 76,119 80, 070 80, 093 80, 212 94, 198 1883 . 62, 849 62, 721 59, 054 60, 551 63. 292 65, 930 1884 . 58| 898 64i 850 66; 202 68; 862 76, 834 62, 073 1885 . 53, 296 51, 353 52, 843 59, 343 59, 141 58, 907 1-886 . 56,418 57,316 62, 208 64,612 70, 283 77, 846 1887 . 64, 221 65, 283 64, 716 65, 372 64, 307 63, 762 1888 . 37, 228 44, 508 43, 190 44, 980 47, 528 48, 357 1889 . 49, 768 47, 589 52, 537 54, 531 58, 767 60, 382 1890 . 68, 008 73, 408 74, 619 77, 629 76, 722 79, 000 1891 . 91,293 81, 690 76, 129 77, 917 73, 828 77, 233 1892 . 89, 888 93, 230 85, 724 85, 827 80, 163 81, 312 1893 . 55, 610 59, 701 61, 302 56, 076 56, 505 59,361 1894 . 50, 949 51, 152 53, 632 51, 250 52, 521 55, 465 Years. July. August. Septem¬ ber. October. Novem¬ ber. Decem¬ ber. Yearly averages 1871 . 14, 725 14, 922 15, 398 15, 653 15, 487 15,418 14, 261 1872 . 16, 702 17, 739 16, 681 14, 272 21, 287 20, 825 17, 194 1873 . 27, 983 30, 198 31, 809 30, 403 33, 049 34, 980 27, 106 1874 . 33, 337 30, 049 28, 021 29, 669 28, 702 27, 682 29, 937 1875 . 25, 431 23, 186 23, 298 23, 583 23, 340 23, 254 24, 075 1876 . 24, 633 25, 233 26, 020 26, 102 26,216 25, 390 24, 505 1877 . 38, 335 41, 089 40, 497 40, 946 39, 114 40, 518 35, 988 1878 . 41, 415 43, 288 43, 857 44, 187 44, 965 42, 538 41,544 1879 . 56, 057 61, 042 • 61, 890 59, 238 57, 016 57, 076 54, 206 1880 . 72, 530 75,517 78, 210 76, 956 75, 814 72, 214 71, 114 1881 . 76, 538 75, 217 73, 114 74, 941 75, 561 80, 000 75, 004 1882 . 105, 102 100, 145 87, 346 74, 118 73, 098 61,210 82, 338 1883 . 65, 174 60, 627 63, 779 66, 989 65, 278 S4, 146 63, 365 1884 . . 66, 450 67, 715 64, 942 63, 286 60, 390 58, 794 65, 129 1885 . 57, 284 55, 031 57, 093 60, 455 58, 722 61, 247 56, 921 1886 . 78, 031 78, 426 80, 618 77, 681 74, 093 70, 375 70, 679 1887 . . . 61, 275 59, 641 59, 321 61, 822 37,515 41,568 58, 846 1888 . 44, 995 44, 661 42, 436 43, 694 48, 080 51, 057 45, 058 1889 . 63, 037 63, 362 62, 254 63, 199 63, 796 66, 298 58, 869 1890 . 81, 426 81, 128 86, 165 88, 732 85, 865 84, 710 79,810 1891 . 73, 842 79, 787 94, 585 115, 352 127, 809 115,434 90, 436 1892 . 76, 158 75, 116 70, 850 66, 839 65,018 62, 516 77, 657 1893 . 55, 487 54, 569 53, 801 52, 142 51, 119 52, 133 55, 656 1894 . 52, 412 52, 007 50, 404 52, 935 50, 925 51, 557 52, 110 Note. — Yearly average is the total product divided by the number ot' days in the year, not an aver¬ age of monthly averages. SHIPMENTS OF PETROLEUM FROM PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK. The following table gives a statement of tbe number of barrels of crude petroleum, or, in the early history of the oil field, refined petro¬ leum reduced to its equivalent, shipped out of the New York and Pennsylvania oil regions, either by pipe lines, river, or railway, from 1871 to 1894, inclusive. In some years, especially in the earlier ones covered by this table, a considerable portion of the oil was shipped as refined. When the tables were prepared for these years the oil shipped was reduced to its equivalent in crude, a barrel of crude being regarded as yielding three-fourths of a barrel of refined, or a barrel of refined was regarded as being produced from 1£ barrels of crude: 346 MINERAL RESOURCES Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petroleum, reduced to crude equivalent, out of the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields, for the years 1871-1894, hy months and years. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Years. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. 1871 . 437, 691 347, 718 383, 890 389, 147 587, 375 501,754 541, 137 1872 . 476. 966 407, 606 276, 220 428, 512 510,417 529, 228 591, 238 1873 . 573. 124 527, 440 668, 374 708, 191 768, 176 696, 414 814, 449 1874 . 843, 663 501, 220 518, 246 803, 409 899, 027 815,413 940, 281 1875 . 453, 095 327, 776 693, 918 729, 581 681 679 745, 986 904 537 1876 . 677, 289 519, 193 623, 762 603, 037 646, 150 921, 862 1, 228, 539 1877 . 743, 461 484, 904 913, 919 903, 526 1, 234, 324 1,391,124 1, 096, 951 1878 . 775, 791 774, 234 3, 741, 512 846, 632 960, 894 1, 135,119 1, 330, 454 1879 . 663, 998 702, 729 973, 879 1, 136, 188 1,331,469 1, 369, 314 1,625,035 1880 . 1. 650, 409 1,395, 151 1,613,371 842, 268 1, 095, 259 975, 083 1,231,611 1881 . 1, 061,617 915, 028 1, 276, 746 1, 348, 398 1, 563, 436 1, 729, 697 1,925. 532 1882 . 1. 657, 067 1, 787, 909 1, 718, 956 1,678, 134 1, 827, 356 2, 172, 685 2, 402, 970 1883 . 1, 357,815 1, 250, 824 1,641,899 1, 908, 379 1, 995, 634 1, 747, 789 1,634.407 1884 . 1, 686, 961 1,723,261 1,873,890 1, 643, 336 1, 899, 329 1, 827, 553 1, 740. 021 1885 . 1, 804, 028 1, 895, 021 1, 887, 034 1, 823, 726 2, 097, 099 2, 034, 025 1,961, 152 1886 . 1, 991,561 2, 032, 794 2, 055, 750 2, 070, 468 2, 032, 672 2,117, 489 2,418, 961 1887 . 2. 312,067 1, 995, 757 2, 332, 324 1, 938, 278 2, 328, 564 2, 165, 439 2, 000, 173 1888 . 2, 265, 109 2,163,957 1, 979, 753 1, 928, 435 1, 773, 994 1, 956, 115 2, 098, 531 1889 . 2, 388, 609 2, 272, 060 2, 263, 009 2, 236, 004 2, 256, 120 2, 268. 280 2, 949, 597 1890 . 2, 637, 339 2, 146, 108 2, 148, 977 2,317,410 2, 474, 966 2, 486, 205 2, 640, 668 1891 . 2, 421,419 2, 133, 068 2, 384, 720 2, 123, 461 2, 022, 510 2, 086, 985 2, 212, 908 1892 . 2, 363, 380 2, 391, 162 2, 534, 230 2, 314, 082 2, 246, 579 2, 017, 080 2, 261,716 1893 . 2, 910, 650 2, 534, 311 2, 808, 577 2, 643, 906 2, 965, 269 3, 025, 473 3, 264, 391 1894 . 3, 106, 572 2, 613, 677 2, 880, 354 2, 824, 620 2, 788, 972 2, 869. 592 2, 890, 581 Years. August. September. October. N ovember. December. Total. 1871 . 528, 134 551, 075 505, 071 480, 977 410, 822 5, 664, 791 1872 . 621,954 541, 607 607, 468 477, 945 430, 786 5, 899, 947 1873 . 864, 768 952, 955 1, 010, 852 959, 589 955, 443 9, 499, 775 1874 . 793, 865 1,014, 570 543, 341 546, 117 602, 348 8, 821,500 1875 . 882, 089 1, 109, 392 871,917 671, 066 871, 902 8, 942, 938 1876 . 1, 203, 402 1, 154, 549 524, 190 871, 496 1, 190, 983 10, 164. 452 1877 . 1, 425, 943 1, 563, 797 1, 268, 971 1, 205, 634 600, 019 12,832, 573 1878 . 1, 655, 651 1, 434, 225 1,747,390 1,281,410 992, 688 13, 676, 000 1879 . 1, 808, 239 1, 627, 120 1, 662, 269 1, 453, 645 1,532, 585 15, 886, 470 1880 . 1,394, 129 1, 252, 635 1,665, 933 1, 226, 030 1, 335, 613 15, 877, 492 1881 . 2, 214, 877 2,131,950 2, 080, 467 2, 066, 906 1, 969, 581 20, 284, 235 1882 . 2, 047, 545 1,992, 171 2, 089, 428 1, 404, 640 1, 121, 453 21, 900, 314 1883 . 2, 086, 478 2, 325, 574 2,215,421 2, 065, 602 1, 749, 547 21, 979, 369 1884 . 2, 000, 371 2, 292, 087 2,510,283 2, 078, 261 2, 382, 244 23,657,597 i 1885 . 2, 049, 099 2, 116, 659 2, 050, 150 1, 857, 080 2, 138, 253 23, 713, 326 1886 . 2, 059, 299 2, 157, 323 2, 441, 848 2, 724, 796 2, 550, 891 26, 653, 852 1837 . 2, 220, 768 2, 342, 227 2, 573, 008 3, 462, 082 2, 608, 341 27, 279, 028 1888 . 2, 223, 263 2, 289, 486 1, 558, 115 2, 503, 491 2, 397, 782 25, 138, 031 1889 . 2, 625, 825 2, 567, 459 2, 747, 284 2,393,131 2, 671,518 29, 638, 898 1890 . 2, 538, 224 3, 648,418 2, 725, 341 2, 662, 898 2, 889, 525 30, 116, 075 1891 . 2, 445, 092 2, 648, 522 2, 740, 859 2, 539, 848 2, 725, 993 28, 485, 385 1892 . 2, 582, 075 2,717,104 2, 759, 516 2, 860, 266 2, 925, 671 29, 972, 861 1893 . 3, 200, 585 2, 962, 345 3, 269, 325 3, 039, 318 3, 105 047 35,729, 197 1894 . 3, 208, 909 2, 938, 593 3, 222, 241 3, 160, 448 3, 246, 019 35, 750, 578 This table is not accurate, as it includes some oil shipped from West Virginia and eastern Ohio. Possibly three- fourths of a million barrels would cover the oil so shipped. For the latter years covered in the above table the shipments are pipe line deliveries and do not include any dump oil or oil delivered to refiners or other parties without pass¬ ing through the pipe lines. DRILLING WKLLS IN THE PENNSYLVANIA AND NE*W YORK OIL REGIONS. In the following table will be found a statement of the number of drilling wells completed in each month from January, 1872, to the close of 1894, in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia, by months and years. It has not been possible to separate the wells drilling in West Virginia in all cases from those drilling in Pennsyl¬ vania and Ohio : PETROLEUM. 347 Number of drilling toells completed in the Pennsylvania , New York, and northern Jl'est Virginia oil fields each month from 1872 to 1894, by months and years. Fears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1872 .... 37 120 89 121 135 84 128 118 82 100 64 105 1,183 1873 .... 93 94 100 105 102 130 114 120 106 101 100 98 1,263 1874 .... 102 104 no 113 109 101 121 107 104 120 106 120 1,317 1875 .... 190 187 195 186 172 190 200 210 201 220 217 230 2. 398 1876 .... 240 231 242 200 202 261 248 270 209 273 272 272 2, 920 1877 .... 281 241 291 269 320 403 317 255 322 467 391 382 3, 929 1878 .... 274 226 211 409 470 269 203 186 174 229 248 165 3.064 1879 .... 136 132 238 270 402 330 327 283 210 232 227 261 3, 048 1880 .... 320 230 367 500 426 310 338 368 356 364 336 302 4.217 1881 .... 222 220 271 316 406 374 336 332 312 322 363 406 3. 880 1882 .... 347 340 385 432 469 340 185 253 164 117 150 122 3,304 1883 .... 125 126 142 209 231 228 261 309 321 321 302 272 2, 847 1884 .... 229 227 256 298 311 244 268 145 89 59 73 66 2, 265 1885 .... 64 62 82 116 213 242 217 283 356 397 384 345 2,761 1886 .... 270 280 291 328 343 365 357 313 253 272 221 185 3,478 1887 .... 158 162 138 160 148 162 159 142 134 100 101 96 1,660 1888 .... 57 52 56 49 56 97 82 96 132 229 307 302 1,515 1889 .... 284 288 353 401 431 537 549 508 478 559 540 471 a 5, 435 1890 .... 553 482 522 556 534 571 555 579 571 567 520 348 6, 358 1891 .... 310 243 275 288 314 304 334 333 281 237 245 197 3, 361 1892 .... 175 171 137 167 170 154 174 141 142 158 160 143 1,892 1893 .... 125 84 130 127 172 213 193 145 158 139 137 167 1,790 1894 .... 180 170 202 261 307 349 319 341 362 373 368 316 3,548 a Including 36 wells drilled in Franklin district, data for which by months were not obtainable. % WEST VIRGINIA OIL FIELD. The oil fields of West Virginia are extensions of those of New York and Pennsylvania, and the conditions under which the oil is found, not only in West Virginia hut in eastern Ohio, are similar to those under which it occurs in southwestern Pennsylvania. It is also true, as a rule, that the character of the petroleum is identical with that from Pennsylvania, except a portion of that from the Volcano and Burning Springs districts, where a lubricating oil of high grade is produced. As nearly as can be ascertained the production of West Virginia in 1894 was 8,577,624 barrels, of which 8,563,954 barrels is classed as illuminating and 13,670 barrels as lubricating oil. The total value of this product was $7,221,717, an average of 84 cents a barrel. The average value per barrel of the illuminating oil is given as 83J cents and the lubricating as $2.85. The production of crude petroleum in West Virginia, by months, from 1890 to 1894 is shown in the following table: Total production of crude petroleum in West Virginia, by months, from 1890 to 1894. Months. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. January . 38, 644 48, 902 195, 512 577, 933 838, 400 February . 38, 061 123, 841 186, 455 468, 794 684, 532 March . 44, 842 229, 966 185, 468 630, 877 754, 398 April . 39, 804 226, 020 181,708 594, 190 688, 458 May . 39, 160 232, 076 206, 142 705, 714 742, 701 June . 35, 610 223, 734 261,900 682, 040 699, 498 July . 34, 096 221. 127 328, 485 724, 494 767, 728 August . 31,505 238,451 411, 114 843, 706 717, 844 September . 50, 342 2i9, 528 420, 882 847, 558 674, 791 October . 46, 387 220, 076 451, 157 792, 719 694, 187 November . 45, 062 207, 477 467, 446 757, 170 654, 887 December . 49, 065 215, 020 513, 817 820,217 660, 200 Total . 1 492, 578 2,406, 218 3,810, 086 8, 445, 412 8, 577, 624 348 MINERAL RESOURCES- It will be seen from the above table that while the production of 1894 was in excess of that of 1893, there was, on the whole, a gradual decline in the production for each month during the year, the production of January being 838,400 barrels, while that of December was 660,200 barrels. In previous issues of Mineral Resources we have, as far as possible, divided the production into districts, but as in the last two or three years this has been impossible — the production dividing itself practi¬ cally into but two districts, the illuminating and the lubricating-oil districts — we have discontinued the attempt to secure the production of oil by districts except as it divides itself into lubricating and illumi¬ nating oils. OHIO. THE FOUR DISTRICTS. The oil-producing territory of Ohio can be divided into four distinct districts. These districts, naming them in the order of their importance as producers, are (1) the Lima; (2) the Eastern Ohio; (3) the Mecca? and (4) the Belden. As the production of the two latter districts is quite small, for statistical purposes they are united and known as the Mecca-Belden district. The first and most important of these is the Lima or Northwestern, which includes the remarkable developments in the section of country of which Lima may be regarded as the commercial center, the field extending in a southwesterly direction into Indiana. The oil in these districts is found in the Trenton limestone, quite a number of distinct pools having been noted in this territory. The oil in these different pools varies somewhat in character, some having more of the sulphur compounds, which distinguish this oil, than others. Oil was discovered in the Lima field in May, 1885, the first well drilled being on the bank of the Ottawa River, the casing having an elevation of about 850 feet above tide water. The lower limestone was reached at a depth of about 1,250 feet, or 400 feet below tide water. As the well was drilled for gas there was considerable disappointment when the drill struck the Trenton limestone and a deposit of gas was not found, though the disappointment was somewhat relieved by the discovery of oil where gas was looked for. It having failed as a gas well it was treated as an oil well. It was shot, tubed, packed, and pumped. During the first six days it yielded more than 200 barrels of oil, carrying some salt water. It was dark in color, low in gravity, and offensive in odor. In the fall of 1885 oil was found in a second well, near the first. This yielded the first regular, persistent supply of oil from the Trenton limestone in Ohio, the pioneer well meeting with a series of misfortunes that left it useless. This second well, known as the Citizens’ well, began to produce at first 40 to 45 barrels a day. In December, 1885, PETROLEUM. 349 it yielded 1,450 barrels of oil, and in the first three months of 1886, 26 barrels per day. It was the oil from this well that was first sent to the refineries of the country to be tested on a large scale. From this time the development of the Lima field became rapid. According to Prof. Edward Orton, State geologist of Ohio, to whose various reports we are indebted for much of the information regarding the Lima or North¬ western oil field, in April, 1886, 14 wells had been drilled ; on May 1, there were 22 wells; on June 1, 34 wells; July 1, 57 ; September 1, 128; October 1, 139, and November 1, 165 producing wells. Of the 165 pro¬ ducing wells on November 1, 19 were flowing and the rest pumping wells of various capacities. Professor Orton estimates the daily yield of September, 1886, at 4,500 barrels; in October, 6,000 barrels; Novem¬ ber, 8,300 barrels; December, 9,500 barrels; January, 1887, 8,500 bar¬ rels; February, 11,700 barrels, and April, 10,400 barrels. The number of wells that had been drilled up to April, 1887, was 424. Of the 20 wells drilled in April but one was dry. The average daily production of these 20 wells was 814 barrels each. According to Professor Orton, the geological section of the Lima field is as follows: Drift beds cover the entire surface at a depth vary¬ ing from 8 to 100 feet. The surface rock is the water lime or Lower Heklerberg limestone. The rock is extremely compact, strong, and darker blue in color than is usual. Underneath the water lime the * Niagara limestone, the Niagara shale, and the Clinton limestone and shale are found in all the wells, constituting, with the first-named stratum, the so-called “ upper limestone’7 of the drillers. The whole series is commonly called by the drillers the “Niagara” limestone, and is here from 350 to 400 feet thick. The Medina shale appears as a blue and hard slate, the thickness of which can not be given with precision. The Hudson Eiver shales are blue and gray, the entire series being from 500 to 550 feet thick. The Utica shale is dark brown, verging at its base into black, and is about 300 feet in thickness. The entire shale formation is from 840 to 850 feet thick. Below the Utica shale comes the Trenton limestone. It is not gen¬ erally penetrated more than from 15 to 25 feet in the Lima wells. The porosity of the oil rock, which is very marked, is due to the imperfect interlocking of the dolomitic crystals of which it consists. It is entirely crystalline in structure, and no fossils have been detected in this part of the stratum when it holds the dolomitic character above referred to. The Lima oil rock, like the Trenton throughout the Northwest gen¬ erally, is a magnesian limestone containing from 24 to 39 per cent car¬ bonate of magnesia. 350 MINERAL RESOURCES. Professor Orton generalizes the geological series near Lima as follows : Generalized geological section near Lima, Ohio. Drift ' Water lime . Niagara limestone Upper Silurian limestones Medina and Hudson River Utica shale . . N lagara shale .... Clinton limestone Clinton shale . shales . Feet. 18 400 450 350 Of course it is not possible always to clearly make out the subdivi¬ sions of the several elements. An approximate general section for the Lima district would probably be about as follows : General section of the Lima district, Ohio. Feet. Water lime . 100 to 500 Niagara limestone and shale . 250 Clinton limestone and shale . 100 Medina shale . 50 Hudson River shale . 550 Utica shale . 250 to 300 Trenton limestone. Underneath the shales, and separating them as clearly as a chalk mark on a blackboard, lies the Trenton limestone. Its depth below the surface is 1,200 to 1,250 feet. Regarding the geological structure of this district, Professor Orton points out that the thickness of the drift deposits in different localities correspoutl to the inequalities of the surface of the water lime and not to the dip of this water lime. He states that as established by the numerous wells in the Lima district the Trenton limestone lies as nearly level as any sheet of rock is ever found. There is a slight general declination to the northward, but there are many miles in which this feature scarcely shows itself. In 1 square mile, for example, in which 50 or more wells have been drilled, the extreme range of depth at which the Trenton was found is only 10 feet, and excluding one well, only 9 feet. “We find, therefore,” Professor Orton remarks, “that the Tren¬ ton limestone in the productive portion of the Lima field occurs as a flat-lying terrace with fairly well-marked boundaries of steeper descent on tbe east, west, and north. The southern boundary is not yet clearly determined, but the Trenton has not been found productive thus far where it is less than 370 feet below sea level.” While the above description of tbe Lima district may not apply in all its details to other districts in this Lima-Indiana field, the descrip¬ tion is sufficient to indicate geologically the character of this Lima or Northwestern field. The second district in point of production, the Eastern Ohio dis¬ trict, includes tbe wells along tbe extreme eastern boundary of Ohio contiguous to Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The geological fea¬ tures of this district, as well as the character of the oil, are similar PETROLEUM. 351 to those of West Virginia and Pennsylvania, and need not be repeated here. Most of the oil produced in this district, when Macksburg was the center of production, was from the Berea grit. The more recent discoveries of oil, however, have been in the sand rocks, which have been such large producers in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. As the Macksburg oil field has been the district which has been the oil producer in this Eastern Ohio oil field for many years, a word about the history of oil production there may not be amiss, our authority being Professor Orton. The first wells drilled in what may be termed the Macksburg field were the Newton well at Cow Pun, in Lawrence Township, and the Dutton well at Macksburg. The oil in the latter well was found at a depth of 51) feet below the bed of Duck Creek and in the Newton well at 137 feet below the bed of Cow Run. The oil in the Newton well came from a sand rock which belongs to the Lower Barren Coal Measures. The oil from the Dutton well, which was of 28° B. gravity and a lubricating oil, was probably a surface accumula¬ tion. The result of these discoveries was the leasing and putting down of quite a number of wells, oil being found at different depths in what were known as the “140-foot sand,” the “300-foot sand,” and the “700- foot sand.” Prior to 1864 the only points in Washington Countjr that could be called productive territory were the Macksburg and Cow Run localities. In 1865 a speculative era began, and nearly all the lands in Washington and Noble counties and in the neighboring counties of West Virginia were leased for oil purposes. Wells were drilled in some cases to the depth of 1,200 feet and even in one case to a depth of 2,100 feet. The yield of oil in the Cow Run field up to the close of 1885 is estimated at 751,519 barrels. In the spring of 1868 the West Virginia Transportation Company, of Parkersburg, laid a 2-inch pipe line from the Cow Run district to the Ohio River, 54 miles distant. This line was sufficient to carry the entire production of the field. The point of delivery on the river was 3 miles below Newport, and from there the oil was carried in bulk boats to the refineries at Marietta and Parkersburg. While work was being prosecuted vigorously at Cow Run, operations at Macksburg were almost entirely suspended until 1872, when Mr. George Rice, of Burning Springs, W. Va., began operations and con¬ tinued them, with varying success, until the fall of 1878, when well No. 14 was put down for gas, but resulted in the production not only of gas, but of 15 barrels per day of an amber-colored oil of 39° gravity. This was the beginning of the great developments of this region from 1878 to 1885. It is impossible for us to follow the developments of this field. The chief source of oil here until recently has been the Berea grit, though oil was at first found at a deptli of from 200 to 300 feet in the Upper Mahoning sandstone. At 1,300 feet the Berea grit was fouud, holding a stock of oil large enough to make the Macksburg field a factor in the general market. As is stated elsewhere, however, the 352 MINERAL RESOURCES. recent large finds in the Eastern Ohio field are not in the Berea grit, blit in the same horizons as those in which oil is found in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, among the chief sources being the Big Injun sand, I described in connection with the report on Pennsyl¬ vania oil. The third field, the Mecca, lies in Trumbull County, in northeastern Ohio, near the town of the same name. The territory in which oil has been found in paying quantities can probably be included in a tract 5 miles long by 3 miles wide, on which thousands of wells have been drilled. The oil is a heavy one, its gravity being from 26° to 28° B. gravity. It endures an excellent cold test and is adapted to the highest uses as a lubricator. The wells are shallow, not exceeding 50 feet in depth. The total expense of drilling is covered by a production of from 50 to CO gallons of oil. The oil-bearing strata is the Berea grit. It is always overlain by a thin but very black fossiliferous bed of the Berea shale. The Mecca field is a very interesting one, but it can never be relied upon as much of a producer. The wells are seldom pumped for more than three months after they are drilled, and a total production of 3,000 barrels for any well is regarded as excessive. The fourth field, the Belden, or, as it is sometimes called, the Graf¬ ton oil field, is a shallow oil field of a type similar to the Mecca. The sources of the oil is the Berea grit, which lies very near the surface, all the oil in this field having been obtained at a depth of from 120 to 140 feet. The production in this district has at times reached 2,000 barrels a year, but the wells are small producers, a good average at the best being from 3 to 5 barrels a day. The oil is a lubricating oil of from 25° to 32° gravity, but hardly equal to the Mecca oil. The oil rock carries quite a strong brine instead of fresh water, as at Mecca. But little oil was produced here in 1894. PRODUCTION OP PETROLEUM IN OHIO. The total amount of petroleum produced in Ohio in 1894, as will be seen from the following table, was 16,792,154 barrels, as compared with 16,249,769 barrels in 1893. The production of the Lima district in 1894 was 13,607,844 barrels, as compared with 13,646,804 barrels in 1893. Macksburg and eastern Ohio produced 3,183,370 barrels in 1894, as compared with 2,601,394 barrels in 1893, while the production of the Mecca-Belden district fell from 1,571 barrels in 1893 to 940 barrels in 1894. The total value of the production of oil in 1894 was $9,206,293, as compared with $8,124,342 in 1893. The average price per barrel of Lima oil for 1894 was 4S cents, being three-fourths of a cent higher than in 1893. The average price per barrel of eastern oil advanced from 64 cents in 1893 to 83| cents in 1894, while the value of the Mecca- Belden oil fell from $7,214 to $4.76 per barrel in 1894. The average price of all the oil produced in this State in 1894 was 54.8 cents a bar¬ rel, as compared with 50 cents in 1893. PETROLEUM. 353 The total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio from 1889 to 1894, inclusive, is shown in the following table: Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio from 1889 to 1894.. 1889. 1890. Districts. Total. production. Total value. Price per barrel. Total production. Total value. Price per barrel. Barrels. 12, 153, 189 317, 037 $1, 822, 978 340, 683 $0. 15 1.07* Barrels. 15, 014, 882 1, 108, 334 $4, 504, 465 1, 127, 730 $0.30 1. 01 J Eastern Ohio . Mecca-Belden ... 1,240 10, 334 8. 33J 1,440 12, 000 8. 33* Total . 12, 471, 466 2, 173, 995 .17| 16, 124, 656 5, 644, 195 .35 1891. 1892. Districts. Total production. Total value. Price per barrel. Total production. Total value. Price per barrel. Lima . Barrels. 17, 315, 978 400, 024 > 22, 859^ 1,440 $5, 281, 373 $0. 30* Barrels. 15, 169, 507 197, 556> 992, 7463 3,112 $5, 555, 832 $0. 36^ Macksburg . Eastern Ohio _ _ Mecca-Belden . . . 283, 332 12, 000 . 67 8. 33J 662, 106 21, 101 • 00 ier 6.78 Total . 17, 740,301 5, 576, 705 • 31 16, 362, 921 6, 239, 039 .38 1893. 1894. Districts. Total production. Total value. Price per barrel. Total production. Total value. Price per barrel. Lima . Barrels. 13, 646, 804 ) $6, 448, 115 $0. 47 J Barrels. 13, 607, 844 $6, 531, 765 $0. 48 Macksburg . Eastern and Southern . > 2, 601, 394 1, 664, 892 .64 3, 183, 370 2, 670, 052 .83* Mecca-Belden . . . 1,571 11,335 7.21* 940 4,476 4.76 Total . 16, 249, 769 8, 124, 342 . 50 16, 792, 154 9, 206, 293 . 54 A In the following tables will be found statements of the total produc¬ tion of crude petroleum in Ohio from 1890 to 1894, by months and dis¬ tricts. In determining the total by months an average production for each month in the Mecca-Belden district has been assumed : Total productions of crude petroleum in Ohio, from 1890 to 1894, by months and districts. . [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Months. Lima. 1890. Eastern and southern Ohio and Macksburg. Mecca- Belden. Total. January... February.. March . April . May . June . J uly . August.... September. October ... November . December . Total 911,947 888, 978 955, 620 1, 040, 924 1, 142, 954 1, 175, 821 1, 354, 672 1,411,998 1, 559, 473 1, 660, 069 1, 495, 099 1, 417, 327 15, 014, 882 36, 713 40, 712 53, 193 60, 729 80, 167 98, 268 118, 182 132, 173 140, 634 138, 224 113, 664 95, 675 1, 108, 334 948, 780 929,810 1, 008, 933 1, 101, 773 1, 223, 241 1,274,209 1, 472, 974 1, 544, 291 1,700, 227 1, 798, 413 1, 608, 883 1,513, 122 1,440 16, 124, 656 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 23 354 MINERAL RESOURCES Total production of crude petroleum in Ohio, from 1890 to 1894, etc. — Continued. Months 1891. January . February . March . April . May . June . July . . . August . September . October . November . December . Total . 1892. January . February . March . April . May . June . July . August . September . October . November . December . Total . 1893. January . February . March . April . May . June . July . August . September . October . November . December . Total . 1894. January . February . March . April . May . June . July . August . September . October . November . December . Lima. Eastern and southern Ohio and Macksburg. Mecca- Belden. Totals. 1,471,858 89, 061 1,561,039 1, 355, 734 40, 620 1, 396, 474 1, 455, 628 28, 297 1, 484, 045 1,470, 661 29, 361 j , 500, 142 1,446, 284 28, 935 1, 475, 339 1,491,228 25, 014 1, 516, 362 1, 514, 607 30, 571 1,545, 298 1, 509, 262 28, 828 1, 538, 210 1,492, 115 31,591 1,523, 826 1, 499, 834 27, 536 1, 527, 490 1,271. 189 28, 428 1, 299, 737 1, 337, 578 34, 641 1, 372. 339 17, 315, 978 422, 883 1,440 17, 740, 301 1, 090, 173 33, 762 1, 124, 194 1, 127, 481 32, 894 1, 160, 634 1, 200, 305 42, 371 1,242,936 1,128. 253 45, 439 1, 173, 952 1,165, 750 50, 407 1,216,416 1,210, 523 55, 930 1,266,712 1,300,197 69, 678 1,370, 135 1,461,020 111,377 1, 572, 657 1, 422, 534 151,543 1, 574, 336 1,379, 909 206, 005 1,586, 173 1, 328, 548 188, 391 1,517, 198 1, 354, 814 202, 505 1, 557, 578 15, 169, 507 1, 190, 302 3, 112 16, 362, 921 1, 037, 358 189, 874 1, 227, 363 985, 620 209, 948 1, 195, 698 1, 161, 384 238, 133 1,399,648 1, 072, 850 217, 001 1. 289, 982 1, 179, 808 204, 151 1, 384, 090 1, 213, 521 206, 106 1, 419, 758 1,231,010 213,431 1, 444, 572 1, 258, 289 , 221,865 1, 480, 285 1,181,493 220, 589 1,402,213 1, 154, 641 242, 353 1,397, 125 1, 084, 324 222, 428 1, 306, 883 1, 086, 506 215, 515 1, 302, 152 13, 646, 804 2, 601, 394 1,571 16, 249, 769 1, 116, 979 209, 225 1, 326, 282 974, 091 213, 721 1,187,891 1, 177, 837 253, 979 1, 431. 894 1, 099, 453 268, 736 1, 368, 268 1, 203. 229 283, 371 1, 486, 678 1,165, 190 273, 876 1, 439, 144 1,131,081 267, 144 1, 398, 304 1,212,090 275, 360 1,487,528 1, 090, 626 278, 704 1,369,409 1, 165, 938 303, 441 1, 469, 457 1, 146, 686 278, 162 1, 424, 926 1, 124, 644 277, 651 1, 402, 373 13, 607, 844 3, 183, 370 940 16, 792, 154 Total PETROLEUM. 355 Tlie following table gives the production of petroleum in Ohio from the beginning of operations in that State to the close of 1894: Production of petroleum in Oh io. Tears. Barrels. Years. Barrels. Previous to 1876 . 200, 000 31, 763 29, 888 38, 179 29, 112 38, 940 33, 867 39, 761 47, 632 90, 181 650, 000 1886 . 1, 782, 970 5,018,015 10, 010, 868 12, 471, 466 16, 124, 656 17, 740, 301 16, 362, 921 16, 249, 769 16, 792, 154 187G . 1887 . 1877 . 1888 . 1878 . 1889 . 1879 . 1890 . 1880 . 1891 . 1881 . . 1892 . 1882 . 1893 . 1883 . 1894 . 1884 . Total . 1885 . 113, 782, 343 LIMA DISTRICT. In the following table is given the production of petroleum in the Lima oil field from 1886 to 1894. It will be seen that the highest point of production in this field was in 1891, when 17,315^978 barrels were produced. There has been a gradual decline in the production of the field since this date. The production of 1893 and 1894 differ but slightly. The production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, oil fields from 1886 to 1894 is as follows: Production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, district from 1886 to 1894. Tears. Barrels. 1886 . 1, 064, 025 4, 650, 375 9, 682, 683 12,153,189 15, 014, 882 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . Tears. Barrels. 1891 . 17, 315, 978 15, 169, 507 13, 646, 804 13, 607, 844 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . In the following table is found the production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, field from 1887 to 1894, by months, so far as the same was obtainable: Production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, field, from 1S87 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Months. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. January . February . March . ... April May . June . July . August . September . ( 'ctober . November .... December . Total .... 131,011 206, 026 303, 084 352, 798 449, 062 474, 535 389, 997 490, 862 465, 743 444, 941 458, 612 483, 704 422, 125 479, 824 586, 781 629, 932 745, 896 862, 106 905, 218 995, 938 979, 943 1,036,712 988. 997 1,049, 211 911, 947 888, 978 955. 620 1, 040, 924 1, 142, 954 1, 175, 821 1, 354, 672 1,411,998 1, 559, 473 1, 660, 069 1, 495, 099 1, 417, 327 1,471,858 1, 355, 734 1, 455, 628 1, 470, 661 1, 446, 284 1, 491, 228 1,514, 607 1, 509, 262 1,492,115 1, 499, 834 1,271,189 1, 337, 578 1, 090, 173 1, 127,481 1. 200, 305 1, 128, 253 1, 165, 750 1, 210, 523 1, 300, 197 1, 461, 020 1, 422. 534 1, 379, 909 1, 328. 548 1, 354, 814 1, 037, 358 985, 620 1,161,384 1, 072, 850 1, 179, 808 1,213,521 1, 231, 010 1, 258, 289 1,181,493 1,154, 64 l 1, 084, 324 1, 086, 506 1, 116, 979 974, 091 1, 177 837 . 1, 099, 453 1, 203, 229 1, 165, 190 1, 131,081 1,212. 090 1, 090, 626 1, 165, 938 1, 146, 686 1, 124, 644 4, 650, 375 9, 682, 683 12, 153, 189 15, 014, 882 17, 315, 978 15, 169. 507 13, 646, 804 13, 607, 844 356 MINERAL RESOURCES. It will be seen from tbe above table that the production of petro¬ leum in the Lima field in 1894, by months, was quite regular. THE PIPE-LINE RUNS IN THE LIMA-INDIANA FIELD. There are no statements of the pipe-line runs and shipments in the Lima-Indiana field that distinguish between oil produced in Ohio and that produced in Indiana. Therefore tlie following statement of pipe¬ line runs and shipments, which are those of the Buckeye Pipe Line, will include reports for both Lima and Indiana. As has been so often stated in this report, pipe line runs are not production. This is espe¬ cially true of the Lima-Indiana field. The production of petroleum in the Lima-Indiana field, distributed between the States, is quite accu¬ rately given in our statement of production : Pipe-line runs, Lima-Indiana field, from 1887 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Years. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. 1887 . 1(14, 474 207, 026 303, 084 352, 798 449, 062 474, 535 389, 997 1888 . 359, 860 428, 008 534, 588 587, 043 705, 045 774, 710 896. 034 1889 . . 973, 980 800, 828 830, 559 815. 377 932, 067 843, 844 805, 744 1890 . 683, 750 622. 799 676, 175 842,416 887, 590 916. 289 1, 105, 885 1891 . 1,241, 154 1, 147, 947 1, 255, 611 1, 202, 583 1, 191, 147 1, 207, 884 1,236, 291 1892 . 971.607 1, 008, 069 1, 083, 801 1,012. 087 1, 064, 478 1, 099, 145 1, 190. 015 1893 . 1,049, 778 974, 944 1, 163, 641 1. 074, 290 1, 187, 939 1, 245. 880 1, 289, 991 1894 . 1, 265, 267 1. 106, 493 1, 353, 591 1, 295, 619 1, 424, 182 1, 402, 417 1, 366, 310 Years. August. Septem¬ ber. October. Novem¬ ber. December. Total. Average. 1887 . 490, 162 465. 743 444, 941 458, 613 483, 704 4,684, 139 390, 345 1888 . 975, 235 868, 826 939, 468 891. 999 938, 188 8, 899, 004 741, 584 1889 . 968, 449 875, 201 850, 077 774, 073 755, 553 10. 255, 752 854, 646 1890 . 1, 149, 877 1, 289, 577 1, 342. 158 1. 215, 960 1, 186, 434 11.918.910 993, 243 1891 . 1, 240, 841 1, 252. 375 1, 257, 986 1, 070, 131 1,211,820 14,515,770 1, 209, 648 1892 . 1, 346, 949 1, 232. 385 1,264. 536 1, 209, 953 1,244,712 13, 657, 737 1, 138. 145 1893 . 1, 390, 894 1, 315, 933 1, 302, 295 1, 230, 658 1, 224, 952 14,451,195 1, 204. 266 1894 . 1, 469, 372 1, 325, 352 1, 405, 042 1, 334, 334 1, 326, 371 16, 074, 350 1, 339, 529 SHIPMENTS FROM THE LIMA-INDIANA FIELD. In the following table is given the statement of the shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima-Indiana field as reported by the Buckeye Pipe Line Company from 1887 to 1894, by months and years. Here also it should be remarked that pipe-line shipments and con¬ sumption are not the same: Shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima-Indiana field, from 1887 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Years. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. 1887 . 10, 957 32, 613 77, 900 101. 306 104, 440 174, 824 1888 . 81, 569 207, 040 243, 964 210, 725 159, 620 179, 192 227, 707 1889 . 367, 524 862, c07 391,026 340, 889 309, 238 352, 886 361, 694 1890 . 156, 085 111,604 123, 125 115,223 169, 662 700, 422 874, 121 1891 . 968, 887 837, 928 330. 448 336, 854 1,078. 489 923, 605 997, 681 1892 . 1, 355, 362 1, 346, 541 1, 532, 606 1, 512, 358 1,427, 753 1, 492, 543 1, 389, 501 1893 . 1,306,612 1, 270, 595 1,390,646 1, 205, 748 1,321,782 1, 235, 843 1, 152, 374 1894 . 1, 199, 752 1, 109, 110 1, 247, 295 1, 210, 391 1, 150, 298 1, 303, 957 1, 023, 316 c PETROLEUM. 357 Shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima- Indiana fi eld, etc. — Continued. Tears. August. Septem¬ ber. October. Novem¬ ber. December. Total. Average. 1887 . 20, 019 30, 944 43, 168 78, 827 76, 327 751, 325 68, 302 1888 . 401, 175 301, 316 370, 378 287, 934 382, 448 3, 053, 068 254, 422 1889 . 464, 325 626, 207 715, 386 759, 702 750, 244 5, 801,928 483, 494 1890 . 846, 360 813.817 723, 725 657,614 907, 548 6, 199, 306 516, 609 1891 . 1,166, 054 1, 260, 598 1,408. 343 1,391,400 1,454,578 12,154, 865 1,012,905 1892 . 1, 342, 949 1, 125, 335 1,3’5. 994 1, 323. 204 1, 340, 734 16, 504, 880 1,375, 407 1893 . 1,040, 860 1,038,819 1, 196. 018 1, 262, 130 1, 230, 216 14,651,643 1, 220, 970 1894 . 1,238,183 1,023,232 1, 198, 801 T, 285, 861 1, 463, 566 14, 453, 762 1, 204, 480 STOCKS OF CRUDE PETROLEUM IN THE LIMA-INDIANA, FIELD. In the following table is given a statement of the stocks of crude petroleum in the Lima-lndiana field at the close of each month from 1887 to 1894, as reported by the Buckeye Pipe Line Company : Total stocks of crude petroleum in the Lima-lndiana field at close of each month, from 1887 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Tears. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . 4, 367, 355 10, 415, 880 14, 104, 018 21, 233, 645 21,692, 318 18, 355, 492 18, 565, 823 847, 817 4, 588, 323 10, 852, 202 14,180. 090 21, 537, 789 21,350,912 18, 059, 846 18, 566, 158 1, 118, 288 4, 919, 446 11, 288, 793 14, 241, 340 21, 957, 948 20, 896, 185 17, 877, 265 18, 675, 275 1, 393, 186 5.367,401 11, 792, 707 14, 153,259 22, 319, 191 20, 425, 914 17, 747, 249 18, 763, 242 1,740, 942 5, 980, 283 12, 413, 137 14, 298, 966 22, 424, 364 20, 062, 639 17, 616, 527 19, 041, 624 2, 111, 037 6, 593, 165 12, 902, 628 14, 513, 553 22, 704, 034 19, 668, 894 17,642,117 19, 142, 598 2, 326, 211 7, 282, 088 13, 344, 795 14, 744, 004 22, 930, 048 19, 467, 900 17, 779, 733 19, 504, 651 Tears. 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . August. 2, 632, 828 7, 852, 705 13, 846, 765 19, 086, 736 22, 993, 496 19,505, 399 18, 129, 767 19, 736, 628 September. 2, 957, 900 8, 392, 493 14, 092, 7u6 19, 843,950 22, 975, 470 19, 150, 058 18, 408,814 20, 040, 748 October. 3, 359, 674 8, 920, 086 14, 224, 747 20, 442, 065 22, 722, 465 18, 800, 715 18, 527, 901 20, 246, 989 November. December. 3, 739, 459 9, 499, 482 14, 554, 662 20. 967, 258 22, 375, 030 18, 687, 464 18, 499, 669 20, 295, 461 4, 148, 469 9, 810, 714 14, 105, 149 20, 971, 395 22, 103, 705 18,604,442 18, 497, 340 20,158, 266 Average. 2, 397, 801 6, 966, 962 12, 819, 514 16, 795, 553 22, 456, 438 19, 859, 403 18, 095, 143 19, 394, 788 WELL RECORDS IN THE LIMA DISTRICT. The number of wells completed in the Lima district in 1894 was 2,472, an average of 206 a month, as compared with 1,569 in 1893, 1,446 in 1892, and 1,575 in 1891. All of the counties showed increased activity as compared with 1893. The number of wells completed in Allen County increased from 20 in 1893 to 63 in 1894; in Auglaize County from 214 in 1893 to 348 in 1894; in Hancock County from 80 in 1893 to 340 in 1894; in Sandusky from 4‘_’8 in 1893 to 543 in 1894; in Wood County from 760 in 1893 to 885 in 1894; in Mercer County, which was not reported separately in 1893, 247 wells were drilled in 1894, while the wells completed in the miscellaneous districts fell from 67 in 1893 to 358 MINERAL RESOURCES. 46 in 1894, this falling off being due to the removal of Mercer County from the list of miscellaneous counties : Total number of wells completed in the Lima, Ohio, district in 1894. Months. Allen. Auglaize. Hancock. San¬ dusky. Wood. Mercer. Miscella¬ neous. Total. January . 1 11 20 25 57 16 0 130 February . 2 19 26 32 74 19 3 175 March . 0 19 24 39 70 22 5 179 April . 0 39 25 46 75 12 8 205 May . 2 39 30 65 84 24 4 248 June . 6 38 28 62 77 15 4 230 July . 9 34 32 48 85 21 4 233 August . 6 29 33 44 83 19 5 219 September . 9 32 37 40 66 15 5 204 October . 11 31 29 44 76 33 2 226 November . 8 30 32 48 69 25 2 214 December . 9 27 24 50 69 26 4 209 Total . 63 348 340 543 885 247 46 2,472 From the following table it will be seen that the total initial daily production of the 2,472 wells completed in 1894 was 70,111 barrels, or 28 barrels a day, while the total initial daily production of the 1,569 wells completed in 1893 was 71,763 barrels, or 46 barrels a day. From this it '’dll be readily inferred that the wells drilled in the Lima region in 1894 were not as great producers as those drilled in 1893, and the same is true of 1892. This reduction in initial daily production is man¬ ifest in all districts, no one district in this respect being in advance of the others, the wells of every county showing a falling off in the initial daily production : Initial daily production of wells completed in the Lima, Ohio, district in 1894. Months. Allen. Auglaize. Hancock. Sandusky. Wood. Mercer. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. January . 0 405 767 815 1,533 333 0 3, 853 February . 25 318 630 945 1, 575 418 300 4,211 March . 0 743 715 1, 200 1, 303 350 175 4, 486 April . 0 1,095 545 1,651 1,802 363 130 5, 586 May . 25 953 640 2, 840 2, 275 448 no 7, 291 June . 30 789 516 3, 075 1,681 165 135 6. 391 July . 285 67S 725 1,422 2, 145 862 20 5, 637 August . 107 665 795 1, 198 2, 372 384 121 5.642 September - 107 825 1,270 1,280 1,143 310 85 5, 020 ( ictober . 140 832 552 1, 533 1,854 1,045 35 5,991 November . . . . 155 676 648 6, 376 1,619 985 5 10, 464 December .... 125 542 1,070 949 1,917 890 46 5, 539 Total. . . . 999 8, 521 8, 873 23, 284 21,219 6, 053 1,162 70, 111 It will be seen from the following table that of the 2,472 wells com¬ pleted in the Lima district in 1894, 384 were dry holes; in 1893 of the 1,569 wells completed 203 were dry holes; in 1892 of the 1,446 wells completed 183 were dry holes. It appears from this that the propor¬ tion of dry holes to wells completed in the last three years has differed greatly. c PETROLEUM. 359 Total number of dry holes drilled in the Lima, Ohio, district in 1894. Months. Allen. Auglaize. Hancock. Sandusky. Wood. Mercer. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. January . 1 0 0 3 8 5 0 17 February . 0 7 6 6 15 6 1 41 March . 0 2 6 3 15 10 1 37 April . 0 1 4 2 16 2 2 27 May . 1 1 8 3 15 4 0 32 June . 4 8 5 4 12 6 2 41 July . 1 3 3 6 9 6 2 30 August . 0 4 4 6 16 3 1 34 September.... 2 6 10 3 9 3 2 35 October . i 4 3 3 10 6 0 27 November .... i 5 8 1 11 1 1 28 December . 2 9 7 7 3 5 2 35 Total . . . 13 50 64 47 139 57 14 384 The number of rigs building and wells drilling in the Lima, Ohio, district at the close of each month in 1894 is shown in the two follow¬ ing tables. These show a marked increase in activity in the Lima oil field in 1894, as compared with 1893. At the close of 1894 there were 110 rigs building in this field, as compared with 69 at the close of 1893, while at the close of 1894 there were 140 wells drilling, as compared with 114 at the close of 1893. The average number of rigs building at the close of each month in 1894 was 87, as compared with an aver¬ age of 66 in 1893. The average number of wells drilling at the close of each month in 1894 was 131, as compared with 99 in 1893 : Total number of rigs building in the Lima, Ohio, field in 1894. Months. Allen. Auglaize. Hancock. Sandusky. Wood. Mercer. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. January . 0 6 6 9 28 11 0 60 February . 0 8 6 12 43 14 0 83 March . 0 21 7 20 28 9 5 90 April . 0 8 6 25 37 9 3 88 May . 1 7 12 19 30 12 4 85 June . 2 8 10 16 31 7 2 76 July . 5 8 13 13 23 4 2 68 August . 4 5 14 20 40 8 4 95 September .... 3 12 10 20 27 9 5 86 October . 4 7 11 17 30 18 5 92 November .... 5 11 9 23 44 17 3 112 December . 4 11 15 21 39 15 5 110 Average . . 2 9 10 18 34 11 3 87 Total number of wells drilling in the Lima, Ohio, field in 1894. Months. Allen. Auglaize. Hancock. Sandusky. Wood. Mercer. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. January . 2 16 16 25 50 11 0 120 February . 0 9 16 23 46 15 4 113 March . 0 17 15 34 51 9 1 127 April . 1 16 19 32 59 8 3 138 May . 6 17 18 25 51 8 2 127 June . 3 22 22 32 45 8 7 139 July . 2 15 16 24 45 8 7 117 August . 6 23 17 27 48 11 6 138 September.... 6 17 13 27 51 18 4 136 October . 5 21 21 24 45 14 6 136 November . .. . 9 16 20 23 44 19 7 138 December . 7 13 21 •26 48 22 3 140 Average . . 4 17 18 27 49 12 4 131 360 MINERAL RESOURCES In the following tables are given the well records in the Lima, Ohio, district from 1890 to 1894 : Number of wells completed in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. J line. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1890 44 62 147 165 224 271 307 319 243 187 1, 969 1891 .. 142 123 129 156 116 143 144 138 157 134 104 88 1 \ 574 1892 . . 67 82 93 93 93 121 134 166 171 174 147 105 1,446 1893 .. 100 85 163 135 128 160 152 133 131 120 132 130 1, 569 1894 . . 130 175 179 205 248 230 233 219 204 226 214 209 2,472 Initial daily production of new wells in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1890 . 18, 944 8,427 14, 631 5, 124 5, 642 16, 309 7, 855 12, 908 6, 752 5, 020 17, 426 8, 033 13, 772 4,223 5,991 13, 779 5, 592 7, 554 4, 205 10, 464 8,424 2, 989 4, 907 3,275 5,539 14,976 6, 228 7,872 5, 980 5,843 1891 . . 1892 .. 1893 . . 1894 .. 5, 858 2. 853 5,510 3. 853 5, 474 4,485 4,809 4,211 4, 428 3,973 6, 241 4,486 6, 543 4,665 5, 477 5,586 4,411 4,750 6, 858 7,291 6, 667 8,314 9, 701 6, 391 8,461 11,648 9,588 5, 637 Total number of holes drilled in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1890 . . 3 2 4 11 10 , 23 30 32 37 41 193 1891 .. 28 27 23 28 14 18 22 14 I 26 20 17 13 250 1892 . . 9 9 8 13 10 18 16 18 27 22 18 15 183 1893 .. 12 15 20 24 18 19 18 12 14 16 13 22 203 1894 . . 17 41 37 27 32 41 30 34 1 35 27 28 35 384 Number of wells drilling in the Lima, Ohio, district, at the close of each month, from 1890 to 1894. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. J uly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1890 . . 47 59 135 188 237 182 238 294 148 Ill 164 1891 . . 90 105 94 82 79 90 90 93 85 88 67 53 85 1892 .. 61 78 76 51 64 95 101 112 120 114 106 81 88 1893 . . 72 78 88 92 117 119 103 101 89 102 118 114 99 1894 . . 120 113 127 138 127 139 117 138 136 136 138 140 131 Rigs building in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1S94, by months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1890 .. 56 69 173 239 248 212 210 194 149 109 166 1891 .. 120 137 155 117 115 123 137 120 117 106 91 99 120 1892 . . 95 115 106 112 113 104 128 126 121 112 112 49 108 1893 . . 62 70 63 58 90 72 52 52 61 76 66 69 66 1894 .. 60 83 90 88 85 76 68 95 86 92 112 110 87 EASTERN OHIO DISTRICT. I In this district is included the old Macksburg field and the new developments in the territory adjacent in West Virginia and western Pennsylvania, and includes, in addition to Macksburg, the Corning, Steubenville, and Marietta districts. PETROLEUM 361 The production of the Eastern Ohio district for the last nine years is given in the following table : Production of petroleum in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1885 to 1894. Tears. Barrels. Tears. Barrels. 1885 661, 580 703, 945 372, 257 291, 585 317, 037 1890 . 1, 108, 334 422, 883 1, 190, 302 2, 601. 394 3, 183, 370 1886 .... 1891 . 1887 .. 1892 . 1888 1893 . 1889 1894 . Prior to 1891 the figures given in the above table are chiefly the pro¬ duction of the Macksburg field. In the following table the pipe-line runs and the shipments from the Macksburg district are given from 1886 to 1894 : Pipe-line runs in the Macksburg district, from 1886 to 1S94. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Tears. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . 54, 806 37, 134 16, 257 18, 174 29, 872 86, 058 24, 801 183, 781 138, 172 46, 694 28, 514 18,861 16, 239 34, 022 45, 618 27, 620 211, 658 121, 627 58, 795 33, 995 17, 283 19, 676 45, 362 23, 055 39,010 235,177 150, 095 64, 137 29, 796 21, 187 20, 144 53, 905 25, 070 40, 424 211, 102 190, 677 58, 596 30, 601 21, 349 20, 283 72, 158 24, 263 43, 569 199, 929 239, 912 65, 379 29, 586 21,511 18, 536 90, 827 21, 689 50, 007 146, 626 228, 267 56, 966 22, 413 21,785 16, 705 111,584 24, 858 64, 107 148, 622 221, 999 Tears. August. September. October. November. December, i Total. Average. 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . 57, 492 26, 659 18, 558 16, 607 121 349 24, 432 106, 082 152, 912 249, 472 48,918 22, 903 22, 058 16, 875 138, 310 27, 006 135, 353 156, 124 202, 361 46. 937 20, 458 18, 809 21, 555 129, 717 23, 428 212, 470 149, 773 220, 557 41, 359 19, 902 20, 802 25,415 106, 552 23, 073 176, 852 134, 923 199, 787 40, 578 17. 079 20. 950 28, 567 87, 955 28, 682 196, 852 144, 488 199, 774 640, 657 319, 040 239, 410 238, 776 1,021,613 377, 232 1, 117, 147 2, 075, 115 2, 362, 703 53, 388 26, 587 19, 951 19, 898 85, 134 31, 436 93, 096 172, 926 196, 892 Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petroleum reduced to crude equivalent from Macksburg district, from 1886 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Tears. January. February. March. April. May. June. J uly. 1886 . 60, 119 42, 525 32, 277 23, 578 28, 986 40,211 28, 832 1887 . 52, 065 23, 908 17, 593 16, 558 16, 002 17, 384 16, 504 1888 . 40, 076 30, 045 4, 122 14, 920 15, 275 15, 630 9,083 1889 . 11, 847 16, 168 23, 939 8,611 9, 027 8,934 15, 269 1890 . 44, 306 38, 898 35, 041 30, 975 13, 070 22, 851 46, 394 1891 . 54, 363 27, 160 1,040 2, 094 1,060 41,725 820 1892 . 2, 594 2, 200 1,763 1,600 252 37, 989 1,834 D93 . 7, 174 6, 556 8,218 5, 906 2, 338 1, 123 1, 025 1894 . 3, 366 3,932 2, 874 2,272 1,998 959 2, 569 Tears. August. September. October. November. December. Total. Average. 1886 . . . . ; 45, 882 47, 992 53, 156 51, 608 49, 260 504, 426 42, 036 1887 . 27,719 35, 030 37, 978 34, 508 39, 654 334, 903 27, 909 1888 . 6. 989 32, 698 47, 572 47, 066 26, 940 290, 416 24, 201 1889 . 14, 507 22, 669 50, 447 47, 924 47, 090 276, 432 23, 036 1890 . 107, 175 73, 469 57, 780 54, 540 53, 704 578, 203 48, 184 1891 . 2, 318 3, 283 3,040 2,700 2, 236 141,839 11,820 1892 . 1,555 2, 102 3, 773 4, 358 6,443 66, 463 5, 539 1893 . 586 1,964 2,524 4,538 2, 563 44, 515 3,710 1894 . 2, 309 3,839 4, 377 4,264 3, 999 36, 758 3,063 362 MINERAL RESOURCES In the following table will be found certain figures regarding stocks of crude petroleum iu eastern Ohio at the close of each month from 188G to 1891. This by no means represents all the stocks of crude petroleum produced in this district, but they are the best statement we can get as to stocks held by pipe lines that derived most of their oil from eastern Ohio : Total stocks of crude petroleum in the Macksburg district at close of each month from 1886 to 1894 , bg months and years. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Tears. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. 1886 . 324, 483 332, 322 362, 923 407, 212 440, 329 467, 599 468, 796 1887 . 404, 315 408, 926 425, 325 438, 562 453,162 465, 363 472, 273 1888 . 380, 551 386, 293 400, 602 407, 086 413, 858 420, 631 434, 573 1889 . 363, 620 357, 527 360, 121 364, 796 376, 052 397, 718 387, 089 1890 . 296,413 291, 536 301, 856 324, 786 388, 874 451, 851 517, 042 1891 . 685, 120 503, 284 480, 618 480, 364 453, 809 433, 773 401, 358 1892 . 461,616 468, 861 460, 750 462, 383 475, 768 447, 685 457, 176 1893 . 410, 715 418, 513 397, 127 404, 951 407, 715 421, 222 413, 935 1894 . 390, 977 388, 341 379, 037 376, 883 325, 664 294, 427 271, 801 Tears. August. September. October. November. December. Average. 1886 . 456, 621 461,842 437, 299 427, 950 419, 248 417, 219 1887 . 471, 214 459, 085 441, 563 426, 957 404, 382 439, 261 1888 . 444, 006 427, 797 394, 807 365, 873 351, 128 402, 267 1889 . 389, 189 383, 393 354, 498 331, 939 310, 848 364. 732 1890 . 531,215 596, 056 660, 573 703, 031 698, 129 480, 113 1891 . 378, 857 388, 855 431,450 461, 037 454, 232 462, 730 1892 . 462, 306 441, 494 434, 560 432, 283 422, 142 452, 252 1893 . 426, 552 443, 669 458, 692 446, 503 415, 900 422, 124 1894 . 241, 439 197, 660 179, 867 152, 200 147,318 278, 801 In the following tables are given the well records in the Macksburg district from 1891 to 1894: Number of wells completed in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1891 to 1894, by months. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . 9 10 8 27 1892 . 7 9 12 7 4 8 5 2 4 2 14 2 76 1893 . 10 15 13 19 24 15 26 18 21 15 7 7 190 1894 . 9 6 15 17 17 21 . 23 18 19 21 22 27 215 Initial daily production of new ivells in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1891 to 1894, by months. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. J uly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . 36 265 70 371 1892 . 60 152 393 65 291 25 43 2 0 20 117 0 1, 168 1893 . 209 168 109 254 350 210 323 398 240 234 37 78 2, 610 T894 . 143 50 74 172 246 223 262 232 180 468 215 433 2, 698 PETROLEUM. 363 Total number of dry holes drilled in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1891 to 1894, hy months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . 5 5 4 14 1892 . 2 3 4 4 4 5 1 0 4 1 4 2 34 1893 . 0 2 4 3 8 2 7 3 7 4 4 2 46 1894 . 3 2 8 7 5 9 8 8 7 8 11 9 85 Number of wells drilling in the Eastern Ohio district at the close of each month from 1891 to 1894. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1891 . . 15 14 10 13 1892 . 15 15 12 9 14 9 6 6 6 10 7 9 10 1893 . 14 10 15 15 13 15 13 19 12 8 9 12 13 1894 . 11 4 19 5 17 15 18 18 16 15 19 22 15 Rigs building in the Eastern Ohio district from 1891 to 1894, by months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1891 . 20 20 4 15 1892 . 18 17 14 13 21 10 8 11 13 16 13 13 14 1893 . 16 17 23 11 4 9 12 9 13 9 13 13 12 1894 . 9 13 13 9 13 13 18 18 15 27 19 17 15 In the following- table is given the well statement, showing the wells completed, the initial production, the dry holes, wells drilling, and rigs building in the Macksburg district of the Eastern Ohio held in 1894: Well record in the Macksburg, Ohio, district in 1894. Months. Wells com¬ pleted. Initial pro¬ duction. Dry holes. Wells drilling. Kigs building. January . 9 Barrels. 143 3 11 9 February . 6 50 2 4 13 March . 15 74 8 19 13 April . 17 172 7 5 9 May . 17 246 5 17 13 J une . 21 223 9 15 13 Julv . . 23 262 8 18 18 August . 18 232 8 18 18 September . 19 180 7 16 15 October . 21 468 8 15 27 November . 22 215 11 19 19 December . 27 433 9 22 17 Total . 215 2, 698 85 a 15 a 15 a Average. It should be noted that the above well records, pipe-line runs, etc., include only those of the Macksburg district of the Eastern Ohio field. The well records of the other districts of the Eastern Ohio district are included in the Southwest district of the Appalachian oil field report. MECCA-BELDEN DISTRICT. As has been stated, the wells in this district are located near Mecca, in Trumbull County, and Belden, in Lorain County. The oil is a 364 MINERAL RESOURCES. lubricating oil produced from a few shallow wells. There were but 13 wells producing at the close of 1892, 10 at the close of 1893, and 9 at the close of 1894. In the following tables are given the production and stocks and value of the crude petroleum in this district in 1892, 1893, and 1894: Production and value of crude petroleum in the Mecca-Belden district of Ohio in 1892 , 1893, and 1894. 1892. 1893. 1894. Barrels of 42 gallons. Value. Price per barrel. Barrels of 42 gallons. Value. Price per barrel. Barrels of 42 gallons. Value. Price per barrel. Lorain County, Belden district . 1,732 $9, 280 $5. 36 1,120 $8, 014 $7. 15 740 $3, 276 $4.43 Trumbull County, Mec¬ ca district . 1, 380 11, 821 8. 57 451 3, 321 7. 36 200 1,200 6. 00 Total . 3, 112 21, 101 6.78 1,571 11, 335 7.214 940 4, 476 4. 76 Stocks at wells in the Mecca-Belden district of Ohio. Years ending December 31 — Barrels. 1891 . 4,048 161 403 * 225 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . INDIANA. With the exception of a small amount of oil produced near Terre Haute, Yigo County, the oil produced in Indiana is from an extension of the Lima district in Ohio. The chief producing wells are in Black¬ ford, Jay, Wells, and Adams counties. As the conditions under which oil is found are similar to those under which it occurs in the Lima field of Ohio, it is unnecessary here to repeat what has been said regarding the Trenton limestone as an oil producer. In the following tables will be found a statement of the production of petroleum in Indiana from 1889 to 1894: Production of petroleum in Indiana, from 1889 to 1894. • 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Total production (barrels of 42 gallons) . . Total value at wells of all oils produced, excluding pipage . Value per barrel . 33, 375 $10, 881 $0. 32§ 63, 496 $32, 462 $0. 514 136, 634 $54, 787 $0.40 698, 068 $260, 620 $0. 37 2, 335, 293 $1, 050, 882 $0. 45 3, 688, 666 $1, 774, 260 $0.48 It is hardly necessary to call attention to the remarkable increase in production in Indiana not only since the earliest date shown in the table above, 1889, but also during the last year, the production increas¬ ing from 2,335,293 barrels in 1893 to 3,688,066 barrels in 1894, an increase of more than 50 per cent. PETROLEUM, 365 Id the following table is shown the total production of petroleum in Indiana by months from 1891 to 1894. The largest production in any one month seems to have been in August, 1894, when 345,031 barrels were produced : Total production of petroleum in Indiana, by months, from 1891 to 1894. Months. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. January . Barrels. 6, 171 Barrels. 15, 841 Barrels. 111,824 Barrels. 259. 000 February . 5, 981 18, 946 96, 025 232, 107 March . 5,159 24, 794 134,549 282. 376 April . 4,973 26, 184 146, 493 287, 330 May . 5, 757 31, 033 186, 939 321, 502 J une . 8, 136 40, 888 209, 616 333, 479 July . 10, 809 49, 203 221,666 327, 349 August . 11,603 c6, 109 248. 353 345, 031 September . 16, 500 66, 034 245,615 319, 588 October . 19, 029 95, 699 252. 568 339, 424 November . 20, 801 129, 270 245, 607 304, 030 December . 21,715 144, 067 236, 038 337, 450 Total . 136, 634 698, 068 2, 335, 293 3, 688, 666 In the following tables are given statistics of the total number of producing wells drilled, total number of new wells completed, total number of dry holes, and total number of wells drilling and rigs building in the Indiana oil fields for each month in 1894: Total number of teells completed in Indiana in 1894, by counties. Months. Blackford. Jay. Wells. Adams. Miscel¬ laneous Total. January . 8 16 54 12 0 90 February . 12 13 78 0 0 103 March . 4 17 66 15 1 103 April . 3 14 54 6 3 80 May . 5 20 66 15 4 no June . 6 22 67 8 4 107 July . . 3 23 50 6 2 84 August . 3 36 63 19 2 123 September . 7 21 61 10 1 100 October . 8 27 57 13 2 107 November . 8 25 52 7 5 97 December . 5 23 45 8 4 85 Total . 72 257 713 119 28 1,189 Initial daily production of wells completed in Indiana in 1894, by counties. Months. Blackford. Jay. Wells. Adams. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. January . 50 261 1, 390 660 0 2, 361 February . 205 380 2, 350 • 0 0 2, 935 March . 185 540 2,270 400 0 3,395 April . 45 355 2, 565 210 0 3, 175 May . 100 670 3, 065 575 40 4,450 June . 83 1,280 3,095 413 15 4, 886 July . 60 800 2,275 365 30 3, 530 August . 53 967 1,846 563 6 3, 435 September . 235 555 1,999 310 50 3, 149 October . 175 825 2, 050 360 45 3,455 November . 172 950 1,776 275 150 3. 323 December . 210 763 1,363 220 98 2. 654 Average . . . 1,573 8, 346 26, 044 4,351 434 40, 748 366 MINERAL RESOURCES Total number of dry holes drilled in Indiana, in 1894, by counties. Months. Blackford . Jay. Wells. Adams. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. 5 6 8 0 0 19 February . 1 2 11 0 0 14 1 6 12 4 1 24 0 7 4 1 2 14 0 3 5 3 2 13 1 3 5 1 3 13 0 6 3 0 0 9 0 11 6 3 1 21 2 6 6 1 0 15 October . 0 5 5 4 0 14 November . 1 5 2 0 0 8 1 8 5 3 0 17 Total . 12 68 72 20 9 181 Total number of wells drilling in Indiana in 1894, by counties. Months. Blackford. Jay. Wells. Adams. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. January . 5 9 44 5 0 63 February . 2 9 50 5 5 71 March . 2 5 22 4 4 37 April . 5 11 32 4 4 56 May . 7 13 32 6 2 60 June . 3 15 39 2 2 61 July . 2 22 40 7 0 71 August . 4 11 41 7 1 64 September . 2 9 42 4 1 58 October . 2 17 35 5 3 62 November . 2 15 38 4 3 62 December . [ 2 10 35 5 6 58 Average . . . 3 12 38 5 3 60 Total number of rigs building in Indiana in 1894, by counties. Months. Blackford. Jay. Wells. Adams. Miscel¬ laneous. Total. J anuary . 0 9 22 5 0 36 February . 0 13 20 6 0 39 March . 0 7 24 3 0 34 April . 0 12 17 9 2 40 May . 1 6 24 2 2 35 June . 1 5 21 2 1 30 July . 1 7 20 2 2 32 August . 2 5 23 4 1 35 September . 1 6 21 4 3 35 October . 8 9 37 2 1 57 November . 1 9 20 5 3 38 December . 3 8 17 1 3 32 Average . . . 2 '8 22 4 2 37 In the following tables are given the well records in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894 : Number of wells completed in the Indiana oil fields, from 1891 to 1894, by months. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . 6 6 15 15 15 8 65 1892 . 11 13 18 13 17 19 17 30 25 52 33 47 295 1893 . 20 30 31 36 45 47 47 55 27 72 56 76 542 1894 . 90 103 103 80 110 107 84 123 100 107 97 85 1,189 PETROLEUM. 36? Initial daily production of new wells in Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894, by months. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . Bbls. Bbls. Bbls. Bbls. Bbls. Bbls. Bols. 253 Bbls. 135 Bbls. 875 Bbls. 330 Bbls. 390 Bbls. 175 3, 160 Bbls. 2, 158 16, 647 1892 . 342 250 289 316 505 545 595 1, 295 2, 145 4,155 3, 050 1898 . 1,020 913 2,805 4, 135 3, 155 5, 595 3, 880 4,184 2,055 3,442 2. 305 2, 968 36, 457 1894 . 2, 361 2, 935 3, 395 3, 175 4, 450 4, 886 3, 530 3, 435 3, 149 3,455 3, 323 2, 654 40, 748 Total number of dry holes drilled in Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894, by months. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1891 . 0 2 5 4 3 1 1892 . 2 6 6 2 3 4 2 3 3 18 6 21 76 1893 . 7 10 10 6 14 6 11 9 5 14 10 9 111 1894 . 19 14 24 14 13 13 9 21 15 14 8 17 181 Number of ivells drilling in the Indiana oil fields at the close of each month from 1891 to 1894, by months. Tears. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1891 . 5 13 12 8 4 12 9 1892 . 17 15 11 12 13 16 11 16 23 23 26 24 17 1893 . 24 19 22 18 20 28 29 45 27 50 36 50 31 1894 . 63 71 37 56 60 61 71 64 58 62 62 58 60 Bigs building in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894, by months. Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. J une. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Aver¬ age. 1891 . 7 2 12 8 6 6 7 1892 . 8 18 23 23 17 21 16 15 29 31 39 19 22 1893 . 12 15 17 14 17 26 32 28 9 25 27 30 21 1894 . 36 39 34 40 35 30 32 35 35 57 38 32 37 COLORADO. All of the oil produced in Colorado is from what is known as the Florence field. This field extends from near Canyon City, 8 miles above Florence, to as yet an undetermined distance southeast of Florence. Until quite recently the productive field has been confined to a small area about 2 miles square in the vicinity of Florence, in the valley of the Arkansas River and on the adjacent mesas or table-land* Recently, however, oil has been found in some quantities southeast of this field, and it is supposed that the oil field may extend some distance down the Arkansas River toward Pueblo. The geological conditions of the oil fields of Colorado were described on pages 643, 644 of Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892. In 1894 there were four companies at work in this field, namely, the Florence Oil and Refining Company, the Triumph Oil Company, the United Oil Company, and the Rocky Mountain Oil Company. These companies had 130 producing wells at the close of 1894, the largest 368 MINERAL RESOURCES. number being owned by the United Oil Company. The two last named companies, the United and Rocky Mountain, have recently been consoli¬ dated as one. The total production of oil in Colorado in 1894 was 515,746 barrels. The total value of this oil was $303,652, or 58-J cents a barrel. In the following table will be found a statement of the production of crude oil in Colorado from 1887 to 1894 : Product, of crude oil in Colorado from 18S7 to 1894. Years. Barrels. Years. Barrels. 1887 . 76, 295 297,612 316, 476 368, 842 1891 . 665. 482 824, 000 594, 390 515, 746 1888 . 1892 . 1889 . 1893 . 1890 . 1894 . CALIFORNIA. The localities in which oil had been found in California up to the date of its publication, as well as the character of the oil and the conditions under which it occurs, are quite fully discussed in the Mineral Indus¬ tries volume of the Eleventh Census, as well as in the volume Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892. With the exception of the Santa Clara field, which is located in the county of the same name just south of San Francisco, the oil fields of California from which oil is produced in commercial quantities are all in the southern part of the State, in the counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles, which form a tier of counties extending due east from Point Conception, where the coast turns to the east. Oil has also been found in Kern County, at Bakersfield, which is due north from Ventura County. The topography of California in this oil region is somewhat interesting. Kot only does the coast turn due east at Point Conception, but the Coast mountains, which to the north of the oil fields have a northwest and southeast trend, also turn in Santa Bar¬ bara County to the east and run in a general east and west direction. The oil from the Southern California field as a rule has asphaltum as a base instead of paraffin, though some oils from this district are paraffin oils and yield a high percentage of illuminants, the so-called asphaltum oils as a rule being comparatively low in the illuminating hydrocarbons. The only oil produced in Kern County is by the Jewett & Blodget Oil Company, whose wells are located some 35 miles southwest of Bakersfield. Two kinds of so-called “oils” are produced, one a liquid asphalt with a gravity of 14.7° B., of which they were producing, in August, 1894, some 80 barrels a day, selling it in casks, on board cars, for $25 a ton. The wells producing this liquid asphalt are shallow and inexpensive, having an average depth of about 100 feet, the asphalt PETROLEUM. 369 being found in shale and the wells averaging 24 barrels of the liquid asphalt a day. Thirty-two wells were in operation in 1894 producing this liquid asphalt, giving a production in 1894 of some 29,200 barrels, worth $25 a ton. Underlying the shale formation in which this asphalt is found is an oil sand. This company had three wells of an average depth of 1,200 feet, producing 30 barrels daily, or 10,950 barrels a year, of a heavy greeu oil of 17.8° B. gravity. This oil is sold for 15 cents a gallon for lubricating purposes, and it is stated that it contains no asphalt. The only wells in Santa Clara County, some six iu number, are owned by the Moody Gulch Petroleum Company, and produced in 1894 3,600 barrels, valued at $2.50 a barrel, or a total value of $9,000. The oil is of 46° B. gravity, light green in color, and is sold for the produc¬ tion of illuminating gases. The wells are from 800 to 1,000 feet deep. The sand is said to be 100 feet thick and the wells to cost from $8,000 to $20,000. According to the returns received at this office, the total production of oil in California in 1894 was 705, 9G9 barrels. All but 3,600 barrels of this was from the Southern oil field. The total value of this oil was $823,423, or $1.17 a barrel. It will be noted that this differs some from the production of southern California given in the table in the report of Professor Peckham. In the following table will be found a statement of the production of petroleum in California from 1876 to 1894, inclusive. It will be noticed from this that the production in 1894, which is 705,969 barrels, is the largest in the history of the State, the nearest approach to it being in 1888, when 690,333 barrels, some 15,600 barrels less, were produced: Production of petroleum in California. Tears. Barrels. Tears. Barrels. 175, 000 12, 000 13, 000 15, 227 19, 858 40, 552 99, 862 128, 636 142, 857 262, 000 1885 . 325, 000 377, 145 678, 572 690, 333 303, 220 307, 360 323, 600 385, 049 470, 179 705, 969 J876 . 1886 . 1877 . 1887 . 1878 . 1888 . 1879 . 1889 . 1880 . 1890 . 1881 . 1891 . 1882 . 1892 . 1883 . 1893 . 1884 . 1894 . A large portion of the oil produced iu southern California is used for fuel purposes. At the Midwinter Fair Mr. A. M. Hunt, of San Fran¬ cisco, who had charge of the power plant, made thorough tests as to the value of this oil as fuel. These were made at the works of the Edison Light and Power Company, of San Francisco, and were as fol¬ lows : Evaporation with California oil, 13.1 pounds of water to 1 pound of oil; evaporation with Peruviau oil, 12.1 pounds of water to 1 pound of oil; evaporation with coal, 6.68 pounds of water to 1 pound of coal- 16 GrEOL, PT 4 - 24 370 MINERAL RESOURCES. The California oil used weighed 320 pounds to the barrel. The Peruvian oil used weighed 294 pounds to the barrel. One pound of California oil was equivalent, therefore, to 1.9G pounds of coal, and 1 pound of Peruvian oil was equivalent to 1.81 pounds of coal. Assuming coal to be worth $6 a ton, the equivalent value of California oil would be $1.68 a barrel, and of Peruvian oil $1,426 a barrel. In view of the fact that Prof. S. F. Peckham, who had charge of the report on the production of petroleum at the Tenth Census, had recently made a thorough investigation of the conditions under which oil is produced in southern California and the character of the same, he was requested to prepare for this report a statement of the results of his investigations and inquiries, which is given in full. PETROLEUM IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. By S. F. Peckham. The petroleum production of southern California is of little commer¬ cial interest outside the State, as it is either consumed or manufac¬ tured within the State. The upper Santa Clara Valley has ceased to be a producing center. The northern limit of the section at present yielding oil is found in the eastern end of the Ojai ranche and the adja¬ cent canyons of the Sulphur Mountain. These canyons commence on the west with Wheelers Canyon and extend eastward through the Adams, Santa Paula, Sespe, and Piru canyons, all of which border the Santa Clara V alley of V entura County on the north side. On the south side of this valley, opposite the Sespe Canyon, the formation yielding petroleum first appears at Bardsdale, and extends along the western slope of the San Fernando Mountains, through the Torrey, Tappo, Pico, and other canyons to a point east of the San Fernando Pass. Much the larger part of this area lies in Ventura County, the remainder in Los Angeles County. No productive area has yet been developed in the San Fernando plain, but the outcrops again appear in the mountains along its south¬ ern border, south of which lies the plain upon which stands the city of Los Angeles. Many attempts have been made to obtain oil by bor¬ ing at several points upon this plain during the last thirty years, but it is only within the present year that any considerable measure of success has attended these efforts. Early in the year wells were drilled on some of the city lots upon the northwestern outskirts of the city, near Westlake Park. The first wells drilled are reported to have yielded 150 barrels of oil a day. No very definite estimate of their pro- PETROLEUM. 371 duction could be obtained, as in all cases a large amount of water was pumped with the oil, and also a considerable percentage of the oil was consumed as fuel for pumping the wells and for drilling others. The success of these wells, however, led to the drilling of many others, uutil at the close of the year a wide area had been and was being drilled over, the wells in almost every instance proving successful. Southeast of Los Angeles the well-known Puente district has con¬ tinued to produce throughout the year. At Summerland, on the coast below Santa Barbara, a well was dug early in the year that yielded so much oil that others were drilled. The production of some of these wells was reported as high as 50 barrels a day. The material is really maltha, of a density at or below 14° B., and contains a large amount of water, from which it is sepa¬ rated with the difficulty that usually attends the removal of water from maltha. This material has not yet been made available for commercial purposes outside the immediate locality. The Union Oil Company of California, with headquarters at Santa Paula, is the largest producer of crude petroleum in southern Cali¬ fornia. Its oils are also produced over the largest area and in the greatest variety. Those produced at the east end of the Ojai ranche are black in color, and consist of dense petroleums aud light malthas. On the opposite side of the Sulphur Mountain the oils obtained in Wheelers Canyon are green. They flow from tunnels that have been driven into the Sulphur Mountain at various dates since 1865. The first tunnel driven by Wheeler, in the fall of 1865, is still yielding a small quantity of oil, amounting in the aggregate to a number of bar¬ rels per month. The next canyon, and parallel with Wheelers, is the Adams Canyon. Here wells are yielding a small amount of green and brown oils. The so-called Saltmarsh Canyon is a branch of the Adams Canyon. One of the most productive wells drilled in southern Cali¬ fornia, situated in this canyon, has yielded 140,000 barrels of petroleum. In the Sespe canyon, next east of the Santa Paula canyon, several localities have been very successfully exploited for oil. The oil pro¬ duced here is black and for the most part of comparatively high specific gravity. Still farther east the Buckhorn ranch, operated by the Fortuna Oil Company, produces a very dense maltha in considerable quantities. These localities are all on the north side of the Santa Clara Valley. On the opposite, or south side, the most western locality producing oil in the vicinity is Bardsdale. Here a dozen or fifteen wells have been uniformly successful as producers of a brown oil of high specific gravity. A few miles east of Bardsdale is the Torrey canyon, where about 15 more wells are producing a dark brown oil of medium den¬ sity. These different properties are united under the management of the Union Oil Company of California. Their average production during 1894 has been about 20,000 barrels per month. This production 372 MINERAL RESOURCES. lias been gathered into tanks at Santa Paula and Ventura and used in the refinery at Santa Paula, or distributed in tank cars for fuel pur¬ poses. A considerable amount of the mixed Portuna, Torrey canyon, and Bardsdale oils are loaded from a rack near Piru Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The remainder of the Bardsdale, with the Sespe and Ojai and Wheeler and Adams canyon oils is gathered at Santa Paula or piped to Ventura, as required. Santa Paula is the principal loading station of the company for crude oil. Here also is their refinery. This is a small affair with a very inadequate equipment for producing the best grades of articles; yet with skillful manipulation some very superior articles are now turned out. The oil is received at the refinery in separate tanks for different purposes. All of the green oil from Wheeler’s canyon, and much of the Brown oil from the Adams canyon is preserved separately for special uses. The least dense black oils are also preserved separately from the remaining black oils, which are used for fuel purposes. The green oils are largely used in the prep¬ aration of a reduced petroleum, which is sold under the name of “skid oil.” These green oils also furnish distillates from which the best grades of lubricating oils may be prepared. The usual method of procedure consists in placing the petroleum in a still and first removing the crude naphtha, the amount of which varies with the variety of oil and the season of the year. It has been demonstrated, both by experiment and practical experience, that at the average temperature of that climate a very large part of the light distillates obtained in the winter months is in summer evaporated from the oil while in transit from the wells to the refinery. The crude naphtha is refined by treatment and distilla¬ tion in a steam still. The lightest distillate has an average specific gravity of 74° B., and is wholly consumed in gasoline stoves. The next heavier grade of distillate is of about 68° B., gravity and is sold for various purposes under the name of benzine. No illuminating oil is manufactured, as, after innumerable attempts extending over thirty years, the conclusion reached in 1865 has been confirmed, viz, that illuminating oil of superior quality can not be made from California petroleum. The distillate that corresponds in specific gravity to illuminating oil is sold for enriching illuminating gas and for use in petroleum motors. The next heavier distillate that comes off between the gas oil and the crude lubricating distillate is also sold as gas oil. Some of it is redistilled, furnisliiug gas oil on the one hand and light lubricating distillate on the other. A varying amount of crude lubricating distillate is obtained as the petroleum is run to an asphaltic residuum of several grades of hardness. These asphaltic re- siduums, while they are sold under the technical names of “ asphalt” and “asphaltum,” are quite different from the natural substances known under those names. They are entirely free from oils volatile at a mod¬ erate temperature, and also from water. They have been found very valuable for use in the preparation of paints and for coating paper; also PETROLEUM. 373 for covering pipes, technically known as “pipe dipping.” No statistics of the amounts of the various products manufactured by the company have been furnished. The territory available for oil purposes in the Tappo canyon is being operated by the Eureka Oil Company. This company is only a pro¬ ducer. It has drilled three wells, which have been brought in during the year 1894. The larger part, if not all, of their production during the year has been sold to the Union Oil Company of California. It has amounted to about 100 barrels a day. A circumstance of some interest may be noted in reference to the wells in the Tappo canyon. In 1865 Dr. Letterman, then superintendent of the operations of the Philadelphia and California Petroleum Company, drilled a well near an asphalt bed and at a depth of 117 feet struck maltha so dense that further drilling was found to be impossible. In May, 1866, I saw this well and listened to the discouraging story of the Doctor concerning it. 1 have been told that one of the most successful wells of the Eureka company is located only 150 feet from the site of the well of 1865-1866. East of che Tappo canyon is the Pico canyon, in and about which wells have been drilled since 1866. Here was located the noted Pico spring, which was one of the two original springs that produced petro¬ leum in southern California. Here the Pacific Coast Oil Company have been operating for many years. The wells in this vicinity have been their main source of supply, while the remainder has been obtained from wells along a line extending several miles to the eastward. Their oil is nearly all shipped to San Francisco, where it is worked up into various products similar to, but generally lighter in specific gravity than, those made by the Union Oil Company of California. The production around Los Angeles has for the most part been con¬ sumed as fuel. A small portion has been distilled into gas oil and asphaltum by the Oil Burner and Supply Company of Los Angeles. The production at Puente has all been consumed for fuel purposes in and around Los Angeles. At the close of the year the Union Oil Com¬ pany of California was completing arrangements for drilling several wells near Fullerton, southeast of Los Angeles, and in the neighborhood of the Puente district. The best estimate that can be made, from information deemed reliable, of the production of oil in California during 1894 is as follows: Wells at Summerland capable, if pumped to full capacity, of yielding 150 barrels per day; actual yield fluctuating and uncertain, as the oil is consumed locally and in Santa Barbara for fuel; possible production for the year, 1,500 barrels. Wells of the Union Oil Company of Cali¬ fornia, in Yentura County, yielding an average of 20,000 barrels per month; drilling nearly suspended; yield decreasing. Wells of the Eureka Oil Company averaging about 100 barrels a day. Wells of the Pacific Coast Oil Company averaging about 15,000 barrels a month. 374 MINERAL RESOURCES. Wells in and around Los Angeles estimated to average 15,000 barrels a month. Summary of production of petroleum in southern California in 1894. Barrels. Summerland . 1,500 240, 000 36, 500 180, 000 180, 000 Union Oil Company of California . 638, 000 No sketch of this interest would be complete without mention of the peculiar condition at present prevailing upon the Pacific Coast. Until about the beginning of 1893 the Union Oil Company of California and the Pacific Coast Oil Company had nearly absolute control of the crude- oil trade of the Pacific Coast, and a large share of the trade in refined products exclusive of illuminating oil. Since this period the low prices prevailing on the Atlantic Coast for lubricating oils have made the introduction of large quantities of high grade Eastern oils possible. Also since this period the development of the Puente and other fields not controlled by these corporations has led to the production of crude petroleum in the vicinity of Los Angeles somewhat in excess of the local demand. All of these influences have together served to depress prices. A short time prior to the close of the year a movement was set on foot to import Peruvian petroleum into the Pacific Coast ports, to be offered at prices low enough to compete with the California product. Large tanks were in process of erection at Santa Monica, San Francisco, Cal., and Portland, Greg., and the report was very generally deemed authentic that a sufficient number of tank steamers had been secured to bring to the Coast from Peru a supply adequate to meet all demands. This movement has been met by a reduction in the price of crude oil by the Union Oil Company of California to less than 50 per cent of that formerly demanded. I do not believe that the importation of Peruvian petroleum can be permanently maintained at a profit. Meantime the low prices resulting from this movement will greatly extend the use of the crude oil, creating a much greater demand for it. Especially to be observed are the preparations now being made by the two great rail¬ road systems of the Coast, the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific, to burn petroleum instead of coal upon locomotives. TENNESSEE. Between 1860 and 1870, shortly after the drilling of the Drake well, at Titusville, in Pennsylvania, oil was searched for in most of the States in the Union. In many cases, especially in the districts on the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, oil was found in consid¬ erable quantities as the result of these explorations; but the conditions PETROLEUM. 375 of transportation were such that the product could not be marketed at a profit, and hence the wells were allowed to fall into disuse. With the southward extension, however, of the Appalachian field, and espe¬ cially in view of the ease with which oil can now be transported through pipe lines from territory that would otherwise be inaccessible, attention is now being directed to those, localities which give promise of being paying territory. In central and eastern Tennessee, especially in Overton and Putnam counties, quite a number of wells were drilled twenty-five to thirty years ago and a great deal of oil found. Near Algood, Putnam County, on what was known as the Douglas property, considerable lubricating oil was found. Quite a number of wells were put down and a number of thousands of barrels hauled to the then nearest railroad. In the southwestern corner of Overton County is a group of shallow wells drilled from twenty five to thirty years ago which were reported to be very prolific producers. These wells were drilled very close together, the oil being found at a depth of from GO to 80 feet. Other wells were drilled in various parts of this section of Tennessee, but abandoned for the reasons stated above. Recently, however, attention has again been directed to this district 5 leases are being taken up and the coun¬ try is being tested with the prospect that oil in paying quantities will be found. No production, however, is reported in this district in 1894. ALABAMA. The oil fields of northern Alabama have been described by Dr. C. Willard Hayes, of the United States Geological Survey, in Mineral Resources, 1893, pages 509, 510. KANSAS. The earliest district in Kansas to attract any attention as a producer of petroleum was Miami County, as described on pages 510, 511, of Min¬ eral Resources, 1893. The most extensive field, however, was developed in 1883 and 1884 in Wilson, Neosho, and Montgomery counties, some 40,000 barrels hav¬ ing been produced in these three counties within a radius of some 20 miles from Neodesha, in Wilson County, in 1894. The oil is reported to be free from sulphur, of 36° B. gravity, and of a dark-green color. It is found at a depth of about 750 to 900 feet, sometimes in a brown saud, sometimes in a white sand, and is from 10 to 30 feet thick. None of the oil produced has yet been refined. There were 34 wells in oper¬ ation, all of which were drilled in 1894. The initial production of the wells is from 10 to 35 barrels a day. 376 MINERAL RESOURCES. The total product of oil in Kansas, so far as records have been obtained, is as follows : Production of petroleum in Kansas. Barrels. 1889 . 500 1890 . 1,200 1,400 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 18, 000 40, 000 1894 . KENTUCKY. From a very complete and very interesting report on the occurrence of petroleum, natural gas, and asphalt rock in western Kentucky, by Prof. Edward Orton, we condense the following brief statement regard¬ ing the production of petroleum : Practically but two divisions of the geological scale constitute the surface rocks of western Kentucky, namely, the sub-Carboniferous and the Carboniferous. Both of these series, but especially the former, abound in one or another form of petroleum. In the Coal Measures proper there is comparatively little evidence of the existence of bitu¬ minous matter outside of the coal seams and the black shale they contain, but when tested with the drill the underlying strata, namely, the Devonian shale, the Devonian and Upper Silurian limestones, and the Hudson River group, has been proved, in some part of its extent, to be petroliferous in an important sense. In these are found not only petroleum and the gas derived from it, but the tar and asphalt that result from the oxidation of the petroleum. One of the most interesting petroleum districts, historically at least, is what is known as the Cumberland County oil field. At Burksville, in this county, in the valley of the Cumberland River, the first flowing oil well ever opened in this country was struck in 1829. The well was drilled for salt water and was, through its entire depth, in strata of the Hudson River age. It was drilled but 300 feet deep. The drilling tools were lifted out of the well by the force of the gas, and a column of oil was thrown to the top of the trees above the derrick. The escaping oil flowed into the Cumberland River, covering its surface for many miles. This oil was ignited at a point some 40 miles below Burksville, and the burning river presented an astonishing sight. The quantity of oil that escaped was large, but the exact amount is not known. The well ceased to flow some three weeks after it was struck, but remained full of oil, and many years afterwards was pumped for the purpose of obtaining oil to be bottled and sold for medicinal use. Though a good deal of drilling has since been done in and around Burksville, nothing at all comparable to this early experience has been encountered, though small oil wells have been found. PETROLEUM. 377 In Allen County oil springs have been known to exist from its earliest occupation, being found in the lower part of the St. Louis limestone. From one of these springs in the valley of the Trammel Fork of Drakes Creek, a branch of the Barren River, a few miles to the south¬ west of Scottville, oil had been collected in a small way for many years after the Indian fashion, by spreading a blanket over the surface of the spring and wringing out the oil absorbed. A barrel of this oil was shipped to Pittsburg some time before 1850. During the war of the rebellion several shallow wells were drilled near the springs in this county, several of the wells yielding from 5 to 6 barrels of heavy oil, and all the oil that could be secured was wagoned across the country and shipped to Memphis. In 1867, on the Uriah Porter farm, to the southwest of Scottville, a well drilled to the depth of probably 75 feet turned out to be a large producer. Estimates of the production range from 100 to 500 barrels a day, anyone of which was in excess of the actual production. A quantity of oil, possibly 200 or 300 barrels, was shipped to Louisville and St. Louis for refining, but was charged with sulphur and could not be deodorized, while transportation was too expensive. Other wells were drilled in this vicinity and some gas and oil found, but production was never carried on on a commercial scale. These exhaust what Professor Orton calls the early history of petro¬ leum in this district. A new chapter begins in 1887, following the discovery of oil in the Trenton limestone. The largest oil field in the western half of Kentucky, but still a very small oil field, is in Barren County. Its early history agrees quite closely with that of Allen County, already given. Systematic drilling seems to have begun in this territory around Glasgow immediately after the war. The first well drilled was in the immediate vicinity of a spring on Boyds Creek, 44 miles southeast of Glasgow. Oil was obtained here at a shallow depth in promising quantities. Quite a number of wells were drilled in 1866-1868 which proved to be flowing wells, one being credited with a production of 100 barrels a day for some time. These wells and others that were afterwards put down near them constitute an oil field of small proportion. From 1866 up to the present time this field has maintained a steady though small pro¬ duction. The oil is black, with a specific gravity of from 40° to 42° B. It does not contain an excessive amount of sulphur compounds. The surface rocks at this point are the lowest beds of the Keokuk group, and the oil is derived from strata 177 feet below the valley level. The oil rock seems to be a sandstone. 378 MINERAL RESOURCES. Professor Orton gives the following as the total production of this Glasgow field from 1872 to 1888: Barrels. 1872-1874 . 13, 000 7, 300 3,600 14, 600 4, 500 1874 1876 . 1876-1878 . 1878 1884 . 1884-1888 . Total . 43, 000 Since 1887, as noted above, exploration for oil has been conducted in a number of localities in Kentucky. The important ones, however, and the only ones that have resulted in any considerable production of oil, have been in the neighborhood of Glasgow j indeed, the Glasgow district may be regarded as the only district in Kentucky that has produced oil in commercial quantities. Considerable of the oil from this district has been refined. A test of the oil made by Prof. W. Dicore, of Cincinnati, Ohio, shows that the oil had a specific gravity of 0.870 of 43J° B. and produced, on distillation, 5 per cent light oil boiling below 130° F., 18 per cent boiling at 130-300° F.,and 34 per cent of illuminating oil of 48° B. After these there was taken off a lubricating oil of 28° B., which on further heating yielded oil of 39° B., out of which 17 per cent of heavy lamp oil of 43° B. can be produced, increasing the total of lamp oil to 51 per cent. The total production of oil in Kentucky, so far as we have been able to ascertain the same with any details, is as follows : Production of petroleum in Kentucky 188S-1S94. Tears. Produc¬ tion. Tears. Produc¬ tion. 1883 . Barrels. 4, 755 4, 148 5, 164 4, 726 4, 791 5,096 1889 . Barrels. 5,400 6, 000 9,000 6, 500 3,000 1, 500 1884 . 1890 _ ' . 1885 . 1891 . 1886 . 1892 . 1887 . 1893 . 1888 . 1894 . TEXAS. Conditions similar to those found in Kansas, Missouri, and the south¬ ern part of California exist in Texas. Springs, known locally as “ tar springs,” are found scattered over various portions of the State, espe¬ cially in the northeast, southeast, and central portions. The oil wells of Kansas and Missouri are found a little east of the ninety-fifth merid¬ ian of longitude west of Greenwich. The Texas springs are a little to the east of the ninety-fourth meridian, and some are also found on the ninety-third and east of it. The petroleum produced in Texas is from Bexar County, near San Antonio, about midway between the PETROLEUM. 379 ninety-eighth and ninety-ninth meridians. The product of these springs is known locally as petroleum, and is in this report so classified, though some geologists, especially those who have been connected with the geological survey of California, insist on calling it maltha. At present, however, they acknowledge that this so-called maltha and petroleum are similar substances. Chemically they may be; practically they are not. The Texas oil is a natural lubricator of from 28° to 30° gravity, and is said to be found in a conglomerate. The wells are shallow, the oil being struck iu various parts of the State at from 125 to 350 feet. The Bexar County wells, which produced the petroleum reported from this State, are about 300 feet deep. As there is but a limited demand for the oil, there is no effort to produce it in large quantities. The produc¬ ing wells, which are on the ranch of Mr. George Dulnig, were wells that had been drilled originally for water. They were found to yield small quantities of oil and gas. The production of these two wells in 1889 was about 4 barrels a month. The annual production is from 50 to 75 barrels. Outside of the oil produced in Bexar County none seems to have been produced in the State on a commercial scale, though reports as to the discovery of oil at various points in Texas are frequent. At Sul phur Springs, in Hopkins County, there are certain so-called “sour wells,” which produced a few gallons of oil. In 1887 and 1888 con¬ siderable excitement was occasioned by the reported striking of oil in Nacogdoches County. The locality was some 80 miles southwest of Shreveport. The wells were driven wells, and some oil was obtained at the depth of 85 feet; in other cases at a depth of 300 feet. Quite a number of wells were driven in 18S7 and 1888, but no petroleum was produced in 1889. The oil produced in Bexar County was used for lubrication. The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as follows : Production of petroleum in Texas, 1889 to 1894. Tears. Barrels. 1889 . 48 1890 . 54 1891 . 54 1892 . 45 1893 . 50 1894 . 60 ILLINOIS. The only oil produced in Illinois on a commercial scale is a natural lubricating oil from Litchfield, Montgomery County. Some oil occurs with the gas at the wells of the Sparta Natural Gas and Oil Company at Sparta, Ill., but not in sufficient quantities to be considered in the statistics of production. 380 MINERAL RESOURCES. The Litchfield oil is lubricating, dark, almost black, in color, and of 22° B. gravity. The cold test is remarkable, the oil remaining fluid at 22° below zero F. It is largely used by the factories in the neighbor¬ hood of Litchfield, and is sold to consumers at near-by points for lubricat¬ ing purposes, bringing from 8 to 10 cents per gallon in bulk, according to quantity. In all there have been 30 wells bored in the neighborhood of Litchfield, chiefly for gas. The depth of these wells ranges from 040 to 070 feet. All save five were abandoned years ago, and one of these has since been abandoned, so that in 1894 but four were produc¬ ing. These wells continue to produce the character of petroleum men¬ tioned above. The average production is about 1 barrel a day. They are pumped by heads, and one man attends to them all. The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as follows: Production of petroleum in Illinois, 1SS9 to 1894. Years. Barrels. 1889 . 1,460 900 1890 . 1891 . 675 1892 . . 521 1893 . 400 1894 . 300 INDIAN TERRITORY. Petroleum is found in Indian Territory in the Cherokee Nation, some 50 miles south of the Neodesha field in Wilson and adjacent counties, Kansas, which are referred to in the report on Kansas. Eight wells were put down in the district of Cooweescoowe in this field, oil being found at various depths in each, from 33 to 260 feet. The wells are pumping wells and would yield from one-half to 12 barrels a day. The total production in 1894 was 30 barrels. Near Chelsea, also in the Cherokee Nation, are 6 wells producing a similar oil to that noted above. The total production of oil in this Territory in 1894 was 130 barrels, worth $810, or $6.23 a barrel. The oil is a lubricating oil. The total production since 1891 has been as follows : Production of petroleum in Indian Territory, 1891 to 1894. Years. Barrels. 1891 . 30 1892 . 80 1893 . 10 1894 . 130 PETROLEUM. 381 MISSOURI. The conditions under which petroleum is found in Missouri are simi¬ lar to those that exist at Paola, Kans., which are described quite fully in the statement regarding petroleum in Kansas, in the report of 1889-90. All of the oil produced in Missouri has come from Bates County, near the Kansas State line and southeast from Paola. The oil comes from a sand, and is found at a depth of 220 feet. The well is pumped by a windmill, and yields but a small amount of oil, similar to the Paola oil. The product of this State since 1889 is as follows: Production of petroleum in Missouri, 1889 to 1894. Years. Barrels. 1889 . . 20 1890 . 278 1891 . 25 1892 . 10 1893 . 50 1894 . 8 A contract was made early in 1895 for drilling a well near Red Hill in the hope of finding petroleum. It will be drilled 2,000 feet if necessary. WYOMING. For the first time Wyoming appears in this report as a producer of oil on a commercial scale, 2,369 barrels, of a total value of $15,920, or $6.72 a barrel, having been produced in this State in 1894 in the Salt Creek Basin, in Katrona County, by the Pennsylvania Oil Syndicate, from three wells, one of which was drilled in 1894, the other two having been drilled prior to that date. Of the total amount of oil produced 1,990 barrels were sold, leaving a balance of some 500 barrels, of which a small amount was carried over from the previous year. These wells are some 44 miles north of Casper, which is the nearest railroad station, the oil having to be hauled to that point in wagons. From Casper it is shipped in large iron drums holding some 50 gallons each. The price received for the oil, f. o. b. at Casper, in car-load lots, is stated to be $10 a barrel, the price of $6.72 a barrel being this price less the cost of hauling. Shipments of oil only began on September 27, 1894, the total amount shipped to the 1st of January, 1895, being, as stated above, 1,990 barrels. Additional wells were in process of drilling at the beginning of 1895, which, it is understood, have since been completed, showing a production of some 60 barrels a day. The oil is stated to be a fine lubricant, amber or green in color. One statement shows the specific gravity to be 23.4° B. ( = 1.194). The fol¬ lowing is an analysis of this oil made by Mr. Wilbur C. Knight, State geologist : 382 MINERAL RESOURCES. Analysis of Salt Creek oil, Wyoming. No. of frac¬ tion. Products. Per cent. Specific gravity. Flashing point. Cold test. 1 1.200 0. 7390 °F. 29 o jt7. 32 2 2. 000 .7740 81 32 3 . do . 2. 900 .8520 101 32 4 2. 930 .8035 127 32 5 . do . 4. 300 .8630 149 32 6 Lubricating . 18. 833 .8685 184 32 7 . do . 16. 922 .8775 254 32 8 . do . 22. 700 .8888 278 32 thick . 9 Cylinder . 18. 240 .9028 326 Fluid. Coke . 3. 0075 Ash . 0. 1480 6. 4816 Note. — Specific gravity of crude oil, 0.9150. Flashing point of crude oil, 221° F. From the above it will be seen that 76.695 per cent are heavy oils, the light oils being but 1.2 per cent, while the illuminants are but 12 per cent. This Natrona County oil is found in Salt Creek Basin, in the north¬ eastern corner of the county, Salt Creek running northward into the Powder River. There are two other districts in the State concerning whose petro¬ leum resources some information has been gathered, one known as the “ George B. Graft oil-mining district,” in the county of Fremont, in the western part of the State, not far from Dallas, and at the base of the Wind River Mountain, and the other known as the “ Stockdale oil mining district,” in Weston County, in the extreme northeastern part of the State, near the Black Hills and New Castle. The first district, the u George B, Graff,” is named for the late Dr. George B. Graff, of Omaha, who developed the property. The amount of oil in this district is indicated from the fact that there are about 50 open oil springs in Fremont County, 14 within a radius of 20 miles of Lander. In 1885 four wells were sunk to the upper oil-bearing sands. The depth of these wells and their product as given at that time are as follows : Depth and flow of Wyom ing oil wells. Wells. Depth. Flow per day. No. 1 . Feet. 85 100 350 1, 200 Barrels. 85 100 325 825 No. 2.. . . . . . No. 3 . No. 4 . Total . 1, 335 It is probable the production of these wells as given is too great. Several statements received from this district are to the effect that three of the wells which were drilled about this time were shut in or “packed;” that if they were allowed to flow, or (to use the local expression) “ let loose,” they would produce some 200 barrels per day PETROLEUM. 383 per well 5 and that in the neighborhood of these wells a lake, 300 yards long by 30 yards wide, was made to receive their overflow, and it is estimated that in this lake there was stored for some time 15,000 bar¬ rels that was produced in 188G. Nothing has been done in the way of development or production in this district since this date. Regarding this oil field, Mr. L. D. Ricketts states: “These wells are cased and supplied with valves to prevent the oil from escaping, but owing to the great gas pressure a leakage can not be prevented. The pressure is so great that upon suddenly opening the valves the oil spurts up 75 feet into the air, like some black-watered geyser. After the pipe thus clears itself the steady flow of oil is resumed, which, as variously estimated, will aggregate from 600 to 1,000 barrels per twenty-four hours.” The od is found in two strata, the upper, a “black sand,” averaging about 70 feet in thickness, and the other, a “black pebble” or “ dark conglom¬ erate,” varying in thickness, according to different authorities, from 400 to 800 feet. The oil in this district is low in illuminants, averaging about 25 per cent. Regarding the second district, the “ Stockade Oil-Mining district,” which is located in the Black Hills, near New Castle, in Weston County, but little information has been obtained. A large quantity of Govern¬ ment land supposed to contain oil has been located in this district — some 376 locations of 160 acres each, amounting to 60,160 acres. So far as has been learned, no amount of oil has ever been produced in this district, though indications are very favorable to the securing of a large supply. NEW MEXICO. Information has been received of a very small production of a heavy lubricating oil in Bernalillo County, on sec. 11, T. 16 N., R. 16 W. This oil flows naturally from the rocks containing it. The product is stated to be a barrel a day, which is probably in excess of the actual produc¬ tion. It is sold in small quantities to consumers in the immediate vicinity. The larger proportion of the production is wasted and lost. It is also reported that there are several places on the Navajo Indian Reservation where petroleum exudes from the crevices in bituminous sandstone, and there is no doubt that at many places in New Mexico the same phenomena that are noticed in Colorado and Wyoming will be found to exist. CANADA. While oil in small quantities is found at many points in Canada, most of the commercial oil produced in the Dominion is from Lambton County, Ontario, from what is generally known as the “ Petrolia field,” though oil is produced from two distinct pools, one the Oil Springs and the other the Petrolia, both in the township of Enniskillen, in the county above named. The larger, the Petrolia field, has an area of 384 MINERAL RESOURCES. some 20 square miles. The smaller, the Oil Springs field, covers about 2 square miles. According to the report of Mr. H. P. H. Brumell, of the geological survey of Canada, to which we are indebted for many of the facts of this statement, these pools are divided by a very distinct synclinal structure. The oil horizon of Petrolia lies at a depth of from 450 to 480 feet beneath the surface of the main part of the town of this name, the oil being pumped in all instances from what is known as the lower vein, at a point about 65 feet in the Corniferous limestone. The following record may be taken as typical of the wells sunk in the Petrolia field : Well sunk near the Imperial refinery , Petrolia, Ontario. Character of beds. Feet. Formation. Surface . 104] Limestone (upper lime) . 40 Shale (upper soapstone) . 130 Hamilton. 15 ► 43 68 40 Corniferous. 25 Wells have been sunk deeper, in the expectation of finding oil; in all cases, however, without success. At Oil Springs the petroleum is found at some 370 feet from the sur¬ face, or about 60 feet below the summit of the Corniferous limestone. The following record is given by Mr. Brumell as illustrating the geology of the wells in the Oil Springs pools : Record of a well sunk in the Oil Springs pools, Ontario. « Character of beds. Feet. Formation. EAST SIDE OF FIELD. 601 Limestone (upper lime) . 35 Shale (upper soapstone) . 101 Hamilton. Limestone (middle lime) . 27 Shale (lower soapstone) . 17 Limestone (lower lime) . 130 WEST SIDE OF FIELD. 801 Shale (upper soapstone) . 1161 Limestone (middle lime) . 27 Shale (lower soapstone) . IV. Limestone (lower lime) . 130 In a very interesting paper read by Prof. Charles F. Mabery before the Franklin Institute on the composition of the sulphur petroleums of Ohio and Canada, he points out that while in a general way the petro¬ leum deposits in Canada are similar to those of the Lima, Ohio, field, yet, unlike the oil-bearing limestone in Ohio, the deposits at Petrolia and Oil Springs, in Canada, occupy, at comparatively shallow depths, PETROLEUM. 385 the Corniferous limestone far above the Trenton formation, which lies at depths of more than 2,000 feet. He states also that “ the two fields in Canada are contained in parallel anticlinals approximately 10 miles apart and extending in a direction at right angles to the northeasterly direction of the oil fields in Ohio. The oil territory in Petrolia is about 5 miles in its greatest length and somewhat less than 2 miles in its average width, with an area of 8 square miles. The area of productive territory at Oil Springs is 2 square miles.” It will be noted that Pro¬ fessor Mabery’s statement of the extent of the Petrolia field differs from that given above, which is the estimate of the Canadian geological survey, made some years since. Professor Mabery continues: “In the early days some of the Cana¬ dian wells yielded an enormous flow of oil, but at present the pressure is slight and no oil is obtained without pumping.” The average depth of the wells, of which at present there are some 8,000 — 0,000 of these being in Petrolia — is 4G5 feet. At Oil Springs the average depth is but 380 feet. The yield from individual wells is very small, the total production of these 8,000 wells being only something like a million barrels a year, but this small yield is offset by their long life. Some wells now in oiteration have produced oil steadily for thirty years. The petroleum is a dark brown, heavy oil, ranging in gravity from 31.5° to 35° B., the heavier oil being obtained in the Petrolia field, while the lighter is produced at Oil Springs and from the small pool in Euphemia Township. The wells in the latter township are small pro¬ ducers, the largest flow from any well not exceeding a barrel a day. The field is also circumscribed in extent. The oil from Canada belongs to what is known as the sulphur petro¬ leums. Regarding the distillates from the Canadian oil Professor Mabery, whose paper has been referred to, states, treating in general of petroleum: In a general examination of these petroleums with reference to specific gravity, bromine absorption, proportions that distill at different temperatures, specific grav¬ ities of the distillates, and their bromine absorption, it is found that the Ohio oil stands between the Pennsylvania and Caucasus oils, and the Canadian oil is between the Ohio and Caucasus. Below 120° 19.7 per cent of Pennsylvania oil distills, 0.5 per cent of Caucasus; below 110° 9.75 per cent of Ohio oil, and below 115° 2.75 per cent of Canadian oil. Above 320° the residue in Pennsylvania oil is equivalent to 35.54 per cent, and in Caucasus oil to 53 per cent. Above 350° the residue of Ohio oil is 43 per cent, and of Canadiau oil 70.75 per cent. The crude Ohio and Canadian oils are so unstable that decomposition can only be prevented by distillation in vacuo with the exclusion of the air and a corresponding reduction in temperature. The distillates were purified and the determinations made in the same manner as Ohio oil was treated, it being found that the same butanes, pentanes, hexanes, heptanes, octanes, and the same nonane were recognized. The same representatives of the aromatic series, both of the series C„H:u-fi and of the series CnH.2„, were found. But benzole and its homologues were found to be present in much smaller quantity in the Canadian than in the Ohio oil. Canadian oil seems to be refined in tlie usual manner, except that certain chemicals are used to deprive it of its sulphur odor. Much gas 10 geol, pt 4 - 25 386 MINERAL RESOURCES. is evolved in distillation, which is used in heating the retorts. In crude stills gasoline and burning od are run off up to 37° B. and the residue is then transferred to the tar still, from which heavy oils are run off up to 30.5° B. and the residue is coked. The last distillate is again distilled and the residue coked as before. The character of the refined oil depends largely upon the skill of the operator. With care¬ ful treatment and the use of an alkaline solution of plumbic oxide a burning oil of good quality is prepared. Professor Mabery states: From Petrolia crude 2 per cent of naphtha is obtained and from Oil Springs crude 7 per cent. The yield of burning oil from either source is 40 per cent, the quantity of tar 30 per cent of the crude oil, from which the yield of heavy oil is 20 per cent, with a residue of coke equivalent to 10 per cent of the original crude. Returns of the refiners made to the Canadian Government show the amount of the various products which the crude yields. The follow ing is the results of refining in 1889. The other results can be obtained by calculation from the reports given elsewhere as to the total results of refining in the several years: Percentage of products obtained in refining Canadian petroleum in 1889. Products. Per cent. 38.7 1.6 25.3 34.4 100. 00 Paraffin and other oils (including gas, paraffin black, and other lubricating oils, and paraffin wax) . Waste (including coke, tar, and heavy residuum) . • The statistics of the production of petroleum in the Petrolia, Ontario, oil field are not at all satisfactory. In the following table will be found a statement of the shipments of petroleum from Petrolia, Ontario, for each month for the years 1893 and 1894. These statements are by no means satisfactory, part of the oil being shipped as crude and part as refined. The refined shipped is reduced to crude or its crude equiva¬ lent and added to the amount of oil shipped as crude, giving the total crude equivalent. The shipments are given in barrels of 35 imperial gallons, this being practically the equivalent of the American barrel of 42 Winchester gallons. It will be noted that this statement of ship¬ ments shows a production in excess of the statement compiled by the geological survey department of Canada, and would indicate that these reports of shipments are in ex:cess of the actual production from year to year, probably the result of duplications: PETROLEUM. 387 Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petroleum reduced to crude equivalent from Canada in 1893 and 1894. Months. 1893. 1894. Crude. Refined. Crude equivalent. Crude. Refined. Crude equivalent. January . February . March . April . May . J une . July . August . September . October . November . December . 23, 671 22, 905 17, 891 16, 131 19, 031 16, 023 16, 945 17,511 19, 109 23, 407 26, 455 25, 685 28, 834 19, 809 22, 405 16, 532 19, 476 16. 793 19, 510 26, 860 35, 967 49, 266 39, 766 30, 354 96, 756 77, 070 73, 903 57, 460 67, 721 58, 025 67, 520 84, 661 109, 027 146, 573 125, 870 100, 570 25, 575 20, 295 16, 935 15, 125 18, 756 15, 655 20, 536 18, 420 18, 135 26, 575 23, 675 23, 375 32, 605 22, 355 17, 490 19, 335 19, 445 16, 870 19, 620 27, 170 36, 735 51, 835 39, 535 27, 640 107, 087 76, 182 60, 660 63, 463 67, 369 57, 830 69, 586 86, 345 109, 973 156, 162 122,513 92, 475 Total . 244, 763 325, 572 1, 066, 155 243, 057 330, 635 1, 069, 645 From Mr. James Kerr, secretary of the Petrolia Oil Exchange, we have the following statement regarding the shipments and production of oil in 1894. After stating that it is not easy to get exact facts regard¬ ing the stocks, production, and shipments of crude oil on account of trade interests and jealousies, he says the railroad shipments for the year 1894, in barrels of 35 gallons each, by months, are as follows: Shipments of crude petroleum from the Petrolia, Ontario , oilfield in 1894. Months. Barrels of 35 imperial gal¬ lons each. January . 101, 570 February . 76, 183 March . 60, 661 April . 73, 463 May . 67. 369 June . . . 57, 830 July . . . 69, 586 August . 86, 345 September . • . 109, 973 October . 156, 163 November . 122, 513 December . 97, 170 Total . 1, 078, 826 10, 000 1, 088, 826 Stocks in tanks — January 1, 1894 . 77, 000 40, 000 37, 000 .Approximate production . . . 1,051,826 The great decrease iu sales on the exchange for the last two years will be noted. This does not imply a decrease of actual business in the oil field, but simply that the petroleum went direct to the refiners instead of being sold through the brokers on exchange. The exchange prices, however, show the value of the petroleum iu the markets. 388 MINERAL RESOURCES. Mr. Kerr states : I believe the foregoing estimate is too great by at least 10 per cent on the ship¬ ments which, are estimated from refined and converted into crude equivalent. By products are liable to be duplicated in such a calculation. I would therefore esti¬ mate that the total net production in 1894 would be as follows, allowing 10 per cent reduction on shipments: Estimated production of petroleum in Canada in 1894, by Mr. James Kerr. Barrels. Shipped by road . 970, 943 10, 000 Shipped by pipe line . Total . 980, 943 37, 000 Less reduction of stocks . 943, 943 Iii the following table is given a statement of the production of petroleum in Canada in the years 1880 to 1894, and the value of the same. These figures, it is stated, are calculated from the official in¬ spection returns, and the values are computed at the average yearly price per barrel of 35 imperial gallons. Production and value, of petroleum in Canada from 1886 to 1894. [Barrels of 35 imperial gallons.] Years. Production. Value. 1886 . 486, 441 763, 933 733, 564 639, 991 765, 029 755, 298 779, 753 798, 406 829, 104 $437, 797 595, 868 755, 571 612, 101 902, 734 1, 004, 596 982, 489 834, 344 835, 322 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . The average closing prices of petroleum for each year from 1885 to 1894 at the Petrolia Oil Exchange, together with the total sales for the year on this exchange, are as follows : Average price and sales of crude petroleum in the Petrolia Oil Exchange from, 1885 to 1894. Years. Price. Sales. 1885 . $0. 82J . 861 .78 1.02J .92J 1.18 1.23| 1.261 1.09* l.OOf 871, 500 782, 570 406, 203 516, 007 400, 932 394, 924 377, 453 165,315 20, 941 32, 348 1886 . , . 1887 . . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . PETROLEUM. 389 Iii the following table will be found a statement of the average clos¬ ing prices for crude oil on the Petrolia Oil Exchange for each month in 1892, 1893, and 1894: Averaqe closino price of crude petroleum on the Petrolia Oil Exchange in 1892 , IS 93, and 1894, by months. Months. 1892. 1893. 1894. $1. 29* 1. 29 $1. 18* 1.18a 1. 19 $1. 014 1. 01 March . 1.27a 1. 26J 1. 01 1. 19 .994 . 92 1.25J 1.27* 1. 26f 1.26 1. 07 1. 07 . 92J .94 1.06 1.05 .96 1.26 1.044 1. 04 .98 1.26J 1. 06 1.25 1. 04 1. 124 1.134 1.18| 1. 02 1.26J 1.094 1.00J The stocks of petroleum on hand in warehouse tanks were as follows : December 31, 1893. 77,000 gallons; December 31, 1894, 40,000 gallons. As a matter of interest the following statement is included of the operations of the refineries of Canada for the years 1890 to 1894: Production of Canadian oil refineries in 1890 to 1894. [Imperial gallons.] I Products. 1890. 1891. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Illuminating oils . gallons.. Benzine and naphtha . do - Paraffine oils . do - Gas and fueloils . do - Lubricating oils and tar . do _ Paraffine wax . pounds.. 11. 129, 277 636, 247 446, 888 4, 246, 447 2, 877, 388 913, 730 $1, 264, 677 37, 026 64, 713 84, 752 130, 349 56, 903 10, 427, 040 603, 971 622, 287 3, 373, 720 2, 500, 000 741,611 $1, 170, 241 36, 790 75, 772 89, 267 101, 752 60, 687 1, 638, 420 1, 534, 509 Products. 1892. 1893. 1894. Quantity. V alue. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. I nominating oils . . galls . . Benzine and naphtha, gallons . 10, 806, 806 793, 263 1, 051, 163 6, 343, 589 3, 177, 853 876, 570 $1,176, 720 60, 130 127, 351 202, 047 133, 336 82, 781 11, 100, 810 721,192 1, 243, 924 7, 559, 489 1,876, 633 1, 659, 167 $1, 073, 738 54, 760 116, 233 217, 740 92, 616 120, 697 11,289, 741 645, 031 1, 282, 749 7, 323, 374 1, 801, 174 1, 950, 172 $1, 003, 973 54, 515 118, 053 197, 193 74, 309 119, 091 Paraffine oils. . -gallons. . Gas and fuel oils. ..do. . . . Lubricating oils and. tar, gallons . Paraffine wax. .pounds.. 1, 782, 365 1, 675, 784 1, 567, 134 At the refineries producing the above amount of oil in 1894, 480 per¬ sons were employed, the total wages paid being $279,930. 390 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following table shows the amount of Canadian oils and naphtha inspected, together with the amount of crude that is assumed as the equivalent of the refined oils and the ratio of crude to refined : Canadian oils and naphtha inspected, and corresponding quantities of crude oil. Fiscal years. Refined oils inspected. Crude equivalent calculated. Ratio of crude to refined. 1881 . Gallons. 6, 406, 783 Gallons. 12, 813, 566 100:50 1882 . 5, 910, 787 13, 134, 998 100 : 45 18815 . 6, 970, 550 15, 490,111 100 : 45 1884 . 7, 656, 011 19, 140, 027 100:40 1885 . . 7, 661, 617 19, 154, 042 100:40 1886 . . . 8, 149, 472 21, 445, 979 100:38 1887 . 8, 243, 962 21, 694, 637 100:38 1888 . 9, 545, 895 25, 120, 776 100 : 38 1889 . 9, 462, 834 24, 902, 195 100:38 1890 . 10, 121,210 26, 634, 763 100:38 1891 . 10, 270, 107 27, 026, 597 100 : 38 1892 . 10, 370, 707 27, 291, 334 100:38 1893 . 10, 618, 804 27, 944, 221 100:38 1894 . . 11, 027, 082 29, 018, 637 100 : 38 Petroleum has been discovered in some of the other provinces of Canada, but at present it is not produced in commercial amounts. It is reported, however, that near Parsons Pond, in Newfoundland, wells are being drilled, with every prospect of opening up a large and pro¬ ductive petroleum territory. PERU. The petroleum fields of Peru have recently assumed considerable importance. The oil is of good grade, and the refined is displacing that from the United States in many of the Pacific Coast markets. Eecently some of the most extensive producers of southern California have entered the Peruvian field, and the oil from this district is being sent in quantities to California for fuel. While petroleum is found in a number of localities in Peru, the most important deposits, and the ones so far explored to any extent, are in the Department of Piura. The area of the field is estimated at some 12,350 square miles. These fields are in a sandy belt along the sea¬ shore, a well having been sunk at Negritos, near Paita, only some 50 meters (101 feet) from the shore, wThich threw up a stream of oil 25 meters high. A description of the Peruvian fields, by Mr. J. C. Tweddle, jr., was given on page 516 of the report last year. Eefineries have been established at Zorritos, Heath, and Talara. Con¬ nected with the Zorritos refineries there are 30 wells, with the Talara 11 wells, making a total of 44 wells connected with these two refineries out of a total of 49 for the entire region. These are the figures obtained early in 1895, since which we have had no additional information. The total production of these 49 wells in 1892, according to the statement of the Peruvian consul in France, was 2,113,438 gallons. The refineries above noted are built according to the latest plans and are operated on PETROLEUM. 391 the most approved methods. At Talara there is a still with a capacity of 34,342 gallons. This refinery also has large tanks, and a steamboat to transport its product with railways, telegraphs, telephones, electric lights, etc. As near as can be ascertained, the production of oil in 1890 in Peru was some 350,000 barrels. In 1892, as stated above, the product was 2,113,438 gallons, which would indicate a production of only 50,320 bar¬ rels, which must, however, be an error, or refer only to the production of a limited area and not to the whole field. RUSSIA. / Though crude petroleum, or “ naphtha,” as it is termed in Russia, has been found in quantities in a number of localities in that country, cliiefiy in the Caucasian region, it is only near Baku, on the Caspian Sea, that it is produced in large amounts, and it is only the oil from this district that at present comes into competition, outside of Russia, with oil from the United States. More than 90 per cent of all the oil produced in Russia and all the exports are from Baku. EXTENT OF THE BAKU OIL FIELDS. The Baku oil fields, so called from the chief city of the district? though no oil is found at Baku, are on the Apsheron Peninsula, a bold promontory that thrusts itself out some 50 miles into the Caspian Sea, near its southwestern shores. This peninsula, which is some 20 miles wide, is the eastern terminus of the Caucasus Mountains, which here pass under the waters of the Caspian. The chief producing localities in this field are two, one near and in the clustered villages of Balakhany, Saboontchy, and Romany, some 10 miles northeast of Baku, and the second at Bibi-Eibat, some 6 miles southeast of Baku. The oil-produc¬ ing territory in the first field, which has been well defined, does not exceed 1,496 acres (544 dessiatines), while the Bibi-Eibat district is less than 300 acres. Prom this small area of less than 1,800 acres all of the enormous production of the Baku field has been derived. CHARACTER OF RUSSIAN PETROLEUM. From the report on the Mineral Industries of Russia, prepared for the World’s Columbian Exposition, the following statement of the pro¬ duction of Russian oil, when distilled in the usual manner, without cracking, is given: Products of Russian crude petroleum. Products. Per cent. Kerosene (illuminating oils) . 27 to 30 Solar (heavy illuminating oil) . 13 to 15 | Lubricating oils: Spindle . 7 Machine . 18 to 25 Cylinder . 2 to 5 Vaseline . . . 1 392 MINERAL RESOURCES. When the petroleum is refined for the purpose of producing illumi¬ nating oil the following is said to be the result: Products of Russian petroleum when refined for illuminating oil. Products. Per cent. Kerosene . 35. 00 | Residuum . 55.00 Light oils and waste . 10.00 Total . . | 100.00 PRODUCTION. The data regarding the production of crude petroleum in Russia is only approximately correct. Statements made by different authorities differ considerably. I have taken the figures of the Council of the Congress of Russian Petroleum Producers, which are given in millions of poods. In reducing these to barrels 1 have assumed that the aver¬ age gravity of Russian oil is 0.875, and that an American barrel of 4U gallons contains 10.18 poods. Two distinct statements of production of Russian crude petroleum are given, one known as “total production,” which includes not only the crude collected and refined or sold as fuel oil, but also an estimate of the oil wasted or not collected, as well as that used for fuel for pumping the wells. The second statement shows “profitable production,” that is, the amount of crude oil put into tanks or reservoirs. The total production of crude petroleum on the Apsheron Peninsula and the shipments of the chief petroleum products from Baku from 1880 to 1894 have been as follows: “ Total production” of crude petroleum on the Apsheron Peninsula and shipments of petroleum products from Baku from 1880 to 1894. Shipments from Baku. Years. Production. Illuminat¬ ing- Lubricat¬ ing. Residuum. Crude oil. Total. 1880 . 1881 . Barrels. 2, 455, 000 3, 929, 000 4, 911, 000 5, 893. 000 Barrels. 785, 000 1, 257, 000 Barrels. Barrels. 697, 000 913, 000 1,768, 000 1,846, 000 Barrels. Barrels. 1, 482, 000 2, 170, 000 3, 124, 000 3, 431, 000 1882 . 1883 . L 326’ 000 1, 473, 000 30, 000 112, 000 1881 . 8, 841, 000 2, 161, 000 147, 000 2, 868, 000 . 5, 176, 000 1885 . 11, 394, 000 2, 946, 000 157, 000 3, 330, 000 6, 433, 000 1886 . 14,734, 000 3, 438, 000 167, 000 3, 555, 000 7, 160, 000 1887 . 16, 208, 000 4. 322, 000 226, 000 4, 076, 000 8, 624, 000 1888 . 18, 860, 000 4, 911,000 255, 000 5, 746, 000 8, 703, 000 10, 912, 000 1889 . 20, 137, 000 6, 002, 000 324, 000 413, 000 15, 442, 000 1890 . 23, 477, 000 6, 611. 000 452, 000 9, 538, 000 638, 500 17, 239, 500 1891 . 28, 290, 000 7, 269, 000 501, 000 10, 157, 000 1, 139, 500 19, 066, 500 1892 . 29, 273, 000 7, 730, 000 551, 000 11,473, 000 1, 149, 300 20, 903, 300 1893 . 33, 104, 126 8, 438, 000 570, 000 14, 096, 267 1, 198,400 24, 302, 667 1894 . 30, 383, 104 6, 994, 106 528, 684 19, 017, 682 1, 611, 000 28, 251, 472 This table gives the total production and the total shipments from Baku, both to Russian ports and to other countries, and may be re¬ garded as showing the total production of crude and refined oils and residuum in the district in the years made. PETROLEUM. 393 The “profitable production” for the last six years is shown in the following- table : “ Profitable production” of crude petroleum in the Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.] Years. Production. 1889 . 18, 889, 000 22, 229, 000 26, 974, 000 28, 143, 000 31, 894, 000 29, 223, 967 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . The divisions of this profitable production among the four subfields on the Apsheron peninsula are as follows : “ Profitable production” of the several fields of the Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1894. Fields. Production in barrels. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Balakhany . Saboontchy . Romany . Bibi-Eibat . Total . 6, 768, 000 10, 373, 000 1, 748, 000 6, 218, 000 14, 096, 000 147, 000 1, 768, 000 7, 289, 000 16, 060, 000 1, 277, 000 2, 348, 000 5, 648, 000 15, 196,000 4, 027, 000 3, 272, 000 5, 677, 000 14, 371, 000 7, 180, 000 4, 666, 000 5, 795, 677 14,047,151 6, 060, 904 3, 320, 235 18, 889, 000 22, 229, 000 26, 974, 000 28, 143, 000 31, 894, 000 29, 223, 967 WELLS AND THEIR PRODUCTION. There are two classes of so-called wells in the Baku district, “pump¬ ing” and “flowing,” or wells worked by “bucketing,” and those that flow. In the former, pumping is by means of large, deep buckets or pumps, with valves which are operated by windlass or steam and which bring to the surface at a “stroke” as much as a barrel of crude oil and water. This empties itself into a gutter and the oil, after separation from the water, is conducted into reservoirs. A shift of workmen at these wells is never less than three. The flowing wells are the well-known Baku fountains, some of which have given and continue to give some hundred thousand poods a day, say 10,000 barrels. The production of crude petroleum from pumping and flowing wells in the last six years is as follows: Production of crude oil from pumping and flowing wells in Russia from 1889 to 1894. Years. Pumping. Flowing. 1889 . Barrels. 14, 705, 000 Barrels. 4, 184, OHO i 1890 . 17, 347, 000 4, 882, 000 1891 . 23, 123, 000 3, 851, 000 1892 . 20. 707, 000 7, 436, 000 10, 726, 000 1893 . 21, 168, 000 1894 . 23, 153, 240 6, 070, 727 394 MINERAL RESOURCES. The total number of wells that produced crude petroleum during any part of the years named was as follows : Number of producing wells on the Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1894. Years. Wells. 1889 . 278 1890 . . 350 1891 . .. . 458 1892 . 448 1893 . . 458 1894 . . . 532 \ The statement of the number of producing wells for each of the mouths in 1893 and 1894 is as follows : Number of producing wells in Bussia in 1893 and 1894, by months. Months. Number of wells. I 1893. 1894. January . 322 332 February . 326 337 March . 332 347 April . 323 355 May . 325 306 June . 310 369 July . . . 307 373 August . . 294 400 September . 298 413 October . 310 420 November . 316 425 December . 322 440 Total . 458 532 It should be understood that these figures represent the number of wTells in operation during any one month, the total representing the total number of wells that were operated at any time during the year. The number of wells drilling during each month of 1892, 1893, and 1894, and the number completed during year were as follows: Number of wells drilling and completed in Bussia in 1892, 1893, and 1894, by months. Months. 1892. 1893. 1894. January . 141 62 59 February . 131 57 60 March . 127 69 62 April . 117 64 72 May . 94 69 81 June . 84 73 79 July . 44 69 75 August . . 45 64 ' 73 September . 52 58 73 October . 45 59 69' November . 50 58 71 December . . . 58 59 75 Total completed . . 200 175 204 In the following table is given a statement of the deep wells drilled in each year from 1890 to 1894, together with the total depth, in sagenes PETROLEUM. 395 of 7 feet, that the wells were drilled, and the average depth of the wells in feet: Total number of wells and deep wells drilled in Russia from 1890 to 1894, with length in sagenes and average depth in feet. Years. Total number of wells. Number of deep wells. Total length in sagenes. Average depth m feet. 1890 . 231 50 14,810 449 1891 . 292 87 19, 980 479 1892 . 200 111 11, 670 408 1893 . 175 102 10, 984 439 1894 . 204 101 12, 859 441 REFINING STATEMENT. The latest complete statement regarding refining petroleum in Rus¬ sia is as follows : Statement of the number of petroleum refineries, their products, etc., in Russia in 1890 and 1891. At the Apsheron Peninsula. 1890. 1891. Total number of works . 149 103 46 21,611,000 50, 000 6, 876, 000 541, 000 7, 467, 000 34.5 135 100 35 24, 263, 000 50, 000 7, 760, 000 609, 000 8, 419, 000 34.7 Amount of crude treated at these works in barrels . Amount of naphtha obtained at these works in barrels . Amount of kerosene of different kinds, barrels . Amount of lubricating oil obtained . Total production of distillation products . Percentage of distillation products obtained . Price of Russian refined oil in bulk at Batoum from 1890 to 1894, by months. [Cents per gallon.] Months. January... February . March - April . May . . June . July . August ... September October . . November December 1890. 5. 14 5.03 4. 86 4.89 4.57 4. 55 4. 66 4. 77 5. 21 4. 73 4. 55 4.29 1891. 3.92 3. 53 3. 53 3.44 3. 28 3.20 2. 88 2. 67 2. 63 2. 73 2. 92 1892. 2. 97 2. 94 3.13 2.80 2. 62 2.46 2. 47 2. 50 2. 77 2.71 2. 65 2. 85 1893. 2. 95 2. 84 2. 95 2. 63 2.71 2. 63 2. 66 2. 63 2. 63 2.68 1894. Though, as has beeu stated heretofore, almost all of the petroleum produced in Russia is from the Baku field, there are a number of other fields which promise largely in the way of production. GERMANY. Petroleum occurs in Germany only in small quantities. The largest production is in Alsace; smaller quantities are produced in the prov¬ ince of Hanover, in Prussia, in Hildesheim (Peine), and Luneberge. 396 MINERAL RESOURCES. Petroleum is quite extensively distributed iu the last-named districts from Holsteiu, on tbe coast of the East Sea, to the south of Hanover, but it occurs in such small quantities that it does not pay to work it. Asphalt occurs in connection with the petroleum, and is mined. The petroleum is of a heavy gravity and is used chiefly for lubricating purposes. The following statement gives the amount of petroleum produced in Germany from 1890 to 1893 inclusive, the figures being in metric tons : Production of petroleum in Germany from 1890 to 1893 inclusive. Years. Tons. 1890 . 15, 226 1891 . 15| 315 1892 . 14,527 | 13, 974 1893 . Of the petroleum produced in 1891, 2,498 tons were Hildeslieim and Luneberge and 12,817 tons from Alsace. Just how many gallons or barrels there is to a ton of German petro¬ leum would be difficult to state. The only statement we have seen recently as to the gravity of this oil was that the Hildesheim and Luneberge oil was about 0.888 specific gravity. This equals about 28° B., and would be 7.38 pounds to the gallon. On this basis the pro¬ duction of petroleum iu Germany in 1890 would be 4,548,400 gallons, 108,295 barrels of 42 gallons each. On this basis of 7.38 pounds to a gallon the production of Germany in the four years named above would be as follows : Production of petroleum in Germany from 1890 to 1893 inclusive, in barrels of 42 gallons each . Years. Production. 1890 . 108, 295 1891 . . . 108, 927 1892 . 108, 323 1893 . 99, 395 THE OCCURRENCE, MODE OF WORKING!, AND ORIOIN OF PETROLEUM IN LOWER ALSACE. Mr. L. van Werveke states that in the Lower Alsace district petro¬ leum has been proved to exist by borings at various levels to a depth of over 1,000 feet. The winning of petroleum in the district is an indus¬ try of great antiquity, and was already referred to as ancient by a writer of the fifteenth century. It used to be carried on by mining, but is now worked by borings in the usual manner. The production of crude oil in Lower Alsace in 1894 was 15,632 metric tons; the refined petroleum produced amounts to 4,000 metric tons a year, or 1J per cent of the consumption of Germany. The author quotes the different opinions expressed by various authorities regarding the origin of petro- PETROLEUM. 397 leuin, and adduces evidence in support of the view held by Andreae and Schumacher that the original petroleum-bearing stratum belongs to the Tertiary, for both in Upper and Lower Alsace the oil occurs at a particular horizon; that it was a lagoon and delta formation, and that with the decomposing plants, which have yielded the brown coals as well as bitumen and oil, were mingled animal remains from which the nitrogen in the oil is derived. ITALY. There are in Italy three petroliferous districts, one between Yoghera and Imola, in Emilia, another in the valley of Pescara, and the third in the Liri Valley, near San Giovanni, Incarico. A fourth basin has lately been discovered at Yallega, near Piacenza, where there are about 40 wells in active operation. Besides these sources of petroleum, naphtha is distilled from the asphaltic or bituminous shales, but this product is used for lubrication and carburizing gas. Emilia supplies by far the best petroleum. It is stated to be opal colored and to yield 50 per cent of illumiuants. The oil is sold retail for 65 centesimi per liter (60 cents per gallon), of which sum the Government duty amounts to 50 centesimi, while the cost of carriage is 10 centesimi, leaving only 5 centesimi for profit. The total product in 1893 was 2,652 tons, say 18,764 barrels. The principal refinery is in Parma. Production of petroleum in Italy from 1887 to 1894. [Barrels.] Years. Production. 1887 . 1,450 1,218 1, 239 2,919 8, 085 j 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . . . 18, 764 1894 . . GREAT BRITAIN. The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom give the production of petroleum from 1886 to 1893 as follows: Production of petroleum in Derbyshire, England, from 1886 to 1893. Tears. Tons. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 43 66 35 30 35 100 218 260 398 MINERAL RESOURCES. Tlie occurrence of petroleum in Great Britain was briefly described on page 527 of the report of 1893. Prior to 1894 all of the production in England noted in the above table was from North Staffordshire. In 1893, however, crude petroleum was discovered on the Asliwick estate in Somersetshire. This deposit has been examined by Mr. Boverton Redwood, the well-known petro¬ leum expert, and Mr. Topley, a Government geologist. SCOTCH SHALE OIL. While the shale oil of Scotland is not petroleum in the sense in which we have used the term in this report, it being a product distilled from shale instead of crude petroleum found naturally as such, still the Scotch shale oil industry has had such an important influence on the petroleum industry of the world that some description of it, with the amount of shale oil produced, is an important addendum to any statement regarding crude petroleum, and should be given here. The bituminous shale from which the so-called Scotch shale oil is extracted by a process of distil¬ lation is found chiefly in Edinboroughshire and Linlithgowshire from seams in the calciferous sandstone at the base of the Carboniferous rocks. This industry began and was an important one before the dis¬ covery of petroleum in the United States. Up to 1883, the time when Russian oil made its appearance in the English market, the companies engaged in the mining of the shale and the production of the oil had been exceedingly prosperous. In 1883 the Scotch works were turning out some 39,000,000 gallons of crude oil from 1,232,000 tons of shale. This crude yielded 15,900 gallons of illuminating oil, 24,500 gallons of lubricating oil, and 15,320 tons of paraffin. At that time these refin¬ eries were paying 25 per cent dividends, and their shares, with a par value of $7,500,000, were quoted at $12,500,000. Since 1883, however, the largely increased imports of oil into the United Kingdom has seri¬ ously interfered with the prosperity of these companies. In 1883 these imports were 70,467,180 gallons, which was not quite one-half of the Scotch output. In 1893 these imports had increased to 181,000,000 gallons, or more than three times the output of Scotch oil in 1893. The production of Scotch shale oil at present can be put at 52,000,000 gal¬ lons of crude oil from 2,000,000 tons of shale. Twenty years ago Scotch shale illuminating oil sold at 34.2 cents a gallon. It now realizes but 10 £ cents a gallon. While improved processes and great economies have been introduced into the manufacture of shale oil — indeed it has only been by these improvements and economies that this industry has maintained its existence — yet even with these improvements it is far from being the profitable industry it was a few years ago. According to the report made by Mods. M. G. Chesneau to the French Govern¬ ment, published recently in the Annales des Mines, the value of the total products from a ton of shale was $3.29, but the process of extrac¬ tion cost $3.04. This investigation of M. Chesneau was undertaken PETROLEUM. 399 with the view of ascertaining the prospects of the French shale oil industry. The chief works treating shale are at Autuu, in France, and Buxieres, which treat about 210,000 tons of shale a year, producing not over 5,000,000 gallons of oil and selling it at a profit of about a cent a gallop. The quantity of oil shale produced in Scotland in the last five years and the value of the same have been as follows: Production and value of oil shale in Scotland, from 1890 to 1898. Years. Production. Value. 1890 . Tons . 2, 212, 250 2, 361,119 ?, 089, 937 1,956, 520 £608, 369 707, 177 522, 484 489, 130 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . . BURMAH. Probably the oldest petroleum fields in the world are those of Yenangyoung (earth oil) Creek, a small tributary of the Irawady Elver. For an unknown period the whole of Burmah and portions of India have been supplied with illuminating oil from this source, particularly those regions which are reached by the Irawady and its tributaries. The wells were described on page 527 of the last report. The production of petroleum in India from 1889' to 1891 was as follows : Production of petroleum in India from 1889 to 1892. Years. Production. 1889 . . Gallons. 3, 298, 737 4, 931, 093 6, 136, 495 8, 725. 331 1890 _ ^ . 1891 . 1892 . The petroleum industry in Burmah appears to be an increasing one. The quantity produced at Arrakan rose from 219, G33 gallons in 1892 to 308,091 gallons in 1893, and in Pakokku and Magive it rose from 3,753,581 gallons in 1892 to 8,390,333 gallons in 1893, making the pro¬ duction in 1892 3,973,214 gallons and in 1893 8,698,424 gallons. JAPAN. Mr. Jinzoo Adachi furnished a very clear statement relative to the occurrence of petroleum in Japan, which was published in Mineral Eesources, 1888, page 474. As the petroleum regions of Japan are assuming some importance, Mr. Adachi’s statement is here supple¬ mented with a recent statement by Mr. K. Wakashina, geologist of 400 MINERAL RESOURCES. the geological survey of Japan, regarding tlie situation in connection with petroleum in the early part of 1S94 : The use of petroleum is yearly increasing in Japan, hut the limited nature of its field aud the primitive style of its working supplies only a small proportion of the demand for oil. This is chiefly supplied from American and Russian sources. The yearly amounts of importation from these two sources were: Imports of petroleum oils into Japan. Tears. Quantity. Declared Value. 1801 . Gallons. 40, 482. 160 42, 663, 580 36, 998, 843 28, 507, 767 21, 058, 865 Yen. 4, 535, 720 4, 950, 256 4, 587, 135 3, 519, 255 1, 871, 428 1890 . 1889 . 1888 . 1887 . The native production for the year 1890 was as follows: Native product of petroleum in Japan. Provinces. Prefectures. Quantity. Hokkaido . Gallons. 1,213 11,400 7, 341 1, 858. 950 45, 670 92, 542 2, 017, 116 Akita . Do .. .. . Yamagata . Niigata . Nagano . Shizuoka . \ Since the recent introduction of drilling machines into Echigo the production has greatly increased. The utmost depth attained by the old method of working did not exceed 600 or 700 feet, while by the new method of boring there are wells drilled more than 1,000 feet in depth. Present indications are that the production of petroleum by the application of the new methods of boring may become a useful industry in the future. The occurrence of petroleum in Japan is confined to the rocks of the Tertiary system, the strata being usually composed of alternations of sandstone and shale, both being more or less tenacious, and sometimes having associate conglomerate. These rocks pi'obably belong to the Pliocene series and perhaps extend to the upper portion of the Miocene. In the rocks of other geological ages not even a trace of its occurrence is recorded. Nay, even in the Tertiary system, one of the widely dis¬ tributed rocks in Japan, the petroleum-bearing region appears to be confined to cer¬ tain regions, among which Isliikari, Ugo, Echigo, Shinano, and Totomi are especially well known. It is worth while to notice that excepting Totomi the petroleum localities hitherto known are all in the inner zone of north Japan — characterized by the unusual development of the Tertiary or volcanic rocks — occurring in the Tertiary rocks not far from the coast line of the Japan Sea. Drilling by the recently introduced method of rope boring has been tried only in one or two localities of Echigo, but it ought to be experimented with in other regions in future. It should be said, however, that the hope of meeting large and rich fields seems to be improbable in this country. The development of the petroleum fields in Japan shows that they are not only variable in extent but in production as well as in thickness of strata. The oil is of different density in different zones of the Tertiary system, in which the strata is of undetermined thickness and indefinite distribution. PETROLEUM. 401 ISHIKARI. Sporadic traces of petroleum are found in different localities of Hokkaido; among others, Atsita, Niikup, and Kutaru are said to be promising. The locality that seems to be most important is the held of Atsita, situated a little northeast of Ishikari, near the sea coast. Special surveys were made on its different oil-yielding localities, the result of which appears in the Report of the Survey of Useful Deposits in Hok¬ kaido (published in Japanese, with many explanatory maps, by the department of geological survey of Hokkaido, in Hokkaidochio, 1891). Referring to this report, in this region the utmost thickness of measured oil-bearing strata reaches 650 feet. Over its wide area some wells were sunk in each mining claim. In Shunbetsu, east- northeast 4.5 ri (1 ri=3,927.27 meters) from Ishikari, in the town of Shatsuka- rigana, the Tertiary strata are composed of dark grayish shale or sandy shale, sometimes inclosing nodules of marl, with general strike trending northwest and dropping southwest, with angle of nearly 20° ; here out of ten wells drilled to a depth varying from 6 to 200 feet only three wells now yield petroleum, one producing daily 23 sho (1 sho=0.397 gallon), the other two producing daily 2 to 3 sho. In Shatsu- kari, nearly 5,000 feet southwest of Shunbetsu, oue well sunk in 1881 reached nearly 300 feet depth, but after almost four years working it has been abandoned by reason of the presence of water. During its life it yielded about 125 koku (1 koku=39.703 gallons; of oil. On the coast of Furatomari, northeast 2.5 ri from Ishikari, where the oil-bearing strata dips 11° to 37° southeast, three wells were sunk, of which one proved successful, the depth of which is a little over 500 feet, and is now producing only from 20 to 30 sho per week. UGO. In Ugo many outcroppings of petroleum are known in the region extending from a little north of Akita town down to the environs of Chokaisan (a volcano rising nearly 2,200 feet above sea level), the longest line of outcrop traceable extending nearly 20 ri along the seacoast. The survey of the northern half of this wide region has been finished by the geological survey of Akita section, and its result has been made public in the geological report of Akita section (by the lamented S. Miura, a geologist of the geological survey of Japan, who met a memorable death while visit¬ ing the late eruption of Azumasan in Fukushimaken). In this northern portion the petroleum-bearing Tertiary rocks consist of alternations of tufa-shale, tufa and sand¬ stone, with general strike toward north-northeast, and repeatedly folded in dipping direction. Here outcrops are visible occasionally for a distance of above 3 ri in east and west direction. Some wells were formerly sunk, the best oil yielding daily 20 sho, but none are now working, at least satisfactorily. In the neighborhood of Abukawa petroleum occurs with asphalt. The southern portion of the oil region of Ugo is included in the Honjio section of the geological survey, which has been surveyed also by S. Miura, but his death before completing his report makes it necessary to survey it again next summer. Here, it appears, four or five lines of outcropping can be traced, running north-northeast, but working is on a very small scale, as elsewhere. ECHIGO. The oil-bearing Tertiary, which is seen in Hokkaido and Ugo, occurs most widely developed in Echigo. Outcrops are widely distributed and have been known for a long period in the folded Tertiary strata of this province. Among these now most important localities are said to be Urase and Izumosaki or Amaze. Urase is situated a little east of Nagaoka town on the east side of Shonanogawa. The daily yield of wells of this place is said to reach some koku continuously. All wells are sunk by the old method, and there are two rich wells now existing, each probably of 100 feet depth. The production of Urase at present ranks first of all wells of Echigo, or, in other words, in the whole petroleum industry of Japan. 16 GEOL, PT 1 - 26 402 MINERAL RESOURCES. Amaze is situated by the seacoast of Izumosaki. Here, in 1890, the boring machines made by the Pierce Artisan and Oil Well Company of New York have been applied with promising result. This place is the first to apply boring to the work¬ ing of petroleum in Japan. The oil-bearing stratum is composed of shale and sand¬ stone, running in the anticlinal with axis trending Northeast. The deepest well bored through reaches above 1,000 feet, the production seemingly increasing with the depth. The utmost daily yield may reach above 100 koku, but generally the quan¬ tity diminishes to a few koku within a few days or weeks. The limit of yielding depth is not yet actually known. Also at Gochi, by the shore of Naoyetsu, boring is said to be now in progress, but its success seems still not well known. In the environs of Gendoji, Aburaden, Mat- sunoyama, Seto, etc., ai’e other working localities. SHINANO. The petroleum-bearing Tertiary of Echigo continues to Shinano, extending to the west of Chikumagawa, through Nagano town down to the bank of Saigawa. The geological structure of this region has been studied by me and its result is shown in the geological report of Nagano section, with special explanatory maps (in Japanese). The wells sunk formerly in this tract yielded oil, and some proved hopeful, the depth being generally from 120 to 300 feet, but probably none are working at present. The new method of boring is highly recommended to be applied in this tract. TOTOMI. The petroleum-bearing Tertiary of Totomi extends between Oigawa and Cape Omayesaki, facing the Pacific Ocean. Here the Tertiary strata are folded many times, with axis running parallel in a northeast direction. The working has been mainly done along anticlinal axes, of which what proved to be the most important was at Sugigaya, northwest of Sagara. In this place many hundreds of wells were sunk within a narrow valley, of which those of 300 to 400 feet depth are especially common, the daily yield from each good well being commonly from 10 to 50 sho. The deepest well sunk by the old method probably reached 750 feet or more. Some authors say that the thickness of the oil strata of this region may attain 120 meters. For particulars of this, reference may be had to the geological report of Shizuoka section, surveyed and compiled by me (in Japanese) about seven years ago. Production of petroleum in Japan, from 18S1 to 1890. Years. Production. Years. Production. 1881 . Gallons. 703, 217 814, 076 859, 501 246, 647 290, 699 1886 . . . Gallons. 535, 210 350, 394 1, 429, 971 1, 960, 924 2, 017, 116 1882 . 1887 . 1883 . 1888 . 1884 . 1889 . 1885 . 1890 . JAVA. But little information can be secured regarding the occurrence of petroleum, or indeed the occurrence of any other minerals, in the Dutch possessions in the East Indies. It is well known, however, that petro¬ leum is found in considerable quantities in these possessions. The most important workings in Java are by the Dordtsche Petroleum Maat- schappij. This company possesses drilling rights in Java over a large territory, chiefly in the residencies of Soerabaya and Kembang. The PETROLEUM. 403 chief workings at present are in Soerabaya. The oil is obtained from a number of wells, which are drilled to depths varying from 100 to 800 feet, at a village situated 4 miles from Wonakrona. The oil comes from the Tertiary strata, and is stated to yield from 00 to 75 per cent of good merchantable illuminating oil, although the specific gravity is between 23° and 40° B. The oil is conveyed to the refinery in pipes. At Gogoa there are wells which produce both gas and oil. The deepest well in this district is 1,850 feet and produces gas at a pressure of 438 pounds to the square inch. A Chinese company is reported as having conces¬ sions to the amount of 438 acres. The wells of this company vary from 75 to 350 feet in depth. Quite a number of wells are also drilled in other portions of Java. As stated above, it is exceedingly difficult to secure information regarding mineral production in Java. In a letter dated June, 1894, the Dordtsche Petroleum Maatscliappij states that their production at that time was about 38,000 cases of refiued oil per month; that they had two refineries, one in Soerabaya and the other in Rembang. It is also stated in the letter that not only is refined oil made at Soera¬ baya, but refined lubricating oil was produced from the residuum that seems to be perfectly free from paraffin, and the gasoline produced is used quite extensively for street lamps, while the residuuin is used as fuel. In a letter from this company dated June, 1895, it is stated that a new refinery was opened by them in October, 1894, in the residency of Rembang, which is said to be very promising territory. The pro¬ duction there in 1894 was only 22,000 cases of refined oil, but during the the first half of 1895 the production was 20,000 cases a month, which was expected to be increased to 00,000 cases a month before the close of the year. In the residency of Soerbaya their production in 1894 was 429,264 cases of refined oil, 7,814 cases of benzine, and 3,058 cases of lubricating oil. It is also stated that the Chinese company referred to is' produc¬ ing 400 liters of oil of 17° B. a day. If the latter figure be regarded as referring to crude and the former to refined on the basis of 4 liters to the gallon and a yield of 00 per cent of refined, the production of the Chinese company would be about 3,000 gallons a month, and of the former company 584,000 gallons a month, a total of 587,000 gallons a month, or 14,000 barrels, or 108,000 barrels a year. SUMATRA. During the year 1893 the jurnals of Europe, and especially those of Holland and England, contained occasional references to a new petro¬ leum field that had been discovered near Langkat, on the island of Sumatra. A Dutch syndicate, known as the Royal Netherlands-India Petroleum Company of Sumatra, obtained concessions, it is reported, covering a territory of some 320 square miles, the field being situated on the seaboard and producing an oil yielding a large quantity of illu- 404 MINERAL RESOURCES. mlnating oil by distillation, differing in this respect from the petroleum of tbe neighboring island of Java, which was a heavy oil giving but a small quantity of illuminating oil and large quantities of heavy oils and paraffin. Near the close of 1893 it was reported that this com¬ pany was producing 1,600 cases of refined oil daily, the crude coming from three wells and being refined near the wells. BORNEO. In working the coal fields in Labuan in Borneo, which is one of the smallest and least known of the British colonies, petroleum is fre¬ quently met with, though as yet it is of little importance commercially. The oil so far has been found in connection with coal developments, yet samples of the petroleum from the oil springs at Labuan have been submitted for analysis to Mr. Boverton Bedwood, who states that the oil is a heavy petroleum of a dark brown color with little odor, of spe¬ cific gravity of 0.964 at 60° F., with a flashing point at 250° F. Mr. Bed- wood states that from the results obtained by him it is clear that the oil would not yield either burning oil or naphthas, and it could not be regarded as a source of solid paraffin, though it would yield a good lubricating oil and would be well adapted in its crude state for use as a liquid fuel or as a source of gas for illuminating purposes. GALICIA. According to the report of the minister of agriculture of Austria- Hungary for 1893, the total production of petroleum in Galicia in 1893 was 963,312 metric quintals of 220,462 pounds each, or 212,373,690 pounds. As the Galician petroleum ranges in gravity from 0.870 to 0.885, the average number of pounds in a gallon would be 7.3. The total number of gallons of oil produced would therefore be 29,092,286 gallons, or 692,273 barrels of 42 gallons each. The production in 1892 was 898,713 metric quintals, say 27,141,388 gallons, or 646,223 barrels of 42 gallons each. This indicates an increased production in 1893 over 1892 of a little over 7 per cent. The total value of the oil produced in 1893 was 3,008,819 florins, which, at 48 cents to the florin, would be $1,444,233, or $2.23 a barrel. Most of the crude oil was refined in Galicia near the wells, there being 40 small refineries, the largest hav¬ ing a production in 1893 of but 63,693 metric centners or 1,234,615 pounds, the total product being 7,863,633 pounds. If this refined oil had a gravity of, say, 45° B., a gallon would weigh 6.66 pounds, which would make the total production of the largest refinery in Galicia 1,182,227 gallons, or 28,148 barrels of 42 gallons. There were 3,071 persons employed in the production of crude petro¬ leum, including 51 women and 6 children. The production of ozocerite in 1893 was 56,248 metric quintals, or 12,400,547 pounds, valued at 1,268,335 florins ($608,800), or $10.92 per ton of 2,240 pounds. There were 3,377 men and 312 women employed in the production of ozocerite. NATURAL GAS IN 1894. By Joseph 1). Weeks. INTRODUCTION. The questions relative to the origin, occurrence, composition, and history of natural gas have been so thoroughly discussed in the reports of the geological surveys of the several States in which natural gas occurs, and in the reports of the United States Geological Survey, and especially in the report on the Mineral Industries in the United States at the Eleventh Census, 1890, that it is not necessary to more than epitomize in this report the information on these subjects contained in the reports referred to. The investigator who desires to study this subject thoroughly is referred to the reports of the Pennsylvania geo¬ logical survey, especially those of Prof. John F. Carll and the late Dr. Charles A. Ashburner; to the reports of the Ohio geological sur¬ vey, especially those of Prof. Edward Orton, who has done so much to extend our knowledge of the geological occurrence of natural gas ; to Professor Orton’s report to the Kentucky geological survey on petroleum and natural gas in that State; to the Indiana geological survey reports, especially those of Mr. S. S. Gorby; to the reports of Mr. Jordan, the State gas inspector of Indiana; to the reports of the State mineralo¬ gist of California; to the monographs of the United States Geological Survey, especially the report on Ohio natural gas by Professor Orton, and on Indiana natural gas by Dr. A. J. Phinney, and to the several volumes of the Mineral Resources of the United States. Reference should also be had to the summary of this information in the Mineral Industries volume of the Eleventh Census. For the composition of natural gas those interested are referred to the report of Prof. Francis Phillips, of the Western University of Pennsylvania, made for the Pennsylvania geological survey, and to the paper published by him in May, 1893, on the analyses of natural gas. It is proper, however, to refer briefly to the several questions above noted and to epitomize the information available on these several ques¬ tions, though this report will be chiefly devoted to the statistical facts regarding natural gas. 405 406 MINERAL RESOURCES. “Natural gas,” as the word is popularly used, is the gas that escapes from so-called gas springs or from the surface of the earth, or that is procured by drilling wells through certain geological strata, chiefly to the sandstones of the Upper Coal Measures of New York, Pennsyl¬ vania, and West Virginia, and to the Trenton limestones of western Ohio and Indiana. Chemically, natural gas is methane (CH4), the lowest member of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons, the well-known marsh gas, the fire damp of the miner, with an unimportant percentage of carbonic acid and traces of other substances, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide being found occasionally associated with natural gas as impu¬ rities. Quite a number of analyses of natural gas show the presence of free hydrogen, but the examinations by Professor Phillips, above mentioned, failed to show the presence of the least trace of free hydro gen in the natural gas of western Pennsylvania. In his examinations Professor Phillips caused a stream of gas to flow through solutions of palladium chloride for periods varying from ten days to three months without the least trace of hydrogen being discovered. Even dry pure palladium chloride failed to show its presence. The tests made, as the gas used was taken from the mains of the Allegheny Heating Company, represented an enormous volume of gas, and may, therefore, be regarded as settling adversely the question of the presence of free hydrogen in natural gas. GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION AND LOCALITIES IN WHICH NATURAE GAS IS FOUND. Natural gas has been found in the United States in the strata of every geological age from the Drift down to the Potsdam. It is chiefly in the Paleozoic strata of the Upper Coal Measures of Pennsylvania and in the Trenton limestone of Ohio and Indiana that the great deposits of natural gas have been struck. The highest stratum in which any considerable quantity has been found in Pennsylvania is the Homewood sandstone, the highest of the three recognized members of the Potts- ville conglomerate. The lowest are the Kane sand and the sand of the Roy and Archer gas pool in Elk County. According to Mr. Carll, the geological position of the latter sand is 1,800 feet below the horizon of the Murry svi lie sand. As to the localities in which natural gas is found, it may be said in a general way that this substance has been found in varying quantities from the Hudson River on the east to California on the west. In Ala¬ bama, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming its existence is reported. In some of these States, however, it has not been found in commercial quantities. A shallow well, frequently a well put down for water, has shown the existence of gas, usually in the drift. In many cases also so-called gas springs have been found, from which a small NATURAL GAS. 407 supply of natural gas, usually marsh gas, is reported. In 1889 gas in commercial quantities was reported as having been produced in Arkansas, California, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, and Utah. At the present time the important gas fields are those of west¬ ern Pennsylvania, western New York, northwestern Ohio, and east¬ ern central Indiana. It was the development of these districts that caused the excitement in connection with natural gas which was so manifest in 1888 and to a less degree in 1889. The most important gas fields in these territories are those in the gas district of Pennsylvania in the neighborhood of Pittsburg, including the Murrysville and Grape- ville fields of Westmoreland County, and- the several Washington county fields. In McKean and Venango counties there was also a large production of gas, and considerable from Elk County. In Ohio the most important field is what has been called the Findlay, situated in Hancock County, while in Indiana the chief fields are in the neighbor¬ hood of Anderson, Kokomo, Marion, and Muiicie. Each of these dis¬ tricts, as well as the other localities in which gas is found, will be discussed in connection with the report on the several States. THE ACCUMULATION AND NATURAL STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS. It has not been considered necessary to discuss the question of the origin of natural gas. This is, strictly speaking, a chemical question. It can be said, however, that the general belief is that the gas, as well as petroleum, of the Pennsylvania and adjacent oil field is of vegetable origin, while the gas of the Indiana oil field is of animal origin. In a word, the gas stored in the sand rocks of western Pennsylvania is derived from vegetable matter, while the gas stored in the limestone is of animal origin. Nor has it seemed necessary to discuss whether nat¬ ural gas was produced in the years or ages past and stored for present use, or whether it is still being produced. Possibly both suggestions are correct, and it is also probable that the very large amount of gas which the drill has brought to the surface of the earth in the last few years was formed years ago and has been stored in the natural reser¬ voirs until the drill found it. No doubt some gas is still being pro¬ duced; especially is this true of the shallower wells. Whatever, then, may have been the origin of natural gas there are certain conditions necessary to its accumulation and storage, and if any one of these is absent no large supply can be expected. Small amounts of gas cau exist without the presence of one or more of these conditions; but these pockets will yield but a small supply, and that supply will very soon be exhausted. These vital conditions are three: (1) reservoir, (2) cover, and (3) structure. Gas is not stored, as is often supposed, in cavities or caves in the strata of the earth’s surface, but chietiy in porous sandstones and lime- 408 MINERAL RESOURCES. stones, gas as well as oil being found in the small interstices between the grains or in the pores. The reservoir rock in western Pennsylvania is almost always a sand rock. The storage reservoir in Ohio is the Berea grit and the Clinton and Trenton limestones. Some little oil is found in shale, but the two great reservoirs in which the natural gas supply of the United States is stored are the sand rocks of western Pennsylvania and the Trenton limestone of northwestern Ohio and eastern central Indiana. When the “sand” in which an oil or gas is found is named, a sand rock or sandstone is meant, not sand in separate grains. It is evident at once that were the whole structure above these reser¬ voir rocks permeable, either through its entire structure or at points, by reason of the breaks and fissures in the strata, the gas would con¬ stantly escape from the reservoir and it would soon be drained out. This is a phenomenon that is constantly noticed in connection with gas springs. The gas is leaking from the reservoir; hence it is evident that there must be a cover or cap to this reservoir to hold the supply in place, and that this cap must be impervious to the gas, or practically so, either from the absence of porosity or the absence of breaks and fissures. This cover is usually a shale, and in every important gas ter¬ ritory the reservoir rock is capped by a shale cover, which has retained the gas in place until the cover has been tapped by the drill. In Ohio, for example, the Cuyahoga and Berea shales cover the Berea grit, the Niagara shale the Clinton group, and the Utica shale the Trenton lime¬ stone. As a rule, of course with limitations, the deeper the storage rock and the closer to it the shale or cover the larger the deposits of gas and the greater the chance for their permanence. A third factor corner in here, which is termed structure, or the arrange¬ ment of the rock that contains the gas. The existence of arches and troughs, or, in geological language, of anticlines and synclines, has long been noticed in connection with drilling for petroleum, and recently in drilling for natural gas, as well as their influence upon the storage of these hydrocarbons. The most effective statement of this influence of structure, or, as it may be called, the “ anticlinal theory,” was made by Prof. I. C. White, of Morgantown, W. Ya. Though his statements were called in question, his theory commended itself to practical men, and its adoption led to the location of a considerable number of natural gas wells far in advance of the developments of the drill. This theory simply asserts that oil, and more especially gas, is to be found stored most largely in the apex of these anticlines. The great reservoir of the Trenton limestone gas in the Ohio field is found in an enormous anti¬ cline, as is noted in discussing the Trenton limestone in connection with the report on Ohio. A fourth necessary condition which will be discussed under the next head is pressure. It may be briefly said here that salt water is found in the outer boundary of gas and oil fields, and it is to the presence NATURAL GAS. 409 of this water that the pressure of oil and gas is ascribed by most of the geologists of Ohio and Indiana, though some of the Pennsylva¬ nia geologists question its sufficiency. Dr. Phiuney, of Indiana, holds that the initial pressure of many gas wells is about that of the weight of a column of water equal in height to the depth of the well. PRESSURE OF NATURAE GAS. The statements as to the pressure of the early gas wells were usually estimates based upon no accurate observations; indeed, there was no method of accurately arriving at this pressure available to the drillers of the first wells. Very soon, however, proper gauges were prepared and observations and measurements made, but even under these cir¬ cumstances no uniform system was adopted, so that though a statement as to the pressure or production of a given well might be a fairly cor¬ rect approximation as to that well under the condition of the test, yet a comparison of the results at this well with those from another well made under different conditions would be without the least value. In a general way it may be said that the highest actually observed and measured pressure has been in the neighborhood of 800 pounds to the square inch, closed pressure, the pressure being allowed to accumu¬ late for a minute. In the first wells in the Pindlay field the registered pressure was about 450 pounds; in the Murrysville field it reached 500 pounds ; in the Indiana field the pressure was 400 to 500 pounds. It has been observed that with some few exceptions there is a pressure that is normal to each district, and that all wells in the same dis¬ trict ultimately show the same closed pressure; that is, the pressure measured when the well is closed and gas not escaping. Wells are sometimes measured by their flowing pressure; that is, the pressure shown on the gauge attached to the pipe through which the well is dis¬ charging gas into the air or into mains. Often when a well is first struck, owing to local causes, the pressure and production will be greater than the normal jn’essure of the district, but it is ultimately reduced to the normal figure. It is not to be inferred from this, how¬ ever, that all wells of the same diameter and with the same ultimate pressure and located in the same district have the same production. Quite the contrary. In some wells the normal pressure, say 500 pounds^ will be reached within a minute after the wells are closed; in others the normal pressure of the district will not be reached for days. It is evi¬ dent that the well which reaches the normal jmessure in a minute will be a greater producer than the one requiring hours to reach this pres¬ sure. All the wells in the vicinity of Pittsburg had originally about the same normal closed j>ressure — that is, 500 pounds — but the wells in the several subdistricts in that vicinity show a great difference in the time required to reach this pressure, and consequently show great difference as producers. The original pressure in the Pittsburg district, as stated above, was about 500 pounds. In the Washington district, in the original wells, 410 MINERAL RESOURCES. the pressure was about the same, but it has been found that gas from the different horizons, there being four in the Washington district, gives different pressures. In the Murrysville district the pressure is about the same as in the Pittsburg district. In the Wilcox district, in McKean County, Pa., the first pressure was about 575 pounds; in Butler County, 450 pounds; in Allegany County, K. Y., 450 pounds. A copy of a paper read at the meeting of the American Philosophical Society by Prof. J. P. Lesley, State geologist of Pennsylvania, gives the following data concerning the gas pressures of the Grapeville field, from which it will appear that wells struck in February, 1886, had a pressure of 460 pounds. The same wells on February 2, 1891, had a pressure of 65 to 70 pounds, while the initial pressure of wells struck in January, 1889, was 75 pounds. Pressure at various dates at Grapeville, Pa., gas wells, after closing for one minute. [Pounds.] No. Name. Depth. Struck gas. At first. Apr. 27, 1889. Dec. 16, 1889. May 26, 1890. Nov. 3, 1890. Dec. 1, 1890. Jan. 5, 1891. Feb. 2,1891. Feet. 1 Klingensmith . 1, 100 Feb. 13, 1886 460 390 250 180 100 95 '75 65 2 Henry . 1, 133 June, 1886 460 380 260 170 105 100 75 70 3 Moore . 1, 149 . do . 460 390 260 175 100 95 75 65 4 Welker . f 144 Oct., 1886 460 380 260 170 105 100 5 Brown . f 224 May, 1887 460 390 260 180 100 95 75 65 6 Perree . 1,312 Aug., 1887 460 380 240 170 100 100 75 70 7 Minsinger . 1,466 Nov. 21, 1887 410 390 240 170 95 85 55 40 8 Shutts . 1,468 Feb. 13, 1889 380 390 250 165 100 85 70 60 9 1, 360 Nov. 30, 1889 260 260 165 100 95 75 65 10 1,357 Jan. 13, 1890 235 170 105 75 75 n Truxel . 1,267 Feb. 20, 1890 225 I 180 100 75 75 12 1, 350 Oct., 1890 125 1 65 60 13 Agnew . 1,420 Jan., 1891 75 65 1 Calculating the average rate per day of the observed decrease, it is found to be as follows : From April 27, 1889, 646 days, 321 pounds, 2.012 pounds per day. From December 16, 1889, 413 days, 188 pounds, 2.197 pounds per day. From May 26, 1890, 252 days, 107 pounds, 2.355 pounds per day. From November 3, 1890, 91 days, 36 pounds, 2.528 pounds per day. From December 1, 1890, 63 days, 30 pounds, 2.1 pounds per day. From January 5, 1891, 28 days, 7 pounds, 4 pounds per day. A similar statement may be made regarding the decline of pressure in the Trenton limestone gas districts of Ohio and Indiana. For exam¬ ple, the actually observed daily production of four wells in the Find¬ lay, Ohio, district, as given by Professor Orton, is as follows: Observed daily production of gas wells in Findlay, Ohio. Cubic feet. Karg well . 12, 080, 000 3, 318, 000 2, 565, 000 1, 159, 200 Cory well . Briggs well . Jones well . NATURAL GAS. 411 It' will be noted from this that though these wells were in the same district and close together, and must have had consequently the same original rock pressure, and, if we are correctly informed, the wells were of the same diameter, yet the production varied greatly. According to Professor Orton, who has paid more attention to this subject of rock pressure tliau any other of our geologists, there has been a great decline of the pressure in Findlay. He found the rock pressure in the original pioneer well in the Findlay, Ohio, district to be 450 pounds. In 1886 the pressure reached little, if any, above 400 pounds; during 1887 the fall was very gradual, the gauges marking 370 and 380 pounds; in May, 1889, the pressure had fallen to 250 pounds in independent wells, and in August of the same year it did not exceed 200 pounds. The wells in the city fell as low as 170 pounds at one time. Professor Orton’s tabulated statement of the pressure of the wells in Findlay is as follows: Kate of decline in pressure of Findlay, Ohio, yas wells. Pounds. 1885 (original) . 450 400 360 to 380 250 170 to 200 1886 ;...! . . 1887, August . 1889j May 1 . 1890j May 1 . In the Stuartsville district the decline was as follows: Pounds. 1888 . 450 1889, J line . . . 385 1889, August . 365 1889, October . 325 1890, May . 275 In Bloomdale the rock pressure in 1887 was 400 to 465 pounds; in July, 1889, it had dropped to 375 and 390 pounds. In the Indiana gas fields, in which the amount of gas stored was probably greater than in any other of the gas fields of the United States, and which has maintained its supply as well as its production and rock pressure better than any other of the fields, this pressure is rapidly falling off. According to the last report of State Gas Inspector Jordan, which was made early in 1894, the average field pressure, which was originally 320 pounds, has now declined to 240 pounds. Regarding the pressure of the wells in Indiana, Mr. Jordan states: The following is the pressure found in different localities during the year 1893. At many of the places, however, the pressure given was obtained only from new wells at a distance of from 2 to 4 miles from the towns, the wells in the towns and immediate vicinity showing far less pressure, and many wells being practically exhausted : 412 MINERAL RESOURCES. Pressure of Indiana natural gas wells in 1893. Pounds. Greenfield, Hancock County . 250 Carthage, Rush County . 120 Noblesville, Hamilton County . 240 Sheridan, Hamilton County . 240 Kokomo, Howard County . 250 Marion, Grant County . 250 Gas City, Grant County . 300 Fairmount, Grant County . 300 Elwood, Madison County . 300 Frankton, Madison County . 300 Anderson, Madison County . 240 Alexandria, Madison County . 300 Pounds. Summitville, Madison County . 300 Chesterfield, Madison County . 290 Muncie, Delaware County . 240 Albany, Delaware County . 280 Eaton, Delaware County . 290 Hartford City, Blackford County . 260 Montpelier, Blackford County . 250 Camden, Jay County . 225 Dunkirk, Jay County . 275 Greensburg, Decatur County . 175 Fountaintown, Shelby County . 210 Waldron, Shelby County . 225 These pressures were found iu the most instances in new wells. In their imme¬ diate neighborhood are found older wells showing a much less pressure, eveu below 100 pounds. The wells connected with the pipe lines conveying gas to Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville, Frankfort, La Fayette, Logansport, Peru, Wabash, Huntington, Bluifton, Fort Wayne, Decatur, Portland, and Shelby ville show pressures from 225 to 260 pounds. The wells and the pipe lines leading to Chicago and Richmond are better, show¬ ing 280 to 290 pounds pressure. These companies, in order to keep up the necessary supply of gas, are compelled to drill many new wells each year to take the place of those that have become exhausted. Each year these companies have been com¬ pelled to acquire new leases and extend their lines, until there is but very little terri¬ tory to be obtained. If, in drilling these new wells, the pressure of the original wells could be obtained there might be some hope of perpetuity of the gas. But such is not the case. The new wells are coming in with a constantly decreasing pressure, and of a necessity will be much shorter lived than the original wells. All this goes to prove that the held is slowly but surely becoming exhausted. This exhaustion will be in an- accelerated ratio as we approach the final end. The gravity of the situation can only be understood when it is known that from 225 to 250 pounds pressure at the head of the main lines is absolutely necessary to force the gas to the different cities that lie outside but are obtaining their fuel from the gas held, with sufficient pressure to distribute it through the low-pressure city lines to the consumer. And this pressure, too, is needed when all the reducing sta¬ tions and district valves are wide open and every facility afforded for free circulation. There remains now but a small average margin above the limit of low pressure. At the annual rate of pressure reduction, and by a continuance of the present extrav¬ agant and wasteful method of consumption, this small margin will be spent or exhausted in a very short time. When this shall have happened artihcial pressure by means of pumps will be resorted to for the purpose of distribution. It has been the experience of the gas areas of other States that when the initial pressure must be supplemented by artificial means the end is very near at hand. A careful study of the conditions of the fields in Indiana as they exist to-day will show that we have almost reached that point. TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS. While in some instances natural gas is used close to the point of pro¬ duction, as a rule gas has to be conveyed to considerable distances from the wells to the points of consumption. The conduits used are iron pipes. For the smaller conduits wrought-iron welded pipes are used; for the larger, in some cases, riveted wrought-iron pipes, and in others cast-iron pipes. Various methods have been adopted to prevent leak¬ age but these need not be detailed here. NATURAL GAS. 413 At first the initial pressure of the gas as it entered the pipes to be conducted from the wells was sufficient not only to drive the gas to points of consumption but in many cases companies were required for purposes of safety to reduce the pressure of the gas in the pipes upon entering the borders of cities and towns. As the pressure in many fields has gradually decreased, it has been found necessary to supple¬ ment this pressure by artificial means in order to overcome the fric¬ tion of resistance of the pipes and to convey the gas from the point of production to the point of consumption. The air compressor is par¬ ticularly adapted to this work. The first company to try this method was the People’s Company, of Pittsburg, operating in the Murrysville field. This company had two complete pumping plants constructed and put in operation in the winter of 1890-91, and thoroughly demon¬ strated the practicability of pumping gas. Quite a number of pumping plants have been erected recently, until now there is hardly a company of any importance, especially in the fields east of Indiana, that is not compelled to use pumps to force their gas to the points of consumption. THE CONSUMPTION OF NATURAE GAS. It is impossible to give in cubic feet the consumption of natural gas in the United States. Meters are used, but as a rule only for measur¬ ing the gas in small quantities, and in many cases no attempt is made to measure it at all. At many large works, using 1,000,000 cubic feet an hour, no meter has ever been applied; indeed, no single meter has ever been invented that would measure the gas, though Young’s pro¬ portionate meter, made by the Pittsburg Supply Company, Limited, has been used quite successfully for measuring gas in fairly large quanti¬ ties. The only statement, therefore, that can be made as to the con¬ sumption of gas must be an average one, and the only complete statement that has ever been compiled was prepared by the author for the Mineral Industries of the United States at the Eleventh Census. Based on the figures mentioned, and others, the consumption of nat¬ ural gas in 1889 was estimated as follows: Total consumption of natural gas in the United States in 1SS9. Cubic feet. Iron and steel mills . 171, 500, 000, 000 18, 750, 000, 000 236, 900, 000, 000 62, 500, 000, 000 7, 500, 000, 000 30, 000, 000, 000 25, 000, 000, 000 552, 150, 000, 000 Heating and cooking . Pumping oil . Drilling and operating oil and gas wells . Other uses . . Total . These figures are to be taken only as the best approximation possi¬ ble, and are to be accepted under the conditions expressed in the dis¬ cussion preceding. 414 MINERAL RESOURCES. This total is enormous, and shows how wastefully natural gas has been used. It is assumed, roughly, that 30,000 cubic feet of gas is equal in heating power to 1 ton of Pittsburg coal. This is not correct, but it is near enough for comparison. On this basis the natural gas consumed in the United States, as given above, would equal in heat value 18,405,- 000 tons of coal. The actual fuel displacement, as reported, is in round numbers 10,000,000 tons. As natural gas is burned most wastefully, perhaps more than double the amount actually needed to do a given work being used, it is probable that our estimate is not too large. These figures are given only as an indication as to what was the con¬ sumption of natural gas, in cubic feet, at a time when the consumption was the largest. In 1894 it had been very much reduced, though as improved appliances for using the gas had been introduced the actual efficiency of that burned was relatively much greater; that is, half the amount of gas would give the same efficiency. VALUE OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMED IN THE UNITED STATES. Xo statement as to the actual production of natural gas in cubic feet has been obtained, nor is it obtainable. Certain wells have been measured and the production of these wells for a brief period has been ascertained, and from this production, so found, an estimate of the total production of these wells and of the field in which they are located has been determined. But it is evident that this is only an estimate concerning which it is impossible to say it is even approximate. The production of a well varies, not only from month to month and week to week, but from hour to hour, so that what would be a fair estimate of the production for a given minute would not be at all a correct esti¬ mate for an hour later. On the basis, then, of the best information obtainable, the conclusion is reached that the total value of natural gas consumed in the United States in 1894 was $13,954,400, as compared with $14,346,250 in 1893, and $14,800,714 in 1892. It may be said here that the consumption of natural gas in the United States in 1894, measured in cubic feet, was considerably less than the amount consumed in 1S93; yet, notwith¬ standing the fact that in many cases much higher prices were charged for gas in 1894 than in 1893, the difference in the value of the gas, or the amount received for it in 1894, as compared with 1893, is not as great as the difference in actual consumption in cubic feet. NATURAL GAS. 415 In the following table is given the total value of natural gas consumed, in the United States from 1885 to 1894, by States: Value of natural gas consumed in the United States, 1885 to 1894. Localities. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. $4, 500, 000 196, 000 100, 000 40, 000 $9, 000, 000 210, 000 400, 000 60, 000 300, 000 4,000 $13, 749, 500 333, 000 1, 000, 000 120, 000 600, 000 $19, 282, 375 332, 500 1, 500, 000 120, 000 1, 320, 000 $11, 593, 989 530, 026 5, 215, 669 12, 000 2, 075, 702 10, 615 2,580 15, 873 New York . Ohio . West Virginia . Indiana . Illinois . 1,200 Kentucky . Kansas . 6, 000 12, 000 Michigan . Missouri . 35, 687 375 1,728 150 25 12, 680 1, 600, 000 Arkansas . Texas . Utah . South Dakota . California . Elsewhere . 20, 000 20, 000 15, 000 75, 000 Total . 4, 857, 200 10,012,000 15, 817, 500 22, 629, 875 21, 107, 099 Localities. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Pennsylvania . $9, 551, 025 552, 000 4, 684, 300 5,400 2, 302, 500 6, 000 30, 000 12, 000 10, 500 1 f j 6, 000j 33, 000 1, 600, 000 $7, 834, 016 280, 000 3, 076, 325 35, 000 3, 942, 500 6, 000 38, 993 5, 500 1, 500 250 $7, 376, 281 216, 000 2, 136, 000 500 4, 716, 000 12, 988 43,175 40, 795 3,775 100 100 $6, 488, 000 210, 000 1,510, 000 123, 000 5, 718, 000 14, 000 68, 500 50, 000 2,100 100 50 500 $6, 279, 000 249, 000 1, 276, 100 395, 000 5,437,000 15, 000 89, 200 86, 600 4, 500 100 50 500 12, 000 60, 350 50, 000 New York . Ohio . West Virginia . Indiana . Illinois . Kentucky . Kansas . Missouri . Arkansas . Texas . Utah . Colorado . California . 30, 000 250, 000 55, 000 200, 000 62, 000 100, 000 Elsewhere . Total . 18,792,725 15,500,084 14, 800, 714 14, 346, 250 13, 954, 400 From this table it appears that the value of natural gas consumed in the United States was greatest in 1888, when the value was $22,629,875. From that time to 1891 the decrease iu value was rapid. Since 1891, however, it has been quite gradual, owing to the fact noted that meters are being used, the amounts consumed measured, and pay¬ ments made on amounts used. The following are the net meter rates, per 1,000 feet, charged in the cities named: Detroit, Lima, Piqua, Day- ton, Springfield, Toledo, Buffalo, and Columbus, 25 cents; Pittsburg, Allegheny, and Erie, 22£ cents; Jamestown and Corry, 21.6 cents; Fostoria and Logan sport, 20 cents; Indianapolis, Richmond, and Fort Wayne, when sold to manufacturers by meter, 10 cents. CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL GAS. There are a great many details regarding the production of natural gas in the United States that would be exceedingly interesting could they be secured. Unfortunately; however, many of the natural-gas companies keep their records in such a way that it is impossible for 416 MINERAL RESOURCES. them to give any information other than the amount of money received for the gas consumed. They do not even know the number of con¬ sumers. From quite a number of companies, however, 204 in all, very interesting statistics have been received, which are given in the follow¬ ing table. It should be distinctly understood that this does not indi¬ cate all of the companies from which reports have been received, but only includes the reports from the companies in the three States of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Ohio which have furnished the Survey with all of the information asked. From many other companies the information covers a portion of the items named in the table : Natural gas records in 1893 and 1894. Pennsylvania. Indiana. Ohio. 1893. 1894. 1893. 1894. 1893. 1894. Amount received for sale of gas or value of gas consumed . $3, 609, 394 $3, 558, 276 $920, 786 $1, 143, 353 $239, 227 $213, 905 V alue of coal or wood displaced. $3, 991, 968 $3, 341, 916 $1, 400, 128 $1, 513, 912 $376, 643 $281,868 Domestic tires supplied . 119, 500 103, 580 53, 566 49, 542 14, 226 7,204 Iron and steel works supplied . . 34 13 1 7 Glass works supplied . 43 28 15 21 Other establishments supplied . . 197 269 210 266 53 48 Total establishments supplied.. 274 310 226 294 53 48 Total wells producing January 1 . 771 816 359 429 157 194 Total producing wells drilled . . . 160 149 114 88 62 26 Total wells producing Decern- her 31 . 817 867 442 480 211 189 Total feet of pipe laid . 12, 211, 765 12, 484, 307 5, 406, 873 6, 446, 877 1, 296, 310 1,301,378 Total establishments reporting 48 48 120 120 36 36 The above table covers reports from 204 companies, these 204 com¬ panies reporting concerning all of the items included in the table, both in 1893 and 1894. From this table it seems that the amount actually received for gas by these 204 companies in 1894 was $4,915,534, and in 1893 $4,769,407, an increase of $146,127 in 1894 as compared with 1893. This increase was in Indiana, the Pennsylvania and Ohio reports show¬ ing quite a reduction. Although these 204 companies reported an increase in amount received for gas in 1894 as compared with 1893, the value of coal or wood dis¬ placed shows a decrease of $631,043. In Pennsylvania the reduction was $650,052; in Ohio it was $94,775, while in Indiana there was an increase of $113,784. A comparison of the Pennsylvania figures will show that though there was a falling off of $650,052 in the value of the coal or wood displaced, there was but $51,118 less received for the sale of gas in 1894 than 1893, the value of the natural gas consumed, or the amount received for it, being greater than the value of coal or wood displaced by it. In Indiana and Ohio, however, the value of gas con¬ sumed was less than the value of coal or wood displaced. An examination of the statement regarding the number of domestic fires supplied shows an interesting feature. In Pennsylvania the num¬ ber has been materially reduced, falling from 119,500 in 1893 to 103,580 in 1894, a reduction of 15,920, or 13£ per cent; the reports of Indiana NATURAL GAS. 417 show a reduction of 4,024, or about 10 per ceut, while the reports of Ohio show a decrease of nearly 50 per cent; the total number of fires in 1893 being 14,226, and in 1894 but 7,204. The total number of estab¬ lishments supplied with gas by these 204 companies shows an increase in Pennsylvania and Indiana and a decrease in Ohio, the number in Pennsylvania increasing from 274 in 1893 to 310 in 1894, in Indiana, from 226 in 1893 to 294 in 1894. while the number in Ohio decreased from 53 in 1893 to 48 in 1894. The number of producing wells owned by the companies reporting on the 1st of January, 1894, in Pennsylvania, was 816; at the close of the year it had increased to 867. In Indiana, at the beginning of the year, the number of producing wells was 429; at the close of the year it was 480. Ohio showed a decrease in producing wells in 1894 of from 194 at the beginning of the year to 189 at its close. The number of feet of pipe laid shows an increase in every case. In Pennsylvania the number of feet of pipe laid by the companies report¬ ing at the close of 1893 was 12,211,765. This had increased to 12,484,307 feet at the close of 1894. At the beginning of 1894, in Indiana, the amount of pipe laid by the ompanies reporting was 5,406,873. This increased to 6,446,877 feet at the close of the year. In Ohio the amount of pipe laid increased from 1,296,310 feet at the close of 1893 to 1,301,378 feet at the close of 1894. The above statements refer only to the number of companies included in the table, and only to those companies who made full reports for 1893 and 1894, so that comparisons could be made. While complete figures have not been received from all companies as to the number of wells, works supplied, feet of pipe laid, etc., the figures we have received are of sufficient value to justify us in publishing them. From most of the companies we received statements giving value of the gas con¬ sumed. We have not received statements from all companies. With this understanding we give below the results of the investigation in 1894 as to the number of companies reporting in each State, the amount received for sale of gas, or the value of the gas consumed, the value of coal or wood displaced by this gas, the uses to which natural gas was put, such as the number of fires for cooking and heating, and the number of establishments supplied, the record of wells, and the total number of feet of pipe used in the transportation of gas on the 31st of December, 1894. In the following table is given the amount received for sale of gas, or the value of the gas consumed in the United States in 1894, as reported by 577 companies or individuals in the several States named, together with the value of the coal or wood displaced by this gas. 16 geol, pt 4 - 27 418 MINERAL RESOURCES. Value of natural gas consumed in the United States in 1S94, by States, and the value of coal or tvood displaced by same, as reported by 577 persons, firms, and corporations. States. Compa¬ nies or in¬ dividuals reporting. Amount received for sale of gas, or value of gas con¬ sumed. Value of coal or wood displaced by gas. Pennsylvania . 108 $4, 17.8, 116 $3, 977, 784 Indiana . 316 2,211, 649 2, 933, 845 Ohio . 89 812, 368 1, 112, 888 New York . 17 127, 048 150, 860 Kentucky . 11 73, 995 79,205 Kansas . 9 69, 075 86, 575 California . 11 43, 285 50, 357 Illinois . . . 5 12, 448 14, 448 Missouri . 9 3,540 4,825 Texas . 1 20 20 Arkansas . 1 100 100 Total . 577 7, 531, 644 8, 410, 907 In the following table is given a statement of the uses to which nat¬ ural gas produced in the United States in 1894 was put, as reported by 577 companies or individuals, namely, the number of domestic fires sup¬ plied, number of iron-rolling mills, steel works, glass works, and other establishments supplied, including machine shops, brick works, pot¬ teries, planing mills, etc. : Uses to which natural gas produced in the United States in 1894 was put, as reported by 577 persons, firms, and corporations. Compa¬ nies or in¬ dividuals reportiug. Establishments supplied. States. Domestic fires supplied. Iron mills. Steel works. Glass works. Other estab¬ lish¬ ments. Total. 108 120, 571 6 11 31 332 380 Indiana . 316 93, 455 45, 397 6, 062 7, 273 16 9 51 577 646 Ohio 89 1 1 91 93 5 17 5 Kentucky . ii 4 4 9 3, 458 10 10 California . 11 f 707 652 3 3 Illinois . 5 9 9 Missouri . 9 70 1 1 Texas . 1 1 0 0 Arkansas . 1 0 1 i Total . 577 278, 646 22 14 83 1, 033 1, 152 In the following table is given a statement of the number of natural gas wells producing in the United States at the beginning and close of 1894, together with the number drilled in 1894, and the total number of feet of pipe laid December 31, 1894, as reported by 577 companies or individuals. NATURAL GAS. 419 Record of wells and amount of pipe line as reported by 577 persons, firms, and corporations in 1894. States. Companies or indi¬ viduals re¬ porting. Wells. Total pipe laid Dec. 31, 1894. Producing Dec. 31, 1893. Drilled in 1894. Producing Dec. 31, 1894. Feet. Pennsylvania . 108 1, 056 209 1, 132 15, 741, 362 Indiana . 316 903 168 1,016 14, 300, 368 Ohio . 89 439 59 437 4, 080, 473 New York. . . 17 198 33 189 828, 486 Kentucky . 11 59- 10 69 336, 680 Kansas . 9 42 25 57 350, 920 California . 11 14 1 15 61, 800 Illinois . 5 30 13 30 47, 560 Missouri . 9 11 10 2, 330 Texas . i 1 1 100 Arkansas . i 2 2 Total . 577 2, 755 518 2, 958 35, 750, 079 SUBSTITUTES FOR NATURAL GAS. A great deal of attention has been paid during the past year to the production of a fuel gas that will answer the same purposes as natural gas and that can be turned into the pipes and used either for the pur¬ pose of supplementing failing supplies of natural gas or giving an increased production in very cold weather when there is a greatly increased demand for gas. The conditions are such as to indicate very clearly what must be the character of this gas. It must be a fixed gas or it will not carry in the pipes; it must be one that will mix readily with natural gas or there will be a great inequality in the character of the gas; it must be high in heat units or it will not pay to distribute it; it cannot contain large quantities of nitrogen or inert matter, but the entire gas must be combustible, or, at least, the percentage of inert matter, as carbonic acid and nitrogen, must be very small. Two methods have been devised for furnishing such an additional supply of gas ; one is actually in operation, the other will be before the close of 1895. The first is the erection of an auxiliary gas plant for making a fuel gas; the other is the use of the excess gas, or at times the entire gas, from by-product coke plants. The first of these is in opera¬ tion at the works of the Kentucky Heating Company at Louisville, Ky. This company was organized for the purpose of bringing natural gas from Meade County, Ky. For a while the supply was ample, but with the exhaustion of the field the supply was not sufficient for cold weather. It was decided to erect an auxiliary plant, and the Rose- Hastings process of the National Heat and Power Construction Com¬ pany, of Philadelphia, was adopted. It hardly falls within the limits of this report to describe this process more than to say that it uses soft coal and has what are known as cumulative generators. The plant in operation at Louisville can be described as having four upright retorts or generators and one superheater, all set in a circle. Soft coal is charged into three of these retorts and coke into the fourth. Air is 420 MINERAL RESOURCES. driven through the three coal chambers, burning a portion of the coal, and heating them to a high temperature, the resulting hot gases being in the meantime carried down through the coke, in this way heating it up without burning it. The heat necessary to start the blast and also that required to bring the coke to the finishing temperature is gained by a short blast upward through the coke. When the machine has been brought to the right heat and before the blast is stopped a charge of soft coal is dumped into each one of the coal chambers. The blast is then stopped and steam turned under each of the coal chambers and oil turned in at the top of the coke chamber. The result is that water gas is produced in each of the coal chambers, and, mingling with the coal gas distilled off from the fresh charge of soft coal, passes over to the coke chamber, down through the red-hot coke, where it has the vapors of oil changed into fixed gases, and up through the superheater, where this process is thoroughly completed. When oil is used the resultant gas contains some 640 to 650 B. H. units per cubic foot; without oil, 410 B. H. units. Regarding the operation of this plant as an auxiliary to augment the supply of natural gas on cold days, Mr. Donald McDonald, presi¬ dent of the Kentucky Heating Company, stated that they have con¬ tinued to maintain their pressure and give satisfactory service to their customers notwithstanding the long continued and bitter cold weather. I have been favored with a statement as to the actual amount of the several materials used in actual practice to make over 10,000,000 cubic feet of 20 candlepower gas at these Louisville works and reproduce it as follows : Materials used to make 10,596,000 cubic feet of Eose-Hastings gas. Oil . Soft coal slack . Coke . Boiler coal . . pounds . . 328, 503, 900 . do _ 60,932,175 . do _ 87,954,270 Oil . Coal . Coke . Average per 1,000 cubic feet. . gallons.. 2.01 . . pounds.. 31.00 Boiler coal . do _ 8.30 From the above it will be very easy to estimate the cost per thousand at any given point, the cost of materials being known. Take a loca¬ tion where oil is 2 cents a gallon, coal $1.20 a ton, and coke $2.40 a ton. Then the cost of materials per 1,000 cubic feet will be as follows : Cents. Oil, 2.01 gallons, at 2 cents . 4. 02 Coal, 31 pounds, at $1.20 per ton . 1. 86 Coke, 5.75 pounds, at $2.40 per ton . . 67 Boiler coal, 8.3 pounds, at $1.20 per ton . .38 Total . 6. 93 1.60 Total . 8. 53 I NATURAL GAS. 421 We do not intend it to be understood that the above is the cost at Louisville. All of the materials at Louisville are much higher than the prices given, and the cost at Louisville was therefore in excess of the cost named, but where oil is 2 cents a gallon, coal $1.20, and coke $2.40 a net ton, the cost will be as given. The actual costs at a given point of these materials may be substituted for those we have assumed, and the results will be the actual cost of materials and labor. Regarding the second process proposed, that is, the erection of by-product coke ovens and the use of a portion or all of the gas from these ovens as a fuel gas, it may be said that these by-product coke ovens are practically gas retorts 24 to 33 feet loug, 14£ to 26 inches wide, and 6 to 7 feet high. The coking chamber is closed and the coal is coked by burning the gases in flues in the side walls of the ovens. All of the gas is driven off as in the illuminating gas process, and after being deprived of its tar, ammonia, and benzole, is returned to the ovens and burned in the flues as noted above. This gas is practically illuminating gas, containing about the same relative amount of hydrogen and marsh gas as is contained in illuminating gas. The quantity of gas required to coke the coal varies with the amount of gas produced, being from one-half to two-thirds of the total gas with a coal like the Connellsville coal, producing 10,000 cubic feet of gas per ton. The probability is that 4,000 to 5,000 cubic feet will be sufficient to coke the coal, leaving an excess with Connellsville coal of 5,000 or 6,000 cubic feet per ton of coal charged that would be available for fuel purposes. If it was deemed best, the coal could be coked by burning producer gas in the flues, the producer gas being of a character that will not stand transportation and in this case leaving the entire amount of gas produced by the coke ovens to be used for supplementing the natural-gas supply. The excess gas from these ovens, of which some 3,000 are in operation in Europe, is used to a great extent for fuel purposes, and it is understood that the Philadelphia Company, of Pittsburg, the largest supplier of natural gas in the United States, is to erect a trial plant of these ovens for use in 1895. THE RECORD BY STATES. PENNSYLVANIA. It was in this State that natural gas first began to be used exten¬ sively as a domestic and industrial fuel. Indeed, it was the drilling of the Westinghouse well at Homewood, a suburb of Pittsburg, that led to the great extension of its use that marked the years 1885 and 1886. •Regarding the geological horizons in which natural gas has been found in Pennsylvania it may be said that these are practically the same as those in which petroleum has been found. They have been treated of very thoroughly in connection with the report on petroleum, to which reference should be made. The gas pools are very nearly coextensive with the petroleum fields of Pennsylvania. 422 MINERAL RESOURCES. In the following table is given the value of natural gas consumed in Pennsylvania in tbe years from 1885 to 1894: Value of natural gas consumed in Pennsylvania from 1885 to 1894. Tears. Value of gas consumed. Tears. Value of gas consumed. 1885 . $4, 500, 000 9, 000, 000 13, 749, 500 19, 282, 375 11, 593, 989 1890 . $9, 551, 025 7, 834, 016 7, 376, 281 6, 488, 000 6, 279, 000 1886 1891 . 1887 ... . 1892 . 1888 . 1893 . 1889 . 1894 . OHIO. There are four distinct geological formations that are at the present time supplying more or less gas to the people of Ohio for fuel and light. Naming them in descending order, they are, the Berea grit, the Ohio shale, the Clinton group, the Trenton limestone. The Ohio shale, which crops out on the shore of Lake Erie, extend¬ ing westward from the Pennsylvania line as far as the mouth of the Huron Eiver and passing southward from this point to the Ohio Valley, consisting of a series of beds of shale, black, blue, or gray in color, with an average breadth of from 12 to 16 miles, constitutes the surface rock. This formation has been known to be a source of petro¬ leum and gas ever since the country has been inhabited, and weak outflows of oil or gas occur all along the line and have been noted alike by the uncivilized and the civilized occupants. Along the shore of Lake Erie there are scores, and probably hundreds, of shale gas wells. The wells are shallow, rarely exceeding 300 or 400 feet in depth. It costs but little to drill a shallow well, and the gas flow is in many instances kept up with remarkable persistency. A well will yield a few hundred or a few thousand feet of gas a day and maintain its pro¬ duction for a score or more of years. The pressure of the gas is low, scarcely rising to and rarely exceeding 30 or 40 pounds to the inch. As the Berea grit, which outcrops at many points in northern Ohio, dips to the southward and eastward it becomes a repository of gas, oil, and salt water, until, when it has descended far enough to take 800 feet or more of cover, it becomes, under proper conditions, a reservoir of high-pressure gas and oil. While the Berea grit does not yield a large amount of fuel, it is still a producer in some regions near Cadiz, Barnesville, Macksburg, Marietta, Brilliant, and East Liverpool. Some gas has also been found in the Clinton limestone, wells some 30 miles distant from Columbus having been drilled into this formation, and gas has been furnished to such towns as Columbus, Newark, and Lancaster. The field seems to extend from Lancaster to Newark in a northeasterly direction, and with a length of about 25 milesand a maxi¬ mum breadth of 2 or 3 miles. The gas rock is neither regular in struc¬ ture nor uniform in production, and the field is a spotted one. NATURAL GAS. 423 The Trenton limestone as a source of supply for gas and petroleum has already been described in thereport on petroleum. It was the open¬ ing lip of this strata as a source of gas that marks the beginning of the history of natural gas in northwestern Ohio and in Indiana. Up to this time all the oil and gas rocks previously known are sandstones, but the Findlay gas rock is a magnesian limestone. Up to its discovery no rock of an earlier age had been found productive in petroleum or its deriva¬ tives but the Devonian, but the horizon of the new rock is near the bot¬ tom of the Lower Silurian. Owing to. the thoroughness of the descrip¬ tion of this field already given in connection with petroleum it is not necessary to reproduce it here. In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the natural gas consumed in Ohio from 1885 to 1894 : Value of natural gas consumed in Ohio from 1885 to 1894. Tears. Value of gas consumed. 1885 . $100, 000 400, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 5, 215, 669 1886 . 1887 . . . 1888 . 1889 . Tears. Value of gas consumed. 1 1890 . . . . . . $4, 684, 300 3, 076, 325 2, 136, 000 1, 510. 000 ' . 1, 276, 100 1891 . 1892 . . . 1893 . 1894 . INDIANA. While prospecting for natural gas by the drilling of wells in nearly every county in the State of Indiana has progressed rapidly during 1893 and 1894, outside of the areas heretofore regarded as gas-producing territories no developments have been made of any commercial impor¬ tance. The boundaries of the natural gas belt have been more clearly defined. ^Notwithstanding that the drill has developed no new terri¬ tory, the most important gas territory in the United States is that of Indiana. It is estimated that this State possesses 2,500 square miles of what may be regarded as gas territory, that territory in which gas has been or probably will be obtained in paying quantities. The supply of gas in this State is also holding out better than that of Ohio and Penn¬ sylvania, and yet there is no doubt that the supply is limited, that it has been and is being wasted, that the pressure and production are declining, and that the exhaustion of the fields is rapidly approaching. The great reservoir of natural gas in Indiana is the Trenton limestone. The chief structural feature of the State is the Cincinnati arch, which, while it does not make itself manifest on the surface, is no less an arch. It is claimed by Dr. Phinney that the portion of the arch in Indiana is the continuation of the main body, while the Findlay arch of Ohio is the smaller fork or branch. This arch is confined to the Trenton lime¬ stone and underlying formations. It is from 25 to 50 miles wide on its summit, and its slopes dip gradually away on either side. From the large number of wells sunk in different portions of the State the general topographic configuration of the surface of the Trenton 424 MINERAL RESOURCES. can readily be conceived. As may be inferred from the preceding statements, its upper surface rises into a broad elongated dome trend¬ ing northwest and southeast across the State, from near its southeastern portion to its northwestern, with several subordinate ridges setting off from it, and perhaps a few subordinate domes or ridges that hardly merit the term anticlinal distributed about its apex. The principal dome inclines at first gently, then on its flanks more rapidly, and about its base once more gently to the northeast and southwest, and in still gentler slopes to the northwest. Area of Indiana gas field. Counties. Square miles. Pro¬ ducing wells. Aggregate daily flow. Blackford . 180 8 Cubic feet. 21, 700, 000 Jav . 150 16 22, 000, 000 Delaware . 350 55 97, 000, 000 Randolph . 80 9 6, 000, 000 AYavne . 3 5 2, 000, 000 Madison . 445 40 114, 000, 000 Grant . 325 22 80, 825, 000 Howard . 160 28 80, 000. 000 Tipton . 120 13 38, 000, 000 Hamilton . 200 82 200, 000, 000 Hancock . 200 9 15, 000, 000 Marion . 70 26 40, 000, 000 Counties. Square miles. Pro- ducing wells; Aggregate daily now. Miami . 20 13 Cubic feet. 24, 000, 000 Wabash . 10 5 6, 000, 000 Henry . 90 22 20, 000, 000 Kush . 40 4 1, 500, 000 Shelby . 20 8 3, 000, 000 Decatur . ■40 25 5, 000, 000 Franklin . 2 4 500, 000 Dearborn . 2 2 1, 500, 000 Dekalb . 3 2, 000, 000 Total . 2, 507 399 779, 525, 000 In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1886 to 1894 : Value of natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1S86 to 1894. Years. Value of gas consumed. Years. Value of gas consumed. 1886 . $300, 000 600, 000 1, 320, 000 2, 075, 702 2, 302, 500 1891 . $3, 942, 500 4, 716, 000 5, 718, 000 5, 437, 000 1887 . 1892 . 1888 . 1893 . 1889 . 1894 . 1890 . KENTUCKY. The chief source of supply in Kentucky is from Meade County, in what is known as the Brandenburg district. Some gas has also been found in Henderson, Breckinridge, and Daviess counties. The first Avell drilled in Kentucky which produced gas in any considerable quantity was the Moreman well, drilled in 1863 on the Moreman farm, near Brandenburg, Meade County, not far from the Ohio River. In 1872 the gas from this well was utilized to make salt. This consumed but a small portion of the production, however, and it was not until the discoveries of 1885 and 1886 in southern Ohio and Indiana that interest in searching for natural gas in Kentucky was stimulated. From that date until the present time natural gas from Meade County has been utilized in Louisville. The gas is a shale gas from the black NATURAL GAS. 425 or Ohio shale. Unlike the Ohio shale gas, however, the Meade County gas is a reservoir or high-pressure gas. Its wells have obtained a maximum of 2,000,000 cubic feet a day. The gas from Meade County is failing, as it is in other sections of the country. Pumps have been used to force the gas to Louisville, and, as stated elsewhere in this report, a Eose-Hastings fuel-gas plant has been erected to supplement the deficiency of the supply of natural gas. The production of natural gas in Kentucky from 1889 to 1894 was as follows: Value of natural gas consumed in Kentucky from 1SS9 to 1S94. Years. V alue of gas consumed. 1889 . - . $2, 580 30, 000 38, 993 43, 175 68, 500 89, 200 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1891 . WEST VIRGINIA. The gas formations of West Virginia are similar to those of New York, Pennsylvania, and eastern Ohio, and need no description here. ILLINOIS. A small amount of gas is produced in Illinois. The rocks in which it is found are the same as those in Indiana. In Sparta, where most of the gas is produced, the wells have been drilled to an average depth of 855 feet. The pressure, which was 300 pounds six years ago, has been reduced to 60 pounds. The production of natural gas in Illinois from 1889 to 1894 was as follows : Value of natural gas consumed in Illinois from 1889 to 1894. Years. Value of gas consumed. 1889 . $10, 615 6, 000 6, 000 12, 988 14, 000 15, 000 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . KANSAS. Natural gas has been found in Kansas in two or three sections, prin¬ cipally in the neighborhood of Paola, Port Scott, Coffey ville, and Cherry Vale. None of the fields have as yet assumed sufficient importance to justify a detailed description. The larger number of wells are at Cof- feyville and Cherry Vale. The wells are from 600 to 700 feet deep and the rock pressure some 200 pounds. The gas seems to be found in sand and shale. The production of natural gas in Kansas from 1889 to 1894 was as follows : 426 MINERAL RESOURCES. Value of natural gas consumed in Kansas from 1889 to 1894. Years. Value of gas consumed. 1889 . $15, 873 12, 000 5,500 40, 795 50, 000 86, 600 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . . 1 893 . 1894 . - . CALIFORNIA. Natural gas, though found iu all the bituminous formations of Cali¬ fornia, has attracted most attention in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, from its use in the city of Stockton, Joaquin County. In Stock- ton there are more than 20 wells of commercial value. Any boring of 2,500 feet gives a tolerable yield. The Asylum well, No. 3, was commenced in 1892, and bored 1,992 feet. The casing, of No. 14 iron, is 15 inches to 854 feet depth, thence 13£ inches to 1,422 feet, 12 inches to 1,671 feet, 10£ inches to 1,775 feet, 8 inches to 1,780 feet, 7 inches to 1,786 feet, and 6 inches to 1,979 feet. The Central gas well is owned and used by a private company. In 1893 it reached a depth of about 1,500 feet, when, tools being lost in it and sufficient gas obtained, it was capped and used. The casing is 13 inches to 800 feet, thence 11 inches to 1,100 feet, 9 inches to 1,150 feet, and 6 inches to 1,500 feet. In November, 1893, work on the Grant Street well was suspended, in order that the Stockton Natural Gas Company, which owns it, might use it during the winter. The following table will give an idea of the yield and cost of boring of Stockton wells. The yield tfom the Asylum wells was estimated by a field assistant at a time when it was said that no gas was being used from this source : Name of well. Asylum well : No. 1 . No. 2 . Court-house well St. Agnes well : No. 1 . No. 2 . Jackson well: No. 1 . No. 2 . Haas well : No. 1 . No. 2 . Citizens’ well . Central well . -t ® . ci a fcJ ~ o| S Cost of well and plant. £ Cm O •M 1— i Cu.ft. Feet. 1, 750 34, 000 L 992 30, 000 $12, 000 1,917 960 20, 000 10, 000 1, 720 16, 700 1, 665 14, 000 12,000 1, 400 80, 000 *3, 000 43, 000 2, 000 50, 000 26, 000 2, 061 19, 400 15, 000 1,500 be ® n Si >5® V. -M © ® o © s $500 300 100 Owners and remarks. S Gas sold to Stockton Gas Light and Heat \ Company. (Stockton Natural Gas Company, whose rates are $1 per 1,000 feet or less, and 50 cents for each additional 1 , 000 feet. Pay able weekly. (Private company, whose rates are $1 per each 1,000 feet up to 5,000, and 60 cents per each 1,000 feet in excess of 5,000 feet. Payable monthly. Used by stockholders of' the company. Reported to be nearly 3,000 feet. NATURAL GAS. 427 To ascertain whether such a supply of gas as that found at Stockton was to be looked for by boring in other portions of the Central Valley, including the valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin, the mining bureau instituted a comparison of the geological conditions of that city with those prevailing throughout the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. In the Sacramento Valley the gas-yielding rocks were found to be Cretaceous, and in the San Joaquin both Cretaceous and Tertiary, the gas being stored in more recent porous strata underlying sheets of clay which reach to near the surface, and there probably augmented from organic remains. These porous formations are, under the San Joaquin Valley, several thousand feet thick, and are thought to be coextensive with the central portion of the valley, whose sides are con¬ nected with the gas-yielding rocks by sandy or isolated from them by clayey strata. From the relative richness of the rocks in hydrocarbons the conditions seem more favorable in the San Joaquin Valley than in the Sacramento. At Stockton the average thickness of the gas- yielding strata for wells 1,600 to 1,700 feet deep is 150 feet, and below 1,700 feet practically all the porous strata yield gas. In nearly all the wells water has been struck. This decreases the yield of the gas by impeding its How and lowers the quality by dilut¬ ing it with nitrogen drawn down when the water sinks into the ground. For the gas fouud in the Central Valley of California the State mining bureau has found the following values as compared with coke carrying 10 per cent ash : 1,000 cubic feet of average Stockton gas equals 50 pounds of coke. 1,000 cubic feet of gas from old well at Sacramento equals 34 pounds of coke. 1,000 cubic feet of gas from spring on Barker ranch equals 58 pounds of coke. 1,000 cubic feet of gas from well, Sunset oil district, Kern County, equals 53 pounds of coke. Other cities than Stockton in the San Joaquin Valley could doubtless obtain supplies of gas at less than 3,000 feet, and practical quantities might, too, be found at places in the Sacramento. It is a significant fact that the gas-yielding formations of these valleys are near to the mines of the Sierra, to beds of pottery clay, and to sand suitable for glass manufacture, the localities of the principal wells possessing water communication with San Francisco. The Humboldt Land and Oil Company’s well, Humboldt County, was sunk during the summer of 1893 in the Upper Matole country, in T. 4 S., R. 2 E., through gray shale, with an occasional seam of some harder clay rock, to a depth of 800 feet, when it was capped, oil sand poor in oil having been reached at 695 feet. Casing 7£ and 5f inch was used to the oil sand only. Some gas came up at 135 feet, and at 700 feet a strong flow. To the east the coarse gray oil sand crops out, showing 20 feet and dipping 60 degrees northeast. The Sacramento Natural Gas and Water Company have bored two wells in that city. One went to a depth of 876 feet, through clay, 428 MINERAL RESOURCES. gravel, cement, and quicksand, tlie lower portion being a hard, porous, sandy cement. Water was struck at 281 feet and gas at 392 feet, the flow of both increasing with depth. In twenty- four hours this well yielded some 2,000 feet of gas. In March, 1893, another was com¬ menced near by, and bored 965 feet through much hard rock, when a sand pump became lodged in the bottom. It yields water and gas. In August, 1893, a well was commenced on the Prather ranch, owned by the Shasta Land and Cattle Company, near Montague, in Siskiyou County, in search of flowing water, gas, and oil. It was undertaken by the Shasta Land and Development Company, of Oakland. The well borer, C. W. Fox, states as follows: The formation penetrated consists principally of grayish sandstone interstratified with black sand and white quartz pebbles. At the depth of 88 feet an auriferous cemented gravel was encountered, which is about 18 feet in thickness. At 138 feet a few fossil shells were brought up by the sand pump. At 280 feet abou+ 4 miner’s inches of fresh water flowed from the casing. At 400 feet inflammable gas was struck, and it burned with a flame about 18 inches above the top of the .casing. The gas increased as the well was bored deeper, and at a depth of about 1,300 feet it burned with a flame about 7 feet above the top of the casing. This well is 10 inches for the first 500 feet; then it was reduced to 8 inches. luflammable gas is said to Lave been discovered arising from a saline spring on the Evarts ranch, in the Capay Valley of Yolo County. The facts given above are obtained from the Twelfth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist of California. The production of natural gas in California from 1889 to 1894 is as follows : Value of natural gas consumed in California from 1889 to 1894. Tears. Value of gas consumed. 1889 . . $12, 680 33, 000 30, 000 55, 000 62, 000 60, 350 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . COLORADO. The most of the gas found in Colorado is in the neighborhood of Florence, and is found in connection with the oil production of the district. The town of Florence, Colo., gets the main part of its gas supply from two companies — the United Oil Company, which has 84 wells, and the Florence Oil and Refining Company, with 45 wells. The Rocky Moun¬ tain Oil Company, which is farther from town, has gas in most of its 36 wells, and the Triumph Oil Company has some gas which is piped into town for domestic use. The three first-mentioned companies, in NATURAL GAS. 429 the order named, have bored from 50 to 84 oil wells each, and natural gas is found in most of them. The average pressure is from 4 to 6 pounds, but some have run as high as 40 pounds. The largest well in this district was struck in December, 1894, by the United (Oil Company. This well is said to be sufficient to supply three towns the size of Florence. Some years ago gas was found at Rockvale, 4 miles west of Florence, and since that time the use of natural gas here has increased. It is used for lighting and fuel, although good lump coal is delivered in the city at $2.75 j)er ton. ASPHALTUM By Edward W. Parker. Total product in 1894, (30,570 short tons; total value, $353,400. VARIETIES. The varieties, qualities, and values of the several bitumens or hydro¬ carbons which have asphalt for a base are so widely different that they might very properly be treated as separate minerals. Unlike the pe¬ troleums, or hydrocarbons having paraffin for a base, they belong to no regular series of chemical compounds, but each variety seems to pos¬ sess a composition or a mixture of chemical compounds peculiarly its own. Physically, the asphaltic bitumens vary from a very hard, glisten¬ ing variety similar in appearance to anthracite coal to a liquid form known as maltha or brea, not unlike some of the lreavier petroleums in appearance. Such forms as gilsonite, elaterite, uintite, albertite, wurtz- ilite, and grahamite are hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures. From these they grade dowu to the viscous, semifluid maltha and the liquid form so similar to petroleum. One variety of asphaltum known as ozokerite is very similar in appearance, when refined, to ordinary beeswax, and is known in the trade as mineral wax. While some of the asphaltums are found in a comparatively pure state, the bulk of the product consists of either a sandstone or limestone thoroughly impreg¬ nated with the bitumen, and these are known commercially as bitumi¬ nous sandstone or bituminous limestone, as the case may be. OCCURRENCE. Asphaltum in some of its varied forms occurs in a number of States along the eastern slope of the Appalachian range, but none has been mined on a commercial scale during the last decade or since the first volume of Mineral Resources was published. Some little grahamite has been mined in West Virginia, but more for cabinet specimens than anything else. It is known locally as Ritchie mineral, from Ritchie County, in which it is found. On the western slope of the Alleghanies it occurs in Grayson, Breckinridge, and Hardin counties, in Kentucky, and in Ohio. In both of these States it occurs as bituminous sand¬ stone, and considerable quantities have been mined, particularly in Ken¬ tucky, where operations are now being carried on, over 5,000 short tons having been produced there in 1894. By far the largest deposits, how¬ ever, are west of the Mississippi River. The principal localities are in Kern, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, and Ventura counties, Cal.; in Uinta County, Utah; in Pickens County, Okla.; in 430 ASPHALTUM. 431 Montague, Henderson, and Uvalde counties, Tex., and in Montana. The asphaltums of California consist of hard asphaltum, bituminous sandstone, and liquid asphaltum. They have been thoroughly described in previous volumes of Mineral Eesources, particularly in that for 1893, page 629. Utah produces the purest form of asphaltum found in the United States, if not in the world. This is known as gilsonite, or gum asphaltum, and contains over 90 per cent of pure bitumen. The appli¬ cations of this material for commercial purposes are given in Mineral Resources in 1893, page 636. In Pickens County, Okla., the substance occurs iu bituminous sandstone, and while some development work has been done on these properties there has been no product mined for the market. In Texas a peculiar form of asphaltum is found in Uvalde County, to which has been given the name of u lithocarbon.” It occurs in a bed of limestone shells thoroughly saturated with the bitumen. The bitumen itself is hard at an ordinary temperature and possesses peculiar elastic qualities, which make it quite valuable as a covering for metal sheathing where it is subjected to bending. Other large deposits of bituminous sandstone have been found in the same county, but they have not yet been thoroughly exploited. None of the other deposits in Texas have been worked on a commercial scale. The Montana asphaltum, which is a bituminous sandstone, has not been mined for market. Hr. William C. Hay, of Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania, has been mak¬ ing a study of the various bitumens, and the result of his investigation of the Montana material will be found on a subsequent page. Asphaltum deposits have also been noted in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming, Oregon, and Washington. PRODUCTION. The total amount of asphaltum and bituminous rock produced in the United States in 1894 was 60,570 short tons, valued at $353,400. Com¬ pared with 1893 this shows an increase in product of 12,791 short tons, but a decrease in value of $18,832. The increased production was due to greater activity at the bituminous sandstone mines, both in Califor¬ nia and Kentucky, while a decrease in the production of the purer forms of asphaltum in California and Utah is accountable for the com¬ parative falling oif in value. There was no bituminous limestone mined in Utah during 1894. The product, therefore, was limited to bituminous sandstone and hard, or gum, and liquid asphaltum. The production of these materials in 1894 is shown in the following table : Production of asphaltum and bituminous rock in 1894. Products. Short tons. Value. Asphaltum . . Bituminous rock . . Total . 9, 790 50. 780 $195, 800 157, 600 60, 570 353, 400 432 MINERAL RESOURCES. Divided by States, the product was as follows : Production of asphaltum, etc., in 1894, by States. States. Short tons. Value. 51, 187 5, 383 1,000 3, 000 $251,991 21, 409 35, 000 45, 000 Utah . . 60, 570 353, 400 Tlie following table shows the annual production of asphaltum and bituminous rock in the United States since 1882: Production of asphaltum and bituminous rock since 1882. Years. Short tons. Value. 1882 . 3, 000 $10, 500 1883 . 3, 000 10, 500 1884 . 3, 000 10, 500 1885 . 3, 000 10, 500 1886 . 3, 500 14, 000 1887 . 4 000 16, 000 1888 . 50, 450 187, 500 Years. Short tons. Value. 1889 . 51, 735 $171, 537 1890 . 40, 841 190,416 1891 . 45, 054 242, 264 1892 . 87, 680 445, 375 1893 . 47, 779 372, 232 1894 . 60, 570 353, 400 CALIFORNIA. The asphaltum deposits of California have been thoroughly discussed in previous volumes of Mineral Resources, particularly in the volume for 1883 and 1884, by Mr. E. W. Hilgard, and the information concern¬ ing them brought up to date in the volume for 1893. Mr. S. F. Peck- ham contributes the following in regard to the asphaltum deposits of Southern California : Since the appearance of Mineral Resources for 1893 no new discov¬ eries of asphaltum have been made in this region. The proprietors of the deposit at Santa Maria, in San Luis Obispo County, have taken out a small quantity of asphaltic sandstone which has been success¬ fully used in Denver, Colo. The California Petroleum and Asphalt Company, with mines at La Patera, above Santa Barbara, on the coast, and works for extracting maltha from the sand at Carpenteria, on the coast below Santa Bar¬ bara, has supplied a moderate demand for its products, but during the year has been largely engaged in introducing approved machinery and other appliances for more extensive operations in the future. At As- phalto, in Kern County, the extensive deposits of asphaltum described in Mineral Resources for 1893 have been further explored and further evidence obtained to show the enormous extent of the deposit. As in previous years, the Standard Asphalt Company has disposed of an output of moderate amount, the greater part, if not all, of which has been refined in the plant at Asphalto. ASPHALTUM. 433 The total amount of hard and liquid asphaltum produced in Cali¬ fornia during 1894 was 5,790 short tons, aud of bituminous rock 45,397 short tons, the aggregate value of which was $251,991. UTAH. The product from Utah includes the very pure form of bitumen known as gilsonite, or gum asphaltum, and a bituminous limestone. None of the latter was mined during 1894, while the product of gil¬ sonite or gum asphaltum was 1,000 tons, valued at $35,000. In the production of gilsonite the operators labor under the disadvantage of having to haul the product from GO to 90 miles in wagons to railroad transportation. Owing to the very pure nature of the material there is a good demand for it, even at the great cost occasioned by heavy transportation expenses. Gilsonite is used in the manufacture of black Japan and other varnishes and insulating compounds of various kinds. It is especially useful for covering iron plates on ship bottoms, for a cement for sea walls of brick or masonry, and for covering piling sub¬ jected to teredo and other salt-water insects. It is also useful as a lining for chemical tanks and sinks, for preserving iron pipes from corrosive action of acids, rust, etc., and for covering wood or metal liable to decay upon exposure to the atmosphere. It is also valuable as an insulator for electric wires, one-eighth of an inch insulation of gilsonite having stood a current of 1,200 volts. TEXAS. The commercial product in Texas in 1894 was from the lithocarbon I>roperties in Uvalde County, mention of which has been made in previ¬ ous volumes of Mineral Resources. Other properties are being devel¬ oped, however, in particular some very extensive deposits of bituminous sand stone, but, owing to the complications likely to arise in, the acquire¬ ment of title, the owners will not furnish any information for publication. KENTUCKY. The entire product of Kentucky is bituminous sandstone, all of which is used for street paving in the interior cities. The product in 1894 was 5,383 short tons, valued at $21,409, against 1,129 short tons, valued at $6,570, in 1893. MONTANA. A considerable deposit of asphalt has been noticed in Park County, Mont. The material is unusually pure, as is shown by the following examination by Dr. William C. Day, of Swarthmore College. The material is not solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquid enough to pour slowly. The ash contained in it amounts to 0.69 per cent. The asphalt contains quite a mass of foreign material, such as leaves and the claws and feathers of birds and fragments of insects, which must have been caught in the material. 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 28 434 MINERAL RESOURCES. DETERMINATION OF MATTER SOLUBLE IN CARBON BISULPHIDE. This was done by treating a weighed sample in a flask with carbon bisulphide and filtering. The treatment with carbon bisulphide was repeated until everything soluble was perfectly extracted. The carbon bisulphide solution was then evaporated upon a water bath and the residue weighed. Percentage of material soluble in carbon bisulphide (bitumen), 95 per cent. The material thus found soluble in carbon bisulphide is the bitumen contained in the asphalt. The Bermudez asphalt contains 97.22 per cent bitumen, which is a higher figure than has been found for Triuidad asphalt. In that the Montana material compares favorably in the bitumen contained in it with Bermudez asphalt, which, according to the report of experts in Philadelphia (who have recently made comparative tests on Bermudez and Trinidad asphalts), is better than the Trinidad for paving purposes. DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL SOLUBLE IN GASOLINE. The method of treatment was the same as that employed with carbon bisulphides. Percentage of material soluble in gasoline (petrolene), 80. The insoluble material, like that from the carbon bisulphide, consisted of leaves, bugs, feathers, flies and other insects, so that had these ma¬ terials not been present the percentage of petrolene would have been higher. A combustion of the material gave the following result as to total carbon and hydrogen: Percentage of carbon found . 79. 81 Percentage of hydrogen found . 9.29 The percentage of sulphur was 2.83. The following distillation experiments were made: Seventy-four grams of the substance were introduced into a distill¬ ing flask by aid of a filter pump ; the viscosity of the material was such that it took several hours to transfer about 100 cubic centimeters to the flask. A Bunsen flame was applied directly to the flask; the material frothed considerably, giving a gas which was collected and measured. The gas given off at this stage amounted to 2,250 cubic centimeters. When a thermometer placed with the bulb in the vapor (i. e., a little below the side tube of the distilling flask) showed 98° 0. the frothing ceased and a liquid distilled over between 98° and 110°; the weight of this fraction was 6.75 grams. The second fraction was taken between the limits 110° and 170°; its weight was 2.3 grams. The third fraction was taken between 170° and 225°; its weight was 8.75 grams. The last fraction was from 225° to the limit of the thermometer; it weighed 22.5 ASPHALTUM. 435 grams. The last fraction was accompanied by the more rapid evolu¬ tion of gas which had decreased at 98°. Between 98° and 225°, 1,000 cubic centimeters of gas were produced. The amount of gas evolved at this final stage was 2,500 cubic centi¬ meters, thus making in all 5,750 cubic centimeters of what, on burning, proved to be a good illuminating gas. The residue left in the retort after distillation looked like valuable material for paving, being at ordinary temperatures hard and brittle, with a lustrous conchoidal fracture. IMPORTS. The imports of asphaltum into the United States include hard as- plialtum from Cuba, Trinidad asphaltum from the Island of Trinidad, oft' the coast of Venezuela, South America, and bituminous limestone from Neufchatel and Val de Travers, in Switzerland, and Seyssel, in France. The following table shows the imports of crude asphaltum since 18G7 : Asphaltum imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894. s Years ended — Quantity. Value. June 30, 1867 . Long tons. $6, 268 1868 . 185 5,632 1869 . 203 10, 559 1870 . 488 13, 072 1871 . 1,301 14, 760 1872 . 1, 474 35, 533 1873 . 2,314 1, 183 38, 298 1874 . 17,710 1875 . 1, 171 26, 006 1876 . 807 23,818 1877 . 4, 532 36, 550 1878 . 5,476 35, 932 1879 . 8, 084 39, 635 1880 . 11,830 87, 889 Years ended— Quantity. Value. June 30, 1881 . Long tons. 12, 883 $95, 410 1882 . 15, 015 102, 698 1883 . 33, 116 149, 999 1884 . 36, 078 145, 571 1885 . 18, 407 88, 087 108, 528 Dec. 31, 1886 . 32; 565 1887 . 30, 808 95, 735 1888 . 36, 494 84, 045 1389 . 61,952 138, 163 1890 . 73, 861 223, 368 1891 . 102, 433 299, 350 336, 868 1892 . 120, 255 1893 . 74, 774 196, 314 1894 . 102, 505 313, 680 STONE 1 By William C. Day. value of various kinds of stone produced in 1893 AND 1894. The following table shows the production of the various kinds of stone in the United States in the years 1893 and 1894: Value of different kinds of stone produced in the United States during the years 1893 and 1894. Kinds. 1893. 1894. Granite . $8, 808, 934 2, 411, 092 2, 523, 173 5, 195, 151 13, 947, 223 al, 000, 000 $10, 029, 156 3, 199, 585 2. 790, 324 3, 945, 847 16, 512, 904 a 900, 000 Marble . Slate . Sandstone . Hluestone . Total . 33, 885, 573 37, 377, 816 a Estimated. An inspection of this table shows a gain of $3,492,243 for the year 1894 for all the kinds of stone considered. Production of granite, marble, slate, and limestone has increased, while a falling off is evident in the cases of sandstone and bluestoue. The gain in granite output is due to the increased business of quite a small number of important producers, chiefly in New England. Many small producers have not, however, enjoyed prosperity; in not a few instances, indeed, quite the reverse has been true, even to the extent of a complete shutting down of all operations on the part of some, owing to the depression which has been felt by all commercial enter¬ prises during the past two years. The increase in marble output is due to increased activity in Georgia and New York. 1 To Mr. William A. Raborg, of the United States Geological Survey, I am especially indebted for the intelligence and unremitting zeal with which he has cooperated in the difficult work of securing and tabulating the statistics of this report. It is almost unnecessary to state that the statistical data of this report are obtained by direct indi¬ vidual correspondence with the stone producers of the United States. To the thousands of quarrymen who have courteously and promptly replied to the inquiries addressed to them in connection with this and former reports, my grateful acknowledgments are due. The feeling of cooperation shown by quarrymen in contributing to the value of the report by their replies, and the interest which they have always shown in the published results, make the duty of distributing among them copies of this article a gratifying one. In the preparation of this report I have been aided by a number of the technological articles and items which have appeared from time to time in the journal “Stone,” and which are elsewhere individ¬ ually credited, and also by the courteous cooperation of the editor of that journal in calling the atten- tion of stone producers to the importance of replying promptly and fully to the inquiries addressed to them . In the consideration of the constituent minerals of the granitic rocks. I have followed, in general, the classifications adopted in the Tenth Census Report on the Building Stones of the United States. 436 STONE 437 The slate industry during the past year has been recovering lost ground to some extent, but the activity shown in 1894 is very notice¬ ably less than that which has characterized the early part of the present year, 1895. For reasons given further on in connection with the sandstone article, the jiroduction of sandstone has fallen off very decidedly. Limestone shows a very marked increase, but this may be accounted for in part by the exceptionally thorough and searching canvass of the limestone producers which has been made in compiling the statistical data for 1894. The figure for bluestone is an estimate, but is made on satisfactory evidence of a general character and is probably quite close to the truth in showing, as it does, a falling off in valuation. Prices for blue- stone have been declining for sometime past. VALUE OF STONE PRODUCED IN 1894, BY STATES. The following table shows the values of the different kinds of stone produced in 1894, by States : Value of various kinds of stone produced in 1894, by States. States. Granite. Sandstone. Slate. Marble. Alabama . $18, 100 Arizona . Arkansas . . $28, 100 307, 000 49, 302 504, 390 173, 805 2, 365 10, 087 69, 105 322, 934 California . $5, 850 $13, 420 Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . 511, 804 11, 300 10, 529 10, 732 22, 120 11, 639 30, 265 27, 868 22, 500 724, 385 3, 000 Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maine . 1, 551, 036 308, 966 1, 994, 830 146, 838 153, 068 Maryland . 3,450 150, 231 34, 066 8, 415 131, 687 16, 500 175, 000 Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . 153, 936 98, 757 5, 800 Missouri . Montana . Nebraska . • 1, 600 724, 702 310, 965 New Jersey . 217, 941 300 450, 992 1,050 New Mexico . New York . 140, 618 108, 993 44, 542 501, 585 North Carolina . Ohio . 1, 777, 034 Oregon . 4, 993 600, 000 1, 211, 439 45, 899 8, 806 349, 787 1, 620, 158 50, 000 Ithode Island . South Carolina . South Dakota . 9,000 231, 796 Texas . 62, 350 15, 428 Utah . Vermont . 893, 956 123, 361 166, 098 658, 167 138, 151 1, 500, 399 2, 258 6,611 63, 865 94, 888 4, 000 Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . Total . . 10, 029, 156 3, 945, 847 2, 790, 324 3, 199. 585 Limestone. $210, 269 19, 810 38, 228 288, 900 132, 170 204, 414 30, 639 32, 000 5,315 2, 555, 952 1, 203, 108 616, 630 241, 039 113, 934 810, 089 672, 786 195, 982 336, 287 291, 263 578, 802 92, 970 8,228 193, 523 4, 910 1, 378, 851 1, 733, 477 2, 625, 562 20, 433 25, 100 3, 663 188, 664 41, 526 23, 696 408, 810 284, 547 59,148 43, 773 798, 406 Total. $228, 369 19, 810 68, 693 625, 257 250, 577 1, 031, 738 173, 805 30, 639 1, 301, 989 18, 844 2, 566, 684 1, 225, 228 628, 269 271, 304 141, 802 2, 507, 963 1, 313, 270 2, 341, 043 370, 353 453, 614 809, 246 115, 270 8,228 1, 600 724. 702 723, 479 5,210 2, 516, 588 108, 993 3,510,511 4, 993 5, 245, 507 1, 231, 872 70, 999 21, 469 420, 460 103, 876 39, 124 3,461,332 548, 317 231,857 107, 638 893, 294 4, 000 16,512,904 \a 37, 377,816 a Includes $900,000, the value of production of bluestone. 438 MINERAL RESOURCES. THE GRANITE INDUSTRY. THE TERM “GRANITE” AS USED IN THIS REPORT. The term “ granite,” as it is used in this report, might more properly, from the strictly scientific standpoint, be replaced by the designation “crystalline siliceous rocks.” Since, however, the report is of interest chiefly as a statistical production, and is intended to give to those interested in the commercial aspects of the subject information bear¬ ing upon not only the true granites, but also upon those rocks whose general properties and industrial applications are the same as those of true granites, it has been thought wiser to use the term “ granite” as it is understood by quarrymen. Most of the material included under this head is really true granite, but some of it is granite only in the com¬ mercial sense of the term. The tables giving the values of granite output in the various States of the country show, therefore, no distinc¬ tion between true granites, syenites, trap rocks, gneisses, and crystal¬ line schists. COMPONENTS OF GRANITE. The essential components of the true granites are quartz and feld¬ spar. Quite a number of other minerals are, however, to be found in the granites, and these have been classified by Mr. G. P. Merrill, in the Tenth Census report on stone, as follows : Essential. Microscopic accessories — Continued. Quartz. Feldspar. Garnet. Danalite. Rutile. Apatite. Pyrifce. Pyrrhotite. Magnetite. Hematite. Titanic iron. Orthoclase. Microcline. Albite. Oligoclase. Labradorite. Characterizing accessories. Mica. Muscovite. Biotite. Phlogopite. Lepidolite Chlorite. Epidote. Uralite. Kaolin. Decomposition products. Hornblende. Pyroxene. Epidote. Chlorite. Tourmaline. Acmite. Iron oxides. Calcite. Muscovite. Inclosures in cavities. Sphene. Zircon. Microscopic accessories. Water. Carbon dioxide. Sodium chloride. Potassium chloride. GEOLOGICAL 8URVEY SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PART IV PL. 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 VALUE OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF STONE PRODUCED IN THE VARIOUS STATES DURING THE YEAR 1894. (In millions of dollars.) STONE. 439 The following statements relative to the minerals to be found in gran¬ ites is a condensed abstract of matter contained in the Tenth Census report on stone, referred to above: Of the two essential minerals, quartz and feldspar, the former is invariable in composition ; but in the form of the particles and in appear¬ ance it is quite variable. As is evident from the enumeration of the various kinds of feldspar already given, there is much latitude for dif¬ ferences in granites, due to the feldspathic constituent. According to the kinds of feldspar present, the granite shows a number of variations in color, which may due to the color of the feldspar itself or to its trans¬ parent or semitransparent character, and its consequent effect upon light. Red and pink granites owe their color to the feldspars contained in them; dark effects in granite are sometimes caused by the absorption of light effected by transparent crystals of feldspar. While the hard¬ ness of quartz is always much the same, that of the feldspars is subject to considerable variation in its resistance to the stonecutter’s tools. The variation in the amounts and the kinds of accessory ingredients is great, and these determine very largely the character of the stone as to its resistance to disintegrating agencies, its strength, its color, and its susceptibility to ornamentation or polish. Of these accessories mica is the most common. White muscovite gives a light effect to the stone, but if it appears in the form of black biotite the granite is dark in general tone. Much interest attaches to mica as a granitic constitu¬ ent, for, while its color effect may be very attractive, it does not polish so well as the other constituents, nor does it retain polish so well, fre¬ quently becoming dull on exposure. In stone for polishing the manner of occurrence of the mica particles is of importance as well as their amount. Numerous fine particles are less objectionable, if scattered promsicuously, than are occasionally occurring larger crystals. Mica is frequently replaced wholly or in part by the minerals horn¬ blende and pyroxene. Both minerals are frequently present in the same rock. Hornblende is more desirable than mica as a constituent of gran¬ ite, having cleavage in two planes instead of one, as in mica, and polish¬ ing much more easily. Pyroxene is more brittle than hornblende, and is therefore liable to break out in polishing, leaving little pits which mar the surface. The presence of pyroxene in granite is sometimes a source of much vexation to the quarryman and stonecutter. Of the three minerals, mica, hornblende, and pyroxene, the second is, all things con¬ sidered, the most desirable as a constituent of granite. CLASSIFICATION OF UNITED STATES GRANITES. According to the Tenth Census report on stone, the granites quarried throughout the United States may be classed as follows: Muscovite granite, biotite granite, muscovite-biotite granite, horn¬ blende granite, hornblende-biotite granite, epidote granite, granitel (or granite without any accessory). Lines of distinction between these 440 MINERAL RESOURCES. varieties are by no means sharply drawn, one kind gradually merging into another in many cases. Muscovite granite. — This variety is always light in color, from the nearly colorless character of the muscovite. Comparatively little is quarried in the United States. A highly important example is that produced at Barre, Yt. Biotite granite. — The biotite granites are the most widespread of all the varieties named above. In color they vary from light to very dark, according to the amount of mica present and the color of the feldspar. Many of the red granites belong to this class, the red color being due to red feldspar. The granites of this class are, as a rule, tough and hard. Good examples are the granites from Dix Island, Maine, West¬ erly, R. I., and Richmond, Ya. Muscovite-biotite granite. — As the name implies, this granite stands between the two already considered. The essential constituents are quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, and biotite. The Concord, 1ST. H., gran¬ ite is a good example of this variety; similar to it is the stone from quarries at Allen stown, Sunapee, and Rumney. Hornblende granite. — In addition to the hornblende contained in this granite as the characterizing accessory, black mica is in nearly all cases likewise to be found. Biotite is found as a microscopic constituent in many hornblende granites, and the name “ hornblende granite77 is, therefore, restricted to those in which no biotite is visible to the naked eye. Granite belonging to this class is quarried at Peabody, Mass., and also at Mount Desert, Me. Eornblende-biotite granite. — Some of the most beautiful of our granites belong to this class, notably so-called black granite from St. George, Me., and some of that quarried at Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and at Sauk Rapids, Minn. The essential constituents are quartz, orthoclase, hornblende, and biotite. These granites are susceptible of fine and lasting polish. Epidote granite. — The granites of this class in the United States are rare, an example being that quarried at Dedham, Mass. The rock works easily and takes a good polish. Syenite. — The absence of quartz in a granite, or its presence only to the extent of forming an accessory constituent, determines its classifi¬ cation as a syenite. Pine syenites are known to occur, but they have not been extensively quarried. Gtieiss. — Stratification determines the classification of granite as gneiss. Its cleavage enables it to be quarried in the form of slabs suit¬ able for curbing and similar uses in which slabs are desirable. The stratification is largely determined by the uniformity in the direction of the fiat cleavage planes of the mica present in it. The terms “bas¬ tard granite77 and “stratified granite77 are commonly used in reference to gneiss. The only essential difference between granite and gneiss being in the matter of stratification in the latter, there is good reason for the use of the single term “granite77 as applied to gneiss. STONE. 441 Mica schist. — The minerals present in this rock are essentially quartz and mica. It differs from gneiss in its lack of feldspar. This variety is easily quarried, and is well adapted to foundation construction and bridge work, but it is not in general favor for fine superstructures. Diabase. — This term includes rocks commonly called trap rock and black granite. The essential minerals are augite and triclinic feldspar. Microscopic accessories are magnetite, titanic iron, and frequently apa¬ tite and black mica. These rocks are eruptive and occur in dikes. Examples of this variety are the products of quarries at Weehawken, N. J., and other localities in the same State, and in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Basalt. — This rock differs from diabase in being of finer texture and of more recent origin. In California this rock is extensively employed in the manufacture of paving blocks. Porphyry. — In this rock the constituent minerals, essentially quartz and orthoclase feldspar, are exceedingly minute, making the rock com¬ pact and close-grained. They are of eruptive origin and occur iu dikes, like trap rocks. They show considerable variation in color, are almost indestructible, and take a fine polish. They are cut with difficulty and their hardness and lack of stratification constitute serious obstacles in quarrying. In this connection the reader is reminded of the inter¬ esting rediscovery of the ancient Egyptian quarries of porphyry described in the Report on Mineral Resources for 1893. Steps have been taken toward the reworking of these long-abandoned quarries by Messrs. Farmer and Brindley, of London. Quartz-porphyry is found at Fairfield, Pa., and at Stone Mountain, Missouri. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF GRANITE. The following list, from the writer’s report on granite for the Eleventh Census, gives a general idea of the geographical distribution of granite, and indicates most of the particular kinds that have been or are now being quarried in the various localities mentioned: ARKANSAS. Hornblende-biotite granite . Pulaski County. Elseolite syenite . Garland County. CALIFORNIA. Biotite granite . Placer County. Hornblende-biotite granite . Placer and Sacramento counties. Hornblende granite . Placer County. Quartz diorite . Placer County. Basalt . Solano, Sonoma, and Alameda counties. Andesite . Shastar County. Andesitic tufa . Solano County. Quartz porphyry . San Bernardino County. Basaltic tufa . Tehama County. 442 MINERAL RESOURCES. Biotite granite _ Muscovite gneiss . Diorite . Rhyolite . Rhyolitic tufa Basalt . Biotite granite . Muscovite-biotite granite. Muscovite-hiotire gneiss.. Biotite gneiss . Hornblende-biotite gneiss Diabase . Augite-hornblende gneiss Muscovite granite . Hornblende-biotite gneiss COLORADO. Clear Creek and Jefferson counties. Clear Creek County. Chaffee County. Chaffee and Conejos counties. Douglas County. Jefferson County. CONNECTICUT. Litchfield, New Haven, New London, and Fairfield counties. Litchfield County. Litchfield County. Litchfield, New Haven, New London, Windham, Tolland, and Hartford counties. Middlesex and Fairfield counties. New Haven County. DELAWARE. Newcastle County. GEORGIA. .Dekalb County. Fulton County. MAINE. Biotite granite . Knox, York, Washington, Lincoln, Waldo, Oxford, Kennebec, and Hancock counties. Biotite gneiss . Lincoln, Franklin, and Androscoggin counties. Muscovite-biotite granite . Kennebec, Waldo, and Franklin counties. Hornblende-biotite granite . Penobscot and Knox counties. Hornblende granite . Hancock County. Olivine diabase . Washington County. Diabase . Washington and Knox counties. MARYLAND. Baltimore, Howard, and Montgomery counties. Cecil and Baltimore counties. Baltimore County. MASSACHUSETTS. Hornblende granite . Norfolk and Essex counties. Hornblende-biotite granite . Essex County. Epidote granite . Norfolk County. Biotite granite . Norfolk, Middlesex, Bristol, Worcester, and Ply mouth counties. Biotite-muscovite granite . Worcester and Berkshire counties. Biotite gneiss . Franklin County. Muscovite gneiss . Middlesex, Essex, Worcester, and Hampden counties. Diabase . Middlesex and Hampden counties. Melaphyre . Suffolk County. Biotite granite Biotite gneiss . Gabbro . STONE. 443 MINNESOTA. Hornblende granite . Sherburne, Benton, and Lake counties. Hornblende-mica granite . Benton County. Quartz porphyry . Lake and St. Louis counties. Diabase . St. Louis County. Olivine diabase . Chisago County. Gabbro . St. Louis County. MISSOURI. Hornblende-biotite granite . Iron and St. Francois counties. Granite . Iron County. Olivine diabase . Iron County. MONTANA. Hornblende-mica granite . Lewis and Clarke County. NEVADA. Hornblende andesite . Washoe County. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Merrimack, Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, Sullivan, and Strafford counties. Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, and Rockingham counties. Carroll County. Cheshire and Hillsboro counties. Grafton County. NEW JERSEY. Biotite gneiss . Passaic County. Hornblende granite . Morris County. Diabase . Hudson County. NEW YORK. Putnam County. Jefferson County. Essex County. Westchester and Rockland counties. NORTH CAROLINA. Biotite granite . Warren, Franklin, Gaston, Granville, Alamance, Davidson, Mecklenburg, Iredell, Forsyth, Guilford, Richmond, and Anson counties. Muscovite granite . Warren County. Granite . Rowan and Orange counties. Biotite-muscovite granite . Rowan County. Hornblende-biotite granite . Mecklenburg County. Biotite gneiss . Cleveland, McDowell, Caldwell, Wilson, Stokes, Iredell, Wake, and Guilford counties. Hornblende gneiss . Burke County. Biotite granite . Hornblende-mica granite Norite . Biotite gneiss . Biotite-muscovite granite. , Biotite granite . Hornblende-biotite granite Muscovite-biotite gneiss... Biotite-epidote gneiss . 444 MINERAL RESOURCES. OREGON. Granite . Jackson and Columbia counties. Diabase . Linn County. Basalt . Clackamas and Columbia counties. Andesite . Multnomah County. PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia and Delaware counties. Philadelphia and Berks counties. Delaware County. Adams, York, Berks, and Lancaster counties. Berks County. Philadelphia County. RHODE ISLAND. Washington, Kent, and Providence counties. Washington County. Providence County. Providence County. SOUTH CAROLINA. Biotite granite . Fairfield, Charleston, Aiken, Lexington, Richland, Edgefield, and Newberry counties. Hornblende-biotite granite . Fairfield County. SOUTH DAKOTA. Granite . Minnehaha County. TEXAS. Biotite granite . Burnet County. Diorite . El Paso County. UTAH. Hornblende-biotite granite . Salt Lake and Weber counties. VERMONT. Biotite granite . , . Washington and Essex counties. Muscovite granite . Windsor County. Biotite-muscovite granite . Caledonia County. Gabbro. VIRGINIA. Dinwiddie, Chesterfield, and Henrico counties. Spottsylvania County. Campbell County. Fauquier County. Loudoun and Fauquier counties. WASHINGTON. Granite . Stevens County. WISCONSIN. Granite . Marquette County. Hornblende granite . Marathon County. Quartz porphyry . Green Lake County. Biotite gneiss . Jackson County. Biotite granite Muscovite granite Biotite gneiss.... Biotite schist . Diabase . . Biotite granite . .. Granite . Biotite gneiss .... Hornblende gneiss Biotite gneiss . Muscovite gneiss . Biotite-muscovite gneiss Diabase . Diorite . Hornblende gneiss . STONE. 445 The following list gives the same data as contained in the preceding one, except that the arrangement is by kinds of granite instead of by States : Hornblende-biotite granite. — Pulaski County, Ark. ; Placer and Sacramento counties, Cal. ; Penobscot and Knox counties, Me. ; Essex County, Mass. ; Iron and St. Fran- gois counties, Mo.; Carroll County, N. H.; Mecklenburg County, N. C. ; Fairfield County, S. C.; Salt Lake and Weber counties, Utah. Elceolite syenite. — Garland County, Ark. Quartz diorite. — Placer County, Cal. Basalt. — Solano, Sonoma, and Alameda counties, Cal.; Jefferson County, Colo.; Clackamas and Columbia counties, Oreg. Biotite granite. — Placer County, Cal.; Clear Creek and Jefferson counties, Colo.; Litchfield, New Haven, New London, and Fairfield counties, Conn. ; Knox, York, Washington, Lincoln, Waldo, Oxford, Kennebec, and Hancock counties, Me.; Balti¬ more, Howard, and Montgomery counties, Md. ; Norfolk, Middlesex, Bristol, Wor¬ cester, and Plymouth counties, Mass. ; Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, and Rockingham counties, N. H. ; Putnam County, N. Y. ; Warren, Franklin, Gaston, Granville, Ala¬ mance, Davidson, Mecklenburg, Iredell, Forsyth, Guilford, Richmond, and Anson counties, N. C. ; Washington, Kent, and Providence counties, R. I. ; Fairfield, Charles¬ ton, Aiken, Lexington, Richland, Edgefield, and Newberry counties, S. C.; Burnet County, Tex.; Washington and Essex counties, Yt. ; Dinwiddie, Chesterfield, and Henrico counties, Va. Andesite. — Shasta County, Cal. ; Multnomah County, Oreg. Andesitic tufa. — Solano County, Cal. Quartz porphyry. — San Bernardino County, Cal. ; Lake and St. Louis counties, Minn. ; Green Lake County, Wis. Basaltic tufa. — Tehama County, Cal. Diorite. — Chaffee County, Colo. ; Berks County, Pa. ; El Paso County, Tex. Rhyolite. — Chaffee and Conejos counties, Colo. Rhyolitic tufa. — Douglas County, Colo. Muscovite-biotite granite. — Litchfield County, Conn. ; Kennebec, Waldo, and Franklin counties, Me. Muscovite-biotite gneiss. — Litchfield County, Conn.; Cheshire and Hillsboro coun¬ ties, N. H. Biotite gneiss. — Litchfield, New Haven, New London, Windham, Tolland, and Hart¬ ford counties, Conn. ; Lincoln, Franklin, and Androscoggin counties, Me. ; Cecil and Baltimore counties, Md. ; Franklin County, Mass. ; Passaic County, N. J. ; West¬ chester and Rockland counties, N. Y. ; Cleveland, McDowell, Caldwell, Wilson, Stokes, Iredell, Wake, and Guilford counties, N. C. ; Philadelphia and Delaware counties, Pa. ; Providence County, R. I.; Campbell County, Ya. ; Jackson County, Wis. Hornblende-biotite gneiss. — Middlesex and Fairfield counties, Conn. ; Fulton County, Ga. Diabase. — New Haven County, Conn.; Washington and Knox counties, Me.; Mid¬ dlesex and Hampden counties, Mass. ; St. Louis County, Minn. ; Hudson County, N. J. ; Linn County, Oreg. ; Adams, York, Berks, and Lancaster counties, Pa. ; Lou¬ doun and Fauquier counties, Y'a. Augite-hornblende gneiss. — Newcastle County, Del. Muscovite granite. — Dekalb County, Ga. ; Warren County, N. C. ; Windsor County, Vt. j Spottsylvania County, Va. Hornblende granite. — Placer County, Cal. ; Hancock County, Me. ; Norfolk and Essex counties, Mass. ; Sherburne, Benton, and Lake counties, Minn.; Morris County, N. J. ; Marathon County, Wis. Olivine diabase. — Washington County, Me.; Chisago County, Minn. ; Iron County, Mo. 446 MINERAL RESOURCES. Gabbro. — Baltimore County, Md. ; St. Louis County, Minn. ; Vermont. Epidote granite. — Norfolk County, Mass. Biotite-muscovite granite. — Worcester and Berkshire counties, Mass. ; Merrimack, Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, Sullivan, and Strafford counties, N. H. Biotite-muscovite granite. — Rowan County, N. C.; Caledonia County, Vt. Muscovite gneiss. — Clear Creek County, Colo.; Middlesex, Essex, Worcester, and Hampden counties, Mass. ; Philadelphia and Berks counties, Pa. Melapliyre. — Suffolk County, Mass. Hornblende-mica granite. — Benton County, Minn. ; Lewis and Clarke County, Mont. ; Jefferson County, N. Y. Granite. — Iron County, Mo. ; Rowan and Orange counties, N. C. ; Jackson and Columbia counties, Oreg. ; Washington County, R. I.; Minnehaha County, S. Dak.; Stevens County, Wash.; Marquette County, Wis. Hornblende andesite. — Washoe County, Nev. Biotite-epidote gneiss. — Grafton County, N. H. Norite. — Essex County, N. Y. Hornblende gneiss. — Burke County, N. C.; Philadelphia County, Pa.; Providence County, R. I. Biotite-muscovite gneiss. — Delaware County, Pa. Biotite schist. — Fauquier County, Va. METHODS OF QUARRYING, CUTTING, AND POLISHING GRANITE. The following account of methods of quarrying, cutting, and polish¬ ing granite in the United States1 is taken from the Eleventh Census report, for which it was prepared from held notes taken, under the writer’s direction, by Mr. Walter B. Smith: METHODS OF QUARRYING GRANITE. STRUCTURE OF GRANITE IN PLACE. The successful and economical working of granite quarries depends upon an intelligent application of a knowledge of the structure of the rock and its natural divisions in the mass, as well as upon improved methods, tools, and machinery for quarrying. The topographical loca¬ tion of the quarry and its relation to facilities for transportation are important factors that affect the productiveness and greatly modify the actual cost of operations in a given place. In regions of great dynamic movement, such as most granite localities possess, very large rock masses without seams or fissures do not occur; but these fractures, extending as they do in certain definite directions to each other in the mass, form systems of inchoate joints, which divide it into roughly rectangular and rhombic forms, thus rendering valuable assistance to the quarryman. It is probable that the fissures were caused by pressure operating in certain directions during the origin or uplifting of the rock, and it is even possible for it to have been suf¬ ficient to change the molecular arrangement of the component min¬ erals. Even those granites which are apparently normal, and which 'Methods of quarrying granite in foreign countries have been well described by H. Lundbohm, of Sweden, in the article on stone in the Report on Mineral Resources for 1893. STONE. 447 reveal no traces of stratification or parallel arrangement of mica or hornblende, are found by quarrymen and stonecutters to split more easily and with a smoother surface in one or more directions than in others. An unequal pressure operating on the mass would have caused certain directions or lines of weakness and account for this, or it may have produced the apparent rearrangement of the feldspar crystals, as found in a few of the granites. In northern New England particularly most of the fissures, as revealed by quarry openings, are slightly curved, parallel partings conforming in general to the direction of the slope upon which the quarry may be located. They produce a sheeted arrangement of the rock, which bends in ridges or curves in hilltops like anticlinal or quaquaversal folds of sedimentary strata. In addition to these divisional planes there occur one or more systems of vertical joints, the joints of each system running approximately parallel to each other, though the systems cross at varying angles. It is interesting to note that the direction of easiest cleavage, called by quarrymen the “rift,” is parallel to the most numerous natural fractures, and that at right angles to this another direction of cleavage, called the “ grain,” is parallel to the system having the next greatest number of joints. When the rift of the rock in place is horizontal, or more nearly horizontal than perpendicular, it is customarily called the “ lift.” The grain, although important, is not generally an eminent feature, and its direction may remain unknown even for a long time after the quarry is opened. These systems of fracture, and the unequal ease of splitting in different directions, are points generally well understood and advantageously used by experienced granite workers. OPENING THE QUARRY. Granite quarries are nearly always started in natural outcroppings of the ledge, but as they are entirely open workings, and necessarily cover large areas, considerable development work is needed at first and from time to time, as the quarry is enlarged, in stripping or clear¬ ing away the timber and soil and in removing the weathered portions or cap rock. It sometimes happens, especially in the northeastern region, that a ledge is found showing sound granite at the top, ready for quarrying, having been ground smooth by glacier movement and left bare of soil; but usually long exposed outcroppings have a softer outer portion, called “ sap,” resulting chiefly from the partial decom¬ position of the feldspar. This also occurs to a less extent along the seams and fissures, and where the rock contains iron the sap is stained by its oxidation to a brownish or reddish color. The sap may be merely a thin coating, scarcely discernible, or it may be that the rock is rendered unsound for 30 feet or more in depth, as is the case with a certain coarse-grained granite occurring in the Kocky Mountains. The observation of such points in the field will serve as indications of the probable durability of the stone and the stability of its color. 448 MINERAL RESOURCES. BLASTING. Owing to great diversity in tlie structure of the rocks classed here as granite, the operations of quarrying necessarily vary considerably, even in different openings of the same region. The object desired is, however, the same in all, namely, the removal of large rectangular blocks with the least outlay of time and labor compatible with keeping the quarry in good working shape and avoiding waste. Ordinarily, to break the rock into sizes which can be handled, blasting is necessary. In doing this the object is to direct the force of the powder so that it may break the rock in the desired direction without shattering either the piece removed or the standing rock, but it can be successful only when it is detached at the ends and bottom and has a chance to move out in front. As the rift in the rock in the majority of quarries approaches the horizontal the first breaks are obviously made either with or across the grain. The method most generally used for doing this is called “ lewising,77 from the shape of the blast hole. A lewis hole is made by drilling close together holes about an inch and a half in diameter and in breaking down the partition between them by means of a flat steel bar, called a “ set.77 This wide hole determines the direction of the required fracture. A “complex77 lewis hole is the combination of three ordinary drill holes; a “compound77 one, of four; but the latter is seldom used, for if a very long break is to be made a series of lewis holes is drilled at considerable distances apart, and after being charged are fired simultaneously by means of an electric battery. Another process occasionally used in a few quarries is as follows: A single round hole having been drilled, the explosive is put in, and on top of it an inverted iron wedge, placed between two half-rounds, is carefully lowered; then the tamping is proceeded with in the usual way. When the powder is exploded, the wedge, which is driven forci¬ bly up between the half-rounds, breaks the rock in a direction corre¬ sponding to its thin end. One of the worst results of this procedure is that considerable rock near the top of the hole is apt to be huffed or flaked up. Within a few years past, the Knox system of blasting rock has been introduced and successfully used with general satisfaction in many of the larger quarries. The results obtained are those which were sought for by lewising, but the process is safer, quicker, takes less powder, and, as it never shatters the rock, not only gives good, sound blocks as the product of the blast, but also leaves the standing rock with a per¬ fectly sound, clean face for future operations. A round hole is first drilled to the required depth, and into this is driven a reamer, which produces V-shaped grooves at opposite sides to the entire depth of the hole. The charge is then inserted, and the tamping is done in the usual manner, except that instead of driving the tamping down upon the top of the charge an air space or cushion is reserved between the STONE. 449 charge of powder and the tamping and as far above the charge as pos¬ sible. The explosive has therefore the greatest possible chance for expansion before actually breaking the rock, the tamping being put down only to a sufficient depth to insure firmness of position. The result of this method is that the force of the explosive is directed in the line of the grooves, and no shattering of the rock occurs if it be solid, such as is common in ordinary blasting operations, and, as a conse¬ quence, quarrymen are enabled to get out stone of rectangular shape without waste or loss of valuable rock. Very large blasts or mines are sometimes fired in quarrying granite. A shaft is sunk to the required depth, and from it drifts are run in various directions. These chambers, or drifts, are then charged with explosives and fired. In 1887, at Granite Bend, Missouri, stone enough was broken with one blast to supply the demands of a firm for fifty years. The shaft, which was 85 feet deep, had chambers running in several directions from the bottom, and was charged with 32,700 pounds of black powder. The explosive used for breaking out dimension stone is black blasting powder, as its action is somewhat slower than that of the various forms of nitroglycerin, and there is consequently less danger of shattering the rock or of weakening it by starting incipient fractures, that may not be detected until it is in place in a building; but for breaking up poor stone, or for getting out rock regardless of size or form, giant powder is frequently employed. In a quarry having rather thin sheets and numerous vertical joints very good splits may be made with wedges driven between half-rounds (plug and feather) into small holes drilled a few inches apart along a prescribed line, every few feet a deeper hole of a somewhat larger dimension being drilled to guide the fracture; but this process is chiefly used for su dividing the blocks after they have been loosened by powder and for initial splits in quarries where the drift is vertical. Drills driven either by steam or compressed air are in use for making blast holes in all the principal quarries. The drill is connected with the piston, which is supported by a portable iron tripod, carrying the necessary appliances for regulating its movements. A flexible pipe conveys the motive power in the form of compressed air or steam. In smaller quarries these holes are drilled by the u jumper” drill, a long, flat-edged steel bar, which a man holds and turns as it rebounds slightly after each of the swinging blows dealt it by heavy sledges. Steam channeling machines, common in large marble and sandstone quarries, are used on granite by a few quarriers chiefly for making end cuts in stone of exceptional structure, but only to a limited extent, since the great hardness of granite renders the process very slow and expensive. The large blocks loosened by blasting are broken and split into sizes of the required approximate dimensions by the plug and feather method. 1G GrEOL, pt 4 - 29 450 MINERAL RESOURCES. The holes, which are of small diameter, generally not more than three- fourths of an inch, and a few inches only in depth, are made by a drill and hand hammer. Into each hole is inserted two half-rounds or “ feathers,” tapering pieces of iron, flat on one side and rounded on the other, between which is placed a steel plug or wedge. The wedges are then driven in with a sledge till the strain is sufficient to split the rock. METHODS OF CUTTING, POLISHING, AND ORNAMENTING GRANITE. Only a small percentage of granite in rough blocks as it leaves the quarry proper is available for use in this form. Most of it has to be cut to the desired dimensions and brought to the degree of finish required for the special purposes for which it is to be used. Yery large blocks and stone designed for uses not requiring fine finish are often worked in the open air, but most quarries have cutting sheds erected near the openings, in which the blocks are worked into their intended form. These sheds vary from merely a rough covering of boards to extensive buildings. To produce good results great skill is needed by the stonecutter iu the manipulation of his tools, and considerable artistic ability is required for the finer kinds of work. From the rough work of simply splitting a block or rudely spalling an ashlar face to the artistic work¬ ing of highly embellished and complicated statuary carving, a knowl¬ edge of the rift and grain is important, as it indicates where heavy blows may be struck and where lighter ones are required. Owing to the great obduracy of this stone, and the fact that the different minerals composing it vary greatly in hardness, the chief work of shaping it is still performed by hand, probably by much the same process that was used by Egyptian stonecutters more than three thousand years ago. Improvements and inventions have, however, been made from time to time in hand tools, and extensive machinery is now in use for producing certain forms and kinds of finish. Recent improvements. — The most important improvements of the last decade include the more extended adoption of lathes for turning and polishing columns, urns, etc., and new devices in power machinery for plain polishing. Greater economy and speed are now obtained by the general use of chilled iron globules and crushed steel as abrasive materials and of the pneumatic tool for the ornamentation of surfaces. Implements for cutting. — The implements used by stonecutters to produce common forms and ordinary finish are as follows : Chisel. — Various forms and sizes are employed in cutting border drafts, moldings, letters, and orna¬ mental work. Point. — A piece of steel bar drawn out to a pyramidal end; used for “roughing out’’ surfaces and removing “bunches.” Hand drills, wedges, and half-rounds. — Used for splitting out blocks. Hand hammer. — Used in one hand for driving chisels, points, and drills, which are held and guided by the other. Spalling hammer. — A heavy square-cornered sledge, used for roughly reducing a block by breaking off large chips or spalls from the edges, thus bringing it closer to its intended form. STONE. 451 Pean hammer. — Shaped like a double-edged wedge, with a handle running parallel with the edges; used to remove irregularities by striking squarely upon a surface and wedging or bruising off small chips. Bush hammer. — Made of rectangular steel plates brought to an edge, bolted together, and attached to a long handle; used in the same manner as the pean hammer, but produces a smoother surface, the degree of smoothness depending upon the number of steel plates in the particular hammer used. These hammers, which are all of the same thickness, are called 4-cut, 5-cut, 6-cut, 8-cut, 10-cut, and 12-cut, according to the number of plates used in their construction. The size, shape, and finish of a stone depend upon the particular place it is to occupy in a building and the style of architecture. Fronts or walls are laid up in various kinds of ranges, usually designated as coursed range, broken range, broken ashlar, random range, and rubble work. The kind of finish given the face of the stone is called either bush hammered, pean hammered, pointed work, or rock face. These may or may not have a border draft chiseled around their margins. Other kinds of finish are chiseled moldings and carved or polished faces. The usual process followed by stonecutters in shaping blocks may be generalized as follows: The block, having been split out to about the right size by the plug and feather method, is brought to a plane surface on one side, which is accomplished by knocking off overhanging edges and projections with the spalling hammer or spalling tool. Drafts or ledges are then chiseled along two opposite edges. One draft being completed, the workman lays upon it a wooden strip or rule having par¬ allel edges. A second rule is then sunk in the draft made on the oppo¬ site side until the two drafts are in the same plane, which is determined by sighting across the upper edges of the rules. The whole face is then worked down to this plane with the tools necessary for the required fineness of finish, a straightedge being applied from time to time as the work progresses. The point is used for removing rougher projections. This is followed by the pean hammer, and, if a smoother surface is required, it is made by bush hammering, the hammer having the fewest number of plates being used first. The required size of the face being marked out upon this surface, the position of a second face may be determined by chiseling drafts across the ends of an adjacent surface, using for the purpose either a square or a bevel, depending upon the angle it is desired to make with the first face. The projecting rock between the drafts having been removed in the manner used informing the first surface, a third face may be projected. A winding surface is formed by using in one draft a rule or strip having its edges not par¬ allel, the amount of divergence depending upon the amount of warp required. This rule is sunk till its upper edge is even with the upper edge of the strip, having parallel edges placed upon the opposite edge of the stone. A cylindrical surface is worked by using curved rules in one direc¬ tion, and is not as hard a matter as might at first seem. Much difficulty is, however, encountered in laying out and working spiral, conical, and spherical surfaces, as it is first necessary to form plane and cylindrical faces on which to apply the necessary bevels and templets. 452 MINERAL RESOURCES. GRANITE FOR BUILDING PURPOSES. By reference to the table giving the output of granite according to purposes, it will be seen that more stone was used for building than for any other purpose. A great amount of labor by the stonecutter is nec¬ essary to fit it for its destined place, but much of this work consists in merely squaring up or subdividing the large blocks as hauled from the quarry opening. Much more work is needed on the stone to be used for fronts, trimmings, and certain portions of superstructures, while for special parts, such as polished columns and ornate keystones and capi¬ tals, the greatest skill and longest time are required. The general processes of finer finish will, however, be mentioned further on in con¬ nection with cemetery, monumental, and decorative purposes, although all stone designed for superstructures, whether rough or finely wrought, has been tabulated under the heading “ Building purposes.” GRANITE FOR STREET WORK. PAVING BLOCKS. Experience has demonstrated that the best and most enduring streets for heavy traffic in large cities are those paved with stone blocks of proper material and size laid upon a specially prepared bed. The very hard and tough rocks frequently used, though capable of withstanding a maximum amount of wear, soon become smooth and glazed under traffic, and are therefore inferior to a stone which, wearing roughly, affords a better foothold for horses. Many of the granitic rocks pos¬ sess the right degree of hardness and brittleness, and are largely used for this purpose. This industry has increased largely since 1880, the number of granite blocks made in 1889 in the various States aggregat¬ ing nearly 62,000,000. Streets paved with the large-sized block used at first were found to be more difficult to keep in repair, worse for horses, and rougher on vehicles than pavements made of the smaller blocks now in general use. There is no uniform standard of size, as specifications of the various cities call for different sizes, but the variations are not great, and blocks 3J to 4£ inches wide, 6 to 7 inches deep, and 8 to 12 inches long are generally preferred. In New York City, Brooklyn, and Phila¬ delphia blocks a trifle longer are more commonly used, while in many of the Western and Southern cities the length does not exceed 10 inches. New Orleans, owing to the peculiar nature of its streets, takes blocks much larger. The manufacture of paving blocks, though an important adjunct of the granite business, varies nevertheless for obvious reasons in many of its details from the ordinary methods of granite cutting. The high skill and fine workmanship of the stone mason are not needed, but a quickness in seeing and taking advantage of the directions of cleavage, as well as a deftness in handling the necessary tools, is requisite. STONE. 453 Specifications call for blocks so quarried or dressed as to present substantially rectangular faces with practically straight edges. The corresponding dimensions of opposite faces must not vary more than one-half inch, and the surface must be free from bunches, depressions, and inequalities exceeding one-half inch. The tools used for making blocks are knapping hammers, opening hammers, hand hammers, reels, chisels, and, for initial splits, drills, wedges, and half-rounds. When the block maker quarries his own stock it is called “motion work,” and the same process is used as in quarrying stone for other purposes, except that, as large blocks are not required, most of it can be done with plug and feather. Slabs, having been split out in the usual manner to sizes that may be easily turned over and handled by one man, are subdivided into pieces corresponding approximately to the dimensions of the required blocks. This is done by striking repeated blows upon the rock along the line of the desired break with heavy knapping and opening ham¬ mers. When a break is to be made crosswise the grain, it is frequently necessary to chisel a light groove across one face, and commonly across the adjacent sides, to guide the fracture produced by striking on the opposite surface with the opening hammer. Good splits can, however, be made along either the rift or grain by the skillful use of the opening hammer alone. Blocks broken out in the manner described are trimmed and finished with the reel, which is a hand hammer having a long, flat, steel head attached to a short handle. Block breakers become very expert in the use of this instrument, and, without making any measure¬ ments, turn out in a surprisingly short time a large number of blocks. In Maine, which is far ahead of any other State in the number of blocks made, the entire product of many quarries is used for this exclusive purpose. This is also the case in California, which comes second, though the blocks are manufactured chiefly from the surface “bowlders” or detached masses of basalt so common in Sonoma County. Other quar¬ ries, however, in various parts of the country utilize only the “grout,” small or irregular shaped pieces, for makiug paving blocks, and haul the stock to the breakers, who work in sheds : but the greatest number of blocks are made on the spot where the rock is quarried, the workmen being protected during the hottest months by a temporarily spread canvas fly. Blocks are counted as they are thrown into the cart, which is usually needed to haul them to the shipping point. Several paving-block quarries in Maine are situated on steep mountain slopes so near water communication that blocks may be slid in long board chutes from the quarry directly into the hold of the vessel used for their transportation. Paving breakers seldom work by the day, but are paid a certain sum per thousand for making the blocks, the price paid in 1889 ranging from $22 to $30, according to the size of block made, kind of stone used, locality, and whether the tools were furnished and the blocks quarried 454 MINERAL RESOURCES. by their employers. Workmen using their own tools are commonly paid $1 more per thousand for the blocks made, and when they quarry the stock they use, from $2 to $5 per thousand is allowed in addition. CURBING AND BASIN HEADS. Next in importance to the manufacture of paving blocks, in the division of granite for street work, is the production of long granite slabs for curbstone. Granite having a free rift is preferred for this purpose on account of its better working qualities. The dimensions of ordinary curbstones are from 6 to 12 feet long, 6 to 8 inches thick, and about 2 feet deep. The top edge is made full and square and neatly bush hammered; the face is also bush hammered down about a foot from the top. The ends are dressed smooth, so as to make close joints, and the back of the stone, which is placed next to the sidewalk, is also dressed a few inches from the top. OTHER USES. Other applications of granite to street work are for flagstone, for cross walks laid at the intersection of streets, and for gutter stone, but these are dressed, when required, in the usual manner, and need no special comment here. Granite is largely used for making macadam and telford roads and concrete and artificial stone pavements, though it is seldom quarried expressly for this purpose, but made of spalls, grout, and waste from other quarries. The pieces are broken with sledges where coarse stones are needed, or run through power rock breakers when a finer subdivision is required. GRANITE FOR CEMETERY, MONUMENTAL, AND DECORATIVE PURPOSES. A considerable portion of the stone for these uses, especially for small¬ sized monuments, tombstones, and grave markers, is shipped from the quarries in rough blocks, which are suitably shaped and finished by masons working in town shops or stone yards. Large monuments and large polished blocks for buildings, columns, pilasters, and statuary are generally worked at quarry sheds, polishing mills, or shops not far distant. There has been a decided increase in the use of polished granite for cemetery purposes since the introduction of machinery for its polishing, which has greatly decreased the price for this kind of finish. For these, as well as for all purposes where a polished surface is desired, as bot¬ tom courses in buildings, columns, pilasters, wainscoting, etc., the red, pink, dark-gray, and black varieties are in high favor, since they have a richer look and present a much greater contrast between a ham¬ mered or chiseled surface and a polished one; but for granite statuary STONE. 455 and ornately carved building blocks, and for all purposes where it is desirable to present fine detail, it is necessary that the granite be of a light color, fine grained, and easily worked to secure the best results. POLISHED GRANITE. The varieties of granite susceptible of the highest and most enduring polish are those containing the largest percentages of the hard min¬ erals, quartz and feldspar, quartz being especially important. Horn¬ blende, however, takes a fairly good polish, and contributes largely to the coloring of most dark granites. Pyroxene of the type occurring in the Quincy granites is rather bad, since, owing to its brittleness, it cracks out more or less and leaves small pits in the finished face. Much mica, especially in large plates, is objectionable, as it will not polish, but remains dull and lusterless except where the direction of its cleavage planes happen to coincide with the face of the stone. After being prepared by bush hammering, the block is transported to the shop or mill to receive further smoothing and its final finish. The surface to be worked upon is brought to a horizontal position and ground smooth with an abrasive material mixed with water and moved about by a revolving iron or steel disk perforated with holes or made of concentric rings. This disk, which is 12 or 14 inches across, is revolved by an upright shaft, to the bottom of which it is fastened, and the power is communicated through a main shaft running overhead. Joints in the upright or counter shaft and its peculiar attachment to the main shaft allow its lower end to be swung over a considerable area, thus permitting the workman who guides it to move it over a surface of stone many times larger than the disk itself. The abrasive material now almost exclusively used for grinding granite is either chilled-iron globules, steel emery, or crushed steel. A coarse grade is used at first, then a finer kind, and for the last grind¬ ing fine emery is often used. Polishing is done in much the same way as grinding, except that a felt-covered disk is used in place of an iron one, and putty powder mixed with a little water, instead of coarser grinding materials. Before the final polish, however, the surface is usually given a dull gloss or u skin coat” by the disk and water alone. A polish is sometimes produced by the use of oxalic acid instead of putty powder, but the polish thus made is less durable. Moldings are ground and polished by means of blocks fitting the grooves dragged back and forth either by power or hand. Granite for columns, balusters, round posts, and urns is now worked chiefly in lathes, which, for the heaviest work, are made large enough to handle blocks 25 feet long and 5 feet in diameter. Instead of being turned to the desired size by sharp cutting instruments, as in ordinary machines for turning wood and metal, granite is turned or ground axvay by the wedge-like action of rather thick steel disks, rotated by 456 MINERAL RESOURCES. the pressure of the stone as it slowly turns in the lathe. The disks, which are 6 to 8 inches in diameter, are set at quite an angle to the stone, and move with an automatic carriage along the lathe bed. Large lathes have four disks, two on each side, and a column may be reduced some 2 inches in diameter the whole length of the stone by one lateral movement of the carriages along the bed. The first lathes for turning granite cut only cylindrical or conical columns, but an improved form is so made that templets or patterns may be inserted to guide the car¬ riages, and columns having any desired swell maybe as readily turned. For fine grinding and polishing the granite is transferred to another lathe, where the only machinery used is to produce a simple turning or revolution of the stone against iron blocks carrying the necessary grind¬ ing or polishing materials. Blocks are prepared for lathe work by being roughed out with a point, and by having holes chiseled in their squared ends for the reception of the lathe dog and centers. This principal of cutting granite by means of disks revolved by contact with the stone has been also applied to the dressing of plain surfaces, the stone worked upon being mounted upon a traveling carriage and made to pass under a series of disks mounted in a stationary upright frame. Tracery and lettering for polished granite are usually first drawn upon paper which is firmly pasted to the surface and the design chiseled through to the requisite depth in the rock. CARVED GRANITE. Statues, capitals, keystones, and, in general, all highly ornamental designs, are worked out with chisels from detail drawings or plaster casts. It is necessarily a slow process, owing to the hardness of the rock, and the cost of such work is consequently great. The MacCoy pneumatic tool, however, which has been recently patented and suc¬ cessfully applied to this purpose, gives promise of superseding much of the tediousness of the hand process. This instrument is connected to a flexible pipe, supplying the compressed air or steam by which it is driven, and works at a remarkably high rate of speed. It may be moved to any part of a surface, and works with a celerity unapproached by other means. The use of granite for sculpture is steadily increasing, particularly for Qutdoor statuary. The white fine-grained muscovite-biotite granite found at Hallowell, Manchester, and Augusta, in Maine, is particularly well adapted for this purpose. Statues made of the Hallowell granite are to be found in nearly every State, though possibly the stone is not superior to varieties found in other localities. STONE. 457 VALUE OF THE GRANITE PRODUCT, BY STATES. The following table shows the value of the granite product, by States, for the year 1894 : Value of granite product in 1894, by States. States. Value. Arkansas . $28, 100 California . 307, 000 Colorado . 49, 302 Connecticut . . 504, 390 Delaware . 173, 805 Georgia . 511, 804 Maine . 1,551,036 Maryland . 308, 966 Massachusetts . 1, 994, 830 Minnesota . 153, 936 Missouri . 98, 757 Montana . . 5, 800 Nevada . 1,600 New Hampshire . 724, 702 New Jersey . 310, 965 New York . 140, 618 North Carolina . 108, 993 Oregon . 4, 993 Pennsylvania . 600, 000 Ehode Island . 1,211, 439 South Carolina . 45, 899 South Dakota . 8, 806 V ermont . 893, 956 Virginia . . . 123, 361 Wisconsin . 166, 098 Total . 10, 029, 156 The foregoing table shows a gain of $1,220,222 in the value of the product as compared with that of 1893. This gain was made in the fol¬ lowing States, named in alphabetical order : Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ehode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. By far the most of the gain was made in Ehode Island alone, this State showing an advance of $701,640. It is thus apparent that for most of the States there has been a falling off in the total output. As was true for 1893, the financial depression is accountable for this state of affairs. VALUE OF GRANITE PAVING BLOCKS MADE IN 1894, BY STATES. In a number of the New England States there was an increased tendency toward the manufacture of paving blocks rather than the pro¬ duction of stone for building or other purposes. The following table shows the value of the granite paving-block industry in the various productive States : Value of granite paving blocks made in 1894, by States. States. California . Connecticut Delaware . Georgia . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . New Hampshire New Jersey. . . . Value. States. $31,000 32, 100 80, 000 225, 910 710, 836 18, 885 593, 726 24, 000 60, 000 North Carolina . Pennsylvania . Ehode Island . South Carolina . Wisconsin . Value. $107 258, 777 115, 000 9, 085 32, 711 42. 000 20, 450 2, 254, 587 458 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following table gives the value of the granite output, by States, for the years 1890 to 1894: Value of granite, by States, from 1890 to 1894. States. 1890. 1891. 1892. Arkansas . (a) $65, 000 $40, 000 California . $1, 329, 018 1, 300, 000 1, 000, 000 Colorado . 314, 673 300, 000 100, 000 Connecticut . 1, 061, 202 1, 167, 000 700, 000 Delaware . 211, 194 210, 000 250, 000 Georgia . 752, 481 790. 000 700, 000 Maine . 2, 225, 839 2, 200, 000 2, 300, 000 Maryland . 447, 489 450, 000 450, 000 Massachusetts . 2. 503, 503 2, 600, 000 2, 200, 000 Minnesota . 356, 782 360, 000 Missouri . 500, 642 400, 000 325, 000 Montana . (a) 51, 000 36, 000 . New Hampshire . 727, 531 750, 000 725, 000 New Jersey . 425, 673 400, 000 400, 000 New York . 222, 773 225, 000 200, 000 146. 627 150, 000 Oregon . 44, 150 3, 000 6, 000 Pennsylvania . 623, 252 575, 000 550, 000 Rhode Island . 931, 216 750, 000 600, 000 South Carolina . 47, 614 50, 000 60, 000 South Dakota . 304, 673 100, 000 50, 000 Texas . 22, 550 75, 000 50, 000 8, 700 15, 000 Vermont . 581, 870 700, 000 675, 000 Virginia . 332, 548 300, 000 300, 000 (a) Wisconsin . 266, 095 406, 000 400, 000 Total . 14, 464, 095 13, 867, 000 12, 627, 000 1893. $531, 322 77, 182 652, 459 215, 964 476, 387 1, 274, 954 260, 855 1, 631,204 270, 296 388, 803 1,000 3,000 442, 424 373, 147 181,449 122, 707 11, 255 206, 493 509, 799 95, 443 27, 828 38, 991 590 778, 459 103, 703 133, 220 8, 808, 934 1894. $28, 100 307, 000 49, 302 504, 390 173, 805 511, 804 1, 551, 036 308, 966 1, 994, 830 153, 936 98, 757 5, 800 1,600 724, 702 310,965 140,618 I 108, 993 4,993 600, 000 1, 211, 439 45, 899 8,806 893, 956 123, 361 166, 098 10, 029, 156 a Granite valued at $76,000 was produced in Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, and Washington together, and this amount is included in the total. GRANITE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS STATES. Arkansas. — The value of the product iu 1894 amounted to $28,100, while in 1893 very little, if anything, was accomplished in granite quarrying. The entire output comes from Pulaski County. Indica¬ tions for 1895 are encouraging. California. — The granite industry in this State for the last few years, but particularly for 1893 and 1894, has been at a low ebb. The value of the product for 1894 is $307,000, but included in this figure is an estimate as to the value of the output from the State prison quarries, which forms an important item of the total. Placer County is credited with an output valued at $103,443, Sonoma County $34,568, San Bernardino County $30,450, while smaller amounts were taken from quarries in Tulare, Sacramento, Madera, Fresno, Solano, Alameda, Riverside, and Marin counties. Almost every communication received from producers in this State emphatically reveals decline in the industry, due, it is believed, entirely to the financial depression. Many quarries discontinued work entirely, while others shut down for a part of the year or worked with reduced force of men. Colorado. — The output for 1894 is valued at $49,302. Most of the stone was taken from quarries in Jefferson County, whilesmaller amounts GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PART IV PL. II 1,000,000 2,000,000 VALUE OF GRANITE PRODUCED IN THE VARIOUS STATES DURING THE YEAR 1894. (In millions of dollars.) STONE. 459 came from Douglas, Gunnison, and Clear Creek counties. A little work was done in Chaffee, Larimer, and Boulder counties. A number of quarries discontinued operations entirely. Connecticut. — The product for 1894 was valued at $504,390, while the corresponding figure for 1893 was $652,459. A decrease in product is evident. The general tone of replies from quarrymen indicates a falling oft as compared with the preceding year. The productive counties in order of magnitude of output are New Haven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Middlesex, Hartford, and Litchfield. The first two counties produced most of the entire output. Judging from a number of impor¬ tant contracts that have been awarded to Connecticut producers, 1895 will make a much better showing than the past year. Delaware. — The value of the output in 1894, $173,805, is below that of 1893. All of the productive quarries are in Newcastle County. Georgia. — As will be seen from the report on “ marble,” this State has very materially advanced in its marble output. The same can be said of the granite product, which has increased from $476,387 in 1893, to $511,804 in 1894. Of this amount $225,910 is the value of paving blocks. There is every reason to believe that with a revival in business there will be a still greater increase in the granite industry in this State. By far the most of the output comes from Dekalb County, in which are the important producing centers, Lithonia and Stone Moun¬ tain. Other productive counties are Hancock, Henry, Bibb, Elbert, Spalding, Rockdale, Jones, Oglethorpe, and Newton. The last seven of these counties produce very little as compared with the others. Maine. — This State stands second among the granite-producing States in the value of its output. This has increased from $1,274,954 in 1893 to $1,551,036 in 1894. While the manufacture of paving blocks for use in the largest cities along the Atlantic coast has always been an important feature of the granite industry in Maine, it has become somewhat more so during the past year. In the census year 1889, the value of the paving-block product was 37 per cent of the whole, but in the year just past it was 45.8 per cent. The most productive counties are Hancock, Knox, Franklin, Waldo, Washington, Kennebec, and York; smaller amounts are quarried in Lincoln, Somerset, Penobscot, Androscoggin, and Oxford. Many small quarries have been tempora¬ rily abandoned, while others have been sold out to larger concerns. An improvement in the industry in this State is looked for during 1895. Maryland. — The output in this State increased from a value of $260,855 in 1893 to $308,966 in 1894. The worst part of the year was the first half, after which, in the case of a number of concerns, busi¬ ness improved somewhat and became even better than the latter part of 1893. Indications are quite decided toward improvement in 1895. Massachusetts. — This State seems to have prospered exceptionally well during 1894, considering the hard times. The value of the output increased from $1,631,204 in 1893 to $1,994,830 in 1894, and the State 460 MINERAL RESOURCES. maintains first position among the granite-producing States of the country. Many complaints of financial depression are to be heard, of course, and in times of prosperity the output would have been much larger. Lower prices than in 1893 have been generally prevalent. The most productive counties in order of importance are Essex, Worcester, Norfolk, Middlesex, Bristol, and Hampden; small quantities were pro¬ duced in Franklin and Hampshire counties. As is true of other New England States, more attention than usual was devoted to the production of paving blocks, for which the demand was good, but lower prices prevailed than were received in 1893. Minnesota. — The value of the output in 1894 was $153,936; the cor¬ responding figure for 1893 was $270,296. The decrease is accounted for in the usual manner — hard times, resulting in the shutting down of operations entirely or operating with reduced force. The output comes from the following counties: Bigstone, Stearns, Sherburne, Pipestone, Rock, and Nicollet. Missouri. — A falling oft' from $388,803 to $98,757 in 1894 marks the granite industry in this State. A few prominent concerns practically suspended operations, and their comparative inactivity accounts for the decrease. Indications for 1895 are much better. The iiroductive counties of this State are Iron, Wayne, St. Francois, and Madison. Montana. — Very little in the way of granite quarrying has ever been done in this State. A little quarrying was done in Lewis and Clarke County. New Hampshire. — In this State a decided gain in output was made, namely, from $442,424 in 1893 to $724,702. A number of quite impor¬ tant contracts have been fulfilled during the year. Among most of the producers there is considerable complaint of dull trade, but in spite of the financial depression, business seems to have been markedly better on the whole than in 1893. The most productive counties are Carroll, Cheshire, Hillsboro, Merrimack, and Strafford; smaller amounts were taken from quarries in Grafton, Sullivan, and Rockingham counties. Quite a number of new firms have commenced business during the year. The outlook for 1895 is much better. New Jersey. — Quarrying in New Jersey seems to have suffered from the prevailing business depression. The product fell off in value from $373,147 in 1893 to $310,965 in 1894. Considerable of the product is really trap rock, which, for reasons already given, is included with granite. Indications for 1895 are promising. The productive counties are Somerset, Hudson, Essex, Sussex, Passaic, Mercer, and Hunterdon. Small amounts were quarried also in Union and Morris counties. New York. — This State has never yielded very large quantities of granite, although good stone is to be found there. The product of 1893 was valued at $181,449, while that of 1894 amounted to $140,618. The productive counties are Essex, Richmond, Orange, and Westchester. STONE. 461 North Carolina. — Although the value of the granite product in this State declined from $122,707 in 1893 to $10S,993 in 1894, considering the comparative newness of the industry in the State its condition may be regarded as very satisfactory in view of the hard times. The pro¬ ductive counties were Gaston, Iredell, Rowan, Surry, and Wake. Oregon. — Small quantities of granite were produced in Clackamas, Columbia, and Multnomah counties. Pennsylvania. — A more thorough canvass of the granite producers in this State is in part accountable for the large reported increase from $206,493 in 1893 to $600,000 in 1894. The value of the stone devoted to paving purposes in 1894 amounted to $258,777, or nearly one-half of the total. Although there is no exceptionally fine granite in the State, there is an abundance of stone that serves ordinary uses very well, and it is steadily produced. The productive counties are Bucks, Chester, Allegheny, Delaware, Montgomery, Somerset, Adams, and Northampton. Rhode Island. — The increase in the output of granite in Rhode Island over the preceding year, 1893, is nothing less than phenomenal. In 1889, the census year, the output was valued at $931,216; in 1893 at $509,799; and in 1894, at $1,211,439. A number of quite serious strikes have occurred among the Rhode Island quarries and works within the last three years, and it may be that contracts have been delayed on that account until the past year. In spite of the prosperity which appears to prevail, complaints of financial depression are to be heard in Rhode Island as in all other States. The smaller producers have been particularly aifected and in some cases have had to shut down their operations. The bulk of the business is now in the hands of a small number of concerns. The granite quarries and works located at Westerly, Washington County, have long been celebrated for the very fine ornamental stock produced. Most elaborately ornamented monuments and statues are turned out in great number. The plants for finishing and polishing are exceedingly well equipped, all the latest improvements in quarry tools being freely used. The stone is particularly well adapted for successful ornamentation and fine finish, and this accounts largely for the prominence of this branch of the granite industry in the State. In fine carving a pneumatic tool, striking exceedingly rapid blows and operated by heavy air pressure, is becoming popular among granite cutters. The rapidity with which fine work can be executed is very much increased by the use of this tool. Its value in connection with granite as well as with ornamental marble has already been satisfac¬ torily demonstrated. Rhode Island stands first among the States of the Union for its output of ornamental and monumental stock. South Carolina. — The financial stringency made itself felt in South Carolina to the extent of reducing the output from a valuation of $95,443 462 MINERAL RESOURCES. in 1893 to $45,899 in 1894. The productive counties are Fairfield, Edge- field, and Richland. Vermont. — In spite of dullness in business generally, the value of the output in Vermont has increased to the extent shown by the values $778,459 for 1893 and $893,956 for 1894. The productive counties are Washington, Windham, Orange, and Caledonia; small amounts have been quarried also in Chittenden, Orleans, and Windsor counties. Among the most important developments of the last decade are those which have been made at Barre. At this point there is an enormous supply of granite of the finest quality, such that the product is well adapted not only to all the ordinary uses to which granite is put, but also for the finest kinds of monumental and decorative work, to which it is quite largely applied. The methods of quarrying are modern. In one of the quarries in this locality the Knox system of blasting is in very successful use. The application of this recent method of blasting granite is quite limited, and is not received with favor by a great many of the large producers of granite in this and other States. The objections to the system as applied to granite are probably, however, due more to the results of single, and in some cases unsuccessful, experiments than to long-continued and fair trials of it. Virginia. — The output in Virginia in 1894 amounted in value to $123,361, while in 1893 the corresponding figure was $103,703. There has thus been a gain which though not large is very satisfactory when the falling off in many other States is considered. The productive counties are Chesterfield, Amherst, Henrico, Alexandria, Campbell, and Dinwiddie. A number of the quarries in the vicinity of Richmond have been operated successfully for a number of years. The plants are compara¬ tively well equipped, and while operations might be conducted upon a considerably larger scale they may be said to be prosperous. The stone from most of these quarries is of good quality and is generally well received. Wisconsin. — The value of the granite output in 1893 amounted to $133,220, while in the year 1894 it reached $166,098. The output comes from Green Lake, Marinette, and Marquette counties. The granite industry in this State is comparatively new, but it bids fair to increase steadily under normal financial conditions. THE MARBLE INDUSTRY. Stone of one kind or another, suitable for building or other industrial use, is most abundantly distributed throughout the United States. One is apt therefore to look upon the operations of quarrying as practicable in almost any locality, and consequently to regard the industry of stone production as practically universal. This view is not far from correct STONE. 463 when only the coarser kinds of stone are considered. Marble, however, is found in comparatively few localities, since only here and there have the metamorphosing influences of heat and pressure transformed the widely distributed limestone deposits into marble. Quarrying operations in the case of marble are still further restricted by the fact that by no means all marble is of sufficiently good quality to justify its production for the purposes to which marble »s an ornamental product is applied. Marble must fulfill certain definite conditions as to strength, color, crys¬ talline condition, freedom from flaws, etc., and, furthermore, must be fairly easy of access, before quarrying operations can be undertaken with a fair prospect of financial success. Not only are marble and limestone very different in physical structure and purity, but the uses to which they are put are strongly contrasted, so that, even though closely related from the chemical standpoint, in that they are both carbonates of calcium or of calcium and magnesium together, they have in a commercial sense almost nothing in common, except in so far as waste marble replaces ordinary limestone for such uses as burning into lime, road ballast, or blast furnace flux. In this report, therefore, ordinary limestone and marble are separately con sidered in so far as the uses to which they are applied are radically different. VALUE OF THE MARBLE PRODUCT, BY STATES. The following table shows the value of the marble output, by States, for the year 1894. Inspection of this table shows that only a small number of States produce marble, while from the report on limestone it is evident that a large number of our States yield ordinary limestone in abundance: Value of marble production, by States, for the year 1894. States. Value. States. V alue. California . $13, 420 724, 385 3, 000 175, 000 501, 585 Pennsylvania . $50, 000 231, 796 1, 500, 399 Vermont . Total . New York . 3, 199, 585 From the foregoing table it appears that the product from Vermont, valued at $1,500,399, amounts to 47.6 per cent of the total. In the census year 1889, Vermont produced 62 per cent of the total. Large gains in production have been made during the past year in Georgia and New York. The total product in 1893 was valued at $2,411,092, so that for the marble industry as a whole there has been a gain of $788,493 in value of output for the entire country. 464 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following table shows the value, by States, of the marble pro¬ duced during the years 1890 to 1894, inclusive: Value of marble, by States, from 1890 to 1894. States. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. $87, 030 196, 250 $100, 000 275, 000 $115, 000 280, 000 $10, 000 261, 666 4, 500 130, 000 $13, 420 724, 385 3, 000 175, 000 139, 810 100, 000 105, 000 100, 000 380, 000 50, 000 350, 000 2, 275, 000 50, 000 New York . 354, 197 390, 000 45, 000 400, 000 2, 200, 000 100, 000 206, 926 27, 000 150, 000 1, 621, 000 501, 585 50, 000 231, 796 1, 500, 399 419, 467 2, 169, 560 121, 850 Total . 3, 488, 170 3, 610, 000 3, 705, 000 2, 411, 092 3, 199, 585 MARBLE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS STATES. The following is a consideration of the marble industry in the indi¬ vidual productive States : California. — Although the output in this State increased in value from $10,000 in 1893 to $13,420 in 1894, the marble branch of the stone industry is not at present in a flourishing state, and owing to the depressed financial condition, operations have been much curtailed. It is believed, however, that with general improvement in business will come a prosperous revival of the quarrying operations throughout the State. The counties which at one time or another have produced marble are San Bernardino, Amador, Inyo, and San Luis Obispo. Most of the output has come from the first-named county. Georgia. — The advances made in marble quarrying in Georgia during the past year are very remarkable. The value of the output in 1893 was $261,666, and in 1894, $724,385. The entire output came from Pickens County. According to Bulletin No. 1 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, under direction of Mr. W. S. Yeates, entitled UA Preliminary Report on the Marbles of Georgia,” by S. W. McCallie, assistant geologist, the quarrying of marble in this State dates back to 1840, when operations on a very small scale were undertaken near Tate. Very little was accomplished, however, until the organization of the Georgia Marble Company in 1884, with a capital of $1 ,500,000. There are now four flourishing firms in Pickens County, while another, operating in Cher¬ okee County, will begin in 1895. The marbles of Georgia follow a general line running in a northerly direction from Fannin County on the north, through Gilmer and Pick¬ ens counties, to Cherokee County on the south. “ The Marietta and North Georgia Railroad runs parallel to the marble belt throughout its entire length, and at no point is the outcropping located more than 2 STONE. 465 or 3 miles from this road.” All the quarries at present operating are near the town of Tate, Pickens County. The product of the quarries operated by the Georgia Marble Com¬ pany varies somewhat in color. The Kennesaw quarry yields a limited quantity of white marble, the crystals of which are large and glisten¬ ing, but very compactly united j and in addition there is a white mar¬ ble clouded with light spots and lines of blue. The Cherokee quarry produces white and bluish-gray stock, both clouded with dark-blue spots. From the Creole quarries a marble having a white ground and exceedingly dark-blue mottlings is taken. This is used for monu¬ mental work and exterior decoration. A great variety of different shades of marble is to be found in the Etowah quarry, the principal colors being pink, salmon, rose, and dark green. These, with their combinations, produce very rich effects and are suitable for work in which high color and richness are desired. It finds its chief application in wainscoting, mantels, table tops, counters, panels, etc. The following analysis was made by Mr. John C. Jackson, of Chicago: Analysis of Georgia marble. Per cent. 97. 32 1. 60 Silica . .62 . 26 .25 Total . 100. 05 The following tests by compression of the strength of three cubes of Georgia marble, made in 1886 by Capt. Marcus W. Lyon, United States Army, with the testing machine at Watertown Arsenal, Mass., serve to indicate the great crushing strength of this marble: Mechanical tests of Georgia marble. Dimensions. Ultimate strength. , Test No. Marks. Height. Compressed surface. Sectional area. • Total pounds. Pounds per square inch. 4337 4338 4339 Cherokee . Creole . Etowah . 6". 04 6". 03 6". 03 . 6". 01 hy 6". 00 6". 00 = 5". 99 6". 03 = 6". 01 Sq.inch. 36. 06 36.94 36. 12 395, 800 434. 100 384, 400 10, 976 12,078 10 642 The structure of the marbles from the various quarries is essentially the same, the difference being in color only. The nonabsorbent prop¬ erties are indicated by the following experiments made by Prof. J. B. Johnson, of St. Louis, Mo.: A 3-inch cube was soaked in water twenty-four hours and weighed. It was then dried over a steam coil at a temperature of about 215° F. for twenty-four hours and 16 GEOL, PT 4 80 466 MINERAL RESOURCES. again weighed. The difference in the weight divided by the weight when dry showed that it had absorbed water to an amount expressed by six-hundredths of 1 per cent. The nonabsorbent qualities thus revealed enable the stone to withstand disinte¬ gration. The following data are taken from the bulletin of the Georgia Geological Survey, already referred to : Crushing tests of Georgia marble. (a) Name. Quarry. Com- pressed surface in inches. Posi¬ tion. Actual crush¬ ing load in pounds. Com¬ pressive strength per square inch in pounds. Reduced to correspond to pressure per sq. in. on 2-in. cubes\ in lbs. per. sq. inch. Specific gravity. Weight per cubic foot in pounds. Kennesaw : No. 1 _ .99 x .99 Bed. . clO, 000 10, 204 12, 244 No. 2 ... . do . 1.00x1.00 . . .do . . dll, 400 11, 400 13, 680 2.717 169.8 No. 3 _ . do . 1.00 x 1.00 . . .do . . elO, 672 10, 672 12, 806 Creole : No. I.... Georgia.... 1.00 x 1.00 .. .do .. el3, 900 13, 900 16,680 No. 2.... . do . 1.00x1.00 . . .do . . el3, 100 13, 100 15, 700 2.763 . 172. 6 No. 3 . 1.00 x 1.00 13, 200 13, 200 15, 840 Etowah : . do . 1.00 X 1.00 . . .do . . 13, 200 13, 200 i 5, 840 No. 2.... . do . .99 x .99 . . .do . . 12, 000 12,' 244 14, 692 2.707 169.1 No. 3 _ . do . .99 x .98 ...do .. 12, 300 12, 540 15, 048 Southern : No. 1 - Southern . . .99x1.00 . . .do .. 11,300 11,414 13, 696 No. 2.... . do . .99x1.00 ...do .. 10, 900 11,010 13, 212 2.734 171.8 No. 3 _ . do . .98x1.00 .. .do .. 10, 800 11,020 13, 224 a The survey is under obligations to Prof. Charles Ferris of the engineering department of the University of Tennessee, for valuable aid rendered in making the crushing and absorption tests. 6Gen. Q. A. Gillmer, in his report on the compressive strength of building stones of the United States, Appendix II, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, determined a general formula for converting the crushing strengt h of different cubes into each other. In applying this formula for 1 and 2 inch cubes, it is found that the crushing weight of the smaller cube should be increased by approximately one-fifth of itself in order to compare correctly the strength of the two cubes. cCracked on edge before bursting. dBurst suddenly. cBurst with explosion. The following artificial weathering tests were made on unpolished cubes of Nos. 1, 3, and 6 and a polished cube of No. 1. They were suspeuded for several days in an atmosphere of hydrochloric, sulphurous, ami carbonic acids: Artificial ■weathering tests made on polished and xinpolished Georgia marble. Original weight. Final weight. Loss. No. 1. Polished . Grams. 45. 0868 Grams. 44. 9337 Grams. .1531 No. 1. Unpolished . 45. 9492 45. 7793 .1699 No. 3. Unpolished . 44. 2569 44. 1240 .1329 No. 6. Unpolished . 42. 1369 41. 9943 .1426 - r - It is noticeable that the unpolished cube of No. 1 was dissolved with considerable more readiness than the polished. STONE. 467 Chemical analyses of Georgia marble. Marbles. Calcium oxide. Magne¬ sium oxide. Ferric ox¬ ide and alumina. Insoluble siliceous matter. Loss on ignition. Total. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. No. 1 . 54. 06 .90 .10 2. 12 42. 86 100. 04 No. 2 . 32. 73 19.37 .35 .73 46. 58 99. 76 No. 3 . 55. 00 1.12 .15 .35 44. 16 100. 76 No. 4 . 31.53 21.30 .24 .10 47. 26 100. 43 No. 5 . 31.61 21. 06 .78 1.01 46.49 100. 95 No 6 . 54.41 .75 .32 1.62 43. 13 100. 23 No. 7 . 54. 67 1.01 .42 .76 43.49 100. 35 No. 8 . 52. 77 .82 3.28 1.43 41.85 100. 15 No. 9 . 24. 07 17.24 .43 21.76 37. 08 100. 58 No. 10 . 30. 42 19. 86 .91 4. 23 (a) (a) No. 11 . 31.89 19.64 _ 74 1.73 (a) (a) a Undetermined. No. 1. A coarsely crystalline white marble, from the Cherokee quarry (Georgia Marble Company), Pickens County. No. 2. A white fine-grained marble from J. P. Harrison’s quarry, 2 miles east of Jasper. No. 3. A coarse-grained black and white mottled marble, “Creole,” of the Georgia quarries. No. 4. A fine-grained gray marble, from the Dickey property. No. 5. A fine-grained bluish-gray marble, from the Holt property. No. 6. A coarse-grained flesh-colored marble, “Etowah,” of the Georgia quarries. No. 7. A coarse-grained gray marble, from the Eslinger farm. No. 8. A coarse-grained brown marble, from the Haskins farm. No. 9. A fine-grained light-gray marble, from the White property. No. 10. A fine-grained black marble, from Six Mile Station. No. 11. A fine-grained white marble, from Pannin County. Maryland. — The value of the marble output in this State in 1894 was $175,000; in 1893, $130,000. The industry in Maryland is limited to a number of points near Baltimore on the line of the Northern Central Railroad and all in Baltimore County. The industry has been estab¬ lished for many years and is in a prosperous condition. The product is used to some extent for cemetery work, and also largely for building purposes, particularly in Baltimore, where it enters into the construction of a number of the finest structures. Tt has also been used in Philadelphia and in the extension of the National Capitol. The Beaver Dam Marble Company is the most important firm, and has a well-equipped plant, including the modern improvements for quarry¬ ing and sawing. The most practical test which has been made of the strength of this marble was its use as material for the Washington Monument in Washington, the highest stone structure in the world. New York. — A very striking advance in production was made in New York during 1894, namely, from a valuation of $200,926 in 1893 to $501,585 in 1894. The increase was due to very largely increased operations at Tuckahoe. The productive counties are St. Lawrence, Westchester, Columbia, and Warren. The color of the St. Lawrence County marble varies from white to dark blue and green and mixtures of these shades, producing in these cases a mottled appearance. The marble is adapted to monumental and building purposes, but the greater part of the product of 1889 was used for the latter purpose. This stone, while too coarsely crystalline for fine carving, scroll work, or tracing, forms a fine contrast with the 468 MINERAL RESOURCES. polished surface. It weighs 174 pounds to the cubic foot, and has a crushing strength of 12,000 pounds to the inch. The product from Pleasantville is called, from its appearance, ‘■‘snow¬ flake marble,” and is a dolomite, as is evident from the following analysis made at Columbia College: Analysis of (l snowflake” mavble ( dolomite ) from I leasantvills , A . E. Per cent. Calcium carbonate . Magnesium carbonate . 51.62 45. 04 . 16 .07 .10 Total . 99.99 This marble is especially adapted for use in the preparation of car¬ bonic acid. Its weight per cubic foot is 180 pounds. The Tuckahoe marble was used for building, macadamizing roads, and for the prepa¬ ration of soda water. Like the Pleasantville marble, it is a dolomite. The product of Warren County, which comes from Glens Falls and its vicinity, consists of black marble, which is generally used for tiling and to some extent for other kinds of interior decoration, soda-water fountains, clock frames, etc. The stone is quite hard, and is quarried by light blasting, and some of it, owing to the looseness of the bed's, can be removed by ordinary tools; the rougher stone is extensively burned into lime. At Hudson, in Columbia County, and at Catskill, across the river in Greene County, are quarries of what is known as “shell marble,” largely made up of fossil remains. The stone is so irregular that quar¬ rying is largely done by blasting. It is of a dull, brownish color, and presents a beautiful appearance in finished surfaces; but owing to its character it can not now receive the fine finish given to other more perfectly metamorphosed marbles. The product from the Tuckahoe quarries is now largely used for building, and* a still further increase in production is looked for during the year 1895. Oregon. — In Douglas County several thousand dollars’ worth of mar¬ ble was produced in 1894, most of the material being used for cemetery purposes. The Variety Marble Company, of Boseburg, is the principal producer. More extensive operations are predicted for 1895. Tennessee. — The marble output of Tennessee increased from a valua¬ tion of $150,000 in 1893, to $231,796 in 1894. The industry has unques¬ tionably suffered from the hard times, although evidently less in 1894 than in 1893. It comes mainly from Knox, Loudon, and Hawkins coun¬ ties, although a small amount is produced in Hamblen, Blount, and Jefferson counties. The marble region is thus seen to be in the eastern part of the State, running in a northeasterly direction from Loudon STONE. 469 County at the south to Hawkins County at the northeast. The total value of the marble produced in 1880 was $173,000. The marble indus¬ try in this State is in a reasonably flourishing condition. The marble in Tennessee is in general easily quarried, and this fact has caused a number of property owners in the past to undertake quarrying operations on a small scale. The methods of quarrying are generally somewhat crude, and only a few cliannelers and other improvements in quarry machinery are in use. Six marble-producing concerns have within a few years united, form¬ ing a combination known as the Tennessee Producers7 Marble Company, the object of which is to maintain prices and carry on business more economically. Tennessee marble presents much variety of color, and its great beauty is well known. It is especially well adapted for purposes of interior decoration in buildings and for furniture tops, but the amount devoted to the latter purpose is much less than it was a few years ago. The processes of metamorphosis have in much of this marble stopped short of the obliteration of fossil remains, the outlines of which are very plainly marked and present a pleasing variety in the surface of the polished slab. The colors run from a very light pink through various shades to a chocolate brown and a mixed brown, white, and pink. The product of Hawkins County is highly esteemed, and its price is almost twice that of the product of Knox or Loudon County. As shown by the numerous outcrops of marble in this State, it disinte¬ grates somewhat under the influence of atmospheric agencies, but this does not detract from its adaptability for interior decoration, to which it is largely applied. Some ot the finishing mills in the State are well equipped and oper¬ ated in a thoroughly modern way. The average cost per cubic foot of producing the marble output of Tennessee in 1889 was 85.1 cents. Of this amount 80.8 per cent was paid for labor involved in taking marble from the quarry and putting it into the shape in which it was sold. Cost of transportation by wagon and railroad from the quarry to the mill is in many cases quite a serious item of expense. Vermont. — The value of the marble output in 1893 was $1,621,000; the year 1894 shows a falling ofl to $1,500,399. This decrease is entirely due to the prevailing financial depression, and with the return of pros¬ perous times the growth of the industry will proceed as steadily as it has done in the past. The producing counties are, in the order of their importance, Rut¬ land, Bennington, Franklin, and Addison. These counties are all in the western part of the State, and, interrupted only by Chittenden County, extend from the Dorset quarries in the southwest corner to the Champlain marbles at Swanton, in the extreme northern part. The quarries now operated are found in or near the towns of Manchester, 470 MINERAL RESOURCES. Dorset, East Dorset, Wallingford, Rutland, West Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon, Fair Haven, Middlebury, North Ferrisburg, and Swanton. Abandoned quarries are found all along the railroad line from Dorset to Middlebury. Most of the quarries are near railroad lines, but in some cases it is necessary to haul by wagon to the nearest railroad station. The longest distance of such transportation is 7 miles. The marble lies in irregular beds, extending north and south, and having a slight dip toward the west, but at West Rutland the angle is very much increased, amounting to 80°, and the marble is worked to a depth of 300 feet. In most cases the upper layers are of little value, and the marble can only be used for purposes requiring rough stone, regardless of composition. Ten or twelve feet of surface rock must be thrown away before sound material is reached. There is considerable variety in the color as well as in the texture of the stone. The pure white marble is rare, occurring in layers of very limited extent. Most of the stone is of a bluish-gray tone, and presents a mottled or clouded appearance, resulting from a more or less intimate mixture of blue and white. In some cases the blue is so predominant that the marble is known as “blue marble/7 and in cases where the blue is particularly pronounced it is called “extra dark blue.77 The pure white statuary marble is generally found at considerable depth. There is, however, no decided regularity in the relative arrangement of the different colors. The following analyses made at Yale University for the Columbian Marble Company may be regarded as representative of the marbles of the colors named: Analyses of marble f rom Proctor, Vt. DARK-COLORED MARBLE. Per cent. Calcium carbonate . 98. 370 .790 .034 .005 .630 .080 99. 909 Magnesium carbonate . Iron carbonate . Oxides of manganese and aluminum . Matter insoluble in acids . Organic matter . Total . LIGHT-COLORED MARBLE. Per cent. Calcium carbonate . 96. 300 Magnesium carbonate . 3.060 053 Iron carbonate . Matter insoluble in acids . . . 630 Organic matter . .004 Total . . 100. 047 The stone weighs on an average 170 pounds to the cubic foot, although it sometimes reaches 180 pounds. STONE. 471 METHODS OF QUARRYING AND MANUFACTURING MARBLE. The following description of methods of quarrying and manufacturing is taken from the writer’s report on marble for the Eleventh Census: QUARRYING. The method of quarrying is essentially the same in most marble quarries. With line marble, blasting seems to be entirely out of the question, because of injury to the stone, which has been amply proved by past experiments in Italy. This injury has not always been apparent in freshly quarried stone, but has been revealed years after by disinte¬ gration. It has already been stated that the marble at Swanton, Vt., and at a few quarries in other States, is quarried by the Knox system of blasting; but the product is not used for purposes which would be injuriously affected by blasting, and, furthermore, the character of the stone in such cases admits of the application of this method. Experi¬ ments in blasting marble have also been recently tried in California, but the results have not yet been made public. A spot for opening a quarry is selected with the greatest care. If the surface indications are not sufficient to determine the quality of the underlying marble, it becomes necessary to drill a hole to a greater or less depth into the body of the stone. This is accomplished by means of an ordinary dia¬ mond drill for prospecting; that is, a hollow tool cutting a circle and leaving a core, which is taken out when a proper depth is reached. Lengths of 10 or 12 feet are thus frequently taken out without flaws. If the core presents satisfactory indications, the surface material is stripped by blasting, so as to make an opening for the quarry. Her¬ ricks are then placed in position, and channelers, drills, and gadders commence operating upon the comparatively level floor secured by the operations of stripping. A channeler then cuts two grooves or channels across the grain of the stone the width of the channeler apart (about 5 feet). The stone thus separated from the rest is called the key course. This is cut across at intervals to the same depth as the long channels, namely, the thickness of the bed operated upon. The key course is thus cut into blocks, which are held to the fixed marble only on the under side. To separate the blocks from the quarry, two different processes are in use. According to one of these, a block, called the “key block,” is blasted out, destroying it, but also separating it at the bottom, thus giving space for operating upon the adjacent block to be taken out entire and in sound condition. Instead of blasting, the key block may be loosened at the bottom by means of wedges driven into the channels at one side and one end. A ring fastened into the center of the block forms a means of attachment to the derrick, which then lifts it from the floor. In the latter method more time is consumed, but the key block is saved. After the key block is removed, space sufficient for the in¬ troduction of the gadder is secured. The gadder, similar to the drill, 472 MINERAL RESOURCES. bores horizontal holes G inches apart into the adjacent block at the bottom. Iron wedges, known as “gadding pins,’7 are then driven into the holes, thus separating the block at the bottom. In order to avoid breaking a block at the edges the pins are a foot or more in length. When the key course has been removed, several courses parallel to it are channeled out and removed in a similar manner. The cliannelers require two men, a runner and his helper, and will cut 75 channel feet per day to a depth of about 5 feet. The drills operate by striking rapid blows, and the diamond borer cuts by revolving, the cutting edge consisting of diamonds set into the end. The underlying marble is cut into successive tioors, as in the case described, thus gradually sinking below the surface, until, as in the Rut¬ land and Proctor quarries, depths of 200 to*300 feet have been reached. Steam is commonly employed in running the quarry machinery, but in some cases compressed air is used, and hoisting is done by derricks. The usual size of blocks taken out is 4 feet by 4 feet G inches by G feet G inches, but for special purposes considerably larger blocks are fre¬ quently removed. MANUFACTURING. If the marble quarried as above is to be sold in sawed or in finished condition the blocks are transported to the mills, where they are sawed into slabs of various thicknesses. The saws consist of strips of steel fastened to au oscillating frame. The cutting material is sand, which, mixed with water, continually flows over the block arid into the cuts made by the saws, and is fed upon the block either by hand or automat¬ ically. In the automatic process of feeding the sand is first delivered from a hopper into a well conveniently located in the mill; from this the mixture of water and sand is pumped through a main pipe con¬ nected with various branches, which delivers the contents upon the blocks of stone. After sawing, the blocks or slabs are placed upon a rubbing bed, consisting of a circular iron disk revolving horizontally and continually supplied with the same mixture of sand and water used in sawing. A rather smooth but dull surface is thus secured, and the stone is then ready for decorative work or for carving and polishing. The polishing of large surfaces is accomplished by means of a buffer, which consists of a rapidly revolving wheel covered with flannel and charged with a so called putty powder, and frequently with a mixture of putty and oxalic acid. This wheel is capable of a universal hori¬ zontal movement while revolving, so that it may reach all parts of the slab. Much of the polishing in Vermont mills is necessarily done by hand on account of the delicate nature of the work, owing to the intri¬ cacies of surface resulting from carving. In Tennessee mills, where large plain slabs for wainscoting and partitions are polished, the prac¬ tice of machine polishing is much more general. STONE. 473 The light carving, or “skin work,” as it is called, is largely done in the old-fashioned way, with mallet and hand-cutting tool ; hut a recently patented pneumatic tool, delivering a large number of light blows per second, is now being introduced. This is held in the hand and moved along the outline to be cut into the stone. Its work is very rapid, and it appears to be gaining in favor. It is used not only for the softer kinds of stone, but also for granite. In the preparation of stone for architectural designs, such as mold¬ ings, cornices, etc., planers similar to iron planers are used. Monu¬ mental urns and turned architectural work are produced by means of lathes, which are used both for cutting and polishing the various forms. THE SLATE INDUSTRY. Clay slate consists of siliceous clay which has been hardened and otherwise changed by metamorphosing influences, such as heat, pres¬ sure, and in some cases oxidation. Quite a variety of minerals, generally in an exceedingly fine state of division, have been found in varying proportions throughout the kaolin mass which constitutes the great bulk of the rock. Among such min¬ erals may be mentioned quartz, feldspar, mica, tourmaline, organic material, and hydrated oxide of iron. Carbonaceous matter accounts for the black color of slate from quarries in Maine and Pennsylvania. In the red, purple, and green slates of Vermont and New York, car¬ bonaceous material is wanting; the process of oxidation " hick con¬ verted compounds of iron into the ferric condition, thus giving the various shades of red and purple, may also have destroyed the car¬ bonaceous material characteristic of black slate. USES TO WHICH SLATE IS PUT. The property of slate which renders it useful as a roofing material is its cleavage, in virtue of which it may be readily split into thin sheets of suitable area. The great bulk of all the slate quarries in the United States goes for roofing, but the number of other uses to which slate is put is already large and is continually increasing. Such uses are the following: Slate is used locally in a comparatively rough state for sidewalks, curbstones, hitching posts, underpinning, cellar walls, and door steps. As a manufactured article, after going through the mill, it is offered for the following purposes : Billiard-table beds, mantels, fireboards, register frames, radiator tops, steps and risers, platforms, tiles, wainscoting, moldings, thresholds, window sills, lintels, brackets, laundry tubs, washbowl tops, cisterns, sinks, urinals, refrigerators, blackboards, mangers, curriers’ slabs, imposing stones, grave boxes, grave covers, headstones, grave markers, vault doors, water tables, belting courses, 474 MINERAL RESOURCES. counter tops, brewers' vats, greenhouse shelves, chimney tops, switch boards, and panels for electric work. In the marbleizing process it is susceptible of considerable ornamentation, which makes it more desir¬ able still for many of the above uses and also extends the list of its uses as follows: Table tops, stand tops, card receivers, soda-water foun¬ tains, checkerboards, door plates, signs, and paper weights. METHODS OF QUARRYING SLATE. Slate quarrying having been for hundreds of years an exceedingly important industry in Wales, it naturally happens that the industry in this country is largely carried on under the direction and superin¬ tendence of Welsh quarrymen who have learned the art by years of experience in their native land. Owing to the peculiarities of the slate itself, methods of quarrying applicable to other kinds of stone are not suitable to the production of slate. A successful slate quarrymau 1ms. almost invariably learned his art by years of experience under compe¬ tent and skilled supervision in quarries operated upon a liberal scale. While in this work general principles are recognized and applied, no rule-of-thumb metnods of application will suffice, but the operator must be in possession of such trained judgment as will enable him to meet continually changing conditions both in the nature of the slate and in its environment. What might have been otherwise a tine and profitable quarry may readily be spoiled by the exercise of poor judgment in the initial steps of opening the quarry. A large amount of debris must be disposed of in connection with slate quarrying and the proper disposi¬ tion of this, so as not to interfere with future developments, is frequently a matter involving careful consideration and good judgment. That serious mistakes may be made even by skilled workmen is testified to by the large number of abandoned quarries in Vermont and Pennsyl¬ vania which indicate unsuccessful operations. Blasting is liberally resorted to in slate quarrying, and in this part of the art there is much room for the exercise of good judgment, so as to take advantage of the position of the rock as determined by the cleavage grain and natural joints, and to direct the blast so that just the desired eftects may be produced. To an on looker the skill of a quarrymau in producing already x>lanned for and predicted eftects is sometimes quite wonderful. Aside from this mental work and judgment involved in the successful development of a quarry, the mechanical operations are comparatively simple, and there is room for the employment of a considerable amount of unskilled labor. Iu some of the largest quarries of Pennsylvania Italians are freely employed in stripping and similar work. The tools used are of simple character. In the production of roofing slates the operations of manufacture, which consist in splitting and trimming to the proper thickness and size, are carried on at the edge of the quarry STONE. 475 by men who are trained and skilled in this specialty and are known as “ splitters.” Their work involves a thorough knowledge of slate as to its cleavage, and in many cases the most successful workmen have followed the calling from boyhood up, having started as assistant to some one else in this work. Frequently a father brings up his sons in the same line of work, and in some cases this practice has been followed through a number of generations. MANUFACTURE OF MILLED STOCK. A long enumeration of the articles other than roofing slate into which slate is manufactured has already been given. In the mills devoted to this work there has been much opportunity for the exercise of mechani¬ cal ingenuity in inventing labor-saving devices and in adapting slate to new uses. While the Welsh enjoy quite a monopoly of the skilled work in quarrying and in making roofing slate, their particular skill is much less in demand in the mill itself, where all other articles of slate are produced. In the production of milled stock improvements have been rapidly made and American inventiveness has made itself felt. Much of the work involved in the production of milled stock consists in the making of slabs having smooth surfaces. Slate will not take a polish, but it may be made quite smooth by planing and rubbing with sand and emery. The planers are similar to those used for planing iron. At some localities in Pennsylvania the slate is so hard that it has to be cut with black diamond saws. In the manufacture of billiard table tops much care must be exercised to secure perfectly smooth and level surfaces, and for this purpose slate has no superior. Slate is well adapted for ornamental purposes after it has gone through the process of marbleizing. Quite a variety of stones and wood are thus imitated in a very successful manner. The following is a list of different kinds of stone which are thus imitated : Gray granite, Mexican onyx, fossil limestone, Devonshire marble, Tennessee marble, Circassian, Egyptian, and Pyrenees marble; and in fact all the better- known varieties of variegated marble; also blue agate, red granite, red serpentine, the various kinds of woods, and petrified wood of Califor¬ nia. As the industry progresses the number of different kinds of imita¬ tion increases. The slab to be marbleized is first rubbed by hand with fine sand, using a wooden block covered with cloth. The marbleizing process is done in two ways. Tbe marble having fine veins and lines running through it like Spanish marbles, is colored on a “float,” as it is called ; that is to say, a large vat of water is sprinkled with the dif¬ ferent oil paints required. The effect desired on the stone is thus pro¬ duced on the surface of the water, and is then transferred to the slab by simply immersing the slab and leaving the representation on it. The other method is by hand, brushes, sponges, and feathers being used to smear on the paint. In this process water colors are used. 476 MINERAL RESOURCES. At this stage the slab is baked overnight, the temperature of the oven or kiln varying from 175° F. to 225° F. After this first baking the slab is varnished and the baking is then repeated. ZSText it is scoured with ground pumice dust, varnished, and baked again. If any gilding is to be done it is done at this stage, after the slab comes out of the kiln for the third time. The next stage consists in rubbing with very fine pumice stone and a felt bock, after which it is baked for the last time. Rubbing with rotten stone follows, and the final polish is put on by rubbing with the palm of the hand. SLATE PRODUCT AND ITS VALUE, BY STATES. The following table of production for the year 1894 shows the number of squares of roofing slate, its value, the value of milled stock, and the total value of slate for all purposes : Value of slate production in 1894, by States. States. Hooting. Other Total value. Squares. Value. value. 900 5.000 24,090 39,400 375 7, 955 411, 550 214. 337 33. 955 $5, 850 22.500 123, 937 150,568 1.050 42, 092 1, 380, 430 455. 860 118. 851 . $5, 850 22,500 146, 838 153, 068 1.050 44 542 1, 620. 158 658, 167 138, 151 Maine . Maryland . $22. 901 2,500 New York . . Pennsylvania . V erniont . Virginia . Total . 2,450 239. 728 202, 307 19,300 733. 222 2, 301. 138 489, 186 2, 790, 324 The following table shows the value of the production of slate, by States, during the years 1890 to 1894, inclusive: Value of slate, by States, from 1890 to 1894. States. 1890. 1891. Roofing. Value. Other purposes than roofing. value. Total value. Roofing slate. Value. Other purposes than roofing, value. Total value. Arkansas . Squares. Squares. 120 4,000 3,000 50,000 25. 166 2.500 17,000 507, 824 $480 24. 000 13, 500 250,000 123, 425 10,000 136,000 1, 741, 836 $480 24, 000 13,500 250, 000 125, 000 10, 000 176. 000 2. 142, 905 California . Georgia . Maine . Maryland . Xew Jersey . New York . Pennsylvania . Utah ‘ . 3, 104 3. 050 41.000 23.099 2.700 16,767 476, 038 $18, 089 14.850 •201. 500 105, 745 9, 675 81, 726 1, 641. 003 $480 18,000 4.263 1.250 44. 877 370. 723 $18, 089 15, 330 219.500 110,008 10.925 126. 603 2, Oil, 726 $2,000 40,000 401. 000 Vermont . Virginia . Other States(a). .. Total . 236. 350 30. 457 3,060 596. 997 113, 079 15,240 245. 016 842,013 113. 079 15, 240 247. 643 36, 059 698, 350 127, 819 257, 267 955,617 127,819 835. 625 2, 797. 904 684,609 3, 482. 513 893,312 3, 120. 410 700. 336 3, 825, 746 STONE. 477 Value of slate, by States, from 1890 to 1894 — Continued. States. 1892. 1893. Eoofing slate. Value. Other purposes than roofing, value. Total value. Roofing slate. Value. Other purposes than roofing, value. Total value. Arkansas . Square s. Squares. California . 3.500 2.500 50. 000 24. 000 3,000 20, 000 550, 000 $21,000 10. 625 250, 000 114, 000 12,000 160. 000 1, 925, 000 $21, 000 10, 625 250, 000 116. 500 12, 000 210, 000 2, 333, 000 Georgia . Maine . Maryland . New Jersey . New York . Pennsvlrania . Utah . $2, 500 50. 000 408. 000 2.500 18.184 7,422 900 69, 640 364. 051 75 132, 061 27, 106 $11. 250 124, 200 37, 884 3,653 204. 776 1, 314, 451 450 407, 538 104, 847 $15. 000 206 157, 824 400 128, 194 12, 500 $1 1, 250 139, 200 37.884 3, 653 204. 982 1,472,275 850 535, 732 117, 347 Vermont . Virginia . Total . 260, 000 40,000 754, 000 150,000 260, 000 1, 014, 000 150, 000 953,000 3, 396, 625 720, 500 4.117.125 621, 939 2, 209. 049 314. 124 2. 523, 173 1894. States. Arkansas... California .. Georgia . Maine . Maryland . . . New Jersey New York.. Utah Roofing slate. Value. Other purposes than roofiug, value. Total value. Squares. 900 5,000 24, 690 39, 460 375 7, 955 411. 550 $5. 850 22, 500 123, 937 150, 568 1,050 42, 092 1, 380, 430 $22, 901 2, 500 2, 450 239, 728 $5, 850 22. 500 146. 838 153, 068 1,050 44, 542 1, 620. 158 214, 337 33, 955 455, 860 118, 851 202, 307 19, 300 658. 167 138, 151 738, 222 2, 301, 138 489, 186 2. 790, 324 Virginia . Total . 738, 222 (a) Includes Arkansas, Michigan, and Utah. Au inspection of this table shows that during the past year slate has been produced in nine States. During the census year 1890 twelve States yielded slate. The financial depression has had the effect of shutting down operations in a number of States in which the industry had not yet secured a firm foothold. SLATE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS STATES. California. — As is the case with other kinds of stone, quarrying of slate in this State has not enjoyed great prosperity during the past year. The entire output comes from Eldorado County and was entirely devoted to roofing. Georgia. — The slate industry in Georgia undoubtedly has a future, although operations have not been very extensive in the past. Demand for slate as a roofing material in the South has not been a keen one, but it is difficult to understand why it should not become so in view of the extending use of slate for roofiug in other portions of the country. 478 MINERAL RESOURCES. Although slate is known to occur at a number of localities in the South, the quarries at ltock Mart are the only ones at present equipped to supply any considerable demand. Maine. — Slate production in Maine increased from a total valuation of $139,200 in 1893 to $140,838 in 1894. Of the total value in the lat¬ ter year, $123,937 represents the value of 24,090 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder, $22,901, is the value of milled stock, the produc¬ tion of which is on the increase. The entire output comes from quar¬ ries in Piscataquis County. Maryland. — The slate region of this State is a continuation of the York County slate belt. The Maryland quarries are all in the northern part of Harford County, near the State line. Tbe quarries of these two counties constitute what is known as the Peach Bottom slate region. This region is discussed more fully in connection with Pennsylvania slate statistics. The Maryland product is almost entirely used for roofing purposes, 7,422 squares having been produced in 1893 and 39,460 in 1894. These products were valued at $37,884 and $150,568, respectively. New Jersey. — The slate quarries of this State are an extension of the Pennsylvania slate belt, and only a little quarrying is annually done. The quarries are in Sussex and Warren counties. New York. — The slate quarries of this State are all in Washington County, near the line separating New York and Vermont. The New York quarries produce slate of a cherry-red color, which is the only slate of its kind in the world. The price for this slate is much higher than for any other slate in the country. No red slate is quarried on the Vermont side of the line. In 1894 the product amounted to 7,955 squares, valued at $42,092. Many of the quarrymen operating in Vermont reside in New York State. In the report for 1893 the value of the output of slate in New York was placed at too high a figure, on account of an error arising from the difficulty in identifying quarries near the State line as belonging to one State or the other. The figures for 1894 are exact, having been verified by Mr. George W. Harris, formerly a resident of Fair Haven, Vt., who is familiar with the Vermont and New York slate region. Pennsylvania. — As is evident from the table of production, this State produces more than half of the entire slate output of the country. The product of 1894 was valued at $1,620,158. Of this amount $1,380,430 is the value of 411,550 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder is the value of milled stock. The following description of the State quarrying regions of Penn¬ sylvania is taken from the writer’s report in Mineral Resources for 1889-90: While there is a great variety in the colors of the slate produced in Vermont, a similar statement does not apply to Pennsylvania, the product of which is entirely black, although a very fine distinction is locally made between black and a sort of bluish-black. STONE. 479 The actively quarried slate belt of Pennsylvania really begins in Sussex County, in the northeastern part of New Jersey, where, at Lafayette and Newton, there are slate quarries in operation, and also in Warren County, at Polkville. ' The Pennsyl¬ vania portion of this slate belt begins at the Delaware Water Gap, in the northeast¬ ern part of Northampton County, and extends through Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks counties in a southwesterly direction. There is then a break filled up by Lebanon and Lancaster counties to the southwest, but in the southern part of York County operations in what is known as the Peach Bottom region reappear. Passing from the Delaware Water Gap in a southwesterly direction, the most important pro¬ ducing localities are as follows: Slateford, Mount Bethel, East Bangor, Pen Argyl, Wind Gap, Belfast, Edelman, Chapman Quarries, Treichlers, Danielsville, Walnut- port, Slatington, Tripoli, Lynnport, Steinsville, and finally, in York County, a por¬ tion of what is known as the Peach Bottom region, which is for the most part in the northern part of Harford County, Md. The most important localities in York County are West Bangor and Delta, which may be regarded as the principal points for the entire Peach Bottom region. The slate of Pennsylvania is frequently divided, more for commercial reasons than anything else, into the following regions: The Bangor region, the Lehigh, the Northampton Hard Vein, the Pen Argyl, and the Peach Bottom regions. The Bangor region is entirely within Northampton County, and is the most important. It includes quarries at Bangor, East Bangor, Mount Bethel, and Slateford; the Lehigh region includes Lehigh County entire, also a few quarries in Berks and Carbon counties, and also a small number of quarries in North¬ ampton County, on the side of the Lehigh River, opposite Slatington; the Pen Argyl region embraces quarries at Pen Argyl and Wind Gap, in Northampton County. The Northampton Hard Vein region is especially distinguished on account of the extreme hardness of the slate as compared with that produced in other regions of the State. It includes the following localities: Chapman Quarries, Belfast, Edelman, Seems- ville, and Treichlers, all in Northampton County. The Peach Bottom region includes four quarries in York County', Pa., and five in Harford County, Md. One of the chief difficulties met with in quarrying the so-called “soft’’ slate of Pennsylvania is the occurrence of what are known as “ribbons.” These ribbons are composed of foreign material and are exceedingly hard and interfere not a little with the smooth and economical quarrying of the slate. These ribbons are entirely want¬ ing in the Peach Bottom slate, and this makes a great difference in the ease of quar¬ rying in favor of the product of the Peach Bottom region. The slate produced at Chapman Quarries and other localities quarrying the same kind of slate that is pro¬ duced at this locality is so extremely hard that although it can be split with about the same readiness as the soft slate, it has to be sawed with diamond saws. This hardness is naturally an advantage to the slate, rendering it durable and nonabsorp- tive. For flagging purposes it is extremely well adapted, chiefly on account of its hardness. The most important product into which this hard vein slate is made is roofing slate, although it finds considerable application for billiard tables, imposing stones, blackboards, cisterns, lintels, window sills, copings, ridgepoles, stairsteps, and floor tiles. For paving purposes it has given great satisfaction. The largest quarry in the State, and probably in the country, is the old Bangor quarry at Bangor. The dimensions of this quarry are 1,100 feet long, 350 feet wide, with an average depth of 175 feet. Operations are conducted on a very large scale here in every respect, two locomotive engines and a large number of cars being kept during a part of the year almost constantly employed in stripping and transporting the surface material to the dump. Slate quarrying not only in Pennsylvania, but in all other States producing slate, is carried on almost entirely by the Welsh, in so far as skilled labor is concerned. This is of course due to the fact that operations of quarrying slate have been better studied in the enormous slate quarries of Wales than in any other part of the world, and naturally labor skilled in slate quarrying comes from that country. For ordi- 480 MINERAL RESOURCES. nary labor, such as stripping, Italians supply most of the demand. A large school- slate factory is in active operation at Bangor. In this factory the operations are carried on almost entirely by machinery, which is so perfect in its working that the manual labor required in attending to it is largely monopolized by children of both sexes. Similar statements may be made of large and prosperous school- slate fac¬ tories in operation in Slatington and Walnutport. In the manufacture of rooting slate, boys are quite freely employed in the work of trimming the slates after they have been split to the proper thickness and approximate size. This practice enables the Welsh to keep the skilled work largely in their own hands, as they bring up their sons to learn the business after them, beginning with the light work of trim¬ ming, and as they grow older and stronger extending their work to the heavier operations. Vermont. — The slate output of this State comes entirely from quarries in Rutland County. The industry has suffered quite noticeably from the financial depression which has characterized the years 1893 and 1891. The total value of the output of 1S93 was placed at $535,732. As explained in connection with the consideration of slate statistics in New York State, the above figures for 1893 in Vermont are somewhat too low, as returns from some Vermont quarries operated by residents of New York State were erroneously returned as belonging to the lat¬ ter. The value of the product in 1894 for Vermont has been very exactly ascertained to be $058,167. Of this amount, $455,800 repre¬ sents the value of 214,337 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder is the value of milled stock. The area in which slate is actually produced at present is confined to a narrow strip in Washington County, N. Y., and a somewhat wider one lying next to it in Rutland County, Vt. It extends from Castleton, Vt., on the north, to Salem, N. Y., on the south, a distance of 35 or 40 miles, and has a maximum width of 0 miles, but the average is not more than a mile and a half. Scattered over this territory there are about forty-nine quarries in Vermont, and abandoned quarries, or those which for one cause or another are at present idle, number many more. The first commercial use to be made of the slate of this region was between thirty and forty years ago, when Messrs. Alanson and Ira Allen began on a small scale the manufacture of school slates from the stone obtained at Scotch Hills, 2 miles north of the village of Fair Haven. This quarry is still in operation. The industry has now reached large proportions, the number of quarries keeping jiace with the demand for the stone, and this is steadily increasing as new pur¬ poses are found for its application. According to Mr. George W. Harris an outcropping of black slate lias been observed near Benson, Rutland County. No actual developments have been made, but tested samples give promising indications both as to texture and color. The slate differs somewhat in its physical properties, such as hard, ness, homogeneity, and cleavage, but the greatest variation is to be found in its color, no other place in the world showing so many colors in an area of equal size. Most of the commercial names under which STONE. 481 the slate is sold are descriptive of the color of each kind, and are as follows: Sea green, unfading green, uniform green, bright green, red- bright red, cherry red, purple, purple variegated, variegated, and mottled. The line dividing Vermont and New York also marks the division of two important varieties of slate. The true sea-green is found only in the former State, while the red is entirely confined to the latter, some of the quarries producing the respective kinds being, however, but a few hundred yards apart. The sea-green slate is manufactured almost entirely into roofing slates, more than three times as many squares being made from it as from all other varieties combined. It is quar¬ ried very extensively in the villages of Pawlet and Poultney. The sell¬ ing price per square is lower than for any other prominent kind quarried in the region, and the greater output results both from its predominance in the localities mentioned and from the ease with which it is worked, the split being remarkably pronounced. When first quarried its color is a pleasant grayish-green, but after being exposed to the weather it gradually fades and changes in a very unequal manner, certain sheets turning brown, others light gray, while some remain practically unchanged. A roof covered with it presents, after a year or two, a peculiar spotted appearance. It is, however, a good wearing slate, and the objection to its color is the principal one against it. As already stated, no red slate is produced in Vermont, while the red-slate quarries of New Yrork, just across the dividing line, are the only ones in the world producing red slate. Virginia. — The slate industry of Virginia is developing in a satisfac¬ tory manner, and although the general business depression has affected the industry during the past two years, progress has been made both in an increase of output in 1894 as compared with 1893, and in the fur¬ ther perfection of mills for the manufacture of products other than roof¬ ing slate. The value of the output in 1893 was $117,347, representing the value of 27,106 squares of roofing slate and $12,500 worth of milled stock. In 1894 the total value of the output was $138,151, of which $19,300 represented the value of milled stock and the remainder that of 33,955 squares of rooting slate. Most of the product comes from Buckingham County, while the rest is quarried in Amherst and Albe¬ marle counties. HISTORICAL DATA. According to Mr. George W. Harris, of Fair Haven, Vt., the quarry¬ ing of slate began with the operations at the Cilgwyn quarries in Wales. From these was taken the slate used in roofing some of the oldest castles in that country. Some of these structures are said to have been in existence prior to the Norman conquest. Excavations made in one of the ancient churchyards of Wales revealed a head¬ stone erected over the grave of Sir William Brereton, who, according 16 geol, pt 4 - 31 482 MINERAL RESOURCES. to tbe inscription, died in the year 1651. A headstone in a graveyard at Plymouth, Mass., hears the date February 23, 1672. This slab and others were brought to this country as ballast in ships from the earliest Welsh quarries. The first use to which Vermont slate appears to have been put was the manufacture of school slates by Deacon Ranney and Colonel Allen, of Fair Haven, Vt. In 1847 the production of roofing slate began, only 200 squares being manufactured the first year. In 1855 the same locality yielded 45,000 squares of roofing slate. THE SANDSTONE INDUSTRY. NATURE AND VARIETIES OF SANDSTONE. The constituent grannies of sandstone have resulted from the disin¬ tegration of the older rocks under the influences of dynamic action, erosion, and weathering. The sedimentary deposition of these gran¬ ules from suspension in water, supplemented by the cementing effect of other substances, aided by pressure, has given rise to what is known as sandstone. The hardest essential component of the older rocks is quartz, which is naturally therefore the most abundant granule-form ing material, and while other minerals are to be found in sandstone most of the sandstones are almost entirely made up of quartz. Feldspar and mica are to be found in some sandstones, but the constitution of this rock on the whole is much simpler and more uniform than is the case with granitic and volcanic rocks. The size of the constituent granules in sandstone is quite variable, and thus it is customary to distinguish between fine and coarse grained stone. The nature of the material which binds the granules together is an important consideration, since it determines largely the strength, dur¬ ability, and beauty of the stone, and consequently its commercial value. It is scarcely necessary to observe that no matter how hard the gran¬ ules of a sandstone may be, if they are not firmly bound together the rock as a whole may be easily crushed and disintegrated. The com¬ monly occurring cementing materials are oxides of iron, argillaceous material, calcium carbonate, and silica, the latter in a different physi¬ cal condition from that which constitutes the quartz granules themselves. Argillaceous sandstone is that in which the cementing material is clay; such stone is apt to be weak and easily crushed, unless it happens that the original clay has been changed and hardened by metam orphic action. The cementing material of calcareous sandstone is calcium carbonate, which, owing to its susceptibility to decomposition under the influence of an acid atmosphere, is not so desirable as some other materials. Ferruginous sandstone is that in which the cement consists of one or another of the oxides of iron, or mixtures of them. These oxides of STONE. 483 iron are to be found in many of tbe best sandstones. In addition to tlieir cementing qualities they are also responsible for the color of the stone when this is pink, red, brown, or some shade intermediate between them. Sandstones in which but little or no ferric oxide is present usu¬ ally show a light color, due to the absence of iron compounds altogether or to their presence only in the ferrous or unoxidized condition. Light- colored stone frequently becomes darker in color upon exposure to the air, on account of the oxidation of ferrous compounds (oxide or carbon¬ ate) or iron pyrites to ferric oxide. When the cementing material is silica, which is chemically the same thing as quartz, the stone consists entirely of silica. Such stone is extremely hard and durable, but difficult to work. It is not subject to change in color, which is light gray or bluish gray. When such stone occurs in thin layers it is easily quarried in sheets or slabs, in, which form it is used extensively for curbing and bagging in our largest cities, and is known commercially as bluestone. Siliceous sandstone grades into what is known as quartzite, which has been hardened by heat and pressure. COMPOSITION OF SANDSTONE AS SHOWN BY ANALYSES OF SAMPLES FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES. The following table of analyses of sandstone from a number of localities will serve to indicate its general composition : Analyses of sandstone. No. Kinds of stone. Locality. Silica. Alu¬ mina. Iron ox¬ ides. Man¬ ga¬ nese oxide. Lime. Mag¬ nesia. Pot¬ ash. Soda. Car¬ bonic acid, water, and loss. Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. 1 Manyard . East Longmeadow, 79. 38 8. 75 2. 43 2.57 X. 08 2. 79 Mass. 2 W orcester .... _ _ do . 88.89 5. 95 1. 79 . 41 . 27 86 1 83 3 Kibbie quartz . _ do . 81. 38 9. 44 3. 54 . 11 . 76 . 28 4. 49 4 Brownstone . . Portland, Conn. . .. 69. 94 13. 15 2. 48 .70 3. 09 Trace 3. 30 5.43 1.01 5 Sandstone .... Stony Point, Mich . 84.57 5. 90 6. 48 .68 Undeter- 1. 92 mined. 6 Quartzite . Pipestone, Minn . . 84. 52 12. 33 2. 12 .31 .n_ . 34 2. 31 7 Buff . 97. 00 1. 00 1. 15 64 . 21 8 Berea . Berea, Ohio . 96. 90 1.68 .55 55 . 32 9 Euclid blue- Euclid County, 95. 00 2. 50 1.00 1. 50 stone. Ohio. . 10 Columbia . 96. 50 1. 00 50 2. 00 11 Red . Laurel Run, Pa. . . . 94. 00 Trace 1.90 1. 10 1. 00 1. 92 12 Elyria . Grafton, Ohio . 87. 66 1. 72 3.52 .17 . 20 2. 03 13 Sandstone .... Fond du Lac, Minn. 78.24 10.88 3. 83 .95 1.60 1.67 .06 Authorities for Analyses.— Nos. 1 and 2, Leonard P. Kinnicutt, Ph. D. ; No. 3, C. F. Chambers, Ph. D. ; No. 4, F.W. Taylor; No. 5, F.W. Clarke, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 27; No. 6, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 1 ; No. 7, J. H. Salesbury ; No. 8, John Eisenmann; No. 11, A. A. Breniman; No. 12, F. F. Jewett ; No. 13, N. H. Winchell, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 1. 484 MINERAL RESOURCES. USES TO WHICH SANDSTONE IS PUT. The following is a list showing the various uses to which the sand stone of the country is put: FOUNDATIONS, SUPERSTRUCTURES, AND TRIMMINGS. Solid fronts. Buttresses. Capping. Ashlar. Foundations. Window sills. Belting or belt Forts. Cellar walls. Lintels. courses. Dimensions. Underpinning. Kiln stone. Rubble. Sills. Steps. STREET WORK. Paving blocks. Basin heads or catch- Ro-ul ( Macadam. Sledged stone. Curbing. basin covers. , . < Telford. Crushed stone, making: i Flagging. Stepping stones. ( Concrete. ABRASIVE PURPOSES. Grindstones. Whetstones. Shoe rubbers. Oilstones. BRIDGE, DAM, AND RAILROAD WORK. Bridges. Breakwater. Rails. Bank stone. Culverts. Jetties. Ballast. Parapets. Aqueducts. Piers. Approaches. Docks. Dams. Buttresses. Towers. Bridge covering. Wharf stone. Capstone. Grout. Hitching posts. Fence wall. Sand for glass. MISCELLANEOUS. Glass furnaces. Core sand for found ries. Lining for blast fur- Watering troughs naces. Fluxing. Rolling-mill fur- Canister, naces. Fire brick, silica Random stock Sand for plaster and Adamantine plaster. brick. cement. Millstones. Lining for steel con- Furnace hearths. Cemetery work. verters. VALUE OF THE SANDSTONE PRODUCT, BY STATES. The following table shows, by States, the value of the sandstone pro duced during the calendar year 1894: Value of sandstone production in 1894, by States. States. Value. i Alabama . $18, 100 Arkansas . 2, 365 California . 10, 087 Colorado . 69, 105 Connecticut . 322,934 | Georgia . 11, 300 | Idaho . 10, 529 Illinois . 10, 732 Indiana . 22, 120 Iowa . 11,639 Kansas . 30, 265 Kentucky . 27,868 . Maryland . . . 3,450 Massachusetts . 150, 231 Michigan . 34, 066 Minnesota . 8,415 1 States. Missouri . Montana . New Jersey... New Mexico.. New York .... Ohio . Pennsylvania. South Dakota. Texas . Utah . Virginia . Washington . . West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming . Total . . . Value. $131, 687 16, 500 217, 941 300 450, 992 1, 777, 034 349, 787 9, 000 62, 350 15, 428 2,258 6,611 63, 865 94, 888 4,000 3, 945, 847 STONE. 485 Inspection of the foregoing table, which reveals a total value of $3,945,847, and a comparison with the total for the year 1893, shows a falling off in production of $1,249,304. This decrease is greater than for any other kind of stone. This is what would naturally be expected, in view of the fact that sandstone is more exclusively used for building purposes than any other variety of stone. Thus, granite is quite largely employed as paving material in the form of Belgian blocks, and for monumental and cemetery purposes; limestone, also, besides its use as building material, is used for road making, burning into lime, and for blast-furnace flux purposes, requiring large quantities of stone. In the census year 1889, 23 per cent of the limestone, 43 per cent of the gran¬ ite, and 65 per cent of the sandstone were the proportions of each used for building purposes. Hence it is, that building operations being restricted on account of hard times, the sandstone industry suffered more than the others. A surprisingly large number of sandstone quar¬ ries shut down operations entirely on account of the lack of demand, while, without any exception, the largest producers report a serious falling off in output, sometimes amounting to 50 per cent of the value of the output in 1893. The following table shows the production of sandstone, by States, for the years 1890 to 1894: Value of sandstone, by States, from 1890 to 1894. States. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . $43, 965 9, 146 25, 074 175, 598 1, 224, 098 920, 061 (a) (a) 2, 490 17, 896 43, 983 80, 251 149, 289 117, 940 10, 605 649, 097 246, 570 131, 979 155, 557 31, 648 (a) 3,750 597, 309 186, 804 702, 419 12, 000 3, 046, 656 8, 424 1, 609, 159 (a) 93, 570 2,722 14, 651 48, 306 (a) 11,500 75, 936 140, 687 183, 958 16, 760 $30, 000 1,000 20, 000 100, 000 750, 000 750, 000 $32, 000 35, 000 18, 000 50, 000 550. 000 650, 000 $5, 400 46, 400 3,292 26, 314 126, 077 570, 346 $18, 100 2, 365 10, 087 69, 105 322, 934 2,000 3, 000 7, 500 80, 000 25, 000 70, 000 65, 000 5, 000 400, 000 500, 000 175, 000 125, 000 35, 000 11, 300 10, 529 10, 732 22, 120 11, 639 30, 265 27, 868 3, 450 150, 231 34, 066 8,415 131, 687 16, 500 Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa. . Kansas . Kentucky . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . Montana . 10, 000 90, 000 50, 000 80, 000 80, 000 10, 000 400, 000 275, 000 290, 000 100, 000 35, 000 2, 005 16, 859 20, 000 18, 347 24, 761 18, 000 360 223, 348 75, 547 80, 296 75, 701 42, 300 New Jersey . New Mexico . New York . 400, 000 50, 000 500, 000 15, 000 3, 200, 000 350, 000 20, 000 450, 000 267, 514 4,922 415, 318 217, 941 300 450, 992 Ohio . 3, 300, 000 35, 000 650, 000 2, 201, 932 1, 777, 034 Pennsylvania . 750, 000 622, 552 349, 787 South Dakota . 25, 000 20, 000 36, 165 9, 000 Texas . Utah . 6, 000 36, 000 48, 000 40, 000 77, 675 136, 462 62, 350 15, 428 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Wyoming . Total . 40, 000 75, 000 90, 000 417, 000 25, 000 75, 000 85, 000 400, 000 15,000 3, 830 15, 000 46, 135 92, 193 100 2, 258 6, 611 63, 865 94, 888 4, 000 14, 464, 095 8,700,000 8,265,500 5, 195, 151 3, 945, 847 a Sandstone valued at $26,199 was produced by Rhode Island, Nevada, Vermont, Florida, and Georgia together, and this sum is included in the total. 486 MINERAL RESOURCES. SANDSTONE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS STATES. Alabama. — Sandstone has been produced from quarries in Jefferson, Colbert, and St. Clair counties. Production in 1894 has been much restricted, but indications for imx)rovement in 1895 are well defined and unmistakable. Arkansas. — But very little sandstone is quarried in Arkansas, although it has been produced ou a limited scale in four different counties, namely, Johnson, Sebastian, Conway, and Miller. California. — In sandstone production, as in that of all other kinds of stone, the year 1894 has been an exceedingly dull one in this State. Production in 1894 was so limited as to be hardly worth noting. In former years sandstone has been x>roduced in the following counties, named in order of importance: Santa Clara, Amador, Ventura, San‘ Bernardino, Yolo, Solano, and Nairn. Colorado. — Production of sandstone in Colorado a few years ago had assumed quite large xiroportions, and in 1889 the value of the outx>ut was found to be $1,224,098. During 1894 the industry almost came to a standstill, many oxierators quitting the business entirely, while others barely existed in their struggles with slack demand, low prices, and slow collections. The counties which have yielded sandstone are, in order of inqiortance: Boulder, El Paso, Larimer, Eagle, Jefferson, Las Animas, Fremont, Park, Huerfano, and Montezuma. Connecticut. — Practically the entire output of sandstone in this State comes from the well-known quarries at Portland, Middletown, and Crom¬ well, in Middlesex County. The product of these localities has long been in favor in the most important cities of the East. While produc¬ tion is in amount well below that of a few years since, the industry is in a stable condition, with promise of decidedly better results in 1895. Georgia. — While a small quantity of sandstone was x>roduced in 1894, this branch of the stone industry in Georgia has never amounted to a great deal. Much more enterprise has been shown in the development of its valuable resources in granite, marble, and slate. Idaho. — The output of sandstone in Idaho exceeded that of the census year, but the industry does not yet cut much of a figure. The product is confined to Ada County. Illinois. — This State, while very prominent for its limestone output, has not as yet done much in the way of quarrying sandstone, although operations have been carried on in Henry, Fulton, Whiteside, Union, Knox, Lee, and Clay counties. Indiana. — Indiana is .widely known for oolitic limestone rather than for other varieties. Sandstone is ]iroduced to a limited extent in the following counties: Warren, Fountain, Orange, and Putnam. The sandstone of Orange County deserves esxiecial mention on account of its value for abrasive purposes. This stone is said to need no oil to soften it, but is used with water alone, and it axqiears to be very OOO'OOZ'L > i— < 000 009' l I— o 000 009'!. CL tu i i i CO 4! o LU o X o * cr o > £ UJ z < > > CO z z UJ Q. u UJ z z o £ UJ CO 3 X o < co co < CD 00 oc < UJ >- UJ X \- o cr 3 Q CO UJ I- < l- CO CO 3 o oc < > UJ X 1- Q UJ O 3 Q O cr CL O h~ CO Q Z < CO Ul 3 _] < > cr 3 O co CO O O co STONE. 487 popular for the purpose of sharpening tools. It has been very highly recommended for razor hones and for sharpening axes and knives. It is found chiefly in the. western part of Orange County, and appears to be produced in no other county of the State. Much of it is shipped in the rough to various points in New York to be sawed. Iowa. — Sandstone production has been at quite a low ebb in 1894, although it has never been of much importance to the State. Marion and Hardin counties have been the most important, though small amounts nave been quarried iu Cerro Gordo, Clayton, Lee, Jasper, Washington, and Scott counties. Kansas. — Sandstone is found in all parts of this State, but the most productive portions are in the southern and southeastern counties. Bourbon, Phillips, and Rawlins counties are the most productive, although quarries have been operated in Crawford, Woodson, Clark, Wilson, Kingman, Harper, and Comanche counties. But little was done in 1894. Kentucky. — Although sandstone has been quarried in seven counties of the State, almost nothing was done in 1894. Productive counties are Rowan, Muhlenberg, Lewis, Bell, Crittenden, Rockcastle, and Ohio. Maryland. — The annual production of sandstone in this State has never been large, although some of the stoue is fine in quality. This statement applies particularly to stone quarried in Montgomery County, on the Potomac River, 20 miles from Washington. It was known originally as Seneca red sandstone. It has been used iu quite a large number of buildings in the city of Washington, notably the Smith¬ sonian Institution. From all the evidence which has been submitted it appears to be one of the best red sandstones iu the country. Many of the strong and unqualified indorsements of this stone appear as the favorable result of an investigation of a committee of Congress appointed to investigate the use of this stone in the construction of the State, War, and Navy Department building in Washington. Massachusetts. — While the granite interests of Massachusetts have held their own during the financial depression, sandstone production has fallen oft’ decidedly. The productive counties are Hampden, Suf¬ folk, Norfolk, and Hampshire. The first named yields most of the product. Michigan. — This State has produced some fine grades of sandstone, which are favorably received by builders over quite a wide area of the country. Leading producers report poor business for the jiast year, but there is no doubt that indications for 1895 are much more favorable. Productive counties are chiefly Houghton and Marquette. Minnesota. — Production fell off markedly in 1894. Productive coun¬ ties are Pine, Pipestone, St. Louis, Houston, Rock, and Scott. The developments which have been made in Pipestone County in what is commercially known as “ Pipestone red jasper” are of particular interest. This is a metamorpliic quartzite rock of intense hardness, 488 MINERAL RESOURCES. varying in color from cnerry to lavender or violet. Its extreme hard¬ ness is another important characteristic. The following- analysis was made by Dr. C. T. Jackson: Analysis of red pipestone from Pipestone County, Minn. Per cent. 8. 4 48. 2 28. 2 Magnesia . 6 5 Oxide of manganese . .6 Carbonate of lime . 2.6 Loss . 1 Total . 100. 0 i The following tests of this stone have been made: Tests of Minnesota red pipestone. Crushing strength . Ihs. per sq. in.. 23,000 Specific gravity . 2. 8 W eight per cubic foot . lbs . . 170. 6 On account of its color and desirable properties which tend to make the stone durable, it is quite popular as a building material, and has already been used in the construction of a large number of important buildings. Missouri. — Sandstone quarrying was very much depressed through¬ out the year. In spite of hard times, however, the falling off was not nearly so pronounced as in many other States. The value of the product in 1889 was $155,557, and in 1891, $131,687. The most impor¬ tant counties are Johnson, St. Clair, and Cape Girardeau; others less productive are Carroll, Barton, Saline, Franklin, Vernon, Holt, Lewis, Buchanan, and Henry. Montana. — A small amount of sandstone was quarried during the year. The productive counties are Deer Lodge, Cascade, Custer, and Yellowstone. New Jersey. — The sandstone industry of New Jersey is one of consid¬ erable magnitude, having amounted in 1889 to a valuation of $597,309. The decrease to $217,941 in 1894 appears to be entirely attributable to the general low condition of trade. New York. — The sandstones of this State are quite various in color and in fineness of texture; some of them have won lasting reputations for adaptability to building purposes. Production languished in 1894, amounting in value to $450,992, while in 1889, the corresponding figure was $702,419. The best known sandstone is the Potsdam red sandstone. It has an enviable reputation for durability and for ability to withstand the effects of sudden heating and cooling. STONE. 489 The leading countries producing sandstone are Orleans and St. Law¬ rence; others are Niagara, Oswego, Oneida, Jefferson, Chenango, Mon¬ roe, Allegany, Greene, Rockland, Washington, Tioga, Steuben, Schuyler, Franklin, Wyoming, Essex, Chautauqua, Otsego, and Cattaraugus. In addition to the production of sandstone in New York, a large quantity of what is commercially known as “bluestone” is quarried. Bluestone is the name given to the variety of sandstone which consists almost entirely of granules of silica cemented together by silica. The identity of this stone with sandstone is not generally recognized among the bluestone producers; in fact, many of them seem almost indignant if it is called sandstone. The bluestone industry is entirely distinct from what is herein given as the sandstone industry. Owing to the hardness and durability of bluestone, as well as the manner in which it occurs in the earth, it is well adapted to purposes of street paving, such as flagging and curbing, and most of it is devoted to these uses. A certain amount of the stone is quarried from regularly organized quar¬ ries, with a definitely invested capital and plant and good facilities for quarrying, but a large amount is produced irregularly and spasmodic¬ ally by men who invest no capital and have no definite organization as producers of stone. Their operations are conducted as follows : Pro¬ vided with a very simple equipment of the most ordinary quarry tools, they dislodge the stone found on land belonging to other persons and transport it to a number of shipping points, selling it there to dealers who make a business of collecting the stone in this manner and ship¬ ping it to places where it is used. The dealers pay the individuals who quarry the stone an amount which simply compensates them for their time and labor, while the owner of the property receives a certain defi¬ nite percentage from the dealer for the amount of stone thus taken from his land. During the year 1889, and a number of years previous, some of the dealers at various points in New York State constituted the members of the Union Bluestone Company, with headquarters in New York City. Each member of this company was entitled to furnish a certain percentage of the total amount sold by this company in a given year. The dealers may, therefore, be regarded in a certain sense as producers. The land on which this stone is quarried is, generally speaking, of little value for anything but the bluestone contained n it. Originally the stone was quarried for flagging only, but more recently it has been applied to quite a long list of purposes, such as rubble masonry, retaining walls, and bridge stone, curbing, gutters, step stones fiooring, vault covers, bases of tombstones, porch and hitching posts, house trimmings, such as platforms, steps, door and window sills, lintels, and caps. The stone is known commercially by a number of names, which designate approximately the region from which it is taken. Among the names in common use may be mentioned the following: Hudson River bluestone, Hudson River flagging, North River bluestone, North 490 MINERAL RESOURCES. River flagging, Pennsylvania bluestone, Wyoming Valley Milestone, Delaware River bluestone, Delaware flags, bluestone flagging, and bluestone. Tlie value of tlie bluestone produced in Xew York in 1889 was $1,303,321. This product came from 142 quarries, in addition to numerous minor quarries or boles from wbicb the product was taken by laborers, as has already been described. Tlie productive counties are seen in tbe following list: Ulster, $662,324 ; Delaware, $150, 866; Chenango, $93,100; Sullivan, $87,930; Wyoming, $50,260; Schenec¬ tady, $47,900; Orange, 33,405; Albany, $23,285, and smaller amounts from Otsego, Jefferson, Tompkins, Schoharie, Steuben, Seneca, Greene, Chemung, Broome, Saratoga, Oneida, Rockland, Franklin, Washington, and Yates. The Union Bluestone Company, as organized in 1889, has dissolved. Fo canvass of the bluestone producers has been made since 1889, when the census figures, which were collected with great care by per¬ sonal visitation of all producing localities, gave the values and distri¬ bution above stated. It is safe, however, to estimate the output for 1894 at $900,000, as production has fallen off in value since 1S89. The following article, originally published in“ Stone for July, 1893, is of interest as showing the peculiarities of bluestone quarrying : The quarrying of bluestone probably requires as much skill, if not more, than any other kind of stone, a fact often overlooked, and a potent factor in the success or failure of a quarryman. It seems to be the general impression among a great many users, and perhaps a few of the producers, of this most useful and durable stone that a man need only find a deposit of salable quality of bluestone, with no more than the usual proportion of top to bed, and with the usual shipping facilities, and success is assured, but for any one who has been closely connected with this especially interesting business it is easy to find the reason why a quarry has not paid. The causes are usually radical, and one of the first flaws, after ascertaining that the quarry contains stone in fair quantity, will be found by looking into the system of quarrying, wherein usually inheres the drawback to the prosperity of the quarry. The peculiar formation of bluestone, and the fact that it is found in comparatively small deposits, make the use of machinery impracticable, a quarry in Chenango County, N. Y., probably being the only one which uses any of the modern machinery or blasting devices in quarrying, such as the Knox system in use at this place. Some few of the other large quarries, perhaps, are using the Knox system in blast¬ ing their top rock, and quite a number are equipped with steam drills, but it is safe to say that 90 per cent of all the bluestone is quarried by hand wedges and sledges. Flagging is a large percentage of the kind produced, and runs from one-fourth inch thick up. The beds usually produce the thinner stone on top, running heavier as the bed is worked down. Nearly every quarry has its own peculiar formation. Quarries within 400 or 500 yards of each other frequently differ greatly as to quality and formation. As a rule the best quarrymeu have worked in the quarries from the time they have been able to do anything, and as that is usually pretty early in life, many of them have gained such knowledge of the work that they know to a cer¬ tainty how the stone will work as soon as they see the bed, without raising a lift. It is only after long work at quarrying that a man becomes expert. In raising the flag it is very necessary that they come up in as large pieces as possible, that the cutters may get the larger-sized stone most in demand and for which the best prices STONE. 491 are obtained. A good quarryman will handle a lift with utmost skill, driving the wedges just enough to give it the proper strain to free itself from the bed of stone, and yet not so to strain it that it will break under the stonecutter’s tool, or perhaps before it is raised. There are no general rules or directions to follow; only knowl¬ edge and skill obtained by long and close attention to the work are of any service. Ohio. — This State stands in first place among all the States of the Union for its output of sandstone. The value of the product in 1894 is $1,777,034. The financial depression during the past two years has been severely felt by the sandstone producers of the State. In 1890 the total value amounted to $3,046,056. The productive counties, in order of importance, are as follows: Cuyahoga, Lorain, Stark, Scioto, Washington, Huron, Fairfield. Summit, Trumbull, Morrow, Wayne, Muskingum; and smaller amounts from Crawford, Richland, Holmes, Harrison, Tuscarawas, Belmont, Jefferson, Mahoning, Erie, Delaware, Franklin, Lucas, Meigs, Montgomery, Ross, Licking, Guernsey, Colum¬ biana, Perry, Portage, Wood, Ashland, Pike, and Lawrence. By far the most of the stone comes from Cuyahoga and Lorain counties, in the northern part of the State. Some of the sandstone quarries of Cuyahoga and Lorain counties are operated in a most thorough, complete, and economical manner; the latest appliances are in use, and for smoothness of working very few quarries in the country can compare with them. The use of the Knox system of blasting in the quarries of this State is attended with great success. The stone is of such a thoroughly homogeneous character that the result of a blast by the Knox system is simply to move, slightly, large masses of stone without spalling or weakening them in any man¬ ner. One could almost stand upon the mass of rock while being blasted out without danger of personal injury. The uses to which Ohio sandstone is put are as follows : About one- sixth is consumed for abrasive purposes, for which the stone has a very high reputation. It supplies most of the demand in the United States for grindstones, etc. Somewhat more than one-half is used for build¬ ing. About one-seventh is devoted to street work ; while the remainder is consumed in bridge, dam, and railroad construction. Pennsylvania. — The value of the product in 1894 was $349,787. A great many quarries ceased operations entirely during the past year, demand being very light and prices lower than heretofore. The fol¬ lowing are the productive counties, in order of importance: Beaver, Dauphin, Lawrence, Allegheny, Westmoreland, Montgomery, Lacka¬ wanna, Fayette, Luzerne, and Somerset; and smaller amounts from Huntingdon, Bucks, Chester, Tioga, Philadelphia, Lancaster, Indiana, Berks, Blair, Lehigh, Erie, Lebanon, Clearfield, Lycoming, Venango, Jefferson, Cambria, Warren, Elk, Crawford', Armstrong, Clarion, Mc¬ Kean, Delaware, Greene, and Susquehanna. South Dahota. — The total output reached a valuation of only $9,000. The industry is a new one in this State, but there is reason to believe that it will develop considerably in the course of the next decade. 492 MINERAL RESOURCES. Texas. — The value of the output was $62,350, which is quite an increase over the product of a few years ago. The output comes from quarries iu Washington, Parker, Grimes, Llano, Brown, Collin, and Wise counties. Utah. — The value of the output of 1894 was $15,428. The product¬ ive counties are Utah, Summit, Emery, and Boxelder. Virginia. — The production of sandstone in Virginia has thus far been very limited. Campbell and Prince William counties have yielded most of the product. Washington. — Although very fine sandstone is known to occur on the shores of Lake Whatcom, but very little has yet been done in the way of development. The product of 1894 is valued at $6,611. West Virginia. — In this State there are large quantities of sandstone admirably adapted for use in heavy foundation work, and particularly bridge work. Productive counties are Kanawha, Wood, Summers, Ohio, Marion, Lewis, Preston, Ritchie, Harrison, McDowell, and Taylor. The value of the output in 1894 was $63,865. Wisconsin. — This State produced $94,888 worth of sandstone in 1894. This amount differs but little from that of 1893. Productive counties are Bayfield, Pierce, Douglas, Ashland, Dunn; small amounts have been taken from the following: Sauk, Lafayette, Monroe, Portage, Jackson, La Crosse, Trempealeau, Dane, and Grant. Wyoming. — Quarrying in this State is in its infancy, although there appear to be many possibilities well worth investigation when the demand for sandstone is such as to justify it. Stone has been pro¬ duced in Laramie, Albany, Converse, Carbon, and Sweetwater counties. THE LIMESTONE INDUSTRY. NATURE, ORIGIN, AND USES OF LIMESTONE. The name “limestone” implies stone from which lime is made. Strictly speaking, therefore, it should apply only to the carbonate of calcium, which, by ignition, is converted into lime. In practice, how¬ ever, the name covers quite a variety of materials which contain car¬ bonate of calcium, but in very different degrees. When limestone presents itself in crystalline condition, so as to be susceptible of fine polish and delicate ornamentation, it is known as marble. Marble is specially treated in an earlier portion of this report, inasmuch as its beauty of texture and fine crystalline condition make it applicable to uses for which the noncrystalline variety of limestone can not serve. Calcium carbonate is frequently associated with magnesium car¬ bonate in varying proportions. When the proportion of the latter is small the stone is called magnesian limestone, but when the proportion becomes 54.35 parts of calcium carbonate to 45.65 parts of magnesium carbonate it receives the name of “ dolomite,” which, if crystalline, STONE. 493 may constitute a marble, blit if noncrystalline is classed with the ordinary limestones. The term “ ordinary limestone ” is commonly used to include all the grades and degrees of limestone except marble, and it is of “ ordinary limestone” with this meaning that this report treats. The limestones are mainly, though probably not entirely, of organic origin, resulting from the deposition and aggregation of shells, corals, etc.; but at the time of deposition other materials, such as clay, sand, iron oxides, iron pyrites, mica, etc., may have been included, thus pro¬ ducing a large number of grades, which are frequently distinguished by names which imply the presence of the most characteristic impurity. Siliceous, argillaceous, and micaceous limestones are names in common use. Usually the presence of these impurities is an objection to the stone for almost all the great variety of uses to which limestone is applied. The detailed uses to which ordinary limestone is put are numerous, and some of them are of vast importance, because they can not be met by any other kind of stone. Some of the uses to which limestone is put briug it into competition with the granites and sandstone, such as building of all kinds, road making, and structural purposes generally. In its application to lime burning and blast-furnace flux, limestone stands alone, and, as will be seen from the table of productiou, large quantities are devoted to these purposes. VALUE OF LIMESTONE PRODUCT, BY STATES. Owing to the widespread distribution of limestone throughout the United States and the number and varied character of the uses to which it is put, the collection of accurate statistics becomes a much more difficult problem than is encountered in the same undertaking with any other kind of stone. In view of the difficulties which present themselves iu connection with statistics of limestone, an entire revis¬ ion of the directory was made, and as a result the original list of names of producers was decidedly lengthened. While the original list contained the names of all important operators, a great many additional names of less important producers were secured. The method which was found most effective in obtaining knowledge of new names con¬ sisted in addressing to postmasters of all offices located in limestone producing counties of the country a double postal card, which enabled them to return to this Bureau names of all persons in their vicinity who quarry limestone for any purpose whatsoever. The results which followed our subsequent request for information addressed to limestone producers are most gratifying, since there was every reason to believe that the returns relating to value of output were so full and complete as to amount to an actual census. 494 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following table shows the value of lime made, the value of stone used for building and road making, the value of stone used for blast¬ furnace flux, and the total value for all purposes together: Value of limestone production in 1894, with uses to which the stone was applied. States. Lime. $171, 344 15,710 34j 360 273, 250 24,413 204, 414 16, 419 32, 000 5, 315 387 1 973 307, 545 237, 066 12i 065 17, 815 810, 089 628, 979 173, 065 44, 656 78, 499 167, 133 42, 850 Nebraska . 700 New Jersey . 177, 197 690 New York . 660, 503 930, 705 1, 743, 947 20, 433 Ohio . Rhode Island . South Carolina . : . 25| 000 2, 013 102, 921 13, 308 11, 665 South Dakota . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . 407, 730 151, 915 57, 148 Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . 34, 801 Wisconsin . 584j 971 Total . 8, 610, 607 Building and road making. Flux. $30, 925 $8, 000 44, 100. 3,868 15, 650 35, 077 72, 680 14,220 2, 167, 979 895, 563 379, 564 228, 974 96, 119 43, 807 22, 917 291, 631 212, 764 411, 669 36, 165 13, 955 7, 528 8,190 8, 136 4, 220 709, 962 8, 386 752, 772 50, 000 547, 990 333, 625 100 1,650 85, 743 28, 218 10, 031 2, 000 1,080 109, 172 23, 460 2, 000 8, 972 213, 435 7, 382, 055 520, 242 Total. $210, 269 19. 810 38. 228 288, 900 132, 170 204, 414 30, 639 32, 000 5, 315 2, 555, 952 1, 203, 108 616, 630 241, 039 113, 934 810, 089 672, 786 195, 982 336, 287 291, 263 578, 802 92, 970 8, 228 193, 523 4, 910 1, 378, 851 1, 733, 477 2, 625, 562 20, 433 25, 100 3, 663 188, 664 41.526 23, 696 408, 810 284, 547 59, 148 43, 773 798, 406 16, 512, 904 It is evident from an inspection of the totals that the value of the lime output for the entire country is $8,610,607, or somewhat more than one-half the total value of the total output of limestone for all pur¬ poses. Somewhat less than half has been devoted to building and road making, while the remainder has been used for fluxing purposes. For the last-named uses the amount consumed has in the last year been smaller than usual on account of the depression which has existed in the manufacture of iron. A comparison of the figures for 1894 with those of the census year 1890 shows a decline from $19,095,179 to $16,512,904. This, however, is not surprising in view of the exceptional financial depression. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PART IV PL. IV 1,000,000 2,000,000 VALUE OF LIMESTONE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE YEAR 1894. (In millions of dollars.) STONE. 495 The following table shows the value of the limestone output by States for tlie years 1890 to 1894, inclusive: Value of limestone, by States, from 1890 to 1894. States. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Alabama . $324, 814 $300, 000 $325, 000 $205, 000 $210, 269 15, 000 19 810 Arkansas . 18, 360 20, 000 18, 000 7, 611 38] 228 California . 516, 780 400, 000 400, 000 288, 626 288, 900 Colorado . 138, 091 90, 000 100, 000 60, 000 132, 170 Connecticut . 131, 697 100, 000 95, 000 155, 000 204, 414 Florida . (a) 35, 000 30, 639 Georgia . ( a ) 34] 500 32] 000 Idaho . 28, 545 5, 000 1, 000 5, 315 Illinois. . 2, 190] 607 2, 030, 000 3, 185] 000 2, 305] 000 2, 555, 952 Indiana . 1, 889, 336 2, 100, 000 1, 800, 000 1, 474, 695 1, 203, 108 Iowa . 530, 863 400, 000 705, 000 547, 000 616, 630 Kansas . 478, 822 300, 000 310, 000 175, 173 241, 039 Kentucky . 303, 314 250, 000 275, 000 203, 000 113, 934 Maine . 1, 523, 499 1,200, 000 1, 600, 000 1, 175, 000 810, 089 164, 860 150, 000 200 000 672, 786 Massachusetts . 119’ 978 100, 000 200, 000 156, 528 195] 982 Michigan . 85, 952 75, 000 95, 000 53, 282 336. 287 Minnesota . 613, 247 600, 000 600, 000 208, 088 291, 263 Missouri . 1, 859, 960 1, 400, 000 1, 400, 000 861, 563 578, 802 24. 964 6, 000 4, 100 92, 970 Nebraska . 207. 019 175, 000 180, 000 158, 927 8, 228 New Jersey . 129, 662 100, 000 180, 000 149, 416 193, 523 New Mexico . ; . . . . 3, 862 2, 000 5, 000 4, 910 New York . 1, 708] 830 1, 200] 000 1, 200,' 000 1, 103, 529 1,378, 851 Ohio . 1,514,934 1, 250, 000 2, 025, 000 1, 848, 063 1,733,477 (a) 15, 100 Pennsylvania . 2, 655, 477 2, 100, 000 1,900,000 1. 552, 336 2, 625, 562 Rhode Island . 27, 625 25, 000 30. 000 24, 800 20, 433 South Carolina . 14,520 50, 000 50, 000 22, 070 25, 100 South Dakota . (a) 100 3, 663 Tennessee . 73, 028 70, 000 20, 000 126, 089 188] 664 Texas . 217, 835 175, 000 180, 000 28, 100 41. 526 27, 568 8, Q00 17, 446 23, 696 Vermont . 195’ 066 175, 000 200] 000 151, 067 408] 810 Virginia . 159, 023 170, 000 185, 000 82, 685 284, 547 Washington . 231, 287 25, 000 100, 000 139, 862 59, 148 West Virginia . 93, 856 85, 000 85, 000 19, 184 43, 773 Wisconsin . 813, 963 675, 000 675, 000 543, 283 798, 406 Wyoming1 . (a) Total . 19, 095,179 8, 700, 000 18, 392, 000 13, 920, 223 16,512, 904 a Limestone, valued at $77,935, was produced in Oregon, Georgia, Florida, Arizona, South Dakota, and Wyoming. This value is included in the total. LIMESTONE INDUSTRY IN THE VARIOUS STATES. Alabama. — The total value of the output in 1894 is $210,269, includ¬ ing the value of lime, amounting to $171,344. The product comes from the following counties: Shelby, Colbert, Lee, Blount, Franklin, Dekalb, Etowah, and Jefferson. Arizona. — The production of limestone in this State is a compara¬ tively new development and the product amounts to but little as yet, namely, for 1894, $19,810, of which $15,710 is the value of lime made. The producing counties are Yavapai and Maricopa. Arkansas. — The total value of the output in 1894 was $38,228, of which the value of lime made was $34,300. Tbe productive counties are Washington, Independence, Carroll, and Benton. The State has never produced a large quantity of lime or limestone. In northern Arkansas, according to the geological survey made under the direction of Mr. John C. Branner, State geologist, there are 496 MINERAL RESOURCES. six distinct beds of limestone. Each of these six beds will furnish good building material. The upper bed in places will furnish marble, although the greater part of it has little commercial value. The third bed in the series furnishes an excellent building stone at almost every outcrop, and it is- found throughout nearly all the northern counties. It corresponds quite closely with the Indiana oolitic limestone, being in the same geological horizon, and resembling it in structure, except that it is more crystalline and takes a liner polish than the Bedford (Indiana) stone. It is more crystalline, less oolitic, and more fossilit- erous m the western than in the eastern part of the bed. It has been quarried at Batesville, Independence County, for building stone and burning into lime. The fourth bed in the series, belonging to the Tren¬ ton period, occupies the same geological position as the Tennessee marble, which it resembles in structure and appearance. It has been traced and carefully mapped through Independence, Izard, Stone, Searcy, Marion, and parts of Newton and Boone counties. It is known to exist also in Madison and Carroll counties, and possibly extends as far west as the State line or beyond. Only small quantities have been quarried, for local use in monuments and mantels. It varies in color through light gray, pink, red, variegated, and mottled. The fifth bed is found in great quantities in Independence, Izard, Stone, and Searcy counties. It is a fair building material, and produces good lime. Some lithographic stone has been obtained from it. California. — The value of the limestone output, $288,000, in 1891 is largely the value of lime produced; i. e., $273,250. The productive counties, in order of importance, are Santa Cruz, San Bernardino, Kern, Riverside, and San Benito; small amounts have been quarried also in Eldorado, Santa Clara, San Diego, and Placer counties. Colorado. — The total value of the output in 1894 was $132,170. Of this value $72,680 represents the quantity used for fluxing purposes, while the remainder was about evenly divided between building and lime making. Productive counties are Pitkin, Jefferson, La Plata, Boulder, Fremont, Pueblo, Larimer, and Chaffee. Connecticut. — The total value of the output in 1894 was $204,414. The entire output is converted into lime. In spite of considerable com¬ plaint about hard times, business was better in 1894 than in 1893, as shown by a gain of $49,414. The product comes entirely from Litch¬ field and Fairfield counties. Florida. — Production of stone of any kind in this State is limited to the past few years. The value of the limestone output in 1894 was $30,039, and its use was divided about equally between the building of jetties and burning into lime. Georgia. — Catoosa County yielded lime valued at $32,000. Ordi¬ narily, quite a considerable amount is used for fluxing in blast furnaces, but much less was used for this purpose in 1894 than formerly. Idaho. — A little limestone was converted into $5,315 worth of lime in Kootenai, Bingham, Alturas, and Fremont counties. STONE. 497 Illinois. — The limestone interests oi this State are very large and important. The total value of the output in 1894 was $2,555,952. Of this amount $2,107,979 worth was used for building purposes. More than half of the product comes from Cook and Will counties, while the rest is distributed among the following counties: Adams, Jersey, Madi¬ son, Hardin, Kane, Pike, Kankakee, Hancock, St. Clair, Winnebago, Rock Island, Henderson, Dupage, Randolph, Union, Whiteside, Monroe, Ogle, Stephenson, Kendall, Jo Daviess, McHenry, Greene, and Lasalle. The following description of the Lemont and Joliet stone is taken from the writer’s report in Mineral Resources for 1889-90 : The operations in Cook and Will counties, on account of their magnitude, the general excellence of the stone produced, and the ease of quarrying and working out, deserve special mention. The region embraced by these two counties is known gen¬ erally as the Joliet region. It includes territory from about 5 miles south of the city of Joliet to about 10 to 12 miles north, taking in the towns of Lockport and Lemont and running along the valley of the Illinois River. Most of the quarries are situated on the banks of either the river or the canal. The stone exists in layers at the sur¬ face, varying from 1 inch to 3 inches in thickness, and growing in thickness with the increasing depth, until at about 25 feet it is found of a thickness varying from 15 to 20 inches. It is, however, rarely quarried below the 25-foot level, owing to the expense of getting it out and dressing it, since at that depth it is much harder, although the quality of the stone is superior to that in the upper levels. At the depth of 25 feet the inflow of water materially adds to the expense of quarrying. The stone found at or near the surface is almost valueless and is almost entirely thrown away in stripping the quarry. The next two-fifths furnish stone of suffi¬ ciently good quality to be used for riprap, rubble, sidewalks, and curbing. The last two-fifths contain the best stone, namely, that used for building. It is generally of a bluish-gray color. The exposed stone is of a yellowish color, from the effects of the exposure to the atmosphere. It is also true that most of the Joliet stoue turns more or less yellow upon exposure. The beds are divided vertically by seams occur¬ ring at somewhat irregular intervals of from 12 to 50 feet, and continue with quite smooth faces for long distances, and also by a second set of seams running nearly at right angles with the first, but continuous only between main joints, aud occurring at very irregular intervals. This-structure renders the rock very easily quarried and obtainable in blocks of almost any required lateral dimensions. The stone is easily worked into required shapes, and takes a fine, smooth finish, and is susceptible of being readily planed. This forms a very rapid and cheap method of finishing flag¬ ging stones and preparing such as are to receive a smooth finish on the polishing bed. Enormous quantities of flagging stone are taken out, most of which goes into Chi¬ cago ; but business with other cities is decidedly on the increase. The finest varie¬ ties are readily produced in forms which are capable of being turned out by lathes. The following is an analysis of Cook County limestone: Analysis of Cook County, III., limestone. Per cent. Silica . 26. 08 6. 57 46. 90 14. 19 6. 26 100. 00 Water . Total . 10 GEOLj PT 4 - 32 498 MINERAL RESOURCES. Tlie crushing strength of this stone is 1G,017 pounds to the square inch ; specific gravity, 2.512. The stone obtained in the vicinity of the towns of Sterling, Morri¬ son, Fulton, Cordova, and Fort Huron is largely burned into lime. This is true of much of the stone all along the Mississippi River. The best grades of Alton stone become whiter upon exposure to the air, and some of it that has stood in buildings for twenty to twenty-five years has become almost perfectly white. The quarry at the Chester (Illinois) State prison is an immense hlutf about 200 feet in height. It has been worked for only the past two or three years and is now turning out fine stone. All work is done by thd convicts. Indiana. — Owing to tlie production of what is known as Bedford oolitic limestone, this State is widely known as the most important in the Union in its output of limestone for tine building and ornamental purposes. The total value of the output of limestone of all kinds for the year 1894 is $1,203,108. Three-fourths of this amount is the value of stone used for building, while the remainder represents the value of lime made. The productive counties are as follows, in order of their relative magnitude: Lawrence, Huntington, Monroe, Decatur, Wash¬ ington, Bipley, Owen, Clark, Franklin, Putnam, Wabash, and smaller amounts from Shelby, Grant, Carroll, Cass, Delaware, Howard, Black¬ ford, Madison, Harrison, Jennings, Adams, Floyd, Wells, Crawford, Jay, Fayette, Miami, Randolph, Vanderburg, Wayne, and White. The most productive portions of the State are the southern and southeastern. The limestone of the State may, for convenience, be divided into three general classes: First, the oolitic limestone, other¬ wise known as cave limestone, from the numerous caverns which are to be found scattered through it; second, the harder and much more crys¬ talline variety; and third, the rock which occurs in thin strata and which is well adapted for purposes of flagging, etc. The oolitic limestone extends in a southeastern direction from Greencastle, in Putnam County. This stone is commonly known in trade as Indiana stone, or Bedford stone. It is well known over a wide area in the United States, and is an exceedingly popular building stone not only in cities of the West, but iu Eastern cities as well. It has been most extensively quarried at Stinesville, Ellettsville, and Bloomington, Monroe County, and at Bedford, in Lawrence County; but owing to the increased demand for this stone, new quarries are being opened and extensively worked at frequent intervals along the line of the Louisville, jSTew Albany, and Chicago Railroad from Gosport to Bedford, and these give promise of rich and practically inexhaustible supplies. This stone is almost exclusively used for building purposes, and it is the great pro¬ duction of this stone which enables Indiana to take second place among the States producing limestone for building purposes, Illinois standing in tlie first place. The stone is characterized by its oolitic character, and is comparatively soft when first removed from the quarry, but hardens on exposure to air. The deposit varies from a few feet to a great many in thickness, and it is practically free from fissures. Solid walls 40 to 50 feet in depth, without a seam or fault of any kind STONE. 499 from top to bottom, have already been revealed. It is easily quarried in blocks of any size required, being cut from the solid mass by means ot' ekanuelers. It is soft enough to be readily sawed, ordinary steel blades, with sand as the abrasive material, being used for sawing. Occasionally diamond saws are used with fine results. For most part the stone is fine-grained, but contains also layers of coarser material in which shells are easily recognized with the unaided eye. Operations in all quarries producing this kind of stone are conducted on the largest scale and the machinery employed is usually of the very best. The harder, more crystalline stone is found in the eastern and south¬ eastern parts of the State, principally in Decatur County, in the south¬ eastern part. The quarries in general are rather small, there being twenty of them in Decatur County alone. Some of the quarries are oper¬ ated on a large scale. On account of its hardness this stone can not be sawed. It is used quite largely for building purposes. In the northern and northeastern portions of the State the stone is used somewhat for building and street purposes, aud in Huntington County it is largely burned into lime. The great center of the lime industry is at Hunting- ton. The most important concern producing lime at this point is the Western Lime Company. The product has a widespread reputation for use in building. On account of the flagging nature of the stone in the more northern portions of the State, it is often quarried simply by aid of a pick and bar. This is more especially true in regard to the north eastern sections of the State. In the northern, northeastern, and east¬ ern portions of Indiana are a great many small quarries. A number of them seem to be capable of more extended operations, but the lack of railroad facilities from the quarries to the main lines of travel exerts a retarding influence. The stone quarried at Gfreensburg, in Decatur County, is decidedly crystalline, and is susceptible of a high polish. The thin-bedded stone in the upper portions of these quarries is used to some extent for flagging. The development of the oolitic or Bedford stone is largely the result of operations conducted within a comparatively few years. In a small way it has been quarried and used for twenty-five years or more, but it is within the last twelve years that the stone has been recognized and appreciated by the larger cities of the East and West. It occupies at present a very prominent position among the best building stones of the country. Iowa. — The total value of the limestone output in 1894 was $016,030. As is evident from the following list of productive counties, the stone is widely distributed. There are as yet few large operators, but a large number of firms producing in each case upon a compara¬ tively limited scale. The counties yielding the product are Jackson, Dubuque, Cedar, Marshall, Jones, Scott, Lee, Clinton, and smaller amounts from Des Moines, Madison, Decatur, Cerro Gordo, Dallas, Wapello, Linn, Muscatine, Blackhawk, Mahaska, Washington, Benton, 500 MINERAL RESOURCES. Clayton, Pocahontas, Montgomery, Tama, Floyd, Adams, Mitchell, Humboldt, Johnson, Jefferson, Clarke, Van Buren, Howard, Taylor, Keokuk, Pottawattamie, Louisa, Webster, Allamakee, Story, and Buchanan. The following notes on Iowa building stones, by Mr. H. Foster Bain, of the Iowa State Geological Survey, are of much interest, particularly as indicating future possibilities in the stone industry of the State. Although these notes are not entirely confined to the consideration of limestone, so much of the matter relates to it that it has been thought best to insert them in the space devoted to Iowa limestone rather than in any other connection. NOTES ON IOWA BUILDING STONES. By H. Foster Bain. The work of the present, Geological Survey of Iowa has not as yet extended over the main stone-producing counties of the State, so that only very fragmentary notes on the stone industry are at present possible. The stone marketed from this State is almost exclusively limestone. The Sioux quartzite, occurring in Lyon County, has never been worked, except to furnish a few display and test blocks. Excellent quarry sites, however, occur over a number of square miles, and. there is an ample supply of quartzite within the State for the support of a large industry. The sand¬ stones occurring are in the main too incoherent to be of much value. Important exceptions, however, occur, among which may be mentioned the Red Rock sand¬ stone of the coal measures occurring in Marion County. The quarries here have been idle for a few years, but it is expected that work will be resumed shortly. Similar beds occurring near Monroe, in Jasper County, have also been opened up, and it is expected that the active work of development will begin this spring. Within the year considerable attention has been attracted to the “marble” beds along the Cedar and Iowa rivers. Extensive exposures near Iowa Falls are reported, and arrangements are being made to open them up. The Charles City beds, which are the only ones at present supplying stone to the market, belong to the Devonian, and represent the portion which has usually been called the Hamilton. The rock is a coralline limestone, and occurs in layers 8 to 30 inches thick, with a total thick¬ ness, so far as known, of about 20 feet. It is a trifle harder than Italian marble, and is reasonably free from the checks and seams so common in colored marbles. There is a great variety of colors displayed, the groundwork being mostly bull', gray, blue, or drab. Inlaid in this are masses ot coral, from 1 to 20 inches in diameter, exhibit¬ ing very delicate coloring and tracing. A mantel made of this material received hon¬ orable mention at the Columbian Exposition. The stone has been on the market for several years. The quarries and mills have recently passed into other hands, and the business will be enlarged. Samples of the stone found near Iowa Falls show it to be similar to that at Charles City. Linn County. — The chief quarries in this county are in the Upper Silurian limestones near Stone City, Waukee, and Mount Vernon. The stone is exceedingly uniform and is in color a warm-gray or pleasing cream tint. It is so homogeneous as to be readily carved and easily worked, being quite soft when first taken from the quarry. The bedding planes are so constant, smooth, and parallel as to require very little dressing. It is dolomitic, and contains very little impurity . These facts, together with the fineness and evenness of grain, presenting uneven expansion, make it one of the most durable of the limestones. In the Mount Vernon Cemetery, tombstones bearing dates as early as 1845 show little decay, though various marbles in the same STONE. 501 cemetery show the usual loss of polish, checking, and cracks, indicating the prog¬ ress of disintegration. In the Crescent quarry near Stone City there is a total face of 60 feet of available stone, the courses running from 1 foot to 8 feet 4 inches in thickness, and including layers available for dimension, bridge, and rubble work. At Mount Vernon a switch has recently been built to the quarries and an expensive quarry plant, including steel derricks, channelers, and planers, has been put in. Borings here show a thickness of at least 50 feet of available stone below the base of the present quarry. In addition to the larger quarries operated in the Mount Vernon beds, which are the western continuation of the well-known Anamosa limestone, there are a number of smaller openings in the various other formations exposed in the county. The Devonian does not in this county afford such good stone as elseAvhere, and can hardly compete as a building stone with the Silurian stone just described. The Otis beds, however, yield abundant supplies of macadam, and are quarried for that purpose at Cedar Rapids. The Coggan beds (of the Silurian) have been used with good results in bridge work. Van Buren County. — The rocks exposed in this county belong entirely to the Car¬ boniferous, both the Coal Measures and the Mississippiau being present. The quarry rock is taken from the latter. Both limestone and sandstone are obtained; the former from both the Keokuk and St. Louis stages, and the latter from the lower portion of the St. Louis. About 8 years ago a considerable quantity of stone was quarried from the Keokuk beds near Bentonsport and used for bridge work and rip¬ rap. In the winter of 1893 and 1894 about 1,000 yards were taken out and used to protect the piers of the bridge at that point. Magnesian limestone from the St. Louis has been quarried and used for dam work along the Des Moines River, and was used to some extent at the time the State capitol was built. There are, how¬ ever, no quarries which support more than a local trade. In the upper divisions of the St. Louis, white limestone of good quality, running in courses of 12 to 15 inches in thickness, is obtained at a number of points. The “Chequest marble,” a com¬ pact, dove-colored, fossiliferous limestone, susceptible of a good degree of polish, and which has been used to some extent for ornamental work, is found near Keosauqua. A block of this stone may be seen in the Washington Monument at Washington. Mahaska County. — The quarry industry of this county is not great, a fact due in part to the poor quality of the stone exposed, and in part to the great amount of capital absorbed by the coal interests, together with the active competition of the clay interests. At present only a few quarries are open, they being worked lor local trade. The limestone of the St. Louis stage is exposed along the major streams, and is opened up near New Sharon, Union Mills, Fremont, Peoria, Given, and on Spring Creek, northeast of Oskaloosa. It yields a line-grained, ash-gray to buff stone, breaking with a sharp conchoidal fracture and running in courses of from 6 to 24 inches. This stone is used for foundations, well curbing, and similar purposes, bring¬ ing from $2 to $3 per perch. Only about 900 to 1,000 perch are quarried each year. The Coal Measures contain several heavy standstones which are not as yet used. At Raven Cliff, on the Des Moines River, there is an excellent face of this stone extend¬ ing along an old arm of this river nearly 2 miles. The bed is over 90 feet thick, and shows single precipitous faces of more than 50 feet. The stone is clear and homo¬ geneous, of pleasing color, and apparently of good strength. There is a railway within about two miles. Keokulc County. — All the formations exposed within this county yield more or less quarry rock. By far the greater portion, however, comes from the St. Louis lime¬ stone. The Coal Measures here, as in the neighboring regions, contain more or less sandstone, but with the exception of the heavy beds south of Delta, which have been used a little for the construction of a dam and as foundation stone, this forma¬ tion is not productive. The St. Louis contains the usual thin-bedded, fine-grained, ash-gray limestones, and has been quarried for local purposes at a number of points near What Cheer, Delta, Sigourney, Hedrick, and Richland. Near Atwood the 502 MINERAL RESOURCES. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway operated a quarry for some time, mainly for ballast. The greater portion of the rock is too irregular to admit of quarrying on a large scale. The lower magnesian portion of the St. Louis occurs, and yields some stone of good quality. By far the best rock in the county occurs below the St. Louis in the Augusta beds. This is a coarse, subcrystalline stone, in buff', blue, and white ledges. It is encrinital, and takes a fair degree of polish. It is readily accessible along Rock Creek near Ollie, where a switch from the Iowa Central Rail¬ way leads to the quarries. The stone is not now shipped, but arrangements are being made to reopen the property. Washington County. — This county yields stone from all three of the major mem¬ bers of the Mississippian series. The principal quarries are located near Brighton, and supply stone from the St. Louis. The ledges quarried belong to the upper beds of this stage, and run in courses from 8 inches to 7 feet. The heavier and lower ledges are not now taken out, as they are badly water-coursed. The stone marketed is used for bridge and rubble stone, as well as paving Hags. It is of excellent quality, but the number of ledges which are suitable for quarrying is limited. Northwest of Washington is a small group of quarries on Crooked Creek. The stone belongs to the Augusta formation. It is a coarse encrinital limestone, of great durability and of Aery pleasing tints. Quite an important local trade is sustained. Stone from equivalent ledges is quarried a little in the northern part of the county, near Day- ton and south of Riverside. An impure magnesian limestone belonging to the Kinderhook occurs along English River and its branches, and is quarried locally. It is apparently very soft and worthless, but is really much more durable than might be supposed from its appearance. Lee County. — The limestone of the Lower Carboniferous and the sandstones of the Coal Measures are exposed throughout Lee County, .and are quarried at many points. The Burlington, Keokuk, and St. Louis beds yield the greater amount of stone. The Coal Measures yield at several points a soft, more or less ferruginous, coarse grained sandstone, which is used but little. The Burlington beds are made up largely of a coarse encrinital lime rock, varying in color from brown to white. It is very durable, easily quarried, and readily dressed. The Keokuk limestone is, as a rule, a compact, rather hard, often subcrystalline rock, of an ashen or bluish color. Its fracture is even, approaching conchoidal. The quarry rock of the upper part of the Keokuk, sometimes called the Warsaw, is chiefly a magnesian limestone containing some sand and pebbles. It is quarried at Sonora on the east side of the Mississippi, and is known locally as the Sonora sandstone. It occurs in a massive layer 6 to 12 feet in thickness, is bluish or brownish -when first taken out, but after exposure turns to buff or light brown. It has been quite extensively used at Keokuk, and has proven very durable. The St. Louis limestone is a fine-grained, compact limestone, of blue to gray color, breaking with a marked conchoidal fracture, and resembling litho¬ graphic stone in appearance. The principal quarry industry of the county is centered around Keokuk, Avliere there are a number of large and well-Avorked openings, mainly in the Keokuk beds. Quarries are found along the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Montrose, and along the Des Moines, from Croton to Sand Prairie. A number of smaller openings are located on Sugar Creek near Pilot Grove and Franklin. Des Moines County. — This county affords quarry rock from the same beds as Lee County, and in addition a certain amount of stone is taken from the Kinderhook. The latter contains a thin bed of oolite, Avhieh is readily accessible and easily Avorked. It at ill not, however, stand Avell in exposed positions, and is of small value. By far the larger number of quarries in the county draw their supply from the Upper Bur¬ lington beds. These beds underlie about one-fourth of the county, and stretch out in a broad belt parallel to the Mississippi River. The rock is massive and compact, and Amries in color from a pure Avhite to shades of gray and buff. It is of excellent quality . STONE. 503 The quarries are located near Burlington, ou Flint River and Knotty Creek, along the Mississippi, at Cascade and Patterson, and near Augusta, on Long Creek and Skunk River. A considerable expansion in the quarry industry of the county may be expected. Allamakee County. — This couuty is one of the few counties of Iowa which are not covered by heavy drift deposits. There are accordingly a large number of exposures and excellent quarry sites, though the rough topography of the couuty has made railroad building expensive, and transportation facilities are accordingly limited. The beds exposed represent the St. Croix stage of the Cambrian, and the Oneota, St. Peter, Trenton, and Galena stages of the Ordivican. They all yield more or less good quarry stone. The St. Croix beds are quarried a little at Lansing, at a level about 100 to 125 feet above the river. The rock taken out hero comes from immediately below the calcareous shale layers, which, in Minnesota, have been called the St. Law¬ rence limestone. It is a sandstone in which the grains of silica are cemented with calcium carbonate. The beds are exposed at numerous points along the Oneota Val¬ ley, but the St. Croix yields comparatively little stone. The Oneota limestone yields quarry rock from several horizons. At New Albin, Lansing, Harpers Ferry, and other points along the Mississippi, a tine-grained, even, and regularly bedded dolo¬ mite, in layers varying from 3 to 36 inches, is quarried. The workable beds have an aggregate thickness of about 30 feet. In the northwestern part of the county the beds arc liner grained, more compact, and furnish a stone which for tine masonry is not excelled by any stone in the Mississippi Valley. Smooth-surfaced slabs, 10 or 15 feet in length and almost equal width, may be seen at numerous points. The stone Bttinds weathering influences excellently. The beds of the Oneota above this hori¬ zon, while yielding some good stone, rarely afford the opportunity for extensive development. The St. Peter s.andstone is usually a bed of unconsolidated sand. At a few points only the particles have been cemented by siliceous or ferruginous cement, so as to be available for building stone. The Trenton limestone, while in part of excellent character, is not in this county sufficiently regular in character to supply more than local demands. A thick-bedded, yellowish limestone, resembling dolomite in appear¬ ance, and belonging to this formation, is quarried in the head of Paint Creek, near Waukon. About 75 feet above the base of the beds a thin-bedded, fine-grained, dark-gray to slate-colored stone has been quarried in the same vicinity. It does not, however, stand the weather so well as other stone in the county, and requires the handling of considerable rubbish. The Galena limestone is not quarried in Allamakee County, though it supplies a good quality of stone in the neighboring portion of Clayton County. Rock taking a high polish and affording suitable material for ornamental purposes is taken from the Trenton. It is a compact limestone, made up of fragments of brachioi>ods and hryozoans, cemented with what was originally a fine calcareous mud. All the pores and interstices of the original rock and of the fossils have become filled with calcite, and very good effects may be obtained by its use. Kansas. — The value of the product in 1894 was $241,039. Most of this was used in building; and road making. The following are the productive counties: Cowley, Leavenworth, Marshall, Chase, Ripley, Butler, Lyon, Wyandotte, and smaller amounts from Marion, Atchison, Wabaunsee, Shawnee, Washington, Johnson, Russell, Dickinson, Franklin, Morris, Elk, Brown, Douglas, Republic, 1’ottawatomie, Cof¬ fey, Anderson, Jefferson, jSTess, Montgomery, Jackson, Harper, Sumner, Ellsworth, and Osage. The stone is pretty well distributed over the eastern portion of the State. Most of it, however, comes from the vicinity of Atchison. Leavenworth, Topeka, and Fort Scott. 504 MINERAL RESOURCES ft fl £ £ 00 & c o ft © od n fl -p rp rCH fl fl O 1 © ft o o 3 CO a o P fcJD fl P © > cn I « ! .O © S -5 o o uo° w fl O ft © ^ G © 5 w o * © bJD fl p i © . c3 •-3 fl o fl fl £ s CW a a o © a .a ° 02 02 Pi flft fl a ftftM a a a © o o H ^ H « t( ® = § § g a « CD CD CD 2 p.5 J- ops a °T3" a £ o ® ® ..>ft *© -** d) O ©£ fl p r- © © P< ! CS •ft© . .. a ft fl fl .-. §.2.2 £> P P fl - rt ej ^ a a °®- © • b£, fl cS © P *p © H >£ .„pH o5 O a 0 fl p2 -G *“• »§ CD © M ^© 3 CO a © «H © bD fl fl © © 3 l© a © £ © bJD fl fl © ft . 1 w> g 2 fl ft ftpC.g a-°* 02^ - !_ © 02 a op a a o oai c 3 (.P S 5.2 g = ^ © © O g P P -P ^ © CO 33 ao. o ft .2 s a * © © a. u P U' ftft O © ® ft © © © b£) fl P © r> fl — ^ p © fl.fl ® Js fl © H c8 _; p G © l = saP ,P © © © ♦-PPG ft ft ft © P .« ® r- aS c _P ^ t» a © >"3 *.2 Ms C5 i— ; P p. -- © © p ft © -p -p ^3 © © .tfa ; p o ij ro .>o o,r P p ^ a ® © p-p SPg £ C3 ^ --- ® ® E,^ > M o^ be >1^ a .. q ■®S«® ^ -p C3 33 © ;p>h [^TJ Of p ofe; oS PgJ ^2 -£ tea ? cs-e a o §1 ajgs H £ 2 5 ® 3 5 S 2 2 g g £ £«3 Pp pH &h ^4 U fh Ph II « o H 02 W a •9jrt}sioj\[ *89^*6 qd[ng (M ©5 CO CO CO C$ a •a;i?aoqjB0 mnisetixfcjv ^ r-l fl rH H Ol CO •9^Bnoq -JB9 umto^Q ••BniiuniB p a b tioji jo s 9 p i x o ft ft c4 co c4 ft . CO CO if Cl H •J0JJBUI o^qn^oeai I? CO ft id c© co' lO CO C© l© CD c i oi oi i 2 fl §Qft t-© ^ ft o £ £ fl p 2 i a p p d © Oft o fl fi.2 © © © o ^ '©r©02 • • • p © © ftft a © p £ fl fl fl 52 a p p fl © Oft © b£ 3 fl o OftP fl ; c z p ft h O ip t> O S0300 00 05 OO ■ »Qh >5,3 P fi 05 Q : b Ai si rt cd o 12, 567 | 164.5 1 2.63 | . 01 I 3.34 1 1.69 1 93.98 STONE 505 fl fl - ns © H m r© ns © CC £ bfi +3 - fl . A « © «>’a t>> rbS ,5 H ° A ^ c -r fl 'Tr© © 5 ■2 SI b£ fl a a © o h x © Sr © o -r- be G © £ 5 S2"2 C*^ eg C3 S — — a > fl £ rt be fl £ &gj3 3 o © £2 £ o © © 25 - a a a § £ £ £<£ Ph tafu it a ££ 3-. sio ®S.2 fl © r . A be © 3 £ c a ©^ d ©2 s° 2 c3 ° g © | r. ^ ^2 © fl © ^ 0,5 ttM MO _ ^5 fl fl fl^ s- fl u fl ? ^ a r a r >» ,© © © 3 »© © * i - © © © be © © ® bO be be a ^ bo te fl a a fl fl i-. u p- P-4 © © © CE © © © r* > d >• > fl fl fl fl fl a ,n r0 2 r0 s-j bfi be be t ■ be i X n be be fl a £^a g © © © © © A-) © U. Ph u -4-1 ac CE X X * bfi be be © be Eci — .5 be be fl ^ *g - pfl M j © >% B © o c8 ^ ^ c w p3 m ^ Ph "C £ E o «8 T3 =3 ^ *3 ® O 6 dO o .£ S M S Ph assfifcssasa © 2 © © © © © U : - ^ H ^ In fa O^fa fa fa fa fa -fl rfl rt 30 IT cc 5^4 cjoSo, i S^O' ! o3 §3. i a o a s ' ©£ ©£ i p-. ^ fa (5 © fl © .fl © © © y .= ^ ca ^«5 II tH S* PhS ° £ — . o MJ - SoS a o ° §3 g 1-PiOM ala £*£ Ph Ph . 3 -3 c a a a it Is- 82 3§§§J S £ 5 feow £a|aa ® £* £ £ fa fafa . +P> . ©iOiOCliOCO©CO x .*o ^ o h o o ir. *t o o -f (O h i« co o CDC-COOO-*CDh*COCDCOO— irHUOCOOOO l> © CD 1© CD t> t» CO 00 o CO 'X> O H t>t-OCOH^CDOCOHfT^r-i-tOlOOCOCO • © ; © © CE © © © £3 fl © © © % fl o« 2 fl !’■§ © _© © H -*H s- (_, o © ©^ 2 a fl fl © © fl © JS fl >» © © o ©2 p§ fl 3 c fl ~ a © ©^ fl be-© ® 2 fl M © ci © © © r^j g fl ©2 0<4 ■ © * • • • «? • fl © © be^^ fl © o £ © c « of q qq®q_5-§ Jr© fl © *3 fl L© fl *4 Sflfa t: © © £ *£_. a s a > 32 3 o o^j ce cs.2 . © g CS ^ ®fl 3 t- cS © ,© fl ► c« fl fl © fl © fl * © H PQ 2 fl o • W) fig 0 2 © p © p a Iron ill ferrous state. b Not determined. All of these limestones are fossiliferous in appearance. The surface appears to polish very well. Fossil outlines are very distinct in most of them. The prevailing color of the samples is a sort of gray, occasionally brownish. The polished surface of certain bluish-gray specimens is quite dark. The polish of some of these stones is very good indeed. 506 MINERAL RESOURCES. The foregoing table is made from the collection of limestone specimens at the World’s Colombian Exposition; the determinations having been made by Dr. S. W. Williston, of Lawrence, Ivans. Kentucky. — Limestone to the value of $113,934 was quarried in Ken¬ tucky in 1894. The productive counties are Warren, Jefferson, Kenton, Fayette, Pendleton, Lyon, Jessamine, Menifee, Logan, Montgomery, Caldwell, Crittenden, Boyd, Marion, Hardin, Washington, Carter, and Trigg. The product of Warren is deserving of special notice because of its peculiarities and its value as a building stone. This stone is known commercially as Bowling Green oolite. It is quite different from the oolitic stone of Indiana, inasmuch as it belongs to another limestone group, the constituent globules being large and distinct, whereas in most of the Indiana stone they are minute. It is quite similar to the Portland oolite of Ireland. The following analyses of Bowling Green and Portland oolite show the similarity between the two: Composition of Bowling Green, By., limestone compared with Portland, Ireland, limestone. Bowling Green. Portland. Per cent. i»5. 31 Per cent. 95. 16 1. 12 1. 20 Silica . 1.42 1.20 Water and loss . 1.76 1.94 .39 .50 Total . 100. 00 100. 00 The quarries are of large extent and are well equipped with channel¬ ing machines, derricks, etc. A mill with twelve gangs of saws finishes the stone. Blocks of almost any size can be furnished. These quarries were first opened in 1833, but until recently they were operated in the most primitive manner, and while the product has been used chiefly in the South, efforts are now being made to introduce the stone to the building trade of the Northern States. Among the cities in which it has been most used are Louisville, Memphis, Nashville, and Bowling Green ; to some extent also in Chicago. The stone is soft and easily worked, and, like the Indiana stone, hardens on exposure to the atmos¬ phere. Carvings made upon the stone stand exposure to the air very well. Its color, under the influence of sunlight, tends to become con¬ tinually lighter. Its crushing strength is such as to enable it to resist a pressure of 3,000 pounds to the square inch. When heated to red¬ ness on the surface and plunged into cold water it revealed no crack, even upon examination with a magnifying glass, and in some cases on being reheated for a second and third time and plunged into water, still failed to present indications of cracking. According to present indications the extended application of the stone in the northern and eastern portions of the country seems highly probable. STONE. 507 Maine. — All of the limestone quarried in Maine is converted into lime. The value of the lime output in 1894 was $810, 089. This figure is lower than it has been for several years previous. Many complaints relative to business depression were made by the lime producers. The product comes mainly from Knox County, but smaller quantities are produced in Waldo and Penobscot counties. The stone is almost inexhaustible in quantity and is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is used. Operations of quarrying consist simply in blasting by means of dynamite, which breaks the stone up at once into sizes suitable for use in the kilns. It is then hoisted out by means of improved cables and machinery and sent directly to the limekilns, which are favorably situated for transporta¬ tion by water. The stone is partially crystalline, but very coarse¬ grained. Fine crystals of calcite are very numerous, and gypsum also occurs. The operations at the quarries near Rockland are all below the surface of the ground. The fuel used in the kilns is entirely wood, which is imported from Canada. The stone produced for burning into lime is not measured as such, but is measured oidy by the quantity of lime produced from it, so that iu speaking of the amount of stone quar¬ ried the producers name the amount of lime obtained from it, and the unit of measurement is a bushel or barrel of lime. The lime produced at Rockland is of fine character and is the standard lime of New York City, to which it is shipped in enormous quantities. Boston also forms an important market for the product. Maryland. — The result of an exceptionally complete canvass of the limestone-producing sections of this State have revealed a much greater activity in limestone and lime production than has heretofore been sup¬ posed to exist. Frederick County yields two-thirds of the entire out¬ put; the rest comes from Baltimore, Allegany, Washington, Carroll, and Howard counties. The value of the product in 1894 was $072,786, almost all of which is the value of lime made. Massachusetts. — The value of the product in 1894 was $195,982. Most of the stone is converted into lime. The output comes from Berkshire County. Michigan. — The value of the output in 1894 was $336,287. The pro¬ ductive counties are Monroe, Huron, Wayne, Charlevoix, and Alpena. Most of the product was used for building and road making. The industry has grown quite markedly since 1889. Minnesota. — The great bulk of the limestone output of Minnesota comes from quarries in the southeastern part of the State, where the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis form important outlets. The value of the product in 1S94 was $291,263. The productive counties are Lesueur, Hennepin, Blue Earth, Ramsey, Goodhue, Winona, Wabasha, Rice, Dodge, Houston, Brown, Fillmore, Olmsted, and Scott. The product is used largely for building and street work. 508 MINERAL RESOURCES. Missouri. — The value of the limestone and lime output in 1894 was $578,802. The corresponding figure for 1890 was $1,859,960. There has thus been a very decided falling off in production. The productive counties are St. Louis, Jackson, Marion, Greene, Buchanan, Dade, Pike, Jasper, Perry, Clark, Mercer, Lawrence, Callaway, and smaller amounts in Jefferson, Lewis, Wright, Cape Girardeau, Livingston, Andrew, St. Charles, Macon, Clay, Pettis, Cole, Linn, Caldwell, Sullivan, Randolph, Ray, Harrison, Monroe, Saline, Boone, Henry, Dekalb, Webster, and Nodaway. By far the most important county producing limestone is St. Louis County. Many quarries in and around the city of St. Louis are operated. The stone is used for purposes of heavy construction, such as bridge and railroad masonry, building, paving, macadam, rip¬ rap, and the manufacture of lime. It is of excellent quality and shows great strength. In some of the quarries steam drills are in use, but in most of them the old methods are adhered to. The manufacture of a superior quality of. lime in St. Louis has grown to be a large industry. Most of the kilns are located just outside of the city limits. They are well equipped and numerous. The product is almost entirely used in St. Louis. Analysis of Marion County, Mo., limestone. [By Regis Chauvenet & Bro.] Per cent. .08 .40 . 02 Carbonate of lime . 98.80 Total . 99. 30 These chemists state that this is the purest sample of limestone they have ever analyzed, leaving nothing to be desired for whiteness and purity. Montana. — The value of the product in 1894 was $92,970, about equally divided between building and lime burning. The product comes from Jefferson, Cascade, Deerlodge, and Park counties. Nebraska. — The limestone industry in this State was at a very low ebb in 1894, the product being valued at only $8,228. New Jersey. — The value of the total output in 1894 was $193,523. Most of this amount represents the value of lime made. The produc¬ tive counties are, in order of importance, Sussex, Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, and Somerset. New Mexico. — The output in this Territory is so small as to call for no special comment. , New York. — The total value of the limestone output for 1894 was $1,378,851, divided equally between building and road making and lime. The productive counties are Onondaga, Westchester, Warren, STONE. 509 Rockland, Washington, Madison, Schoharie, Ulster, Herkimer, Erie, Dutchess, Clinton, Albany, Fulton, Monroe, Columbia, Genesee, Niag¬ ara, Orange, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Wayne, Rensselaer, Cayuga, Lewis, Montgomery, Orleans, Jefferson, Oneida, Seneca, Yates, Essex, and Greene. Ohio. — The total value of the limestone product for 1894 was $1,733,477, about equally divided between lime and building and road making. The industry has long been an important one to the State, and the quarries are distributed over a large area embraced by the fol¬ lowing counties: Ottawa, Sandusky, Stark, Erie, Clark, Miami, Mont¬ gomery, Wood, Franklin, Seneca, Lucas, Preble, Hamilton, Allen, Hancock, Highland, Greene, Hardin, Lawrence, Wyandot, Butler, Delaware, Muskingum, Scioto, Shelby, Yan Wert, Logan, Guernsey, Jackson, Putnam, Clermont, Crawford, and Clinton. Pennsylvania. — Production of limestone in this State is active; in fact, the value of the output for 1894 exceeds that of any other State in the Union. Four important uses, namely, building, lime, road mak¬ ing, and blast-furnace flux, unite in placing this State at the head of the list in consumption of limestone. The total value for all purposes in 1894 was $2,625,562. The value of the lime produced was $1,743,947 ; stone used for building and road making, $547,990; flux, $333,625. In addition to some very large producers, there is a large number of small producers of lime, whose output in toto amounts to a very considerable figure. The productive counties are Chester, Montgomery, Lawrence, Northampton, Bedford, Lancaster, Berks, Lehigh, Union, Blair, Dau¬ phin, Lebanon, Northumberland, Lycoming, York, Westmoreland, Adams, Franklin, Bucks, Somerset, Mifflin, Butler, Armstrong, Hunt¬ ingdon, Columbia, Cumberland, Monroe, Montour, Warren, Schuylkill, Beaver, Mercer, Washington, Allegheny, and Clarion. Rhode Island. — The limestone production in this State amounted to $20,433, all of which was the value of lime produced in Providence County. South Carolina. — Lime to the value of $25,000 was produced from limestone in Spartanburg County during the year 1894. South Dakota. — The limestone industry in this State does not as yet amount to a great deal. A small quantity was produced in Custer County during the year 1894. Tennessee. — The limestone industry in Tennessee has increased quite notably since the year 1889, when the output was valued at $73,028. In 1894 the total output reached a value of $188,664. Somewhat more than one-lialf of this represents the value of lime made; the remainder was devcted to building and road making. The productive counties, in order of their importance, are Davidson, Houston, Dickson, Franklin, Colbert, Hamilton, James, Montgomery, Maury, and Hickman. Texas. — There appears to have been quite a falling off in the limestone industry of Texas. The total value of the output was only $41,526. 510 MINERAL RESOURCES. Most of this went for building and road making. Tlie productive counties are Coryell, El Paso, Bell, Williamson, Travis, Hood, Gray¬ son, Hamilton, Lampasas, and Mills. Utah. — In Salt Lake and Sanpete counties $23,090 wortii of limestone was produced in 1S94. This was equally divided between lime and building purposes. Vermont. — The value of tlie total output in 1894 was $408,810. This was almost entirely converted into lime, which was valued at $407,730. The product was taken from quarries in Addison, Franklin, Windham, Chittenden, and Windsor counties. Virginia. — The production of limestone in this State has increased quite noticeably in the last few years. The value of the output in 1894 was $284,547. A comparatively small quantity was used for blast¬ furnace dux, while the remainder was equally divided between lime and building and road making. The most important counties are Botetourt, Warren, Alleghany, and Shenandoah. Very much smaller quantities were produced in Loudoun, Boanoke, Montgomery, Washington, Augusta, Frederick, Pulaski, Giles, Bockiugham, and Tazewell coun¬ ties. Washington.— Three counties in this State yielded, in 1894, an out¬ put valued at $59,148. This was almost entirely converted into lime. The productive counties were San Juan, Stevens, and Whitman. West Virginia. — From Berkeley, Jefferson, Greenbrier, Monroe, and Tucker counties, a product valued at $43,773 was quarried. Most of it was converted into lime. Wisconsin. — The limestone industry in Wisconsin has become one of considerable importance. The output in 1894 was valued at a total of $798,400. Of this amount $584,971 represents the value of lime made. The remainder was consumed for building and road making. The productive counties are as follows: Calumet, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Dodge, Jefferson, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Brown, Iowa, Door, Monroe, Outagamie, Bacine, La Crosse, Dane, Grant, Green, Kewaunee, Colum¬ bia, Buffalo, Oconto, Waukesha, Washington, Bock, Sheboygan, Wal¬ worth, Trempealeau, St. Croix, Shawano, and Waupaca. SOAPSTONE. By Edward W. Parker. OCCURRENCE. Soapstone or talc is found in nearly every State along the Atlantic Slope, the principal deposits being in New York and North Carolina, though it is also quarried in New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro¬ lina, and Georgia. It has also been reported in some of the Western States, particularly in California, Arizona, South Dakota, and Texas, but no commercial product has been obtained west of the Mississippi River. Pure soapstone is a massive amorphous mineral, usually white, light green, or gray in color. In some cases, notably at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., it occurs in a foliated or fibrous form, very valuable as a filler or makeweight in the manufacture of paper. This latter variety, known as fibrous talc or mineral pulp, is considered separately in these reports. .USES. The aboriginal inhabitants of North America recognized soapstone as a valuable mineral. Its resistance to heat and the ease with which it could be worked into desirable shapes, even with the crude imple¬ ments at their command, made the manufacture of cooking utensils from soapstone one of their few industrial occupations. Tobacco pipes and articles used in their religious ceremonies were also made of soap¬ stone, and traces of their handiwork are still found in the vicinity of soapstone deposits. The uses to which soapstone is applied to-day are very numerous, though in the light of present knowledge the de* velopment of the industry seems to have been exceedingly slow. It makes a more durable and satisfactory lining for cooking stoves, heat¬ ers, and furnaces than ordinary fire brick. Soapstone does not absorb grease or acids, and is not affected by the ordinary chemical agents, and is as impervious to extreme cold as to heat, making it especially valuable for sinks, etc., in chemical laboratories. Laundry tubs, hearths, mantels, and stove griddles are produced from soapstone, and the readiness with which all dirt and impurities are removed make it 511 512 MINERAL RESOURCES. popular with housekeepers. The manufacture of slate pencils from soapstone is an industry as old as the mauufacture of slates. Ground soapstone is used chiefly as a makeweight in paper manufacture, but it is also used as a base for pigmeuts and cosmetics, as an adulterant in soap and rubber, for dressing skins and leather, and for lubricating. PRODUCTION. The amount of soapstone produced in the United States in 1894 was 23,144 short tons, valued at $401,325, against 21,071 short tons, worth $255,067, in 1893. The increase in production was in the amounts sawed into slabs, and ground. The production of manufactured articles decreased slightly, but the value of the products shows a gain of over $110,000, or over 40 per cent. Following is a statement of the production of soapstone (exclusive of fibrous talc and soapstone ground for paint) in 1893 and 1894, show¬ ing the amount and value of the different conditions in which it was marketed : Production of soapstone in 1893 and 1894. Condition in which marketed. 1893. 1894. Short tons. V alue. Short tons. Value. Rough . . . 5, 760 104 7, 070 8, 137 $51, 600 4, 400 123, 600 75, 467 5, 620 1,303 6,425 9, 796 $50, 780 19, 500 244, 000 87, 045 Sawed into slabs . Manufactured articles (a) . Ground (b) . Total (c) . 21, 071 255, 067 23, 144 401, 325 a Includes bath and laundry tubs ; fire brick for stoves, beaters, etc. ; hearthstones, mantles, sinks, griddles, slate pencils, and numerous other articles of everyday use. b For foundry facings, j>aper making, lubricators, dressing skins and leather, etc. c Exclusive of the amount used for pigment, which is included among mineral paints. In the following table is shown the amount and value of soapstone produced in the United States since 1880: Annual product of soapstone since 1880. Tears. Quantity. Value. 1880 . Short tons. 8,441 $66, 665 1881 . 7,000 75, 000 1882 . 6, 000 90, 000 1883 . 8, 000 150,000 1884 . 10, 000 200, 000 1885 . 10, 000 200, 000 1886 . 12, 000 225, 000 1887 . 12, 000 225, 000 Tears. Quantity. Value. 1S88 . Short tons. 15, 000 12, 715 13, 670 16, 514 23, 208 21, 070 23, 144 $250, 000 231, 708 252, 309 243, 981 423, 449 255, 067 401, 325 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . FIBROUS TALC. The supply of this variety of soapstone is obtained only at Gouverneur? St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The entire output is ground and used almost exclusively as a filler in the manufacture of the medium grades of paper. The product in 1894 was 39,906 short tons, valued at $435,060? SOAPSTONE 513 an increase, as compared with 1893, of 4,045 short tons in quantity and $31,624 in value. The largest output was in 1891, when the product was 53,054 short tons, valued at $493,068. The annual production since 1880 has been as follows : Annual production of fibrous talc since 1880. Years. Quantity. Value. 1880 . Short tons. 4, 210 a 7, 000 a 6, 000 a 6, 000 a 10, 000 a 10, 000 a 12, 000 a 15, 000 $54, 730 60, 000 75, 000 75, 000 110, 000 110, 000 125, 000 160, 000 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . Years. Quantity Value. 1888 . Short tons. a 20, 000 $210, 000 1889 . 23, 746 244, 170 1890 . 41,354 389,196 1891 . 53, 054 493, 068 472, 485 1892 . 41, 925 1893 . 35, 861 403, 436 1894 . 39, 906 435, 060 a Estimated. Talc imported into the United States from 1880 to 1894, inclusive. Years. Quantity. Value. Years. Quantity. Value. 1880 . Short tons. $22, 807 7,331 25, 641 14, 607 41, 165 24, 356 24, 514 49, 250 1888 . Short tons. 24, 165 19, 229 1,044 81 534 1,360 622 $22, 446 30, 993 1, 560 1,121 5, 546 12, 825 6, 815 1881 . 1889 1882 . 1890 . 1883 . 1891 . 1884 . 1892 . 1885 . 1893 . 1886 . 1894 . 1887 . (a) a Quantity not reported previous to 1888. 16 GrEOL, PT 4 - 33 MAGNESITE OCCURRENCE. Magnesite (carbonate of magnesia) occurs in several of tlie United States, but is mined commercially only in California. Some years ago a small quantity was taken from magnesite quarries at Goat Hill, Ches¬ ter County, Pa., but the work was continued only a short time. In that State it also occurs at Low’s chrome mine in Lancaster County, at Scott’s mine in Chester County, and in Delaware and Lancaster counties in small masses. The other localities in the United States where the min¬ eral occurs but is not mined are as follows: North Carolina — Webster, Jackson County; Hampton, Yancy County, and McMakins, Cabarras County; New York — New Rochelle and Rye, Westchester County; Warwick, Orange County; Stoney Point, Rockland County, and Ser¬ pentine Hills, Staten Island. In all these localities it occurs in thin veins and seams. New Jersey at Hoboken (with serpentine). In Ari¬ zona the mineral is abundant, but is not utilized. The localities where the mineral occurs in California are numerous, but it has never been mined except at two places, one in Alameda and the other in Napa County. In Santa Clara County there are several known deposits. One is on Coyote Creek, about 2 miles from Madrone Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It occurs in the shape of small nodules in and near serpentine. In the report of the California State mineralogist it is stated that a close examination of the magne¬ site, particularly the poorer quality, reveals traces of the surrounding country rock, greenstones and shales. There are several deposits in the immediate neighborhood. Another locality in this county is the Red Mountain district, where on the Jarvis and Ryan claim, large, irregular masses of magnesite crop out and in some places more than 10 feet are exposed. On the Favill and Martin, or Mammoth claim, there is a large quantity exposed. These Red Mountain claims are 20 miles from a railroad, too far to be useful at present. In Alameda County, on the shore of San Francisco Bay, the mineral occurs at Cedar Mountain, and a few tons were shipped from there in 1886, but the experiment was evidently not a success, as work has not been carried on since. The mineral has also been found in the hills near Livermore Valley. 514 MAGNESITE. 515 In Mariposa County a heavy bed of magnesian rock, chiefly magne¬ site 1 charged with crystals of iron pyrites, accompanies the chief gold- bearing vein of the county. The rock is associated with mariposite, a green micaceous mineral containing chromium. In Fresno County, in section 5, T. 13 S., E. 24 E., is a large vein or deposit of magnesite, which crops to the surface. At Arroyo Seco, Monterey County, a vein has been found 2 feet wide; and the substance has also been found at Mansfield, near the gold mines. About 40 miles east of Visalia, Tulare County, a large deposit has been found near Mineral King district. In the same county, near Visalia, below Four Creeks and Moores Creek, it occurs in solid beds of pure white mineral, hard and tine grained, like unglazed porcelain. The beds are from 1 to 6 feet thick, interstratified with serpentine and talcose slates. In this same county it is also found on the south side of Tule Eiver, 10 miles from Porterville. In Placer County magnesite occurs in quan¬ tities at Gold Run, Iowa Hill, and Damascus, in the same region as the large hydraulic and drift gold mines. In San Luis Obispo County it has been discovered near Port Harford. The mineral is also known to occur near Los Alamos, Santa Barbara County; at several places in Humboldt and Rapa counties, and in San Mateo, Lake, Tuolumne, Sonoma, Solano, Contra Costa, San Bernardino, and Calaveras counties in isolated instances. In none of these places mentioned, however, is the mineral now mined. In 1886 work was commenced on the dejiosit at Cedar Mountain, Alameda County, and several carloads were shipped, but work has been stopped for some years, the experiment not proving a financial success. The mineral occurs here* in a decomposed serpentine rock and in a yellow clay in which are embedded large bowlders. It lies in pockets and small veins, the latter running in every direction. The richest spots were found under the bowlders, where the mineral is quite pure. At this place every piece of mineral had to be cleaned by hand, and the whole was carefully sorted according to purity, being divided into three classes. It was then packed on animals down the mountain. PRODUCTION. The only deposit in California which has been utilized to any extent on a commercial basis is that in Childs Valley, Napa County, 10 miles from Rutherford and 65 miles from San Francisco. Here the mineral occurs in a lode 5 to 7 feet thick, standing at an angle of 70° and having regular walls. Most of the deposits found elsewhere occur in beds from 2 to 6 feet in thickness. This lode consists of a white carbonate of magnesia, the mineral being broken out in slabs several inches thick and from 2 to 6 feet in width. The output from this mine is employed in the manufactures and the arts to some extent, and experiments are 'According to Professor Silliman (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 380) the magnesian mineral accompanying the great quartz vein of Mariposa County is chiefly ankerite, a carbonate of calcium, magnesium, and iron. — H. W. T. 516 MINERAL RESOURCES. being made for its larger utilization in new branches. The main uses to which it is put at present are for furnace linings at rolling mills and for paper manufacture. Small lots are used in experimental work in the manufacture of artificial stone, paint, epsom salts, flocculent mag¬ nesia, and other chemical processes. The product of this mine for the past four years has been as follows : Condition in which sold. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Pounds. 234, 440 643, 748 Pounds. 1, 215, 155 794, 085 Pounds. 526, 685 880, 613 Poxmds. ^2, 880, 000 In these figures only the raw ore is named which was sold as such, the rest of the output having been calcined. It takes nearly 2 tons of raw ore to make one of the calcined. Of the last season’s output all but 15 tons of the calcined material was used by the Willamette Pulp and Paper Company, Oregon. About 100 tons of the raw ore was used by the Pacific Rolling Mills, of San Francisco, for furnace lining. The mill and furnaces at the mine can readily be enlarged should demand for the calcined ore warrant. At present Chicago and Pitts¬ burg obtain their supplies from New York and other Atlantic seaports, into which it is imported from Europe. In Pittsburg ana other large manufacturing centers dolomitic limestone is employed in making basic steel. For this stone magnesite would be substituted if it could be obtained at prices somewhat lower than now has to be paid for the imported calcined material, on which there is imposed a duty of 20 per cent, the raw coming in free. There is an abundance of this ore in California, as may be seen from the number of localities noted, but distance from large manufacturing centers prevents shipment under present conditions. CLAY. STATISTICS OF THE CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1894. By Jefferson Middleton. In the previous reports on clays and their products in this series, statements have been made of the amounts and values of such varieties of clay as are consumed in pottery manufacture; and in the earlier reports several valuable statements have been published as to the con¬ dition of brick manufacture at prominent centers for this industry. But the many difficulties have baffled several attempts at a census of the brick product; chief among the obstacles is the irregular way in which brickyards are established and again quickly abandoned in obedience to the demands of trade. The labor involved in this compilation was greatly increased by the inexperience of the producers in filling out schedules, involving the writing of at least 1,000 individual letters. I wish, however, to thank the operators for the patience displayed in answering inquiries, and also for their cooperation, without which this report would be impossible, and to express the hope that they will see the advantage of having statistics in regard to an industry in which they have so much interest and that next year they will respond with even greater promptness. Production. — As shown in the following table, the total value of the clay products of the United States in 1894, excluding pottery, was $05,389,784. The only figures with which comparison can be made are those published by the Eleventh Census (1890), when the value of the same classes of products was $67,770,G95. This decline of $2,380,911 is due, no doubt, to the general financial depression. The great strikes of the year also had the effect of lessening the product to an appreci¬ able degree in the great clay-producing region, the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, this region being the center of these strikes. As would be supposed, the product of greatest value is the building brick, this alone making over 53 per cent of the total, the number aggregating 6,152,420,000 brick. To give a more striking idea of the number of common and pressed brick made last year of which we have record, they would make a walk over 10 feet wide around the entire globe, or cover an area of 49 square miles, assuming the average size of the brick to be 8 by 4 inches. If to this the paving brick were added, 457,021,000, the walk would be over 11 feet in width. 517 518 MINERAL RESOURCES, Clay products of United States in 1894. States. Num¬ ber of firms re port¬ ing Common and pressed brick. Aver¬ age price per thou¬ sand. Fancy or orna¬ mental brick. Fire brick. Vitrified paving brick. Aver¬ age price per thou¬ sand. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Thousands. Thousands. Alabama . 53 34, 194 $205,531 $6.01 $1, 000 $57, 414 150 $1, 500 $10. 00 14 2, 092 16, 031 7. 66 2, 050 Arkansas . 53 24, 604 162! 041 6. 59 80 l! 860 705 7, 050 10. 00 California . 70 94, 561 6^7, 235 6. 63 14,350 2, 575 110 2, 150 19. 55 Colorado . 78 33, 998 228, 344 6. 72 2,680 113, 393 2, 188 21,880 10. 00 Connecticut. . . . 44 100, 300 549, 650 5.48 5, 000 57, 500 10 250 25.00 13 6,080 43, 528 7. 16 District of Co- 23 56, 348 317, 565 5. 64 815 250 2, 000 8. 00 23 13, 402 82j 387 6. 15 64 110, 218 585! 693 5.31 14, 048 17, 650 19 3, 184 26! 768 8. 41 Illinois . 697 825! 845 4, 495! 613 5. 44 72, 920 116, 904 109, 700 843, 217 7. 69 Indiana . 663 335, 868 1, 720, 017 5. 12 6, 650 22, 720 23, 936 224, 473 9. 38 Iowa . 437 208, 195 1, 317, 473 6. 33 2, 950 36, 525 45, 488 376, 951 8.29 Kansas . 67 24,518 141, 042 5. 75 4, 000 2, 350 7, 948 57, 310 7. 21 Kentucky . 87 84, 498 418, 886 4.96 50, 700 87, 800 6, 256 51, 389 8.21 50 78, 996 442, 862 5. 61 52, 500 1, 200 9 400 7. 83 Maine . 109 72, 302 401, 982 5. 56 •200 20, 000 1,650 11,200 6. 79 Maryland . 67 141, 055 974, 669 6. 91 1,100 164, 848 50 470 9.40 Massachusetts . 114 263, 732 1,648, 065 6. 25 139, 100 93, 825 1, 854 14, 530 7. 84 Michigan . 196 174, 881 924. 872 5. 29 54, 750 401, 880 145 1, 560 10. 76 Minnesota .... 122 98, 957 473, 904 4. 79 1, 340 3, 950 Mississippi .... 31 22, 897 134! 930 5. 89 1, 500 4! 500 no 770 7. 00 Missouri . 242 258, 922 1,541,553 5. 95 47, 933 202, 722 23, 189 190, 220 8.20 Montana . 17 10, 316 80, 629 7. 82 545, 700 104 58. 289 411, 409 7. 06 29, 375 5, 700 52 800 9.26 New Hampshire 56 89, 152 482, 330 5.41 l! 075 15, 000 '700 4, 900 7. 00 New Jersey . . . . 129 317, 260 1, 601, 096 5. 05 257, 300 502, 430 400 6, 000 15. 00 New Mexico . . . 5 2, 280 17, 125 7. 51 1,200 New York . 302 821, 286 3, 945, 022 4. 80 52, 500 298! 578 9, 304 136, 697 14. 69 North Carolina. 78 43, 525 226, 882 5.21 1, 100 125 888 7. 10 Nortli Dakota . . 8 8, 600 52, 400 6. 09 Ohio . 968 386! 712 2, 136! 691 5. 53 92, 683 742, 304 113, 329 928, 948 8. 20 Oklahoma (a) . . . 18 6, 404 37, 338 5. 83 100 1, 000 10. 00 Oregon . 69 14, 770 95, 820 6. 49 3, 320 630 1,550 21, 000 13. 55 Pennsylvania . . 508 642, 326 4, 173, 274 6. 50 75, 281 1, 568, 545 74, 029 521, 359 7.04 Rhode Island. . . 1 30, 000 240, 000 8. 00 10, 000 3, 000 3,000 33, 600 11.20 South Carolina. 47 48, 534 229, 877 4. 74 3, 300 South Dakota . . 8 3! 312 24, 902 7. 52 l! 600 Tennessee . 76 70, 519 417, 616 5. 92 2, 971 30, 873 7, 687 39, 384 5.12 Texas . 124 134, 963 895, 359 6. 63 16, 989 87, 360 100 1,000 10. 00 Utah . 50 21, 606 156, 047 7. 22 4, 440 1,575 12, 863 8. 17 Vermont . 17 16, 950 92! 552 5. 46 1, 500 Virginia . 104 112! 488 779! 285 6. 93 76! 474 4, 794 5, 400 52, 750 9. 77 Washington . . . 59 22, 625 153, 259 6. 77 15, 200 24, 400 1,024 17, 600 17.19 West Virginia . 36 38, 719 227, 032 5. 86 1,000 500 8, 059 63, 964 7. 94 Wisconsin . 140 181, 287 1, 099, 102 6.06 19, 324 6, 200 Wyoming . 4 850 6! 850 8. 06 United States 6, 264 6, 152, 420 35,062,538 5. 70 1,128,608 5, 252, 420 457, 021 3,711,073 8.12 Per cent of total . 53.62 1.73 8. 03 5. 68 (a) Includes Indian Territory. CLAY 519 Clay products of United States in 1894 — Continued. States. Drain tile. Sewer pipe. . Orna¬ mental terra cotta work. Terra cotta lumber. Tile (not drain), in¬ cluding hol¬ low build¬ ing tile or blocks, roof¬ ing tile, floor tiTe, encaus¬ tic and art tile, and en¬ ameled brick Miscel¬ laneous. (ft) Total value. Alabama . $600 $266, 045 18, 081 212, 096 841, 495 478, 077 717, 000 46, 028 390, 672 83, 587 699, 887 30, 268 8, 474, 360 3, 135, 569 2, 379, 506 218, 575 759, 675 517, 262 831, 782 1,344,865 2, 339, 934 2, 254, 329 1, 245, 309 142, 700 2, 615, 578 644, 029 519, 784 503, 505 3, 976, 555 18, 325 5, 164, 022 286, 680 52, 400 10, 668, 498 38, 338 161, 988 7, 428, 048 294, 600 236, 697 27, 002 634, 344 1, 028, 853 176, 900 98, 052 937, 593 515, 659 673, 006 1, 255, 376 6, 850 Arizona . Arkansas . 2, 055 15, 850 1,540 500 2,500 2, 800 $10 102, 950 50, 000 15, 000 $2, 000 $37, 000 53, 300 52, 740 24, 000 California . $23, 085 Colorado . 7, 500 5, 000 Connecticut.... Delaware . 60, 100 District of Co¬ lumbia . 61, 100 6, 392 1, 200 22, 196 Florida . Georgia . 2, 000 3, 500 1, 418, 572 954, 264 557, 312 8, 048 31, 400 12, 500 8, 400 3,050 47, 300 11, 000 Illinois . 308, 963 1,000 58, 000 430, 000 50, 000 50 100 $81, 288 50, 000 500 44, 144 101, 855 8, 545 375 60, 000 662, 739 4, 590 21, 200 5,350 44, 500 Indiana . Iowa . 15, 000 Maine . 390, 000 20 50 48, 000 23, 500 46,983 4, 300 177, 158 299, 431 26, 600 111,250 50, 000 Michigan _ 741, 327 77, 300 1,000 172, 220 99, 040 543, 065 Minnesota . 34, 500 Mississippi .... 150, 000 7. 200 225 24, 679 7, 500 11, 200 286, 026 3, 000 1,000 200 466, 726 14, 000 New Hampshire New Jersey. ... 8, 600 137, 977 88, 000 206, 471 701, 955 New York . 62, 955 1,810 10, 000 21, 000 508, 000 828 64, 704 84, 738 35, 000 North Carolina. Ohio . 1, 465, 586 3, 311, 895 19, 000 476, 118 1, 495, 273 Oklahoma (a) . . . 29, 093 61, 952 1,575 61, 000 750 75, 000 7, 800 67, 300 8,000 20 500 2, 000 477, 135 Pennsylvania .. 347, 202 South Carolina. 3, 500 25, 900 10, 049 20 4,000 10, 705 2, 750 360 85, 150 75, 000 2, 000 2, 000 15, 300 27, 300 16, 096 1,530 6, 696 6, 750 6, 889 700 20, 150 44, 300 Washington _ West Virginia . 209, 000 350, 000 86, 000 10, 000 1, 300 United States Per cent of total . 5, 803, 168 8. 87 6, 314, 722 9. 66 1, 396, 185 2. 13 514, 637 .79 1, 688, 724 2. 58 4, 517, 709 6.91 65, 389, 784 100. 00 a Includes Indian Territory. 6 Including clay ballast (burned), clay pipes, clay retorts, railroad fire-clay tile, stove linings, wall copings, earthenware, cooking utensils, cuspidors, pitchers, vases, flower pots, chemical and cylinder brick, stoneware, stone pumps, well brick and staves, tile posts, furnace and flue linings, terra cotta chimney pipe tops, terra cotta grave and lot markers, fence-posts, fence-post stubs, electrical porce¬ lain specialties, statuary, relief signs, melting pots, etc. The average value of the common and pressed brick throughout the United States was $5.70 per thousand. The average value in the various States ranged from $4.74 in South Carolina to $8.41 in Idaho. The average value of the vitrified paving brick was $8.12 per thou¬ sand, ranging from $5.12 in Tennessee to $25 in Connecticut. 520 MINERAL RESOURCES. The following tables show the average value of the common and pressed and vitrified paving brick, arranged in the order of the value per thousand, in the several States : Average price of brick in 1894 , by States and Territories. COMMON AND PRESSED. States. Price per thousand. States. Price per thousand. $8.41 Missouri . $5. 95 8. 06 5. 92 8. 00 5. 89 7. 82 West Virginia . 5. 86 7. 66 Oklahoma Territory . 5. 83 South Dakota . 7. 52 5. 75 New Mexico . 7.51 5.64 Utah . 7. 22 Louisiana . 5. 61 Delaware . 7. 16 Maine . 5. 56 Nebraska . 7. 06 Ohio . 5. 53 Virginia . 6. 93 Connecticut . 5. 48 Maryland . 6. 91 5. 46 6. 77 5.44 6. 72 5.41 6. 63 5. 31 6. 63 5. 29 Arkansas . 6.59 North Carolina . 5. 21 Pennsylvania . 6.50 5. 13 Oregon . 6. 49 5. 05 Iowa . . . 6. 33 Kentucky . 4. 96 Massachusetts . 6. 25 New York . 4. 80 Florida . 6. 15 Minnesota . 4. 79 North Dakota . 6. 09 South Carolina . 4. 74 6 06 Alabama . . . 6. 01 Average for United States. . 5.70 VITRIFIED PAVING. States. Price per thousand. Connecticut . $25. 00 19. 55 California . Washington . 17. 19 15. 00 14. 69 13. 55 11. 20 Michigan . 10.76 10. 00 Arkansas . 10. 00 Colorado . 10. 00 10. 00 Texas . 10. 00 9. 77 9. 40 Indiana . 9.38 9. 26 Iowa . 8.29 States. Price per thousand. Kentucky . $8.21 8.20 Ohio . 8.20 Utah . 8.17 8. 00 West Virginia . 7.94 7. 84 7. 83 7. 69 7.21 North Carolina . 7.10 7. 04 Mississippi . 7.00 New Hampshire . 7.00 Maine . 6. 79 5. 12 Average for United States . . 8. 12 In the following table is given the rank of the States making clay products iii the United States in 1894, together with a statement of the percentage of the total product of each. CLAY. 521 Clay products. Rank. States. Value. Per cent of total product. Rank. States. Value. Per cent of total product. 1 Ohio . $10, 668, 498 16. 32 26 $515, 659 0. 79 2 Illinois . 8, 474, 360 12. 96 27 New Hampshire .. 503, 505 .77 3 Pennsylvania . 7, 428, 048 11. 36 28 478, 077 . 73 4 New York . 5, 164,' 022 7. 90 29 Dist. of Columbia- 390, 672 .60 5 3, 976, 555 6. 08 30 294, 600 .45 6 Indiana . 3, 135, 569 4. 79 31 North Carolina. . . . 286, 680 .44 7 Missouri . 2, 615, 578 4. 00 32 266, 045 .41 8 Iowa . 2, 379j 506 3.64 33 South Carolina. . . . 236, 697 .36 9 Massachusetts .... 2, 339, 934 3.58 34 Kansas . 218, 575 .33 10 Michigan . 2, 254, 329 3.45 35 212, 096 . 32 11 Maryland . 1 , 344, 865 2. 06 36 Utah . 176| 900 . 27 12 Wisconsin . 1, 255, 376 1. 92 37 161, 988 . 25 13 Minnesota . lj 245' 309 1. 90 38 142, 700 . 22 14 Texas . l’ 028, 853 1.57 39 98, 052 . 15 15 Virginia . 937, 593 1.43 40 Florida . 83, 587 . 13 16 California . 84lj 495 1.29 41 North Dakota . 52, 400 . 08 17 Maine . 83f 782 1.27 42 46, 028 . 07 18 Kentucky . 759' 675 1.16 43 a 38, 338 .06 19 Connecticut . 717! 000 1. 10 44 30, 268 . 05 20 Georgia . 699, 887 1.07 45 South Dakota . 27, 002 . 04 21 West Virginia .... 673, 006 1.03 46 New Mexico . 18, 325 .03 22 Montana . 644, 029 .98 47 18, 081 . 03 23 Tennessee . 634, 344 .97 48 Wyoming . 6, 850 . 01 24 519 784 79 25 Louisiana . 517, 262 ] 79 United States. 65, 389, 784 100. 00 a Includes Indian Territory. An inspection of this table shows some interesting facts. It will be noted that forty-nine States and Territories contributed to this total, all participating except Alaska and Nevada, the product ranging in value from $6,850 in Wyoming to $10,668,498 in Ohio. In Nevada no trace of a clay worker could be found, and no attempt was made to get returns from Alaska. The first eight States, embracing the great clay-producing region between the Ohio and Missouri rivers, together with Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, produced over two-thirds of the entire product — 67.05 per cent — while Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa produced nearly .38 per cent of the total. The following table shows the amount and value of the potters’ materials produced in the United States from 1887 to 1894: Amount and value of potters' materials from 1887 to 1894. 1887. 1888. a 1889. 1890. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Kaolin and china clay . Ball clay . Fire clay . Ground flint . Ground feldspar.. Tons. 22, 000 6, 000 15, 000 19, 800 10, 200 $231, 000 36, 000 45, 000 168, 000 112, 200 Tons. 18, 000 5,250 13, 500 16, 250 8,700 $189, 000) 31, 500.' > 40, 500) 138, 125 95, 700 Tons. 294, 344 11,113 6, 970 $635, 578 49, 137 39, 370 Tons. 350, 000 13, 000 8, 000 $756, 000 57, 400 45, 200 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Kaolin and china! clay . 1 Ball clay . 1 Fire clay . J Ground flint . Ground feldspar.. Tons. 400, 000 15, 000 10, 000 $900, 000 60, 000 50, 000 Tons. 420, 000 20, 000 15, 000 $1, 000, 000 80, 000 75, 000 Tons. 400, 000 29, 671 18,391 $900, 000 63, 792 68, 037 Tons. 360, 000 38, 000 17, 200 $800, 000 319,200 167, 700 a From 1889 all clays burned in kilns are considered. 522 MINERAL RESOURCES IMPORTS. Classified imports of clay during the calendar years ending December 31, from 1885 to 1894. Kinds. 1885. 1886. 1887. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. China clay or kaolin... All others : 10, 626 $83, 722 16, 590 $123, 093 23, 486 $141, 360 Unwrought . 9, 736 76, 899 13, 740 113,875 17, 645 139, 405 Wrought . 3, 554 29, 839 1,654 20, 730 2, 187 22, 287 Total . 23, 916 190, 460 31,984 257, 698 43, 318 303, 052 Kinds. 1888. 1889. 1890. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. China clay or kaolin. . . All others: 18, 150 $102, 050 19, 843 $113,538 29, 923 $270, 141 Unwrought . 20, 604 152, 694 19, 237 145, 983 21, 049 155,486 Wrought . 6, 832 53, 245 8, 142 64, 971 2, 978 29, 143 Total . 45, 586 307. 989 47, 222 324, 492 53, 950 454, 770 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Kinds. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. Long tons. Value. China clay or kaolin. . . All others : 39, 901 $294, 458 49, 468 $375, 175 49, 713 $374, 460 62, 715 $465, 501 Unwrought . 16, 094 118, 689 20, 132 155, 047 14, 949 113, 029 13, 146 98, 776 Wrought . 6, 297 56, 482 4,551 64, 818 6, 090 67, 280 4, 768 60, 786 Total . 62. 292 469, 629 74, 151 a595,040 570, 752 554, 769 c80, 629 625, 063 a In addition, 5,172 long tons of common blue clay, worth $59,971, were imported. b In addition, 4,304 long tons of common blue clay, worth $51,889, were imported. c In addition, 2,528 long tons of common blue clay, worth $28,886, were imported. Earthenware and china imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1894, inclusive. Tears ending — Brown earthen and common stoneware. China and porcelain not decorated. China and decorated porcelain. Other earth¬ en, stone, or crockery, ware, etc. Total. June 30, 1867 . $48, 618 $418, 493 $439, 824 $4, 280, 924 $5, 187. 859 1868 . 47, 208 309, 960 403, 555 3, 244, 958 4, 0057712 1869 . 34, 260 400, 894 555, 425 3, 468, 970 4, 459, 549 1870 . 47, 457 420, 442 530, 805 3, 461, 524 4, 460, 228 1871 . 96, 695 391, 374 571, 032 3, 573, 254 4, 632, 355 1872 . 127, 346 470, 749 814, 134 3, 896, 664 5, 308, 893 1873 . 115, 253 479, 617 867, 206 4, 289, 868 5, 751, 944 1874 . 70, 544 397, 730 676, 656 3, 686, 794 4,831,724 1875 . 68, 501 436, 883 654, 965 3, 280, 867 4, 441,216 1876 . 36, 744 409, 539 718, 156 2, 948,517 4, 112,956 1877 . 30, 403 326, 956 668, 514 2, 746, 186 3 772 059 1878 . 18i 714 289, 133 657, 485 3, 031, 393 3, 996, 725 1879 . 19, 868 296, 591 813, 850 2, 914, 567 4, 044, 876 1880 . 31,504 334, 371 1, 188, 847 3, 945, 666 5, 500, 388 1881 . . . 27, 586 321, 259 1, 621, 112 4, 413, 369 6, 383, 326 1882 . 36, 023 316, 811 2, 075, 708 4, 438, 237 6, 866, 779 1883 . 43, 864 368, 943 2, 587, 545 5, 685, 709 8, 686, 061 1884 . 50, 172 982, 499 2, 664, 231 666, 595 4, 363, 497 1885 . 44, 701 823, 334 2, 834, 718 963, 422 4, 666, 175 Dec. 31, 1886 . 37, 820 865, 446 3, 350, 145 951, 293 5, 204, 704 1887 . 43, 079 967, 694 3, 888, 509 1, 008, 360 5, 907, 642 1888 . 55, 558 1, 054, 854 4, 207, 598 886, 314 6, 204, 324 1889 . 48, 824 1, 148, 026 4, 580, 321 788, 391 6, 565, 562 1890 . 56, 730 974, 627 3, 562, 851 563, 568 5, 157, 776 1891 . 99, 983 1, 921, 643 6, 288, 088 353, 736 8, 663, 450 1892 . 63, 003 2, 022, 814 6. 555, 172 380, 520 9, 021, 509 1893 . 57, 017 1, 732, 481 6, 248, 255 338, 143 8, 375, 896 1894 . 47, 114 1, 550, 950 5, 392, 648 176, 391 6, 990, 712 TECHNOLOGY OF THE CLAY INDUSTRY. By Heinrich Bies. INTRODUCTION. In spite of the financial depression the past year has been one of importance and progress to the clay- working industry. The establish¬ ment of a school for the training of clay workers in connection with the Ohio State University is a step toward giving proper and deserving recognition to the clay- working industries of the United States. Such schools are by no means new abroad, and have done much toward the progress and development of the ceramic art in their respective countries. Before taking up and describing the technology of the clay industry, there are several points that have come up during the past year and deserve special mention. TESTING OF BRICKS. Engineers have heretofore held, and do so still to some extent, that a paving brick whose crushing resistance is less than 10,000 pounds per square inch should be rejected, and some have even set the limit at 12,000 pounds. It was furthermore thought by many that this was the most important test to which the brick could be subjected; opinion is, however, changing, for it is beginning to be understood that in actual usage the brick is seldom, if ever, subjected to such pressure. For paving brick the absorption and abrasion tests are more important. On the other hand too much leniency exists with regard to common building brick. Strength is an important item in their constructure, and should be carefully looked after. SIZES OF BRICK. The recent experiments of Mr. E. S. Fickes, which were published in the Engineering News of December 13, 1894, bring out very clearly the great variation which exists in the sizes of brick, and the small dimen¬ sions of some of them. There is a common tendency on the part of the manufacturer to decrease the size of his brick in order to gain greater profits or to keep the existing ones from becoming smaller. * 523 524 MINERAL RESOURCES. This total lack of uniformity is a matter which should be remedied, aud one which seems of a sufficient importance to be regulated by legislation. CONTINUOUS KILNS. The general practice among American brick manufacturers is to use the ordinary updraft skove kiln for burning common brick, and down- draft kilns for better and for more refractory ware. Continuous kilns are a comparatively recent introduction in the American clay- working industry. Nearly all of those used in this country are modifications of the Hoffmann kiln which has been successfully used abroad for some years. They consist essentially of an endless tunnel, divided into com¬ partments by easily removable partitions. The heat from the burning bricks in one compartment is used to dry out those in another chamber not yet burned. The continuous kiln has not proven a success thus far in this country. The cost of erection is high, the kiln requires consid¬ erable skill to operate, and is hard to control. It has been tried for burning paviug brick, but its action is too quick to permit annealing of the ware. It has not shown itself adapted to ornamental brick on account of the great difficulty to control the color. Its chief use is for burning refractory ware, which needs much fuel, and where color is unimportant. These kilns require little labor, but need a good quality of fuel. I am informed by Mr. II. A. Wheeler that continuous kilns are used at St. Louis aud Fulton, Mo., for burning fire brick. At Galesburg, Ill., attempts were made to burn paving brick in continuous kilns, but they were unsuccessful. They are somewhat used in Ohio, and at one locality in California for burning brick. Continuous kilns are also in successful operation at Golden, Col. FUSIBILITY OF CLAYS. It is well known that iron, lime, magnesia, and the alkalies lower the fusibility of clay, often to a great extent. This fact was expressed by Bisehoff in the following equation: Fusibility quotient = Alumina x alumina Silica x fluxes. According to the above, the more refractory a clay, the more alumina it must contain. Eecent experiments by Wheeler on Missouri clays1 show that the alumina may be replaced by sand without affecting the fusibility of the clay, whereas detrimental impurities, especially alkalies, greatly increase the fusibility, and furthermore the fineness of grain has an important influence on its refractoriness. Therefore BiscliofiPs formula is unreliable. When clays are similar in density and fineness, the refractoriness will be inversely as the detrimental impurities, when the latter are equated as to their proper fluxing values, aud if this 1 Eng. and Min. Jour., Mar. 10, 1894. X CLAY. 525 is called tlie “ fusibility factor,” it maybe expressed by the formula F. F. = D + D1, in which N represents the sum of the nondetrimen¬ tals or total silica, alumina, titanic acid, water, moisture, and carbonic acid; D represents the sum of the detrimental impurities, or the iron (Fe203), lime, magnesia, alkalies, sulphuric acid, sulphur, etc.; D1 rep¬ resents the sum of the alkalies, which have been found to have about double the fluxing value of the other fluxes. This formula gives a good comparative value for clays not differing more than 0.2 in density. When clays to be compared differ in density or fineness, then the formula has to be modified by the constant C, and the formula becomes F. F._j__^ — _ 0=1, when the clay is coarse grained and the spe¬ cific gravity exceeds 2.25 ; C =2, when clay is coarse grained and specific gravity ranges from 2 to 2.25; 0=3, when it ranges from 1.75 to 2; 0=2, when clay is fine grained and specific gravity above 2.25; 0=3, when it ranges from 2 to 2.25; 0=4, when it is from 1.75 to 2. These values of 0 are approximate. Another series of experiments has been made by H. O. Hofman and C. D. Demond to determine the refractory values of clay by indirect methods.1 The method consisted in mixing fire clays with varying proportions of calcium carbonate and calcium carbonate and silica to render them fusible at temperatures below the melting point of plati¬ num. Oommon brick clays were mixed with alumina and silica to decrease their fusibility. The object was to obtain a standard tem¬ perature at which both fire clays and common brick clays could be tested; the amount of ingredients required by each clay for fusion was the measure of its refractoriness. “The behavior of the samples in the fire gave such a satisfactory series, both in the descending scale with fire clay and the ascending scale with common brick clay, that it seemed an easy matter to assume a standard temperature 1,500° 0. and to add fluxing or refractory sub¬ stances to the clays until they melted at this temperature. This was found, however, to be very difficult.” CLAY BALLAST. The use of burned clay for ballasting railroads in the Western States has been already mentioned in the Mineral Resources, 1892. The clay used is such as is found in the bottom lands.2 A side track is run from the main line to the point where the kiln is built. “The kiln is started on a triangular core of old ties and kindlings piled about 3 feet high and the entire length of the kiln, which is from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. This core is filled with coal and covered about a foot deep with 1 Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXIV, p. 42. 2 Sci. Amer. Sup. No. 940, p. 15022, Jan. 6, 1894. 526 MINERAL RESOURCES. clay, and the fires lighted. After this has burned down somewhat the kiln is covered with several layers of coal and clay each 6 to 9 inches deep.” A car with plow for digging the clay and a conveyor for dis¬ tributing it runs along the side track and digs the clay from the space between kiln and track. The conveyor distributes it over the kiln. The coal is distributed from another car. When the clay has been dug to sufficient depth the track is shifted to another spot. Ordinary slack coal is used for fuel, and about 5C0 pounds of coal will burn a cubic yard of ballast. About 1,000 cubic yards per day can be burned in a kiln 4,000 feet long, and about 50 men are required to operate such a kiln. The cost of ballast is about $1.05 per cubic yard, and it weighs 40 to 50 pounds per cubic foot. It lasts six to eight years, and the chief objection is its low crushing strength, but it is clean and easy on rolling stock. BRICK-DUST MORTAR.1 The use of brick-dust mortar as a substitute for hydraulic cement when the latter can not be obtained is now often recommended. Mix¬ tures of brick dust and quicklime showed that blocks one-half inch thick, after immersion in water four months, bore without crumbling or splitting a pressure of 1,500 pounds per square inch. The addition of 10 per cent brick dust as sand to common mortar is said to prevent disintegration. MINING OF CLAY AND SHALE. As the larger portion of the clay deposits which are being worked are surface beds of soft material, the methods of mining followed are extremely simple, and it is only the larger concerns that use more elaborate ones. (1) Pick and shovel attack. — Plastic clay is commonly dug with a pick and shovel and thrown into cars or carts. The shovel is often of pecul¬ iar form, being flat and narrow. (2) Bench working. — The clay is worked in benches in order to pro¬ vide greater length of working surface. Cars or carts are run up to and along the several benches. (3) Plows and scrapers are sometimes employed to loosen the clay and bring it down to foot of the bank. The clay thus becomes mixed from top to bottom of the deposit. (4) Undermining is often resorted to when the clay is tough, the falling of a mass of clay breaking it up quite completely. (5) Steam shovels are found economical for large works and provided the material does not slide easily, as a steam shovel usually leaves a vertical face. This method is applicable to clay and soft shale. (6) Shafts, drifts, and slopes. — Much of the fire cla y occurs as inter- bedded deposits, often some distance below the surface, therefore un¬ derground mining is necessary, as the cost of stuffing prohibits open workings. 1 Scient. Amer., Dec. 29, 1894, p. 403. CLAY. 527 (7) Dredging is used in rare instances wlien the clay bed underlies a river or lake, as at Croton Landing, New York. HAULAGE. Most factories are located near the clay or shale bank, and when the distance is short carts drawn by horses are used to haul the clay. For longer distances, generally above 500 feet, it pays to lay tracks and use cars. These are made into trains of three or four and drawn by horses. Locomotive haulage is economical if the scale of operations warrants it, and has been profitably used for a 600-foot lead. Very often the loaded cars can be run from the bank to the works by gravity ; at other times, when the lead is straight, wire rope haulage is used, or even a gravity plane. USES OF CLAY. A classified list of the uses to which clay was put has been given in the Mineral Resources, 1891, and need not be repeated here.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY. The number of works bearing on the subject and published in this country is limited, and a list of the principal ones is given below : Barber (E. A.). The pottery and porcelain of the United States. New York, 1893. Cook (G. H.). Report on the clay deposits of Woodbridge, South Amboy, and other places in New Jersey, together with their uses for fire brick, pottery, etc. New Jersey Geological Survey, 1877. Crary (J. W., SR.). Brick making and burning. Indianapolis. Crossley (A.). Analyses of clays. Indianapolis. Davis (C. T.). Bricks, tiles, and terra cotta. Philadelphia, 1889. Gibson (T. W.). Vitrified bricks for street pavements. Report Ontario Bureau of Mines, 1893, and School of Mines Quarterly, January, 1895. Hill (R. T.). Articles on clay, in Mineral Resources of the United States, 1891, 1892, and 1893. Johnson (W. D.). Article on clay, in the Ninth Annual Report of the California State Mineralogist. Ladd (G. E.j. The clay, stone, lime, and sand industries of St. Louis, city and county. Bulletin No. 3, Missouri Geological Survey. See also Bulletin No. 5. Morrison and Reep. Brickmakers’ Manual. Indianapolis. Orton (E.)., Jr. Report on the clay-working industries of Ohio. Ohio Geological Survey, V, 1884, and VII, 1894. Ries (H.). The Quaternary deposits of the Hudson River Valley, with notes on the brick manufacture. - Article on clay, in Mineral Industry, 1893. Smock (J. C.). Mining clay. Transactions of American Institute of Mining Engi¬ neers, Vol. Ill, p. 211. Wheeler (H. A.). The calculation of the fusibility of clays. Engineering and Mining Journal, March 10, 1894. See also the magazines : Clay - Worker, Clay , Brickmaker, and Bricklmilder. PAyiNG BRICK. The paving-brick industry and market are confined largely to the cities of the Central States, Philadelphia being the only large Eastern city which has adopted brick pavements to any extent. One reason for 'For a commercial classification of clays and their origin, see Mineral Resources, 1891, p. 480. 528 MINERAL RESOURCES. this may be that the cost of transportation jirevents competition with asphalt; another is that engineers are cautious about introducing them in large cities where traffic is very heavy. Over one-half the cities now using brick for paving are in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, these States being the center of manufacture.1 CLAY REQUIRED. This must be one which will produce a u vitrified ” product. This term, which is misleading, simply means that the clay in burning is brought to incipient fusion, and thereby forms a tough homogeneous mass. The clay while attaining this condition should be able to keep its shape. Vitrification begins at a red heat in most clays, and it is often found that a mixture of two clays — one possessing refractoriness and the other fusibility — gives the best results. A sufficient amount of iron is also necessary to give the brick a red color in accordance with popular demand. Silicate of iron is apt to form blotches on the surface. Mr. Mead2 claims that in order to vitrify a clay should contain at least 3 per cent potash, 3£ per cent soda, or 5 per cent lime or magnesia, or 8 per cent iron, or a combined proportion of any or all of these fluxes equal to these amounts. The classes of materials used are Silurian, Devonian, and Carbonif¬ erous shales, impure fire clays, and less often surface deposits of Quater¬ nary clay. The latter are apt to be too fusible. The heat required to vitrify a clay varies, and some of the fire clays used can not be said to do so. In the Ohio clays3 it was found that the heat required to vitrify the clay or shale was about I8600 F. The fusibility seemed to be due partly to the alkaline earths and alkalies present. The iron did not seem to aid much in the fusion, as vitrifica¬ tion began while the iron was still in the form of sesquioxide, and that a subsequent elevation of the temperature breaks it up, as is shown by the darker color of the brick. PREPARATION OF CLAY. When clay of a shaly nature is used it has to be first ground to powder in a dry pan. This consists essentially of a circular iron pan with a perforated bottom. In the pan are two iron wheels 6 to 14 inches wide and weighing 2,000 to 6,000 pounds, and which revolve by the tangential friction of the pan floor. Scrapers attached to the axle carrying the wheels throw the clay under the latter, and when fine enough it falls through the perforated bottom. The capacity of a dry pau varies with the size of the screen plates of the bottom and character of the clay. The maximum record is 200 tons of shale fire clay in ten hours through ■For map showing cities where factories are located and brick pavements laid, seeD. W. Mead, Paving and Munic. Eng., January, 1894. 2D. W. Mead, loc. cit. 3Geol. Surv., Ohio, VII, p. 138. CLAY. 529 a one-eighth and three-sixteenth inch mesh bottom,1 but the average capacity of one pan with one-eighth-inch mesh bottom is 100 tons for the same time. SCREENING. The ground clay passes from the dry pan to the screen by means of a bucket elevator. All manufacturers do not screen their clay, trusting to the dry pan to reduce it to sufficient fineness. Three general types of screen are used : 1. Inclined screens , 10 to 14 feet long, with wire cloth or perforated metal bottom. This is the simplest and cheapest form, but has small capacity. 2. Rotary screens of cylindrical or octagonal form, often provided with automatic devices to make the clay pass through them more quickly. 3. Shaking screens , fixed at one end and driven by a crank and pis¬ ton or eccentric. They have a perforated metal bottom, and are cheap and simple in operation. TEMPERING. This is done in wet pans or pug mills. Wet pans. — These are like dry jians, but have a solid instead of per¬ forated bottom. The clay is charged in lots of COO to 1,200 pounds, and water added to it. The tougher and more refractory the clay the finer it must be ground, while if easily vitrified it need not be so fine. The action of the wet pan is very rapid, a charge for bricks being tempered in two to three minutes and for sewer pipe in four to five minutes, and it is the most thorough tempering machine. When sufficiently tem¬ pered the clay is removed through a trapdoor in the bottom of the pan or else by means of a specially constructed shovel. Wet pans have a greater capacity and are more efficient than pug mills, but they consume more power. Pug mills. — These consist of a horizontal trough in which there revolves a shaft bearing knives. The material is charged at one end, together with water, and becomes thoroughly mixed as it passes for¬ ward, the speed being controllable by the angles which the knives make with the shaft. Pug mills occupy less space than dry pans and require less power, but are less effective. MOLDING. Nearly all paving brick manufacturers use stiff-mud machinery In stiff-mud machines the clay is tempered quite stiff and is forced from the machine in the form of a bar, which is then cut up into brick. Two types of stiff-mud machines exist — the auger and the plunger. Plunger machines. — In these the clay is charged into an upright iron cylinder, and issues from it through a die and under great pressure. 1 Geol. Surv., Ohio, VII, p. 142. 1G GEOL, FT 4 - 34 530 MINERAL RESOURCES. This bar of clay is received on the cutting table, and when it has issued to a certain distance, a frame bearing a number of parallel wires is drawn over and cuts the bar into a number of pieces, each equal in size to a brick. Auger machines consist of a horizontal tapering cylinder, in -which there revolves a shaft bearing knives and, at the smaller end of the cylinder, a screw. The clay is charged at the wide end and becomes compressed as it moves forward toward the die, through which the screw forces it onto the cutting table. The auger machine is often provided with an automatic device for cutting up the bar of clay, which insures continuous action ; it is also called end cut or side cut, according as the section of the bar of clay has the same area as the end or side of a brick. To increase the capacity of an auger machine several bars of clay may be forced from it at once. Auger machines consume more power than plunger machines, but with their continuous action have a much greater capacity. The continuous automatic cut¬ ting device has thus far only proved applicable to end-cut brick. Stiff-mud machines are among the cheapest used, but one objection to them is the laminated character which they impart to the brick. This fault arises partly from the flow of the clay through a die and also from the effect of the screw of the auger machine. It has been found that rich, fat clays laminate most. If in burning the brick is vitrified the effect of the lamination is partly lessened. The average capacity of a stiff-mud machine is 30,000 per day, but some machines using the automatic cut-off have produced 75,000 in ten hours. A combination machine is described by Prof. E. Orton, jr.,1 which con¬ sists of “a vertical pug mill to force the clay downward and a large mud wing or revolving arm to give the final propulsion to the clay. This mud wing forces the clay down into a set of molds arranged around the periphery of a horizontal table. Each mold box is filled with clay, and when full comes under a pair of plungers acting verti¬ cally, one working under the clay and the other down on it. The clay is thus compressed into a solid block, which is subsequently removed when the movable bottom of the box is elevated to the surface of the table.” The advantage of this machine is that the brick has no struc¬ ture, and a very plastic clay can be worked. The daily capacity is about 20,000 brick. Dry -press process. — This method has been tried for making paving brick, but thus far has met with little success. Its most important application is for the manufacture of pressed brick, under which head it is described. REPRESSING. Most paving brick receive no further treatment to alter their shape, but some manufacturers repress the green brick, the advantage claimed being production of a better and smoother shape, as well as a denser 1 Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, 1893. CLAY. 531 product. The Ohio geological survey made a number of rattling tests of plain and repressed brick from several factories, and the results are somewhat in favor of the repressed material, but are not conclusive.1 DRYING. Excluding open-air drying, which is rarely used for paving brick, the methods employed are : Drying floors. — These are brick floors with flues underneath to con¬ duct the heat from the fireplace situated at one end. They are gener¬ ally large enough to hold a day’s output. The advantage is cheapness, but the objections are great inequality of heat at the two ends of the floor and the amount of handling, as the bricks have to be spread and removed by hand. The chief application of drying floors is in the manufacture of fire brick. Seiver-pipe floors. — The floors of the building where the drying is done are slatted instead of solid, and the heat is provided by steam pipes arranged around the sides of the building. This method is cheap and very safe, but slow. It requires about the same amount of labor as the first method, but the original cost of plant is considerable. Chambers dryers. — These are essentially tunnels made of brick and arranged side by side. The green brick are piled on cars, which are run on tracks into the tunnels. They are heated by flues under the track, and coal, coke, wood, oil, or gaseous fuel are used. Their theoretical action is good, but they are not found to be so in practice. Two objec¬ tions are, danger of cracking, due to sudden drying, and large amount of labor required. Progressive dryers. — These are very similar to the preceding, but the green ware is run in at one end and the dried material is removed at the opposite end. Air and heat enter at the end where the bricks are removed, and the draft is produced by stacks or fans, preferably the latter. The air is heated by passage over steam pipes or through fire¬ places. This method is, perhaps, the best and safest means of drying brick. Drying has also been done in the kiln by drawing the hot air from a cooling kiln to one not yet burned. BURNING. This is usually done in round or rectangular down-draft kilns. Each type of kiln has several fireplaces, and the products of combustion are conducted to the top of the kiln by “ pockets ” on the inside walls, and then pass down through _ the brick and out through flues under the floor of the kiln. The rectangular kilns have several stacks to iusure an equal amount of draft to all portions of the kiln, while the round forms generally have one stack. The latter have a capacity for about 30,000 brick. 1 Ohio Geol. Surv., VII. 532 MINERAL RESOURCES. In burning the temperature is gradually raised to the point of vitri¬ fication and held at this temperature for several days. It is then cooled very slowly to anneal the brick and give a hard, tough product. Quick cooling makes a brittle brick. The following measurements have been made by Professor Orton in Ohio/ and give an idea of the temperature reached in paving-brick kilns. Unfortunately the meas¬ urements were made with a lunette pyrometer, which is apt to give an error of 50°: Temperatures reached in paving-brickkilns as determined by the Ohio geological survey. Material. Portion of kiln. Tempera¬ ture, Pa hr- 1 enheit. Kiln at best heat . Degrees. 1, 862 1, 800 1, 702 1, 920 1,800 1, 840 1, 920 1,830 _ do . Kiln past best heat . Kiln at highest heat . . do . . Do . do . Kiln at best heat . Do.." . Kiln at about best heat . TESTING. Three tests are usually applied : Absorption, abrasion, and crushing. Absorption. — A thoroughly vitrified brick must of necessity be dense, and absorption will therefore be a measure of the porosity. The absorp¬ tion is determined by weighing the thoroughly dry samples, immersing in clean water from 48 to 72 hours, then wiping dry and weighing again. Vitrified bricks should not show a gain in weight of over 2 per cent. There are cases where bricks of apparently good quality show a greater absorption than this, but they have great toughness and refractory qualities. Bricks made from fire clays which will not vitrify so easily will naturally show higher absorption. This absorption test is of great importance in our severe northern climate. Abrasion. — This test approximates closely the conditions under which the brick is used, and is therefore an important one. The usual method of conducting this test is to put the bricks in an ordinary foundry rattler, filling it about one-third full. It is then set in rotation at the rate of about 30 revolutions per minute, and about 1,000 turns are sufficient. The bricks are weighed before and after to determine loss by abrasion. A more recent modification is to line the rattler with the bricks to be tested and then put in loose scrap iron. This is claimed to give more accurate results and avoids loss by chipping due to the bricks knocking against each other, as in the previous method, although even this was obviated somewhat by Professor Orton, jr., by the introduction of a few billets of wood into the rattler. The abrasion test may also be made by putting the weighed bricks on a grinding 1 Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, p. 138. CLAY. 533 table covered with sand and water, and noting the weight before and after grinding. Crushing. — The amount of pressure which a paving brick shall be able to withstand is an unsettled matter. There are bricks in use which crush at 5,000 pounds per square inch, while others will stand 15,000 pounds. Some engineers refuse to accept a brick which will not stand 12,000 pounds per square inch, but this limit is undoubtedly too high, for when laid in pavements it is abrasion and not so much pressure which the bricks are subjected to. Furthermore, experiments show that a brick of high crushing power may have great absorption and little vitrification. From a large series of tests recently made by Mr. Fickes and pub¬ lished in the Engineering News, December 13, 1894, the following facts were developed: 1. A brick which stands rattling well has ample crushing strength and rarely chips under less than 5,000 pounds per square inch, or crushes under less than 10,000 pounds. The crushing strength tends to vary with the resistance to abrasion, however, but more slowly and* irregularly. 2. The transverse strength also tends to vary with the resistance to abrasioD, but more slowly and irregularly. 3. The toughest brick usually absorb the least water, but exceptions occur. Some valuable and interesting tests were recently made by the Ohio geological survey to determine the relative merits of fire clays and shales for the manufacture of paving brick, as well as the infiuence, if any, of the method of manufacture used. Twenty-three varieties of shale brick, or bricks whose largest constituent is shale, were grouped together; fifteen varieties of fire clay brick; four varieties composed of shale and fire clay mixed in equal proportion; three varieties made of Ohio River sedimentary clays. The average of these four classes of results were as follows: Results of tests of fire clays and shales for the manufacture of paving trick, by the Ohio geological survey. Kind. Absorp¬ tion. Rattling. Crushing. Shales . 1. 17 17.61 Square inches. 7, 307 6, 876 Cubic inches. 1,764 Fire clay . 1.62 17.32 1, 678 Mixture . 1.44 18. 72 5, 788 1, 400 River clay . 1.36 19. 02 4,605 1, 176 534 MINERAL RESOURCES. Taking nine samples of brick made on end-cut machinery, whether auger or plunger, and comparing them with twelve side-cut, re-pressed brick, the following figures were obtained: Comparative tests of side-cut paving brick with end-cut brick. Kind. Absorp¬ tion. Rattling. Crushing. Side cut . 0. 72 .92 17.78 17.49 Square inches. 6. 925 5,418 Cubic inches. 1,649 1,354 End cut . This showed a distinct advantage in general for the side-cut mate¬ rial; but the end-cut material in this test was made in many different kinds of machinery and of very different clay. Separating the various kinds more closely, the following figures were obtained : Test of paring brick. Machine used. Absorp¬ tion. Rattling. Crushing. 1. 18 11. 13 Square inches. 5, 903 4,465 5, 544 Cubic inches. 1,480 1, 138 1, 395 1. 08 32. 77 Average for plunger machines . 1. 15 16.54 Five samples made on the Penfield automatic cut-off, end-cut auger machine and then re-pressed. Absorp¬ tion. Rattling. Crushing. End-cut auger brick . Side-cut auger brick . 0. 73 .72 18. 25 17.78 Square inches. 5, 318 6, 925 Cubic inches. 1, 322 1, 649 By still further eliminating the causes of variation in these samples aside from the effect of the mode of manufacture, the following figures are deduced of four samples of end-cut re-pressed auger brick made from shale clays, again st eight samples of side-cut re-pressed auger brick, also made of shales: Absorp¬ tion. Rattling. Crushing. End-cut shale . 0. 58 .74 18.94 15.64 Square inches. 5, 326 7,690 Cubic inches. 1,338 1,187 Side- cut shale . In this last comparison the sources of variation have been eliminated largely and the results are therefore much more valuable. They point CLAY. 535 strictly to the general superiority of side cut over end cut. Further experiments show that comparing plain and repressed bricks, the former stand greater pressure, while the latter absorb less water. Large bricks stood the rattling test better than small ones, but the latter showed greater crushing strength. The following list gives the results of Mr. Fickes’s experiments, show¬ ing the absorption, abrasion, and crushing strength of paving bricks from dilferent localities in the United States: Absorption, abrasion, and crushing tests of paving brick from various localities. Locality. Absorp¬ tion. Weight lost in rattling. Crushing strength per square inch. Material used. Process of manufacture. Logan, Ohio . Corning, N. Y . Galesburg, Ill . Clearfield, Pa . Syracuse, N. Y . Franklin, Pa . Pittsburg. Pa . Barrington, R. I . Canton, Ohio . Do . New Cumberland, W. Va . New Brighton, Pa . Percent 0.7 1.8 .7 2.9 .7 .9 2.7 . 6 1.2 .1 3. 1 1.6 Per cent. 7.5 11.8 13 13.7 9.6 8.6 7.9 6.6 6.9 3.8 a 7, 490 69, 320 a 10, 100 a 8, 564 6 9,810 69, 030 68,450 6 10, 860 6 8,520 6 9, 070 6 8, 800 6 11, 170 Semi fire clay . Blue shale . Shale . Semi fire clay . Shale . . do . Semi fire clay . Clav . . . Shale . . do . Semi fire clay . Machine-made salt- glazed. Auger machine side cut, repressed. Auger machine end cut. Auger mach ine side cut. Auger machine. Aujgr machine side cut. Do! Do. Auger machine end cut. Auger machine sidecut, repressed. a Are such as only some of the bricks, which are averaged, did not crush or fail as the case may be, under the maximum pressure. b Those which did not crush or fail, as the case may be, under the maximum of 150,000 pounds pressure. Paving brick are sometimes salt-glazed, the advantage being a lower¬ ing of the absorption and protection to the surface of the brick. When put into pavements the brick are laid on edge with a foundation of sand, gravel, stone, or concrete, according to the amount of traffic. The average cost per square yard of pavement varies from $1.50 to $2.50, but may be both above or below these limits. Paving brick sell for $10 to $23 per thousand, depending on quality, transportation, etc.1 The advantages of a brick pavement are smoothness without being slippery, reasonable cost, and good sanitary qualities. The color of a paving brick is no guide to its quality, except when bricks from the same factory are compared. 1 An excellent article on brick pavements by T. W. Gibson, appeared in Report of Bureau of Mines, Ontario, 1893, and reprinted in School of Mines Quarterly, January, 1895. 536 MINERAL RESOURCES. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS. This includes* common brick, pressed brick, enameled brick, terra cotta, hollow goods, chimney and flue linings, building and foundation blocks, roofing tiles, glazed and encaustic tiles. COMMON BRICK. Building brick were among the earliest of the clay products of the United States, and at the present day the manufacture of low grade brick is one of great importance. The methods of brickmaking have made enormous progress in the last twenty years, and manufacturers have exerted all their efforts to perfect the better grades, but the same can not be said of common brick. Unfortunately the contractor, whose business it is to see that the brick are up to a standard of good quality, accepts almost anything so long as it is fairly hard. PREPARATION OF CLAY. Common brick are with few exceptions made from surface deposits of clay which requires little or no preparation. If shale is used it has to be crushed in a dry pan or between rolls. The occurrence of lime pebbles in many surface clays causes additional labor, and their elimi¬ nation is effected either by permitting the clay to dry and then pass¬ ing it through a barrel screen or else feeding the fresh clay directly to a pair of rolls which crush the pebbles and while not removing them render the lime less harmful. Tempering. — Many brick clays require the addition of a certain amount of sand, generally 25 per cent, to prevent the brick from shrinking too much and warping. The simplest method of mixing these two is to shovel them into a square pit, or u soak pit,” add water and let the mass soak over night. About one bushel of coal dust per 1,000 brick is added, to help in the burning. Ring pits are a step farther advanced, and consist of a shallow, circular pit in which there revolves an iron wheel. As the wheel travels around the pit the sand and clay become thoroughly mixed. This is far more effective than the soak pit. Sufficient clay for 20,000 to 30,000 brick is tempered in six hours by this process. Pug mills and wet pans1 are used by many manufacturers, especially in the central States. Their chief use is perhaps with the stiff-mud machines. Some brickmakers add hematite to their clay or molding sand in order to produce a better colored ware. One manufacturer, in New York, uses the tailings from the washing plant at a limonite mine. MOLDING. The primitive method of molding bricks by hand is still to be found 'Described under “ Paving brick.” CLAY. 537 iii small brick yards all over the United States, but in the larger works it has been superseded by the soft-mud machine, which is used through¬ out the Eastern States, and also in the South and West, and makes a very good grade of common brick. There are several different types of soft-mud machine, but the prin¬ ciple of them is similar in all. The essential parts are an upright box of wood or irou containing a revolving shaft bearing arms. The clay is charged at the top and mixed in its passage to the bottom of the box, where a “ mud wing” attached to the shaft forces it into the press box. The molds, previously sanded to prevent adherence of the clay, are put in at the rear of the machine aud fed forward automatically underneath the press box, each one as it comes into place becoming tilled with clay. A day’s work for such a machine is 20,000 brick. The molds, after hav¬ ing the superfluity of clay scraped off*, are emptied onto the drying floor. Stiff-mud machines are used chiefly in the manufacture of paving brick, under which head they are described. They are used to a limited extent in the Eastern States for common brick, but more so farther west. Their greater capacity has weight with many large manufacturers. DRYING. Tunnel aud other artificial driers are only used by larger firms. In nine tenths of the yards making soft-mud brick, drying is done in the open air in one of three ways: 1. Open yards, which are simply brick floors covered with sand, on which the bricks are deposited from the molds and dried by the direct heat of the sun for about twelve hours. During this period they are “spadded;” that is, stamped with a wooden tool on their sides and edges to preserve their shape. The following morning the bricks are stacked in double rows and the next day’s production spread out. 2. Covered yards. — These are similar to the preceding, but inclosed by a sectional roof, which can be opened in fair weather to let the sun¬ light enter. The advantage is a prevention of washed brick, but the drying is slower ; the cost of plant is greater. 3. Pallet yards. — The bricks are dumped from the molds onto wooden pallets, which are set ou racks. The advantages are, much greater capacity, saving of washed brick, less handling of green brick. The objections are, slower drying, cost of pallets, and the clay has to be molded stifier. BURNING. This is almost invariably done in skove kilns or other up-draft kilns. The bricks are set up in “ arches” about 40 courses high, and each arch contains about 30,000 bricks. The open portion of the arch is 14 courses high, and 9 to 15 arches built side by side make up a kiln. The first row of bricks on top of the arch is the tie course, the first 14 courses 538 MINERAL RESOURCES. above the arch are called the “lower bench,” and those above that the “ upper bench.” In skove kilns a temporary wall of two rows of bricks is built around the kiln, and the whole daubed over with mud to pre¬ vent air from entering except through the doors set in the lower portion of the arches. The object of the addition of coal dust to the brick is by its ignition, after the water has been driven from the brick, to contribute heat throughout the kiln. It takes six men one day to set an arch of brick. The fires are built in the arches, and the fuel used is generally wood or coal. Gas and oil have been tried, and in some cases successfully. In burning, the fires are gradually increased until sufficient heat is obtained to drive off both free and combined water and cause the particles of the brick to unite to form a solid, compact mass. This is carried to its greatest extent in the case of paving brick. When the heat is highest the iron becomes converted into the red oxide. A number of interesting experiments have been recently made to determine the changes which a brick passes through after it is placed in the kiln. In the first stages of burning, the brick showed a decrease in weight, due to passing off of moisture; then a series of constant weights while the temperature increased to dull redness, and, lastly, subsequent loss at higher temperature, due to passing off of combined water. The second day, after the weight became constant, a sample of tin placed in the kiln melted, showing the temperature to be 455° F. ; the third day lead, or 625° F. ; the fourth day zinc, or 725° F. ; the fifth day antimony, or 800° F. The brick had a constant weight all this time. The final loss was 2 ounces more. Other tests gave the final loss as 5 to 6 ounces. In another series of experiments, made to determine the rate of dry¬ ing in a down-draft kiln, a green brick was placed on an iron bar and slid into the kiln. Each day it was weighed and the temperature was determined with a Siemens copper ball pyrometer. In one brick from the twelfth course the temperature was 475° F. the third day after the constant weight had been obtained. The fifth day it was 550°, and the brick had lost 1 ounce. No further change was noticed during the sixth, seventh, and eighth day, except that the temperature had gone up to 750°. On the ninth day the loss was 4£ ounces and the temperature 1,075°. On the tenth day 1 ounce more was lost with a temperature of 1,400° F. The brick was then allowed to remain in the kiln until burned, and lost no more. The experiments seemed to show that combined water did not go off below 800° F. REQUIREMENTS. Common brick can be made from almost any clay, and with proper care a very fair product is obtained.1 A common brick should have The method ot using calcareous clays was described in Mineral Resources, 1893. CLAY. 539 (1) smooth surfaces and parallel sides, and (2) be hard, compact, and uniform in texture. Soft-mud machines make good brick, but they are said to be less dense than stiff-mud or dry- clay brick. (3) They should not absorb over 10 to 15 per cent of water when hard-burned. (4) They should have a crushing resistance of at least 3,000 pounds per square inch. TESTS. Mr. E. S. Fickes, of Steubenville, Ohio, has recently made a large series of valuable tests of both paving and building bricks, and some of the important ones are given herewith : Tests of bricks, made by Mr. E. S. Fickes. Locality. Total absorp¬ tion. Pressure per square inch at crushing. Material used. Machine used. Cincinnati, Ohio . Do . Washington, D. C . Steubenville, Ohio . Rochester, N. Y . Baltimore, Md . Fishkill, N. Y . New Haven, Conn . Philadelphia, Pa . Do . Troy, N. Y . Milwaukee, Wis . Erie, Pa . St. Louis, Mo . Do . Sioux City, Iowa . Bradford, Pa . Pittsburg, Pa . 6.4 14.2 8.5 6.4 12.2 9.8 14.8 11.5 7.2 10.5 15.1 24.0 10.3 15.9 10. 1 11.8 5.9 3.4 7. 670 5,240 6, 580 7, 980 8, 460 4, 660 5, 840 6, 190 7,510 6,710 4,400 3, 600 5,000 5, 750 8, 860 6,480 9, 030 8,500 Yellow clay . . do . Clav . Shale and clay. . - . Clay and sand .... Clay . . do . Red clay and sand. Clay . - -do . Clay and sand .... . do . Clay and shale. . . . - .do . . do . Semifire clay . Shale . Eire clay . Auger machine; end-cut arch brick. Auger machine; end-cut front brick. Soft-mud machine; hard, com¬ mon. Auger machine; side-cut, re¬ pressed, hard, common. Soft-mud; hard, common. Soft-mud machine. Do. Arch. Auger machine ; end-cut, arch. Handmade; Philadelphia, stretcher. Soft-mud machine; hard, com¬ mon. Soft mud ; pressed, buff. Dry press. Dry press ; dark red. Do. Dry press ; front brick. Dry press ; red front. Auger machine; side-cut, puff front. The conclusions drawn from Mr. Fickes’s tests are: 1. The strength of the building brick, both transverse and crushing, varies in tolerably close inverse ratio with the quantity of water absorbed in twenty-four hours. The strongest brick absorb the least water. 2. Good building brick absorb from 6 to 12 per cent in twenty -four hours, and with no greater absorption than 12 per cent will ordinarily show from 7,000 to 10,000 or more pounds per square inch of ultimate crushing strength. 3. Poor building brick will absorb one-seventh to one-fourth of their weight of water in twenty-four hours and average a little more than one-half the transverse and crushing strength of good brick. 4. An immersed brick is nearly saturated in the first hour of immer¬ sion, and in the remaining twenty-three hours the absorption is only five-tenths to eight-tenths of 1 per cent of its weight as a rule. 5. The strength of brick in the kiln is least in the top courses and 540 MINERAL RESOURCES increases quite rapidly for the tirst ten or twelve courses and after¬ wards more slowly down to the arch brick. 6. The size of brick varies much, and the wTeiglit varies from 3.84 to 6.34 pounds. Eastern brick are smaller than Western, and will even vary in the same locality. 7. Dry-press brick seem, as a rule, to be stronger than soft-mud brick, but exceptions exist. Common brick are divided into three classes — arch, the hard burned ones from the lower portion of kiln; red from the middle, and salmon or insufficiently burned ones. Other intermediate terms are used, and the terms applied to the same class vary in different States. 1 FRONT, PRESSED OR ORNAMENTAL BRICK. The regulation cherry-red Philadelphia pressed brick no longer monopolizes the markets, the desire of the present day being a vari¬ ety in color and shape of front brick. With this choice of color and pattern in front brick and the ability to procure auy desired design in terra cotta, the architects are now erecting buildings which for taste and richness of decoration far excel stone structures. Pressed brick are now made in red, brown, white, yellow, buff, etc. The Pompeiian brick is a mottled brick which has been much used during the past two years, especially in New York City. It is made from fire clay containing particles of pyrite, which in burning become converted to silicate of iron and gives the brick a speckled appearance. Pressed brick are made from carefully prepared and thoroughly tempered clay. They are molded by hand in soft mud, or in stiff mud machines, and then re-pressed, or else they are produced in one opera¬ tion in dry-press machines. The soft-mud and stiff-mud machines have already been described. The largest manufacturers of dry-press brick are at Chicago and St. Louis, and, indeed, throughout the entire West this style of front brick is practically the only one used. Dry-press machines were introduced into the United States about twenty years ago. The method is rapidly gaining favor, and archi¬ tects are losing their not wholly warranted aversion to bricks made by this method. All clays can not be molded in a dry-press machine, for causes not yet definitely understood. The clay is first pulverized in a dry-pan or Steadman disintegrator and then passes through an inclined screen to the hopper over the press while the tailings go back to the pulverizer. The machine proper consists of a massive frame of forged steel about 8 feet high. At a convenient height is the delivery table into which the press box is sunk. The charger slides back and forth on the delivery table, and is connected with the hopper by means of canvas tubes. It is filled on the backward stroke, and when it has 'For the correlation of these terms see Fifth Ann. Convention Proceedings, Nat. Brickmakers’ Association, January, 1891. CLAY. 541 reached a point over the press box or mold the clay drops into it. It then recedes to be filled and the upper plunger descends, pressing the clay into the mold. The lower plunger, which forms the bottom of the mold, ascends at the same time, so that the clay receives pressure from above and below. The upper plunger then rises, and the lower one does also, until the lower surface of the brick is even with that of the table. On its forward stroke to fill the mold again the charger shoves the green brick to the edge of the table, from whence it is taken and removed, to the kiln. The pressure is applied by a toggle-joint arm, and one to six bricks are molded at a time. Sometimes the green brick are set directly in the kiln and at others they are first dried in tunnels. The green brick contain about 15 per cent of water, and great care has to be exercised in drying to prevent cracking. Burning is usually done in down-draft kilns. By setting the brick directly in the kiln it takes longer to watersmoke. It is claimed by some manufacturers that one-fourth to one-sixth more fuel is required to burn dry-press bricks. Dry-press bricks are the densest made, but they consist simply of an agglomeration of particles which owe their conjunction to pressure, and even though these particles may become vitrified in burning, they do not always unite. WASHED BRICK. When brick which are dried in the open air are exposed to a rain storm their faces get a characteristic roughened appearance. These brick, if burned, arejust as strong as others, but as there was no demand for them on account of their unsightly appearance they were generally thrown back into the machine. In the last year, however, they have been used in the fronts of several buildings in New York and Chicago, and have come into great favor. But owing to the lack of rain during the past season the demand has exceeded the supply; most of those used have come from Sayreville, N. J. Some manufacturers “wash” their brick by artificial means. TERRA COTTA. The name u terra cotta ” is applied to clay products used for orna¬ mentation in connection with brick or stone. Though used at first to overcome certain peculiarities of construction in buildings, its uses have spread, so that from a mere article of construction it has come to be one of the highest ornamental character. Its common use now is for string courses, sills, copings, etc., and sometimes for walls, in which case, in connection with steel, it supplants brickwork. Terra cotta, when made for this latter purpose, is more properly classed as terra¬ cotta lumber or hollow brick. As originally made, terra cotta was red, but the introduction of brick of different shades has necessitated a like change in its color. 542 MINERAL RESOURCES. Terra cotta is manufactured to a small extent by many minor brick concerns in this country, but the greater portion is produced by the following firms : Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company, Perth Amboy, N. J. Standard Terra Cotta Company, Perth Amboy, N. J. Mathewson & Harrison, Perth Amboy, N. J. New York Architectural Terra Cotta Company, Long Island City, N. Y. Boston Terra Cotta Company, Boston, Mass. Stevens, Armstrong & Conkling, Philadelphia, Pa. New Britain Terra Cotta Company, New Britain, Conn. The Donnelly Brick Company, New Britain, Conn. Glens Falls Terra Cotta Company, Glens Falls, N. Y. Corning Terra Cotta Company, Corning, N. Y. Northwestern Terra Cotta Company, Chicago, Ill. American Terra Cotta Company, Chicago, Ill. Indianapolis Terra Cotta Company, Indianapolis, Ind. The value of ornamental terra cotta produced in the United States annually is about $2,000,000. The requisite conditions of a clay for making terra cotta are: (1) Even shrinkage in burning, and not over 1 inch per foot; (2) it should burn to a hard product of even color; (3) it should not contain an excess of soluble salts which would cause it to “whitewash.” Shrink¬ age is best regulated by the addition of grog (powdered brick or terra cotta). Sandy clays are often washed. This is done in a circular trough filled with water and containing revolving arms. The stirring of the mixture keeps the clay suspended while the sand settles. The sus¬ pended clay is drawn off to the settling vats. Weathering improves many clays for terra cotta, but some can be tempered when brought from the bank. The mixture of two different clays or of shale and clay often gives better results. The importance of pugging or mixing the material can not be overestimated, especially when large pieces of intri¬ cate design are to be made. After pugging the clay is often piled up and allowed to “ cure,” through which operation the excess of water evaporates and the mass, settling by its own weight, becomes denser. Some manufacturers give the clay an additional working over. Molding is generally done by hand, sometimes by machine, the former for complicated patterns, the latter for simple ones. Hand molding is slow and difficult. The molds are of plaster and the forms remain in them until sufficiently shrunken to be removed. The more intricate the design the greater the number of sections to the mold. After removal from the latter the surface of the object is smoothed and trimmed. All large pieces of terra cotta are made hollow with cross partitions for rigidity. The ware is sometimes glazed or slipped. Burning is done in down-draft kilns, and takes seven to nine days. Muffle kilns are sometimes used. Small articles are often burned in saggers. The burning has to proceed very slowly to prevent cracking of the ware, and test pieces of clay are placed just inside the door of CLAY. 543 the kiln. Coal is generally used for burning, but oil has been success¬ fully tried. Considerable quantities of glazed terra cotta have been used on the exterior of buildings in Chicago. ROOFING TILE. There are at the present day not over ten roofing-tile manufactories in the United States. This seems a small number, but popular opin¬ ion has not yet looked with great favor on a tile roof except for costly and highly decorated buildings. For artistic effect nothing can sur¬ pass a tile roof, and with all the various styles made the architect can design an infinite number of patterns. The advantages of a tile roof are beauty, resistance to heat and frost, and durability. The enormous strength of some of these tiles was mentioned in the Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, page 724. The objections to a tile roof are : Cost, as they are more expensive than iron or wood; and weight, due to the tile itself and the laying of it in cement. The manufacturer claims, however, that it is lighter than slate, as there is less overlapping. Roofing tile must be made from a clay which will vitrify, and the finished product should have strength, lightness, and even form. The last condition is the most difficult to fulfill, as it is sometimes hard to get a clay or mixture of clays which when molded in very thin slabs will retain their shape in burning. Both clay and shale are used, or sometimes a mixture of the two. The material after tempering, with, in some instances, a previous washing, is molded into rough slabs or bars which are subsequently repressed to form the tile. The repressing is done either in hand-power machines of 1,500 daily capacity, or in steam- power represses with a capacity of about 15,000. Each tile after press¬ ing is set on a platter slab, and these are placed on racks in the drying- room. Some manufacturers have two drying rooms of different tem¬ perature. When dry the tiles are packed in saggers and burned in down-draft kilns. DECORATIVE TILE. These are of two types, ordinary panel and floor tile and encaustic tile. PANEL TILE. These are generally made of a composition similar to that used for white ware, and are prepared in a similar manner. The surface is deco¬ rated by glazes of different colors, which can be shaded by varying the thickness of it on different portions of the tile. The standard sizes are mostly made by the dry-press process, and larger panels from plastic clay by hand molding. In late years tile designers have de¬ voted much attention to relief decoration, but in artistic tile painting little has been done in this country. 544 MINERAL RESOURCES. ENCAUSTIC TILE.1 These represent a much higher grade of work and skill. A separate body mixture is required for each color that appears in the finished tiles. The body is produced by uniting the clays, flint, spar, and me¬ tallic oxides, which are to produce the color, in a washing plant, and the thoroughly mixed ingredients are separated out by the filter press as in common pottery. The cakes from the press are dried in tunnels like brick and are then ground to fine powder by a high-speed disinte¬ grator and the powder reduced by air blast as fast as it is removed sufficiently fine. This powder is then put away in brick-cemented bins, where it retains just the proper dampness for use. Each powder mix¬ ture is used in making a tile by just such means as the ground clay is used in making a pressed brick, except that where tile are made show¬ ing two or more colors, a separate operation has to be made for each color employed. The presses used are of special construction. The burning of the ware is done in saggers which are placed in regular pottery kilns. TERRA COTTA LUMBER. This is made of a mixture of clay and sawdust. The chief ingredi ent is clay, such as will make a good quality of building brick, but fire clay is sometimes used. From 15 to 50 per cent of sawdust is added to the clay, according to the quality of product desired, and the use to which it is to be put. In burning, the sawdust .is consumed, leaving the fireproof blocks of much lighter weight than would otherwise be the case. The sawdust and clay are usually pitted in layers and soaked, then crushed or disintegrated, and finally tempered in a pug mill. In some works wet pans are used instead of pug mills. Molding is usually done in a sewer -pipe press, but some manufacturers prefer to use an auger machine. Terra-cotta lumber or fireproofing can be nailed and sawed similar to wood. It is used for fireproof arches, partition walls, ceilings, sheathing for roofs, jackets for iron girders, etc. ; its weight is one-half that of brick and it can be laid much cheaper. It is also a poor con¬ ductor of heat and sound. The manufacture of terra-cotta lumber requires great care, for the mode of setting the blocks as arches in the ceilings of fireproof buildings demands that their shape shall be reg¬ ular and exact, so that they will fit together closely and strongly. These floors have been tested in several instances by piling weights on them until they gave way, and the results show great strength.2 Enormous quantities of terra-cotta lumber are used annually in the construction of fireproof buildings in all the large American cities. 1 Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, p. 240. 2 Eng. Record, Apr. 14, 1894. CLAY. 545 ENAMELED BRICK.1 The manufacture of enameled brick in the United States is confined chiefly to the following- localities and corporations : American Enameled Brick and Tile Company, South River, N. J. Pennsylvania Enameled Brick Company, Oaks, Pa. Philadelphia Enameled Brick Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Tiffany Pressed Brick Company, Chicago, Ill. Somerset and Johnsonbury Manufacturing Company, Somerset, Mass. Somerset and Johnsonbury Manufacturing Company, Johnsonbury, Pa. Sayre and Fisher Company, Sayreville, N. J. The production in 1893 was about four and a half million, with an average selling price of $90 per 1,000. The colors of enameled brick most in use are white, ivory, and buff, but almost any color can be produced, depending upon the skill and knowledge of the manufacturer. Brown, blue, and red are not uncommon. Two sizes of enameled brick are made, the American, 8 inches by 4 inches by 2£ inches, and the English, 9 inches by 44 inches by 3 inches, the latter being by far the most popular for almost every purpose, partly because of fashion and partly because larger surfaces may be laid with fewer joints. Enameled brick is an excellent material for facing walls, both interior and exterior. It is largely used in lining elevator shafts, court-yards of buildings, stairway wells, public entrances, vestibules and lobbies, stables, and, in fact, all places where a clean, indestructible finish is desired. Its surface being impervious to moisture, renders it very suitable for the walls of dissecting rooms and hospitals, and many thousand have been used for this purpose. The clays used in making the body of the brick vary in different localities, but in general the best results are obtained, not in using any one clay, but by a proper mixture of several clays having different physical properties. The basis of the mixture is usually a refractory siliceous clay, to which one more plastic is added to render the molding more easy. The shrinkage in burning must also be controlled by the character of the clays in the mixture. Enameled bricks are usually made with an indentation in the upper and lower faces. In laying a wall the mortar is put in this space in such quantity that when the bricks are pressed together a thin layer of it is forced out toward the edges and furnishes sufficient binding material. This does away with “ pointing ” the joints, and a wall jirop- erly laid should show almost no mortar between the courses. In conse¬ quence of this method of laying every brick should be true to the stand¬ ard size in order to secure a regular and perfect bond. It is therefore necessary to know the exact shrinkage that occurs in burning and to allow for it by giving to the dies used iu pressing the brick the proper amount of “oversize.” 'Mr. Henry Burden, of the Pennsylvania Enameled Brick Company, has kindly furnished the writer with most of the above information. 16 GrEOL, PT 4 - 35 546 MINERAL RESOURCES. In the best American brick the enamel with the glaze adheres so tenaciously to the body that it will not separate or crack under pres¬ sure until the body of the brick fails. This was proved by tests of specimens sawed from a brick made by the Pennsylvania Enameled Brick Company, of Oaks, Pa. The specimens were cubes, averaging about 1.88 inches on each edge, with the enamel on one face, and were tested on the Emory hydraulic testing machine at Columbia College, New York. The pressure was applied parallel to the face having the enamel on it. The specimens were crushed at an average pressure of 4,250 pounds per square inch, and in no case did the enamel crack or scale before the specimen failed. In this connection it will be noticed that the body of an enameled brick is very strong, as the best ordinary brick will withstand a crushing force of from 3,000 to 4,000 pounds per square inch of surface only. The matter of glazing and enameling is the most difficult part of the manufacture of enameled brick, and as such is kept secret, as far as details are concerned, by the manufacturer. In general, however, it may be said that the enamel is simply a mixture of clays similar to that used in making good porcelain, and which is applied to the surface of the brick in the condition of a thick liquid or slip. The enamel, when dry, is coated with a fusible glaze, such as is used for ordinary porce¬ lain. The body, enamel, and glaze are then fired as one piece, and probably a slight fusion of the body takes place at its junction with the enamel, as there is a small amount of alkali in the latter. This would account for the tenacity with which the enamel adheres to the body, as shown by the foregoing tests. Peeling is a separation of the enamel from the brick. Crazing is a cracking of the enamel or glaze. These, together with pin holes, are probably often caused by the unequal shrinkage of the body, enamel, and glaze. In making the body the clay is usually tempered in a pug mill. It is then put through an auger machine and formed into bricks of approxi¬ mately the right size, which are then re-pressed. The enamel is applied to this green brick by the latter being dipped into it with a sweeping motion. The excess of enamel is wiped off the sides of the brick, and the glaze is then applied over the enamel. The bricks are put in sag¬ gers, which are piled in down-draft kilns with a capacity of 6,000 to 7,000 brick; burning takes about six days; if the green brick is fired before the enamel and glaze are applied and then retired, the cost of manufacture is greatly increased, but in many instances the quality of the product is thereby somewhat increased. CLAY. 547 HOLLOW WARE. DRAINTILE. Any clay that will make a good building brick will in most instances make a good draintile. Tempering is usually done in a pug mill. The tiles are molded in a sewer-pipe press or auger-brick machine, more often the latter, as it has a greater capacity and requires less power. The clay is forced out through the die in a bar of the desired size and shape and cut into the proper lengths. Draintiles are dried on ordi¬ nary pallet racks, slatted floors, or in tunnels. Burning is accomplished in up or downdraft kilns; the smaller tile are set in the bottom and around the sides of the kiln, while the larger ones are placed in the center. When several sizes are burned in the same kiln they are sometimes nested. The styles of tile made are horseshoe, sole (cylindrical with Hat sole), and pipe tile (cylindrical tile like preceding, but with flange at one end). Pipe tile are the most used. Some consider horseshoe tile objection¬ able, as liable to break from lateral pressure of the soil. Glazing adds little to the quality of the ware. Draintile range in size from 2 to 12 inches in diameter and 1 to 3 feet in length. The great draintile-producing region is that of the central States, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. Draintile, sewer pipe, and terra¬ cotta lumber are often made at one factory, as all three can be molded in a sewer-pipe press. SEWER PIPE. The required qualities of a clay for this purpose are essentially those demanded of a paving-brick clay, and the preparation and tempering are done in the same manner, but more thoroughly. Molding is done in a sewer-pipe press, which consists of two vertical cylinders, one above the other. The upper one is the steam cylinder and has a diame¬ ter of about 40 inches; the lower or clay cylinder is usually less than half the diameter of the other. The piston of the steam cylinder is moved both upward and downward by steam. Clay is charged at the upper end of the clay cylinder, and issues from the lower end through a specially constructed die. Inside the cylinder, at its lower end, is the “bell,” which regulates the internal dimensions of the pipe. The clay pipe issues from the press until of sufficient length, when the machine is stopped, and the pipe cut off and removed to the drying floor. The machine starts again and another length of pipe is allowed to issue. The pipe are set on slatted floors to dry slowly ; there are often several of these floors, and the heat is provided by steam pipes arranged along the walls of the building. Burning is done in round or rectangular down-draft kilns and takes four to six days. Less time is required than with paving brick on account of the lesser thickness of material to vitrify. 548 MINERAL RESOURCES. All sewer pipe are glazed with salt, which is put into the fire holes and volatilizes, the vapors spreading through the kiln and uniting with the silica on the surface of the pipe to form a glazed coat. The follow¬ ing reaction occurs: Na01+ H20=HC1+ NaOH NaOH + uSi02= Na02nSi02+ H20 Glazing requires one to two hours. Some manufacturers add man¬ ganese to the salt in order to produce a glaze of the proper color. The chief sewer-pipe manufacturing region is in the Ohio Valley, which produces not only the greatest quantity of pipe, but has also three of the largest factories in the world. Other producing districts are in New Jersey, Colorado, California, Maryland, and New York. REFRACTORY MATERIALS. FIRE BRICK. There are about three hundred fire brick factories in the United States, but the principal centers of production are Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, and Sayreville, N. J. ; Mineral Point and Portsmouth, Ohio; St. Louis, Mo. ; Beaver Falls, Farrandsville, and Pittsburg, Pa. ; Boston, Mass.; Bridgeport, Conn.; Troy and Staten Island, N. Y. ; Cleveland and Chattanooga, Tenu. ; Bibbville, Ala. ; Golden, Colo. ; and Lincoln, Cal. CLAY REQUIRED. Fire clay should have a low percentage of fusible impurities, about 4 per cent being the limit. The color is extremely variable and not to be looked upon as an indication of the quality. Two varieties are recognized, viz, flint, or nonplastic, and plastic fire clays. The former are found in Kentucky and Ohio, and in the process of manufacture are generally mixed with the plastic clays. Plastic fire clay occurs as shale (which becomes plastic after grinding and addition of water) and as soft clay. On account of the necessary exposure of fire ware to high and changing temperatures and its required ability to resist fusion, shrinkage, and corrosion, the selection, mixture, and prepara¬ tion of fire clay calls for care and skill. Coarse-grained ware resists a high temperature, but fine-grained material withstands corrosion better. PREPARATION OF CLAY. Ground, burned fire clay or cement clay is sometimes added tq de¬ crease porosity, and ground quartz or quartz sand may be added to counteract shrinkage. The clay is often weathered for several months, and the percentage of soluble impurities is somewhat reduced by this means. Tempering. — This is accomplished in a dry pan and pug mill, or dry pan and wet pan, and some manufacturers soak the clay in addition. King pits are also used now and then, but the machines used and num¬ ber of stages in tempering depend largely on the clay. CLAY. 549 MOLDING. Up to a few years ago all tire brick were molded by band and then repressed, but at the present time only large and special sizes are molded in this manner, while the common sizes are molded in soft-mud machines. Stiff-mud machines can not be used, because the brick would be too dense and structurally defective. Repressing machine- made brick makes the method too costly to be applicable to any but the highest grades of fire brick. DRYING. Drying is done on floors (described under paving brick) or in tunnels, and burning is done in circular or rectangular down-draft kilns. Con¬ tinuous kilns are being tried at a few localities, among them St. Louis, Mo., and Golden, Colo. Dr. Joseph Struthers, of Columbia College, has kindly given me the following temperature determinations made by him on a fire-brick kiln at Woodbridge, N. J. The instrument used was a Le Chatelier’s thermo-electric pyrometer : No. 1. Over fireplace in kiln, 2,534° F. ; temperature fairly constant, but at one time showed increase to 2,570° F. No. 2. Through sight- hole at back of furnace, 2,360° F. ; temperature constant. No. 3. Same part of kiln as No. 1, 2,660° F. GLASS POTS. The manufacture of glass pots is one of the highest branches of the refractory-ware business, as they have to be made to stand a very high degree of heat, great extremes of temperature, and the corrosion of molten glass. The clay has to be of a very high grade, and most of it comes from Germany and St. Louis, Mo. Ohio and New Jersey furnish a small amount. PREPARATION OF CLAY. The clay is carefully broken up and hand picked to remove all impu¬ rities and then mixed with calcined Hint clay and old pot shells. The whole is then ground and subjected to successive temperings in a pug mill and then piled up to sweat, sometimes for two years.1 The pots are built by hand, piece by piece, and take about six weeks to reach completion. DRYING. Drying has to be done most carefully, first in tight rooms and subse¬ quently in air. BURNING. The pots are burned after being set in place in the glass furnace. A more modern form consists of iron tank furnaces lined with blocks of the refractory clay. 1 Mr. H. A. Wheeler informs me that the St. Louis clay is also washed. 550 MINERAL RESOURCES. GAS RETORTS. Gas retorts are also made from a high grade of fire clay. They are built by baud, like glass pots, and when done have to be dried several weeks before burning in the kiln. POTTERY AND PORCELAIN. While no new features deserving special mention have been brought forward during the past year, nevertheless there has been a forward movement in the quality, soundness, and durability of American wares. The reduction of the tariff has caused a corresponding reduction in the selling price of American goods. Potteries manufacturing common earthenware and stoneware are in operation in nearly every State. For the lower grades of earthenware local clays are used, while for stoneware the material has very often to be imported from other States. The great centers of the porcelain and china industry are East Liver¬ pool, Ohio, and Trenton, N. J. The first yellow or Rockingham ware was made at East Liverpool in 1838, but such progress has been made since that time that the products now include wdiite graniteware, china, ironstone china, decorated tableware, and toilet sets. Some of the din¬ ner and tea sets made at Trenton compare favorably in weight, trail s- lucency, and finish, with the best fabric of Limoges. The Belleek or eggshell china is of the highest quality. The pottery industry at Trenton has a yearly output valued at about $4,000,000. The product of the Rookwood potteries at Cincinnati is a true faience. Art pottery is also made at Cambridge, Mass., the product including vases, pedestals, etc , while at Baltimore, Md., parian and majolica ware are manufactured, the latter being equal to the famous Wedgewood of the same grade. Clay pipes are made at St. Louis, Mo. ; Fulton, Ill. ; Virginia, and New Jersey. For a detailed account of the history of the pottery and porcelain in¬ dustry in the United States, together with a description of the prod¬ ucts now being made, the reader is referred to E. A. Barber’s work on Pottery and Porcelain of the United States.1 The different grades of pottery and porcelain were defined and their manufacture described in the Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, p. 729. The quality of the clay required increases with the grade of the ware. Earthenware can generally be made from nearly any plastic clay pro¬ vided the color is suitable. The latter is an important item and is sometimes obtained by a mixture of several clays. Stoneware is also made from a natural clay, whose essential features are plasticity, 1 Much valuable information concerning foreign wares and their manufacture is contained in Handbook of Collection of Pottery in Museum of Practical Geology, London, England. CLAY. 551 sufficient refractoriness to enable it to stand up well in burning and while the glaze is being applied, ability to vitrify and burn to a uniform color. Rockingham ware, like the preceding, is made from a natural clay which should be plastic, smooth, and contain enough iron to give the ware a fair color. It need not be refractory. For C. C. ware, white granite and china, artificial mixtures are neces¬ sary. The general composition is kaolin for body, ball clay1 for plasticity, silica to counteract shrinkage and feldspar to flux. Each potter uses different proportions, which are secret. C. C. wares call for a more inferior quality of clay than white granite or ironstone china. If the iron in the clay tends to produce a yellow color it is counteracted by the addition of cobalt which produces a greenish tint. A number of valuable pyrometric measurements of the temperature of pottery kilns were recently made by Prof. E. Orton, jr.,2 for the Ohio geological survey. The results are: Determinations of temperature in pottery kilns by Prof. Edward Orton, jr. Material. Product. Part of kiln. Temp. F. Earthenware . Hottest part at best- heat . Degrees. 1. 860 . do . 1, 922 1, 900 2, 922 2,010 1, 950 1,892 2, 045 2, 045 Do . . do . . do . Do .. . do . Do . . do . Do . . do . Bottom part of kiln at best heat . Do . . do . Hottest part of kiln at best heat . Do . Do . . do . . do . Do . Yellow ware . Hottest part of kiln at best heat . 1,710 1,950 2, 160 C. C. ware . . do..*. . Do . . do . WASHING CLAYS. This has been done as a means of purifying clay in Switzerland, Germany, and England for many years. Few American manufac¬ turers, except those of pottery and porcelain, use this method, and its wider application in this country is a recent one. The objects of washing are to eliminate sand, mica, iron, and alkalies in part, and to give a clay which is smooth and homogeneous throughout. The prim¬ itive method of washing clay consisted in boiling in iron pans, but the more modern method is to reduce the clay to a slip in a vat of wood or iron, and which contains an upright shaft, bearing blades which knead the clay to a pulp. The slip passes next to a rapidly shaking rectangular screen. The fine clay and water run through to the agitator and coarse particles remain behind. In the agitator the clay is kept suspended by agitation while it is being removed to the press by pumps. 1 See Mineral Resources, 1891. s Ohio Geol. Surv., Vol. VII, j». 253, 1893. 552 MINERAL RESOURCES. In Cornwall, England, the kaolin or china clay, which consists of disintegrated feldspar associated with quartz and mica, is broken up by picks and exposed to the action of running water. The water with the suspended clay passes through channels or “drags” where, owing to a slight check in its velocity, the quartz and mica are deposited, and then through other channels, known as “ micas,” which catch those particles of mica not already dropped. Large pits serve to receive the purified stream with qts suspended clay, and after this has settled the water is used over again. The deposited clay is partially dried in stone tanks, and then more thoroughly on floors heated by flues under¬ neath. When brought to these floors the clay has about 50 per cent of water, and this is reduced to about 12 per cent; 1,500 pounds of water evaporate from every ton of clay, and 168 pounds of coal are needed to do this. SLIP CLAYS. These are easily fusible clays which are used to coat stoneware The best known and most used is “Albany slip,” which is said to neither crack nor craze. It is ordiuary Hudson Eiver clay, and con¬ tains a high percentage of fusible impurities. The practice of using slip clay has superseded the cheaper method of salt-glazing, because in drying the ware sulphate and carbonate of lime have a tendency to form a film on the surface which prevents the union of the salt with the silica. In the table of analyses is given the composition of Albany slip as well as that of several other slip clays, ANALYSES. The following table of analyses has been compiled from data collected by the writer and those furnished by the producers in connection with the statistical canvass recently made by this office, the results of which are given on page 517, and is intended to show as completely as possi¬ ble the distribution of the different kinds of clays by States, counties, and localities. Wherever possible, the authority for the analysis is given. In a few instances the iron percentage has been determined as ferrous oxide. In these cases they have been put in the column headed ferric oxide and attention called to the fact by a footnote. Each analysis is placed under the heading corresponding to its most important use, but many of the clays can be and are used for making several kinds of products.1 'Analyses of standard foreign clays can be found in the clay report of the New Jersey Geological Survey, and in Crossley’s Table of Clay Analyses; Indianapolis. CLAY. 553 The following shows the division of the table by States and kinds of clay: Distribution of analyses of clay by States and kinds of clay. Kinds of clay. Number of States in which found. Number of anal¬ yses. 25 139 14 24 Pottery . 11 37 Slip...*. . 4 6 Adobe soils . 3 3 Brick . 33 165 Paving brick . 19 51 6 g Pipe . 6 8 8 9 Total . 450 554 MINERAL RESOURCES Analyses of clays of the United States. FIRE CLAYS. State and county. Town. Material. Alabama : Calhoun . Jacksonville . White clay... Hard clay . Clay . Arkansas : California: Carbon dale . Washed clay. . . do . Placer . Lincoln . i . _ _ do . . do . Lake . Sulphur Banks . Alum clay.... Washed white clay. Trinity . Carville . Colorado : Edgemont . Clay . Golden . Do . . do . Crucible clay. Delaware : Wilmington . Do Georgia : Stephens Pottery . Do . . do . Illinois : Geneseo . . Indiana : Huron . Indianaite.... Clay . Knightsville . Parke . Bloomingdale . Iowa : Sergeant Bluff . Van Meter . Do . . do . Kentucky : Blandville . Do . Wycliffe . Boss Mine . Carter . Thomas Bank . Boone Furnace . Hickman . Powdermill Hollow _ Columbus . . Olive Hill . Do . Gorman . Summit . Crucible clay. Flint clay - Plastic clay... Plastic . Carter . Louisville . Do . Grahm’s Station . Boyd . Ashland . Do . . do . Nonplastic ... Tertiary clay. . do . Fulton . Silica. Com¬ bined. Free. 37. 29 44.60 36. 30 47. 20 61.76 70. 43 59. 98 57. 75 49. 08 12. 54 66. 75 88. 30 46. 61 28.76 | 34.46 46. 88 71.81 72. 40 72. 33 41.20 54. 32 62. 55 69. 85 76. 10 40.50 67. 87 69. 82 76. 80 86. 63 55.11 74.84 73.24 63. 18 47.56 48.56 62. 92 85. 18 50. 95 49. 75 67. 99 47.20 45.40 40. 14 43. 58 81.06 75. 555 73. 90 Alumina. 31.92 38. 92 5. 12 37.76 22.91 19. 15 30. 29 30. 60 37.09 42. 97 37.35 .85 37. 20 24.72 35. 42 15.09 14. 80 16. 75 38. 60 30.24 29.10 17.08 15. 04 36.35 12.70 14. 27 12. 09 10. 92 26. 71 16. 58 Ferric oxide. tr. 0. 78 1.60 .91 3. 32 1.70 .27 .48 1.91 .63 .25 .15 .15 .43 a 1.74 a 1. 75 tr. 1.29 1. 45 .06 1.67 3. 47 a 1.08 . 15 7.24 2. 13 3.03 .10 4.29 1.40 15. 76 1. 92 26. 281 46. 61 37. 471 20. 735 10.26 39. 49 35.16 25. 00 39. 90 40. 04 tr. tr. 3.82 1.12 .30 43. 72 I 1. 98 40. 86 I .76 13. 609 16.751 17 60 1. 198 3. 00 a Iron present as ferrous oxide. CLAY 555 Analyses of clays of the United States. FIRE CLAYS. Lime. Mag- nesia. Alkalies. W ater. Com- Free bined. *ree‘ 0. 72 15. 09 1. 03 13. 38 0. 46 6. 60 tr. tr. tr. 14. 24 .75 .90 1. 00 52 tr. 1.84 .28 1. 02 8. 05 .20 .10 1.30 10. 15 .53 10. 60 4. 70 38. 40 .20 4.32 1.03 .48 5. 07 5. 40 .44 .25 1.23 13.65 | .47 .30 .13 tr. 8.63 | 1.36 .44 .20 1. 19 14. 10 . 14 . 05 1.02 10.14 .35 .85 .50 2. 00 .07 7. 98 .30 .11 16. 70 .09 -.81 .62 12. 86 tr. tr. 7. 50 .28 1. 10 4. 40 .62 .30 1.55 5. 20 .13 .14 22. 60 . 72 .85 .25 .90 .60 12. 28 .40 2.90 4. 70 2. 32 9. 69 .269 .209 1.576 5. 126 .325 .579 1.614 6. 622 .203 .255 2. 425 4. 195 .280 .497 .717 10. 036 . 112 tr. .572 13. 03 .213 2. 281 3.26 6. 40 tr. .064 1. 10 2. 276 .30 • .28 .31 9. 18 .54 .15 .07 14. 03 1.99 undeter. 2. 15 tr. tr. .21 12. 69 tr. tr. .21 14. 35 1.60 5.216 .29 . 14 .24 .314 .139 .252 .360 tr. . 144 1. 11 5.047 .336 undeter. . 1 5.70 Organic matter. Titanic acid. Miscel¬ laneous. Loss 8. 75 Loss 24. 27 .40 .68 Loss 10.39 Loss 12. 40 1.95 .34 .90 MnO 1.95 S02 .29 Loss 6.80 S03 .416 p2o5 .179 P205.49 P2Os. 55 P2Os .371 S03 3.282 . . . Ign. 7.34 Ign. 14.43 P2Os .051 Firm names, authority, or analyst. Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., ' Do. Ala. Ind. and Sci. Soc., II. Do. Arkansas Geol. Surv., 1889, II, p. 139. Do. California State Min., 9th Rept. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. M. Moss, anal. Steiger, anal. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Denver Fire Brick Co. Indiana Geol. Surv. , 1878, p. 158. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Georgia Geol. Surv., 1893, p. 280. H. C. White, anal. E. A. Terpening, anal. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1878. Helwig & Hobbs. J. H. Hurtz, anal. W. S. Robinson, anal. Do. Kentucky Geol. Surv., , Chem. Rept. A, Part III. Do. Ibid., analysis No. 1013. Ibid., No. 1483. Ibid., No. 1337. Ibid., No. 1478. Ibid., No. 2715. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do. Do. Do. Louisville Fire Brick Works. R. Peter, anal. Do. Kentucky Geol. Surv., n. s„ I,'p. 217. Ibid., p. 433. Kentucky Geol. Surv., o. s., I, p. 361. 556 MINERAL RESOURCES. Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. FIRE CLAYS — Continued. State and county. Kentucky — C'ont'd. Carlisle . Town. Milburn Calloway (N. W.). Graves . Boaz Station... Marshall . Scale . Ballard. . Lovelaceville . . Maryland : Allegany . Mount Savage. Missouri : Crawford . Oak Hill . St. Louis L)o . . . Do... Audrain Cheltenham . EvensMine, St. Louis. St. Louis . Mexico . Minnesota: Blue Earth Montana: Deerlodge . New Jersey : Middlesex . Mankato Do. Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Mercer . Gloucester. . . New York: Richmond . . North Carolina ; Moore . Harnett ... North Dakota: Mercer .... Stark . Ward . Ohio: Summit . Scioto . Jefferson ... Trumbull... Jackson .... Tuscarawas Scioto . Columbiana Perry' . Shelby . Hocking _ Tuscarawas Jefferson .... Pennsylvania : Fayette . Clearfield . Do.... Blossburg ... Woodbridge . Bonhamtown . Woodbridge .. Raritan River. Sand Hills .... Eaglewood S. Amboy . Burnt Creek . . Sayreville Martins Dock. Old Bridge. . . . Trenton . Conrad . Kreischerville Plenty Coal Mine. Dickinson Minot _ Akron . S. Webster . Freeman . Niles . Oak Hill . MineralPoint . Flint clay. Material. White clay . Clay . I.. _ do . _ do . Flint clay. Washed clay. pot C re taceous clay. Clay. Retort clay . . Clay . _ do . _ do . - do . Paper clay. . . Washed clay. Clay . Black clay. . . . Scioto . Salineville . Mocaliala . . Ballou . Phelps . Canal Dover. Steubenville . Soisson Mine, Con- nellsville. Woodland . Currensville . Bilger clay Clay . Flint clay. Clay . Silica. Alumina. Ferric oxide. Com¬ bined. Free. 76. 54 14. 82 .96 46. 02 38. 98 61 92 30. 06 .30 52.58 31.07 1.51 66. 32 22. 93 1.19 50. 46 35. 90 a\. 50 64. 32 22. 82 1.75 38. 10 12.70 31.53 1.92 43.93 .60 40. 09 .88 61. 15 24.55 2.37 55.62 30.71 1.51 93.65 2.15 .25 72. 00 17. 00 2. 00 61.60 28. 38 .52 17.90 57.35 15. 50 1.20 40. 50 6.40 35. 90 1. 10 42. 05 5. 70 35. 83 .77 37.85 10. 50 35. 75 .95 39. 80 8. 10 36.34 1.01 40. 40 5.20 38. 40 1.20 42.71 .70 39. 24 .46 42.90 1.50 38. 34 .86 41.10 3. 10 38. 66 .74 45.10 .70 38. 60 1.00 24. 55 44. 80 19. 85 1. 00 70.05 19. 43 1.52 29. 50 34.50 23. 30 1.50 64. 28 24. 76 .83 75. 34 17.06 a l. 94 70. 60 20. 46 1.82 60. 79 16. 23 4. 49 72. 66 17. 33 1.05 53.72 17.78 3. 85 51.21 | 8 132 27.62 tr. 45.00 40. 00 .80 66. 77 19. 35 4. 25 44 45 40.15 1.67 58. 25 31.02 35.39 17. 13 31.84 .67 44. 34 -. 26 40.05 .80 59.92 27.56 1.03 49. 20 37.78 31.07 27.71 26.47 1.22 60. 77 25.74 1.61 47. 60 35.02 2.30 29. 22 31.34 24.97 1.66 55.38 30. 42 tr. 45. 29 40. 067 1.07 43.92 38. 195 a .81 « Iron present as ferrous oxide. CLAY. 557 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. FIRE CLAYS— Continued. Lime. Mag- Alkalies. nesia. tr. .331 1. 155 .773 . 136 .481 tr. .064 1.841 . 137 .245 2. 093 .437 .209 1. 577 .13 .02 .45 .12 .77 tr. .40 .20 tr. .68 .54 tr. 1.37 .20 .12 tr. 2. 00 3. 00 .46 .36 . 17 . . 44 .11 .44 tr. .37 .04 .15 .22 .25 . 59 .20 .89 .44 .46 2. 49 2. 22 • ' * 1.60 1.93 .73 tr. 2.35 2. 56 1 85 .65 1.02 .47 . 13 .74 .81 .50 2. 00 .029 2. 07 . 20 .65 1.00 tr. tr. .50 . 19 .59 .27 tr. tr. tr. tr. . 67 .59 .32 .99 .89 .63 1.20 .54 .04 .63 .40 OO .52 .22 .257 .08 .048 .22 .054 .285 W ater. Organic matter. Titanic acid . 1 Miscel¬ laneous. Com¬ bined. Free. 6 194. 13. 610 5.815 12. 365 7. 337 12. 74 _ S03 . 12 11.30 13. 80 2.50 . 50 1.50 . 11. 25’ 2. 25 Ign. 5. 08 3. 60 1.60 1.30 1. 10 1.60 4.90 12.80 12.20 12. 30 12,90 12. 50 13.32 13. 50 13.55 10. 90 5. 70 7.00 7. 00 • 1.30 1.50 1.50 4.00 1.20 1.30 1.58 1.10 1.00 1.00 .90 1.60 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.60 3 10 5. 27 16. 35 9. 35 21.82 14. 00 5. 40 13.77 10. 98 MnO 2. 05 11.68 14. 23 .69 1.68 9. 70 11 9.96 9.46 14 8.90 . 1.12 .68 1.04 .94 . .50 1.69 1. 30 13 .184 14. 20 2. 61 Firm names, authority, or analyst. Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Rep. A, Pt. Ill, No. 2570. Ibid., No. 2639. Ibid., No. 2665. Ibid., No. 2760. Ibid., No. 2778. Chauvenet & Blair, anal. Evans & Howard. Do. Christy Fire Clay Co. St. Louis Samp, and Test. Works, anal. Minnesota Geol. Surv. 1872, 1. MullanFireB. &T. Co. J. Pohle, anal., W. B. Dixon, Est. New J ersey Clay Rept ., 1878, p. 165. Ibid., p. 82. Ibid., p. 94^96. Ibid., p. 144. Ibid., p. 153. Ibid., p. 135. Ibid., p. 200. Ibid., p. 197. Ibid., p. 188. Ibid., p. 170. Ibid., p. 180. Ibid., p. 237. Ibid., p. 258. H. T. Vulte, anal. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do. Rept. Labor Bureau 1891-92. Do. Do. Webster Fire Brick Co. E. Orton, anal. M. Shiras, anal. Ohio Geol. Surv., YII, 1893. Do. Do. A. Tharp. Ohio Geol. Surv., YII, 1893. Do. Ohio Geol. Surv., 1884. J. Soisson & Sons. Woodland Fire Brick Co. 558 MINERAL RESOURCES, Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. FIRE CLAYS— Continued. State and county. Pennsylvania — Con t’d. Clearfield . Clinton . Do . Somerset . Do . "Westmoreland . Blair . Cambria . Somerset Clinton . . Fayette. Clinton . Armstrong Elk . Do . Clarion .... Indiana. "Westmoreland. Do . I)o . Fayette . Beaver . Do . Indiana . Clarion . Cambria . South Dakota: Pennington. . . . Texas: Henderson . "Washington : King . Pierce . Skagit . West Virginia: Fayette . Kanawha . . Marion . Monongalia. Preston . Wyoming: Albany . Town. Clearfield ( 5 southwest). Queens Run . . . miles _ do . Savage Mountain. _ do . Hunker Station . . . Bradys Run Benezet _ Figart . Keystone Junction. Farrandsville . Retort . Brillskin Township Renovo . Silica. Material. Com¬ bined. Free. Alumina. Raw hard clay. Calcined hard clay. Raw flint clay. Calcined flint clay. Flint clay . Raw clay .... Hard fireclay Flint clay Kittanning . Jay Township . Glen Mayo Colliery New Bethlehem .... Sligo . Bolivar . Salina . Laughlintown Jacobs Creek. Meadow Run . Vanporte . . Rochester _ Bolivar . Climax . Altoona . Rapid City. Hard clay Athens . . Black Diamond Field Green River Fields. . . Great Kanawha Charleston . Spragueville. _ do . Crook . Rock Creek . Hard clay Soft clay . . 44. 05 46. 65 52. 73 53. 86 59. 16 52. 58 62. 029 47. 233 48. 878 54.65 45.26 42. 32 55.28 53. 84 37.51 36. 36 40.63 35. 484 38. 70 33. 12 23. 656 38. 409 32. 002 30. 74 37. 84 37. 01 34.17 32. 60 67.57 51.72 44.61 56. 63 59. 83 51.92 55. 68 56.78 52. 23 60. 19 61.98 50. 84 42. 82 68. 35 84. 42 68. 55 31. 82 | 37. 06 57. 50 69. 71 49. 73 97. 03 21.042 21.738 38.01 28.85 24. 58 31.64 29. 18 26. 89 31.31 24.23 23.88 30. 745 40. 20 22. 78 9.41 26. 00 20.71 34.37 18. 39 32. 57 54.27 68. 16 47. 88 68. 315 59. 78 61. 08 33. 83 24. 11 33. 985 19. 62 15. 10 ! 17.12 Ferric oxide. a . 819 1. 19 1.73 a 1.23 a 1.36 .20 .896 .391 3.629 a . 08 2. 03 a . 95 2. 27 a 1.02 .90 a . 621 a 7. 875 a 1. 251 a 1. 26 a 1. 655 a\. 134 a. 837 a 3. 22 a 1. 008 a 2. 097 a 1.395 a 3. 213 2. 59 a. 11 1.07 tr. 1.01 1.24 1.44 1.52 55. 67 30. 39 . 61 39.90 16.90 30.08 1.33 45. 86 | 44. 23 ' . .01 .01 1.368 1. 575 2. 40 3.17 a Iron present as ferrous oxide CLAY 559 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. FIRE CLAYS — Continued. Lime. Mag- nesia. Alkalies. Water. Organic matter. Firm names, authority, or analyst. Com¬ bined. Free. acid. laneous. .49 . 181 .065 15 21 L84 .08 1. 30 13.01 2. 64 Queens ltun Fire Brick Co. .21 .04 1.83 2. 94 Do. 302 . 144 8. 750 Welch, Gloninger &. Maxwell. .331 1.36 Do. . 29 .08 13. 68 Westmoreland Fire Brick Co. 2. 335 .819 1. 661 8. 049 G. G. Pond, anal. . 192 13.775 Harbison &, Walker. .374 .079 1.742 Loss G. G. Pond, anal. 15. 609 .19 .13 . 11 .08 .02 1.26 13. 30 Loss. 20 J. B. Britton, anal. .47 . 16 1.29 17. 74 3.83 Loss. 23 E. E. Melick. 1.31 2. 11 Soisson & Kilpatrick. 1.35 . 10 59 5.89 4. 62 Renovo Fire Brick and Clay Co. .11 15 . 100 . 147 tr. 9. 59 .93 . 060 2. 378 4.581 10.78 .87 .08 .407 1. 735 13.63 1 02 .26 . 079 . 694 11.85 .99 .28 .872 3. 114 7 83 1. 17 Pennsylvania G e o 1. Surv., MM, p. 259. .03 .443 .402 13.49 1. 16 Do. . 13 . 18 .245 12.49 1.49 Do. .369 .987 3. 92 8. 38 Do. . 13 .165 .72 13. 19 1.68 Ibid., p. 260. .85 .036 1.669 9 015 2. 345 Ibid., p. 263. .04 .281 1. 217 9.28 1. 83 Ibid., p. 262. .16 .288 .541 13. 05 1. 26 tr. .35 L 24 12.80 | . Climax Brick Works. .82 .37 7. 57 Otto Wutb, anal. tr. .39 3. 42 Rapid City Steam Brick Works. tr. .11 tr. 6.00 Texas Geol. Surv., 1890, p. 197. .22 . 39 1.08 7.17 1.82 Ign.8.99 G. E. Ladd, anal. .50 1.00 .68 4. 71 1891, Rep. Wyoming State Geol. .35 . 15 1.02 Do. .42 1.28 1. 10 12. 38 CaC03 CaS04 8.94 Do. .43 .10 .37 tr. . 12 12.87 tr. tr. 2.20 7.60 .90 1. 15 W. A. Bradford. .24 .36 tr. 9. 05 Bull, on Min. Res. of West Virginia, 1893. tr. .02 1. 00 11. 01 Do. tr. tr. tr. 7. 51 Do. .36 .346 .481 12. 388 3. 185 I. C. White, anal. .10 .692 2. 704 5. 58 1.37 Do. . 73 4. 14 4 16. 26 Bull. 14, Wyoming Exper. Sta. * 2.69 1.82 .20 12 10 Do. 560 MINERAL RESOURCES. Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. KAOLIN, (a) State and county. Alabama : Talladega. Arizona: Graham . Arkansas : Pike . Pulaski.. Ouachita. Colorado : Jefferson. Florida : Lake . Indiana : Clay . Lawrence. Do ... Talladega. Clifton. . Golden . Palatlakaha Huron . Massachusetts : Hampden . Blandford - New Jersey: Middlesex . Perth Amboy. Do . ; Washington . New York: Richmond . Kreisclierville . Pennsylvania: Delaware . Brandywine Summit. Berks . Hunter Mine . Delaware . Lancaster . Chestnut Hill . Chester . Berks... Texas : Edwards. Nueces . . Virginia: Nelson... Wisconsin : Wood. . . Do. East Nottingham. Mertztown . . Grand Rapids - do . Material. Silica. Com¬ bined. Free. Washed kaolin 48. 61 46.60 69. 50 78. 83 49. 94 Alumina. 43.21 42. 40 48.87 46. 27 48. 62 56.41 46. 11 68. 50 44. 54 41. 125 52.03 ... 77.10 ... 89.40 82.51 46. 278 66. 173 47. 22 67. 10 46. 34 54. 62 37. 27 32.50 36. 54 38. 57 36. 52 26. 37 39. 55 17. 20 41. 18 39. 26 31. 76 17. 10 7.80 11. 57 36. 25 19. 89 34. 10 20. 10 36. 32 28. 18 43. 17 33. 66 19. 10 Ferric oxide. tr. 16. 17 .98 1.36 1. 74 .35 1.30 .20 tr. .63 1.644 6.783 2.49 3.90 .64 2. 24 13. 43 .74 36. 80 .72 POTTERY CLAYS. Georgia: Baldwin Illinois : Pope. ... Indiana: Putnam Stephens Pottery Reelsville 46. 07 46. 90 60.56 21.72 31.34 27. 00 15.75 .16 3. 48 Clay . . Forter Martz . Sumanville Blue clay 65.66 68. 50 17. 20 4. 05 17. 55 1. 38 Fountain ... Yanderburg Do . Kentucky : McCracken . Evansville _ do _ Yellow clay. .. Clay . . do . Paducah (3 mi. S.) . . ....do 50. 43 59. 50 79.41 59.50 22. 18 26. 22 10. 80 4.37 .80 2. 07 24.96 .72 Calloway Graves . . Murray (6 mi. E.) Bell City . ....do ....do 54. 84 56. 98 30. 34 1. 18 32. 16 2. 16 a Mostly so-called kaolins. b Iron present as ferrous oxide. CLAY 561 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. KAOLIN, (a) Mag- nesia. Alkalies. W ater. Organic matter. Titanic acid. Miscel¬ laneous. Lime. Com¬ bined. Free. 0. 11 0. 10 0.68 1 8. 50 2. 17 tr. . 19 .25 13. 29 .34 .25 . 60 13. 61 13 40 . 29 .20 1.55 14 66 . 13 13. 78 SO30. 07 .25 . 79 30 11. 17 . 365 19. 05 tr. .54 tr. 15. 55 1. 30 4. 50 2. 60 .29 .78 2. 66 .192 .321 2. 536 Loss 13.535 . 260 1.902 6.211 4 784 . 39 1.91 13. 68 . 10 . 70 2. 00 5 90 .04 tr. .77 13.75 . . 10 2. 53 7 16 .38 .10 1. 78 6. 05 .43 . 96 1. 65 4 53 1. 00 1. 00 11. 12 .64 . 07 .44 5. 45 C02 . 01 tr. .59 11.62 Firm names, authority, or analyst. T7. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 64. Min. Res., 1891. Do. Do. M in. Industry, 1893. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 158. Do. Pennsylvania Mineral Co. Tech. Quart., 1890. New Jersey Clay Rept., 1878, p. 129. Ibid., p. 168. H. T. Vulte, anal. Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., D 3. Do. Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., Ann. Rept., 1885. Do. Booth, Garrett & Blair, anal. Texas Geol. Surv., 1890, p. li. Do. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1878. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., 1870-1876, p. 1. Do. POTTERY CLAYS. 0. 25 0. 67 0. 48 11 72 .10 .95 20. 00 . 725 2. 80 2.72 1.20 .25 2. 61 8.51 6.58 1.74 2.08 12. 62 2. 76 2. 96 .60 :e2 . 6. 5 .325 .396 2. 22 11.879 .011 .050 1. 137 9.442 tr. 2. 09 .949 7.542 0. 34 Loss 6. 30 Loss 8. 10 S02 . 27 S02 . 74 MnO .80 R. Peter, anal. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 159. Do. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do. TIhles Pottery. B. F. Harris. Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Rept. A., Pt. Ill, No. 2777. Ibid., No. 2643. Ibid., No. 2666. 1C GEOL, PT 4- a Mostly so-called kaolins. -30 562 MINERAL RESOURCES Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. POTTERY CLAYS— Continued. Silica. Alumina. Ferric oxide. Com¬ bined. Free. 59. 976 27.64 69. 30 21 78 76. 36 14. 95 2.11 51. 66 15. 56 7.68 70.06 17. 94 .38 62. 56 24.78 1.80 71. 021 17. 977 3.417 56.40 30. 00 73. 34 14.75 5.45 19. 44 48. 40 21.83 1.57 70.45 21.74 1.72 62.06 18. 09 5.40 62. 66 18. 09 .97 57. 67 27. 52 a 1. 494 25. 60 43.73 19. 08 1.26 29. 35 35. 85 23. 05 .99 72. 10 19. 38 42. 28 18. 02 24. 12 1.46 72. 26 19. 23 25. 40 40.81 . 21. 13 1.28 27.68 36. 58 22. 95 1.28 29. 93 29. 61 25. 12 1.57 32. 33 24.11 26. 60 2. 00 45. 06 30. 03 a 4. 50 68.57 28. 24 tr. 58.20 23. 97 4.43 State and county. Kentucky— Continued. Madison . Pranklin Hickman Butler . . . Ohio - Madison . Fulton . . . Graves _ Minnesota : Blue Earth . New Jersey : Sussex . . New York: Queens . Do . . Suffolk . Pennsylvania: Beaver . Ohio : Muskingum Perry . Summit . Columbiana. Stark . Muskingum Summit . Columbiana. Do. Tennessee . Texas : Henderson. Marion .... Town. W asco _ Frankfort "VVoodbridge . Glen Cove . . Elm Point .. Little Neck. New Brighton . Roseville . Union town . North Springfield. East Liverpool . . . Greentown Zanesville . Akron . East Palestine . Salineville . Loudon Athens . Linden Road. Material. Pottery clay . . .do .do . do _ . do . Black shale. Pryorshurg . Mankato . Red clay. Stoneware clay .do .do .do Drift clay. Stoneware clay . do . . do . Yellow ware clay. Stoneware clay Cooking ware clay. Stoneware clay Yellow ware clay. . do . Clay . .do .do SLIP CLAYS. Michigan New York : Albany . . Ohio: Summit.. Hamilton Texas : Grimes . . Rowley . Albany . Brimfield . . . Sharonville . Piedmont Springs . Clay . _ do . - do . _ do . Kaolite slip. Clay . 12. 85 31. 09 11.17 3.81 14.33 46.26 12.46 5.79 15. 65 47. 98 13. 57 7. 77 12. 04 30. 20 11.08 5.07 12. 00 48.40 10. 42 5.36 58 50 18.39 3.29 ADOBE SOILS. Pii06 . 94. : . 26. 67 13. 19 ( 5. 12 New Mexico: 1 a. 64 Pa06 . 75 . 26. 67 .91 .64 Utah : Summit . Salt Lake City . P2Os . 23 . 19. 24 3.26 1. 09 a Iron present as ferrous oxide. CLAY 563 Analyse* of clays of the United States — Continued. POTTERY CLAYS— Continued. Mag¬ nesia. Alkalies. Water. Lime. Com¬ bined. Free. CaCO{ . 606 4.478 7 .020 .28 .158 .331 2. 936 5.435 CaC03 .17 .71 4.31 .33 7. 27 .82 3. 57 13. 44 tr. .66 2. 96 4. 56 tr. .32 3. 57 6. 87 1.019 .262 .95 5. 276 .40 tr. 5. 27 7.93 .28 .05 tr. 4 71 .28 .24 2. 24 5. 90 .80 .24 . 30 5. 00 1. 05 tr. 6. 11 . 79 2. 33 .38 .122 .619 9 68 .60 .63 2.16 5. 57 .94 .58 . 58 1. 45 7. 39 1.11 1.38 .23 5. 13 . 112 .59 .68 2. 42 7. 77 .86 10. 03 . 83 .51 .18 1.80 6. 29 1.65 .45 .37 1.96 6.74 2.05 .57 .51 1.95 7. 75 2.63 .47 .63 3. 46 7. 59 2. 48 4.70 4. 80 10. 10 tr. 1.25 1.85 7.11 5 36 Organic matter. Titanic acid. Miscel¬ laneous. P206 . 06 . . 2.54 .29 .55 1.20 Loss . 11 Firm names, authority, or analyst. Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Kept. A., Pt. I, No. 1876a. Ibid., No. 2007. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do. Do. Do. Kentucky Geol. Surv., n. s., V, p. 430. R. Peter, anal. Minnesota Geol. Surv., 1872-1882. New Jersey Clay Rept., 1878, p. 99. H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do. Ohio Geol. Surv., V, 1884. Do. Do. Do. Do. Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, 1893. Do. Do. Do. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Miller Bros. Texas Geol. Surv., 1890, p. 112. SLIP CLAYS. 11.64 4.7 3.61 3.90 15.66 Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, 1893. Do. 6. 84 3. 28 4.39 4. 36 and C02 1. 46 2. 55 1.47 2. 63 4.75 and C02 2. 90 Do. 15. 99 6. 36 2.68 4. 58 and C02 12. 00 Do. 9. 88 4. 28 .87 3. 64 and C02 4. 41 Do. 2. 34 1.61 7.63 8 and C02 70 Texas Geol. Surv.. 4th Ann. Rept. ADOBE SOILS. | 13.91 2. 96 2. 30 2. 26 Cl . 14 MnO . 13 C02 8. 55 Bull. U. S. G. S., 64. 36. 40 .51 tr. 2.26 org. mat. 5. 10 Cl .07 S03 . 82 C02 25. 84 Do. 38.94 2. 75 tr. 1.67 Cl .11 S03 . 53 co2 29. 57 Do. 564 MINERAL RESOURCES Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS. State and county. Town. Material. Silica. Alumina. Ferric oxide. Com- F bined. 'tree' Alabama : 75. 52 12. 945 a 2. 605 Arkansas : 56. 91 19. 80 6. 68 58. 24 13. 22 9. 25 58.43 22. 50 8. 36 Smith . I)o . 74.79 12. 86 4. 90 81.37 8. 52 2. 88 79. 49 8. 71 3. 43 71. 17 18.44 2. 77 Do . 79. 07 8. 79 2. 54 69. 55 15. 20 8. 10 Hempstead . Hope . 72. 42 14. 94 5.54 Sevier . Brownstown . 79. 07 10. 53 5. 27 California : Placer . 44.82 34. 54 1. 86 Colorado : 61 35 . 25 District of Columbia. . . Washington . . Shale . 62. 14 25. 55 tr. Florida : 52. 05 18. 87 2 49 Georgia : Cartersville . Clay . 58. 63 20. 47 8. 58 Do . . do . Slate . 71. 60 11.50 5. 59 McCamores Cave . Plastic clay. . 69. 33 19. 01 2. 02 Do . Cartersville . Alluvial clav. . 69. 18 15. 43 5. 83 Floyd . Rome . Surface clay . . 67. 80 13.82 5. 74 Richmond . Augusta . 54. 55 18.04 a 3. 87 Illinois : La Salle . Red clay . 62 18. 10 9. 11 Woodland . 51. 36 12. 80 9 68 Livingston . Cornell . 68. 22 19. 48 Kane . Aurora . 49. 964 13.64 1. 788 Peoria . Peoria . 72. 10 16. 10 3. 30 La Salle . Utica . 56. 65 26. 45 2. 10 Do . Ottawa . Clay . 45. 79 22.44 Mercer . Gridin . 75. 83 15. 04 L 08 Do . . do . 64. 52 23. 52 1. 92 Indiana : Floyd . New Albany . Clav.... 52. 18 19. 27 3. 13 48 50 19 50 12 30 Bloomington . 66 14 15 34 6. 32 Do . 55 23 29 66 4 63 Martin . Dover Hill . 70. 73 13. 74 4 40 Jennings . Vernon . Clay . 68. 19 18 22 2 43 Warren . Covington . 34. 35 15 50 33 12 Do . . do . 66. 44 22 09 2 16 Perry . Cannelton . . 66. 83 22 94 2 64 Jackson . Brownstown . 63. 60 20 84 3 17 Union . Liberty . 73. 81 13 87 2 66 Clark . J effersonville . 49. 83 13 95 2 10 Vigo . Terre Haute . 71.833 12. 64 4 4 a Iron present as tenons oxide. CLAY 565 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS. Lime 0. 867 4.76 4. 55 .32 .38 .44 .25 .25 .58 1.55 .49 CaC03 6.20 tr. tr. .94 1. 16 23. 20 .61 6. 35 .62 .07 .09 1.79 1. 227 .80 1. 17 1.65 1.83 2. 04 3.08 2.20 2. 96 2. 313 1. 17 Mag- nesia. 0. 936 .96 4. 19 1.14 .90 .50 2. 10 .44 .23 .97 2. 56 .70 .96 Alkalies. 3.17 3. 22 3.21 3. 22 2.40 .90 1.89 1.02 Water. Com¬ bined. Free. 5. 50 Organic matter. MgCOs 4. 28 1.71 1.30 .87 1.42 .81 4. 74 5 60 Chloride 15. 32 1.98 4.55 2. 28 4. 00 2.55 4.01 9. 64 3.75 5.41 6. 83 3.95 7. 14 7.26 7.60 1. 67 9.433 .77 .30 9 .36 .20 7. 29 .52 .921 1.96 1.29 1.03 2.41 1.18 .858 .64 1. 14 9. 828 1.29 3. 82 4.01 2.90 1.10 3.99 1.55 1.43 5.31 4. 82 Titanic acid. MnO., 3. 68 p2o5 .20 1.67 4.59 3. 86 11.90 3. 86 .92 5.20 S03 . 1 Loss 5. 66 Ign. 2 I. 15 C02 II. 51 7.50 5.66 1. 12 . P206 . 44 I 10.07 7. 72 8. 60 9. 48 12. 85 6. 09 7.43 9. 65 5. 56 21. 979 8. 60 2. 22 Mi seel laneous. Mn02 1.01 MnOa 2. 44 Loss 9.57 Loss 8. 96 Loss 6. 07 Loss 2.91 Loss 2. 88 Loss 3. 83 Loss 6. 03 Loss 3. 55 Loss 5. 72 Loss 4.54 Loss 4.43 Loss .44 p2o5 .79 1. 10 Mn02 .60 P2Os 2. 07 MnO 1.05 Loss 11.70 SO, 1. 11 Firm names, authority, or analyst. Standard Brick and Tile Works. Arkansas Geol. Surv., 1888, II, p. 296. Do. Do. Do. Ibid., 1889, II, p. 85. Ibid., p. 87. Ibid., p. 107. Ibid., p.112. Ibid., p. 138. Arkansas Geol. Surv.. 1888, p. 296. Do. California State Min., XI Rept. Stand. Fire Brick Co. Wellington Brick and Tile Co. J. W. Crary, jr., & Co. Georgia Geol. Surv., 1893, p. 286. Ibid., p. 284. Ibid., p. 286. Ibid., p. 280. Ibid., p. 287. J. F. Elson, anal. La Salle Pressed Brick Co. Asst. State chemist anal. J. F. Snyder. E. W. Cook, anal. Peoria Brick Co. Crossley Anal. of Clays. )H. A. Weber, anal.Grif- > tin Brick, Tile, and ) Coal Works. W. Finnegan Brick Mfg. Co. Iudiana Geol. Surv. Rept., 1878. St. Louis W orks. G. Powell’s yard. J. Owens’s Works. M. Carvite. Do. P. White. F. Snyder. J. C. Summers. S. Gray. 566 MINERAL RESOURCES Analyses of clays of the United Stales — Continued. BRICK CLAYS — Continued. State and County. Indiana — Continued. Wabash . Fountain . Daviess . Greene . Jasper . Parke . Dubois . Martin . Washington . Madison . Hamilton Lawrence.... Wells . Owen . Madison _ Orange . . W asiiington . Town. W arren . . Fountain Martin . . Putnam . Iowa : Cerro Gordo Kansas : Greenwood . Kentucky : Ballard Graves . . . Marshall Campbell . Wabash . Yeedersburg . Washington .. Worthington . Jasper . Montezuma. . . Haysville . Lodi . Cale . Salem . Anderson . Noblesville . . . Mitchell . Bluffton . Gosport . Frankton . Paoli . Salem . Edwardsport . Williamsport . Stone Bluff . . . Shoals . Greencastle . . Mason City. Flint Ridge. Wickliffe ... Lynnville II igliland . Newport. . Do . j Mount Vernon _ Boone . Burlington . Grayson . Canola way Creek. Ohio . Do.... Louisiana : Ouachita . Catahoula Claiborne . Maine . Massachusetts : Middlesex . . Dukes . Michigan : Kent . Marquette . Elm Lick . Bald Knob Church Forksville (5 mi. E.). Rosefield . Homer . Quiunipiac . Material. Clay .do .do .do do .do .do do do .do Blue shale Yellow clay... Clay . .do do Clay . Ferrug. clay. Clay .do .do Gray clay. _ do _ Clay . _ .do _ West Cam bridge . Gay Head, south end. . Grand Rapids . Marquette Minnesota : Coon Creek. Blue Earth . Mankato Glacial clay. Red clay.... Clay . Clav shale. . .do . Washed brick clay. Mississippi . Cliugscales Missouri : Marion . Hannibal . Montana : Deerlodge . Blossburg Nebraska . Unknown Silica. Com- ! F biued. 1 ree’ Alumina. Ferric oxide. 62 18 15. 90 3. 77 69 60 13. 08 2. 98 81 71 9. 81 3.8 63 25 24.81 5. 04 68 64 20. 18 2.5 54 53 24. 66 7. 46 70 32 18. 20 2.90 64 27 20. 16 2. 12 45 23 29. 68 4. 60 73 33 13. 94 5.21 63 20 23. 11 3.8 74 33 12.94 5.2 68 14 19. 05 4.08 51 95 30. 36 2. 88 75 33 11.94 3. 20 73 19 16.21 2. 18 69 33 17.84 4.033 75 88 11. 22 5.04 56 02 24. 23 9.20 45 22 25. 98 13.6 73 10 12. 64 3. 16 54 00 25. 13 7.36 66 14 15.34 6. 32 54 80 14.91 ( 2.47 I a 2. 90 58 20 29. 80 a 5. 40 44 84 22. 83 20. 35 62 68 25.88 2.9 60 98 18.48 7.5 72 66 20 50 82 56 12 223 48 .36 33 06 68 .38 12. 282 7. 588 61 .58 23. 946 5.814 70 .86 19. 24 3. 12 62 76 26. 42 1.58 58 .43 22.45 3.23 61 .91 18. 38 2. 14 82 .83 6.48 1.42 63 .69 17.02 10.18 48 99 28. 90 3. 89 57 50 31 21 58 70 25 95 54 62 12. 82 2 60 31 23. 77 7.96 70 .10 16. 99 tr. 00 -J .70 7.24 tr. 90 .877 2. 214 .126 70 15. 94 1.40 72 17 2 61 .80 13. 90 5.01 a Iron present as ferrous oxide. CLAY 567 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued. Lime. Mag- nesia. Alkalies. Water. Organic matter. Titanic acid. Miscel¬ laneous. Firm names, authority, or analyst. Com¬ bined. Free. 2 18 1 12 14 84 1 00 70 17 64 . 48 26 3. 91 P. Zike. .485 1 009 7. 33 . 70 50 7 48 . 37 1. 28 10. 70 .70 . 70 7. 18 J. W eber. .75 . 60 13. 10 1.01 1 76 17. 72 W. A. McBride. .533 .984 5. 98 .50 . 282 7. 46 .666 . 861 5.97 H. Teller. .80 2. 26 5. 22 J. W. Jones. 1.31 1. 22 12. 25 .633 .894 3.97 J. Smith. 1. 16 .60 6. 60 H. Pierce. 1. 633 .994 5. 89 J. Peterson. . 349 6. 76 .47 1.459 8. 62 .336 . 21 15.20 S. Field. .90 .90 9.30 J. W. Shuster. .57 1. 18 10. 70 H. A. Barton. 1.22 . 91 10. 07 O. M. Johnson. j 5.20 3. 76 6. 32 ft C02 4. 80 6 .60 Crossley, Analyses of Clays. . 101 . 138 11.741 Kentucky Geol. Surv., Cliem. Rept. A, pt. 3, No. 2568. tr. . 319 2. 075 6. 146 Ibid., analysis !h"o. 2663. .78 1 128 2. 891 7. 841 Ibid.! No. 2762. CaC03tr. MgCO, 1.243 4.2 Loss .373 P,06 Kentucky Geol. Surv., .932 , . 192 Chem. Rept. A, pt. 1, No. 1319. CaC03 .16 MgCJO-jtr. . 957 - . 1 Ibid., analysis ]So. 1320. 3.057 . 367 6. 370 8. 786 Ibid.! No. '1697. CaC03 1. 643 6. 109 8.25 Ibid.! No. 1789. 1.380 . 201 .850 1. 904 . 705 Ibid., No. 1873. 4. 25 2. 604 3. 751 P„0Ktr. Ibid., !No. 2075. .325 tr. 1. 184 7. 731 Ibid., No. 2076. .840 . 830 2.25 11. 01 .680 .490 1.80 14. 18 . 150 .080 .84 .97 4. 02 4. 15 A. .T. S. (3), XXXIV, p. 407. 7. 10 3. 66 4.73 3.31 ,1. Card, anal. . 19 .20 . 40 7th Rept. U. S. G. S., p. 9. 83 359. * 1 . 74 5. 54 8 07 S. P. Sharpless, anal. 13. 68 4. 25 CO-2 and Min. Res., Mich., 1889, ]0S8 p. 61. 12. 01 2. 50 1.75 2. 42 1 .79 J. Dunn. 10. 69 1.98 S03 . 23 Minnesota Geol. Surv., Final Rept., I, p.438. .67 . 07 3. 66 tr. tr. Ibid. .14 fi. 93 Hilgard, Geol. Miss., 1890. .66 7. 04 G. Ross, anal. 2 3 Mullan Brk. and T. Co. CaCOs 1.70 4. 01 3. 70 Phys. Geog. and Geol. 9.11“ of Nebr.M880, p. 255. 568 MINERAL RESOURCES, Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. » BRICK CLAYS — Continued. Town. Material. Front hrick clay. Cheesequake Creek. . . Black clay.... Brown clay... . .do . Gray clay . . do . . do . Red clav . .... do . . do . . do . Blue shale. . . . . do . . do . Red clay . Clay . . do . . do . Niagara shale. Purple clay. .. Clay with coal Blue clay . Buff clav . Minot (Cottons Mine) . Lehigh. Mine . White clay--. Shale . Shale . Clav . . do . . do . . do . Bells Mills . Plastic clay. . . Clay . Hooversville . U pper clay . . . Clay . 1 _ Little Brokenstraw Valley. . do . Clay . Silica. Alumina. Ferric oxide. Com- Free bined. * ree> 28. 30 27. 80 27. 42 2. 68 28. 30 28. 70 21.50 4.31 25. 50 31. 80 17. 70 6. 40 59. 05 22. 11 6.54 62. 39 23. 60 3. 39 59. 83 24. 45 tr. 53. 77 20.49 9. 23 61.01 19. 23 5.43 69. 73 16. 42 2. 58 55 34. 54 57.80 22. 60 59. 81 22 65. 14 13.38 7. 65 32.12 4.239 51.18 a 2. 122 5L30 12.21 3. 32 50. 55 15. 46 4.38 62. 23 16.01 6. 9G 57.79 16. 15 5. 20 49. 20 17.47 6. 23 48. 35 11.33 4.02 57. 46 21.15 5. 52 52.48 16. 78 6. 79 57. 36 16. 20 4. 55 53 23 7.2 28. 35 10. 47 1.90 54. 808 30. 924 a . 787 56. 63 26. 22 5. 93 60. 93 26.58 1.71 72. 25 11.28 3. 62 51.27 9.33 3. 52 58. 73 14. 98 5. 63 57. 80 9. 47 3. 16 56. 86 25. 03 6.11 56. 03 24. 23 9.46 55. 77 12. 15 4. 27 57. 10 21. 29 7.31 49.30 24 8.40 14.50 | 56.80 12. 63 5. 07 6l! 40 18. 54 6. 06 74. 97 13.86 a 2. 70 56. 55 21.46 9. 72 46. 491 ‘ 33. 119 2.84 61.06 21. 76 7. 04 68.49 18. 46 a 1. 566 45. 73 29. 693 a 6. 857 73. 90 13.07 a 6.1 65. 12 15. 939 a 5. 464 53.17 23. 431 a 5. 40 60. 53 17. 40 9. 29 64.70 28. 39 1.28 74. 22 16. 38 1.95 State and county. New Jersey: Middlesex . Do _ Burlington New York: Suffolk .... Do . Do . . Do . Do . Queens _ Orange _ Ulster . Columbia . . Clinton .... Cortland. . . Tompkins Monroe .... Ontario . . . Onondaga. St. Lawrence , Saratoga . Do.... Chemung . Erie . Orange . . . Monroe . North Carolina: Wilkes . Harnett . Robeson . Lenoir . North Dakota : Grand Forks . Burleigh . Williams W arcl _ Stark .... Do... Ohio: Stark _ Do . Franklin _ Pennsylvania: Montgomery. Cumberland . Clinton Erie .... Venango Indiana. . Somerset Huntingdon W arreu . Lehigh Monroe . South Dakota : Pennington. a Iron present as ferrous oxide. CLAY 569 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CL AYS— Continued. Lime. Mag¬ nesia. Alkalies. .18 2.71 j .82 1.90 . 16 .65 1.55 2. 19 2.64 6. 22 .70 .10 5. 89 .23 .59 8. 75 2. 04 4. 22 9.60 .96 1.88 4.60 1.66 .69 6. 27 5. 33 4.85 3. 43 2. 07 .48 4.35 2.29 2. 18 2. 36 8.51 CaCO, 2. 063 MgC03 .088 11.63 4.73 4. 33 10. 95 3.35 6.30 1.24 2.21 5.08 2. 73 4. 67 5. 33 7.86 4. 87 9. 82 15. 38 3.17 6. 05 3.65 1.50 4.72 6. 63 3. 59 7. 16 5. 34 3. 90 6.98 .70 ?. 60 4. 10 21.47 8.24 5. 73 .872 1.011 .678 . 30 .99 .35 1. 75 11.15 2. 31 2. 58 2. 10 .74 1. 148 7.91 2.84 .71 .76 .66 .31 .808 5. 92 1.90 1.248 .29 1.53 4.05 .56 1.60 4. 10 1.05 ... .46 .12 1.02 .474 1.68 5.37 CaC03 8. 93 MgC03 2.581 3. 692 .58 .23 4.55 .230 .551 2. 775 .44 1.005 3.415 .06 .526 .909 1. 55 1.848 3.58 .13 3.376 8. 383 .08 1.92 5. 27 .32 .20 .23 .40 tr. 2.58 Water. Organic matter. Titanic acid. Miscel¬ laneous. Com¬ bined. Free. 6. 60 8. 04 11.80 2. 90 1.70 3. 50 1 CO.,3. 8 .90 S03 1 S03 .48 4.28 . 1. 22 12.68 8. 26 | 6.7 1.277 1.50 Cl. .004 SO, . 116 4. 50 co2 3. 42 J OSS 1. 18 9 70 .50 | | 7. 148 10. 92 9. 44 11. 10 3. 772 16 672 . | . lo! 014 9. 39 18. 742 6 9. 40 7.30 1.30 1.20 Ign. 3. 82 2 05 4 48 so3 2. 847 Ign. 4. 80 2.15 . 6 31 12. 860 5.435 3.16 4. 86 5. 51 co2 2.81 1.25 Ign. 4. 88 4. 47 Finn names, authority, or analyst. Sayre & Fisher. Rept. on clays, New Jersey Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 317. Ibid., p. 317. H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Jova Brick Works. H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do. H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do. R. Froehling, anal. H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do. Do. Do. New Jersey Geol. Surv., anal. H. T. Vulte, anal. Mound City Brick Co. Geol. North Carolina, I, p. 357. Do. Do. Rept. Labor Bureau, 1891-92. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Ohio Geol. Surv., V, 1884. Do. Do. Perkiomen, Brick Co. Fuller Brick and Slate Co. Mill Hall Brick Works. J. F. Elson, anal. H. Froehling, anal. Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., MM, p. 294. Ibid., HHH, p. 123. Ibid., HHH. Ibid., III. Do. Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., D, p. 53. Monroe Brick and Tile Co. Rapid City Steam Brick Works. a Iron present as ferrous oxide. 570 MINERAL RESOURCES Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS — Continued. State and county. Tennessee : Scott . Texas : Harrison . . . Harris . Grimes .... McCulloch . Cass . Do . Do . Marion . . . . Smith . Rusk . Smith . Panola . Do . Orange .... Do . Washington : Pierce ... West Virginia: Marshall. .. Wisconsin : Milwaukee Dane . Milwaukee Town. Robbins . Marshall Harrisburg . Courtney ... Milburn Waklrip Bed, division. Queen City Cisco Gidean Story H’d’t. . . A. Duncan Headl ight A. Richardson H’d’t.. Garden Valley . Henderson . Tyler . Carthage . Tatum Station . Millville . West of Henderson. . . Tacoma . Moundsville . Milwaukee Madison . . . Whitneys Rapids. Granville Station . Material. Clay Clay do Clay . _ do . . _ do . _ do . . - do . _ do . . - do . _ do . . Gray clay . . . Loamy clay. Dark clay. . Clay White clay . . Clay Sili Com¬ bined. ca. Free. Alumina. Ferric oxide. 70. 57 15. 19 7. 97 71 20. 20 2. 20 78 6. 30 6. 30 40 69 12.68 3.90 57 60 19. 34 6. 14 55 57 22.04 7. 35 82 60 10. 25 2. 25 G6 70 11.43 3. 77 68 30 12 20 62 40 20.66 8. 54 69 05 22. 60 1.40 64 40 24. 17 3.23 85 40 10. 02 2. 18 82 80 9. 83 2. 77 57 80 18.94 7. 55 62 12.12 8.08 71 25 18.58 1.62 62 43 18.79 4.20 71 78 16.01 2.86 38 22 9. 75 5 2.84 \ a 1.16 75 .80 11.07 5 3.53 \ 0.31 70 25 17. 68 2.32 52 18 19. 27 3.13 PAVING- BRICK CLAYS. Arkansas : Sebastian .. California : San Mateo . Colorado: Jefferson .. Do . Florida . Illinois: Sangamon . Scott . McLean . . . Indiana: Vermilion . Clay . Iowa : Lee . Clinton . Kansas: Leavenworth . Maryland : Allegany . Missouri : St. Louis . Do . Montgomery . Jackson . Nebraska : Otoe . New' Jersey: Middlesex . W arren . . Fort Smith . Shale . 57. 10 23. 74 8. 18 San Francisco . Clay . 56.51 21. 33 . 29 Golden . 52. 41 32.21 71. 80 15 3. 29 Bartow . 69. 03 618. 21 8. 53 Springfield . 62. 78 23. 25 2.83 23. 15 . 17. 08 Bloomington . 67. 80 11.55 6.^0 43. 128 40. 875 a 3. 437 Brazil . 68. 83 23. 11 1. 84 Burlington . 77. 40 11. 74 12. 31 Clinton . 73. 82 15. 88 . 16 Leavenworth . Carb. shale . . . 58. 45 21.96 8.43 Mount Savage . 39. 90 30. 08 . 88 Cheltenham . Clay . 61. 22 25. 64 3. 47 . do . . do . 38. 10 31. 53 4 31 Montgomery . . do . 43. 93 40. 09 1. 70 Kansas City . Carb. shale . . . 64.37 19. 73 9. 07 Nebraska City . 61. 63 21.41 7. 03 42. 23 39 53 50 Phillipsburg . 56. 78 17. 38 .50 a Iron present as ferrous oxide, h Alumina present as silicate. CLAY 571 Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued. Lime. .78 tr. 18. 12 1.22 .35 tr. 1.30 tr. .40 tr. tr. .10 tr. tr. tr. 2. 12 .32 ( 13. 24 }CaC03 l 23.20 l .39 199,365 18, 900 18, 900 14,218 61,375 ) 94, 002 107, 348 > 190,763 22, 040 22, 040 s 8,568 70, 768 'l 91, 929 157, 824 > 266,734 38, 142 38, 142 ) 22, 905 112, 486 ) 111,314 176, 654 > 332,077 42, 937 42, 937 28, 251 123, 040 150, 545 212, 720 £ 378,380 42, 620 20, 539 42, 620 152, 653 ) 181.363 222, 403 > 431,779 50, 923 56, 723 11,495 122, 570 ) 161, 700 205, 833 > 395,403 55, 000 67, 000 8, 581 114, 342 ) 112, 126 128, 447 > 277,789 30, 000 35, 000 ) 5,926 159, 369 | 430,549 187, 558 202, 180 60, 000 69, 000 9, 740 199, 735 181,918 197, 823 V 480,558 70, 000 83, 000 ) 3,611 128, 085 212, 078 232, 482 V 448,567 75, 000 88, 000 5, 900 143, 002 ) 248, 643 308, 643 S 541,645 75, 000 90, 000 55, 000 127, 241 213, 757 228, 757 \ 463,998 85, 000 98, 000 ) 4, 655 99, 183 ) 252, 083 274, 083 > 475,506 88, 250 102, 250 $ 5,052 110, 202 'i * 148, 600 179, 025 [ 394,228 90, 000 105, 000 ) 175 156, 432 160, 942 183, 814 S 502,564 147, 318 162, 318 FERTILIZERS, 609 rhospliate rock ( washed product) mined by the land and river mininy companies of South Carolina. Years ending — Land com¬ panies. River com panies. Total. Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. 6 6 1868 . 12, 262 12 269 1869 . 31, 958 31, 958 1870 . 63, 252 1,989 65, 241 1871 . 56, 533 17, 655 74, 188 1872 . 36, 258 22, 502 58, 760 1873 . 33, 426 45, 777 79, 203 1874 . 51, 624 57,716 109, 340 1875 . 54, 821 67, 969 122. 790 1876 . 50, 566 81,912 132, 478 1877 . 36, 431 126, 569 163, 000 1878 . 112, 622 97, 700 210, 322 1879 . 100, 779 98, 586 199, 365 1880 . 125, 601 65, 162 190, 763 1881 . - . 142, 193 124, 541 266, 734 1882 . 191,305 140, 772 332, 077 1883 . 219, 202 159, 178 378, 380 1884 . 250, 297 181, 482 431, 779 1885 . 225, 913 169, 490 395, 403 Dec. 31, 1885 (from June 1) . 149, 400 128, 389 277, 789 1886 (calendar year) . 253, 484 177, 065 430, 549 1887 . 261, 658 218, 900 480, 558 1888 . 290, 689 157, 878 448, 567 1889 . 329, 543 212, 102 541, 645 1890 . 353, 757 110, 241 463, 998 1891 . 344, 978 130, 528 475, 506 1892 . 243, 652 150, 575 394, 228 1893 . 308, 425 194, 129 502, 564 1894 . 81, 996 347, 222 429, 218 IMPORTS. The following table shows the imports of fertilizers of all kinds into the United States from 18G8 to 1894: Fertilizers imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 186S to 1894. Years ending — Guano. Crude phosphates and other substances used for fertilizing purposes. Total value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Long tons. 99, 668 13, 480 $1, 336, 701 217, 004 Long tons. $88, 864 61, 529 90, 817 105, 703 83, 342 218. 110 $1, 425, 625 278, 533 1,505, 689 3, 479, 617 506, 664 385, 821 504, 552 ' 1869 . 1870 . 47, 747 94, 344 15, 279 6, 755 10, 767 23, 925 19, 384 25, 580 23,122 17, 704 1, 414j 872 3, 313, 914 423, 322 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 167,711 261, 085 539, 808 710, 135 873, 459 849, 607 1874 . 243, 467 212, 118 164, 849 195, 875 285, 089 1875 . 751, 926 874, 984 1876 . 1877 . 1, 069, 334 1, 134, 696 857, 829 425, 801 1878 . 1879 . 634j 546 108, 733 399, 552 854, 463 223. 283 1880 . 8, 619 23, 452 46, 699 317, 068 918, 835 1,437,442 1881 . 1, 318, 387 1882 . 133, 956 2, 291,905 1883 . 25, 187 537, 080 96, 586 798, 116 1, 335, 196 1884 . 28, 090 588, 033 35, 119 406, 233 994, 266 1885 . 20, 934 393, 039 40, 068 611, 284 1,004,323 Dec. 31.1886 . 13, 520 306, 584 82, 608 1, 179, 724 1, 486, 308 1887 . . 10, 195 252, 265 53, 100 644, 301 896, 566 1888 . 7,381 125, 112 36. 405 329, 013 454, 125 1889 . 15,991 313, 956 35, 661 403, 205 717,161 1890 . 4, 642 59, 580 31, 191 252, 787 312, 367 1891 . 11,937 199, 044 29, 743 214, 671 413,715 1892 . 3,073 46,014 92, 476 666, 061 712,075 1893 . 5, 856 97, 889 106, 549 718, 871 816,760 1894 . 5,757 105, 991 126, 820 904, 247 1, 010, 238 10 GEOL, PT 4 - 39 610 MINERAL RESOURCES. THE TENNESSEE PHOSPHATES. By Charles Willard Hayes. INTRODUCTION. The occurrence of phosphates in Tennessee was briefly described in Mineral Resources for 1893. At the close of that year no ship¬ ments had been made and no development on a commercial scale undertaken. During’ the year 1894 the development of this field has been rapid. The first shipments were made toward the end of June, and since that time up to the end of the year 19,188 tons have been marketed. Prospecting has been active and the limits of the work¬ able deposits are now fairly well known, as well as their geologic and economic relations. In addition to the account of these phosphates by Dr. J. M. Safford, referred to in the last volume of Mineral Resources, there have appeared during the year several other papers on the subject. The most complete is that which was read at the Bridgeport meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, October, 1894, by Thomas C. Meadows and Lytle Brown, and published in the transactions of the institute-. An abstract of this paper appeared in the Engineering and Mining Journal of October 20, 1894. This paper deals with the discovery of the phosphate, its geographical distribution, its geological relations and its economic aspects. It is also accompanied by a small scale map of the phosphate region. An article in the American Fertilizer of October, 1894, by T. C. Meadows, C. E., gives an account of the development of the Swan Creek district, with a map of the same. In addition to these entirely trustworthy descriptions many more or less accurate accounts of these phosphates and their development have appeared in the newspapers. Since the papers referred to above are not accessible to all, a brief general account of the entire Tennessee phosphate field will be given. This account is based chiefly on personal examinations in the field by the writer, but he is also indebted for many facts to Dr. Safi’ord and Messrs. Meadows, Brown, and Meminger. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHOSPHATES. The Tennessee phosphate occurs in four distinct varieties, viz: (1) Black nodular phosphate; (2) black bedded phosphate; (3) white brec¬ cia phosphate; (4) white bedded phosphate. Of these four varieties only the first two have been described in the papers mentioned above, and only the second has been developed commercially. Before describ¬ ing these varieties more in detail it may be said that the first two are US.GEOLOGIGAL SURVEY WAVERLY JoKnson villi obelville 1 MlDLAN, Photo-Lith. by A. HOEN & CO.. Balto . Md A PRELIMINARY MAP OF THE T by C 4 n . .s 1 1L _ H v J 1 JS> / O SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PART IV PLATE V. NNESSEE PHOSPHATE REGION Hayes ile 10 MILES - - - 1 BIA LEGEND rfown j Silurian White bedded phosphate Carboniferous Devonian Areas probably containing 20 or more inches of clack bedded phosphate White breccia phosphate FERTILIZERS. 611 of Devonian age, tlie third is a secondary and comparatively recent deposit, while the fourth is interbedded with rocks of Carboniferous age, but may be of secondary origin. It may also be said that so far as at present known the extent of territory within which the different varieties have been found varies in the order above given, the nodular phosphate being the most widely distributed, and the white bedded rock confined within the narrowest limits. BLACK NODULAR PHOSPHATE. Although this variety is not at present of great commercial impor¬ tance, and is mined only under certain conditions of association with the biack-bedded rock, its geological relations are of considerable interest, and it will therefore be briefly considered along with the Chattanooga (Devonian) black shale. This shale, although only a few feet in thick¬ ness, is perhaps the most persistent and uniform of all the Paleo¬ zoic formations of the South. It extends over the whole of middle Tennessee from the Tennessee River to the eastern edge of the Cum¬ berland plateau and southward across northwest Georgia and northern Alabama, its present outcrops indicating an original extension over at least thirty- eight or forty thousand square miles. The formation prob¬ ably extends toward the west and south beneath the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Mississippi embayment, so that its extent may quite possibly be double the visible area. In east Tennessee, east of the Knoxville meridian, the formation increases rapidly in thickness and is supplemented by a great mass of shaly sandstone. The forma¬ tion also thickens northward in Kentucky, where it loses most of its peculiar southern characteristics. Along the southeastern border of the Paleozoic area in Georgia and Alabama the Chattanooga black shale appears to be wanting and the Devonian is there represented by coarse sandstones. In Arkansas the Silurian and Carboniferous rocks are separated by a few feet of sandstone and shale — the Sylamore sandstone and the Eureka shale of the Arkansas survey — and these formations undoubtedly represent the southwestern extension of the Chattanooga. Throughout that j>ortion of the Appalachian area out¬ lined above the formation is remarkably uniform, particularly in its lithologic character. It varies from 25 feet in east Tennessee to C or 8 feet in middle Tennessee and Alabama. The upper part of the forma¬ tion, a bed 2 or 3 feet thick in east Tennessee and 12 or 14 inches thick in middle Tennessee, is made up of a bluish or greenish gray matrix, in which phosphatic nodules are embedded. This matrix is a fine-grained sandstone with an irregular shaly structure. It is seen under the microscope to be made up largely of angular quartz grains, with some argillaceous or clayey material and iron oxide. It contains some grains of a colorless mineral which is not doubly refracting — and in this resem¬ bles a glass — and a mineral which may be feldspar, although the rock is too much altered by weathering to determine it with certainty. It also 612 MINERAL RESOURCES. contains rather abundant grains of a green mineral, possibly chlorite, which gives the rock its peculiar color. The phospliatic nodules are undoubtedly concretionary.) They are composed of a nearly amor¬ phous substance which has very minute radial, globular, and mam- milarv forms. The irregular spaces between these radial forms are generally filled with secondary quartz, though sometimes empty. There are also numerous globular shells of radially arranged material sur¬ rounded by a Hocculent granular substance and filled within by quartz. In some of the nodules, though not generally, there is an arrangement of the material in separable concentric shells. More often there is only a slight difference in density and amount of coloring matter at different distances from the center. In the Batesville region of Arkansas a thiu stratum of rock, having almost identically the same appearance as that in Tennessee described above, is mentioned by Penrose1 as occupying a corresponding strati¬ graphic position immediately below the Carboniferous. A thin section of this rock was examined by Dr. Wolff, of Harvard University, who “found evidence pointing to the possibility of its being composed partly of volcanic ash.” While the thiu sections of the Tennessee material above described do not afford conclusive evidence that the green shale is an ash bed, they suggest the possibility that such is the case. The peculiar appear¬ ance of this stratum, its very wide distribution and great uniformity in thickness and composition, and the striking difference in the char¬ acter of its materials from those above and below are all points which are easy of explanation if the material is a volcanic ash, and difficult on any other hypothesis. If this is an ancient ash bed, however, it must have been deposited on the ocean bottom, so that it is also a stratified formation and has been subjected to the sorting, solvent, and, possibly, wearing action of water. Tlie “small siliceous concretions, an eighth of an inch to I inch in diameter,” which Penrose describes as occurring in the supposed Ark¬ ansas ash bed, have recently been examined by Professor Williams, of Yale University, and found to be highly phospliatic. This adds a strong point in confirmation of the supposed identity of the deposits in Tennessee and Arkansas, so that if it can be proven that one is com¬ posed of volcanic ash it may fairly be assumed that the other is also. Above this ash bed, if such it be, there is everywhere an abrupt transition to the overlying Carboniferous beds; in east Tennesse to the Fort Payne heavy bedded cherts; in middle Tennessee to the Har- peth calcareous clierty shales, and in Arkansas to the Boone cherty limestones. Although there is thus a total change in lithologic char¬ acter, and the beds must have been deposited under entirely different conditions of sedimentation, there is apparently no unconformity 1 Arkansas Geological Survey: Ann. Rep., 1890, Vol. I, p. 126. FERTILIZERS. 613 between them. The change in conditions was not produced by eleva¬ tion above sea level and subsequent depression, for there has been no erosion of the underlying beds. The simplest explanation of this abrupt change without unconformity is that the cycle of extremely slow sedimentation marked by the underlying black shale was brought to a close by a sudden volcanic eruption which spread its ejected mate¬ rial over the entire southern Appalachian sea and produced perma¬ nent changes in the currents and other conditions of sedimentation such as to completely change the character of subsequent deposits. Excepting the upper bed above described, the Chattanooga black shale, as its name implies, is composed of highly carbonaceous, homo¬ geneous material. The shaly structure is not generally pronounced, though more so in the weathered than unweatliered portions. It always contains more or less pyrite, so that weathered outcrops are generally stained with iron oxide and sulphate, and the shale gives rise to many mineral springs. The lower portion of the formation contains at various places beds of sandstone or conglomerate, and in middle Tennessee the phosphate beds, which will be described later. The relations of the Chattanooga to the underlying Silurian forma¬ tions are much less simple and uniform than to the overlying Carbon¬ iferous beds. In east Tennessee the black shale is underlain by the Eockwood formation, red or brown sandstones grading westward through sandy and calcareous shales to blue limestone in middle Tennessee. About the central basin the limestones immediately under the Devonian contain Trenton fossils, according to Salford, while farther west, along the Buffalo and Tennessee rivers, they contain Niagara and Helderberg fossils. The broad relations of these forma¬ tions, therefore, indicate that there is an unconformity at the base of the Devonian, and at some points the unconformity is visible. Thus, at Chattanooga, the Devonian is underlain by a greenish-yellow shale, the Eockwood, containing thin siliceous layers which are truncated by the overlying beds at an angle of about 5 degrees. The contact is also marked by lenses of ferruginous flinty sandstone. At Guntersville, Ala., on the eastern side of the Sequatchie anticline, there are indica¬ tions of an unconformity similar to those at Chattanooga, in thin beds or lenses of coarse sandstone and conglomerate which occur at the base of the black shale. With these conglomerate lenses there occur thin seams of coal from a quarter to half an inch in thickness, and slightly thicker layers of blue clay shale. The presence of this coal proves the existence of an abundant vegetation, and, while it may be formed wholly from marine plants, it is suggestive of land conditions either at this locality or near at hand. The regularity of the surface on which the Chattanooga is deposited precludes the idea of a land surface with any considerable amount of relief, and is more suggestive of submarine than of subaerial erosion. In Arkansas the correspond¬ ing contact of the Sylamore sandstone with the underlying formations 614 MINERAL RESOURCES. appears from descriptions referred to above to be much less regular aud more like au old land surface. This unconformity at the base of the Chattanooga will be again referred to on a subsequent page, and its bearing on the probable conditions under which the adjacent formations were deposited will be more fully discussed. As stated above, phosphatic nodules are always found embedded in the greenish shale or ash bed at the top of the Chattanooga, and over most of the area in which the Chattanooga is found they are confined to this upper bed. They are nearly spherical bodies, from ^ to 14 inches in diameter, in some places packed closely together, and in others sparingly scattered through the matrix. They usually weather more easily than the matrix, and form a gray powder in the center, inclosed in a harder and darker colored shell. In Floyd and Chat¬ tooga counties, Georgia, the nodules extend downward into the upper portion of the black shale, though less abundant there than in the green shale, but considerably larger. Although so widely distributed the nodules reach their greatest development and become of possible economic importance only in the region to which the black bedded phosphate is confined, in western middle Tennessee. Here they are not confined to the upper portion of the Chattanooga, although still most abundant in that position, but are found in all parts of the formation, usually in irregular layers from 3 to 12 inches thick. ! They sometimes even occur below the base of the black shale in the upper portion of the bedded phosphate. The nodules vary widely in size and shape from spherical bodies an inch in diameter to irregular flattened concretions 2 feet in length. The most abundant are irregular ellipsoids, flattened on their lower sides, from 3 to 9 inches on the longest diameter and about half as thick. The nodules have a fine granular structure and a bluish-black color when fresh, and are quite homogeneous throughout. Fractured surfaces show under a hand glass many small spherical bodies embedded in the granular ground mass. These appear to be calcite, and when broken across show bright cleavage surfaces. Many minute pyrite grains are also scattered through the ground mass. On weathering, the nodules become lighter in color, sometimes almost white, and often show a dis¬ tinct concentric banding of different shades of gray. Their texture becomes quite porous and the globules of calcite are removed, leaving spherical cavities. The nodules contain from GO to 70 per cent of lime phosphate, a little more in weathered than in un weathered specimens. They are not known to occur at any point in sufficient quantity to pay for separate mining apart from the bedded rock. When, however, the latter is mined by stripping off the overburden the nodules are saved without additional cost, being easily separated from the inclosing shale, and they will thus make it possible to work with profit a thinner bed than could be worked if they were not present. FERTILIZERS. 615 BLACK BEDDED PHOSPHATE. The chief economic interest centers in this variety, for it is the only one of the four varieties of Tennessee rock which has yet been devel¬ oped on a commercial scale and will probably continue to be the most ^important. The black bedded phosphate is confined, so far as at pres¬ ent known, to an oval area southwest of Nashville, having Centerville about in its center. This oval area lies west of the central basin of Tennessee, between the line of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway on the north and a line through the northern portions of Lawrence and Wayne counties on the south, and extends westward a short distance beyond the Tennessee River. It thus covers portions of Hickmau, Williamson, Maury, Lewis, Wayne, Perry, and Decatur counties. By no means all, or even the greater part, of this area con¬ tains workable phosphate, since the deposit shows great variation in character and thickness, in some places becoming too poor in phosphate to be utilized and in others too thin for profitable working; also many of the streams have cut down through the phosphate bed and removed if from their valleys. For these and other reasons it is not probable that more than a small part of this area, perhaps 1 or 2 per cent, will ever be actually productive territory. The phosphate region is a part of the highland rim lying west of the great lowland basin of middle Tennessee.^ Its topography is that of a dissected plateau, whose higher portions reach nearly 1,000 feet above sea level, and within which the streams have sunk their channels from 300 to 500 feet. The contours of the surface are generally smooth and flowing and the drainage is well adjusted to the surface over which it flows. Narrow strips of bottom land border the larger streams and in most cases extend well up toward the head waters of the tributaries. These valleys are fertile, while the surface of the plateau bears the sug¬ gestive name of “the barrens.” • The geologic structure of this region is quite simple. Lying upon the western side of the arch or dome which gives rise to the central basin of Tennessee, the strata have a general westerly dip. This gen¬ eral westward inclination is modified by several very gentle folds, whose axes extend in a northeast- southwest direction, approximately parallel with the axis of the central Tennessee dome and of the sharp folds in east Tennessee. The extreme depth of these folds is only a few hundred feet, and the dips are usually not sufficiently steep to be noticeable. One of the anticlinal axes passes through Centerville and another through Linden and Dickson. Between these axes a gentle syncline carries the Devonian below drainage. Northwest of the Linden-Dick - son axis the Devonian is again carried below the level of Buffalo and Duck rivers. The rocks of the region are Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous. Except in the gentle syncliues above mentioned, the valleys of the 616 MINERAL RESOURCES. larger streams are cut in the blue, flaggy limestone, which, according to Safford, carries Niagara and Helderberg fossils on the side toward the Tennessee River and Trenton or Hudson River fossils on the side toward the central basing Above the Silurian limestone is the Chatta¬ nooga (Devonian) shale, with its associated phosphatic rocks, while above the Chattanooga shale are lower Carboniferous rocks, called Harpeth shale by Safford, but not differing essentially from the Fort Payne chert of east Tennessee. To these Carboniferous cherts are due the most striking characteristics of the country. They cover the sur¬ face of the plateau with a deep, residual mantle, which extends down¬ ward upon the sides and across the bottoms of the valleys, generally concealing the outcrops of the underlying formations. The streams flow over great accumulations of the chert-gravel, which is supplied from the valley sides more rapidly than it can be removed by their currents. The sections given herewith (PI. XXIX) will serve to show the thick¬ ness of the phosphate bed at various points and the character of the rock with which it is immediately associated. In general, the most rapid variations in the black phosphate occur in passing east and west, while upon north and south lines considera¬ ble uniformity is found. This, however, must be taken only in a general way, for there are many exceptions. The principal injurious constitu¬ ents found in the phosphate rock are (1) carbonate of lime and (2) silica. On the one hand the rock grades into a more or less phosphatic limestone, and on the other iuto a phosphatic sandstone. The rock richest in phosphate, containing in some places as high as 81 per cent lime phosphate, occurs on a line extending through the Swan Creek Valley northward through Totty’s Bend, and perhaps crosses Duck River to the vicinity of Fernvale Springs, in Williamson County. The rock in this region reaches a thickness of 40 inches, and averages 30 inches over considerable areas. From this line of thick and rich rock the bed thins westward to about 8 inches at Centerville. Thence west¬ ward it thickens to fully 6 feet at Skull Creek, 8 miles west of Center¬ ville, but at the same time becomes much more siliceous, and at the point of greatest thickness is simply a phosphatic sandstone, contain¬ ing perhaps 35 per cent or less of lime phosphate. Still farther west, in Perry County, along Buffalo River, is apparently another line of minimum thickness, though not so well located as those farther east. West of this, or rather southwest, the bed again thickens from 20 inches at Linden to 3 feet at the head of Cedar Creek and 6 feet or more near the Tennessee River. In the Swan Creek district, which may be taken as the type locality, the phosphate rock has a bluish black or gray color, weathering to a rusty yellow. At Tottys Bend the bed is separated into two distinct layers, which are mined and marketed separately. The upper is gray and the lower blue-black, the former containing a somewhat higher SILURIAN. DEVONIAN. CARBONIFEROUS. SILURIAN. DEVONIAN. CARBONIFEROUS. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PART IV PL. VI ‘ I I < ' i I ? f i . FERTILIZERS. 617 percentage of phosphate than the latter. This, however, is an excep¬ tional occurrence, and at all the other openings in the district the bed has a uniform color from top to bottom, though it generally varies some¬ what in texture in its different portions. The typical rock has a some¬ what oolitic structure, composed largely of small rounded or flattened grains, with black glazed surfaces. The oolitic appearance is increased by the presence among the round grains of numerous casts of very small coiled shells. Although the oolitic structure is common in the best rock, it is not always present, and hence it can not be taken as a criterion of quality. From the distinctly oolitic rock there are all gra¬ dations through that in which only occasional round grains are seen to one which is composed of compact, fine-grained, homogeneous earthy material. In addition to the minute coiled shells, some fossil bones have been found in the phosphate bed, 10 or 12 inches in length and half an inch in thickness. These are doubtless the remains of large fishes which lived while the phosphate was being deposited. At Fall Branch and elsewhere the lower portion of the phosphate bed contains thin streaks of conglomerate, which thicken to several inches and then entirely disappear within a few yards. The larger pebbles, sometimes half an inch or more in diameter, are composed of well- rounded fragments of black shale or of phosphate rock, and these are mingled with rather coarse quartz grains. The surface of limestone on which the phosphate bed rests is much more uneven at Fall Branch, where these conglomerate beds occur, than at Tottys Bend, where they are absent. Immediately below the main phosphate bed there is in the Swan Creek district generally a bed of phosphatic limestone which should probably be included in the Devonian along with the phosphate bed. At Tottys Bend this stratum is about 18 inches thick and contains between 30 and 40 per cent lime phosphate. At Fall Branch it is not so thick where present, and at some points is wanting. It contains numerous black rounded grains similar to those composing the oolitic rock, and also the same minute coiled shell casts. Southward from Fall Branch the phosphate bed outcrops along the sides of Swan Creek Valley to about the center of Lewis County. It holds nearly a uniform thickness of 36 inches to Little Swan Creek, beyond which it decreases to 20 inches where it passes below drainage. The bed varies more in composition than in thickness, becoming sandy on Indian Creek, with 39 to 58 per cent lime phosphate, while at May- fields, near the mouth of Little Swan Creek, it contains over 70 per cent, being almost as rich as at Tottys Bend. The region east of Swan Creek Valley drained by streams flowing into Duck Kiver has not been thoroughly prospected, but the phosphate bed has been reported at various points in the western part of Maury County with a thickness of about 36 inches, and containing from 30 to 65 per cent lime phosphate. Also little prospecting has been done north of Duck Biver, but the bed 618 MINERAL RESOURCES. has been reported at Fernvale Springs, in the western part of William¬ son County, as 36 inches in thickness and containing from 53 to 64 per cent lime phosphate. West of Centerville the phosphate bed thickens to a maximum of 6 feet on Skull Creek, but the conglomeratic streaks which form an incon¬ spicuous feature in the Swan Creek region become gradually more abundant till they form the greater part of the bed. The larger peb¬ bles, as well as many of the smaller grains, are well-rounded fragments of compact, fine-grained phosphate. Among these are more or less abundant quartz sand grains and many smaller concretions of pyrite. Casts of the small coiled shells are also found in this rock, but they are very much less abundant than in the oolitic variety. In the finer- grained portions of the bed shells of lingulae are quite abundant, and these, on the other hand, are rare in the oolitic rock. Although this eonglomeritic variety is always lower in phosphate and more variable in composition than the oolitic variety, it doubtless contains much rock which can be utilized. It is often found on careful examination to be much less siliceous than appears at first sight. The quartz grains are most conspicuous, but frequently make up only a small portion of the rock. The great thickness of the bed at Skull Creek and the cheapness with which it can be mined compensate in some degree for its lower content of lime phosphate. The strata dip westward from Skull Creek carrying the Devonian rocks below drainage. They rise to the surface in the valley of Buffalo Biver, which cuts diagonally across a low anti¬ cline, the axis passing a short distance east of Linden. The Devo¬ nian outcrops are from 10 to 15 feet above the level of Buffalo River at Linden, and about 70 feet higher on the sides of the tributary val¬ leys a few miles to the east. The phosphate at Linden, as shown in the plate of sections, is about 20 inches thick and is underlain by several feet of gray sandstone. This sandstone thickens toward the southwest to about 6 feet on Cedar Creek and other streams flowing into the Ten¬ nessee River. It there forms a prominent feature in the topography, modifying the slopes of the hillsides and often standing out as a con¬ tinuous rocky ledge. It renders the tracing of the phosphate outcrop a very simple matter where it would otherwise be difficult, on account of the mantle of residual chert which covers the outcrops of all soft beds. The phosphate bed also increases in thickness toward the southwest from 20 inches at Linden to 24 inches at the head of Cedar Creek, to 4£ feet on Grooms prong and to a considerable greater thickness near the Tennessee River. At the time this region was examined, in November, 1894, no artificial openings had been made, so that it was impossible to determine thicknesses exactly. At one point near the mouth of Cedar Creek the phosphate bed is exposed with a clear face of 6 feet, and it is probable that its total thickness is here at least 8 or 10 feet. The phosphate bed has also been found, though somewhat thinner, on Marsh FERTILIZERS. 619 and White Oak creeks, which lie on either side of Cedar Creek and also on the tributaries of Buffalo River as far up as Forty-eight Mile Creek. The bed is also said to occur high up in the hills west of the Tennessee River, but its character and thickness there are not known. Northwest of Linden, on Spring, Lick, and Tom creeks, both the phos¬ phate bed and the underlying sandstone disappear, the former being represented by a few feet of blue phospliatic shales. The phosphate rock wherever it has been observed in Perry County has a tolerably uniform composition and appearance. No oolitic rock has been found; on the other hand, the bed everywhere has the appear¬ ance of a rather fine-grained black sandstone. It varies somewhat from place to place in the size of the component grains and in the character of the bedding, in some cases being quite massive, but more generally having a rather shaly structure, the beds being from half an inch to 8 or 10 inches thick. The coiled shells have not been observed in the phosphate of this region, but some portions of the bed contain lingulae in great numbers. Some analyses have been made of this rock which show it to contain from 50 to 68 per cent lime phosphate. It is probable, however, that the average of rock from considerable areas and all parts of the bed would not be much above 50 per cent. Notwithstanding the lower grade of this rock the Cedar Creek dis¬ trict has certain advantages which will make it a formidable rival of the Swan Creek district. The chief of these are, first, the cheapness with which the rock can be mined by reason of the thickness of the bed and the position which it occupies in the hills, and, second, the cheapness with which it can be marketed by reason of its close prox¬ imity to water transportation. The practical questions of economic development are considered else¬ where by Mr. Memminger and need not be dwelt on at length here. The microscopic structure of the black-bedded phosphate is some¬ what important, since it affords some indication of the conditions under which the rock formed and of the source from which the phosphoric acid was derived. The color of the rock is seeu to depend directly on the abundance of fine grains of black carbonaceous matter which it contains. In the gray rock from Tottys Bend this black material is almost entirely wanting, while in the black rock from Fall Branch and elsewhere it is very abundant, sometimes rendering the section quite opaque. The lime phosphate, when the carbonaceous matter is absent, consists of colorless or yellowish flocculent grains, and is entirely amorphous. This material forms the oolitic grains and fossil casts which can be readily seen with the hand glass. When the coloring matter is absent the out¬ lines of these bodies are rather indistinct in the section. In some cases they are closely crowded together, and in others are embedded in a ground mass of the flocculent grains aud fine oolitic granules. A major¬ ity of the larger oolitic grains show evidence of having been casts of 620 MINERAL RESOURCES. the interiors of shells, but are generally worn to an oval form, and their original shape is often nearly obliterated. In addition to the casts of shells there are numerous fragments of corals which also show the effect of wear by currents or waves, being generally well rounded. In some cases they are made up wholly of phosphate, the internal struc¬ ture being preserved and brought out by different amounts of carbo¬ naceous coloring matter. In others the septa, or partitions, are coui- posed of calcite as they were originally, while the perforations in which the animal lived are filled with phosphate. In the phosphatic lime¬ stone, which at Tottys Bend and elsewhere underlies the main phos¬ phate bed, the same rounded shell casts and oolites are seen scattered through a mass of calcite grains. In most cases very fine crystals of calcite occur more or less abundantly embedded in the phosphate grains. Thin sections of the siliceous phosphate which occur in the Skull Creek district and in Perry County show an ordinary sandstone struc¬ ture. The grains, particularly the larger ones, are well rounded, and in their forms suggest wind-blown and polished rather than water- worn sands. A large proportion of the grains are quartz and lime phos¬ phates. The relative abundance of the two constituents varies widely, but in the Skull Creek district the ratio of quartz to phosphate grains is fairly constant, from one or two of the former to three of the latter. Some of the phosphatic conglomerates which appear to be very sandy are seen in thin sections to contain comparatively few grains of quartz. The phosphate grains are partly black and opaque and partly light yellow. They occasionally show the outline of fossil casts and also the internal structure of corals, but are more often without any trace of organic origin. In some cases the rock appears to have been originally a clean-washed sand, while in others it was evidently a sandy mud, and the rounded grains are embedded in a groundmass of fine, angular quartz fragments with granular lime phosphate and clay. ORIGIN OF THE BLACK PHOSPHATES. No explanation which is entirely satisfactory lias yet been offered to account for the local accumulation of the phosphate. The deposit has some features in common with the South Carolina land rock, though the differences are greater than the resemblances. It is quite different from all varieties of the Florida rock, and its accumulation appears to be in no way connected with the recent leaching of a phosphatic lime¬ stone or with the replacement of any other constituent by lime phos¬ phate. It appears rather that the explanation of the deposit must be sought in the conditions of sedimentation which prevailed in this region during the Devonian. The extreme thinness of the Devonian rocks in the southern Appalachian region has already been described, and this characteristic may be in some way intimately connected with the accumulation of the phosphates. Various hypotheses might be suggested to account for the absence of Lower Devonian formations FERTILIZERS. 621 in the southern Appalachian region. The one which has been perhaps most commonly advanced accounts for the absence of sediments by reason of the great depth of the sea which covered the region. It is well known that in the abyssal depths of the ocean sedimentation is extremely slow, so that many geologic periods might have no sedi¬ mentary record under such conditions. But the great ocean basins, with sufficient depth for nondeposition, if not permanently fixed, at least require long periods for deepening and shoaling, and a gap in the sedimentary record caused by such conditions should show no abrupt breaks, but a gradual transition on either side from shallow- water de¬ posits, through those which characterize deepening water to the gap which marks the abyssal conditions. This transition, however, is con¬ spicuously absent in the region under consideration. The rocks imme¬ diately below the stratigraphic break in some places are sandstones or sandy shales, in others flaggy, fossiliferous limestones, all of which are comparatively shallow- water formations. In like manner the over- lying rocks contain in their very lowest portions beds of conglomerate which would require the presence of strong currents capable of carry¬ ing pebbles up to an inch in diameter. Other reasons might be given for rejecting the hypothesis of abyssal depths, but the above seem amply sufficient. The second hypothesis, like the first, assumes that the region was covered by sea, but accounts for the absence of deposits not by the conditions prevailing in the sea itself but in the land adja¬ cent. When a land area remains for a very long time without eleva¬ tion or depression its surface is worn down very near to sea level, the base level of erosion. Its streams become sluggish and are no longer able to carry sand or mud to the sea, and the accumulation of the corresponding sediments ceases for lack of a supply of fresh material. But long after the streams cease carrying mechanical particles to the sea they continue carrying a large amount of matter, chiefly calcare¬ ous, in solution. The adjacent seas are thus furnished with an abun¬ dant supply of lime, and their clear waters are highly favorable for the growth of animals whose remains form beds of limestone even near shore in shallow water. Thus base-level conditions on land are marked by the formation of limestones in adjacent seas, not by the absence of deposits of any kind, as in the present case. The third hypothesis assumes that the entire region from which the Lower Devonian formations are absent was a land area during the corresponding geologic period; that the land extended continuously westward from the southern portion of the old Appalachian continent across the Mississippi embayment to Arkansas, Texas, and beyond, leaving upon the north an interior sea, open, perhaps, only toward the northwest. It assumes that the surface of this land was but little above sea level, and that toward the end of Devonian time it was depressed, so that the sea transgressed a long distance upon the land and laid down the Chattanooga black shale, with its associate phos- 622 MINERAL RESOURCES. pliates, upon wliat had formerly been a land surface. In describing the relations of the Chattanooga to the underlying formations the existence of an unconformity below the Devonian was shown to be highly probable. But this unconformity shows few, if any, of the features which would be expected to characterize an old land surface. It is difficult to imagine such a surface without some sort of residual accumulation, or to imagine a sea encroaching upon a land without working over the surface material and forming basal conglomerates. But, so far as known, there are no such deposits; for, although con¬ glomerates occur above the unconformity, they contain no pebbles derived from the underlying formations, but only such as were derived from some foreign source or from other portions of the same formation in which they are found. The fourth hypothesis assumes that the region was almost, if not quite, continuously covered by a shallow sea in which strong currents and a feeble supply of material prevented deposition. It assumes that the conditions over the southern Appalachian region during late Silurian and early Devonian time were similar to those at present prevailing in the trough of the Gulf Stream. According to Alexander Agassiz, the sea bottom is there swept clear of all sediment and consists of hard lime¬ stone. Such currents might have swept in from the southwest from a sea into which little if any detrital matter was being carried and have had sufficient strength to carry away any sediment resulting from the remains of animals living in the waters of the region itself. The strongest objection to this hypothesis is the wide extent of the region in which no deposits were formed during early Devonian time. The general conditions are the same in the Arkansas region and on the northwestern border of the Mississippi basin as in the southern Appa¬ lachians. It is quite possible, however, that the absence of Devonian formations in other parts of the Mississippi basin may be due to laud con¬ ditions, and the explanation here suggested is intended to apply only to the region which has been specially studied in connection with the phos¬ phate deposits. Not enough is known of the position of shore lines in late Silurian and Devonian time to enable one to state with certainty the direction of the ocean currents. The interior sea, however, was probably cut off from the North Atlantic by a land barrier stretching across from the Canadian highlands to the Appalachian continent, so that if currents came from the south or southwest they could not have passed* out in that direction, but must have been diverted to the north¬ west between the Cincinnati arch and the land probably existing in Mis¬ souri. The Devonian sediments in the northern Appalachians appear to have come from the northeast, and the abrupt southward termina¬ tion of the great mass of these rocks may be connected with such cur¬ rents. Sediments which would naturally have spread over the southern Appalachian sea bottom and formed gradually thinning representatives of the northern Devonian formations may have been swept away past FERTILIZERS. 623 the southern point of the Cincinnati arch and distributed over the western Mississippi basin. This period of complete nondeposition in the southern Appalachian sea was followed by one of extremely slow accumulation, probably pro¬ duced by the emergence of land in the Arkansas region which supplied a small quantity of detritus to the northeastward current and also modi¬ fied its velocity. The sandstone of Perry County was then deposited, thinning out to a feather-edge toward the northeast. Following the deposition of the sandstone were conditions favorable to the growth of organisms such as lingulae, which secrete phosphate of lime in their shells. These shells accumulated upon the sea bottom, where they were subjected to the rolling of currents and the solvent action of sea water. The carbonate of lime, being more easily soluble, was largely removed, and the phosphate remained either in its original form or, more gen¬ erally, replacing the organic matter which filled the shell and thus producing the interior casts so abundant in the phosphate bed. Slightly different conditions in different portions of the region gave rise to the differences in the deposit. Thus the working over by excep¬ tionally strong currents of deposits once solidified with the introduction of foreign sand grains would account for the phosphatic conglomer¬ ates of Skull Creek. The presence of fine sand in currents of varying strength would give rise to the sandy, shaly phosphate of Perry County. Following the period of most active accumulation of phosphate was apparently one in which the currents were still further checked so that but little foreign matter was brought in, while the conditions became less favorable for the growth of phosphate-secreting animals and more favorable for vegetable growth, probably seaweeds, whose remains furnished the carbonaceous matter contained in the Chattanooga black shale. Phosphatic organisms continued to inhabit the waters, though in diminishing numbers, and the lime phosphate thus extracted from the sea water was segregated into the nodules of the black shale, while the lime carbonate was almost entirely removed by solution. Finally these conditions were brought to an end by a widespread volcanic eruption, the ejected matter forming the blue shale at the top of the Chattanooga — an eruption ushering in a new set of conditions which produced a complete change in the character of succeeding formations. While numerous objections may be found to this hypoth¬ esis, it is offered as the one which explains the largest number of the facts. Further study will doubtless modify it to a considerable extent and possibly show it to be erroneous in its essential features. THE WHITE PHOSPHATES. Shortly after the discovery of black phosphate on Swan Creek, in Hickman County, Tenn., prospectors familiar with the Florida phos¬ phate came to the region aud began the search for rock similar to that 624 MINERAL RESOURCES. found in Florida. Among these was Mr. E. Slattery, who located at Linden, in Perry County. He gave a piece of the Florida rock to Mr. C. C. Sutton, and the latter discovered on Toms Creek a deposit which bore a strong resemblance to the sample. This proved to be the phos¬ phate breccia, described below, and the country was carefully examined to determine the extent of the deposit. A short time after, Mr. P. L. Smothers discovered in the same way, on Red Bank Creek, another deposit bearing even stronger resemblance to the Florida rock. This was the white-bedded phosphate. As indicated above, there are two varieties of the white phosphate, distinct in appearance, mode of occurrence, and origin, namely, the brecciated rock and the white-bedded rock. Both varieties, so far as known, are restricted to Perry County, although future prospecting may greatly extend their range. WHITE BRECCIA PHOSPHATE. LOCATION OF THE DEPOSITS. This variety is most highly developed on Toms Creek and upon the west side of Buffalo River, north of Linden. It has been reported, also, from Spring and Lick creeks, south of Toms, and from Rones Creek, on the north. These streams are northwest of Linden, in Perry County, and flow westward to the Tennessee River in rather wide valleys, from which the intervening remnants of the plateau rise with gentle, rounded slopes. The phosphate breccia is found upon these slopes within a vertical range of from 30 to 50 feet, and following the windings of the valley sides with slight variation in altitude. Its upper limit appears to be the outcrop of the Devonian black shale; but this is somewhat difficult to determine, since the overlying chert deeply covers the surface, and outcrops of the black shale are extremely rare. The outcrops of the phosphate rock are not continuous. In some places occasional bowlders only are found, while at others the material covers the entire surface. No work lias been done to determine its depth. At some places it appears to rest upon an eroded surface of Silurian limestone, but more often it is simply embedded in the residual chert. The rock nowhere shows any trace of bedding, either within its own mass or in its relations as a whole to the formations with which it comes in contact. COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE. The phosphate rock occurs in irregular masses, composed of small, angular fragments of Carboniferous chert embedded in a matrix of phos¬ phate of lime. The chert fragments vary in diameter from a fraction of an inch to 3 or 4 inches. They are in every respect similar to the fragmental chert which so abundantly covers the hillsides. The phos- phatic matrix, when unstained by exposure to the weather, is generally FERTILIZERS. 625 white or slightly reddish and rather soft — somewhat harder than com¬ pact chalk. In some cases the phosphate shows a laminated structure, as though the cavities between the chert fragments had been filled by the deposition of successive layers of material from solution, and some¬ times the cavities were only partially filled. Where this concentric structure is shown, the phosphate is more dense and also purer than the structureless variety. In most of the breccia examined, the chert fragments make up about 50 per cent of the rock. At the Ledbetter place on Toms Creek, and also near Beardstown, some rather large masses were observed which appeared to be nearly free from chert. They closely resemble some forms of travertine which are being depos¬ ited by calcareous springs, and suggest an analogous origin. These detached masses may be portions of a more extensive deposit of similar material, almost entirely covered by the mantle of chert. Not enough prospecting has yet been done to afford a basis for an accurate estimate as to the available amount of phosphate of this variety, but some idea may be gained by considering the length of actual outcrop. Assuming for the deposit a uniform width of 75 feet, it is estimated that in the territory thus far known there are between 40 and 50 acres which would be actually productive. On a very moder¬ ate assumption as to the depth of the deposit, this would yield several hundred thousand tons of the material. Of course, careful prospecting may show this estimate to be far above or below the mark. It is quite probable that further exploration will extend the known area within which this breccia occurs. On long exposure to the weather the matrix crumbles away, freeing the chert fragments, which cover the surface and are indistinguishable from other portions of the widespread and almost universal mantle of chert covering this portion of Tennessee. Hence, where only a few bowlders of the breccia are now found at the surface, there may be a more or less continuous deposit beneath the superficial mantle. It is also probable that other deposits may exist which now present at the surface no indication whatever of their presence. This would be especially likely of such as contain an exceptionally small proportion of chert, as the traverti- noid rock above described. UTILIZATION OF THE DEPOSITS. Analyses of the breccia matrix show it to be a high-grade phosphate,, and it would probably be found, in most cases, when carefully separated from the associated chert, to contain 80 per cent of lime phosphate. A sample of the travertinoid rock, from the vicinity of Beardstown, gave 80.92 per cent of lime phosphate. Neglecting exceptional occurrences, the ordinary rock matrix and chert together give about 40 per cent of lime phosphate. This is too low a percentage to be utilized by present methods in the manufacture of fertilizers. The problem for the mining engineer is therefore to devise some cheap method by which the crude 16 GEOL, pt 4 - 40 626 MINERAL RESOURCES. material can be freed from a portion, at least, of the chert. As stated above, the matrix is rather soft, and shows a tendency to crumble to a powder when the rock is crashed. The chert, on the other hand, is much harder, and breaks into smaller fragments without shattering or crumbling. Hence it appears to the writer probable that if the rock were crushed so as to pass through an inch mesh, and then passed over a screen with a quarter or third inch mesh, the greater part of the phosphate would pass through with comparatively little chert. If only half the chert were thus removed, the proportion of lime phosphate would be raised from 40 to 53 per cent. This would bring it above the limit of availability for use by methods now employed in the manufac¬ ture of fertilizers. ORIGIN OF THE DEPOSITS. From the appearance of these deposits and their relations to adjacent formations there can be little doubt that they are recent and super¬ ficial, the result of the leaching of the black phosphate and redeposition near its outcrop. It seems probable that surface water containing a large proportion of carbonic acid reached the black shale through the overlying porous covering of chert. The lime phosphate associated with the black shale was dissolved by the percolating acidulated water, which subsequently reached the surface at the outcrop of the shale. The dissolved phosphate was then redeposited, partly in the interstices of the fragmental chert covering the surface and partly as a solid de¬ posit with but slight intermixture of chert. The former mode of depo¬ sition produced the more abundant breccia, while the latter gave rise to the travertinoid masses. Subsequent erosion has doubtless lowered the valleys throughout the region, and removed much of the phosphatic deposits thus formed. If this theory of its formation be correct, the deposits will be found only near the surface in shallow pockets; and although there is unques¬ tionably a large amount of the material in sight, mining will be attended with the uncertainties which invariably accompany the working of pocket deposits. WHITE BEDDED PHOSPHATE. LOCATION OF THE DEPOSIT. So far as at present known, this variety is confined to a small area in Perry County. It has been found only in the valleys of Red Bank and Terrapin creeks, which flow eastward into Buffalo Biver. The extreme outcrops lie within an area about 3 miles long by a little over a mile broad. Within this area numerous outcrops occur, though the rock has not been traced continuously from one to another, and it is only inferred that they form a continuous bed. The northward dip of the strata carries the Devonian down to the level of Buffalo River, above the mouth of Red Bank Creek, so that FERTILIZERS. 627 the dissected plateau is here composed wholly of the lower portion of the Carboniferous, which consists mostly of chert beds in calcareous, sandy shale. The phosphate is found about 70 feet above the Devonian black shale, interbedded with the Carboniferous chert. At the Spencer place, on Red Bank Creek, the phosphate and chert crop out in a ledge about 20 feet high, above which occur numerous though not con¬ tinuous exposures, making a total thickness of at least 30 feet. Of this the lower 20 feet consists of alternate beds of phosphate and chert. The latter appears in lenticular beds from 4 to 12 inches thick, its contact with the phosphate being somewhat indistinct. Portions of the phosphate are highly siliceous, approaching chert in appearance and probably in composition. The appearance is that of an incomplete replacement of the chert by the phosphate. According to an approx¬ imate estimate of this portion of the formation, the chert beds appear to make up about 30 per cent of the mass, the remainder being more or less siliceous phosphate. The upper 10 feet, although not so well exposed, appears to be made up almost entirely of obscurely bedded phosphate, without any con¬ siderable portion of chert. The phosphate in this part of the formation is also whiter, softer, and evidently less siliceous. In Stone Quarry Hollow, on the south side of Terrapin Creek, the phosphate is exposed about 40 feet in thickness. As upon Red Bank Creek, the lower portion consists of alternating beds of stony chert and hard siliceous phosphate, while the upper portion, perhaps 10 or 15 feet in thickness, is free from chert beds, or, if present, they do not appear at the surface. At the Myatt place, on Terrapin Creek, the formation is at least 30 feet in thickness; but the bedding is less distinct than at the points above described, and there does not appear to be so marked a difference between the upper and the lower portion, although this may be due to less complete exposure. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE. The phosphate rock is much harder than ordinary lime phosphate, and breaks with an extremely rough, irregular surface. It has a finely granular structure, some portions resembling a very fine quartzitic sand¬ stone, but grading into translucent chert. The patches of gray chert surrounded by the white granular rock give a mottled appearance to the fresh surfaces. The chert is not in the form of sharply defined fragments, such as occur in the phosphatic breccia, but merges into the granular ground mass, which consists of a skeleton of silica holding soft white lime phosphate. It is the presence of this siliceous skeleton which gives the apparently granular material its great hardness. Many small irreg¬ ular cavities occur in the rock, and these are generally lined with minute quartz crystals. Thin sections of the phosphatic rock exhibit under 628 MINERAL RESOURCES. the microscope a more or less continuous ground mass of chalcedonic or crypto-crystalline silica, embedded in which are rhombohedral crystals. In portions of the rock, which appear as compact chert, they are very minute (often less than one one-hundredth mm. in diameter) and widely scattered, but perfect, sharply defined rhombohedrons. In the granular portions of the rock the crystals are larger, appearing as sections of rhombohedrons, which are not perfectly independent, but are segregated into irregular groups, surrounded and penetrated by the ground mass of silica. These rhombohedral crystals have the external form of calcite, but are entirely isotropic, and hence are not calcite. The smaller crys¬ tals are quite clear and transparent, while the larger are composed of an aggregate of very minute transparent grains, with fine dustlike opaque particles, probably iron oxide. Many aggregates of similar transparent grains, but without definite crystal outlines, occur in the ground mass. Analyses of the rock make it evident that the material forming the crystals and the granular aggregates must be lime phosphate. The crystal forms are evidently those of calcite, and the crystals are there¬ fore, in all probability, pseudomorphs, in which the lime phosphate has replaced the carbonate. The presence of a small amount of carbonate, shown in the table of chemical analyses below, indicates that the replace¬ ment has not been complete. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. The following analyses 1 give a fair idea of the composition of this variety of phosphate: Analyses of Tennessee white bedded phosphate. 14c. 14i. 14fc and l. 14m. 15d*. 15d2. Silica, Si02 . 61.34 49.43 54. 30 54. 88 50. 18 56.46 Lime, CaO . 20. 30 26. 40 22. 87 22. 76 25. 57 22.01 Phosphoric acid. Pj06 . Corresponding to: 12. 55 15. 12 14. 86 15.30 15.21 13. 15 Lime phosphate, Ca3P208 . and Lime carbonate, CaC03 . 27. 40 33.00 32. 45 33. 40 33. 20 28. 60 9. 75 15. 21 9. 36 8. 23 13.45 11. 56 14 c. — Stone Quarry Hollow, south of Terrapin Creek. Phosphate and chert 2 feet from base of exposure; represents a bed 8 inches thick between thinner beds of chert. 14i. — Stone-Quarry Hollow. Represents the upper 10 feet of the deposit, above the interbedded chert and phosphate. 14A; and l. — Stone Quarry Hollow. Represents 10 feet of outcrop, 20 to 30 feet above its base. 14m.— Stone Quarry Hollow. Represents 6 feet of outcrop, 30 to 36 feet above its base. 15d' and 15d2. — Red Bank Creek, Spencer Place. Represents upper 10 feet of the deposit, from 20 to 30 feet above the base of the exposure. Only the silica, lime, and phosphoric acid were determined ; but in each case there was an excess of lime over that required for combina¬ tion with the phosphoric acid to form the neutral phosphate, and this 1 Analyses made for the United States Geological Survey by the chemical department of Columbian University, Washington, D. C., under the direction of Prof. C. E. Monroe. FERTILIZERS. 629 excess was regarded as present in the rock as carbonate. Considering the lime as part carbonate and part phosphate, the proportions of these compounds, together with the silica, amount to from 96 to 98 per cent of the rock. The remaining 2 to 4 per cent is probably iron and alu¬ mina, which were not determined. UTILIZATION OF THE DEPOSIT. It will be seen from these analyses that the content of the lime phos¬ phate is too low for utilization by methods at present employed in the manufacture of fertilizers, 50 per cent rock being about the lowest grade now used. Whether other processes may be devised for utilizing this low-grade material is a question which can not be answered now. The abundance of the rock, the ease of mining, and the availability of cheap water transportation to points of consumption are important fac¬ tors in the problem. But, whether utilized or not, this deposit is of interest as suggesting the possibility of other deposits of higher grade in rocks not hitherto suspected of containing phosphates, namely, the widespread carboniferous chert formations of Tennessee, Alabama, Ken¬ tucky, Missouri, and Arkansas. From this point of view the origin of the deposit becomes a matter of considerable importance; for it is scarcely credible that the conditions under which this deposit was formed should not have been present elsewhere in this extensive region. ORIGIN OF THE DEPOSIT. Is the phosphate an original deposition accumulated during the dep¬ osition of the accompanying chert? The characteristics which point to original deposition in the case of the black Devonian phosphate are wholly absent here. Although some portions of the Fort Payne chert are highly fossiliferous, others are entirely barren, and, unlike the black phosphates, no traces of organic remains were observed in these or the associated cherts. Moreover, the great thickness of this deposit and its apparently local development are in striking contrast with the very wide distribution of a comparatively thin bed in the case of the black phosphate. If not an original deposit, this must be a secondary im¬ pregnation, and partial replacement of some original constituent, by lime phosphate. The microscopic structure of the rock affords strong evidence, if not conclusive proof, of this secondary replacement of the originally contained calcite by secondary phosphate. Such a replace¬ ment is precisely what would be expected to take place if a solution of lime phosphate were to come in contact with the carbonate, namely, the less soluble compound would be deposited and the more soluble one taken up. The source of the phosphoric acid is not so easily determined as the fact that replacement has occurred. Limestones generally contain a small amount of phosphoric acid, and some of the overlying Carbon¬ iferous limestones contain a very considerable percentage. This seems 630 MINERAL RESOURCES. the most probable source, although there is a possibility that the phos¬ phate may have come from older Devonian and Silurian rocks, raised to a higher level by the gentle folding which the strata of the region have suffered. Probably the replacement was a phase of weathering, and took place after the superincumbent strata had been largely removed, so that per¬ colating waters had access to these beds. It is impossible at present to say what the particular conditions may have been which determined the local accumulation of phosphate at this point, and no sufficiently detailed examination has been made to decide whether or not these conditions can be recognized and so definitely formulated as to be of value in future prospecting. It will be readily understood that the brief study which has been given thus far to these interesting deposits is wholly inadequate to answer the many questions suggested. FERTILIZERS. 631 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TENNESSEE PHOSPHATE. By C. G. Memminger. PRODUCTION. The first shipments of Tennessee phosphate were made in the lat¬ ter part of June, 1894, and four companies are now (December, 1894) actively engaged in mining and shipping, with a total average daily output of about ICO tons. These companies are the Southwestern Phos¬ phate Company, the Duck River Phosphate Company, the Tennessee Phosphate Company, and the Swan Creek Phosphate Company. The Southwestern Phosphate Company’s mines are located on Falls Branch, Hickman County, about 5 miles northeast of iEtna station, on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad. The developments at these mines consist of a mill building containing a McCulley crusher and a Sturtevant rock emery mill for grinding the rock to a powder for direct application to the soil or use in composts. The mining develop¬ ments show a bed averaging 30 inches in thickness. The rock is hauled to the railroad 5 miles in wagons, the daily output being 30 to 40 tons. The Duck River Phosphate Company’s mills lie 9 miles east of Center¬ ville, Hickman County, in Tottys Bend. This company has erected a storehouse and a number of dwellings for employees. On this property the most considerable mining development is noted, and the vein has been uncovered by stripping for several hundred yards. The stripping has been carried back to a depth of 20 feet. An extremely regular vein is exposed, averaging 36 inches in thickness. This company is mining and shipping about 100 tons per day. During the summer months about 100 wagons were employed in hauling the rock to the railroad. Two 25-ton lighters have been built to float the rock down Duck River to Centerville, and in October this method of transportation was sub¬ stituted for wagons with satisfactory results. From the size of Duck River the permanent success of this method seems in doubt. The Ten¬ nessee Phosphate Company is mining its Nunn tract on Swan Creek, Hickman County, 4 miles from iEtna station. The average output is 50 tons per day. The bed is 18 to 20 inches in thickness. This com¬ pany has surveyed a line of railroad 12 miles in length from near Sum- mertown, on the Florence branch of the Louisville and Nashville, to its property on the Upper Swan Valley, Lewis County. No mining has been done at this point, but the prospect cuts expose a 30-inch bed. The Swan Creek Phosphate Company’s properties lie near the mouth of Blue Buck Creek, in Swan Valley, Hickman County. This company began mining in October, hauling the rock by wagon about 4 miles to the nearest point on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, a mile south of Centerville. 632 MINERAL RESOURCES. METHODS OF MINING. The present method of mining consists in stripping off the over¬ burden. Along the outcrops of the bed in some cases the stripping is carried back to a depth of 20 feet. The material removed consists of 1 to 2 feet top earth and the balance shale, sometimes very hard; blast¬ ing is always necessary in this stripping. The phosphate bed, after being uncovered, is loosened up by small shots and removed by picks, crowbars, and gads. Mining by stripping can not be looked upon as a permanency, the amount of stripping ground along the outcroppings being limited. The ultimate method of mining will be by drifts ; this will materially increase cost of production. To mine successfully, compressed-air drills must be employed. The rock as brought to bank from the mines requires only to be crushed to sizes, say 3 inches in diameter, to be ready for shipment. No drying or washing is necessary, as with Florida and South Carolina phos¬ phates, the rock being intermixed with no extraneous matter and con¬ taining not above 2 per cent of moisture when mined. These are the strong points in favor of the Tennessee phosphates. At present the cost of mining and putting rock on board cars, ready for shipment, is as follows : Cost'at Duck River Phosphate Company's mines. Per long ton. $1.00 1.50 .25 Hauling (9 miles) to railroad . Breaking . Total cost f. o. b. cars . 2.75 Cost at Tennessee and Southwestern Company's mines. Per long ton. Mining . $1. 00 1.00 .25 Total . 2.25 These estimates do not include brokerage, 10 cents per ton, or man¬ agement, office expenses, and interest. The rock is now being sold in Atlanta, Ga., at $6 per ton, delivered. Average cost f. o. b. cars . $2. 50 Railroad freight to Atlanta . 2. 91 Cost, delivered 5. 41 FERTILIZERS. 633 The margin of profit does not appear large. The present method of hauling to railroad in wagons is not only expensive but is not practica¬ ble during the winter months; consequently, if the industry is to be a permanent one, railroads must be built to the mines. The indications are that this will shortly be done. The crude method of breaking by hand must be abandoned and crushers used. With railroads to the mines the cost of marketing the rock will be materially reduced, but in future, to offset this reduction, the present cheap method of mining by stripping must be superseded by the more expensive drift mining ; con¬ sequently it does not appear that present total figures of cost will in future be materially changed. The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad people have shown a most commendable spirit as re¬ gards freight charges and the present rates are extremely low as com¬ pared with those in force in Florida. OUTLETS. The nearest port of shipment to these deposits is Pensacola, Fla., distant about 450 miles. It is also claimed that New Orleans is prac¬ tical as a port of shipment, the rock to be taken down the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers in barges, but as yet no attempt has been made to market the rock abroad. From their geographical x>osition it would appear that these phosphate beds, even with low rates to the Gulf ports, can not compete, either in Europe or in the markets of our East¬ ern States, with Florida and South Carolina phosphates. It is in the interior States that the consumption of this phosphate must take place. The demands in this territory are as yet small, but the rich lands of the central States are slowly but surely becoming exhausted. The use of chemical manures is increasing, and eventually large super¬ phosphate manufactories will be erected at such points as Chicago, Cincinnati, etc. To the agricultural interests of the Middle States the phosphate beds will prove of much value. The raisers of Tennessee phosphates must restrict their output to keep within the present demand and await the development of the interior superphosphate industry and consumption. Overproduction must render the business unprofitable. CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF BLACK PHOSPHATE. The appended analyses were not made for scientific research, but for ordinary commercial purposes, and are consequently not complete, but show fully the character of the phosphate : 634 MINERAL RESOURCES. Analyses of Tennessee Mack phosphates. [Per cent.] 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 Moisture at 100° C . Insoluble and silicious matter . 1.35 4. 67 2. 00 1.69 .86 1.92 1.88 2. 55 2. 10 2. 32 1. 04 1.60 1.75 2. 30 .53 2. 55 1.43 .71 1.93 .91 3. 07 1.28 .35 2. 78 1.22 2. 56 2.47 .16 1.75 1.40 3.16 .99 .86 1.84 1.27 .56 2. 52 3. 29 1.27 1.70 .70 Iron oxide . 1.54 .74 .91 1.68 1.38 Alumina . Iron combined as py- 1.80 2. 63 Sulphur . Calcium sulphate . 5. 65 1.85 4.20 33. 00 2. 53 5. 75 33. 81 2. 72 6. 18 32. 91 .43 .98 26. 75 Phosphoric acid (P205). Fluorine, titanium, 33.55 30. 46 31.41 35. 69 34.28 Organic matter and combined water . Bone phosphate on dry 74.80 73.40 73.23 67. 32 69. 33 72. 96 78.80 58.65 76. 66 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Moisture at 100° C . 1.34 1.68 2. 22 3. 14 .96 .31 1.29 3. 93 1.40 1.50 1. 65 .91 .48 5. 15 1.38 2. 44 1.59 .57 2. 13 1. 14 3. 64 2. 78 . 86 1. 73 Insoluble and silicious matter . 6. 15 1.81 Iron oxide . 4.34 2.57 .78 Alumina . Iron combined as py- rite . Sulphur . 1.17 2. 66 35. 02 Phosphoric acid (P206) - Fluorine, titanium, 31.63 34. 56 32. 23 32. 04 36. 89 31. 81 30. 64 32.65 33. 74 Organic matter and Bone phosphate on dry 68. 95 76. 36 77.63 71.18 69. 85 80. 42 69.96 67. 14 72. 18 74. 41 Note. — Analyses Nos. 1 to 7 by C. G. Memminger; Nos. 7 to 20 by Lucius P. Brown; Nos. 17 and 18 are bowlders' or kidneys lying in and above black slate. These analyses are from Tennessee Phos¬ phate Company, Swan Creek Phosphate Company, and Southwestern Phosphate Company, and represent material actually being mined and shipped. Nos. 12 and 13 are from outer edgeot vein; the material is oxidized and mixed probably with clay from above. It will be noted that FeS;, pyrite, or, more strictly speaking, “rnarcar- site,” is present in every sample analyzed, and its presence is charac¬ teristic of this phosphate. Alumina is present in only small amount. Fluorine was found in each case, but not determined quantitatively. Titanium in small amounts was also found. In making analyses of these phosphates determinations of both forms of iron should always be made and the results so obtained distinctly stated. Actual work¬ ing tests show that the rock mixes well and gives a mechanically good product. It is an unsettled question as to what action the pyrite will have in reversion of soluble phosphoric acid when the material is allowed to stand after mixing. In case of foreign consumption this is an impor¬ tant matter. The writer reasons as follows : In mixture of the superphosphate the first action when Fe203 is present is: 3Ca3P203-|-Fe203-t-6H2S04 becomes 3CaH4P203+6CaS044- FERTILIZERS. 635 Fe203; and on standing this “reverts,” thus forming, by reason of slow action of the basic oxide, 30a2H2P2O8+30aSO44-Fe2SO4. Then if pyrite is present it is found that 155° acid does not act on this pyrite at common temperatures and not when boiled 155° C; hence the formula, 3Ca3P208+FeS2+6H2S043CaH4P208-f 6CaS04+FeS2. If this pyrite is altered, as it will in time, it acts thus: 2(FeS2)+150 & H20=Fe2 (S04)3+H2S04, so that not only is there no basic oxide to take up S03 from 0aSO4, but there is formed additional H2S04 to prevent this action of some of the A1203 or Fe2C>3 which may be present along with the FeS2 in the rock. Consequently the FeS2 would appear to be rather an advantage than otherwise. Although the analyses show an average of over 70 per cent of bone phosphate of lime, it is probable that on a large working scale cargo lots will run between 65 and 70 per cent. SULPHUR AND PYRITES. By Edward W. Parker. SULPHUR. OCCURRENCE. Sulphur occurs native in several States, but none of commercial value is found east of the Mississippi River. The unimportant localities in the Eastern States are at Cayuga, N. Y. ; at Put-iu-Bay Island, Ohio j at Tampa, Fla., and about 25 miles above Washington, on the Potomac River. It has been mined in California, Nevada, and Utah — principally the last. Many and costly attempts have been made to develop the properties near Lake Charles, La., but without success. The sulphur lies at a considerable depth and is overlaid by quicksands, which pre¬ vent mining by ordinary methods. Sulphur has also been reported in western Texas and in Kansas.1 The entire domestic product since 1891 has been from the mines of the Utah Sulphur Company (formerly the Dickert & Myers Sulphur Company), in Beaver County, Utah. This product is restricted to a comparatively limited local consumption, owing to the low prices at which Sicilian sulphur is brought to the Atlantic seaboard and the importations of Japanese sulphur on the Pacific Coast. Sulphur is now also imported from England, being obtained from alkali waste reclaimed by the Chance process, described in the 1887 volume of this series. The bringing in of this factor, as well as the increased use of pyrites for acid making, has caused the supply of Sicilian sulphur to exceed the demand, with a consequent reduction in price. ' Efforts are now being made to mine the sulphur at Lake Charles by a new and patented process. The patent is owned by Cleveland, Ohio, parties. The method consists in the introduction of super¬ heated water through pipes into the sulphur deposit, the sulphur being liquefied and pumped out. The parties interested were still engaged in making tests of the process at the time this report goes to press (June, 1895). A limited amount of sulphur only has been produced, the operations being hampered by defective machinery. Enough has been done to show that it is possible to obtain sulphur by this method, but the question as to whether it is practicable as a commercial enterprise is not yet determined. 636 SULPHUR AND PYRITES. 637 PRODUCTION. The total amount of sulphur produced in the United States in 1894 was 500 tons, valued at $20,000, the smallest output in any year since 1889, except 1890, when no product at all was obtained. The produc¬ tion of sulphur in the United States has varied considerably from year to year, but has never reached great proportions, the largest product being in 1887, when 3,000 tons were mined. During 1888, 1889, and 1890 the mines of the Dickert & Myers Company, in Beaver County, Utah, were in litigation and not operated, the small product in 1889 being from the mines of the Barnes Sulphur Company, near Frisco, Utah, and the Wise mine, in Nevada. Neither of these properties has been worked since that year. In 1891 the Utah Sulphur Company suc¬ ceeded the Dickert & Myers Company and began working the mines, producing in that year 1,200 tons of sulphur. In the following year the product increased to 2,688 tons, but owing to the unfavorable trade conditions the output in 1893 declined again to 1,200 tons, and still further in 1894 to 500 tons. The following table shows the product of sulphur in the United States since 1880 : Sulphur product of the United States since 1880. Years. Quantity. Value. 1880 . Short tons. 600 $21, 000 1881 . 600 21, 000 1882 . 600 21, 000 1883 . 1,000 27, 000 1884 . 500 12, 000 1885 . 715 17, 875 1886 . 2, 500 75, 000 1887 . 3,000 100, 000 Years. Quantity. V alue. 1888 . Short tons. 1889 . 450 $7, 850 1890 . 1891 . l, 200 2, 688 1,200 500 39, 600 80, 640 42, 000 20, 000 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . REVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY. In proportion to the amount of sulphur consumed in the United States, the domestic product is of slight importance. This fact is due, not to any scarcity of the mineral, but to the remoteness of the deposits from the principal markets and the cost of transportation. Under existing conditions the sulphur from Sicily and England can be sold in the East¬ ern markets and even as far west as the Mississippi Biver at less cost than the Utah mines can profitably dispose of their product; while, as before stated, the markets on the Pacific Coast are supplied by Japa¬ nese sulphur. Our importations show a considerable increase in the volume of business done during the past fifteen years, though market fluctuations are shown from year to year. Taking the tables of imports as compiled by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department it is seen that the total imports of crude sulphur have increased from 638 MINERAL RESOURCES. 87,837 long tons in 1880 to 125,241 long tons in 1894, reaching as high as 162,674 long tons in 1890. Practically all of the sulphur imported prior to 1886 was from Sicily, and since that year the amount received from other sources seems insignificant when compared with the Sicilian sul¬ phur, though amounting to considerable proportions when considered independently, and eclipsing the domestic product several times, in 1886 imports from Japan assumed considerable proportions, amounting to nearly 5,000 long tons. This increased over 20 per cent, or to 6,146 long tons, in 1887. In the two following years the imports from Japan were about the same as in 1887, being 6,332 long tons in 1888 and 6,441 in 1889. In 1890 they more than trebled, reaching a total of 21,031 long tons. This large increase was not maintained, however. During 1891 the imports from Japan were nearly 9,000 tons less than in 1890, but still about double those of 1888 and 1889. They were nearly the same in 1892, but declined to 8,307 long tons in 1893 and 4,777 tons in 1894. A new source of supply was found in 1887. This was the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste. It was the result of thirty years’ effort on the part of Mr. William Gossage, of England, supplemented by six years of study and investigation on the part of Mr. A. M. Chance. Mr. Gossage proved that the calcium sulphide of alkali waste could be decomposed by the carbonic acid gas produced in lime burning, and hydrogen sulphide liberated. Mr. Chance perfected the process and made it economically valuable. This process is fully described in Mineral Resources for 1887. Facilities for using the process were adopted at most of the alkali works in England, but it was not until 1890 that the sulphur thus obtained was brought into commerce in appreciable quantity. During that year England exported to the United States 4,898 long tons of sulphur. In 1891 we imported from the same source, 5,613 tons; in 1892, 6,522 tons; in 1893, 8,777 tons, and in 1894, 12,435 tons. The sulphur obtained from this source was without doubt the direct cause of the decrease in imports of Japanese sulphur in 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894. This is borne out by the fact that the imports from Japan fell off' to the demand of the Pacific Coast, all of the Japanese sulphur in 1893 and 1894 being received at the ports of San Francisco, Cal., and Willamette, Oregon. IMPORTS. The following tables show the total amount of sulphur imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894, the countries from which it was received, and customs districts through which it was imported: SULPHUR AND PYRITES 639 Sulphur imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1894. Years ended — Crude. Quantity. V alue. June 30, 1867 . 1868 . Long tons. 24, 544 $620, 373 18, 151 446, 547 1869 . 23, 590 678, 642 1870 . 27, 380 819, 408 1871 . 36, 131 1, 212, 448 1872 . 25, 380 764, 798 1873 . 45, 533 1, 301, 000 1874 . 40, 990 1, 260, 491 1875 . 39, 683 1,259,472 1876 . 46, 435 1, 475, 250 1877 . 42, 963 1, 242, 888 1878 . 48, 102 1, 179, 769 1879 . 70, 370 1, 575, 533 1880 . 87, 837 2, 024, 121 1881 . 105, 097 2, 713, 485 1882 . 97, 504 2, 627, 402 1883 . 94,540 2, 288, 946 1884 . 105, 112 2, 242, 697 1885 . 96, 839 1, 941, 943 1886 . 117,538 2, 237, 989 1887 . 96, 882 1, 688, 360 Dec. 31, 1888 . 98, 252 1,581,583 1889 . 135, 933 2, 068, 208 1890 . 162, 674 2, 762, 953 1891 . 116, 971 2, 675, 192 1892 . 100, 938 2, 189, 481 1893 . 105, 539 1, 903, 198 1894 . 125, 241 1, 703, 265 Flowers of sul¬ phur. Quantity. Value Long tons. 110 16 97 76 66 36 55 51 18 41 116 159 138 124 98 159 79 178 121 213 279 128 15 12 206 158 241 173 $5, 509 948 4, 576 3, 927 3,514 1,822 2, 924 2, 694 891 2,114 5,873 7, 628 6, 509 5,516 4, 226 6, 926 3,262 7,869 5, 351 8,739 9, 980 4, 202 1,954 1,718 6, 782 5,439 5, 746 4, 145 Refined. Ore. ( a ) Total Quantity. Value. Value. Long tons. 251 $10, 915 $636, 797 65 2, 721 450,216 645 77, 149 6, 528 710, 367 831, 132 157 $1, 269 92 4,328 754 1, 221, 044 57 2, 492 769, 112 36 1,497 1, 305, 421 57 2, 403 1, 265, 588 1, 260, 363 44 1,927 L479| 291 1, 171 36, 962 1, 285, 723 150 5,935 1, 193, 332 69 2, 392 1, 584, 434 158 71 5,262 2,555 2, 034, 899 2, 720, 266 59 2, 196 2, 636, 524 115 4,487 2, 296, 695 126 4, 765 2, 255, 331 114 4, 060 1, 951, 354 116 3, 877 2, 250, 605 84 2, 383 1, 700, 723 27 ’34 1, 586, 519 10 299 2, 070, 461 103 3,060 2, 767, 731 10 1,997 133, 250 2, 817, 221 26 4, 106 587, 981 2, 787, 007 43 1,017 721, 699 2, 631,660 45 1,207 590, 905 2, 299, 522 a Latterly classed under head of pyrites. Statement by countries and by customs districts, showing the imports into the United States of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1894. Countries whence exported and customs districts through which imported. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. V alue. Quan¬ tity. Value. COUNTRIES. Dutch West Indies and Long tons. 1,515 30 24 $15, 427 1,211 910 Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. England . Scotland . Gibraltar . 425 472 290 $14,631 13, 231 7, 789 (?) 160 $16 3, 961 2 806 $335 19, 287 Quebec, Ontario, Mani- 12 47, 494 256 264 1,161,367 7, 548 Italy . Japan . Portugal . 46, 941 456 1, 439, 839 16, 291 41, 819 437 1, 194, 000 13, 137 64, 420 224 467 1, 453, 138 4,528 10, 410 Total . DISTRICTS. Baltimore, Md . Barnstable, Mass . . 48, 966 1, 473, 678 43, 443 1, 242, 788 47, 922 1, 173, 156 65, 919 1, 487, 698 5, 157 157,828 3,882 105, 175 5,455 138, 202 6, 969 600 7, 841 605 890 157, 243 13, 780 173, 506 13, 812 21, 907 Boston and Charlestown, Mass . Charleston, vS. C . 5, 031 154, 883 3, 931 101, 215 5, 795 526 131, 945 12, 267 Delaware, Del . 450 13, 500 12 462 28. 240 6, 657 519 256 264 13, 240 690, 989 167, 222 11, 479 7, 548 Newark, N. J . New Orleans, La . New York, N. Y . Philadelphia, Pa . Providence, R. I . San Francisco, Cal . Savannah, Ga . 172 24, 524 12, 549 600 483 5, 705 721, 092 385, 671 18, 232 17, 367 1,071 150 21, 867 9, 216 1,739 862 725 31, 802 4, 750 654, 997 256, 224 45, 487 27, 768 15, 370 443 100 36, 543 11,704 224 10, 175 2, 087 827, 193 263, 467 4, 528 Total . 48, 966 1, 473, 678 43, 443 1, 242, 788 47, 922 1, 173, 156 65, 919 1, 487, 698 640 MINERAL RESOURCES. Statement by countries and by customs districts, showing the imports into the United Stales of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1894 — Continued. Countries whence exported 1880. 1881. 1882. % 1883. and customs districts through, which imported. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. COUNTRIES. Long tons. 1 $22 36,444 23, 580 Long tons. Long tons. Long tons. 13 $379 1, 664 1,668 $43,311 755 $20, 294 3 88 '988 526 13, 770 34 858 2 8 500 13, 927 2, 504, 862 66, 356 80, 301 282 1, 862, 712 4, 744 102, 771 691 2, 645, 293 16, 253 92. 944 92, 861 2, 248, 870 2, 980 1,038 23, 714 240 7, 875 308 8, 637 500 12, 856 2, 030 Spanish possessions in Af- 9 310 87 Total . 83, 236 1, 927, 502 105, 438 2, 713, 494 97, 956 2, 627, 402 94, 536 2, 288, 795 DISTRICTS. 13, 827 313, 342 _ i . 16, 477 430,917 13, 781 540 364, 384 13, 889 194, 317 161, 281 310 11,977 286, 438 Boston and Charlestown, 8, 207 183, 486 8,860 3,065 226, 801 78, 741 7, 467 7, 756 4,051 173, 569 1, 061 25, 398 6, 025 9 106, 235 New Orleans, La . 280 7, 121 1, 083, 784 254, 892 31, 155 100 2, 646 1, 463, 082 477, 547 17, 507 220 6, 516 1, 260, 222 408, 611 423 10, 378 New York, N. Y . 46. 657 57, 608 17, 987 46, 531 14, 839 1, 244 660 45, 385 22, 772 1,110, 313 549, 095 Philadelphia, Pa . 10, 679 1,255 Providence, R. I . 650 33| 036 17, 760 151, 234 15, 842 '535 13, 830 San Francisco, Cal . 1, 270 28, 324 691 16, 253 6, 054 586 1,072 560 24, 572 14, 365 Savannah, (la . . . Total _ _ 83, 236 1, 927, 502 105, 438 2, 713, 494 97, 956 2, 627, 402 94, 536 2, 288, 795 Countries whence ex¬ ported and customs dis¬ tricts through which imported. 1884. (a) . 1885. 1886. 1887. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. COUNTRIES. Belgium . Long tons. Long tons. 190 $4, 766 Long tons. 60 $1, 718 Long tons. Danish West Indies .... 861 $5, 250 4,437 6,951 England . 606 15, 084 81 2, 535 162 France . 290 Quebec, Ontario, Mani¬ toba, and the North¬ west Territory . 9 Italy . 94, 370 1, 894, 858 25, 683 1,552 112, 283 4, 972 2, 166, 565 66, 505 89, 924 6, 146 1, 588, 146 83, 576 Japan . 1,541 134 Spain . Total . 105 14.2 $2, 242, 678 96, 841 1, 941, 943 117, 396 2, 237, 332 97, 383 1, 688, 360 DISTRICTS. Baltimore, Md . 15 027 303, 226 16, 163 13, 259 14, 505 480 285, 006 11, 040 12, 847 99, 712 19, 307 1,617 364, 958 35, 385 12, 547 1,152 225, 669 22, 816 Barnstable, Mass . 650 Beaufort, S. C . 600 610 Boston and Charles¬ town, Mass . 5,294 112, 152 5,125 3, 681 69, 898 9 4,859 85, 575 Champlain, N. Y . Charleston, S. C . New Orleans, La . 6, 125 132, 570 8, 525 102 169, 564 2, 282 909, 123 381,010 37, 422 33, 937 13, 350 250 58, 758 15, 568 1,265 3, 600 265, 265 5, 102 1, 115, 519 300, 749 25, 930 54, 517 12, 420 220, 598 New York, N. Y . Philadelphia, Pa . 52, 478 18, 786 1, 135, 725 401, 568 15,517 112, 598 45, 537 18, 696 1,840 1,421 46, 711 15, 267 600 3, 176 660 792, 114 269, 216 11,291 50, 521 10, 560 Providence, R. I . 651 5, 522 All other customs dis¬ tricts . Total . 105, 143 2, 242, 678 96, 841 1, 941, 943 117, 396 2, 237, 332 97, 383 1, 686,360 a Sources not reported. SULPHUR AND PYRITES. 641 Statement by countries and by customs districts, showing the imports into the United Stales of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1894 — Continued. Countries whence ex¬ ported and customs dis¬ tricts through which imported. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tify- Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. COUNTRIES. Long Long Long Long tons. tons. tons. tons. Belgium . 83 $1, 993 180 $4, 086 182 $3, 995 267 $6, 576 Danish West Indies . . . 550 9, 076 England . 310 7,200 305 8, 337 4,898 ion 100 5,613 127, 976 Scotland . 20 487 Italy . 92, 528 1, 499, 720 123, 260 1, 935, 368 115, 240 1, 800, 585 101, 660 2, 140, 516 Japan . 6, 332 72, 729 6, 441 77. 853 21,031 221, 316 12,-763 168, 073 Other countries . 501 8,372 Total . 99, 253 1,581, 582 130, 191 2, 025, 644 141, 921 2, 136, 559 120, 804 2, 451, 513 DISTRICTS. Baltimore, Md . 11,989 182, 769 15, 791 234, 693 21, 198 322, 018 9,339 247, 324 Beaufort, S. C . 500 9,000 600 9, 213 1,300 26, 951 Boston and Charles town, Mass . 3, 760 62, 298 6, 446 104, 257 7,410 135, 044 6, 381 136, 402 Charleston, S. C . 12, 005 199, 048 23, 377 364, 859 15, 752 255, 106 28, 281 557, 384 Mobile, Ala . 750 14, 863 Hew Orleans, La . 200 3, 845 200 3, 397 1 300 30, 474 New York, N. Y . 50, 486 816, 286 60, 922 959, 872 66, 359 983, 754 44, 027 910' 075 Pensacola, Fla . 1. 399 23, 206 Philadelphia, Pa . 10,519 173, 699 13, 288 202, 357 13, 919 210, 576 10, 842 216, 763 1, 310 21, 012 570 8, 581 1, 240 19, 160 San Francisco, Cal . 6, 352 78, 732 4, 539 57, 925 8j 223 87', 391 8,819 115, 637 2,345 44, 244 5, 560 86, 826 5, 245 99, 717 Willamette, Oreg. . 288 11, 852 Wilmington, N.C . 1,532 25, 893 1,753 28, 443 2, 040 32, 800 2,832 60, 843 All other customs dis- tricts . 600 9,000 560 11, 200 20 287 1 22 Total . 99, 253 1, 581, 582 130, 191 2, 025, 644 141,921 2, 136, 559 120, 804 2, 451,513 Countries whence ex¬ ported and customs dis¬ tricts through which imported. 1892. 1893. 1894. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. COUNTRIES. England . Long tons. 6, 522 $162, 616 Long tons. 8, 777 1,452 $186, 914 27, 288 Long tons. 12, 435 $228, 300 France . 1 1 90, 668 23 49 2, 147, 942 Quebec, Ontario, etc... Italy . 8 103, 146 269 958, 303 68, 854 899 4,777 1,031,690 15. 343 62, 567 Japan . Total . DISTRICTS. . Baltimore, Md . Boston and Charles¬ town, Mass . Charleston, S. C . Mobile, Ala . 12, 227 213, 776 8, 307 133, 455 109, 419 2, 524, 406 121, 690 2, 305, 464 86, 965 1, 337, 900 9, 981 9,086 14, 651 263, 293 221,033 364, 593 13, 759 11,001 10, 885 271, 949 224, 624 209, 246 9, 854 12, 649 10, 560 774 2, 407 35, 319 5, 149 132, 272 227. 976 163, 358 12, 740 34, 184 548, 742 73, 980 New Orleans, La . New York, N. Y . Philadelphia, Pa . 2, 118 52, 647 9, 380 2, 000 47, 165 1,191,169 211,570 42, 460 2, 441 57, 474 12, 625 43, 970 1, 085, 289 241, 293 700 4, 424 2,712 559 1,858 9, 063 59, 790 42, 439 6, 647 26,709 San Francisco, Cal . 7, 256 127, 797 7, 766 4,650 541 540 8 125, 507 86, 562 7,948 8,807 269 Willamette, Oreg . W ilmington, N.C . 398 1, 900 6, 866 48, 388 All other customs dis- 2 72 Total . 109,419 2, 524, 406 121, 690 2, 305, 464 86,965 1,337,900 As will be seen from the foregoing table, the principal source of our supply of sulphur is from Italy, or more properly the island of Sicily. 10 GEOL, PT 4 - 41 642 MINERAL RESOURCES. Ill this connection the subsequent tables of exports of this mineral from Sicily and the imports of Sicilian sulphur into the United States will be found interesting. The total production of sulphur in Italy in 1893 (the latest year for which the figures are obtainable) was, according to the official reports, 417,671 metric tons, valued at $5,616,018. The sul¬ phur imported from England is chiefly reclaimed sulphur from alkali waste by the Chance process (see Mineral Resources, 1887, p. 607). The only other countries from which sulphur was imported in 1894, according to the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, were Spain and Japan. The amount imported from Japan in 1894 was 4,777 long tons, practically all of which was received at San Francisco. Japanrs total product of sulphur in 1892 was 21,403 metric tons. SICILIAN SULPHUR. The figures in the following tables, showing exports of sulphur from Sicily, the countries to which exported, and the ports through which the imports into the United States were received, have been furnished by Mr. A. S. Malcoinson, of New York : Total exports of sulphur from Sicily since 1883. Countries. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. United States . France . Italy . United Kingdom . Greece . Portugal . Russia . Germany . Austria . Turkey . Spain . Belgium . Holland . Sweden . South America . Tons. 96, 629 63, 602 66, 810 41, 788 10, 494 15, 298 10,413 7, 232 4, 915 3, 043 5, 242 7, 660 1, 256 1, 010 Tons. 94, 929 65, 098 56, 292 40, 760 7, 033 11, 018 12, 831 6, 622 6, 037 1,285 3, 920 6, 793 696 744 Tons. 99, 378 58, 264 49, 415 33, 402 13, 664 17, 760 13, 420 6, 103 5, 965 3, 077 2, 243 9, 516 1, 237 328 Tons. 98, 590 54, 280 48, 658 30, 236 19, 697 30,943 10, 570 8, 689 5, 800 4, 598 5, 890 6,580 2, 999 1,916 Tons. 89, 419 56, 222 48, 997 30, 007 18, 370 16, 587 13,441 9, 700 6, 702 6, 238 5, 873 5,318 1, 747 1, 169 710 600 202 Tons. 128, 265 52, 083 47, 664 35, 634 5, 809 15, 851 22, 043 12, 402 8,942 1,457 3, 433 6,951 2, 793 3, 004 95 885 464 Australia . Denmark . 810 Other countries . Total . 335, 392 314, 058 314, 582 329, 446 311, 302 347, 775 Countries. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. United States . France . Italy . United Kingdom . Greece . Portugal . Russia . Germany . . Austria . Turkey . Spain . Belgium . Holland . Tons. 109, 008 67, 340 43, 523 39, 203 10, 158 16, 799 17, 678 15.401 8, 984 2,231 6, 586 7, 752 2,424 3, 899 23 Tons. 106, 656 71, 790 40, 231 26, 213 18, 103 16, 695 17, 158 15, 703 8, 746 4, 231 5, 679 7, 279 Tons. 97, 520 56, 168 42, 212 23, 408 11, 414 11, 439 11,930 10, 629 10, 575 3, 000 3, 845 5,089 Tons. 84, 450 73, 176 38, 711 24, 853 14, 845 13, 490 14, 178 14, 326 9,096 (a) 7, 382 5, 133 2. 183 4, 561 Tons. 83, 901 89, 736 54, 486 27, 453 13, 840 14, 545 19, 730 16, 259 10, 169 (a) 3,499 4, 358 2,957 6, 579 Tons. 105, 773 56, 932 49, 895 22, 165 16, 870 8, 670 17, 977 16, 437 11, 494 (a) 3, 445 5, 644 2, 365 7, 887 Sweden . 3, 314 2, 252 1, 200 (6) 3, 152 Denmark . Other countries . Total . 443 400 2, 565 300 3, 542 (6) 1,680 (6) 3, 376 351, 451 344, 763 293, 323 309, 536 349, 192 1 328, 930 a Included in exports to Greece. b Included in exports to Sweden. SULPHUR AND PYRITES 643 The ports in the United States to which such shipments were made, together with tne amount shipped to each since 1883, and the quality of the shipments since 188G, are shown in the following tables: rorts in the United States receiving Sicilian sulphur and the amount received hy each. Ports. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. Tons. 41, 238 5, 425 23, 123 16,175 5, 864 Tons. 46, 460 7,706 19, 234 13, 986 4, 723 Tons. 50, 814 12, 416 12, 153 16, 435 4, 200 Tons. 49, 952 10, 556 15, 662 15, 680 3,800 Tons. 45, 979 14, 324 11, 764 10, 306 3, 300 1,020 Tons. 60, 706 22, 496 11, 793 17, 330 6, 300 2, 355 3,545 Baltimore . Boston . Wilmington, N. C . Savannah . Pensacola . 600 650 670 1,884 350 650 610 1,140 680 1,370 660 1, 180 1, 000 630 600 296 200 600 1,250 480 Providence . Sundries . 500 100 470 New Orleans . 250 1, 060 250 1, 160 Woods Holl . 1, 100 Mobile . Delaware Breakwater.. Portland . Norfolk . Total . 96, 629 94, 929 99, 378 98, 590 89,419 128, 265 Ports. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. New York . Tons. 55, 939 12, 399 14, 334 15, 316 4, 950 2, 040 3, 240 Tons. 37, 390 27, 563 11, 094 16, 700 2, 500 1, 309 5, 920 1,390 600 650 Tons. 49, 023 21,646 6, 856 11,365 1,950 2, 600 1, 550 Tons. 49, 090 4,510 10, 400 12, 355 3, 325 Tons. 43, 396 13, 525 8,160 9,950 500 1,140 5, 330 Tons. 46, 875 15, 296 5, 400 15, 300 4,317 1,890 9,795 Philadelphia . Baltimore . Boston . Wilmington, N. C . Savannah . 1, 170 700 800 1,500 Providence . 590 Sundries . New Orleans . 200 800 1,200 2, 000 1,900 2, 400 Woods Holl . Mobile . 740 800 630 2, 000 Norfolk . 1, 400 Total . 109, 008 106, 656 97, 520 84,850 83, 901 105, 773 644 MINERAL RESOURCES. Quality of Sicilian sulphur received at the different ports of the United States since 1886. Ports. New York . Charleston . Philadelphia. .. Baltimore....... Boston . Savannah . Wilmington, N. C . New Orleans. .. Other ports.... Total 1886. ® .2 ® s -a a a » § -w a IK IK ® B5 Tons. 36, 352 7, 506 4,660 7,325 600 1, 180 'P 9 ® pq Tons. 13, 600 3,050 11, 002 8,355 3, 200 1,760 57,623 40,967 1887. 42 © o& co ID pq Tons. 29, 919 8, 875 2, 127 4, 463 200 1,020 " i 06 46,710 U3 t. ® pq Tons. 16, 060 5,449 9, 637 5, 843 3,100 2,620 1888. r} ® * o5 a -a 9 § a a +3 © 02 02 © pq Tons. 35, 573 15, 485 3,050 11, 380 700 2, 130 2, 355 1,500 42,709 72,173 -a pq Tons. 25, 133 7, 011 8, 743 5, 950 5,600 1,415 2,240 56, 092 1889. ® M • • pH IX1 9 o - o 42 ® 03 CO ® pq Tons. 32, 983 6, 325 2, 000 7, 656 750 2, 790 2, 040 200 53, 744 ® Tons. 22, 956 6,074 12, 334 7, 660 4, 200 1,450 590 55, 264 1890. ® M • ■p 00 a-a a n K o D o 42 © 00 00 « pq Tons. 20, 801 20, 873 1,000 5, 930 200 2, 750 1,309 -a t- ® pq Tons. 16, 589 6, 690 10, 094 10, 770 2,300 3, 170 1,540 54, 403 2, 640 52, 253 Ports. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. hS © M • •pH 02 C £ o o ® 02 03 © pq 03 U +3 02 © PQ © M . a >3 ** © +3 © O 3 00 © PQ CO nS u 2 -*» 02 © PQ nS © M • •pH 02 d n 3 § © 02 02 © PQ ao hS 2 00 © PQ nS © a oo ans a a £ © - o +=> © 02 02 © PQ GO |g 2 4-1 00 © pq New York . Charleston . Philadelphia. . . Baltimore . Boston . Savannah . Wilmington, N. C Tons. 29, 358 17,196 450 4, 510 1,300 850 1,900 Tons. 19, 665 4, 450 6,406 6, 855 650 700 700 Tons. 34, 390 4,010 3,600 900 1,825 600 Tons. 14, 700 500 6, 800 11,455 1,500 570 Tons. 29, 146 11, 665 1,900 2,050 500 3, 450 Tons. 14, 250 1,860 6, 260 7, 900 1, 880 1, 140 Tons. 33, 150 3,273 350 600 1,017 5,695 Tons. 13, 725 12, 023 5, 050 14, 700 3, 300 4, 100 1,890 1,900 2,400 800 Other ports.... Total .... 1, 200 1,330 4,000 ; . 3,700 56, 764 40, 756 49, 325 35, 525 50,611 33, 290 47, 285 58, 488 PYRITES.1 PRODUCTION. Sympathizing with the trade depression in 1893, the production of pyrites for acid making decreased to 75,777 long tons from 109,788 long tons in 1892. The industry recovered its usual proportions in 1894, with an output of 105,940 long tons, with a value larger than at any time in its history. The product was slightly less than in either 1891 or 1892, but this was more than compensated for in the increased value, and as at the close of the year producers reported the demand more than equal to the supply, the prospects for pyrites in the future are very encouraging, and this in the face of a heavy decline in the value of imported sulphur and increased importations. The imports of crude sulphur in 1893 were 105,539 long tons, valued at $1,903,198, an average of about $18 per ton, and in 1894, 125,241 long tons, valued at $1,703,205, an average of $13.60 per ton. 1 See report on acid making from pyrites by R. P. Rothwell, Mineral Resources, 1886; also abstract from a paper by Karl F. Stahl, Mineral Resources, 1893. SULPHUR AND PYRITES 645 Production of pyrites in the United States from 1882 to 1894. Years. Quantity. V alue. 1882 . Long tons. 12, 000 $72, 000 1883 . 25, 000 137, 500 1884 . 35, 000 175, 000 1885 . 49, 000 220, 500 1886 . 55, 000 220, 000 1887 . 52, 000 210, 000 1888 . 54, 331 167, 658 Years. Quantity. Value. 1889 . Long tons. 93, 705 99, 854 106, 536 109, 788 75, 777 105,940 $202, 119 273, 745 338, 880 305, 191 256, 552 363, 134 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . IMPORTS. The following table shows the imports of pyrites containing not more than 34 per cent of copper from 1884 to 1894 : Imports of pyrites containing not more than 3. 5 per cent of copper from 1884 to 1894 (a). Years. Quantity. Value. Years. Quantity. Value. 1884 . Long tons. 16, 710 6, 078 1, 605 16, 578 $50, 632 18, 577 9, 771 49, 661 1891 . Long tons. 100, 648 152, 359 194, 934 163, 546 $392, 141 587, 980 721, 699 590, 905 1885 . 1892 . 1886 . 1893 . 1887 . 1894 . a Previous to 1884 classed among sulphur ores; 1887 to 1891 classed among other iron ores; since 1891 includes iron pyrites containing 25 per cent and more of sulphur. SALT By Edward W. Parker. PRODUCTION. The salt product of the United States in 1894 was 12,967,417 barrels of 280 pounds, against 11,897,208 barrels in 1893. In addition to the fact that the total output in 1894 was more than that of 1893, there was a larger production of the finer grades of table and dairy salts, and, consequently, a greater comparative increase in the value, from $4,154,668 in 1893 to $4,739,285 in 1894. The total product of salt from brine (including salt contents of brine used for making soda ash) in 1894 was 10,700,811 barrels, while the output of rock salt was 2,266,606 barrels, against 10,013,063 barrels of brine salt and 1,884,145 barrels of rock salt in 1893. The increased production of the finer grades of salt by American manufacturers is gratifying, in the face of conditions by no means encouraging to the industry. Prices for several years have ruled so low that few producers have found a profitable market for their out¬ put. In 1893 the average net price for all the salt produced in the United States was 34£ cents per barrel of 280 pounds. In 1894, with the increased production of table and dairy salts the average price was about 37£ cents per barrel. In comparing the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894 with those of previous years, it must be remembered that in stating the value of the product in the last two years the cost of packages has been uniformly deducted. The returns for previous years include in most cases the cost of packages in which the product is sold, and due allowance must be made for a seemingly large decrease in value. Previous to 1893 no record was obtained of the different grades of salt produced, and, owing to the fact that the grading of salt differs in different States, the following distribution is not absolutely correct. 646 SALT. 647 It is sufficiently exact for practical purposes and for comparison with the product of 1893 : Production of salt in 1894, by States and grades. States. Table. California . . Barrels. 29, 929 Illinois . Kansas . Louisiana . Michigan . 114, 667 179 923, 750 50, 000 New York . Ohio . Texas . 4, 379 42, 764 3, 601 9,250 Utah . Virginia . West Virginia . Total . 1, 178, 519 Dairy. Common coarse. Packers. Solar. Barrels. 11, 786 Barrels. 98, 314 Barrels. 32, 857 Barrels. 121, 071 889, 496 25, 883 127, 379 1,548 69, 094 22, 428 28, 236 16,081 29, 500 611, 028 96, 699 33, 617 3,500 15, 000 434, 591 25, 729 82, 121 8,954 1,986 2, 143 1,660, 621 438, 074 103, 041 587, 305 Common fine. Barrels. 2, 771 50, 000 60, 100 3, 026, 497 500 1, 232, 146 352, 884 160, 000 138, 478 21, 429 51, 667 185, 282 5, 281, 754 States. Rock. Milling. Other. Total. Value. ! Barrels. 24, 864 Barrels. 8,857 Barrels. 1, 797 Barrels. 332, 246 50, 000 1, 382, 409 186, 050 3, 341, 425 3, 670 6, 270, 588 528, 996 203, 236 142, 857 268, 186 64, 222 194, 532 $172, 678 27, 500 529, 392 86, 134 1, 243, 619 4,030 1, 999, 146 187, 432 83, 750 101, 000 209, 077 43,580 51, 947 Illinois . 432, 813 186, 050 1,418 1,443 1, 616, 629 a 1, 349, 733 3, 485 Utah . 6, 250 85, 321 443 2, 266, 606 95, 621 a 1,356,876 12, 967, 417 4, 739, 285 a Includes salt contents of brine used in manufacture of chemicals. Production of salt in 1893, by States and grades. States. Table. Dairy. Common fine. Common coarse. Packers . Barrels. 14, 286 Barrels. 3, 571 Barrels. 3,571 59,161 a 959, 466 Barrels. 32, 143 Barrels. 21,487 157, 148 381 21, 483 181 2, 619, 244 52 105, 372 922, 960 206, 384 13 20, 017 New York: 782, 031 479, 139 103, 126 30, 672 65, 000 130, 000 33, 000 304, 839 217, 343 6126, 000 c 81,507 158, 975 30, 000 20, 000 14, 124 10, 000 5, 357 100, 000 1,071 51, 761 357 Total . . 1, 024, 203 767, 374 5, 558, 490 444, 498 96, 657 a Includes all grades, except the rock salt product. b Includes table, dairy, and common coarse. c Includes some table, dairy, and milling. 648 MINERAL RESOURCES Production of salt in 1S9S, by States and grades — Continued. States. Solar. Rock. Milling. Agricul¬ tural. Total product. Total value. Barrels, o, 214, 229 Barrels. 3, 571 Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. 292, 858 59, 161 1,277, 180 191, 430 3, 057, 898 6, 559 1,970,716 2, 319, 928 1,371, 430 543, 963 280, 343 126, 000 189, 006 210, 736 $137, 962 30, 168 471, 543 97, 200 888, 837 4,481 582, 893 909, 191 378, 000 209, 393 136, 436 110, 267 130, 075 68, 222 IlliDois . 317, 714 191, 430 Michigan . 30, 000 3,622 791 Nevada . 5, 141 New York : Ouandaga district. . . . Warsaw district . a 1, 865, 344 2, 000 Kock salt . 1, 371, 430 Ohio . . . Pennsylvania . U tah . 714 Total . 2, 110, 287 1, 884, 145 5, 141 6,413 11,897,208 4, 154, 668 a The salt classed as “solar” in California and New York includes all not otherwise classified by producers. In reporting production some operators use tlie bushel as a unit of measurement, some the short ton, and some the barrel. For the sake of convenience the product of each State in the preceding and follow¬ ing tables has been reduced to one unit, the barrel, containing 280 pounds, or 5 bushels of 56 pounds, and a ton being equal to 7^ barrels. Comparative table of production of salt in States and Territories from 1883 to 1894. States and Territories. 1883. 1884. Quantity. V alue. Quantity. V alue. Michigan . Barrels. 2, 894, 672 $2, 344, 684 Barrels. 3, 161, 806 $2, 392, 536 New York . 1,619, 486 680. 638 1, 788, 454 705, 978 Ohio . 350, 000 231, 000 320, 000 201, 600 West Virginia . 320, 000 211, 000 310, 000 195, 000 Louisiana . 265,215 141, 125 223, 964 125, 677 California . 214, 286 150, 000 178, 571 120, 000 Utah . 107, 143 100, 000 114, 285 80, 000 Nevada . 21,429 15, 000 17, 857 12, 500 Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Tennes¬ see, Kentucky, and other States and Territories (a) . 400, 000 377, 595 400, 000 364, 443 Total . 6, 192,231 4, 251, 042 6, 514, 937 4, 197, 734 1885. 1886. States and Territories. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Michigan . Barrels. 3, 297, 403 $2, 967, 663 Barrels. 3, 677, 257 $2, 426, 989 New York . 2, 304, 787 874, 258 2, 431, 563 1, 243, 721 Ohio . 306, 847 199, 450 400, 000 260, 000 West Virginia . 223, 184 145, 070 250, 000 162, 500 Louisiana . 299, 271 139, 911 299, 691 108, 372 California . 221, 428 160, 000 214, 285 150, 000 Utah . 107, 140 75, 000 164, 285 100. 000 Nevada . 28, 593 20, 000 30, 000 21, 000 Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Tennes¬ see, Kentucky, and other States and Territories (a) . 250, 000 243, 993 240, 000 352, 763 Total . 7, 038, 653 4, 825, 345 7, 707, 081 4, 825, 345 a Estimated, SALT, 649 Comparative table of production of salt in States and Territories, etc. — Continued. States and Territories. 1887. 1888. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Michigan . Barrels. 3, 944, 309 2, 353, 560 365, 000 225, 000 341, 093 200, 000 325, 000 $2, 291,842 936, 894 219, 000 135, 000 118, 735 140, 000 102, 375 Barrels. 3, 866, 228 2, 318, 483 380, 000 220, 000 394, 385 220, 000 151,785 155, 000 350, 000 $2, 261, 743 1, 130, 409 247, 000 143, 000 134, 652 92, 400 32, 000 189, 000 143, 999 New York . Ohio . West Virginia . California . Utah . . Kansas . Other States and Territories (a).... Total . 250, 000 150, 000 8, 003, 962 4, 093, 846 8, 055, 881 4, 374, 203 States and Territories. 1889. 1890. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Michigan . Barrels. 3, 856, 929 2, 273, 007 250, 000 200, 000 325, 629 150, 000 200, 000 450, 000 300, 000 $2, 088, 909 1, 136, 503 162, 500 130, 000 152, 000 63, 000 60, 000 202, 500 200, 000 Barrels. 3, 837, 632 2, 532, 036 231,303 229, 938 273, 553 62, 363 427, 500 882, 666 300, 000 $2, 302, 579 1, 266, 018 136, 617 134, 688 132, 000 57, 085 126, 100 397, 199 200, 000 New York . . Ohio . West Virginia . Louisiana . California . Utah . Kansas . Other States and Territories (a).... Total . 8, 005, 565 4, 195, 412 8, 776, 991 4, 752, 280 States and Territories. 1891. 1892. Quantity. Value. Quantity. V alue. Barrels. 3, 966, 784 2, 839, 544 (6) (6) 173, 714 200, 949 969, 000 60, 799 855, 536 39, 670 70, 442 $2, 037, 289 1, 340, 036 (6) (b) 102, 375 90, 303 265, 350 39, 898 304, 775 34, 909 70, 425 Barrels. 3, 829, 478 3,472, 073 | 899, 244 200, 000 235, 774 1, 292, 471 22, 929 1, 480, 100 60, 000 60, 000 25,571 121, 250 $2, 046, 963 1,662, 816 394, 720 100, 000 104, 938 340, 442 22, 806 773, 989 48, 000 50, 00C 10.741 99, 500 New York . Ohio . West Virginia . Louisiana . California . IJtah . Nevada . Kansas . Illinois . Virginia . Other States and Territories {a).... Total . 811,507 430, 761 9, 987, 945 4, 571, 121 11, 698, 890 5, 654,915 States and Territories. 1893. 1894. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Michigan . . . Barrels. 3, 057, 898 5, 662, 074 543, 963 210, 736 191, 430 292, 858 189, 006 6, 559 1, 277, 180 59, 161 $888, 837 1, 870, 084 209, 393 68. 222 97, 200 137, 962 130, 075 4, 481 471, 543 30, 168 Barrels. 3, 341, 425 6, 270, 588 528, 996 194, 532 186, 050 332, 246 268, 186 3, 670 1, 382, 409 50, 000 64, 222 203, 236 142, 857 $1,243,619 1, 999, 146 187, 432 51, 947 86, 134 172, 678 209, 077 4,030 529, 392 27, 500 43, 580 83, 750 101, 000 Ohio . West Virginia . Utah . Kansas . 280, 343 126, 000 136, 436 110, 267 Total . 11, 897, 208 4, 154, 668 12,967, 417 4, 739, 285 a Estimated. b Included in “Other States.” 650 MINERAL RESOURCES. CALIFORNIA. The total amount of salt produced in California in 1894 was 332,246 barrels, valued at $172,678, against 298,858 barrels, valued at $137,962, in 1893. Of the product in 1894, 24,864 barrels were rock salt mined in San Bernardino County. The remainder is obtained by solar evaporation of sea water. The sea water is run into ponds at high tide by means of water gates, the ponds covering from 50 to 150 acres. The water remains in these ponds until a brine of proper strength is obtained, when it is drawn off into settling ponds, and from the set¬ tling ponds into the crystallizing ponds, the length of time for each operation depending upon the condition of the weather. Salt product of California since 1883. Tears. Barrels. Value. Tears. Barrels. Value. 1883 . 214, 286 178, 571 221, 428 214, 285 200, 000 220, 000 $150, 000 120, 000 160, 000 150, 000 140, 000 92, 400 1889 . 150, 000 62, 363 200, 949 235, 703 292, 858 332, 246 $63, 000 57, 085 90, 303 104, 788 137, 962 172, 678 1884. . 1890 . 1885 .. 1891 . 1886 1892 . 1887 . 1893 . 1888 . 1894 . ILLINOIS. The output of salt in Illinois during 1894 was 50,000 barrels, valued at $27,500, against 59,161 barrels, valued at $30,168 in 1893. Statistics of salt production in Illinois were not obtained prior to 1891. Since that time the output, which is all obtained from brine, has been as follows : Salt product of Illinois since 1891. Tears. Barrels. Value. 1891 . 39, 670 60, 000 59, 161 50, 000 $34, 909 48, 000 30,168 27, 500 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . KANSAS. Kansas produced 1,382,409 barrels of salt in 1894, of which 949,596 barrels were from brine and 432,813 barrels were rock salt. In 1893 the total product was 1,277,180 barrels, which included 959,466 barrels of brine and 317,714 barrels of rock salt. All of the brine salt is manu¬ factured into the finer grades, particularly dairy salt, and a large por¬ tion of the rock salt, which in some places is very pure, is ground for table use. The records of salt production date back only as far as 1888. In that year the total product reported was 155,000 barrels. In 1889 it had increased to 450,000 barrels; in 1890 to 822,666 barrels, and in 1894 it had reached 1,382,409 barrels, or nearly nine times the output six years before. SALT. 651 Salt product of Kansas since 1888. Tears. Barrels. Value. Tears. Barrels. Value. 1888 . 155, 000 450, 000 822, 666 855, 536 $189, 000 202, 500 397, 199 304, 775 1892 . 1, 480, 100 1, 277, 180 1, 382, 409 $773, 989 471, 543 529, 392 1889 . 1893 . 1890 . 1894 . 1891 . LOUISIANA. The entire salt production of Louisiana is rock salt from the Petite Anse mine, a full description of which will be found in Mineral .Resources for 1882. Another salt formation is found in the north¬ western part of the State. This is a group of salty flats or u licks,' ” which are also described in the report for 1882. The early settlers of Louisiana obtained their supplies of salt here by artificial evaporation of the brine, but for thirty or forty years the localities have been deserted. The salt of Petite Anse stands well in the opinion of meat packers in the South on account of its quick action in the process of curing. The following table shows the annual output from this mine since 1882 : Production of the Petite Anse salt mine since 1882. Tears. Short tons. 1882 . 25, 550 37, 130 1883 . 1884 . 3lj 355 41, 898 41, 957 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 47 | 750 25, 214 1888 . Tears. Short tons. 1889 .A . 45, 588 1890 . 39j 979 1891 . 24; 320 28, 000 1892 . 1893 . 26i 800 26, 047 1894 . MICHIGAN. Until 1893 Michigan held first place in the list of salt-producing States, but was supplanted in that year by New York. The product in 1894 was 3,341,425 barrels, an increase of about 10 per cent over that of 1893. The following table is brought forward from the previous volumes. It gives the amount of salt reported by the inspectors for the fiscal years ending November 30. They do not represent the actual produc¬ tion, as the contents of the bins at the beginning and close of the year have to be deducted and added to obtain the product. For instance, in 1893 the amount inspected is given at 3,514,485 barrels. To this must be added the amount in the bins November 30, 1893, which was 506,402 barrels, making a total of 4,020,887 barrels, and from this should be deducted the amount of salt in bins at the beginning of the year, 1,001,780 barrels, showing the production to have been, accord¬ ing to the inspectors, 3,019,107 barrels, as compared with 3,057,898 652 MINERAL RESOURCES. barrels reported to tbe Survey for the calendar year. In 1894, the total amount of salt made for the fiscal year, according to the inspect¬ ors’ report, was 3,485,428 barrels for the fiscal year, against 3,341,425 for the calendar year reported to the Survey. The amount of salt in bins November 30, 1894, was 852,889 barrels : Grades of all salt produced in Michigan , as reported hg the inspectors, from 1869 to 1894, inclusive. Tears. Fine. Packers. Barrels. Barrels. 1869 . 513, 989 12,918 1870 . 568, 326 17, 869 1871 . 655, 923 14, 677 1872 . 672, 034 11, 110 1873 . 746, 762 23, 671 1874 . 960, 757 20, 090 1875 . 1, 027, 886 10, 233 1876 . 1,402, 410 14, 233 1877 . 1,590, 841 20, 389 1878 . 1 , 770, 361 19. 367 1879 . 1,997.350 15, 641 1880 . 2, 598, 037 16,691 1881 . 2, 673, 910 13, 885 1882 . 2, 928, 542 17,208 1883 . 2, 828, 987 15, 424 1884 . 3, 087, 033 19, 308 1885 . 3, 230, 646 15,480 1886 . 3, 548, 731 22, 221 1887 . 3,819, 738 19, 385 1888 . 3, 720,319 18,126 1889 . 3,721,099 19, 780 1890 . 20, 337 1891 . 1892 3, 764, 108 11,400 1893 . . 3, 421, 607 16, 550 1894 . 3, 072, 241 15, 944 Solar. Barrels. 15, 264 15, 507 37, 645 21, 461 32, 267 29, 391 24, 336 24,418 22, 949 33, 541 18, 020 22, 237 9, 683 31, 335 16, 735 16, 957 19, 84 S 31, 177 13, 903 26, 174 17, 617 18, 896 17, 335 11,893 7,744 Second quality. Barrels. 19, 117 19, 650 19, 930 19,876 20, 706 16, 741 19,410 21, 668 26,818 32, 615 27, 029 48, 623 52. 821 60, 222 33, 526 38, 508 31,428 71,235 73, 905 87, 694 93, 455 143, 068 121, 269 64, 435 44, 012 Common coarse. Barrels. 3, 893 17, 378 13,915 4, 978 13, 559 Total for each year. Barrels. 561, 288 621,352 728, 175 724, 481 823, 346 1, 026, 979 1,081,865 1, 462, 729 1, 660, 997 1, 855, 884 2, 058, 040 2, 685, 588 2, 750, 299 3, 037, 307 2, 894,672 3, 161, 806 3, 297, 403 3, 677, 257 3, 944, 309 3, 866. 228 3, 856, 929 3, 837, 632 3, 927, 671 3, 812, 054 3, 514, 485 3, 138, 944 NEVADA. A large part of the salt product of Nevada is used by the silver smelters. The closing down of many of these works has caused a great falling off in salt production from 22,929 barrels in 1892 to 6,559 barrels in 1893 and 3,670 barrels in 1894. Milling salt decreased from 5,141 barrels in 1893 to 1,443 barrels in 1894. NEW YORK. In 1893 New York took first place in the production of salt, and will probably continue to hold that position for some time to come. The returns for 1894 show a total product of 6,270,588 barrels, with a net value of $1,999,146, against 5,662,074 barrels in 1893, valued at $1,870, - 084. The product in 1894 included 1,616,629 barrels, or 226,328 short tons, of rock salt, and 4,653,959 barrels of salt from brine. Brine salt is obtained from two localities, the Onondaga Reservation, in the vicinity of Syracuse, and the Warsaw district, so named from the town of Warsaw, situated in its center. In the Onondaga district the brine is supplied to the manufacturers by the State, the State receiv¬ ing 1 cent per bushel for all salt inspected. Most of the product of this region is coarse salt obtained by solar evaporation, though there SALT. 653 are a few manufacturers who make liue salt in open pans and grain ers. In the Warsaw district manufacturers work independently, obtaining their own brine and producing the finer qualities of salt. The rock salt mined at Le Roy, Retsof, Mount Morris, Piffard, Greigsville, etc., is shipped chiefly in bulk and used for curing fish and meats and for other purposes where fineness of grain and exceptional purity are not important. NEW YORK BRINE SALT. As stated above, there are two regions in Xew York producing salt from brine, the Onondaga Reservation, near Syracuse, Onondaga County, and the Warsaw district, in Warsaw County. ONONDAGA DISTRICT. Since 1797, nearly one hundred years ago, salt has been made from brine furnished by the State. For nearly half a century the product was entirely fine salt made by artificial evaporation, the production of solar salt not beginning until 1841. The production of fine salt on the reservation reached its maximum in 1862, when a little over 7,000,000 bushels, or 1,400,000 barrels, were made. From 1862 to 1885 it aver¬ aged about 5,000,000 bushels annually, reaching as high as 6,804,295 in 1869, and as low as 3,083,998 in 1876. Since 1885 the production of fine salt has shown a rapidly declining tendency, the output in 1893 being but 733,854 bushels and in 1894 871,859 bushels. The production oi solar or coarse salt, which began in 1841, had not reached a million bushels up to 1857, but in 1858 jumped to over 1,500,000 bushels. In 1867 it amounted to a little over 2,000,000 bushels, and continued at something above that average until 1881 and 1882, in which years it was a little more than 3,000,000, and passed that figure again in 1887, 1888, and 1892. As in the production of fine salt, 1893 and 1894 were both bad years, the output being in each year a little over 2,300.000 bushels. The State has in the past derived considerable revenue from the tax of 1 cent per bushel on all salt made from brine furnished by it on the reservation, but for several years it has ceased to be profit¬ able. Competition has been very keen, particularly since the develop¬ ment of the Warsaw district in 1883, and the seemingly small tax of 1 cent on a bushel has been enough to cause a number of producers to close down. The decrease in production has cut off much of the rev¬ enue, and in 1893 and 1894 the expenses of maintenance by the State have largely exceeded the income. In 1893 the total revenue derived was only $30,659, while the expenses for maintenance were $74,165, leaving a deficit of $43,506, nearly one and a half times the total rev¬ enue. In 1894 the revenue was $32,278 and the expenses $61,405, leaving a deficit of $29,127. At the last constitutional election held in the State the legislature was empowered to provide for the sale of the Salt Springs Reservation, and it is probable that this will be done. 654 MINERAL RESOURCES The following table shows the total product of the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation since 1797 : Production of the Onondaga district, 1797 to 1894. [Bushels of 56 pounds.] Tears. Solar. 1797 . 1798 . 1799 . 1800 . 1801 . 1802 . 1803 . 1.804 . 1805 . 1806 . 1807 . 1808 . 1809 . 1810 . 1811 . 1812 . 1813 . 1814 . 1815 . 1816 . 1817 . 1818 . 1819 . 1820 . 1821 . , 1822 . 1823 .. 1824 . 1825 . 1826 . 1827 . 1828 . 1829 . 1830 . 1831 . 1832 . 1833 . 1834 . 1835 . 1836 . 1837 . 1838 . 1839 . 1840 . 1841 . 220, 247 163, 021 318, 105 332, 418 353, 455 1842 . 1843 . 1844 . 1845 . Fine. Total. 25, 474 25, 474 59, 928 59, 928 42, 704 42, 704 50, 000 50, 000 62, 000 62, 000 ' 75, 000 75, 000 90. 000 90, 000 100, 000 100, 000 154,071 154, 071 122, 577 122, 577 175, 448 175, 448 319,618 319, 618 128,282 128, 282 450, 000 450, 000 200, 000 200, 000 221, 011 221,011 226, 000 226, 000 295, 000 295, 000 322, 058 322, 058 348, 665 348, 665 408, 665 408, 665 406, 540 406, 540 548, 374 548, 374 458, 329 458, 329 526, 049 526, 049 481,562 481, 562 726, 988 726, 988 816, 634 816, 634 757, 203 757, 203 811, 023 811, 023 983, 410 983, 410 1, 160, 888 1, 160, 888 1, 129, 280 1, 129, 280 1, 435, 446 1, 435, 446 1, 514, 037 1, 514, 037 1, 652, 985 1, 652, 985 1, 838, 646 1, 838, 646 1, 943, 252 1, 943, 252 1, 209, 867 1, 209, 867 1, 912, 858 1,912, 858 2, 167, 287 2, 167, 287 2, 575, 033 2, 575, 033 2, 864, 718 2, 864, 718 2, 622, 305 2, 622, 305 3, 120, 520 3, 340, 767 3, 128, 882 2, 291, 903 2, 809, 395 3, 127, 500 3,671, 134 4, 003, 552 3, 408, 903 3, 762, 358 Tears. Solar. 1846 . 331, 705 1847 . 262, 879 1848 . 342, 497 1849 . 377, 735 1850 . 374, 732 1851 . 378, 967 1852 . 633, 595 1853 . 577, 947 1854 . 734, 474 1855 . 498, 124 1856 . 709, 391 1857 . 481, 280 1858 . 1,514, 554 1859 . 1,345, 022 1860 . 1, 462, 565 1861 . 1, 884, 697 1862 - . 1, 983, 022 1863 . 1, 437, 656 1864 . 1,971, 122 1865 . 1, 886, 760 1866 . 1,978, 183 1867 . 2, 271, 892 1868 . 2, 027, 490 1869 . 1, 857, 942 1870 . 2, 487, 691 1871 . 2, 464, 464 1872 . . 1, 882, 604 1873 . 1, 691, 359 1874 . 1, 667, 368 1875 . 2, 665, 955 1876 . 2, 308, 679 1877 . 2, 525, 335 1878 . 2, 788, 754 1879 . 2, 957, 744 1880 . 2, 516, 485 1881 . 3,011, 461 1882 . 3, 032, 447 1883 . . 2, 444,374 1884 . 2, 353, 860 1885 . 2, 439, 332 1886 . 2, 772, 348 1887 . 3, 118, 974 1888 . 3, 115, 314 1889 . 2, 916, 922 1890 . 2, 726, 471 1891 . 2, 113, 727 1892 . 3, 122, 789 1893 . 2, 332, 052 1894 . 2, 355, 394 Fine. 3, 507, 146 3, 688, 476 4, 394, 629 4, 705, 834 3, 894. 187 4, 235, 150 4, 288, 938 4. 826, 577 5. 068, 873 5, 584, 761 5, 257, 419 3, 830, 846 5, 518, 665 5, 549, 250 4, 130, 682 5, 315, 694 7, 070, 852 6, 504, 727 5, 407,712 4, 499, 170 5, 180, 320 5, 323, 673 6, 639, 126 6, 804. 295 6, 260, 422 5, 910, 492 6, 048. 321 5, 768, 998 4, 361, 932 4, 522, 491 3, 083, 998 3, 902, 648 4, 387, 443 5, 364, 418 5, 482, 265 4. 905, 775 5, 307, 733 5, 053, 057 4, 588, 410 4, 494, 967 3, 329, 409 2, 576, 823 2, 542, 053 2,448, 117 2, 201. 651 1, 735, 186 1, 282, 885 733, 854 871, 859 Total. 3, 838, 851 3,951,355 4. 737. 126 5, 083, 569 4, 268, 919 4,614, 117 4, 922, 533 5, 404, 524 5, 803, 347 6, 082, 885 5, 966,810 4.312. 126 7, 033,219 6, 894, 272 5, 593, 247 7, 200, 391 9, 053, 874 7, 942, 383 7, 378, 834 6, 385, 930 7, 158, 503 7, 595, 565 8, 666, 616 8, 662, 237 8, 748, 113 8, 374, 956 7, 930, 925 7, 460, 357 6, 029, 300 7, 179, 446 5, 392, 677 6, 427, 983 7, 176, 197 8, 322, 162 7, 998, 750 7, 917, 236 8, 340, 180 7, 497, 431 6, 942, 270 6, 934, 299 6, 101, 757 5, 695, 797 5, 657, 367 5, 365, 039 4, 928, 122 3, 948, 914 4, 405, 674 3, 065, 906 3, 227, 254 WARSAW DISTRICT. Salt production in the Warsaw district began in 1883, with an output of 600,000 bushels, or 120,000 barrels. In the following year it more than trebled its initial production, with an output of 2,000,000 bushels. In 1887 it exceeded the production of the Onondaga reservation, and in 1893 its output was more than four times that of the reservation. The annual production, in bushels, since 1883 has been as follows : Production of salt hi the Warsaw district, New York, since 1883. Tears. Bushels. 1883 . 600, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 589, 635 6, 056, 060 6, 072, 000 5, 935, 000 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . Tears. Bushels. 1889 . 6, 000, 000 7, 732, 060 10, 248, 505 12, 954,705 11, 599, 640 13, 809, 270 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . SALT. 655 The following table shows the total output of salt from brine in both regions since 1883. It does not include salt used in the manufacture of chemical preparations. The brine from which the chemicals are made is obtained from the same salt formation as that of the Onondaga reser¬ vation, but the works are on private property, and as the product does not appear in the market as salt it is not included in the reports to the superintendent : Product of salt from brine in New York since 1SS3. Districts. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. I ■ 1888. Onondaga reservation. . Bushels. 7, 497, 431 600, 000 Bushels. 6, 942, 270 2, 000, 000 Bushels. 6, 934, 299 4, 589, 635 Bushels. 6, 101, 757 6, 056, 060 Bushels. 5, 695, 797 6, 072. 000 1 Bushels. 5, 657, 367 ' 5, 935, 000 Total . 8, 097, 431 8, 942, 270 11.523,934 12, 157, 817 11, 767, 797 11,592,367 Districts. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Onondaga reservation . . Bushels. 5, 365, 039 6, 000, 000 Bushels. 4, 928, 122 7, 732, 060 Bushels. 3, 948, 914 10, 248, 505 Bushels. 4, 405, 674 12, 954, 705 Bushels. a 3, 065, 906 11, 599, 640 Bushels. a 3, 041, 956 13, 809, 270 Total . 11,365, 039 12, 660, 182 14, 197, 419 17, 360, 379 al4, 665, 546 a 16, 851,226 a Not including salt used in the manufacture of chemicals. The following table shows the total production in the State front 1883 to 1894: Production of salt in New York since 1883. Tears. Barrels. Value. Years. Barrels. Value. 1883 . 1, 619, 486 1, 788, 454 2, 304, 787 2, 431, 563 2, 353, 560 2, 318, 483 $680, 638 705, 978 874, 258 1, 243, 721 936, 894 1, 130, 409 1889 . 2, 273, 007 2, 532, 036 2, 839, 544 3, 472, 073 5, 662, 074 4, 986, 874 $1, 136, 503 1,266,018 1, 340, 036 1, 662, 818 1, 870, 084 1, 615, 032 1884 . 1890 . 1885 1891 . 1886 1892 . 1887 . 1893 . 1888... 1894 . PENNSYLVANIA, TEXAS, AND WEST VIRGINIA. During 1894 Pennsylvania produced 203,236 barrels of salt, valued at $83,750, against 280,343 barrels, valued at $136,436, in 1893. Texas produced 142,857 barrels in 1894, valued at $101,000, compared with 126,000 barrels, worth $110,267, in 1893. The output from West Vir¬ ginia was 194,532 barrels, against 210,736 barrels in 1893. The product in each State was brine salt. UTAH. The product of salt in Utah during 1894 was about 80,000 barrels in excess of that of 1893, but still far short of the yield in 1891 or 1892. The decreased product in the last two years has been due to the de¬ pression in the silver-smelting industry, which consumed the greater portion of the product in earlier years. A comparative increase is shown in the value of the output in 1893 and 1894, due to the larger proportionate production of the finer grades of salt. 656 MINERAL RESOURCES. Most of the salt produced in Utah is obtained from Great Salt Lake, though some rock salt (6,250 barrels in 1804) is mined in Sanpete County. The salt from brine is obtained by overflowing the lowlands on the shores of the lake in the spring, shutting the water in by dirt walls, and using solar heat for evaporation. The salt obtained at one “harvest” of this kind is sometimes sufficient to supply the demand for several years. The salt thus obtained is afterwards refined for table and dairy purposes. That for use in smelting works is taken without retreatment. The product in the table below does not consider the amount harvested, but only that refined and sold : Production of salt in Utah since 1883. Tears. Quantity. Value. 1883 . . Barrels. 107, 143 $100, 000 1884 . 114,285 80, 000 1885 . 107, 140 75, 000 1886 . 164, 285 100, 000 1887 . 325, 000 102, 375 1888 . 151,785 32, 000 Tears. Quantity. Value. 1889 . Barrels. 200, 000 $60, 000 1890 . 427, 500 126, 100 1891 . 969, 000 265, 350 1892 . 1,292, 471 340, 442 1893 . 189, 006 130, 075 1894 . 268, 186 209, 077 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The imports of salt into the United States have shown an almost constant decrease since 1881. The decrease has been particularly noticeable in the imports of refined salt, due in great measure to the improvements recently inaugurated in the manufacture of table and dairy salts by American producers, wdiich has placed the domestic product on a line with if not ahead of salts of foreign make: Salt imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1894, inclusive. Tears ended — In bags, barrels, and other packages. In bulk. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. June 30, 1867 . Pounds. 254, 470, 862 $696, 570 Pounds. 229, 304, 323 $336, 302 1868 . 308, 446, 080 915, 546 219, 975, 096 365, 458 1869 . 297, 382, 750 895, 272 256, 765. 240 351, 168 1870 . 288,479, 187 797, 194 349, 776, 433 507, 874 1871 . 283, 993, 799 800, 454 274, 730, 573 355, 318 1872 . 258, 232, 807 788, 893 257, 637, 230 312, 569 1873 . 239, 494, 117 1,254,818 388, 012, 132 525, 585 1874 . 358, 375, 496 1, 452, 161 427, 294, 209 649, 838 1875 . 318, 673, 091 1, 200, 541 401, 270, 315 549, 111 1876 . 331, 266, 140 1, 153, 480 379, 478, 218 - 462, 106 1877 . 359, 005, 742 1, 059, 941 444, 044. 370 532, 831 1878 . 352, 109, 963 1, 062, 995 414,813,516 483, 909 1879 . 375, 286, 472 1,150,018 1, 180, 082 434, 760, 132 532, 706 1880 . 400, 970, 531 449, 743, 872 548, 425 1881 . 412, 442, 291 1, 242, 543 529, 361, 041 658, 068 1882 . 329, 969, 300 1, 086, 932 399, 100, 228 474, 200 1883 . 312, 911, 360 1, 035, 946 412, 938, 686 451, 001 1884 . 340, 759, 010 1, 093, 628 441, 613, 517 433, 827 1885 . 351, 276, 969 1, 030, 029 412. 322, 341 386, 858 Dec. 31, 1886 . 319, 232, 750 966, 993 366, 621, 223 371, 000 1887 . 275, 774, 571 850, 069 343, 216, 331 328, 201 1888 . 238, 921,421 620,425 272, 650, 231 246, 022 1889 . 180 906, 293 627, 134 234. 499, 635 249, 232 1890 . 172. 611,041 575, 260 243, 756, 044 252, 848 1891 . 150, 033, 182 492, 144 220, 309, 985 224, 569 1892 . 150, 799,014 488, 108 201, 366, 103 196, 371 1893 . 98, 037, 648 358. 575 146,945, 390 63, 404 1894 . 60, 793, 685 206. 229 101, 525, 281 86, 718 SALT, 657 Salt imported and entered for consumption in the United States, etc. — Continued. Years ended — For the purpose of curing fish. Not elsewhere specified. Total value. Quantity. V alue. Quantity. Value. Pounds. Pounds. $1, 032, 872 1, 281, 004 1, 246, 440 1, 392, 116 l, 221, 780 1.161.617 1, 866, 596 2, 228, 895 1, 869, 259 1, 741, 862 1, 733, 559 1, 643, 802 1, 778, 565 1, 848, 174 2, 044, 958 1, 708, 190 1.641.618 1, 649, 918 1, 538, 316 1,432, 714 1, 285, 359 977, 577 976, 489 924, 756 805, 909 774, 806 509, 728 636, 136 ' 1868 . 1869 . 1870 . 68, 597, 023 64, 671, 139 57, 830, 929 86, 756, 628 105, 613, 913 110, 294, 440 118, 760, 638 132, 433, 972 100, 794, 611 94,060, 114 109, 024, 446 133, 395, 065 134, 777, 569 142, 065, 557 126, 605, 276 140, 067, 018 103, 360, 362 105, 577, 947 113, 459, 083 97, 960, 624 98, 279, 719 103, 990, 324 105, 192, 086 103, 536, 135 93, 723, 885 $87, 048 66, 008 60, 155 86, 193 126, 896 119, 607 126, 276 140, 787 96, 898 95, 841 119, 667 144, 347 147, 058 154, 671 122, 463 121, 429 94, 721 107, 089 111, 120 100, 123 96, 648 89, 196 90, 327 87, 749 79, 482 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . 1885 . Dec. 31, 1886 . ' 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . 178, 112, 857 $263, 707 Salt of domestic production exported from the United States from 1790 to 1894, inclusive. Years ended — Quantity. Value. Years ended — Quantity. Value. Sept. 3C, 1790 . 1791 . 1830 . 1831 . 1832 . 1833 . 1834 . 1835 . 1836 . 1837 . 1838 . 1839 . 1840 . 1841 . 1842 . June 30, 1843 (a) .. 1844 . 1845 . 1846 . 1847 . 1848 . 1849 . 1850 . 1851 . 1852 . 1853 . 1854 . 1855 . 1856 . 1857 . 1858 . 1859 . 1860 . 1861 . Bushels. 31,935 4, 208 47, 488 45, 847 45, 072 25, 069 89, 064 126, 230 49, 917 99, 133 114, 155 264, 337 92, 145 215, 084 110,400 40, 678 157, 529 131, 500 117, 627 202, 244 219, 145 312, 063 319, 175 344, 061 1,467, 676 515, 857 548, 185 536, 073 698, 458 576, 151 533, 100 717, 257 475, 445 537, 401 $8, 236 1,052 22, 978 26, 848 27, 914 18, 211 54, 007 46, 483 31, 943 58, 472 67, 707 64, 272 42, 246 62, 765 39, 064 10, 262 47, 755 45, 151 30, 520 42, 333 73, 274 82, 972 75, 103 61,424 89,316 119, 729 159, 026 156, 879 311,495 190, 699 162, 650 212, 710 129, 717 144, 046 June 30, 1862 . 1863 . 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . 1868 . 1869 . 1870 . 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . 1885 . Dec. 31, 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Bushels. 397, 506 584, 901 635, 519 589, 537 670, 644 605, 825 624, 970 442, 947 298, 142 120, 156 42, 603 73, 323 31, 657 47, 094 51,014 65, 771 72, 427 43,710 22, 179 45, 455 42, 085 54, 147 70, 014 64,101,587 4, 828, 863 4, 685, 080 5, 359, 237 5, 378, 450 4, 927, 022 4, 448, 846 5, 208, 935 5, 792, 207 10, 853, 759 $228, 109 277, 838 296, 088 358, 109 300, 980 304, 030 289, 936 190, 076 119, 582 47, 115 19, 978 43, 777 15, 701 16, 273 18, 378 20, 133 24, 968 13, 612 6,613 14, 752 18, 265 17, 321 26, 007 26, 488 29, 580 27, 177 32, 986 31, 405 30, 079 23, 771 28, 399 38, 375 46, 780 a Nine months. 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 42 6 Pounds from 1885. FLUORSPAR OCCURRENCE. Fluorspar occurs in workable quantity in but one locality in tlie United States, near Rosiclare, Ill. The deposits have been thoroughly described by Prof. S. F. Emmons in a paper contributed to the Trans¬ actions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1892. The product in 1894 was less than in any year since 1888, amounting to 7,500 short tons, valued at $47,500. In 1893 the output was 12,400 tons, the largest ever obtained, though the value in 1892, when the product was 150 tons less than in 1893, exceeded that of the latter year by $5,000. USES. The mineral is used largely in metallurgical operations, being con¬ sidered greatly superior to ordinary limestone for fluxing purposes. It is also used in the manufacture of opalescent glass and of hydrofluoric acid. When intended for glass or acid making the fluorspar is crushed and ground before selling. For other purposes it is sold in lumps as mined. The use of fluorspar for metallurgical purposes is discussed at length in Mineral Resources, 18S9-90. PRODUCTION. The following table shows the annual production of- fluorspar since 1882: Production of fluorspar in the United States from 1882 to 1894. Years. Quantity. Value. 1882 . Short tons. 4,000 $20, 000 1883 . 4, 000 4,000 20, 000 1884 . 20, 000 1885 . 5, 000 22, 500 1886 . 5, 000 22, 000 1887 . 5, 000 20, 000 1888 . 6, 000 30, 000 Years. Quantity. Value. 1889 . Short tons. 9, 500 $45, 835 1890 . 8, 250 55, 328 1891 . 10, 044 78, 330 1892 . 12, 250 89, 000 1893 . 12, 400 84, 000 1894 . 7, 500 47, 500 658 FLUORSPAR. 659 CRYOLITE. This mineral is used to a considerable extent in the manufacture of alum and sodium salts, for making white, porcelain-like glass, and other technical purposes. In the preparation of alum and sodium salts from cryolite, alumina is left as a residue; and from this, metallic aluminum is extracted by electrolytic process. The ohly source of supply for the mineral is Greenland, although traces of this mineral were long ago shown by Cross and Hillebrand to occur in the neighborhood of Pikes Peak, Colo. The imports of cryolite for a series of years are shown in the following table: Imports of cryolite from 1871 to 1894. Years ended — Amount. Value. June 30, 1871 . Long tons. $71, 058 75, 195 84, 226 28, 118 70, 472 103, 530 126, 692 105, 884 66, 042 91, 366 103, 529 51, 589 ' 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . 1881 . 1882 . 3, 758 Years ended — Amount. Value. June 30, 1883 . Long tons. 6, 508 $97, 400 1884 . 7,390 106, 029 Dec. 31,1885 . 8, 275 110, 750 1886 _ 8, 230 110, 152 1887 . 10, 328 138, 068 1888 . 7, 388 98, 830 1889 . 8,603 115, 158 1890 . 7, 129 95, 405 1891 . 8, 298 76, 350 1892 . 7, 241 96, 932 1893 . 9, 574 126, 688 1894 . 10, 684 142, 494 MICA..1 CONDITION OF INDUSTRY. The unsatisfactory condition of the mica-mining industry mentioned in the report for 1893 continued throughout 1894, and the product obtained was the smallest on record. The depressed condition of the industry was due in great measure to placing imported mica on the free list, which, added to the other disadvantages, such as long hauls over mountain roads, crude mining methods, etc., makes the domestic prod¬ uct a poor competitor with India mica, which is brought into the coun¬ try in the rough, and usually at very low freight rates. PRODUCTION. The following tables show the annual production of domestic mica since 1880 and the imports of foreign mica (all unmanufactured) since 1869: Production of mica since 1880. Years. Quantity. Value. Pounds. 1880 . 81, 669 $127, 825 1881 . 100, 000 250, 000 1882 . 100, 000 250, 000 1883 . 114, 000 285, 000 1884 . . 147, 410 368, 525 1885 . 92, 000 161,000 1886 . 40, 000 70, 000 1887 . 70, 000 142, 250 1888 . 48, 000 70, 000 Years. Quantity. Value. 1889 . Pounds. 49, 500 60, 000 75, 000 75, 000 51,1111 156$ 35, 9431 191$ $50, 000 75, 000 100, 000 100, 000 88, 929 52, 388 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1893.. tons scrap.. 1894 . 1894.. tons scrap.. 1 See Mineral Resources, 1893, for historical notes on mica mining in various sections of the United States. 660 MICA 661 IMPORTS. The following table shows the imports of unmanufactured mica from 1869 to 1894: Unmanufactured mica imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1869 to 1894, inclusive. Years ending— Value. $1, 165 226 ' 1870 . 1871 . 1,460 1872 . lj 002 1873 . 498 1874 . 1, 204 1875 . 1876 . 569 1877 . 13, 085 7,930 9, 274 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . 12, 562 5, 839 1881 . Years ending — Value. June 30, 1882 . $5, 175 1883 . 9, 884 1884 . 28, 284 1885 . 28, 685 Dec. 31, 1886 . a 56, 354 1887 . a 49, 085 1888 . a 57, 541 1889 . a 97, 351 1890 . a 207, 375 1891 . 95, 242 1892 . 218, 938 1893 . 147, 927 1894 . 126, 184 a Including mica waste. GYPSUM By Edward W. Parker. OCCURRENCE. Large deposits of gypsum are found in many of the United States. East of the Mississippi River the principal localities are iu New York, where it occurs in beds of great thickness and extent in a line of coun¬ ties extending westward from Oneida to Niagara 5 in Ohio, near the city of Sandusky; in Michigan, on the Grand River, near Grand Rap¬ ids, and at Alabaster Point, Iosco County, and in Bay County; in Virginia, along the north fork of the Holston River, and in Smyth and Washington counties. Gypsum is also reported in Alabama and Lou¬ isiana, but the deposits are not worked at the present time. West of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains extensive gyp¬ sum deposits are found in Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and the Indian Territory. Operations are carried on iu Webster County, Iowa; Barber, Saline, Marion, Marshall, and Dickinson coun¬ ties, Kans. ; at Quanah, Tex., and at Okarche, Okla. The Rocky Mountain States producing gypsum are Colorado, Mon¬ tana, Utah, South Dakota, and Wyoming, and deposits are reported in Arizona, Idaho, and New Mexico. Among the Pacific States California is the only producer of gypsum, and the product from there in the past few years has been greatly reduced, owing to the fact that the largest manufacturers of plaster of paris in San Francisco have found it to their advantage to obtain their supplies of crude material from Mexico.1 In nearly all cases the gypsum deposits are found in close proximity to those of salt. This is particularly the case in New York, Virginia, Kansas, Texas, and iu Bay County, Mich., gypsum being present in brine solutions from which the salt is obtained. PRODUCTION. The total amount of gypsum produced in the United States in 1894 was 239,312 short tons, agaiust 253,615 short tons in 1893, a decrease of 14,303 short tons or 5.6 per cent. The value increased, however, from $696,615 in 1893 to $761,719 in 1894, an increase of $65,104, or about 8.5 per cent. The decrease in product was due to a falling off of nearly 'For detailed descriptions of the gypsum deposits of the United States see Mineral Resources, 1882, 1883-84, 1885. and 1886. 662 GYPSUM. 663 50,000 tons in tlie output of Michigan ; 3,500 tons in that of Iowa, and over 4,000 tons in New York. The increased value was due to larger pro¬ duction of calcined plaster in Kansas and New York. The increased production of calcined plaster in Kansas, where nearly all of the product is made into plaster of paris or “stucco” at the point of production, is equivalent to an increase of crude mineral, and this in part offsets the decreased production in other States. The product of crude gypsum in Kansas in 1894 was 64,889 short tons, of which all but 647 short tons was calcined. The product of calcined plaster in Kansas during 1894 was nearly 20,000 tons in excess of that of 1893. As will be seen in the following table, the value of the gypsum product is taken at the condition in which it is first sold, so that an increase or decrease in the product of calcined plaster will show a material difference when comparing the total product with the total value: Product of gypsum in the United States in 1894, by States. States. Total Sold crude. Ground into plaster. Calcined into plaster of paris. Total value. prod¬ uct. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Before cal¬ cining. After cal¬ cining. Value of calcined plaster. Iowa . Kansas . Michigan . New York . Ohio . South Dakota.. Short tons. 17, 906 64, 889 79, 958 31, 798 20, 827 4,295 6, 925 8, 106 4, 608 Short tons. 87 20, 000 10, 554 2,955 500 $174 40, 000 7, 885 6,410 750 Short tons. 1,900 560 11,982 16, 804 3, 472 460 $2, 700 1,680 21, 127 36, 993 10, 416 1,850 Short tons. 16, 006 64, 242 47, 976 4, 440 14, 400 3,335 6, 925 778 4,512 Short tons. 13, 000 49, 273 38, 555 3, 335 11, 472 2, 660 4,750 623 3,490 $42, 000 300, 030 128, 493 15, 384 52, 771 13, 450 27, 300 2, 678 27, 520 $44, 700 301, 884 189, 620 60, 262 69, 597 16, 050 27, 300 24, 431 27, 875 Virginia . Other States (a). Total . 600 6 900 30 6, 728 90 20, 853 325 239, 312 34, 702 56, 149 41, 996 95, 944 162, 614 127, 158 609, 626 761, 719 a Includes California, Colorado, Montana, Oklahoma Territory, Utah, and Wyoming. In each of these States the output is reported from only one company. For the purposes of comparison the following tables, showing the statistics of production during 1891, 1892, and 1893, and the total prod¬ uct and value for the past six years, are given: Product of gypsum in the United States in 1893, by States. States. Total prod¬ uct. Sold crude. Ground into plaster. Calcined into plaster of paris. Total value. Quan¬ tity. V alue. Quan¬ tity. Value. Before cal¬ cining. After cal¬ cining. V alue of calcined plaster. Iowa . Kansas . Michigan . New York _ South Dakota . . Virginia . Other States(a). Total . Short tons. 21,447 43, 631 124, 590 36, 126 5, 150 7,014 15, 657 Short tons. 109 196 31,000 10, 979 22 502 $82 510 62, 000 8, 198 66 1,004 Short tons. 2, 853 57 16, 263 22, 802 50 5, 579 2, 804 $2, 296 114 28, 562 49,221 150 19, 181 6, 841 Short tons. 18, 485 43, 378 77, 327 2, 345 5, 100 1,413 12, 351 Short tons. 14, 273 29, 975 62, 031 1,813 4,080 1, 131 9, 624 $53, 160 180, 975 213, 359 7, 973 12, 400 5,112 45, 411 $55, 538 181,599 303, 921 65, 392 12, 550 • 24, 359 53, 256 253, 615 43, 108 72, 010 50, 408 106, 365 160, 399 122, 937 518, 390 696, 615 a Includes Ohio and Texas. In each of these States the output is reported from only one companjj 664 MINERAL RESOURCES Product of gypsum in the United States in 1892 , by States. States. Total prod¬ uct. Sold crude. Ground into land plaster. Calcined into plaster of paris. Total value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Before cal¬ cining. After cal¬ cining. Value of calcined plaster. Kansas . Michigan . New York . Virginia . Other States (a) Total . Short tons¬ il, 016 139, 557 32, 394 6, 991 31,301 Short tons. 420 47,500 7,887 400 1,873 $840 71, 250 5, 661 800 2, 246 Short tons. 14, 458 24, 407 5, 028 3, 775 $22, 026 55, 039 20, 357 8, 825 Short tons. 45, 596 77, 599 100 1,563 25, 653 Short tons. 31, 961 53, 105 75 1,250 19, 750 $194, 357 213, 251 400 7, 050 93, 390 $195, 197 306, 527 61, 108 28, 207 104, 461 256, 259 58, 080 80, 797 47, 668 106, 247 150, 511 106, 141 508, 448 695, 492 a Includes Colorado, Iowa, Ohio, Texas, and Utah. In each of these States the output is reported from only one company. Product of gypsum in the United States in 1891, by States. States. Total prod¬ uct. Sold crude. Ground into land plaster. Calcined into plaster of paris. Total value. Quan¬ tity. Value. Quan¬ tity. Value Before cal¬ cining. After cal¬ cining. Value of calcined plaster. California, Ohio, Utah, and Wyoming.... Iowa . . . Short tons. 17, 115 31, 385 40, 217 79, 700 30, 135 3, 615 5,959 Short tons. Short tons. 988 4, 822 70 15, 100 23, 405 1,560 5,755 $3, 336 4, 845 210 28, 550 53, 513 4, 680 22, 222 Short tons. 16, 127 26, 563 39, 497 53,600 Short tons. 14, 085 21, 049 28, 468 44, 860 $90, 810 53. 250 159, 832 173, 175 $94, 146 58, 095 161, 322 223, 725 58, 571 9. 618 22, 574 Kansas . 640 11,000 6, 730 $1, 280 22, 000 5, 058 Michigan . New York . South Dakota.. Virginia . 2, 055 1,544 4, 938 204 352 Total . 208 126 18, 574 28, 690 51, 700 117, 356 136, 727 110, 006 482, 005 628, 051 Comparative statistics of gypsum production for six years. States. 1889. 1890. 1891. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Colorado . Short tons. 7, 700 21, 789 17, 332 131, 767 52, 608 $28, 940 55, 250 94, 235 373, 740 79, 476 Short tons. 4, 580 20, 900 20, 250 74, 877 32, 903 $22, 050 47, 350 72, 457 192, 099 73, 093 Short tons. Iowa . Kansas . Michigan . New York . Ohio . 31, 385 40, 217 79, 700 30, 135 $58, 095 161, 322 223, 725 58, 571 South Dakota . Texas . 320 2, 650 2, 900 7, 750 3, 615 9, 618 Virginia . Other States . Total . 6, 838 29, 420 20, 336 109, 491 6, 350 20, 235 20, 782 138, 942 5, 959 17,115 22, 574 94, 146 267,769 ! 764,118 182, 995 574, 523 208, 126 628, 051 States. 1892. 1893. 1894. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Colorado . Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Iowa . Kansas . Michigan . New York . Ohio . ( a ) 41,016 139, 557 32, 394 (a) $195, 197 306, 527 61, 100 21, 447 43, 631 124, 590 36, 126 $55, 538 181, 599 303, 921 65, 392 17, 906 64, 889 79, 958 31, 798 20, 827 4, 295 fi. 925 $44, 700 301, 884 189, 620 60, 262 69, 597 16, 050 27. 300 South Dakota . 5, 150 12, 550 Texas . Virginia . Other States . Total . 6, 991 31, 301 28, 207 104, 461 7, 014 15, 657 24, 359 53, 256 8, 106 ! 24' 431 4,608 ; 27,875 256,259 I 695.492 253,615 696, 615 239, 312 761, 719 a Included in other States GYPSUM 665 The following table shows the annual production of gypsum in the United States since 1880. It will be noticed that the largest production, both in amount and value, was in 1889. The next largest production was in 1893, though the value in that year was less than in 1894: Production of gypsum in the United States since 1880. Tears. Product. Value. 1880 . Short tons. 90, 000 $400, 000 1881 . 85, 000 350, 000 1882 . 100, 000 450, 000 1883 . 90, 000 420, 000 1884 . 90, 000 390, 000 1885 . 90, 405 405, 000 1886 . 95, 250 428, 625 1887 . 95, 000 425, 000 Tears. Product. Value. 1888 . Short tons. 110, 000 $550, 000 1889 . 267, 769 764, 118 1890 . . 182, 995 574, 523 1891 . 208, 126 246, 374 628, 051 1892.- . 671, 548 1893 . 253, 615 696, 615 1894 . 239, 312 761, 719 IMPORTS. The imports of gypsum are chiefly from Canada, the product from the Dominion being very pure and well adapted for the manufacture of plaster of Paris. The following table exhibits the total amount and value of gypsum imported into the United States since 1867 : Gypsum imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894. Unground. Value of manufac¬ tured plaster of paris. Total. Quantity. Value. Long tons. 97, 951 $95, 386 $125, 182 87, 694 80, 362 114, 350 137,039 107, 237 133, 430 $844 186, 512 100,416 1,432 148, 720 100, 400 88, 256 1,292 154, 013 95, 339 99, 902 2,553 168, 873 118, 926 122, 495 7,336 165, 459 123, 717 130, 172 4,319 170, 901 93, 772 115, 664 3, 277 171,096 139, 713 127, 084 4,398 179, 070 97, 656 105, 629 7, 843 162, 917 89, 239 100, 102 6, 989 140, 587 96, 963 99, 027 8, 176 125, 542 120, 327 120, 642 12, 693 150, 409 128, 607 128, 107 18, 702 171, 724 200, 922 128, 382 127, 067 20, 377 157. 851 152,982 a 21, 869 218, 969 166, 310 168, 000 210,904 117, 161 119, 544 173, 752 122, 270 115,696 153, 338 146, 708 162, 154 195, 890 156, 697 170, 023 190, 787 170, 965 179, 849 220, 140 171, 289 174, 609 229, 859 110, 257 129, 003 226, 319 181, 104 232, 403 308, 011 164, 300 180, 254 21i, 924 162, 500 179, 237 196, 060 Tears ended — June 30, 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Dec. 31, 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Ground or calcined. Quantity. Long tons. 5, 737 4, 291 4,996 6, 418 5, 911 4, 814 3,340 5,466 7, 568 9, 560 6, 882 3, 363 2, 027 Value. $29, 895 33. 988 52, 238 46, 872 64, 465 66, 418 35, 628 36, 410 52, 155 47, 588 49, 445 33,496 18, 339 17, 074 24, 915 53, 478 44,118 42, 904 54, 208 37, 642 37, 736 20, 764 40, 291 55, 250 97. 316 75, 608 31, 670 16, 823 a Not specified since 1883. 666 MINERAL RESOURCES. As the imports of gypsum into the United States are principally from the Provinces of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada, the following table, showing the production in and exports from the Dominion, will be found interesting: Production and exports of Canadian gypsum from 1886 to 1894. Years. Production. Exports. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Short tons. Short tons. 1886 . 162, 000 $178, 742 142, 833 $155,213 1887 . 154, 008 157, 277 132, 724 146, 542 1888 . 175, 887 179, 393 125, 508 121, 389 1889 . 213, 273 205, 108 178, 182 194, 404 1890 . 226, 509 194, 033 175, 691 192, 254 1891 . 203, 545 192, 096 172, 496 184,977 1892 . 226, 568 225, 260 175, 518 194, 304 1893 . 192, 568 196, 150 176, 489 178, 979 1894 . 223, 631 202, 031 MONAZITE By H. B. C. Nitze. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MINERAL. Monazite is essentially an anhydrous phosphate of the rare earth’s cerium, lanthanum, and didymium (Ce, La, Di), P04. It also contains almost invariably small percentages of thoria (Th02) and silicic acid (Si02), which may be present in combination as thorite or orangite (TliSi04), or the thoria may exist as the phosphate, either in combina¬ tion with the cerium, etc., or as an isomorphous mixture. Other occasional accessory constituents are the yttrium and erbium earths, zirconia, alumina, magnesia, lime, iron oxides (Fe203 and FeO), man¬ ganous oxide, tin and lead oxides, fluorine, titanic acid, and water, usually in fractional percentages. It is a subtranslucent to subtransparent mineral, light yellow, red¬ dish yellow, brownish, or greenish in color, and has a resinous luster. Brittle; fracture conchoidal to uneven. Its hardness is from 5 to 5.5, and its specific gravity from 4.9 to 5.3. It crystallizes in the mono¬ clinic system. HISTORICAL SKETCH AND NOMENCLATURE. The following names have been applied to the mineral by independ¬ ent discoverers and workers : Turnerite, monazite, mengite, edwardsite, eremite, cryptolite, monazitoid, phosphocerite, urdite, and kararfveite. It was not long, however, before the identity of these newly described mineral species was recognized, and at the present time the general name in use is monazite. The name “turnerite” was given in 1823 by A. Levy1 in honor of the English chemist, E. H. Turner, in whose collection the first specimens were found. The locality of these was Dauphiny. They had been classed as sphene, on account of their color, accompaniment (adularia and lamellary crichtonite), and the locality; but Levy found their hard¬ ness to be less than that of sphene, and a good cleavage in one direc¬ tion. He gives as the primary crystallographic form an oblique rhombic prism with different dimensions from that of sphene. G. vom Rath2 1 The Annals of Philosophy, London, 1823, vol. 5, p. 241. 2 Poggendorff, Annalen, 1864, vol. 122, p. 407. 667 668 MINERAL RESOURCES. has also called attention to tlie fact that titanite (sphene) may be con¬ founded with turnerite from general resemblance. In the fifth edition of his Mineralogy (American edition, Boston, 1844) Phillips says that monazite is occasionally known among mineralogists under the name of “pictite,” which is one of the early names for titanite, with which it was doubtless confounded. The date 1823, then, may be taken as that of the earliest recognition of a new mineral species which was later shown to be identical with monazite. Thus, in 1866, J. D. Dana1 demonstrated the identity of turnerite and monazite by similarity of crystal form and physical prop¬ erties. No chemical examination of turnerite had yet been made at that time. In 1870 this was substantiated by G. vom Rath,2 and although he recognized the priority of Levy’s name, turnerite, he did not feel justified in abandoning the name monazite, inasmuch as the latter belonged to a chemically as well as a crystallographically known min¬ eral, while the composition of turnerite was not yet so well known. In 1873 Des Cloizeaux,3 by the orientation of the optical axes, and Pisani,3 by the chemical determination of P304 and Ce5Os, concluded that monazite and turnerite were the same species. In 1876 Trechmann4 showed that the optical properties of turnerite and monazite were the same. In 1826 Meuge discovered some crystals in the Ilmen Mountains, near Miask, Siberia, which he held for a variety of zircon. Fiedler5 gives the more exact locality of these specimens as being not in the Ilmen Mountains proper, but in their southern extension, in the so-called Tscheremtchanka. The first scientific description of these was given by Breithaupt6 in 1829. He gave it the name, “monazite” (monazit, monacite), from the Greek, meaning “to be solitary.” In 1831 H. J. Brooke,7 in describing specimens from Menge’s locality in the Urals, gave the name mengite, in honor of the discoverer. Prof. C. U. Shepard8 in 1837 gave a description of “ edwardsite,” a new mineral from Norwich, Conn., which he named in honor of the governor of the State. Later in the year9 he described another new mineral from Watertown, Conn., under the name of “eremite,” after the Greek, meaning “solitude,” but he did not then recognize its identity with edwardsite. Prof. J. D. Dana published in 1838 his crystallo¬ graphic measurements of eremite, which agree with those of monazite.10 In 1840 Gustav Rose11 proved the identity, crystallographically and 1 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 42, 1866, p. 420. 2 Poggendorff, Annalen, Erg.-Bd. 5. 1871, p. 413 ; Sitzungsber. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., 1870, vol. 2, p.271. 3Zeitschr. Deutscli. geol. Gesell., Berlin. Vol. XXV, 1873, p.568. * Neues Jahrbuch, 1876, p. 593. 5Poggemlorff, Annalen, 1832, vol. 25, p. 332. 6 Scliweigger-Seidel, Journal derChemie u. Physik, 1829, vol. 55, part 3, p. 301. 7 Poggendorff, Annalen, 1831, vol. 23, p. 362, Philos. Mag. and Annals, vol. 10, p. 187. 8 Am. Jour. Sci. (1), 1837, vol. 32, p. 162; Poggendorff, Annalen, 1838, vol. 43, p. 148. 9 Am. Jour. Sci. (1), 1837, vol. 32, p. 341. "Am. Jour. Sci. (1), vol. 33, 1838, p. 70. 11 Poggendorff, Annalen, 1840, vol. 49. p. 223. MONAZITE. 669 physically, of edwardsite and monazite. And in the second edition of his Mineralogy (1844) Shepard places both edwardsite and eremite under the head of monazite. In 1842 Rose1 gave a detailed description of the Russian monazite. Woeliler,2in 1846, discovered some small needle like crystals invisi¬ bly included in the apatite of Arendal, Norway. They were of a pale- yellow color, specific gravity approximately 4.6, and, according to analysis, were composed of phospate of cerium, but contained no Glo¬ ria, and in this he distinguished the mineral from monazite, calling it “cryptolite,” from the Greek, meaning “concealed.” Although the forms of these crystals are different in appearance from that of ordinary monazite, Mallard,3 in 1887, by careful goniometric measurements, estab¬ lished the identity of the two minerals. Hermann,4 in 1847, applied the name “monazitoid” to certain brown colored bent and broken crystals, of the specific gravity 5.28, from Lake Ilmen, near Miask, which contain less phosphoric acid (only 18.7) titan monazite, besides some tantalic acid (3.75 to 6.27 per cent). Kokscha- row5 believed that monazitoid was simply impure monazite, the tantalic acid having been derived from columbite and samarskite, with which the crystals are iutergrown. Blomstrand6 analyzed specimens from probably the same locality as Hermann’s monazitoid, but found no tantalic acid. In 1850 Watts7 described a new mineral occurring in the cobalt ore of Johannisberg, Sweden, which he showed to be a phosphate of cerium (including lanthanum and didymium). He proposed the name “phos- pho-cerite.” its physical and chemical characters identify it beyond doubt with monazite. Forbes and Dahll,8 in 1855, described a mineral occurring in the granite of Urda, near Nottero, Norway, under the name of “urdite,” which E. Zschau9 determined to be monazite. F. Radominski,10 in 1874, found a mineral inclosed in albite at Kar- arfvet, near Falun, Sweden, which resembled monazite, but on analy¬ sis was found to contain a notable quantity of fluorine (4.35 per cent), and for that reason he proposed to class it as a separate species under the name “kararfveite.” Blomstrand11 made an analysis of specimens from the same locality, and found only 0.33 per cent fluorine. He con¬ cluded that it was but an impure form of monazite. 1 Reise nach dem Ural und Altai, Vol. II, pp. 87 and 482, Berlin, 1842. 2 Poggendorff, Annalen, 1846, vol. 67, p. 424. 3 Bull. Soc. Min., 1887, vol. 10, p. 236. 4 Jour, prakt. Chemie, Vol. XL, 1847. p. 21 ; Annuaire de Cliimie, 1848, p. 146. 6 Materialien zur Mineralogie Russlauds, Vol. IV, 1862, p. 7-34. G Zeitschr. fiir Krvst., vol. 20, 1892, p. 367 ; Lunds Universitets Arskrift, 1888 (24). ’Quart, Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 1850, Vol, II, p. 131. 8 Nyt Mag. Xaturvidenskaberne, vol. 8, 1885, p. 227; Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 22, 1856, p. 262. 9 Allg. deutsclie naturh. Zeitung, Dresden, 1857, p. 208; Am. Jour. Sci., II, vol. 25, 1858, p. 410. 10 Compt. Rend., 1874, vol. 78, p. 764. 11 Zeitsch. fiir Kryst., Vol. XIX, 1891, p. 109; Geol. Fiireningens Jforhandl. Stockholm, 1889, Vol. II, p. 174. 670 MINERAL RESOURCES. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. MORPHOLOGICAL. The primary form of monazite and its equivalents, turnerite, edwards- ite, and mengite, was early stated to be the oblique rhombic prism of the monoclinic system. The crystallographic studies of the mineral by Koksharow, Des Cloizeaux, Websky, Dana, Vom Rath, and others have shown the occurrence of the following forms : Observed forms of monazite. Pinacoids. Prisms. Hemi- domes. Hemi-pyra- mids. OP OO P 00 OO P OO 00 P 00 P2 00 P3 00 P2 + Poo — Poo — 7P ® — gp® p® 2P oo £P® + p — p +i£ -jp_ + P2 +2P2 +3P3 +2P* — 2P2 Of these, the more common forms are the ortho- and clino-pinacoids and domes, the unit prism, and the unit pyramids. The basal pinacoid is rare, having been observed only on crystals from the Urals1 and from Alexander County, N. C.2 Among the rarer forms are: — f P56, found by Trechmann on turner¬ ite from the Binnenthal, Switzerland; — 7 P55 and — 4P, found by Miers in Cornwall; and ^P do, on crystals from Nil St. Vincent, Belgium, and western Siberia. The usual crystal habit is tabular, parallel to co P 5c ; also short colum¬ nar, and sometimes elongated parallel to co P. Cryptolite occurs always in very small crystals, elongated parallel to co P. The crystals are usually well developed and free from distortion. They vary in size from the microscopic needles of cryptolite, which have a thickness of .004 to .016 mm. (0.00015 to 0.00062 inch), to the abnormally large monazite crystals that have been found in Amelia County, Va., 5 inches in length. The more general variation lies between one-twentieth and 1 inch. Irregular masses of monazite, devoid of crystal planes, as large as 15 to 20 pounds, have been found in Amelia County, Va., and in rounded masses up to 12| pounds at the Villeneuve mica mine in Ottawa County, Quebec. Twins are not common. The twinning plane is parallel to co P C = It. The plane of the optic axes is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry c© P do. The positive acute bisectrix lies in the obtuse angle (3 ; hence sections parallel to OP show the full interference figure. Optical measurements of monazite. b= b o > Localities. Measured by — 6 a C=1 04 (Turnerite) Tavetsch, Switzerland . Trechmann. = 3 00 Arendal, Norway . Wiilfing. = 3 46 Norwich, Connecticut . Des Cloizeaux. = 5 54 Schiittenkofen, Bohemia . . Scharizer. The optical angle is small; various measurements give: Optical measurements of monazite. 2E (red). 2 E (yel¬ low). 2 E (vio¬ let). 2 V (red). 2 V (yel¬ low). Disper¬ sion. Localities, etc. O 1 29 04 31 08£ 25 22 29 07 34 12 o / o / 28 48 31 43J o / O 1 p > V pv Norwich, Conn., Des Cloi¬ zeaux. Sibera, Des Cloizeaux. Schiittenhofen, Bohemia, Scharizer. Pisek, Bohemia, Urba. Turnerite, Tavetsch, Trech¬ mann. 24 56 28 25 12 44 14 29 14 50 p0 ! CO 05 l© O ■ © » rH l© r— ( T-H 00 co • b- CO CO 05 < 1© 00 CM H 1 H • b- 05 CM ft • rH CO' 05 CM • CO ft ft rH CM rH • rH • 05 O O • CO CM O 'CO ! © ! ' CO ' © O 05 CO ' H 00 05 • H< . co » • ~r 1 • © rH 1© -H ft • ft CM • • . CM CO rH • rH • t . CM rH CO • CM l© b- CO CO . 1© . ! © • rH CO CO 00 • i© l© CO T-H CM • © • rH CO rH t>H H CM CO CO • 1© ft . . • • 05 CM CO . rH 05 CO • .1© >00 • . * . . T— • • CM 1© CO Mjl • 00 . . • CO • • 1© •00 W H H • CO 1 r- 1 . • rH CO CO . © rH O t- O CM CO CM • 00 CM • • ft . • t— i 00 CO tH- • 00 l- CM •' IoHi© • 1 00 © ■ • 00 CM 'H CO • 1© 1© O • « r- CM © • 1 © CM • . CO O b- O H* ft • • CM CO CM • rH • * l© CO co • CO i© 4© ■ CO • CO • © ! 00 05 • 00 O 05 .CO . 00 • © . . © 05 CO rH CM CM CM • CM 05 1© .ft . rH • • ft Tf 00 rH • OO Hi CM CO CM • © • . . co • • © 05 i© CM • b- H CO rH H • rH • . . co • • © 00 00 O 05 CM CO CM ft ft • ft • l© 0 co • CM b- CO • CO • © • • CM l© CM CM • CO 1© 00 • rH . © . • l© t- ft 05 CO* CM CM CM * CO 05 T-H • ft 05 00 00 • co CO 00 • 1© .»© . • © 05 05 00 • b- O l© • CM • © * • CM CO ft O l© CM CO CM • CM 05 r-t ‘ft b CO O • CM H 1© CO CO • CO • ; CM O CO • 00 CO CO rH CO . i© . . CM l© 00 00 05 CM CM CM ' H 05 H t— CO rH * CO O O • b- CO CO © . rH • co CO CM 1© * 00 CM H *05 CM © rH • CM • »© CO -H -H CM CO CM • ft 05 CM • rH • ft b- CM CM ■ CO © l© l© T — 1 00 T-H CO . . oc ■ 0 00 co ■ © © 00 T-H © © © © . . © . • CO CO bid 0 CM CM CO • CM © ft ft . . . . 1 . rH CO 00 • rH H co CM CO . rH * • © • 00 HCOb • 00 00 © T-H CO • CO • • © • rH CM 05 CO CO CM CO CM • ft CO CM CM rH ' .H H H CM (O • rH * ' CM • b- ©1© H • © l© •© CM CO • 00 • • CM • CM rH 00 CM 05 CM CO CM • CM ft ft • §•»•••§••••••••!•• • |•lll•||*lltl••l•t■ CO CO B>| CO CO . - 6°^°,oo ,^qo 0o 0 o^o : °0"o « ® ® ® £ 3 ,3T5 a .a • d .7; « O - o e h ph M ph Ph ft © ft of o ft ft CO § ■s ro co fl © tJO .s ‘3 © Pm :© Ph o © O ro § s © S o ft £ p p.- © fc a © o © co <4H © © •5 *© © *8 3 fcC © ft 3 © R © > *53 © rj ©5 • © ftco ©T ft rH ^ • © >-i . o S ** 05 22 ef © - fi W £> £M pH J5S « h S o © © NS © b- .- © © ft o © ft Ctf K m 'bJD o rH CM 'o ft K. CO L 0 ft 5 O . ^ bJD © * do © 00 k 00 cT - co ig 00 *3 ^ Pm 'ft 5 £ o«ri rC": jg ,# gs® 5.MC- M £ pT_§ r® -®-S !§.gs-gs 9 5 ® o c~ 3 ■£«?os :ot3 , . a 6 gSS-2 Sh2 £j &£ 3 ft®§ S §"g gH” gis § Sa e. :0 S ® £ fH O +s 3 O 00 jS &lMq . © . 0 0 - * - ©t> o r m -M S^3 s« a a - - a _ © -m . r-M • P 2 ^>®Cd S © - 3 - . 1 ft © - >W g = ft-i © •ph o -P3ft _ a m g b»*3 ds "© Ppq 2Ph 5 O^.o :e 3rQ S573 obi s^cc,'o ®m (C 3 >8 4H3 ® P3 ® a ~ © £-333 +r^pH^ra 9a p m . ® S m ® 251 £3 p a o-9 3 o 3« MW §M-»S2 to •9 -a a-" a g a i 0“ 8 Sh 2 ° ° I '-'S&hPh oEm^PhM © ^ . #ft # . ■^^ftc^cocot^oo’os Analyses of monazite from various localities — Continued. [Per cent.] 676 MINERAL RESOURCES. CO 0 rH JO O rH • • • *rf< • • • • • 00 00 CO O* CO 05 • O • • l© O • • a a . tH CO P CO* ■*■? 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These analyses are not made on the pure mineral, but on the commercial monazite sand, which contains up to about G7 per cent monazite, the remainder being quartz, garnet, zircon, and other accessory minerals. Thoria contents of North Carolina monazite. [Per cent.] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ThO^ . 0.175 0.225 2. 15 2.25 0. 40 6. 54 0. 125 0. 29 2. 48 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 TkO* . 0. 26 1.27 6. 30 5. 19 5. 87 6. 26 1.75 1.93 3.40 1. Bennett’s Mill, Silver Creek, Burke County. 2. Northeast side Brindle Ridge, Burke County. 3. White Bank gold mine, Burke County. 4. Hall's Creek, at Morganton road crossing, Burke County. 5. Bailey’s Mill Creek, 3 miles southwest of Glen Alpine Station, Burke County. 6. Linebacher place, Silver Creek, Burke County. 7. Mac Lewrath place, Silver Creek, Burke County. 8. East fork of Satterwhite Creek, Burke County. 9. Mac Lewrath Branch, McDowell County. 10. Bracket town, South Muddy Creek, McDowell County. 11 . Long Branch, McDowell County. 12. Alexander Branch, McDowell County. 13. Daniel Peeler’s farm, near Bellwood, Cleve¬ land County. 14. Proctor’s farm, near Bellwood, Cleveland County. 15. Wade McCurd's farm, Carpenter’s Knob, Cleveland County. 16. Tailings from No. 15. 17. Henrietta, Rutherford County. 18. Fallston, Cleveland County. METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF MONAZITE SAND. The method of analysis employed by Dr. Baskerville is given below in his own words. 1 He claims only “approximate results, and absolute accuracy can not be vouched for.” It is substantially the same as Prof. S. L.Penfleld’s methods2 with a few modifications. The pulverized sand, 2 grams, is weighed into a small flask liold- iug about 100 c. c. ; 10 c. c. H2S04 (1:1) are added, aud the whole cooked ou a sand bath with frequent agitation, until the acid becomes concentrated and fumes arise. A small funnel is used in the neck of the flask to prevent loss by spitting and bubbling. It is allowed to cool, aud if not completely decomposed, a fresh amount of H2S04 is added, and the previous operation repeated. Add a little water, keep¬ ing the temperature down as well as possible. The insoluble silicates are removed by filtering and washing with cold water. The clear fil¬ trate is diluted to 400 or 500 c. c., and an excess of oxalic acid added, whereby the oxalates of the cerium metals and thorium are precipitated. 1 From a letter to the writer, March, 1805. 2 Am. Jour, Sci. (3), vol. 24, 1882, p. 253. 678 MINERAL RESOURCES. This is done in the hot solution, allowing the same to boil a few moments after adding the oxalic acid. It is then allowed to remain in the cold for twelve hours, when it is filtered and washed with cold water. The precipitated oxalates are ignited by heating slightly above faint redness. After all the carbon is burned off, the contents of the crucible are turned into a platinum or porcelain dish, washing the crucible with H2S04 (1:1). On heating, the oxides are usually dissolved completely; the excess of H2S04 is gotten rid of by gentle heat. To accomplish this, the disk is placed on a triangle inside of an iron dish to which the lamp flame is applied. The sulphates, which are almost invariably col¬ ored red, yellow, or orange, are dissolved in water. The whole mass is usually completely soluble in about 15 c. c. H20, but on further dilu¬ tion a precipitate is formed. The solution is made up to 200 or 300 c. c., i. e., sufficient water is added to hold all the thorium sulphate in solution ; it is then boiled and filtered. If the filtrate is acid, it is neu¬ tralized with NH4OH, and the thorium is precipitated out by means of Na2S203. The filtered precipitate is burned to Th02 and weighed as such in a platinum crucible. CHEMICAL AND BLOWPIPE REACTIONS. Monazite is with difficulty and incompletely soluble in hydrochloric acid. It is attacked completely by sulphuric acid, and by potassium acid sulphate. It is infusible before the blowpipe flame, turning gray. When moistened with H2S04 it colors the flame bluish green (phos¬ phorus reaction). The borax and salt of phosphorus beads are yellowish when hot, and colorless on cooling; the saturated borax bead becomes enamel white on flaming. Fused with soda, the mass treated with water and filtered, the residue dissolved in a little HC1, the solution gives with oxalic acid a precipitate, which on ignition becomes brick red (cerium oxide). With soda on charcoal a little tin is sometimes obtained. MICRO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS.1 For cerium. — The dilute solutions of cerium sulphate or chloride give, with oxalic acid or ammonium oxalate, a precipitate, which is at first flocculent but soon becomes crystalline, being composed of fine, doubly terminated, often forked and serrated prisms; in more concentrated solutions these form themselves into radial groups. The little crystals have an oblique extinction and a high double refraction. In hot, very dilute solutions thin rhomboidal plates are precipitated, whose acute angle is about 86°; they have a tendency to form rectangular inter¬ growths, and appear to be monoclinic. For phosphorus. — Phosphoric acid is precipitated in a solution of the sulphate by the addition of ammonium molybdate, which on dry¬ ing gives little crystals resembling rhombic dodecahedrons, yellow in reflected and greenish in transmitted light. 1 H. Rosenbusch, Mikroscopische Physiograpkie, Vol. I., 3d ed., 1892, p. 266. MONAZITE. 679 Derby1 has found that these micro-chemical tests are the best means of identifying monazite. SPECTROSCOPIC TESTS. Scharizer 2 tested the absorption spectrum of a basal cleavage plate of the Shiittenhofen monazite by replacing the ocular of the microscope with a spectroscope a vision directe. The illumination was obtained by the reflection of direct sunlight from a concave mirror. The spectrum showed a broad absorption band in the yellow between the Fraunhofer lines 0 and D, corresponding to didymium, and a less broad one at the end of the green near the line F, corresponding to erbium. CHEMICAL MOLECULAR CONSTITUTION OF MONAZITE. Penfield,3 in his analyses of Connecticut, North Carolina, and Vir¬ ginia monazite (anal. Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, at p. 675), deduces the relation (Ce, La, Di) 203: P205= 1:1 Th02: Si02 =1:1 The former corresponds to the normal phosphate of the cerium metals (R2P2Os); the latter corresponds to that of normal thorium silicate, which, in combination with a small percentage of water, makes the mineral thorite or oraugite (ThSio4H20). He concludes, then, that monazite is essentially a normal phosphate of the cerium metals, in which thorium silicate is present in varying proportions as an impurity in the form of the mineral thorite or oraugite. Dunnington4 had somewhat previously come to the same conclusion. Rammelsberg’s5 formula of thorium-free monazite from Arendal, Norway, wasR2 P2 O8 = (Ce, La, Di) 2P2 08, thus agreeing with Penfield. Blomstrand, 6 from his analyses of Norwegian and Siberian mona¬ zite (see anal. No. 1-10, 13-15, at p. 675), concludes that the mineral is a normal tribasic phosphate, an excess of bases being combined with Si02. Thus: m (3RO, P205) + 2RO, Si02 + pH20, where m = 5 to 20, and p = less than 1 usually. He does not believe, as Penfield does, that the thoria is originally combined with silica as thorite, but that it is a primary constituent, present as the phosphate, either in combination with the cerium or as an isomorphous mixture, thus: IV III „ IV Ce. Ce (03P0)2 and RTh (03PO)2; and that it is altered to the silicate by siliceous waters. ’Am. Jour. Sci. 3, vol. 37, 1889, p. 109-114. Zeitschr. i'iir Kryst., vol. 19, 1891, p. 78. sZeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 12, 1887, p. 264. 8 Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 24, 1882, p. 250; vol. 36, 1888, p. 322. Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 7, 1883, p. 366; vol. 17, 1890, p. 407. 4 Am. Chem Jour., vol. 4, 1882, p. 138. 6 Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol., Gesell Berlin, vol. 29, 1877, p. 79. Zeitschr. fur Kryst., vol. 3, 1879, p. 101. 6Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 9, 1887, p. 160; vol. 20, 1892, p. 367. 680 MINERAL RESOURCES. Rammelsberg1 has explained the analyses of Kersten and Hermann (see anal. Nos. 19? 20, at p. 675), respectively, by the formulae: ( 5E3P208 > , ( 3E3P208 ) l Th2P209 ] ancl \ Th3P4Oln 5 which does not, however, appear to express a constant molecular constitution. ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF MONAZITE. In 1875 Radomiusky2 produced monazite artificially by treating a solution of impure cerium salt with sodium phosphate, adding an ex¬ cess of chloride of cerium, and heating to redness. After cooling and crystallization, long yellow prisms with striated surfaces were formed. The specified gravity was 5.09, and the compound, by analysis, was found to agree in composition with that of the mineral monazite. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL OCCURRENCE. The following table presents the salient features of the geographical, geological, and mineralogical occurrences of monazite. All known localities at which the mineral monazite and its equivalents, turnerite, cryptolite, etc., have been found up to the present time are tabulated here. It is placed at the beginning of this chapter as a general introduction, and for the purpose of convenient reference, to what is to follow. Conditions of occurrence of monazite. Localities. Country rocks. Associated minerals. UNITED STATES. East due Hill, Me . (tTIPISS . Wakefield, N.H . . do . Rutile, cassiterite.(?) Westerly, R. 1 . Granite . Narragansett Pier, R. I . . do . Westford, Mass . Ayer, Mass . Zircon, rutile. Norwich, Conn . . do . Chester, Conn . Ho. Watertown, Conn . Granite . (Inalhite.) Apatite, zircon, tour¬ maline. Portland, Conn . Yorktown, N. Y . Sillimanite. Amelia Court House, Va . Alhitic granite . Microlite, amazonite, beryl, apa¬ tite, orthite, columbite, manga¬ nese tantalate. Deake mica mine, Mitchell County, Mica schist . Antnnite, uraninite, gummite, N. C. garnet. Eay mica mine, Yancey County, (In orthoclase.) Beryl, garnet. Mars Hill, Madison County, N. C . . Boomer, Wilkes County. N. C . Quartz, garnet, zircon, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite. Milholland’s Mill, Alexander Garnetif. Mica schist . Rutile. County, N. C. Emerald and hiddenite mine, In quartz. Alexander County, N. C. Burke, Eutlierford, Cleveland, In gneiss, and stream placers. Quartz, garnet, zircon, rutile, Polk, Catawba, and Lincoln hrookite, xenotime, fergusonite, counties, N. C. corundum, epidote, beryl, cya nite, magnetite, pyrite/menac- canite. 1 Handbuch der mineral. Chemie, 1875, p. 305. ®Comptes Rendus, vol. 80, 1875, p. 304. MONAZITE. 681 Conditions of occurrence of monazite — Continued. Localities. Country rocks. Associated minerals. united states — continued. Crowders Mountain, Gaston County, U. C. Todd’s Branch, M e ckl en burg County, N. C. Spartanburg County, S. C . “The Glades,” Hall County, Ga.. Gold placers . Gneiss, and stream placers. Gold placers . Garnet, zircon, diamond. Same as Burke, etc., Counties, N.C. Quartz, rutile, garnet, etc. CANADA. Villeneuve mica mine, Ottawa County, Quebec. Pegmatite SOUTH AMERICA. Garnet, tourmaline, uraninite. Rio Chico. Antioquia, United States of Colombia. Alcobaca, Province of Bahia, Brazil. Caravellas, Province of Bahia, Brazil. Salabro, Province of Bahia, Brazil. Province of Minas Geraes . Province of Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, Brazil. Province of Bahia, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, Brazil. Buenos Ayres, Argentine Repub¬ lic. Gold placers. .. Beach sands... ....do . Diamond sands _ do . Gold placers... Porphyritic, granu- litic, and schistose gneisses, red syen¬ ite, granite dikes. River sands . Cordoba, Argentine Republic Gneiss and granite. . . . Quartz, zircon, garnet, disthene, staurolite, corundum. Magnetite, ilmenite, pyrite. Apatite, magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, garnet, zircon, silli- rnanite. Zircon. ENGLAND. Cornwall . SWEDEN. Clay slates Holma . Kararfvet ... Johannisberg Albitic granite Cobalt ore . Quartz, albite. Gadolinite, hjelmite, emerald. NORWAY. Dillingsd, Moss, Lonnesby, Aren- dal, Narestoe, Hitteroe, Hvalo. Areudal and Midbo . Nottero . Helle . Pegmatite Granite Cryptolite in apatite. In feldspar, enveloped by orthite. FINNISH LAPMARK. Ivalo . . . Gold sands Zircon. RUSSIA. Ilmen Mountains. . . Sanarka River . Albitic granite Placers . Zircon, columbite, samarskite. BELGIUM. Hil St. Yincent . FRANCE. Le Puys, near St. Christophe, Dauphind. SWITZERLAND. Adularia, criclitonite, sphene, anatase. Binnenthal . Olivone, near Mte. Camperio . Quartz vein, travers¬ ing mica schist. Tessin . Perdatsch . Santa Birgitta, near Ruaras, Ta- . vetsch Valley. Rutile. 682 MINERAL RESOURCES. Conditions of occurrence of monazite — Continued. Localities. Country rocks. Associated minerals. GERMANY. Laacher See, near Coblent z . AUSTRIA. Josephinenhuette,Riesengebirge, Silesia. Druse in sanadine bomb. Pegmatite . (In black mica.) Ilmenite, fer- gusonite, yttrium spar, zircon. Gadolinite, yttrium spar, xeno- time, fergusonite. Apatite. In beryl and feldspar. Schiittenhofen, Bohemia . Pegmatite . AUSTRALIA. Vegetable Creek, County Gough, New South Wales. Monazite is an accessory constituent of the granitic eruptives and their derived gneisses. It has been found in these rocks over widely separated areas of the earth’s surface, and further search and study is liable to reveal its probable universal presence, in varying proportions, in all granites and granite gneisses. Thus Derby1 has found monazite as a constant accessory constituent in the porphyritic, granulitic, and schistose gneisses of the provinces of Bahia, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, in Brazil, representing 300 miles along the axis of the great gneiss region of the Maritime Mountains. The granite dikes, intersecting the gneiss, also carry monazite. The gneisses of the South Mountain region in North Carolina, cover¬ ing an area of some 2,000 square miles, in Burke, McDowell, Ruther¬ ford, Cleveland, Polk, Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston counties, and extending into Spartanburg County, S. C., have been shown to contain monazite.2 I have since identified the mineral in the thin sections of several specimens of mica gneiss collected in that locality. The rocks are granitic mica gneisses, hornblende gneisses, which approach more nearly to diorite gneisses, and pegmatites. Monazite has recently been found in Hall County, Ga., near The Glades, a postoffice about 10 miles northeast of Gainesville, on the north side of Chattahoochee River. It occurs in the gold placers of Plat Creek and its tributaries, the Glade, Stockeneter, Hamilton, and Hurarn branches. Derby,3 by examining the heavy residues of a number of hand speci¬ mens, selected at random from the collection in the National Museum, of Washington, D. C., described the occurrence of monazite in certain granites and gneisses of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. The monazite of Chester, Portland, and Watertown, Conn., is an acces¬ sory constituent of the granites and gneisses. In Amelia County, Va., it is found in albitic granite; also in the Ilmen Mountains of Russia. 1 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 37, 1889, pp. 109-114. 2 Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engr., Mar., 1895. 3 Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1891, pp. 204-206. MONAZITE. 683 The pegmatites of southern Norway, Silesia, and Bohemia, and of some of the mica mines in Canada and North Carolina, also contain monazite. Derby (in paper above cited) has found monazite in a red syenite at Serra do Stauba, in the province of Bahia, Brazil. The basic eruptives (diabase, quartz-diorite, mica-diorite, and minette) thus far examined by him in Brazil showed no traces of monazite. The turnerite of the Laacher See (which is an extinct volcanic cra¬ ter), near Coblentz, in Prussia, was found in a druse of a sauadine bomb, the only known occurrence of monazite in an undoubted volcanic rock.1 It was grown into and upon a crystal of ortliite. The turnerite of Olivone, Switzerland, occurs in a quartz vein, 20 to 30 cm. thick, traversing crystalline schists.2 The percentage of mona¬ zite in these rocks is exceedingly small, often infinitesimal; thus Derby (in paper above cited) states that the granite dikes in the gneiss of Serra de Tingua, near Rio, are rich in the yellow mineral, carrying 0.02 to 0.03 per cent, and a fine-grained granite dike on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro showed 0.07 per cent monazite. The cryptolite of Norway occurs as inclusions of very fine, needle- shaped crystals in apatite. While making a reconnoissance trip through the North Carolina region the writer, in company with Messrs. H. A. J. Wilkens, M. E., and John R. Kirksey, discovered on June 19, 1895, the interesting and, so far as known, new occurrence of monazite in cyanite. The locality where first observed was at the Peeler and Ivester placers on a branch of Knob Creek, about 16 miles north of Shelby, in Cleveland County, N. C. Numerous fragments of a light blue-gray cyanite, usually less than 1 inch, but occasionally as large as 3 inches in longest dimension, were found in the tailing dumps from the bottom gravels that had been washed in the sluice boxes. The fragments of pure cyanite contained intimately intergrown crystals of monazite, the latter constituting as much as 50 per cent of the mass at times, though some pieces of the cyanite were practically barren. The bed rock and outcropping ledges near here were carefully examined in the hope of finding the original source of this monazite-bearing cyanite, but with¬ out success. It probably occurs in irregular nests and veinlets through the pegmatitic mica gneiss which forms the country rock. Derby thinks (in paper above cited) that there is “a reasonable probability that zircon, and to a less degree monazite, may prove to be guide minerals by which eruptives and their derivatives can be cer¬ tainly identified, no matter what degree of alteration they may have suffered.” Monazite has not been found in the sedimentary rocks, although it may be present in some of these as a secondary mineral of transportation. ' G. vom Rath., roggendorff, Annalen, 1871, Erg.-Bd., 5, p. 413. 2G. Seligman, Zeitschr. fur Kryst.,-vol. 9, 1884, p. 420. 684 MINERAL RESOURCES. The economically valuable deposits of monazite are found in the placer sands of streams and rivers, and even in the irregular sedi¬ mentary sand deposits of old stream beds and bottoms. The decompo¬ sition and disintegration of the crystalline rocks, the original source of the mineral, has proceeded to considerable depths, particularly in the southern, unglaciated countries. By erosion and secular movement the material is deposited in the stream beds and there undergoes a natural process of sorting and concentration, the heavy minerals being deposited first and together. The richer portions of these stream deposits are thus found near the head waters. Such deposits have been described from North and South Carolina in the United States, from Brazil, and from the Sanarka Biver, in Bussia. The beach sand deposits along the coast of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, have a similar explanation, the concentration there being brought about by the action of the waves. ACCESSORY MINERALS. The main constituent of the granitic rocks (quartz, feldspar, and mica) all contain the monazite as intergrowths, though it appears to be more generally confined to the feldspar. Zircon may be regarded as a constant associate ; in fact, it is even a more important and generally accessory constituent of the rocks than monazite. Among the other usual associated minerals, of coeval origin with the monazite, are xenotime, fergusonite, sphene, rutile, brookite, ilmenite, cassiterite, magnetite, and apatite; sometimes beryl, tourmaline, cyanite, corundum, columbite, samarskite, urauinite, gum- mite, autunite, gadolimte, lijelmite, and orthite. The association of monazite with orthite, gadolinite, samarskite, uraninite, and kjelmite is interesting as suggesting the possibility of some genetic relationship. Among the principal secondary and metainorpliic minerals found in association with monazite are rutile, brookite, anatase, epidote, orthite, garnet, sillimanite, and staurolite. ECONOMIC USE. The economic value of monazite lies in the incandescent properties of the oxides of the rare earths — cerium, lanthanum, didymium, and thorium — which it contains. These are utilized, principally the thoria, together with limited quantities of the lanthanum and didymium, in the manufacture of the Welsbach and other incandescent gaslights. The cerium goes to the drug trade as the oxalate. The Welsbach light consists of a cylindrical hood or mantle composed of a fibrous network of the rare earths, the top of which is drawn together and held by a loop of platinum wire. It is permanently sus¬ pended over the flame of a specially-devised burner, constructed on the principles of the Bunsen burner, in which the gas is burned with MONAZITE. 685 the access of air, thus utilizing the heating and not the illuminating power of the hydrocarbons. The mantle becomes incandescent, glow¬ ing with a brilliant and uniform light. The method of manufacturing this mantle is in brief as follows: A cylindrical network, about 1£ inches in diameter, is woven out of the best and strongest cotton thread. This is first washed in ammonia and then in warm water, being wruug out in a mechanical clothes wringer each time. It is then soaked in a solution of the rare earths and dried in a revolving hot-air bath. After being cut to the proper lengths, each cylinder is shaped over a wooden form, and the upper end is drawn together by a loop of platinum wire. The cotton fiber is then burned off under the flame of a Bunsen lamp, which leaves a network of the rare oxides exactly resembling the original woven cylinder, each fiber being identically preserved, excepting that the size is somewhat re¬ duced by shrinkage. After a series of tempering and testing heats of various intensities the mantle is ready for use. The exact composi¬ tion of the solution of the rare earths is not known, being one of the trade secrets ; but it is a well-known fact that monazite rich in thoria is sought after, and the natural inference is that this element constitutes one of the most important ingredients. METHODS OF EXTRACTION A ND CONCENTRATION. The commercially economical deposits of monazite are those occurring in the placer sands of the streams and adjoining bottoms and in the beach sands along the seashore. The geographical areas over which such workable deposits have been found up to the present time are quite limited in number and extent. In the United States the placer deposits of North and South Carolina stand alone. This area includes between 1,600 and 2,000 square miles, situated in Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, Cleveland, and Polk counties, N. C., and the northern part of Spartanburg County, S. C. The principal deposits of this region are found along the waters of Silver, South Muddy, and North Muddy creeks, and Henrys and Jacobs Forks of the Catawba River in McDowell and Burke counties; the Second Broad River in McDowell and Rutherford counties ; and the First Broad River in Rutherford and Cleveland counties, N. C., and Spartanburg County, S. C. These streams have their sources in the South Mountains, an eastern outlier of the Blue Ridge. The country rock is granitic biotite gneiss and dioritic hornblende gneiss, intersected nearly at right angles to the schistosity by a parallel system of small auriferous quartz veins, strik¬ ing about N. 70° E., and dipping steeply to the NW. Most of the stream deposits of this region have been worked for placer gold. The existence of monazite in commercial quantities here was first estab¬ lished by Mr. W. E. Hidden, in 1879. The thickness of these stream gravel deposits is from 1 to 2 feet, and the width of the mountain streams in which they occur is seldom over 12 feet. The percentage 686 MINERAL RESOURCES. of monazite in the original sand is very variable, from an infinitesimal quantity up to 1 or 2 per cent. The deposits are naturally richer near the head waters of the streams. The monazite is won by washing the sand and gravel in sluice boxes exactly after the manner that placer gold is worked. The sluice boxes are about 8 feet long by 20 inches wide by 20 inches deep. Two men work at a box, the one charging the gravel on a perforated plate fixed in the upper end of the box, the other one working the contents up and down with a gravel fork or perforated shovel in order to float off the lighter sands. These boxes are cleaned out at the end of the day’s work, the washed and concentrated monazite being collected and dried. Magnetite, if present, is eliminated from the dried sand by treatment with a large magnet. Many of the heavy minerals, such as zircon, menaccanite, rutile, brookite, corundum, garnet, etc., can not be completely eliminated. The commercially prepared sand, therefore, after washing thoroughly and treating with a magnet, is not pure monazite. A cleaned sand containing from 65 to 70 per cent monazite is considered of good quality. From 20 to 35 pounds of cleaned mona¬ zite sand per hand, that is, from 40 to 70 pounds to the box, is consid¬ ered a good day’s work. The price of labor is 75 cents per day. But very few regular mining operations are carried on in the region. As a rule each farmer mines his own monazite deposit and sells the product to local buyers, often at some country store in exchange for merchandise. At the present time the monazite in the stream beds has been prac¬ tically exhausted, with few exceptions, and the majority of the work¬ ings are in the gravel deposits of the adjoining bottoms. These de¬ posits are mined by sinking pits about 8 feet square to the bed rock and raising the gravel by hand labor to a sluice box at the mouth of the pit. The overlay is thrown away excepting in cases where it con¬ tains any sandy or gritty material. The pits are carried forward in parallel lines, separated by narrow belts of tailing dumps, similar to the methods imrsued in placer gold mining. At the Blanton and Lattimore mines on Hickory Creek, 2 miles northeast of Shelby, Cleveland County, N. C., the bottom is 300 to 400 feet wide, and has been partially worked for a distance of one-fourth of a mile along the creek. The overlay is from 3 to 4 feet, and the gravel bed from 1 to 2 feet thick. The methods of mining and cleaning are much more systematic in Spartanburg County, S. C., than in the North Carolina regions. Although the raw material contains on an average fully as much garnet, rutile, titanic iron ore, etc., as that in the North Carolina mines, a much better finished product is obtained, and more economically, by making several grades. Two boxes are used in wash¬ ing the gravel, one below the other. The gravel is charged on a per¬ forated plate at the head of the upper box, and the clean-up from this box is so thoroughly washed as to give a high grade sand, often up to MONAZITE. 687 85 per cent pure. The tailings discharge directly into the lower box, where they are rewashed, giving a second grade sand. At times < he . material passes through as many as five washing treatments in the sluice boxes. Even after these grades are obtained as clear as possible by washing, the material, after being thoroughly dried, is further cleaned by pouring from a cup, or a small spout in a bin, in a tine, steady stream from a height of about 4 feet, on a level platform ; the lighter quartz and black sand with the fine-graiued monazite (tailings) falls on the periphery of the conical pile and is constantly brushed aside with hand brushes; these tailings are afterwards rewashed. Instead of pouring and brushing, the material is sometimes treated in a winnowing machine similar to that used in separating chaff from wheat. Although the best grade of sand is as high as 85 per cent pure, its quantitative proportion is small as compared with the second and other inferior grades, and there is always considerable loss of monazite in the various tailings. It is impossible to conduct this washing process without loss of monazite, and equally impossible to make a perfect separation of the garnet, rutile, titanic iron ore, etc., even in the best grades. The additional cost of such rewashing and rehandling must also be taken into consideration. If the material washed contains gold, the same will be collected with the monazite in concentrating. It may frequently pay to separate it, which can easily be accomplished by treating the whole mass over again in a riffle box with quicksilver. It has been shown that the monazite occurs as an accessory constit¬ uent of the country rock, and that the latter is decomposed to consid¬ erable depths, sometimes as much as 100 feet. On account of the minute percentage of monazite in the mother rock, it is usually imprac¬ ticable to economically work the same in place, by such a process as hydraulicking and sluicing, for instance. However, even hillside min¬ ing has been resorted to. Such is the case at the Phifer mine, in Cleveland County, N. C., 2 miles northeast of Shelby. The country rock is a coarse mica (muscovite and biotite) gneiss, and the small monazite crystals may at times be distinctly seen, unaided by a mag¬ nifying glass, in this rock. It is very little decomposed and still quite hard, and the material that is mined for monazite is the over- lying soil and subsoil, which is from 4 to 6 feet thick. This is loaded on wheelbarrows and transported to the sluice boxes below the water race. The yield is fairly good, and the product very clean, though the cost of working, of which, unfortunately, figures could not be obtained, must be considerably in excess of that of bottom mining. Where the rock contains sufficient gold, as it sometimes does, to be operated as a gold mine, there is no reason why the monazite can not be saved as a valuable by-product. As the percentage of thoria is variable in different sands, the value 688 MINERAL RESOURCES. of the sand consequently varies in a measure also It is stated that the transparent greenish and yellowish brown varieties are often rich in thoria, but this can not be depended on. Hidden1 has suggested that the difference in cleavage may be an indication of the presence or absence of thoria, that crystals with the cleavage best developed parallel to qo P are the pure phosphate of the cerium earths, free from thoria, while those in which the cleavage is best developed parallel to OP, contain thoria. But the cleavage is rarely observable in the rolled grains, and if it were the above state¬ ment is by no means a proven fact. He also makes the suggestion (in paper above cited; that the density may afford a test of the approxi¬ mate comparative amount of thoria present, aud in support of this he mentions the following examples: Relation of thoria contents to density in monazite. Specific gravity. ThO*. Localities. References. 5. 30 5. 20-5. 25 5. 10 Per cent. 14. 23 8. 25 6.49 Amelia Court-House, Va . Portland, Conn . Burke County, N. C . Table, p. 676 anal. No. 32. Table, p. 676 anal. No. 30. Table, p. 676 anal. No. 3i. However, this will scarcely hold, for in other instances monazite of the specific gravity 4.64 has been shown to contain as much as 9.20 per cent thoria (from Moss, Norway; see p. 675, anal. No. 4); and again, monazite of the specific gravity 5.19 contained but 3.18 per cent thoria (from Dillingso, Norway; see p. 675, anal. No. 2). Ou the whole, there is no method of determining even the probable percentage of thoria, excepting by chemical analysis. Some monazite contains practically no thoria. The best North Carolina sands (highest in thoria) came from Burke and Cleveland counties. Some of the highest grade sand from Brindletown, Burke County, runs from 4 to 6.60 per cent thoria; sand from Gum Branch, McDowell County, is reported to run 3.30 per cent; sand from the vicinity of Bell wood and Carpenter’s Knob, in Cleveland County, runs from 5 to 6.30 per cent. The fluctuation of the thoria percentage is, however, considerable even in the same locality. It also depends, of course, in a measure on the degree of concentration of the sand. OUTPUT AM) VALUE. The price of North Carolina monazite has varied from 25 cents per pound in 1887 to as low as 3 cents for inferior grades and 6 to 10 cents for the best grades in 1894 and 1895. It is only during the past two years that the mining aud concentration of monazite sand in the South Mountain region has grown to a regular industry, and it is at present progress¬ ing with increased vigor, and the price for the highest grades has risen 1 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 32, 1886, p. 207. Zeitschr. fur Kryst., vol. 12, 1887, p. 507. MONAZITE. 689 to 10 cents per pound. In 1887 Mr. Hidden shipped from the Brindle* town district, in Burke County, N. C., 12 tons of inonazite sand. And during 1888 and 1889 a number of tons (exact quantity unknown) were shipped from North Carolina to the Welsbach Light Company in Philadelphia. The product and value of the sand during 1893 and 1894 is given below. It was shipped in part to the Welsbach Light Company and in part to Europe (Germany and Austria). Product and value of monazite in 1893 and 1894. 1893. Value at mines. 1894. Value at mines. Quantity. Price. Quantity. Price. Pounds. 110, 000 20, 000 Cents. 6 5 $6, 600 1, 000 Pounds. 460, 000 80, 000 6, 855 Cents. . $31, 050 4, 800 343 130, 000 7, 600 546, 855 36, 193 In Brazil considerable deposits of monazite occur iu the beach sands along the seashore. The largest of these is found in the extreme south¬ ern part of the Province of Bahia, near the island of Alcobaca. The surf as it breaks against the cliffs washes away the lighter earths and minerals, leaving naturally concentrated deposits of monazite along the beach. Sacks filled with this sand were shipped to New York in 1885, the deposit having been taken for tin ore. Its true char¬ acter was, hbwever, soon recognized, and since then a number of tons have beeu shipped in the natural state, without any farther con¬ centration or treatment, as ballast, mainly to the European markets. It is reported to contain 3 to 4 per cent thoria. Very little exact infor¬ mation concerning these Brazilian deposits is at present available. Monazite has also been found in the gold and diamond placers of the Provinces of Bahia (Salabro and Caravellas), Minas Geraes (Diamau- tia), Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo. It has been found in the river sands of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, and also in the gold placers of Rio Chico, at Antioquia, in the United States of Colombia. In the Ural Mountains of Russia monazite is found in the Bakakui placers of the Sanarka River. The placer gold mines of Siberia are reported to be rich in monazite, which is rafted down the Lena and the Yenesei rivers to the Arctic Ocean, and thence to European ports. Economic deposits of monazite are also reported to exist in the peg- matie dikes of Southern Norway. It is picked by the miners while sorting feldspar at the mines. It is not kno wn to exist in placer deposits. The annual output is stated to be not more than one ton, which is shipped mainly to Germany.1 1 U. S. 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(3), vol. 36, 1888, p. 322; Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 17, 1890, p. 407. Pisani (F.) and Des Cloizeaux (A.). Turnerit von Luzerne: Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., Berlin, vol. 25, 1873, p. 568. - Chemisclie Untersuchung des Turnerit: Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 1, 1877, p. 405; Compt. Rend., vol. 84, p. 462. Phillips (Wm.). Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy, 5th American ed., Boston, 1844, p. 138 (turnerite); p. 422 (monazite). - Mineralogy, edited by H. J. Brooke and W. H. Miller, London, 1852, p. 493 (monazite); p.494 (cryptolite); p.653 (turnerite); p.678 (monazitoid). Quenstedt (Fr. A.) Handbuch der Mineralogie, Tubingen, 1877, p. 585. Radominsky (F.). Sur un Phosphate de Cerium renfermant du Fluor : Compt. Rend., vol. 78, 1874, p. 764. - Reproduction artificielle de la Monazite, et de la Xenotime: Cqmpt. Rend., vol. 80, 1875, p. 304. Rammelsberg (C. F.). Handbuch der Mineral-Chemie, Leipzig, 1875, 2d ed., pp. 304-305. - Ergiinzungs-Heft to 2d edition, Leipzig, 1886, pp. 168, 169. - Ueber Nephelin, Monacit, etc. : Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., Berlin, vol. 29, 1877, p. 79; Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 3, 1879, p. 101. Renard (A.). ‘ Monazit von Nil St. Vincent: Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 6, 1882, p. 544. Rice, (W. N.). Minerals from Middletown, Conn.: Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 29, 1885, p.263; Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 2, 1886, p. 300. Richter (Til). Plattner’s Manual of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis with the Blowpipe (transl. by H. B. Cornwall), 4th ed., New York, 1880, pp. 200-203. Rose (G.). Reise nacli dem Ural und Altai, Berlin, 1842, vol. 2, pp. 87 and 482. Rose (G.). Ueber die Identitiit des Edwardsit u. Monazit: Poggendorff, Aunalen, vol. 49, 1840, p. 223. Rosenbusch (H.). Mikroscopische Petrographie der petrographisch wichtigen Mineralien, 3d ed., 1892, pp. 266 (cerium) and 498. Seligmann (G.). Mineralogische Notizen: Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 6, 1882, p. 231; Verhaudl. d. naturh. Ver. Bonn, 1880, vol. 37, pp. 130, 131. - Mineralogische Beobachtungen : Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 9, 1884, p. 420. Scharizer (R.). Der Monazit von Sehiittenhofen: Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 12, 1887, p. 255. MONAZITE. 693 Shepard (C. U.). Treatise on Mineralogy, 1st eel., vol. 2, 1835, p. 53; 2d ed. 1844. - Description of Edwardsite, a new mineral: Am. Jonr. Sci. (1), vol. 32, 1837, p. 162; Poggendorff, Annalen, vol. 43, 1838, p. 148. - Notice of Eremite, a new mineral species: Am. Jour. Sci. (1), vol. 32, 1837, p. 341. Sperry (F. L.) and Penfield. Mineralogical Notes: Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 36, 1888, p. 322; Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 17, 1890, p. 407. Trechmann (C. O.). Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Turnerit: Neues Jahrbuch,1876, p. 593. Tschermak (G.). Lehrbucli der Mineralogie, Vienna, 1888, p. 535. U. S. Consular Report, vol. 48, No. 176, May, 1895, p. 170. Uses of Monazite in Europe. — — vol. 48, No. 179, Aug., 1895, pp. 541-551. Monazite in Foreign Countries. Vom Rath (G.). Mineralogisclie Mittheilungen : Poggendorff, Annalen, vol. 119, 1863, p. 247; vol. 122, 1864, p. 407. - Ueber ein neues Vorkommen von Monazit (Turnerit) vom Laachersee: Sit- zungsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss., 1870, vol. 2, p. 271; Poggendorff, Annalen, Erg. Bd. 5, 1871, p. 413. - Notes on the Mineralogy of North Carolina: Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 33, 1887, p. 160. - Ueber Beryll, Monazit, etc., von Alexander County, N. C. : Zeitschr, fiir Kryst., vol. 13, 1888, p. 596; Sitzungsber. nied. Ges. Bonn, 1866, pp. 6.7, 68, 149, 254. Watts (H.). On Phosphocerite, a new mineral containing phosphate of cerium: Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc., Loudon, 1850, vol. 2, p. 131. Websky. Monazit von Schreiberhau : Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., Berlin, vol. 17, 1865. p. 567. WOhler (F.). Ueber den Kryptolith: Poggendorff Annalen, vol. 67, 1846, p. 424. Zirkel (F.) and Naumann (C. F.). Elemente der Mineralogie, Leipzig, 1885, p. 514 (kryptolith); p. 515 (monazit). - Lehrhuch der Petrographie, 1893, vol. 1, p. 432. Zschau (E.). Fifth Supplement to Dana’s Mineralogy, Am. Jour. Sci. (2), vol. 25, 1858, p. 410. MINERAL PAINTS By Edward W. Parker. MINERALS USED AS PIGMENTS. The unmber of mineral substances which are used in the manufac¬ ture of mineral paints is quite large. They include peculiar qualities of iron ore used in making red and brown pigments, and classed as metallic paints ; clay and other earthy substances containing iron, and known as ocliers, umbers, and siennas, producing yellow and brown colors; barytes or barium sulphate, producing a white pigment, used as a substitute for or adulterant in white lead; graphite and slate, used for making black paints; terra alba, as its name implies, a white paint made from gypsum of pure quality; asbestos, used in making fireproof paints, soapstone, etc. The foregoing are all made into paints direct from the crude mineral and may be considered natural pigments. Ultramarine is another natural pigment made from lapus lazuli, but owing to the rarity of that mineral and the expensive nature of the genuine article an artificial color made of a mixture of silica, alumina, sulphuric acid, soda, and iron oxide is usually substituted. The genuine ultramarine is the most beautiful blue color known in the arts, and has been known to sell for over $100 an ounce. Zinc white is also made directly from the ores. To the pigments mentioned should be added the preparations made from lead, white lead, red lead, lith¬ arge, and orange mineral; Venetian reds, made from iron sulphate by roasting; vermilion or artificial cinnabar, blanc fixe or artificial barytes, and chrome yellow, made from potassium bichromate. The amount of lead used in the manufacture of white lead, etc., is included in the production of pig lead. The production of vermilion is included in the production of cinnabar, and that of chrome yellow in that of chromium. Blanc fixe is manufactured from crude barytes most of which is imported. PRODUCTION. The following table shows the production of natural pigments in 1893 and 1894. There was an increase in the total product of 4,202 short tons, but a decline in value of over $32,000. The increase was almost entirely in the production of metallic paint, though the value was less, 694 MINERAL PAINTS. 695 than in 1893. Oclier decreased both in amount and value, as did umber, soapstone, and slate. Venetian reds decreased in amount and increased in value : Production of mineral paints in 1893 and 1894. Kinds. 1893. 1894. Short tons. Value. Short tons. Value. Ocher . 10, 517 480 150 19, 960 3,214 70 100 3, 183 50 $129, 393 7, 560 4, 875 297, 289 64, 400 840 700 24, 727 600 9, 768 265 160 25, 375 2, 983 650 75 2, 650 $96, 935 3, 830 3, 250 284, 883 73, 300 14, 000 525 21, 370 Umber . Sienna . Metallic paint . Venetian reds . Mineral black . Soapstone . Other colors . Total . 37, 724 530, 384 41, 926 498, 093 OCHER, UMBER, AND SIENNA. PRODUCTION. Ocher was produced in ten States in 1894, namely, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. All of the umber and sienna produced in 1894, as in 1893, was from Pennsylvania. The following table shows the production in 1894, by States : Production of ocher, umber, and sienna in 1894, by States. States. Short tons. Value. 1,690 1,800 4,975 336 268 1,065 59 $17, 840 23, 160 47, 830 3, 384 2, 731 8, 490 580 Total . 10, 193 104, 015 For the purposes of comparison the production in the preceding five years is shown in the following table. Prior to 1889, when the statis¬ tics were compiled for the Eleventh Census, the production for each State was not published: 696 MINERAL RESOURCES, Production of ocher, umber, and sienna from 1889 to 1893, by States. States. 1889. 1890. 1891. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Alabama . Colorado . Short tons. 336 50 2, 512 616 80 .$3, 500 150 29, 720 12, 000 750 Short tons. 350 1,000 800 $4, 100 15, 000 12, 800 Short tons. 524 $5, 840 Georgia . Maryland . 600 9, 000 Massachusetts .... 300 2, 200 2,700 30, 000 300 1,850 600 2, 700 27, 500 7, 200 New J ersey . 365 4, 173 4, 493 61, 458 Pennsylvania . Vermont . 7, 922 1, 884 1,658 100 103, 797 7, 800 18, 755 1,000 4, 535 935 1,950 56, 588 11, 095 29, 900 Virginia . Wisconsin . 1,367 22, 972 Other States . Total . «7, 000 84, 000 a 7, 000 84, 000 15, 158 177, 472 17, 555 237, 523 18, 294 233, 823 States. 1892. 1893. Quantity. V alue. Quantity. Value. Short tons. 375 $4, 050 Short tons. 350 $3, 000 Colorado . Georgia . 1,748 1,000 46 1,922 175 26, 800 10, 000 418 28, 220 3,600 2, 600 39, 000 Maryland . Massachusetts . Missouri . 555 5, 413 New Jersey . New Vork . Pennsylvania . 7, 055 544 1,500 90, 755 5, 731 23, 500 5, 375 523 71, 575 5, 280 Vermont . Other States . b 1, 744 17, 560 Total . 14, 365 193, 074 11, 147 141, 828 a Includes all of Maryland and estimated products of some firms in other States not reporting 6 Includes Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Virginia. Annual production of ocher, etc., since 1884. Years. Quantity. Value. 1884 . Short tons. 7,000 $84, 000 1885 . 3, 950 43, 575 1886 . 6,300 91, 850 1887 . 8, 000 75, 000 1888 . . 10,000 120, 000 1889 . 15, 158 177, 472 Years. Quantity. Value. 1890 . Short tons. 17, 555 $237, 523 1891 . 18, 294 233, 823 1892 . 14, 365 193, 074 1893 . 11, 147 141, 828 1894 . 10, 193 104, 015 MINERAL PAINTS 697 IMPORTS. The following tables show the amount and value of ochers, etc., from 1867 to 1894 : Ocher, etc., imported from 1867 to 1883. Fiscal years ended All ground in oil. Indian red and Spanish brown. Mineral, french, and paris green. Other, dry, not other¬ wise specified. June 30 — Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Pounds. Pounds. Founds. Pounds. 1867 . 11, 373 $385 $35, 374 $2. 083 1 430, 118 $9, 923 1868 . 6| 949 '333 'll, 165 500 3; 670, 093 32 102 1869 . 65! 344 2, 496 2, 582, 335 31,624 8, 369 2,495 5, 379; 478 39. 546 1870 . 149, 240 6, 042 3, 377, 944 41, 607 9, 618 3, 444 3. 935. 978 32, 593 1871 . 121, 080 4, 465 2, 286, 930 40, 663 33, 488 11.038 2, 800, 148 24, 767 1872 . 277, 617 9, 225 2, 810, 282 38, 763 41,422 10, 341 5, 645, 343 56. 680 1873 . 94, 245 3, 850 135, 360 2, 506 34, 382 8,078 3, 940, 785 51 318 1874 . 98, 176 4,623 263, 389 3,772 102, 876 18,153 3. 212, 988 35, 365 1875 . 280, 517 12, 352 646, 009 9,714 64, 910 13, 506 3, 282, 415 37, 929 1876 . 63, 916 3, 365 2, 524, 989 19, 555 21,222 5, 385 3, 962, 646 47, 405 1877 . 41, 718 2, 269 2, 179, 631 24,218 27, 687 6,724 3. 427 208 32, 924 1878 . 25, 674 1,591 2, 314, 028 23, 677 67, 655 14, 376 3,910, 947 33, 260 1879 . 17, 649 1,141 2, 873, 550 26, 929 17, 598 3, 114 3, 792, 850 42, 563 1880 . 91, 293 4, 233 3, 655, 920 32, 726 16, 154 3,269 4, 602, 546 52, 120 1881 . 99, 431 4, 676 3, 201,880 30, 195 75, 465 14, 648 3,414, 704 46, 069 1882 . 159, 281 7,915 3, 789, 586 34, 136 18, 293 2,821 5, 530, 204 68, 106 1883 (a) . 137, 978 6, 143 1, 549, 968 13, 788 6, 972 885 7, 022, 615 90, 593 a Since 1883 classified as “dry” and “ ground in oil.” Imports of ocher of all kinds from 1884 to 1894. Years ended — Dry. Ground in oil. Total. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. June 30, 1884 . 6, 164, 359 $63, 973 108, 966 $4, 717 6, 273, 325 $68. 690 1885 . 4, 983, 701 51,499 79, 666 3, 616 5, 063, 363 55, 115 Dec. 31, 1886 . 4, 939, 183 53, 593 112, 784 6,574 5, 051,967 60, 167 1887 . 5, 957, 200 58, 162 54, 104 7, 337 6, 011,304 65, 499 1888 . 6, 574, 608 64, 123 43, 142 9, 690 6,617, 750 73, 813 1889 . 1890 . 5, 540, 267 52, 502 51,063 9, 072 5, 591, 330 6,471,863 6, 299, 096 61, 574 71, 953 68, 312 1891 . 6, 246, 890 63, 040 52, 206 5, 272 1892 . 8, 044, 836 97, 946 49, 714 5,120 8, 094, 550 103, 066 1893 . 6, 225, 789 55, 074 52, 468 3, 354 6, 278, 257 58,428 1894 . 4, 937, 738 45, 276 22, 387 2, 100 4, 960, 125 47, 376 Imports of umber from 1867 to 1894. Years ended— Quantity. Value. Year ended— Quantity. Value. June 30, 1867 . 1868 . 1869 . 1870 . 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . Pounds. 2, 147, 342 345, 173 570, 771 708, 825 470, 392 1, 409, 822 845, 601 729, 864 513, 811 681, 199 1,101, 422 1, 038, 880 986, 105 1, 877, 645 $15, 946 2, 750 6, 159 6,313 7, 064 18, 203 8, 414 6,200 5,596 7, 527 10,213 8, 302 6,959 17, 271 June 30, 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . 1885 . Dec. 31, 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . :. 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Pounds. 1,475, 835 1, 923, 648 785, 794 2, 946, 675 1, 198, 060 1, 262, 930 2, 385, 281 1, 423, 800 1, 555, 070 1, 556, 823 633, 291 1,028, 038 1, 488, 849 632, 995 $11,126 20, 494 8,419 20, 654 8, 504 9, 187 16, 536 14, 684 20, 887 19, 329 6,498 6, 256 16, 636 6, 275 698 MINERAL RESOURCES. METAEEIC paint. The production of metallic paint increased from 19,960 short tons in 1893 to 25,375 short tons in 1894, a gain of 5,415 short tons. The industry, however, suffered from the general decline in values, and while the product was the largest in six years with one exception, the value was less than in any of them. Compared with 1893, the value shows a decrease of $12,406. The average price per ton shows a decrease from $14.89 in 1893 to $11.23 in 1894, a difference of $3.66, or about 25 per cent. The following table shows the annual product by States since 1889 : Production of metallic paint since 18S9, by States. States. 1889. 1890. 1891. Product. V alue. Product. Value. Product. V alue. Colorado . Short tons. 90 3, 658 540 8, 849 3, 057 $2, 500 63, 698 11, 123 128, 036 24, 237 Short tons. 1,300 5, 224 637 8, 955 5, 386 500 2, 125 50 $22, 100 72, 952 16, 341 145, 243 46, 088 6, 000 31, 035 610 Short tons. New York . Ohio . Pennsylvania . Tennessee . 7,352 800 9, 175 4, 000 400 2, 343 1,072 $99, 487 14, 500 134, 138 30, 000 5,000 34, 375 16, 955 Wisconsin . Other States (a) . Total . 1,832 3,000 26, 700 30, 000 21,026 286, 294 24, 177 340, 369 25, 142 334, 455 States. 1892. 1893. 1894. Product. Value. Product. Value. Product. Value. Colorado . Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. New York . Ohio . Pennsylvania . Tennessee . Vermont . Wisconsin . Other States (a) . Total . 5, 200 879 10, 289 5,000 400 2, 448 1,495 $76, 500 17, 090 176, 785 32, 000 5,000 33, 826 20, 765 3, 885 710 8, 300 3,000 338 2, 246 1,481 $57, 500 5, 750 143, 875 27, 500 4,600 29, 500 28, 564 4,787 1,006 8, 683 5,510 280 3, 057 2, 052 $48, 899 13, 516 119, 674 37, 870 3, 500 41, 889 19, 535 25,711 302, 966 19, 960 297, 289 25, 375 284, 883 a Includes Alabama, California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, and Vir¬ ginia. VENETIAN PEPS. The production of Venetian reds in 1894 was 2,983 short tons, against 3,214 in 1893, the decrease in product being compensated for by an increase in value from $64,400 to $73,300. The statistics of production since 1890 are shown in the following table : Production of Venetian red since 1890. Years. Short tons. Value. 1890 . 4, 000 4, 191 4,900 3,214 2, 983 $84,100 90, 000 106, 800 64, 400 73, 300 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . MINERAL PAINTS. 699 S Li ATE AS A PIGMENT. The amount of slate ground for paint in 1894 was 2,650 short tons, valued at $21,370, against 3,183 short tons, worth $24,727, in 1893, a decrease of 533 tons in amount and $3,357 in value. The annual product since 1880 has been as follows : Amount and value of slate ground for pigment since 1880. Years. Short tons. Value. Years. Short tons. Value. 1880 . 1,120 1, 120 2, 240 2, 240 2, 240 2, 212 3, 360 2, 240 $10, 000 10, 000 24, 000 24, 000 20, 000 24. 687 30, 000 20, 000 1888 . 2, 800 2,240 2, 240 2, 240 3, 787 3,183 2,650 $25, 100 20, 000 20, 000 20, 000 23, 523 24, 727 21, 370 1881 . 1889 . 1882 . 1890 . 1883 . 1891 . 1884 . 1892 . 1885 . 1893 . 1886 . 1894 . 1887 . WHITE HEAD, ETC. The production of white lead increased from 72,172 short tons in 1893 to 76,343 short tons in 1894, but the value decreased more than $1,000,000 — from $7,695,130 to $6,623,071. Bed lead increased from 6,122 short tons to 6,176 short tons, while the value decreased over $100,000. Litharge decreased both in amount and value. Orange min¬ eral increased from 217 short tons, valued at $32,893, to 319 tons, worth $43,517. Zinc white decreased from 24,059 short tons to 21,443 short tons, with a decrease in value from $1,804,420 to $1,500,975. The decline in values was in reality not so great as appears. Previous to 1894 the values were based on white lead in oil. In 1894 the product includes the amount sold dry, with the value in that condition : Production of white lead, etc., for four years. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Short tons. V alue. Short tons. Value. Short tons. V alue. Short tons. Value. White lead . Ked lead . Litharge . Orange mineral . Zinc white . Total . 78, 018 4, 607 5, 759 330 23, 700 $10, 454, 029 591,730 720, 925 43, 300 1, 600, 000 74, 485 6.122 5, 764 395 27, 500 $8, 733, 620 757, 787 611, 726 60, 170 2, 200, 0C0 72, 172 6,122 11, 077 217 24, 059 $7, 695, 130 707, 363 1, 091, 293 32, 893 1, 804, 420 76, 343 6, 176 4, 630 319 21, 443 $6, 623, 071 601, 972 412, 128 43, 517 1,500, 975 112, 414 13, 409, 984 114, 266 12, 363, 303 113, 647 11, 331, 099 108, 911 9, 181, 663 The annual production of white lead since 1884 has been as follows: Product of white lead in the United States since 1884. Years. Qauntity. Value. Years. Quantity. Value. 1884 . Short tons. 65, 000 60, 000 60, 000 70, 000 84, 000 80, 000 $6, 500, 000 6, 300, 000 7, 200, 000 7, 560, 000 10, 080, 000 9, 600, 000 1890 . Short tons. 77, 636 78, 018 74, 485 72, 172 76, 343 $9, 382, 967 10, 454, 029 8, 733, 620 7, 695, 130 6, 623, 071 1885 . 1891 . 1886 . 1892 . 1887 . 1893 . 1888 . 1894 . 1889 . 700 MINERAL RESOURCES, Tlie following table is of interest, as it shows the average yearly prices of pig lead and white lead in oil (both at New York) and the difference between the two since 1874: Average yearly net prices, at New York, of pig lead and white lead in oil since 1874. [Per 100 pounds.] Years. Pig lead in New York. 1874 . ■$6. 00 1875 . 5. 95 1876 . 6.05 1877 . 5.43 1878 . 3.58 1879 . 4. 18 1880 . 5.05 1881 . 4.80 1882 . 4. 90 1883 . 4.32 1884 . 3. 73 White lead in oil in New York. Difference $11. 25 $5. 25 10. 50 4. 55 10. 00 3. 95 9. 00 3.57 7. 25 3. 67 7. 00 2. 82 7. 60 2. 55 7. 25 2.45 7. 00 2. 10 6. 88 2. 56 5.90 2. 17 Years. Pig lead in New York. 1885 . $3.95 1886 . 4.63 1887 . 4.47 1888 . 4.41 1889 . 3.80 1890 . 4.33 1891 . 4.33 1892 . 4. 05 1893 . 3.73 1894 . 3. 28 White lead in oil in New York. Difference. $6. 00 $2. 05 6.25 1.62 5. 75 1.28 5. 75 1.34 6.00 2. 20 6. 25 1.92 6. 37 2. 05 6.39 2. 34 6. 03 2. 30 5.26 1.98 In considering the variations between the value of pig lead and white lead in oil allowance should be made for the fluctuations in the value of linseed oil, which enters largely into the manufacture of lead in oil. The fluctuations in the price of linseed oil in two years have ranged from 30 cents a gallon to 58 cents — almost double. The following table shows the imports of white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral since 1867 : Bed lead, white lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported from 1867 to 1894. Years ended — lied lead. White lead. Litharge. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. June 30, 1867 . Pounds. 926, 843 $53, 087 Pounds. 6, 636, 508 $430, 805 Pounds. 230, 382 $8, 941 1868 . 1,201,144 76, 773 7, 533, 225 455, 698 250, 615 12,225 1869 . 808, 686 46, 481 8, 948, 642 515, 783 187, 333 7,767 1870 . 1,042,813 54, 626 6, 228, 285 365, 706 97, 398 4,442 1871 . 1, 295,616 78,410 8, 337, 842 483, 392 70, 889 3,870 1872 . 1,513,794 85, 644 7, 153, 978 431, 477 66, 544 3, 396 1873 . 1,583,039 99, 891 6, 331, 373 408, 986 40, 799 2, 379 3874 . 756, 644 56, 305 4, 771 , 509 4, 354, 131 323, 926 25, 687 1,450 1875 . 1,048,713 73, 131 295, 642 15, 767 950 1876 . 749, 918 54, 884 2, 546, 776 175, 776 47, 054 2, 562 1877 . 387, 260 28, 747 2, 644, 184 174, 844 40, 331 2, 347 1878 . 170, 608 9,364 1, 759, 608 113, 638 28, 190 1,499 1879 . 143, 237 7,237 1, 274, 196 76, 061 38, 495 1, 667 1880 . 217, 033 10, 397 1, 906, 931 107, 104 27,389 1,222 1881 . 212, 423 10, 009 1.068,030 60, 132 63, 058 2,568 1882 . 288, 946 12,207 1,161,889 64, 493 54, 592 2, 191 1883 . 249, 145 10, 503 1, 044, 478 58, 588 34, 850 1,312 1884 . 265, 693 10, 589 902,281 67, 918 54, 183 1,797 1885 . 216, 449 7, 641 705, 535 40, 437 35, 283 1,091 Dec. 31, 1886 . 597, 247 23, 038 785, 554 57, 340 51,409 1,831 1887 . 371,299 16, 056 804, 320 58, 602 35. 908 1,302 3888 . 529, 665 23, 684 627, 900 49, 903 62,211 2, 248 1889 . 522, 026 24, 400 661, 694 56, 875 41, 230 1,412 1890 . 450, 402 20, 718 742, 196 57, 659 48, 283 2, 146 1891 . 651,577 23, 807 718, 228 40. 773 94, 586 3, 108 1892 . 812, 703 28, 443 744, 838 40, 032 56, 737 1,811 1893 . 854, 982 27, 349 686, 490 34, 145 42, 582 1,310 1894 . 947, 873 29, 064 796, 480 40, 939 38, 595 1,110 Orange mineral. Quantity. Value. Pounds. 1, 409, 601 1, 385, 828 1,386,464 $64, 133 61, 360 58, 614 BARYTES By Edward W. Parker. OCCURRENCE. Barytes, barium sulphate, or heavy siiar, as it is commonly called, occurs in a number of localities in the United States, chiefly in Mis¬ souri, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Virginia. The better grades are used principally in the manufacture of pigments as a cheaper substi¬ tute for white lead. Usually it is mixed with white lead, thus lessen¬ ing the cost to the consumer, and, it is claimed, not materially affecting the weight, quality, or covering properties. It is also used as a make¬ weight in paper manufactures, and the lower grades And a market with pork packers in the preparation of canvas covers for their products. PRODUCTION. The declining tendency in production which prevailed in 1893 con¬ tinued during 1894, the output decreasing from 2S,970 short tons in 1893 to 23,335 short tons in 1894, a decrease of 5,635 tons, or nearly 20 per cent. There was a slight recovery in the value, although that of 1894 was less than that of 1893. The product in 1893 was entirely from Missouri and Virginia, in nearly equal proportions. In 1894 three other States furnished a por¬ tion of the output, New Jersey yielding 520 tons, North Carolina 1,200 tons, and Georgia GO tons. The remainder of the product was about equally divided between the first-mentioned States. The value quoted is uniformly for crude barytes, which is, of course, much less than that of the material after it has been ground, floated, or otherwise prepared for commerce. The production of crude barytes in the United States since 1882 has been as follows : Production of crude barytes from 1S82 to 1894. Years. Quantity. Value. Short tons. 1882 . 22, 400 $80, 000 1883 . 30, 240 108, 000 1884 . 28, 000 100, 000 1885 . 16, 800 75, 000 1886 . 11, 200 50, 000 1887 . 16, 800 75, 000 1888 . 22, 400 110, 000 Years. Quantity. Value. 1889 . Short tons. 21, 460 $106, 313 1890 . 21,911 86, 505 1891 . 31, 069 118,363 1892 . 32, 108 130, 025 1893 . 28, 970 88, 506 1894 . 23, 335 86, 983 701 702 MINERAL RESOURCES, IMPORTS. The following table shows the imports of barytes into the United States from 1867 to 1894 : Imports of barium sulphate from 1S67 to 1S94- Years ended- June 30, 1867 . 1868 . 1869 . 1870 . 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . 1877 . 1878 . 1879 . 1880 . 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . Dec. 31, 1884 . 1885 . 1886 . 1887 . 1888 . . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 . 1892 . 1893 . 1894 . Manufactured. Quantity. Value Pounds. 14, 968, 181 2, 755, 547 1. 117, 335 1, 684, 916 1, 385, 004 5, 804, 098 6. 939, 425 4; 788, 966 2. 117, 854 2, 655, 349 2, 388, 373 1, 366, 857 453, 333 4, 924, 423 1, 518, 322 562, 300 411, 666 3, 884, 516 4, 095, 287 3, 476, 691 4, 057, 831 3, 821, 842 3.601,506 al, 563 2, 149 1,389 1,032 836 $141, 273 26, 739 8,565 12,917 9, 769 43, 521 53, 759 42, 235 17, 995 25, 325 19, 273 10, 340 3,496 37, 374 11, 471 3,856 2,489 24, 671 20, 606 18, 338 19, 769 17, 135 22, 458 16, 453 22, 041 15, 419 11,457 10, 556 U n manufactured . Quantity. Value. Pounds. 5, 800, 816 7, 841,715 6, 588, 872 10, 190, 848 6, 504, 975 13, 571, 206 a 4, 815 2, 900 2, 789 2, 983 1, 884 $8, 044 13, 567 8, 862 13, 290 9, 037 7, 660 13, 133 8, 816 7, 418 7, 612 5, 270 a Tons since 1890. \ ASBESTOS By Edward W. Parker. The total production of asbestos in 1894, 325 short tons; total value, $4,463. Two distinct minerals, somewhat similar in appearance and in physical properties, but different in chemical composition and mode of occurrence, are usually considered commercially under one head — asbestos. True asbestos is a fibrous variety of hornblende and usually occurs in pockets associated with talc or soapstone. Its kindred min¬ eral, clirysotile, is a hydrous silicate of magnesium and occurs in well- defined seams in a gangue of serpentine. The fibers of the chrysotile are from 1 to 4 inches in length and perpendicular to the direction of the seam. The composition of true asbestos is variable, the fair aver¬ age being MgCaSi206. The composition of chrysotile is more regular — Mg3H4Si209. The one is an anhydrous magnesium calcium silicate, the other a hydrous silicate of magnesium, no lime being present. Both minerals are remarkable for their resistance to the action of heat, but differ under the action of acids. True asbestos is impervious to, while chrysotile is decomposable by the ordinary agents. The fibers of chrysotile, however, possess qualities of toughness, elasticity, and flexibility which make it more suitable for the manufacture of woven materials than asbestos, whose fibers, while usually longer than those of chrysotile, are brittle and harsh and not adapted to textile manu¬ facture. This is particularly true of the American product. Consid¬ erable quantities, however, of domestic asbestos have been used in the manufacture of fireproof paints and as a packing material for fireproof safes and for boiler and steam-pipe covering. In these cases resistance to heat is requisite, but strength of fiber not essential. OCCURRENCE. True asbestos is found in many localities throughout the United States, but usually in small quantities. It occurs in many of the soap¬ stone formations along the Appalachian range from Yew York to Georgia; also in considerable quantity in California, Oregon, and Washington on the Pacific Slope, and in Montana and Wyoming. For its supply of chrysotile to be used in the manufacture of textile mate¬ rials this country has depended principally upon the mines of Thetford and Black Lake, in Canada, and when the importations of this material are compared with the domestic production of asbestos the latter falls into insignificance. Some chrysotile similar to the Canadian material has been found in Virginia in the vicinity of Bound Hill, on the east¬ ern slope of the Blue Kidge Mountains, and near Casper, Wyoming; but developments have not proceeded far enough in either locality to demonstrate the economic value of the deposits. 703 704 MINERAL RESOURCES. PRODUCTION. For a number of years ‘previous to 1894, the commercial product of domestic asbestos was obtained from California, though small amounts incidental to the quarrying- of soapstone have been taken out in Penn¬ sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, and also in Oregon and Wyoming, in the prosecution of the development work required by law for the maintenance of title. In 1894, however, the mines in California were closed down, and the scene of operations was transferred from the Pacific to the Atlantic Slope. Mines were opened during the year in Troup and White counties, Ga., and 325 tons of fiber were shipped from there in 1894, 75 tons from Troup and 250 tons from White County. The mine in Troup County was not fully developed, but indications are that work will be systematically pushed. The mine at Santee, in White County, was completely developed during the year and began shipping in December. The property has been equipped with a plant for treat¬ ing the material and preparing it for market. It consists of two Eaymond cyclone pulverizers having a capacity of 75 tons per day. The crude mineral is crushed in these pulverizers, and that which is reduced to a sufficient fineness is drawn off by a blast of air into another room wliere it is packed for shipment, while the coarser mate¬ rial is returned to the pulverizer for re-treatment. The amount of asbestos produced in Georgia during 1894 was larger than that obtained from California in any year since 1885, but there were several years in which the value exceeded that of the product iu 1894. During 1892, 64 tons of asbestus were mined in Oregon and 10 tons in Wyoming. In both cases the product was incidental to devel¬ opment work, and, owing to the industrial depression prevalent during 1893 and 1894, operations on these properties were suspended during these years. The following table exhibits the annual product of asbestos since 1880, with the value : Annual product of asbestos from 1880 to 1894. Years. Quantity. Value. 1880 . Short tons. 150- $4,312 1881 . 200 7,000 1882 . 1,200 36, 000 1882 . 1,000 30, 000 1884 . 1,000 30, 000 1885 . 300 9, 000 1886 . 200 6, 000 1887 . 150 4, 500 Years. Quantity. Value. 1888 . Short tons. 100 $3, 000 1889 . 30 1,800 1890 . 71 4, 560 1891 . 66 3,960 1892 . . 104 6,416 1893 . 50 2,500 1894 . 325 4,463 Comparing the above table with that of the table of imports, which is given below, it will be seen that there is a profitable market to be supplied with domestic fiber if any be found which is equal in quality ASBESTOS. 705 to that of the Canadian chrysotile, nearly all of the imports into the United States being from the Canadian mines. IMPORTS. The following table shows the value of asbestos imported since 1869: Value of asbestos imported from 1869 to 1894. Tears ended — Unmanu¬ factured. Manufac¬ tured. Total. $310 $310 ' 1870 . 7 1871 . 12 12 1872 . 1873 . $18 18 1874 . 152 152 1875 . 4,706 1,077 5, 783 1876 . 5,485 396 5,881 1877 . 1,671 1,550 3,221 1878 . 3,536 372 3,908 18*9 . 3, 204 4,624 7,828 1880 . 9, 736 9, 736 1881 . . 27^ 717 69 27i 786 1882 . 15, 235 504 15,739 1883 . 24, 369 243 24, 612 1884 . 48,755 1, 185 49, 940 Deo. 31, 1885 . 73, 026 617 73, 643 1880 . 134, 193 932 135, 125 1887 . • 140, 264 581 140, 845 1888 . 168, 584 8,126 176, 710 1889 . 254, 239 9,154 263, 393 1890 . 252, 557 5, 342 257, 879 1891 . 353, 589 4, 872 358, 461 1892 . 262, 433 7,209 269, 642 1893 . 175, 602 9, 403 185, 005 1894 . 240,029 15, 989 256, 018 CANADIAN PRODUCTION. As the supply for the United States is drawn almost entirely from Canada, the following table of production in that country will be found of interest: Annual product of asbestos in Canada since 1879. Years. Quantity. Value. 1879 . Tons. 300 $19. 500 1880 . . 380 24, 700 1881 . 540 35, 100 1882 . 810 52, 650 1883 . 955 68, 750 75, 079 1884 . 1, 141 1885 . 2, 440 142, 441 1886 . 3,458 206, 251 1887 . 4, 619 226, 976 Tears. Quantity. V alue. 1888 . Tons. 4,404 $255, 007 1889 . 6, 113 426, 554 1890 . 9,860 1, 260, 240 1891 . 9, 000 1, 000, 000 1892 . 6,042 388, 462 1893 . 6, 473 313, 806 1894 . 7,630 420, 825 Total . 64, 165 4, 916, 359 OTHER FOREIGN PRODUCTION. In addition to the Canadian chrysotile, some asbestos is imported from Italy, but while the Italian material is superior to that of the United States and possesses a fiber longer than the Canadian chryso¬ tile, it is inferior in strength and flexibility to the latter, and its use is 16 geol, pt 4 - 45 706 MINERAL RESOURCES. growing less. Large deposits of asbestos are reported in Griqualand West, about 90 miles from Kimberly, South Africa. In Newfoundland is found the same formation from which the Canadian chrysotile is obtained. Mr. C. E. Willis, in a paper read before the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, describes the occurrence in Newfoundland. Mr. Willis states that the metamorpliic rocks and serpentines of the eastern townships of Quebec dip under the Gulf of St. Lawrence and appear again in Port au Port, on the west coast of Newfoundland, and extend a long distance inland. Many claims have been located on the best prospects and development work is being prosecuted. There is good reason to believe that this region will prove a formidable rival to the Thetford and Black Lake proper-ties. MINERAL WATERS By A. C. Peale. PRODUCTION. The business depression prevalent throughout the country has appar¬ ently been felt among the mineral-spring owners, as among other busi¬ ness interests, although in respect to the production of mineral waters there is some inequality between the different sections of the country. An increase of production is seen in two sections, although in one of them there is a decrease in the value of the increased product as com¬ pared with 1893. The list of spring localities for 1894 contains 27 more springs than the list of 1893, the total for 1894 being 357, as compared with 330 for the previous year. Of this number 286 have reported this year, leaving a delinquent list of 71 springs not reporting. Of the springs not report¬ ing in 1894 nearly two-thirds gave figures in 1893. The average price per gallon this year has been about 17 cents, as compared with 18 cents for 1893 and 22£ cents for 1892. The total number of gallons produced in 1894, including an estimate for the delinquent springs of one-half the production last reported by them, reaches 21,569,608, with a valuation of $3,741,846. Compared with the corresponding figures of 1893, this is a loss of 1,947,887 gallons and a decrease of $504,888 in the valuation of the total product. Com¬ paring the figures presented by the springs actually reporting in the two years, we find that the 286 springs reporting in 1894 show a total of 18,972,266 gallons, which is a loss of 1,120,467 gallons from 1893. The decrease in the valuation of their product is $372,065. In the North Atlantic States 3 springs have been dropped from the list, as the water from them is no longer on sale. Ten springs not on the list of 1893 have been added to the present list. They are as follows: Tn Maine, Paradise Spring and Pownal Spring; in Connec¬ ticut, Puritan Spring; in New York, D. A. Ayer Amherst Mineral Spring, Colonial Mineral Springs, Esperanza Mineral Springs, Boonville Mineral Springs, and the Old Putnam Spring of Saratoga, and in Pennsylvania, Alicia Mineral Spring and Apollo Springs. The total number of springs credited to the section is 105, as compared witb 98 in 1893. Of these 83 report in 1894, the figures showing a loss of 133,664 gallons from the previous year, with a decrease of $356,484 in the valuation. 707 708 MINERAL RESOURCES. Tlie South Atlantic States in 1894 show a total of 55 springs, a net gain of 5 from 1893, 2 springs being taken from the list and 7 having been added. The latter are the Chicora Artesian Well and Harris Lithia Spring, in South Carolina; and the following in Virginia, viz, Iron Lithia Springs, Pine Mountain Springs, Seawright Magnesian Lithia Springs, Swineford’s Arsenic Lithia Springs, and the Virginia Magnesian Alkaline Springs. The decrease in the total production for the section is 432,709 gallons, the decrease in valuation being $175,593. Fifty -five springs have reported. The North Central States report for 1894 a total of 103 springs, the section being second in this respect only to the North Atlantic States. The total number on the list for 1893 was 92. From this 5 localities have been taken and 16 have been added. The springs new to the list are : In Ohio, the Devonian Mineral Spring and thePuritas Mineral Springs; in Indiana, the Emerald Spring; in Illinois,- Diamond Mineral Spring and Tivoli Mineral Spring; in Iowa, Mynster Springs; in Michigan, the Clarke Red Cross Well, Magnetic Mineral Springs, Medea Spring, Mount Clemens Pagoda Spring, and Plymouth Rock Well; in Minne¬ sota, Indian Medical Spring and Mankato Mineral Springs; and in Wisconsin, St. John Mineral Springs and the Fountain Spring and Silurian Spring of Waukesha. In Ohio the name of the Crystal Min¬ eral Spring of Urbana has been changed to the Purtlebaugh Mineral Springs, while the Cumberland Mineral Spring in Indiana is now known as the Greenup Mineral Spring. The number of gallons sold from 82 springs in 1894 in this section is reported as 6,914,900, a loss of 1,918,- 812 gallons from the figures of 1893. There is, however, a gain of $41,895 in the valuation of the product, the difference being between $1,115,322 for 1894 and $1,073,427 for 1893. In the South Central States there is little change from 1893, so far as the total number of springs is concerned, the net gain being 1 spring. The total for 1894 is 42, two springs having been dropped and three added. The springs not on the list for 1893 are one of the Blue Lick Springs of Kentucky, and the Blancoe Springs and Sulphur Springs, in Arkansas. This section shows a gain of 1,179,854 gallons from 1893, the total number of gallons reported for 1894 being, from 37 springs, 2,319,813. There is also an increase in the value of the production amounting to $151,505. The Western States and Territories show a net gain of 3 springs, the total for 1894 being 42. One spriug has been dropped and 4 have been added to the list. The springs new to the list are: Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, of Colorado; Castilla Hot Springs, of Utah, and iEtna Springs and the Almaden Vichy Springs, in California. The name of the Coyote Soda Springs, in New Mexico, is changed to Harsch’s Iron Springs. Twenty-nine of the 42 springs report their sales for 1894, showing an increased production of 184,864 gallons over that of 1893. Notwithstanding this increase, the total valuation has decreased to the extent of $33,388. MINERAL WATERS 709 Production of mineral waters for 1894, by States and Territories. States and Territories. Springs report¬ ing. Product. Value. Alabama . 4 Gallons. 12, 012 $12, 809 Arkansas . 7 155, 424 36, 678 California . 14 432, 055 215,192 Colorado . 4 302, 296 18, 305 Connecticut . 3 35, 500 4, 085 Georgia . 2 36, 0O0 8, 100 Illinois . 10 196, 454 19, 154 Indiana . 9 198, 960 31, 146 Iowa . 4 24, 100 2, 510 Kansas . 3 56, 707 3, 668 Kentucky . 6 91, 995 13, 347 Maine . 10 969, 984 105, 659 Maryland . 5 119, 000 15, 580 Massachusetts . 25 2, 347, 789 103, 134 Michigan . 13 540, 550 150, 282 Minnesota . 3 1, 292, 000 104, 500 Mississippi . 5 166, 432 42, 682 Missouri . 6 144, 200 47,310 New Hampshire . 2 1,413, 100 563, 220 New Mexico . 2 10, 000 500 New York . . 23 2, 167, 499 525,148 North Carolina . 8 14, 893 4,458 Ohio . 11 125, 450 256, 000 Oregon . 2 15, 500 4, 500 Pennsylvania . 13 1,108, 224 160, 406 Rhode Island . 3 115, 000 9, 125 South Carolina . 3 47, 700 9, 515 Tennessee . 3 36, 000 6,100 Texas . 12 1, 857, 950 162. 220 Utah . 2 25, 250 7, 562 Vermont . 3 55, 432 16, 584 Virginia . 30 402, 827 80, 715 Washington . 3 38, 000 5, 600 West Virginia . 6 27, 700 4, 785 Wisconsin . 21 4, 281. 746 494, 236 Other States (a) . 6 108, 537 36, 582 Total . 286 18, 972, 266 3, 280, 897 Estimated production of springs not reporting.. 71 2, 677, 342 460, 949 Grand total . 357 21, 569, 608 3, 741, 846 a These include Florida, Idaho, Nebraska, Montana, New Jersey, and South Dakota, from which but one spring reports for each State. 710 MINERAL RESOURCES Production of natural mineral maters from 1883 to 1894. Geographical divi¬ sion. Springs re¬ porting. Gallons sold. Value. 1883. North Atlantic.. 38 2, 470, 670 $282, 270 South Atlantic.. 27 312, 090 64, 973 North Central. . . 37 1,435, 809 323, 600 South Central. . . 21 1,441,042 139. 973 Western . 6 169, 812 52, 787 129 5, 829, 423 863, 603 Estimated . Total . 60 189 1, 700, 000 7, 529, 423 256, 000 1, 119, 603 1884. North Atlantic.. 38 3, 345, 760 328, 125 South Atlantic.. 27 464, 718 103, 191 North Central. . . 37 2, 070, 533 420, 515 South Central... 21 1,526,817 147,112 Western . 6 307, 500 85, 200 129 7, 715, 328 1,034, 143 Estimated . 60 2, 500, 000 375, 000 Total . 189 10, 215, 328 1, 459, 143 1885. North Atlantic.. 51 2, 527, 310 192, 605 South Atlantic.. 32 908, 692 237, 153 North Central. . . 45 2, 925, 288 446, 211 South Central. .. 31 5h), 436 74, 100 Western . 10 509, 675 86, 776 169 7,411,401 1, 036, 845 276, 000 Estimated . 55 1, 737, 000 Total . 224 9, 148, 401 1, 312, 845 1886. North Atlantic. . 49 2, 715, 050 177, 969 South Atlantic.. 38 720, 397 123, 517 North Central. . . 40 2, 048, 914 401, 861 South Central. . . 31 822, 016 58, 222 Western . 14 781, 540 137, 796 172 7, 087, 917 899, 365 Estimated . 53 1, 862, 400 384, 705 Total . 225 8, 950, 317 1,284,070 1887. North Atlantic.. 40 2,571,004 213,210 South Atlantic.. 34 614, 041 147, 149 208, 217 North Central. . . 38 1, 480, 820 South Central . . . 29 741, 080 87, 946 Western . 12 1,236, 324 288, 737 153 6, 643, 269 945, 259 Estimated . 62 1, 616, 340 316, 204 Total . 215 8, 259, 609 1, 261, 463 1888. North Atlantic.. 42 2, 856, 799 247, 108 South Atlantic.. 32 1, 689, 387 493, 489 North Central. . . 38 2, 002, 373 325, 839 South Central... 19 426, 410 71,215 Western . 15 1, 853, 679 421, 651 146 8, 828, 648 1, 559, 302 Estimated . 52 750, 000 120, 000 Total . 198 9, 578, 648 1,679,302 Geographical divi¬ sion. Springsre- porting. Gallons sold. Value. 1889. North Atlantic... 60 4, 1C6, 464 $471, 575 South Atlantic... 47 646, 239 198, 032 North Central. . . . 86 6, 137, 776 604, 238 South Central.... 33 500, 000 43, 356 Western . 32 1,389, 992 431, 257 Total . 258 12. 780, 471 , 1, 748, 458 1890. North Atlantic. . . 55 5, 043, 074 1, 175, 512 South Atlantic. .. 39 647, 625 245, 760 North Central _ 71 5,050,413 737, 672 South Central. . . . 30 604, 571 81,426 Western . 25 869, 504 253, 578 220 12,215, 187 2, 493, 948 Estimated . 53 1, 692, 231 106, 802 Total . 273 13,907,418 2, 600, 750 1891. North Atlantic. .. 62 5, 724, 752 1,591,746 South Atlantic... 41 796, 439 313, 443 North Central. . . . 68 8, 010, 556 482, 082 South Central .... 29 629, 015 106, 022 Western . 27 1, 123, 640 414,564 227 16, 284,402 2, 907, 857 Estimated . 61 2, 108, 330 88, 402 Total . 288 18, 392, 732 2, 996, 259 1892. • North Atlantic... 65 6, 853, 722 1, 933, 416 South Atlantic. . . 47 1,062,945 353, 193 North Central. . . . 74 11,566,440 1,834,732 South Central.... 32 693, 544 109, 334 Western . 24 1,261,453 594, 469 242 21,438. 104 4, 825, 144 Estimated . 41 438, 500 80. 826 Total . 283 21, 876, 604 4, 905, 970 1893. North Atlantic... 79 8, 351, 192 1, 844, 845 South Atlantic... 49 1,092, 829 304, 736 North Central. . . . 78 8, 833, 712 1,073,427 South Central .... 35 1, 139, 959 122, 331 Western . 29 675, 041 307, 623 270 20, 092, 733 3, 652, 962 Estimated . 60 3, 451, 762 593, 772 Total . 330 23, 544.495 4, 246, 734 1894. North Atlantic . . . 83 8, 217, 528 1, 488, 361 South Atlantic... 55 660,120 129, 143 North Central. . . . 82 6, 914, 900 1,115,322 South Central.... 37 2,319, 813 273, 836 Western . 29 859, 905 274, 235 286 18, 972, 266 3, 280, 897 Estimated . 71 2, 677, 342 460, 949 Total . 357 21, 569, 608 3, 741, 846 MINERAL WATERS. 711 LIST OF COMMERCIAL SPRINGS. ALABAMA. There is no change in the list of springs for Alabama. One spring is delinquent for 1894, and the following report: Bailey Springs, Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County. Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Washington County. Jackson "White Sulphur, Jackson, Jackson County. Wilkinson’s Matchless Mineral Water, Greenville, Butler County. ARKANSAS. Two new springs are added to the list, and of the 7 now credited to the State all report sales for 1894: Arkansas Lithia Springs, Hope, Hempstead County. Blancoe Springs, near Hot Springs, Garland County. Dovepark Springs, Dovepark, Hot Springs County. Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County. Mountain Valley Springs, Mountain Valley, Garland County. Potash Sulphur Spring, Hot Springs, Garland County. Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, Benton County. CALIFORNIA. One spring is dropped from the 1 st for California and 2 are added, making the total 19; of these the following 14 report: JEtna Springs, Lidell, Napa County. Alhambra Mineral Spring, Martinez, Contra Costa County. Almaden Vichy Springs, New Almaden, Santa Clara County. Azule Natural Seltzer Water, San Jose, Santa Clara County. California Seltzer Spring, Lytton Springs, Sonoma County. Castalian Mineral Water, Inyo County. El Moro Mineral Spring, El Moro, San Luis Obispo County. Geyser Soda Spring, Lytton Springs, Sonoma County. Napa Soda Springs, Napa Soda Springs, Napa County. Ojai Hot Springs, Matilija, Ventura County. Pacific Congress Springs, Saratoga, Santa Clara County. Shasta Mineral Spring, Shasta Springs, Siskiyou County. Tolenas Soda Spring, Fairfield, Solano County. Tuscan Springs, Red Bluff, Tehama County. COLORADO. The total number of springs for 1894 is 9, 1 spring being added to the list of 1893. Of these the following 4 report: Canyon City Vichy Springs, Canyon City, Fremont County. Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, near rueblo, Pueblo County. Colorado Carlsbad Springs, Barr, Arapahoe County. Manitou Mineral Springs, Manitou, El Paso County. 712 MINERAL RESOURCES. CONNECTICUT. One new spring is included in the total of 7 springs for Connecticut, and the following 3 report sales for 1894: Althea Spring, Waterbury, New Haven County. Oxford. Chalybeate Spring, Oxford, New Haven County. Puritan Spring, Norwich, New London County. FLORIDA. But 1 spring in Florida reports sales, viz: Magnolia Springs, Magnolia Springs, Clay County. GEORGIA. There is no change in the list for Georgia. Of the 3 springs only the following 2 report sales in 1894: Bowden Lithia Springs, Lithia Springs, Douglas County. Hughes Mineral Spring, near Rome, Floyd County. IDAHO. The only spring in Idaho reporting sales is: Idanha Spring, Soda Springs, Bannock County. ILLINOIS. The list for Illinois has increased by the addition of 2 springs, the total being 12. Of these the following 10 report: American Carlsbad, Nashville, Washington County. Black Hawk Springs, Rock Island, Rock Island County. Diamond Mineral Spring, Grant Fork, Madison County. Glen Flora Springs, Waukegan, Lake County. Greenup Mineral Spring, Greenup, Cumberland County. Perry Springs, Perry Springs, Pike County. Red Avon Mineral Springs, Avon, Fulton County. Sailor Springs, Sailor Springs, Clay County. Sanicula Springs, Ottawa, La Salle County. Tivoli Spring, Chester, Randolph County. INDIANA. The list for Indiana is inci eased by 1 new spring, making the total 11. Nine of these report for 1894: Barnard’s Spring, Martinsville, Morgan County. Emerald Spring, Indiana Mineral Springs, Warren County. French Lick Springs, French Lick, Orange County. Indiana Mineral Springs, Indiana Mineral Springs, Warren County. Ivickapoo Magnetic Springs, Kickapoo, Warren County. King’s Mineral Springs, Muddy Fork, Clark County. Lodi Artesian Well, Silverwood, Fountain County. Magnetic Mineral Springs, Terre Haute, Vigo County. West Baden Springs, West Baden, Orange County. MINERAL WATERS. 713 IOWA. One new spring is added, making 7 springs for the State. Of these, 4 report, viz : Colfax Mineral Spring, Colfax, Jasper County. Mynster Springs, Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County. Siloam Springs, Iowa Falls, Hardin County. White Sulphur Spring, White Sulphur, Scott County. KANSAS. One spring is dropped from the list for Kansas, and of the remaining 7 only 3 report sales for 1894. They are: Blazing’s Natural Medical Spring, Manhattan, Riley County. Geuda Mineral Springs, Geuda Springs, Cowley County. Jewell County Lithium Spring, Montrose, Jewell County. KENTUCKY. One spring is added to the list, and all the springs, 6 in number, report. They are: Anita Springs, La Grange, Oldham County. Bedford Springs, Bedford, Trimble County. Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas County. Crab Orchard Springs, Crab Orchard, Lincoln County. St. Patrick’s Well, Louisville, Jefferson County. Upper Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas County. LOUISIANA. No reports have been received from the State of Louisiana. MAINE. The total number of springs for Maine is increased by 2, making 14 in all. Of these, the following 10 report: Cold Bowling Spring, Steep Falls, Limington, York County. Crystal Springs, Auburn, Androscoggin County. Keystone Spring, East Poland, Androscoggin County. Oxford Mineral Spring, Oxford, Oxford County. Paradise Spring, Brunswick, Cumberland County. Poland Spring, South Poland, Androscoggin County. Pownal Spring, New Gloucester, Cumberland County. Underwood Springs, Falmouth Foreside, Cumberland County. Wilson Spring, North Raymond, Cumberland County. Windsor Mineral Spring, Lewiston, Androscoggin County. MARYLAND. One spring is taken from the list for Maryland, leaving 5, all of which report. They are: Carroll Spring, Forest Glen, Montgomery County. Chattolanee Springs, Baltimore County. Mardela Springs, Wicomico County. Strontia Mineral Spring, Brooklaudville, Baltimore County. Takoma Springs, Takoma, Montgomery County. 714 MINERAL RESOURCES. MASSACHUSETTS. Two springs are dropped from the list for Massachusetts, leaving the total for the State at 27, of which 25 report, as follows : Ballardville Lithia Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County. Belmont Hill Spring, Everett, Middlesex County. Belmont Natural Spring, Belmont, Middlesex County. Blue Hill Silver Spring, Milton, Norfolk County. Burnham Spring, Methuen, Essex County. Columbia Lithia Spring, Revere, Suffolk County. Commonwealth Mineral Spring, Waltham, Middlesex County. Crystal Spring, Stoughton, Norfolk County. Crystal Mineral Spring, Methuen, Essex County. Crystal Mineral Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County. Diamond Spring, Lawrence, Essex County. Electric Spring, Lynn, Essex County. Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County. Fulton Natural Spring, Medford, Middlesex County. Goulding Spring, Whitman, Plymouth County. Harvard Crystal Spring, Allston, Suffolk County. Indian Spring, Brighton, Suffolk County. Leland Mineral Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County. Massasoit Spring, Springfield, Hampden County. Middlesex Mountain Spring, Malden, Middlesex County. Moose Hill Spring, Swampscott, Essex County. Nobscot Mountain Spring, Framingham, Middlesex County. Robbins' Spring, Arlington, Middlesex County. Sheep Rock Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County. Simpson Spring, South Easton, Bristol County. MICHIGAN. Five springs new to the list for Michigan increase the total to 15. Of these the following 13 report sales for 1S94: Americanus Spring, Lansing, Ingham County. Blue Rock, Grand Rapids, Kent County. Clarke Red Cross Well, Big Rapids, Mecosta County. Eastman Springs, Benton Harbor, Berrien County. Magnetic Mineral Spriugs, Spring Lake, Ottawa County. Medea Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County. Moorman Well, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County. Mount Clemens Pagoda Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County. Mount Clemens Sprudel Water, Mount Clemens, Macomb County. Plymouth Rock Well, Plymouth, Wayne County. Salutaris Spring, St. Clair Springs, St. Clair County. Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County. Zauber Wasser, Hudson, Lenawee County. MINNESOTA. Two springs are added to the list, and all of the springs for the State, 3 in number, report sales for 1894. They are: Indian Medical Spring, Elk River, Sherburne County. Inglewood Spring, Minneapolis, Hennepin County. Mankato Mineral Springs, near Maukato, Blue Earth County. MINERAL WATERS. 715 MISSISSIPPI. There is no change in the list for Mississippi for 1894. The 5 springs credited to the State all report. They are: Brown's Wells, Brown’s Wells, Copiali County. Castal.ian Springs, Durant, Holmes County. Godbold Mineral Well, Summit, Pike County. Robinson Mineral Spring, Madison County. Stafford Mineral Springs, near Vosburg, Jasper County. MISSOURI. Two springs are taken from the list. Of the 8 remaining springs the following 6 report : B. B. Mineral Springs, Bowling Green, Pike County. Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick, Saline County. Eldorado Springs, Cedar County. Excelsior Springs, Excelsior Springs, Clay County. Lineville Mineral Springs, Mercer County, near Lineville, Iowa. Randolph Springs, Randolph Springs, Randolph County. MONTANA. The only spring reporting from Montana is: Lisner’s Mineral Springs, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County. NEBRASKA. The State of Nebraska is represented on the list by 1 spring, viz: Victoria Mineral Springs, New Helena, Custer County. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Three springs are credited to New Hampshire. Of these 2 report, as follows : Londonderry Lithia Spring, Londonderry, Rockingham County. Pack Monadnock Lithia Spring, Temple, Hillsboro County. NEW JERSEY. No change is noted in New Jersey. It is still represented on the list by — Kalium Springs, Collingswood, Camden County. NEW MEXICO. Only 2 of New Mexico’s 4 springs make a report. They are: Harsch’s Iron Springs, Coyote Canyon, Bernalillo County. Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, Taos County. 716 MINERAL RESOURCES. NEW YORK. Four springs are added to the list for New York, bringing the total up to 29. Of these 22 report as follows: Avon Sulphur Spring, Avon, Livingston County. A. D. Ayer Amherst Mineral Springs, near Williamsville, Erie County. Boonville Mineral Springs, Boouville, Oneida County. Cayuga Water, Cayuga, Cayuga County. Colonial Mineral Springs, West Deer Park, Suffolk County. Deep Rock Springs, Oswego, Oswego County. Esperanza Mineral Springs, Lake Keuka, Yates County. Massena Springs, Massena, St. Lawrence County. Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County : Champion Spring. Empire Spring. Excelsior Spring. Hathone Spring. Old Putnam Spring. Royal Spring. Saratoga Carlsbad Spring. Saratoga Imperial Spring. Saratoga Kissiugen Spring. Saratoga Vichy Spring. Saratoga Victoria Spring. Union Spring. Sulphur Springs, Richfield Springs, Otsego County. Table Rock Mineral Spring, Honeoye Falls, Monroe County. White Sulphur Spring, Sharon Springs, Schoharie County. NORTH CAROLINA. There is no change in the list for North Carolina. Eight of the 10 springs report. They are: Ashley Bromine and Arsenic Spring, Ashe County. Barium Springs, Barium Springs, Iredell County. Lemon Springs, Lemon Springs, Moore County. Park Spring, Caswell County, near Dajiville, Va. Panacea Springs, Warren County. Seven Springs, Seven Springs, Wayne County. Shaw’s Healing Springs, Littleton, Halifax County. Thompson’s Bromine Arsenic Springs, Crumpler, Ashe County. OHIO. One spring is dropped from the list and 2 are added, so the total for the State is 12. Of these 11 report: Crum Mineral Springs, Austiutown, Mahoning County. Crystal Rock Spring, Erie County. Devonian Mineral Spring, Lorain, Lorain County. Magnetic and Saline Spring, Marysville, Union County. Mustcash Spring, Erie County. Oak Ridge Spring, Green Spring, Seneca County. Puritas Mineral Springs, Rockport, Cuyahoga County. Purtlehaugh Mineral Springs, Urbana, Champaign County. Rex Mineral Spring, New Richmond, Clermont County. Ripley Bromo-Litliia Natural Spring, Ripley, Brown County. Sulphur Lick Springs, Anderson, Ross County. MINERAL WATERS. 717 OREGON. Both of Oregon’s springs report for 1893. They are: Siskkiyou Spring, Soda Springs, Jackson County. Wilkoit Springs, Wilhoit, Clackamas County. PENNSYLVANIA. Two springs added to the list for Pennsylvania bring the total up to 17. Thirteen report for 1894. They are: Alicia Mineral Spring, Pentield, Clearfield County. Apollo Springs, Pine Run, Westmoreland County. Bedford Mineral Spring, Bedford, Bedford County. Black Barren Mineral Spring, Pleasant Grove, Lancaster County. Cresson Springs, Cresson, Cambria County. Eureka Springs, Saegertown, Crawford County. Gettysburg Katalysine Spring, Gettysburg, Adams County. Gray Spring, Cambridgeboro, Crawford County. Parker Mineral Spring, Gardeau, McKean County. Pavilion Spring, Wernersville, Berks County. Pulaski Natural Mineral Springs, Pulaski, Lawrence County. Rush Spring, Rush, Susquehanna County. Sizerville Magnetic Mineral Spring, Sizerville, Cameron County. RHODE ISLAND. The 3 springs on our list for Rhode Island all report. They are : Gladstone Spring, Narragansett Pier, Washington County. Holly Spring, Woonsocket, Providence County. Ochee Mineral and Medical Springs, Johnson, Providence County. SOUTH CAROLINA. One spring is dropped from the list and 2 added, making the present number of springs 4. Of these 3 report as follows: Chicks Springs, Chicks Springs, Greenville County. Cliicora Artesian Well, Chicera, Berkeley County. Harris Lithia Spring, Waterloo, Laurens County. SOUTH DAKOTA. There is no change in the list for South Dakota. The 1 spring credited to the State is : Hot Springs of South Dakota, Hot Springs, Fall River County. TENNESSEE. One spring is taken from the list, leaving the total 5, of which the following 3 report: Idaho Springs, St. Bethlehem, Montgomery County. Red Boiling Springs, Red Boiling Springs, Macon County. Tate Epsom Springs, Tate Spring, Grainger County. 718 MINERAL RESOURCES. TEXAS. There is no change from 1893 in the list of springs for Texas. Of the 13 credited to the State 12 report. They are : Capp’s Well, Longview, Gregg County. Lalby Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie County. Elkhart Mineral Wells, Elkhart, Anderson County. Georgetown Mineral Water, Georgetown, Williamson County. Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County. Montvale Springs, Marshall, Harrison County. Overall Mineral Wells, Franklin, Robertson County. Rockdale Mineral Wells, Rockdale, Milam County. Slack’s Wells, Fayette County, near Waelder, Gonzales County. Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell County. Tioga Mineral Wells, Grayson County. Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County. * UTAH. One new spring appears on the list for Utah. Both of the springs now on the list report. They are: Castilla Hot Spring, Spanish Fork Canyon, Utah County. Wasatka Springs, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County. VERMONT. One spring is dropped from the list, and of the 4 remaining 3 report as follows : Clarendon Springs, Clarendon Springs, Rutland County. Equinox Spring, Manchester, Bennington County. Missisquoi Mineral Springs, Sheldon, Franklin County. VIRGINIA. Five springs, new to the list for 1894, increase Virginia’s total to 34 springs. Of these, 30 report, as follows: Blue Ridge Springs, Botetourt County. Buffalo Litliia Springs, Buffalo Litkia Springs, Mecklenburg County. Chase City Mineral Springs, Chase City, Mecklenburg County. Cove Lithia Springs, near Wytheville, Wythe County. Crockett Arsenic Lithia Spring, Shawsville, Montgomery County. Farmville Lithia Springs, Cumberland County, near Farmville, Prince Edward County. Harris Anti-Dyspeptic and Tonic Spring, Burkeville, Nottoway County. Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Bath County. Iron Lithia Springs, Tip Top, Tazewell County. Jordan White Sulphur Spring, Stephenson, Frederick County. Lake Como Lithia Spring, Henrico County. Massanetta Springs, Harrisonburg, Rockingham County. Nye Lithia Springs, Wytheville, Wythe County. Osceola Springs, near Pleasant Valley, Rockingham County. Ottcrburn Lithia and Magnesia Springs, Amelia Court House, Amelia County. Pieoniau Springs, Loudoun County. MINERAL WATERS. 719 Powhatan Lithia and Alum Springs, Tobaccoville, Powhatan County. Pino Mountain Springs, Washington County. Rawley Springs, Rawley Springs, Rockingham County. Roanoke Red Sulphur Spring, Catawba, Roanoke County. Rockbridge Alum Springs, Goshen Bridge, Rockbridge County. Seawright Magnesian Lithia Spring, Staunton, Augusta County. Seven Springs, near Glade Spring, Washington County. Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County. Steephill Ferro-phospho-magnesium Spring, North Staunton, Augusta County. Swiueford’s Arsenic Lithia Springs, Osceola. Virginia Magnesian Alkaline Springs, near Staunton, Augusta County. Virginia Waukesha Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County. Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, near Millboro Spring, Bath County. Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap, Halifax County. WASHINGTON. I , The list for the State of Washington remains unchanged. The 3 springs of the State all report. They are : Cascade Springs, near Cascades, Skamania County. Medical Lake, Medical Lake, Spokane County. Yakima Soda Spring, near North Yakima, Yakima County. WEST VIRGINIA. Six of West Virginia’s 7 springs report sales for 1894. They are: Borland Springs, Bull Creek, "Wood County. Capon Springs, Capon Springs, Hampshire County. Irondale Springs, Independence, Preston County. Salt Sulphur Springs, Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County. Triplet Well, Calf Creek, Grant District, Pleasants County. White Sulphur Springs, Wnite Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County. WISCONSIN. The number of springs for Wisconsin shows a net gain of 2, 3 springs being added to the list and 1 dropped. Of the 20 springs credited to the State 21 report. They are : Allouez Mineral Springs, Green Bay, Brown County. Bethania Mineral Spring, Osceola, Polk County. Fort Crawford Springs, Prairie du Chien, Crawford County. Great Geyser Spring, Palmyra, Jefferson County. Lebens Wasser, Green Bay, Brown County. Nee-Ska-Ra Mineral Spring, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County. Salvator Springs, Green Bay, Brown County. Shealtiel Springs, Waupaca, Waupaca County. « Sheboygan Spring, Sheboygan, Sheboygan County. Silver Sand Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. Sparkling Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. St. John Mineral Spring, Green Bay, Brown County. Wautoma Mineral Spring, Waushara County. Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County: Almanaris Springs. Arcadian Spring. Bethesda Mineral Spring. 720 MINERAL RESOURCES, Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County — Continued. Fountain Spring. Horeb Spring. Siloatn Spring. Waukesha Hygeia Mineral Spring. Silurian Mineral Spring. Summary of reports of mineral springs for 1894. States and Territories. Springs report¬ ing. Springs not re¬ porting. Total used com¬ mercially. NORTH ATLANTIC STATES. Maine . 10 4 14 New Hampshire . 2 1 3 Vermont . 3 1 4 Massachusetts . 25 2 27 Rhode Island . 3 0 3 Connecticut . 3 4 7 New York . 23 6 29 New Jersey . 1 0 1 Pennsylvania . 13 4 17 SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. Delaware . 0 0 0 Maryland . 5 0 5 District of Columbia. . . . 0 0 0 Virginia . 30 4 34 West Virginia . 6 1 7 North Carolina . 8 2 10 South Carolina . 3 1 4 Georgia . 2 1 3 Florida . 1 1 2 SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. Kentucky . . 6 0 6 Tennessee . 3 2 5 Alabama . 4 1 5 Mississippi . 5 0 5 Louisiana . 0 1 1 Texas . 12 1 13 Indian Territory . 0 0 0 Arkansas . 7 0 7 Oklahoma . 0 0 0 States and Territories. Springs report¬ ing. Springs not re¬ porting. Total used com¬ mercially. NORTH CENTRAL STATES. Ohio . 11 1 12 Indiana . . 9 2 11 Illinois . 10 2 12 Michigan . 13 2 15 Wisconsin . 21 5 26 Minnesota . 3 0 3 Iowa . 4 3 7 Missouri . 6 2 8 North Dakota . 0 0 0 South Dakota . 1 0 1 Nebraska . 1 0 1 Kansas . 3 4 7 WESTERN STATES AND TER¬ RITORIES. Alaska . 0 0 0 Wyoming . 0 0 0 Montana . 1 1 2 Colorado . 4 5 9 New Mexico . n is 2 4 Arizona . 0 0 0 Utah . 2 0 2 Nevada . 0' 0 0 Idaho . l 0 1 Washington . 3 0 3 Oregon . 2 0 2 California . 14 5 19 Totals . 286 71 357 MINERAL WATERS, 721 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Prior to 1884 the Treasury Department did not distinguish natural mineral waters from those that were artificial ; since 1883 the distinc¬ tion has been made, but the artificial waters have not been classified according to the receptacles in which they have been imported. The importation is shown in the two tables following, with a table of exports appended : Mineral waters imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1883 , inclusive. Fiscal years ended J une 30 — In bottles of 1 quart or less. In bottles in ex¬ cess of 1 quart. Nat in bottles. All, not artificial. Total value. j Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 1867 . Bottles. 370, 610 241, 702 344, 691 433, 212 470, 947 892, 913 35, 508 7, 238 4, 174 25, 758 12, 965 8, 229 28, 440 207, 554 150, 326 152, 277 88, 497 $24, 913 18, 438 25, 635 30, 680 34, 604 67, 951 2, 326 691 471 1,899 1, 328 815 2, 352 19, 731 11, 850 17, 010 7,054 Quarts. 3, 792 22, 819 9, 739 18, 025 2, 320 $360 2, 052 802 1,743 174 Gallons. $137 104 245 508 141 116 75 16 2 Gallons. $25, 410 20, 594 26, 682 32, 931 34, 919 68, 067 100, 552 80, 496 102, 113 136, 788 168, 808 351, 727 284, 509 305, 529 395, 492 427, 115 448, 493 1868 . 554 1, 042 2,063 1,336 639 355 95 5 1869 . 1870 . 1871 . 1872 . 1873 . 394, 423 199, 035 395, 956 447, 646 520, 751 883, 674 798, 107 927, 759 1, 225, 462 1, 542, 905 1, 714, 085 $98, 151 79, 789 101, 640 134, 889 167, 458 350, 912 282, 153 285, 798 383, 616 410, 105 441, 439 1874 . 1875 . 1876 . . . 1877 . 22 1878 . 1879 . 3 4 1880 . 1881 . 55 26 1882 . 1883 . Imports for years 1884 to 1894. • Tears ended — Artificial mineral waters. Natural mineral waters. Gallons. Value. Gallons. Value. June 30, 1884 . 29, 366 $4, 591 1, 505, 298 $362, 651 1885 . 7,972 2, 157 1, 660, 072 397, 875 Dec. 31, 1886 . 62, 464 16, 815 1, 618, 960 354, 242 1887 . 13, 885 4, 851 1,915, 511 385, 906 1888 . 12, 752 4,411 1, 716, 461 341, 695 1889 . 36, 494 8, 771 1, 558, 968 368, 661 1890 . . 22, 328 7, 133 2, 322, 008 433, 281 1891 . 26, 700 8, 700 2, 019, 833 392, 894 1892 . 16, 052 9,089 2, 266, 123 497, 660 1893 . 6, 086 2, 992 2, 321,081 506, 866 1894 . 7, 753 3, 047 1, 891, 964 417, 500 Exports of natural mineral waters, of domestic production, from the United States. Fiscal years ending June 30 — Value. Fiscal years ending June 31 — Value. 1875 . $162 80 1,529 1,486 1881 . $1,029 421 a 459 1876 . 1882 . 1879 . 1883 . 1880 . aXone reported since 1883. 16 GEOL, PT 4 - 46 INDEX. Page. Abrasive materials, by Edward W. Parker. 586 Accumulation and natural storage of natural gas . 407 Adobe soils, analyses . 562 Alabama, annual coal product of . 69 coal . 65 mines, labor statistics. . . 70 prices . 70 coke . 243 limestone . 495 mineral waters . 711 petroleum . 375 sandstone . 486 Amber in Texas . 603 American rock cement, by Uriah Cummings 576 Amount and value of coal used in the man¬ ufacture of coke . 240 Amount and value of coal produced in the United States . 14 Analyses, coal and coke, Austen, W. Va _ 298 Analyses . 552 adobe soils . 562 brick clays . 564 of coal, Pocahontas (Flat Top), West Virginia . 294 coals and cokes, Pratt seam, Ala¬ bama . 244 coke, Alleghany Mountain district, Pennsylvania . 280 Connellsville, Pa . 271-273 Colorado . 250 Davis seam, Coketon, W.Va. 300 Dekoven, Ky . 258 Jefferson, Ala . 244 Me Alester, Ind. T . 254 Monongah, W. Va . 297 Skagit County, Wash . 293 St. Bernard, Ky . 257 Tennessee . 290 W ilkeson, Tacoma, W ash . . . 292 clays . 554 by States, distribution of. . . . 553 Davis coal, at Douglas, W. Va . 300 Georgia marble . 465-467 Kaolin . 560 Missouri limestone . 508 paving-brick clays . 570 pipe clays . 574 pipestone . .... 488 residual clays . 574 sandstones . 483 Page Analyses, slip clays . 562 “snowflake” marble (dolomite) from Pleasantville, N. Y . 468 Tennessee black phosphates . 634 phosphate . 628 terra cotta clays . 572 Thomas and Davis coals, upper Potomac field, West Virginia... 299 Annual coal product of Alabama . 69 Ohio . 160 increase in the coal product of West Virginia . 205 lump-coal product of Illinois . 92 production of coal since 1880 . 13 tonnage of coal used by steamship companies out of New York . 29 Anthracite coal . 9 Pennsylvania . 163 distribution. 166 Appalachian coking field . 219 oil field . 324 average daily produc¬ tion . 329 daily production of new wells in the. 337, 338 deliveries of petro¬ leum in the . 332 number of dry holes drilled in the . 339 pipe line runs in the. 330 production . 327 by months 327 rigs building in the. . 340 shipments . 331 stocks of petroleum in the . 332 wells completed in the 336 in process of drilling in the . 335, 341 record sin the.. 335 Arizona limestone . 495 quartz gems . 601 Arkansas coal . 70 production . 71 granite . 458 limestone . 495 mineral waters . 711 sandstone . 486 Artificial weathering tests made on polished and unpolished Georgia marble . 466 723 724 INDEX. Page. Asbestos . 703 forei gn production . 705 imports . 705 in Canada . 705 occurrence . . 703 Asphaltum, by Edward W. Parker . 430 occurrences . 430 imports . 435 in California . 432 Kentucky . 433 Montana . 433 Texas . 433 Utah . 433 production . 431 by States . 432 varieties . 430 Australia diamonds . 597 Average prices, coal at the mines . . . 19 Ohio coal . 160 Tennessee coal . 192 West Virginia coal. . . 207 of ten samples of Coketon coke. .. 301 Bain, H. Foster, notes on Iowa building stone . 500 Baker oil fields, extent of the . 391 Barytes.. . 701 imports . 702 Beryl, Maine . 600 Bell County coals, analysis of . 259 Black diamond and Eureka coal, test of. . . . 52 nodular phosphate . - . 611 phosphates, origin of . 620 Blossburg coke district, Pennsylvania, sta¬ tistics . 287 Blue Canyon and Pocahontas coal, test of. . 52 Bluestone . 489 Bituminous coal . 10 fields . 3 in Montana . 145 fields in Pennsylvania .... 181 Pennsylvania . 181 in Pennsylvania, produc¬ tion . 183 in Pennsylvania, reserves of . 183 Borneo petroleum . 404 Brick, average price of, by States and Ter¬ ritories . 520 burning . 531 clays, analyses . 564 drying . 531 dust mortar . 526 sizes of . 5-23 tests of . 539 testing of . 523 vitrified paving, price . 520 British G-uiana diamonds . 597 Buhrstones . 586 and millstones, imports . 587 production . 587 Burmah petroleum . 399 California asphaltum . 432 coal . 73 diamonds . 596 granite . 458 Page. California limestone . 496 marble . 464 mineral waters . 711 natural gas . 426 petroleum . 368 production . 369 Portland cement . 584 quartz gems . 601 salt . 650 sandstone . - . 486 slate . 477 Canadian oil refineries, production . 389 Canada asbestos . 705 petroleum . 383 prices . 388 production . 388 shipments of petroleum from . 387 Carved granite . 456 Cement . ; . 576 imports, by ports . 585 Central coking field . 220 Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke . 241 Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Illinois . 253 Indiana . 254 Kentucky . 260 Montana . 262 New Mexico . 263 Ohio . 267 Pennsylvania . 270 Virginia . 292 Washington . 293 West Virginia . . 303 Wisconsin . 303 Wyoming . 304 Chemical analysis of Georgia marble . 467 Chicago (Ill.) coal . 38 Cincinnati coke district . 265 Cincinnati (Ohio) coal . 46 Classification of coal fields of the United States . 7 Illinois coal mines . 90 lump-coal product of Illi¬ nois . 91 United States granites . . . 439 Clay, by Jefferson Middleton . 517 analysis of . 554 ballast . 525 bibliography . 527 burning . 537 drying . 537, 549 fusibility of . 524 imports . 522 molding . 529, 536, 549 preparation of . . 536 production... . 518,519 screening . 529 tempering . 529 Clearance of coal at Buffalo . 35 from Cuyahoga district. . 37 Cleveland (Ohio) coal . 35 Closing prices for anthracite coal at New York . 25 Coal, by Edward W. Parker . 1 INDEX. Page. Coal and coke from Etna mines, Tennessee, analyses . 289 in New River district, West Virginia . 296 receipts and shipments at Cleveland . 36 at St. Louis . 48 anthracite . 9 average prices . 19 bituminous . 10 production, Pennsylvania, by counties . 184 consumed in the manufacture of coke . . 236 fields in Alabama . 65 Arkansas . 70 Colorado . 75 Illinois . 83 Indiana. . 106 Missouri . 139 New Mexico . 149 Ohio . 156 Tennessee . 188 the United States . 2 the United States, classifica¬ tion of . 7 Texas . 193 Virginia . 195 West Virginia . 202 freight to Boston . 27 from Soddy mines, Tennessee, analyses 290 Tracy mines, Tennessee, analyses 289 imports and exports . 19 in Alabama . 65 prices . 70 Arkansas . 70 production . 71 Boston, Mass . 29 Buffalo, N. V . 31 California . 73 by counties . 74 Chicago, Ill . 38 Cincinnati, Ohio . 46 Cleveland, Ohio . 35 Coketon (Pa.) anatyses . 277 Colorado . 75 prices . 80 production . 75 Duluth, Minn . 44 Georgia . 82 production . 83 Illinois . 83 output . 99 production . 83 Indiana . 106 production . 106 Indian Territory . 110 production . 110 Iowa . 112 prices . 121 production . 116 Kansas . 122 by counties . 124 Kansas City, Mo . . . 48 Kansas production . 124 725 Page. Coal in Kentucky . 126 by counties . 128 prices . 131 Maryland . 132 production . 133, 134 shipments . 135 Michigan . 138 production . 138 Milwaukee, W's . 42 Missouri . 139 prices . 143 production, by counties .. 141 statistics . 144 Mobile, Ala . 49 Montana . 144 Nevada . 149 New Mexico . 149 New York City . 24 Norfolk, Va . . . 50 North Carolina . 153 North Dakota . 154 Ohio . 156 by counties . 158 Oregon . 161 Pennsylvania . 162 Philadelphia . 28 St. Louis, Mo . 47 San Francisco, Cal . 50 Texas . 193 Toledo, Ohio . 37 Utah . 194 Virginia . 195 Washington, . 199 average prices for . 201 by counties . 200 production . 199 West Virginia . 202 by counties . 204 production . 203 Wyoming . 208 and coal measures in Wyoming . 208 measures of the Indian Territory . 110 mines in Illinois, production . 94 of Roane Iron Company, Ten¬ nessee, analyses of . 289 mining in Iowa . 113 Pennsylvania, annual shipments . 167 product in Alabama, by counties . 68 Arkansas, by counties . 72 Colorado, by counties . 78 Iowa, by counties . 117 districts . 118 inspection dis¬ tricts . 119 Oregon . . . 162 Tennessee, by counties.... 191 Utah, by counties . 195 Virginia, by counties . 198 the U nited States, by States 1 1 WestVirginia, by counties. 206 production . 9, 67 by States . 65 in Illinois, statistics . 93 since 1880 . 13 726 INDEX. Page. Coal receipts at Buffalo . 34 Chicago . 40 Cincinnati, Ohio . 46 Philadelphia . 31 Toledo, Ohio . 38 required to produce a ton of coke . 238 shipments from Chicago . 41 Lamberts Point, Va. .. 50 trade review . 22 world’s product of . 21 Coke, average monthly prices of . 276 Connellsville (Pa.) district . 270 from the Connellsville region, month¬ ly shipments of . 275 imports . 243 in Alabama . 243 statistics . 246 Alleghany Mountain district . 278 Alleghany Mountain district, Penn¬ sylvania, analysis . 279, 280 Alleghany Mountain district, sta¬ tistics of . 280 Yalley district, Pennsyl¬ vania . 284 Beaver district, Pennsylvania . 283 Blossburg district, Pennsylvania.. 287 Broad Top district, Pennsylvania. .. 282 Clearfield Center district, Pennsyl¬ vania . 280 Clearfield Center district, Pennsyl¬ vania, statistics of . 281 Cincinnati coke district . 265 Colorado . 247 Connellsville region, statistics of the manufacture of . 275 Georgia . 251 statistics . 252 Greensburg district, Pennsylvania. 288 Illinois . 252 statistics . 253 Indiana . 253 statistics . 254 Indian Territory . 254 Irwin district, Pennsylvania . 288 Kanawha district, West Virginia.. 296 Kansas . 255 statistics . 256 Kentucky . 256 statistics . 260 Missouri . 260 statistics . 261 Monongahela district, West Vir¬ ginia . 298 Montana . 261 statistics . 262 New Mexico . 262 statistics . 263 New River district, West Virginia. 295 New River district, West Virginia, statistics . 296 New York . 263 Ohio . 263 district . 266 production . 266 statistics . 265, 266 Page- Coke in Pennsylvania . 267 production by dis¬ tricts . 268 statistics . 270 Pittsburg district Pennsylvania . . 283 Pocahontas (Flat Top) district, WestVirginia . 294 Potomac coke district . 298 Reynolds ville, Walston district, Pennsylvania . 284 Reynoldsville, Walston district, Pennsylvania, statistics . 284 Skagit County, Wash., analysis of. 293 Tennessee . 288 analysis . 290 statistics . 290 Upper Connellsville district, Penn¬ sylvania, analysis of . 277 Monongahela district, West Virginia . 297 Potomac district, statistics- 301 Utah . 291 Virginia . 291 statistics . 291 WestVirginia . 293 production by dis¬ tricts . 301 statistics of . 302 Washington . 292 statistics . 293 Wisconsin . 303 statistics . 303 Wyoming . 303 statistics . 304 manufacture in Colorado, statistics . . . 251 ovens in the United States . 223 production 1880 to 1894 . 232 Coking industry by States . 243 Colorado coal . 75 mines, statistics . 80 prices . 80 product . 81 production . 75 coke . 247 granite . 458 limestone . 496 mineral waters . 711 natural gas . 428 petroleum . 367 product of crude oil in . 368 sandstone . 486 Commercial development of the Tennessee phosphates, by C. G. Memminger . 631 Comparison of Connellsville and St. Bernard cokes . 258 Composition of sandstone from various lo¬ calities . 483 Condition in which coal is charged into coke ovens . 241 Connecticut granite . 459 limestone . 496 mineral waters . 712 sandstone . 486 Connellsville (Pa.) coke, average composi¬ tion of . 274 INDEX. Page Connellsville (Pa.) coke district . 270 Consumption of natural gas . 413 Convicts in Tennessee coal mines . 188 Corona coal analysis . 61 test of . 61 Corundum and emery . 590 production . 591 Crude petroleum in the A ppalachian oil field, prices . 333 West Virginia, produc¬ tion by months . 347 production of . 318 Crushing tests of Georgia marble . 466 Cryolite . 659 imports . 659 production . 660 Cummings, Uriah, on American rock cement 576 Day, William C., on stone . 436 Decorative tile . 543 Dekoven (Ky.) coke analysis . 258 Delaware granite . 459 Development of Alabama coal mines . 66 Diamond localities . 595 imports . 598 Diamonds in A ustralia . 597 British Guiana . 597 California . 596 India . 597 Michigan . 596 Montana . 597 Wisconsin . 595 Drain tile . 546 Duluth (Minn.) coal . 44 Earthenware and china imports . 522 Eastern middle coal field, Pennsylvania... 173 Elk Garden and Upper Potomac coal fields. 132 Emerald . 600 in North Carolina . 600 South Carolina . 600 Emery imports . 592 Enameled brick . 545 Encaustic tile . 544 Exports, coal . 19 gypsum . 666 petroleum . 320 by countries . 323 salt . 657 whetstones . 589 sulphur, from Sicily . 642 Fertilizers . 606 Fibrous talc . 512 imports . 513 production . 513 Fire brick . 548 clays, results of tests . 533 Flat Top coke district, West Virginia, sta¬ tistics . 295 Florida limestone . 496 mineral waters . 712 Fluorspar, occurrence . 658 production . 658 uses . 658 Foreign markets of petroleum . 322 Freight rates from anthracite coal regions to Philadelphia, Pa . 30 727 Page. Fusibility of clays . 524 Galicia petroleum . . 404 Gallitzin (Pa.) coke, analysis ot . 279 Garnet . 593 603 Garnet, prod u ction . 594 use of . 594 General notes on the Portland cement in dustry . 584 Geological distribution and localities in which natura 1 gas is found . 406 horizon of coals coked . 221 Geographical distribution of the various classes of granite . 441 Georgia coal . 82 coke . 251 statistics . 252 granite . 459 limestone . 496 marble . 464 analyses . 465,467 crushing tests of . 466 mechanical tests of . 465 mineral waters . 712 sandstone . 486 slate . 477 Germany petroleum . 395 Granite, blasting . 448 components of . 438 curbing and basin heads . 454 for building purposes . 452 cemetery, monumental, and decorative purposes . 454 street work . 452 geographical distribution of . 441 in Arkansas . 458 California . 458 Colorado . 458 Connecticut . 459 Delaware . 459 Georgia . 459 Maine . 459 Maryland . 459 Massachusetts . 459 Minnesota . 460 Missouri . 460 Montana . 460 New Hampshire . 460 New Jersey . 460 New York . 460 North Carolina . 461 Oregon . 461 Pennsylvania . 461 Rhode Island . 461 South Carolina . 461 United States, classification of . 439 Vermont . 462 Virginia . 462 Wisconsin . 462 industry . 438 in the various States . 458 methods of cutting, polishing, and ornamenting . 450 quarrying, cutting, and polishing . 446 728 INDEX Page. Granite paving blocks . 452 value of . 457 production by States, value of. . . . 457 Great Britain, petroleum . 396 Grindstones . 587 imports . 588 Gypsum, by Edward W. Parker . 662 exports . 666 imports . 665 production . 662 Hayes, Charles Willard, on the Tennessee phosphates . 610 Heating power and proximate analyses of Wyoming coals . 210 Hollow ware . 547 Hones and whetstones, imports . 590 Hydraulic cement . 576 new developments . 576 product . 577 Idaho limestone . 496 mineral waters . 712 sandstone . 486 Illinois coal . 83 mines, classification of . 90 statistics . 96 production by counties . 97 coke . 252 limestone . 497 natural gas . 425 petroleum . 379 mineral waters . 712 salt . 650 sandstone . 486 Imports, asbestos . 705 asphaltum . 435 barytes . 702 buhrstones and millstones. . 587 cement, by ports . 585 coal . 19 coke . 243 clay . 522 cryolite . 659 diamonds . 598 earthenware and china . 522 emery . 592 fibrous talc . 513 grindstones . 588 gypsum . 665 bones and whetstones . 590 mica . 661 mineral waters . 721 ocher . 697 phosphate rock . 609 Portland cement . 580, 584 pyrites . 645 salt . 656 sulphur . 638 umber . 697 whetstones . 590 Increases and decreases in coal production by States . 17 India diamonds . 597 petroleum production . 399 Indiana coal . 106 fields of . 106 Page. Indiana coal mine statistics . 109 prices . 109 production . 107 statistics . 108 coke . 253 statistics . . . 254 limestone . 498 mineral waters . 712 natural gas . 423 consumption . 424 field area of . 424 value of consumption . . 424 oil fields, daily production of new wells in . 367 oil fields, number of wells com¬ pleted . 366 oil fields, number of wells drilling in, by months . 367 petroleum . 364 number of dry holes drilled, by counties . . 366 number of rigs building, by counties . 366 production by counties. 365 months.. 365 rigs building in, by months . 367 sandstone . 486 Indian Territory coal . 110 coke . 254 coke statistics . 255 petroleum . 380 petroleum production .... 380 Infusorial earth . 592 occurrence . 592 production . 593 Iowa coal . 112 fields . 112 mines, statistics . 121 prices . 121 limestone . 499 mineral waters . 713 sandstone . 487 Italy petroleum . 396 Japan petroleum . 399 imports . 400 native product . 400 Java petroleum . 402 Jellico coal, test of . . 62 Jet in New Mexico . 603 Kanawha coke district, West Virginia. . . 296,297 Kansas City (Mo.) coal . 48 Kansas building stone, tests and analyses. . 505 coal . 122 fields . 122 mines, statistics . 126 prices . 126 production . 123 coke . 255 statistics . . 256 limestone . 503 mineral waters . 713 natural gas . 425 petroleum . 375 production . 376 INDEX. Kansas salt . sandstone . Kaolin, analyses of . Kentucky asphaltum . coal . by counties . fields .'. . mines, statistics . prices . production . coke . statistics . limestone . mineral waters . natural gas . value of consumption petroleum . sandstone . Kunz, George F., on precious stones . Labor statistics of coal mining . Lake shipments of anthracite coal from Buf¬ falo . bituminous and Bloss- burgcoalfrom Buffalo. Latrobe Coal Company’s coke, Pennsyl¬ vania, analysis of . •_ . Lima (Ohio) petroleum district . oil district, Ohio, general section of the . Limestone in Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Florida. . . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . t . Kentucky . Maine . 1 . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . Montana . Nebraska . New Jersey . • New Mexico . New York . Ohio . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . V ermont . . Virginia . Washington . 729 Page. Limestone in West Virginia . 510 Wisconsin . 510 industry . 492 in various States . 495 production by States, value of. . 493 uses . 494 value of production... . 494 Local consumption of coal at Kansas City . . 49 Louisiana mineral waters . 713 salt . 1 . 651 Lower Alsace, petroleum in . 396 Magnesite . 514 occurrence . 514 production . 515 Maine beryl . 600 granite . 459 limestone . 507 mineral waters . 713 quartz gems . 601 slate . 478 Manufacture of coke, by Joseph D. Weeks . 218 in the United States. 226 statistics of . 228 Marble in California . 464 Georgia . . 464 Maryland . 467 New York . 467 Oregon . . . 468 Tennessee . 468 Vermont . 469 industry . 462 manufacturing . 472 from Proctor, Vt . 470 production by States, value of . 463 quarrying . 471 Maryland coal . 132 granite . 459 limestone... . 507 marble . 467 mineral waters . 713 sandstone . 487 slate . 478 Massachusetts granite . 459 limestone . 507 mineral waters . 714 sandstone . 487 Mechanical tests of Georgia marble . 465 Memminger, C. G., on commercial develop¬ ment of the Tennessee phosphate . 631 Metallic paint . 698 Methods of cutting, polishing, and orna¬ menting granite . 450 quarrying and manufacturing marble . 471 cutting, and polish¬ ing granite . 446 slate . 474 Mica . 660 condition of industry . 660 imports . 661 Michigan coal . 138 fields . 138 production . 138 diamonds . 596 limestone . 507 Page. 650 487 560 433 126 128 126 131 131 127 256 260 504 713 424 425 376 487 595 18 34 34 277 355 350 495 495 495 496 496 496 496 496 496 497 498 499 503 504 507 507 507 507 507 508 508 508 508 • 508 508 509 509 509 509 509 509 509 510 510 510 510 730 INDEX Page. Michigan mineral waters . 714 salt . 651 sandstone . 487 Middleton. Jefferson, on clay . 517 Milwaukee (Wis.) coal . 42 Mineral paints, by Edward W. Parker . 694 Mineral waters, by A. C. Peale . 707 imports . . 721 in Alabama . 711 Arkansas . 711 California . 711 Colorado . 711 Connecticut . 712 Florida . 712 Georgia . 712 Idaho . 712 Illinois . 712 Indiana . 712 Iowa . 713 Kansas . 713 Kentucky . 713 Louisiana . 713 Maine . 713 Maryland . 713 Massachusetts . 714 Michigan . 714 Minnesota . 714 Mississippi . 715 Missouri . 715 Montana . 715 Nebraska . 715 New Hampshire . 715 New Jersey . 715 New Mexico . 715 New York . 716 North Carolina . 716 Ohio . 716 Oregon . 717 Pennsylvania . 717 Rhode Island . 717 South Carolina . 717 South Dakota . 717 Tennessee . 717 Texas . 718 Utah . 718 Vermont . 718 Virginia . 718 Washington . 719 West Virginia . 719 Wisconsin . 719 Mingo Mountain coal, analysis of . 56 Mining of clay and shale . 526 Minnesota granite . 460 mineral waters . 714 limestone . 507 pipestone . 488 sandstone . 487 Mississippi mineral waters . 715 Missouri coal . 139 fields . 139 prices . 143 production . 140 statistics . 144 coke . 260 statistics . 216 Page. Missouri granite . 460 limestone . 508 mineral waters . 715 petroleum . 381 sandstone . 488 Mobile (Ala.) coal . 49 analysis . 59 test of . 59 Monazite, by H. B. C. Nitze . 667 accessory minerals . . 684 artificial production of . 680 bibliography . 690 ' chemical composition . 673 economic use . 684 geological and geographical oc¬ currence . 680 historical sketch and nomencla¬ ture . . 667 methods of retractiou and con¬ centration . 685 output and value . 68.8 sand, method of analysis . 677 spectroscopic tests . 679 Monongahela district. West Virginia, coke in . 298 Montana asphaltum . 433 bituminous coal . 145 coal . 144 average price for . 148 fields . 144 development of . 147 mines, statistics of . 148 product and coal . 148 production . 146 by counties . 147 coke . 261 statistics . . 262 diamonds . 597 granite . 460 lignites, analysis . 145 limestone . 508 mineral waters . 715 ruby . 599 sandstone . 488 Monthly prices of Connellsville blast-fur¬ nace coke . 276 receipts of coal at Boston . 28 Natural gas, by Joseph D. Weeks . 405 consumed in the United States, value of . 414 Indiana . 424 consumption and distribution of . 415 value of . 418 field in Indiana, area of . 424 in Findlay, Ohio, daily produc¬ tion of . 410 California . 426 value of consump¬ tion . 428 Colorado . 428 Illinois . 425 Indiana . 423 value of consump¬ tion . 424 INDEX. Page. Natural gas In Kansas . 425 Kentucky . 424 valueofconsump tion . 425 Ohio . 422 value of. . . 423 Pennsylvania . 421 value of con¬ sumption . . 422 West Virginia . 425 record of wells and pipe lines 419 records . 416 transportation of . . 412 uses . 418 wells in Findlay, Ohio, pres sure of . 411 Indiana, pressure of 411 Nature and varieties of sandstone . 482 origin and uses of limestone . 492 Nebraska coal . 149 limestone . 508 mineral waters . 715 Nevada coal . 149 ^salt . 652 Newberry, Spencer B., on Portland cement. 580 New Hampshire granite . 460 mineral waters . 715 New J ersey granite . 460 limestone . 508 mineral waters . 715 Portland cement . 584 sandstone . 488 slate . 478 New Mexico coal . 149 by counties . 151 fields . 149 production . 151 coke . 262 statistics . 263 jet . 603 limestone . 508 mineral waters . 715 petroleum . 383 New York brine salt . 653 coke . 263 granite . 460 limestone . 508 marble . 467 mineral waters . 716 Portland cement . 584 salt . 652 sandstone . 488 slate . 478 Nitze, H. B. C., on monazite . 667 Norfolk (Va.) coal . 50 North Carolina coal . 153 deposits . 153 emerald . 600 granite . 461 mineral waters . 716 quartz gems . 601 ruby . 589 North Dakota coal . 154 by counties . 155 Northern coal fields, Pennsylvania . 168 731 Page Notes on Iowa building stone, by H. Foster Bain . 500 N umber of cement factories using limestone compared with users of marl . 582 Number of coke ovens building in the United States . 231 Number of coke ovens in the United States . 229 works in the United States. 228 Ocher . 695 imports . 697 Official tests of coal mined in the United States . 51 Ohio, annual coal product of . 160 coal . 156 average prices for . 160 by counties . 158 mines, statistics . 161 production . 156 coke . 263 district . 266 production . 266 statistics . 265,266 limestone . 509 mineral waters . 716 natural gas . . . 422 value of . 423 petroleum . 348 production . 355 production of petroleum in . 352 sandstone . 491 Oil field, West Virginia . 347 shale in Scotland . 399 Oilstones and whetstones . 588 production . 588 Onondaga salt district, New York . 653 Ontario petroleum . 384 Opal and hyalite in Utah . 603 Opening prices for free-burning anthracite coal at New York City . 24 Oregon coal . 161 granite . 461 marble . 468 mineral waters . 717 Origin, distribution, and commercial value of peat deposits, by N. S. Sbaler . 305 Pacific Coast coking field . 221 Panel tile . 543 Parker, Edward W., on abrasive materials. 586 asphaltum . 430 coal . 1 gypsum . 662 mineral paints . 690 salt . 646 soapstone . 511 sulphur and pyrites.. 636 Paving blocks, granite, value of, by States . . 457 brick . 527 absorption, abrasion, and crushing tests of . 535 clays, analyses . 570 tests . 534 Peale, A. C., on mineral waters . 707 Pearson “Warrior '’ coal, test of . 64 Peat bogs, distribution . 310 deposits in Canada . 310 732 INDEX. Page. Peat deposits in Massachusetts . 312 Michigan . 312 New Jersey . 313 New York . 312 process of formation . 308 Peckham, S. F., on petroleum in southern California . 370 Pennsylvania-New York oil field . 341 fields, produc¬ tion . 343 regions, drill¬ ing wells in the . 346 anthracite coal . 163 distribution.. 166 fields . 3 anthracite coal, largest monthly shipments . 179 anthracite coal, monthly shipments of . 166 bituminous coal . 181 bituminous coal, average prices of . 187 bituminous coal fields . 181 bituminous coalfields, varie¬ ties of.... 182 production.. 183 production, by counties 184 statistics _ 187 coal . - . 161 annual shipments . 167 northern fields . 168 coke . 267 production by districts. 268 statistics . 270 granite . 461 limestone . 509 mineral waters . 717 natural gas . 421 value of con¬ sumption . 422 quartz gems . 601 salt . 655 sandstone . 491 slate . 478 Percentage of products obtained in refining Canadian petroleum _ ... 386 yield of coal in the manufac¬ ture of coke . 238 Peru petroleum . 390 Petroleum, by Joseph D. Weeks . 315 Appalachian field . 324 character of oils produced . 317 daily production of new wells in eastern Ohio districts, by months . 362 daily production of wells com¬ pleted in the Lima (Ohio) dis¬ trict . 358 decrease and increase in fields. . 315 in stocks . 316 eastern Ohio district . 360 exports . 320 by countries . 323 field, Lima, Ohio, production... 355 Page. Petroleum, foreign markets . 322 in Alabama . 375 Borneo . 404 Burmah . 399 California . 368 Canada . 383 prices . 388 production . 388 shipments . 387 Colorado . 367 eastern Ohio district, produc¬ tion . 361 Echigo, Japan . 401 Galicia . 404 Germany . 395 Great Britain . 396 Illinois . 379 Indiana . 364 number of dry holes drilled, by counties 366 number of rigs build¬ ing, by counties... 366 number of wells com¬ pleted . 366 number of wells com¬ pleted, by counties. 365 production, by coun¬ ties . 365 production, by months . 365 rigs building in, by months . 367 Indian Territory . 380 production . 380 Ishikari, Japan . 401 Italy . 396 Japan . 399 imports . 400 native product . 400 Java . 402 Kansas . 375 production . 376 Kentucky . 376 from the Lima-Indiana field _ 356 from the Lima-Indiana field, shipments of . 356, 357 in Lima district, Ohio . 355 well records . . . 357 Lower Alsace . 396 Macksburg district, total stocks, by months . 362 Missouri . 381 New Mexico . 383 Ohio . 348 production . 352, 355 production by months and districts . 353 total value and produc¬ tion . 353 Ontario . 384 Pennsylvania, production .... 342 Peru . 390 Russia . 391 production . 392 prices . 395 refining statement.... 395 INDEX. 733 Page. Petroleum In Shinano, Japan . 402 southern California, by S. F. Peckham . 370 southern California, produc¬ tion . 374 Sumatra . 403 Tennessee . 374 Texas . 378 production . 379 Totomi, Japan . 402 Ugo, Japan . 401 Wyoming . 381, 382 increase in price . 316 localities . 316 Mecca- Belden district . 363 number of dry holes drilled in the eastern Ohio district, by months _ 363 number of dry holes drilled in the Lima (Ohio) district . 359 number of dry holes drilled in the Lima (Ohio) district, by months . 360 number of rigs building in the Lima (Ohio) field . 359 number of wells completed in the Lima (Ohio) district . 358 number of wells completed in the Lima (Ohio) district, by months . 360 number of wells drilling in the eastern Ohio district, by months . 363 number of wells drilling in the Lima (Ohio) district . 359 Pennsylvania-New York field.. 341 pipe-line runs in the Mackshurg district . 361 production and value . 316 production and value in the Mecca-Belden district . 364 production, by fields . 318 States and for¬ eign countries- 324 in India . 399 rigs building in the eastern Ohio district, by months . 363 rigs building in the Lima (Ohio) district . 360 shipments . 361 of, from Pennsylvania and New York . 345 stock at wells in the Mecca-Bel¬ den district, Ohio . 364 total production and value . 317 value of production . 318 wells completed in the eastern Ohio district, hy months . 362 well record in the Macksburg (Ohio) district . 363 Phosphate rock . 606 imports . 609 in South Carolina . 609 production . 607 Phosphates, chemical composition . 628 classification of . 610 Page. Phosphates in Tennessee . 610 analyses . 628 origin of deposits . 626 physical appearance . 627 utilization of . 625 Pipe clays, analyses . 574 Pipe-line runs in the Appalachian oil field. 330 Lima-Indiana field. . . 356 Pipestone . 488 in Minnesota . 488 Pocahontas coal, test of . 53 Plat Top coal, analysis of . 294 Polished granite . 455 Portland cement, by Spencer B. Newberry. 580 imports . 580,584 in California . 584 New Jersey . 584 New York . 584 production . 580 Pottery and porcelain . 549 clays . 560 Potters’ materials, amount and value of _ 521 Precious stones, by George F. Kunz . 595 production . 604 Preparation of clay . 528 Pressed or ornamental brick . 540 Pressure of natural gas . 409 Prices of anthracite coal at Philadelphia.. 29 coal at Kansas City . 49 St. Louis . 48 San Francisco . 51 Georges Creek (Cumberland) coal, at New York . 25 pipe line certificates of crude petro¬ leum . 334 Proctor (Yt.) marble . 470 Production of coke in the United States. . . 225 Pyrites . 644 production . 645 imports . 645 Quartz gems . 601 Maine . 601 Pennsylvania . 601 North Carolina . 601 California . 601 Wyoming . 601 Arizona . 601 Raborg, William A., work on stone sta¬ tistics . 436 Rank of States and Territories in the pro¬ duction of coke . 233 Receipts of coal-at Boston . 29 Cincinnati, Ohio . 46 Duluth, Minn . 45 Milwaukee . 43, 44 Mobile, Ala . 50 Refractory materials . 548 Reserves of bituminous coal in Pennsyl¬ vania . 183 Residual clays, analyses . 574 Rhode Island granite . 461 limestone . 509 Rhode Island mineral waters . 717 Ries, Heinrich, on the technology of the clay industry . - . 523 Rock cement, in Chicago, Ill . 579 734 INDEX. Page. Rock cement, in Cleveland. Ohio . 579 New York . 579 Washington, D. C . 579 price . 576 Rocky Mountain coking field . 221 Roofing tile . 543 Ruby . 599 Montana . 599 North Carolina . 589 Russia, petroleum . 391 character of . 391 production . 392 prices . 395 refining statement . 395 wells . 393 Salt, by Edward W Parker . 646 exports . 657 imports . 656 in California . 650 Illinois . 650 Kansas . 650 Louisiana . 651 Michigan . 651 Nevada . 652 New York . 652 Onondaga district, New York . 653 Pennsylvania . 655 Texas . 655 Utah . 655 West Virginia . 655 production, by States, and grades . 647 Sandstone analyses . 483 in Alabama . 486 Arkansas . 486 California . 486 Colorado . 486 Connecticut . 486 Georgia . 486 Idaho . 486 Illinois . 486 Indiana . 486 Iowa . 487 Kansas . 487 Kentucky . 487 Maryland . 487 Massachusetts . 487 Michigan . 487 Minnesota . 487 Missouri . 488 Montana . 488 New York . 488 Ohio . 491 Pennsylvania . 491 South Dakota . 491 Texas . 492 Utah . 492 Virginia . 492 Washington . 492 West Virginia . 492 Wisconsin . 492 Wyoming . 492 Sandstone industry . 482 in the various States . . 486 uses . 484 value of production, by States 485 San Francisco coal . 50 Scotch shale oil . 398 Scotland, oil shale in . 399 Sewer pipe . 547 Shaler, N. S-, on origin, distribution, and commercial value of peat deposits . 305 Page. Slip clays, analyses . 562 Shipments from the Cumberland coal field . 136 of coal from Chicago . 41 Milwaukee . 43 oil from the Appalachian field 331 petroleum from Pennsylvania and New York . 345 Shipping coal mines in Illinois . 89 Sicilian sulphur . 642 Sienna . 691 Slate, as a pigment . 695 historical data . 481 in California . 477 Georgia . 477 Maine . 478 Maryland . 478 New Jersey . 478 New York . 478 Pennsylvania . 478 Vermont . 480 industry . 473 manufacture of milled stock . 475 methods of quarrying . 474 product and its value, by States . 476 production, by States . 476 uses . 473 Soapstone, by Edward W. Parker . 511 production . 512 uses . 511 Sources of coal consumed in California . 51 South Carolina granite . 461 limestone . 509 mineral waters . 717 phosphate rock . 609 South Dakota limestone . 509 mineral waters . 717 sandstone . 491 Southern coal field, Pennsylvania . 176 Square miles of productive coal measures in Wyoming, by counties . 208 Statistics of coal production in Illinois by local mines . 93 the clay-working industries of the United States . 517 St. Louis, Mo., coal . 47 Stocks of crude petroleum in the Liroa- Indiana field . 357 petroleum in the Appalachian field . 332 Stone, value of production by States . 437 by William C. Day . 436 Structural materials . 536 Su bstitutes for natural gas . 419 Sulphur and pyrites, by Edward W. Parker. 636 imports . 638 production . 637 review of the industry . 637 Sumatra petroleum . 403 Technology of the clay industry, by Hein¬ rich Ries . 523 Tennessee coal, average prices for . 192 fields . 188 mines, convicts of . 188 production . 190 statistics of . 193 tests of . 58 coke . i . 288 statistics . 290 limestone . 509 marble . 468 mineral waters . 717 INDEX. Tennessee petroleum . phosphates, by Charles Willard Hayes . phosphates . analyses . black, analyses . methods of mining.. Terra cotta . clays, analyses . lumber . Texas amber . asphaltum . coal . fields . production . limestone . , . mineral waters . petroleum . production . salt . . . sandstone . Toledo (Ohio) coal . Tripoli . Turquoise . Typical analysis of Connellsville (Pa.) coke. Umber . imports . Upper Connellsville coke . Uses of sandstone . Utah asphaltum . coal . coke . limestone . mineral waters . opal and hyalite . . . salt . sandstone . Utahlite . Value and average selling price of coke... of limestone product, by States . sandstone, by States . Varieties of Pennsylvania bituminous coal fields . Venetian reds . Vermont granite . limestone . marble . mineral waters . slate . Virginia and Alabama coal . analysis . coal . fields . „. . production . coke . granite . limestone . mineral waters . sandstone . Warsaw salt district, New York . Washed brick . 735 Page. Washington coal . 199 average prices for . 201 by counties . 200 mines, statistics . 201 production . 199 coke . 292 statistics . 293 limestone . 510 mineral waters . 719 sandstone . 492 Weeks, Joseph D., on natural gas . 405 petroleum . 315 the manufacture of coke . 218 Western coking field . 220 middle coal field, Pennsylvania. . . 174 West Virginia, annual increase in the coal product of . 205 coal . 202 average prices for . 207 by counties . 204 fields . 202 mines . 207 production . 203 coke . 293 production, by districts. 301 limestone . 510 mineral waters . 719 natural gas . 425 oil field . 347 s alt . 655 sandstone . 492 Whetstones, exports . 589 imports . 590 production . 589 White breccia phosphates . 624 lead . 699 phosphates . 623 Wholesale prices of coal at Cleveland, Ohio . 37 Wilkeson coke, Tacoma, Wash . 292 Wisconsin coke . 303 statistics . 303 diamonds . 595 granite . 462 limestone . 510 mineral waters..' . 719 sandstone . 492 World’s product of coal . 21 Wyoming coal . 208 average price for . 217 by counties . 216 fields . 212 kinds of . 209 mines, statistics . 217 production . 215 value of . 209 coke . 303 statistics . 304 oil fields, depth and flow of . 382 petroleum . 381, 382 quartz gems . 601 sandstone . 492 Page. 374 610 610 628 634 632 541 572 544 603 433 193 193 193 509 718 378 379 655 492 37 594 602 274 695 697 277 484 433 194 291 510 718 603 655 492 602 234 493 485 182 698 462 510 469 718 480 63 63 195 195 197 291 462 510 714 492 654 541 o