, pitfall rnp, SrA Ht ene itteen aye: (tals sesAenK( NI PiU 4 r PURE, ee ee eae of fof ii! Sh ‘ pail a as Oy £ . a eh tte tl a $ i = . Sixteen Years’ Experience with Wooden Silo. . 4. Shall We Grow Crops on a Fifteen Acre Farm and no Fer- tilizer ? 5. Feed, Breed and Care of the Dairy. 6. Breeding and Raising the Dairy Animal. The Agricultural College and the Farmer. 8S. The Farmer’s Waste Basket. 9.-The Small Farm ys. The Large Farm. 10. Bench, Book and Farm. REV. J. D. DETRICH’S knowledge of agriculture as a science dates from 1882, since which time he has been availing himself of all the bulletins, magazines and books relating to soil, crops, dairying, breeding, feeding and rearing Af No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ol of dairy animals. This, together with information furnished by the Colleges and Experiment Stations, he has put into practice, and the result has been a satisfactory and profitable system of intensive farming. DRAKE, W. M. C., Volant, Lawrence County, Pa.: 1. Preparation of the Seed Bed. 2. Feed and Care of Farm Animals. 3. The Value of Clover and How to Get it to Grow. 4, Fruit Culture. 5. Potato Culture. 6. Market Garden; What to Grow and How to Grow It. W. M. C. DRAKE was born on a farm near Volant, Lawrence county, Pa., August 16, 1860; was educated at public school and a Normal School in New Castle, Pa.; passed an examination for teaching; was interested in the Farm- ers’ Alliance movement in Pennsylvania, being president of the county or- ganization one term; was sent as a representative gf the Pennsylvania State Alliance to the Labor Conference at St. Louis, February 22, 1892. All his life has been spent on the farm. For several years past has been in partnership with a brother conducting a market garden, together with handling fruit of 40 acres of orchard and farming 600 acres. FOIGHT, JOHN G., Export, Westmoreland County, Pa.: pe The Farmer of To-Day. 2. Small Fruits on the Fari. 3. Success in the Dairy. 4. Farm Literature. 5. Why Should Farmers Organize. 6. Our Boys and Girls, the Best Products of our Farms. (15 minutes.) JOHN G. FOIGHT was born on his father’s farm in Westmoreland county, Pa., in 1842; was educated in the public schools and at Laird Institute, Marysville, Pa.; enlisted in company F, 204th Pa. Vols., August, 1864; discharged at close of war at Vienna, Va. He began farming for himself in 1868, and has been actively engaged at it ever since, with average crops about as follows, each year: 600 bushels wheat, 800 bushels oats, 1,209 bushels corn, 400 bushels potatoes, 100 tons hay, and ships to the city $1,000 worth of milk per year, from 12 to 14 fine shorthorn and Ayrshire cows, FORNEY, DAVID P., Hanover, York County, Pa.: 1. Corn. , 2. Common Sense in the Dairy. 3. Limitation of Production in Agriculture. 4. Farm Statistics. 5. The Boy and the Farm. 6. The Instructive Changes in Farm Life. D. P. FORNEY was born in Hanover, York county, Pa., of Pennsylvania Dutch - parentage. Educated in the common schools of Hanover and at Penn- 32 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. sylvania College, Gettysburg. Began farming forty years ago on a fifty acre farm, and now farming about two hundred acres and running a dairy of twenty-five cows and selling their milk on a retail route. Has been sta- tistical agent for both State and National Department of Agriculture for more than thirty years and has been president of Farmers’ Agricultural Association of Adams county, almost all the time since its establishment and is yet. During this time has spoken before agricultural associations of every sort almost every year, and has done a good deal of writing for the agricultural papers. FUNK, DR. J. H., Boyertown, Berks County, Pa.: 1. Southern Versus Northern Apples for Pennsylvania. Peach Culture. (80 minutes.) The Commercial Orchard as a Business. (80 minutes.) Pruning, Fertilizing and Thinning. (30 minutes.) Cultivation Versus Mulching for Fruits. (50 minutes.) Spraying; When, How and What For. (30 minutes.) Small Fruit Culture. (30 minutes.) 8. Potato Culture. (80 minutes.) 9. The Birds and Insects as Friends and Foes, and How to Dis- tinguish Them. 10. Soil Fertility; How to Get and Retain It. (80 minutes.) 11. The Family Garden. (80 minutes.) & hoe) : oe } alese Dr. J. H. FUNK was born March, 1844, and was raised on his father’s large dairy farm in Montgomery county, Pa. At the age of 19 years he commenced the study of medicine. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in spring of 1865. After practicing a few years, became interested in fruit grow- ing, and raising and sale of nursery stock. Planted a large orchard in 1879 but finding New York state varieties not suited to the latitude, visited the largest orchards in the different states, and in the spring of 1896 planted another large commercial orchard of several thousand trees, all of southern origin. He now has one of the finest orchards in the State. In his orchard an off-year is unknown. GROFF, PROF. GEO. G., Lewisburg, Union County, Pa.: 1. Farm Hygiene. (1 hour.) 2. Dairy Hygiene. (1 hour.) 3. The Origin and Restoration of Soils. (1 hour.) 4. \Veeds of our Farms. (30 minutes.) 5. Modern Life Built on Chemistry. (80 minutes.) 6. The Teachers Needed in our Rural Schools. (30 minutes.) GEO. G. GROFF was born on a farm in Chester county, Pa., in 1851; was edu- cated in the public school, Treemount Seminary and Michigan University. Taught in public school, West Chester State Normal School, and since 1879 in Bucknell University. Served in the Spanish-American War as Brigade Sur- geon and under the military government, was Superintendent of Public In- struction in Porto Rico. Has been a member of the Pennsylvania State Board of Health almost since its organization. Is engaged in fruit growing and ex- perimental agriculture. Dr. Groff has done much institute work, both at Teachers’ and Farmers’ Institutes. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. iN) ~ HALL, HORACE H., Ellisburg, Union County, Pa.: 1. Does the Silo Pay? 2. Two Crops a Year for the Silo. 3. Cement Stable Floors are Economie. 4. Strawberries for the Home and for Market. ). How to Seed for Permanent Pasture. 6. Dynamite; Its Uses on the Farm and How to Handle It. 7. Farmer Telephone Line; How to Build and Maintain One. 8. A Neglected Study in our Schools. 9. How to Keep the Boys on the Farm. 10. Our Greatest Duty as a Citizen. HORACE H. HALL of the Triplet Oak Farm was born on a farm near Couders- port, Potter county, Pa., in 1853. He received most of his educatien in the common schools, though he attended the Emporium graded and the Couders- port high schools for a limited time. He received his first teachers’ certificate when twenty and taught in the schools of Potter county for twenty years, mostly in the district schools, though he served as principal of the Galeton and Oswayo graded schools. When not engaged in teaching he worked at farming or in the lumber woods. At forty he turned his whole attention to farming, having bought 114 acres of bark slashing and woods, which he stocked with sheep while he was clearing and stumping, and in about ten years he has logged and stumped fifty acres, built substantial farm build- ings, changed from a sheepman to a successful dairymen, and is a large pro- ducer of the finest strawberries. HANTZ, PROF. J. M., Merrittstown, Fayette County, Pa.: 1. Potato Culture. 2. Money in Poultry. 3. The Dairy Cow. 4. Our Homes. 5. How to Build up a Run-Down Farm. 6. The True Idea of an Education. 7. The Growing of Strawberries, Raspberries and Blackberries. 8. Soil Moisture and Soil Culture. %. How to Grow a Grass Crop. PROF. J. M. HANTZ was born in Westmoreland county in 1844; has had the advantages of a thorough college training, and has been a professor in dif- ferent academies, colleges and universities for years. Having been reared on a farm and always feeling an interest in farm life, he has been, for the last twelve years, actively engaged in farming in an intensive way, follow- ing a three year rotation. He is interested in dairying and has made the dairy cow a special study; he has been a member of the State Board of Agri- culture for many years and takes a deep interest in agriculture. Having thus had a practical knowledge of farm life since boyhood, he is prepared to talk to farmers from real and scientific knowledge as well as from actual ex- perience. 3—6—1903 34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. HARLAN, HON. A. D., Wenonah, N. J.: ie Alaska; Our Land of the Midnight Sun. (70 to 90 minutes.) 2. Hawaii and the Hawaiians; The Great Advantage the Islands are to our Nation. (60-90 minutes.) ABRAHAM D. HARLAN was born in Chester county, Pa., September 3, 1833; educated in the public and private schools of the county; spent ten years on the farm; was a merchant for fourteen years; served in Christian Commis- sion during the summer of 1862 at Fortress Monroe, Harrison Landing, Wash- ington and Antietam; served in an independent company of cavalry and was first lieutenant of the 157th Regiment of P. V.; transcribing clerk of the House of Representatives, regular and special session of 1864; message clerk of the same body 1865, 1866 and 1867; assistant clerk of the Constitutional Con- vention of Pennsylvania, 1872-73; special clerk in the Internal Revenue De- partment for two years; assistant cashier of customs at the Port of Phila- delphfa for six and one-half years; represented Chester county in the Senate for ten years and was Chairman cf Agriculture for eight years; had charge of the Diplomatic Gallery of the United States Senate four years; was special agent of the United States Treasury for two years in Alaska. HARSHBERGER, J. W., Ph. D., Philadelphia, Pa.: 1. Rusts of Agricultural Plants and How to Combat Them. 2. Accumulation of Soil Nitrogen. 3. The Role of Leguminous Plants in a Rotation. 4. The Roots of Plants and What They Teach. 5. Mosquitoes and How to Combat Them. 6. The Life History of a Dozen Weeds. 7. Smuts and Related Fungi. 8. A Historical Review of Our Knowledge of the Potato Rot Fungus. 9. The Botany of Maize, or Indian Corn. 10. The Story of a Grain of Wheat. JOHN W. HARSHBERGER, Ph. D., was born in Philadelphia, January 1, 1869. His early education was received in the public schools, terminating in his graduation from the Central High School of Philadelphia in 1888. He entered the University of Pennsylvania on a city scholarship, taking his B. S. there in 1892 and his Ph. D. in 1893, when he was made instructor in Botany, General Biology and Zoology, a position which he still holds. In addition Dr. Harshberger has studied At Howard University and at Berlin, Germany, and has traveled extensively for botanical purposes in Mexico, the West Indies, California, Maine and Europe, where he carefully inspected the several noted botanical institutions. Dr. Harshberger has been identified with the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, the Pocono Pines Summer School, the Department of Lectures, University of Pennsyl- vania. He has been recorder of the Botanical Section of the Academy of Natural Science, and is a member of the more prominent botanical societies in America. His published works consist of, Maize: A Botanical and EHeonomic Study, 1895, pp. 125, translated later in Mexico into Spanish; The Botanists of Philadelphia, and their Work, 1988, pp. 457, forty plates, and Students’ Herbarium for Descriptive and Geographic Purposes, 1901, pp. 210. He is No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35 botanical editor of a new American English Dictionary under course of pub- lication by J. B. Lippincott Company, and is engaged at present in writing, An Introduction to the Phytogrography of North America, for a firm in Leipzig, Germany. His printed papers number above ninety, mainly on Botany and related subjects. HERR, JOEL A., Cedar Springs, Clinton County, Pa.: 1. Feeding and Care of Cattle. B Mertility. 3. Fruit Growing. 4. Farmers’ Accounts. 5. Specialties in Farming. 6. Graded Schools. 7. Practical Road-Making. 8. The Bright Side of Farm Life. 9. Selection and Care of Milch Cows. 10. Education Through Organization. JOEL A. HERR was born in Clinton county, Pa., and educated in the public schools and at Dickinson Seminary. He served in the Civil War and has been a student, teacher and farmer all his life. He lives now on a farm and gives special attention to fruit culture and stock raising. He is a member of the State Board of Agriculture and a trustee of the Pennsylvania State College. HILL, W. F., Mont Alto, Franklin County, Pa.: 1. Potato Culture. 2Z. The Farmers’ Chance. 3. Our Education, Our Capital. 4. Soil Conditions for Successful Plant Growth. 5. Saving and Applying Manure. 6. Development of Our Children. W. F. HILL was born in South Shenango township, Crawford county, Pa., March 4, 1867. After attending several different schools he spent three years at Allegheny College. From college back to the farm, to which he added another by purchase later. He is an active advocate of organization for farmers in the township, county, state and nation. After acceptably serving in subordinate and Pomona Grange offices he was, in 1884, chosen lecturer of the State Grange, and in 1898 was elected Master of the State Grange organi- zation. He is also a trustee of the Pennsylvania State College, and a member of advisory committee of the State Experiment Station. HOOVER, HON. E. S., Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pa.: 1. Cultivation of the Tobacco Plant; Its Proper Curing. 2. Handling and Preparation for Market. 3. Incentives to Farming. 4. Failure in Farming and the Causes. 5. System on the Farm. 6. Farming the Chief Support of the Nation. i. Soil Improvement. 36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 8. Farmers’ Institutes; Their Importance and Benefit. 9. Care of Farm Crops. 10. Proper Use and Care of Farm Machinery. 11. The Horse; His Breeding, Rearing and Training. 12. Beautifying Ilome Grounds. 13. Growing Trees on the Farm. E. S. HOOVER was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1839, was educated in the public schools, White Hall Academy and the State Normal School at Millersville, taught school four terms, owns and controls a farm. Is engaged in general farming, at one time gave special attention to growing and feed- ing of live stock, especially in raising and training horses, and later devoted himself to the horticultural branch of agriculture. Acquired knowledge of agriculture by study, actual experience and experimenting. Is at present time a member of the board of trustees of Millersville State Normal School; was a member of Legislature, 1883-1884; for some time and at this time en- gaged in Farmers’ Institute work. HULL, GEORGE E., Orangeville, Ohio: Making Marketable Butter from a Few Cows. The Farm Creamery. Construction and Filling of Silos. 3 Construction of a Dairy Barn. Marketing Farm Products. The Farm Water Supply. Feeding Steers for Market. Pa eA apc eRe ae GEORGE E. HULL, of Orangeville, Ohio, the subject of this sketch, a num- ber of years ago moved upon a worn-out farm without buildings in Mercer county. By industry, perseverance and intelligent effort he has succeeded in restoring it to the highest state of fertility; has placed thereon substantial and convenient farm buildings, and educated his children, without other in- come than that derived from the farm. His silos, stock scales, farm imple- ments and improved live stock are the admiration of all progressive farmers. KAHLER, HON. A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming County, Pa.: 1. Soil Fertility. Corn Culture. Taxation and How it Effects the Farmer. Hogs for Profit. Concentration of Schools in Rural Districts. My Experience with Lime and Commercial Fertilizer. Proper Care of Barnyard and Manure. How Best to Keep the Boys on the Farm. i ( A. J. KAHLER was born in Hughesville, Pa., in 1834; was educated in the public schools and afterwards taught school in his native county; has always lived upon a farm; has filled every local office in his township; was a member of the Legislature in 1891-1892; was president for six years of the County Agricultural Society; is a member of the State Board of Agriculture and has been identified with most of the leading farm organizations of the State. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 32 : LEDY, J. H., Marion, Franklin County, Pa.: General Fruit Growing; How to Take Care of Trees. Peach, Apple and Plum Culture. Pruning, Cultivating and Fertilizing the Orchard. The Farmers’ Garden. Alfalfa; Its Value and How to Grow It. Small Fruit Culture. Tomatoes and Cantaloups; How to Grow Them. Poultry and Profit, and How to Make Hens Lay. Roads and Road Taxes. 10. Crimson Clover and Soja Beans; Their Value and How to Grow Them. Sa ot) eae J. H. LEDY was born in Marion, Franklin county, Pa., August 3, 1864, and received his education in the common school in Guilford township and at the Chambersburg Academy. After leaving school he engaged in the mercan- tile business for seven years at Marion and Waynesboro, Pa. In tthe spring of 1889 he accepted a position with S. Smucker & Co., wholesale grocers of Philadelphia. He remained with this firm four years, when he was elected register and recorder of Franklin county, after which he became half owner and business manager of the People’s Register, of Chambersburg, an inde- pendent journal of large circulation. He now owns and superintends 151 acres of apple trees, inlaid with peaches and plums. Mr. Ledy is a practical fruit grower, who loves the work and has turned his whole attention to it. KERN, D. N., Allentown, Lehigh County, Pa.: 1. Twenty-Eight Years’ Experience with Poultry on the Farm. 2. Sixteen Years’ Experience with*¥ish Culture on the Farm. 3. Twenty Years’ Experience with Bees. 4. Preserving Soil Moisture. 5. Potato Culture. 6. Wheat Culture Illustrated. 8. Feeding and Watering the Cows. 9. Keeping Accounts of the Farm. . D. N. KERN was born in Shimerville, Lehigh county, Pa., June 24, 1849, was raised on his father’s farm; was educated in publie schools, afterwards attended a high school near Philadelphia, Pa. When seventeen years old learned the gunsmith and plow making trades. In 1870 took his father’s farm and farmed till 1897. Then retired from farming and moved to Allentown, Pa., where he used his leisure time in studying agricultural and archaeological books; also traveled a great deal. LEHMAN, AMOS B., Fayetteville, Franklin County, Pa.: 1. Breeding, Feeding and Profit of Hogs. 2. Forestry for Farmers. 3. Our Insect Friends and Foes. 4. Comparison of Profits; Dairy vs. Beef Cattle. 5. Legumes for Feed and Fertility. 6. Nature Study in our Public Schools. 7. Corn and Cow Peas for the Silo; A Balanced Ration. 38 A ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. MOS. B. LEHMAN was born in Scotland, Pa., on the Lehman homestead, September 9, 1859, of Pennsylvania-German parentage. He had access to the public schools until sixteen years of age. This school training has been sup- plemented by an extensive investigation of the best authorities and personal experiments upon the subjects of farm theory and practice, i. e., aiming to produce the greatest amount of product at a minimum cost. He began farming for himself in 1884, and makes a specialty of corn and legumes, hogs, beef and dairy cattle. He was for three years State lecturer of the Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial Union, and is at the present time experimenting to prove that farmers can’t use acid phosphate at a profit, neither can they afford to pay $20.00 per ton for nitrogenous feeds. Farmers should soon learn to mix fertilizers and grow protein. LIGHTY, L. W., East Berlin, Adams County, Pa.: L. 1. The Farmers’ Cow; Her Care and Feeding. 2. Producing and Marketing Dairy Products. 3. Silo Experience and Practice. 4. Soiling and Soiling Crops. 5. Culture and Feeding of the Corn Crop. 6. Value, Care and Application of Farm Manure. 7. The Making of a Home on the Farm. 8. Education for our Boys and Girls; What and How. W. LIGHTY was born in York county, Pa., in 1857; attended the public schools of his neighborhood; afterwards attended a select school in Adams county and then taught school for seven winters. During this time he at- tended the York County Academy one term and also attended the State Normal School at Millersville. He then kept store, but not liking the busi- ness, he got out of it, and started in the poultry business, keeping both market and fancy poultry, and engaged in bee-keeping and the culture of small fruits. In 1893 he purchased the farm upon which he now lives. The land was worn out and the buildings quite dilapidated. He has improved this until it is now one of the best farms in his county. He has a large library of standard books, keeps a selected dairy of cows, and has all the modern im- provements needed to equip a first class farm, McDONALD, JOHN T., Delhi, N. Y.: 1. How I have Made Dairy Farming a Success. 2. How I Make Poultry Pay with the Dairy Farm. 3. How it has Paid Me to be a Jack-of-All-Trades. 4. Steaming Food for the Dairy. 5. Value of Skim Milk Fed Back to the Dairy. JOHN T. McDONALD was born in 1842, near Delhi, N. Y., and lives upon a farm of about 200 acres, 160 of which is improved. He was educated in the public schools; began farming in 1875, went heavily into debt for his farm, and paid for it in twelve years, at the same time improving the buildings and land. He produces from 20,000 to 25,000 pounds of butter annually, which he sells for 35 cents per pound. He turned out last year about $10,000 worth of produce. He keeps ninety cows, and they average a little over 300 pounds of butter each. He sold, during the year, over $2,000 worth of chickens, eggs and turkeys. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a9 McDOWELL, PROF. M. S., State College, Centre County, Pa.: 1. Commercial Fertilizers. 2. Lime and [ts Action. . 3. Soil Moisture. 4. Barnyard Manure. 5. Why Educate. M. S. McDOWELL was born in Mifflin county, Pa.; attended the public schools, and Lewistown Academy; entered Pennsylvania State College in 1888, and was graduated in ’92; after graduation was connected with a fertilizer manu- facturing establishment in Baltimore, and later came to the chemical depart- ment of the Experiment Station, with which he has been connected four years. MeWILLIAMS, D. B., Port Royal, Juniata County, Pa.: Manure and Fertilizers; Their Value and Application. . How Plants Feed and How to Feed Them. . Education Through Organization. . The Ideal. . How the Natural Agencies Help the Farmers. . The Ship that Passed in the Night. (Evening.) COR Gh fo) MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, York, York County, Pa.: . The Advantages of a Knowledge of Chemistry to the Farmer. . Fixation of Free Nitrogen Explained. . Nitrification; Conditions Necessary to Produce It. 4. The Maintenance of Soil Moisture. 5. Methods for the Cultivation of Hay and Leguminous Crops. 6. The Functions of the Various Foods Necessary to Plant Growth. . The Feeding Powers and Habits of Some Agricultural Plants. & The Necessity of Education for the Farmer Gompared with Other Vocations. 9. Value of Our Native Birds to the Farmer. 10. Insect Friends and Foes of the Farmer. (20-30 minutes each.) oo bo PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, Ph.-D., was born forty-four years ago at Menges’ Mill, York county, Pa.; the first nineteen years of his life were spent on his father’s farm, with all the ardour that farming meant in those days; he then began a course of preparation for college at the Baugher Academy, Han- over, Pa., and entered and graduated from Pennsyivania College, Gettysburg, with the class of 1886; was immediately tendered and accepted the position of assistant professor of chemistry in his alma mater, which position he held until 1896, when he came to York and took the professorship of the sciences in the York high school, which position he now holds; received the degree of Ph. D. from his alma mater for special work in chemistry, mineralogy and physics. He has for years been a student of the “Experiment Station Record,’’ and has continued an interest in practical agriculture, and has lectured before Farmers’ Institutes. 40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 6 NORTHROP, C. D., Elkland, Tioga County, Pa.: = Feeding and Care of the Dairy Cow. Making and Marketing Gilt-Edged Butter. How to Use the Babcock Test in the Dairy. (Hlustrated.) Corp Crop and Silo. Potatoes and How to Grow Them. Farm Fertility; Experience with Run-Down Farms. Education for Farmers and Their Children. Making a Liome in the Country. nthe Wite-a- Partner. Broad Tires and Good Roads. 11. Farmers’ Mutual Telephone Line. OU he co te cM ND _ = Cc. D. NORTHROP was born in Brookfield, Tioga county, Pa., in 1854; was educated in the public schools at Woodhall (N. Y.) Academy. In 1891, he attended a dairy school at Geneva, N. Y., under the auspices of the New York Dairymen’s Association. For the past twenty-one years he has made a specialty of dairying and the making of fine butter. He has been a teacher in the public schools, and has devoted a good deal of time to lecturing before alliances, granges, farm clubs, ete. NORTHUP, HENRY W., Glenburn, Lackawanna County, Pa.: 1. Selection, Care and Management of the Dairy. (30 minutes.) 2. Practical Experience with the Silo. (80 minutes.) 3. Potato Growing. (20 minutes.) 4. The Exhaustion and Restoration of Our Soil. (80 minutes.) 5. Fruit Culture. (20 minutes.) 6. Farm Products and How to Market Them. (20 minutes.) 7. Nature Study for Country Schools. (20 minutes.) 8. Educating the Farmer and Increasing his Usefulness. (26 minutes.) 9. Desirable Country Homes and How to Enjoy Them. (20 minutes.) HENRY W. NORTHUP was born on a farm in Abington, once considered the banner agricultural township in Luzerne county; he was educated in the public schools and at Madison Academy. His chief business is that of farmer and dairyman; has been greatly benefited in this line of business for the last ten years by having associated with some of the best and most prac- tical agriculturists in this and adjoining States in the institute work; has had some experience in fruit and market gardening and in the dispositon of these products in the city of Scranton, where an excellent market has been secured. ORR, T. E., Beaver, Beaver County, Pa.: 1. Poultry Breeding. (30 minutes.) 2. Poultry Feeding. (80 minutes.) 3. Poultry Houses and Yards. (80 minutes.) 4. Poultry Incubators and Brooders. (80 minutes.) No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41 5. Poultry as a Side-Line for Farmers. (80 minutes.) 6. The Farmer and the Public School. (80 minutes.) The Farmer as a Business Man. (80 minutes.) 8. Your Youth and Mine on the Farm. (40 minutes.) 9. The Smallest, but Most Useful Implement. (20 minutes.) 10. Ships +h-+ Poss in the Night. (40 minutes.) T. E. ORR was born in Brooke county, Va., September 28, 1853. When nineteen years of age he was on the stock farms of his father and grandfather and attending country schools. From 1872 to 1876 he taught country school two winters and attended National Normal School balance of that time, gradu- ating in 1875. Taught surveying and civil engineering in 1876-7. From 1877 to 1886 was superintendent or principal of public schools as follows: Mt. Vernon, Ind.; Le Mars, Ia.; Wellsburg, W. Va., and Bridgeport, O., doing Teachers’ Institute work each summer. Leaving Bridgeport in 1886, and at a salary of $1,800 per year, he took an interest in the ‘“‘National Stockman and Farmer,’ being one of its publishers and editors, which position he occupied until 1901, doing occasional Farmers’ Institute work and acting as expert judge on pouliry and live stock. Mr. Orr has always been closely identified With live stock and poultry associations. PATTON, JAMES Y., New Castle, Lawrence County, Pa.: 1. Breeding and Feeding Poultry. 2. Winter Eggs. 3. How I made Dairying Profitable. 4. Silos and Silage. 5. How to Grow Good Clover. 6. Preserving Soil Moisture. 7. When and How to Apply Barnyard Manure and Why. (15- 20 minutes each.) J. Y. PATTON was born forty-two years ago, and has been engaged in agricul- ture all his life; has conducted a dairy for the past fourteen years, and en- gaged in he poultry business for seven years. PEACHY, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.: 1. The Farmer’s Boy; His Education. 2. Half Hour in the Corn Field. 3. Hogs for Profit. 4. Soil Improvement. 5. Care of Farm Animals. 6. Nature Study in the Public Schools. 7. The Inside of the Farmer’s Home. 8. The Making of a Farmer. J»H. PEACHY was born in Mifflin county, Pa., in 1851. His boyhood was spent upon a farm; was educated in the public schools, and graduated from the Ohio Normal University in 1881. After completing his ccurse at school he followed teaching. In 1887 he began farming for himself and gave attention chiefly to raising hogs, sheep and cattle. 4 42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off, Doe: PHILIPS, HON. THOMAS J., Atglen, Chester County, Pa.: 1. The Silo an Economie. 2. Renewed Fertility; How to Get It. 3. Lime; Do You Need Some? 4. Profit or Loss in the Dairy. 5. Commercial Fertilizers; Their Nature and Use. 6. Intelligent Feeding. 7. The Farmer’s Garden. 8. Higher Education for Farmers’ Children. 9. How Shall We Study and Teach from Nature? 10. The Wife’s Share. THOMAS J. PHILIPS was born upon a farm in Chester county, Pa., December, 1846; attended public and private schools and graduated from Bucknell Uni- versity in 1867; spent three years in manufacturing iron, and traveling, and then settled upon the farm where he still lives, giving special attention to dairying and raising dairy stock, but devoting much of the 200-acre farm to the production of mixed crops, suitable to that location and market. That he has been a success is attested by the fact that he has been a director in a national bank for many years, a manager in One of the largest fire insurance companies in the State, and*of a building and lodn association; served two terms in the State Legislature, as a representative of the farming interests; he has contributed acceptably from time to time of his experience to the agricultural press, and in every way has Kept in the front amongst the most progressive of his locality, believing in higher education, attractive country homes, and that success is the result of individual effort and judgment. RIDDLE, W. H. H., Butler, Butler County, Pa.: 1. The Practical Farmer. 2. The Value of Pure-Bred Stock to the Farmer. tf 3. The Value of Humus. 4. The Hiome and Its Surroundings. 5. What is Doing to Advance Agriculture. 6. Hints on Poultry for the Farmer. W. H. H. RIDDLE was born at Carnegie, Allegheny county, Pa., December 11, 1840; lived and worked on his father’s farm until about 18 years of age; attended Sunbury Academy, where he received an academic course; after teaching school seven years, read law and practiced thirty years. During twenty-five years the subject of this sketch owned and managed a farm; he also helped organize an agricultural and fair association, and has taken an active part in its management for the past twenty-two years, being its presi- dent for ten years; has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture since 1886, and local manager of institutes for Butler county. A love of agricul- tural pursuits led him to abandon his law office and devote his entire time to the management of his farm of some 200 acres, upon which special attention is given to the propagation of plants under glass, ete. SCHOCK, OLIVER D., Hamburg, Berks County, Pav: 1. Poultry on the Farm. 2. Good Local Government. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43 3. Making Farmers’ Homes Attractive. 4. Amateur Grape Culture. 5. The Family Garden. 6. Floriculture in the Country. The Responsibilities of Farmers. 8. Progress in Agriculture. OLIVER D. SCHOCK was born on a farm near Hamburg, Berks county, alr in 1858, and has always taken a deep interest in agricultural and horticul- tural affairs. He was educated in the common and high schools, including a course in a commercial and scientific academy. At the age of fifteen he became a newspaper correspondent, and continues to represent leading daily papers and agricultural journals. For a number of years he served as a special agent of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, and later asa clerk in the office of the Board, assisting Secretary Edge. With the creation of the Department of Agriculture, in 1895, Governor Hastings promoted Myr. Schock to the position of Chief Cerk of that Department, which position he filled until July, 1899. After several years experience in mercantile pursuits, he was appointed in the spring of 1903, under Governor Pennypacker’s admin- istration, to the position of assistant to B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Com- missioner of Pennsylvania, which position he now holds. SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Analomink, Monroe County,, Pa.: 1. Success with Crimson Clover and Vetches. (45 minutes.) 2. Market Gardening and Small Fruit Growing. (Two parts, 30 minutes each.) . 3. The Commercial Orchard. (25 minutes.) 5. A Thorough Understanding of the Fertilizer Question. (35 minutes.) 6. Does Poultry Pay. (20 minutes.) 7. Good Tools; How to Use Them and Their Care. (20 minutes.) 8. The New Road Law and the Farmer’s Duty Under It. (20-40 minutes.) Vegetables and Fruits for the Farmer’s Table. (25 minutes.) 10. Why Education is as Essential to the Farmers’ Success as to that of Men in Other Occupations. (45 minutes.) = R. F. SCHWARZ was born near Berlin, Germany, in 1853; educated in Ducal Gymnasi and Ducal College, at Dessau. He came to New York in 1871, re- moved to Chicago in 1873, and 1875 bought a farm in Monroe county, in this State, where he has since followed the business of fruit growing and market gardening, devoting at the present time about thirty acres to this pursuit. He was a member of the House of Representatives ‘two terms, 1893 and 1895. SEEDS, R.S., Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.: 1. Value of Fertility and Cheapest Way to Get It. (80-40 minutes.) 2. What Constitutes a Country Home. (30-40 minutes.) 8. Edueation and the Farmer. (30 minutes.) 4. Benefits Derived from Farmers’ Institutes. (20 minutes.) 44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 5. What I Know About Roads. (20 minutes.) 6. Soil Improvement, the Keynote of Agriculture. (80 minutes.) 7. Mistakes of Life Exposed. (KE. L.) (60 minutes.) R. S. SEEDS was born in Huntingdon county, Pa., in 1852; was educated in the public schools and at the Skade Gap Academy. He was raised upon a farm and traveled for eighteen years among the farmers, selling agricultural implements. In 1892 he bought a farm that had been run down, which he has greatly improved. : SEXTON, HON. JASON, North Wales, Montgomery County, Pa.: 1. What is Successful Farming. (20 minutes.) 2. The Production of Lambs for Early Market. (20 minutes.) 8. How Farming Can be Made to Pay. (20 minutes.) 4, Our Wasted Resources. (80 minutes.) 5. How to Make the Dairy a Success. (80 minutes.) 6. Why Farmers Should Encourage Road Improvement. (20 minutes.) 7. What the Farmer’s Home and its Surroundings Should Be. (30 minutes.) JASON SEXTON was born in Schoharie county, N. Y., in 1884, and was edu- cated in the public schools of his township. Worked upon his father’s farm, who always kept a dairy of from twenty-five to thirty-five cows, making both butter and cheese; enlisted in the Union army in 1862, and served throughout the war; upon retiring from the army he bought his father’s farm of 200 acres, going in debt for two-thirds of the purchase money, and paying 7 per cent. interest. He continued the dairy, but in 1874 sold the farm, and in 1876 moved to Montgomery county, Pa., where he now resides. He there became manager of William M. Singerly’s farms, comprising 825 acres of land. He had charge of the breeding of several hundred registered Hol- steins and Jerseys, Southdown sheep and Berkshire pigs, also feeding as many as 125 steers and from 800 to 1,000 sheep, besides milking a large dairy of from 5@ to 100 cows, STOUT, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill-County, Pa.: jak Fruit Growing. Experience in Draining Clay Bottom Land. Theory vs. Practice. Commercial Fertilizers and Compounds. Wasting Manure. Geological Observations. (80 minutes each.) ote oo NS SB W. H. STOUT was born October 18, 1840, in Lower Nazareth township, North- ampton county, Pa.; was educated in the common schools and engaged in various occupations, serving an apprenticeship at coopering and milling; also as clerk and traveling salesman; has lived on his present farm for the past twenty-seven years, and is engaged in general farming, trucking, fruit grow- ing and bee-keeping; has acquired practical and scientific information by ob- servation and study; speaks English and German. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45 STUART, R! R., Callensburg, Clarion County, Pa.: Raising Swine for Profit. (20-30 minutes.) Dairy Bacteriology. (80-40 minutes.) Sheep Husbandry. (25 minutes.) Shall We Educate the Farm Boy. (80 minutes.) Centralization of Township Schools. (45 minutes.) The Home and the School. (80 minutes.) The Advantages of a Scientific Education to the Farmer. (80 minutes.) ; 8. Fruit Culture for Home and for Market. (80-40 minutes.) 9. Stable Manure. (20 minutes.) 10. Life; What is it. (50-60 minutes.) SURFACE, PROF. H. A., Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.: 1. The Economic Value and Protection of Our Native Birds. (40-50 minutes.) - General Principles and Methods of Insect Warfare. (Illus- trated.) 3. The Hessian Fly in Pennsylvania. (Sometimes illustrated by lanterns.) 4. Nature Study and Agriculture in the Public Schools. (25- 30 minutes.) 5. The Centralization of Schools. (20 minutes.) ; 6. Higher Education for Farmers’ Boys and Girls. (15-20 minutes.) 7. The Elements of Success. {15 minutes.) moo ho puter) tel bo HARVEY ADAM SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist, was born on a farm in Warren county, O., in 1867. He worked on the farm and attended and taught country school. He was educated in the Lebanon (O.) Normal, the Ohio State University, the University of Illinois, Hopkins (Stanford) California Seaside Laboratory and Cornell University. He taught in the Ohio State University, the University of the Pacific, Cornell, the Ithaca schools, teachers’ institutes and the Pennsylvania State College. He held a fellowship in Cornell and was also appointed Dykman Research Fellow in Columbia University. He was field naturalist for the Illinois State Biological Station and University Exten- sion lecturer in New York. He has also been lecturer in Zoology at the West Coast Chautauqua Assembly and scientific assistant on the United States Fish Commission. He has taught in every known grade of school work, and is noted for his enthusiasm and ability as a teacher, speaker and writer. He is ornithologist of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, and is making investigations of insects for the Pennsylvania State Department of Agricul- ture and fishes for the Pennsylvania State Fish Commission. Among his writings are articles on nature study, zoology, mollusks, insects, fishes, birds, mammals, pedagogy, anatomy, ete. He is nature study editor of the “Popular Educator,” ornithological editor of “American Gardening,’’ member of the American Society of Naturalists, American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, the American Ornithologists’ Union, the Pennsylvania State Audubon Society, etc. He makes a specialty of the biologic and economie features of his subjects. He was appointed Economic Zoologist by Governor Pennypacker in 1903. 46 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. THAYER, DR. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence County, Pa.: 1. Benefits of Tile Draining. 2. How to Tile Drain. Soil Moisture. 4. Preparation of the Seed Bed. (40 minutes.) 5. Stable Manure. 6. Commercial Fertilizers. i. The Clovers as Food. 8S. The Clovers as Fertilizers. 9. Potato Culture. 10. Strawberry Culture. 11. Feeding and Care of Farm Animals. Co t 12. Bovine Tuberculosis. j 13. Home Hygiene. 14. Nature Studies. (20-30 minutes each.) DR. I. A. THAYER was born near Warren, O., in November, 1840. He was reared on a farm of which he was foreman for a number of years under a scientific and successful farmer; was educated in Hiram College, under the presidency of Gen. Garfield. He graduated in medicine in 1866, and practiced that profession several years. Since laying down that practice he has been engaged in public speaking, having during fifteen years filled important lec- ture engagements from Boston to St. Louis, under the management of the leading lyceum bureaus. He has recently finished the course in crop produc- tion and that in live stock production in our State College. For nine months in the year his time is given wholly to his farming operations, for years conducting a veritable experiment station where he has’ worked with a book in one hand and a hoe in ‘the other; hence, he is equipped with a practical knowledge that he has the ability to express in the clearest manner. WALTZ, SAMUEL W. H., Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pa.: 1. The Apiary. ([llustrated.) (20-60 minutes.) 2. Corn Culture. (Ullustrated.) (20-40 minutes.) >. The Apple Orchard. (Illustrated.) (20-40 minutes.) “Home, Sweet Home.” (Evening Lecture.) (60 minutes.) 5. Profitable Poultry Keeping. ([llustrated.) 20-40 minutes.) 6. Our Insect Friends and Foes. (Lllustrated.) 20-40 minutes.) 7. The Culture and Value of Clover. (Illustrated.) (20-40 minutes.) 8. The Farmer’s Garden and His Table. (20-40 minutes.) 9. The Ideal Cow—Her Fare; Her Care; Her Ware. (20-40 min- utes.) 10. Some Common Birds and Their Relation to Agriculture. (I]- lustrated.) 11. Lost Fertility; the Cheapest Way to Regain It and the Best Way to Maintain [t. (20-40 minutes.) 12. The Farm Workshop and Library; their Influence on the Character of the Country Youth. (20-80 minutes.) No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47 13. Is the Common School Furnishing the Proper Education Needed by Farmers’ Boys and Girls. (20-40 minutes.) 14. Clover, Cow and Hen; the Winning Money-Making Combina- tion of the Twentieth Century Farmer. (20-40 minutes.) SAMUEL W. H. WALTZ was born in Anthony township, Lycoming county, Pa., January 8, 1869. He was educated in the public schools, Muncy high school, Lycoming County Normal School and Williamsport Dickinson Semi- nary. He taught in the public schools for several terms, and was afterwards elected a member of the school board of his native township. His home has always been on the farm, and he grew to manhood among scenes and circumstances that thoroughly imbued him with an intense love for nature and the intrinsic value of self-reliance. Mr. Waltz is essentially a self-made man, experience being his best teacher. He began to study agricultural science in boyhood and ever since has strenuously endeavored to follow those principles taught him by experience. He regards experience his safest teacher, but is always ready to entertain, with due consideration, what others may have acquired and ever anxious to profit by their diligence and reseach, which stand him in good stead to acquire those elements of knowledge that go to make up a progressive and up-to-date agriculturist. He is particularly fond of horticulture, botany, ornithology, apiculture, geology and astronomy, all of which bring him in close touch with every-day life on the farm. WALLACE, MRS. MARY A. (“Aunt Patience’), Ellwood City, Law- rence County, Pa.: A Country Home; Its Convenience, Sanitation, etc. Domestic Science. A Talk with Country Boys and Girls. The Summer Plague. (80 minutes each.) oo ko pS = MRS. MARY A. WALLACE is a daughter of the late Chester W. Ballou, Esq., one of the most successful and progressive of the pioneer farmers of Lawrence county, Pa. She was educated in the public schools, and Beaver Seminary, Beaver, Pa., and previous to her marriage taught school in her home district. Later, to her household duties, she added newspaper work, and became widely known in literary and journalistic circles through her pen name, ‘“‘Aunt Patience.”” Mrs. Wallace was a charter member of the Pittsburg Women’s Press Club, and was its treasurer for a number of years. She is also promi- nent in patriotic societies, and this year delivered the Memorial Day ad- dress at Slippery Rock Presbyterian Church, and at the close was given a public vote of thanks by the soldiers present. Her home is on a farm near Ellwood City, Pa. WATTS, PROF. R. L., Scalp Level, Cambria County, ‘Pa.: 1. How Plants Feed and Grow. (30 minutes.) . 2. Conservation of Soil Moisture. (80 minutes.) » 5. Cave and Management of Orchards. (80 minutes.) 4. Apples in Pennsylvania. (30 minutes.) 5. The Cultivation of Small Fruits. (30 minutes.) 6. Market Gardening. (80 minutes.) Nature Study in the Public Schools. (30 minutes.) s, Beautifying the Home Grounds. (30 minutes.) 48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE - Off. Doc. 9. Opportunities and Advantages for Young Men on the Farm. (30 minutes.) 10. Mental Equipment for Farming. (30 minutes.) R. L. WATTS was born at Kerrmoor, Pa . June 5, 1869; raised on the farm of his father, Martin Watts, which farm was largely devoted to fruit culture. Inntered Pennsylvania State College in 1887; graduated from agricultural course in June, 1890. He was elected Assistant Instructor in Botany and Horticulture of the University of Tennessee and Horticulturist of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of this institution in September, 1890. Later he was made Instructor of Horticulture, followed by Assistant Professor of Hor- ticulture and Secretary of the Experiment Station. Besides the regular duties as secretary, he had charge of the Farmers’ Institutes of the State, held under the auspices of the University and Station; he prepared programs, con- ducted correspondence and participated in the meetings. While at the Station he conducted various experiments with fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse and out of doors, the results of which have been published in bulletin form. He wrote Farmers’ Bulletin No. 39, on “Onions,” for the U. S. Department of Agriculture. For several years he was editor of the fruit and vegetable de- partment of the “Southern Florist and Gardener;” he is now engaged in gardening and fruit culture with a poultry plant to accommodate 500 hens. WATTS, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield County, Pa.: 1. The Dairy Herd—The Stable; The Feed. 2. The Silo and Why Profitable. 3. Gilt-Edge Butter; How to Make It and How Sell It. 4. The Steam Engine; How Used on Our Farm. 5. Farm Buildings and their Location. 6. The Apple Orchard. 7. Getting Out of the Ruts. 8. Recollections of the Old Farm Home. (30 minutes each.) D. H. WATTS was born near Kerrmoor, Pa., May 25, 1861, was raised on the farm of his father, Martin Watts, and educated in the public schools, which schooling was supplemented by a few months attendance at the Indiana State Normal School. He has always been interested in farmers organizations and served two years as president of the Clearficid County Agricultural Society. He located upon his farm in 1886 and erected thereon modern buildings and established a dairy plant where fine butter for a special trade is produced. The growing of fruits is also a specialty. On his farm, known as “Orchard View Farm” there are 3,000 apple, peach, pear and plum trees, all his own selection and planting. WAYCHOFTP, G. B., Jefferson, Greene County, Pa.: 1. Drainage. 2. Lime and Liming. 3. Raising Clover. 4. Clover as a Food. 5. Clover as a Fertilizer. 6. Unlocking Soil Fertility. Leaks on the Farm. 8%. Berries for the Home. 9. The Farmer’s Opportunity. (20-25 minutes each.) No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49 B. H. WAYCHOFF was born and raised on a farm; was educated in public schools, and attended Monongahela College, graduating in the scientific course. Taught several years in public schools; also taught in Monongahela College, in Beaver College and in Beaver High School, and has had considerable experi- ence in public speaking. At the age of 28 he bought a poor and almost aban- doned farm, and by drainage, liming and raising clover, together with good tillage, it has been brought up to a good degree of productiveness. ‘There were held, in all, of what may be termed regular scheduled institutes, 327 days. These meetings were sub-divided into thirty- one institutes of one day each, and seventy two-day institutes, and two three-day institutes, or two two-day institutes with sessions con- tinued for three days. In addition to the regular schedule, there were held twenty-one special meetings, in which the Division of In- stitutes joined with the pomona granges, farmers’ unions and clubs in what may be properly termed special or local institutes. These 327 days were sub-divided into 831 sessions. The average attendance upon eaeh of these sessions was 150, or a total of 123,- oo4. We expended, last year, in the employment of instructors, for ‘hall rents, hotel and traveling expenses and incidentals, in all, $15,000. We employed, last year, in all, fifty-two State speakers . er instructors. Associated with these instructors in the different counties of the State where institutes are held is a vast army of local institute workers, who read papers on the various lines of farm work, joined in the discussion of topics, and have thus become a mighty force in the development of the work within the bounds of the State. The one new line of work, only partially inaugurated, is the sending of specialists in the line of the leading agricultural industries as carried on in the State to give special instructions as to management of the dairy, handling of milk, ventilation of the barn, ete.; also, in horticultural lines, mixing of spraying material and how to use it, demonstrating the difference between insects and fungous diseases, and how to apply the remedies suited to each. Special mention should be made of the work accomplished in this line by Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist of this Department, who has devoted much of his time in attending these meetings and giving valuable instruction to the farmers on topics above men- tioned. I am pleased to say that in so far as we have advanced in this line of instruction, results have been entirely satisfactory. This report would be incomplete without making mention of our Annual Meeting of Institute Managers and Lecturers, held at Hunt- ingdon, Pa., June 2, 3 and 4, which meeting may be fairly regarded as representing the topics and standard of work embraced in our general institute plan. The proceedings of this meeting are pub- lished in bulletin form, three thousand of which have been distrib- uted throughout the State, and the same will be found inserted in another part of this volume. 4—6—1603 o Off. Doc. 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Doc. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. ‘Vabulated reports from the various local agricultural societies reinforces my recommendations last year, as to the importance of enccuraging none but expert judges to pass upon the merits of all competing articles, as more than two-thirds of the societies have adopted this practice. The attendance last year was not so great as in previous year, 911,074 being in attendance, as compared with 1,024,250 in 1901. Collection of membership fees, however, shows a marked increase—$7,872—as compared with $2,297.10 in 1901. Paid in premiums, $91,261.06, as compared with $113,347.93, in 1901. The falling off in attendance was no doubt a result of violent wind and rain storms which prevailed in the months of Sep- tember and October; so furious were these storms in some instances as to drive the people from the grounds. This was especially true whilst the fair was in progress at Nazareth, Northampton county, where the exhibits were in every line large and of special merit. Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of the active farmers of Pennsylvania taking charge of these agricultural exhibits, and so controlling them as to eliminate therefrom all ex- hibits and shows of immoral and doubtful propriety, thus by exer- cising proper attention, care and discretion, these fairs will be- come real object lessons, living and vital examples showing forth the best features of agricultural advancement in its various de- partments. The appended list will show in detail the corporate name of each society, address of president and secretary, also date and place where fairs were held during 1903: ‘ 57 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 6. 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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Fulton County. Name. Place EVR OWallltic es. ., voreisre eral. sities siele ous ovatersy Siers. WOlWallitetucscicis « pierserecote sorcraeian {rie County. LEERY OUTE SY 7. os. ofc cbs, ow cine icin teusie oe ose 20 North Mast. 25 2ic.c-sclo set sore esheets ROPTEOTIPESTOSON ws coccieus o o.che dio a, 0s wYevelautteveveueneis Northy hasty) coeweeecw ace cts: PCC IMYGOUNIV ESS cians Siecle role go be Sicle wls Calais INNOTGUD UMASS ficient as cehee Dee Bostwick & SOM, ic. 6sc ace ssw nes ECT eye Nae Mics, orsticencicters sserem rake fos BAT ONUDALG,, Ss dessa nics wee bo ayers wee Girard gece acess Oo ae oetene Fayette County. MESO SON, Src caw c sveg deisrs nicnsceiese MaSOntOiwal oe toe hoe oe eee Franklin County. iBwat IBnOSs Souesepoocogacangspaneeouds Chambersburg and Waynesboro, MMMWREELCTICHNS Er, oc ccc cece cede neste Green Villages tice reece MPRUVRIEZOOK or. Screens eve tine sfeoelera are ects Chambersburg weraemoceieee cee oe Juniata County. iBiienere Gye 425 11) eee oe Creeps ak rece Rowe) ob 1 Ke Ke ue Senin mera. eat eo Sictaketc Of HUANG Sess VWAISTICT, Gres clores sissies sw deisics MecCulliough’s Mills? .. 5.2.2.2 Lancaster County. Boylaram Gres HAV 21 Coos aici cos.o sessile icvevseye 42 ols 0's IMATLOLUARS go any citticc Sei e eens o\. THL IBA 0 Gibco caeeoseicdben cucernonoecd NEW SS Spe heecs cacyce ches stars atoveeyore hele tees Ji, TEL (Grint oS epee or oeeoenn cad Oeoino orn New: Providence, 5.2.2 oh... VIMEO Ie: Go SOM (5 lsc .c ee cise ie MMiaTCttan Stes ci cuctonon arcktes cope MAPIICCHOSEIMtOM, | = cs eters enclelieisvs ser oe ci Christiana ssn. aati nye DyepieBOlUOM, @..0-.- 2... a OPO BON Vid GiWee does csc ese oe ‘D. ID, IsIOn ie Reoinoce aero cic etoiector THAT CAS UCT ata aetocaacir aoe PMR AN TIS). . cis0 0 oo sciciseieters «cesses ERUUD GI each aeniers ices ake! eeeererere ere MELISS CSOT, ores ci crclen ove soe os es: cnsalece IPR ratane sects sack cee y ee cus aee BRAMMER CACY; 0c schic. owls sete asic sane ope ee VUE SRN povteten cone ete orca near eet eevee URS CMTE CACY), 2.2 5 0.0/0 ole cuore) «0s 0s e sists GE OV Merete re dates dive ene ee RE ORUTIME OOD CT: cc. < cis eiacy + cress ss ele sve se sie lenirGiblalekNaah “sa oo oqcnseeoasboc iC. WW, HUGS CY) een eee Bird-in hand yess sess DVURMEVOOL GC BIOs, jcc. nds cate cle «sees RasteP eversbunmam mame acioe ae. W. B. K. Johnson, Hayes, cere Lehigh County. Meteor ete hoteles cn en towne Lawrence County. 5 AE ERAS GORE oe ee IBESSEMEM Siri esis ns oes BAT aR a cpt tc, Sreencgeuete tate New Castle, 187 Acres. 20 10 9 v te ee oD 188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Luzerne County. PR SUGLOMS sc scrote alsssvecelocsic shore, severe ele sicreseie.¢ FIXCLET, caiesieicvevelse eles ciorereieeevehetuere 3 Lycoming County. EVEN GeN BOS. Yo cis viscose cove ol eicioverelsoieteleieis WAlITAMSPOTE, Ricks ciscic'c wie e erect 1 Montgomery County. Rev B pelainesre: (CO: sccecies oc thawte oe es Cheltenham s.iics sosiele re sleretee 6 CRREIGAVVALSOME ee wes ote ete no cis ie Sususroge GlaGWYNE; of the most important things in the poultry business to make poultry profitable. In my travels among the poultrymen I have seen houses of every shape and kind. I have seen those that cost $5 for each fifty birds and those that cost $500 for the same number, homes that were almost palaces and those that were hovels. There are extremes in everything. We have found, in the inspection of these houses of different make, that the low house, with little head room, is where we find the healthiest and best plumaged birds. We have also found in the inspection of different houses where the most were hooded, the birds have come through the winter of the north in best condition. A very safe and practical house for general purposes, is one 20 feet long and 10 feet wide and 34 feet at back and 7 feet in front, the ends and back being of single ploughed and grooved pine boards, with a hemlock board roof covered with tarred paper. In the front is a board one foot wide on top and bottom, and the balance of the front being frame covered with heavy ducking, and the frame, or door is hinged at the top so as te be opened up on the inside. The nests are at the back of the house and are hooded with heavy ducking, and this hood should be dropped down every night. Do not sell your foundation stock when once you gained a victory and your stock is good; it is unwise to sell or dispose of the seat of suc- cess. Do not sell your winning birds unless you are sure you have a better one to take the place. FERTILE EGGS AND INCUBATORS. Eggs are seeds; seeds are eggs. Both are propagators of their kind, producing an offspring identical to the parent; for the greater is included in the less. If the parent be strong and healthy the off- Spring will have the same qualities, provided, in the case of the artificially produced chick, that the conditions are proper for its development. This much is generally known and recognized. But most people fail to recognize the fact that weak, unhealthy parental stock produces weak, unhealthy offspring, regardless of the incu- bator, should it succeed in hatching, but generally it has not 292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. sufficient inherent strength to develop, and ekes out its supply about hatching time or about the eighteenth day. “Weak stock produces weak eggs.” Button-hole that. Some stock produces weak offspring because they were from weak parents themselves; other stock produces weak offspring through improper food, shelter and care, while it is caused in others by disease. In-breeding, when recklessly done, is a sure cause of degeneracy, with its disease and impotency, but when carried on with a point in view it is a good thing. In-breeding simply intensifies characteristics, be they either good or bad. One of the best possible rations for a chick, whether reared under hen or in brooder, is what we call dry ration. It is the nearest approach to the natural diet of a fowl] possible to at- tain. This method calls for all dry food, such as rolled wheat and oats, small broken corn, rice or grain of any kind, small seeds and beef scraps mixed; to this should be added small grit of some kind. The beef scrap should be of good quality, that has been properly prepared and nicely ground. This kind of food can be greatly im- proved by the addition of some well-broken peas and beans, and a little properly prepared clover. The peas, beans and clover furnish the vegetable and green food, the rest the grain seed and animal portion of their diet, giving them a most perfectly balanced ration. Should it be preferred to add to this a mixed food, it should be thoroughly scalded; if cooked or baked, so much the better, for this takes away the unnaturalness of the food. But little trouble from feeding is experienced when this method is followed. Those who follow this system have but little trouble when care is given to the proper mixing of the food, but when carelessly done and too much of one kind is fed at one time, its good results are lost. Nothing can be more injurious to a chick than too much millet seed; while a little is excellent for them, too much is almost sure destruction; the proper amount of prepared beef is beneficial, too much quite the opposite. All these facts show the necessity of care in feed- ing. Another fault is in giving sour feed. Some may mix up a lot of raw meal or other ground grain and leave part of it until next meal. The result may be bowel trouble. Don’t do it. If you must feed raw stuff, be sure to mix it up fresh every time. Only mix up just enough and not too much. If you leave meal wet it sours very quickly, in the course of a couple of hours. Never feed any meal that is musty or decayed. Any kind of grain or feed not in good condition should never be fed to fowls or chicks. Musty grain or meal has likely lost some .or perhaps most of its valuable qualities. Any food not in first-class condition is liable to cause some derangement in the chick’s life and bring on disease. The best is none too good. The best alone will favor rapid growth and good development. A good way is to bake the ground feed. © ow No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293 Take a mixture of meal, bran, ground oats, etc., mix it with milk and bake. cpoaonacoad Emporium. CHENG. “Saad sebebonodnocod UAV VVIC TINTS: eictseeveaieleloroasieis Weatherly. (ChaTGN COS” ipoigo OOO ROEnOSOCOOD John A. Woodward, ........ Howard. ROME SCOT aetereleveseiescvcneisie'e(sle eee -Dr. M. EH. Conard, .........Westgrove. MOVEVT TON eyate ucts: oo cieieveivieyeis 0 6ieiee Stex= McClellan tenses sie Knox. ROACH TEEUC) Cyst tess chee: siolere's lois wicie\ere Tews INICISONG cielcrcreciecieiee oe Shawville, MOEAE OWNS sters.cisiene. sis oeve's ese 001s, Joel, Ageclerr eee Cedar springs: MOCVULIEYA DI @ sie, ciesavs's cc ers 8 ieje.ais H. V. White, -.Bloomsburg. WA WEORGS ccs vectors saeiee's Wer Wea Oliviera coca ccroerrceic Conneautville. UMMM STIAMGs fs cclsesccc cee RGVse a die NCES USOM cecisie cr Hogestown. GuMbperland, 2. ces ssw cs oe lay Jak MMevops Sodonacecood Mechanicsburg. Dauphin, De ae eae OER EDAD DOT ya. stisre acclorrs elsterele Harrisburg. WDOMAMV ALES « Uisicccr basinciasecna A aMiiihieha, Ubbhe A, A oenceceeonE Llanerch. IDURD Bee ee a eee John B. Werner, ..ot. Marys. LSITIGS Gh gn Botan eee Archie Billinies= Miso ss ce. s- Edinboro. VEE LOS | vac saicriaines reece eee Va WIESE: RONd AS Goons soo BODo Merrittstown. MOS bck sicisvers coe csiiereiove bi sisietets Chas. A. Randall, .........Tionesta. PRVINITAM, | Mea cis, PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF FARMERS INSTITUTE MANAGERS AND LECTURERS, HELD IN THE COURT HOUSE, HUNTINGDON, PA., JUNE 2, 3d AND 4, 1908. Tuesday, June 2, 1903, 7.30 P. M. HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and Direc- tor of Institutes, called the meeting to order promptly at the time designated and announced the Chairman for the evening, Mr. George G. Hutchison, of Warriors’ Mark, Pa. ADDRESS OF CHAIRMAN. My friends, it is a pleasure to welcome you here this evening to Huntingdon county. We are delighted to have you meet with us. It was somewhat uncertain at the last meeting whether we would be favored with your presence, but by solicitation on our part we se- cured the sanction of the State Eollege to have the meeting in our county. Ve have been desirous for some years of having you meet with us, but other places seemed to demand the meetings and, as we are modest in this county, we yielded to their desires; but after cor- responding with the State College they kindly granted or agreed to withdraw their grant of the meeting at that place and allow us to have it here. You have received a cordial welcome to-day from the Mayor and he has assured you that the best that this town can afford is yours; but in behalf of the farmers and agricuiturists of the county, I would say, we are delighted to have you with us. In going through the county on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, you are not very much impressed with the agricultural interests of cur county, as the railroad leads along the river, and the bluffs and hills are not the best presentation of the section, so far as agriculture is concerned; but I assure you that lying out from the river we have some of the finest agricultural sections in Penn- Sylvania. That may seem a little egotistic to our friends from Chester, Lancaster, York, Lebanon and other eastern counties; but when I tell you that we have the finest limestone belt in the north- ern and. western end of this county than anywhere in Pennsylvania; that from this county, Blair and Centre, more limestone is taken 312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. than from all the rest of Pennsylvania combined, I do not think I am exaggerating in the least. Lying on top of that limestone is a fine, productive soil, and we are proud of the agricultural interests of this county. One day, as I was riding through the county on a train and we had passed into the section where myself and Mr. Seeds reside, a lady said to a gentleman sitting by her: “My! I believe half the people of this county commit suicide.” And the gentleman said: “Why?” She said: “Look at those hills and bluffs; there is nothing to live on.” Up on those hills there is as fine land as there is any- where in Pennsylvania, and I have yét to know of any one commit- ting suicide there. This county has been devoted to agriculture for one hundred and thirty-five to one hundred and forty years. Our forefathers came here from the eastern sections and settled, and have been following the pursuits of agriculture for that length of time. The farm that I have the pleasure of owning and living on has been cul- tivated for one hundred and thirty years, and others in this section have been for nearly the same time. We have, besides the agricul- tural, other interests. We have a county that has produced a number of great men. We have contributed to the welfare and the building up of this Commonwealth. We have had the honor of hay- ing a Governor, Potter; a Secretary of Internal Affairs, J. Simpson Africa; an Auditor General, General Gregg; two United States Sen- ators, John Scott and William A. Wallace, two of the levelest headed men of this Commonwealth and a number of Congressmen. Among others, I might mention R. Milton Spear, whom I consider one of the brightest men Pennsylvania has produced, H. J. Fisher and a host of others. We have a number of interests here that I would like you to visit, among which are the J. C. Blair Manufacturing Company, the Key- stone Manufacturing Company and many others. We have Situ- ated in this county the Silica Brick Works at Mt. Union; the coal Gperations at East Broad Top and other industries. We have also located at the end of town a State Normal School, known as the Juniata College, of which our friend, Prof. M. G. Brumbaugh, is president; and on the outskirts of the town is located the Hunt- ing¢don Reformatory, one of the finest institutions of its kind in the State. sels cie codes so ese 713 | 5.8 2.8 5.3 Mixedeinanure trom SHCCD.. i. acest ceclsine ne chee siciicieis = 646 | S537] 2.3 6.7 MMe dinmlamure LEO) SWAT C is ere ere tere le tnfere el ele lascteleletelescinrs)eie!sieie/« 72 | 4.5 1.9 6.0 Ondinaryetarur AMAMUTEy LCSW or miter ciais/afere salesec/s cinieintapeiels | 750 | 3.9 1.8 4.5 Ordinary farm manure, partly rotted, .................. | 750 5.0 | 2.6 6.3 Ordinary farm manure, well rotted, .................. 790 | 5.8 | 3.0 5.0 Liquid drainings from manure pile, .................+5. | 982 1.5 | 0.1 4.9 } MANURE PRODUCED PER ANIMAL PER YEAR. = = | a a a = : Q | n = " a A = | a xg — z zZ : Nn 4 a (SOM) 4 ganccpedtes sna poModT CSO ODDNGD doOrdAADDraoDAmooBatasGenc | 20.000 8, 000 28,000 EV OLE Ma cteferstcss(otar (cl sisi: = aa(0/n(ai afefere7aisvejoj teller ejatersistahe(etetelsvetor=fote/ristote atahers | 12,000 3, 000 15,000 SIRE, onconganoponocospond copneeodesposELsccGr sods GusccoseeKc 760 380 1,140 TE ee a rs os ova c Sacaro Satara) Ses bvotzra zie recat mn ets aon setae 1,800 1, 200 3,000 | No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365 PLANT FOOD PER ANIMAL PER YEAR. ‘lbs. | os ui 3 = z Z g 5 2 bo ro rca a 2 2 o i) P=] G S Ss a at fy - NEOs peavecoiectysictererelelajete'eisic (cere ele, e(ic oietaa brosa/e oretenceve: terete JneAs sELenn: .....Cedar Springs, .1905 GColumibiayy gee. entrar) = EDS AV. Willit ers eh cere Bloomsburg, 22... .ss- «cece 1996 (Oni atorols Seago ooebodcoc VE. OLIVET eestccrtey iste Conneautvillets 32. 2. - eerrecter 1904 Cumberland (-hi-c-1s- Chas. Mullen, neater Mit) LOLLY, (SEIN SS terete eee 1906 DUT VIMS, 655 cicksvsterciate love aie iaiovs's io’ sbevepcial crab aateye cs “slate ers eierah 0% alelclale e ey stem anevtsiees sf eravece alela ate aaeeeene 1903 Delaware, «....... sc0cec Aq WibDhxonsl IWTWAL Saco oobe Llanerch, asd wo eis, shai/eye levofehatsrereaetarsee 1904 AH NK gmtaetarai's 'sje/a) cre /siajs{eia\ernils/o. tio \e:e) otkhoualevlapsieie (cle veiarcteyealelete'sy arate trate iss are are over ers ate he ak toners 1903 FUT GM en ctirekare aiaid welt stelsvoienie et. Els Chailees cect TOW Ville, ciecse cic o ciere ors ocelot eee 1904 IV AVIELEC SS occreisleratereeyceseieys SOOM TTI UEODTO CCU BOSE ot ASE OICGrinn aticeemodadocoscdcc 1903 NOME, oddecnenconcdc00G (ONG dado Gene cqosac TiONESta,,~% sci 0 Save care leeererreeetere 1904 Franklin, SOOdOU COO Grlsy ISK San Gopnoouc IVER TION, aselcse cops ictere sa cielo perenne 1905 FUEL POMMS Mereciorscvttonvacsisiereie's ey Vie Keer Callin wsertverrers McConnellsburg, .1907 GETCOTICH cccis ciccicie's eleietee cre INES VS SBS 1 CGC aie nc el ctoveisre Carmichaels, .1907 Huntingdon, aja leletale scr COseG, EMUItechisons vac. Wiad bElOGS .. Mic: Kemet serrate 1906 IbNShENTEIE Gosnonacou0D Boosh Wi Mil alin ooo oar EIQ TAM As .-01-< a cisrs cote ears aetetmernnonte 1907 DETECTS ON) Wie Mere. sisvc, cc cc ss 0 W. L. McCracken, ....Brookville, .1907 AUB ONT Eee eion do onemn onOe Matthew Rodgers’, ©... MG@xXiCO ss 5. 2 «<< ciarcielesteletsl nebtetete 1905 WackawanNnNa, acraccic cise 6 Henry We Northup. ...Glenburni; cer «-ceelte ere eee 1906 TeAMCASECT,, “celseic «cies. ci6 AVVen ele) TERTOSIUS messiah DTUMOLE§ oo rcce o cPhektce eee 1907 WAWTENCE), civic sicicin 61 ot0 Sam’l McCreary, ...... Neshannock Mallss 25 s2-s--cmes 1905 Ibia|senaonhy eponsooocnoeac H. ©. Snavely, ......:.. Lebanon, .1907 IL@ixen Beagooboa ol aod oS. Menstemaker: —.. uanark, s.s.ostcpceiecetn seen 1906 MENEZ ONT vere ciciere! «, ctei'eiat o.6.e)ehieter sin ares arots, aroveredais ols) ccoyovs) s)savse e eveye efe ule eva ievele reve fetes anus: nie te ceo ERT ea erVi@ OU IUM Se insite wie eee 1905 ROR TV iaeiete cisteleinietaieialsieietelere! AS TDS EVOINVAN wae ce see ced Vekoda, : .1907 Philadelphiaie sccisiesisie sie ON SO ales aa cniaetsee WYDGMOOM, cece. ss nce om 1EaT tO tad cg COO GIODIOCIULERS- CCG. GLITIanG AEC SO SEDIEACHOUO MeOH aA Ceo ao osodosonecAGcccnccmc:- POECOLS Pie io cies aus wleit.s stareioiace ois Sicte eiolere w Sieieie axe yavniaheo SeMele le ncrercie aie icc) btele eve 6 eS ES ae Schuylkill, Wiel (OLOUC ss ese secre IPINCESTOVEs | eee cereaeeer 1906 SpohvOlecy | AgraSaes Goncd oo dis, BS SBOYir,, as cj cere ete Mount Pleasant Mills, ........ 1906 SOMCTSECL | Garces cctecicleete Jacob §S. Miller, SoM ICGENS ,° oS cjodkee cist Oe ee 1904 SHUG Nalp saeraad ae coreodoe J, Ke Bind ye. eeee este Ve. -1906 Susquehanna, ......... HE. EH. Tower, ....:......k40p Bottom, -1907 ADC [=f Wal ara IE NL PR ORIel Gd! iosseeeriat tee Wellsboro, .1905 lmions se.. 2 athe J. Newton Glover, ..... Ake) SS obbe=tho aon ooOolswnoGe Go doa © 1905 WGI AIS Ol cas. osiecete co cele August Morck, BA OMIE CHiN “Sa pcicmocaescusoodos so Uc 1904 Warren, as Rtn, JEP NVC Oy ce tema se Sugargrove, . 1904 Washington, .......... DD: MavPry:, «soos eee IBUTEECUUSTOW: Dyn ciel «closest tere 1905 WWW VING eters cictore tices cule Warren . Perham, 1. INi@eanal el oe cet. ocicesine reeeienee 1907 Westmoreland, ........ MS Nig GI aries. cece ot eesienats Claridge ya. -<-.tleee «e907 WiYONUNES fecccc ce ose c D. A. Knuppenburg, ..Lake Carey, vevercee ~ L907 ROTI wea sete ns sieinisieve sities xo B. B.-Koller; 7 .ccassces Shrewsbury, ence amass aa ae -) eel No, 6. OFFICERS. PRESIDENT. Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor, ...........-+-. VICE PRESIDENTS. MERA ENED ESXCUO TIS rs ietcters ic sstelelarsts js tere! slet sisysisjerelae: sis cis) ols) s/etsiers, 016, e'n/s. 0: IEMA VEIN OUHCINUT IO: pe sfareicie cleycievsisieia'sicheje steiclecloiclale: eS sie fa ele/ecnieje als 9) ele AW, Iie. (QHEWERES io dias Bolts Cato one DOnr tre co Ucn Onorc aco RoCnoo EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. EMOTES AIL ECTIMYPACKEN,,, < cise cicie vies = eisie.clsics occ eiloins AN. di. EX@IeO as a aioemid po ootopoopomcoodcesnomunc und cong Anoo. |G IL. Ge Sina wOh7® Sacecococ con nmocGornno Soo onda Coen oom nooo o Dano Matthew Rodgers, ORE Tae Cio Cotinc aeons acre MORE SIVI SL CUDA TDG. ee ctctecevare.Siee ieiareve(e @ivs wysteteeia¥s aie sielere widyere.s cielvie'e.'s BE Tee Creel UC GrOWATIG, acic ciosoiws vse cue opcianaverotels oo. sistarele aeelioie: sq) S'ee'e stevonesooists IN, Gite OR ar aoe pon Ceri pr Oe BOOS Dooce OCORAO LTS. Tare oC St “IWiby RUGISKS Te NSS one S Gen nOS an anna nob ns Saree orca ARP EADS ENVY EUTS Za» foie ssceyoy exe caysies even eso y eine (ols) ors sieire fe over eilelsoibeieveleusiee ef,e: 61% PNG VWEOM GLOVED, cs. The meeting was called to order at 7.30 P. M., with Mr. Jason Sexton in the Chair. The CHAIRMAN: The first paper to take up this evening will be the report of the Botanist, Prof. Buckhout. The SECRETARY: Prof. Buckhout sent his report to me to be read. On motion, which was seconded, it was ordered that the paper of Prof. Buckhout be placed on file and printed for the benefit of the Board. The report is as follows: REPORT OF THE BOTANIST:. By Pror, W. A. BUCKHOUT, Botanist. But few and infrequent calls upon my services -have been made during the past year. The inquiries have been chiefly regarding weeds and their eradication. The commonest weed received was Horse nettle (Solanum Carolinense). This came from several parts of the State, and attracts attention by its rank and persistent growth and spiny character. Hop clover (Zrifoliumagrarium), Field cress (Lepidium campestre), Sheep sorrel (Rumex acetostella) and Galinsoga parviflora came in a few times. The wet season fav- ored the unusual abundance and spread of some species which do not flourish sufficiently well to attract attention in ordinary seasons. The last mentioned, Galinsoga, seems to be slowly spreading all over the State in moist grounds. Only a few years ago it was practically confined to the extreme eastern part, where it was propably intro- duced from South America through shipping. The wet season also 588 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. brought out some inquiries regarding Chickweed, Speedwell and other delicate weeds which in wet and cool weather grow freely in lawns, crowding out the grass and producing unsightly patches of different color and texture from the main body. The idea that there may be some quick and effective method) of killing weeds and not injuring the useful plants with which they grow is still uppermost in many minds. Yhere is little, if anything, to support this notion. Practically, we seem shut up to clean cul- tivation, when cultivated land is concerned, and to crowding out by vigorously growing grass and clover, when sod land is in question. True, this process requires time as well as labor and patience, but i: does the work effectively and besides, leaves the ground in a fer- tile condition. Thorough and clean cultivation needs no commenda- tion; it not only keeps down weeds, to some extent at least, but gives a larger crop of the plant under cultivation. Then, when seeding down, give the best preparation of the ground and as much fertili- zer as possible, together with liberal seeding of seed known to be good. Grass and clover thus put in will grow rapidly and so rank that weeds get a poor chance and, generally, are choked out early in the race. Farmers make a great mistake in letting such weeds as wild car- rots overrun and take complete possession of a field, seeding freely and thus continuing the weediness indefinitely, year after year. If it it not possible to plow down wild carrot before it has run to seed it should be cut several times, so as to prevent any seeding. This fol- lowed by cultivation and periodical cleaning up of fence rows and out-of-the-way places will minimize the injury, if not entirely re- move it. Weeds in lawns present a much more difficult problem and one hardly possible to answer except for individual cases and where all the surrounding conditions are well known. Where lawns are shaded by buildings or trees it is scarcely possible to keep grass in good condition very long. Lawns which have been graded are often very unequal in soil quality, hollows which have been filled up to grade are generally in excellent condition for growing grass and holding fertility, while hillocks which have had the surface pared off to be brought down to grade are just the reverse, thin and poor, quickly drying out in hot weather, thus almost impossible of carry- ing good sod until they have been improved by liberal fertilizing and working. A careful study of the situation in each case is the first thing necessary. Palliative, if not full remedial treatment, will thereby be suggested. Few things about a home give more satis- faction than rich, green grass; hence preparation for the lawn de- serves more careful consideration than is generally given it. It is the kind of work that pays in the long run. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 589 Several letters were written in response to inquiries concerning improvement of forest land. This is a gratifying and hopeful sign. There is no good reason why a farmer’s woodland should not be more productive. As a general rule such lands are left entirely to themselves and as a consequence, returns are hap-hazard and meagre. Several things should be done and done systematically. All old, mis-shapen or diseased trees should be cut out and utilized for firewood or other purposes. This will open the way to seeding and growth of new trees and of the more desirable kinds, such as white pine, white oak, etc. Similar trees which stand too close to- gether, or the sprouts upon cut-over land, should be judiciously thinned out, affording a supply of fuel and providing for a stand of timber of better quality and size. The increasing scarcity of wood for various purposes and the higher price and the uncertainty of ob- taining coal for fuel when it is desired should waken us up to the better conservation and utilization of our wood supplies. With our improved. methods of producing power and of handling bulky ma- terials it is feasibie in many cases for the farmer to use wood fuel profitably. The proper care and handling of woodland has thus be- come a matter of renewed interest to all land owners. Plant diseases naturally come in for some attention. Unfortu- nately, inquiries of this nature come with such meagre explanation and so late, commonly after the danger is done, that but little can be accomplished, except to diagnose the case, and thus put one on guard should there be a reappearance. Nowhere is the old proverb, “a stitch in time saves nine,” more appropriate than in the treatment of the diseases of plants due to insects or fungi. Their action is, in most cases, so rapid that their progress once established cannot be stayed; they must run their course. But their spread may be pre- vented or delayed, and something can be done, if taken in time, toward cultivating a resistant condition; for it is the weaklings which are first attacked and succumb the soonest. Intensive culti- vation by gardeners and florists is having its difficulties, in that fungus diseases are often propagated and carried along year after year unless pains are taken to renew the soil or thoroughly sterilize it. Quite a number of cases of this sort have come to light. Some fungi are spreading because they can grow on native plants, as, for instance, the hollyhock rust, a recent introduction into this country, was last year noticed for the first time upon the common round-leaved mallow; it is thus fully at home and even were it eradicated from the hollyhock, it will not continue upon the various plants of that family. It may probably get a foothold upon the cotton plant; in which case it could do immense damage. The as- paragus rust is another case of a fungus which was unknown in this State until a few years ago. Although it is apparently now well 590 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. scattered over the State it has so slight a foothold that the effort to dispossess it is worth making. This can best be done by destroy- ing all! affected plants, or at least burning the “brush” or dead tops in the fall of the year. Spraying for plant diseases, as well as to destroy predaceous in- sects, has been of great benefit in numerous cases, but it should not be forgotten that its greatest benefit comes when it is done so early as to anticipate the attack. Coincident with this should be an eye quick to observe what individuals or what kinds are weak-growing, and hence easy subjects for disease, and what are strong and resist- ant. Unfortunately the latter, desirable as they may be, because of their ability to resist disease or their immunity from insect attack, are sometimes not producers of the best quality or quantity of use- ful product, while the former may be particularly valuable for this reason. Such a contingency raises the most difficult question which the gardener and fruit grower have to meet, and must be decided according to the peculiar conditions appertaining to the case. The Kieffer pear is a vigorous growing, productive variety and but Iit- tle subject to disease; the Bartlett less vigorous and productive, and more subject to disease. Under these circumstances whether to grow Kieffer pears or Bartletts is a puzzling question. Other inquiries were of miscellaneous character and of less gen- eral interest. To all of them it is my purpose to reply so fully and definitely as IT am able to do, and my services and the facilities of my department are always available to reasonable requests. The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Frear, Chemist of the Board. The SECRETARY: There has been no report handed to me. (The Secretary subsequently wrote Dr. Frear asking him to send his report to be printed with the proceedings of the meeting.) The following is Dr. Frear’s report: REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. By DR. WILLIAM FREAR, Chemist. Among the cattle foods recently introduced in large volume upon the market have been dried brewers’ and distillers’ grains. Numer- ous inquiries have been received respecting the composition and feeding value of these preparations. During the past twelve years, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 691 the Association of German Agricultural Experiment Stations has been making special studies of cattle foods and has assigned to various members the duty of preparing quite complete monographs, describing the composition, manufacture and feeding properties of the several important feeds. While these monographs are based chiefly upon the foods found in the European market, so that they do not precisely represent the corresponding American products, the general nature of the materials on both Continents is so similar that I have felt that it might be of interest to present an abstract of the monographs on the subject of brewers’ and distillers’ grains pre- pared by Professor Dietrich, of Marburg. ; Brewers’ grains are derived directly from malt and, more re- motely, from barley, so that the latter grain may be regarded as the original raw material of brewers’ grains. Barley, as offered on the market, is composed essentially of three parts: (a) The hull, fruit and seed coats; (b) the embryo; and (c) the endosperm or starchy part. The huil of the barley, which is of es- pecial importance because of its abundance in brewers’ grains, is composed of a material like straw, very rich in silica. Omitting the author’s description of the anatomy of the grain and the qualities it should possess for brewing purposes, we pass to its composition. Maercker found that in the European barleys the bulls amounted to five per cent. in the thin hull varieties; seven and one-half per cent. in those of middle thickness; and over ten per cent. in the thick hulled kinds. Richardson, examining thirteen American bar- leys, found the percentage of hull to range from 12.5 to 16.9 per cent.; average, 15.2 per cent. The average composition of barleys of different grades and of European origin is stated by Maercker as follows: — se my Q x ww ~ / 8 ao <7) Eo sg 5 g 2 A q 5 2 oy Zz & MINest: well filled: mealy barley” <2 i hence : | ue = BBISUMETIL SELES Yom g ontatetc:ateisic’aias c-ayaty wfose.e aleve: ctarateicrereteie’e ss lel avardveievbie'e: ea 85.0 92.5 72.0 ESICE ECU ED ED meticetave rei aisin wre © aic’alolafnre's nialvrenicio'e. ciavarerare: Shovel lavalsie’sian ace eiale/aca 10.0 9.0 7.5 PETA yey tele) crore sjals oveiareavere Sia ercvcte cs oi clefoa/s nian eveisior overs ereyalere,e/e e's tle wow are yap 2.4 | 1.9 SUE Wale RA Saag nGeRO OS AAENe ad O0 Bodo DOOORBOODDOOODEES | 60.0 68.0 53.0 @phersnitrosen=free: EXLTACE . cceewcs cece ceceetic sce Celecee ns 8.4 | ils Les Pte OUCTOR EM -TreG OXUtLACT, “ccisis de.cie es wesw acres oneecivis ee 63.4 69.7 54.3 ROTATE MLL I STM bos farstssetaPa sc eG eters aye ators lay eqevarcravaroreteie ldlovestiale Ata side ns.ois eles | 4.8 5.0 | 3.9 Ash, 2.6 23) 158 | Ey. In brewing, a “wort” or water solution of the malt is prepared. For this purpose the malt is “mashed” or mixed with a certain quantity of water and kept at 167 degrees F. for five or six hours. By this process not only are the water-soluble ma- terials present in the malt, taken into solution, but the diastatic ferment acts further upon the starch, converting it into sugars and dextrin. The wort is then separated from the undissolved materials, which remain as the spent malt or brewers’ grains. Be- fore the removal of the wort, the grains are allowed to settle out; the albumin that is coagulated in the mashing separates in part with the grains and in part with the remaining starch as a smeary mass overlying the grains. One-third of the kiln-dried malt remains in the grains, so that 100 parts of barley yield 26 parts of dried, or 110 parts of wet brewers’ grains. Wheat is sometimes malted and used for making “weiss beer.” Since it has no hull, the residual grains are more valuable than those of barley. Corn and rice, in a ground condition and freed from their em- bryos, are used in American breweries, and the latter in those of North Germany and Norway for the preparation of an export beer low in albuminoids. The starches of these grains are less vigorously attacked by diastase than barley malt starch; hence the grains from these mixtures with raw cereals, are richer in starch. The “grains” contain of the malt constituents, all the hulls, the undissolved starch and other bodies of slight solubility, nearly all the fat and of the proteids, both the insoluble portion and that fraction of the soluble proteids that is pea wiated in the mashing process and separates with the grains. According to E. Pott the grains contain 65 per cent. of the nitro- genous materials of the malt and 20 per cent. of the nitrogenous free extract; Behrend states that there remain in the grains, of the original materials of the malt: 4 596 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Dry matter, about one-third. Crude protein, about three-fourths. Crude fat, about four-fifths. Nitrogen-free extract, about one-fifth. Total ash, about two-thirds. Phosphoric acid, about three-fifths. Potash, about one-eleventh—one-twelfth. Lintner gives slightly different proportions for the ash constit- uents retained, viz: Phosphoric acid, two-thirds; potash, one-sixth; all the lime and most of the magnesia. The average composition of the fresh grains as given by Dietrich and iGnig and the co-efficients of digestibility determined for oxen by G. Kuhn, are: Coefficients of digesti- bility. Composition, per cent. UR HE ST MCN roto cteevet oval afotegstaiet eateisvi sa arsis astete eis le ick erersietalee roe allots ictewctelsaisinis sicleielerevepsisioiete 1G 2:5 | rosetta ssereteietoloraterets PIS) reap EYL SU LU Tes ene ih es es Seva al chatehsseveceseieye7ocai.cys'aracavs wiles alavatese:g alavckol salto lateral tlere oie: aaa cateis nein eiele 23.8 60.1 PASSO metered ctnistetes fers voreisictclo.oicis eraxcicrelaic) atetert, chaole sefevare terest teva efocstetereretelatelaterelelsveleteisictafslerelsve clekete nya ao coca nooo dS RORY EET Coe CMA COI siarctatefcrota/s aysvoysie sarwnrststaio) via /cie rahe lclercve (ore) elstevel ste Stele levers ave vwiavsyele\e.cre cveisis/ete 22.6 63.0 NOSE ELE BETPEOU LEN a bee's citer g ecais cic or eieie bois GY are sate te ovata arate vial ave (apni seis oie recniiis a lereieta eee) etniefaveve ete 5.1 12.7 COSY T CL MENT aria ovo) Actatas v'n/oya 5 ars ove sche oharalejstacs sorisatal sie folerstavaya tole rateialerouselele esate eiare iatetels «ete slots 5.2 38.8 Nitrogen-free extract, .......... AS siatacs vst [gTapatinve’ wiaheloteavaneve/o-4,cie inka tenella eiaieinveiccusrel sts 10.6 64.2 (Oni SRENES Oe Adooditp Cae RO DOSS Anne cADoannan ano doscoetanccdanscoonosnacaaa dose ed) 83.7 Drying the Grains: The moist grains sour quickly and become undesirable for feeding purposes. They may be packed in silos, but the product obtained is not satisfactory and the process of ensilage is accompanied by a large loss of valuable material. Atten- tion was early turned to the preservation of the grains, without loss of nutrients, by drying. At first, the plan of drying partially, mixing with a dry feed such as bran and then baking or drying the mixture was tried. The result was only partially satisfactory. Sometimes the wet grains were mixed with kiln-dried malt. The present methods were first employed early in the eighties. In the methods used the aim is to dry the grains without loss of nutrients, without affecting their digestibility and at the least cost. At first the grains were submitted to a preliminary pressing, and this procedure is still practiced by some. This pressing removes, however, not only the water and the substances dissolved in it, but also some of the most valuable nutrients that are present in suspension, the greater loss being in this suspended matter. In No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 597 general, the pressing removes about 30 per cent. of the weight of the moist grains; the loss by the use of a new press amounts to about 6 per cent. of the dry substance, and, as the press becomes worn by use, the loss rises to about LO per cent. The detailed description of the various forms of apparatus used for drying will be omitted. At first, the drying was effected by direct contact with furnace gases followed by indirect exposure to high pressure steam. At present, escape steam or low pressure steam is used, producing a drying temperature not higher than about 130 degrees F., mechanical stirrers being employed to assist in the drying. By this process, about one part of dried grains is produced for three parts of malt; if a similar productive value be assumed for malt substitutes (raw cereals), the breweries of Germany could produce, with proper drying apparatus, about 400,000 long tons of dried grains. The production is confined, however, in many locali- ties to the summer months when pasturage and soiling crops are abundant, the moist grains being consumed as fast as they are pro- duced in other seasons. The present production is, therefore, only about 50,000 to 75,000 long tons annually; besides which, 25,000 tons are imported, chiefly from the United States. The American grains are not pure malt grains, because of the general use of corn grits in preparing the wort. English and Scotch grains are of darker color, owing to the direct use of flue gases in the drying. In general, the sum of protein and fat in the grains of different origin are: Germany and Holland, 27-29 per cent.; Scotland, 25-27 per cent.; American, 28-32 per cent. The Quality and Composition of the Grains: Since different malts and malt-substitutes are employed for making different beers, there are corresponding differences in the yield and quality of the dried grains. Thus Behrend found that 100 parts of malt used in making pale (Pilsener) beer, produced 29.9 parts of dried grains, while that for the dark (Bavarian) beer left 32 parts of grains. Schulte im Hoffe observes that as a consequence of a thorough extraction in preparing the wort, the residual dried grains may contain 6.5 per cent. less nitrogen-free extract and 2.6 per cent. more protein, than where the extraction is imperfect. Analyses by the German Experiment Stations show the follow- ing averages for grains of different kinds: 598 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. _—— | | ape a | Protein. | 3 o a a : eI F | | ° n o & fee ° x) 1 A be Q | 5 ® : es 2 2 be a? = = oo g 2 3 @ S 2 : 3 Ga a bo | = et 3 Zi; E < = A | & Z fe l | Barley malt: | (a) With preliminary pressing, ... 3 | 4.9 | 4.3 20.9 15.2 13.9 47.7 8.3 (b) Without preliminary pressing, iB} 6.7 | 4.1 22.4 16.9 14.4 44.0 8.3 (c) Dried by ftlue-gases, ............ 1 8.9 | 3.5 17.5 11.5 14.1 48.5 7.5 VIRGEN GFN SSeGocdoonsboasscosnanoaddac 1| 5.2 4.0 PEG) 18.0 10.2 48.3 8.8 , 9 | | aI, Malt SPALUSy, wrceisaicls 1 1 5.0 | 4.9 24.4 19.0 14.8 41.3 9.6 RUC Eee OI ATUS wcleleraela sl enaietcvarata «tstote ole \ | } led: itll soogonsososshooanpoata ) =i _ Maize in quantity, ............. f 7 9.2 | 2E0 | §28s45)|.- onto! 11.8 | 39.9 7.9 These analyses indicate the superiority of grains derived in part from cereals devoid of hull. As the result of analysis of nearly 1,000 samples, the average composition of the dried brewers’ grains on the German market is: Per cent. MOUSTUGE, Mor thctis cht ekatoer erties aiates Peecpen et ame aio kee 10 PNA ner ckr Rite oes Deen eset et eeas ch Pease ere eae neren Tee 4 PPE QWE MI nbr, eas) 12 brea”: Dicks ras Guess tee yk oh Chee ags She 22 rie SEI Teese. cesta e can artected ae cre onaione caver seh enerinvs 15 NiITEOGen-TLee ERETACT,. wane omiets ere es 42 1 EET A Ran Ue SRE APL a eR eee Cane Neb a a ee a Respecting the condition of the protein in the various grains, the results of 23 detailed analyses are summarized as follows, in terms of total nitrogen (100 per cent.): 3 = g 3 o ~ vo - & 2 : % % : = @ 3 = m < PEUOUIAANGUG THE TOR CNN vccraccaicdesk soa orern Sistas os Sertarals alam ovaries vefelareanie: deaisferee sisints 89 -98.6 95.7 Non-aAlbuUmMINOIG OT Amid MLCLO BEM, edacwiess/etelaisearetelersrele/ereioys eleisteleteletouietessieieie 0.9-11.0 | 4.3 MIS EStIDIE MICKOREN<.citeicicce maya are aiclaiote orale ain atainNetesteretarererionie Sere alcrereieicieleleisiswievere 65.7-81.3 74.3 MT ES CLD LEY MICLORCU, © oc. coc vars coe lac cle ele icine elorece wlolele oie lle a.ele ele lialeie ein areei vers 15.3-31.4 | 21.4 The digestibility of the protein is greatly affected by the tem- perature at which the drying is conducted, as the following results obtained by B. Schulze show: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 599 Grains dried at a low temperature in vacuum, 79.6—84.1 Grains dried in ordinary kilns, ...........+... 67 .8—73 .6 Grains dried by flue gases, ........... tye ot ake 58.3—59.0 The fat of dried brewers’ grains has been little studied. Dietrich found in mixed grains from various sources a brown fat,* showing the following characters: Per cent. Free fatty acids reckoned as oleic acid, ...... 32.0 iS/ETERCT CU ah Re ee Se ce Ee ef Ree 56.2 ERs Us de eA Ns PP actress ae. ca afer mes o/h or Lent stone 6.3 Unsaponifiable matter (cholesterin), .......... 4.8 The total lecithin content of the grains was 1.48 per cent. of the dry matter. The free fatty acids, calculated as oleic acid, on the basis of 72 analyses, range from 12.7 to 57.4 per cent. of the total fat, and average 33.1 per cent. That is, as a comparison with the composition of the fat of the original barley quickly shows, the proportion of neutral fats is greatly reduced and that of free fatty acids correspondingly increased, in the course of the malting, mash- ing and drying of the grains. The nitrogen free extract composes nearly one-half of the dried erains. It is made up chiefly of more or less modified starch that has failed of complete inversion, gums and dextrins. There is very little unmodified starch remaining. The grains contain, partly in the ‘nitrogen-free extract, partly in the crude fiber, from 22 to 30 per cent. of pentosans. Tollens and Glaubitz found that of the constituents in the malt, three- fourth reappear in the dried brewers’ grains; they further found that, in a sample yielding 26.48 per cent., 22.76 per cent. was readily attacked by dilute acid and 1.20 per cent. by dilute alkali, leaving only 2.52 per cent. in the crude fiber; so that over 90 per cent. of the entire amount appears in the nitrogen-free extract. When acted upon by acid, the chief product is xylose—the characteristic pentose sugar yielded by bran, corn cobs, etc.—though some arabinose is also obtained. The ash of the brewers’ grains usually contains from 0.5 to 0.75 per cent., rarely 1.0 per cent. of sand or other foreign mineral matter. On the average, one ton of the grains contains of the more important mineral matters: Pounds. | BLOAT ES LO, Oe: ate One SAO gee ae See ay ince 2.6 PHOSpPHOvic ACICs sy.5 «cst! 2 SR ed comers Ms, ast 29.6 EAE aT Ee oe i te a cree 8 RE ie Rn «nar 96 *The fat had an iodin number of 93.6; saponification number, 195; refractive d ’ e sree Glee egree at 40 de- 600 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. [Since a ton contains also 70.4 pounds of nitrogen, the fertilizer value of this quantity of the grains, at the prices now ruling, would be $18.48. F.] Feeding Qualities: The grains should be free from scorched or burned particles, possess a strawy odor and, when stirred with luke-warm water, emit no sour or mouldy smell. When moistened with recently boiled and cooled water, they should show no tendency to the development of molds or bacteria and should not change in odor. The digestibility of the constituents of the grains, as determined in (a) five experiments with sheep and (b) one experiment with steers, expressed in percentages digested of the total amounts of the respective constituents, is: Sheep. | Steers. | ETtcptice ONS ATID) AYLAUCUC Tan forse iets ore sta ycieteieleteiere, cleforsiays el eters atalefersvoteis;1at=tefaislevatets\olereleloioie/sis | 65.7 60.1 IBIGRS Wh” SaaneeA ben ouront 7 Teo dr an HaeCa an oseacnas dares cbcocisoncnso aackdcspmsad | TPH 73.5 TREKRO Gagnnupnopnoonoebonobed suoneecobcE SpEacopoHcagu Sb onco apr codHnnncapnonoonannS 87.1 83.7 SSO OT TU COME RU LELEL,, cisreicrerstetierc nucle, ciara tale ais cates wonts e7aialeyarotseiore/e elaliereletatetol via lafpcetete | 61.6 56.0 (CHARGE THESE Pag gaoodbniccneesaa. osaoucudegouarqucLdeEeDonondosacudouabadusdaGas 56.4 38.8 Dried brewers’ grains are extensively used for all feeding pur- poses and form, when properly prepared, a healthful and nutritious food, which keeps well under all conditions. DRIED DISTILULERS’ GRAIN. Distillers’ grains are very similar in their appearance and meth- ods of production to brewers’ grains. The distillers’ grains are obtained in the manufacture of yeast by the aeration process and to-day the yeast is often applied to the wort instead of being put in the mash, as formerly. The principal raw materials are green malt (less frequently, kiln- dried malt), rye, or maize, more rarely wheat and buckwheat and occasionally malt sprouts. In the mashing, the shvedded grain mixture is macerated for a shorter (2-3 hours) or a longer time (12-14 hours), with slightly acid water. The temperature is then raised to the usual degree by the addition of hot water. Any maize used is previously cooked. After the starch is converted to sugars, the wort is either run off from the grains or separated therefrom by means of filter-presses. The grains, after repeated extraction with pure water, are then dried in the same manner as the brewers’ grains. Owing to their similarity to brewers’ grains, distillers’ grains have only recently been sold under a distinctive name, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 601 The new process of yeast manufacture has been generally adopted throughout Germany and Austria and is also used in England and " America. The only analysis heretofore published of distillers’ grains was by E. Wolff in 1900. A number of samples have since been examined at Marburg. It should be remembered that malt sprouts are always present, whether introduced separately or not, since they are part of the green malt used in the mash. The results of the examinations at Marburg are as follows: o 5 Composition (Per Cent.). zy 5 Ses a a Grain (Crude Malt). Ao 2 z i art > oOo | ~ z a ee a ol £u| 8 SH Me as] = a= n oO S oy es Z | | } San ; -— il || GERI Bie heer soprcer niet Soa nonTeie ar A ears D ao eaine | 35 | 10.0 20.4 8.2 45.1 | 14.0 O).. |) TRIES ARES Ni be tela MA i nae eae ai a Ain ALO em AN | 24-26 | 8.9 18.1 8.0 | 49.0 | 13.0 SHAPE SITERIG. WKREGAT, cere ois suc caten ote ure sisameninie sls | 40-45 | 8.4 27.7 16.1) 34.5 | ab LA 271” TREN TES eae ERO ce oe ta Ya | 26-30 | 8.7| 14.4 6.1| 52.8| 15.6 Tt || GZ elec So seneacn Sac como npaaD aniosicrencion ohinnenbeacon 22-26 9.6 18.5 7.5 43.1 16.8 Ge LU Crm SOL OMICS success ietereis sntstereterernin ciaveletsiaveies« sustaretelsisiere- & faa) < IMRGNEEURED. Gad cenan SAD OOnEMO aor Oop teOoae ane abe erin acta dance amen | 6.86 7.06-10.85 8.67 LACED, gd Re Aa ed NE Rn eta ee | 85: ade st chance «ll eee EOP LTN ey oye) oe rein ea, cvsrerar eta ocest inva os ti ottincioia.aieiss ages Wises ti ais.cvore sinters ee apelelsiate. clots 33.00 31.19-34.81 32.89 ITC Ors LH) Coo res eicrels, tors viarar oho chase w overeis shersiore es rarctclelelowessraists stcioce-svavsiele alsin eye eferaiere TQ SOT s | \cie clslelereroeie «istepsrere oagooobos a6 IVILTOSEN=[reCOy OXEPAGS aiecyc sisyere (ore acje eel a vices 'eie/slevara,h sivieissaYoveleierejis oie e516 82.67 |... 22. -e ee ccnees leccecceseene TREES Daanickeds yh Orn ce ein Oo COR not IOS GIRS Get eats IRR oe SET et rae 14.65 | 7.94-13.02 11.50 These figures differ distinctly from those of European analyses. The Marburg samples showed from 14.4 to 27.7 per cent. of protein, from 10.8 to 18.0 per cent. of fiber, from 34.5 to 53.9 per cent. of nitrogen-free extract, from 5.1 to 16.1 per cent. of fat, and from 1.6 to 4.5 per cent. of ash, the moisture being the same as in the Pennsylvania samples. High protein, high fat, and low fiber and nitrogen-free extract characterize the American distillers’ grains now offered upon the market. The digestibility of the several groups of constituents is probably not very different from that observed with respect to those of European grains. These analyses show the materials to be especially rich in protein and fat. In these particulars they compare closely with the oil- cakes, but are of less value as to the nitrogen-free extract. These grains have given excellent results as food for dairy cows. It is sometimes complained that the peculiar odor is imparted to the milk; but the best evidence I have found upon that point, indi- cates that the odor passed directly from the grains to the milk rather than through the cow. Their composition also suggests that they may make an excellent food for both road and draught horses. 604 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Pearson, Veterinary Surgeon of the Board. The SECRETARY: There has been no report handed to me. The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Lee, Sanitarian of the Board. The SECRETARY: I have the report. On motion, which was seconded, it was ordered that it be placed on file and be printed for the use of thg Board. The report is as follows: REPORT OF THE SANITARIAN. BY BaNJAMIN Les, M. D.. Secretary State Board of Health, Sanitarian. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Allow me during the few moments allotted to call your at- tention to the sanitary history of our State during the period which has elapsed since the establishment of the State Board cf Health, eighteen years ago, and to a comparison of the conditions then existing with those which now obtain. We shall find in it, f think, subject for mutual congratulation, and for serious reflection as well. A careful student of the legislation of Pennsylvania comes upon the curious fact that many laws have been enacted, often f an ex- tremely valuable character, which have remained a dead Ictter for the reason that no machinery existed or was created for carrying out their provisions and no penalty was prescribed for their violation. It would seem as though they had been passed tentatively in order to test their acceptability in the eyes of the people, with a view to their enforcement later on if the public should demand it, or their abrogation if they failed to meet general approval. This is espe- cially true of most enactments for the protection of tbe public health. The principal object in the creation of a central sanitary authority in the State was evidently to infuse life into certain of these dor- mant laws, and to establish an authority having both the duty and the right to enforce them. But even this power was converted ina half-hearted, hesitating way, and the Board was crippled from the outset by an utterly inadequate and insignificant apprepriation. War was to be waged against the grand army of disease germs, strongly supported by ignorance, prejudice and negligence, and amply supplied with the sinews of war by avarice and creed; and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 605 to prosecute this contest there was put in the field a general staff, without troops and with a most beggarly treasury. In an area of 45,000 square miles, with a population of more than five millions, and containing 574 incorporated cities and boroughs, there were but eleven boards of health. More than 70 per cent. of the population, and 90 per cent. of the area of the State had no health statistics, no registration of deaths, no notification of in- fectious diseases, no contagious disease hospitals, no inspection of foods, no legal health authorities. “The sanitary condition of por- tions of the State outside of the larger cities was indeed shocking.” The city councils of Philadelphia, long before compelled by the Leg- islature to maintain a board of health themselves, took the alarm and memorialized that body that the State was quite unprepared to check the spread of transmissible diseases, which it claimed caused one out of every five deaths occurring in the Commonwealth. The State Board of Health, created in response to’ this and similar appeals, therefore announced in an “Address to the People of Penn- sylvania,” adopted at its first meeting, that it would deem it its first and most important duty to encourage and urge the establish- ment of sanitary authorities, not only in all cities and boroughs, but also in townships, so that there might be a complete system of sanitary administration throughout the State, and that there might not remain a single nook or cranny, however secluded or remote, with which the Board might not be in regular communication in order both to receive information and to extend aid. All boroughs had the power to establish boards of health, but it was slow and discouraging work to induce them to exercise this power, and it was not until 1893, eight years after the establishment of the State Board, that sanitarians succeeded in having the law so amended as to make it mandatory instead of merely permissory. This of course at once greatly increased the number of boroughs having boards, but left the townships still unprotected; and yet the farmer values the lives of his wife and children as dearly as does the citi- zen. Disease germs are no respecters cither of persons or of locali ties. The empty place at the dinner table and the vacant desk at school are mute but terrible witnesses to the frequency with which these subtle foes select their victims in the farm house. Not until 1899, fourteen years after the creation of the Board, did the Legis- lature accept this fundamental statement and pass a law authorizing school boards in townships to assume the functions of health boards, in so far as the restriction of communicable diseases was con- cerned. This was a most unsatisfactory solution of the problem. The school boards hesitate to incur expenses not provided for by law as part of the educational system of the State. The poor directors claim that inasmuch as the law has authorized school 606 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. directors te enforce quarantine, it has also authorized them to de- vote funds raised by means of the school tax to the support of persons in quarantine, thus relieving themselves, 7. ¢., the poor directors, from a burden which they have always heretofore as- sumed; while both bodies unite in demanding that in every instance in which the State Board of Health establishes a quarantine, that body shall become responsible for all expenses incurred in main- taining the same. “Everything,” therefore, in reference to this troublesome prob- lem, is, as the perplexed hero of the comic opera observed, “is either at sixes or at sevens.” It is earnestly to be hoped that the next Legislature will bring order out of chaos by establishing a sym- metrical and consistent system of health administration for the entire State, making it incumbent upon all counties, cities, boroughs and townships, to appoint and maintain appropriate health author- ities, having for their sole duty, the protection of the public health and the careful and systematic registration of vital statistics, in- cluding notification of cases of communicable disease. By vital statistics or the movement of population is understood the systematic reporting and recording or registration of every marriage, every birth and every death, occurring in a community. This is the foundation stone of sanitary administration, the very A. B. C. of sanitary science. By this alone can the sanitary ex- ecutive officer measure the effect of his labors or determine in what particular locality they are most needed. It has been well said that “Wherever statistics are wanting, sanitary administration is defective. Wherever they ave complete, sanitary administration is efficient. Defective vital statistics and low ideals of cleanliness and health go hand in hand.” More than fifty years ago, a law for procuring such registration was placed upon our statute books, in the preamble to which it was stated that the law was demanded because from such statistics could be “drawn important truths deeply affecting the physical welfare of mankind.” Unfortunately this was a conspicuous in- stance of the class of laws referred to at the beginning of this paper, admirable, intelligent and humane in its conception, but un- supported by provisions for its enfercement. Notification of cases of contagious disease goes one step farther, and that a step of the utmost importance, in that it places in the hands of the executive health officer information which will enable him to extinguish with little effort and at small cost, a spark which, undiscovered, may be the starting point of a terrible conflagration. More than a hundred years ago, Matthew Carey, one of the most brilliant thinkers that Pennsylvania ever produced, urged the prime import- ance of this matter in a paper before the American Philosophical No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 607 Society, entitled “An Account of the Malignant Fever lately PEER ay lent in Philadelphia, ete.” Only certain cities, however, were, half a century later, required to insist on such notification. Among these may be noted, Phila- delphia, Pittsburg, Allegheny and Williamsport. AIl city boards were required to establish registration of births, marriages and deaths; but it was left optional with boroughs whether they should do so or not, and very few of them were willing to incur the neces- sary expense. In the townships, the statistics of births and deaths were col- lected, annually, by the assessors. It is easy to understand how imperfect and incorrect they are likely to be. The data thus ob- tained were returned to the clerks of the Orphans’ Courts of each county. Marriages could not be contracted without a license and were registered in the office of the clerks of the Orphans’ Courts; but outside of cities and boroughs no medical certificate of death or burial permit was required, so that a human being might die and be put under the ground with no more legal formality than if he were a dog, and no official record of the fact for nearly a year. The demise of a blooded horse or an Alderney cow would be at once recorded in a stock book or herd book with the due history of the pedigree of the decedent, but the man would disappear from the surface of the earth without official note of record. Is it any wonder that graveyard and infant insurance flourished in Penn- Sylvania? As compared with the conditions already described, let us now consider those at present existing as indicated by the operations of the State Board of Health, and the action of the Legislature during the past year. BOARDS OF HEALTH. Contrasted with the eleven local boards existing in 1885, we have now upon our books 768 legally organized health authorities. Of these 152 are found in townships. REGISTRATION. The number of borough boards which are establishing a system of registration is slowly increasing. Apart from this fact the only distinct advance has been that the assessors, in accordance with the law of June 6, 1893, collect statistics in the rural districts twice a year instead of once a year. This is a slight improvement, but falls far short of the system of prompt and complete reporting which we should have. 608 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ABATEMENT OF NUISANCES. During the year the Board has, either directly through its in- spectors, or by means of correspondence, abated seventy-six nui- sances complained of, principally by residents of the rural districts. SUPPRESSION OF EPIDEMICS. The outbreaks of contagious diseases reported to the Board have been 101, classified as follows: Diphtheria, 8; scarlet fever, 16; smallpox, 58; typhoid fever, 19. In nearly all of these cases the Board has rendered assistance either by advice or pecuniarily. It has furnished free vaccination to many thousands, and has aided many townships in meeting the wages of guards performing disinfection and paying for bedding and clothing destroyed. The number of cases of smallpox has been 6,976, with 628 deaths. The Butler epidemic of typhoid, with its 1,359 cases and 101 deaths, is still fresh in your minds. Never have I seen a community thrown into more dire confusion and perplexity, except in the awful calamity of Johnstown. It will always be a matter of gratitude to me that our Board was able to take the burden of controlling the epidemic off the shoulders of their authorities, thus leaving them and the charitable organizations which came to their aid a free hand for the treatment of the fever-stricken and the relief of suffering. PROTECTION OF FOOD SUPPLIES. In this important province an entirely new department, that of the Live Stock Sanitary Commission, including the State Veter- inarian and the Dairy and Food Commissioner, has been created, and is doing admirable work, especially in the matter of checking the spread of bovine tuberculosis. PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLIES. The only direct legislation for the protection of public water supplies from such pollution as would be injurious or fatal to human beings, which has been effected since the establishment of the State Board, was the law of May 2, 1899, which forbade the pol- lution of streams furnishing water for cities of the first class (Phil- adelphia) by the introduction into them of the excreta of humana beings, and which authorized the State Board of Health to investi- gate complaints of such pollution, and to prosecute the offenders. The necessity of an abundant supply of pure water to the preser- vation of the health, whether of the individual or the community, cannot be overestimated. But the rarity with which pure water ee SS eee ees oo No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 609 can be obtained is inconceivable to any who have not investigated the subject. JZudor men ariston. “Water is the best” of all God’s gifts said the old Greek father of medicine. But he lived in a day when every source of water supply had its tutelary divinity and to pollute it was sacrilege. He could not have conceived of a race of men so degraded that they would purposely pollute streams and heedlessly drink the waste ef their own or their neighbor’s bodies. Nothing is more difficult than to convince the farmer that his own well may possibly be polluted. Let me give you a leaf out of my own experience, showing how pollution may exist where least expected. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 747 The President bore testimeny to his efficiency, and to the able manner in which his reports were prepared, and regretted that he was obliged to a¢cept his resignation. He announced also, that Prof. R. L. Watts, Scalp Level, Pa., had been named as his suc- cessor. MR. MOON: I think Mr. Snavely’s report, which was read this morning, was the best I ever heard before this Association. I con- sider him an ideal chairman, and while I do not want to place any unnecessary burdens upon him, I am sorry to see him resign. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND EX- HIBITS. Your committee begs to report that they find on exhibition the following: 3 plates apples, H. C. Wallize, Sunbury. 8 plates apples, W. H. Stout, Pinegrove. 14 plates apples, C. P. Scholl, Fisherville. 6 plates apples, Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa. 6 plates apples, D. C. Rupp, Shiremanstown. 7 plates apples, Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg. 1 plate apples, Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand. 12 plates apples, L. M. Simons, Piketon. 2 plates apples, A. W. Root, East Petersburg. 11 plates apples, J. H. Bartram, West Chester. 1 plate apples, W. H. Hefflefinger, Greenvillage. 9 plates apples, W. P. Bolton, Bonview. fs plates apples, John G. Engle, Marietta. 2 plates pears, L. F. Haehnlein, Harrisburg. Mr. Simons’ exhibit of apples deserves special mention, being entirely free from blemish of any kind. The exhibit of 5 plates cultivated chestnuts, including one plate of a new spineless variety, and the display of palms and ferns by Mr. G. Hanson, or Harrisburg, were particularly attractive, as also the display of carnations grown by J. J. Styer, of Concord ville. In conclusion, your committee desires to make commendable men- tion of the entire exhibit. Respectfully submitted, J. HIBBERD BARTRAM, JACOB L. RIFE, T. C. FOSTER. 748 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The subject of “Crown Gall” was next taken up, and the follow- ing paper was read by the Secretary: SHALL WE PLANT TREES VISIBLY AFFECTED WITH CROWN GALL? By A. C. RICHARDS, New Paris, Pa. Emphatically, no; for several reasons. My first acquaintance with this disease was made four years ago, in a bunch of 1,000 or more apple trees from a firm in Ohio. Although they bore the usual inspection tag, I noticed a fungous growth of peculiar character on the crowns of quite a number of trees that both puzzled and alarmed me. Fearing it was some dan- gerous growth, I sent samples to Prof. Butz at State College, who pronounced it the new, dangerous and mysterious disease “Crown Gall.” I planted and marked a few of those affected, the larger part of which are now dead. While, on account of limited time, my observations have not been what I desired, as to the nature and effect of the disease, I am con- vinced that it so destroys the vigor of the tree as to give it a hope- less future, because of which, as well as the danger from infection, I am digging out affected trees and destroying them. In every shipment of trees since received, I aim to throw out all affected trees, and I have not found a large percentage affected, until the past fall, when the apple trees bought were badly affected, near 30 per cent. Another party selling for a Pennsylvania nursery found about 40 per cent. affected, though he knew nothing was wrong with his stock till the large part had been delivered to purchasers. Many persons are selling fruit trees who know nothing about the disease and others who do, fail to cull out for reasons best known to themselves. I saw the past summer a few trees on exhibit at a large gathering, and on one of these trees a gall. I quietly called the attention of the exhibitor to the fact, and was surprised that he was not informed as to the dangerous character of the disease, though he makes large sales and seemed an honest fellow. While I do not consider it so highly contagious in our fruits as in the citrous fruits of the Pacific slope, yet the rapidity with which it spreads and the dangerous character of the disease, makes it essen- tial that no trees visibly affected should ever be planted, except for experimental purposes. No. f. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 749 With this view, both Profs. Butz and Van Deman, with many other authorities agree. Not only should affected trees not be planted, though thousands are, but radical measures should be taken to stop the reckless ship- ment and sale of diseased trees, for without such measures the country will soon be flooded with this dangerous foe to fruit grow- ing, doubly dangerous because underground. In our dread of San José Scale let us not overlook a disease equally dangerous. The following letter on the same topic was also read by the Sec- retary: “Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 1903. “Mr. Enos B. Engle, Harrisburg, Pa.: “Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of January 14, and shall look forward to receiving the additional material. “Relative to the question of planting trees that are visibly affected with crown gall, you will find, of course, a great deal of difference of opinion among scientific and practical men on this point; some hold that if the gall is very small and can be cut off before planting, painting the wound with a little copper sulphate diluted in water at the rate of about one quart of sulphate to 25 parts of water, that the tree will sufficiently recover to make it reasonably safe to plant. Among those who hold this view, therefore, it is the custom to throw out all badly diseased trees and those where the trouble can not be remedied as suggested, and plant the others, those apparently healthy and those where the trouble can be remedied. So far as the scientific study of the disease has gone, however, it does not appear that the treatment suggested rids the tree of the disease, as it nearly always breaks out again on the edges of the old wound and grows gradually larger until the vitality of the tree is seriously impaired. The gall after it reaches a few years age begins to decay and offers an entrance for root rot fungi and insects, which have to be considered as well as the weakening effects of the gall. The dis- ease is so widespread through the country that it is difficult to find a nursery where there is not more or less of it. It would, therefore, be impracticable to boycott nurseries where the disease is found, if the nurserymen do everything in their power to eradicate the disease and use uninfected land as far as possible for the growth of new stuff. We advise, unqualifiedly, however, the discarding of every tree that is decidedly diseased, and we feel that it is very desirable to go even a step further than this and discard every tree that shows any evidence whatever of the disease. In such a case as you mention, where 95 out of 141 trees show the disease, it is evident that the nur- sery must have been very seriously infested with the trouble, and in such cases we would discard the whole shipment. 750 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. “This latter proposition of course is radical and is going perhaps to the extreme of caution, still if a man is setting out an orchard on good land he very naturally wants to take every precaution to get healthy trees. The Department, as well as some of the Stations, is studying this disease along the same lines as Prof. Toumey, and we hope to obtain some more definite information than we have at present. The practice of grafting on pieces of root so that the cal- lus is about on or below the surface of the ground, is probably re- sponsible for a great deal of crown gall. We have observed, and I think it is the general conclusion of all who have studied the ques- tion, that the callus offers a most favorable location for the devel- opment of this crown gall parasite. In fact, the parasite seems to get in nearly always through some serious wound at this portion of the tree, or through the callus made by grafting. It seems quite | likely, though the matter has not received sufficient investigation yet to make a definite statement, that if whole roots could be used and budded instead of grafted, that there would be less danger of the development of this disease and especially less danger of its ob- taining a foothold in the more vital portions of the tree. “In conclusion, therefore, you will see that no fixed and positive statement can be made regarding the question of using or discarding the trees. For my own part, if I were to answer your question No. 23 in the program, I should say, “No, do not plant trees that are visibly affected with crown gall.” “Trusting this information may be of some service in your discus- sion, I am, “Very truly yours, “A. KF. WOODS, “Pathologist and Physiologist, “U.S. Department of Agriculture.” Mr. Wertz asked Prof. Johnson’s views on the subject under dis- cussion. PROF. JOHNSON: The question has been so ably answered in the paper just read, and my views are so fully embodied in Prof. Woods’ paper, that but little need be added. As stated by Prof. Woods the subject is being investigated by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and in his opinion it may be eliminated or controlled. It is almost impossible to find a locality where this disease does not exist. Its nature and origin seem considerable of a mystery. In Central Illinois it is a very serious matter, and some.may be ob- liged to go out of business. f have made some experiments with infected trees, and the results show that they are dwarfed in growth and shorter lived. It is most likely to attack trees at the point of union between graft and root. ‘A two and one-half per cent. solu- tion of formalin used as a dip, has given satisfactory results. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 751 It must be remembered also that “wooly aphis” is similar in ap- perance and sometimes mistaken for crown gall in its effect upon the roots. In reply to topic No. 24, “fs the Custom of many Nurserymen in Cutting Buds and Scions Continually from Nursery Rows to be Com- mended?” Mr. Calvin Cooper said: MR. COOPER: In my opinion most emphatically, no; first, because the young scions are too soft and, as a rule, not sufficiently ripened to make a good connection with the stock upon which the graft is placed. I have frequently found them browned in the centre more than one foot from the top, thus leaving a dead spot which lessens the chances for perfect connection. The young wood,.as in nursery rows, is usually a forced growth made too rapidly, late in season, con- sequently cannot ripen before frost kills the foliage, hence is trash and immature; while those cut from bearing trees, or trees that have not been forced to make excessive growths usually pass through the winter season solid and green to the tips. In addition to the above, when cutting from bearing trees, we should be absolutely sure that the desired variety is surely obtained, which cannot always be gotten from nursery rows. While it is true that each variety has its habits of growth, color of bark, ete., of its kind (but mixtures do occur even with the most careful persons), I have never felt sat- isfied in cutting from nursery rows, unless the work was done by myself, and even then have occasionally erred. In budding, the situation is somewhat different. The buds must necessarily be taken while the sap of tree is flowing freely, and the stock must (for the greatest success) be in vigorous growth. This method makes the most handsome trees, because the stéck has had one year to establish itself and after having been budded and cut back send up long straight stems as a foundation for the future tree. It has been my practice for years, and have traveled many miles to procure buds from bearing trees of the very best strain, and the trees in the most healthy condition. Hence, I am fully con- vinced that to practice the cutting of scions and buds is not to be commended, and if persistently done for a number of years the time of fruiting will be delayed, and the trees shorter lived. My observation for years has been, that scions and buds taken ffom young bearing trees and not driven to make the most vigorous growths, will be longer lived and more productive. PROF. JOHNSON: This is a very interesting problem and should be freely discussed. I would rather hear from practical nursery- men than discuss it myself. 752 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. MR. MOON: I do not see that I can add anything of interest to what has been read. I heartily coincide and agree with the views advanced. It has been our experience to travel miles for scions from good types of fruits and trees. The PRESIDENT: There is no doubt that the bud or scion, in a measure, controls the root, hence it is important to get them from healthy stock and true toname. I would regard the cutting of buds and scions year after year from nursery rows as not only careless, but criminal. There may be local conditions affecting trees; but con- ceding all that, I prefer taking buds as far as practicable from well- established types of bearing trees. It is my theory also that by care- ful selections from bearing trees we are likely to produce more aad earlier fruit. ¥his is not always practical in large comme cial nurseries, but, where possible, it should be done. The following address was delivered: BEAUTIFICATION OF WASTE PLACES. By S. MENDELSON MEEHAN, Germantown, Philadelphia. It is my intention to at once dispel any impression you may have that I am going into the mysteries of landscape gardening, to name a lot of rules you should follow, and give other specific advice, or that I intend naming lists of desirable plants, describing their merits, etc. Such things are details that should be worked out to fit the individual needs. But rather, I wish to reveal some common op- portunities by which we may brighten our lives through the medium of Dame Nature and as students of ornamental plant life. ‘here is no question but that all country and suburban places have their waste places; waste because they have either had all the beauty crowded out of them or have been utterly neglected. A dwelling-place should be made a home in every sense of the word. The grounds immediately surrounding the house and beyond should be made attractive and lovely to those who live right on the spot. But then we must think of others, too. We want to please —_~ Se = No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 753 our visitors, friends and neighbors, and in fact, every one that passes by. It is rightly a matter for personal pride that our surround- ings be made to speak our appreciation for the beauties of Nature. Therefore we shall be careful to view whatever plans we may make from the two points. Have you ever stopped to consider how badly proportioned our average country places are, having in mind those where farming, fruit growing or similar rural work is carried on? Fortunate in- deed is the 50 or 100-acre place that has half an acre of home grounds about the house. Even there the chickens and other animals are frequentiy allowed to hold possession to the destruction of any pretty gardening plans. In comparison with the owner of city prop- erty, what a much better opportunity has the countryman and fruit grower with an abundance of low-priced land to have a beautiful garden home with little expense and accompanied by greater per- ~ sonal interest. But few country homes exist where from one to five acres could not be set aside for lawn and flower gardens. “it would not pay,” I hear some one say. Perhaps the balance in dollars and cents would be a little less, but is the pleasure and comfort to count for nothing? If the financial results are to be considered above everything else, and the loss of that much ground is serious, then the owner must be working the remainder of his property on very close margins, and his methods need investigating. A good expanse of lawn may be considered one of the chief aims, because when that is set apart, it offers many opportunities for de- velopment in detail and striking effects. Above ali, set out with the determination it is to be a good lawn of good grass. To be half- hearted in home-making is to create waste places, and those we have no use for. Decide to have, if possible, a flower garden, not simply flower beds and border around the grounds, but something of an enclosure into which one may pass and feel that he is in a different atmosphere, where flowers are on every side inviting admiration and interest. I know of no phase of gardening that is more delightful, invigorat- ing and care-destroying than that which relates to the hardy flowers. A carefully selected assortment gives a profusion of flowers all the year, from the very earliest spring days when some will open their adventurous blossoms almost out from the snow, to the time when some will defy the lighter frosts of the autumn. A rose garden, which may be made a section of a general flower garden, is much more pleasing than where roses are simply scattered here and there. They are not fitted for promiscuous planting, and always respond better to definite treatment. If a fine lawn offers 48—6—1903 754 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE “ Off. Dec. opportunities for detailed development, equally so does the flower garden. There may be bowers, turf walks and rustic seats; trellises, vine-covered archways and what not. Utility need not be dismissed entirely, for some of the handsomest flower gardens are merely gen- erous borders to vegetable patches. Or where the owner is con- cerned in marketing, cut-flowers offer opportunities for quite a neat recompense for labor and expenditure. Would not this idea also add to the various protiered solutions of the farm question: How shall we keep the boys on the farm? Having determined to beautify our home grounds, to have a fine lawn well-planted, a flower garden and handsome shade and or- namental trees, what is the best course to pursue in securing them? Right here let me say that unless the ideas are well thought out and right plans laid, it would be most unsatisfactory to do anything unusual. To pian ground for ornamental effect and permancy re- quires just as much and more care and intelligent judgment as to plan out a large fruit orchard or piece of farm land. A good knowl- edge of plants and their characters must be had. The effect they Will produce in position both at the start and in the future must be recognized. The smallest place should have a plan made for it, put roughly on™ paper, or kept well in the head if not intricate; the former method is much the most satisfactory. Make this plan just as complete as possible. Allow for every little embellishment, though the minor details may be subject to change when the work is taken up. The economy of a plan is in its perfection. Mistakes are not so likely to occur, and everything is located in harmony. Above all, such a plan can be carried out one part at a time with- out the danger of having something interfere with some idea that might otherwise have presented itself at a future time. The lawn could be started the first year, and a few trees planted as desired about the house and at the driveway entrance, with perhaps suffi- cient properly grouped in intermediate positions to relieve any bare- ness that might exist. The next season shrubbery borders and groups might be planted with additional trees on the lawn for orna-: mental purposes. The flower garden need not follow till later. Meanwhile, the pleasure accompanying development would be going on with always some little thing to look forward to. If you have the time to study all these things out properly it will be a source of satisfaction and pleasure, and you have but to show the completed scheme to some one competent to criticise it; if you have not that time, it will be to your profit to spend a few dollars on expert advice. Plant trees and shrubs that have permanent value and not too ordinary. Avoid the cheap, quick-growing trees which are invaria- tf Z fs ee en No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155 bly less satisfactory in the end and are short-lived. I will only name the oaks as being especially worthy trees, and ones that will never bring regret. A few really rare plants will increase the interest in your place wonderfully. Such beautiful things as the Yellow Wood, Gingko, Sophora and Japanese Varnish tree are not difficult to obtain, yet they are not common. This paper has dealt with waste places in a rather broad sense. There are many little places that would seem to come more strictly under that heading that I have not mentioned. There may be an old stump of a tree which would be beautified if a vine were allowed to clamber over it. An unused piece of swampy ground could be made beautiful by planting in it some flags and Japanese Iris, Mallows, Lythrum, Coreopsis, and even many swamp-loving shrubs like the common elderberry, White Fringe and Swamp Magnolia. The walls of your house would likely be very much improved by a clinging vine. The fence along the front of your property could have a few vines placed at some of the posts. Many similar places will suggest themselves to you when you give it thought and it is unnecessary for me to attempt further detail. My greatest fear is that we men of business allow waste places to locate in our minds. We think of utility, what we can plant here for profit and there for profit. Everything must pay in dollars and cents. These waste places, I hope my hearers will plant up at once with thoughts of the beauties of nature. All else that I have suggested will then be carried out in a natural course. The following is a synopsis of the remarks by Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Washington, D. C. SHALL WE FERTILIZE THE LAND OR THE CROP. By PRoF WELLS W. COOKE, Washington, D. C. Several theories have been advanced as to the proper principle that should underlie the fertilization of the crops. One of the best known is called the Stockbridge theory. According to this, we should apply to the land each year or during each rotation what we expect the crops will remove of fertilizing ingredients. This rule might hold good if we started out with a first class productive soil in fine mechanical condition and full of plant food. But such a 756 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. problem is rarely presented to the horticulturist. Most persons are asking how to improve, by fertilization, a soil that they know is not sufficiently rich in plant food. The belief is quite current among farmers that the chemist can analyze the soil and tell them what it neds. Unfortunately, this is not true. The chemist can ascertain the total amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash a soil con- tains, but he cannot tell how much of that is in such a form as to be available to the plant. Still a third method has been advocated, called the plot system. The principle of the test is simple and the details are not difficult to carry out. The plot is divided into several long narrow strips of equal size. Some receive no fertilization, some nitrogen alone, some phosphoric acid alone, some potash alone, others mixtures of two of these and some all three; that is a complete fertilizer. The field is ali sown in the same crop and at harvest each plot is harvested and weighed separately. The applications that have given the largest yields show what the soil needs most. ‘The objections to this are twofold. In the first place, results obtained with one crop have but a limited application to a crop of another nature. In the second place, the results show what the land needed at the beginning of the season, and not what it is going to need for the next crop. In other words, the results tell you what you want to know, one year after it will do you any good. Yo my mind both these latter theories are based on an entirely wrong idea of the proper use of the plant food already in the soil. In both, the idea is to add to the soil as little new plant food as pos- sible, and to make the fullest possible use of the plant food already in the soil. My own belief is that the proper theory of fertilization should be based on the idea that all of the plant food of the soil should be con: sidered as so much working capital and enough added so that this working capital shall be continually increased. In other words, I be- lieve that the only proper method of fertilization is to fill the soil so full of plant food that there is no possibility of the plant lacking in nourishment. In this same line I might say just a word about the use of lime. Most persons use lime in order to make availabie the otherwise un- available plant food of the soil, consequently, any crop grown by the use of lime alone leaves the soil just so much the poorer in plant food and is, therefore, directly opposite to what I have just stated as what I believe should be the proper idea of crop fertilization. The fact is that any and all crops need at.their command a great deal more of plant food than they are to remove from the soil. Some common crops remove the following amounts of plant food in pounds per acre: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 157 ——<—_—__—_$——— be} Oo 3 & g 5 ) 3 a ° n an & 2 3 = P= ye) vA Ay Ay PMNMEDMSIC LG UD TILES Maceici dete stevia ainietaeiaiute’s ea oteietacc leis iciaiciarcraete marie 32 8 46 RDU Le Sy DEA CUES arelaiajcisiaiersisie/sietelsieieleleinve sjetavsia eh aislecisietewatciere 20 4 22 URLS IAS SS TUT ON ho eraia/stalelateieiei tal aia\eisisic of sleiele eveistsiare,nie' eleieieiereisiaaie’ants 32 2 52 For comparison we can add: ROMDUShHels: Wheat ANd Its StrAW, occciccccccccciwecesecsiens 29 9 5 The above figures show that the fruits need much more potash than phosphoric acid. On the other hand most commercial fertili- zers reverse this proportion. The fact of the matter is that prac- tically all the soils.of Pennsylvania are deficient in phosphoric acid, and for an original application, enough phosphoric acid should be given for several years’ crops so as to make sure that there will be a sufficiency. In the light of the figures given, a liberal supply of potash is sure to be a necessity. All fruits need phosphoric acid to ripen both the fruit and the wood. Potash gives color and sweetness to the fruit while the phosphoric acid gives size, maturity and firmness. Nitrogen helps to develop the leaves, but too much delays ripening, and in the case of strawberries, makes the fruit soft. If thereis a lack of nitrogen the leaf growth will be small and consequently the crop be decreased. In general, a good rule for the fertilization of fruits is to obtain the needed nitrogen by the growth of clovers or other legumes and then add phosphoric acid and potash in the form of mineral fertili- zers. In beginning a system of fertilization on most farms, it is well to add at first twice as much phosphoric acid as potash, due to that fact already stated that most Pennsylvania farmg are sadly deficient in phosphoric acid. Later, for several years, add the two in equal quantities. Eventually, when the ground soil has become well- filled with plant food, the potash can be twice the amount of the phosphoric acid. In reply to an inquiry, Mr. Simons stated that he does not use commercial fertilizers generally in fruit culture. Prefers barnyard manure and ashes and has had satisfactory results. Mr. Foster offered a series of resolutions, which were subse- quently withdrawn, whereupon, the Association was declared ad- journed. ENOS B. ENGLE, Secretary. 758 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING 10. alle 12. 13. 14. OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENN- SYLVANIA. HELD AT LANCASTER, PA., JANUARY 19 AND 20, 1904. PROGRAM. Tuesday, January 19, 2 P. M. . Opening announcement. . Reading minutes of previous meeting. : Roll-call and collection of dues. . Election of officers. . Reports of officers. . Reports of special committees. . Reports of standing committees, including report of General Fruit Com- mittee. Prof. R. L. Watts, Chairman. . Appointment of committees. . New business. Evening Session, 7.30. Address of Welcome. Hon. Wm. H. Brosius, Drumore, Pa, Response and President’s Address. Howard A. Chase, Philadelphia, Pa. “Ornamental Horticulture for Fruit Growers.” Samuel C. Moon, Morrisville, Pa. General Discussion: ‘‘What Legislation for San José Scale?” Opened by Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania. Adjournment. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 759 Morning Session, Wednesday, January 20, 9 o’clock. 15. Reports of Committees. 16. Unfinished Business. 17. New Business: Selection of place for next annual meeting. 18. “Pruning, Fertilizing and Thinning.” Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown, Pa. 19. “What Next?” Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg, Pa. 20. ‘“‘Reminiscences of Fifty Years Among Fruit Trees.” Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand, Pa. 21. Question Box. 22. Adjournment. Afternoon Session, 2 o'clock. 23. New and Unfinished Business. 24, “Facts about Ginseng Culture for the Fruit Grower.” Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College, Pa. 25. “Cold Storage for Farm and Commercial Orchards.” Prof. S. H. Fulton, Assistant Pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 26. “Recent Horticultural Introductions of Merit.” Prof. H. E. Van Deman, Ex-pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 27. Adjournment. Hvening Session. 28. “Fruit Trees and Plants for Beauty.” J. Horace McFariand, President American League for Civic Improve- ment, Harrisburg, Pa. 29. “Wresh-Water Fish and Fish Culture.” Hon. W. E. Meehan, Commissioner of Fisheries, Harrisburg, Pa. 30. Final Resolutions. 31, Adjournment. 2 760 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. REPORT OF THE FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVA- NIA, HELD AT LANCASTER, PA., JANUARY 19 AND 20, 1904. Owing, doubtless, to the deep and general interest felt not only by horticulturists and fruit growers, but by the community at large, in city and county on the subject of San José Scale, and best meth- ods of combating this dangerous pest, the attendance at this meet- ing was unusually large. Great interest was manifested in the papers and discussions generally, and particularly in everything per- taining to injurious insects and diseases. The following new members were enrolled during the meeting: F. E. Traver, Wyebrook, Pa. Amos B. Denlinger, Iva, Pa. A. H. Yeager, Lancaster. Wm. Warner Harper, Chestnut Hill, Phila. Wm. F. McSparran, Furniss. D. W. Graybill, East Petersburg. H. H. Snavely, Lancaster. David 8S. Herr, Mountville. S. Morris Jones, Westgrove. Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg. H. M. Mayer, Rohrerstown. Dr. I. H. Mayer, Willow Street. Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown. F. S. Stover, Bowmansville. Enos H. Hess, Lancaster. C. P. Barnard, Northbrook. P. R. Nissley, Mt. Joy. ®S. S. Kraybill, Mt. Joy. Prof. H. A. Surface, Harrisburg. Jas. A. Patterson, Stewartstown. The meeting was held in court room No. 2, and was formally opened. for business on Tuesday afternoon, January 19 at 2 o’clock, by Presi- dent Howard A. Chase. Minutes,of previous meeting were read by the Secretary and ap- proved. After a recess of five minutes, President Chase, before resuming the work of the meeting, announced the death of a former President OS ee No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 761 of the Society, Mr. Josiah Hoopes, of West Chester, Pa., who died on Saturday last and was being laid to rest to-day. Mr. Hoopes was one of the founders of this Association, one of the few members remaining who was present at its organization. All who knew him felt a deep persenal sorrow in his death, and it can be said of him that he was true to his God, his country and his fellow-man. Calvin Cooper, W. H. Moon and J. G. Reist were appointed a com- mittee to nominate officers for the coming year. Treasurer Edwin W. Thomas made his report as follows: Receipts for the year $154.00; expenses, $142.29, leaving on hand a balance of $11.71. J. G. Engle, J. F. Boyer and J. W. Root were appointed a commit- tee to audit the account and reported the same correct. Mr. Hiester, as chairman of Committee on Legislation, submitted the following report: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. To the President and Members of the State Horticultural Associa- tion of Pennsylvania: Gentlemen: I have the honor to report, on behalf of the Commit- tee on Legislation, as follows: In accordance with a resolution passed at our last meeting, your committee prepared an act, entitled “An act to establish a Division of Horticulture in the Department of Agriculture, and to provide for the appointment of a Commissioner of Horticulture, and a clerk, and to fix their salaries,” and succeeded in having it passed by both Houses of the Legislature, but the Governor vetoed the bill without granting us a hearing on the subject, although requested to do so by letters from our President, our Secretary, and the chairman of the Legislative Committee. Your chairman desires to express his appreciation of the valuable assistance rendered, in the passage of the bill through the Legisla- ture, by Messrs. Crone, of Schuylkill and Rahauser of Franklin counties, members of the House, and Senators McConkey of York. and Snyder of Chester counties. Respectfully submitted, GABRIEL HIESTER, Chairman. MR. HIESTER: As a representative of this society, I attended also a meeting of the Allied Agricultural Associations, through 49 762 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. whose efforts a bill was passed by the last Legislature appropriating $12,000 for the maintenance of an Agricultural Department at State College, and another bill giving $100,000 for the erection of a dairy building and apparatus, including a proviso, obligating the next Leg- islature to appropriate $150,000 for its completion. This bill passed both Houses without a dissenting voice and shows what can be ac- complished for our farming interest by united effort. The Chair called attention to the excellent work being done by the Forestry Department of the State, and commended the suggestion recently made by Forestry Commissioner Rothrock, that the De- partment be permitied to sell forest tree seedlings to such citizens of Pennsylvania as would desire to plant them. The following letter from the Secretary of the American Pomolo- gical Society was read by the Secretary: “Mr. Enos B. Engle, Waynesboro, Pa.: “My Dear Sir: Let me offer you, and through you, the members of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, greeting on behalf of the Executive of the American Pomological Society. Let me wish you, also, a successful and profitable meeting. Let me also ask you to draw the attention of the members of the Pennsylvania Horticul- tural Society to some of the purposes and functions of the American Pomological Society. It stands for the improvement of horticul- tural practice; for the classifying of the principles. underlying the practice; for the development of systematic pomology, which in- cludes descriptions and nomenclature; and, finally, for the eleva- tion of horticultural ideals. “All these features are combined in the report of the proceedings of the meeting of the Society recently held in Boston and now in press. Yhe code of nomenclature adopted by the Society will un- doubtedly be accepted as the authority on such matters by the fruit growers of the United States and Canada. For these and many other reasons, the report is unusually valuable. pe 2 a Re i | fae 2 | 8 £ 2 eon a — rm ® A Qa Ey) & | a n OL OP aierte cictevalTerisveiceins sere lovclewia cae nie aie ieee loan rcmtante fe CE a Viggo as tan 0 | 0 0 0 MAMET loan decrobpoudeodse Gone Godda saeco dace do ebnede AEG DAD ASeoaaDRO 10 10 10 10 Old esas sstacsehine cos cee ew oe seen se ne Gg eieione | diy TE coradosose 0 | 0) 0 | 0 VOUT ENE nea ye tas PET PR |G Wek SPR erry ae Jams oes ae wanes 10 16 | 20 | 23 OLN saat ers cyafe hehe Meise ek clang Hae lot ae Sete nae | EROR He coms seacee 0 0° 0 | 0 aCe RaY sty, - WA SERN EPR Ne Sees RRC ral Ieee aR Pare a | dizhily TCR eo onda 11 28.| 40 80 OG bs Ge cnahe Mere Acorn CeBe aacie COGe eal oi oe ae CCaeM eS ar PAI 1G erarercletrarene 0 0 | 0) 0 RMOUN SAM eee aes. meet kioe cee tae ee eea an CaS ora aE Ce [uh See oocogene 14 | 5S | 70 | §3 Another tabulation is here given which shows the amount of decay in Baldwin apples after removal from storage and subjected to different temperatures. Amount of Decay After Removal from Storage to Different Tem- peratures. 1903. a a - = i) | 9 Per Cent. Rot. w g x fe) | & d | Mo) . : A . Variety. 2 : 2 & fy i Fy O88 ev wn n n n ES G Aad Meat slop aS ve fs} B b & I vA On oo on oo o 2% @ o o ED) oO S cy) S Le] Ls) be] i] Q | a) = S 3 S —— - a 3 | Eee Bal dil ere tac ccn cece ca oe tec eees Ven th aRmesec cel dictes, Ps) soonadac 0 0 0 0 None. Gegocans 0 0 3 10 Ie Dy los aetereioels/< 0 0 | 12 14 | Mebane o.rce 0 | Otel 24 | Heb: "20, aae sce. 0 | 4 | 23 28 eich ORR tremor oc | 5 | 10 | Srforacatemie) | jee iereteeets The above tables illustrate the fact that the higher the tempera- ture into which the fruit is removed, the more quickly will it break down. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 809 THE QUESTION BOX. A number of questions were submitted through the “Question Box.” Among those discussed were the following: 1. “I have 12 acres of ground suitable for pears. Can any one name a variety that will make me more money than Kieffer?” PROF. VAN DEMAN: There is perhaps more money in Kieffer pears than in any other variety. Ga~ber is no better in quality. PROF. BUTZ: There are some “Garber” pear trees near the col- lege buildings, where there are 600 boys, and they seldom touch them. DR. FUNK: If budded or grafted on French roots they are nearly equal to Bartlett. 2. “Name best method of pruning a 5-year old bearing peach orchard.” DR. FUNK: If the orchard has been neglected the best way is to cut back and make a new top. MR. PETERS: Best plan is to cut to a crutch. The growth will then even up all over the trees. . 3. “How many peach and apple trees should a grower have to justify his having a power sprayer? What should that power be, and who are the firms manufacturing such machinery, more espe- cially to control the San José Scale?” DR. FUNK: It will pay a man with 5 acres, especially if he has San José Scale. He must have strong, uniform pressure and that can hardly be maintained without steam or similar power. I use a No. 6 Morrill & Morley pump. I use a middling fine nozzle, and can throw spray 40 feet with a Seneca nozzle. PROF. SURFACE: Dr. Funk will give a public demonstration of his method of spraying on his premises at Boyertown, this spring. The time will be announced in the Monthly Bulletin. 4. “In view of the serious pests that now discourage the fruit grower, and induce him to inquire ‘What next,’ will you advise ¢ man with a growing knowledge of horticulture to embark as an apple grower? If so, what two or three varieties of winter apples would you advise him to plant?” MR. HIESTER: I would not advise any man on such a matter unless I knew the man. There is every chance for a man like 52 810 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Mr. McSparran to go into it. As to varieties, 1 weuld not like te advise. Those in your neighborhood who have been growing apples can give that information better than I. 6. “What varieties of trees and shrubs are attacked by San José Scale? What varieties are most and what least injured?” PROF. SURFACE: This is a very important question, but one which I am not prepared at present to answer in detail. I would like to hear from persons who have experience in this direction. I am working upon this subject and will prepare a list showing the relative degrees of attack upon different kinds of trees and plants, and when this is properly completed will publish it in the Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology. DR. FUNK: Everything is grist that comes to their mill. MR. HOOVER: I have never had any trouble with the Scale on Kieffer pear. Adjourned. EVENING SESSION. Mr. Hiester, of Committee on Necrology, submitted the following which was unanimously adopted: The members of the State Horticultural Association of Penn- sylvania have learned with profound sorrow of the death of Josiah Hoopes, and desire to express their grief at his loss. He was a charter member of the Association and served as president for a longer term than any other man. He was an active, energetic member, an indefatigable worker, deeply interested in everything pertaining to our work, an eminent botanist and author, of genial personality; he was the warm friend of every member. He will be missed and mourned by us all. Resolved, That this expression be entered upon our minutes, and a copy be sent to his family. GABRIEL HIESTER, GEO. C. BUTZ, J. W. PYLE, Committee. ADDRESS BY J. HORACE McFARLAND. An interesting talk on “Fruit Trees and Plants for Beauty,” was then given by J. Horace McFarland, President of the American No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 811 League for Civic Improvement, of Harrisburg. As the subject im plies, he pleaded for the beautiful in both city and rural life, at the same time advocating with equal emphasis the utilitarian and economic point of view. Instead of planting a superabundance of ornamental trees along roadways and gardens, he argued in favor of fruit trees. They serve both purposes, being both a delight to the eye and a joy to the palate. Fruit trees, he said, cost no more to raise than ornamental trees. Why not, then, plant them along the highways, and permit their products to be enjoyed by the passerby, the same as the present shade tree. Even in the yards, useful plants and vines would serve a material as well as aesthetic purpose. Trees were meant to beautify and to be enjoyed. They tend to better things, beside adding comfort and pecuniary wealth to the beholder and owner. Plant trees about your homes and you will not only enjoy them yourselves, but they will be a source of pleasure and utility to those who come after. The beautiful is never forbidden or frowned upon in the Bible. Whatever is useful and beautiful elevates character and makes better, happier citizens. The CHAIR: For many years in the history of this organization we had the counsel and assistance of Prof. Thomas Meehan, of Germantown, Philadelphia. Until recent years he was always present at our meetings, and his delightful talks entertained us as no other man could, on topics pertaining to horticulture and floriculture. We have with us this evening his son, Hon. W. E. Meehan, Commissioner of Fisheries of Pennsylvania, who wiil ad- dress us on “Fresh Water Fish and Fish Culture.” / ADDRESS OF MR. MEEHAN. He spoke first of the value of the fish as an article of food, the large percentage of phosphorus it contains, making it valuable asa brain nutriment. A fish was defined as a creature possessed of gills, fins, etc., and generally adapted to the water. Many creatures are classified as fish, improperly, as, for instance, the whale, which was originally a land animal. Mr. Meehan traced the history of the finny tribes from their ear- liest beginnings. He told an interesting story about the sturgeon. In the Devonian Age, or age of fishes, the water inhabitants were so numerous that many of the species were supplied with peculiar devices to protect them from their voracious enemies. The stur- 812 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. geon was covered with a very hard shell-like affair, with sharp edges. It resembled armor plate, and the fish was given that nick. name. In the course of time, when the waters became greatly de- pleted of their inhabitants, the sturgeon had no further need for the protection, and it has gradually disappeared, save a little sharp ridge on the back. The speaker explained the difference between the fin and finless fish. The latter propel themselves by undulations of the body. In dwelling upon present conditions in Pennsylvania, he said that here, as well as elsewhere, the fish are disappearing with alarming rapidity through the use of illegal fishing devices. The Commission is doing an excellent work in its hatcheries, from which the eggs are developed to maturity and the streams restocked. The hatch- cries of Pennsylvania this year turned out over 125,000,000, less than 10,000,000 of which were for game purposes. The Department is steadily endeavoring to increase the number of fish in Pennsyl- Vania, but it sorely needs more protection, especially for lake fish, shad, herring, salmon and trout. The present number of fish war- dens is insufficient to control the illegal fishing. Mr. Meehan’s talk was made additionally interesting because of its stereopticon views. Mr. Peters offered the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: “Whereas, Weare about to close one of the most successful meetings in the history of the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Society; and, “Whereas, We feel ourselves, as a society, deeply indebted to. those who contributed to our success; therefore, be it “Resolved, That we heartily thank the county commissioners of Lancaster county for the use of the court room, and the press of Lancaster for their faithful report of our proceedings and friendly notices previous to our meeting, and to the lecturers and speakers and exhibitors who have aided so materially in making our meeting a success; also, to the people of Lancaster and vicinity who have kindly assisted us by their attentive attendance.” Adjourned. ENOS B. ENGLE, Secretary. is SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING Pennsylvania Dairy Union LOCK HAVEN, PA., DECEMBER 2 AND 3, 1903. OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY UNION, 1904. Dr. H. P. Armsby, President, State College, Pa. Austin Leonard, First Vice President, Troy, Pa. Rev. J. D. Detrich, Second Vice President, West Chester, Pa. Wm. EH. Perham, Treasurer, Niagara, Pa. Dr. M. E. Conard, Secretary, Westgrove, Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Hon W. C. Norton, H. W. Comfort, M. F. Reeder; President and Secretary, ex-officio. Wednesday, December 2, 1903, 10 A. M. PROGRAM. INGUNESS TOL MWICICOMER so 5 cotsice os sieve siciels olsjohe o,0'0 speieie.s 81s oie's: oe Sore Mayor Jno. T. Cupper. FVESTOMS Ci arcy clave vevarersteralel ee cepa a.chersvevesefste vs avelelecole\e sreeis) aiekelcbovovclstsuclers ever s.c/e Dr. He 2! Armsby; PANLOMES SE) ore als ic. sire sic) aleve) sors, Sets «sia! s\suelate.ais/ajeiai sis) Stacele\ s,0/S vb tyctehe,serecoie 6 Hon. N. B. Critchfield. Secretary of Agriculture of Pennsylvania. General Business and Appointment of Committees. Wednesday, December 2, 1.30 P. M. “Sources of Nitrogenous Foods in the Dairy,” Dr. A. T. Neal, Director of Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station. Discussion. “Twenty Years’ Experience in the Science and Art of a Dairy Herd,” Rev. J. D. Detrich, Flourtown, Pa. Diseussion. Wednesday, December 2, 7.30 P. M. An Illustrated Lecture on ‘‘Dairying in this and Foreign Countries,” Major H. E. Alvord, Chief of Dairy Division of the Agricultural Depart- ment, Washington, D. C. ( $15 ) 816 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Thursday, December 38, 9.30 A. M. “Immunization of Cattle Against Tuberculosis,” Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian. Discussion. she Silo and Silage Crops,” Prof. Geo. C. Watson, Professor of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State College. Discussion. Election of Officers. Thursday, December 3, 1.30 P. M. “Work of the Dairy and Food Division,” Dr. B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Commissioner of Pennsylvania. Discussion. “Development of Dairy Cattle,’’ Prof. H. H. Wing, Professor of Animal Industry and Dairy Husbandry, Cornell University, N. Y. Discussion by M. M. Hollingsworth, Landenberg, Pa. Adjournment. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY UNION, HELD AT LOCK HAVEN, PA., DEC. 2 AND 3, 1903: Very few members were present at the time announced for the formal opening of the meeting, and it was, therefore, postponed until 1:30. P.M. December 2, 19038, 1.30 P. M. The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. H. P. Armsby, of State College. lhe following address of welcome was de- livered by Hon. John T. Cupper, Mayor of Lock Haven. ADDRESS OF WELCOME. BY THE HON. JOHN T. CUPPER, Mayor. Gentlemen of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union: I have the honor to welcome you to our city and to extend to you the freedom and privileges it affords. I trust that vou will not hesitate in asking No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 817 for any assistance which may contribute to your pleasure or aid in your work. Not only our citizens, but the people in the commu- nity are very much interested in your work, and are ready and anx- ious to assist you in any manner they may. We were much gratified with the result of the work done by the ‘State Dairy Commissioner in Lock Haven for the analysis of the milk served by the local dealers. Whether the honor of your pres- ence is the effect of this or not, we are happy to have you with us, and wish for you a pleasant and profitable session. RESPONSE TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME. By DR. H. P. ARMSBY, President. As President of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union and on behalf of the members, I desire to thank you for the words of welcome. 1 understand, sir, that so far as we are concerned, your town is now wide open, and that we are entirely at liberty to call upon the gov- ernment of the city for any aid aud comfort that may be necessary, and that if any of us should be tempted too far by the attractions of your city, your officers will play the part of the Good Samaritan, im binding up our wounds and pouring in oil and butter-milk, per- haps, bring us back safely to the Fallon House and take care of us. Whether you will follow the exampie of the Good Samaritan any farther and make a deposit with the host for our benefit, we should hardly presume to suggest. I feel that it is a fortunate thing for any permanent organization to meet occasionally in a city and come in contact with city condi- tions. I think it is good for both parties. {f think there is apt to grow up a feeling among the dwellers of the cities that the farmer is rather an unimportant member of society, good to raise corn and potatoes, but not of very much account otherwise; and, on the other hand, the farmer is perhaps apt to look upon the city residents as being ornamental rather than useful, or else as being the sharp men who get their living at the expense of the farmer. It is a good thing for both parties to come together and to get better acquainted. Neither of these views, of course, represents the truth, as we all understand. Neither the farmer nor the city dweller can do without 52—6—1903 818 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the other. To use a Scriptural citation: “We are members, one of another.” The farmer has, primarily, the great function in society of producing food; secondarily, clothing, for the human race. If he stops his activities, everything stops. Agriculture lies at the base of all the industries of civilized life. On the other hand, the farmer cannot prosper, unless he has a market for his products. That market is furnished largely by the city and village communi- ties. He can, of course, live without this market. He can live and support himself, but neither the farmer nor the city dweller can thrive or grow rich without the other. So, I think these meetings serve to emphasize the mutual importance of the farmers, and dairy- men particularly, as part of the farming world, and of the city dwel- lers to each other. I am glad, therefore, that we meet in this place of whose hospi- tality many of us know, personally, in past years through meetings of other organizations. JI again thank you, sir, for the very hearty welcome which you have extended to us. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Mr. Chairman and Fellow-Members: Your Secretary begs to make the following partial report. Since our last annual meeting held at Harrisburg, we procured, after some delay, copies of nearly all of the papers read on that occasion, and had them printed in bulletin form, making three thousand copies, which were distributed to farm- ers, dairymen and creamerymen throughout the State, sent direct to their home or business address. We have also arranged the pro- gram for the present meeting, which you now have. The cost of printing 3,000 copies of bulletin was ........ $57 00 HO wrapping and maLlinge SAamMey 2. .o0o.-.2 2062 ose = 35 35 Cost of printing 2,000 copies of program, .............. 34 00 Born wrapping and mailing, 2.2. secs toe 5 bes eer oe oe T 00 Cost of printing letter heads and envelopes, ............ 9 00 $142 35 Cash received for ads. in program, ............. $24 50 HGHAdS. LO: DE COleCTO 2. itn ie We ete eoenk ae 55 00 $79 50 79 50 GRC EALOn CALC as 5: 2)o 2S aoe Cie a) oft arava eve a cee Can Oe eee $62 85 And, furthermore, your Secretary wishes to state in the recent chances of officers, all records of previous meetings, together with No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 819 the Constitution and By-laws of the Union, seem to have been Lost, and we find ourselves without the proper evidence of organization; so we recommend that this meeting make and adopt a Constitution and By-laws, and that in so doing we carefully consider the advisa- bility of fixing some central point where the annual meeting shall always be held, and that semi-annual meetings, should there be such, could be held at such places as may be selected from time to time, by the proper authority. Also, that the officers consist of a president, two vice presidents, one secretary, one treasurer, and an executive committee of three, and that it shall be one of the duties of said exe- cutive committee to appoint exhibit committee consisting of one dairyman, one creameryman and one commission merchant, who shall have charge of obtaining exhibits, and offering and awarding prizes at the annual meetings. The president and secretary to be members ex-officio of both committees. We make the foregoing suggestions with a hope, in a measure, of dividing the work without sufficiently shifting the responsibility from anyone to make them neglectful of their duties, M. E. CONARD, Secretary. It was moved and seconded, the report of the Secretary be adopted as read. Carried. REPORT FROM THE TREASURER. MR. W. C. NORTON: Mr. Perham’s wife was taken very sick last Saturday and died on Monday morning, and until Saturday night he had expected to be present. He had not time to send his book as treasurer to me and, therefore, I have no statement to make, ex- cept that which he gave me over the telephone, that there were $2 left in the treasury, and that he wished that the dues be paid to Dr. Conard, who would keep a record and forward the same to him. The PRESIDENT: I would suggest the propriety of the Dairy Union taking some action in expressing the sympathy of the Society with Mr. Perham in his bereavement. MR. W. H. COMFORT: I move that the President, on behalf of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union, send to ‘Mr. Perham an expression of the sympathy of the members in his sudden bereavement. Seconded and carried. The PRESIDENT: A subject which emphasizes to my mind the progress which has been made in agriculture and agricultural educa- 820 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. tion in the last 25 years, is the discussion of the sources of protein on the farm. Twenty-five years ago a speaker on such a topic would not have been present in such a society. The intelligent farmer of to-day is perfectly familiar with such questions, and the interest taken in these somewhat technical matters is very significant of the advance that has been made. Dr. A. T. Neal, Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment, Station, read a very excellent paper on, “Sources of Nitrogenous Foods in the Dairy,” but it is to be regretted that his paper was not furnished for publication, though requested to do so, by the Secre- tary. The PRESIDENT: Before calling for the discussion of this paper, there is a matter of business to be attended to. Mr. Susendorf, in charge of the Dairy Exhibit at St. Louis, is here and desires to be heard in regard to this subject. MR. SUSENDORF: I want to say that I am here, first and last, in the interest of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to extend to the Pennsylvania Dairy Union the most cordial invitation to take part in our dairy exhibition. The applications for space are numer- ous. I find that we have only two places left in our space, and our chief, Mr. Taylor, tells me that we cannot do well without Pennsyl- vania. Yours is the second largest dairy state in the Union. The Exposition is providing show-cases, refrigerators, with places in the cold storage department for butter that may come for storing, and also furnishes space for fancy butter, showing what the State can do. Almost all the states have taken space and intend having a superintendent present. In looking over the census reports I find that Pennsylvania is the second largest dairy state in the Union. The returns from its milk and cream in 1899 amounted to thirty-five million dollars; those of New York amounted to fifty-five million dollars. Your horticul- tural products amounted to twelve million dolars in 1899 against thirty-five million in dairy products. Consequently, your dairy in- dustry is approximately three times as large as the horticultural. Your cows of Pennsylvania earned $37 per capita against those of Iowa at $19 per capita and of Illinois at $29 per capita. With a display at the Exposition and a superintendent who could call the attention of the people to this fact the result would be, more dairy- ing business in Pennsylvania. The Exposition funishes only floor space. We are having the cases built at the very lowest figures and the cost, including refrig- erating, for eight foot spaces is $350 and $500 for the entire term of the Exposition. This includes room in the cold storage for the butter that comes for storing. Each show ease will be 8 feet en No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 821 the front, 8 feet deep and 8 feet high, and of the best plate glass. We would like to see you represented and hope that you will be able to arrange with the Commission to set aside enough money to make a creditable showing there. The PRESIDENT: The subject seems like an important question, whether a business of thirty-five million dollars a year should not be represented at this latest, and I suppose, the largest of the In- ternational Expositions. The question is before you for considera- tion. A Member: I would like to ask whether the appropriation made for this State is in part available for the purpose. COL. J. A. WOODWARD: The Commission has not yet made any appropriation for the Dairy Exhibits. The attitude of the Commission is that it looks upon dairying as a manufacturing enter- prise like the other manufacturing enterprises of the State, and for these they have not made any appropriation. I have been instructed by the executive ofticers to ascertain the sentiment of the Pennsyl- vania Dairy Union upon the question. Ido not think Iam authorized to make any promises for the Commission, but they have requested me to ascertain the mind of the Dairy Union upon the matter of making an exhibit. Concerning the inquiries I have made I do not find much of a spirit in the direction of making the exhibit. People seem to think that the dairy business is one that goes itself and that it does not need any advertising there. I would like to ascertain the sentiment of this society in order to report to the Commission. Up to this time there has been no appropriation made; certainly none made in the general agricultural appropriation that would be avail- able for this purpose. Whether or not one could be made if the Dairy Union were willing to make the effort, I do not know. Per- haps the Commission might find some one to aid the enterprise. I hope I have made myself clear, that the Commission simply au- _ thorized me to come and inquire of the official dairymen of the State the sentiment in the state, and whether they had any request or recommendation to make to the Commission. The Commission has expressed a very great deal of interest in the matter, and hopes that the dairymen are going to take the matter up and make an ex- hibit. 7 MR. W. C. NORTON: I do not believe that the individual dairy- men of the State will take up this matter. I see no reason why the appropriation should not be used to further the dairy interests of this State. If my recollection serves me right, there was an appro- §22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. priation, altogether, to the World’s Fair of $300,000. I would reeom- mend that the Commission take up this display at St. Louis and ap- propriate whatever amount they see fit to give. If it is not done by the Commission it will not be done at all. It seems to me that out of $300,000 there should be enough to make a dairy exhibit. I do not know how one is going to get the individual dairymen to take hold of this. COL. WOODWARD: I remember hearing one member of the Com- mission express himself to the effect that he thought the dairy asso- ciations of the State would take up the matter in an official way. He was not, however, speaking authoritatively. MR. NORTON: f fail to see why the Dairy Union should take up this matter. We as a Dairy Union, or the Live Stock Breeders’ Association were unable to get any appropriation at all. I think it is the place of those who got the appropriation through the Depart- ment of Agriculture to push it forward. They have the money. We never have been able to get any appropriation. I would make that as a motion. Seconded by Major Wells. The PRESIDENT: Is it the sense of the Dairy Union that an appro- priation should be made by the State Commission for a representa- tion of the dairy interests of Pennsylvania at the Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition? COL. WOODWARD: I would like to know precisely what is meant by the expression “taking up the matter and pushing it” used by Mr. Norton. Mr. Susendorf said that refrigerator spaces and cases vould be provided at a cost of from $350 to $500. Suppose the Com- mission would provide that, would the Dairy Union, or some other union or a union of the organizations of the State undertake to see to the details of the exhibit, getting the material there and putting it on exhibition and displaying it. I would like to know precisely what is the sense of the Dairy Union on this question. MR. NORTON: I would say, as one of the officers of the Dairy Union, I fail to see where the money is coming from to do this work. It looks to me as if the Commission would have to pay for the space and also for the man to look after the details. Plenty of dairymen will be glad to furnish the goods, if they are taken care of. The PRESIDENT: I fail to see, personally, why the dairymen of the State should be on any other footing in this matter than those engaged in other branches of farming. As { understand, the Com- mission has made an appropriation for representing the general agricultural interests of the State. That provides for collection of exhibits, for execution of the work and puts at its head Col, \Woad- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 823 ward. I fail to see why the individual dairyman or the dairymen as an organization should in anyway be expected to assume this work. I fail to see any reason why the dairy interests of the State should not be considered in substantially the same way as the gen- eral agricultural interests. If any one voluntarily takes it up they take it up without authority, and it seems to me that some one would have to do a lot of hard work for the honor, with a considerable ex- pense, which certainly the treasury of this organization, if the pre- liminary report be correct, is hardly in a position to assume. There was reported a balance of two dollars in the treasury. So, in brief, my feeling is, individually, that the Commission ought to take up the dairy interests of the State in substantially the same way as it has taken up the general agricultural interests of the State. The dairy exhibit should have the sanction of the State, be under the authority of the State as certainly as the agricultural exhibit. MR. SUSENDORF: In sending the butter you really need some one to look after it. Quite a few entries will be made individually from Pennsylvania. There are a number of creamerymen who will send butter there and also dairymen. My experience at the World’s Fair, Chicago, was that when no one was sent in charge of the ma- terial it stood about and was delivered in poor condition. With the exhibit that took all the honors, there was a superintendent on hand to look after it. A number of states are making arrangements to have their butter consigned and all sent to one central place, and sent to St. Louis in a refrigerator car. Unless you make arrange- ments with some one to look after it in this way you will have a poor display. A Member: If the State is going to make an exhibit it ought to be a representative exhibit. As stated by Colonel Woodward, the general impression is that the dairy interests do not need ad- vertising. You will find that men making the best brands of but- ter in Pennsylvania will not take any interest in this matter. They have all the trade they want. Advertising will not help trade, but that is the very butter that ought to be represented there. Colonel Woodward as head of the Department of Agricultural Exhibits, will want to get a representation of the very finest products of the State, and it seems to me that the Commission ought to be as much in favor of, and as much determined that the butter interests of the State should be represented in the same way. I do not think that can be done in any other way than by the Commission finding the best butter men and seeing that exhibits are made from this class. I exhibited butter at the Chicago Exhibition and nearly all was scored “off flavor.” I suppose this was because of delay at the ex- press station, §24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. COL. WOODWARD: The scoring of “off flavor’ mentioned by the last speaker I think was due to the butter being sent in the ordi- nary express train by the individual exhibitor, and not in the way Mr. Susendorf speaks of. It has been stated that the very best but- ter makers would not take much interest in the matter. I would like to ask, and I am not authorized to speak for the Commission; suppose that the Commission should undertake to provide the re- frigeration and possibly provide a proper person to take care of the exhibits, would these men who make the butter supplied to Penn- sylvania have sufficient interest to send their exhibit to the place of consignment from which point it would be sent to the Exposition. A Member: I think you would have to bring some persuasion to bear in Chester county. MR. NORTON: I don’t believe there would be any trouble. There are a few men who have pride enough to furnish butter if the men and means are furnished. MR. W. HO. COMFORT: It does not seem to me possible that the Commission, representing the agricultural interests, would allow the dairy interests not to be represented. The Commission is aware of the condition of the Dairy Union, that it is an organization not entirely representative and that it has never been able to get any assistance. The Commission has the sinews of war and it has a pride in the State, and so has Col. Woodward. I believe that the Commission should take up the matter, and make an effort to appro- priate enough money to enable suitable men to get up the exhibit and put Pennsylvania in the Exposition where she belongs as the second dairy state in the Union. I do not think that the Commission can be- lieve that a little organization like this would assume the expense of appointing some one to look the matter up and take charge of the exhibit. I presume that the Commission will do this for the State. It seems to me that we should recommend them to put forth their best efforts to have us properly represented at St. Louis. MR. JONES: Dairymen who are getting the top prices in the Phila- delphia and New York markets cannot send 50 pounds of butter and have it arrive in as good condition as that from Wisconsin and states nearby; therefore, they are at a decided disadvantage, and it will take the utmost-care on the part of the Commission to pro- vide the best means possible to get the buttter to St. Louis in the best condition. MAJOR WELLS: It is better to do nothing than to make a blunder of it. It is folly to expect any individual dairyman or creameryman to look after the matter. J think it should be done by the Commis- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 825 sion. Some arrangement should be made for collecting this butter through central points and seeing that it gets to St. Louis in proper condition. I think the dairymen will furnish the goods, if the as- surance is given that they will be properly handled. Mk. AUSTIN LEONARD: If dairying is represented at St. Louis it will have to be done through the Commission. How many of us are here to-day, and why? Why have we not 500 here in attendance? if we as dairymen of this State have not enough interest to attend this meeting we have not enough interest or money to carry on an exhibit at St. Leuis, and although we do make in this State as fine butter as is made, we cannot get it to St. Louis unless the Commis- sion puts it there. The PRESIDENT: I should not like the suggestion to be under- stood as pointing toward any diminution in the amount that has been appropriated for the representation of the general agriculture of the State. That is a mere pittance at best. What the Dairy Union wants is not to divert some of the funds already appro- priated, but the appropriation of an additional contribution for a specific dairy exhibit. I take it that that is the sentiment of all who have spoken. As I understand the question, it is the sense of the Dairy Union that the State Commission should provide in such ways as they deem best for the expense of an adequate representation of the Pennsyl- vania dairy interests at St. Louis. COL. WOODWARD: I would like to have the wording of the reso- lution so complete and full that it will express the sense of the organization and that I shall not be obliged to put any interpreta- tion upon it. The PRESIDENT: Mr. Norton, I am sure, will express in writing that which we all understand the sense of the Dairy Union to be. Unanimously agreed to. DISCUSSION OF DR. NEAL’S PAPER. MR. H. W. COMFORT: I would like to ask whether crimson clover is a palatable food and easily made? There was a feeling that the heads of crimson clover were very poor feed, especially for horses. DR. NEAL: Our people have learned to make the crop earlier in the year when they intend to feed it to horses. The hull makes an indigestible mass which, when moistened, distends the stomach of the horses. In some cases the horses were found dead and an im- mense mass was taken from the stomach. It has been many years since the occurrence of a case of that kind, but the lesson taught has been to cut the grass when it is young. 53 Yo 826 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The PRESIDENT: Have there been any ill effects like that ob- served in eattle? DR. NEAL: None whatever. The horses alone seem to have this difficulty. Good paper has been made from the manure of horses on account of the presence of the fbrin which they cannot digest. Cows do not lave this difficulty. DR. CONARD: I was much interested in the Doctor’s statements about the packing down of the clover, and it suggested a question. We have but one silo which is pretty well filled with silage, and we have some corn fodder which we want to use as the Doctor is using it, soften it and use every bit of it. It was my plan to make a vat or trough about 3 feet wide, 8 or 10 feet long and a couple of feet deep, and to have a false bottom 1 or 2 inches above the other bot- tom. I would pack that full of shredded or cut fodder, put a lid down tightly upon it and introduce steam under the false bottom, leaving it covered over night or until the next feeding time. In our case the steam would cost us nothing. Will that answer the same purpose ia the absence of the silo or not? DR. NEAL: Will Dr. Armsby explain the difference between cook- ing and fermentation; thai is, the fermentation taking place in the silo. The PRESIDENT: It is easy to state the chemical difference. Fermentation means a breaking down of the more easily soluble constituents of the body with more or less formation of acids and - other aromatic products which would add to the flavor of the fed- der and the qualities that contribute to its more complete consump- tion. Cooking simply makes it more digestible, but I take it that you do not get the flavor that you do by fermentation. DR. NEAL: Has it been demonstrated that cocked food is net de- sirable to the dairy cow? The PRESIDENT: Cooking adds nothing, except that it may con- duce to the more compiete consumption of the food. There is a cer- tain amount of food in the cornstalk, but if your cow don’t eat it, it neither does her nor her owner any good. If by some sort of treatment you can get her to eat that the probabilities are that it will be digested and perform its nutritive function. Other things being equal, however, the cooking is likely to diminish the quality of the food rather than improve it. The practical experience of a great many men is that the advantage of cooking food is not great enough to pay for the cost. DR. NEAL: There is one thing that can be purchased to make the shorter fodder more palatable; a low grade molasses which you it No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 827 can buy for 7 or 8 cents a gallon. It is a black and bitter stuff as it comes to you, but when diluted with water it becomes sweet, and when the water that is used to soften the fodder is sweetened with this molasses, I have noticed quite an increase of eagerness on the part of the stock to take it. My men have said, “Why don’t you sweeten the water before putting it into the silo?” There would be fermentation and some alcohol. It is not in keeping with temper- ance principles, but it is very good for young cows. MR. THOMPSON: Would it increase the fiow of milk? DR. NEAL: I have made no observation. I only notice that they eat it better. The PRESIDENT: In regard te the home production of protein, looking at it upon the commercial side, it would seem that if we can buy it cheaper than we can raise it that we would not be warranted in raising it. I had a feeling that there is a good deal of sentiment in the advocacy of raising everything on the farm, and especially in raising our own protein. I am aware, however, that there is the question of the fertilzation and the value of the residue in the soil. It is, however, a question whether under many conditions it is not cheaper to buy protein than to raise it. If we can raise 16 to 25 tons of silage to the acre, even if there is no protein in it, from the feed- er’s standpoint it is a question whether we are not going to make more money so that we can afford to buy our extract proteids.. It seems to me that this is the side of the question not usually consid- ered. DR. NEAL: The question of the provisions for the future is the point. Some of us can remember a decade ago when bran seld at $10 a ton and some of us have paid from $21 to $23 this year. We know that the dairymen of Minnesota and Wisconsin are putting butter into the Philadelphia markets and they are using bran at the price at which we used to secure it. Ata recent agricultural meet- ing held at Atlanta, I attempted to buy between 60 and 70 tons of cotton seed meal for a little circle of farmers in our neighborhood. T made a rather close study of the markets around Atlanta and I found that I could not possibly buy cotton seed meal in Georgia and send-it up to Philadelphia. We were driven to other parts of the South to get our cotton seed; and, throughout the session whenever I approached a Southern man about buying cotton seed I was toid that every effort was being made to utilize it at home. What we got later in the year we got from tidewater; where it came from I do not know; some from Nashville and some from Texas. We must make some arrangement whereby we can supply our own protein. Sugar beet is a good product and a good cattle food. When one 828 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. thing goes beyond us, another comes within our reach. It is our business to look after alfalfa, crimson clover and the soy bean, not forgetting the pea, which gives us the richest of ail foods; but somehow it does not satisfy us. Yve must get somebody to take up these things and find how they can get into our agriculture in a busti- ness way. We have to search all over the country for the thing that suits our purpose. If we can make money by buying it, buy it. Don’t buy bran at $22 a ton when you do not get your money back, when your trade won’t allow you to use it. MR. THCMPSON: We are told than bran is worth $16 a ton for fertilizing. DR. NEAL: I know this, that when you put it on the ground, you cannot go there and get it right back again. At the same time, you are renewing the farm and trying to get more profit. I*do not feel that it is mine if I cannot get it back. There is many a dollar goes out as feed that is balanced by what goes into the land, and you are benefited by it. We want the improvement of the land thrown in. We want to see the land coming up all the time, but want something in the bank. The value is there, but I doubt if we utilize it so as to get it out. MR. THOMPSON: Can Dr. Neal tell us explicity how to select our seed corn? DR. NEAL: I am not an expert, but in a general way it may be said, that in taking a kernel of corm you will see a mass of white sub- stance that is starch. If this crown cf starch is large the per- centage of protein is high, if it is small the percentage is low. MR. THOMPSON: Would not hominy meal be a good feed for cows? it has a good deal of proteids. DR. NEAL: The name hominy meal, may be applied in different sections of the country to different products. MR. THOMPSON: I mean the part that contains the germs. DR. NEAL: It is not a bad food. I used it years ago. It has a tendency to become rancid and you can therefore use it only in small quantities. It is rich in oil proteid and rich in starch. The SECRETARY: Certain conditions are confronting us that it will be well to make public to the organization and I wish to make a recommendation. Because of changes in the officers that have occurred during the past year, it seems that all records of previous meetings, together with the constitution and by-laws have been lost. I would recommend that this meeting make and adopt a constitution and by-laws and in so doing carefully consider the advisibility of No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 829 fixing upon some central point at which all annual meetings will be held; and, that semi-annual meetings, should they be held, take place at some point to be selected from time to time. You will notice that in the official staff there is no change, ex- cept in the board of directors of six, which is changed to an Execu- tive Committee of three. It is impossible to get six members to- gether. Three would feel the responsibility more than six and this would mean a little more active management than heretofore. The PRESIDENT: Et seems that we have neither Constitution nor By-laws and apparently we are not thriving under that state of health. What action shall be taken? MR. JONES: Owing to the importance of the matter, would it not be better to appoint a committee to consider the subject and to re- port at a future session? With that idea in view I would make a motion that the Chair appoint a committee of three, or such number as seems best, to report at a future session of this meeting. Seconded by Mr. Norton. The PRESIDENT: Is it the intention that this committee include in its report a draft of by-laws? MAJOR WELLS: It should be a committee on reorganization. The PRESIDENT: Should this committee when it reports, report a draft of constitution and by-laws? Mk. JONES: I question whether there is time to properly do that. I will include that in the resolution, if that is thought best. The PRESIDENT: It seems to me that it might be done. It is cer- tainly desirable. MR. NORTON: The committee should report early in the morning, because we want to elect officers. MR. JONES: I would change the motion to that effect. I think that the Chair should be a member of the committee. The PRESIDENT: The Chair is ready to give any assistance, but I think it is just as well not to have him included in the committee. It is moved and seconded that a committee of three be appointed on re-organization, with the understanding that a draft of a new constitution and by-laws be reported at the morning session to-mor- row. The Chair would suggest that there might be included in this mo- tion a resolution to take into consideration the future of the or- ganization. It is a serious question that confronts us. We have simply mustered a handful here. I feel that we ought to make a strong effort to arouse more interest and get better representation 836 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. of the dairy interests of the State. Possibly this committee in the course of its duties can suggest some measures conductive to that end. Motion carried. Messrs. Jones, Comfort and Leonard were named by the Chair. MAJOR WELLS: I move that the President and Secretary be made members exofficio of the committee of three. Seconded and carried. MR. NORTON: I move that a Committee on Nominations of Officers, and a Committee on Resolutions be appointed by the Chair, consisting of three each. Carried. The PRESIDENT: The Chair will announce the committees at the evening session. Adjourned to 7.30 P. M. December 2, 7.30 P. M. The following committees were announced by the President: Committee on Resolutions: Messrs. Norton, Jones and Conard. Committee on Nominations: Messrs. Leonard, Wells and Thomp- son. The report of the Committee on Organization: MR. JONES: The committee met and after considering the mat- ter, came to the conclusion that it was absolutely impossible to draft a constitution and by-laws that would be suitable for this associa- tion, and that it was much better to recommend that a committee be appointed to draft these resolution and present to our society at the next annual meeting. We also agreed to make the following suggestions in regard to the organization and appointment of officers for this year: 1. That a temporary organization be effected by the election of the following officers: President, two vice presidents, secretary, treasurer, and an Executive Committee consisting of three elected members and the president and secretary ex-officio. 2. That the Executive Committee be instructed to make arrange- ments for the next meeting in accordance with the practice of previ- ous years. 3. We recommend that a committee be appointed to draft a consti- tution and by-laws to present-to owr next annual meeting. {t was moved and seconded that the report be accepted. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 831 The PRESIDENT: This carries an affirmative action upon the recommendation in the report. Agreed to. The PRESIDENT: The committee already announced upon nomi- nations of officers will govern itself accordingly in presenting the list of nominations. The following illustrated lecture was delivered: *DAIRYING IN THIS AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES. By MAJoR H. E. ALVORD, Chief of Dairy Division of Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C. Dairying is a prominent feature of the agriculture of France and the industry takes very different forms in different parts of the country. It is, therefore, necessary to travel about and often in paths not frequented by tourists in order to find the places of SIE dairy interest. After a visit to the Channel Islands and the homes of Guernsey and Jersey cattle, one may cross the narrow strip of sea, only 15 miles wide, and land upon the west coast of France, in the old pro- vince of Normandy. Any one of a number of little towns, all noted —as dairy centers, will answer as a standpoint from which to geta view of Normandy, its cattle and its butter-making, so we will lo- cate at Carentan, a place of about 3,000 inhabitants, at the head of an inlet or arm of the sea, which is kept dredged so as to afford navi- gation for 12 miles down to the English Channel at Isigny. _The farms in this vicinity are quite large and mainly in grass. It is a tide-water region and much of the land is low. The pastures are permanent and the herbage superb. The very best of the Nor- mandy cattle, of which France is so proud, the Cotentin strain, here abound. They are large, coarse, heavy-boned, but sleek and fat. In color they are red, brown and white, spotted and brindled. ‘They have a very wide, heavy, homely face and muzzle, but good, full eyes. The udders are often large, but irregular in shape, with very large and puffy teats. Good cows average 8 to 10 quarts a day for 10 months, or 5,000 to 6,000 pounds of milk per year. It requires 12 quarts of milk in the winter and 15 in the summer to make one penne of butter. The butter product of good cows is, therefore, 200 to 225 pounds per year; ordinarily 100 pounds a week from 20 cows *This lecture was very generously illustrated with lantern sintanes made from photographs col- lected by Major Alvord during recent visits to the places described. These cannot be reproduced here and interest in the subject, as presented, is thus reduced at least one half. 832 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. rising at times to 125 to 130 pounds. An American dairyman would see little about these cows indicative of economic dairy quality, and would hardly choose them for “duai purpose” animals, yet some cows among them are claimed to be very profitable. The caives are simply marvelous, in size, thrift, rapid growth and fatness, making veal of the highest quality and selling at prices which make one of the most important sources of farm revenue. Good calves, 6 to 8 weeks old, often sell for $25 te $30 each. If saw carcasses of veal several times which weighed 250 pounds and over; these calves, when alive, must have weighed over 400 pounds, and they were not two months old. The cattle roam in extensive pastures, often at some distance from the farmstead. During the very long pasture season, including parts of winter, the female members of the farm- er’s family, or laborers, usually women, may be seen twice a day traveling over the farm lanes and country roads, in little donkey carts or mounted on donkeys, and surrounded by numerous milk pots or cans, closely resembling those used in Jersey, but running in larger sizes. The cows are sought in the fields and often found much scattered. They are not called and do not come up to be milked. The milkers pass from cow to cow, and kneeling on the ground, or in the position known as “sitting on one’s heels,” milk with both hands or one, directly into the small mouth of the milk pot, or, in somewhat rare cases, onto a strainer clotl stretched over these openings. The can covers are carried along and when a can is full, the cover is put on, and the can left standing on the ground, perhaps in full sunlight, until the end of the milking. The hours from 5 to 7 form the milking period, at both ends of the day. When completed, the donkey (which has meanwhile been grazing and wan- dering about, perhaps carrying the cans to the most distant part of the field) is driven around to pick up the scattered vessels of milk, which are then carried to the farmhouse. The building is almost always of stone, and on a shady side a room has been set apart, with very thick walls, one or two small windows, and a stone floor, for keeping the milk. Often it is empty except for the supply of heavy, earthenware jars which hold from 12 to 20 quarts of milk apiece. These are called ¢terrines (earthen jars) and chaudiers (warmers). These vessels stand upon the floor or on a permanent bench around two or three sides of the room. Into them the milk is strained on arriving from the field, and atmospheric temperatures alone de- pended upon for cooling. Natural ice and cold water are scarce articles hereabouts. These milk rooms are never cold, but, on the other hand, they never get very warm, even in mid-summer. They are kept well whitewashed and scrupulously clean, in Normandy, and considering the large bulk of milk set in one vessel, and the want of care prior to straining away, the milk keeps sweet an aston- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 833 ishingly long time. The milkers are by no means as clean as they might be, in person or dress, the metallic pots are never steamed and rarely scalded, but are washed clean and aired. The cows are in the best of health, with the purest of food, but they have poor water. Their bodies are clean and they are always milked in the open air, with cleanly surroundings. If the milk sours in less than 24 hours, as it seldom does, it is churned entire. Otherwise the milk is skimmed at the end of 24 or 36 hours, and the cream churned the same day, or the next. Churning ordinarily occurs every morning and early, while it is cool. The cream when churned has developed but little acidity, and the butter has a mild and rather flat flavor. Pure cultures, ferments and starters are unknown. Dash churns are used, both of vertical and barrel form. Some horizontal barrel churns are operated by a one-horse sweep-power. The butter is gathered in the churn, in mass, after very thorough washing, lifted out and worked in a wooden bowl or long tray, with the bare hands. Salt is never used, at least not at the farm dairy where churning is done. In cleaning the churn at the final rinsing, a bunch of the common nettle plant (Urtica Urens) fresh or dried, is shaken about in the churn. No reason is given for this, except that it has always been done; yet some, on being pressed, say they think it helps to cleanse the churn, and others that it “makes the butter come.” The churning seems to be exhaustive and the butter is generally well- made, although rather over-worked. No fat testing is known and no means exist of telling whether fat losses occur in the skim milk and buttermilk; these by-products are, however, judiciously fed to calves or pigs.. The milk room is sometimes large enough to ac- commodate the churn and churning, but ordinarily this work and the general dairy cleaning is done in an adjoining room, where there are provisions for a fire, and set-kettle. The premises and uten- sils are usually kept very clean. The work is done by women and there is no stinting of labor. There is no scientific practice or study of problems involved, all is done according to traditional rules and habit. Yet the average butter of Normandy is well-made and good of its kind. Twice a week the farmers’ wives or daughters take the butter to market at the neighboring town or village. It is prepared early in the morning, formed into big lumps, wrapped closely in large, coarse linen cloths and put into wicker baskets of the shape of a flower-pot. This form or lump of butter is called a motte. If quite warm, the mottes are made smaller than the baskets, and between cloth and baskets the space is filled with clean, unbroken wheat straw. Straw is drawn over the top, unless the basket has a good cover. These baskets vary in size and the mottes of butter weigh 53—6—1903 834 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc. from 8 to 10, to 50 or 60 pounds. They are carried to market in the one-horse farm road cart common to all Western Europe, or in a smaller donkey cart of similar pattern, or in paniers on a saddle animal. From ten o’clock until noon on the proper days, the roads leading to the market towns are filled with the neatly and plainly dressed country women of Normandy, carrying their butter to the sale. About eleven o’clock the buying begins. In the market place, or on the village common, buyers have arranged receiving enclosures or booths, with provisions for weighing and for paying. These buyers represent Parisian or other merchants, or the large factories at which butter is manipulated and further prepared for market. The. country women gather around the square with baskets on the ground. As a buyer approaches, the package is uncovered, the top of the motte exposed, and the buyer, with a peculiar knife or a little tryer, examines the butter and makes an offer for it, at the same time placing marks on the surface of the butter, indicating in char- acters secret to his house, the grade of the article and price offered. If the owner rejects the offer, these marks are obliterated, the top of the butter smoothed and another buyer awaited. If accepted, the basket is at once taken to the proper stall, the motte removed, unwrapped, weighed and reported to the bookkeeper and cashier at hand. The butter is weighed on a peculiar platform counter scale or by steelyards, and unprotected, exposed to sun and storm, dust or rain. The weigher picks up the lump of butter in his hands and sends it sailing through the air to an attendant with a very large, linen-lined basket ready to receive butter of the special grade to which this is assigned. Yhe owner is paid cash at once, and retires with empty basket and plethoric purse, to gossip or “shop,” or return to the farm. This butter buying at local country markets in France, is done with remarkable rapidity. Of course the buyers know well the vari- ous makers and the usual quality of their butter. But every lot is tested and a decision as to grade and price must be stated and marked. At a market which I witnessed at Carentan, held on an August day in the shadow of the fine old church of the 14th century, which this little town possesses, there were twenty buyers, repre- senting four purchasing firms or factories. In most cases the butter was examined by only one person, the sale being virtually fixed in advance, but very many mottes were tasted three or four times. The number of makers represented and the total number of mottes, could not be determined, arriving sellers so rapidly replaced those retiring, but there were several hundred. The cases were very few where one person offered over 50 pounds. The best buyers worked at the rate of 150 lots of butter per hour, and in two hours, that No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 835 day, an aggregate of over 100,000 pounds (or 50 tons) of fresh (un- salted) Normandy butter arrived, was tested, graded, sold, delivered and paid for. The sales at this town sometimes exceed 60 tons on Mondays, but are less in quantity on Fridays. The butter purchased was placed by the buyers in 18 different grades, with as many differ- ent prices, ranging from 15 to 30 cents per pound and averaging 24 or 25 cents. j Most of the butter bought at these country markets in Normandy is taken for the proprietors of large establishments which are really blending factories, a kind of butter factory hardly known in America. One of the oldest and best known of these is located at Carentan. It is a big concern, employing at least 600 persons altogether, receiving 25 to 40 tons of butter a day, in a dozen dif- ferent grades, which is mechanically blended, repacked and sold in four commercial grades. Sales amount sometimes to 100 tons a day, although ordinarily only about 30 tons. The business of the year aggregates 9,000 to 10,000 tons of butter, worth from four to five million dollars. South of Normandy is the old province of Brittany with its ex- cellent little dairy cows, black and white, and its entertaining and picturesque peasantry. But the dairying of this region does not differ much in character from that of Normandy. It is not as well conducted and the butter product ranks lower in quality and price. There is an agricultural college with a dairy school] annex in Brit- tany, and away to the west, not far from Brest, an excellent practi- cal school of dairying for the daughters of peasant farmers. It is thoroughly a dairymaid’s establishment. Should one travel still farther south in France, keeping within fifty miles or so of the west coast, the old province of Poitou would be entered; lying between the rivers Loire and Gironde. In this district, and particularly in the Departments of Deux-Sevres, Ven- dee, Charente and Lower Charente, is to be found the best French development of the co-operative system of butter-making. The first factory under this system was organized in 1888, with 88 patrons, and produced that year 65,000 pounds of butter. There are now more than one hundred of these co-operative creameries in the region described, with 50,000 patrons, owning 125,000 cows and pro- ducing annually about 17,000,000 pounds of butter. Most of these establishments are less than 8 years old; they have organized in a strong association. The industry in this region has been devel- oped in a former wine-making country, where the vines were de- stroyed, from ten to twenty years ago, by phyloxera. In the rest of France there are another hundred creameries, but most of these are proprietary. Half of them are in western departments and the rest are scattered through other portions of the country. There 836 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. is nothing instructive in these French creameries and they are hardly worth a visit. Paris and its milk supply, with the producing farms, are the next form of dairying to be considered. The main point of interest is the endeavor to conduct the milk service of this great city almost entirely without provisions for cooling milk, on the farms, during transportation or in the city, either by dealers or consumers. Fail- ure to give satisfaction to anybody is the natural result and sweet milk is a rare article in Paris, during warm weather, excepting two or three hours immediately after the deliveries, which take place twice a day and sometimes thrice. A few of the largest milk supply companies keep cool milk at their city depots when they succeed in bringing it sweet from the farms, and there are a very few milk farms, fairly up-to-date along some lines, within easy access from Paris. Such an one is the celebrated Farm of Arcy in Brie, where about 200 cows are kept, and which was the first, so far as known, to regularly deliver milk to city consumers in sealed glass or porcelain vessels of small size. The Arcy sealed jar of white opaque glass, holding one litre (or large quart) first appeared in Paris in the year 1873. This is still in use, notwithstanding its great weight and its clumsy metallic cover. At this farm and very generally in connection with the city milk supply of Paris, the chief reliance for preserving milk is pasteurization. It is well worthy of note that at a special show of perishable dairy products held as an annex to the Paris Exposition, in July, 1900, just outside the city limits, where French producers had every opportunity of exhibiting their goods in the best possible shape (although under favorable local conditions after reaching the ex- hibit), there was a large collection of natural milk and cream. But the only samples of these products, absolutely free from chemical preservations, and uncooked, which were sweet and palatable after noon of the exhibition day, were from dairies in New York and New Jersey, then eighteen days from the cow! There was also in the United States dairy exhibit, natural milk and cream from a farm in Central [linois, in bottles exactly as sent daily to Chicago fam- ilies, which was only very slightly acid, although twenty days old. It had kept sweet until the day before this show, and even later it was better than the best normal French milk only twelve to twenty- four hours after milking. The American products had been pre- served solely by cleanliness and cold. In the northern part of France, or the territory lying between Paris and the Belgium border, the dairy industry is not especially developed and presents little of interest. Large farms abound in that region, with extensive cultivation of wheat, barley, grass, sugar beets and potatoes. Almost every estate has some industry, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 837 like the making of sugar or starch or alcohol. There is also an active live-stock interest; but horses and beef cattle and sheep re- ceive most attention. There are mines in this region also, coal, iron and lime, and numerous large manufacturing towns, such as Amiens, Arras, Douai, Lille and St. Quentin, so that there are large locai markets for hay and all forage, and so far as there is dairying, it is nearly all for making milk for town supply. Yet this part of Frances and particularly French Flanders, is the home of a race of cattle not widely known, which furnishes by far the best dairy cows in this part of Europe. These are the Flamandes, a large- framed, raiugey, dairy type of cattle, uniformly dark brown or almost black in color, healthy, active but docile, good feeders and producers of large quantities of rich milk. These cattle justly won the sweep- stakes prize for dairy animals at the Paris Exposition stock show. But it is said they always deteriorate rapidly when moved from the comparatively small district in which they had their origin or development, and this accounts for the breed being so littie known elsewhere. To find other interesting dairy districts in France one must, there- fore, travel again to the south, and fully half way from Paris to the Mediterranean Sea. This brings one into the old province of Auvergne, that very beautiful mountainous district which covers the present.departments of Puy-de-Dome and Cantal. It is an elevated territory, near the center of the country, with the great valleys of the rivers Gironde and Rhone on either side. It is a favorite region with tourists and with those who enjoy mountain air and mineral water. The attractions are picturesque hills and valleys, quaint towns and old castles, peaks like Mont Dore and Puy- de-Domo (with its 25 famous springs), and numerous health resorts, among which is Vichy, and its immense hot springs, whose waters are known the world over. The dairying is influenced by the typog- raphy of the country and the comparatively scattered population. Aside from supplying local wants, the chief dairy product is cheese and this is one of the only two parts of France in which a large cheese is made. This kind is called the Cantal; in shape it is like a cask, or an English Cheddar, often two feet high and eighteen inches in greatest diameter. It is solid, well-pressed, but the curd is not cooked and the body is soft and white, like an uncured ched- dar. The exterior of these cheeses is dressed so as to have a white, chalky appearance; they weigh from sixty to one hundred pounds, and are regarded as of second quality in the Paris markets. Passing still farther south, the Department of Aveyron is reached. Here the country is still more mountainous and very rough, rocky, bleak and unattractive. The high ridges are almost destitute of trees and but poorly covered with verdure; the valleys are deep, 838 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. narrow and sparsely settled. Miles can be traveled without seeing a human habitation. Yet all this apparently remote and unfre- quented region is traversed by those wonderful public roads to be found everywhere in France, as substantially built, as smooth and as well-kept, although not as wide, as the Grand Boulevard and Riverside Drive in New York City. These magnificent highways wind around among the mountains, sometimes pass through them by tunnels, and are carved from the sides of the precipitous clifis, so as to maintain easy grades, and often span deep chasms, or cross valleys from mountain to mountain, upon causeways of solid ma- sonry, with long series of lofty arches. This grand public work, as complete when passing a hamiet as when approaching a city like Orleans, commands the admiration of the stranger for the engineering skill displayed, the evident durability of construction, the perfection of finish and maintenance, and the beauty of the nu- merous bridges and arcades. Aveyron may also be approached from the south, by ae Midland Railway, which, from the quaint old city of Cotte, on the Mediter- ranean shore, traverses miles of rock country filled with vast vine- yards, the town of Narbonne being a great wine producing center, and then climbs and winds through the hills and a coal and iron mining district, until it enters the desolate country already men- tioned. Descending from the carriage of the iron road—as the Frenchman says—at the station of Tournemire, a hamlet only, upon the little stream called Soulzon, in a deep valley, one sees clinging to the face of lofty limestone cliffs what looks at a distance much like an ancient cliff town in a canon of Arizona. This is the village of Roquefort, appropriately so called, and which has made its name known throughout the civilized. world, by the unique variety of cheese which now, as for many generations, if not centuries, has constituted the sole industry of this little town and the only radson- @entre for its existence in that peculiar location. Following a good highway, winding up the face of the mountain from the valley, the climb of 2,000 feet is easily made, a pair of horses carrying a strong vehicle and six men at a trot much of the way. Then a snug little town is found, solidly built of stone, upon terraces. It has a fixed population of about 800, temporarily in- creased to 1,000 in the busy season. The buildings are severely plain, many old, and nearly all have one side attached to the cliff. They are two, three and sometimes four stories and most of the houses are but one room in depth, as light and air are available only on one side, overlooking the valley. The rocks tower above the little town 1,000 or 1,200 feet or more, like a lofty rear wall, and the face of the mountain has a crescent shape, with this queer settlement clinging to the deepest part of the concave surface, and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 839. with a northeast outlook, so that the village experiences a very short day, and lies in the shadow of the cliffs most of the time. This adds to the sombre, damp and chilly aspect and feeling of the place. As often occurs in limestone formations, the mountain be- hind the town is full of fissures, caverns and passages. And through these caves there are strong currents of cool, moist air, and little streams of water. The temperature of these caves is about 45 de- grees F., varying only a few degrees throughout the year. The water flowing from numerous springs, sometimes passing through dwellings or factories, has just about the temperature that is erdi- narily recognized as “icewater.” These natural caves, and their uniform atmospheric conditions, explain the location of this unique town. The circumstances ap- pear exactly suited to the slow-curing process and the growth of the blue mold (Penicillium Glaucum) which give the characteristics to the famous cheese of Roquefort. Perhaps it would be more cor- rect to say that these local conditions create or make possible the peculiarities of Requefort cheese. But the important fact must also be taken into account that this cheese is made from the milk of ewes instead of cows. The milk of sheep contributes additional! peculiarities, being especially rich in fat, abundant in casein and having characteristic flavors. Roquefort is said to have ‘been first settled in the time of Charle- magne. It is certain that cheese was made by many peasants in this region, from sheep’s milk, in the early centuries, and carried to the caves of Roquefort to be finished and cured for market. The history of the industry from the 11th century to the present time seems to be unbroken and indisputable. Nor has time made great changes in the process of making and the character and quality of the cheese itself. Economies in production have been developed, however. Formerly 3,000 or more peasants, or owners of sheep, made the cheese in as many dairies, scattered over a wide area. These cheeses were taken to Roquefort and cared for by the in- habitants of the little village in an unsystematic way, in the moun- tain caves of various. sizes, numbering altogether perhaps two hundred. Gradually, there has come about a union of the eave owners and managers, until the business of Roquefort is practically controlled by two large companies. Only four of the largest of the natural caves are now used, these being supplemented by several ponderous buildings of stone, several stories in height, and which include immense yaults or artificial caves, tier upon tier, to which the air currents from the mountain caverns are admitted by tunnels, in ways which secure some desirable difference in temperature and moisture, in different apartments. At the same time co-operation has been effected in the early stages of manufacture. Dairies (lai- 840 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. teries), or, as we would call them, cheese factories, have been built all through the surrounding country until there are over 100 of these. To them the peasants carry the milk every morning and the factory work is under the supervision of the Roquefort com- panies. In many cases the companies buy the milk at the factories, paying from $1.75 to $2.60 per 100 pounds, or 16 to 24 cents per gallon, according to the season and consequent solid contents of the milk. The sheep maintained for this dairy industry are a big-bodied, long-legged, white-faced breed, called the Larzac. Heads, legs and bellies are bare and the animals yield fleece of medium wool aver- aging about five pounds. Their tails are never cut and the longer they are the more the animals are esteemed for milk producers. Lambs are dropped in mid-winter and the ewes are milked until July or August. The active cheese-making season is thus limited to five or six months and the rest of the year the sheep recuperate, while the Roquefort caves and villagers are busy curing, packing and shipping cheese. Good flocks of ewes yield an average of one quart of milk a day per head, during the season. The cheese prod: uct is estimated at 25 to 30 pounds per year to the ewe. The sheep contributing to this Roquefort industry are mainly owned within fifty miles, although some of them are double that distance. Alto- gether, there are at least half a million (500,000) ewes milked every year in this region for the purpose of making cheese. The Roquefort cheese is quite common in American markets. The details of its manufacture need not be given here. It is usually about 8 inches in diameter and 3 or 4 inches thick and weighs 4 pounds, or a little more. At the cave a good cheese is worth at least one dollar. It generally comes to this country closely wrap- ped in tin-foil. The total annual production of Roquefort proper, approximates 12,000,000 pounds, and when I visited the caves, in the month of August, they contained nearly three millions of these rich, highly prized, and high priced cheeses, in various stages of curing, finish and preparation for market. The labor of hauling all this cheese from. the distant factories, over and through mountains and valleys, up to the town and the caves, and down again to the railway station, is a heavy tax upon the industry, but seems to be regarded as a matter of course. The work is performed with very long-bodied, two-wheeled vehicles and heavy non-de-script horses, hitched tandem or tridem. The loads are sometimes very large and curiously balanced by several hundred-weight of stone, hung in chains, to different parts of the cart. From Roquefort in Aveyron, the next move to be made, and the last, to study French dairying, will be northeasterly to the Jura No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 841 Mountain region. In the territory to the east of the old province of Bourgogne (Burgandy) were formerly the district or sub-province called the Franche-Comte and the duchy of Savoy. Here are now to be found the Departments of Doubs, Jura, L’Ain, Savoy and Upper Savoy. These are all east and a little north from the city of Lyons and not far west from the Swiss cities of Geneva and Neuchatel. This region is the seat of activity in the manufacture of Gruyere cheese, and is full of interest not only as to present con- ditions but as regards the history of associated dairying. It is essentially a mountain industry; mountain pastures, mountain cat- tle and a comparatively scattered mountain population, contribute to its characteristics. The cattle of the country have been for centuries a large, coarse, red-and-white variety, known by the name of Montbeliarde; this is a regional type, if not a breed, resembling its neighbor the Simmenthal breed of Switzerland. The most notable feature of the cheese-making of the French Jura region is that it has been carried on from a very early period under a well-defined local system of co-operation among the milk-pro- ducers and cheese-makers. It has been claimed and believed that the plan of associated dairying originated in the United States near the middle of the XIXth century and was first developed in the form of the co-operative cheese factory. Collectively, the cheese factories and butter factories or creameries of this country have been designated as “the American system.” But whatever honor or credit attaches to the origin of this idea and practice of co-opera- tion in dairying, must be surrendered to Eastern France. The plan has been known and followed continuously in this mountain region between France and Switzerland for several centuries. It undoubt- edly originated in that region, but how long ago, no one knows. There exists a historical record of co-operative cheese-making in the XIIIth century, in the present Department of Doubs, and no document of like age is known which refers to a like industry in any other country. In the middle of the XI Vth century little asso- ciations for cheese-making were numerous and active in Upper Jura. In the XVIIth century, their number and work were so im- portant in the Franche-Comte as to be subject of special laws. These associations became well organized and quite numerous two hundred years ago.* Examples of the articles of association and of contracts between the society and its several members, as to con- tributions or sales of milk, and also as to cheese sales, are still pre- served, which are 200 years old or more. It is hardly expedient to further follow here the history of these little factories, or their present organization and operations, interesting as they are. Although the variety of cheese for which the whole Jura region ‘has been noted, is not believed to have been materially changed in 54 ‘ 342 | . «ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. character during all these centuries, it has changed its name. it was ai first and for some hundreds of years known as wachelin. But at the beginning of the XIXth century, the home supply of cheese was insufiicient for France, and importations from Switzer- land rapidly increased. The cheese of the French Jura seems to have been “not without honor save in its own country,” and that of the Swiss Jura practically the same thing, became such a favorite in France that its Swiss name, Gruyere, was adopted as a substitute for vachelin, and has been in use ever since. The name Gruyere comes from a small but very old village in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, situated only a few miles northwest from Lake Geneva. This little place was formerly the capital of the county of same name. The castle of the Counts of Gruyere is an ancient one, overlooking the village. They were powerful noblemen, possessing a wide territory extending from the lake well into the Alps. But the last Count of Gruyere was a profligate and spendthrift and in the year 1554 the possesions of thre family were divided and dispersed and the title ceased to exist. The Departments of Jura and Doubs lead in this industry but it is also active in L’Ain, Savoy and Upper Savoy. These five de- partments produce about 40 million pounds annually, and the same variety is made more or less in at least 30 other departments. The total yearly product of Gruyere cheese in France is, therefore, 45 million pounds, sold by the makers for over five million dollars. (The average price for the last five years has been rather more than 114 cents per pound.) _ The importance of the dairy industry in Eastern France has re- sulted in the establishment of several institutions in its interest. There are thirteen (18) practical schools of cheese-making in this region, the most important of which is located at Poligny in the De- partment of Jura. The only National Dairy School of France is also in this part of the country, being located at Mamirolle, in the Department of Doubs. This is a weli-organized establishment, in goed hands and, although not largely attended, it is doing excel- Jent work. Central dairy instruction is given, but the specialties of ‘the school are the manufacture of Gruyere and Emmenthal cheese. These two kinds resemble one another closely and yet there is a distinction. Just as the cheese-makers of the French Alps years ago borrowed the name Gruyere under pressure of Swiss competition, so, in recent years, what may be called an im- pfoved Gruyere, has come into France from Switzerland and won an enviable reputation under the name of Emmenthal. Nearly all Swiss cheese imported is now of this variety. To meet this new, or renewed competition, the school at Mamirolle is leading in a movement to improve the Gruyere of Eastern France and to adopt . No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $43 the latest Swiss name.. The Emmenthal cheese differs from the average Gruyere in these particulars: Less cream is taken from the night’s milk and the skimming better regulated according to the season, so that the fat content of the milk made into cheese is greater and more uniform. Gruyere is usually made from milk carrying little more than 3 per cent. of fat and often less; milk for Emmenthal should have 3.6 to 3.7 per cent. of fat. Of course the cheese produced is richer and better. Very strong rennet is used, prepared with extra care. The separation of the whey is very complete before cooking. The pressing of the cheese is stronger and longer. After pressing, there is a brine bath for two days. The curing room is held at a higher temperature—from 68 degrees to 72 degrees F. The Emmenthal is made considerably larger (170 to 200 pounds) and with more finish. Altogether, it is a Gruyere (or Vachelin) or Switzer-kase, of high grade. The pictures which were shown illustrated fully and graphically the various portions of the subject above described, as well as parts necessarily omitted here. There were, in addition, a considerable number of interesting views representing scenes, special features and peculiarities, of the dairy industry in Switzerland, Sweden, Den- mark, Holland and Great Britain. December 3, 1903, 9 A. M. The meeting was called to order by the President. The PRESIDENT: { would like to call attention to a matter with- out leaving the Chair regarding the action of the last Legislature m providing for the construction of an agricultural building at the State College. I think it particularly appropriate to call the attention of this organization to the matter, because the movement of the farmers and agriculturists and the dairymen of the State which culminated in the passage of that act, really had its inception in the meeting of the Dairy Union at West Chester. “Some of you will recollect that at that meeting a committee was appointed to consider the state of dairy education in Pennsylvania. Later in the same year other agri- cultural organizations, the Grange and the State Board of Agricul- ture, took similar action with regard to agricultural education in general, and the State Board of Agriculture finally took the initia- tive in calling the conference in what has come to be called the Allied Organizations. So, I think the Dairy Union can take just pride in having focused this sentiment of the State in agricultural education. As you know, the last Legislature appropriated $100,000 to begin the erection and equipment of an agricultural building and accom- panied that with provisions, which virtually pledge, $150,000 more to 844 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. complete the structure. That is intended to-house all the agricultural interests of the institution so far as they relate to instruction. It was the understanding that this building was for purposes of in- struction in the varied branches of agriculture, including forestry. In view of the manifest importance of the dairy interests of the State, I would like to make two suggestions: 1. It seems to me that the Pennsylvania Dairy Union ought to recognize in some formal way the action of the Legislature and of the Governor in passing and approving this bill which has proved for this State Dairy Building, which we believe will be the equal, if not the superior of any dairy building in the country. The Legisla- ture and Governor treated us very generously and we shall put our- selves in a false position, if we adjourn without some expression of appreciation. Possibly the Committee on Resolutions may think it well to bring in a resolution bearing upon this matter. 2. I think it would be very appropriate for the Dairy Union to be officially represented at the dedication of this building, which we expect will take place in January or February. I think some ar- rangement can be made for an official delegation-of the Pennsylva- nia Dairy Union to be present at the dedication of this dairy build- ing which we have done so much to secure. The Nominating Committee asked that the reading of the report and election of officers be postponed until the close of the session. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. “Resolved, ‘That it is the sense of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union that adequate and ample provision should be made by the Pennsylvania Commission for a full representation of the dairy interests of this Commonwealth at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and that to this end the Commission be urged to pro- vide sufficient space at the Exposition and to arrange for securing typical specimens of the best dairy products of the State, and for their transportation to and reception at the Exposition under such conditions as shall ensure their being exhibited in prime condition.” The resolution as read by Mr. Norton was considered the official expression of the sense of the Dairy Union upon the matter discussed the day previous. “Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Dairy Union hereby expresses its great satisfaction at the unanimous passage by the Legislature and the approval of the Governor of a bill appropriating $100,000 for beginning the construction at The Pennsylvania State College of an agricultural building. “Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Governor and to the chairmen of the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations.” It was moved and seconded that the resolution be adopted. Car- ried. “Resolved, That the executive committee be empowered and instructed to Sfficially represent the Pennsylvania Dairy Union at the dedication of the No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 845 new Dairy Building at The Pennsylvania State College, and that they be authorized to add to the delegation such other members of the Union as may be practicable.” Moved, seconded and carried. “Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Dairy Union hereby records its commenda- tion of the active and efficient administration of the dairy and pure food laws of the Commonwealth by the present Dairy and Food Commissioner, Dr. B. H. Warren, and pledges its support to every effort to secure the suppression of fraud in the sale of these products and the impartial and thorough enforcement of the laws upon this subject.” Moved, seconded and carried. DR. CONARD: Mr. Perham has asked that I receive the dues and forward them to him. The Dairy Union will be at considerable ex- pense, not only for the cost of the meeting, but for the publication of the transactions, which I hope will be accomplished in a short time. Since the statement was made yesterday of there being two dollars in the treasury, I have received a letter from Mr. Perham stating that he has received from our former secretary, thirty-six dollars, giving us thirty-eight dollars. I hope that those who are present will pay their dues promptly. The PRESIDENT: if the Dairy Union is to accomplish anything it must have a moderate sum of money. We cannot do this work for nothing. I certainly hope that all members of the association will feel that it is not a duty but a pleasure to contribute the small amount of dues, a dollar a year, to the support of this organization. MR. JONES: Might we not add that we would like to have others join the association also? e The PRESIDENT: That should be made very emphatic. REV. MR. DETRICH: I would not become a member of this or- ganization for fear you would make me an officer. I find, however, that you have made me an officer without my becoming a member, but I shall be glad to pay the dollar. The PRESIDENT: I do not see how the gentleman can very well help it. The following paper was then read: NOTE: The Reverend Mr. Detrich delivered this address without notes or manuscript. It is a stenographic report, but we all feel that much of the valuable address has been lost, as Mr. Detrich, while a clear and distinct speaker, has a rapid utterance and thoughts flow so readily from one sentence to another that little or no time elapses between sentences, and the stenog- rapher has never been found who has been capable of making a verbatim report of Mr. Detrich’s addresses. - It is to be regretted, in this instance, as in many others, that such is the case. 846 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Two very noted reporters in 1903 at the State Dairy meeting held in Hartford, Connecticut, tried to get Mr. Detrich’s memorable address on that occasion, but failed in their attempt. We publish the stenographic report, with the explanation that we have given above, as being due both Mr. Detrich and the reporter. TWENTY YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN THE SCIENCE AND ART OF A DAIRY HERD. — By Rey. J. D. DETRICH, West Chester, Pa I am very glad to speak this morning upon this subject. Scien- tific knowledge is only attained by the rudimentary knowledge given us by scientific men. It is the foundation of agriculture to-day. It is folly not to make use of the present day literature upon these matters. The knowledge which has been brought to us by scientific men through chemistry in the last twenty-five years has taught us more about the earth and Nature, and the growing of crops than that taught in the whole previous history of the world. hat which had been done before was done by guesswork. Nearly every person planted according to the signs, and it was not strange to find persons superstitiously believing that if crops or seeds were not planted on such a day they would not grow, and that if a cow did not have a pink string tied to its ear or its horns bored, it was likely to have all sorts of evils befall it. This knowledge gained in the last 25 years is invaluable to the man living on the - farm and handling the dairy animal according to the most recent facts obtained. We knew nothing about the animal until we took up the matter and studied it as a layman can. Books on the subject can be had for the asking; but there is really no good book on feeding or breed- ing, for such rapid progress is being made that no man could keep pace with it and put in book form that which he had written and be satisfied to see his name attached to it two years afterward. It is this rapidly acquired knowledge that the Dairy Union should spread be- fore the community. There is not a farmer but what would be bene- fited by the knowledge given out in such bulletins. _ We preach to-day that there is nothing so grand as the earth. It is the source of an immense amount of pleasure, and strength and thanksgiving, whether we study the rocks, the plants, the soil or the farm. The earth is filled with wisdom by the Deity who made it, and made you and made me. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 847 Consider the dignity of the farmer: He can turn to a bit of soil and have it bring forth crops. In proportion as he complies with the law of the Deity is he a man successful with bis farm and flock. if a man does not follow these laws he is doomed to have but 1,000 instead of 15,000. God is not going to feed a man’s flock which the man has neglected to do himself. The system employed at the Flourtown farm is the soiling system and we have found it satisfactory, because the animal is kept from breaking up the field and because you can take your by-products and foods grown and so balance them that some of the cows will milk 330 days in the year. Who heard of a balance ration 35 years ago? Who heard of a silo 50 years ago? Who heard of our breeding of cattle until a few years ago? Some persons say that we do not hear of the 36 and 49 pound cow in these days. What we want is to improve our breed of cows that we may have a number of milkers that will give us 20 quarts a day instead of having one or two that will give more. We do not want to raise a stock of corn 20 feet high, but such corn from which you can raise 100 bushels to the acre; not one stalk of grass above the rest, but the whole crop of a.good quality and 4 tons to the acre. : In handling our herd, we keep the cows in the dairy barn and only exercise them by leading them out with a halter. A well-fed animal wili not work, as a rich man will not walk much. You must work according to the laws of Nature and use your good judgment. The intelligent brain of man, choosing the animal, has improved over the native animal of the plain and forest. As man comes into knowl- edge of the laws of his Maker he improves his powers of mind and is enabled to add to his crop and to his herd. We know that these laws have been laid down for us and we have tried to conform to them. Instead of making an animal more wild we have made her more domestic. We are, however, obliged te know the secrets so that we do not damage her health and retard her product. Every ‘ animal in its natural state is in the open air and when you bring her within the walls of a building you have te watch her that you do not weaken powers contributory to the purpose for which she was intended. In order to do this we have watched the temperature of a dairy barn carefully. It is singular how the wind affects animals. An east wind will always take cattle off their milk. You will find that the milk flow will be lessened, no matter how you feed or water or care for the cows. The cold northwest wind seems to be bracing to them. The south and west winds have no effect. You should be careful not to allow any draught from an east wind come over the cattle. Why this is so it is difficult to say. You should be very particular about the ventilation of a dairy barn. It is ten times better to keep a thermometer in the barn than to expose the herd 848 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. to an unknown temperature at this time of the year. Yesterday I saw plenty of animals out on these cold hills. Take an animal that has been out a day like yesterday, put her in a dairy barn and leave the windows open and nothing will sooner produce tuberculosis. I have noticed that when you and I catch cold it is when we are ex- posed to the cold, contrary to our general habits. We will find that animals standing in the drenching rains are the ones that develop disease. You can scarcely make be believe, after 15 to 20 years ex- perience with dairy animals in stalls, that domesticity weakens the constitution and produces disease. The temperature of a dairy barn should not be up to-day and down to-morrow. When the stables are being cleaned both doors should not be open. From the 1st of October no two docrs should be open at the same time. The stable should be cleaned every day, and there should be disinfection and whitewashing. The comfort of the animal should be considered just as carefully as the food. You cannot make me believe that there is any use in allowing an animal to go out over a number of acres of ground and try to make a living for one’s family. The dairy animal is intended as a milk producer. Domestication has changed the animal and has changed everything, houses, railroads, etec., and are we weakening? No, there are more brains in America than ever. The dairy business has become a science, and we must have agricul- tural colleges and educate our farmers if we expect the State of Pennsylvania to hold her position in the raising of animals and crops for the good of its many citizens. It requires a wider range of knowledge to be a farmer than a law- yer or a preacher. One of the difficulties about the dairy barn is to keep the atmosphere pure. There are different views about the car- bonic gas formed. If you lie down flat in the barn you will find out that there seems to be a difference in the atmosphere than when you stand erect. The getting up and lying down of the animal raises the gas to the top of the barn. In the production of animals, I have not tried to get phenomenal milkers, but profit-makers. We study to know each animal indi- vidually and try to meet its needs. The care of the manure from the dairy barn is as important as the care of the milk. If the milk is not cared for my customers find fault; if the manure is not cared for my fields will not be satisfied. Fermentation in the manure acts upon the most volatile part, and if it is put on as a top dressing after being exposed for five or six weeks, the loss is in proportion to the amount of fermentation and the land suffers accordingly. Experts in the testing of soil have told me that my soil is three inches deeper than my neighbors, the finest soil they had ever examined, and that it had five million bacteria to the 1-30 of a cubic inch, four times as many more than the best soil No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 849 the chemist had ever examined. This result has been brought about by starting on this little farm on the basis of science and putting that science into practice. We raise all our head fodder, because we would much rather buy feed than commercial fertilizers. These ex- perts are trying to find what kind of bacteria are in the soil. Con- sider the value this knowledge will be to the agricultural world. Here is a farm which originally had one horse and two cows and bought hay, to-day the soil is marvelled at for its richness. These bac- teria will never be found in poor soil. This is the scientific knowl- edge that we have of the soil to-day. What did our forefathers know about the bacteria of soils? They would talk about poor and rich soil, but they never knew of the life that was in the.earth. We know of it to-day. Therefore, the position which I hold in relation to the world about us is that we should know the laws of Nature and obey them. Farming then will never be guesswork but will be founded on a scientific basis. DISCUSSION. MR. AUSTIN LEONARD: [I am not a speaker, but I wish to re- late an observation verifying the force of Mr. Detrich’s remarks. I have a friend in New York State whose two sons preferred to stay at home on the farm rather than seek positions in railroad and other business offices. They were graduated from their high school, and afterward went to Cornell Agricultural College. They didn’t buy commercial fertilizers, because they had learned how to make them. To show what education will do, these boys asked their father what he would rent them the five-acre orchard for for five years. It had been rented for several years for half the product. The father agreed to rent it to them at $50 a year. They plowed the ground, harrowed it, sprayed the trees, and last year they sold 600 barrels of apples. They went through the same operation last spring and sold 1,100 barrels of apples at $2 a barrel. The father said, “I guess it was for three years that you rented the farm?” But they said, “No, it was five years, father.” They raised potatoes and cabbage and other agricultural products, wheat and oats. Their ‘potato business amounted to something. They asked their father what he would give them for spraying his potatoes and he said he didn’t think it amounted to much, but that he would give them the amount of the result of the spraying. This increase amounted to 64 bushels to the acre. If such advances can be made in agriculture, why not in ours? I might tell you some of my work in the dairy. When { was a youngster my father thought I was not strong enough for farming and he brought me up as a school-teacher but afterward I went back 54—6—1903 350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. to the farm. The first year the dairy yielded an average of 125 pounds of butter to the cow. Butter was high at that time and the returns were good. We did not have the advantages of the dairy schools then, but I began to test the milk, not with a Babcock test, but by raising the cream and finding the per cent. of cream which a cow gave. I had one beautiful short-horned cow, but she gave only a two per cent. of cream. This I had an opportunity to trade and I bought a Jersey bull. This helped considerably and I got a separa- tor and I think my best yield was 352 pounds to the cow a year; 6 pounds of buiter to the 100 pounds of milk the year through. Lots of dairymen exceed that, but this illustrates what I have done with | just the little opportunity I had. Anybody can do it if they try. QUESTION: At what temperature do you keep the stable? MR. DETRICH: At 59. Some persons say, “Oh, yes, you can do this; you have a small farm.” (A gentleman saw me nine or ten years ago. He was not satisfied with his results and began observing my methods. Every now and then he would adopt this and that plan and it turned cut all right. This spring he told me that before he met me all he could sell of his dairy products was $900 worth, and that this year he had sold to the amount of $1,900. QUESTION: You did not tell us the kind of cattle you have. MR. DETRICH: Jerseys. QUESTION: What is the number of tons of silage you average per acre? MR. DETRICH: Thirty tons to the acre. We sow rye broadcast and harrow it and top-dress it. QUESTION: What time in the year? MR. DETRICH: Anytime. The rye is never sowed later than the 15th of October. We put in the rye, top-dress it and keep on top-dressing it until the field is needed and then go elsewhere and top-dress. The rye will be very heavy. We never sow timothy with it, and there is nothing but rye stubble when we cut the grain. MR. NORTON: How much ensilage is a ration? MR. DETRICH: About 35 pounds a day. We always have a mixed feed and mix the ration every time, so much ensilage and so much eut hay. MAJOR WELLS: Did you ever experiment with two feedings or three? MR. DETRICH: By feeding three times a day we get more milk in the evening. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 851 QUESTION: In the dry products, what have you found to be tlie most successful ration, and in what proportion do you give them? MR. DETRICH: We try to mix a ration to suit the cow’s lactation. We give a cow all she will digest, and of this the manure is the best test. If the manure is right, the cattle and milk are right. We give a quarter of a pound of salt a day and we use table salt; they take this in preference to the coarse. Dairy animals are creatures of habit to a large extent. We know just when they are going to lie down and when they get up. The PRESIDENT: In making this difference in ration for the heavy or light milker, do you feed more grain? MR. DETRICH: We make the mixture to suit the herd. We use the cotton seed meal, and always give more when the cow is fresh. This, with linseed and gluten, we use for animals in full lactation. We regulate the amount of cotton seed largely by the manure. The PRESIDENT: What do you use for the basis of your cut feed? MR. DETRICH: We always use some cotton seed and some gluten and bran. QUESTION: Do you depend upon the mixture, or add water? MR. DETRICH: In mixing the feed the ensilage goes to the bot- tom. We spinkle the water over the top and give that one mixing before putting in the by-producis. MR. JONES: What is the proportion of ensilage and hay? MR. DETRICH: We feed about 35 pounds of ensilage a day and we like to feed a cow about 5 pounds of hay a day. It is surprising how much more milk we get when we milk three times a day. ‘AIL the energies of the cow are directed to that udder, and as long as she does not have pain she will secrete the milk. Thirty days before the cow is fresh and thirty days afterward will tell what the cow will do in the year. PROF. WATSON: Mr. Detrich says that 30 days before and 30 days after the cow is fresh will tell what she will do. I would like to ask whether he does not think there are other conditions affecting her, entirely independent of proper feeding and proper care? MR. DETRICH: Yes, the individuality of the animal enters into the consideration. PROF. WATSON: I believe we take the best care of the animals, but sometimes they will do better than others. They will start in bet- ter. I am unable to offer any explanation why that is so, but there 852 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OfEy Doce is some physiological reascn beyond my understanding. There is a good deal, 1 believe, in starting in right. Mik. HERR: I would like to ask Mr. Detrich what special treat- ment he gives the cow 30 days before she is fresh. MR. DETRICH: A man ought to be particular about those things. A good dairyman always marks down his service and he will know whether the cow is right. The important thing in caring for a dairy cow is to get her dry. Plenty will not go dry by the method of some dairymen. The proper thing is to give timothy hay and water, give exercise by the haiter and skip teats in milking. On this treatment a cow will go dry in six days. People will tell you that they do such things, or that the hired man does them, but I know that people tell a great many things that are not exacily so. The cow must be perfectly dry, not so that she gives a little bit of milk. The whole thing is to feed her. Give her the exercise, feed her the bran and commence to feed her linseed by the hand. When she is fresh, give her salts. Give her 3 pints of water at 105 degrees F. as a drench and feed her pretty much as before she was fresh. The third day she will refuse the water and bran. We give three to four quarts of cold water as soon as the cow is fresh and one pint. of bran five to six times a day. Add the linseed. On the fourth and fifth day add more linseed until you give half a pound at atime. On the sixth day give her gluten meal, linseed and hay. Do not feed her cotton seed until the fourth or fifth week after she is fresh. DR. CONARD: I would like to ask ‘Mr. Detrich whether he thinks it is just as practicable to keep 206 cows on 100 acres as two cows on one acre? MR. DETRICH: Every dairyman should keep a record of which cows are going dry. They should be named and numbered and there should be kept also the name and number of the sire. If there is a re-service, that too is marked down. We have a gesta- tion table and the mark is put down opposite the name. Mik. JONES: I would like to ask Mr. Detrich how much help he keeps? MR. DETRICH: A boy and a man. DR. CONARD: What is the average per year? MR. DETRICH: We expect a cow to milk about six or seven quarts; that is, the run of the herd. The following paper was read: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 853 THE SILO AND SILAGE CROPS. By PROF, GEORGE C. WATSON, Professor of Agriculture, State College. The history of the silo in the United States, in many respects, re- sembles that of other new and important inventions which have tended more or less to revolutionize well-established practices and customs of the agricultural people. Many new contrivances are used by seme, successfully, by others with a less degree of satisfaction, and are thoroughly condemned by the most unsuccess- ful. In view of this, it has seemed to me that we can study the development of the appliances and practices which have to do with the preservation of that which we now recognize as a most import- ant stock food—silage in order to determine, in some degree at least, whither we are drifting, to discover if we can the direction of modern progress, and to discover if possible some of the forces which are most potent in shaping the development of modern agri- culture. Without attempting to analyze this question sufficiently in detail to determine the slight distinctions between different causes and different effects, it is the object of this paper to note, if possible, a few of the general tendencies. When I accepted an invitation to prepare a brief paper on the subject of silos and silage crops, my thought was to present some phases of the silo question, which may be only suggestive, as to the changes which are indicative of advancement or of retrogression or both. There seems to be a general law in nature that marked changes which we recognize as improvements, cannot be obtained without some corresponding sacrifice. That is, we cannot build something out of nothing. Nature has not provided man with means of build- ing without destroying; so the balance between the constructive and the destructive will determine whether progress or retrogres- sion has resulted. Can we not therefore with profit look for the changes in American agriculture which have come with the silo, and study as best we can the tendencies that are for good and these that are not so pronounced as to their desirable effects? We are accustomed to judge material things by their effects. We ask of a man what has he done, signifying our willingness to accept his record as a guarantee for future performances. While it is un- doubtedly true that we are often misled by this method of reason- 854 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ing, as men who improve by experience are enabled to perform better work and to give more satisfactory service, yet the words of the distinguished statesman whe judged the future by the past may give us the key to the situation as to the future uses and development of the silo. As one studies the history of the silo in the United States he eannot fail to be impressed with the idea that man makes many mistakes in dealing with the unknown. When the silo was first placed before the American people as a means of satisfactorily preserving forage crops, its advantages were set forth and even highly lauded without announcing the disadvantages, objections and even dangers, besetting the advent of the new custom. As with many other new inventions, we heard a one-sided report only. The newspapers and other publications set forth the advantages without presenting objections. It is possible, however, that the most serious ones may not have been known at that time. However, the interested agriculturists were evidently over-confident. Those who have studied the people of various nations recognize that the American people are intensive, eager to improve, willing to take risks, and even make great sacrifices in order to achieve distinction and advancement. Consequently we should not be surprised to find the existing eonditions pertaining to many new things com- paratively unstable and changing. American people without doubt stand in marked contrast to the older European nations as regards the eagerness with which new enterprises are taken up and old habits and appliances discarded. The Englishman and the German adhere to the old with contentment. The former accepts new inventions from this country, which he calls “The ‘Yankee’ patent things,” as the onward march of progress compels him to accept them. In America, however, many new things are tried, some of which are failures, but the trial enables the farmer to select the worthy and to reject that which is unfit for his use. Many farmers who have had comparatively little knowledge of silos or of feeding silage have constructed silos in an endeavor to make silage an im- portant part, and in some cases the major part of the ration of various classes of domestic animals. Failures have resulted; ex- pensive lessons have been learned. Not only did these farmers not know how to harvest and preserve most efficiently and cheaply, but they did not understand how to feed to the best advantage that which they had preserved. Consequently, the silos have been praised and condemned as their uses have been advantageous or detrimental. The silo has been the means of furnishing examples of both extremes—failure and success. Some who maintained that only a good crop of corn and the silo were necessary have learned bitter lessons when they have attempted to maintain on silage alone No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 855 productive flocks and herds through the long, severe winters of this latitude. Some farmers of Pennsylvania or rather some man- agers of extensive farms attempted to carry through the winter large flocks of sheep on silage alone, and, of ceurse, failed miserably, With the advent of the silo, the American farmer came to a fuller realization of the importance of providing some succulent food for dairy cattle. Those who preferred to raise mangels ap- preciated them more on account of the experience of them neigh- bors who were adherents to the silo. Corn silage undoubtedly helped the farmers to understand better than ever before the true value of mangel-wurzels and it was those who persisted in rais- ing mangel-wurzels for dairy cattle who first learned the true value of succulent food and the manner in which it should be fed. The feeders of roots learned a lesson that was not learned so early by those who fed corn silage, and even yet corn silage is not under stood and appreciated in its true sense by the majority of feeders. Those who have been feedingroots for years have learned that the value of this food is due, in a broad sense, to its relation to other foods. The value of roots as a food is not considered alone, neither is it compared to other foods entirely different in composition and character, but when fed with others its value is most marked and most appreciated. Roots are not plaeed in a ration to take the place of other and perhaps more expensive food, but to increase the effect of other foods and to promote the general health of the animal, and to place the animal in a better condition for useful- ness. Leaders among feeders long ago learned that the value of roots is not estimated by the value of digestible constituents which this food contains. On the other hand, the silage feeder has too oiten considered the value of silage wholly from the commercial value of its food constituents as compared with corn and other commercial products. Corn silage was formerly compared to cured field corn, and we have not gotten very far away from this com- parison at the present time. _In a general way, one product was considered to be about as digestible as the other, and cne was har- vested about as cheaply as the other. So many farmers held that there was not very much difference between the two as to their feeding value. Unless some decided gain is likely to be made, the expenditure of any considerable amount of money should be regarded with sus- picion. Agriculturists are becoming more and more like business men in looking for profitable returns on investments. If such returns seem doubtful the investment is not made. With im- proved machinery for harvesting and handling the silage crop, the advantage has turned somewhat in favor of the silage when com- pared with field-cured corn on the basis of digestible nutrients alone. 856 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The many questions asked of the Experiment Station as to the feeding value of roots and silage, clearly indicate that the value of succulent food for dairy cattle is not fully appreciated by many of the leading farmers in Pennsylvania to-day. While feeding stand- ards are probably used to-day with a broader and more general application than formerly, yet the value of corn silage has been estimated largely on its constituents as given in the feeding stand- ards. This has had the effect of eliminating largely the proper consideration of the value of silage as a succulent food when fed in combination with other dried coarse fodders and concentrates, both carbonaceous and nitrogenous. The modern tendency has been to supply that form of food which will give the greatest imme- diate returns for the least expenditure of money and effort without ,duly considering the effect that the practice may have on the future usefulness of domesticated breeds, which a few master breeders have produced at a great sacrifice. The dairy cow by nature is fitted to use to the best advantage large quantities of unripe fodder material in a fresh condition. This, in a general and rather indefinite way, we have termed “suc- culent food.” Dairy animals may be said to be especially prepared to use this juicy and tolerably dilute food to the best advantage, not only for the production of milk and the many milk products, but for the promotion of the general health of the animal which best fits it for the propagation of the breed or species as the case may be. Practice has unmistakably shown that the flush of June feed approaches most nearly the ideal! food for dairy cows. Man in his intense struggle for improvement finds many things in nature that for his purposes may be improved upon. He there- fore changes and shapes them that they may better conform to his uses. In other matters he tries to imitate nature and approach the natural as his highest standard. In supplying the wants of the dairy cow he tries to imitate nature at its best, and thus far he has not been able to make marked improvements on that which nature provides. The standard conditions as to food and temperature, for which the dairyman is continually striving to obtain for his herd, is best provided by nature in May and June. It is said, with a good deal of emphasis by those to whom we look for authority, that every breeder who has made marked improye- ments in our domestic animals, those who have added something material to that with which they were dealing, or in other words, have made some breed of live stock better than they found it, have had a clear-cut standard or ideal toward which they were contin- ually striving. High standards, better standards continually kept in mind are No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 857 essentials to systematic imaprovement. We have gone too far, have improved too much to secure further improvement without system. Hap-hazard work willnot do. As improvement progresses, each step in progress becomes more difficult. A better knowledge and a closer application of principles is required at the present time to secure advancement than was required generations ago. If we have not erred in selecting owr standard or ideal as to that which is best adapted for the production of milk and the pro- motion of the general health and vigor of the animal, we will funda- mentally fail if we neglect to provide a liberal allowance of succu- lent food. Not wholly because the animal system uses it to the best advantage, considering its feeding value when taken alone, but also to ameliorate those conditions which an artificial and unnatural diet tends to produce. In very recent times marked changes have béen made as to the kind and quality of food provided for dairy stock. The inventive American in his efforts to produce something new has placed on the market a large number of food products for the human family that only a few years ago were entirely unknown. The manufac- turers of these new foods have placed before the dairymen a vast number: of by-products of varying usefulness for his use as stock foods. Probably never before has there been consumed by the dairy stock of this country so large a proportion of by-products as at the present time. This means a great change, and great changes bring somewhere great disturbances—what the outcome will be no one can foresee. Is this tendency one of progress or one of retrogres- sion? Will the good that is obtained by the new order of things outweigh the undesirable? ‘he effect on the vigor and constitu- tiow of the animals cannot be determined by a few experiments. Generations of time alone will record the results. The gain of a few dollars will not eompensate for the loss if the usefulness of our stock is impaired. The onward march of by-products is undis- puted and recognized by ali. If I can read the signs of the times aright, the use of these foods is practically sure to increase, but is it not the part of wisdom to feed with these artificial products a liberal allowance of that feod which most nearly approaches the ideal? As a basis, conservative Americans will adhere to that which lias been proven to be wholesome and economical. It is often re- marked that the success ef many individuals is due in a large measure in their ability to use most advantageously the compara- tively cheap material at their command. Many thrifty farmers use profitably that which the less provident will permit to waste or to bring comparativedy slight returns. The ease with which corn is psoduced male it ome of the cheapest ef stock foods that can 55 858 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Off. Bec. be universaily provided on the farms throughout Pennsylvania. In my judgment the safest and most successful feeder of the future will be he who will make the best use of America’s most abundant and cheapest food—piant corn. The English farmer imports American corn and sorely laments the fact that he is unable to produce that which is produced abund- antly with so much ease in America. During the past three years repeated efforts have been made to secure seed corn from Northern Minnesota, that will sufficiently mature in Great Britain to pro- duce good silage, hoping to procure for the English farmer that which is so valuable in this country. The Holland farmer has successfully made silage of grass in _earthen pits for many generations. From an almost exclusively grass-diet he has produced a most productive and sturdy breed of dairy cattle. His endeavor has been to approach that condition which we have selected as our ideal or “nature’s best.” He cuts his grass for hay while it is immature, yet nutritious, and provides warm stables for his cattle in winter, placing them in comfortable stalls in the same building that provides shelter for himself and family. Probably there is no advanced dairy country where the farmers for centuries have maintained their dairy cattle on whole plant natural food te a greater extent than those of Holland; and nowhere do we find a more vigorous, productive and strong con- stitution breed of cattle. Of all forage crops produced abundantly on the farms through- out Pennsylvania that are consumed in a succulent condition there is none that so nearly approaches the ideal food that nature so abundantly provides in the forepart of the growing season than good corn silage. In view of the facts pertaining toe this food, which we have been able to gather, that is, those which may be considered essentials as to economical dairy feeding, as, cheapness, wholesomeness, value as a food product alone, the effect on the ration when combinel with other foods, as well as the unknown effects of the vast amount of by-products that are now consumed, it seems to me that the dairymen of Pennsylvania to-day cannot afford to omit from the winter ration, which is provided for dairy cows, 2 liberal amount of good corn silage. MR. DETRICH: I am so well pleased with the paper that I have ho questions to ask. DR. CONARD: I would like to ask Professor Watson whether he considers it practicable to make silage of rye and crimson clover mixed, cutfing both at the same time, and if so, what would be the feeding value of it? No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | 859 PROF. WATSON: I do not believe I can answer that, never hay- ing tried it: I cannot speak from experience, and if I were to speak from abstract knowledge, perhaps the doctor’s reasons would be as good as mine. The PRESIDENT: You would not hesitate to try it? PROF. WATSON: No; I have enough American spirit to try most anything that presents a reasonable chance. for improvement. I should want the rye not overripe. I have a feeling that there is danger in putting the rye into the silo if the stem is very ripe. MR. DETRICH: I was in Delaware last week on Bancroft’s farm where this feeding was being tried and it makes a magnificent Silage. Rye is as good as clover when it is coming into head and has the same feeding value. When it commences to get woody it makes a poor food. DR. CONARD: Do they ordinarily ripen together? ’ MR. DETRICH: Yes. 7 MAJOR WELLS: I would like to ask Professor Watson if he is familiar with, or can give the value of dried beet fibre? PROFESSOR WATSON: We have made no experiments, though I know that experiments have been made. The results of these, however, I do not know. The results of some experiments in which it has been fed in the fresh condition have not been satisfactory. MAJOR WELLS: There are factories along the border:-line of New York State where this dry feed is made, but I have been unable to learn the value of it The PRESIDENT: As I understand it, it is simply the beet dried, - with sometimes the addition of lime. The pulp dried down with some of the waste molasses has been’ used in European feeding with satisfactory results. Allowing for the water contents it will have about the same feeding value as the fresh pulp, but without the advantage of its succulence. The dried foods in foreign coun- tries has been very satisfactory. - MR. HERR: In making silage of rye and clover, would you put it up in the condition it is, or would you have the rye cut? PROF. WATSON: I should have it cut by all means. MR. COMFORT: Last fall at the Trenton Fair a gentleman told me that he had been making a satisfactory silage of wheat and clover, and that in his experience the results were very much more satisfactory with grass for ensilage than rye; fer, unless the rye, were cut at exactly the right time it was woody. 860 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. I was also speaking with a man with a large herd of cattle, a very careful and successful feeder. As a business proposition we must see where the profit is coming from, and I would like to ask Mr. Detrich whether he could tell us whether he can produce a quart or a pound of milk as economically as the average farmer; or, whether he can tell us what it costs to produce a pound of milk under his plan of farming. MR. DETRICH: I never weighed a pound of stuff raised on the field, and never bothered about what it cost me to raise it, because I am convinced that it pays to feed the dairy, bearing in mind the value to the land of the manure. I do not believe a man can afford to feed bran, and throw the manure into the barnyard. .I pay $640 - for concentrated foods in a year for horses and cattle. The PRESIDENT: No wonder your land it getting rich. MR. DETRICH: Yes, but crops will grow again. The PRESIDENT: Most of your crops go back there finally. MR. DETRICH: Yes, 365 cart loads of manure, of cotton seed, linseed, gluten, but we don’t buy commercial fertilizers. By the use of these foods I can get two products. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The Nominating Committee made the following report: President, Professor H. P. Armsby, State College, Pa. First Vice President, Mr. Austin Leonard, Troy, Pa. Second Vice President, Rev. J. T. Detrich, Flourtown, Pa. Treasurer, W. E. Perham, Niagara, Pa. Secretary, Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove, Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Hon. W. C. Norton, H. W. Comfort, M. F. Reeder. President and Secretary, members ex-officio. Mr. Jones moved that the Secretary cast the ballot for the officers named in the report. The ballot was cast. Mk. NORTON: In regard to the By-laws and Constitution, re- ported to have been lost, I am almost sure that I have several copies at home. I think the Constitution should be changed from having a Board of Directors of five to an Executive Committee of three. This motion was made, seconded and carried. MR. DETRICH: I would like to ask whether the Pennsylvania Dairy Union is a voluntary organization, a State organization, or No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 861 whether the different farmers’ clubs throughout the country send delegates to the meeting? The PRESIDENT: It is entirely a voluntary organization; has no official character; has never been recognized as an official or- ganization, that is, it has never had an appropriation made by the State for its support. MR. THOMPSON: Would it not be well for the President to state the object of this organization. There may be some present who would like to join. The PRESIDENT: While I have not been so closely in touch with the organization as some others, I am glad to state my understand- ing, subject to correction. As I understand it, it is a voluntary organization of those interested in the promotion of dairy interests of the Commonwealth, which is a very right interest when we con- sider that last year the dairy interests of the State amounted to thirty-nine million dollars. Primarily and centrally the idea is to bring together the opinions and interests of the dairymen of the State so that they may have their proper influence upon legisla- tion affecting dairy interests; upon the better education in dairy matters through the various instrumentalities throughout the State, such as the public schools, farmers’ institutes and meetings of various organizations; and, finally, and perhaps the most important of all is the development of the individual dairyman through the contact with each other and with experts brought about by meet- ings of this sort, and by the publication of proceedings in the farm bulletins and tracts which has already been begun. It seems to me that a progressive dairyman of the present cannot afford to cut himself off from these sources of knowledge. He cannot afford it any more than a manufacturer in other lines. We may say what we please about the importance of legislation in the interests of dairying; but, after all, you can no more make a dairyman successful by legislation than you can make people honest by legislation. It comes like everything else, to the indi- vidual. Such an organization helps the individual dairyman to raise himself to a higher level of knowledge and practice. The organization is open to all, and we hope that all will come in and help to make the sessions of this Dairy Union, and its bulletins as valuable to the dairy interests of Pennsylvania as possible. This will only be accomplished when the dairymen of the State as a whole take hold of this matter. I hope we shall have a large in- crease in membership. MR. DETRICH: I think what the President has stated is exactly correct about the Dairy Union. It seems to me that every farmers’ club of Pennsylvania ought to send a delegate to the Dairy Union. I think this is the only way we can get this dairy business carried out in different local sections and the only way in which the dif- 362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ferent local sections will eome into close touch with each other. It seems to me rather unfortunate that in a State having a dairy business of $39,000,000 per year, we shouid have such a small number present at this meeting. There are sections of this State that ought to be interested in this Dairy Union, and we ought to recognize the farmers’ club; for you know there is coming gain from con- tact. There is a friction that brings about good results. MR. NORTON: I think I cannot add anything to what has already been said. My idea has been that we should allow every creamery- man in the State to send a delegate by paying their dues; also that the farmers’ clubs should become members and be entitled to one vote through a delegate. This has never been carried out. Another thing we ought to do is to become an incorporate body, so as to be a responsible body. Under the present system the Dairy Union is not such a body. I think this should be done and before next year. I also believe that every creameryman should be urged to become a member by paying his dues and be allowed to send one ‘delegate; also every farmers’ club in this State. We should work hand in hand. There is no use in jealousy between dairymen and creamerymen. The Department of Agriculture has been very liberal with us; had they not, we would not have seen a Dairy Union meeting here. There are not enough dues collected to run the organization. The Department of Agriculture stands ready to help us to-day. I un- derstand also that according to the new Constitution that if we got an appropriation from the State it would have to go through the Department of Agriculture. There can be no State appropriation to any society unless it comes under the supervision of the State officials. MR. HERR: I think Mr. Norton has touched the keynote. An organization which the State recognizes has some foundation. Un- fortunately the different farmers’ clubs throughout the State have no connection among themselves. It is unfortunate that the State Grange has its. meeting at the same time as this Dairy Union. MR. JONES: I would make a motion that the President and Sec- retary and the Executive Committee be appointed a committee to look over the Constitution and make some recommendations to come before our next annual meeting with reference to incorpora- tion of the society; that the recommendations shall be published before our next annual meeting so that members shall understand what they are expected to vote upon. Seconded by Mr. Norton. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 863 MAJOR WELLS: The great difficulty here is lack of interest among the dairymen of the State. We ought to correct that apathy. There can be no better investment for a dairyman than to be present at the presentation of the able articles to which we have listened to-day. The PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that this sub- ject be referred for consideration to the Executive Committee. Carried. MR. JONES: I would move that if in the opinion of the Presi- dent and Secretary it would seem better to change the date of the an- nual meeting, that they be authorized to make that change. The PRESIDENT: Is it not understood that the Executive Com- mittee fixes the date of meeting? MR. JONES: As I understand it we are living under the old Con- stitution, which I think fixes the time of the meeting. MR. NORTON: Our Constitution calis for a meeting the same week as the State Grange. Last year a motion was made that the time and place of meeting be left with the Board of Directors and the Secretary and President. I would make a motion that the time e be left with the President and Secretary and Executive Committee. ev MR. C. P. FAUCETT: Yesterday there was something said of a regular time and place for the annual meeting and then of having other meetings at local points. I think we could not have the annual meeting at a better time than this. While willing to abide by the decision of the committee I would dislike to see the time changed. Early in December is a time suitable to almost every one. The committee might decide upon the time of the local meetings; but I hope they will see their way clear not to change the time of the annual meeting. The motion to refer the time of the next annual meeting to the Executive Committee was carried. Adjourned to 1.30 P. M. No afternoon session held. M. E. CONARD, Secretary. APPENDIX. , 868 ) 35—6—1903 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6. —— SS! LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENNSYLVA- NIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 336 pages, 1877. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 625 pages, 1878. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 560 pages, 1879. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 557 pages, 1880. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1881. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1882. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1883. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1884. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1885. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1886. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1887. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1888. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1889. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 594 pages, 1890. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 600 pages, 1891. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 604 pages, 1892. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 713 pages, 1893. *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1894. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896. *Report of the Department of*Agriculture, Part 1, 897 pages, 1897. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 309 pages, 1897. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, 894 pages, 1898. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1080 pages, 1899. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1010 pages, 1900. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 348 pages, 1900. *Note.—Edition exhausted. (867) 868 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1040 pages, 1901. *Report of the Department of ‘Agriculture, Part 2, 464 pages, 1901. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1030 pages, 1902. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 324 pages, 1902. Report of the Department of Agriculture, 958 pages, 1903. BULLETINS. No. 1.* Yabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages, No. 2.* List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895. No. 3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895. No. 4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, No. 5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages, No. 6.* Taxidermy; how to collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896. 7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896. No. 8.* Report of ‘State Horticultural Association, 108 pages, No. 9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896. No. 10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896. No. 11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896. No. 12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. No. 18.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896. No. 14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896. No. 15.* Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. No. 16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages, 1896. No. 17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896. No. 18.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Penn- sylvania, 130 pages, 1896. No. 19.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1896. No. 20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896. No. 21.* The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897. No. 22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897. 5 a *Note.—Edition exhausted. No. No. No. 1899. No. 1899. No. bo Le bo bo 52. Farmers’ No. 1899. D3 St = 8 . * . 42. * % DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 869 Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages, Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages, Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897. The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897. .* The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897. Investigations in the Bark of the Tree, 17 pages, 1897. Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897. The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898. Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages, Preliminary. Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898. Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898. Constitutions and By Laws, 72 pages, 1898. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898. Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899. The San José Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages, Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages od >) 5 >] Some Harmful Household Insects, 138 pages, 1899. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899. Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899. Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899. Methods of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899. Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages, Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages, Proceedings Spring Meeting of Round-up Meeting, 2 o © San] Institute Managers, etc, 296 pages, 1899. .* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages, No. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages, 1899. No. 55. The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899. *Note.—Edition exhausted. 870 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Dec. No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Manage- ment of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899. No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country Homes, 85 pages, 1899. : No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and Its Products, 44 pages, 1899. No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899. No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. No. 61. The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900. No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900. No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools, 119 pages, 1900. No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public Schools, 22 pages, 1900. No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900. No. 66. Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900. No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900. No. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900. No. 69. Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900. No. 70.* @abulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages, 1900. No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Yransporta- tion of the Scholars by Use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900. No. 72.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages, 1900. No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages, 1901. No. 74.* The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation, 24 pages, 1901. No. 75.* Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its Repression, 262 pages, 1901. No. 76. A Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed Supply of Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1901. No. 77. Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901. No. 78.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1901. No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901. No. 80.* Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure Food Act of 1895, 20 pages, 1901. No. 81.* Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylva- nia, 136 pages, 1901. No. 82.* Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agricul- ture in Pennsylvania, and Giving the Various Acts of Assembly *Note.—Edition exhausted. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 871 Committed to the Department for Enforcement; Together with De- cisions and Standards Adopted with Reterence to the Pure Food Act of 1895. 90 pages, 1901. N. 83.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages, 1901. No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-opera- tive Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agri- culture and the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experi- ment Station, 16 pages, 1901. A No. 85.* Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901. No. 86.* Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901, etc., 422 pages, 1901. No. 87. Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, 1901. No. 88. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901. No. 89.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages, 1901. . No. 90. Treatment for San José Scale in Orchard and Nursery, 8d pages, 1902. No. 91. Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, 57 pages, 1902. No. 92.* List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Commis- sioner, 193 pages, 1902. No. 98. The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902. No. 94. Phosphates—Phosphatic or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizer 87 pages, 1902. No. 95.* County and Local Agricultural Societies, 1902, 12 pages, 1902. No, 96. Insects Injurious to Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages, 1902. | No. 97. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902. No. 98. Bacteria of the Soil in their Relation to Agriculture, 88 pages, 1902. No. 99. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 82 pages, 1902. No. 100.* foe Statement on Work of Dairy and Food Di- vision from January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 223 pages, 1902. No.101.* eee reas ses of ‘epee Fertilizers, 137 pages, 1902. No. 102. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902. No. 103.* List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages, 1902. No. 104. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902. No. 105. Potato Culture, 96 pages, 1902. *Note.—Edition exhausted. 872 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. No. 106. The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1902. No. 107. Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feed Stuffs, 62 pages, 1903. No. 108. The Hession Fly in Pennsylvania, —— 1903. (Not out of press.) No. 109. Yabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 208 pages, 1893. No. 110. Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Di- vision from July 1, to December 31, 1902, 248 pages, 1903. No. 111. Small Fruits, their Origin, Culture and Marketing, 66 pages, 1903. No. 112. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1903. No. 118. Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1963. No. 114. Pabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116 pages, 1903. No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute Managers and Lecturers, 210 pages, 1903. No. 116. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1903-1904, 64 pages, 1903. No. 117. Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods. of Applica tion, 46 pages, 1903. No. 118. Containing the Laws Creating the Office of Dairy and Food Commissioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts of Assembly Committed to his Administration, 62 pages, 1903. No. 119. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 115 pages, 1903. No. 120. The Apple-tree Tent-caterpilar, 46 pages, 1903. No. 121. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commissioner, Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agri- culture, January 28, 1904, 16 pages, 1903. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 873 FERTILIZER VALUATIONS—1903. The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been asked to pay for a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients it centains and market conditions prevailing at the time would war- rant. It is clear, therefore, that no attempt is made in this valua- tion to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or less crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only whether it is higher priced than another of the same general com- position. For this purpose it must be so computed as to include all the ele- ments entering into the cost of a fertilizer as it is delivered to the consumer. These elements may be conveniently grouped as fol- lows: 1. The wholesale cost of the ingredients. 2. Fhe jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this includes office expenses, advertising, losses, etc.; for the purpose of the present computation it may be assumed that the sum of this eross profit and the wholesale cost of the ingredients, is equivalent to the retail price of the single ingredients near the wholesale markets in ton lots of original packages for cash. 8. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to complete fertilizers, rock and potash, and ammoniated rock; not to dissolved or ground bone, or to dissolved rock. 4, The expense and profit of bagging. 5. Agents’ commission: This item includes not only the commis- sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods: through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than directly to the consumer in ton lots for cash. 6. Freight from the wholesale market to the point of delivery. The valuations for 1902 were based: 1. Upon the wholesale prices from September 1, 1901, to March 1, 1902, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota- tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials ex- cept acidulated phosphate rock and ground bone. 2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above mentioned, to cover jobbers’ profits. By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the wholesale price of tle several raw materials, the retail price in original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained. 56 874 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Since the amount of the several valuable fertilizing constituents in the various raw materials is known, it is a simple matter to de- termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable fertilizing constituents yielded by each raw material. A schedule of these pound values afiords a convenient basis of computation of the value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascer- tained by analysis. ~ The values assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the cost of the fertilizer at the point of delivery are: 3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton. 4. For bagging, $1,00 per ton, in all cases except those in which the article was sold in original package; the cost of the package being, in such cases, included in the wholesale price. 5. For agents’ commissions, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse. 6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in lots of twelve tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging $1.88 per ton. The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illus- trates the method: Phosphoric acid. Percent. Weight per ton. SSC) 0) (ee eater a eae eae aac, ee lets) 230 Ibs. at 3c. $6 90 FEGVERUCO «%.. Sitetietae canoes gorau avers 2.50 50 Ibs. at 24c. 1 25 MISOUTOTCS aia Sabet. vie bcwenhem en. 1.00 20 Tbs. at Ide. 3 etal Cash valle rOt, mere lems: © irs kei oiaaiecece atlas eee - . $8 40 eee OTN ae) a sons tires, Seis Eee Meena Plier toe a Mac anaes sey 1 00 Cashevalue of goods ready Lor shipment, 22. «2.426 eases $9 4d MOSM hs ACOMMISSION «20 Per eGEmi.w ari. cits siryeke de ene onere 2 Wesg LUN or a ie LEAN, RR (oe ae Lente eaten eg eee 2 00 Commericial svalue Per COM sa... 6 oc cetera te octele's oes eae toes sue $138 34 It is not to be expected, of course, that the valuations thus comn- puted will precisely represent the fair price to be charged for a brand in each locality and in every transaction. Market conditions, competition, distance from factory, all introduce minor variations. Nevertheless, to make the approximation reasonably close, the average valuation of a given class of goods ought to agree closely with its ascertained average selling price. Whenever such an agreement is no longer obtained by the use of a schedule, it is evi- dent that the schedule of retail values of the constituents, or the added allowances for mixing, ete., requires revision. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 875 It is needful to note here another factor greatly affecting the prac- tical accuracy of these approximations. Their computation would offer little difficulty and their usefulness be far greater, if, by the ordinary methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients used to supply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of certain determination. This is, however, possible, to-day, to only a limited extent. The valuations are, therefore, based on*the assump- tion that the fertilizers are uniformly compounded from high quality ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufacture of fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers should carefully avoid the error of accepting such valuations as infallible; they are not de- signed to be used for close comparisons of single brands, but only to indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is abnormal, as- suming good quality for the ingredients used. From this it is clear that, except as high freights may require, the selling price of a brand should not far exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer may be made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation. The valuations used during 1901 were modified for use during 1902 in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell- ing price. The following comparative statement shows the valuations and selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1900 to 1902: 876 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. SE | g | 8 ui ao 3 Ze E re Fertilizers 2 3 Ss i as 2 2 ° sc be o> Sui > | an 2 : E 3 8 5 3 z eS oO a > v2 A Dennen eee eee eee Spring, 1900. OMMPISLS! Se peiece eo ele ele. e.c.0je eierelcleszioisleinieycinivininnie)e\sieiefe(o{eie/azo(0|s 0/0is\e/eininia\s\s\eie(e 276 24.61 25.38 —0.77 Rock-and-potash, .....cseececcececceee renee ecererceenceceseecerens 48 14.71 17.25 —2).64 PUSSOLVEC MDOMEH | cetcete cieleselalelareleletaielaleielolelelb)-|eleletele}e\«1s1elajels{wio\(air/a/el=!sioleiein/o 2 30.87 26.00 4.87 GETOUME) DOME) | cepctejate crereiticiefesecaisin a(s(cieieielolole eleipie{s\cilainiejofe/<\oia\ojelelninleje\eialsielainte 30 25.91 28.41 —2.51 MD ISSOMV-CCLOCIE, lecisistaisisteletsiate efeiele c}slofe1s(s[vialelstn)s\nicluisls) iml/=/>\=\n\e/e(si~0\0/s(a.e76]9\0 56 13.48 13.57 —0.09 Fall, 1900. (G{oymayoAK SuooontaocantonD DD ODaUOnOOOdod4b coddo an ondddnobdodudGoosd 130 24.00 23.22 0.81 PROC 211 — POLS Ee me teyetetaie sreielelieraintalolalctetoie)eletersrsisiclatarc=’eio\c\oveisteletereiarsyereintelersiel= 33 14.63 18.11 —3.48 POESSONVEC mi OTLO sme erere rare reletayeeyeletele els isieiencieverercle releleiwiereistetaletefotoleletetelefetelatefoisstels 2 22.74 23.50 —0.76 [eryeiaal Yevyots) Soto soooncoosuaconnodonndel ooo baUc oO SnpaodsqucobnODaD 17 26.87 28.73 —1.86 IDs Ha hiek see Seco cohasoboudo0n GuMcNDedendcboudnoncuodaenpoonaodcn Be 13.11 13.96 —0.85 Spring, 1901 GOTMDICTSS oops. «sisters oioterare wich sleve sicpsVo (ers avs D alain tags aicveve aleyerstetavaiale, cle ele sie olsjetelee 291 24.76 23.92 0.84 LOCK AIT OLAS Hy mame yeteletateistey = clafonstarsrmreloislsisioiat ciel niciavercieielciaiete sioleleiersierotelatate 60 14.60 16.20 —1.60 ADISSBUVEM OTE ian oacie se 6 viele nisicisrers rae (ele'n win) c.titeloielajereis ie) clase stololeletefanisie-ebs 1 29.00 28.00 1.00 GPOUMA APOC ee oan as ene tees eins ale cisrcretertioeiciente ve seat miss aie rekeepalseisce 44 28.71 27.59 1.12 PIS SONG SO OCH eirct steel oiafeseleretele eictoiere oiaveteteleieisicicloreieelchebeisieleteifolele cielsielsieieterere 49 13.51 13.90 —0.39 Fall, 1961. : (UMM LO LS Meme reetrierelate svete fave eveisve siaters etstarcicva shatetssrevenmiersievotstctefeyels olaraisistereieiefstarsior 179 23.75 22..28 1.47 UOC Kae ATCO OLDS Ingymrorsienereisiarsiatorele cheterereloverormiereteiststaraceisiale eleretercrelsisietorets eicre 42 14.23 16.09 —1.86 | MissOlwed® HOME, ws.ci ke cease wsineie se cc see esas nse oe wtarecrs as a sieeterss 5 3.36 23.91 —0.55 | ronnadmbone! eft See eG ta i Oe eee eateae eps 33 7.69 | 25.94 1.75 . PDUSSOUVEOM LOCK, his a craco,cit seller vice. oc eveve ots wis ncejste/siefslete\evetoinialevsyeieininlafelateis!s 49 13.82 13.18 0.64 Spring, 1902 (Clayeal vite Sogn sdeaonootaecdacoMbdabeocodanns DocosasadeccaabeocoCUble 289 25.33 24.10 1.23 MOCK AI =POCASI samc ecerinrec te cisistele cisielstaveiotoletercreeietavelsiciele srercisisioteteteiete (ore 66 15.05 16.45 —1.40 BISSOL VC MO OTL rie ots (ete afercisici ate slaiatuieic!ofereherchelevels, siejetetare etsielevereteievelelese cielatalerstere 66 15.05 16.45 —1.40 EeTeOHTITA TIONS. Cte rcic ei atatescrstats carcis slale essieve avereieieiesrornie aie ele itre etcleiere -leleinislaieieie siete 29 26.80 28.52 —1.72 TS SOMME CTO CB pete tesetcroteseinte ralete/ciarere eves ote vivo lererarcic ctelelors alelelstetersreleielerecoleisatat 59 13.49 13.73 —.24 Fall, 1902. MS REVI LET ies eynsnteta lane cietalelelnyaistarninia nfa’e:t cherdn cine oie eleimjateteleletaln arelemiatsin tele’ steers 229 23.31 21.83 1.48 ERC Hc TNl PIO LELSTAywelcivintelel iat els (evel evolale ole eintele ele (nis oreiutuiece) Glelelevetelald.s eie/vei sie} 62 14.46 15.98 —1.52 TSS oye Cea ILE suate referee ats ctete oreleteiarclereleierriciclelateis eleiaiole ole elcielelotercleleletefeleisieleters 6 27.08 25.30: 1.78 TOOLING OTIC oencre ratwie lets iare) clels ots. ¢) sha. eteisiers siele eisteroreiais alalele\steiaicials siete cteleleloreiols 27 27.51 28.09 —.58 PPISSOMVS CET OCLs eters so jsrelcrste.c oyaia'slatetere’ stole ale eiexeleie,e1c%aiaTele/ateteroreye) sve eYelersisieta\e[syels 56 18.70 13.47 23 The general tendencies of the wholesale market may be judged from the following comparative statement, obtained from the weekly reports of the O7zl, Paint and Drug Reporter, of New York City, showing the average wholesale prices of fertilizer raw ma- terials from September 1, 1901, to March 1, 1902, and from Septem- ber 1, 1902, to March 1, 1903. : No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 877 Wholesale Prices of Fertilizer Ingredients, New York: Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. a i os % 23 a8 me ay oe a ens aot |e | re © Substance. 3 86 ie Fe 4s 3 aS ES i § a P=} ae Bo 2 92 o 2 ie ae c 1) bn -~2 01 5 8 7 © oF ee g 28 Vs cio bs an] rer hom et < < < Ay SLCALE MOL AIIM OMIA me are catecieeiscicie + sale’ cle'sfere sie/e/eieys GWibe parc stareiaretsrctovele 2, 8324 3, 0484 107.6 PLC Me Ee CHE H fiate royal alosnie int efatejo}n’ ale «/n/a/asainieleiavalale’sie(eie\e sis (Oh, mA nOTIORE DONG 1,9889 1, 9873 99.9 PATO LOO peta Gre ie eieiwiciaiviciele asiele,s velo c.cheiea's sis ore Unit (20 Ibs.), ..| 2, 2375 2,4969 111.6 Goncentrated: tankagze, .inccccccccvccccccnsccseee ETOn Sy aioe neva 16.25 15.50 - 95.4 ERAS UE Eo UAM LS OTICAEE weve eioteisteveleisis(e'a/oisicieve/olelstels/sisjo\vieiciese,e sisistelare TF ONG ciaciside scoetel| 18.25 17.00 93.2 Bera SE LAME HAD CO ates ateletnie siele'st/als/alej tote elsie]si o rt Ld os a o Salt. a a - EI . 3 z s 2 = & < Muriate: (Sinco ko. per cent... so per cent. basis): CW, scncceccscsceccteocsecuseccence $1 80 $1 83 Koenemrcent.. “OU mpers CED. DASIS), 1CWiks,, aA taf is} 33 = Ss = vA vA Ay B Ss Sul€@te Of (AMMONIA, fests saejete are cleo sieeve. sie10, ca 10 (0 eretacetuieiers ere 3 20.91 ar se eysve ove tela Steere ADD IVLTEATS OL (SOG A) © haresstapeis/s)o/<10y 5's) stute,sfate =v cieivve stots roca Riel wiiace siarelelore 12 15.61 Jeweeeee pease |e eecclnececms DPIC ADI OOS eae nice ceerarctee no cieletahalariciecs siete fetersloreteve svelecrorers 5 aD BY ia aonoeapoao arocoacobAsc (Grdopronele) verse scocken p HOnCOOADDHOAUOOOCOS Gotan BOoTEe OOO oc noo 27 Cee Sl enpedaasee 56 A 23.47 FRAN KE ON Siac cparese siclare ein sieroela «cles wspia’aswajercieia'elertalelornyerctevere S Nacerareravate 15 by 8 Be ercosooanos 12.57 GOUT ATS H Ne oe. cleierara cisions. ho reve sieeve ats \cfere Sralale, occa veba avers aratefave a7ers _ 22 MTT lose steroreein tore 7.29 Covton=-Seed. MEAT GT coisa c.cisis.c cle sicie/etelswiercinte cic cieteresa ee erat scares. tate 3 7.08 1.90 3.15 CaStOrepOMaCes) Ercaacsectewciae s coos sade slole saieleaeceiet sare 3 5.24 1.00 1.90 Sultare of potash hishserade. v0. .cndsecee seme s doen e eee Sy loequcouscboc CER hal Seo Bncor ance IMUuniate iOf spOtASH?, «sists ccc.ovie dla fs ccc temo enon ouaioaie seers DB Ils cto: thereto ce 50.34: ih. eee eee ESAT TUBS a ave spans arom aveisinye ste siai ciateteis Sided ora ccheteiais seisie nares edie eke aleistors bial aprorias todd Pees A CN gsocuaa + Double sulfate of potash and magnesia, .............+. bial Ron eonaontice 2532s catcatoeitenat Composition of Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients (Per Cent.). alyzed. Reverted phosphoric acid Insoluble phosphoric acid. Total phosphoric acid. Soluble phosphoric acid. Number of samples an- Dissolved HoOne=blaAck,, sige. cccecccceesceeaaces 2 IDISSOLVEO DONE; * ire etes. ae sie soso dials lao alle ojovarstee pena 6 Dissolved) rock phosphate, 2. ¢-cccencccecins one 115 *Also contains 2.85 per cent. nitrogen. Comparing these figures with those of previous years and con- sidering only those cases where a considerable number of analyses are available, the results seem to indicate no great change in the composition of raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture. Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents.—With the composition of these raw materials and their price per ton, hundred weight, or other unit of measure as a basis, the wholesale cost per pound of the valuable constituents can be readily calculated. In many cases the ammoniates are quoted “per unit of ammonia,” the term unit being equivalent to per cent.; in goods sold by the ton of 2,000 Ibs., the unit is equal to 20 ths., and 20 tbs. of ammonia contain 16.47 Ibs. of nitrogen. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 883 {n the case of refuse bone-black, unacidulated, the mean, 28.25 per cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average material on the market. Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240 Ibs., and on the basis of the bone phosphate of lime it contains, with drawbacks for in- jurious constituents. sone-phosphate of lime contains 45.8 per cent. of phosphoric acid; therefore, each per cent. of bone-phosphate in a long ton is equivalent to 22.4 Ibs. and contains 10.26 Ibs. of phosphoric acid. In the wholesale trade, dried blood, azotine, concentrated tankage and hoof meals are usually sold on the basis of ammonia, disre- garding the phosphoric acid present. Insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is likewise omitted from consideration, contracts being based solely upon the “avail- able” phosphoric acid; nor in rock phosphates is any claim made for the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they contain, nor in dissolved bone for the potash present. Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New York of the valuable constitutents of such materials as furnish but a single fertilizing element, these materials being assumed to be in the state of preparation and in the packing in which the manu- facturer purchased them,are given in the following table; also, a figure representing a fair retail price at the factory, the materials having undergone no change in treatment or packing and the allow- ance for expense and profit in retailing being 20 per cent.: 884 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Wholesale Cost Per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents (New York). I. Ingredients Supplying One Constituent. | & : : 5 a 12) Ik ® oO Material. Constituent Valued. a is a, 2 oe 3 3 3 ao = a ea z zg | 2 e SCUNENREY Che Eheotsolenel SagogqougaHODOHOOOOGOOONOOD INGELOS EM | ericrerecijeieieiel tee elsieieieforake 14.58 17.50 INDE AC] OL SOMES ~~ eictoiejcrare sie'nlele'e,citstelalciovs.e-sjsheieisterels INOS Sepaanosnoononepadlacdl 12.73 15.28 Drieds blood; “high Verades occ. c> 106.1 Ihe silent soouss5sadbon ons 2a90Kds poSdCHoDduEDoUCHeSuSdbosgaoOsagOdC 14 16 107.1 Pnmary an deine: Sound etishs salieeiscccsiseieiceee nee n ceteris aie scien 16% ily 103 In meat, blood and mixed fertilizers,-........ eralevaidssopiereiaieuetaicesie 1614 17 103 In‘ fine ground bone and tankagse, sows csiicies verte cls vicleinwislsiele cls'e 1644 16% 100 in} (cOarse bone vand: PAaAnKaAees asieteyercicte «cm micleleteisisisis le (ossistalereine aieteteieys 122 12 100 Phosphoric acid: VUES ASOLO Perersict-sa.crelctaverstatctetorereists elelasa rea 1atacovatoge teteiotelalsteratavelereiee eye atotsvare 5 41 90 WTETaAtS: SSO TES |e Ke feces craters ovesciciole Saletere aie terctele -Tottoiste atoerere overcle-clelavetercielelars 446 4 88.9 In cotton-seed meal, castor pomace and wood ashes, ........ 4 4 100 In dry, fine ground fish, bone and tankage, ..............eee0- 4 4 100 imuccarse ish. sponesandutankaces mactensa cues aces cceteceeee 3 3 100 TueIMixed cet zers) usOlLUp lO maeeeeeriaeecter ceccisincncecine 2 2 100 Potash: in forms? free from! muriate) (Chlorid), <. ccs csacchieseceescoee » 5 Bs 100 AGE PIOUTIATE ya Mai oseeracets omic ceeaaccion sateen cree cece name Oren 44 | 4V% 100 Upon a careful consideration of the changes and tendencies of the wholesale prices of fertilizer ingredients and of the discrepancies occurring since the adoption of the 1902 schedule of valuation, it has been decided that the schedule for use during 1903 should be the same as that adopted for the use of New Jersey and New England except at two points. For reasons fully discussed in earlier bulletins, it is needful to in- clude in the Pennsylvania schedule of valuations, a distinct set of values for phosphorie acid derived: from rock as contrasted with that derived from animal materials. Reference to the tables, given on an earlier page, showing the wholesale cost of a pound of phos- phoric acid, will make it plain that when it comes from phosphate rock, it costs the fertilizer maker about one-half of a cent at the ‘mines, on the Atlantic’ seaboard; when from refuse bone- black, de- livered at New York, 3.2 cents; when from tankage, about 1.1 cents; and from bone 1.85 cents. There is nothing to indicate that, after acidulation, ‘ie available phosphoric acid from bone is at all better for the crop than that from a good rock lime phosphate. But so long as the consumer is persuaded that bone phosphoric acid is worth more for his crop than an equal weight of rock phosphoric acid, just so long will the manu- facturer of fertilizers be able to command a higher price for those fertilizers reputed to derive their phosphoric acid from bone, and ’ No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 887 just so long will he, in turn, be obliged to pay more for it on the wholesale market. Now, in some states, the volume of rock phos- phoric acid used is relatively small and the need for its separate valuation not apparent; in other states it predominates to the al- most entire exclusion of bone phosphoric acid, so that no distinct valuation for the latter is required; but in Pennsylvania both occupy important positions upon the-market and each requires its own set of values. Despite the advance in the market quotations for phosphate rock, brimstone and pyrites, prices of sulfuric acid, though fluctuating less than during 1901, were on the average lower than in that season, and the New York quotations for acid phosphate remain un- changed» Yhe fact that the two great fertilizer combinations mine a large fraction of their own phosphates, relieves their products from muck of the speculative element of variation in value. In view of this condition and of the close concordance of com- puted valuations of dissolved rock and the ascertained average sell- ing price during the fall of 1962, the schedule of values used in 1902 for rock phosphoric acid have been adopted for 1903. For similar reasons, nitrogen and phosphoric acid in ground bone are valued at Jower rates in Pennsylvania than in New England. Owing to the slight changes in wholesale prices for rough bone and the fairly concordant agreement between the computed valuation for ground bone on the retail market last fall, and the ascertained . average selling price, the schedule of valuations for bone constitu- ents used in 1902 have also been adopted for 1903. The schedule for 1903 as a whole is as follows: ot 888 ANNUAL REPORT OF THH Off. Doc. { Schedule of Values for Fertilizer Ingredients, 1903. Le] =I 5B ° a he o 2 n —s S| CO) 6) Nitrogen: MU ANIMAO TILA SALES i cle sis chile sisters a staioioletc esulatelcielendieidieiets.ci bis elaiece cleveleisialereiteinie cietetoeviataieletete's ala latercietsiereiene 17% ra eTTT ER AICOS mien sisretelatstare siovciote te i ole cepele inarntale eteleters otelaieielalate(sioiete ehevelazolaretuke:elaictate te eoveners cat cieretele ove lahat eheieterstetateet 15 Inmet. dried blood and) mixed -fertiliZere,, arcjecc.cieiclosc.cere.cpoivlelicivis svi clajcreinicieielsisain stewie ices 7 In cotton-seed meal and castor-pomace, ........... dia is Sta, tele Ga, cs ompners aiese elolvera ee felteetisils 16% MNofinereround) HONE an staAMKAS SS oo isic/- oysre oielciaitis/oceisistavecsisteis/ele,c\ she (alesis etelslsista's e's mine Sos eee oteretotehe li Im COATSE ONE? ANG) “TAMALES, 5 sseverereeiesateiaisieisssieredeisisvelnle;cisierstaiele’e te siete ere; ofo. vis rornte’e(eiaverenistare ee teeeaniaere | 9 Phosphoric acid: Soluble “in’ swaiter, in, bone sLertilazens ay ess ciccejs,srelchesstass/ore: vlsvory.a;cia)eietslozs lala/ave, wietawete eyelets. ebtelsietsios 41g Solupbleyin' water: In rocksfertiliZenss = aeswerc nies atctesaesomicecmne cielo praeistneletciem clei meister nes $ Soluble insammonwini ‘citrate, in Done PETtiliZers, ccs crare o°t vicie cre aivicie’s npsle’e evelele violatelsieisietele 4 Solublesin ammonium) citrate in rock fertilizers crc cscs ceri amare vie ete eels eieloreeisicieie 21% Insoluble’ in ammonium citrate, in: bone fertilizers, <2... 6.22 6 cx rer cine slemetelevolsiele l= acrere 2 Insoluble in ammMOoniUmM Citraves 1) TOC | ees iclercic\s/ec/oie es eielesetaje aievevare aveveye njstetehelete ota re/eiaraicierevers 1% incfine bone. tankage: amd: fShis, Sarit ecciceeie sles see eiclelea. © whe, vieinrerc 01s ccc ehateristoate eal ate hrele mist ai tia cer 3 in'seoarse: bone and). tamka eres) isteeiaersiicicieleereeissesus.cle les clatous sicko eterelernsia eta aieetora vate Sain Cree REE 216 In cotton-seed meal, castor pomace and Wo00d ASHES, ..........ccccsccececceccvesencece 2% Potash: Invhigh grade! sulfate or in) forms freé from muriate,”....o.2..csccco+- +s tee ceiceviccenee 5 As muriate, ...., Fais;cls- hs}eys/eveynlais tare roles etaleiaralstertisievaYatelevelsieieievete ayetetelalaya(eisiele sletcierere lo ateisieicieis le lelesales ebetenre rele 44 Potash in excess of that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be valued as sulfate, and the remainder as muriate. Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the best sources of organic nitrogen, unless clear evidence to the con- trary is obtained. Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphorie acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate. Bone is sifted into two grades of fineness: Fine, less than 1-50 inch in diameter; coarse, over 1.50 inch in diameter. The result obtained by the use of this schedule does not cover the items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover these, allowances are made as follows: For freight, an allowance of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers. For bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all fertihizers, except when sold in original packages. For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers and rock-and-potash goods. For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to the cash values of the goods ready for shipment. The mean quotation on freight from New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore to Harrisburg, in Janwary, 1897, was $1.68 per ton, in lots a ee ee eee ee ee a ae ware . No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 8389 of twelve tons or over. In May, 1899, quotations by the Pennsyl vania Railroad were: From New York, $2.40; from Philadelphia, $1.70; and from Baltimore, $1.55; mean rate from the three points, $1.88. For the present year and under similar conditions of shipment, quotations by the Pennsylvania Railroad were: From New York, $2.40; from Philadelphia, $1.90, and from Baltimore, Md., $1.75; mean rate from the three points, $2.02. FERTILIZER ANALYSES, JANUARY 1 TO ANGUST 1, 1903. Since January 1, 1903, there have been received from authorized sampling agents eleven hundred and twenty-six fertilizer samples, of which five hundred and forty-two were subjected to analysis the remainder being rejected either because they represented brands analyzed last season, or because they were regarded as not certainly representative of the brand whose name they bore. When two or more samples representing the same brand were received, equal portions from the several samples were united and the composite sample was subjected to analysis. The samples group themselves as follows, 365 complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 3 dissolved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 82 rock-and-potash fer- tilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 56 acidulated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 27 ground bones, fur- nishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 5 miscellaneous fertilizers, which group includes potash salts, nitrate of soda and other sub- stances not properly classified under the foregoing heads. The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2) Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and of the residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “reverted” acid, which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate. The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avyail- able” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash soluble in water,—most of that 57 830 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. present in green sand mar! and crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—this element is determined by a method which simply accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti- ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or- ganic .matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know- ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva- len thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi- sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptuess of action of bone in the soil depends very largely on the fineness ‘of its particles, the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant. ; The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaranties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed desirable in this report to-enter the guaranty filed by the manufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An unfortunate practice has grown up among manu- facturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an amount of a valuable constituent rang- ing from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Pot- ash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being con- sidered to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid have not been given sepa- rately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phos- phorie acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specific- ally mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and reverted phosphorié acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element or in terms of the am- monia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 891 parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of am- monia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen. tn these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. The law of 1901 abolishes this alternative and requires that the guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these tables. A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as follows, excepting the miscellaneous class: Summary of Analyses Made This Season. wa 3 a = g * = 8 3 5 é a 2 2 S g 3 E 2 2 g z Mg Lc z g & 4 A 2 S = ° = q is) A & A oO a | Number of analyses, ........ccee-seececsenee 365 3 82 56 27 Moisture, per Cent., .....--eeee sere ee eeeeer ere 9.89 6. 84 11.17 9.67 6.14 Phosphoric acid: } Motale, ME CONC). o.sec-samiee sissies cic sare esen 10.47 17.30 11.61 15.62 22.86 Solaple,, Der CONE, © sce ccccnn scien asiamsieee 4.84 2.32 5.45 8.98) |. conteenerces Reverted, per cent., ...--..-ssseseeeseees 3.54 pba 4.80 5.20 Vora takes Insoluble, per Cent., .......s.eeeeseeseeee 2.09 3.87 1.36 14 oa ee Potash, per Cent., ....--.c.eeseececescsceeeece Sie Ui Teratnatalolatarater eke rae Hd ISR SEP EES loeb ce Nitrogen, Per CeNt., ....ceceeceeeeessereesees 1.40 3.09 [eveeereeeees| ceeeeeeeeees 3.20 Mechanical analysis of bone: | BENIN es chet tolale a felohl _ ~ = & a o ° Be a S 5 = =I fo o Co) oo 3 i co) | | Fall, 1901. Phosphorie acid: NOLAN precnieoseeosee ee tee See Nie Mee See ee ae a le oe arte otets ctor eee 11.51 9.82 ESTAR ET OES Rone sea pocacoCuE Or hc UB Oraan UOOOSEn CODECS aT Aton amOAseaa noc SnsocancG 10.60 | 8.06 HRACs Leen SS ET mm fafctcras cre ccaroae Shere sinis ve efete: is) Complete fertilizers: SIO Spring 2.0 ek costes cde nenidsce ve tates cee rere one cee ose eae ea $23.60 $24.70 $1.10 100 Pea Oe ree ARIA oho EER Sete pase 22.98 23.42 44 SLT NSS) og 0 a nee NE Cee Oran ac aEcEeTAeEnon Benner cen becke cocuediane 25:38 24.61 —.7 Ba Te” see ene eek ces ee ee ee 3.22 | 23.84 62 AIS Drines winks haat saree eae ee LA eee cee ree 23.92 | 4.76 84 ALLA 2c sector Se ees on a ee ee 22.28 23.75 1.47 ASORMSS DYING: ee ase ects ee oe eee eee 24,10| — 25.38 1.23 Hiei Bic stlcceee eat ee eis eS. hee, | 21.83 | 23.31 1.48 ISDS SPLINE wa cortse onc sat mente Oe ee eee 24.57 W156, —.42 Dissolved bone: } | DBO9 SSVI Sy 1 cis siste sie leeicvowsin ci cele aCe Pete tnhe once eee ee ee oS ER ee ees 2L.7e | 21.81 06 1 GE Laer ence MP cor RO Si RE OMe nom ll | 19.00 21.12 2.12 A900 SDEENE ii. ccteatisie sect cons enlace ecient or Perr ee aos meet eran 26.00 | 30.87 | agi SPAT eset ote cass arteries Ue ER OCD Cee eT Ee 28.50 | 22,74 —.76 ASOT SMTA By Pee eens ca eR ete EY Ce ee | 28.00 29:00 | 1.00 BCT ee ina aaah Ree ee Ea ane. Feb ch RN er Pe ca Ue 23.91 23.36 | —.55 UCTS oy 9 bolle oe he en Dee ARO ae ORC a mene Hic Me DEre Chime Ono nee 16.50 17.35 -8d BRAT pee aie sete ees os sais ae aaa aed ones ne eC 25.30 | 27.08 | 1.78 1908, Spring, .......... Bee ati: Salen ia eM Cet oth hon a 31.17 30.87 —.80 Rock and potash: | ASSO SAS DEIN eee ps ee de acramte tac Glace ae oe atehehe at Se Ce eae 16.83 | 16.16 1.67 lal ious Soe eee BIN hath akan aces eee eo ok cE eh a 17.28 14.53 —2.75 ASOD HSprin ee.) aeercciones ace e Sacer OR eee Ee ae oe ents 17.35 | 14.71 —2.64 EVAL dere se UNS Scere ee Pe a eee: 18.11 | 14.68 —3.48 SOL ere DENS. ora th ee eee ca TA cst jae ae ae ee ee 16.20 | 14.00 —1.60 REMI Leen pate igs slates ats age an eee oo rhe 16.00 | 14.23 —1.88 19025 Sorin ewer Ateh. wachle sere acetate eee Lecce eae ene | 16.45 | 15.05 | —1.40 Walls. veAeeaeecetsas eens eee oe ee eee ee 15.97 14.46 | 1.51 PO0S a SDIINS NE dasse note deca e ee ee ee Oe ee eda | 17.20 | 14.74 | —2.46 Dissolved rock: A899 Mi Sppin oe eo leeds vlcike ce staan teed tact eiacatclanclerd stare Baer |: 18.36 | 14.03 | .67 Ata oie eae, eke re ee Me OE Cc eee | 12.64 | 13.18 49 LSOU Sorin eed hte Beate rer cce eee A aiic Sea ee 13.57 | 13.48 —.09 STUN Dy ce Aka eles em ce ee ee Pepe aes 18.96 13.11 =80 ASUL-E Springs. Rosin soa ticc doe eee eee 13.90 | 13.51 —.39 BUA 8. aoe a diseye to ales iejes MOMSEN ae RE NE Sa | 13.18 18.82 .64 AOOQES Prine. oie ohn. desk ool SaaS re cere ara es 13.78 | 13.49 | —.24 ALI 5 fs.2e aeoapaals Sec oeaee toch ee rae ee ee ha 13.54 13.70 | .12 1909 Sprim eh doc swden area e ree einai ec ees | 15.13 13.34 —1.79 Ground bone: | UL U Ua s 10) 2 bo Bao brat acme Sek end rane mebancia oncdar ine AcannqodneeRase } 26.67 28.11 1.44 MAIL ciate hats ave so Sou euntte cocanet haan dae ees Me oe 24.98 27.23 2.25 TOM SDTINE § scemkrraties dcee ccate tases t-nan ee ame tere Neer reer el 28.42 25.91 —3.51 MAL Me seein conte acttn ls cee nate eat ee ee 28.73 26.87 —1:86 AEA TE STS 10) y 60 de arm RM PRA SR GhE ON tGR Fick AGRA Sinner eer Seer ee 27.59 28.71 1.12 WALL cece traces Soe Se eee te eee eee 25.94 27.60 1.75 ASOD Spr eee cos eter eee aie: cr ae ae tr eee ae 28.52 26.80 is ILA crane Meee OPE ian kc eee NRE et ce Le 28.09 27.51 —58 DONS ASTIN Ee ce aciecseesumentetelote ibvetoialetalsiciah es sap wiactterctal cates ie ieetintee 28.67 27.25 —1.42 No. 6. ' DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 895 The schedule of valuation adopted for use this year has given valuations which run below the selling prices in all grades of goods, . although the agreement between the computed value and selling price in case of complete fertilizers is closer than for several sea- sons. Yhe true relation can be ascertained only by taking into ac count the average freight to points of sale from which samples were taken this year. Rock-and-potash selling prices are always high in comparison with those of complete fertilizers and the disparity this spring is greater than for several seasons. The most striking deficiency, in view of those observed in earlier seasons, is that ip dissolved rock goods. It has been thought that a study of the relation existing between the valuations and selling prices of fertilizers offered for sale in different sections of the State might prove of interest as affording an idea of the effect of freight rates in these sections and also the effect of remoteness from manufacturing centers. For this pur- pose the State has been divided into sections as follows: (I) The Southeastern section, bounded on the north by and including the counties of Centre, Snyder, Dauphin, Schuylkill and Northampton, and on the west by Huntingdon and Franklin. (11) The North- eastern. section, bounded on the south as above and on the west by Tioga, Lycoming and Clinton counties. (III) The Southwestern section, bounded on the east as stated and on the north by and including Beaver, Allegheny, Indiana and Clearfield counties. (IV) The Northwestern section, including the remaining counties of the State. The following table shows the average valuation and selling price on all grades of goods in each of these sections: | 4 g é 5 E Ee o) => Oo ° oo z age 6 3 : S s e ae a8 = Esa o> i) o> 4 Oo WD 0 ca) SELON EMD ere cain isis cin'tleleinisiels ~/01c <10is/ols[ela oie els[eis « siele/a{e/ala'e slejoln a(s s)s10 sinip/uialalelnieie(eiein's $22.50 | $22.28 $0.22 Se etilgrie didi nyo clei eiaterate cists eiorm tool (ol olalnsa’alole/ a eiela(elsinie(e clea s\=/enuipinie.maiceiniy sisisicins'e esis 22.93 21.52 1.41 Se CL TNG PED a ee leletetaisin sie oralaiate en nisln(o’eininloln'aie/u nin/n’g wie mia\e njs(0 elvis Sian sieinielsisin s\s/e(eve 22.50 21.09 1.41 SC LIC META VE tiie occ cicieiele e oictelelecicjersisioysiniele wininieicinge we einistevelwimvin(ele sieistelnininie s'eie' e’elnls « 23.65 20.38 3.27 It appears from these figures that in a large portion of the State the agreement between the valuations and selling prices is quite close. It is to be noted, however, that in case of Section IV there is a marked difference. A perfect analysis is impossible without a 896 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. careful study of freight rates to local centers, but the excess of average selling price over average valuation is probably more than increased freight rates can explain. FERTILIZER ANALYSES, AUGUST 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1908. Since August 1, 1903, there have been received from authorized sampling agents nine hundred and twenty-nine fertilizer samples, of which four hundred and sixty-three were subjected to analysis, the remainder being rejected either because they represented brands analyzed last season, or because they were regarded as not certainly representative of the brand whose name they bore. When two or more samples representing the same brand were received, equal portions from the several samples were united and the composite sample was subjected to analysis. . The samples group themselves as follows, 264 complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 11 dissolved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 74 rock-and-potash fer- tilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 60 acidulated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 49 ground bones, fur- nishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 5 miscellaneous fertilizers, which group includes potash salts, nitrate of soda and other sub- stances not properly classified under the foregoing heads. The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2) Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and of the residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By diiference, it is easy to,compute. the so-called “reverted” acid, which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate. The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avail- able” phosphoric acid. (8) Potash soluble in water,—most of that present in green sand marl! and crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—this element is determined by a method which simply accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti- ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 897 ganic matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know- ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva- lent thereto. (6) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi- sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depends very largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant. The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaranties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An unfortunate practice has grown up among manu facturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an amount of a yaluable constituent ranging from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaran- ties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agricul- ture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness. and because no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid have not been given sepa- rately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phos- phoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specific- ally mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the make to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element or in terms of the am- monia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of am- monia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. 57—6—1903 898 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The law of 1901 abolishes this alternative and requires that the guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these tables. A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as follows, excepting the miscellaneous class: Summary of Analyses Made this Season. eee 7 INGMPEr TOL ANALY BOS as wrest sletarelaiteiatcieis oteiclsisiaicieicraivicisie/ ose NIGISEHTOC; DOr ECON emi csicisicivisieieis cieresieiersis teaiditicieisteeiee tices Phosphoric acid: Total) Per CEN... . cas.cicsiaojoclesiaicisiosaclwwiee essences | Soluble; MO cCeNts py ccece sete mace eaaicccis weenie: ROVETCEG | MeELICONE, ican caleisivicicctate cscieisinie wise sretsinteree cle | Insoluble, Sper’ (cent: 5 6.1: ccicemiercisiewieists tacescece en sec POTASH DCL SCCM Gay Maissiocles'c'c Saicisiciviels\eccinectenen clsiseciecicae INLEFOBSM SP PCTICOMC., mciccceialsiem selec eaciecictete sisiciewinters ceisterel| Mechanical analysis of bone: CORTE acces caicccsisine Commercial valuation, Average selling price, Commercial value of samples whose selling price ASPASCErCAIDEO EY (sj dem nciesicca since single colnze oes eerv om eaiine Dissolved bone. eee ee $14.85 | 15.96 | 14.86 | $24.57 23.67 24.57 er ry 2 : No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 899 The only noteworthy departure of valuation from selling price is in the case of dissolved rock. The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composition observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted to two-tenths per cent., or more, were as follows: Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty. | : | | E E 2 tg) | eee g 2 : 2 | : ® |< BS feet ee 4 ° od ° = E % a eee $ ’ 3° 1 i” ° ~“ gt | 16) | A (4 - A 1) Deficient in four constituents, ........... 2 | Deficient in three constituents, 4 2 Deficient in two constituents, .. ac 27 | 5 3 Wehclant In/One Constituent, ..: j.c'sccccscsaccecvecevees 67 | 7 26 9 8 “Total samples in which deficiency occurred, 100 | if | $3 12 a 960 ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The cases of deficiency noted during the past ten seasons in the goods as compared with their guaranties expressed in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows: Percentage of Deficiency, 1899-1903. gilf. e)|. Salve s g || =| [3 | s-| 3 13-| 3.) Sage = a ye ee | ae : a Boil bene to wo | ae é | 86 8 ae eo | eh We f= =a «|S eal i=] Lex} =] La} i= oa w l=} = Lex | Fy a en a a | @ | BE] Be Biel el¢ | | | | { - | Complete fertilizers, .......... ngasnacour 38.4 | 33.7 | 42.0 | 40.8 | 31.6 | 34.6 40.0 | 36.7 | 87.5 | 37.9 DISSOLVE MDOMEN ice reyejelelsiainiseicier-ievaielerete sie cts 50.0 | 14.3 |*50.0 *50.0 7 | 40.0 | *100.0 | 50.0 | 38.3 | 63.6 Rock ‘and! POtaShy Ver ee cain ccleisswessisieleneise 19.1 | 34.2 | 29.2 | 83.3 | 31.7 | 26.2 30.3 | 43.5 | 82.9 | 43.2 WDISSOMUVEGIEROCK W cieerciereisictoisiclateiate arelete stareisieia’e 13.8 | 14.5 5.4 | 19.4 | 22.5 8.2 15.2 8.9 | 23.2 20.0 Chaopbhte(Mtietsn sannercn icaane oo lOre eSB races 18.4 | 25.3 | 36.7 | 11.8 | 34.1 | 18.2 17.2 | 25.9 | 33.3 | All classes except miscellaneous, ....| 30.9 | 29.2 | 35.2 | 34.3 | 30.8 | 27.6 34.2 | 33.2 | 35.1 44.7 *Only two samples analyzed. yOnly one sample analyzed. . - During the past season, the general percentages of deficiency have been high, although as, heretofore, in most samples which are found below guaranty at one point, there is an excess at some other point. Of the 100 samples in which there was deficiency at some point, there were only 21 in which there was not an excess above guaranty at some other point. No. 6. , DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 901 - A comparison of the average composition of all salnples of com- plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past including those of this season follows: Average Composition and Guaranty Compared. & he o Yv | | & ss ~ a | ¢ e | 8 8 % o 3) o nes ae ne | oo vo -o 7o < <4 Fall, 1901. ; | | Phosphoric acid: | motal, Bletetstatalciel=latateis)=intsie‘cfalutec}e(o.slslefeis, «.sintacefoioe (sie sisininelele)sielete tieis.= cicjeistetesteneisterete ereteeeieteite } 11.51 9.82 ANICUIE DISS “Gantings Shoarpacoc dbapaanondoconaenoarenoaccbnerpdoneeana Errnchise oaerosie 10.60 | 8.06 IPOMEIRIS oasGgp 6dubbosa a Cer Us OdUnODREPRMAeCSO CANBECOUG e AoA Abe haart a MEP rE Mi me 2.77 | 2.66 SIS ULO Ss CUIn fas sre soialclelots nlolec sicletetniniaier wicis cisis els c eaisterctereinemeretale Disietetoteteseteve iecetwe\atalatststeisiciststelelens ratte 1.39 1.39 Spring, 1902. Bboephorte acid: } es Nee PICCLUEN Pegs shel ats efersytictsts’s*shetoipicis eu = o = as b= | 2 | 2 | iy & MS & Complete fertilizers: | $905 SLING. les eeesie ere Soggnodentonaedse noseptonodese PBocodcsad noe $23.60 $24.70 $1.10 Mall ele sccinsiestece cee Saqc8esc Diaiateieioleiatn(erateretavars Riciciasteueciaisctr wieveiaiaieletr 22.98 | 23.42 TUT Bese aye” Sh aetodianccmosd s6caqores psietsieletctais erecee a pivise'sle'slalole eicielsieine 25.38 24.61 —.7T UATE Somaesn versie seielelor e's cicie wei eiizicieciueiere restos olersyan' are naacabOsatoS 23.22 | 23.84 62 TIO SDLING eacinesenincicisoclsies celasteas cee SYate winfatele eieie acetate Cisiate,c cre e'anreia! | 23.92 24.76 | 84 ENTIRE eR RR AOTECE in oat pcre canSEeOe ean sere 22.28 | 23.75 1.47 NOU2: # SVAN ors Weise cae sasee islet ciewotlleciicsacrsieraieciioate iste ciclo clones 24.10 | 25.33 1.23 GUUS cizeiw-ataleabeluia: clatetn eiviele'=\s sleisis/ cfs ere elaiere sucalele Qua eluicie isis eles ainisinisis vleie's | 21.83 23.31 1.48 IER iRise tts) Hongda ceuodaoopSAccHansosonacgoDLssodoonocunS Ape anu cCead : 24.57 | 24.15 | — 42 IORI acnonseapcnarecpagooes Bonene Soapecdarecadan ae oie 21.98 22.77 | -19 Dissolved bone: STD MAMI] Soo Wotelsisie/ere'ejelaietatn stele simieietetefere aielwietaleloletsiovete\eleisinveve ate sieteietewiciaie’e seats | 21.75 21.81 06 TEAL EO eteretavo sieiaie siaweiele(orenielciets ayo ealalu/eleterarsislererstvetemrsmie iam oicemocieenias 19.00 21.12 | 2,12 LIOR SDUUNS pheminccecceetsenideuiteisinice onisie tins alee ine eo clewioe wieiele wet mete elete 26.00 30.87 . 4.87 Brees Cae each S Sak 2 eter dain en see Sena ees 2 23.50 22.74 —.76 AGOU STEM Vorcta's o cintare's wiersisiereielcnielolers ticlesela aves wivicvenielevers Gitte elsestelaieietoieietere 23.00 29.00 1.00 VAT Baier ceisiseatetisicis emacs oeileicete Mpiartsstioe sistem nreiein ce eeisiee ceva 23.91 23.36 =. NOOZS) SPVINE asa wsice siecle Biicieicinieleinalelneleishalctictstte vicseiniee sie sicieinmioneleiees 16.50 17.35 85 VENTE ereleivin oe elels)si=iaisiaie's ole aleta’e(siatw iste isiateteictateiateiet=inieicieiate ele aleteieteioreteferatciete 25.30 27.08 538 IIR o WF | Boe so peqasencconcaodd RRR celeste eeicleni cece BSonb0e $1.17 30.87 / —.30 Bra Mean cmon scooter ac eee Brea acta eae eee, 23.67 _ 24.57 8) Rock and potash: =p. ASO9Ns Spring i caine osacis stsiasle s!oleejin = ce clolNeo eisisteisisiiticie siere.s bphoencbeconcs| 16.83 15.16 —1.67 LOR | PORE SOME ESE Si ees as anand Coca Sa a 17.28 14.53 —2.75 POTN a o> ULI Pr ptmeaters wiaterareie eile cictelealerele cistaisrere acatte ers Hooesoooone matoieteeeiteiiste 17.35 14.71 —2.64 18.11 14.63 —3.48 1901, 16.20 14.60 —1.60 16.00 14,23 —1.86 1902, 16.45 15.05 —1.40 15.97 14.46 —1.51 1908, 17.20 14.74 —2.46 f 15.96 14.86 —1.10 Dissolved rock: 1899, Spring, 13.36 14.03 | ri 12.64 13.13 49 1900, 13.57 13.48 —.09 13.96 13.11 —.85 1901, 13.90 13.51 —.39 13.18 13.82 64 1902, 13.78 13.49 —.4 13.54 13.70 12 19038, 15.13 13.34 | —1.79 14.64 13.12 —1.52 Ground 1899, 26.67 28.11 1.44 24.98 27.23 2.25 1900, 28.42 25.91 | —2.51 | 28.73 26 87 | —1.86 1901, 27.59 28.71 | 1.12 | 25.94 27.69 1.75 1902, | 28.52 26 80 | —1.72 28.09 27.51 | —.58 1903, 28.67 27.25 —1.42 27.52 27.07 —.45 It is interesting to observe the fact that, despite the relatively high price of dissolved rock during the season, the selling price of rock-and-potash fertilizers exhibited, during this season, less excess above the commercial valuation than ever before. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURIE 902 LIST OF FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS AND BRANDS OF FERTILIZERS LICENSED FOR SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE YEAR 1903: THE ABBOTT & MARTIN RENDERING CO., No. 232 N. High Street, Co-" lumbus, Ohio. . “Ideal Grain Grower.” . “Peerless Bone and Potash.” “Harvest King.” . “New York Special.” “Tennessee Phosphate.” . “Hercules Phosphate.” . “Universal Fertilizer.” . “Fine Raw Bone Meal.” AHRENS, C. K., Esterley, Pa. 1. “Bone Meal.” ALLEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS, Allegheny, Pa. 1. “Pure Raw Bone Phosphate.” . “Potato Raw Bone Meal.” . “Potato Manure.” . “Banner Phosphate.” . “Dissolved Bone and Potash.” “Odorless Lawn and Garden Plant Food.” . “Full Value Phosphate.” . “Butcher’s Bone Meal.” . “Grain and Grass Phosphate.” 10. “Special Potash Phosphate.”’ 11. “Acid Phosphate.” co Cc m1 OH Ol Be OO bb THE ALLENTOWN MANUFACTURING CO., Allentown, Pa. 1. “High Grade Truck and Garden Phosphate.”’ 2. “High Grade Potato Phosphate.” . “Complete Bone Phosphate.” . “Special $25.00 Phosphate.” “Phosphate and Potash.” - “Pure Ground Bone.” “Acidulated Phosphate.” . “Economical Phosphate.” . “Pure Bone and Meat Fertilizer.”’ THE ALLIANCE FERTILIZER CO., Alliance, Ohio. 1. “Button Bone Special.” 2. “Button Bone.” 904 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. AMERICAN REDUCTION CO., No. 1942 Forbes’ Street, Pittsburg, Pa. Om ow rr THE ro oS THE 1 2 3. 4 5 6 THE wCaNA NP wh PE ee ee a THE oe wh . “Pittsburg Guano.” Iron City. “Common Sense.” . “Vegetable Manure.’ . “Fine Ground Bone.” AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CoO., No. 326 Broadway, New York, IN. ¥. . “Pure Ground Bone.” . “Fine Ground Bone.” “Muriate of Potash.” “Genuine German Kainit.” . “Dissolved Animal Bone.” “Gem Alkaline Phosphate.” “Grove’s Standard.” . “Big Crop Phosphate.” . “Special Potash Manure.” . “High Grade Bone and Potash.” A. A. C. CO., BRADLEY’S BRANCH, P. O. Box 217, New York, N. Y. “Bradley’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Bradley’s Bean and Potato Phosphate.” “Bradley’s Soluble Dissolved Bone.’’ . “Bradley’s Niagara Phosphate.”’ . “Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash.” . “Bradley’s B. D. Sea Fow! Guano.” A. A. C. CO., CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, P. O. Box 407, Baltimore, Md. . “Canton-Chemical C. C. C. Special Compound.”’ “Cantcn-Chemical Baker’s Standard H. G. Guano.” . “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Fish Guano.” . “Canton-Chemical Potato Manure.” . “Canton-Chemical Resurgam Guano.” . “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Special Wheat, Corn and Grass Mixture.”’ . “Canton-Chemical Harrow Brand Crop Grower.” . “Canton-Chemical Eagle Phosphate.” . “Canton-Chemical Soluble Aikaline Bone.” . “Canton-Chemical Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” . “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Dissolved S. C. Bone.” A. A. C. CO., CHICOPEE GUANO BRANCH, No. 88 Wall Street, New VOTE EINE Yi. . “Chicopee Farmers’ Reliable.” . “Chicopee Standard Guano.” A. A. C. CO., CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, P. O. Box 1779, New York, ING WG “Clark’s Cove Atlas Bone Phosphate.” “Clark’s Cove Triumph Bone and Potash.” “Clark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure.”’ . “Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano.” . “Clark’s Cove Potato and Hop Grower.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 905 THE A. A. C. CO., CROCKER BRANCH, Buffalo, N. Y. . “Crocker’s General Crop Grower.” . “Crocker’s Universal Grain Grower.” “Crocker’s Complete Manure.” . “Crocker’s New Rival Fertilizer.”’ “Crocker’s Wheat and Corn Fertilizer.” “Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer.” “Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Crocker’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . ““Crocker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” THE A. A. C. CO., CUMBERLAND BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New ViOnK NG ve . “Cumberland Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” “Cumberland Bone and Potash.” “Cumberland Hawkeye Fertilizer.” . “Cumberland Guano.” . “Cumberland Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.” THE A. A. GC. CO., DETRICK BRANCH, No. 26 Chamber of Commerce, Balti- more, Md. 1. ‘“Detrick’s Quickstep Bone Phosphate for Potatoes and Tobacco.” 2. “Detrick’s Kangaroo Komplete Kompound. 3. “Detrick’s Royal Crop Grower.” 4. “Detrick’s Standard Potash Fertilizer.” 5. “Detrick’s Corn and Oats Fertilizer.” 6. “Detrick’s Imperial Compound.” 7. “Detrick’s Paragon Ammoniated Bone Phosphate and Potash.” 8. “Detrick’s P. & B. Special Fertilizer.” : i. 9. “Deirick’s Bone and Potash (16x4) Mixture.” 10. “Detrick’s Soluble Bone Phcsphate and Potash.” 11. “Detrick’s Dissolved S. C. Bone.” 12. “Orchilla Guano.” THE A. A. C. CO., GREAT EASTERN BRANCH, Rutland, Vt. 1. “Great Eastern Northern Corn Special.” 2. “Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco.” 3. “Great Eastern Wheat Special.” 4. “Great Eastern General.” 5. “Great Eastern English Wheat Grower.” 6. “Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash.” 7. “Great Eastern Dissolved Bone.” 8. “Great Eastern Unammoniated Wheat Special.” 9. “Great Eastern High Grade Cabbage Grower.” THE A. A. C. CO., LAZARETTO GUANO BRANCH, Merchant’s Bank Building, Baitimore, Md. . “Lazaretto Crop Grower.” . “Lazareitto Bone Compound.” . “Lazaretto Special Potato Fertilizer.” ; “Lazaretto Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” . “Lazaretto Excelsior A. A. A. 58 oR wD eR 906 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 6. ““‘Lazaretto Dissolved Bone and Potash.” 7. “Lazaretto Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” 8. “Lazaretto H. G. Dissolved Bone and Potash.” THE A. A. C. CO., MARYLAND BRANCH, No. 30 S. Holliday Street, Baltimore, — Md. : . “Maryland Ammoniated Bone.” > . “Maryland O. K. Ammoniated Fertilizer.” . “Maryland Alkaline Bone.” . “Maryland Linden Super-Phosphate.” . “Maryland Bono Super-Phosphate.” . “Maryland Dissolved 8. C. Phosphate.” . “Maryland Compound for Potatoes and Tobacco.” “1 Of Rm OH DD THE A. A. C. Co., MICHIGAN CARBON WORKS BRANCH, Detroit, Mich. . “Red Line Phosphate.” “Red Line Phosphate with Potash.” “Red Line Complete Manure.” . “General Crop Fertilizer.”’ . “Homestead “A”? Bone Black Fertilizer.” Oe wn THE A. A. C. CO., MILSOM BRANCH, East Buffalo, N. Y. 1. “Milsom’s Erie King Fertilizer.” 2. “Milsom’s Wheat, Oats and Barley Fertilizer.” . ‘“Milsom’s Buffalo Guano.” . “Milsom’s Buffalo Fertilizer.” . “Milsom’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer.” “Milsom’s Corn Fertilizer.” . “Milsom’s Vegetable Bone Fertilizer.” . “Milsom’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Milsom’s Acid Phosphate.” 10. “Milsom’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” WOO oe w THE A. A. C. CO., MORO-PHILLIPS BRANCH, No. 708 The Bourse, Phila delphia, Pa. . “Moro-Phillips Pure Phuine.”’ “Moro-Phillips Soluble Bone Phosphate.” “Moro-Phillips Wheat Special.” “Moro-Phillips Farmers’ Phosphate.” “Moro-Phillips Farmers’ Potato Mixture.” “Moro-Phillips Alkaline Bone Phosphate.”’ “Moro-Phillips Special Fertilizer.” “Moro-Phillips C. & G. Complete Fertilizer.” . “Moro-Phillips Standard Guano.” CP ONAMP wp THE A. A. C. CO., NIAGARA BRANCH, P. O. Box 189, Buffalo, N. Y. 1. “Niagara Grain and Grass Grower.” 2. “Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.” 3. “Niagara Dissolved Bone and Potash.” 4. “Niagara Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” » Ade DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 907 THE A. A. C. CO., PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, P. O. Box 2360, New York, N. Y. om OD = . “Pacific Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” . “Pacific Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Pacific A. No. 1 Phosphate.” . “Pacific Nobsque Guano.” . “Pacific Potato Phosphate.” THE A. A. C. CO., PACKERS UNION BRANCH, Rutland, Vt. . “Packers Union Gardeners’ Complete Manure.” . “Packers Union Animal Corn Fertilizer.” . “Packers Union Potato Manure.” . “Packers Union Universal Fertilizer.” .“Packers Union American Wheat and Rye Grower.” . “Packers Union Banner Wheat Grower.” . “Packers Union Acidulated Bone.” . “Packers Union Wheat, Oats and Clover.” THE A. A. C. CO., QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New York, wm CO bo he Nee. . “Quinnipiac Soluble Dissolved Bone.” . “Quinnipiac Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Quinnipiac Mohawk Fertilizer.” . “Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate.” THE A. A. C. CO., READ BRANCH, No. 88 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. il 2. 3 4 . “Read’s Standard Super-Phosphate.” ‘“Read’s Leader Blood and Bone.” . “Read’s Farmers’ Friend Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Read’s Acid Phosphate (14 Per Cent.)”’ . “Read’s Bone and Potash.” . “Read’s Dissolved Bone.” THE A. A. C. Co., REESE BRANCH, Equitable Building, Baltimore, Md. . “Reese’s Standard.” 2. “Reese’s Potato Phosphate.” . “Reese’s Mayflower.” . ‘“Reese’s Potato Manure.” . “Reese’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate Mixture.’ ‘“Reese’s Harvest Queen.” ; “Reese’s Pilgrim Fertilizer.” . “Reese’s Challenge Crop Grower.” . “Reese’s Half and Half.” . “Reese’s High Grade Potash Mixture, 12x5.” . “Reese’s Crown Phosphate and Potash.” . “Reese’s Grass and Grain.” . “Reese’s Wheat Special.” . “Reese’s Dissolved Phosphate of Lime.” . “Reese’s Elm Phosphate.” 908 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. THE A. A. C. CO., SHARPLESS & CARPENTER BRANCH, No. 124 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Sharpless & Carpenter Corn and Truck Guano.” 2. “Sharpless & Carpenter Gilt Edge Potato and Tobacco Manure.” 3. “Sharpless & Carpenter No. 1 Bone Phosphate.” 4. “Sharpless & Carpenter Royal Spring Mixture.” 5. “Sharpless & Carpenter Soluble Bone and Potash.” ’ 6. “Sharpless & Carpenter Farmers’ Bone Phosphate.” 7. “Sharpless & Carpenter Dis. Bone Phos. for Potatoes and General Use.”’ 8. “Sharpless & Carpenter No. 2 for Grain and Grass.” 7 9. “Sharpless & Carpenter Soluble Tampico Guano.” 10. “Sharpless & Carpenter Acid Phosphate.” THE A. A. C. CO., STANDARD BRANCH, No. 40 Exchange Place, New York, IN; YS . ‘Standard Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” . “Standard Bone and Potash.” . “Standard “A” Fertilizer.” . “Standard Guano.” hm CoO DD THE A. A. C. CO., SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, Cor. South and Water Streets, Baltimore, Md. . “Susquehanna Potato Phosphate.” . “Susquehanna Pure Bone Phosphate.” “Susquehanna Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”’ “Susquehanna XXV Phosphate.” . “Susquehanna Crop Grower.” “Susquehanna High Grade Bone and Potash.” . “Susquehanna Alkaline Bone Phosphate.” . “Susquehanna Superior Rock Phosphate.” 9. “Susquehanna Soluble Bone Phosphate.” 10. “Susquehanna Grain and Grass Grower.” . AARNE WD e THE A. A. C. CO., TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, No. 708 The Bourse, Phila- delphia, Pa. . “Tygert-Allen Star Guano.” . “Tygert-Allen Star Potato Grower.” “Tygert-Allen Star Dissolved Bone Phosphate,”’ “Tyeert-Allen Star Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Tygert-Allen Star Bone Phosphate.”’ . “Tygert-Allen Standard Bone Phosphate.” . . “Howitz’s Acid Phosphate.” . “Allen’s Popular Phosphate.” . “Allen’s Special Brand Potato Manure.” . “Allen’s Special for Wheat and Grass.” . “Allen’s Nitro-Phosphate.”’ . “Allen’s Alkaline Bone Phosphate.” : 18. ‘““Yearsley’s Philadelphia Standard Phosphate.” aor me oO THE A. A. C. CO., M. E. WHEELER & CO. BRANCH, Ruiland, Vt. 1. “Wheeler’s Corn Fertilizer.” 2. ““Wheeler’s Potato Manure.” No. Gre DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . “Wheeler’s Superior Truck.” “Wheeler’s Royal Wheat Grower.” “Wheeler’s Wheat and Clover Fertilizer.” . “Wheeler’s Electrical Dissolved Bone.” . “Wheeler’s Unammoniated Wheat Grower.” 909 THE A. A. C. CO., WILLIAMS &*CLARK BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New York, N. Y. . “Williams & Clark Acorn Acid Phosphate.” . “Williams & Clark Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Williams & Clark Prolific Fertilizer.” “Williams & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate.” . “Williams & Clark Americus High Grade Special.” . “Williams & Clark Americus Universal Ammoniated Dis. Bone.” . “Williams & Clark Good Grower Potato Phosphate.” THE A. A. C. CO., ZELL GUANO BRANCH, No. 32 South Street, Baltimore, Md. . “Zell’s Special Compound for Potatoes and Vegetables.” . “Zell’s Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Zell’s Hustler Phosphate.” “Zell’s Economizer Phosphate.” . “Zell’s Little Giant.” “Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash.” . “Zell’s Electric Phosphate.”’ . “Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” ANSTINE, A., Stewartstown, Pa. 1. “Bone Phosphate.” THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, No. 205 LaSalle Street, Chicago, Ni. . “Bone Meal.” 2. “Raw Bone Meal.” lle 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. . “Phosphate and Potash.” “Wheat, Corn and Oats Special.” “Ammoniated Bone and Potash.” “Ryuit and Root Crop Special.” . “All Soluble.” . “Bone, Blood and Potash.” . “Armour’s Royal Amm. Bone.” . “High Grade Potato.” “Grain Grower.” “Star Phosphate.” “Cereal Phosphate.” “Phosphate and Potash No. 2.” “Aymour’s Wheat Special.” > “Special Mixture.” AUCKHR, R. S., Shamokin, Pa. 1. “Pure Bone Meal.” 2. “Bone Meal with Potash.” 3. “High Grade Bone and S. H. Phosphate.” 910 ANNUAL REPORT OF. THE Off. Doe. . “Grade A. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.” “Grade B. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.” . “Grade D. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.” . “Grade E. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.” . “Economy Potash Phosphate.” . “High Grade Potash.” DOONAN & BALTIMORE FERTILIZER COMPANY, 206 Spear’s Wharf, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Success.” 2. “King of the Harvest.” 3. “Homestead.” 4. “Old Honesty.” 5. “Soluble Bone and Potash.” 6. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.” BALTIMORE PULVERIZING COMPANY, Nos. 13 and 15 North Street, Balti- more, Md. . “Penniman’s Excelsior Fertilizer.” . “Special Spring and Fall Mixture.”’ . “Penniman’s Special Guano No. 1.” . “South Carolina Bone Phosphate.” . “High Grade Wheat Compound.” oR co le BARTENSCHLAGHR, J. H., Stewartstown, Pa. 1. “Bartenschlager’s Champion Bone Mixture.” BAUGH & SONS COMPANY, No. 20 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Baugh’s Raw Bone Meal, Warranted Pure.” 2. “Baugh’s Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.” 3. “Export Bone with Potash.” 4. “Baugh’s Animal Bone and Potash—Compound for all Crops.” 5. “Baugh’s Double Eagle $25.00 Phosphate.” 6. “Baugh’s General Crop Grower—For all Crops.” 7. “Baugh’s Soluble Alkaline Super-Phosphate.” 8. “Bangh’s Wheat Fertilizer—For Wheat and Grass.” 9. ‘“Baugh’s Potato Fertilizer.” 10. “Baugh’s Corn Fertilizer—For Sugar Corn and Garden Truck.” 11. “The Wrapper Leaf Brand—A Special Manure for Seed Leaf Tobacco. 12. ‘““Baugh’s Special Potato Manure.” 13. “Baugh’s High Grade Acid Phosphate.” 14. “Baugh’s Ammoniated Soluble Aikaline.” 15. “High Grade Vegetable Guano.” 16. “Complete Animai Bone Fertilizer.” 17. “Excelsior Super-Phosphate.” 18. “Genuine Lobas Peruvian Guano.”’ ” BAUGHMAN, WILLIAM F., Rinely, Pa. 1, “Potato and Tobacco Special.” 2. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” 3. “Harvest Queen Phosphate.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 91) BAXTER, H. V., Chester, Pa. 1. ‘“‘Pure Ground Bone.” 2. “IXL Phosphate.” BEARD, A. H., & SON, Reading, Pa. eae. A. Brand.” BERG COMPANY, THE, Port Richmond, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. ““Berg’s Special Potato Guano.” . “Berg’s Lymph Guano for all Crops.” . “Berg’s $35.00 Potato Manure.” “Bereg’s Standard Bone Manure.” “Berg’s Pure Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Berg’s Pure Raw Bone, Fine.” . “Berg’s Special $25.00 Bone Manure.” AD Te w& PbO BERGER BROTHERS, Easton, Pa. 1. “Berger Bros., H. G. Acid Phosphate.” 2. “Peerless.” 3. “Wheat and Grass Special.” . “Lehigh Superior Phosphate.” . “Potato and Truck Special.” Ol BIRELY, A. D. & SONS, Ladiesburg, Md. 1. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” 2. “Special Mixture for Wheat and Grass.” 3. “Dissolved Animal Bone and Potash.” BLAKER, A. H., & Co.,. Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Biaker’s Acid Phosphate.” 2. “Blaker’s General Use.” 3. “Blaker’s Potato.” 4, “Blaker’s Wheat and Corn.” BONDAY, JAMES, JR., & CO., No. 302 Merchants’ Bank Building, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Sulphate of Potash.” 2. “Muriate of Potash.” 3. “German Kainit—Old Reliable Brand.” : BOWKER FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, No. 43 Chatham Street, Boston, Mass. . “Stockbridge Potato and Vegetable Manure.” . “Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate.” “Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate.” “Bowker’s Ammoniated O. I. O.” . “Bowker’s Super-Phosphate and Potash.” . “Bowker’s Apex Phosphate.” . “Bowker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” 912 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. 8. “Bowker’s 6 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer.” 9. “Bowker’s Potash Bone.” 10. ““Bowker’s Empire State Bone and Potash.” 11. “Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate.” 12. “Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.” 13. “Bowker’s Wheat Grower.” 14. “Bowker’s Market Garden.”’ 15. ““Bone Meal.” 16. “Soluble Bone.” 17. “Corn and Grain Grower.”’ 18. ““Market Bone.”’ BRADLEY & GREEN FERTILIZER CO., Ninth Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. . “Potato Guano No. 1.” “Harvest Home.” “High Grade Acid Phosphate.” . “Popular Phosphate—Special for Wheat.” . “Standard Bone Phosphate—For Corn, Wheat and Peas.”’ oF Wh Ke BRILLINGER, HORACH, Emigsviile, Pa. 1. “Brillinger’s Special Wheat, Corn and Grass Mixture.” 2. “Standard High Grade Phosphate.” BRODBECK, S. M., Brodbecks, Pa. 1. “Standard.” 2. “Reliable.” 3. “Alkaline.” 4. “Ruth Dissolved Bone.” BROWN, WILLIAM, No. 18. Front Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Grain and Grass Manure.” 2. “Cereal Bone Phosphate.” BROWN, J. W., Tilden, York County, Pa. 1. “No. 7 Compound Fertilizer.” 2. “Animal Bone Fertilizer.” BRUBACHER, ELIAS S., Millbach, Pa. 1. ““‘Wheat and Grass Special.” BUCYRUS FERTILIZER CO., THE, Bucyrus, O. 1. “Buckeye Wheat Grower.”’ CAMBRIA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Johnstown, Pa. ate “Pure Fine Ground Bone Dust.” . “Lion Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” . “Standard Phosphate.” . “Corn and Potato Manure.” “B. & B. Phosphate.” or em w po CARROLL, G. & W. H., Plymouth Meeting, Pa. 1. “C. Prepared Lime and Potash.”’ No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CHICAGO FERTILIZER CO., THE, Security Building, Chicago, 111, . “No. 1 Acid Phosphate.” . “Bone, Blood and Potash.” . “Potash Special.” “Corn and Wheat Special.” “Diamond Phosphate.” . “Calumet Phosphate.” “Western Bone Black and Potash.” . “New York Leader.” “ . “Chicago Raw Bone.” i (2 OO ID OP oo LO CINCINNATI PHOSPHATE CoO., THE, Cincinnati. O. 1. “Capitol Wheat Grower.” 2. “Capitol Dissolved Bone and Potash.” 3. “Capitol Tobacco Food.” 4. “Capitol Complete Fertilizer.” 5. “Alkaline Bone.” COE COMPANY, E. FRANK, No. 133 Front Street, New York, N. Y. “High Grade Soluble Bone.” “XXV Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Prize Brand Grain Fertilizer.” . “Special Dissolved—Bone and Potash.”’ . “High Grade Acid Phosphate.” . “Pennsyivania Grain Special.” . “Columbian Corn Fertilizer.” . “Columbian Potato Fertilizer.” . “XXX Acid Phosphate.” CONTINENTAL COMMERCIAL CO., 33 S. Holliday Street, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Special Potato and Tomato Phosphate.” 2. “Standard Dissolved Bone.” 3. “Ammoniated Bone.” 4. “Potashed Bone.” 5. “High Grade Soluble Phosphate.” COPE, HENRY, & COMPANY, Lincoln University, Pa. 1. “Acid Phosphate.” 2. “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” “Pure Bone Phosphate.” “Potato and Corn Phosphate.”’ . “Dead Shot Phosphate.” . “Pure Ground Bone.” . “Queen of Elk Valley.” . “Wheat Grower and Complete Manure.” 10. “High Grade Soluble Bone and Potash.” OO WD OP ww COPE, JOSIAH, & COMPANY, Lincoln University, Pa. 1. “Pure Bone Phosphate.” 2. “Try Me Bone Phosphate.” 58—6—1905 914 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” . “Wheat and Grass Special.” “Potato and Tobacco Phosphate.” . “Acidulated Phosphate.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Steamed Bone.” . “Ground Raw Bone.” 10. ““High-Grade Soluble Bone and Potash.” CORSON, G. & W. H., Plymouth Meeting, Pa. 1. “‘Corson’s Prepared Lime and Potash.” CRONISTER, W. M., Philipsburg, Pa. 1. “‘Cronister’s Ammoniated Bone Fertilizer.” DARLING & CO., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. . “Darling’s Farmer’s Favorite Brand.” . “Darling’s Sure Wianer Brand.” . “Darling’s Chicago Brand.” “Darling’s Western Brand.” . “Darling’s General Crop Brand.” . “Darling’s Pure Ground Bone.” . “Darling’s Two and Twenty Bone.” . “Darling’s H. G. Acid Phosphate.” . “Darling’s Ground Raw Bone.” © CO s3 & OF Rm & PD Pr DARON, E., Dover, Pa. 1. “Daron’s Harvest King Bone Phosphate.” DICKEY, J. SCOTT, No. 630 Prince Street Lancaster, Pa. 1. ‘“Dickey’s Tobacco Stem Fertilizer.” 2. “Dickey’s Wheat Brand.” DOWNWARD & COMPANY, JAMES G., Coatesville, Pa. 1. ““Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” 2. “Soluble Bone and Potash.” 3. “Special Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.” 4, “High Grade Acid Phosphate.” ®. “Royal Bone Phosphate.” 6. “Special Potato Phosphate.”’ 7. “Special Corn Manure.” 8. “Pure Ground Raw Bone.” 9. “Pioneer Raw Bone Phosphate.” 10. “Special Mixture.” Ff 11. “Special Bone Fertilizer.” DUNGAN, WALLACE, Doylestown, Pa. 1. ‘“Pebel Hill Home-Made Animal Bone Mixture.” 2. “Bone Flour.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 91h EBY, AMOS, Lehman Place, Pa a 1. “Pequea Bone.”’ 2. “Pequea Economy.” 3. “Pequea Ammoniated.” 4. “Pequea Bone for Potatoes.”’ 6. “Farmers’ Mixture.” EUREKA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Perryville, Md. 1. “Farmers’ Favorite Bone Phosphate.” 2. “Standard Bone Phosphate.” 8. “Grain and Grass Mixture.” 4. “Corn and Potato Special.” 5. “P. & P. Super-Phosphate.” 6. “Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer.” 7. “Fish, Rock and Potash.” 8. ‘Alkaline Bone and Potash.” 9. “Ground Bone.” 10. “Eureka Complete Compound.” 11. “Eureka Wrapper Leaf.” i2. “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.” 13. “Bailey’s Special Mixture.” 14. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.” EWING, WASHINGTON, Landenberg, Pa. i. “Pure Raw Ground Bone.” 2. “Eclipse Raw Bone.” 3. “Waste Land Potato Phosphaie.” FAIRLAMB, R. C., & SONS, Brandywine Summit, Pa. ‘1. “Potato Special.” 2. “Corn Special.” FARMERY’ FERTILIZER COMPANY, Westminster, Md. 1. “No. 3 Bone Phosphate.” . “XX Bone Phosphate.” . “Carroll Bone Phosphate.” . “P. A. & P. Phosphate.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “No. 1 Bone Phosphate.” Oo Ol m W db FARMER, W. S., & CO., No. 21 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Mad. 1. “Standard Phosphate.” 2. “Harvest Queen Phosphate. 3. “Clyde Brand Phosphaie.” 4. “B. & P. Phosphate.” 5. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.” ” FRETZ, MAHLON, Sellersville, Pa. 1. “Fretz’s Standard Phosphate.” GAWTHROP, JOSEPH R., Kennett Square, Pa. 1. “Fine Ground Raw Bone Meal.” 916 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 2. “Champion Bone Fertilizer for Wheat and Grass.” 3. “Complete Ammoniated Bone Phos. for Corn, Oats, Potatoes and Wheat.” 4. “Acid Phosphate Rock.” . GLICK, I. N., R. F. D. No. 6, Lancaster, Pa. 1. “Glick’s Up-to-Date Grain and Grass Grower.” 2. “Glick’s Up-to-Date Vegetable and Tobacco Compounds.” GOODLEY & CO., CHAS. P., Brandywine Summit, Pa. 1. “Fish, Potash and Animal Bone Phosphate.” GRIFFITH & BOYD, No. 9 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Cereal Bone Plant Food.” 2. “Valley Fertilizer.” 3. “Peerless Fertilizer.” 4. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.” 5. “Harvest Queen Fertilizer.” 6. “XX Potash Manure.” 7. “Original Super-Phosphate.” 8. “Farmers’ Potato Manure.” 9. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”’ 10. “farmers’ Improved Phosphate.” 11. “Spring Crop Grower.” 12. “Fish, Bone and Potash.” 13. “Special Grain Grower.” 14. “Royal Potash Guano.” 15. “Stable Manure Substitute.” 16. “Soft Ground Bone Meal.” 17. “Special Guano.” HAGER, H. F., Quakertown, Pa. 1. “Hager’s Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’ 2. ‘Panic Phosphate.” 3. “Farmers’ Favorite Phosphate.” HANOVER FERTILIZER COMPANY, N. E. Cor. Gay and Lombard Streets, Baltimore, Md. . “Dissolved S. C. Rock.” “Royal Bone and Potash.” “Farmers’ Crop Winner.” “Blood and Bone Compound.” “Excelsior Combine.” “Klondike Special.” “Pure Bone Meal.” . “High Grade Bone and Potash.” . “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” CHAM TP WN HARDY PACKING COMPANY, THE, No. 189 Madison Street, Chicago, Ill. 1. “‘“Hardy’s Crop Producer.” 2. “Hardy’s Tankage, Bone and Potash.” 3. ‘“Hardy’s Potash Fertilizer.” 4. ““Hardy’s Fort Dearborn Phosphate.” No. 5. 6. Ue 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. “Hardy’s Security Phosphate.” “Hardy’s Corn and Wheat Grower.” “Hardy’s Imperial.” “Packers Raw Bone.” HARTRANFT, FRANK, Coatesville, Pa. als 2. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” 3. “Potato Phosphate.” 4, 5 6 tf “Ground Bone.” “Special Phosphate.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “Cook’s Bone Phosphate.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” HASTINGS, WILLIAM §&., & SON, Atglen, Pa. ule 2. “Clear Acid Phosphate.” “Soluble Bone and Potash.” 917 HESS, S. M., & BRO., S. E. Cor. Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. HEWETT FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, Scranton, Pa. i “Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”’ il 2. “Keystone Bone Phosphate.” 3. “Wheat and Grass Manure.” 4, “Emperor Phosphate.” By, 6 7 8 “Potato and Truck Manure.” . “Ground Bone.” . “Special Compound.” . “Special Corn Manure.” . “Special Potato Manure.” . “Soluble Bone.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” 2. “Acid Phosphate.” . “Wish and Pctash Manure.” . “The Scientific Manure.” . “Tobacco Manure.” “Pure Ground Bone.” HOFFMAN, P., & BRO., Raubsville, Pa. ie 2. “Potato Phosphate.” “King Phosphate.” HUBBARD, M. P., & COMPANY, No. 612 Equitable Building, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Celebrated Dissolved Bone Phosphate for Generali Use.” 2. “Farmers’ Acme.” 3. ‘Warmers’ Cld Economy.” 4, 5 6 7 “H. S. Soluble S. C. Phosphate.” . “Hubbard’s Harvest King.” . “Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Steininger Bro’s Gem Phosphate.” 918 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. HUBBARD FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, No. 708 Merchants’ Bank Building, Baltimore, Md. . “Hubbard’s Standard Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Hubbarad’s Royal Ensign—For Early Market Vegetables ”’ “Hubbard’s Farmers’ IXL Super-Phosphate.” “Hubbard’s Wheat Grower’s Jewel.” “Hubbard’s Oriental Phosphate.” . “Hubbard’s Columbia Gem Phosphate.” . “Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Hubbard’s High Grade Soluble Tennessee Phosphate.” . “Hubbard’s Climax Bone Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Hubbard’s Crescent Soluble Crop Producer.” 2 9 Tm Tm go ar f—] INDEX COMPANY, THE, No. 426 N. Third Street, Philadelphia, Pa. i. “Radix Fertilizer.” . “Index Bone Phosphate.” . “Index Ground Bone.” . “Index Bone Meal.” “Index Bone Fiour.” “Spiro Bone Meal.” . “Michell’s Bone Phosphate.” . “Michell’s Pure Bone Meal.” INTERNATICNAL SEED COMPANY, Rochester, N. Y. 1. “International Grain and Grass Fertilizer.” 2. “International Potato’'and Truck Manure.” 8. “International A 1 Special Manure.” JARECKI COMMERCIAL COMPANY, Sandusky, Obio. . “Lake Erie Fish Guano.” . “Fish and Potash Grain Special.” . “Number One Fish Guano.” “C. O. D. Phosphate.” “Pure Ground Bone.” . “Dissolyed Bone Black Wheat Special.” “Bish and Potash Potato and Tobacco Foad.” “OQ. K. Fertilizer.” . “Dissolved Bone with Potash.” . “Square Brand Phosphate and Potash.” GHOAAM S wwe JONES, W. C., SONS, Doe Run, Pa. 1. “High Grade Dissolved S. C. Rock.” 2. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” JOYNT, JOHN J., Lucknow, Ontario, Canada. 1. “Canada Hardwood Ashes (Joynt Brand).” KENDERDINE, T. 8., & SONS, Newtown, Pa. 1. “Kenderdine’s Potato Phosphate.” 2. “Kenderdine’s Bone Phosphate.” 3. “Kenderdine’s A. Phosphate.” No. KEYSTONE FERTILIZER COMPANY, NADP wd DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Penna. . “Fish, Blood and Bone Guano.” . “Fox Brand Guano.” “Old Pennsylvania Compound.” . “All Crop Guano.” . “Tip Top Brand.” . “Rock Potash.” . “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” KUHNS, DAVID, Lehighton, Pa. 1. “Pure Ground Bone Meal.” KURTZ, D. S., New Holland, Pa. 1. “Conestoga Regulator.” 2. “Conestoga Fancy.” LACKAWANNA FERTILIZER & CHEMICAL CO., Moosic, Pa. . “Moosic Phosphate.” . “Special Manure.” . “Our Admiral.” — _ “Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Alkailine Bone.” “Warranted Pure Ground Bone.” “Acid Phosphate.” p ebig yield. . “Wyoming Guano.” . “Kali Chief.” LANCASTER CHEMICAL COMPANY, Lancaster, Pa. — 2 90 I OV ym Go pO . “Tobacco and Vegetable.” . “Dewey Brand.” . “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone and Potash.” “Rising Sun Animal Bone.” “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.”’ “Elag Brand.” “Hard Times Fertilizer.” “Heconomist Fertilizer.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “Keystone Brand.” . “Alkaline Bone.” . “Bone Meal” . “Special Potash Manure.” . “Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.” . “General Crop Special.” LEIB, J. C., & CC., Stewartstown, Pa. 1. “Gemmill’s Mixture.” LETHERBURY, D. A., Chester, Pa. 1. “Chester Brand Bone Phosphate.” 91% No. 405 Drexel Building, Philadelphia, 920 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. LEVAN, DANIEL, Lebanon, Pa. 1. “Wheat and Grass Special.” 2. “Keystone Bone Fertilizer.” . “Bone and Potash Compound.” . “Special Corn Fertilizer.” “Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.”’ . “Lebanon Special Fertilizer.” . “General Crop Grower.” mS Ol me co LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, Newark, N. J. 1. “Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash.” . “Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash No. 2.” . “Lister’s Corn and Potato Fertilizer.” . “Lister’s Success Feftilizer.” “Lister’s Standard Pure Bone Super-Phosphate of Lime.” “Lister’s Corn and Potato Fertilizer No. 2.” “Lister’s Special Corn Fertilizer.” . “Lister’s Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer.” . “Lister’s “G’”’ Brand.” . “Lister’s Special Crop Producer.”’ . “Lister’s Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” . “Lister’s Harvest Queen Phosphate.” . “Lister’s Potato Manure.” . “Lister’s U. S. Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Lister’s Alkaline Bone.” . “Lister’s Special Fertilizer for Wheat and Rye.” . “Lister’s Celebrated Ground Bone Acidulated.”’ . “Lister’s Pure Raw Bone Meal.” BCantna ne w pp a a DHAAMNHRWNOH OS McCALMONT & CO., Bellefonte, Pa. i. “McCalmont & Co’s $25.00 Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.” MAPES FORMULA AND PERUVIAN GUANO CO., No. 143 Liberty Street, New Works Newye 1. “Mapes Potato Manure.” 2. “Mapes Tobacco Starter Improved.” 3. “Mapes Tobacco Manure (Wrapper Brand).” 4. “Mapes Fruit and Vine Manure.” : 5. “Mapes Vegetable Manure or Complete Manure for Light Soils.” 6. “Mapes Average Soil Complete Manure.” 7. “Mapes Economical Potato Manure.”’ 8. “Mapes Caulifiower and Cabbage.” 9. “Mapes Corn Manure.” 10. ““Mapes Complete Manure, “A” Brand.” 11. “Mapes Complete Manure for General Use.” 12. “Mapes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone with Potash.” 13. “Mapes Cereal Brand.” 14. “Mapes Grain Brand.” 15. ‘Mapes General Crop Brand.” 16. “Mapes Top Dresser Improved—Half Strength.” MARKEL, NOAH, Seitzland, Pa. 1. ‘“Markel’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” No. 2. 3. 4. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. “Markel’s Potato Grower.” “Markel’s Electric Phosphate.” “Markel’s Special Phosphate.” MARTIN CoO., THE D. B., 1204 Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pa. if 2. “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.” 3. “Ground Bone.” 4. “Gilt Edge Potato Manure.” 5. 6 tf 8 9 “Claremont Dissolved Bone and Potash.” “Corn and Oats Special.” . “Organic Compound.” . “Extra Animal Bone and Potash.”’ » Crop. Producer.” . “Martin’s Sure Grower.” 10. inks “Martin’s Complete Vegetable Manure.” “Acid Phosphate.” MEHRING, FREDERICK, Bruceville, Pa. ile 2. 3. 4. MILLER FERTILIZER COMPANY, No. 411 E. Pratt Street, ef o “Dissolved Raw Bone.” “Twenty-Six Dollar Phosphate.” “General Crop Grower.” “Acid Phosphate.” . “Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.” . “Harvest Queen.” . “Special Potato.” . “Hustler Phosphate.” “WwW. G. Phosphate.” . “Standard Phosphate.” . “Clinch Phosphate.” “South Carolina Rock.” “W. & A. Tiger Bone Stock.” . “Ground Bone.” Baltimore, Md. MORTIMER, EDMUND, & CO., No. 13 William Street, New York, N. yee i “Genuine Peruvian Guano.’’ MOWREY-LATSHAW HARDWARE CO., THE, Spring City, Pa. ile “Red Clover Brand.” MYERS, W. L. & H. L., Doylestown, Pa. iL. “Special Compound for all Crops.” NASSAU FERTILIZER CO., No. 5 Beaver Street, New York, N. Y. 1 “Soluble Bone Phosphate.” 2. “Grass and Grain Fertilizer.” Ol wm CO . “Potash and Phosphate.”’ “Wheat and Grass Grower.” . “General Favorite.” 59 921 6. “Nassau Practical.” 7. “Common Sense Fertilizer.” 8. “The Harvester.” 9. “Plow Brand.” 10. “Special Potato Fertilizer.” 11. “Gladiator Truck and Potato.” NEWPORT, WILLIAM C., & CO., Willowgrove, Pa. . “Evan’s Brand Potato and Tobacco Manure.” . “Rectified Phosphate.” - . “Gilt Edge Potato and Tobacco Manure.” . “Fish, Bone and Potash.” “Farmers’ Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” . “Grain and Grass Special.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “Bone Meal.” . “No. 1 Bone Phosphate.” . “Truckers’ Joy.” 12. “Potato, Tobacco and Truck Guano.’’ ry POD ONDO PR wD a 13. “Special Compound.” 14. “Top Notch Brand.” 15. “Clear Acid Phosphaie.”’ 16. “Frog Brand Guano.” tT Kainit., OBER, G., & SONS, No. 33 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Ober’s Special Plant Food.” 2. “Ober’s Farmers’ Mixture.” 3. “Ober’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash.” 4, “Ober’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” ; 5. “Ober’s Independent Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’ 6. “Ober’s Standard Potash Compound.” OHIO FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CoO., Columbus, O. . “Superior Phosphate.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “General Crop Fish Guano.” . “Corn, Oats and Wheat Fish Guana.” “Wheat Maker and Seeding Down.’’ - “Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”’ “Alkaline Bone:’’ “Wxcelsior Guano,’’ . ‘Raw Bone Meal,’’ CONAN Rw He OSCEOLA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Osceola Mills, Pa. 1. ‘Pie Brand Ground Bone.’’ 2. “Ideal Manure.”’ OXFORD PACKING WORKS, Oxford, Pa. 1. “O. P. W. Magic Top Dresser.’ No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE “O. P. W. Number One.” “O. P. W. Number Two.” “QO. P. W. Number Three.” . “O. P. W. Number Four,” om CG bo PATAPSCO GUANO COMPANY, P. O. Box 213, Baltimore, Md. 1. ‘““Patapsco Pure Ground Bone.” 2. “Patapsco Soluble Bone and Potash.” 3. “Patapsco Fish Guano.” 4. “Patapsco Special Wheat Compound.” 5. “Sea Gull Guano.” 6. “Coon Brand Guano.” 7. “Baltimore Soluble Phosphate.”’ 8. “Baltimore Pure Dissolved S. C. Bone.” 9. “Grange Mixture.” 10. “Patapsco Grain and Grass Producer.”’ 11. ‘“Patapsco Early Trucker.” 12. “Patapseco Tobacco and Potato Fertilizer.” 13. “Patapsco Corn and Tomato Fertilizer.”’ 14, “Patapsco High Grade Bone and Potash.” 15. “Battle Axe Phosphate.” PATTERSON FERTILIZER CO., No. 4025 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Patterson’s Mineral Compound.” PENNSYLVANIA AMMONIA AND FERTILIZER CoO., LIM., Harrisburg, Pa. 1. “Potato, Vegetable and Tobacco.” . “Dauphin Brand.” . “Capital Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Royal Mixture.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” om W DD PERKINS, J. DOUGLASS, Coatesville, Pa. 1. “Perkins’ Monarch Phosphate.” 2. ‘Perkins’ Special Bone Manure.” 3. “Perkins’ Globe Phosphate.” 4. “Perkins’ Acidulated Phosphate.” PIEDMONT-MT. AIRY GUANO CO., THE, No. 109 Commerce more, Md. . “Levering’s Standard.” . “Piedmont High Grade S. C. Bone.” . “Piedmont Royal Ammoniated Bone and Potash.” . “Piedmont Pure Raw Bone Mixture.” “Levering’s Harvest Queen.” “Tevering’s [XL Phosphate.” . “Diamond (S) Soluble Bone.” “Piedmont Pennsylvania Potato Producer.”’ . “Piedmont Special Potash Goods.” “Levering’s Ammoniated Bone.”’ “Piedmont Bone Meal.” OHARA APR WH tt te) Street, Balti- 924 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. PITTSBURG PROVISION CO., Pittsburg, Pa. 1. “No. 1 Pure Raw Bone Meal.” 2. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.” 3. “Crescent Butchers’ Ground Bone.” 4, “Pure Bone with Potash.” 5. “Corn and Potato Fertilizer.” 6. ‘Keystone Fertilizer.” 7. “Guano Fertilizer.” 8. “Acid Phosphate.” 9. “Phosphate and Potash.” 10. “Tobacco Special.” POLLOCK, R. H., No. 51 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.” 2. “Victor Bone Phosphate.” 8. “Superior Corn and Tomato Fertilizer.” 4. “Owl Brand Guano.” 5. “Special Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.” 6. “Special Wheat Grower.” 7. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphaie.”’ 8. “Soft Ground Bone.” 9. “Dissolved Animal Bone.” POWELL, W. S., & CO., No. 300 Water Street, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.” PUGH & LYON, Oxford, Pa. 1. “Ground Raw Bone.” 2. “Bone Phosphate.” RAMSBURG FERTILIZER COMPANY, Frederick, Md. 1. “Excelsior Plant Food.” 2. “Old Virginia Compound.” “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” . “Alkaline Phosphate.” . “Dissolved Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Ramsburg’s Queen.” RASIN-MONUMENTAL COMPANY, No. 300 Water Street, Baltimore, Md. . “Rasin’s Empire Guano.” . “Rasin’s Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Rasin’s Bone and Potash Fertilizer.” . “Rasin’s Acid Phosphate.” “Rasin’s IXL Fertilizer.” . “Special Formula for Corn and Buckwheat.” . “Seawall Special.” . “XXV Fertilizer.” . “Potato Manure.” e CoA 1 Pm WD RAUH, E., & SONS, No. 419 S. Penn Street, Indianapolis, Ind. 1. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.” 2. “Soluble Bone.” bd 3. “Ideal Phosphate.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 925 REESE, JACOB, No. 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Odorless Slag Phosphate.” REICHARD, J. G., & BRO., Allentown, Pa. 1. “The Lehigh Potato Manure.” 2. “Surpass Phosphate.” 3. “Little Giant Phosphate.” ROCHESTER FERTILIZER WORKS, THE, Moosic, Pa. . “Blood and Bone Guano.” . “Blood and Bone X. X.” . “Genesee Guano.” . “Vegetable Phosphate.” “Universal Phosphate.” “Pure Ground Bone.” “Alkaline Bone Guano.” . “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” . “Animal Tankage.” . “Bone and Potash.” = SALH, GEORGE F. (Sandiford), Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Geo. F. Sale’s Special Manure for all Crops.” SCHAAL-SHELDON FERTILIZER COMPANY, Erie, Pa. 1. “Sheidon’s Empire.” 2. “Sheldon’s Farmers’ Favorite.” 3. “Schaal’s Standard.” 4. “Sheidon’s Grass, Grain and Potato.” 5. Schaal’s Corn and Potato.” 6. “Sheldon’s Guano.” 7. “Schaal’s Pure Bone Meal.” 8. “Dissolved Bone and Extra Potash.” §. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.” 10. “Dissolved Bone.” 11. “Truckers’ Manure.”’ 12. “Onion and Cabbage.” SCHMUCHER, A. B., Hazleton, Pa. 1. “Hazel Brand.” SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZER CO., THH, Pittsburg, Pa. 1. “Scientific Corn and Grain Fertilizer.” 2. “Scientific Economy.” 3. “Scientific Bone, Meat and Potash Fertilizer.” 4. “Scientific Potato Fertilizer.” 5. “Scientific Dissolved Bone Fertilizer.” 6. “Scientific Phosphate and Potash Fertilizer.” 7. “Bone and Meat.” 8. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.” 9. “Scientific Wheat and Clover Fertilizer.” 10. “Scientific Grain Grower.” 11. “Scientific Bone and Potash Fertilizer.” 12. “Patrons’ Special.” 926 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. SCOTT FERTILIZER CO., THE, Elkton, Pa. . “Sure Growth Super-Phosphate.” . “Standard Phosphate.” . “Elk-Head Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Corn and Oats Grower.” . “Tip Top Soluble Bone.” . “Potato Grower.” . “Wheat and Grass Grower.” “Tip Top and Potash.” . “Sure Growth Compound.” . “Kyitch’s Special for Grain and Grass.”’ . “Grain Special.” . “Potato and Truck Special.” fod PSO DAMWMN Re De a bo SHENANDOAH FERTILIZER COMPANY, THH, Shenandoah, Pa. 1, “Ringtown Clover.” 2. “Gold Eagle.” 3. “N. & S. Complete Clover.”’ . “Pure Ground Bone.” 5. “Shenandoah Brand.” ~~ SHOEMAKER, M. L., & CO., Cor. Delaware Avenue and Venango Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. . “Swift Sure Phosphate for General Use.” “Swiit Sure Phosphate for Potatoes.” “Swift Sure Phosphate for Tobacco.” “Swift Sure Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer No. 1.” . “Swift Sure Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertiiizer No. 2.” . “Swift Sure Guano for Tomatoes, Truck and Corn.” . “Swift Sure Guano for Fall Trade.” . “Swift Sure New Jersey Special for Oats.” . “Swift Sure New Jersey Special for Wheat and Clover.” . “Swift Sure Bone Meal.” . “Swift Sure Dissolved Bone.” . “Good Enough Phosphate.”’ . “Echo Phosphate.” . “Twenty-Three Dollar Phosphate.” . “Dissolved S. C. Rock.” . “Pure Raw Bone Meal.” . “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”’ . “Pure Raw Ground Bone.” el ee CONDO PWD HO SICKLER, CHAS. A., & BRO., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 1. “Special Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables.”’ 2. “Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.” 3. “Empire Phosphate.” 4. “King Phosphate.” 5. “Monarch Phosphate.” 6. ‘““Pure Ground Bone.” 7. “Graves Potato and Tobacco Manure.”’ 8. “Peerless Phosphate.”’ 9. “Empire Lawn Fertilizer.” 10. ‘‘“Muriate of Potash.” No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ~ SIMON, F. A., Maud P. O., Pa. 1. “Truck and Corn.” 2. “Potato Grade.” 3. “General Use.” SLAGLE, E. A., Paxinos, Pa. yi: “Xtra Bone Phosphate.” 2. “Crop Grower.” SMYSER, H. H., York, Pa. 1. “Chicago Soluble Bone.” 2. “Chicago Crop Grower.” 3. “Chicago Bone and Tankage.” 4. “Chicago Bone and Potash.” SOUTHERN FERTILIZER COMPANY, York, Pa. 1. “Ox Brand Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.” . “Ox Brand Special Potato Grower.” . “Ox Brand General Crop Grower.” . “Ox Brand Farmers’ Choice Brand.” “Ox Brand Dissolved Bone Phosphate.’’ “Bone and Potash Mixture.” . “Royal Wheat and Grass Grower.” . “Farmer’s Mixture.” STANDARD GUANO COMPANY, P. O. Station “G,” Baltimore, Md. 1. “F. R: and P. Guano.” 2. “Standard Guano.” STERNER, E. H., Codorus, Pa. 1. “Sterner’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” SWIFT & COMPANY, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. . “Swift’s Super-Phosphate.” . “Swift’s Complete Fertilizer.” . “Swift’s Pure Raw Bone Meal.” . “Swift’s Bone Meal.” “Swift's Diamond (S) Phosphate.” “Swift's Onion and Potato and Tobacco Special.” . “Swift’s Special Bone Meal.” . “Swift’s Champion Wheat and Corn Grcewer.” . “Swift’s Special Phosphate and Potash.” . “Swift’s Garden City Phosphate.” . “Swift’s Bone and Potash.” CONRAN PRwOND — et et > TAYLOR PROVISION COMPANY, THE, Trenton, N. J. . “Special Potato.” “High Grade Corn and Truck.” “Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and Potash.” . “Bone Tankage and Potash.” 928 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. TEMPIN, J. M., Honeybrook, Pa. 1. “No. 3. Farmers’ Complete Fertilizer.”’ 2. “No. 4. Atlas Brand.” 8. “No.5. High Grade Acid Phosphate.”’ 4. “No. 8. High Grade Potash Manure.” THOMAS, D. A., Hagerstown, Md. 1. “Thomas’ Bone Mixture.’’ 2. ““Thomas’ Mixture.” 3. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” THOMAS, JAMES, Williamsport, Pa. 1. ‘Thomas’ High Grade Bone Super-Phosphate.” 2. “Thomas’ Klondike Brand.” 3. ‘“Thomas’ Special Compound for Wheat, Oats, Corn and Grass.” 4. “Thomas’ Standard Bone Phosphate.” 5. “Thomas’ Florida Bone Phosphate.” 6. “Thomas’ Dissolved Florida Bone and Potash Phosphate.” 7. “Thomas’ Fish, Bone and Potash Potato and Tobaeco Manure.” 8. “‘Thomas’ Dissolved Soluble Bone Phosphate.” THOMAS, I. P., & SONS COMPANY, No. 2 8. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. . “S$. C. Phosphate.” . “Karmers’ Choice Bone Phosphate.” . “Normal Bone Phosphate.”’ . “Improved Super-Phosphate.” . “Special Corn Fertilizer.” . “Alkaline Bone.” . “Special Alkaline Bone.” . “Dissolved Phosphate.” | . “Tip Top Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.” . “Pure Ground Animal Bone.” . “Potato Fertilizer.” 12. “Champion Bone Phosphate.” 13. “Superior Super-Phosphate.”’ 14. “Special Truckers’ Fertilizer.” 15. “Wheat and Corn Fertilizer.” 16. “Raw and Acidulated Bone.” . SCM ON AQ OP wD HE tj ft TRENTON BONE FERTILIZER CO., Trenton, N. J. 1. “Trenton Corn Mixture.” 2. “Trenton $32.00 Potato Manure.” 3. “Trenton Special Potato Manure.” 4. “Trenton XX Brand Fertilizer.” 5. “Trenton Potato Manure.” TRINLEY, JACOB, Linfield, Pa. 1. ‘Pure Raw Bone Meal.” . “Pure Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.” “Grain and Grass Grower.” . “Ravene Bone Phosphate.” “Soluble Bone and Potash.” oe co PD No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 929 TUNNELL, F. W., & CO., No, 15 N. Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Electrical Soluble Bone.” “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Universal Grower.” . “Excelsior Phosphate.” “TI. X. L. Guano.” “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate with Potash.”’ “H. G. Truck and Potato Guano.” “Raw and Acidulated Animal Bone.” . “Royal Wheat Grower.” “Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and Potash.” 11. “Re-sieved Phosphate.” p= = TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., Lock Box No. 541, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Ammoniated Phosphate.” . “Tuscarora Standard.” 2 Bie; (4) Brand.” “Animal Bone.” “Bone and Potash.” . “Tuscarora Bone Phosphate.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “Tuscarora Potato.” . “Tuscarora Phosphate.” TUSTIN, I. J., Phoenixville, Pa. 1. “Pickering Valley Special for Potatoes.” 2. “Pickering Valley Special.” 3. “Pickering Valley High Grade.” TYGERT, THE J. E., COMPANY, No. 42 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 1. “Bone Phosphate.” “Pure Ground Bone.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Potato Guano.” “Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.” . “Popular Phosphate.” . “Golden Harvest Phosphate.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “Gold Edge Potato Guano.” . “Early Truck Guano.” . “Standard Bone Phosphate.” 2 00 AID C1 oo DO oe HS ULMER, JACOB, PACKING COMPANY, Pottsville, Pa. 1. “Ulmer’s Blood, Meat and Bone Super-Phosphate.” UNIONTOWN FERTILIZER WORKS, Uniontown, Pa. 1. “Fell’s Pure Ground Bone.” 2. “Fell’s Gold Premium Bone Phosphate.” WAHL, EMIL, MANE’G CO., Nos. 3970-3986 Pulaski Avenue (Nicetown), Phil- adelphia, Pa. 1. “Emil Wahl’s Warranted Pure Philadelphia Button Bone Dust.” 59—6—1903 930 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE WALKER, STRATMAN & COMPANY, Herr’s Island, Allegheny, Pa. . “Four-Foid.” . “Grain King.” . “Big Bonanza.” . “Potato Special.” . “Meat, Blood and Bone with Potash.” . “Help-Mate.” . “Phosphoric Acid and Potash.” “Bone and Meat.” . “Pure Raw Bone Meal.” . “Acid Phosphate.” . “Grain Manure.” . “Potash and Bone Phosphate.” COD TN Pw DH hh be pet Ne oO WALKER, J. C., & SON, Gap, Pa. 1. “Pride of Pequea.” 2. “Pride of Peauea, High Grade.” WARNER, S. F., Indiana, Pa. i “Marl Fertilizer.” WHANN, W. E., William Penn P. O., Pa. . ‘Special Potato and Truck Fertilizer.” : ° . “Raw Bone Super-Phosphaie.” . “Wish and Potash Fertilizer.” . “Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.” “No. 2 Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.” . “Special Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.” . “Soluble Bone and Potash.” . “Available Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.” . “South Carolina Phosphate.” aaa . “Sweet Potato and Celery Mixture.” . “Pure Ground Bone.” or Ht oO WHANN, JOHN, & SON, No. 28 8S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. aoa 1. “Our Brand Raw Bone Phosphate.” “A. A. Acid Phosphate.” . “J. W. & S. Special Mixture.” . “Reliable Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’ . “Whann’s Soluble Bone and Potash.” “Whann’s No. 1. Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.” . “Pure Ground Bone.” . “Imperial Potato Manure.” WILLS, CHAS. T., Parnassus, Pa. 1. “Special Compound for Vegetables, Grain and Grass.”’ WOOLDRIDGE, THE R. A., COMPANY, No. 33 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md. 1. “Florida Acid Phosphate.” 2. “German Potash Mixture.” 3. “Liberty Bell Potash Mixture.” “1 > Ol > DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . “Champion Giant Phosphate.” . “Chieftain Bone Stock Phosphate.” . “Triumph Pure Bone Phosphate.” . “Tuckahoe Bone Meal.” YORK CHEMICAL WORKS, York, Pa. u, re . “Prosperity.” . “Harvest Queen.” “Plow Brand.” “Standard.” “Pure Dissolved Bone.” “Ammoniated Raw Bone.”’ . “York Special.” . “Standard Potash.” . “New York.” . “Half and Half.” . “Red Cross.” . “Black Cross.” . “Wheat Special.” . “Dissolved Phosphate.” . “Special Tobacco.”’ . “Potato and Truck Special.” . “Pure Ground Bone.” ZEIGLER, E. H., & CO., Stewartstown, Pa. le 2. “Zeigler’s Potato Phosphate.” 3: 4. “Zeigler’s Crop Grower.” “Bone Phosphate.” “Zeigter’s Mixture.” ZOOK, HENRY S., Elverson, Pa. ifs 2. 3. “No. 5. Pride of Chester Corn, Oats and Wheat Fertilizer.”’ “No. 6. Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phosphate.” 931 “No. 7. Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phosphate for General Use.” . “No. 4. “Zook’s Clear Acid Phosphate.” ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. 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Se . . uo SS] 3 ie 4 co Bt ‘9108 ‘SoSBM UP iad an[VA *TOOM ‘puvy Wet ‘penutju0pN—s06t WOAH SLUOMTHU dOUOD ‘saruno0D 937 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 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Pet ng CO TOTAL 00 ¢ S¢ T 00 008 OS T 00 FT 00 2 =| 00012] 009% | 00 cL | s Oe eae ‘ mS SULWOoAT 0s Z 0s T 00 008 Gat 00 T 00 0c | 00002 | 0090 | 000% |" rile oo * “9UsloZnry 00 @ 0s T 00 SLE | OS TE 00 T 00 8— | 00 $c | 00 0F | 00 S9 |" . eam! AM Cal 0S 3 og prea? cog OMe: 00 T 00 ST | 00 00 | 00 S& | 00 0S a alee “ss uouedeT Ghz cL T 00 ¢82 | OS T 00 T 00 02 | 00 OLL | 00 0F | 00 8S | L@ i Souter 00s | Tt 00 006 OS T 00 T 00 St | 00 OSE | 00 G9 | 00 SL | en ARNE 00% | Ost 00 0S | OS T a6 T 00 06 | 00 912 | 00 92 | 00 ch be 2 BUUBM GOB Tt | OT 00 0&2 | OO T SL 00 ST | 00 OST | 00 08 | 00 0S Cie ee e cre eyeyune 00 ¢ 0S T 00 008 | OS T OOT | 002 | 00 922 | 00 08 | 00 SF + Ean ‘ "** “WOSTOTIOL 0f Z 0a 00 00F | <6 T 00 T 00 8E | 00 OLT | 09 08 | 00 Sh 86 te vueipul SLT cE T 00 096 | OS T 00 T 00 #2 | 00 00% | 00 08 | 00 0S ‘ NS | ae ee : uopsutjUNn EL 09 T 09 T 00 005 | OS T 00 T 00 92 | 00 O8T | 0009 | 0029 | 08 Ve 22S ECR SD) 02 Z SLT 00 SLT | 06 St) 00 St | 00 SHE | 0008 | 00 SF |’ eS ies o> eS COUINE 09 ¢ 0s T 00 £26 | ST T 08 og St | 00 0ST | 00 89 | 0006 | OF g% SAP Year oes 3 CTE Tee 0g Z GL Tt 00 Sle | OS T 00 T 00 0S | 00 092 | 00 6T | 0S 9% | 08 1% Pe Sef gee : een SLZ 8% @ 9T 61 a x 8}0ACT 00 0S | 0S T Tt 00 2 | 00 S12 | 00 09 | 00 OIL | 42 / GO . a ; ? , 7 : F . ® ; ay ‘ ~s od : os : at eS Sat . , ; ir - rat ‘ . we eo} af 7 = . = NNSYLVANIA. == COMMONWEALTH OF PE OFFICERS FOR 1904. PRESIDENT. Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor. ' VICE PRESIDENT. Dr. B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Commissioner. — TREASURER. » Hon. N B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture. SECRETARY. . Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 929 OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE GRANGE, 1904. Master, W. F. Hill, Mont Alto, Franklin county. Overseer, Hon, A. C. Barrett, New Milford, Susquehanna county. Lecturer, A. M. Cornell, Altus, Bradford county. Steward, H. M. Gooderham, Patton, Cambria county. Assistant Steward, Harry H. Pratt, Goshenville, Chester county. Chaplain, Rev. H. G. Teagarden, Punxsutawney, Jefferson county. Treasurer, S. EH. Nivin, Landenberg, Chester county. Secretary, J. T. Ailman, Thompsontown, Juniata county. Gatekeeper, Wallace Chase, Fall Brook, Tioga county. Ceres, Mrs. V. B. Holiday, Crooked Creek, Tioga county. Pomona, Mrs. Mary Fisher, Lincoln University, Chester county. Flora, Miss Florence Rhone, Centre Hall, Centre county. L. A. S., Mrs. Della Hunsinger, Colley, Sullivan county. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. I, Frank Chandler, Toughkenamon, Chester county. Hon. Louis Piollet, Wysox, Bradford county. G. W. Oster, Osterburg, Bedford county. FINANCE COMMITTEE D. B. McWilliams, Burnham, Mifflin county. S. B. Brown, Sulphur Springs, Bedford county. John T. Patton, Warriors Mark, Huntingdon county. LEGISLATIVE COMMITTER. W. F. Hill, Mont Alto, Franklin county. Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Columbia county. Hon. S. R. Brunges, Tunkhannock, Wyoming county. 940 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.. Doc. STATE FARMERS’ ALLIANCE AND INDUS- TRIAL UNION. OFFICERS FOR 1904. W. A. Gardner, President, Andrews Settlement, Pa. Jacob J. Miller, Vice President, Waynesboro, Pa. L. W. Smith, Secretary and Business Agent, Hast Benton, Pa. Andrew Storry, Treasurer, R. F. D. No. 9, Meadville, Pa. LECTURERS. District No. 1, Northeast—C. W. Brodhead, Montrose; comprising the coun- ties of Tioga, Susquehanna, Wyoming, Pike, Montour, Columbia, Monroe, Bradford, Wayne, Sullivan, Lackawanna, Union, Northumberland, Luzerne and Carbon. District No. 2, Northwest—Anna L. Teed, Black Ash; comprising the coun- ties of Erie, Warren, Potter, Venango, Elk, Clinton, Butler, Jefferson, Craw- ford, McKean, Mercer, Forest, Cameron, Lawrence, Clarion and Centre. District No. 3, Southwest—R. J. Nedamyer, St. Lawrence; comprising the counties of Beaver, Armstrong, Cambria, Huntingdon, Somerset, Washington, Fayette, Allegheny, Indiana, Blair, Mifflin, Westmoreland, Greene, Bedford and Clearfield. District No. 4, Southeast—D. M. Omwake, Greencastle; comprising the coun- ties of Snyder, Perry, Lebanon, Berks, Northampton, Franklin, York, Ches- ter, Bucks, Juniata, Dauphin, Schuylkill, Adams, Lehigh, Lancaster, Dela- ware, Montgomery and Philadelphia. EXECUTIVE BOARD. G. W. Kilmer, Monroeton. W. K. Salisbury, Upsonville. G. M. Branthaver, Chambersburg. Charles Brelsford, Williamsport. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 941 PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. FOUNDED 1827. OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1904. PRESIDENT. James W. Paul, Jr. VICE PRESIDENTS. James M. Rhodes, Edward Le Boutillier, Henry F. Michell, Dr. George Goebel. TREASURER. S. W. Keith. SECRETARY. David Rust, Horticultural Hall, Broad Street, below Locust, Philadelphia. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY. Stewardson Brown, PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Dr. Persifor Frazer. PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY. Dr. Henry Skinner. PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY. Dr. Ida A. Keller. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Robért Craig, William K. Harris, John McCleary, John W. Pepper, Dr. J. Cheston Morris, John Westcott. MEMBER OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Edwin Lonsdale. HOUSE COMMITTEE. Cc. Hartman Kuhn, William F.. Dreer, James M. Rhodes. LIBRARIAN. David Rust. 942 ANNUAL REPORT.OF THE Off. Doc. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1904. PRESIDENT. Hiram Young, York. FIRST VICE PRESIDENT. C. H. Bergner, Harrisburg. VICE PRESIDENTS. MPD NECOS WiOOTHEES 2 San Seis cree cictere odes «Sess ertnken Seetebeere = aisle Philadelphia. 2- William) EH. Wanamaker ie. tcle ccs adeee sic ka Gel hia. 3. Benjamin, IS. Roun Kles se. .e eb ee sete eee adel pinta 45 Israel W. Durbam,. 25 cee. scyscsrac iets se eres eaiee seis Philadelphia. Dimas ds CASSALE, c.ohin coembietaru: tc Secon eeeet ns mueees tee LL aaelpihiasr GomWi eRe TCAS Varicose ne ete eee: cri an CCA LSSae Tf aDavid) Yar WalSON se -.c.ce ee ds. eR E ee eee COCHTANS Viner SaSamuel W.. Pennypacker #20... cam eens san eters ELALrisbure: 9 Mains tl.) POSTUS Diciem ater cds cin welt cereis eens staereiepacrante Drumore. TOS MOUS Al WAtTeSay wi ecsie tsi ce tenure. oe 6 Mies he gisea. ae Scranton. ASA. VOUS. 5) cterefars vast ay shetenete tie lar sete leis) £5 ofeteobe iejeer ati eiage Millville. OPED EAs COLVIN cierslere are ce side te cithew tetra inva cacvagatatare volute vere Dalton. Nee SOc OO ELEZ Oe scree ere ee Sis) sta eee seeks RT aro oneal's ee Slate Reading. TOO) (ei BB ads Fh on er eae ae ce eR nn ee Pp cet Granville Centre. MR AGy ADE PAY wes stas cake stomata RE SEE OS eT OS erIC . Pottsville, GERI OSLBAS. EN OTY. orrcps mesa cx wisieia aisle wie fecha Mice tere remea iteeies Cedar Springs. (easSami1el VBSrKIMDINEG sis clots oleae Seis tie.ay out fe eve, Shay aiele ene oa ele Northumberland. 1b B al Cad & Beng) 612) gia c=) oo ee wen 5 oOo CCC RR ae Tern ouG Harrisburg. 193g: Be Critchfield, sia che Oe cee cistirs ce De rari Ss Dunes 202 James: Ao uStahnle® ©nas. A. StONGy }.0 VWWHRDIDIU AI WE IBY RISK OW IB OSES ogor conoo ne OOUGoO COD OORE Assistant Chemists. ORS BR SU AT PING HER, IM VAT Seis cin oe vse ccresncces WINFRED W. BRAMAN, B.S., ........ Second Assistant in Animal Nutrition. SS | SS COCCI O OOHRS DOADICG COC OOOO IGCIO SIS eErGe Fellow in Dairy Husbandry. SPARNIEIC a F NUAIOICTARI Gyin'4 ganas ais -»oaee os Fellow in Agricultural Chemistry. ECAC ECE CRV een oben ty DIVE Dies. C)IN 2 pe cvefetctste love nave cwvee tin cia) sist ei simeroisa cislecle's Laboratory Assistant. Telegraph, Postoffice, Railroad and Express Station STATE COLLEGE, CENTRE COUNTY, PA. Telephone Connection. The bulletins and reports of the Station will be mailed regularly, free of charge, to all residents of the State who request it, so far as the supply will permit. Address, Director of Experiment Station, State College, Centre County, Pas Visitors will be welcomed at all times and given every opportunity to inspect the Station and all its departments. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. INDEX BY AUTHORS. A. ALVORD, MAJOR H. E., Dairying in this and foreign countries, ..............sseeseeeecees ATWOOD, PROF. GEO. C., San José Scale and methods for its destruction, PASEO Eh) Leta Se. ty Penne OL CHE LATIN: <:c:<1l ce Cater ena Tena 63 Address, annual meeting Farmers’ Institute Managers, 1908, .......5......scseeeeceeereces 317 Address, annual meeting State Board of Agriculture, 1904, ..............ccccesceccccccccees 529 Address, annual meeting State Horticultural Association, 19038, ................cseeseenseee 722 Mapulateds crop: TEPOrt fOr GSE ease csinie meters weiainie «ici asetoieinloletera aleralero(ereterets/orasic/s/oleletutajererelats ialeele i eroteenreiaes 932 MASSEY, PROF W. F., The southern cow meet and its probable place in the agriculture of EN OHIMTC AIO SS EALCS c Secs yw sre os ciclelae atee eieretera sictatciote sierat sisielsie cre bleinia wie) sialace eleva marie et encoya/sfalnterels eects eee 273 MEEHAN, HON. S. MENDELSON, Beautification of waste places, ...........sscceseeceeeees 752 Mresh wateransh andi fish Cultures wacrern civics civics Oo leieiciew cee vivo cs ceesbelioeve ric vsrabas PENNYPACKER, HON. S. W. (Governor of Pennsylvania): Address before annual meeting of State Board of Agriculture, 1904,.............00eeeeeeeee PHILIPS, HON. T. J., Commercial fertilizers, their nature and use, .......... Sais aera keretoe R. RAVENEL, DR. M. P., A pathology for forage poisoning of horses, tet ee eae RICHARDS, A. C., shall we plant trees visibly affected with crown gall? ................ ROBERTS, PROF. I. B., The responsibilities and duties of State Boards of Agriculture SMO, CeEACHers (Of ASTICUIPUTEW <0 o\< cca oe s'e.0 a cleivieisieicisie fells tataiale ls elers nieicia'etg ais aie bisteleisyelsteraiee hie menisoee RODGERS, MATTHEW, The relation of electric railroads, telegraph companies, etc., tonehe agricultural interests of the State, cic ccsccceiccenccisiewcnsis asics nictaisteisicrate safe siape tomtereislatatere ROTHROCK, DR. J. T., Report of Committee on Meets POMS IGO 2 Were nite eem cries gantaswhens epoca of Committee! on! forestry for 1903S oie cic cle wicics wien eis civiv oreicisie oi ied sie take e ainlere es aeels 8. SCHAEFFER, DR. N. C., Address, annual meeting State Horticultural Association, SEN cs ore Totes heey care ote mie 21a to. 6 enol arelajeiatslataWyateletaisicrals'atelelats/ejsin'cisie)sieroisisio'e a7 s\eleloinveld’ sium sivialsicinie oela eevee SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Market gardening and the marketing of produce,............. eee Spe) Semin ev Lee CONStICULES pay COMMUTE LOTNC i cote cya' w(atarots\s\0)e/aTe\eleis/o\e/0\s) olstsiny ieee Presentueqiwipmene Gl. DIVISIONS: cece aneele -eieielels viele sce OS TROIDCOASROCURMAZREN GOODE pose obs s GET ESPON GRICE pt cose ni ose cio cles rie ne 2 PPIs rsielere clot iste re solors yen cha rale (on .c-msecineceneeieesciones 696 Apple orchard, when to plant, ............ 472\|\Gorn, feeding, valuevof, 2. accesses oseeeee eee 697 Apple orchard, distance apart to plant Corn, ‘advantages Ofiiencaccocceecnoeeneeeenes 699 EGE.) ainic;ctalelewfeisiertrelseedele (cise aeyeiete’ SOnHGOD see A021 COWS) @DOLtlon Of," scaceanne' Pe neitoscsots 120 Apple orchard, cultivation of, .............. At9)\\ Cows; milk: fever Of soeeesscecceecseoseesee Eo bal Apple orchard, cultivation of, .............. 474 | Cow-pox, prevalence of, ..........e..se0s wee, | 215 Apple orchard, sunlight, for, ...... sietaieiatere 476 | Cow-pox, mature of disease of, ............ = mh 61 ( 953 ) 964 Page. Cow pea, the southern, its probable place in the agriculture of the Middle States, Cow pea, acclimatizing LSE fcieisiasie sie SO08008 Cow pea, supplementing the clover, Cow pea, varieties of, Country home, what constitutes a, Country home, the model, Crop, value of, Crop report, tabulated, DE BESS RD sean D. Dairy, the, how te make it succeed, ..... Dairy, food for the, ......-...... ojelsislateietereve e's Dairying, twenty years’ experiences in, Dairying, discussion on, ee eee ry wee Dairying in foreign COURTRICS Sa nieeien sess Dairyinpwmien Krance: eusecesn sede see. Dairy animal, the, feed, breed and care Ole Me reisle eutepici ston cinco cee eeee nee te Dairy business, statistics of CHEN fo corienne Dairy cows, law governing inspection of, Dairy interests, importance of pure water DOD aesieisjelenancari eee ea ae eee nee mee Dairy products, Report of Committee OU}. Dairy and Food Division, Report of Com- AMUISSIONCL A eit cater come cie ce dedonconacce Dairy and Food Division, ene of, Dairy and Food Division, DUDIICHE Berane -tianaelcnatcceetne ee En: Dairy and Food Division, analytical work OF 9 Ngan cnn ddopao sero Gn TO GUC GE ae nop aee ee Dairy and Food Division, State laboratory a Pap brqadessosncnoemscadaddend snocsecss Dairy and Food Division, monthly bulle- INS POP cceetiecmicsleniee Aarne nfslelele /sjelesesaiaialeretelsie Dairy and Food Division, receipts of, J Nee BIE IRES ae Sedaccesancobecenbenc Dairy and Food Division, aid given other OreaniZationss Bomeceeseeecee ceemceer eee Department of Agriculture, official list of, Department of Agriculture, Report of Sec- MEUALY 6 sates sloiasiclsieinicineisitelsaeeisoaseeni ae earPotas Department of Agriculture, work of Department of Agriculture, publications OL Me alelelsl ane irdee eee eo oe ee Deputy Secretary, Report of, Distillers menains, sdriedsss.c easel o wee Division of Dairy and Food, Report of,... Division of Eeonomic Zoology, Report of,. Division of Veterinary Science, Report of, E. Economic Zoology, Report of Zoologist,... Economic Zoology, review of, in Pennsyl- TOME. Sqdandscocéane cccceee eis iernicisis miatelsYalutalsioteiste Economic Zoology, report of special zoo- Logical features) fOr Years cies csie (sialic) nci- Electric railroads, ete., relation of, to agricultural interests of State, ........... Ensilage, feeding of, to beef cattle, ...... F. Mari, the; Ny S1ene Of, |) ..enacie cece sejeissicionte ¢ Farmer, the making of &, ..........cceseccs ATMEL.) tHE SRUCCESSIUN | Mislecculs cist siscleaiiclice Farmer, what constitutes a practical edu- PL ULOM LOT CLO) aan cla ele isreid nie (aleisceistalnteie'sieisisfeleiersivia Farmer, benefit of reading ide ENG aiacteiacstaree Farmer, necessity to know art of writing, Farmer, the man behind the plow, ........ IDREMET ICME SUCCESSLUL: Mo ccwecicuacecniverieutic ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 7 | 623 362 685 686 Off. Doe. Page. Farming, specialties he te ARE ea sees = Farming, the importance of specialists in, 651 Farmer’s family, economy in feeding the, 621 Farmer’s family, what to eat and when,. 622 Farmer’s family, feeding of, discussion OU eisieie «/'siniv'e vieleininisielcanieeeiaecinne tate cee ee 426 Farmers’ Alliance, officers and commit- VOCS MOB To eiaicis)s cisi-lcraiseieln see se eee ere S500H 940 Farmers’ Institutes, Report of Director OE fo nciaeeaniecsiateee hy mite eee cece cecesise 23 Farmers’ Institutes, work OLS aacierseets Aotic 23 Farmers’ Institutes, list of lecturers with their subjects) -sasseee ee eee Gocrade mA Farmers’ Institutes, summary of, ...... ate 49 Farmers’ Institutes, schedule of dates ANd) PIACES; Mice saceiccen once eee 50 Farmers’ Institutes, proceedings, annual meeting of managers and lecturers}... 303 Farmers’ Institutes, list of county chair- MENS (OLS zs ctjatsrn ok soe eee beck eee ae Tee . 3805 Farmers’ Institutes, list of State speakers, 307 Farmers’ Institutes, program annual meeting of, managers and lecturers, 308 Farmers’ Institutes, minutes of annual meeting of managers and lecturers, 308 Farmers’ Institutes, two speakers or more 28} ee GUD OROOD Ob CG ABE DUCE AaB Tabi inbecicsase 486 Farmers’ Institutes, the use of the Ino poard: Inh eaeeccscccte ais ace/siate(areielsisisioreise eens 487 Farmers’ Institutes, how to quiet a ~ Speaker Vcccsee wee cee ease ae aaltetetea tee 492 Feeding stuffs, digestible pounds in a ton, 321 Feeding stuffs, composition of, .......... 590 Feeding stuffs, standards OL, ara steryericemerets 856 Feeding stuffs for the dairy, ........ crelesiereye 857 Fertilizers, their nature and UREA Baoonnec 358 Fertilizers, Report of Committee on, 1903, 524 Fertilizer valuations for 1908, ............ - 873 Fertilizer ingredients, schedule of, ....... 888 Fertilizer analyses, Springs 19035 .pascemee 889 Fertilizer analyses, spring, summary of analyses Made. sacs cae eee eae 891 Fertilizer analyses, average composition OG nie aletale ewleloisitre siete oie Shela eee eet ee ene 893 Fertilizer analyses, fall, 1908, .:........-.. 896 Fertilizer analyses, fall, summary of, 898 Fertilizer manufacturers, list of, and brands manufacturered, ..........ecee08 Ot a ths.) Fertilization, shall we fertilize the land or GEOD) a relelelsinisjslajoie. erin cele sisieieieteieissle valet eee ORE 755 HUSh eS CuLtuTer Ol, te.meeren eters cick eee 811 Floriculture, Report of Committee on, for 1902). -ciseecincrs aie taeaheiaecr tec arenes eee 263 Floriculture, Report of Committee on, for AGOBS, icistesiciewiates caste Oe ae Reece eee ene 516 EMGOG preservatives; cliccsccesemecenceos sete 66 Forage poisoning, preliminary report on, . 145 Forage poisoning, a pathology for, ...... 148 Forage poisoning, symptoms of, ....... we. 149 Forage poisoning, pathological report of,.. 150 Forestry, Report of Committee on, for LOO ZS JWars cisin:s ovelste merece trees ictacets dor ooconaGsencdn ot 244 Morestry;, DUTPOSeS! Of .. vccticeemee hoes 246 Morestry;,, laws relative to,