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New*. bulletin and Annual

1946

,^a of monmks.
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Atfcuacolocficai IdnUan

Membership List Revised, April 1947

CONTENTS

Page

Blenn Rife Bales, by Thomas L. and Paul L. McGinty 1

The Twelfth Annual Meeting 3

Members and Visitors in Attendance 11

The Thirteenth Annual Meeting 12

Notes 13

Active Members 15

Corresponding Members 21

In Memoriam 22

> • A

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Blenn Rife Bales

Councillor, American Ma Ideological Union, 1946.

BLENN RIFE BALES

1876-1946

by Thomas L. and Paul L. McGinty

With the passing of Dr. B. R. Bales, on October 25, 1946, members of
the American Malacological Union have suffered an irreparable loss. Only
two months previously he had been elected to the Executive Council of the
Union at the 12th Annual Meeting in Washington, D. C. His services on the
Council as well as his friendly presence as a fellow member will be sorely
missed by all of us.

Dr. Bales was born July 18, 1876, at Lily Chapel in Madison County,
Ohio, the son of John Foster Bales and Alice Rife Bales. Early in life he began
to take an interest in natural science subjects, the collecting of bird^eggs being
his specialty. In 1900 he was graduated from Starling Medical College, special'
izing in obstetrics. He took a post graduate course at the Lying In Hospital in
New York City, and is credited with having increased the population of his
home town, Circleville, Ohio, by delivering some 3500 babies. For forty years
he served as surgeon for the Norfolk and Western Railroad. Dr. Bales served
in hospital service in Puerto Rico during the Spanish' American War, having
been a member of Company M, 4th Ohio Regiment. On June 6, 1900, he
was married to Mary E. Jones, who, with their son and daughter, survives
him. This union proved most fortunate, for he not only acquired a wife, but
a devoted and capable helper as well. Mrs. Bales became his constant companion
upon collecting trips and through their combined efforts the Bales collections
grew and prospered. The priceless collection of bnxheggs, now in the Museum
of Ohio State University at Columbus, Ohio, became unwieldy due to size, and
Dr. Bales began to concentrate his efforts upon the study and collecting of
shells. A tireless worker and splendid field'inan, he had, before long amassed
a shell collection which is probably the largest in the middle'west. It comprises
9000 varieties from all over the world. The collection is particularly rich in
Florida shells, both from the west coast of the state and the Keys,; where Dr.
and Mrs. Bales collected extensively for the past decade or more. One particu'
lar locality, Bonefish Key, became famous as a collecting ground, due to the
incredible numbers of new and rare shells which the Bales1 succeeded in dis'
covering. During 1938, Dr. and Mrs. Bales temporarily interrupted their
annual winter sojourn on the Florida Keys, to drive southward into Mexico,
where, principally at Acapulco, they encountered their usual success and cob
lected a large series of fine shells, some of which proved to be new.

2

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Among many newly discovered species of shells which are credited to Dr.
Bales are several which were named in his honor. These include, Euglandina
balesi Pilsbry, Oxystyla ponderosa balesi McGinty, Asthenothaerus balesi
Rehder, Barbatia balesi Pilsbry and McLean, and Pseudomalaxis balesi Pilsbry
and McGinty. Still others are in manuscript, as yet unpublished.

It was Dr. Bales who first called attention to a peculiar dwarf form of
Strombus which he collected in Lake Worth, and later published as Strombus
raninus nanus Bales. He was a regular contributor to the “Nautilus” and “Mol-
lusca,” where his articles were not only fascinating reading but contained much
valuable information with regard to field-work. Of particular importance was
his study and publication of hitherto unknown facts concerning those mollusks
known as “rock-borers” and “chitons.” It was Dr. Bales who proposed the
American Malacological Union Symposium on “Methods of Collecting and
Preserving Mollusks,” and acted as chairman of the committee for its prepara-
tion. His own contribution, “Shore and Shallow Water Collecting,” was an
outstanding feature.

A forthcoming issue of the National Geographic Magazine will present
an article pertaining to shells, with illustrations in color, taken from specimens
in the Bales collection.

At the time of his death, he had nearly completed the manuscript for a
book to be published under the title, “Meet Mr. Mollusk.” This was to have
included reminiscences of his wide collecting experiences as well as information
of value to the collector.

Shell enthusiasts who travelled to Florida in recent years, sooner or later
stopped by to visit and collect with “Doc,” as he was affectionately known by
his countless friends. His quarters on the Keys became a mecca for concholo-
gists from far and wide and a favorite gathering place. His was a helping
hand, gratefully received by beginners and professionals alike. In Dr. Bales
they found a warm friend and a source of radiant enthusiasm and good cheer,
which, coupled with his keen zest for living, was most contagious and felt by
all. There was laughter in his heart and being, and life for him was a joyous
affair to be lived to the fullest through his seventy active and happy years.
But to have known Dr. Bales, was to have loved him.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING
WASHINGTON, D. C, August 1 4 to 16, 1946

It was good to be there, and a pleasure to meet again after the long war
years when such meetings were made impossible by transportation and other
restrictions, A more delightful spot could hardly have been found in the
country than was Washington in mid' August, 1946. So thought the fifty
members of the American Malacological Union and their friends who came
from ten States to the Twelfth Annual Meeting, August 14 to 16.

The convention was opened formally Wednesday afternoon, August 14,
when Dr. Alexander Wetmore, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
welcomed the delegates to the facilities of the Museum for this second meeting
of the Union to be held in the Capital. Since the former meeting in 1932, Dr.
Paul Bartsch, who then was head of the Department of Recent Invertebrates,
was retired and Dr. Harald A. Rehder was promoted to the curatorship of
the Division of Mollusks and served as our host for this occasion. Dr. J. P.
B. Morrison, who so actively assisted in entertaining the group during our first
Washington meeting was away studying reef life in Bikini.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, President of the Union, responded to Dr.
Wetmore ’s address. He expressed appreciation for the courtesies extended
and voiced the general feeling of the group concerning the delighted surprise
at finding Washington weather so cool in midsummer.

The first paper on the program was by Richard I. Johnson on “Unionidae
of New England.” Of the 500 species of American Unionidae the Mississippi
River forms are most remarkable. China is the only other country where com'
parable forms exist. The Mississippi forms exhibit a great range in variety
of outline and sculpture with nacre of various shades of purple and pink to
white, while the twenty'two species of the Atlantic drainage in New England
are relatively simple in outline with little or no surface sculpture, and the
nacre is almost always white and of no great brilliance. New England is
esssentially an island cut off from the rest of the continent by the Hudson
and St. Lawrence Rivers, Lake Champlain and the Champlain Canal, and
thus the western limits of certain New England species are well defined. The
restriction of range which the parasitism of the young imposes makes a study
of the habitats of, host fishes important. Elliptic complanatus was cited as an
example of a species which is widespread throughout New England and other
parts of the country, due probably to the fact that it will parasitize several
species of fish, whereas Anodonta implicata will parasitize only the alewife
which frequents only coastal streams and therefore restricts the range of this
unionid.

Dr. van der Schalie remarked that there are several problems in the Lake
Champlain unionid fauna awaiting solution by such researchers as Mr. Johnson.

4

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Dr. Willard R. Wright was the next speaker, reporting on “The Distri-
bution of Schistosomiasis japonica in Mindanao, Philippine Islands.” The
report was prepared by Dr. Wright, Donald B. McMullen, Ernest Carroll
Faust, and Preston E. Bauman. Commission on Schistosomiasis, Commission
on Tropical Diseases, Army Epidemiological Board, Preventive Medicine Ser-
vice, Office of the Surgeon General, War Department, Washington, D. C.
“In addition to the known endemic foci of Schistosomiasis japonica in Surigao
and Agusan Provinces (Tubangui and Pasco, 1941), surveys carried out in
July and August, 1945, indicated additional endemic areas near Valencia,
Province Bukidnon, and in the Capasagan River valley, Province of Lanao.
Twenty-three cases of the disease were diagnosed in Filipino civilians in hospi-
tals in and near Valencia. In nearly all cases, infection was probably acquired
in two places, Barrio Simaya and Sitio Inawaan, northwest of Valencia. Cases
of the disease were diagnosed and infected Oncomelania quadrasi were col-
lected near the Barrio Calasig, northeast of Lala, Province of Lanao. Addi-
tional persons from other barrios in this vicinity were found infected.

“The disease was not encountered in an area around Davao. No O.
quadrasi were discovered in this area although search was limited because of
enemy forces. However, there is evidence to indicate that American prisoners
of war contracted the disease near the Davao Penal Colony which our survey
party was unable to reach. Stool examinations and small surveys in the rice
growing sections on the eastern shore of Lake Lanao failed to indicate that
Schistosomiasis japonica is endemic in this region. No specimens of O. quadrasi
were found in the area, although subsequently the snail was discovered in a
single small focus on the north shore of the lake (Abbott, 1946).”

Dr. Eloise B. Cram was next on the program, reporting on “A study of
Native Planorbidae as Possible Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni
in Man.”

“ Schistosoma mansoni is a trematode parasite living as adults in the blood
vessels of the intestines and liver and there depositing eggs which eventually
reach the lumen of the intestine and are there expelled with the faeces. Under
favorable conditions a larval form of the trematode hatches in water and its
further life is dependent on the presence of a suitable snail host, in which
it can develop and multiply and in about four weeks’ time reach a stage infec-
tive for man. From a public health point of view our principal interest lay in
the question as to whether or not we have in the continental United States
species of snails capable of serving in this capacity of intermediate host. If
such were the case the return of our own military personnel and the increasing
travel of civilians to and from areas in which the disease is endemic might
provide opportunities for the establishment of the disease in this country.
Because of the fact that the known intermediate hosts of S. mansoni are
Planorbidae, we undertook to test as many species of this family as possible.”
“38 persons co-operated in the collection of Planorbidae from 19 states and
the District of Columbia. 25 species and sub-species belonging to seven
genera were represented. Laboratory colonies were established and represen-
tatives of twenty-two species and subspecies belonging to Gyraulus, Helisoma ,
Planorbarius, Planorhula, and Tropicorbis, were exposed to miracidia of
Schistosoma mansoni. With one species only were positive results obtained;
nine specimens of Tropicorbis identified as T. havanensis (Pfeiffer) proved

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

5

susceptible to infection. Cercariae which developed in this snail were utilized
for the infection of mice with subsequent development of adult S. mansoni .”

Ralph W. Dexter followed with “Notes on the Mollusks Attached to
the American Lobster.” Observations were made on the following organisms
attached to the American lobster ( Homarus americanus) during the summers
of 1945 and 1946 at the State Marine Hatchery at Noank, Conn. In June
of 1946 a sample of 538 female lobsters in berry taken from Fishers Island
Sound were examined. These averaged two pounds in weight and their shells
were nearly two years old — the oldest ever attained by the lobster. A total
of 425 lobsters contained fouling organisms; 121 of these had mollusks attached.
Five species of mollusks were found as follows: Anomia simplex and A.
aculeata were found on 16% of the lobsters. All but three specimens were
A. simplex. These bivalves were attached chiefly to the claws, among the
teeth of the claws, and on the carapace. Mytilus edulis was found on 4.6%
of the lobsters, attached for the most part between the exopodite and endopo'
dite of the uropods. Crepidula glauca and C. fornicata were found on 1.8%
of the samples mostly on the uropods and the claws. All but two specimens
of this genus were C. glauca. Of 198 new'shell lobsters captured in closed
traps in Fishers Island Sound between July 1 and August 12, 1946, 52 car'
ried fouling organisms, but only one mollusk, a single specimen of A. simplex.

Gordon K. MacMillan gave “A Biographical Sketch of Jacob Green,
Conchologist.” Jacob Green was born in Philadelphia on July 26, 1790. He
received his A.B. degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1807. In
1812 he was elected an honorary member of the class of 1812 at Rutgers
College and given an A.B. degree which three years later was changed to A.M.
In that same year Princeton awarded him its A.M. gratiae causa. In 1825 he
was called to the newly established medical school at Jefferson College where
he became the first professor of chemistry. While there he collected natural
history specimens in the vicinity, among them numerous land shells. He
extended his studies to the Ohio River where he found several species of
unios. Yale bestowed on him their medical doctorate in 1827, but his studies
in mollusca were continued. Two new species of Achatina from the Sandwich
Islands were described (Achatinella stewarti and A. oahuensis). In 1828 he
realized the fulfillment of a long'cherished dream to visit Europe where he had
the good fortune to see the aged Lamarck on what was probably his last public
appearance.

Although actively engaged all the while in chemistry, botany, physics,
mineralogy or other fields of science, he still was able to give to the world
in 1833 a Monograph of the Trilobites of North America with colored
models of the species, and in 1834 more descriptions of land shells and Doliae.
Jefferson College awarded him an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws as a
tribute of appreciation of his achievements in the field of experimental science.
He died February 1, 1841, after a long and happy life of unusual activity in
many fields.

The concluding paper of the session was by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry on
“The Limaces of North America.” The study of the Limaces or slugs never
has been popular, perhaps because of the slimy character of the animals.
Nearly all the slugs of eastern North America are introduced, such as the

6

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

huge Limax maximus, L. flavus , and Deroceras reticulatum , the gray slug.
The commonest slug is D. laeve formerly known as campestris. It is found
everywhere in North America as well as in Europe and Siberia, and, with
the exception of the Philomycidae, is the only native slug we have in the
east. The imported slugs are confined to cultivated areas and therefore are
found in cities while this little creature occurs in woods as well as gardens.

The eastern slug which was formerly supposed to be D. agreste has
been shown to be D. reticulatum of eastern Europe. Fossil slug shells from
Kansas are not like living species, being larger and thicker and with strong
growth lines, but they group with the western species. These facts suggest
that they came to North America from Western Paleartic regions during the
middle tertiary or pliocene. An invasion by way of a Bering Sea land bridge
permitted them to spread southeast into western America, and perhaps south
into Mexico where species appear to be related more to groups of eastern Asia
than to North American groups. It seems certain that they are immigrants
and that these fossil recently described by A. B. Leonard are survivors of
them. Some time in the Pleistocene another invasion from Asia took place
and the only species to survive is D. laeve which has spread over the continent
and still is here.

The annual dinner was held at eight o’clock Wednesday evening in
Annapolis Hotel when Dr. Bartsch was especially honored on the occasion
of his seventy 'fifth birthday. Dr. Waldo Schmitt, Dr. Bartsch ’s successor as
head curator of the Museum, was the first speaker. He had been a former
student under Dr. Bartsch and paid tribute to him as a loyal friend during
many years of their association. Dr. Pilsbry followed, saying that when he
first knew Dr. Bartsch he was an ornithologist but that he fell more and
more under the influence of Dr. Dali and eventually made mollusks his chief
concern, selecting little known groups for study. He has many volumes on
land operculates to his credit and his name is well known for his studies
of west coast marine species. Now that he has retired he probably will turn
out many things to surprise us yet. William J. Clench remembered that in
1914 Dr. Bartsch was even then more or less of a legendary hero, more or
less a standard to aim at in his field. He will long be remembered for what he
has done for so many in encouragement and advice. Dr. Fritz Haas had worked
in European institutions where he learned to admire and respect Dr. Bartsch.
Even when in high school two of his teachers, in speaking of workers in
other countries, referred to Dr. Bartsch in Washington as the only man besides
Mollendorf who knows about Philippine land shells. He concluded his
remarks by saying, “I am almost thankful to Hitler for forcing me out of
Germany to the United States to meet Dr. Bartsch personally.” Dr. Jeanne
Schwengel spoke of Dr. Bartsch as a helpful friend and sponsor, and Mrs.
Harold R. Robertson expressed gratitude for many helpful acts in the work
of the Union of which he is one of the most important pillars., She then, on
behalf of the Union, presented a handsome electric clock for his new home
“Lebanon,” accompanied with a beautifully hand'engrossed birthday card
bearing the signatures of all present.

Dr. Bartsch responded feelingly giving reminiscences of his long life
spent in the pursuit of science, fifty years of which had been in the service
of the Smithsonian Institution where he went in 1896, as a young man in his
early twenties, to become assistant to Dr. Dali. During the years he had

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

7

acquired wisdom as well as knowledge from association and experience, on
expeditions and in the performance of such duties as fall to the lot of a
curator, dispensing information on the thousand and one questions which
come to an institution of learning in the course of the day’s routine. There
is not a country on the globe which has not sent representatives to the Smith'
sonian Institution for help, and no question is ignored. In the matter of identh
fication for which so many requests are received daily, the only certainties
are genotypes; everything else can be questioned. This service represents but
one instance of why the work of a curator is exacting and time consuming. Dr.
Bartsch looks forward now to doing some of the many things which have been
held up by such routine. He feels that the work of the Department is in good
hands. Dr. Rehder and Dr. Morrison will carry on to even greater heights
because of better tools and methods now available.

The Thursday morning program was opened with a paper by Dr. Elmer
G. Berry on “Members of the Genus Tropicorbis found in Louisiana and
Texas.” Tropicorbis is a planorbid genus distributed roughly from Argentina
and Brasil to Louisiana and Texas. It is allied to Australorbis , species of which
are hosts to Schistosoma mansoni. Consequently Tropicorbis was selected
for study in a program to test which species might take a Schistosome infection.
The shells are very flat and discoidal with four to six whorls. The species are
sufficiently transparent that the pigment of the animal is clearly shown through
the shell. The aperture sometimes is toothed though not all specimens bear
lamellae. Ribbed specimens from the spillway near New Orleans were found
to be infected; others from Audubon Park, with smooth surface, were not
infected.

The next paper was by Ruth D. Turner on “Procedure in the Collecting
and Study of Boring and Fouling Mollusks.” The damage caused by Teri'
dinidae or ship worms and the money spent each year to guard against their
ravages far exceeds that realized from the sale of oysters, scallops, and all
other beneficial mollusks. Systematic studies looking to the control of these
destructive mollusks were not commenced until after a severe invasion of San
Francisco Bay in 1919-2 1 . At that time a nationwide study of the problem
was instituted and the work is being continued by many government and
private organizations. Collecting panels employed in these studies are con'
structed of eight boards and a control supported on an iron bar and suspended
in a vertical position two feet above the mud'line. Each board is 12" by 6" by 2"
made of soft wood free from knots. They are numbered from No. 1 to No. 8
and are fastened on the iron bar about two inches apart, the control being
placed between numbers No. 4 and No. 5. After one month boards No. 1
and the control are removed and new boards put in their places. At the end
of the second month boards No. 2 and the control which has been submerged
for one month are removed and replaced and so on to board No. 8 which has
been in for eight months. From this series! it is possible to ascertain the speed
of growth of the borers over an eight month period, while from the control
it is possible to obtain data on the breeding seasons. Special collecting boards
may also be used. These are nothing more than long strips of wood which
extend from the mud'line to high water and from them it is possible to learn
the exact depth at which the borers are most active.

The laminated collecting board is actually a trap for catching good sped'
mens, and should be used mainly for obtaining specimens for taxonomic

8

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

studies. The board is made up of six layers of soft, straight-grained wood 12"
by 6" by Yi" with washers separating the layers to form cracks large enough
so that the shipworms cannot cross from one layer to the next. Consequently
the borers form long straight tubes and as the wood is thin they are easily
extracted. For best results it is necessary that the animals be dissected as soon
as the board is removed from the water, or, if this is impossible, the board
should be submerged in 70% alcohol for a week and then shipped to the
laboratory wrapped in a cloth saturated with alcohol.

Distributional records should be taken only from test boards or collecting
boards as borers are easily transported from one locality to another in drift
wood.

John Dyas Parker was the next speaker, his subject, “Hunting Fossils in
the Florida Miocene.” Mr. Parker prefaced his remarks by a plea for help
for the Museum in Manila which was totally destroyed during the war. The
St. Petersburg Shell Club has answered the call which has been sent out for
books for the library and specimens for the museum. They plan to have an
exhibition in St. Petersburg February 6 to 12, 1947, the proceeds to be used
in buying books and specimens to aid in the restoration. All members of the
American Malacological Union are asked to assist if possible, sending donations
to the St. Petersburg Shell Club in care of the St. Petersburg Chamber of
Commerce.

Speaking on his topic, Mr. Parker gave a graphic and diverting account
of his adventures in April, 1946, in quest of Miocene fossils at Jackson
Bluff a short distance west of a community named Bloxham in northwest
Florida. Starting from Tallahassee at 8:45 A. M. they were at Bloxham by
3:30 P.M. and ready for the search. Harvey’s Creek had been indicated as
the goal, and when John Harvey was discovered in the person of a Florida
cracker who confessed to having taken a “scientist man” to a certain spot on
the bank of the creek in 1923, the problem of location was solved. Mr.
Harvey’s services eventually were enlisted and over a ton of fossibbearing
material collected, notwithstanding the original site was under water due to
the construction of a dam in 1934. It was only by sinking a shaft into the
deposit that the fossils were obtained.

The afternoon session was opened with a brief business meeting for the
election of officers which resulted as follows: President, Dr. Henry van der
Schalie; Vice-president, Dr. Myra Keen; Treasurer, Harold R. Robertson;
Secretary, Imogene C. Robertson. Dr. Blenn R. Bales and John Q. Burch
were elected Councillors, and Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert and Dr. John Oughton
were reelected Councillors. Past presidents remaining on the Council without
reelection are: Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr., Dr. Horace B. Baker, Dr. Paul Bartsch,
William J. Clench, Calvin Goodrich, Dr. Louise M. Perry, Dr. Henry A. |
Pilsbry, Dr. Harald A. Rehder, Maxwell Smith, Dr. Carlos de la Torre.

The place of meeting in 1947 was discussed, and it was decided to leave
the selection to a vote by mail of the entire membership. An invitation had
been received from Andrew Sorensen and the Pacific Grove Chamber of
Commerce and the Hopkins Marine Station, to hold the meeting in Pacific
Grove, California, but a number favored a meeting at Sanibel.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

9

Then followed a showing of a short film in color taken at the meeting
in Rockland, Maine, in 1941. The film contained glimpses of the three follow'
ing deceased members: Frank Collins Baker, Norman W. Lermond, and Olof
O. Nylander. Also recorded were scenes which forecast the later marriage
of Bernadine (Bunny) Barker and Horace B. Baker. Pleasant memories were
recalled briefly by this showing of the large group which was in attendance
at that Maine meeting.

Dr. Fritz Haas was the first speaker in the program of papers which
followed and his subject was: “Shell Sculpture in Normally Smooth Unionid
Shells.” Specimens of several species were shown on the screen which exhib'
ited sculpture not mentioned in the descriptions. Dr. Leonard recalled that
sculpture noticeable in young shells frequently is lost as the shell matures.
Dr. van der Schalie said this feature is very variable in Quincuncina.

“Problems Relating to Molluscan Faunal Zones in Late Tertiary and
Pleistocene Deposits in Kansas” was Dr. A. B. Leonard’s topic. Charts and
photos of the formations were shown elucidating the subject which posed
problems of climate and soil conditions deduced from the character of the
molluscan fauna.

William J. Clench, speaking on “Looking Forward in Malacology” said
that the past war had highlighted many features in our own field, such as
the necessity of bringing together all malacological data so as to make it avail'
able for students and health bureaus. Information on poison Cones should
be disseminated where needed. Four species have caused eighteen deaths.
What poison is it? It must be very virulent as the organ secreting it is no
larger than a hair. There is reason to believe that Thais patula may be
poisonous. Certain cephalopods have long been known to use venom in
paralyzing their prey. In another field the dietary value of oysters may be
a fruitful study in the treatment of anemia. Oysters contain copper as does
Strombus, which is particularly rich in this mineral. It has been observed
that Negroes are not afflicted with anemia where they feed on this mollusk,
perhaps due to the beneficial effect of the copper present.

Experimental work to solve marine wood'boring problems in molluscan
control is being carried on with test boards in many regions, and this method
of study should be continued and expanded. Published material should be
collected to facilitate study. The recent work on Land Shells of North
America by Dr. Pilsbry and Johnsonia are efforts in this direction. Amateurs
can do valuable work in the study of life histories and the compilation of
local lists. This last endeavor is important since habitats are being destroyed
by pollution from industries and the changes effected by power dams. The
speaker said that there is more interest in shells now than ever before and
that we are entering the Golden Age of Conchology.

“Searching for Mollusks along the West Coast of Mexico” was Andrew
Sorensen’s topic. He gave a picture of collecting in waters where mollusks are
abundant both in kind and number. Although Californian waters are prolific
those of Mexico surpass them, and his account of the collecting possible both
in California and in Mexico stirred his hearers to resolve to experience it for
themselves if at all possible.

Dr. Katherine Van Winkle Palmer was the last speaker on the formal
program, and her subject was: “The Types of Philip P. Carpenter.” Philip

10

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Pearsall Carpenter, an Englishman (18194877), was an important contribu'
tor to early American conchology, particularly to the study of the molluscan
fauna of the West Coast of North America. Large shell collections were
deposited by Carpenter in American institutions but their existence has been
overlooked. Of over 250 molluscan species described by Carpenter from the
West Coast of the United States, north of San Diego, only a small proportion
have had the types figured or the species illustrated. The location of the
types has not been generally known. It is planned to locate as many as possible
of the Carpenter types of the species described from the area mentioned and
to illustrate them. Most of the types have now been found. The figures are
to be published, together with notes on the species and of Carpenter’s life.

At the close of the program William J. Bower added a few words on
the splendid work being done by Dr. Merrill Moore who uses shells in the
treatment of nervous disorders among war victims in hospitals as well as for
arousing an interest in the intrinsic value of beauty in life. He cited the case
of a bedridden cripple who has become a lecturer on shells and is in demand
for Boy Scout groups and others to whom she urges the study and collection
of shells in making life more full and happy.

Mrs. Fred St. John Hoffman concluded the session with an account of
her distribution of the Eleventh Annual Report of the Union which contains
the Symposium papers on Methods of Collecting and preserving Mollusks,
to boys in the South Pacific who became interested in shells of the area while
stationed there. The making of shell jewelry for their mothers, wives, and
sweethearts, became a popular pastime, and some developed a genuine scientific
interest in the subject of mollusca.

The scientific sessions were adjourned at this point until another year.

At six o’clock members reassembled, this time as guests of Dr. Jeanne
Schwengel and her husband, General Frank R. Schwengel, at a cocktail
party and buffet supper in the Washington Hotel. This was a delightful
occasion, giving opportunity for friendly intercourse as congenial groups
gathered at the tables to partake of a delectable meal. Later in the evening
the group was invited to the National Aquarium as guests of the Director,
Fred Orsinger. This venture gave the Union members an opportunity to get
behind the scenes in the Aquarium where the animals demonstrated remarkable
response to the attendants toward whom they behaved as friends.

Friday morning dawned mistily, but this did not upset the plans for the
outing to “Lebanon” the 450acre estate which Dr. Bartsch and his wife, Dr.
Elizabeth Parker Bartsch, are restoring to its former colonial dignity. The
thirty mile drive was through Alexandria over the highway to Mount Vernon
with here and there a glimpse of a mansion which had been the home of
one of George Washington’s relatives or neighbors. A short distance beyond
Mount Vernon is Pohick church where a stop was made to inspect this
reminder of the days when it was built for the convenience of worshippers
in the vicinity including the Washington family who found the long drive
to Alexandria on Sunday morning a damper on their religious zeal. The
simple dignity of the architecture induces a feeling of reverence and humility
regardless of creed. A generous collection was left in the bag at the altar
as a souvenir of our visit.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

11

Arriving at “Lebanon” the thirty or more guests were immediately at
home in the peace and quiet of this lovely countryside where the Bartsch's
plan to spend the greater part of their time in the study of its natural history
and the cultivation of its gardens. The rain restricted the collecting which
had been anticipated, but a few venturesome souls made a dash to a hedge
where living specimens of Haplotrema concavum were found, the sole trophies
for the day.

A buffet luncheon featuring a variety of delicious salads was thoroughly
enjoyed, and then came a drive to Gunston Hall, the former home of George
Mason, author of the Bill of Rights. This colonial mansion was purchased by
Louis Hertle in 1912, and he and his wife restored the house and grounds
to their original condition of dignified grandeur. In 1932, after the death of
his wife, and as a memorial to her, Mr. Hertle presented the estate to the
State of Virginia retaining a lif cotenancy for himself. The National Society of
the Colonial Dames of America is to be its future custodian.

Mr. Hertle graciously welcomed his visitors on the present occasion and
invited them to inspect the rooms which are furnished in all the beauty of
southern colonial luxury at the height of Virginias social prestige in Revolu-
tionary days and before. The house faces the Potomac a view of which may
be had at the end of a wide grassy walk bordered with a box hedge eleven
feet high clipped with geometrical precision. At the far end of the walk is
a sunken garden with formal gardens on either side. This visit was greatly
appreciated and did much to compensate for the disappointment caused by
the rain in curtailing collecting.

Back to “Lebanon” for another cozy period of conversation and refresh'
ments in the form of luscious watermelons thoughtfully supplied by Dr.
Julia Gardner, and then the final leave-taking as the Twelfth Annual Meeting
of the American Malacological Union became a memory.

MEMBERS AND VISITORS IN ATTENDANCE

Dr. Paul and Dr. Elizabeth Parker Bartsch, Washington, D. C.

Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G. Berry, Jacksonville, Fla.

William J. Bower, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Mrs. Marion Castor, Philadelphia, Pa.

William J. Clench, Cambridge, Mass.

Mrs. Lilias F. Cockerill, Sanibel, Fla.

Miss Margaret Contant

Dr. Eloise B. Cram, Bethesda, Md.

Dr. Ralph W. Dexter, Kent, Ohio
Dr. Julia Gardner, Washington, D. C.

Joseph S. Gaylord, East Longmeadow, Mass.

Dr. Fritz Haas, Chicago, 111.

Mrs. Fred St. John Hoffman, Buffalo, N. Y.

Richard I. Johnson, Belmont, Mass.

Dr. J. Brookes Knight, Washington, D. C.

Dr. A. Byron Leonard, Lawrence, Kan.

Charles Locklin, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Folke Linder

Gordon K. MacMillan, Pittsburgh, Pa.

12

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

E. Sidney Marks, Arlington, N. J.

Mr. and Mrs. North McLean, Washington, Conn.

Miss Maxine Mettlach, Westfield, N. J.

Dr. E. L. and Dr. Katherine V. W. Palmer, Ithaca, N. Y.

John Dyas Parker, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lawrence Pomeroy, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Dr. and Mrs. Harald A. Rehder, Washington, D. C.

Miss Rosalvina Ribera

Mrs. John W. Risser, Lake Worth, Fla.

Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Buffalo, N. Y.

Eugene H. Schmeck, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Dr. Waldo Schmitt, Washington, D. C.

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Miss Dorothea A. Slater, Cambridge, Mass.

Mrs. Harrison Smith, Philadelphia, Pa.

Andrew Sorensen, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Buffalo, N. Y.

Miss Ruth D. Turner, Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. P. O. Underwood, Detroit, Mich.

Dr. and Mrs. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mrs. A. T. Whelchel, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Dr. Willard R. Wright, Washington, D. C.

Charles B. Wurtz, Philadelphia, Pa.

THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

In accordance with a decision made at the Washington meeting, ballots
were sent to the membership in November to determine the place of the 1947
meeting as between Sanibel, Pacific Grove, and Carnegie Museum. By Decem-
ber 1, the date set for final returns, Sanibel was slightly in the lead.

Accordingly steps were taken to appoint a local committee to make ar-
rangements for a meeting there. However, when those contacted for the
purpose advised against the Sanibel selection at this time because the devasta-
tion wrought by two hurricanes had not been repaired and accommodations
on the island were inadequate, and that shelling is not what it formerly was,
it was decided to accept the invitation from Pacific Grove, a close second in
the voting.

Mr. Andrew Sorensen and the Directors of Hopkins Marine Station have
selected the dates of June 18 to 21 when tides are very low early in the morning
and collecting should be good. The headquarters for the meeting will be Asilo-
mar Hotel and Conference Grounds, operated by the Y.W.C.A. Attractive
living quarters and conference halls make it possible to hold meetings at any
time, all activities being right “at home.” The rate of $3.50 a day including
meals appeals to those who must come a great distance and to whom expense
is an item to be considered. There also are rooms for $5.00 and $5.50 a day
if desired.

Asilomar is 120 miles south of San Francisco and easily reached. Visitors
are promised a trip to Hopkins Marine Station, the Pacific Grove Museum,
and a view of the beautiful submarine gardens through glass-bottomed boats.

Please send titles of papers and time required to Mr. Andrew Sorensen,
247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Also make reservations with him as soon
as possible.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

13

NOTES

William J. Bower sends the following interesting note on the Egg'
Laying Process of Strombus pugilis which he was fortunate enough to observe.
He was present when Mrs. Mary J. Coles of Nashville was collecting shells
for the new Nashville Children’s Museum, May 11, 1945 in Boca Ciega Bay
at the foot of 31st Street South, St. Petersburg, Florida.

The shells were on a bar of clean white sand about 150 feet out from
high tide mark. As the tide ebbed the shells began to pop out of the sand.
Seven of the 122 examined were laying eggs. They were partly buried in
the sand with the lip of the shell exposed. The eggs emerged from the animal
inbedded in a continuous string of matter about a millimeter in diameter. The
string piled up into a loose ball about the sise of an English walnut in the
space between the lip of the shell and the sand. Microscopic examination
showed the egg string to be composed of small grains of white sand agglutinated
by an albuminous substance. As the egg string did not pass through the sand
the mollusk apparently takes in the sand and fabricates the egg string around
the eggs as they emerge.

Yoshio Kondo writes: There is a little matter which, I believe, could be
brought to the attention of the members with profit to both themselves and
the natives of the Caroline Islands.

The United States Commercial Corporation, as one of its minor projects,
will encourage natives of Truk, Yap, Palau, and other islands thereabouts to
collect seashells to be sold in the States. The purpose of this project is to
enable the natives to buy some necessities until the fishing, agricultural, and
mining industries are put on their feet again.

We have advised one of their representatives that the trochus and pearl
shell industries, for button material, could be revived immediately and that
there may be a good market for the giant tridacna shell as a curio. The curio
shops of Palau almost always used to have a mound of the latter shells in
front of them for sale which was quite brisk. I myself brought home four
or five pairs of those giants. Some of the large specimens are said to be large
enough to bathe in. At and near Yap are good grounds for the orange cowrie.
These will probably find readier sale than the less spectacular shells that the
natives may manage to bring up. We have advised them that shells other than
the commercially important ones are to be picked up and marketed though the
returns may not be high.

«.j« vj.

Adlai B. Wheel writes that he has received several donations of shells
from members who read the appeal in the last Bulletin. He is very grateful
for all these. The shells have been put to good use in his work with the
Boys’ Club of Syracuse. The portable displays which the boys have arranged
to illustrate different families of mollusks are carefully and neatly done and
would do credit to any school or museum. Keep Mr. Wheel and his boys
in mind when you have duplicates for disposal. The address is Adlai B. Wheel,
430 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y.

14

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

John Dyas Parker reports on the Third Annual National Shell Exhibition
held under the auspices of the St. Petersburg Shell Club in the Grand Ball'
room of the Million Dollar St. Petersburg Municipal Pier on February 6 to 12,
1947: In place for the opening were 385 running feet of glass cabinets, each
filled with shells. Other exhibits included two relief maps, one of the State
of Florida and the other of the local area, each of which had real shells placed
where they are found geographically. Another interesting exhibit was a repro'
duction of a sand bar from Tampa Bay which had simulated tracks and the
shells of ten species of mollusks.

The largest exhibit was submitted by the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, with an overall length of 100 feet. This exhibit showed
different types of dredging and collecting equipment. Four workers were kept
busy sorting, dissecting, and drawing local dredgings brought in from Tampa
Bay. Also included in the Academy exhibit were a library section which con'
tained at least one work of each of sixty'three staff members, past and present,
starting with Thomas Say and running to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry's latest part
of the Land Shells of 7\[orth America K[orth of Mexico. A sample shell cabinet,
a filing and a catalog system completed this exhibit. A lecturer at frequent
intervals covered the whole process of shell collecting from dredging to the
ultimate cataloging and disposition in the cabinet.

Participating in the exhibit were 74 private exhibitors from 37 states,
Canada, and New Zealand, and five Museum groups including two of the
major institutions doing research on shells, as well as 41 shell dealers who had
concession booths. According to a private census conducted by Joseph Gaylord
there were a little over ten thousand shells of five thousand species represented
in the show. Over 5000 people other than those connected with the club or
concessions came to see the shells.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island Club, Balboa, Cal. Conch., minerology exch.
Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allen, Charles A., 1094 S. King St., Honolulu 53, T. H.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica, Chapultepec, Casa de Laga, Mexico D. F.,
Mex.

Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Archer, Harry B., 1767 41 St. N., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Ash, F. G., 14142 Meyers Rd., Detroit 27, Mich.

Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 27 Willway Rd., Richmond 21, Va.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego, Cal.

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab. Univ. of Penn., 38 St. and Woodland
Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res., 11 Chelten Rd., Haverford, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D. C.

Bayer, Frederick, Riviera Beach, Fla. Box 737.

Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., Mingo Lodge, Skaneateles, N. Y.

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berger, Mr. and Mrs. John N., 3496 Brookline Ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, O.

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., Florida State Board of Health, P. O. Box 210, Jackson'
ville, Fla.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PI., Toledo 6, Ohio.

Blake, Dr. Charles H., Dept, of Biology, M. I. T., Boston, Mass.

Blakeslee, Clifford L.s Mendon Center Rd., Pittsford, N. Y. Exch. land, fresh water,
arid marine shells.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Boelio, Mrs. Nellie A.. 181 Kedsie Dr., East Lansing, Mich.

Bollinger, Mrs. C. C., Lakeview, Mich.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 35, Mixcoac D. F., Mex.

Bower, William J., 340 3rd St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Brewster, Miss Helen M., 500 2nd Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Briscoe, Dr. M. S., 4208 Benning Rd., N.E., Apt. 3, Washington 19, D. C.

Briskas, James, 703-707 S.E. 6th Ave. and 7th St., Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Dealer.

Brooks, Dr. Stanley T.. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Brookshire, Jack, 948 E. Beverly Ave., Bellflower, Cal. South Pacific marines.
Bruce, Karl L., 12 Florence St., Roslindale, Mass.

Burch, Dr. Thomas A., National Inst, of Health, Zoology Lab., Bethesda, Md.

Burch, John Q., 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Burch, Paul R., 614 W. 4th St., Radford, Va.

Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burr, Harry B., 6407 Peerless St., Houston 4, Tex.

Burrow, Mrs. F. H., 417 Topeka Ave., Topeka, Kan.

Burry, Mr. and Mrs. Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Pompano, Fla.

Byrd, Mrs. Curtis, 1415 Northeast 4th Place, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

16

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Caldwell, Walter C., 3444 1st Ave. N., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Camman, A. F., 515 N.E. 6th St., Box 203, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.

Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 42 Anderson St., Boston 14, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Cheever, John Alden, 47 W. Cedar St., Boston 14, Masis.

Chen, Suifong, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Church, Austin, 165 George St., Trenton, Mich. P. O. Drawer C.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Augusta 91, Rio de Janeiro, Braz.il. Local and foreign shells; books.
Claar, Elmer A., 1301 Chestnut St., Wilmette, 111. Coll. Cypraea.

Clarke, Mrs. Effie M., 403 S. Mariposa St., Los Angeles 5, Cal.

Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,
exch., buy.

Coats, Ruth E., 702 First St., Tillamook, Ore. Exch. fresh water and Puget Sd. marines.
Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Colitz;, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Conant, Earl B., 841 E. Broadway, Milford, Conn.

Cooke, Dr. Montague, Jr., Kualii, 2859 Manoa Rd., Honolulu 54, T. H.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B., Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Crosby, William, San Mateo, Fla.

. •

Damron, Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. E., 29-D Venetian Way, Miami Beach, Fla.
Darbaker, Dr. L. K., 424 Franklin Ave., Wilkinsburg 21, Pa.

D’Attilo, Anthony, 102 Hilltop Acres, Yonkers, N. Y.

Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Donovan, Mr. and Mrs. James W., P. O. Box 8927, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Doremus, E. C., 227 Holmes Ave., Boonton, N. J.

Drake, Robert J., Dept, of Anthropology, Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N. M.
Dranga, Ted., 3462 Main Highway, Miami 33, 'Fla.

Dury, Dr. Ralph, Director, Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist. Mus. and Lib. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Emery, Dan L., 121 20th Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 49 Beech St., Nutley, N. J.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., 2525 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Land and marines.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass-a-Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fasset, Edna J., Pass-a-Grille Beach, Fla.

Flipse, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C., 80-56 Surrey Place, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Fluck, Rev. William H., 80 Oak Grove, Brattleboro, Vt.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas, B. W. I.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 6, Cal.

Frampton, Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franz,en, Miss Dorothea, Cedar Crest College, Allentown, Pa.

Gardner, Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Gaylord, Joseph S., East Longmeadow. Mass.

George, Mrs. Henry, Jr., 7320 Watson Ave., Wauwatosa 13, Wis.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

17

Gifford, Dr. and Mrs. E. W., 2535 LeConte Ave., Berkeley 4, Cal. Olividae
Gillham, Bert A., Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Gilmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline, Mass.

Goodnight, Dr. Clarence J., Dept, of Biology, Biology Annex, Purdue Univ., West
Lafayette, Ind. Coll, land shells.

Goodrich, Calvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Goto, Masaichi, 1868 Palolo Ave., Honolulu, T. H. Hawaiian marines.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Gray, Russell, 417 West Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pa.

Gregg, Dr. Wendell O., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 7, Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of western N. A.

Haas, Capt. Arthur, 3511 Second Ave. S., St. Petersburg 7, Fla.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 1333 Cornwell PI., Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton 65, Mass. Exchange.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., B. Orange, N. J.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 711 S. Fancher Ave., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.

Harris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, 1530 Lehua St., Honolulu, T. H.

Hastings, J. K., 239 70th St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Hazlewood, Mrs. G. W., 102 S. W. Fifth Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex.

Heath, Dr. Harold, Hopkins Marine Sta., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hebert, Clyde H., c/o Mrs. William F. Powell, P. O. Box 289, Tallulah, La.

Hegner, Carl, 1904 Nolden St., Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Herrington, Robert E., 208 9th St., Lorain, Ohio.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Hildebrandt, Mrs. Henry, Winthrop, Minn.

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John. 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Exchange.

Hoover, John Edgar, Washington 25, D. C..

Horstman, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.
Hume, Mr. and Mrs. William, 32 Queen St., Charleston, S. C.

Humes, Ralph H., 3400 Del Monte Rd., Coconut Grove, Fla.

Ingram, Dr. William Marcus, Dept, of Zoology, Mills College, Oakland 13, Cal.

Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, Mr. and Mrs. H. J., 538 N. Palos Verdes St., San Pedro, Cal. Diver.
Jacobson, Morris K.. 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jewell, Maynard, 1927 W. Madison St., Sandusky, Ohio. Exch. East Coast and Gulf
marines.

Johnson, Mrs. Edward M., Box 444, Falmouth, Mass.

Johnson, Richard I.. 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnson, W. G., 47 Shore Front, Milford, Conn, and 9(21 24th Ave. N., St. Peters'
burg, Fla.

Jones, Dr. David T., Ass’t Prof, of Psysiology, Miami Univ., Oxford, O. Res. 818
E. Fifth St., Vinton, la.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Box 1563, Stanford University, Cal.

Kimball, S. L., P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Ca. Conus and Cypraea.

18

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3401 N. W. 46th St., Miami 35, Fla.

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institute, Wash'
ington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Kondo, Yoshio, Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, Hawaii.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells.

LaRocque, Aurele, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich. Fresh water shells;
Pleistocene and Post'Pleistocene.

Lee, Charles Bruce, 69 Verplanck St., Buffalo, N. Y., c/o Mrs.' N. L. Dickson. Exch.
land shells.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Lloyd, Monte B., Oakdale, Iowa.

Locklin, Mrs. Marion E., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ruth E. Eaton, 326 West Fifth St., Long Beach 2, Cal.

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

.

MacCoy, Mrs. Clinton Viles, Winter St., Norwell, Mass.

MacFarland, Frank M., California Acad, of Sci., San Francisco, Cal.

MacMillan, Gordon K., Invertebrate Lab., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Maeda, Kazuo, 602 Judd St., Honolulu 44, T. H.

Magalhaes, Dr. Hulda, Dept, of Zool., Duke Univ., Durham, N. C.

N. C. gastropods, Busycon and sinistrals.

Manley, H. W., 2525 Steiner St., San Francisco, Cal.

Marks, E. Sidney, 655 Kearney Ave., Arlington, N. J. Exch. land and f. w. shells.
Marshall, William B., 1818 1 7th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Maynard, Mrs. Stanley, 98 Reservation Rd., Milton 86, Mass.

McCurdy, Dr. Gordon J., La Honda, Cal.

McGinty, Paul L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

McGinty, Paul P., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, land, f. w. and marines.
McGinty, Thomas L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.
McLean, Mr. and Mrs. North, Washington, Conn.

McLean, Richard A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill, Mass.

Merry, Dr. Katherine, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mertens, Mrs. Adele, 167 Bay Front Dr., Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y.

Mettlach, Miss Maxine, 411 Mountain Ave., Westfield, N. J.

Miller, Daniel, Upperco P. O., Md.

Miller, Esther Van Sciver, c/o Bob Miller Inc., 1619 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y.
Moberg, Mrs. Alexander G., 122 Billings St., N. Quincy, Mass.

Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 5290 S. W. 6th St., Miami 34, Fla.

Moore, Dr. Merrill, 10 Crabtree Rd., Squantum 71, Mass.

Moreno, Dr. Abelardo, Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba.
Morrison, Dr. J. P. E., U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

Nanos,Miss Stella, 6642 N. Clark St., Chicago 26, 111.

Nanos, William, 6642 N. Clark St., Chicago 26, 111.

Nead, John Hunter, 33 Wildwood Rd., Hammond, Ind.

Neurohr, Gilbert N., Box 737, Riviera Beach, Fla.

Newcombe, Curtis L., Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Res.
287 Oakland St., Birmingham, Mich.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

19

Newell, Norman D., Dept, of Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.

Nicol, David, Box 2466, Stanford University, Cal.

North, Mrs. Mary Deemer, 327 Western Ave., Brookville, Pa.

Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111.

Otis, Mrs. Helen, 777 Anclote Blvd., Tarpon Springs, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Royal Ontario Museum of Zool., Toronto, Ont.

Owens, Miss Mary, 57 Brenton Ave., Providence, R. I.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., Research Inst., 126 Kelvin PI., Ithaca, N. Y.

Parker, John Dyas„ Dept, of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3,
Pa.

Patterson, Alfred H., 129 Andover Circle, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Box 827, Asheville, N. C.

Peters, Miss Sally W., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla.

Peters, Mrs. William I. Jr., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla. Florida shells.

Piel, Mr. and Mrs. Walter, 57 Oak Ave., Rehoboth Beach, Del.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The T^autilus.

Poliak, Mrs. Herman H., 1104 E. 46th St., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence, Pass^a-Grille, Fla.

Pomeroy, Mrs. Sarah W., 1026 James Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Porter, S. L., 1914 Sandra Dr., Fort Meyers, Fla.

Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, Banyan Rd., Palm Beach, Fla.

Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Rand, Mrs. George C., Box 538, Delray Beach, Fla.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clarke St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Reed, Paul H., Box 267, Tavares. Fla. Editor Mollusca.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A.. U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Rice, Lieut. Comdr. C. H., Industrial Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C.

Rice, Frank Hagler, General Delivery, University, Ala.

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rickies, P. A., 7 Jefferson Blvd., Annadale, Staten Island 12, N. Y. Coll., exch., buy.
Risser, Mrs. Elizabeth, 512 S. Lakeside Dr., Lake Worth, Fla.

Robertson, Mr. and Mrs. Harold R., 136 Buffum St„ Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Robertson, Miss H. Winifred, 203 S. De Kalb St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Ross, James, 1139 Martin PL, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Russell, Henry D., Springdale Ave., Dover, Mass.

Russell, Dr. L. S., Royal Ontario Museum of Paleontology, Toronto, Ont,

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saunders, Dr. Felix, Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., Lone Star Lab., Dainger-
field, Tex.

Schenck, Dr. Hubert G., Dept, of Geol., Stanford University, Cal.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Mr. and Mrs. Jerome M., 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Y*

Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., 260 Marmaroneck Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Sebesta, Mrs. Ed., 407 W. 30th St., Bryan, Texas.

Sheldon, Miss Pearl G., 1001 Triphammer Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Shepard, Miss Miriam, Box 164, Route 2, Portland 10, Ore.

Silverman, Alex, 1001 Surf Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

20

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Slater, Miss Dorothea A., 65 Martin St., Cambridge 38, Mass.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Mrs. Cassat H., 41 Walker St., Cambridge, Mass.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Maxwell, Box 65, Winter Park, Fla.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P., Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Sprague, Miss Myrle A., 552 Eldora, Pasadena 6, Cal.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, Texas.

Stephens, Mrs. Kate, 3746 Park Blvd., San Diego, Cal.

Stephens, T. C., Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa.

Strohbeen, John P., 315 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, A. M., 215 West Fifth St., Room 1212, Los Angeles 13, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 34 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Taylor, Dwight Willard, 1955 Mendocino Lane, Altadena, Cal. Coll, and exch.
N. A. mollusks.

Teare, Mrs. Margaret, 681 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret, 144 Harlem Ave., Sta. D., Buffalo, N. Y.

Thaanum. Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thomas, W. Donald, 1017 Hardee Rd., Coral Gables 34, Fla.

Thompson, Mrs. A. R., Deerwood, Minn.

Tobleman, Fred, Hj/2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, Dr. Alfredo de la, General Betancourt No. 51, Matanzas, Cuba.

Torre, Dr. Carlos de la, Avenida 7a y Calle 32, Reparto Miramar, Mariana, Habana,
Cuba.

Torre, Dr. Salvador L. de la, Playa 75]/2> Matanzas, Cuba.

Townsend, Miss Roberta, 82 West 12th St., New York, N. Y.

Trethewey, Mrs. Aurora, 1129 Alberta PI., San Diego 3, Cal.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W.. 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit, Mich.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History, Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Van Hyning, Dr. T., Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla.

Van Riper, Dr. Mildred J., 144'76 Sanford Ave., Flushing, N. Y.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P., 7711 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vilas, Mrs. C. N., Room 700, 100 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 2, 111.

Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 19150 Rainbow Dr., R 3, Birmingham, Mich.

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Walworth, Mr. and Mrs. A. C., 38 Everett St., Newton Center, Mass

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.

Waterman, Dr. George A., 250 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Watson, Dr. Henry D., 151 Front St., Binghamton, N. Y.

Webb, Glenn R., Rural Route 1, Urbana, 111. Land and freshwater snails. Land
snail biology and anatomy.

Webber, Fred S., 271 Maple St., Holyoke, Mass.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

21

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Weh ringer, Dr. Henry G., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Dr. Harry E., 1800 S. Taylor St., Little Rock, Ark.

Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Wilson, Miss Edna N., 718 Capistrano PI., Mission Beach, San Diego, Cal. Exch., coll.
Wolf, Mrs. Agnes E., 515 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago 14, 111.

Woodman, Mrs. Daisy C., 150 27th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 4, Fla.

Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Wright, Dr. Charles R., 1502 6th St., Sanger, Cal.

Wurts Charles B., 505 5 Copley Rd., Philadelphia 44, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.

Zetek. Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,
Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Sgt. L. J. M. Butot, 301543 R.N. Army, 11 Populier Straat, Haarlem, Netherlands.

A. G. Stevenson, 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland S'2, N. Z. Exch. shells
and publications.

Membership in the American Malacological Union is open to anyone
interested in the study or collection of shells. The annual dues are one dollar.
There is no initiation fee. For further information address the financial
secretary, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, 136 Buffum Street, Buffalo, N- Y.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

IN MEMORIAM

Wallace H. Ashbery
Blenn R. Bales
Thomas Barbour
J. H. Beal
Edna G. Gordon
Julius M. Johnson
Mrs. Maxwell Smith
Rollin H. Stevens

THE

NAUTILUS

A Quarterly

Devoted to the Interests of Gonchologists

Editors and Publishers:

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusks
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. Burrington Baker, Professor of Zoology
University of Pennsylvania
38th Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
$2.00 per year ($2.15 to foreign countries) 50c a copy

This Report is printed in uniform size with the Nautilus
and may be bound with it if desired.

If h

Hdi

Mi//.

^Jke American

McdcuxdcHficaL Idricn

*

News Bulletin

and Annual Report *1947

Membership List Revised,
December, 1947

CONTENTS

The Thirteenth Annual Meeting

Marine Mollusks of Monterey Bay .

«••••••

•»•«••*• •••asssssasssasssestsssasssscsenssssi

Helicoid Snails of Desert Regions of California
Collecting in Ecuador

Notes on the Mating of Some Zonitoides

Annual Dinner

Method of Sealing Vials

California Land Snails

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••a •••••«•«•••*••

Michigan Pearl Button Industry

Tropical West American Bivalves

Abnormal Shells of Some Pacific Mollusks

A Bibliography of Literature of Mullusk Biology

Dredging on Mendocino County Coast

Illustrated Address by Dr. Ralph Bolin

Protozoans and Foraminifera

Comparative Study of Pomatiopsis and Oncomelania
Remarks on Checklists.

«••••••••••••••••••••••••••«•••••••••••••••••••••

Mollusks Introduced into the Pacific

Exhibit of Rare Shells, Stanford University
Exhibit of World Haliotis

•••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••acssssscssssssssssesasssssssees

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Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Puerto Rico
Lines on the Malacological Convention, 1947 ...
Members and Visitors in Attendance

Shall We Have a West Coast Branch?

Notes

The Fourteenth Annual Meeting .

Book Review: Guide to Shells of Our Atlantic Coast

Active Members

Corresponding Members

is •«••••••«••••• •••••••••••••<

••••••••*•••••••••••••• saaassaaaaassssaaasaassaass ••••••

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32

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
PACIFIC GROVE, CALIFORNIA. JUNE 18 TO 21, 1947

For the second time since the end of World War II, members of the
American Malacological Union gathered together. It was the first meeting to be
held on the Pacific Coast since 1934. The attendance, which was naturally com-
posed largely of Pacific Coast members, nevertheless included a fair representa-
tion from the Eastern States. The total number in attendance was 86, mostly
members of long standing, but including also a number of newcomers who were
attending for the first time.

The meeting was held at Pacific Grove, as announced in the last issue of the
"News Bulletin and Annual Report,” at the invitation of Mr. Andrew Sorensen
and the Directors of the Hopkins Marine Station. They promised much in the
way of attractions and entertainment and they more than fulfilled their promises.

The place of meeting was Asilomar Hotel and Conference Grounds, operated
by the Y. W. C. A., which deserves more than passing mention. Asilomar is
beautifully situated on the shore of the Pacific, a stone’s throw from an attractive
beach which provided some surprises in the way of mollusks for the non-
Californians, as will be recorded later. It consists of spacious grounds with a
carefully preserved stand of Monterey cypress and other native trees and a group
of well spaced buildings including dormitories, cottages, conference halls,
recreation halls, offices and dining halls. Few more beautiful and convenient meet-
ing places could have been found, even in the opinion of those familiar with
California and other Pacific Coast states. The arrangements for meals were par-
ticularly convenient. Members of the Union had all their meals at a group of
reserved tables in the dining hall which were screened off from other groups
and permitted them to continue the meetings informally with complete freedom
from extraneous influences.

Long before the earliest arrivals were expected, the local committee had been
at work. On arrival, Mrs. A. T. Whelchel and her father, Mr. Sorensen, were on
hand to welcome us and Mrs. John Q. Burch was ready to attend to registration
and the assignment of rooms for the duration of the meeting. As a pleasant sur-
prise, each registrant was presented with a box containing named shells from
the Pacific Coast, the gift of Messrs. Sorensen and Strohbeen and Mrs. Whelchel.
As usual, introductions were soon attended to and the conversation turned imme-
diately to Mollusca. Most of the afternoon of the 17th, was spent in this pleasant
manner and in the renewal of old acquaintances or the making of new ones.

During the evening of the 17th members were invited to view an exhibit
of sponges, sea plumes, crabs, starfish, brittle stars, glass sponges, brachiopods,
and corals brought up by fishermen and expertly preserved and mounted by Mr.
Strohbeen. Mr. Sorensen had prepared a fine display of abalone shells from Cali-
fornia and other parts of the world to illustrate his paper, given later. The
evening was enjoyably spent discussing the exhibits and questioning Messrs.
Strohbeen and Sorensen about them. The group became larger and larger as time
passed and new arrivals continued to join it. Even before the meetings had
officially started, it was apparent that a large and appreciative group would be
present to make a success of them.

1

Wednesday, June 18, 1947

The first scientific meetings were held in the Classroom Hall, Asilomar,
Pacific Grove, California. Dr. Henry van der Schalie, President of the Union,
opened the meeting at 2:10 p. m. After a few general announcements relating
to a photograph of the group and the Annual Dinner to be held on the same
evening, Dr. L. R. Blinks, Director of the Hopkins Marine Biological Station
of Stanford University, was invited to speak.

Dr. Blinks said it was a pleasure and an honor to welcome the American
Maiacological Union to Pacific Grove and to the Hopkins Marine Laboratory
of Stanford University. He said that the Laboratory had now started its summer
session with some forty students in attendance and that some thirty or more were
expected later. Pacific Grove had been selected as the site of the station because
of its advantages from the standpoint of abundant fauna and flora and its acces-
sibility. Monterey Bay has a rich fauna of over 1,000 species of animals and
plants, of which 400 are usually found. There are a great many species of Nudi-
branchs, 50 of Chitons, and 500 or 600 of Mollusks. Abalone and Squid of
commercial importance are found and taken here; the squid is also of embry-
ological and physiological importance. Dr. Blinks concluded by inviting members
of the Union in attendance at this meeting to visit the Laboratory and to make
it their home insofar as possible.

Dr. van der Schalie responded to Dr. Blinks’ address of welcome; he said
that the site, the climate, and the facilities of Pacific Grove exceeded the ex-
pectations of all those who had come from far and near. He lauded the excellent
arrangements made by Mr. Sorensen and Dr. Blinks and their many enthusiastic
assistants for their efficient organization of the meeting.

The meeting then passed to the presentation of scientific papers according
to the programme. These are abstracted below, together with the discussion that
followed each one.

The Marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of Monterey Bay, California,
and Vicinity. By Allyn G. Smith and Mackenzie Gordon, Jr.

This paper was read by the senior author who said that it would soon appear
in print. Mr. Smith said that the fauna of Monterey Bay is exceptionally rich in
species and individuals and that therefore he would confine himself to a discus-
sion of the Mollusca. The area has had a long history, malacologically speaking,
which goes beyond the beginning of formal scientific literature. The early
Spanish records of the region contain descriptions of the uses of abalones from
Monterey by the Indians of the West Coast, even as far north as Alaska. The
first scientific collections reached Europe at the beginning of the 19th century;
they included the Black Abalone, the Red Abalone, the Giant Keyhole Limpet,
Olivella biplicata, and the Coffee-Bean Shell, Trivia calif orniana Gray.

The expeditions of Laperouse (1787) and Vancouver (1795) may have ob-
tained some of the species described by early conchologists, as both were ac-
companied by naturalists. Nuttall ( 1835), Du Petit Thouars, (1838), and many
others obtained specimens from Monterey Bay. Carpenter (1856, 1863) sum-
marized the earlier exploration of the coast and concluded that 277 species of
shells were known from California, of which 66 were reported from Monterey
Bay. More intensive work was done by J. G. Cooper (1861), Dali ( 1865-66),
Stearns, Newcomb, Canfield, and Harford.

As early as 1890, Dali noted that increased population and the discharge
of sewage into the bay caused a reduction in the number of species available,

2

Ill

and feared that Monterey would no longer be the conchologist’s paradise it had
been. More work was done in later years by Harold Heath, working especially
on chitons, by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer "Albatross” particularly on
deepwater forms, by S. S. Berry (1906) and others. The speaker said he had
begun his conchological work under the expert tutelage of Dr. Josiah Keep, of
Mills College, who for a number of years came to Pacific Grove to deliver a
series of talks on conchology to the Chautauqua Assemblies held there annually.
In addition, much work on the Nudibranchs has been done by Dr. F. M. Mac-
Farland. Ecological work on Mollusks has been done here by G. E. McGinitie,
the area studied being Elkhorn Slough.

Monterey Bay presents a variety of physiographic conditions and ecological
habitats which in part account for the abundance of mollusca here. The latter
vary from the littoral zone of the open seacoast, to soft shales which provide a
habitat for rock-boring mollusks, to open sand beaches, the giant kelp assemblage,
and to estuarine conditions. The neritic zone varies from fine dark sand to sub-
marine reefs of dark shale to depths where the sand grades into mud. The Mont-
erey Submarine Canyon is a distinctive and remarkable physiographic feature
of the bay with a fauna which is in part peculiar to it. Mr. Smith summarized
the mollusk fauna by placing on the board a table which reveals the variety and
abundance of forms in Monterey Bay:

Group

Valid

Pelecypoda

Scaphopoda

Pteropoda

Opisthobranchiata ...

Nudibranchiata

Pulmonata

Ctenobranchiata

Amphineura

Cephalopoda .
Brachiopoda

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••AC

Numbers of species and subspecies

Record doubtful Total

for Monterey

189 22 211

10 0 10

5 0 5

21 2 23

36 0 36

5 0 5

393 44 437

51 9 60

15 1 16

7 2 9

Totals 732 80 812

This remarkable assemblage probably cannot be matched outside of tropical
or semi-tropical areas, and many more forms await discovery and description.

The commercial fisheries of Monterey Bay include the following: The red
abalone (Haliotis rufescens) which is of greatest importance commercially. Other
species are not commercially important. The Chinese started commercial fishing
for abalones as early as 1864. Until the beginning of the war the fisheries were
dominated by the Japanese. In 1899 the first restrictions were imposed on fishing
because of diminishing supply. The license fee was $60.00. There has been no
canning of abalone in recent years. A complete account of the abalone fishery
may be found in a paper by Paul Bonnot in California Fish and Game. An idea
of the commercial importance of the industry may be gathered from the follow-
ing figures: In 1918 only 3,000 dozen shellfish were taken commercially, 56,000
dozen in 1927, and 46,000 dozen (1,000 tons) in 1928. The rarity of young in
late years has been alarming for the future of the abalone in Monterey Bay and
elsewhere in California.

3

Next in importance is the squid fishery, unique in this country. The species
is Loligo opalescens Berry; this industry was also started by the Chinese who
dried the squid on China Point, now the site of the Hopkins Marine Station.
The fishing stopped in 1932 because of unstable conditions in China and com-
petition from Japan. The recent pack has all been in Monterey Bay and is mostly
for export.

The giant squid ( Dosidicus gigas d’Orbigny) is important in another way.
It has never been possible to make it palatable, but on the other hand it has become
a nuisance to the fishermen whose bait it takes. If taken, this squid squirts out
a particularly objectionable ink and will also bite the fishermen with its parrot-
like beak.

The Octopus fishery involves O. cf. apollyon Berry which is perhaps the
same thing as O. hongkongensis. The octopi are taken in baited traps and the
catch averages 75,000 lbs. per year.

DISCUSSION. — Dr. van der Schalie pointed out that the fauna of this area
afforded an unparalleled opportunity for research which Mr. Smith and his
associate were not slow to take up.

Helicoid Snails of the Desert Regions of California.

By Wendell O. Gregg

The speaker described the distribution and some of the peculiar habits of
these snails which belong to four genera, Helminth oglypta, Micrarionta, Son-
orelix, and Sonorella and include 41 species and subspecies. The detailed discus-
sions of generic and specific characters as well as the account of the distribution
of these interesting snails will be published shortly in the Minutes of the Con-
chological Club of Southern California.

Collecting in Ecuador.

By Jay G. Marks

This paper was read by Dr. A. Myra Keen and illustrated by slides. The author
describes the physical and climatic conditions along the coastline of Ecuador and
the division of the coast into two faunal provinces, the Panamic and the Peruvian
which meet in the region of the Gulf of Guayaquil. Here the Guayas River acts
as a natural barrier which sharply delimits the two faunal zones. The habitats of
the mollusca present many peculiarities which were described in some detail.
The species of each faunal assemblage were listed. Of special interest is the
burrowing habit of Litharca lithodomus, the only species of ark which has such
a habitat. It was first noted by Cuming and published by Sowerby in 1833.
Cuming’s statement that it was found in holes in stones was doubted for many
years but confirmed by the author and Don L. Frizzell who both observed its
peculiar abode.

DISCUSSION. — Dr. Keen remarked that this paper contained many range
extensions, both northward and southward. The list of species will be published
later. Dr. Henry van der Schalie said that he found the list interesting because of
the small number of records in the literature from South America.

Notes on the Mating of Some Zonitoides (Ventridens) Species
of Land-Snails. By Glenn R. Webb

This paper is a detailed account of the mating of certain snails of the genus
Zonitoides ( Ventridens ) illustrated by mounted anatomical preparations and

4

camera lucida drawings. The mating of caged specimens of Z. (V.) ligera, sup-
pressus, intertextus , and demissus hrittsi? was observed and dissections of speci-
mens in coitus were mounted. The methods used are those described by the
author for polygyrids (Webb, 1947). Courtship was observed and described in
V. ligera. The dart plays an important part in the process. Following courtship,
the mating process of V. ligera , and probably of the other three species studied,
is effected by a partial implantation of a spermatophore. The implanted sperm-
atophore occupies a shallow wound in the penis of the mate animal and is later
conveyed to the interior of the animal’s body during retraction of the extruded
organs. The form of the exserted parts of the genitalia is basically similar in
V. ligera (Say) and V. intertextus (Binney), but V. suppressus (Say) differs
chiefly in having the organs less deeply bifurcated. The data are considered to
be of value in revealing something of the functional relationships of parts of the
sex-organs, and the fact of inter-species spermatophore transfers between some
species of Ventridens.

Annual Dinner

At 6:30 in the evening the Annual Dinner was held in the Dining
Hall of Asilomar. A special menu had been prepared for the occasion
through the good offices of the local committee and was offered to the members
of the Union in attendance with the compliments of Mr. Andrew Sorensen, who
bore the entire financial cost of the banquet. Since the menu was so unusual and
so appropriate to a meeting of malacologists, it seemed worthwhile to give it
here in full: Shrimp cocktail, broiled Abalone, crabmeat salad, vegetables, dessert.
Mrs. Burch and others of the local committee had prepared corsages of fuchsias
for the ladies, which added a festive touch much appreciated by all present.

Dr. van der Schalie voiced the thanks of the guests to the local committee
and assured them that their gracious reception and painstaking arrangements
were deeply appreciated. Mr. John Q. Burch spoke briefly of the pleasure of the
western group at having a meeting on the west coast and being able to exchange
ideas and impressions with members of the eastern group. Mr. Sorensen spoke
of his pleasure at being able to welcome the Union in Pacific Grove and of the
difficulties which had been faced by some of the members coming from the east;
one party of these had been held up for a day by snow in the mountain passes
and another had encountered such hot weather that their bath water had to be
cooled with ice before it could be used for bathing. He urged the West Coast
members to their utmost to attend the next meeting which would probably be
held in the East. Dr. F. M. MacFarland, the outstanding authority on Nudi-
branchs, was called upon to speak and said that he hoped that members of the
Union would enjoy to the full their visit in Pacific Grove and take the oppor-
tunity to see as much as they could of the exceptional fauna of Monterey Bay.
Mr. Emery, one of our oldest members in years ( 84 ) but one of our youngest in
heart, spoke of some unusual collecting experiences of his in Cuba, especially
of one occasion when he had to hold on to steep cliffs with both hands and both
feet and collect Urocoptids with his mouth. It was a pleasure for many of us
who had met Mr. Emery at St. Petersburg in 1935 to renew his acquaintance
and to note that the years have not dulled his keen enjoyment and delight in
new things. As proof of this, it might be mentioned that he flew out to the Coast
and expects to fly back to his home in Florida. Mr. Dranga remarked that he had
heard of collecting "by mouth” in Hawaii and that one’s mouth is one of the
safest places to keep a fragile shell when descending from a tree or cliff. Messrs.
Spicer, Kimball, and Arthur Haas also spoke briefly, the latter giving some details

5

of the Shell Fair held in St. Petersburg last winter. Mr. Emery mentioned that
the success of the Shell Fair was due in great part to the efforts of Mr. Haas and
that the local conchologists are enthusiastically planning another for next winter.

After the Annual Dinner, the Council met briefly.

Thursday, June 19

The meeting convened at 10 a. m. in the Classroom building of Asilomar.
Some especially enthusiastic individuals had taken advantage of the exceptionally
low tides now prevailing to go out collecting at 5 o’clock in the morning. The
booty was rich and was the subject of admiration and comment by the assembled
members.

A short business meeting preceded the scientific sessions. The President read
the slate of officers prepared by Council, which is as follows: for President, Dr.
Myra Keen; for Vice-President, Dr. Elmer G. Berry; for Secretary, Mrs. Harold
R. Robertson; for Treasurer, Mr. Harold R. Robertson; for Councillors, Mr. John
Q. Burch, Dr. John Oughton, Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, and Mr. Allyn G. Smith.
Moved by Dr. Spicer, seconded by Mrs. Chace, that nominations be closed;
carried. Moved by Mr. Sorensen, seconded by Mr. Aldrich, that the slate prepared
by Council be elected unanimously; carried. Moved by Mr. Smith, seconded by
Dr. Berry, that the suggestion presented by Council concerning the purchase of
a present for our Secretary be approved; carried.

The President gave the gist of the Council’s discussion concerning a meeting
place for next year and said that a formal invitation had been received from the
Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. This appreciated invitation was accepted and
preparations are now being made to hold the 1948 meeting there.

The acting Secretary read the reports of the Secretary and that of the Treas-
urer, which were adopted unanimously.

Mr. Sorensen then introduced Mr. Ferdinand Ruth, Science Instructor at
Monterey Junior College and said that he had done intensive study of the fauna
of the coast for the past three years and was well acquainted with the best
collecting places. Mr. Ruth then asked for a show of hands to ascertain the
number of those planning to go on the early morning collecting trip Friday;
more than twenty hands showed that the trip is a popular feature of this meeting.
Mr. Ruth went on to say that the tides will be exceptionally favorable for collect-
ing, as there will be one of the lowest possible tides on this coast on Friday
morning. He said that in four years’ time the discharge of much sewage into
the bay had damaged collecting. The best collecting grounds are now along
Seventeen-mile Drive, Carmel, and beyond. The field trip Friday morning would
be to Carmel and "Fanshell Beach.” The presentation and discussion of scientific
papers continued as follows:

A Method of Sealing Vials for the Preservation of Mollusca
in Alcohol. By Allyn G. Smith

The permanent preservation of mollusca in alcohol is a problem to anyone
who has attempted it; there is much loss of valuable material because the con-
tainers used almost invariably allow the alcohol to evaporate after a certain
length of time. A technique developed by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna insures a per-
manent seal of the glass itself which entirely eliminates evaporation. Mr. Smith
showed examples of sealed vials of many sizes, up to eight inches long and said
that still longer vials may be prepared in the same way. He then outlined the
technique of sealing.

6

Use several different sizes of tubes made of soft glass, not Pyrex. Discarded
fluorescent tubes from which the inner coating has been removed have proved
excellent. One end of the tube is first sealed flat by heating and pressing down
on a plate of soapstone. Next the specimen, the label, and a small amount of
alcohol are inserted into the tube. The next step is to soften the glass at a point
well above the specimen and draw the tube into an hour-glass shape. Care must
be taken not to tip the tube during this operation as the alcohol coming into
contact with the hot glass would crack the tube. When the hour-glass shaped
tube is quite cold, alcohol is inserted through the almost capillary constriction
and the tube is again allowed to dry thoroughly. When the tube is dry, it is cut
off and sealed, the seal forming a glass bead at the tip of the cut-off capillary
tube. The glass in the region of the seal should be annealed to prevent cracking.

The heating and melting of the glass is done over a special burner called a
"Cannonball” which burns air and gas. The process may be carried out to advan-
tage with a number of preparations, carrying each through one step at a time
and working at the others while the first preparations are drying. Advantages of
the method are the permanent seal which still permits the use of a microscope
for examination. For anatomical work the seal must be broken, but once an
operator has acquired some dexterity, resealing of a preparation is a matter of
no great difficulty.

DISCUSSION. — Dr. Myers asked if acetate ink had been used for the labels;
Mr. Smith said that India ink had been found quite satisfactory, but that either
acetate ink or printer’s ink should also be adequate and permanent. Mr. Kimball
asked if an acetylene torch could be used in sealing the vials; the speaker replied
that it would prove satisfactory if the flame could be made fine enough. The
source of air, which must be under three or four pounds pressure, may be a dis-
carded hair dryer, hand bellows, or an aquarium aerating apparatus. Dr. van der
Schalie remarked that a Symposium on Preserving methods, similar to the
symposium on collecting methods (this Report and News Bulletin for 1941)
might be in order for future meetings of the Union.

California Land Snails and How Some of Them Live.

By E. P. Chace

The speaker started at the southern end of a large map of California and
enumerated the species found in various localities, together with some remarks
on their habits and peculiarities. Around San Diego are found the following:
Micrarionta stearnsiana (Gabb), near Point Loma, under rocks and also in sand;
M. kelletti (Forbes) on the Channel Islands and one colony on the mainland,
possibly introduced from the islands. Glypto stoma newberryanum (W. G.
Binney) occurs under rocks in San Diego County and also buried in the ground
under decaying cacti. It is also found in the mountains back of Pasadena.
Helminthoglypta traski (Newcomb) and its varieties are found in the southern
half of California. It lives in cactus patches but also one colony was found at high
tide line and another in sand dunes. Helminthoglyta tudiculata (Binney) is
found in the southern part of the State and north to Santa Barbara County. It
occurs almost anywhere, under logs and in rock piles, in lumber and trash piles,
and even in wood rats’ nests. The sand dunes near Surf and Morro Bay harbor
Helminthoglypta walkeriana (Hemphill), a very papillose species. A smooth
form is found at San Luis Obispo. Helminthoglypta umbilicata (Pilsbry) is also
found near San Luis Obispo, in a trickle of water with sycamores; it is abundant
under aster bushes at Cayucos. In the Monterey Peninsula are found Helmintho-
glypta dupetithouarsi ( Deshayes ) in pine woods around Pacific Grove. It requires

7

moist conditions. With it are found Vertigo cupressicola (Sterki) under twigs
and pine needles at Cypress Point, which is the type locality for both species.
Helminth oglypta umbilicata is also found 8 miles up Carmel Valley; H. dupeti-
thouarsi consors (Berry) in the San Juan Valley, in stream beds at Felton Grove;
H. exarata ( Pfeiffer ) and H. nickliniana ( Lea ) have been recorded for the same
place.

Near San Francisco the first Monadenias appear on the coast; they are also
found in the country back of Fresno. M. infumata (Gould) is found from here
northward to Scotia. At Cape Mendocino, M . infumata gives v/ay to M. fidelis
subcarinata (Hemphill) which ranges north to Trinidad. From Trinidad north-
ward are found true hybrids between M. subcarinata and M. fidelis. M. fi delis
(Gray) makes its first appearance near Crescent City and has a somewhat dif-
ferent cycle of life. In winter no live shells are found or else they are very scarce.
In spring they are active but in summer they go up into trees 10 or 11 feet or
even 20 feet up, or as far up in the brush as they can go. They are partial to wild
cucumber and often aestivate in these or in the brush which the wild cucumber
covers. During the fall rains they are active again, but after these they dig into
the soil again for the winter. Ground aestivation permits them to escape brush
fires. The habit of aerial aestivation is confined to northern California and a small
section of Oregon adjoining. At Point St. George, in the rocky, moist habitats
with Mesembryanthemum and other seashore plants, there is a stunted form of
M. fi delis which has been called variety pronotis ( Berry ) ; it digs under plantains.
It may be only a depauperate form. Other species of Monadenia also have depau-
perate forms which develop under unfavorable conditions. Lack of time did not
permit discussion of the land snails of the interior of California, much to the
regret of all present.

The Michigan Pearl Button Industry
By Henry van der Schalie

The Grand River in Michigan has always been one of the largest single
sources for pearl buttons in this state. Prior to the war a special survey, as well
as reports from clammers, indicated that the mussels in this river were greatly
depleted. During the war few people had time to gather shells for commercial
purposes. Approximately five years for repopulation resulted in a substantial
increase in the fauna. A measure of this recovery was obtained by travelling
about sixty-five miles of the river in a John-boat, making sample hauls at forty-
five stations on productive mussel producing beds. A discussion of the methods
employed for determining yield, as well as some general remarks on the present
and future status of the pearl button industry were included in this report which
will appear in print later as a contribution of the Michigan Department on
Conservation.

AFTERNOON SESSION

A Brief Review of Tropical West American Bivalves

By L. G. Hertlein

Bivalves have been used as food by Indians since before the beginning of
written history. The pearl oyster industry was once important on this coast,
though not of late years. Incidentally, a method of artificial cultivation was
developed by Gaston J. Vives, a Mexican, in the early part of this century but
commercial projects based upon his work were ended in 1914 by events con-
nected with the revolution in Mexico.

8

The area discussed extends over more than 2,000 miles of tropical waters
from Cedros Island (approximately Lat. 28° N.) and the head of the Gulf of
California (approximately 31° 3T N.) to Punta Aguja, Peru (Lat. 5° 57' S.).
In this area various habitats are present: open ocean, sheltered bays, sandy
beaches and rocky headlands along the coast and various depths, all of which
are conducive to the development of a varied and numerous pelecypod fauna.
The average temperature at Cedros Island is aproximately 63° — 64 °F. or
slightly higher. The information presented is derived from first hand observation,
cataloguing of the literature and straightening of the synonymy.

The numbers cited in the following categories are entirely provisional and
not to be regarded as final. However, while some of the species here regarded
as valid ultimately may be relegated to synonymy, other species will be described
or recognized so that it is believed that the numbers furnish a useful approximate
basis for further studies of the bivalve fauna of this region. 838 pelecypods are
known in this region, but of these 198 are known only from the type locality.
Cedros Island is the limit for many species which range to the north and of
others which range to the south respectively. The number of forms occurring in
southern California which range south of Cedros Island is 128; of these 40 do
not range beyond Cape San Lucas, 88 range past Cape San Lucas and 50 range south
to Panama. Species occurring only between Cedros Island and the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, 83; species recorded from the Gulf of California, 415; species occurring
between Cedros Island and the Gulf of California which range south to Panama,
246; species recorded only from Panama, 85; species occurring in Ecuador or
northern Peru not ranging north of Panama, 32; species from Ecuador or Peru
ranging south of Punta Aguja, Peru, about 35 — 40; species recorded from both
the eastern Pacific and the Caribbean region number 18 or 2.15 per cent of the
total fauna. Certain superfamilies and genera are well represented in number
of species, for example, Veneracea 98, Tellinidae 91, Nuculanidae 58, Arcidae 41,
Semele 35, Mactridae 20. Nearly two dozen species of the family Cyrenidae have
been recorded from this region of which 16 have definite west American type
localities.

Compared with other regions, Dali recorded 496 pelecypods and 1,424
gastropods (excluding the order Nudibranchiata) occurring between Bering Sea
and San Diego, California. Faustino recorded 1,030 pelecypods and 3,082 gastro-
pods from the Philippine Islands. Johnson recorded 730 pelecypods and 1,724
gastropods from the region between Labrador and Texas. The general ratio of
pelecypods to gastropods is usually about 1 to 3.

In Miocene time, one or more seaways permitted species to migrate between
the Pacific and Caribbean regions. Olsson has stated that about 17 per cent of the
species recorded from the Miocene of Peru occur in Carribbean deposits or have
related forms in those beds. To what extent deep water mollusks migrated
between the two areas is not known at present. The latest interoceanic connection
between the Pacific and Carribbean is believed to have existed in lower or middle
Miocene, perhaps 12 — 18 million years ago.

discussion. — Mr. Allyn G. Smith said that on checking with the pelecypod
fauna of Monterey Bay, he found that the same ratio of one to three existed
there between the pelecypods and the gastropods. Dr. van der Schalie asked if
there was any geological reason to account for the sharp change in fauna at
Cedros Island. Dr. Hertlein replied that so far as he knew no geological agents
were involved and that the striking change could be ascribed only to temperature
differences. A great deal of work which has been done on Japanese oysters which
did not reproduce on the West Coast has shown that temperature conditions

9

are very important in this connection. Dr. Spicer asked if deepwater species
were as widely distributed in latitude as the shallow water ones or whether they
were limited in their range. Dr. Hertlein replied that most of the deepwater
species are rather widely distributed but that much more dredging must be done
before categorical statements can be made with reference to such distribution
for west American mollusks. Mr. Sorensen remarked that Pitar lupanaria of the
West Coast is very similar to P. dione of the West Indies and Texas, but that
great differences exist between the gastropods. He also asked if Dr. Hertlein
could give any reason why Haliotis stopped in its southward advance at Cape
San Lucas. Dr. Hertlein replied that so far as he knew no reason for such distri-
bution had been advanced other than that of temperature. ( An exception to this
distribution along the west American coast is that of Haliotis dalli Henderson
originally described from about 33 fathoms near Charles Island, Galapagos
Islands. — L. G. H.)

‘

Abnormal Shells of Some Pacific Marine Mollusks
By Dr. Howard R. Hill, Curator of Zoology, Los Angeles Museum.

Mollusks have normal and abnormal variations. Among normal variations,
the following are frequently observed: — 1. Variation in color as seen in the
Philippine species — Nerita polita, Neritina communis, and Oliva funebralis .
2. Variation in size influenced by environment and extreme age. 3. Variation in
structure affected by habitat. Heavy shells develop in areas exposed to heavy
wave action. Thin smooth shells are found in protected areas. 4. External appear-
ance changed by ornamentation of shell by foreign organisms, such as corals,
hydroids, sponges, bryozoans, etc. Many varietal names have been given to
normal variations.

Abnormal variations are of many types and the cause of variation cannot be
explained in all instances. Among the most common shell modifications that have
been observed in univalves are: 1. A wide separation of the whorls. 2. Shorten-
ing of the aperture. 3. Excessive number or elongation of spines, excessive
number of nodules, ribs, and teeth in the aperture. 4. Development of a keel
around the aperture. 5. Deformation of the body whorl. 6. Development of the
aperture on the wrong side. 7. Reduction or increase of number of valves in
Chitons. 8. Absence of dorsal perforations in abalones.

In bivalves, there has been noted: 1. Elimination of spines through erosion.
2. One valve much smaller that the other. 3. Imitation by oysters of the color
and structure of the shells to which they are attached.

Most mollusks are able to repair or mend broken or damaged shells and to
guard against injury or irritation from foreign objects or boring organisms. The
method is by replacement of shell linings or the secretion of protective barriers.
The result is frequently an abnormal shell with a consequent irregular shape,
loss of color, and development of pearls, blister pearls, or additional shell layers.

The exhibit accompanying this paper demonstrated many of the variations
mentioned, including a pearl fish covered by a layer of mother-of-pearl inside
of a valve of the West Mexican pearl oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica.

DISCUSSION. — Mr. Dranga remarked that he had seen three dextral Busy con
perversum, which is normally sinistral, and that may sinistral specimens of
Marginalia apicina had been collected by him. Mr. E. P. Chace noted that he had
seen three specimens of Fissurella volcano in two of which the aperture was
entirely plugged; in the other it had been reduced to a mere pinhole. He had
also seen Diodora aspera in which the aperture had been closed by algae. Mr.

10

Richard W. Foster said that the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
had a peculiar specimen of Mya arenaria which had a tubular plication of the
shell which no one had yet satisfactorily explained; another specimen of the same
species had a flat right valve. Dr. Henry van der Schalie said that in working
with Potamopyrgus coronatus from Puerto Rico, he had found that specimens
from brackish water were much more spiny than those from fresh water. Work
on Hydrobia jenkinsi (Smith) by Warwick (1944) had shown that the spinose
condition was initiated by the presence of an alga and that it appeared in such
a manner as to show that the presence of spines had no genetic significance.

The Preparation of a Bibliography of the Literature
on Mollusk Biology. By Richard W. Foster

This paper described a project being launched at Harvard to compile a com-
plete bibliography on molluscan biology by means of a systematic search of the
literature, beginning first with the technical journals in the field of Mollusca,
then covering areal reports, checks lists, etc., in an effort to get the title of every
paper that has been published. Methods of filing bibliographic cards and of
indexing them were also discussed. The project is expected to require several
years, and it is hoped eventually that the data may be published.

DISCUSSION. — Capt. Arthur Haas asked two questions: 1. There is duplica-
tion and conflict in the untold number of papers published on Mollusca. Has any
attempt been made to trace the most authoritative paper for the guidance of the
malacologist? 2. Is there any modern encyclopedia or compendium which is
authoritative enough to permit positive identification of Mollusca? Mr. Foster
answered both questions in the negative, saying that our science was still in the
formative stage and that it would be many years before such compilations could
be prepared.

Dr. Spicer remarked that the late Dr. Fred Baker had prepared a scholarly
index to the literature of Mollusca which was probably still in existence and
would be extremely useful to the Harvard group in the preparation of their
bibliography. Miss Bristol said that not only was Dr. Baker’s index available but
that Dr. Joshua Baily had been keeping it up to date and that it could probably
be made available to Harvard for the preparation of their bibliography.

Dr. Earl H. Myers called atention to the excellent compilation of original
descriptions and figures of Foraminifera by Ellis and Messina and thought that
a similar compilation on Mollusca would be very useful.

Dr. van der Schalie said that the Michigan group were working on an index
to the Nautilus for volumes 35 to 60 inclusive, similar to the one already issued
for the first 34 volumes. Also, that most workers in malacology lack opportunity
to see new publications as they appear. When Dr. Fritz Haas was editor of the
Archiv fur Molluskenkunde he used to publish short reviews of new publications
as they appeared. A series of reviews of the same nature might well be published
either in the Nautilus or in the Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern
California.

Dredging on the Mendocino County Coast
By G. Dallas Hanna

This paper, read by Mr. Allyn G. Smith, is a diary of a cruise aboard the N, B.
Scofield , the exploration vessel of the California Division of Fish and Game,
from July 23 to August 6, 1940. The diary sets forth the usual ups and downs
of dredging, including the loss of much gear through fouling on the bottom or

11

breakage of towing lines, and the enthusiasm of the collector when a rich haul
is brought in. The results of the dredging include the extension of the range of
a few species, and the capture of a number of others only taken from deep water.

DISCUSSION. — Mr. E. P. Chace remarked that Mr. Strong and his associates
had made several successful hauls with a dredge belonging to him (Mr. Chace).

The meeting adjourned at 4: 30 p. m.

||

EVENING SESSION

Illustrated Address by Dr. Ralph Bolin, Assistant Director,

Hopkins Marine Station

The speaker was introduced by Mr. Sorensen who said that we were fortunate
to have obtained Dr. Bolin’s consent to address us at this time because he was
an eminent lecturer and teacher whose ability to interest his audiences had
caused him to be much in demand; in addition, Dr. Bolin s only daughter was
being married in a few days and this made further inroads into his available time.

Dr. Bolin said that he hoped members of the Union would visit the Hopkins
Marine Station and see some of the animals which he was about to show us on
the screen. The film we were to see was concerned mainly with organisms other
than mollusks but he promised that there would be some of our pet subjects as
well, and that he would chat to us about the pictures as they appeared on the
screen.

Mr. Sorensen’s promise of something very special in the way of addresses
was more than fulfilled when the film was shown. Starfish, brittle stars, sea
anemones, ghost crabs, hermit crabs, sea urchins, sand dollars, worms, nudi-
branchs, and other mollusks appeared on the screen in the full- glory of the color
of the living animal, so different from the dried or preserved specimens most of
us are accustomed to see. Especially notable were Cardium nuttallii , moon shells
and their "sand collars,’’ Nassarius fossatus , and Siliqua patula. Dr. Bolin’s
remarks were timed to perfection for the appearance of each new animal and
provided a wealth of information about each one. The nudibranchs were a rev-
elation to those of us who had never seen them alive and fully expanded.

The talk aroused much discussion. Mr. Dranga asked for information on the
breaking off and regrowth of claws in crabs. Dr. Bolin answered that it was
indeed true that crabs will grow new claws after they have been broken off and
that they will even break off claws themselves. The new claws are fuily grown
after two molts; he explained that molting in stone crabs is frequent in early
life, sometimes as many as one every two or three days, but that later molts are more
widely spaced. Full grown crabs molt every year or only every second or third
year.

Mr. Chace remarked that he had seen half -grown claws on crabs and asked
if crabs stored up lime prior to molting. Dr. Bolin agreed that lime must be
stored up in the tissues of the crab before molting and said that it is laid down
very quickly after the old shell is shed. Crabs are important as scavengers wher-
ever they are found.

In answer to another question, Dr. Bolin said that sea urchin roe is eaten by
a small number of people who have learned to appreciate this delicacy. He him-
self had tried it and found it very good. Sea urchins are not protected by law in
California. They are an important experimental animal in embryology because
the egg is remarkably resistant to all sorts of laboratory treatment. Dr. Spicer
said that he had bought Japanese canned sea urchin roe in Hawaii and Mr.
Dranga added that in Hawaii it is always served with poi.

12

There was also some discussion of moray eels which Dr. Bolin said were not
commonly found north of Point Conception, and of the eating of live mollusca.
Mr. Foster asked if Dr. Bolin had heard of anyone eating live Octopus. The
speaker said he had not, but that some fishermen eat gastropods alive. Mr.
Dranga remarked that Octopus was very good eating but that he had not tried
to eat them alive himself.

Dr. van der Schalie expressed the feelings of the meeting when he thanked
Dr. Bolin for his fine address, as witness the standing vote of thanks and the
enthusiastic applause which accompanied it.

Friday, June 20

The day began early for most of us with a 5 a. m. shore collecting trip led
by Mr. Ferdinand Ruth, Science Instructor at Monterey Junior College, whose
intimate knowledge of the collecting grounds of the Monterey Bay area assured
an abundant and choice catch even for those who had not done any marine
collecting before. This was the first of two scheduled collecting trips in the area.
The first was led by Mr. Ruth, the second by Dr. Earl H. Myers. The collecting
was exceptionally good since the time of the meetings was specially arranged
to take advantage of the unusually low tides (-1.9 and -2.0) that occurred June
20 and 21.

The mollusks gathered were a tide pool assemblage with a wide variety of
shell-bearing gastropods, numerous Chitons, and some unusually beautiful Nudi-
branchs. The rocks in the pools were covered with a thick growth of marine
vegetation so that in many instances the animals found better quarters on the
under sides of the stone. The use of a crow bar for turning large boulders proved
handy for getting at the species that were thus hidden. Many of us spent the time
between the return from the collecting trip and the beginning of the morning
session cleaning our catch. Among some of the groups that demanded immediate
attention, the Chitons were of special interest. After tying the specimen on to a
glass slide or against a small piece of wood, these animals were killed in a relaxed
position by immersion for thirty or sixty seconds in warm fresh water. They were
then removed from the objects to which they were tied to prevent curling and
placed directly into the alcohol preservative. One ingenious soul found that the
Asilomar key label provided a good substitute for this purpose and others
followed suit so that there was no mistaking the owner of an A. M. U. key. The
Nudibranchs were unusually beautiful and it was disconcerting that the colors
could not be kept in preservatives.

The scientific session opened at 10 a. m., continuing with the presentation
of papers as follows:

Protozoans and Foraminifera
By Dr. Earl H. Myers

Foraminifera are interesting to malacologists in that they have tests which
resemble the shells of cephalopods; so much that they were once thought to be
Mollusca. They are now known to be Protozoa; like other Rhizopoda, they have
pseudopia which are capable of extrusion and retraction, and feed on microscopic
organisms. The test is often calcareous and thus readily preserved in geological
deposits. The Foraminifera have been abundant since the Pennsylvanian and
their tests provide good index fossils which are of great importance in oil strati-
graphy. On the other hand Foraminifera are known to have existed in the pre-
Cambrian. An interesting sidelight is that the Pyramids of Egypt are built of
nummulitic limestone, so named because of the abundance of foraminiferal tests

13

in the limestone. In present day seas, great expanses of ocean floor are covered
with Globigerina ooze, that is, ooze containing 50 per cent or more of its volume
of tests of Foraminifera.

The life cycle involves two types of individuals, the megalosphaeric and micro-
sphaeric stages. The former is uninuclear and the latter polynuclear. Test dimor-
phism in the Foraminifera is due to an alternation of generations of these two
stages. The life cycle is complex and varies from one species to another. In some
species the cycle is completed in 42 days while in others two years or more are
required.

Factors influencing the growth of Protozoa in the sea are maximum hours
of sunlight, increase in temperature in the sea, salinity (which may be reduced
by rains), nutrient salt content, and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplank-
ton. Foraminifera are especially affected by variations in the abundance of food
organisms mainly microplants. The influence of temperature has been over-
stressed although it plays an important role. The important factors are the amount
of food available and the nature of the substratum.

DISCUSSION. — Mr. FI. W. Harry asked if the small, apparently juvenile
forms contained in the Globigerina ooze, which had formerly been listed as un-
identifiable, had been tied in with the identified forms. Dr. Myers said that this
had not been worked out as yet. Mr. Webb asked if the Foraminifera had been
found suitable for genetic study. Dr. Myers replied that le Calvez and Myers had
described mitosis in the Foraminifera but that no genetic studies had been made.
Dr. van der Schalie said he was interested in the taxonomic problems and com-
plexity of oceanographic conditions which reminded him of limnological
problems. Dr. Myers remarked that in the sea as in deep lakes, there is a definite
thermocline which limits the vertical distribution of food organisms in the water.

A Comparative Study Between Members of the Genera

POMATIOPSIS AND ONCOMELANIA

By E. G. Berry

The speaker, who is now with the Division of Tropical Diseases, National
Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, illustrated his talk wfith photographs
and specimens and dissections. A comparative study of members of the genus
Pomatiopsis with those of the Oriental genus Oncomelania indicates a close
relationship and they should probably be placed in a common family. Both
members of these genera are amphibious and are found in similar habitats. They
do not glide over the substratum as do most snails, but move the anterior part
of the foot forward, attach that part to the substratum and move the posterior
portion forward. Both have a deep groove on the lateral side of the foot located
posteriorly to the rostrum. Radulae of both genera bear similar formulae;
examples:

Central

Lateral

Oncomelania hupensis

1-1-1 :
2-2

2-1-3

Pomatiopsis lapidaria

1-1-1 :
2-2

2-1-3

Oncomelania quadrasi

2-1-2 :

2-2

2-1-3

Pomatiopsis binneyi

2-1-2 :
2-2

2-1-3

14

The male genital organ, the verge, is simple with a single convolution and is
exserted on the posterior portion of the neck. It is usually hidden by the mantle.
Eggs are similar in size and covered with a protective sand-husk.

DISCUSSION. — In answer to a question from Mr. H. W. Harry, Dr. Berry said
that Pomatiopsis came out of the water several feet to breed; the eggs are encased
in sand. Mr. Chace remarked that he had collected Pomatiopsis at Crescent City.
The first ones were found in late June at the edge of the water and later near a
road under willows in a spot which was wet in winter but dry in summer. The
snails were half buried in almost dry mud. Mrs. Chace offered some corrections
of locality data and remarked that the type locality of some species described
from California had been destroyed. Mr. A. La Rocque said that the data given
by Mr. and Mrs. Chace emphasized the importance of the local collector to the
field of malacology. Dr. Berry said that in his work he had received much assist-
ance from both museums and collectors. Mr. Chace remarked that the time
element is important in successful collecting. If there is no local data the collector
will miss half of the species available by collecting at the wrong time. Dr. Berry
thanked individual members of the A. M. LJ. for sending in specimens and for
other courtesies.

Remarks on Checklists
By L. G. Hertlein

A discussion of checklists and some of the problems encountered during
their compilation was given. Special reference was made to the utility of the
checklists of Dali, 1921, and of Johnson, 1935. A checklist brief but containing
the maximum information was suggested. The general procedure followed by
Dali, 1921, with certain additions, was recommended. This would furnish ready
references as well as basic information for further research. Additions suggested
were: citation in the synonymy of the name under which the species was orig-
inally described, citation of at least one modern reference to an illustration
(when available), type locality, a list of the synonyms (if any) with their
original date of publication. A list of species recorded as occurring in the area
covered by the checklist but which are not considered as representing valid
records and a complete index with cross reference to the genera, subgenera,
species and subspecies should be included.

DISCUSSION. — Mr. Chace remarked that geographic names in old records are
often hard to locate on modern maps and gave some instances of unsolved
puzzles in localities in California. Mr. A. La Rocque noted that one of the most
difficult problems faced by the compiler of checklists is provision for expansion.
Publication of a list acts as a stimulus to collectors and in a few years so much
new data have been accumulated that the checklist must be amended and added
to. Mrs. Chace said that most workers accepted checklists as stepping stones to
further accomplishments and as a challenge for further efforts.

AFTERNOON SESSION

The meeting opened at 1 p. m. The presentation and discussion of scientific
papers continued with the following:

15

Mollusks Introduced Into the Pacific Coast Through the
Importation of Seed Oysters from Japan
By Professor Trevor Kincaid

In the absence of the author, this paper was read by John Q. Burch; it was
accompanied by an exhibit of specimens. The mollusks introduced on the Pacific
Coast from Japan with seed oysters include some species of economic value,
others which are highly detrimental to the native fauna and others which are
neither harmful nor valuable. Introduction of species leads to a consideration of
the conditions which govern successful introduction; physical conditions must
be suitable, acceptable food must be available, enemies must be absent or of
limited importance. The first attempt at introduction of oysters on the Pacific
Coast was a failure. The Atlantic Oyster was introduced at Puget Sound and
Willapa Bay but did not survive. Other species, introduced at the same time but
not intentionally, managed to establish themselves. These are Mya arenaria which
is now found from California to Alaska, Crepidula fornicata, Ur o salpinx cinerea,
Petricola pholadiformis, and Nassarius mendica.

The Japanese Oyster, O. gigas, or more properly 0. laperousei Schrenck, was
introduced near Bellingham, Washington and with it were unintentionally
brought the following species: Tritonalia japonica Dunk., Lampania zonale, Pa-
phia philippinarum , Trapezium japonicum , Turbo marmoratus, T. coronatus
coreensis, Monodonta labio, Thais sp. cf. T. tumulosus or nodulosa var. problem-
atic a, Acmaea heroldi var. signata, Alodiolus senhausii, and Pododesmus sp.

DISCUSSION. — Mr. Allyn G. Smith observed that Tapes philippinarum is
found in San Francisco Bay; the law protecting clams applies only to T. staminea,
the native species, which here does not intergrade with T. philippinarum. This
situation has caused embarrassment to the authorities who were powerless to
enforce the law against a collector who took only T. philippinarum. V ol sella
senhausii is also found in San Francisco Bay where there are many additional
introductions. Corbicula ftuminea is very abundant in some places. Mr. Sorensen
said he had hoped that Mr. Tolman, owner of the oyster beds at Morro Bay,
could be present at the meeting. Mr. Tolman has found that his main trouble
came from Mur ex festivus, a native species. Mr. Dranga asked if Achatina fulica
had been introduced anywhere along the California coast. It is a very dangerous
species and any occurrence should be reported. It had become a pest in many of
the islands of the East Indies and also in Hawaii. Mr. Chace said he had taken
both Crepidula fornicata and C. plana in places where Atlantic oysters had been
planted. The oysters had not survived but the slipper shells had. Mr. Sorensen
observed that when Nature is disturbed the consequences are unpredictable. Long
ago the Chinese grape pickers brought over Viviparus malleatus from China for
food. The species is now found at many places in North America. Dr. van der
Schalie closed the discussion, observing that the machinery for prevention is
costly and that it has been usually impossible to set it in motion until it was too
late.

Exhibit of Rare Shells Received at Stanford University
During the War. By Dr. A. Myra Keen

This was an informal talk on four collections remarkable either for the rarity
of the species or the unusual localities from which they had been collected. The
war had brought American soldiers and sailors to many far places not usually
visited by collectors; friends of Stanford had sent back many interesting lots of
shells. She showed specimens from Ecuador, collected by Jay Marks and arranged
according to habitats; a collection from Panama Bay, assembled by Walter Clark

16

and containing material that looks very like the Miocene Gatun fauna but is in
reality Recent. This collection includes Pholadidea melanma and a species of
Crassispira that is probably new. Dr. H. G. Schenck and servicemen under his
supervision had sent 75 pounds of material from Gro Bay, in Mew Guinea, which
included Cardilia and specimens of the geno-type of Angulus; this collection
has affinities both with the Philippines and with northern Australia. Another
fine lot collected by Jack Dowdle was the last of this interesting series.

Exhibit of World Haliotis
By A. Sorensen

The speaker, whose interest in Abalones has led him to gather together a
collection including most of the species of Haliotis found in the world, showed
a part of his collection and commented on the genus generally and the California
species in particular. Members of the genus Haliotis are variously known as
abalones, ear shells, ormers, and mutton-fish. California law recognizes four
species but at least eight are known to science. Mr. Sorensen outlined the differ-
ences between each of the species and pointed out the characters discussed on
actual specimens.

California law draws a sharp distinction between the individual fisherman, the
commercial fisherman, and the collector. The individual is permitted to take as
many as ten abalones a day, from seven inches in length up, and he may hunt
for them anywhere along the beaches or in deeper water; the commercial fisher-
man, on the other hand, must not take abalones in water less than 20 feet deep
nor must he take specimens less than eight inches in length. The collector is
allowed to take specimens of any size for scientific purposes but must use
discretion in doing so.

Mr. Sorensen spoke briefly of the Haliotis found in other parts of the world;
these peculiar gastropods are found in the Bay of Biscay and along the British
coast, Japan, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The shells take a beauti-
ful polish and are used for lampshades and various ornamental purposes. Blister
pearls are quite common on the inside of the shell and are the animal’s defense
against the borings of Pholads.

The meeting adjourned early in order to permit members to make a sched-
uled visit to the Pacific Grove Museum where they were received and shown
around by the Curator, Mrs. Theresa Lloyd. The Museum is in the heart of
Pacific Grove and surrounded by a garden in which typical California plants of
many species are grown; the labels proved of great interest to visitors from the
East who had a splendid opportunity to learn the names of many flowers and
bushes which they had observed but not identified.

The Pacific Grove Museum is notable for the spotless order in which it is
kept through the tireless efforts of Mrs. Lloyd and her assistants. It contains fine
exhibits of the fauna and flora of Monterey Bay and the vicinity, well arranged
for the convenience of the public. It also houses many historical treasures of
pioneer days in California. Its coin collection attracts a great deal of attention
from visitors. The weapon room contains a collection of Tibetan weapons pre-
sented by Mrs. Herbert Hoover. The Museum serves as an information center
for naturalists of the Pacific Grove region and works hand in hand with the
Hopkins Marine Station not far away. Mrs. Lloyd is to be congratulated on her
curatorship of this fine Museum, a tribute to her energy and devotion.

Dinner this evening deserves special mention. As dessert was being served,
the chef and his staff in full regalia made their appearance carrying a huge birth-

17

day cake with more candles than your secretary was able to count. The cake
marked the birthday of John Q. Burch and also honored Mrs. Theano W. Case,
of San Diego, California, the undisputed dean of the meeting, 95 years old and
still collecting with the youngest of us. Mrs. Case is a graduate of Oberlin
College, Ohio (class of 72) and has made her home in California for many
years; she is known as an enthusiastic collector of marine algae.

Another surprise for the meeting was the distribution of live specimens of
two species of Calliostoma which had just been collected on the kelp in Monterey
Bay. Special boxes of these were presented to Mr. Dan L. Emery and Mr. W. J.
Bower of St. Petersburg, Florida, as a token of appreciation for the Florida shells
they had brought as gifts for members in attendance.

The evening session was devoted to the Presidential Address, a brief abstract
of which follows. The full text is not given here as Dr. van der Schalie’s paper
is soon to be published elsewhere.

The Land and Fresh-Water Mollusks of Puerto Rico
By Henry van der Schalie

At present there are approximately one hundred and fourteen species of land
shells and about twenty fresh-water species inhabiting Puerto Rico. Although the
fauna is not as rich, nor as strikingly endemic as that of Cuba, there are many
opportunities for study of this relatively rich mollusk fauna. All of the reported
species have been listed and some information bearing on ecology and distri-
bution is included. Detailed information on the mollusks of this island when
considered with similar information about the fauna of neighboring islands, may
aid considerably in solutions of zoogeographical problems.

The programme continued with two more rolls of color film from the
Hopkins Marine Station shown by Mr. Ferdinand Ruth who commented on each
scene. The animals shown were the same as those seen the previous evening, but
these two rolls were completely different shots.

Mr. John Strohbeen showed five Kodachromes of a fish washed ashore at Rio
del Mar, California, which no one had so far succeeded in identifying. Mrs. Burch
announced that registration had reached 73 and urged those members who had
not yet registered to do so before the close of the meeting. The meeting con-
tinued with informal discussion long after the official adjournment.

Saturday, June 21

At 5:30 a. m. another party of insatiable collectors under the leadership of
Mr. Ruth, raided the rocks exposed at low tide in Monterey Bay and returned
loaded down with much booty.

During the morning members of the Union in attendance were shown the
famous Seventeen-Mile Drive and Point Lobos Reserve State Park where they
were able to observe the two species of seals and sea lions on the rocks off the
coast as well as a great number of sea birds, including cormorants and pelicans.
Time did not permit us to walk as much as we should have liked to along the
trails in the Point Lobos Park, nor to visit Carmel Mission, but most of us made
a mental note to return to these places later and enjoy them at leisure. The tour
was sponsored by the Pacific Grove Chamber of Commerce who are to be con-
gratulated on the efficiency of their arrangements.

In the afternoon, a large party of members visited the Hopkins Marine Station,
where they were shown around the laboratories. Here they had an opportunity
to see some of the organisms which they had admired in the color films shown

18

previously. A highlight of the visit was to find Dr. F. M. MacFarland at work
in his laboratory and to chat with him about his favorite mollusks, the Nudi-
branchs, of which he had a number under observation, alive in salt water tanks.

The dinner this evening might be described as a closing dinner. The Florida
group had prepared a surprise for us. Mr. Dan L. Emery read a poem by Miss
Edna Haas which so exactly expressed the feelings of all easterners that it
deserves to be reproduced herewith :

LINES ON THE MALACOLOGICAL CONVENTION 1947

’Twas in the latter half of June

There came from East and West
Malacologists of great renown
And others not so blessed.

They convened in Pacific Grove
A Mecca for shells rare,

To listen to shell sagas

And in gathering shells to share.
Our hosts with gifts us showered
Told us where to eat and sleep
We scarce could find words to express
Our gratitude so deep.

We hied us soon to lecture rooms
And learned papers heard

Though some of us (a trifle deaf )
Missed every other word.

The Banquet was a wondrous meal
With "Abalone” steak
And two days later, we all shared
John Burch’s Birthday cake.

Our field trips started at the dawn
And though we nearly froze
We came back with a lot of loot

Which we hope won’t decompose.
Though the Convention’s o’er for us
We feel it’s not the end
For we will keep in contact close
With many a new found friend.

— Edna Elaas

Mr. Sorensen, responding to the Florida group, said that the Pacific Coast
group felt highly honored that the A. M. U. should hold its Thirteenth Annual
Meeting in Pacific Grove. It was the first Pacific Coast meeting in fourteen years
and the second since the close of the war, hence he felt doubly honored and hoped
it would be possible for the Union to come to the Pacific Coast again soon.

Dr. van der Schalie, on behalf of the Union, said that we were all grateful
to Mr. Sorensen, the Burches, Mrs. Whelchel, and others of the local commttee
who helped to make this meeting one of the best in the Union’s history.

The meeting was now officially closed, but most of the members adjourned
to the recreation hall of Asilomar to continue informal talk. One party started
a game of billiards and soon had an interested group of kibitzers. Others gathered
in a circle of chairs and again the talk continued far into the night. It was not
until the next morning, Sunday June 22, that the last A. M. U. members left
Asilomar to scatter to all points of the compass until another meeting brings
them together again next year.

Respectfully submitted

Aurele La Rocque
Acting Secretary

19

MEMBERS AND VISITORS IN ATTENDANCE

Mr. F. R. Aldrich, Baiboa, Cal.

Dr. Elmer G. Berry, Bethesda, Md.

Dr. L. R. Blinks, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Dr. Ralph Bolin, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Bormann, Long Beach, Cal.

Mr. William J. Bower, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Miss Viola S. Bristol, San Diego, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. John Q. Burch, Los Angeles, Cal.

Mrs. Theano W. Case, San Diego, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace, Lomita, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. Paul Chenoweth, San Francisco, Cal.

Mrs. Effie M. Clark, Los Angeles, Cal.

Miss Ruth E. Coats, Tillamook, Ore.

Mrs. Lynn W. Conlan, Carmel Valley, Cal.

Mr. Ted Dranga, Miami, Fla.

Mr. and Mrs. H. Arden Edwards, Alhambra, Cal.

Mr. D. L. Emery, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Miss Alice R. Everett, Santa Cruz, Cal.

Mr. Richard W. Foster, Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. Ralph O. Fox, Berkeley, Cal.

Miss M. R. Glen, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Dr. Wendell O. Gregg, Los Angeles, Cal.

Capt. Arthur Haas, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Miss Edna Haas, St. Petersburg, Fla.

Miss Ruth Hacking, Santa Cruz, Cal.

Mr. George L. Harrington, Palo Alto, Cal.

Mr. Harold W. Harry, Shreveport, La.

Mr. and Mrs. Carl Hegner, Los Angeles, Cal.

Dr. L. G. Hertlein, San Francisco, Cal.

Dr. and Mrs. Howard R. Hill, Los Angeles, CaL
Dr. A. Myra Keen, Stanford University, Cal.

Mrs. E. B. Keen, Stanford University, Cal.

Capt. S. L. Kimball, Weaverville, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Knowles, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. Aurele La Rocque, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Miss Kay Lawlor, Carmel, Cal.

Dr. and Mrs. F. M. MacFarland, Palo Alto, Cal.

Dr. and Mrs. Earl H. Myers, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mr. David Nicol, Stanford University, Cal.

Mr. Bruce Parker, Hollywood, Cal.

Miss Joyann Paul, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mrs. M. L. Russell, Carmel, Cal.

Mr. Ferdinand Ruth, Monterey, Cal.

Mr. Herb Schlanger, Los Angeles, Cal.

Mr. Eugene H. Schmeck, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Mrs. Clarice Seldomridge, Omaha, Nebr.

Miss Miriam Shepard, Portland, Ore.

Miss Agnes J. Shumate, Santa Monica, CaL
Miss Lotus Simon, Portland Ore.

Mr. Allyn G. Smith, Berkeley, Cal.

Mr. Andrew Sorensen, Pacific Grove, Cal.

20

Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P. Spicer, Centralia, Wash.

Miss Myrle A. Sprague, Pasadena and Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. John P. Strohbeen, Santa Cruz, Cal.

Miss R. A. Sylvester, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Mr. D. Dwight Taylor, Altadena, Cal.

Mr. Dwight W. Taylor, Altadena, Cal.

Mrs. Margaret Teskey, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Turver, South Gate, Cal.

Dr. and Mrs. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Master Arnold van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Walton, Glendale, Cal.

Mr. Glenn R. Webb, Ohio P. O, 111.

Mr. H. E. Wescott, Guam, M. I.

Mrs. A. T. Whelchel, Fresno, Cal.

Mr. Ernest N. Wilcox, San Luis Obispo, Cal.

Miss Lucia Wiley, Portland, Ore.

Mrs. Nellie C. Williams, Omaha, Nebr.

Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Wright, Sanger, Cal.

SHALL WE HAVE A WEST COAST BRANCH?

The following letter was sent to Council members by the President who will
be glad to have opinions from the membership as well. Extracts from replies
to date are given below and steps being taken in accordance therewith.

Box 1563

Stanford, California
August 13, 1947

To all members of the A. M. U. Council:

As you probably all have heard by now, the meeting of the A. M. U. at
Pacific Grove last June was exceptionally well attended — 86 members and
visitors registered. Most of these persons were from the western states. Hence,
the suggestion has been made that perhaps the western group has reached a size
such as to justify organization of a separate section without detriment to the
parent society and with the advantage of giving these enthusiasts an opportunity
to meet annually. The United States is so large that members in the East rarely
can plan on attending annual meetings held on the West Coast, and vice versa.
Other societies (for example, the Geological Society of America, the American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, and the Paleontological Society) have long
ago established Pacific Coast branches, and it seems to me the time has come
that we, too, should do so.

I must emphasize that the plan is not to divide the Malacological Union
but merely to organize a separate western section that would hold its own
annual meetings, probably earlier in the year than the meetings of the main
society. Reports on both meetings could be included in the annual report or news
bulletin of the Secretary. Anyone who wished to could attend both meetings, and
at any time it seemed desirable, a joint meeting of the two sections could be held,
perhaps in the Central States.

The members of the Council with whom I have been able to talk (Maxwell
Smith, John Burch, and Allyn Smith) welcome the plan as offering possibilities
of increasing the membership and of adding to the prestige of the A. M. U.

I should like to have an expression of opinion from the remainder of the
Council on two points:

21

1 ) Do you consider the plan feasible and desirable?

2 ) Is a vote of the membership necessary, or may we go ahead with plans
for a meeting next spring or summer, before the next Annual Meeting of the
A. M. U.?

Any suggestions you have to offer will be most welcome, and if the general
response seems to indicate that a formal council meeting and vote of the
membership is not necessary, I shall keep you informed as to further action.
Otherwise, I shall discuss the matter with you at the council meeting next year
in Pittsburgh.

Sincerely,

Myra Keen

Joshua L. Baily : "Yes, it is both desirable and feasible, it is better
to go ahead now with a convention before next summer, if a large number of
West Coast malacologists approve.”

Elmer G. Berry: "There seems little doubt that the Union would be larger,
more active, and therefore stronger if the same organization functioned on both
sides of the continent. I am all in favor of seeing established the Pacific Section
of the A. M. U. and I will attend as many of their annual meetings as may be
possible.”

Calvin Goodrich: "The proposal to erect a western section of the A. M. U.
strikes me as admirable. If in the matter my approval would count for anything
I would vote for it.”

Louise M. Perry: "It seems to me that the suggestion ... is excellent and
well conceived. I should favor it.”

H. R. Robertson: ". . . It should be constructive and strengthening to have
a Pacific Coast Branch of our A. M. U.”

Imogene C. Robertson: "Yes, some plan could be worked out to give the
West Coast members as much help and pleasure in meetings as those of the east
enjoy.”

Henry van der Schalie: "I am much in favor of a western section of
A. M. U. It is in keeping with similar sections in other organizations and should
help to strengthen our organization for better understanding and mutual aid.”

On the more technical question of how much initiative should be taken by
Western members before the next Council meeting, there was a wider range of
opinion. Four members (Dr. Perry, Mr. and Mrs. Robertson, and Dr. van der
Schalie) made suggestions that might be synthesized thus: That, provided West
Coast members are interested enough in the plan to carry it out, an organizational
meeting be held sometime in advance of August, 1948. This would be in effect the
first annual meeting but would not be formally called such. At this meeting
protemp ore officers would be elected, including a delegate to the next A. M. U.
Annual Meeting, and a petition would be prepared to be presented to the Council
at that meeting outlining the plans and objectives of the western section. Council
discussion and vote of the membership present at the meeting would settle final
details as to relationship of the Branch to the parent organization.

As a first step in carrying out the plan, Dr. Keen has asked Mr. John Burch to
serve as Chairman of a committee to explore possibilities for scheduling a meet-
ing of the West Coast membership. He has reported that the Conchological Club
of Southern California is enthusiastic about a West Coast organization.

22

NOTES

The presentation to our Secretary briefly mentioned in the minutes for June
19, has now been carried out. Following the suggestion of Council, the President
appointed Mrs. Margaret Teskey a committee of one to inquire into the possi-
bilities for a suitable gift. After inquiry, she selected a radio which proved a
pleasant surprise to our Secretary, judging by her enthusiatic letter of thanks.

fl-
it was a great disappointment to your secretary that the serious illness of a
member of her household prevented her attendance at the Annual Meeting. In
her absence Aurele LaRocque was appointed Acting Secretary, and all will agree
that he did a splendid job. His report of the activities of the meeting are graphic,
and the abstracts of papers and discussions are unususally complete. The secretary
is very grateful to him for the preparation of this major part of the Bulletin.

The secretary takes this opportunity also to express her heartfelt thanks for
the generous gift of the portable radio voted her at the meeting. It is a constant
reminder of the friendships which the Union has brought about and which are
so precious even in those cases where the pleasure of a personal meeting has not
as yet been enjoyed.

fl-

After travelling north along the coast as far as Tillamook Oregon, and then
east, we have finally settled here in the Adirondack Mountains for a month’s
rest. . . . Before we left Pacific Grove, Miss Coats invited us to spend a few days
at Tillamook on the Oregon coast. We accepted her kind invitation and spent
three of the most interesting days with her. ... We were lucky enough to have
a minus tide, of course at 5 o’clock in the morning and were able to walk out
on the rocks for a great distance. The rocks were literally covered with starfish
of all colors, most brilliant reds, greens, blues, and yellows, and then there were
pockets of the most beautiful sea anemones I have ever seen. It was more
beautiful than any aquarium I have been to. We collected many chitons and some
smaller shells and were fully repaid for getting up so early in the morning. Miss
Coats was certainly a wonderful hostess. Edna Haas

+

At the September meeting of the Conchological Section of the Buffalo Society
of Natural Sciences, Mrs. Margaret Teskey and Eugene H. Schmeck reported on
the Pacific Grove meeting, the only members of the local group to attend. Both
spoke especially of the welcoming committee, Andrew Sorensen, Mrs. A. T.
Whelchel, and Mrs. John Q. Burch, who made every one feel at home immedi-
ately. Their accounts of the early morning collecting, the tide pools, and the
rocks, the papers and the discussions, the annual dinner with the special sea food,
made their hearers enjoy, in imagination, this unusual meeting too, all hoping
that next time they may be more fortunate and able to attend in person.

+

The Conchological Section of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences cele-
brated its fiftieth anniversary on Saturday evening, November 1, with a dinner
at which the two charter members, Mrs. Fred St. John Hoffman and Mrs. Harold
R. Robertson, were honored, each being the recipient of a book on shells
inscribed with the names of the members.

Those present at this meeting were, Mrs. Wallace H. Ashbery, Mr. and Mrs.
Clifford L. Blakeslee, recording and corresponding secretaries, respectively, Dr.

23

and Mrs. Fred St. John Hoffman, the latter treasurer of the Section, Mr. and Mrs.
Harold R. Robertson, the latter its president, Miss Jean Russell, Mr. and Mrs.
Eugene H. Schmeck, Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, vice-president, Mr. and Mrs. Percy
H. Teskey, and Miss Gertrude Weber.

The Section was organized in 1897 by Elizabeth J. Letson who, at the time,
was a Jessup scholar studying at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia
with Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry. In 1909 Dr. Letson, then Director of the Museum of
the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, prepared "A Partial List of the Shells of
Erie and Niagara Counties From the Records of the Conchological Section,”
which was published by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences the same year.
This year a new list is being published by the Society which comprises the
records made by Mr. Blakeslee since 1934, with descriptions of species prepared
by Mrs. Robertson. The book is titled, The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier
Region and Adjacent Territory, and contains illustrations of all but a few of the
230 and more species and varieties listed.

THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

The 14th Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union will be held
in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, August 25,
26, 27, 1948.

Rooms are being reserved at Hotel Webster Hail, which is just one block
from the Carnegie Museum.

The local committee consists of: Gordon K. MacMillan, Chairman; Dr. O. E.
Jennings, Dr. G. E. Clapp, Dr. A. E. Dietze.

More detailed announcement will be made as to rates, etc. early in 1948.

BOOK REVIEW

A Field Guide to the Shells of our Atlantic and Gulf Coasts by Percy A.
Morris; 190 pages; over 400 illustrations. $3.50. The Field Guide Series, edited
by Roger Torey Peterson. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. The Riverside
Press.

This is the book that observant visitors to the seashore have been waiting
for. How many of you have gathered shells on the beaches and sought vainly
in shops and libraries for the book which would help you to identify them with-
out too much trouble. The books available usually are either too technical for the
casual collector or, if non-technical, describe too few species, seldom the one
you happen to have.

This compact little volume is about 5 inches by seven, and less than an inch
thick, small enough to carry in your pocket or handbag. It covers the ground so
well that most of the shells likely to be picked up at random on Atlantic shores
from Labrador to Texas are here described in clear, concise, simple language. It
is illustrated as well, sometimes in color, so that instead of being discouraged by
a fruitless effort to name your shells, you will find yourself able to label your
specimens correctly and actually to catalog them in a scientific way.

The system of cross indexing is especially helpful, from description to illus-
tration and back again. We miss the names of authors of species, omitted, doubt-
less, because such names mean little or nothing to the beginner although
important to the taxonomist.

Mr. Morris is chief preparator at the Peabody Museum of Natural History
of Yale University and president of the New Haven Conchological Club. We
congratulate him on a very fine piece of work.

24

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island Club, Balboa, Cal. Conch., minerology exch.
Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allen, Charles A., 1094 S. King St., Honolulu 53, T. H.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica, Chapultepec, Casa de Laga, Mexico D. F.,
Mex.

Andrews, Elisabeth, 605 Pershing Dr., Silver Spring, Md. Col. on outer banks, N. C.
coast.

Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Archer, Harry B., 7239 Third Ave., N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Ash, F. G., 14142 Meyers Rd., Detroit 27, Mich.

Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 27 Willway Rd., Richmond 21, Va.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego, Cal.

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., L'niv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. £. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D. C.

Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Nat’l Museum, Washington 25, D. C.
Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., Mingo Lodge, Skaneateles, N. Y.

Belanger, Alice Lois, Indian Springs Farms, Riverdale Ave., R.F.D. 1, Eatontown, N. J.
Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berger, Mr. and Mrs. John N., 3496 Brookline Ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, O.

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institute of Health, Betnesda, Md.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PL, Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Blake, Dr. Charles H., Dept, of Biology, M. I. T., Boston, Mass.

Blakeslee, Clifford L., Mendon Center Rd., Pittsford, N. Y. Exch. land, fresh water,
and marine shells.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Boelio, Mrs. Nellie A.. 181 Kedsie Dr., East Lansing, Mich.

Bollinger, Mrs. C. C., Lakeview, Mich.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 35, Mixcoac D. F., Mex.

Bower, William J., 340 3rd St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Brand, Dr. Donald D., Dept, of Geog., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Latin
Am. land shells.

Brewster, Miss Helen M., 500 2nd Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Briscoe, Dr. M. S., 4208 Benning Rd., N.E., Apt. 3, Washington 19, D. C.

Briskas, James, 703'707 S.E. 6th Ave. and 7th St., Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Dealer.

Bristol, Viola S., Natural History Museum. Balboa Park, San Diego 1, Cal.

Brookshire, Jack, 948 E. Beverly Ave., Bellflower, Cal. South Pacific marines.
Bruce, Karl L., 12 Florence St., Roslindale, Mass.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul R., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burch, Thomas A., M.D., Nat’l Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burr, Dr. Harry B., 503 Medical Arts Bldg., Houston, Tex.

Burrow, Mrs. F. H., 1401 Plass Ave., Topeka, Kan.

25

Burry, Mr. and Mrs. Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Pompano, Fla.

Byrd, Mrs. Curtis, 1415 Northeast 4th Place, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Byrnes, Miss Betsy, 154 Dartmouth St., Holyoke, Mass. Worldwide shells.

Caldwell, Walter C., 3444 1st Ave. N., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Camman, A. F., 515 N. E. Sixth St., Box 203, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. Liguus.

Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 42 Anderson St., Boston 14, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Cheever, John Alden, 47 W. Cedar St., Boston 14, Masis.

Chen, Suifong, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Chenoweth, Paul, 2090 Beach St., San Francisco 23, Cal. Marine invert, natural habitat.
Church. Austin, 165 George St., Trenton, Mich. P. O. Drawer C.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Augusta 91, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Local and foreign shells; books.
Claar, Elmer A., 617 Thornwood Lane, Northfield, 111. Coll. Cypraea.

Clarke, Mrs. Effie M., P. O. Box 511, Yuba City, Cal.

Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zook, Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,!;
exch., buy.

Coats, Ruth E., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore. Exch. f.w. and Puget Sd. marines.
Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Cooke, Dr. Montague, Jr., Kualii, 2859 Manoa Rd., Honolulu 54, T. H.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield, N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Murex
and Oliva.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B., Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Crosby, William, San Mateo, Fla.

I

Damron, Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. E., 29-D Venetian Way, Miami Beach, Fla.
Darbaker, Dr. L. K., 424 Franklin Ave., Wilkinsburg 21, Pa.

D’Attilo, Anthony, 102 Hilltop Acres, Yonkers, N. Y.

Demond, Joan, 830 S. Burnside, Los Angeles 36, Cal.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Diaz, Dra. Amy E. Aguilar, San Benigno, No. 504 Altos, Santos Suarez, Habana, Cuba.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Donovan, Mrs. James W., P. O. Box 8927, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Doremus, E. C., 227 Holmes Ave., Boonton, N. J.

Drake, Robert J., Dept, of Anthropology, Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, N. M.
Dranga, Ted., 3462 Main Highway, Miami 3 3, Fla.

Dury, Dr. Ralph, Director, Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist. Mus. and Lib. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Emerson, William K., 2435 Bancroft St., San Diego, Cal.

Emery, Dan L., 121 20th Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 49 Beech St., Nutley, N. J.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., 2525 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Land and marines.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass'a'Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fasset, Edna J., Pass^a-Grille Beach, Fla.

Flipse, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C., 80'56 Surrey Place, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Fluck, Rev. William H., 80 Oak Grove, Brattleboro, Vt.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas, B. W. I.

26

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 6, Cal.

Frampton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franzen, Dorothea, Dept, of Biol., Washburn Municipal Univ., Topeka, Kan.

Gardner, Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Gaylord, Joseph S., East Longmeadow. Mass.

George, Mrs. Henry, Jr., 7320 Watson Ave., Wauwatosa 13, Wis.

Gifford, Dr. and Mrs. E. W., 2535 LeConte Ave., Berkeley 4, Cal. Olividae
Gillham, Bert A., Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Gilmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline, Mass.

Goodrich, Calvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. mollusca.
Goto, Masai chi, 1868 Palolo Ave., Honolulu, T. H. Hawaiian marines.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Gray, Russell, 417 West Lancaster Ave., Haverford, Pa.

Gregg, Dr. Wendell O., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 7a Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of western N. A.

Haas, Capt. Arthur, 3511 Second Ave. S., St. Petersburg 7, Fla.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 1333 Cornwell PL, Norfolk, Va.

Hamilton, Edwin Lee, Bldg. 315, Apt. 14, Stanford Village, Stanford, Cal. Marine
shells.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., S. Orange, N. J.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 711 S. Fancher Ave., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.

Harris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Harold W., 312 Stanford Village, Stanford, Cal.

Hartman, H. H., Frankfort, Kan. Worldwide marines and trop. land shells.

Hastings, J. K„ 239 70th St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Hazlewood, Mrs. G. W., 102 S. W. Fifth Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex.

Heath, Dr. Harold, Hopkins Marine Sta., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hebert, Clyde H., 411 W. 62 St., Jacksonville, Fla.

Hegner, Carl, 1904 Nolden St., Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Heilman, Robert A., 360 N. Fifth St., Lebanon, Pa. Fresh water gastropods.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Herrington, Robert E., 208 9th St., Lorain, Ohio.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Hildebrandt, Mrs. Henry, Winthrop, Minn.

Hill, Dr. Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hodge, Mrs. Carroll, “Glynwydd,” Ithan, Pa.

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Exchange.

Hollister, Dean S. C., College of Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y.

Hoover, John Edgar, Washington 25, D. C..

Horstman, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.
Hudgings, Judy, BeaLMaltbie Shell Museum, Winter Park, Fla. Fla. shells.

Hulva, Josephine K., 811 E. Jefferson St., Bloomington, 111.

Humes, Ralph H., 3400 Del Monte Rd., Coconut Grove, Miami, Fla.

27

Ingram, Dr. William Marcus, Dept, of Zoology, Mills College, Oakland 13, Cal.

Ishikawa, Margaret H., D. A. C.; ESS/ST GHQ FEC APO 500, c/o Postmaster, San
Francisco, Cal.

Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, Mr. and Mrs. H. J., 538 N. Palos Verdes St., San Pedro, Cal. Diver.
Jacobson, Morris K., 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jewell, Maynard, 1927 W. Madison St., Sandusky, Ohio. Exch. East Coast and Gulf
marines.

Johnson, Mrs. Edward M., Box 444, Falmouth, Mass.

Johnson, Richard I.. 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnson, W. G., 47 Shore Front, Milford, Conn, and 921 24th Ave. N., St. Peters-
burg, Fla. N

Jones, Dr. David T., Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Miami Univ., Oxford, O. Res. 818
E. Fifth St., Vinton, Iowa.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Box 1563, Stanford, Cal.

Kimball, S. L., P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Cal. Conus and Cypraea.

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3401 N. W. 46th St., Miami 37, Fla

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Kondo, Yoshio, Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, Hawaii.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells.

LaRocque, Aurele, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich. Fresh water shells:
Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.

Lee, Charles Bruce, 1009 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, Mich. Exch. land shells.

Leech, Claire, P. O. Box 2785, St. Petersburg, Fla. General coll.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Libby, Mrs. Ruth H., 817 Carson St., Long Beach 7, Cal. Col.

Lloyd, Monte B., Oakdale, Iowa.

Locklin, Mrs. Marion E., 636 16th Ave. N. E., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Lockwood, Mrs. Warren S., 4721 Yuma St., N. W., Washington 16, D. C. Atlantic
coast shells.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

MacCoy, Mrs. Clinton Viles, Winter St., Norwell, Mass.

MaaFarland, Dr. and Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez St., Stanford, Cal.

MacMillan, Gordon K., Invertebrate Lab., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Maeda, Kazuo, 602 Judd St., Honolulu 44, T. H.

Magalhaes, Dr. Hulda, Box 496 Bucknell Univ., Lewisburg, Pa.

Marks, E. Sidney, c/o Mrs. Blauvelt, Florence Ave., Leonards, N. J. Exch. land and
f.w. shells.

Marshall, William B., 1818 1 7th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Maynard, Mrs. Stanley, 98 Reservation Rd., Milton 86, Mass.

McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCurdy, Dr. Gordon J., La Honda, Cal.

McFarlin, James B., P.O. Box 3 5, Florence Villa, Fla. Florida shells
McGinty, Paul L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

McGinty, Paul P., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, land, f. w. and marines.
McGinty, Thomas L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.

28

McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.
McLean, North, Washington, Conn.

McLean, Richard A., 4 College St., Hanover, N. H.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill, Mass.
Mertens, Mrs. Adele, 167 Bay Front Dr., Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y.

Mettlach, Miss Maxine, 411 Mountain Ave., Westfield, N. J.

Miller, Daniel, Upperco P. O., Md.

Miller, Esther Van Sciver, c/o Bob Miller Inc., 1619 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y.
Moberg, Mrs. Alexander G., 122 Billings St., N. Quincy, Mass.

Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 5290 S. W. 6th St., Miami 34, Fla.

Montgomery, Wayne T., P. O. Box 1671, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Moore, Dr. Merrill, 10 Crabtree Rd., Squantum 71, Mass.

Moreno, Dr. Abelardo, Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba.
Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

Nanos,Miss Stella, 6642 N. Clark St., Chicago 26, 111.

Nanos, William, 6642 N. Clark St., Chicago 26, 111.

Nead, John Hunter, 33 Wildwood Rd., Hammond, Ind.

Neurohr, Gilbert N., Box 737, Riviera Beach, Fla.

Newcombe, Curtis L., Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Res.
287 Oakland St., Birmingham, Mich.

Newell, Norman D., Dept, of Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.

Nicol, David, Box 2466, Stanford University, Cal.

Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111.

O'Beirne, Joseph P., P. O. Box 38, Pacific Grove, Cal. West coast shells.

Otis, Mrs. Helen, 1825 First St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Royal Ontario Museum of Zool., Toronto, Ont.

Owens, Miss Mary, 57 Brenton Ave., Providence, R. I.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., Research Inst., 126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Parker, John Dyas„ Dept, of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3,
Pa.

Patterson, Alfred H., 129 Andover Circle, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Paul, Joyann, 252 Spruce Ave., Pacific Geove, Cal. General mollusca.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Box 827, Asheville, N. C.

Peters, Miss Sally W., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla.

Peters, Mrs. William I. Jr., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla. Florida shells.

Piel, Mr. and Mrs. Walter, 57 Oak Ave., Rehoboth Beach, Del.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, T he J^autilus.

Ploeger, Mrs. Luvenia Kelly, 1230 S. Dixie Highway, Lake Worth, Fla.

Poliak, Mrs. Herman H., 1104 E. 46th St., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence, Pass'a'Grille, Fla.

Pomeroy, Mrs. Sarah W., 1026 James Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Porter, S. L., 1914 Sandra Dr., Fort Meyers, Fla.

Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, Orleton Farm, Stockbridge, Mass.

Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Rand, Mrs. George C., Box 267, Delray Beach, Fla.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clarke St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Reed, Paul H., Box 267, Tavares. Fla. Editor Mollusca.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A.. U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Rice, Frank Hagler, 1924 Seventh St., Tuscaloosa, Ala.

29

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rickies, P. A., 7 Jefferson Blvd., Annadale, Staten Island 12, N. Y. Coll., exch., buy.
Risser, Mrs. Elizabeth, 512 S. Lakeside Dr., Lake Worth, Fla.

Robertson, Mr. and Mrs. Harold R., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Robertson, Miss H. Winifred, 203 S. De Kalb St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Ross, James M., P. O. Box 179, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Russell, Henry D., Duxbury, Mass.

Russell, Dr. L. S., Royal Ontario Museum of Paleontology, Toronto, Ont.

Ruth, Ferdinand S., 118 Forest Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. Acmaea.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saunders, Dr. Felix, Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., Lone Star Lab., Dainger'
field, Tex.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Mr. and Mrs. Jerome M., 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Yw
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Bedford Rd., R.F.D. 4, Greenwich, Conn.

Sebesta, Mrs. Ed., 407 W. 30th St., Bryan, Texas.

Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarice, 2419 F St., Omaha 7, Neb.

Sheldon, Miss Pearl G., 1001 Triphammer Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Shepard, Miss Miriam, Box 164, Route 2, Portland 10, Ore.

Silverman, Alex, 1001 Surf Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Slater, Miss Dorothea A., 65 Martin St., Cambridge 38, Mass.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Mrs. Cassat, 41 Walker St., Cambridge, Mass.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Maxwell, Box 65, Winter Park, Fla.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P., Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Sprague, Miss Myrle A., 552 Eldora, Pasadena 6, Cal.

Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.

Stephens, Mrs. Kate, 3746 Park Blvd., San Diego, Cal.

Stephens, Dr. T. C., 2024 S. Royce St., Sioux City 20, la.

Strohbeen, John P., 315 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, A. M., 215 West Fifth St., Room 1212, Los Angeles 13, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 34 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Taylor, Dwight Willard, 1955 Mendocino Lane, Altadena, Cal. Coll, and exch.
N. A. mollusks.

Teare, Mrs. Margaret, 681 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret, 144 Harlem Ave., Sta. D., Buffalo, N. Y.

Thaanum. Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thayer, William F., 17 N. Balch St., Hanover, N. H. Fla. shells.

Thomas, W. Donald, 1017 Hardee Rd., Coral Gables 34, Fla.

Thompson, Mrs. A. R., Deerwood, Minn.

Tobleman, Fred, 13J/2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, Dr. Alfredo de la, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Torre, Dr. Carlos de la, Avenida 7a y Calle 32, Reparto Miramar, Mariano, Habana,
Cuba.

Torre, Dr. Salvador L. de la, Playa 75J/2, Matanzas, Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills, N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.
Townsend, Miss Roberta, 82 West 12th St., New York, N. Y.

30

Trethewey, Mrs. Aurora, 1129 Alberta PL, San Diego 3, Cal.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W., 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit, Mich.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History, Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. >and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Van Hyning, Dr. T., Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla.

Van Riper, Dr. Mildred J., 144'76 Sanford Ave., Flushing, N. Y.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P., 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vilas, Mrs. C. N., Room 700, 100 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 2, 111.

Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 19150 Rainbow Dr., R 3, Birmingham, Mich.

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Waterman, Dr. George A., 250 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Watson, Dr. Henry D., 151 Front St., Binghamton, N. Y.

Webb, Glenn R., Rural Route 1, Urbana, 111. Land and freshwater snails. Land
snail biology and anatomy.

Webber, Fred S., 1399 Northampton St., Holyoke, Mass.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Webster, Conley, 445 Park Ave., Lexington 19, Ky. Ky. mollusca; lit. on f.w. mollusca
and land shells.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wehringer, Dr. Henry G., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Dr. Harry E., 1800 S. Taylor St., Little Rock, Ark.

Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Wilcox, Ernest N., 1738 Johnson Ave., San Luis Obispo, Cal.

Williams, Mrs. Nellie G., 4216 Meredith Ave., Omaha, Neb.

Wilson, Druid, Frostproof, Fla.

Wilson, Miss Edna N.. 718 Capistrano PL, Mission Beach, San Diego, Cal. Exch., coll.
Wolf, Mrs. Agnes E., 515 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago 14, 111.

Woodman, Mrs. Daisy C., 150 27th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 4, Fla.

Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Wright, Dr. Charles R., 1502 6th St., Sanger, Cal.

Wrigley, Rev. G. K., Bishopthorp, Belize, B. H.

Wurtz, Charles B., 5055 Copley Rd., Philadelphia 44, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.
Young, Mr. and Mrs. Henry S., 501 S Ave., Pittsburgh 21, Pa.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,

Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Sgt. L. J. M. Butot, 301543 R.N. Army, 11 Populier Straat, Haarlem, Netherlands.
Pfeiffer, Dr. Karl, Kassel, Rammelsburg, Germany

A. G. Stevenson, 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland S'2, N. Z. Exch. shells
and publications.

31

OFFICERS FOR 1947-1948

President ••••••■••■•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••■••••a*' ....Dr. A. Myra Keen

Vice-President Dr. Elmer G. Berry

Secretary Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson

Treasurer Mr. Harold R. Robertson

COUNCIL

ELECTED FOR ONE YEAR: Dr. John Oughton, Mr. John Q. Burch, Dr.
Joseph C. Bequaert, Mr. Allyn G. Smith.

PAST PRESIDENTS REMAINING ON COUNCIL WITHOUT RE-

.

ELECTION: Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr., Dr. Horace B. Baker, Dr. Paul Bartsch,
William J. Clench, Calvin Goodrich, Dr. Louise M. Perry, Dr. Elenry A. Pilsbry,
Dr. Harald A. Rehder, Maxwell Smith, Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Dr. Henry van
der Schalie.

32

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Founded 1931

MEMBERSHIP

Membership in the American Malacological Union is open to anyone inter-
ested in the study or collection of shells. The annual dues are one dollar. There is
no initiation fee. For further information, address the Secretary, Mrs. Imogene
C. Robertson, 136 Buffum Street, Buffalo 10, New York. For the convenience
of applicants for membership an application blank is given below, but its use is
not mandatory.

OFFICIAL ORGAN

The official organ of the Union is the NAUTILUS, a quarterly devoted to the
interests of conchologists. Editors and Publishers: Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of
the Department of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and
H. Burrington Baker, Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania, 38th
Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia. Subscription to the Nautilus is
$2.00 per year ($2.15 to foreign countries) 50c a copy.

MEETINGS

Since its foundation, the Union has met once a year in a place chosen by the
membership at large. Meetings were suspended during the war and resumed in
1946.

PUBLICATIONS

The Union publishes annually its "News Bulletin and Annual Report” which
is printed in uniform size with the NAUTILUS and may be bound with it if
desired. The Annual Report contains accounts of the Annual Meetings, a list of
members of the Union, and obituaries of prominent members deceased during
the year. In addition, the Union has published the following biographic and
bibliographic memoirs:

Scientific Contributions made from 1882 to 1939 by Henry A. Pilsbry,
Sc. D. 63 pages, 1940. 50 cents a copy.

A Bibliography and short biographical sketch of William Healy Dali. By
Paul Bartsch, Harald Alfred Rehder, and Beulah E. Shields. Smithsonian Miscell.
Coll. vol. 104, no. 15, 96 pp., portrait. (Published in large part from fund con-
tributed by the American Malacological Union. ) 50 cents a copy.

Annual Report of Meeting in 1941 with Symposium papers on Methods of
Collecting and Preserving Mollusks. 50 cents a copy.

Application for Membership in the American Malacological Union

Dues ore one dollar ($1 .00) per annum

Dale

To the Secretary,

The American Malacological Union
136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

I hereby apply for membership in the American Malacological Union

Name

Address

Special Interest _
Recommended by

Hb!

; A- S' II D~
jHi //.

American

McJacoltufical

News Bulletin

and Annual Report • 1948

Membership List Revised,
March, 1949

CONTENTS

Page

>... 1

The American Malacological Union, Fourteenth Annual Meeting

Molluscan Genetics in Relation to Taxonomy, Paul Bartsch 2 (|

Distribution of Mollusks in a Basic Bog Lake, Ralph W. Dexter 4

Morphological Studies on Tropicorbis havanensis, Elmer G. Berry

Second Index to The Nautilus, a report of progress, J. A. Aurele LaRocque ..

5

6

Louis Pfeiffer, H. E. Wheeler

•••••••»••••••••••••••••««

••••••••••••••••••••••••••■•••••••a

History of Marine Malacology on the Pacific Coast, A. Myra Keen

A Recently Observed Snail Disease, Elmer G. Berry

Biographical Notes on Arnold Edward Ortmann, Henry van der Schalie

The Cave Snails of Eastern North America, J. P. E. Morrison
Utilization of Mollusks by Wampanoag Indians, Frank G. Speck and
Ralph W. Dexter

•••••••••••••••

••••••••••«••••

Freshwater Mussels of the Mississippi River, Henry van der Schalie

Mollusks and Medicine in World War II, R. Tucker Abbott

A Preliminary Report of Molluscan Faunal Zones in Peoria Silt,

A. B. Leonard and Dorothea Franzen

Some Techniques for Mounting Specimens in the Museum, A. Myra Keen
Mollusks and Mastodon, Gordon K. MacMillan ..

Members and Visitors in Attendance

••••••••••••••

••••••••••••••«•

The Fifteenth Annual Meeting, an announcement

The Pacific Division of the American Malacological Union, A. M. Keen
Minutes of the Organization Meeting of A. M. U. P., Elsie P. Chace

Pacific Division, Second Annual Meeting, an announcement

Materials Collected by the Hancock Foundation, Irene McCulloch
A Survey and Natural History of Argonauta, Dr. S. S. Berry
Indiscriminate Scattering of Exotic Mollusks, G. D. Hanna
Distribution of Muricid Subfamily Typhinae, A. Myra Keen .

Studies in the Marine Family Cancellariidae, Jay Marks .

««•••••••••••••

A Recent Trip to Guaymas, H. H. Patten

Fossil Deposit Near Atascadero, Ernest Wilcox
Introduced Mollusks Now Living in the San Francisco Area, A. Myra Keen
The Holotype of Murex Petri Dali, S. S. Berry .

Notes and News

••••••••«••••••••••••••••••••

Clifford L. Blakeslee, an obituary
Russell Gray, an obituary ..

Active Members

Corresponding Members

In Memoriam ...

«••»#*«»*#

• •(••MM

Executive Council

Constitution of the American Malacological Union ..

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••»••«••••••••••••••••••••

•••••••••••••••••••«••••••••••

••••••••••••••••«••••

• MIMMMMMMIMMaMIMtM

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Small Beginnings, Adlai B. Wheel 12

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THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
| PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA. AUGUST 25 TO 27, 1948

Who could have foretold that Pittsburgh would experience the warmest
bit of summer weather in nearly fifty years, just when the fourteenth annual
convention of the American Malacological Union met there? This unforeseen
adversity, shared at that time by many sections of the country, may have been in
part responsible for the decreased attendance this year. It had little apparent
effect on the interest of the assembled group, for the formal meetings were well
attended, and informal discussion groups were to be found in the Carnegie
museum and at the Hotel Webster Hall until all hours.

Registration was held from ten o’clock until noon on Wednesday morning,
August 25, in the Ornithological hall of the Carnegie Museum. After registering,
those members who were not in attendance at the council meeting took advan-
tage of the opportunity to renew acquaintances and form new ones, or to study
the many excellent exhibits.

All of the papers were read in the lecture hall of the museum, an amphi-
theater of ample proportions and adequate facilities. Several interesting exhibits
were arranged there. One case contained photographs and signatures of con-
chologists of Western Pennsylvania; those included were: H. H. Smith, A. E.
Ortmann, G. H. Clapp, S. N. Rhoads, J. Green, V. Sterki, W. E. Burnett, and
S. T. Brooks. Another exhibit showed "Types of mollusca of Western Penn-
sylvania and Vicinity,” including a central map with the shells marginally placed,
each assigned to its locality with a ribbon. Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Young displayed
several cases of colorful shells, including a box of Conus, one of Australian shells,
and others from Fort Myers, Florida and of world wide distribution.

The first meeting for the presentation of papers began at two o’clock on
Wednesday afternoon, with an address of welcome by Dr. O. E. Jennings,
Director of the Carnegie Museum. He said apologetically that he expected cold
and "clammy” weather but under the circumstances he could tender a "warm”
welcome in every sense of the word. He told us the staff of the organization
would aid in any way they could. The unusual activity in the Museum was in
preparation for a dual celebration dedicated to "Pennsylvania Week” and the
"Pursuit of Happiness Week.” In the latter category special emphasis would be
placed on hobbies. Since natural history studies, and especially natural groups
like mollusks, afforded ideal avocations for many people, Dr. Jennings regretted
that some of us could not be present when those aspects of the program were
presented.

Dr. Jennings kindly gave a short resume of the unique position of the
Carnegie Museum as a part of a larger civic center which also includes a Uni-
versity, a Bureau of Mines, and group of hospitals. The Museum itself contains
sections of Art, Music, Natural History and a Library. These cultural fields are
all in one building and there is an element of cooperation among these units,
k In the Museum of Natural History, which would quite naturally be of special
" interest to our malacological society, there are some six million specimens dis-
tributed among several exceptionally fine special collections. Of special promi-
nence is the Fossil Hall, which contains one of the best assemblages of Jurassic
reptiles found anywhere; among the insect collections the Butterfly assemblage,
which includes the famous Holland and Avinoff collections, is especially out-

l

standing. There are plans to develop the cultural resources of the region of
Pittsburgh and some excellent progress has already been made in that direction.
For example, the University contains a series of nationality rooms where the
various national groups of the city show the special and outstanding character-
istics of their culture. In concluding his address of welcome, Dr. Jennings called |
attention to the now famous foyer of the Music Hall where some seventeen dif- V
ferent marbles are beautifully displayed. A specially conducted tour was arranged
for those who wished to take advantage of the opportunity to see this work of art.

After Dr. Keen’s gracious reply in acceptance of the welcoming address, Dr.
Bartsch presented the first paper on malacology.

Molluscan Genetics: The Role of Hybridization, Mutation,
Isolation, Fixation and Speciation in Relation to Taxonomy

By Paul Bartsch

In devoting a lifetime of effort to our chosen field, I have met with a number
of problems not covered by the usual approach of nomenclature and taxonomy.
When I began my study of the family Pyramidellidae a half century ago and
prepared the manuscript for the monograph on the "West American Pyramidellid
Mollusks” I was sorely puzzled what valuation should be assigned to the various
groups, natural assemblages of species.

Discussing this problem with Dr. Dali, who had agreed to become joint
author of this effort and serve as a check to a possibly over-enthusiastic novice,
we decided to recognize four genera, Pyramidella, Turbonilla, Odostomia and
Murchisonella, and allign the various natural groups as sub-genera under them.
Doing so, Dr. Dali believed we would avoid the criticism of having created too
many genera.

(A fear to be criticized seems always to be lurking in the minds of our
molluscan students which now appears to me the greatest deterrent to real clean
progress ) .

I yielded to the doctor chiefly because Odostomia ( Chrysallida ) virginalis
D. & B. was so enormously variable as far as sculptural characters are concerned
that one might consider some individuals as properly placed under the sub-
genera ( Evalina ) or (Evalea). Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuicula (Gould) was
another puzzling species.

Later I found Pyramidellids in the Lower San Pedro series which were
equally variable in that horizon, and it appears that out of that mutating complex
several fixed forms have emerged and established themselves in the Upper San
Pedro Series. ( I have not yet published my MS. on these forms ) . When I mono-
graphed the New England Pyramidellids I found another mutating form, Tur-
bonilla ( Pyrgiscus ) Vinae B. These mutating forms have characters which when
once known easily enable one to recognize the species. It is interesting to note
that such mutating forms seem always more abundant and more widely dis-
tributed than the stable, fixed species. Mutating forms appear in many widely
unrelated groups of mollusks; for example, Helicostyla ( Prochilus ) virgata Jay
from the Island of Mindora, Philippines is very variable. J

Goniobasis vkginica Say, our common East American species, is very inter-
esting. Above the Fall Line (Potomac River), uniform size individuals are
found which are smooth and usually have a color band, while in the reaches of
the lower freshwater tidal area we have a uniform sized multilirate form —
Goniobasis virginica multiliniata (Say). At the meeting of these two areas we

have a most variable mutating complex, forms differing enormously in size and
varying in sculpture from smooth to spirally lirate and even axially ribbed or
marked by varying combinations of these characters. It was this enormous
variability that caused Hannibal to lump almost all the Goniohasis under Gonio-
basis virginica Say. The seeking for an explanation and solution of the problem
connected with Goniohasis mutation eventually drove the poor fellow to the
mad house.

Another man who went off on a tangent was Dr. Sinitsin whose study of
the intermediate host of the liver fluke of our cattle uncovered in our south-
western states a mutating mollusk Stagnicola bulimoides techella (Haldeman).
Using the usually accepted anatomic characters for superspecific designation he
created new subfamilies, new genera, and species, basing them on his dissection
of individuals of this mutating complex. Refusal of the Department of Agri-
culture’s Zoological Division to accept his manuscript for publication caused him
to resign his position in that institution which resulted in a tragic aftermath.

My Cerion breeding on the Florida Keys (1911-1948) has thrown some
light upon the problem of molluscan mutation, and I hope next year to re-visit
my families on the Florida Keys and to prepare a summary report upon these
experiments. So far they point to two things: 1. Changed environment per se
appears to produce no measurable changes in the species experimented with.
2. Hybridization C. incanum Rin. x C. viaregis B. also C. incanum x C. casa-
blancae B. has caused enormously variable progeny (mutations) after the second
generation. This definitely points to an explanation for the probable cause of the
other mutations referred to above. Here, too, we have a decided efflorescence in
numbers which is in agreement with the other cases alluded to.

In Cerion hybrids changes in form, sculpture, and coloration are combined
with equally variable anatomic structures. In one extreme individual the repro-
ductive system was doubled. We have in the wild state without human assistance
similar mutating hybrids; for example, Cerion tridentata Pilsbry and Vanatta x
Cerion peracuta Torre. Where these two species meet on Playa de Muerto on
the north coast of Havana Province, Cuba they mutate. On Little Cayman Island
there are two colonies of Cerion nana Maynard where these colonies each meet
an undescribed species of Cerion similar mutating results are present.

These and many additional observations lead me to conclude that hybridiza-
tion in mollusks produces mutations and that these seem more prolific than stable
species and become more widely spread. Furthermore, that when these are
isolated in small colonies as are, for example, the Cerions along South Right,
Andros Island, Bahamas, where every little ridge separated by a swale extending
away from this channel has a colony of Cerions whose members have fixed char-
acters that readily distinguish them from adjacent or other colonies. In other
words, they have undergone fixation and become species, meeting my five point
formula: hybridization, mutation, isolation, fixation, speciation.

Now for an application of the above biologic features to taxonomy.

For many years I have been interested in the family Urocoptidae. I pub-
lished my first paper in 1906, The Urocoptid Mollusks from the Mainland of
America in the Collection of the United States National Museum. To this I have
added from time to time as material became available. Dr. De la Torre and
I have about completed our monograph of the Cuban members of the family,
some of the figures of which I am showing on these walls.

Recently a suggestion has been made to lump a number of mainland super-
specific groups since it has been found that in Arizona certain species are very
mutable as far as internal lamination is concerned. These in their range of varia-

3

tion combine lamellar characters that appear constant for groups of Mexican
species which also by other shell characters appear supra-specifically related. I am
wondering if here we are not also dealing with a mutating complex which has
not yet undergone fixation, and it would not serve a better purpose to place
an * against the name of these forms, placing them in the group to which the
rest of their characters ally them, calling attention that the lamellar characters
in them are unstable rather than lumping all the other supra-specific groups that
have constant fixed lamellar features that fall within the range of these mutating
forms under a common designation.

Dr. Bartsch also told us of his current research — a study of the Urocoptidae ,
and displayed a large chart of pictures of shells of this family from the American
tropics. We were all pleased to receive a copy of an interesting paper by Dr.
Bartsch and Miss Mary Quick, "An Anatomic Study of Zonitoides Arboreous
Say,” copies of which were presented to the audience by Dr. Bartsch.

Distribution of Mollusks in a Basic Bog Lake and Its Margins

By Ralph W. Dexter

Over a period of ten years, mollusks were collected from a small bog lake
located on the divide between Lake Erie drainage and Ohio River drainage at
Twin Lakes, Ohio. This glacial lake has an area of about 6 acres, with a maximum
depth of 23 feet. It is circular in outline with concentric zones of submerged,
floating, and emergent vegetation. On one side is a bog shelf of sphagnum moss
with leatherleaf, poison sumac, huckleberry bushes, and tamarack trees. On the
other is a swamp-type shelf with cattails, buttonbush, alder, willows and on the
upland, hardwood forest. The temperature range is from 0°C to 28 °C. The range
of hydrogen ion concentration is from pH 6.7 to pH 8.6. Curves were presented
to show the monthly fluctuation of temperature and hydrogen ion concentration
at depths of two-feet intervals for two and one-half years. There is a complete
"overturn” in the spring and fall, resulting in uniform conditions from top to
bottom, with stratification of temperature and pH during the summer and winter
seasons. The water is usually alkaline which explains the presence of such a rich
molluscan population in a lake which is otherwise largely glacial bog in char-
acter. Nineteen species of gastropods and three genera of sphaeriids have been
found, each one confined to a rather narrow margin in the water or shoreline
zones. Details on the distribution of each species were given.

This paper was greatly enhanced by colored slides of the lake studied by
Dr. Dexter, so that the audience obtained a graphic view of the habitats. Dr.
Jennings asked if the soil substrate of the lake had been tested for percentage
of hydrogen ion concentration, and Dr. Dexter replied that though this examina-
tion was beset with technical difficulties, such tests as he had made indicated it is
slightly acid. At Presque Isle in Lake Erie, Dr. Jennings noted, the sandy penin-
sula at the east end is continually added to by sand bars; at each successive addi-
tion, a freshwater pond is formed behind the marginal dune. The ponds are of
increasing age as one proceeds westward, the oldest dating back to perhaps forty i
years ago. The younger ponds are alkaline, but older ones are acid, and have a
thin layer of acid soil over a deeper substrate which is alkaline. Dr. Dexter
replied that he did not know the depth of the bottom ooze material in the lake
which he studied; the organic nature of this material is probably the cause of

4

1

the acid condition, while photosynthesis of the phytoplankton and vascular
aquatic plants probably push the pH balance toward the alkaline side. Dr.
van der Schalie noted that silting would be a drain of the available supply of
dissolved oxygen, and thus perhaps a primary factor in explaining the absence
L of mollusca in certain areas of the lake, as well as being important in the pH
balance. He further inquired about the finding of larger land snails in the oak
zone, noting that in his experience oak woods have been unproductive of larger
snail forms. Dr. Dexter replied that the wooded area consists of a rather narrow
strip on the edge of the bog, with no transitional zone of vegetation; this area
of hardwood trees is never flooded, and consists of red and white oak, as well as
elm, maple and others. Some trees are large enough to suggest that they are of
the original forest.

Morphological Studies on Tropicorbis Havanensis (Pfeiffer)

By Elmer G. Berry

(Approved for publication in the Proceedings of the American Malacological Union
by R. E. Dyer, Director National Institutes of Health. )

Research work on members of the genus Tropicorbis has been one of the
projects in the Division of Tropical Diseases at the National Institutes of Health
for the last four years. A member of this genus is the only known snail in the
continental United States which is capable of serving as an intermediate host
of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. This snail, which was collected
in Louisiana, was identified as Tropicorbis havanensis (Pfeiffer) as a result of
its comparison with the description and figures of T. havanensis given by F. C.
Baker and a comparison with shells in this collection. His specimens which were
also collected from Louisiana were, however, misidentified. The soft parts and
radula of T. havanensis from Havana, Cuba, the type locality of this species,
have never been figured or described in any publication so far as is known.

Specimens of Tropicorbis were collected from Baton Rouge, Louisiana and
Havana and Matanzas, Cuba during May and June 1948. A comparative study
of the shells, the characters of the radulae and genital organs were made and
figures prepared. The Louisiana specimens differ in many ways from T. havanensis
which were collected in Cuba. These differences were found in the shell, in the
formulae of the radulae, and in the characters of the intermediate and marginal
teeth. Dissimilarities were also observed in the organs of the genital systems.

Tropicorbis havanensis of Cuban origin has, thus far, proved to be refrac-
tory as an intermediate host of S. mansoni. The Louisiana species of this genus
is being described as a species new to science.

Very excellent colored slides of the animals and shells, as well as charts
of the University Lake at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were used to illustrate this
paper. Dr. Berry emphasized the distinctness of the Louisiana snail, generally
referred to as Tropicorbis havanensis, from that of Cuba, on both physiological
and anatomical grounds; Dr. Pilsbry asked what Dr. Berry called the Louisiana
I material, and Dr. Berry replied that he would designate it as a new species. To
Dr. Pilsbry s further inquiry about its possible relationship with other species
of Tropicorbis in the Gulf area, Dr. Berry replied that he has compared it with
material from Central Texas, Mexico, Cuba and Guatemala, and still considers
it distinct. Dr. Bartsch commented that he considers Schistosomiasis as worthy of
attention as tuberculosis; he recalled that during the recent war a picture in the

5

press of allied soldiers frolicking in a freshwater pond in the orient had attracted
his attention, and he was struck by the apparent disregard of the allied forces for
schistosomiasis. He called the picture to the attention of official agencies, with the
result that they became interested. Schistosoma mansoni was introduced to the
New World by the negro, but not to the North American continent. Dr. Bartsch
also cited an outbreak of this disease on one of the West Indian islands, from
using a water supply from a polluted source; the disease had been introduced
locally by means of monkeys brought from infected areas and released on the
island.

After a brief recess, Dr. Keen read a telegram of felicitations from Mrs.
Robertson: "With you in spirit. Regret enforced absence because of Harold’s
temporary infirmity. Greetings from Imogene and Harold Robertson.” We were
sorry that the Robertsons could not be with us again this year, and hoped for
the speedy recovery of Mr. Robertson, and their attendance at the next annual
convention. During the meetings, a copy of Mrs. Robertson’s very recent publica-
tion was passed around, and received much favorable comment: "The Mollusca
of the Niagara Frontier Region and Adjacent Territory” by I. C. S. Robertson
and C. L. Blakeslee; Buffalo Museum of Science Bull. 19, No. 3.

Second Index to the Nautilus — A Report of Progress
By J. A. Aurele La Rocque

As reported to this society last year at Pacific Grove1 the Michigan group
has been working on an Index to the Nautilus similar to the one already issued
for the first 34 volumes. The work has now progressed to a point where it will
soon reach completion and where ways and means of financing its publication
will have to be considered. The purpose of this report is two-fold: to acquaint
the members of the AMU with the present state of the work and to suggest a
method for financing the publication of the index.

First to report on work done: cards have been prepared on which an entry
has been made for each genus, subgenus, and species appearing in the Nautilus
from volume 35 to volume 60 inclusive. Other cards have been prepared for
every article appearing in the same volumes and an alphabetical list by authors
has been typed in triplicate. Some of you may already know of this through the
postcards which Miss Geneva Smithe, one of the compilers of the Index, has sent
through the mails in order to give as fully and correctly as possible the name of
each contributor to these volumes of the Nautilus. The response to our inquiries
has been most co-operative and we take this opportunity of acknowledging it.
As you will recall, the first Index to the Nautilus (volumes 1-34) consisted of
an author index and a systematic index. The author index for volumes 35 to 60
is now complete except for minor additions such as a few names which we are
hoping to get in full and a few birth and death dates. The systematic index
consists of two parts, as in the first index: an alphabetical list of genera and
species, and a cross-index which is combined with the list of genera and species.
The first part, i.e. the alphabetical list of genera and species, has now been com-
pleted. Cross-references have been included for subspecies and varieties.

The work which remains to be done is as follows: re-arrange the species
cards alphabetically, species first, into a cross-index by species, and incorporate
this into the genus-species index. Subgenera will be cross-indexed to the proper
genus. After that, the entire index will be checked back against the volumes of
the Nautilus and corrections made as needed.

iAmer. Make. Union, News Bulletin and Annual Report, 1947, p. 11.

6

To summarize, the work of indexing the Nautilus, volumes 35 to 60 is now
more than half done and workers to finish it are available. At the next annual
meeting of the AMU, if not before, we hope to lay before you the completed
manuscript of the index, ready for the printer.

This meeting will have an opportunity to examine that part of the index
which has now been completed. The compilers will be happy to receive sugges-
tions for its improvement.

The present index follows as much as possible the plan of the first. Some
changes have been proposed and incorporated into the new index for two
reasons: a) to reduce printing costs, and b) to increase the usefulness of the
work. Some of these changes are as follows: (1) a list of obituaries appearing
in the Nautilus for the volumes indexed has been introduced at the end of the
author list. It includes the full name of the subject of the obituary, his or her
birth and death dates, the name of the writer of the obituary, and the volume
and pages of the Nautilus in which it appears. It is hoped that this list will be
a useful addition to the information in the index. (2) The author list in the
first index has been printed with a liberality in type-setting which improves the
appearance of the volume but increases its size considerably. It is proposed to set
the author index in smaller type in the new index and in two columns, in order
to save space. ( 3 ) The method of giving the volume and page in the first index
has been changed in order to eliminate the use of boldface and to condense the
reference without losing any of its clarity. The use of one font for the entire
systematic index should result in considerably lower printing costs.

Up to the present, the project has been financed entirely by the Museum of
Zoology, University of Michigan. This has included the major part of the time
spent on the project by the compilers, the materials used in its preparation, and
facilities for checking and filing. The same arrangement will take care of the
completion of the manuscript but its publication is a project which probably
cannot be financed by the University of Michigan alone.

Several possibilities have already been discussed and some of them seem
promising. Three of these are presented at this time for your consideration.

( 1 ) Publication by subscription in advance. — As soon as printing costs
have been ascertained, it will be possible to fix a price for the published volume
and to open a subscription list. This would mean that only the exact number of
copies subscribed for would be printed and these would be distributed as soon
as printed. This plan has the advantage of not requiring large financial commit-
ments in advance by anyone and it eliminates the necessity of storing a number
of extra copies for future distribution. It has the disadvantage of causing the
volume to be out of print as soon as it is published.

(2) Revolving publication fund. — It is suggested that the AMU might
establish a fund for the publication of the index and accept subscriptions to it
until the cost of publication is met. The published volume would then be dis-
tributed by the AMU and proceeds of the sales would be returned to the revolv-
ing publication fund to be used by the AMU for other publications which it may
think worthwhile.

( 3 ) Combination plan. — This would be a combination of plans ( 1 ) and
(2). Subscriptions would be received for the Index and a sufficient number of
copies printed to cover the subscription list. In addition, the AMU would con-
tract for a number of copies from a fund established for that purpose and dis-
tribute these at a higher cost after publication; proceeds of the sales from this
plan to be placed in its publication fund.

7

These three plans are merely offered for your consideration and the com-
pilers do not wish to express advocacy of any one of them. Our wish is merely
to solicit your advice on the best method of printing the index and making it
available to those whom it is designed to serve. We would recommend, however,
that the profit margin be reduced to as little as possible in order to place the
index within the reach of the younger workers in the field.

As Dr. La Rocque could not be present, the proposed second index to
“The Nautilus” was presented by Dr. Henry van der Schalie, along with the
brief paper by Dr. La Rocque. A copy of the nearly completed index was left
on the desk, for the perusal of the audience. Dr. Keen noted that the subject of
publication had been discussed at the Council meeting, and that further atten-
tion would be given to it at the business meeting tomorrow.

Louis Pfeiffer, the Author of Polygyra hippocrepis

By H. E. Wheeler

Ferdinand Roemer, the father of the Geology of Texas, discovered Polygyra
hippocrepis at New Braunfels in 1848. It was described by Pfeiffer in the
Appendix to Roemer’s Texas, published in 1849. New Braunfels is the only
known locality.

Roemer’s year and a half in Texas produced a remarkable literature on
American geology and paleontology, his contributions claiming his interest to
the very end of his life. The talents, training, and interests of the geologist
parallel those of Pfeiffer in many respects.

Pfeiffer was born in Kassel, Germany, in 1804. His grandfather, Carl Jonas,
was a distinguished malacologist, the author of the earliest and most important
of treatises on European shells. Louis was educated as a physician but after his
marriage devoted himself entirely to researches in botany and malacology. He
was a voluminous writer in both fields, a skilled artist, an accomplished musician,
a master of the classical as well as several modern languages.

In 1838 he made his historic trip to Cuba accompanied by Dr. Edward Otto
and Dr. Johannes Gundlach, and the study of American, European, and Philip-
pine shells claimed his attention for more than forty years. He died in his native
city, Kassel, and is buried there. The mantle of scientific interest and research has
fallen on his grand-nephew, Dr. Karl Pfeiffer, erstwhile banker of Kassel, from
whom many details of the family life have been obtained.

In the absence of Mr. Wheeler, this informative paper was presented to
the group by Mr. MacMillan; Dr. Pilsbry commented that Pfeiffer was to be
commended for his fine ideas of specific differences, which were superior to many
of his contemporaries, who in general lacked a sense of natural affinities. Pfeiffer
republished all previous descriptions of land mollusca in his Monographia. In
the field of marine conchology Pfeiffer was not as proficient. Mr. Wheeler’s
account was especially commendable because he had communicated directly
with descendants of this renowned conchologist, in preparing his biography.

At 6:30 on the evening of August 25, Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel honored (
the convention with a refreshing cocktail party and dinner, much enjoyed and
appreciated by all who attended. Through Dr. Schwengel’s graciousness we were
all made to feel at ease, and opportunity was taken to continue the informal
discussions on many varied topics. The Union extends her our heartfelt thanks.

8

Thursday morning, August 26 was begun by a business meeting, at which
time President Keen announced that the officer’s reports were open for inspec-
tion, but that time would not be taken to read them.

The new slate of officers (as listed on page 34) were presented, and
nominations from the floor were in order. No further nominations were made.
Mr. E. Sidney Marks moved that the nominations of the Council be accepted.
The motion was seconded by Dr. Ralph Dexter; carried.

The recommendation by the Council that messages be sent to Mrs. Robert-
son, Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Mr. George Clapp, and Dr. C. Montague Cooke,
expressing the regret of the group assembled that they could not meet with us,
was endorsed.

The President gave a short review of the problems that attended the selec-
tion of a place for our meeting next year. In view of the uncertainty of the
arrangements, Dr. Bartsch moved that the matter of arranging for a selection
be left to the discretion of the Council because otherwise the process of making
the decision would make too much work for the secretary. Mr. Abbott seconded
the motion; carried.

The President then gave the essential information previously discussed in
the Council meeting concerning the formation of the Western Division of the
American Malacological Union. In the discussion which followed Mr. E. Sidney
Marks suggested that the chairman of the western division might be considered
as a second vice-president as is done in other national organizations. Moved
and carried.

History of Marine Malacology on the Pacific Coast

of North America
By A. Myra Keen

The early period of West American malacology might be called a period
of exploitation, when sea-farers, travelers, and visiting naturalists carried their
finds back to Europe and the eastern United States. There the material was
eagerly studied and described by scientific men of the day. This period ended
with P. P. Carpenter’s critical summary of the literature and check-list of Pacific
Coast marine mollusks in 1864, and the second period, of work by resident col-
lectors, began with the publication of a first local list by R. E. C. Stearns in 1867.
During the second period much competition among collectors brought hundreds
of new species to light, but although paratypes and identified specimens re-
mained on the Pacific Coast, the actual determinations and descriptions were
almost entirely the work of East Coast malacologists to whom the material was
sent. The bulk of these determinations and descriptions were made by Dr. Dali
and his associates, Dali alone describing 1,021 species. Again, the publication of
a check list brought an end to a period; this was Dr. Dali’s U. S. National
Museum Bulletin 112, in 1921, in which 2,122 species were listed. The third
period, of relatively independent work by westerners, dates from Mrs. Oldroyd’s
four-volume elaboration of the Dali check list, and since that time ( 1925-1927),
both identification and research have been carried on mainly on the local level.

The large collections made by early workers have formed the nuclei of a
number of institutional collections, and the material is now permanently pre-
served under professional care, notably at the California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco; San Diego Society of Natural History; the University of California

9

at Berkeley, California; and Stanford University, Stanford, California. Marine
stations for biological research are maintained by most of the universities of the
coast — eight in all, from San Diego northward to Vancouver Island, B. C.

Conchological clubs have played an active part in the development of shell
collectors, here as elsewhere. The Conchological Club of Southern California,
organized about fifty years ago, and in more recent years its sister organization, '
the Long Beach Shell Club, have enabled novice collectors to learn from those
more expert and have provided a medium of exchange both of information and
of specimens for the many active workers of Southern California. Now it is hoped
that the proposed Pacific Division of the A. M. U. will do the same service for
workers in other areas of the western United States.

Mr. Abbott inquired about the status of private collections of the west
coast, noting that many of them contained type material and other specimens of
great and permanent importance. Dr. Bartsch commended Dr. Keen’s account,
and regretted that she had not told us more, for the subject is worthy of an
extensive review. Dr. Pilsbry noted that the unillustrated species of Carpenter
are a headache, and that Dr. Catherine van Winkle Palmer is presently trying
to get figures of all of Carpenter’s minute west coast species. Mr. Marks and
Mr. Tobleman asked about the disposition of several private collections of
people now deceased, and Dr. Keen replied that the Fred Baker collection went
to the San Diego Society of Natural History, as did the Lowe collection, which
was furthermore accompanied by an endowment of $20,000; the latter collection
contained about 12,000 species, of world wide distribution, though mostly from
the tropics. The Oldroyd collection, numbering about 15,000 species, was be-
queathed to Stanford University.

A Recently Observed Snail Disease
By Elmer G. Berry

In the rearing of aquatic and amphibious snails in the laboratories of the
National Institutes of Health a highly contagious disease which is fatal to nearly
100 per cent of the affected snails has been observed on four occasions within
the last two years. The disease was first observed in a shipment of Australorbis
glabratus from Puerto Rico, the second and third instances in laboratory-reared
A. glabratus, and the fourth in a shipment of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and
Physopsis africana received from Monrovia, Liberia.

The disease appears to be caused by a short rod, gram-negative bacterium
which grows as a translucent colony on agar. It manifests itself first in the tips
of the tentacles and causes them gradually to rot away. A swelling precedes the
necrosis. The tentacles gradually become insensitive to mechanical stimuli and
can be pulled off with a pipette. Within a few hours the snail becomes listless
and involvement of the neuromuscular system becomes evident. The snail is
unable to open the pneumostome, it ceases to eat, excessive quantities of mucin
are discharged, and hemorrhaging directly anterior to the auricle is frequently
observed. Death follows within a few hours.

Healthy snails when placed in the affected water died within 17 to 36
hours in the following order: Biomphalaria boissyi, Australorbis glabratus, *
Bulinus contortus, Oncomelania quadrasi, and lastly O. nosophora. The studies
of this disease are still in the experimental stage. Whether it is of any practical
importance as an antibiotic of snails which serve as intermediate hosts for
diseases of man remains to be seen.

10

This paper was illustrated by several excellent slides in natural color, which
showed the dwindling of the animal’s tissues in a most remarkable manner. Dr.
van der Schalie asked about the use of snail diseases for use in snail eradication,
and particularly the work of Mr. Kuntz in Egypt. Dr. Berry replied that Mr.
Kuntz is using a phenol derivative to try and rid certain regions of snails which
are vectors of Schistosomiasis. Mr. Marks expressed concern over the possibility
of upsetting the balance of nature by such methods, and possibly totally destroy-
ing a natural population in a given area. Dr. Berry thought this hardly likely,
saying that the natural population is reduced, not destroyed, and that upsetting
the ecological balance of nature does not occur in the overall picture. Dr. van der
Schalie inquired about the cause of pitting of the shells of the snails, which was
vividly displayed by the colored slides: these shallow pits are rounded in outline,
and suggest erosion of the shell. Dr. Berry reported that they seem to be caused
by the rasping of the shell of a snail by the radula of other snails, and this is
merely a chance phenomenon, probably not done for food requirements (cal-
cium); rather, the radula of these planorbid snails is at work most of the time
while the snail is active, and when it comes upon another shell, this rasping may
break the periostracum of the latter shell, allowing erosion by carbonic acid dis-
solved in the water. He reports that the number of pits seems directly propor-
tional to the number of snails per unit volume of water. Harold Harry cited an
article in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London (vol. 23,
pp. 92-96, PI. 7, of 1938) by Boycott, A. E. and C. Oldham, entitled "A Con-
tagious Disease of Helix aspersa.” The disease is apparently much slower in its
activity, altering the subsequent growth of the shell; it might be considered 'n
the eradication problems of exogenous populations of Helix aspersa, but only
after specificity of the disease for this snail has been more thoroughly proved.
Dr. Bartsch, finding sweet the uses of adversity, commented upon the beneficial
effects of the war in stimulating the investigations of such problems as Dr.
Berry is studying; the ravages of the cattle liver fluke in the United States alone
amounts to some $25,000,000 annually; he hoped, however, that systematists
would have a chance to study any areas, before they are subjected to the dangers
of having their natural populations destroyed. Dr. Berry reported that in one
place in Cuba, 10,000 cases of the common sheep liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica )
are known in humans, caused by the eating of infected water cress.

Biographic Notes on Arnold Edward Ortmann As Revealed

By Some of His Letters
By Henry van der Schalie

Arnold Edward Ortmann was curator of Recent Invertebrates in the Car-
negie Museum for almost a quarter century (1903-1927). His distinguished
service in this institution is in itself ample reason for brief mention of some
of his contributions to malacology. In fact, since 1907, when Ortmann shifted
his main interest from studies of the decopod crustaceans to fresh-water mussels,
the Carnegie Museum published many of his mollusk papers.

Dr. Ortmann was an unusually industrious man as is well attested by the
numerous long and informative letters he carefully penned to his friends and
colleagues. Through these letters many of his creative concepts are clearly
indicated. His attitude toward his colleagues was unusually constructive and
wholesome and his willingness to cooperate with those who asked for aid was
usually far beyond what would ordinarily be expected. In systematic work he
combined a keen sense for evaluating species and genera with great diligence

11

and fairness in arriving at sound solutions for systematic differences. These
qualities are especially noticeable in his contribution towards clarifying certain
names proposed by Rafinesque. Throughout all of his work Ortmann showed an
intense interest in zoogeography. His contributions in this field are both highly
scientific as well as unusually extensive. Some may differ with his conclusions
but his work was so thorough and scientifically sound that the facts he sub-
mitted will forever stand as a monument to this eminent scholar.

Dr. Pilsbry commented on Dr. Ortmann s extraordinary ability to concen-
trate all of his mental powers on the immediate problem with which he was
concerned. He lived in his work. In the field, he was of indefatigable endur-
ance, and, said Dr. Pilsbry, he carried this to extremes, tiring out all of his com-
panions, including Dr. Pilsbry. Mr. MacMillan regretted that Dr. Ortmann had
limited himself to the study of so few groups of animals, and that he had not
collected more land shells; he further reminisced that he had attended a lecture
by Dr. Ortmann on metrology, when he was a freshman in college; that was
shortly before the close of Dr. Ortmann’s life. Dr. Jennings also recalled his
intimate acquaintance with Dr. Ortmann, and obliged us with a few intimate
details of his life: he had been pro-German during the first World War, though
an American Citizen; he was a chain smoker of cigars; Mrs. Ortmann often wore,
on formal occasions, a long, double string of pearls by which Dr. Ortmann had
come in his studies of the Unionidae.

Small Beginnings

By Adlai B. Wheel

A material object may be the means of stimulating the mind into research or
study. Children should be encouraged to collect and should be taught to display
their treasures according to the principles of taxonomy.

As a boy of twelve I was given a basket of shells, the beginning of a small
museum of natural history. Later I was given a few fossil shells which stimulated
me to study further. I glued my treasures in both the top and bottom of a box
and whenever we had visitors I always brought forth and displayed my treasures
hoping for the suggestion that our guest had something at home that he or she
might offer to add to my growing collection. I read what books were available
on the subject of the natural sciences and was always on the alert looking for
the unusual rock or formation and later trying to learn something about each
new find.

Many years later an organization of men garden hobbyists decided to have
a hobby show. On this occasion I brought forth innumerable boxes of my
treasures. I was surprised at how many interesting things I had collected. As I
was packing up this material after the display I could not help but feel that there
must be many boys in the city in which I lived that were constituted with the
same kind of natural curiosity about things as I had been and so I resolved to
try to develop a group of boys where we could exchange knowledge and learn
together in the spirit of fun and adventure. I found that there were boys that
responded and soon we were meeting once a week at the Syracuse YMCA and
later in a small vacant store where we had a very neat and well labeled museum
of our wonders. Later I was approached by the general secretary of the Y
requesting me to bring my program or hobby to the YMCA as a part of their
boys’ division program.

I have been with the Boys Division of the YMCA for about 5 years and
I hope that through showing interest in both the boy and his curios I have gently

12

aided in the moulding of their lives. Many of my boys have made remarkable
strides in collecting and also in appearing before audiences and explaining about
their displays. A few of the displays made by the boys I have brought along.

Four years ago I was invited to conduct a similar program at the Syracuse
Boys Club where again a small natural history museum was developed. Directly
and indirectly this work comes in contact with about five thousand of the
children of our city.

During the past three years a group of adults interested in natural sciences
— the Syracuse Museum of Natural History — has been having a part in the
making up of a portable museum of natural history which moves in small
sections into the class rooms of our schools each week. To date we have made
between twenty-five and thirty-five educational displays a few of which I have
brought along.

The Syracuse Society of Natural History is doing its best to create a con-
sciousness of the need in our city of a museum of natural history. We have put
on displays in churches and in our public library as well as the school loan
material which we circulate. This work has been supported by our small dues
of $5.00 per year plus here and there a gift.

I have asked for time to present my story before you for the reason that I
believe that each and every one of you may have certain duplicate materials or
unwanted natural history materials which you may feel that you will want
to share.

There are two thoughts that I want to leave with you — the material object
owned by a child should be explained patiently to him so that he will greater
appreciate the oddity or the unusual which he may have found. Secondly we
must be patient with the boy or girl with a natural curiosity for the day may
come when we will recognize them as the scientists of tomorrow.

We can scarcely do justice in reporting the captivating effect which this
worthy paper had upon the audience, and, we hope, will continue to have. Mr.
Wheel had with him a number of portable cases, each prepared by a youngster,
illustrating some subject of natural history. The exhibits themselves were orig-
inally built in cardboard cartons, of the type discarded by any department store;
these cartons were chosen of uniform size, however, so that they would fit into a
plywood carrying case, for convenient carriage to the school room or to a club’s
lecture group. Each case was a marvel of perfection, neatness, accuracy and
attractiveness; indeed, they would rival or easily surpass similar materials pre-
pared by commercial natural history establishments, or companies dealing in
material aids to education. To mention only a few of the subjects presented, we
noted: the story of copper, and similar boxes on salt, coffee, and others; in
mollusca, there were cases on Cypraea, Natica, land shells, Nerita, Conus, Cassis
and many others. Everyone who reads this is urged to comply with Mr. Wheel’s
humble request, that duplicate shells and other objects of natural history be
donated to continue the work.

The Cave Snails of Eastern North America
By J. P. E. Morrison

Within the past ten years cave snails have been discovered in a number of
limestone caves of Eastern North America in the Appalachian and Ozark regions.
All of the truly cavernicolous snails of Eastern North America now known
belong to the Freshwater Prosobranch family Amnicolidae. On the basis of male
reproductive anatomy, etc., this family is divided into only four subfamilies:

13

1.

2. a.

Hydrobiince

Bythinellince

2. b. Bulimince

3.

Emmericiince

with one functional duct (vas deferens) in the
verge of males.

with two functional ducts (vas deferens) and
"flagellum”) in verge; operculum corneous, pauci-
spiral.

with two functional ducts in verge; operculum
calcareous; secondarily concentric,
with three functional ducts (vas deferens, "flagel-
lum” and "accessory gland”) in verge of male.

All but one of the American cavernicolous snails known to date belong to
the subfamily Emmericiinae, along with their American surface-living relatives,
members of the genus Fontigens. Like the species of Fontigens they are limited
to colder waters; the cave species are limited to underground headwaters ecologi-
cally suitable to them. Usually these snails are found only on rock or gravel
bottoms in the rapid parts of these very small streams.

The anatomical relations of the genus Fontigens, and most other North
American cave snails, with the genus Emmericia from Dalmatia present an
interesting zoogeographic problem.

Because of the complete and long continued isolation of populations in
their terminal headwater stream habitats, there may be a different species in each
locality in which they now live. This holds true for all the American cave species
so far discovered and for some members of the related surface genus Fontigens
both in the Appalachian and Ozark regions.

The only other type of American cave snail, undoubtedly a relict species
in the Shenandoah region, is a member of the otherwise European cavernicolous
genus Lartetia of the subfamily Hydrobiince.

This species is known only from a travertine pool habitat, where it makes
up for lack of water movement by its own locomotor activity.

On the basis of loss of pigment and eye structures, the North American
cavernicolous Amnicolids now known, separate readily into three groups:

1. The species that have lived underground longest have no eye pigment
or eye-structure whatsoever.

2. The Lartetia species has no eye pigment, but otherwise apparently nor-
mal eye structure.

3. The species that entered the caves most recently possess very little
pigment; pigmented eyes are present but reduced in size.

The present biology of our North American cave snails indicates that they
invaded the caves from the surface during three successive periods of cave
development. According to the present zoogeographic distribution of the cave
snails and their surface relatives, their ancestors reached the Appalachian region
from the west, when the Blue Ridge was still the stream divide between the
eastern and the western slopes of the Appalachian uplift.

This paper was illustrated by slides showing distributions, and external
anatomies of the snails; it elicited much and varied comment from the audience.
Dr. Pilsbry opened the discussion by commending this as a very important piece
of work. Drs. Baker, Bartsch, Berry and van der Schalie then inquired about the ,
technical methods used and about specific points of progress in the investigation:
microtome sections of the eye region, radular studies, and studies on the pig-
mentation of the shell are yet to be done; the degeneration of internal structures
of the eye ( as optic nerve ) may in part be determined by the presence or absence
of a light refracting streak, in whole mounts. Coloration of the shell in this

14

group is possibly due in part to algae, for surface dwelling forms, or manganese
precipitate for certain cave dwelling forms. Dr. Baker said that he had found
alcohol to be a better fixative for small snails than Bourns solution. Dr. Berry
emphasized the importance of data concerning anatomy and correlated with
ecology and distribution which is exposed by this study, and he further noted
that the names, in such a problem, are merely matters of opinion.

"Utilization of Mollusks By the Wampanoag Indians

of Massachusetts"

By Frank G. Speck and Ralph W. Dexter

Field trips to Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard were made in the summer
of 1940, 1946, and 1947 to study past and present utilization of marine life by
the Wampanoag Indians. Information from informants, correlated with biological
surveys of the region and with published accounts of shell-heap excavations, show
that mollusks were the most important group of marine organisms in the
economy of this ethnic group. Species which are or have been used for food,
bait, ornaments, temper, and utensils are as follows: Ostrea virginica, (oyster);
Pecten irradians, (bay scallop); P. grandis, (deep sea scallop); Anomia simplex,
(jingle shell); Mytilus edulis, (blue mussel); Volsella demissus, (ribbed
mussel); Mercenaria mercenaria, (quahog); Ensis directus, (razor clam);
Spisula solidissima, (sea clam); My a arenaria, (soft-shelled clam); Polinices
Eeros and P. duplicata, (sand collar snails); Crepidula fornicata, (boat shell);
Littorina littorea, (English periwinkle); Buccinum undatum, (English whelk);
Busy con canaliculatum and B. carica ( pear conches ) ; and Loligo pealii ( squid ) .
Specific uses for each were discussed. In addition to these 18 species, five others
have been found in shell-heaps for which no use is known. Probably they were
collected incidentally along with food mollusks and reached the shell-heaps in
that manner. They are: Argina campechiensis pexata, (combed ark); Tagelus
gib bus, (bivalve); Ur o salpinx cinereus, (oyster drill) ; Nassarius trivittata, (sand
snail); and N. obsoletus, (mud snail).

Mr. MacMillan commented that the Indians of the interior regions ate
freshwater mussels, and that land snails were probably eaten also; in an Indian
mound deposit near Pittsburgh, some five species of mussels and nineteen species
of terrestrial snail shells were found. Dr. Morrison said that his studies of Indian
kitchen middens in the Tennessee Valley1 favored the conclusions of Mr. Mac-
Millan; the Indians ate such mollusks as could be easily obtained from the river;
shells of deep water species were rare or absent. Pleurocerids were apparently
eaten, but Amnicolid shells were probably introduced to the midden accidentally.
Land snails were apparently not eaten. Dr. van der Schalie asked if there was
any evidence of the mollusks being cooked before eaten, and if so, by what
method2, and Dr. Dexter replied that nothing of this was known with any cer-
tainty, though burnt stones were found in the middens; it is likely that the
animals were eaten raw.

1 Morrison, J. P. E., 1942. Preliminary Report on Mollusks Found in the Shell Mounds of

the Pickwick Landing Basin in the Tennessee River Valley. Bureau Amer. Ethnology,
Smithsonian Institution, Bull. 129, pp. 339-392.

2 Baker, F. C., 1941. A Study in Ethnology of the Prehistoric Indians of Illinois Transac-

tions Amer. Philosophical Society, N. S., 32:1, pp. 51-78.

15

The Freshwater Mussels of the Mississippi River From St. Paul
to the Mouth of the Mississippi River
By Henry van der Schalie

Collecting in large rivers is difficult unless one has dredging equipment and
motor boats. This report is based on collections made by Dr. M. M. Ellis who
made collections and observations at 254 stations in the Mississippi River. The
work was done during two summers, 1930 and 1931. The fauna consists of
twenty-five genera and thirty-nine species of mussels. The distribution of each
species in the 659 miles of river covered was shown graphically by means of a
faunal distribution chart. The fauna throughout this extensive portion of the
main river is surprisingly uniform.

Dr. Bartsch recalled that in 1907 Congress directed the Federal Bureau of
Fisheries to investigate the mussel resources of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers,
and that he was directed to make the survey; because of subsequent matters of
pressing importance, he has never published any but the preliminary report of
this survey; the material is still stored in the National Museum, and would make
a splendid addition to the present study. Dr. Morrison recalled another large
series of material from Fairport, Iowa, at the same institution. Dr. van der
Schalie cited the value of independent work in the same field, as valuable in
substantiating conclusions, and expressed the hope that others might undertake
the study of the materials mentioned.

Mollusks and Medicine in World War II
By R. Tucker Abbott

A brief account was presented of the part played by mollusks and mala-
cologists mainly in the Pacific theatre of operations. The snail-carried disease,
schistosomiasis or blood fluke, was contracted by over 1700 army and 17 navy
men on Leyte Island in the Philippines. An extensive educational campaign was
put into operation by the medical corps to prevent our men from swimming in
infected waters. The Army sent out to the Philippines, and later Japan, the
Commission on Schistosomiasis, headed at first by Dr. Ernest Carroll Faust and
later under the direction of Dr. Willard H. Wright, chief of the Division of
Tropical Diseases at the National Institute of Health. From Commodore Thomas
Rivers’ unit on Guam, the navy dispatched two doctors and a malacologist. The
use of the latter, a mollusk man, represented the first time that a military organ-
ization had employed a malacologist for snail research.

The habits and distribution of the intermediate snail host, Oncomelania
quadrasi, was discussed in short. Recognizing the guilty species of snail was done
not only by studying the shell, but principally by observing the features of the
living animal. Oncomelania snails were found to possess a combination of animal
characters not present in any other Philippine or Oriental snail — two delicate
gray tentacles at the bases of which is a small black eye surmounted by a bright
lunar splotch of yellow color granules. This last distinctive feature was referred
to for convenient identification purposes among medical men as "yellow
eyebrows.” I

Locating small endemic areas of Schistosomiasis was made difficult by the
migration of thousands of people during and after the war. Tracking down
colonies of infected snails was supplemented by trapping and inspecting wild
rats which serve as blind reservoir hosts for the blood fluke.

16

In connection with chemical control experiments, the life history of the
Oncomelania snail was worked out in detail. The most difficult task was in
finally locating the small, single eggs of the snail which the female lays on moist
wood and covers with a tiny sand jacket.

Other trematode diseases of man were discussed in brief with a short
account of their life histories and intermediate snail hosts. So far as is known
there were no records of fatal cone shell bites among our troops in the Pacific.
This article (15 pages and 6 illustrations) will appear in the next issue of the
Appendix to the Smithsonian Institution Annual Report.

This splendid paper stimulated several to inquire about the intended place
of publication, and Mr. Abbott replied that it would be in the appendix of the
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. His paper received very favorable
comment in the local press next day.

A Preliminary Report of Molluscan Faunal Zones in
Peoria Silt (Pleistocene)

By A. Byron Leonard and Dorothea S. Franzen

The Peoria silt, a member of the Sanborn formation, is a massive, struc-
tureless, homogeneous deposit, gray to buff in color, ranging from a few feet
to 30-40 feet in thickness. There is no visible stratification, except very locally,
where ponds formed on the old loess surface.

Since there is reason to believe that the Peoria silt represents more than
one interval of Pleistocene time, this study was undertaken to determine whether
or not there might be faunal changes within the deposit. This report includes
data from only 3 of the 20 or more localities in northwestern Kansas that will be
included in this study.

Gastropod mollusks were taken at intervals of 5 TO feet. The fauna, con-
sisting of 25-30 species is grouped into 3 faunal zones. In the lower zone eleven
species are represented of which Succinea grosvenori , Pupilla muscorum and
P. blandi are predominant. In the Transition zone, 13 species are represented.
Eight species, Euconulus chersinus, Helicodiscus singelyanus, Pupilla blandt,
P. muscorum , Succinea avara, Vallonia gracilicosta, Vertigo gouldi paradoxa, and
Vertigo modesta are in the Transition and also in the Lower and Upper zones.
Succinea grosvenori is found in the Transition and Lower zones. Three species,
Columella alticola, Discus shimeki, and Hawaiia minus cula are found in the
Transition and Upper zones. In the Upper zone, 17 species are represented of
which 5 are restricted to this zone: Cionella lubrica, Discus cronkhitei, Pupoides
albilabris, Retinella species, and Zonitoides arboreus.

Dr. Franzen illustrated this paper with slides of charts showing relative per-
centages of a given species in the population of each horizon studied. Dr. Baker
noted that Striatura milium is mostly boreal today, and that it had been present
in limited ranges only, in the diagrams which Dr. Franzen presented; could this
information be an aid in interpreting former climatic conditions?

Some Techniques for Mounting Specimens in the Museum

By A. Myra Keen

Backgrounds for specimens to be exhibited in glass-topped boxes often
are a problem. Soft crepe tissue-paper of the paper-handkerchief type, especially

17

tissue colored a soft blue or green, may be used to advantage. Stretched taut by
friction between the edges of the upper and lower sections of the box, the paper
forms a smooth, wrinkle-free background. If reinforced below by cotton, the
paper may be made to hold a shell in any desired position.

Smooth round shells are hard to display in a flat exhibit case without gluing |
or wiring them to some support. It is suggested that a small paper tray painted
the color of the show-case background and filled with melted paraffin, against
which the shell is balanced just as the paraffin cools, will make a permanent
mount from which the shell can later be detached without damage.

By courtesy of Dr. G. D. Hanna of the California Academy of Sciences,
a sealed glass mount of specimens in alcohol was demonstrated. This method
of sealing was described at the Thirteenth A. M. U. meeting in Pacific Grove
last year by Mr. Allyn Smith.

This paper was of considerable interest to all present; it might be noted
that the sealed vial of alcohol material which Dr. Keen displayed contained the
eggs of Achatina achatina, the same of which Dr. Hanna wrote in the July 1948
issue of the Nautilus (p. 30). They appeared to be about twice the size of eggs
of Achatina fulica.

Gordon K. MacMillan was the last speaker on the formal program.

«, Q,

Shells and Mastodon
By Gordon K. MacMillan

The first report of the discovery of the remains of a Mastodon in this
country occured in 1705 at Claverack, Columbia County, New York, was con-
tained in a letter received by Cotton Mather from Gov. Joseph Dudley and an
item published in the Boston News Letter on July 30, 1705. Since that time
remains of this Proboscidean have been discovered in nearly every state of the
Union, and in many cases associated with land and fresh water mollusca. In the
early part of February, 1948, there was unearthed a few bones of a Mastodon
during the process of the removal of a seam of coal by the strip mining method
in Bridgeville, a small community about 10 miles southeast of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania. Associated with these remains in a grayish clay some 5-10 feet
above the coal were 14 species of land and fresh water mollusca. This is the
first occurence in Pennsylvania of the association of a Mastodon with shells.
Since this clay, in which the bones of this animal reposed, indicates deposition
in a pond or lake, the freshwater forms predominate. The four species of land
snails occurring in the balsam forest surrounding the lake indicates that the
climate around Bridgeville was not only cold but also damp. The presence of
these snails and the balsam trees indicates also that the climate was cooler than
at present, not arctic, but more of a cold temperate one. The species of mollusca
associated with the Mastodon at Bridgeville are Valvata tricarinata (Say), Heli-
soma anceps (Menke), Helisom anceps striatum (FCB), Gyraulus deflectus
(Say), Amnicola limosa (Say), Ferrissia rivularis (Say), Ferrissia sp.?, Lasmi-
gona viridis (Raf.)?, Sphaerium simile (Say), Sphaerium simile planatum
Sterki, Discus cronkhitei (Newc), Discus patulus (Desh.), Gastrocopta armi-
jera near variety similis, and Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) . {

In the evening, at 6 o’clock, the annual banquet was held in the University
Room of Hotel Webster Hall. Dr. Elmer Berry, our new president, presided in
the absence of Dr. Keen, who unfortunately was called away on business. A
program of the meeting was passed around for autographs, and later sent to

18

Mr. George Clapp, with a message expressing our regrets that he could not
meet with us this year. After a brief recess, the convention reassembled to enjoy
a set of excellent colored slides and commentary by Mr. Charles B. Wurtz, on his
trip to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. Several types of terrestrial and marine
habitats were displayed in natural color, and we all gained a more intimate
knowledge of the region. Very remarkable were several superb slides of porpoise,
in their favored pastime of racing just below the surface of the water, in front
of the ship.

The following account of the field trip is contributed by Gordon K.
MacMillan:

The field trip scheduled for Ohiopyle, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, for
August 27 th was cancelled because there were not enough autos for transpor-
tation. Instead, a collecting trip was made to Sandy Creek Valley, formed by
Sandy Creek running in a northwesterly direction from the small village of
Sandy Creek to empty into the Allegheny River nine-tenths of a mile away.
This village lies about 6 miles in a northeasterly direction from Pittsburgh.

Dr. J. P. E. Morrison and Dr. E. L. Palmer furnished their cars for trans-
portation, taking with them Frank L. Jeffries, E. Sidney Marks, Mrs. Margaret
Teare, Mrs. Margaret Teskey, Gertrude M. Weber, James M. Ross, Eugene H.
Schmeck, Dorothea Franzen, Mrs. E. L. Palmer and Gordon K. MacMillan.

The party left the entrance to the Carnegie Museum about 10 o’clock in
the morning. Collecting during that part of the day was made along the north-
eastern flats and hillsides of Sandy Creek just below the village of Sandy Creek.
That area was not too overgrown with hardwoods and shrubs, mostly second
and third growths. In the more open spaces were many herbs, flowers, and
weeds. Lunch was eaten at Futules Cafe in Verona, a borough along the Alleg-
heny River about a mile and a half north of the entrance of Sandy Creek into
the Allegheny River. After lunch collecting was continued on a rather steep
hillside covered with moderate growths of trees and shrubs. This locality was
situated on the southwestern side of Sandy Creek Valley. This place constituted
a significant collecting locality as quite a number of specimens of Hender sonia
occulta (Say) were found here. This species has a very sporadic distribution
throughout the northeastern section of the United States, and this find at Sandy
Creek constitutes the fourth locality record for Allegheny County since Jacob
Green reported it first in 1832 at Helicina rubella. In the morning, among the
loose rocks and stones on the flats of Sandy Creek were gathered specimens of
Oxychilus draparnaldi (Beck). Most of the other species of larger and commoner
forms found throughout the northeastern section of the United States were col-
lected here by the party.

Since the area around Sandy Creek is within the industrial region of
Pittsburgh, the members of the collecting party became quite dirty by the end
of the days activities from contact with the smoky and sooty underbrush, leaves
and logs. The heat of the day, the thermometer standing at 98 degrees, was
another factor contributing towards this condition. Inspite of the dirt and heat, I
believe that this collecting trip was very successful, as attested by the large
number of specimens collected by all participating in this event.

Respectfully submitted

Harold W. Harry

Acting Secretary.

19

MEMBERS AND VISITORS IN ATTENDANCE

Mr, R. Tucker Abbott, Washington, D. C.

Dr, H. B. Baker, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington, D, C.

Dr. Elmer G. Berry, Bethesda, Md.

Mr, Robert Bloom, Syracuse, N, Y.

Dr. Olga Catizone, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Miss Ruth E. Coats, Tillamook, Ore.

Dr. L. K. Darbaker, Pittsburgh, Pa,

Dr. Ralph W. Dexter, Kent, Ohio.

Dr, A. G. Dietze, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Miss Dorothea Franzen, Hillsboro, Kan.

Dr. H. M. Hall, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. Harold Harry, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Jeffries, Washington, D. G
Dr, and Mrs. O. E. Jennings, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dr, A. Myra Keen, Stanford, Cal.

Mrs. K. G. Kutchka, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. and Mrs. K. D. MacMillan, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Mr. E. Sidney Marks, Leonards, N. J.

Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, Washington, D. C.

Dr. and Mrs. E. L. Palmer, Ithaca, N. Y.

Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Harald A. Rehder, Washington, D. C.

Mr. James Ross, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mr. Eugene H. Schmeck, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Greenwich, Conn.

Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Margaret Teskey, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tobleman, Newark, N. J.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Miss Gertrude M. Weber, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mr. Adlai B. Wheel, Syracuse, N. Y.

Miss Jane White, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. Charles B. Wurtz, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Young, Pittsburgh, Pa.

THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

The Council of The American Malacological Union have accepted an
invitation from Dr. F. G. Walton Smith, Director of the Marine Laboratory of
the University of Miami, Miami, Florida, to hold the fifteenth annual meeting
at the University, June 16 to 19, 1949. The facilities of the University dormi-
tories will be available for the delegates at moderate rates, and there will be
collecting trips along shore and by boat from the Marine Laboratory.

Announcement of rates and other details will be made later. Please
notify the secretary before June 1st, of the titles of papers and time
required.

Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Secretary ,

136 Buffum Street, Buffalo 10, New York.

20

THE PACIFIC DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Dr. A. Myra Keen

The organization meeting of a western coast section of the American
Malacological Union was held at Los Angeles, California, April 10 and 11, 1948
in the auditorium of the Hancock Foundation at the University of Southern
California, and the Los Angeles County Museum respectively. The following
plan was adopted, pending approval by the Council and membership of the
American Malacological Union.

That the western section be known as the Pacific Division of the American
Malacological Union, or, in abbreviation, the A. M. U. P.

That any persons west of the Mississippi River may affiliate with the
Pacific Division if they so prefer.

That the officers shall consist of a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, a Secretary-
Treasurer, and an Executive Council of four additional members who shall be
the four immediate past chairmen. (During the first four years vacancies shall
be filled by direct election. )

The duties of the Council, except the Secretary-Treasurer, shall be to
arrange for annual meetings of the Division. Council members shall assist the
Chairman in any way needed.

The Secretary-Treasurer shall be empowered to accept A. M. U. dues and
to maintain a list of affiliated members. Dues shall be transmitted to the Treas-
urer of the A. M. U. and a list of members sent to the A. M. U. Secretary.

Annual meetings of the A. M. U. P. shall be scheduled in advance of the
A. M. U. meetings so that abstracts of papers given may be printed as part
of the proceedings in the annual report of the parent society.

All of these provisions were approved by the Council and membership
at the annual meeting in Pittsburgh with the stipulation that the membership
lists and dues be transmitted at least annually.

It was further provided by vote of the membership that the Chairman
of A. M. U. P. become automatically a Second Vice-President of the A. M. U.

In accordance with the above provisions officers of the A. M. U. P. were
elected as follows: Chairman, Miss Ruth E. Coats; Vice-Chairman, John Q.
Burch, Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, Secretary-Treasurer. Councillors additional to officers:
Dr. S. S. Berry, Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr., Dr. A. Myra Keen, and Dr. Wendell
O. Gregg.

MINUTES OF THE ORGANIZATION MEETING OF THE
PACIFIC DIVISION (A. M. U. P.)

At 10 o’clock Saturday morning April 10, 1948, about 40 enthusiastic
conchologists gathered in the small auditorium of the Hancock Foundation at
the University of Southern California.

Dr. A. Myra Keen called the meeting to order and Mr. Allyn G. Smith
moved: "That we organize a provisional Western Division of the American
Malacological Union — subject to the approval of the parent organization.” The
motion was seconded from the floor and after discussion unanimously carried.

A second motion was made, that a set of officers be elected to take office
at the end of this two-day meeting. Seconded and carried.

Officers were elected as follows: Miss Ruth E. Coats, chairman; John Burch,
vice-chairman, and Dr. Leo Hertlein, secretary-treasurer.

21

A motion was then passed that the chairman appoint a temporary secretary
to make a record of this meeting and forward it to Dr. Hertlein. Dr. Keen
thereupon appointed Mrs. Elsie Chace.

The meeting being open for discussion John Burch suggested that our
next meeting be held during a school vacation, perhaps at Morro Bay. Dr. S. S.
Berry moved that we add an executive committee of 4 members to the already
elected group of officers and that it should always include the past chairman. Dr.
Berry’s motion was seconded by Mr. Smith and unanimously carried. Dr. W. O.
Gregg suggested that the committee might suggest three places for each meeting
and let the members choose by mail.

Nominations for this executive committee (also referred to as the Council)
were then called for. Dr. S. S. Berry, Joshua Baily, A. Myra Keen and W. O.
Gregg having been nominated from the floor it was moved that the nominations
be closed. The four nominees were unanimously elected.

It was moved and seconded that we ask to be known as the American
Malacological Union — Pacific Division. Motion carried.

It was moved, seconded and carried that we extend a vote of thanks to
Dr. Irene McCulloch of the Hancock Foundation, Dr. A. Myra Keen of Stan-
ford University and Mr. and Mrs. John Burch for their work in organizing this
meeting.

It being now 11:20 a motion to adjourn was made, seconded and carried.

The next two hours were spent partly at a sociable luncheon in the U. S. C.
Student Union to whose facilities Dr. McCulloch had arranged that we be
admitted, and partly in getting a glimpse of the immense collections being
worked on by the staff of the Foundation.

At 1:30 P. M. Dr. Keen called the afternoon meeting to order. The first
paper was a brief one by Dr. McCulloch on 'Material Collected By the Hancock
Foundation.” Probably very few of those present had ever realized what immense
amounts of material had been collected by the Valero III, and the physical labor
involved in sorting and caring for it, before scientific work could really begin —
but we have had a glimpse now.

Next came a very interesting and scholarly paper by Dr. S. S. Berry titled:

"A Survey and Natural History of Argonauta.”

Mr. John Burch then read a paper by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna on "Indiscrim-
inate Scattering of Exotic Mollusks.” No abstract of this paper will be furnished
this organization but it may be summed up in one word, "Don’t.”

Dr. Keen then presented a paper illustrated with lantern slides on "The
Distribution of the Muricid Sub-Family Typhinae.”

This subfamily of muricids numbers about 85 species, fossil and living.
The group underwent progressive change from the Eocene to the present. The
peculiarity of the whole group is a series of hollow tubes alternating with the
usually spiny varices. Most species live in fairly deep water in the tropics. Hence,
Typhinae are useful to the paleontologist as indicators of ecology even though
they are never found in abundance. The genotype of one characteristic tropical
American group, Talityphis, which was described without locality, is now known
to occur in Santo Domingo and eastern Panama.

After looking over the material brought by the speakers to illustrate their
papers the meeting adjourned. (

At 7 o’clock Saturday evening the group gathered at Hotel Clark for dinner
as arranged by Mrs. Burch. Following the precedent set by Mr. Sorensen and
his hostesses at Pacific Grove there were corsages for the ladies present, camellias
having been furnished by Mrs. Turver and Mrs. Chace. Dr. Keen presided and

22

John Burch acted as toastmaster. Dr. Irene McCulloch and Mrs. Burch were
elected honorary members and greetings from Dr. Durham of the Paleontology
Department of the University of California were read. Mr. A. M. Strong was
called on as the first speaker and reminded us how recently malacology and
ecology have become a part of our hobby. Following Mr. Strong’s brief remarks
each guest was introduced, but no long speeches were made and the group
dissolved into interesting and informative general conversation.

The Sunday meetings were held at the Los Angeles County Museum. Dr.
Keen called us to order at 10 A. M.

The first paper was titled "Studies on the Marine Gastropod Family Can-
cellariidae.” It was submitted by Jay Marks and read by Mr. E. L. Hamilton.

Included in Mr. Marks’ paper were two interesting statements — that one-
fourth of the known Cancellarias are from the West Coast of the Americas, and
(2) that Cancellarias are among the most abundant gastropods in the miocene
of Ecuador and north to Costa Rica.

Twenty- seven generic, subgeneric, and sectional names are available for
about 120 species of living Cancellariidae. Fifty-two names are available for
fossil and living species combined. Modern Cancellariidae spring from a great
number of races that were already highly differentiated in Miocene time. A true
phylogeneric classification of the many units may evolve eventually if careful
studies are made of the nuclear whorls, attention is paid to ontogenesis, and
consideration given to the fossil species. Three groups of Cancellariidae are
generally recognized: Cancellaria, Trigono stoma, and Admete. Recent studies of
the nucleus and early spire whorls show that there are real differences between
the three groups. Of the 27 supra-specific names available for living species,
eight are represented by genotypes that are West American species.

Mr. H. H. Patten then showed some very interesting slides (and moving
pictures) of a recent trip to Guaymas, Mexico. We got a clear idea of the
country, and some of the collecting spots visited by the conchological group
which gathered there last December.

Mr. Ernest Wilcox then gave us a short talk on a "Fossil Deposit Near
Atascaders.” He described it as a "Chalk Hill” near Santa Margarita. Its dominant
forms were apparently oysters, Hinnites and Pecten. An attempt was made at
one time to work it commercially for chicken grit, but was unsuccessful. At
the close of Mr. Wilcox’s remarks there was general discussion which quickly
switched to the late Hilltop Quarry — now mostly buried under a housing
project but sometimes accessible in a nearby gully.

Dr. Berry made the interesting statement that he had or knew of 500
different fossils from that deposit. Other speakers on the subject were Mrs.
Clark, John Burch, George Kanakoff and E. P. Chace.

Dr. Keen’s paper on "Introduced Mollusks Now Living in the San Fran-
cisco Bay Area” was the next on the program.

San Francisco Bay is now largely populated by East American and Japanese
species. The latest immigrant to have become established is Busycon canal-
iculatum (Say), from the Atlantic.

A Japanese clam variously known as Tapes variegata and/or T. philip-
pinarum is now abundant near San Mateo. Taxomic study shows that this clam
is the Tapes semidecussata Reeve, a species that should be recognized as distinct
from either T. variegata or T. philippinarum.

Another oriental immigrant, Corbicula fluminea, abundant in the rivers
that empty into San Francisco Bay, near Stockton, is extremely hardy. Two speci-
mens kept in a quart jar of pond water in the laboratory at Stanford, have sur-
vived for over a year with only a single change of water.

23

After Dr. Keen’s paper the group adjourned to the next room where Mrs.
Burch had arranged a delicious luncheon.

The afternoon session began with some remarks by Mr. Smith on the
recently received volume on the "Land Mollusca of North America” by Dr.
H. A. Pilsbry.

Mr. Smith did not have time to go into great detail on this final volume
of Dr. Pilsbry ’s gigantic work but a faint suggestion of the work that has been
done in this field may be found in one little set of figures presented by Mr.
Smith: Amos Binney’s work in 1852 covered 128 species; Binney and Bland in
1858, 269 species and 29 subspecies; W. G. Binney in 1892, 335 species and 50
subspecies, and Pilsbry in 1947, 719 species and 416 subspecies.

Attention was also called to the fact that Dr. Pilsbry had no Californian
records for Cionella (formerly Cochlicopa) lubrica (Mull). It has been taken
on Grizzly Peak back of Berkeley by Josiah Keep and A. G. Smith, on Clark
Mountain, San Bernardino County by S. S. Berry, and in the Feather River
Canyon, Plumas County by E. P. Chace.

Dr. Gregg discussed briefly some other portions of this book. It was then
moved, seconded and carried that our organization send Dr. Pilsbry a letter
of commendation on his work.

Dr. S. S. Berry then presented a brief paper on "The Holotype of Murex
petri, Dali.” This was a careful recapitulation of the very confused naming of
the dredged trialate murices of Southern California. It seems to be established
that we must discard the name M. petri, and for the present we shall probably
use M. rhyssa.

This concluded the program for the meeting. It was moved, seconded and
carried that the secretary write Mr. Sorenson saying how much the group
regretted he could not be with us, and then a motion to adjourn was made,
seconded and carried.

Later the group gathered on the lawn near the building and Dr. Berry
took pictures. No report has been received on his success.

Respectfully submitted,

Elsie M. Chace,

Secretary, pro tern.

Pacific Division of the American Malacological
Union will hold its Second Annual Meeting at
Long Beach, California, June 10, 11, 12, 1949.

24

NOTES AND NEWS

Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry is recovering nicely from injuries suffered Decem-
ber 8, 1948 when he was struck by an automobile while crossing the street on
the eve of his 86th birthday. Two bones in his left foot were fractured, but he
was otherwise uninjured.

Edmund W. Twenhoefel of Belleville, 111., has been elected to membership
in the Malacological Club of London, England. Congratulations.

New York City conchologists are organizing a shell club there. If you
have not been contacted and are interested, you should communicate with Morris
K. Jacobson, 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y.

Harry E. Wheeler is now director of the Museum of the Cherokee Indian,
Cherokee, N. C. This is a constructive, educational, recreational and scientific
institution featuring the archeological, historical and cultural interests of the
Cherokee Indians where Mr. Wheeler’s talent for friendliness will be a valuable
asset. Mrs. Wheeler is Assistant Director and an able partner of her husband in
this worthwhile work.

Letters from Calvin Goodrich from Black Mountain, N. C, give a picture
of serene living in quiet environment where, unfortunately, mollusks are not too
plentiful.

The Rev. Paul D. Ford of Sunbury, Pa. and Nassau, Bahamas, is at present
minister of the Central Baptist Church of Erie, Pa. The Conchological Section
of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences is fortunate in being within visiting
distance of Erie and will have the pleasure of hearing him speak at the meeting
of the Section on February 5th. His topic will be "How to Study Your Shells.”

CLIFFORD L. BLAKESLEE

It is with deepest sorrow that we report the death on January 23, 1949,
of Clifford Lyman Blakeslee, at Pittsford, N. Y. Mr. Blakeslee was known to
many of our members through exchange and correspondence. By the magic of
his skillful treatment the most commonplace of shells was transformed into a
gem, and his letters were witty and bright with fascinating accounts of collecting
experiences and observations. Several of his articles on collecting have been
published in The Nautilus. He was also co-author with Imogene C. S. Robertson
of "The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier Region” published last summer by
the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.

Always an active business man, assistant cashier and an officer in the Federal
Reserve Bank of Buffalo, his retirement in 1938 at the age of 65 would have
been unwelcome had it not been that it gave him more time to devote to the
building up of his shell collection commenced in 1934. Working indefatigably
and joyfully at this task he had amassed a most complete series of local species.
In addition to these he collected in Florida and New England and by exchange
augmented his large collection of marine species with specimens from all parts
of the world.

RUSSELL GRAY

Mrs. Anne Gray Hackney reports the death of her father, Russell Gray,
on December 8, in Norfolk, Ya., where he had been living with his daughter
since his retirement in 1947. Only a few weeks before his death he had spent
an afternoon digging miocene fossils from the cliffs at Yorktown, Va.

25

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island Club, Balboa, Cal. Conch., minerology exch.
Alexander, Mrs. Charlotte, P. O. Box 1624, Sarasota, Fla.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allen, Charles A., 1094 S. King St., Honolulu 53, T. H.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Institute de Biologica, Chapultepec, Casa de Laga, Mexico D. F.,
Mex.

Anderson, Miss Eva M., 7220 Lincoln Dr., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Andrews, Elizabeth, 605 Pershing Dr., Silver Spring, Md. Col. on outer banks, N. C.
coast.

Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Archer, Harry B., 7239 Third Ave., N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Ash, F. G., 14142 Meyers Rd., Detroit 27, Mich.

Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Awald, Clifford J., 282 Stevens Ave., Buffalo 15, N. Y.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 27 Willway Rd., Richmond 21, Va.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego, Cal.

Baker, Edward Perin, 11619 Downey Ave., Downey, Cal. Pacific coast marine life

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., LIniv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. E. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D. C.

Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Nat’l Museum, Washington 25, D. G.
Beatty, George D., R 1, Sandusky, O.

Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., Mingo Lodge, Skaneateles, N. Y.

Belanger, Alice Lois, Indian Springs Farms, Riverdale Ave., R.F.D. 1, Eatontown, N. J.
Bennett, Miss Susan A., 37 Legare St., Charleston, S. C.

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berger, Mr. and Mrs. John N., 3496 Brookline Ave., Clifton, Cincinnati, O.

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PL, Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Blake, Dr. Charles H., Dept, of Biology, M. I. T., Boston, Mass.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Boelio, Mrs. Nellie A., 181 Kedzie Dr., East Lansing, Mich.

Bollinger, Mrs. C. C., Lakeview, Mich.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 35, Mixcoac D. F., Mex.

Bower, William J,, 340 3rd St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Brand, Dr. Donald D., Dept, of Geog., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Latin
Am. land shells.

Brewster, Miss Helen M., 500 2nd Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Briscoe, Dr. M. S., 4208 Benning Rd., N.E., Apt. 3, Washington 19, D. C.

Briskas, James, 703-707 S.E. 6th Ave. and 7th St., Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Dealer.

Bristol, Viola S., Natural History Museum. Balboa Park, San Diego 1, Cal.

Brookshire, Jack, 948 E. Beverly Ave., Bellflower, Cal. South Pacific marine*.

26

Bruce, Karl L., 12 Florence St., Roslindale, Mass.

Brunson, Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mont.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul R., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burch, Thomas, M. D., PHS, APO 839, c/o P. M., New Orleans, La
Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burr, Dr. Harry B., 503 Medical Arts Bldg., Flouston, Tex.

Burrow, Mrs. F. H., 1401 Plass Ave., Topeka, Kan.

Burry, Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Box 52, R-l, Pompano, Fla.

Byrnes, Miss Betsy, 154 Dartmouth St., Holyoke, Mass. Worldwide shells.

Caldwell, Walter C., 3444 1st Ave. N., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Camman, A. F., 515 N. E. Sixth St., Box 203, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. LiguvJ.

Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 42 Anderson St., Boston 14, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Cheever, John Alden, 47 W. Cedar St., Boston 14, Mass.

Chen, Suifong, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Chenoweth, Paul, 2090 Beach St., San Francisco 23, Cal. Marine invert, natural habitat.
Church, Austin, 165 George St., Trenton, Mich. P. O. Drawer C.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Augusta 91, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Local and foreign shells; books.
Claar, Elmer A., 617 Thornwood Lane, Northfield, 111. Coll. Cypraea.

Clarke, Mrs. Effie M., P. O. Box 511, Yuba City, Cal.

Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,
exch., buy.

Coats, Mrs. Emma W., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore.

Coats, Ruth E., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore. Exch. f.w. and Puget Sd. marines.
Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Cooke, Dr. Montague, Jr., Kualii, 2859 Manoa Rd., Honolulu 54, T. H.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield, N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Murex
and Oliva.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B., Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Crosby, William, San Mateo, Fla.

Damron, Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. E., 29'D Venetian Way, Miami Beach, Fla.
Darbaker, Dr. L. K., 424 Franklin Ave., Wilkinsburg 21, Pa.

D’Attilio, Anthony, 102 Hilltop Acres, Yonkers, N. Y.

Dawley, Miss Charlotte, The Woman’s College, Univ. of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.
Demond, Joan, 830 S. Burnside, Los Angeles 36, Cal.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Diaz, Dra. Amy E. Aguilar, San Benigno, No. 504 Altos, Santos Suarez, Habana, Cuba.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Donovan, Mrs. James W., 3718 Calvin Ave., West Palm Beach, Fla.

Doremus, E. C., 227 Holmes Ave., Boonton, N. J.

Drake, Robert J., 115 N. University Ave., Albuquerque, N. Mex
Dranga, Ted., 3462 Main Highway, Miami 3 3, Fla.

Dury, Dr. Ralph, Director, Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist. Mus. and Lib. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Emerson, William K., 2435 Bancroft St., San Diego, Cal.

Emery, Dan L., 121 20th Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

27

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 49 Beech St., Nutley, N. J.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., 2525 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Land and marines.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass'a'Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Howard L., 908 Crescent Ave. B, Redlands, Cal.

Flipse, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C., 80'56 Surrey Place, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas, B. W. I.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 6, Cal.

Frampton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franzen, Dorothea, Dept, of Biol., Washburn Municipal Univ., Topeka, Kan.

Gardner. Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Gaylord, Joseph S., East Longmeadow, Mass.

George, Mrs. Henry, Jr., 7320 Watson Ave., Wauwatosa 13, Wis.

Getz, Miss Dorothy, 5107 Roland Ave., Baltimore 10, Md.

Gifford, Dr. and Mrs., E. F., 253 5 Le Conte Ave., Berkeley, Cal
Gillham, Bert A.. Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Gilmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline, Mass.

Goodrich, Calvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. mollusca.
Goto, Masaichi, 1868 Palolo Ave., Honolulu, T. H. Hawaiian marines.

Gould, Russell, 608 Cumberland Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Gregg, Dr. Wendell O., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 7, Cal. Coll, and exch*
mollusca of western N. A.

Haas, Capt. Arthur, 3511 Second Ave. S., St. Petersburg 7, Fla.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 1333 Cornwell PI., Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton, 65, Mass.

Hall, Henry Martyn Jr., 502 Lloyd St., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.

Hamilton, Edwin Lee, Bldg. 315, Apt. 14, Stanford Village, Stanford, Cal. Marine
shells.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., S. Orange, N. J.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 711 S. Fancher Ave., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.

Harris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PI., Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Harold W., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Hartman, H. H., Frankfort, Kan. Worldwide marines and trop. land shells.

Hastings, J. K., 239 70th St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Hazlewood, Mrs. G. W., 102 S. W. Fifth Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex.

Heath, Dr. Harold, 181 Ocean View, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hebert, Clyde H., 411 W. 62 St., Jacksonville, Fla.

Heilman, Robert A., 360 N. Fifth St., Lebanon, Pa. Fresh water gastropods.

Henderson, Miss Jennie, Elkhart, Iowa.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Herrington, Robert E., 208 9th St., Lorain, Ohio.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.

28

Hill, Dr. Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hodge, Mrs. Carroll, Conestoga Rd., Ithan, Del. Co., Pa.

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Exchange.

Hollister, Dean S. C., College of Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y.

Holmes, Charles H., 8 1/2 St. Bernard St., Saranac Lake, N. Y.

Hoover, John Edgar, Washington 25, D. C..

Horstman, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.
Hudgings, Judy, Beal-Maltbie Shell Museum, Winter Park, Fla. Fla. shells.

Hughes, Thomas, Route 2, Fort Pierce, Fla.

Hulva, Josephine K., 811 E. Jefferson St., Bloomington, 111.

Humes, Ralph H., R.F.D. 2, Box 77, Miami, Fla.

Ingram, Dr. William Marcus, Dept, of Zoology, Mills College, Oakland 13, Cal.

Ishikawa, Margaret H., D. A. C.; ESS/ST GHQ FEC APO 500, c/o Postmaster, San
Francisco, Cal.

Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, Mr. and Mrs. H. J., 538 N. Palos Verdes St., San Pedro, Cal. Diver.
Jacobs, Dr. Walter H., 124 West 93 st., New York 25, N. Y.

Jacobson, Morris K.. 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jeffries, Frank L., 24 Rhode Island Ave., Washington, D.C.

Jewell, Maynard, 1927 W. Madison St., Sandusky, Ohio. Exch. East Coast and Gulf
marines.

Johnson, Mrs. Edward M., Box 444, Falmouth, Mass.

Johnson, Richard I., 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnson, W. G., 47 Shore Front, Milford, Conn, and 9,2 1 24th Ave. N., St. Peters*
burg, Fla.

Jones, Dr. David T., Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Miami Univ., Oxford, O. Res. 818
E. Fifth St., Vinton, Iowa.

Kanakoff, George P., Los Angeles County Museum, Exposition Park, Los Angeles 7,
Cal.

Kay, Miss Alison, Box 218, Mills College, Oakland, Cal.

Keen, Mrs. Ernest B., 1290 Hamilton Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.

Kimball, S. L., P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Cal. Conus and Cypraea.

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3401 N. W. 46th St., Miami 37, Fla

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Kondo, Yoshio, Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, Hawaii.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells.

Kunberger, Miss Louise, 1408 Linden St., Reading, Pa.

LaRocque, Aurele, 211 E. Dominion Blvd., Columbus, 2, O. Fresh water shells:
Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.

Lee, Charles Bruce, 1009 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, Mich. Exch. land shells.

Leech, Claire, P. O. Box 2785, St. Petersburg, Fla. General coll.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Libby, Mrs. Ruth H., 817 Carson St., Long Beach 7, Cal. Col.

Locklin, Mr. and Mrs. Charles R., 636 16th Ave. N. E., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Lockwood, Miss Mary Ann, 4721 Yuma St. NW., Washington 16, D. C.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Lutz, Prof. Louis, Biological Dept., Lincoln Memorial Univ., Harrogate, Tenn
Conchology; zoology.

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

29

MacFarland, Dr. and Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez; St., Stanford, Cal.

MacMillan, Gordon K., Invertebrate Lab., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Maeda, Kazuo, 602 Judd St., Honolulu 44, T. H.

Magalhaes, Dr. Hulda, Box 496 Bucknell Univ., Lewisburg, Pa.

Marks, E. Sidney, The Maples, Leonards, N. J. Exch. land and f.w. shells.

Marshall, William B., 1818 1 7 th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCulloch, Dr. Irene, Allen Hancock Foundation, Univ. of Southern Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal.

McCurdy, Dr. Gordon J., 4738 Forman Ave., North Hollywood, Cal
McFarlin, James B., P.O. Box 3 5, Florence Villa, Fla. Florida shells
McGinty, Paul L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

McGinty, Paul P., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, land, f. w. and marines.
McGinty, Thomas L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.
McLean, North, Washington, Conn.

McLean, Richard A., 4 College St., Hanover, N. H.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill, Mass.
Merrill, Arthur, General Delivery, Summerville, S. C

Merryfield, Pfc Donald J., 1079551, 1st A. A. A. B. N., L., A. A., Camp Lejeune, N. C
Mertens, Mrs. Adele, 167 Bay Front Dr., Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y.

Mettlach, Miss Maxine, 411 Mountain Ave., Westfield, N. J.

Miller, Daniel, Box 302, Reistertown, Md.

Miller, Esther Van Sciver, c/o Bob Miller Inc., 1619 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y.
Moberg, Mrs. Alexander G., 122 Billings St., N. Quincy, Mass.

Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 5290 S. W. 6th St., Miami 34, Fla.

Montgomery, Wayne T., P. O. Box 1671, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Moore, Dr. Merrill, 10 Crabtree Rd., Squantum 71, Mass.

Moreno, Dr. Abelardo, Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba.
Morris, Percy A., Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., New Haven Conn.

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

Nanos,Miss Stella, 6642 N. Clark St., Chicago 26, 111.

Nanos, William, 6642 N. Clark St., Chicago 26, 111.

Nead, John Hunter, 33 Wildwood Rd., Hammond, Ind.

Nelson, Frank J., 1856 Madison St., Brooklyn 27, N. Y.

Neurohr, Gilbert N., Box 737, Riviera Beach, Fla.

Newcombe, Curtis L., Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Res.
287 Oakland St., Birmingham, Mich.

Newell, Norman D., Dept, of Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.

Nicol, David, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Noyes. Ernest High, 1242 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111.

O’Beirne, Joseph P., P. O. Box 38, Pacific Grove, Cal. West coast shells.

Otis, Mrs. Helen, 1825 First St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Royal Ontario Museum of Zool., Toronto, Ont.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., Research Inst., 126 Kelvin PI., Ithaca, N. Y.

Parker, John Dyas,, Dept, of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3,
Pa.

Patterson, Alfred H., 129 Andover Circle, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Paul, Joyann, 252 Spruce Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. General mollusca.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Box 827, Asheville, N. C.

30

Peters, Miss Sally W., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla.

Peters, Mrs. William I. Jr., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla. Florida shells.

Piel, Mr. and Mrs. Walter, 57 Oak Ave., Rehoboth Beach, Del.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The Nautilus.

Ploeger, Mrs. Luvenia Kelly, 1230 S. Dixie Highway, Lake Worth, Fla.

Poliak, Mrs. Herman H., 1104 E. 46th St., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence, Pass'a'Grille, Fla.

Pomeroy, Mrs. Sarah W., 1026 James Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Porter, S. L., 1914 Sandra Dr., Fort Meyers, Fla.

Price, Arthur C., 2618 Wellington Rd., Los Angeles, Cal.

Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, Orleton Farm, Stockbridge, Mass.

Pulley, Thomas C., Dept, of Biol., The Univ. of Houston, 3801 St. Bernard St.,

Houston 4, Tex.

Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Rand, Mrs. George C., Box 267, Delray Beach, Fla.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clarke St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Reed, Paul H., Box 267, Tavares, Fla. Editor Mollusca.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Rex, Miss Edith R., 417 Redondo Ave., Long Beach 8, Cal.

Rice, Frank Hagler, 106 Juanita Dr., Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rickies, P. A., 7 Jefferson Blvd., Annadale, Staten Island 12, N. Y. Coll., exch., buy.
Risser, Mrs. Elizabeth, 512 S. Lakeside Dr., Lake Worth, Fla.

Robertson, Mr. and Mrs. Harold R., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Robertson, Miss H. Winifred, 203 S. De Kalb St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Ross, James M., P. O. Box 179, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Russell, Henry D., Duxbury, Mass.

Russell, Dr. L. S., Royal Ontario Museum of Paleontology, Toronto, Onti
Ruth, Ferdinand S., 118 Forest Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. Acmaea.

Ryland, Thomas, 2452 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saunders, Dr. Felix, Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., Lone Star Lab., Dainger'
field, Tex.

Saxby, John G., 846 47th Ave., San Francisco 21, Cal.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Mr. and Mrs. Jerome M., 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. YM
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Bedford Rd., R.F.D. 4, Greenwich, Conn.

Scofield, George Vincent, 1112 Highland Rd., Edgewood, Charleston 2, W. Va.
Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarice, 2419 F St., Omaha 7, Neb.

Shepard, Miss Miriam, Box 164, Route 2, Portland 10, Ore.

Silverman, Alex, 1001 Surf Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Slater, Miss Dorothea A., 65 Martin St., Cambridge 38, Mass.

Smit, Walter, Room 319, Men’s Dormitory, College of Mines, El Paso, Tex.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Mrs. Cassat, 41 Walker St., Cambridge, Mass.

Smith, Egbert T.,1313 First St., Fort Myers, Fla, Fort Myers Gift Shop.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Maxwell, Box 65, Winter Park, Fla.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P., Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marinea.

31

Sprague, Miss Myrle A., 552 Eldora, Pasadena 6, Cal.

Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.

Stephens, Dr. T. C., 2024 S. Royce St., Sioux City 20, la.

Stingley, Dale V., 4813 Middaugh Ave., Downers Grove, 111. East coast shells.

Stocker, Mrs. Charlotte A., 204 N. Hawley St., Toledo 7, O.

Strohbeen, John P., 315 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, A. M., 215 West Fifth St., Room 1212, Los Angeles 13, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 34 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Swan, Emory F., Univ. of Wash., Oceanographic Lab., Seattle 5, Wash.

Taylor, Dwight Willard, 1955 Mendocino Lane, Altadena, Cal. Coll, and exch.
N. A. mollusks.

Teare, Mrs. Margaret, 681 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret, 144 Harlem Ave., Sta. D., Buffalo, N. Y.

Thaanum, Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thayer, William F., 17 N. Balch St., Hanover, N. H. Fla. shells.

Thomas, W. Donald, 1017 Hardee Rd., Coral Gables 34, Fla.

Tobleman, Fred, 13J/2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, de la. Dr. Alfredo, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Torre, de la, Dr. Carlos Avenida 7a y Calle 32, Reparto Miramar, Marianao, Habana,
Cuba.

Torre, de la, Dr. Salvador L., Playa 75 1/2, Matanzas, Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills, N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.
Townsend, Miss Roberta, 82 West 12th St., New York, N. Y.

Trethewey, Mrs. Aurora, 1129 Alberta PL, San Diego 3, Cal.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W.. 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit, Mich.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History, Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Van Hyning, Dr. T., Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Fla.

Van Riper, Dr. Mildred J., 144*76 Sanford Ave., Flushing, N. Y.

Van Slyke, Mrs. Jewell, Estero Blvd., Fort Myers, Beach, Fla.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P., 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vilas, Mr. and Mrs. C. N., Room 700, 100 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 2, III
Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 19150 Rainbow Dr., R 3, Birmingham, Mich.

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Waterman, Dr. George A.. 250 Beacon St., Boston, Mass.

Watson, Dr. Henry D., 151 Front St., Binghamton, N. Y.

Webb, Glenn R., Rural Route 1, Urbana, 111. Land and freshwater snails. Land
snail biology and anatomy.

Webber, Fred S., 1399 Northampton St., Holyoke, Mass.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.

Weber, Miss Martha O., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Webster, Conley, 445 Park Ave., Lexington 19, Ky. Ky. mollusca; lit. on f.w. mollusca
and land shells.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wehringer, Dr. Henry G., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Welch, Dr. d’Alte A., John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland 18, Ohio.

32

Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Harry E., Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, N. C
Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Wilcox, Ernest N., 1738 Johnson Ave., San Luis Obispo, Cal.

Wilcox, LeRoy, Oceanic Duck Farm, Speonk, L. I., N. Y.

Williams, Mrs. Nellie C., 4216 Meredith Ave., Omaha, Neb.

Williamson, Mr. and Mrs. George, 2033 Red Road, Coral Gables, Fla.

Wilson, Druid, Frostproof, Fla.

Wilson, Miss Edna N., 718 Capistrano PI., Mission Beach, San Diego, Cal. Exch., coll.
Wolf, Mrs. Agnes E., 515 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago 14, 111.

Woodman, Mrs. Daisy C., 150 27th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 4, Fla.

Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Woolstenhulme, Jack P., Dept, of Zoology, Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio.

Wright, Dr. Charles R., 1502 6th St., Sanger, Cal.

Wrigley, Rev. G. K., Bishopthorp, Belize, B. H.

Wurtz, Charles B., 3247 Disston St. Philadelphia 24, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.
Young, Mr. and Mrs. Henry S., 501 S Ave., Pittsburgh 21, Pa.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,
Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Butot, Sgt. L. J. M., 1 Cie, T. H. K. Troepen, c. Div. 7, Dec. Velpost Bandoeng, Java
Burrows, Commander W., c/o Standard Bank of S. Africa, Adderley St., Cape Town,
S. Africa.

Pfeiffer, Dr. Karl, Kassel, Rammelsburg, Germany

A. G. Stevenson, 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland S'2, N. Z. Exch. shells
and publications.

Wheare, Elmer T., Androssen, Queensland, Australia.

IN MEMORIAM

Clifford Lyman Blakeslee
Mrs Leo A . Burry
Rev. William Henry Fluck
Russell Gray
Carl Hegner

33

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

OFFICERS

President
Vice-President
Second Vice-President
Treasurer
Secretary ..

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••a

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Dr. Elmer G. Berry
Dr. Fritz Haas
Miss Ruth E. Coats
Harold R. Robertson
Mrs. Harold R. Robertson

Councillor s-at-Large: John Q. Burch, William G. Fargo,
Gordon K. MacMillan, Dr. John Oughton

PAST PRESIDENTS REMAINING ON THE COUNCIL WITHOUT
RE-ELECTION: Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr., Dr. Horace B. Baker, Dr. Paul Bartsch,
William J. Clench, Calvin Goodrich, Dr. Myra Keen, Dr. Louise M. Perry, Dr.
Henry A. Pilsbry, Dr. Harald A. Rehder, Maxwell Smith, Dr. Carlos de la Torre,
Dr. Henry van der Schalie.

I

34

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOG1CAL UNION

CONSTITUTION ADOPTED 1931

1. This society shall be called "The American Malacological Union.”

2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of malacology by hold-
ing meetings for reading and discussion of papers, and for furthering
the interests of students and collectors of shells by facilitating acquaint-
ance and co-operation among the members.

3. Membership shall be limited to persons resident in the Americas and
Hawaii. New members may be proposed by two members and balloted
for by the Council. They shall pay an annual subscription (dues) of
$1.00. They will receive without other charge all notices, programs,
lists of members, etc., issued by the Union.

Note: In practice the Council ballots have been delegated to the
Secretary.

4. The following officers shall be elected annually by ballot: President,
Vice-President, two Secretaries and Treasurer.

5. The Union will be governed by a council consisting of the officers
and four other members to be elected annually by ballot.

6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be
fixed by the preceding annual meeting. Other meetings may be called
by the Council. Meetings of local branches may be held as such
branches may determine.

7. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when signed by five
members and passed by the Council shall be acted upon at the next
annual meeting. Concurrence of three-fourths of the ballots cast is
necessary for any alteration.

8. The NAUTILUS is hereby designated as the official organ of the Union.

RESOLUTIONS

That there be an honorary membership for such as have contributed
in an outstanding way to American conchology. — Adopted May 26,
1932. (The late Charles Torrey Simpson, Bryant Walker, and Victor
Sterki were honorary members ) .

That there be a corresponding membership for those not resident in
the Americas. — Adopted May 26, 1932.

That the Council shall consist of the officers, honorary and past presi-
dents, and members at large not to exceed four. Members of the Council
present at any annual meeting shall constitute a quorum. — Adopted
August 3, 1937.

That the Chairman of the Pacific Coast Branch be a Second Vice-
President. — Adopted August 26, 1948.

35

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

MEMBERSHIP

Membership in the American Malacological Union is open to anyone inter- I
ested in the study or collection of shells. The annual dues are one dollar. There is
no initiation fee. For further information, address the Secretary, Mrs. Imogene
C. Robertson, 136 Buffum Street, Buffalo 10, New York. For the convenience
of applicants for membership an application blank is given below, but its use is
not mandatory.

OFFICIAL ORGAN

The official organ of the Union is the NAUTILUS, a quarterly devoted to the
interests of conchologists. Editors and Publishers: Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of I
the Department of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and
H. Burrington Baker, Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania, 38th
Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia. Subscription to the Nautilus is
$2 .00 per year ($2.15 to foreign countries) 50c a copy.

MEETINGS

Since its foundation, the Union has met once a year in a place chosen by the
membership at large. Meetings were suspended during the war and resumed in
1946.

PUBLICATIONS

The Union publishes annually its "News Bulletin and Annual Report” which
is printed in uniform size with the NAUTILUS and may be bound with it if
desired. The Annual Report contains accounts of the Annual Meetings, a list of
members of the Union, and obituaries of prominent members deceased during
the year. In addition, the Union has published the following biographic and
bibliographic memoirs:

Scientific Contributions made from 1882 to 1939 by Henry A. Pilsbry,
Sc. D. 63 pages, 1940. 50 cents a copy.

A Bibliography and short biographical sketch of William Healy Dali. By
Paul Bartsch, Harald Alfred Rehder, and Beulah E. Shields. Smithsonian Miscell.
Coll. vol. 104, no. 15, 96 pp., portrait. (Published in large part from fund con-
tributed by the American Malacological Union.) 50 cents a copy.

Annual Report of Meeting in 1941 with Symposium papers on Methods of
Collecting and Preserving Mollusks. 50 cents a copy.

Application for Membership in the American Malacological Union

Dues are one dollar ($1.00) per annum

Date

To the Secretary,

The American Malacological Union
136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

1 hereby apply for membership in the American Malacological Union

Name

Address

Special Interest

Recommended by

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Am&UOGM

Malacaloficai %fm&m

News Bulletin

and Annual Report • 1949

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Membership List Revised,
November, 1949

CONTENTS

Page

The Fifteenth Annual Meeting, Margaret C. Teskey .. 1

Malacology and the Official List, G. G. Aguayo 2

Some Kodachromes of Live Achatina fulica, Wm. J. Clench 3

Molluscacidal Experiments, Elmer G. Berry 3

Occurrence of Hendersonia occulta in Penn., G. K. MacMillan 4

Dr. Charles Montague Cooke, Jr., Yoshio Kondo 5

Reproduction in Caracollus sagemon, Luis Howell Rivero 7

Intra-Specific Units in Malacology, C. G. Aguayo 8

Notes on Florida Species of Bursa, J. P. E. Morrison 10

Collecting Boards for Teredo Studies, Wm. J. Clench 13

Recent Investigations in Medical Malacology, E. G. Berry 13

Marine Collecting from the Megalope, G. K. MacMillan 16

The Key Largo Trip, Margaret M. Teare 16

Members and Guests Registered 17

Minutes of the A. M. U., Pacific Division, Second Annual Meeting,

L. G. Hertlein 18

Some Observations on Haliotidae, Andrew Sorensen 19

A New Spectacular Find, S. S. Berry 19

The Problem of the Abalone, J. G. Carlisle, Jr. 20

The Phylogeny of Nemocardium, A. Myra Keen 20

Notes on the Genus Monadenia, E. P. Grace 20

Pearl Culture, A Film, Narrative by A. M. Keen 21

Some Early Records of West American Marine Mollusks, L. G. Hertlein 21

New Light on Taxonomy of West American Species of Crepidula,

S. S. Berry 22

Bilateral Asymmetry, J. L. Baily, Jr 22

Notes on West American Vermetidae, A. M. Keen 23

Ethnoconchology in the Southwest, H. Arden Edwards 23

Marine Gastropod Fauna of Guadaloupe Islands, Mexico, A. M. Strong 24

Terrestrial Gastropod Fauna of Los Angeles County, W. O. Gregg 24

Sixteenth Annual Meeting, A. M. U 25

Third Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division, John Q. Burch 25

Our Member Clubs 25

Active Members 27

Corresponding Members 34

In Memoriam 35

Officers 35

American Malacological Union Constitution 36

Advertisement for The Nautilus Inside Cover

i

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
MIAMI, FLORIDA, JUNE 16 TO 13, 1949

The American Malacological Union invaded the deep South for the fifteenth
annual meeting; June 16 through 18 the time, the University of Miami at Coral
Gables, Florida, the place. The date had been selected as the most convenient
for the University, since then the regular college term had just ended, while the
summer session was not yet under way.

With true Southern hospitality, the University put all of its facilities at the
disposal of the group, first and perhaps most important being the use of spacious
dormitories as sleeping units. These were in most cases the two-bedroom apart-
ments regularly used by married students and their families, complete even to
study lamps and cooking utensils. The entire arrangement was most convenient
and made for a minimum of crowding. In fact the keynote of the dormitories,
the campus, the University itself, is "great open spaces.” Since Miami University
is a comparatively new college, (chartered in 1925) the traditional ivied halls are
in this instance represented by structures as modern as tomorrow.

The beautiful lounge in the Student’s Club was assigned for the registration
period which occupied the time until noon on Wednesday. As is usual, a few
enthusiasts were on hand the night before the regular convention opened, hence
the earliest morning arrivals found old friends waiting to greet them.

Though food was procured in the cafeteria, the Faculty Dining Room was
reserved for the use of the group. As is the rule at these meetings, each meal
was a social event, as replete with discussion as with food. It was a considerable
"hike” from the dining room to the assigned meeting place, the air-conditioned
reading room of the Library, and some of these enforced walks were made brisk
by showers, while at other times the hot sun made strolling the preferred pace.

All in all, however, the Florida weather gave little cause for complaint.
Although the rainy season was well along, only one really drenching shower fell
during the daytime, and the famous Florida trade winds made sleeping easy.

At 2 o’clock Thursday afternoon President Elmer G. Berry called the meet-
ing to order and introduced Dr. Charles Doren Tharp, Dean of the College of
Liberal Arts, who made a gracious welcoming address. He placed the facilities
of the University at the disposal of the A.M.U. and issued a blanket invitation
to visit such laboratories and museum exhibits as might be of interest. Apologiz-
ing for the lack of a prepared program, he explained that he had understood
that such arrangements were made within the organization, adding that any aid
that he or his staff might be able to render was only to be requested. A boat trip
to the reefs was being planned, but since the boat to be used could accommodate
but fifteen at the most, he suggested that arrangements be made accordingly.

Dr. Berry, replying to Dean Tharp, thanked him in behalf of the A.M.U.
for the gracious hospitality already so ably manifest, and assured him that the
group is far from being a stilted, formal organization, and needs no charted
pattern for a successful meeting. He explained that due to the illness of Mr.
Harold Robertson, Secretary Imogene Robertson was unable to be present; he
therefore appointed Margaret Teare and Margaret Teskey to act in her place,
Mrs. Teare to attend to arrangements for the annual dinner, field trips, etc.,
Mrs. Teskey to take the minutes of the meeting.

1

At this time the reports of the treasurer and secretary, Mr. and Mrs. Harold
R. Robertson respectively, were read and accepted.

Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo presented the first paper, an abstract of which follows.

Malacology and the Official List of Generic Names1 2

C. G. Aguayo
(Abstract)

Having been requested to publish a Spanish edition of the International
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature as well as of the Summaries of Opinions, I
have noticed, the scant number of generic names of Mollusks in the “Official List
of Generic Names.’7 Indeed, only 29 names have been accepted and only 25
Opinions refer to Malacology among the 194 examined by us. This reduced
number stands out the more sharply when compared with those accepted in
other less numerous zoological groups.

According to Schilder, there are more than 450,000 species of mollusks
known, (including fossils), with more than 11,000 genera, which shows that only
insects outnumber them from the quantitative point of view. In spite of this,
students of various groups have given more attention to the fixing of their
generic names than malacologists. Thus, mammals are represented by 60 genera
in the Official List; birds by 109; fishes by 56; crustaceans by 177, though not one
of these groups comes even to 10% of the total number of the species of
mollusks.

These data do not mean that Systematic Malacology is more stabilized than
the other branches of zoology; on the contrary, perhaps it is one of the most
entangled owing to the brevity of old descriptions, to the extensive literature,
and to the ambiguity of many generic names. All this has often been evident by
the large number of genera whose status is very doubtful because of the many
homonyms and synonyms, some of which are accepted by malacologists of this
or the other school while rejected by others. Systematic is an instrument for
work both scientific and practical, which should tend chiefly to attain uniformity
in nomenclature and also to stabilize names. On tackling the arduous problem
of priority, we should bear in mind that in case of disagreement between priority
and stability, the latter should have preference. The number of conflicts of this
nature is, as we all know, really astounding and for this very reason it is strange
how little interest we malacologists have shown in bringing to the attention of
the International Commission the principal cases in which there are doubts about
the strict application of the Code, as well as its suspension in benefit of the
stability of nomenclature.

Since Dr. Aguayo had prefaced his paper with an apology for what he
termed “his halting English,” Dr. Berry commented that he personally would be
happy to have as good a command of Spanish.

At the conclusion of the paper Dr. Aguayo suggested that the A. M. U.
name a committee who would study the cases needing an urgent revision that
come to their hands, and send them to the International Commission now at
London.

A request for comment brought forth the following:

Dr. Paul Bartsch: "We do have a committee set up within the A. M. U.
to pass on such problems and, if necessary, to refer them to the International
Commission on Nomenclature in London. Dr. Pilsbry is president of this group,
and other members are, Dr. H. B. Baker, Mr. William J. Clench, and Dr. Harald
Rehder. But I personally think that it is too seldom called upon.”

’This paper appears in full in The Nautilus, July, 1949-

2

Dr. Henry Pilsbry: "I have used this committee often.”

Dr. Aguayo: "Then I wish at this point, to suggest that the members of the
A. M. U. use their committee on nomenclature, not allow it to die of disuse.”

Dr. Berry asked for a motion that Dr. Aguayo be elected a member of this
committee. Dr. Bartsch so moved. It was seconded and carried.

The next paper was by Dr. Paul Bartsch, entitled "Synopsis of the Cuban
Urocoptid Mollusks belonging to the Sub-families Macroceramus and Micro-
ceramus.” His paper was supplemented by several elaborate charts illustrating
series of the genus Urocoptis together with photographic figures of the species
and subspecies embraced. He concluded by remarking that the monograph of the
Cuban members of this immense family has been finished and will be ready for
publication as soon as the introduction is completed. There are about 1700 pages
of manuscript.

"Some Kodachromes of Live Achatina Fulica,” by Mr. William J. Clench,
was presented next. Mr. Clench accompanied the slides depicting this moiluscan
pest in several stages of growth and activity with running comments. He re-
marked that the U. S. Navy had last year appropriated several thousands of
dollars toward control and possible elimination of this problem, and had sent an
entomologist, Dr. F. X. Williams, to Africa to discover a possible insect parasite.
Such an insect has been found, but to date little has been done to develop the
control program along this line. Mr. Clench said that for his part, he hoped that
nothing would come of it. "It is much too risky to thus upset the balance of
nature,” said he, "and it is not often that one mistake justifies another. I am of
the opinion that the most practical solution lies in the establishment of canning
factories to prepare these snails for animal food, perhaps also for human con-
sumption.” The photographs shown were of specimens collected by Dr. Williams
in Tanganyika.

In response to Dr. Bartsch’s query as to when Achatina fulica was introduced
into the Philippines, Mr. Clench said that the introduction and subsequent alarm-
ing spread of this snail on the Pacific islands occurred during the early part of
the war, though in some cases perhaps prior to that period, and that they are
now becoming a real menace to the Hawaiian Islands.

Mr. Ted Dranga made this observation: "About Hawaii — the Japs got
permits to keep these snails in cages as pets, but the young passed the bars and
escaped. When they began to be a real threat, convicts were sent to infested
regions to burn them off, but they merely waited in cracks in the ground until
the fires were out. And now they are really getting to be a problem.”

Dr. Van der Schalie: "I understand that a half million dollars has already
been spent to fight them there.”

Mr. Clench: "Tucker Abbott has an excellent paper on the subject.”

Mr. MacMillan: "And I understand that chemicals have been used to fight
them, but with little luck so far.”

Dr. Berry’s topic was: "Molluscacidal Experiments in Brownsville, Texas.”

Molluscacidal Experiments in Brownsville, Texas

E. G. Berry

Schistosomiasis is one of the most widely spread and, in certain countries,
the most debilitating of human tropical diseases. The larval stages of the tre-
matode worms which cause this disease develop only within the tissues of certain
species of snails. The most practical method of controlling the disease is by the
elimination of the snail host. One of the several projects in the Laboratory of

3

Tropical Diseases at the National Institutes of Health is the screening of chemi-
cals, mostly organic compounds, in the hope that a better molluscacide may be
discovered .

From more than 400 chemicals tested in the laboratory on Australorbis gla-
bratus, the principal intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in the Western
Hemisphere, ten of the most promising compounds were chosen for field trials
which were conducted near Brownsville, Texas. This region was chosen pri-
marily because of the abundance of Tropicorbis obstructus donbilli, a species
related to A. glabratus, which were present in the majority of roadside ditches
and borrow pits.

Prior to spraying the chemical, population records were made of the various
species of mollusks present. The chemical was applied at the rate of 10 parts per
million by use of "Sure Shot” air pressure sprayers. Random inspection was made
of the chemically treated area at 24-, 48-, and 60-hour intervals after spraying.
Critical examination was made on the fourth day to determine the efficacy of
the chemical.

Two of the ten compounds used, pentabromophenol and pentachlorophenol
sodium salt monohydrate, proved to be good molluscacides. Both of these chem-
icals killed the majority of Tropicorbis obstructus donbilli, Aplexa nitens, and
Drepanotrema cultratum labrosum within 24 hours. In the sample collections
made prior to the fourth day not a single live specimen was found in the treated
waters, nor were any live snails found within a distance of 6 feet beyond the
sprayed area. On the fourth day when a systematic collection was made over the
entire treated area only one snail, T. obstructus donbilli, was found alive, and
it is possible that this specimen had floated into the treated region.

Of the three species exposed to the chemical, Aplexa nitens was the most
susceptible, whereas Drepanotrema cultratum labrosum was the most resistant.
Answering a query he said that work is being done on a respiratory toxin, and
that the World Health Association is also dealing with the problem, with perhaps
the greatest obstacle being the ignorance of the peoples most in need of aid. As
to the possible danger of infection from the Australian Bulinas being imported
and sold to local aquariums as "red snails,” such snails are not carriers, there
being at present no fluke problem in either Australia or New Zealand.

Mr. Gordon K. MacMillans paper, "The Occurrence of Hendersonia Occulta
in Pennsylvania” was accompanied by slides depicting the habitat of this snail,
ending with a scene that was quite familiar to a part of his audience; it was a
snapshot from the field trip of the 1948 Convention, at which time a new record
for Hendersonia occulta was established, when it was discovered on a sooty slope
near Pittsburgh.

The Occurence of Hendersonia occulta (Say) in Pennsylvania

Gordon K. MacMillan
( Abstract )

During his sojourn in New Harmony, Indiana, Thomas Say discovered a
new species of land snail in the ragged and abrupt "bluffs” along the Wabash
River one half mile below the town. This shell he described in 1831 as Helicina
occulta. One year later, Jacob Green, at that time the first Professor of Chemistry
in Jefferson Medical College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, found the first living
specimens of Hendersonia occulta in the rambling hills of Crafton not far from
the mouth of Chartiers Creek. Jacob Green called his species Helicina rubella.
At present Hendersonia occulta occurs at only eight localities in southwestern
Pennsylvania in Allegheny, Greene, and Washington Counties. This species pre-

4

fers a limestone region as made by my observations and as attested by those of
Prof. B. Shimek, Dr. H. B. Baker, Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, and Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.
As also with the observations made by Prof. Shimek, Hender sonia occulta is
closely associated with some stream. All of the localities in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania fall within the drainage systems of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio
Rivers, and occur along these rivers or some tributaries of them.

Yoshio Kondo’s Biographical sketch of Dr. Montague Cooke, Jr., was read
by Dr. H. B. Baker, and brought forth much comment from those who had their
own personal recollections of this man.

Dr. Charles Montague Cooke, Jr.2
Yoshio Kondo
( Abstract )

Dr. Charles Montague Cooke, Jr. passed away on the afternoon of October
29, 1948, at the age of 73, after nearly four months’ illness caused by a fall on
the laboratory floor on July 1.

He was born in Honolulu on December 20, 1874. His father was a brilliant
financial leader, while his grandfather, Amos Starr Cooke, was a missionary who
founded the Royal School for the children of the chiefs of Honolulu. Dr. Cooke
graduated from Yale in 1897 and received his doctorate in 1901. During his
senior year he applied for a position in the Bishop Museum, but decided to
do graduate work under A. E. Verrill.

It was on an expedition to Bermuda with Verrill that he met the future Mrs.
Cooke, Eliza (Lila) Lefferts, of Brooklyn. They were married in 1901. In 1902,
while on their honeymoon in Europe, Dr. Cooke received a cablegram notifying
him of his appointment to the staff of the Bishop Museum as a general assistant;

In those early days the Museum had no department of mollusca, but did
have the Andrew Garrett fine collection of Polynesian land and marine shells
which William Healey Dali had studied, and the names and classification of
which he had brought up to date. Dr. Cooke began collecting Hawaiian land
shells immediately, making numerous expeditions to the other islands, paying
attention to the minute shells as well as the large, usually in company with staff
members like J. F. Stokes and C. N. Forbes, and also with non-professional con-
chologists and friends. Good roads and automobiles were absent in those days,
and collectors depended largely on their feet for transportation, thinking nothing
of tramping 30 miles to their collecting ground, with camping and collect-
ing gear.

In trying to build up a collection he was hampered by the lack of adequate
literature and accurately named specimens for comparison, so that he made a
study trip to European and American museums in 1906 to study the widely
scattered types of Hawaiian land shells. In order to fill the numerous gaps in the
Bishop Museum shell literature hs copied the unobtainable ones in longhand at
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Following this study trip he was appointed Curator of Pulmonata, a position
he held with distinction for 41 years. Later he was appointed to the board of
trustees of the Museum, and was its president at the time of his death.

He collected in the Hawaiian Islands very thoroughly and took part in, led,
or directed from Honolulu, at least 16 large collecting expeditions to Polynesia
and Micronesia. Of these the largest and most complete was the Mangarevan
Expedition of 1934 in which he led a party of scientists in a converted tuna

*This paper appears in full in The Nautilus, July, 1949-

5

sampan in a six months’ exploratory expedition into Eastern Polynesia, thus
bringing to life a dream he had had for many years.

Eminent malacologists who should be mentioned in connection with Dr.
Cooke because of his collaboration with them, are Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Dr. H. B.
Baker, Henry E. Crampton, and William J. Clench. These names will always be
associated with Cooke as each of them has contributed much toward the study of
land shells of this area.

Dr. Pilsbry remarked that the Cooke collection is invaluable to the Bishop
Museum. Of Dr. Cooke himself, Dr. Pilsbry said, "He was exceedingly likable
and I remember his fish chowder with affection!” Mr. Dranga, who has done
much collecting in the South Pacific for the Bishop Museum, said that he was
impressed with Dr. Cooke’s skill in cleaning minute shells: "I have seen him
remove the animal complete for study from embryonic shells.” Dr. Bartsch re-
marked that Dr. Cooke had taught him to collect tropical land shells; he recalled
collecting Achatinella on tall trees, climbing with hands and feet and holding
the precious shells in his mouth.

Mr. Clench’s association with Dr. Cooke was initiated by correspondence
in 1923. Real friendship started in 1933, when Dr. Cooke paid a visit to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology to study the Hawaiian collections. Subsequent
visits only deepened this friendship and later resulted in an opportunity to
collaborate in a study of the mollusks in the Hawaiian Islands. Through the
efforts of Dr. Cooke, a fellowship was made available so that Mr. Clench could
study the collections of Pacific land Mollusks in the B. P. Bishop Museum. This
was from October 1940 to April 1941. Mr. Clench spoke very feelingly of Dr.
and Mrs. Cooke’s kindness to him during his long stay in the islands.

The meeting was adjourned at this point, but the assemblage re-convened
somewhat later for the Annual Dinner, which was served in the Faculty Dining
Room. At the conclusion of a bounteous meal, Dr. Bartsch paid tribute to Dr.
Henry Pilsbry, who as dean of American conchology, graces each of these affairs
'which he attends with his quiet simplicity. Dr. Pilsbry replied briefly, and then
the group moved on to a beautiful room on the second floor.

Three movies were shown, depicting the activities of the Marine Biolog-
ical Laboratories of the University of Miami. Dr. Charles E. Lane, who is in
charge of this department, accompanied the scenes of dredging, shallow water
collecting, closeups of mollusks, fishes, etc., with explanation and running com-
ment; it was most interesting, and too soon over. And so, too, ended the first
day of the convention.

Friday morning’s session opened with a brief report of the council meeting,
held the night before. The slate of nominated officers was presented as follows:
President, Dr. Fritz Haas; Vice-President, Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison; 2nd Vice-
President, (Pres. A. M. U. P.) John Q. Burch, Treasurer, Harold R. Robertson;
Secretary, Imogene C. Robertson; Councillors-at-Large, Dr. Carlos Aguayo, Dr.
Joseph Bequaert, Dr. G. D. Hanna, Dr. Jeanne Schwengel. Capt. Arthur Haas
moved that the panel be declared elected by popular vote, Dr. H. B. Stenzel
seconded the motion, and Dr. Berry thereupon announced the election of the
slate as read.

That no decision as to a meeting place for 1950 had been reached was
announced; the matter will be taken up later within the Council, and the time
and place announced.

Mrs. Lillias Cockerill displayed a part of her extensive shell collection via
the medium of kodachrome slides, as well as a few views of her Sanibel garden.
As she closed she remarked that once during a similar showing to a non-scientific

6

audience, one lady recognized a picture of Mitra episcopalis L, as a "red junonia"
and insisted that she had collected the identical on Sanibel sands. And perhaps
she had, for, as Mrs. Cockerill explained, during a disastrous hurricane several
homes housing extensive collections were wrecked, scattering exotic shells to be
’collected” later.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie spoke regarding the Nautilus index, a project
upon which Dr. Aurele La Rocque, aided by the staff at the University of Mich-
igan, has spent many months, and which is now virtually completed. A com-
prehensive report on the work done has been printed before, ( A. M. U. Bulletin
and Annual Report, 1947, p. 11, 1948, p. 6), and will not here be repeated;
it was a monumental undertaking, carefully and painstakingly executed, and will
be of inestimable value not only to those owning back copies of the magazine,
but to any one who has need to refer thereto. The time is at hand when the
problems attending publication, especially a plan of financing same, must be
faced. Dr. La Rocque has labored long and unselfishly, and it is now the impor-
tant privilege of other interested members of the A. M. U. to support any
program which the Executive Council may devise. Individual monetary contribu-
tions have not been solicited, but will be gratefully accepted and should be sent
to Dr. van der Schalie at the University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Dr. Luis Howell Rivero’s paper on "Reproduction in Caracolus sagemon
Beck, was read by Mr. Clench; and a jar of specimens in all stages of growth
was put on display.

Reproduction of Caracollus sagemon Beck
Luis Howell Rivero
( Abstract )

A series of live snails, Caracollus sagemon Beck, were brought from Ventas
de Casanova near Contramaestre, Oriente Province. These were kept alive in a
box with very damp earth so as to study their habits and development. Descrip-
tion is briefly made of the general anatomy; detailed description is made of their
genitalia.

Genitalia. Atrium with no verge nor stimulus, it divides in two; one fol-
lowed by the penis with flagellum located dorsally to the penis; the other one
followed into the vagina, its continuation, to end in a very narrow duct to the
spermatheca. The oviduct opens into the vagina through the underside. The con-
ductus deferentis goes under the vagina, atrium and penis to come upwards along
the left side of the penis to the flagellum. Albumen gland located on the first part
of the hepatopancreas and above it. Hermaphroditic duct long, with many cir-
cumvolutions; it ends in a narrow tape-like duct, which does not branch off in
immature specimens, but branches repeatedly in sexually mature specimens. Her-
maphroditic gland formed of many glomerules, united in one bunch in immature
specimens, or scattered over the entire hepatopancreas in sexually mature speci-
mens. Flagellum with spermatophore included in specimens ready for mating in
mating it fixes itself with terminal hook on the opening to the oviduct, its body
lying in the vagina, its spermatic packs emerging through the trough along one
of its sides along its spatuliform posterior end and into the duct of the sper-
matheca. The empty spermatophore capsules are ejected.

In mating, the atrium, plus the vagina and penis are everted; the atrium to
form a dough-nut like mass around the genital opening; the vagina forming a
global projection with the spermatheca duct opening in its middle, the opening
of the oviduct to one side; the penis thumb-like, with the flagellum opening
towards its, and near its, end.

7

After 7 to 8 days of mating, the eggs are laid. To accomplish this the animal
burrows itself and opens a cavity deep in the earth, where the eggs are laid, one
at a time between short intervals, these in number from 8 to about 15 at a time;
afterwards, the hole is filled up again with earth. The eggs require a great amount
of humidity, otherwise they dry up by shrinking. After one batch of eggs is laid,
and after 3 days, another mating takes place, one spermatophore capsule used in
each time, and so on up to 8 matings and eggs laying. Therefore, to form a new
spermatophore capsule, which is segregated by the flagellum walls, it takes from
10) to 13 days. The eggs hatch in about 7 to 8 days, the young ones hatching
with 1 34 turns on the shell with umbilicus well developed, this only lost upon
the development of the peristoma after reaching sexual maturity, which is at-
tained in about one year and a half. Only very early stages have been able to be
observed, accordingly embryos of freshly laid eggs, 12 hour embryo and 48 hour
embryo where studied. After 48 hours, the albuminous substance containing the
embryos clouds up preventing observation by transparency of the membrane
underlying the calcareous shell of the egg.

In these early stages, we have not seen the traditional macromeric or micro-
meric division of the early ovum; we have not seen the trochosphere-stage larva
which is said to present itself in the pulmonated gasteropods, nor the velum of
the veliger stages which is also said to be slightly developed in pulmonated gas-
teropods. The podocist is retained until hatched, and then eaten up by the young
snail with the shell of the egg from which it was born.

They live and act lively during late evening and all night, to hide in dark
places, or bury themselves during day time. Their greatest activity is in spring,
summer and autumn, and among these, their most active period during the hot
and humid summer months, when most of the mating and egg laying is done.
They feed mostly on lettuce, which was preferred to any other vegetable.

Mr. Clench related his personal experience in collecting Caracolus sagemon
in Cuba. At dawn they were plentiful, but as the sun came up every one disap-
peared into the ground. He said that more research is needed as to the maturity
age of most land snails; therefore this paper is especially valuable. Dr. Bartsch
remarked that though Dr. Dali used to believe that the wet season affected the
maturity age of Cerion, in his own experiments in colonizing these snails on the
Florida Keys it has required three years for the Bahama species to reach sexual
maturity.

"Another Technique for the Preparation of Radulae” was a short talk by
Dr. Henry van der Schalie. Dr. Berry observed that once while working under
Dr. Hanna he had tried essentially the same technique as that suggested by Dr.
van der Schalie but with somewhat different equipment.

Dr. Aguayo s second paper was then given.

Intraspecific Units in Malacology
C. G. Aguayo
(Abstract)

To biologists, recurrent variations are quite different from isolated races or
subspecies; while zoologists of the New School who have gradually cut loose
from the strictly morphological systematics by adding facts offered by genetics,
ecology, statistics, etc., agree that variations have different biological origins and
should not be confused in scientific nomenclature.

8

When the term subspecies was introduced in the "Rules of Nomenclature,’’
it was believed that problems related to intraspecific varieties were solved. Soon,
however, it was evident that trinominal nomenclature could not express the ob-
served differences. Some entomologists tried to surmount this by admitting a
quadrinominal system to indicate colonies or populations slightly different from
the typical forms.

But there are other variations co-existing in several populations of the same
species which do not form independent colonies. These have not the same mean-
ing as the said varieties of insects, nor of geographic races, and should not be
named in similar manner. Some authors have used for them several names, but
others consider all variations with the same nomenclature.

Geographic varieties, though little pronounced, may be considered sub-
species, but non-isolated variations, though at times with marked morphological
differences, should not receive the same type of nomenclature as the subspecies,
for they lack the physical boundaries which create that reproductive isolation.

The fresh- water mollusk Tropicorbis albicans Pfr. shows two forms: one,
without internal teeth, was described as PI. albicans; the other, with several teeth,
was later named by Gould PI. dentatus. Both occur in nearly all populations in
variable proportion, regardless of the size of the water body and of its ecological
conditions. The name Tropicorbis albicans Gould does not seem to be the proper
one for the later form, as it is not an isolated race. Perhaps the most suitable
nomenclature would be for example: Tropicorbis albicans Pfr. form dentata
Gould.

It is indeed very peculiar that all accept albinism, melanism, etc. as true
mutations and no one thinks of giving them subspecific names. But if, for ex-
ample, a mollusk with entirely yellow shell shows variations with the apex or
the peristome of different color, there is a tendency to give them a distinct tri-
nominal name. Is a spot on the apex, or a band on the peristome, originated by
genetic changes, of greater importance than those producing the entire color-
ation? It seems hard to believe it.

In land snails, geographic races are common and the trinomia have for them
their proper expression. But in marine animals isolation is not so common and
geographic races are more difficult to understand. On the other hand, ecological
variations are more frequent on account of the rapid phenotypic reaction to con-
ditions of salt water. A good number of so-called subspecies of sea animals belong
to the type of ecological races or simple mutations.

Though there is no sharp division between ecological and geographic
varieties, as a rule, geographic subspecies are monophyletic, while ecological
varieties are polyphyletic.

Some authors rightly think that for practical purposes, it is convenient to
apply names to all variations occurring with relative frequency, because, as
Pilsbry expresses: ". . . nomenclature and taxonomy are devices for helping us to
comprehend the record the complicated relations of living beings . . This is
absolutely true, as also that nomenclature is conventional and that the interpre-
tation of facts shown by species and their variations is mainly subjective. But
because of this subjective and conventional character, we should reach an agree-
ment to fix the scope of some of the basal units of taxonomy and by all means,
we should prevent Systematics from becoming a tower of Babel, where each
naturalist speaks a different language. In view of this, there ought to be a regu-
lation by which to limit each unit for the proper comparisons of the names
proposed by different authors. The question is not whether we should or should
not apply names to variations, but about the convenience of not confusing them
with the subspecies.

9

Many zoologists have tried to solve the problem by proposing a quadri-
nominal and even a quinquenominal nomenclature for which the following terms
have been used: variety, microsubspecies, mutation, phases, cline, ecotype, para-
morph, sibling species, etc.

It would be practical to select one or more of the proposed names and use
it consistently in the nomenclature of infraspecific varieties — as Dr. Pilsbry has
done for Florida Liguus — and to restrict the term subspecies exclusively for
geographic races. The terminology of sympatric varieties could be expressed as
follows: Polymita picta picta Born, form muscat a Torre.

We do not fail to see the difficulties to be met in defining many perplexing
cases in which it is hard to decide whether it is a subspecies, a sibling species, a
cline, etc. But these troublesome groups are exceptions — a natural result of the
continuous processes of speciation — and in most cases the animals studied could
be placed in the categories of either allopatric or sympatric varieties.

Wires received during the morning were read at this time, the first from
Dr. Fritz Haas expressing his regret at not being present at the convention, and
sending his wishes for a most successful one. The second wire was from the
Robertsons stating that Imogene and Harold were attending in spirit though not
in person, and also relaying best wishes for the usual success of the convention.

After a hasty lunch and although a light rain made it uncomfortable some
impromptu collecting was done in the scrub area near the cafeteria. Results
were good, though discovery of a couple of scorpions made for caution and
brought realization that "this is the south, Suh!” The lily pool in the Library
patio came in for scrutiny, and several aquatic species were discovered there.
Collecting equipment was conspicuous by its absence, but at least one zealot
utilized a paper cup, then spent the entire afternoon session preventing the
escape of the agile mollusks over the top.

On reconvening the first paper of the afternoon was by Dr. Joseph P. E.
Morrison, read by Paul L. McGinty.

Notes on the Florida Species of Bursa
J. P. E. Morrison
( A condensation )

The Florida shells formerly called "Ranella” belong to the genus Bursa of
Roding, 1798. There are four types or subgenera of Bursa known to live in
the area.

Only one species of the subgenus Tutufa Jousseame 1881 is known from
the Atlantic Ocean. Bursa ( Tutufa ) tenuisculpta Dautzenberg & Fischer (Res.
Camp. Sci. Monaco, part 32, p. 36, pi. 2, figs. 15-18: 1906) was originally de-
scribed from Madeira and the Azores. The U. S. National Museum collections
include specimens dredged in from 50 to 125 or more fathoms, from off Sand
Key and off Key West, Florida; off Bahia Honda, Cuba; from North of the Virgin
Islands; and from the Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan. This species has been seen
fossil from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic. The only published figure
of a Florida specimen (USNM No. 417773) was recently included in Lymans
Shell Notes, Vol. 2, No. 6, p. 92, & plate, fig. 1, under the incorrect name affinis.
Shells of this subgenus are not flattened from front to back in the typical Bursa
fashion, but appear evenly rounded when viewed from the top. The varices on
the spire marking former positions of the aperture are almost exactly spaced at
each 2/3 whorl.

10

The subgenus Bursa ( sensu stricto ) is likewise represented by only one
Atlantic species. Bursa (Bursa) thomae Orbigny (Sagra’s Cuba, vol. 5, p. 250, pL
23, fig. 23: 1846) is distinct from all of the ten species of the group known to
be living in the Pacific. All the species of Bursa s. s. are separable on color of
aperture and sculpture characteristics, and each one has a different geographic
range, indicating different origins or survival areas in the process of speciation.
The range of this furthest outlying member of the group fits the geographic
picture, as the only one that got far enough east to enter the Atlantic. It is wide-
spread in the Atlantic Ocean, however, and has been recorded from the Miocene
of the Dominican Republic. The U. S. National Museum possesses only a few
specimens from Florida; off Cape Roque, Brazil; St. Helena; and the Cape Verde
Islands. A Florida specimen has been recently figured by Maxwell Smith ( Triton,
Helmet & Harp Shells, p. 27, pi. 9, fig. 2: 1948) under the incorrect name
rhodostoma.

The subgenus Bufonaria Schumacher has only one representative in the
Caribbean Region. This group is characterized by the peculiarities of the pos-
terior siphonal canal which is closely appressed to the spire so there appears to
be only one wall to this canal. The other wall is the surface of the penultimate
whorl. Bursa (Bufonaria) spadicea Montfort 1810 is the fifth species of Bursa,
most recently discovered in Florida waters. T. L. McGinty (Nautilus 54 (2) :
71 : 1940) recorded the species " — living in Lake Worth, at Boynton; one ad-
ditional specimen was dredged from 30 fathoms.” The U. S. National Museum
collections include specimens with exact data only from Colon, Panama, and the
Gulf of Paria, Trinidad. This species is decidedly flattened, rather oval, and
smoothish or finely beaded in sculpture. It has been figured by Maxwell Smith
(Triton, Helmet, and Harp Shells, pp. 24-25, pi. 9, figs. 8 and 10 : 1948) under
the names crassa and crassa caribbaea. If the two-form variations of this
species are distinct they must bear the names spadicea Montfort 1810 and crassa
Dillwyn 1817, as the earliest names available for and based on each form. Bursa
spadicea has been recorded as fossil in the Miocene strata of Jamaica, the Domini-
can Republic, Trinidad, Colombia, and Costa Rica, indicating its presence in
the Caribbean without specific change since that time.

The subgenus Colubrellina Fischer 1884 includes two other Florida species
of Bursa. They have often been confused and synonymised, and have been given
several specific names apiece, because their great variability of shell sculpture
occurrence in widely separated localities has not often been examined as part of
one larger zoogeoprahic picture. One species is correctly known as Bursa ( Colu-
brellina) granularis Roding 1798. Its synonyms include elegans and rubicola of
Perry 1811; granifera and semigranosa Lamarck 1822; affinis Broderip 1832;
livida Reeve 1844; and cumingiana Dunker 1862, from the Indo-Pacific Region,
and also cubaniana Orbigny 1846, from the West Atlantic Region. The geo-
graphic story of Bursa granularis is interesting. It is living all the way across
the Indian and Pacific Oceans from Natal, South Africa, to the Ryukyu and the
Hawaiian Islands, and from New Caledonia to Clarion and Clipperton Islands off
the west coast of Mexico, as well as in the Caribbean Region. It has not yet been
recorded from the west coast of tropical America. Also, the presence of this
species on the eastern shores of the Atlantic needs confirmation. The shells seen
from Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Thomas, and Barbadoes, are not
distinguishable from Pacific specimens. In other words, granularis reached the
Antillean Region before the Central American Isthmus was finally raised as a
complete land barrier between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These
variable shells have not changed enough since that time (Miocene) in either

li

Ocean to be radically separated. Florida specimens are figured in Lyman’s Shell
Notes, vol. 2, No. 6, p. 92, plate, figs. 2, 3, and 4 (bottom), under the name
of cubaniana.

The other Florida species of this group is correctly known as Bursa ( Colu -
brellina ) corrugata Perry 1811. Its synonyms include caelata Broderip 1832;
albofasciata Sowerby 1841; ponder osa and pustulosa Reeve 1844; and caelata
louisa Maxwell Smith 1948. Its present geographic range is known to include
the West Coast of America (East Pacific) from Lower California to Ecuador,
and the Atlantic Ocean between Florida, Brazil, St. Helena, and the Cape Verde
Islands. We have not seen specimens from the last locality, which is reliably re-
ported in the literature. As in the case of granulans, the species corrugata was
living on both sides of America before the Isthmus became a complete land
barrier, and has not changed shell characters specifically since that time. The age
of this species is also confirmed by its presence in Miocene strata of the Domini-
can Republic and of Northern Venezuela. A Florida specimen was recently
figured in Lyman’s Shell Notes, vol. 2, No. 4, cover, and p. 40, under the name
of ponderosa.

It is hoped that the following key will effectively separate the Florida
species of Bursa.

A KEY TO THE FLORIDA SPECIES OF BURSA

A. Shell round in apical view;

Varices 2/3 whorl apart,
not coinciding on spire

A A. Shell elliptic in apical view;

Varices 1 /2 whorl apart,
coinciding on spire.

B. Shell whitish;

Aperture pink to purple

BB. Shell brownish;

Aperture white to brownish.

C. Posterior siphonal canal

appressed to spire, not
parietally separate

CC. Posterior siphonal canal not
appressed to spire, its
parietal wall seperate

D. Sculpture finer; Varices

not sharply crimped or
pitted; Mature lip narrower,
usually whitish except on
columella

DD. Sculpture coarser; Varices
sharply crimped and pitted
front and back; Mature lip
broadly reflected, generally

brownish corrugata Perry.

( subgenus TUTUFA)
tenuisculpta D. & F

( subgenus BURSA, s. s. )
thomae Orbigny.

(subgenus BUFONARIA )
spadicea Montfort.

(subgenus COLUBRELLIN A )

granularis Roding.

12

To summarize from the genus Bursa and the Florida species in particular:
Some of our marine shells are survivors over wide, previously continuous distri-
bution areas. In the case of all five of these Florida Bursas we have proof that
they are older, stable species, that have not changed as to shell characters since
the Miocene geological period, when the geographic range of two of them was
cut in two by the elevation of the Central American Isthmus to complete the
equatorial separation of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

"Collecting Boards for Teredo Studies,” by William J. Clench, was accom-
panied by two kodachrome slides illustrating the favored types of test boards and
collecting boards that are used to obtain various species of Teredinidae and other
marine borers. These various test and collecting boards indicate the season, depth
and intensity of attack at any given locality where they have been placed. Monthly
examination of these tests not only furnish information regarding the borers but
many other types of marine animals that grow upon them.

The speaker asked that any one in a position to do so make these tests and
send the boards to his department at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge. Shipworm control is of the very greatest economic importance and
engages the attention of government agencies and private interests alike. Dr.
Bartsch observed that he deplores the term, "Teredo Control,” since teredo is but
a generic name and not the only borer under consideration, adding, "I once saw
three quarters of a mile of unprotected piling go in three months, and a quarter
of a million dollars worth of mahogany was ruined in two months, lying in South
American water awaiting shipment.” "And I,” said Mr. Clench, "saw Oregon
pine, submerged at Midway for one month, that could be crumpled in the hand
like paper!” Dr. Stenzel remarked that shipworm holes are common in calcified
wood; Dr. Aguayo said that the wood of a certain Cuban tree is shipworm -proof
to the degree that it is nearly extinct due to over-demand. "The very toxic green-
heart tree of Panama,” remarked Dr. Bartsch, "was once considered invulnerable
to shipworm, but has since proved susceptible.” In reply to Captain Haas’ query
as to whether the animal feeds on wood, Mr. Clench answered that there is a
chance for argument on that subject; they live in the wood, he said, as a clam
lives in sand, and may eat certain of the wood sugars, but the damage is caused
by the burrows they make. Dr. Bartsch closed the discussion by saying that
though we have no life history of the shipworm, the most complete information
is to be found in "Johnsonia.”

Dr. Isabel Perez Farfante’s topic, "An Exhibition of Marine Mollusks from
the Argentine,” was accompanied by a display of the shells, with the tray being
passed for inspection.

It was a great privilege to meet these eminent Cuban malacologists, Dr.
Farfante and Dr. Aguayo, and since it has been hoped that Dr. Carlos de la
Torre would be present also, the news of his illness and consequent inability to
attend was disappointing indeed.

"Recent Investigations on Medical Malacology,” by Dr. Berry, was the final
presentation of the day.

Recent Investigations in Medical Malacology

E. G. Berry

In the Laboratory of Tropical Diseases at the National Institutes of Health
in Bethesda, Maryland, staff members in four distinct units are conducting
research problems in which snails are used as experimental animals. In the Sec-
tion on Helminthic Diseases various strains of two blood flukes of man,
Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum, from several countries are being tested

13

to determine if snails of the same species, but from widely separated areas, e.g.,
Australorbis glabratus from Puerto Rico and Brazil, are capable of serving as
intermediate hosts for the same strain of parasite. These experiments have indi-
cated that A. glabratus from Brazil is physiologically distinct from the Puerto
Rican A. glabratus. Further strain studies have shown that Biomphalaria boissyi
from Egypt is refractory to all strains of S. mansoni tested except the Egyptian
strain, whereas B. pfeifferi from western Africa may serve not only as an inter-
mediate host for the Egyptian strain, but equally as well for the parasitic strains
from Puerto Rico, Venezuela, or Brazil.

Physiological experiments, particularly studies on the normal aerobic respira-
tion and the inhibitory effect of various chemical compounds on the oxygen
consumption of snails are being conducted in the Section of Physiology.

In the Section on Therapeutic and Preventive Measures snails are used in
the screening tests of various chemical compounds in an effort to find a better
molluscacide than the one now commonly used. In this study more than 500
chemical compounds have been tested against Australorbis glabratus, the prin-
cipal intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in the West Indies and South
America.

Lastly, malacological studies are being made on the known intermediate
hosts of trematodes which are responsible for human diseases and also on the
related species of snails which are native to the United States. A discussion of
the close relationship between Oncomelania hupensis and Pomatiopsis lapidaria
was made at the American Malacological Union meeting in 1947. Since that time
it has been proved that P. lapidaria is capable of serving as an intermediate host
of Schistosoma japonicum.

Recently a comparative study has been made on members of the Planorbidae
which serve as intermediate hosts of 5'. mansoni. This study has shown that
Australorbis glabratus from the West Indies and South America is closely related
to members of the genus Biomphalaria from Africa. The close similarities found
in the shells, the radulae, and the genital structures of the two genera are very
striking and lead one to believe that the two have been derived from a common
ancestor. This, incidentally, has led the author to consider the various principles
of zoogeography.

It is difficult to explain why members of two closely related genera can be
found in such widely separated continents. No living specimens have been col-
lected in North America nor in Asia to indicate that the ancestral species once
ranged over the Northern Hemisphere, nor have fossil specimens been found
which would suggest such a wide distribution. It is inconceivable that acci-
dental migration, either by migrating birds or by any other means, could account
for the peculiar distribution of these two genera.

The unique relationship of certain plants and animals, including several
genera of mollusks, common to South America and Africa has added to the sup-
port of the Displacement of Continents theory as proposed by Wegner in 1915
and more recently by Du Toit in 1937. This hypothesis proposes that the present
land masses of South America, Africa, Arabia, India, Australia, and Antarctica
were joined in one vast continent, Gondwana, during the Paleozoic era and
gradually separated during Mesozoic times.

Du Toit’s theory is not as enthusiastically supported by geologists and
biologists of the United States as it is in other countries. His hypothesis, however,
would explain the interesting relationship that is present between Australorbis
and Biomphalaria.

14

In answer to the question by Mr. Jay Weber as to whether the parasites
affect animals as well as man, Dr. Berry said that a tender host, as a young puppy,
may become infected, but that a human host seems to be preferred. Dr. Aguayo
remarked that Cuba is most grateful for the program of Schistosoma-controi
being carried on in the United States, since there is at present no such program
in Cuba which perhaps needs it most. Mr. Gordon MacMillan asked where and
when this plague started. "There are many kinds of Schistosomiasis," answered
Dr. Berry. "Some of the parasites affect birds, some apes, and one type, common
in this country, affects the human skin only. It is a very ancient disease and has
even been detected in mummies.” Miss Edna Haas asked, "Do we have potential
hosts and carriers in this country?” "Yes indeed,” was the answer, "all over the
country, for the first part of the question. And as to the carrier-snails, Pomatiopsis
lapidaria is our guilty party. Tropicorbis lovanensis of the vicinity of Baton
Rouge is capable of carrying it also.”

With this paper the academic portion of the convention was concluded. An
invitation to partake of the well-known hospitality of Dr. Jeanne Schwengle at a
cocktail party and buffet supper at 6:30 had been extended, to take place in the
Pan American room of the Columbia Hotel in downtown Miami. The lecture
program had lasted well into late afternoon, hence a mad scramble ensued to
repair the ravages of a torrid day, air-conditioning notwithstanding, and the bus
kindly furnished by the University to provide transportation downtown was
greatly appreciated.

Dr. Schwengel’s parties always high-light these meetings, and this one was
no exception. A delicious repast followed the social hour, and it was still in a
party-mood that the assemblage followed Mr. Ted Dranga, Pied Piper style, into
the balmy night. Along beautiful Biscayne Boulevard, past luring rival shops he
led, finally into his own place of business, stocked to the rafters with shells and
shell products.

Handing out samples with great generosity, answering questions showered
from all sides, genial Ted was in his glory, and the rain which began to pour
down outside kept everyone until a late hour.

Saturday was devoted to field trips; the boat of the Biological Marine La-
boratory transported thirteen would-be divers to a reef near Elliott Key, while a
greater number who preferred to do their collecting closer to shore were taken to
a shoal at the north end of Key Largo — more detailed description of these two
expeditions appear elsewhere, but additional credit must here be given for the
whole-hearted cooperation of Miami University which made these trips the
unqualified success they were. Two buses, the boat with complete diving facilities,
all collecting paraphernalia for the shore party — nothing was over-looked, and
organizers of future A. M. U. field trips would do well to copy the technique of
Miami University.

All good things must end, and so too must each A. M. U. Annual Meeting
accompanied always by:

"A feeling of sadness and longing, that is not akin to pain,

And resembles sorrow only as the mist resembles the rain.”

But it was Saturday night, the Convention was finished, the field trips were happy
memories, and "See you next year!” was the favored phrase as the general exodus
took place. A few laggard souls met for breakfast on Sunday, but before the day
passed they too were gone, and the 1949 A. M. U. Annual Meeting was history.

Respectfully submitted,

Margaret C. Teskey,

Secretary pro tem.

15

Marine Collecting from the "Megalope”

Gordon K. MacMillan

Twelve members of the American Malacological Union signed up as "crew”
on the 40-foot motor launch, the "Megalope,” on Saturday morning, June 18,
1949, to participate in some shallow water diving in a coral reef for marine in-
vertebrates. The trip was under the able guidance and direction of Dr. Charles
E. Lane of the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami. Dr. Lane acted as
navigator at times, but it was Mr. C. E. Dawson who took charge of the wheel
most of the time.

The "crew” of the "Megalope” consisted of Mrs. Lilias F. Cockerill, Miss
Helen M. Brewster, Miss Edna Haas, Dr. H. B. Stenzel, Yetta and Sonya Stenzel,
Miss Stella Cooper, Miss Esther S. Bates, Miss Judy Hudgings, Mr. Eugene H.
Schmeck, Mr. Thomas Moore, and Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan.

Upon the arrival at the docks by the University of Miami Bus, the "crew”
boarded the boat and signed the log. The anchor was weighed and the "Mega-
lope” was on its way. The launch took a southeasterly course through the Miami
Municipal Channel, entering the Atlantic Ocean through the Government Cut.
On the port side was the MacArthur Causeway and the southern tip of Miami
Beach. Upon entering the Atlantic Ocean the course was set south, travelling
some 30 miles before dropping anchor, passing Soldiers and Elliott Keys to the
starboard. Dr. Lane was the first to don the breastplate, diving helmet and to
descend to the floor of the ocean fifteen feet below for exploration. He brought
up a large piece of coral growth from which a number of multicolored Crustacea
were found in the cracks and crevices. Clinging to the outside of the coral
growth were a few limpets. Embedded in the calcareous structure were some
boring pelecypods which had to be removed by breaking the coral mass in small
pieces. Mr. Schmeck, Miss Hudgings, Miss Brewster, Yetta Stenzel, and Mr.
Moore also descended to the coral reef.

The ocean was somewhat choppy that day, causing the launch to roll from
starboard to port and back again. Occasionally, when a wide trough was met,
the boat dipped down at the bow. This continual rolling and dipping soon upset
the equilibrum of some of the members of the "crew” who, as Mrs. Teare so aptly
put it, "suffered from mal de mer and not all of these were of the weaker sex.”

Besides those who suffered from sea sickness, the only other event of any
significance during the trip was the loss of the bow anchor when the rope holding
it became frayed and cut through by the motion of the boat. This might have
had serious consequences in fouling the air line or in pulling the diving helmet
from the wearer as the boat began to swing in an arc from the stern anchor.
Upon the discovery of this loss, all diving operations were suspended.

Although collecting on the ocean bottom was not too profitable that day,
the number of marine specimens gathered wrere sufficient to warrant calling the
trip a success and was enjoyed by all, even by those who were "under the
weather.”

The Key Largo Trip
Margaret M. Teare

June 19, 1949, directly after breakfast at the Students’ Club Cafeteria, fifteen
members and two guests, all in a gay mood despite the fact that all were weary
from walking miles around the campus the previous two days of the meeting,
boarded a University of Miami bus and started a rather long but interesting trip
to Key Largo.

Most of the members of the group were wisely clothed, but a few left wide
open spaces, such as midriffs and so forth, which afforded the mosquitoes an

16

opportunity to attack en masse. All collectors were well stocked with lotions of
various kinds but on the return trip it could be observed that the lotions were
either ineffective or had been too sparingly used.

The driver parked the bus off the main highway near an inlet, the area
around which provided both land and marine collecting. The most exciting speci-
mens found were two quite large beautiful purplish sea anemones. The writer
saw many small white anemones but they looked very ordinary after seeing the
purplish ones.

After two or three hours the hungry collectors could be seen coming back
from all directions. Upon comparing the loot one could hear many "Ahs” and
"Ohs” and "I believe my specimen is larger than yours” or vice versa.

After resting and enjoying the basket lunch put up by the cafeteria we
returned to the dormitories, only to be faced with the unpleasant task of cleaning
some of our specimens. On the return trip a stop was made at Homestead for a
treat as the guests of Capt. Arthur Haas of St. Petersburg, Fla.

Candid camera pictures were taken by one or two of the members and some
of the pictures are not too complimentary but amusing; they might be titled
"As others see us.” It is however nice to have these snap shots and they greatly
add to the enjoyment.

The following is a partial list of speciments collected: Drymaeas multili-
neatus, Say; Cerion incanum, Binney; Micro ceramus ponti ficus, Gould; Is chno chi-
ton fioridanus, Pilsbry; Turbo castaneus, Gmel; Astrea longispina, Lam;
Tectarius muricatus, Linne; Mur ex cellulosus, Conrad; Cerithium muse arum, Say;
Melampus bidentatus, Say; Area barbata, Linne; Vasum muricatum, Born; Fascio-
laria tulipa, Linne; Nerita peloronta, Linne; N. tessellata, Gmel; N. versicolor,
Gmel.

MEMBERS AMD GUESTS REGISTERED

Connecticut

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Greenwich
Florida

Miss Esther S. Bates, Daytona Beach

Miss Helen M. Brewster, St. Petersburg

Leo A. Burry, Pompano Beach

Mrs. Lillias Cockerill, Sanibel Island

Miss Theresa Donnelly, St. Petersburg

Mr. and Mrs. James W. Donovan, West Palm Beach

Mr. and Mrs. Ted Dranga, Miami

Mr. and Mrs. Harley L. Freeman, Ormond Beach

William Grimm, Miami

Capt. Arthur Haas, St. Petersburg

Miss Edna Haas, St. Petersburg

Miss Judy Hudgings, Winter Park

Thomas Hughes, Fort Pierce

Paul L. McGinty, Boynton Beach

Paul P. McGinty, Boynton Beach

Thomas L. McGinty, Boynton Beach

Miss Helen Montgomery, Miami

Donald Moore, Hobe Sound

Miss Katherine Schiro, Tampa

Miss Mildred Smith, Miami

Mr. and Mrs. W. Donald Thomas, Miami

Mrs. Ernestine Taylor, Tampa

Gilbert Voss, Hypoluxo

17

Jay Weber, Miami

Massachusetts
William J. Clench, Cambridge
Michigan

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor
New York

Eugene H. Schmeck, Niagara Falls
Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Buffalo
Mrs. Margaret Teskey, Buffalo
Pennsylvania

Dr. and Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Philadelphia
Gordon K. MacMillan, Pittsburgh
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia
Texas

Dr. and Mrs. H. B. Stenzel, Austin
Miss Sonya Stenzel, Austin
Miss Yetta Stenzel, Austin

District of Columbia
Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington
Maryland

Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G. Berry, Bethesda
Cuba

Dr. Isabel Perez Farfante, Havana
Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo, Havana

MINUTES OF THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

PACIFIC DIVISION

On Friday afternoon, June 10, 1949, about fifty conchologists assembled at
the Municipal Auditorium, Long Beach, California. Registration was held at
1:30 P. M. Sixty-seven persons attended the three day meeting.

The meeting was called to order at 2:30 P. M. by acting chairman John Q
Burch who gave a speech of welcome to the group. A telegram was received from
Miss Ruth E. Coats, chairman, who could not attend the meeting because of ill-
ness. A telegram also was received and read from Mr. and Mrs. Harold Robertson,
treasurer and secretary respectively of the parent organization of the American
Malacological Union. Mr. H. Arden Edwards, chairman of the Long Beach
Shell Club, then gave an address of welcome to the assembled group and fol-
lowed his address with an interesting discussion of the early founders of that club.

Next followed a reading of the minutes. The secretary-treasurer pointed out
that certain questions had arisen regarding which there were no formal rules of
procedure. A motion was made by Mrs. J. Q. Burch that all doubtful points of
procedure should be decided by the council. The motion was seconded and
approved. Mr. Burch stated that the council would meet and follow the general
practice of the parent organization.

Mrs. Ralph O. Bormann suggested that a letter be sent Mr. Lee of the Long
Beach Convention Bureau, officially thanking him for the courtesies and con-
veniences furnished the meeting by his organization. This was approved by the
members. It also was moved, seconded and carried that a telegram be sent Afiss
Ruth E. Coats and that a letter, signed by those present, be sent Miss Julia Ellen
Rogers. Miss Rogers, one of the founders of the Long Beach Shell Club, was

13

not able to attend the meeting due to the state of her health. She had intended
to present a paper entitled "Short Historical Review — Conchology in Southern
California.” Mrs. Burch then announced that fifty-seven reservations for dinner
on Saturday had been received. Attention was called to the exhibition of shells
by the Agassiz Nature Club of Long Beach on the mezzanine floor of the
auditorium.

Mr. Harry R. Turver called attention to the fact that several collectors had
experienced confiscation of uncleaned shells by United States officials at the
Mexican boundary, as a result of a ruling to that effect by the U. S. Surgeon
General. Mr. Turver asked whether it would be in order for the present organi-
zation to write a letter to the Surgeon General explaining that no danger of
infection bearing organisms was present in uncleaned marine shells. After a
discussion by Mr. J. Q. Burch and others Mr. Turver made a motion that a letter
such as already mentioned be written the Surgeon General. The motion was
seconded and carried. Mr. Burch then appointed a committee composed of Mr.
H. R. Turver, Mr. A. Sorensen and the secretary, to prepare and send the letter.

Mrs. E. P. Chace mentioned that a card should be sent to Mrs. Case of San
Diego, California, who was ill and unable to attend the meeting. Mrs. A. T.
Whelchel was appointed to secure a card and signatures of those present and
send to Mrs. Case.

The meeting then was turned over to Mr. Harry R. Turver, chairman of the
program committee. Mr. Turver introduced the members of his committee all
of whom aided in the details of the arrangements. This committee, in addition
to Mr. Turver, was composed of the following: Mr. H. Arden Edwards, President,
Long Beach Shell Club; Mr. Edward Baker, Program; Mrs. Mary Bormann, Pro-
gram and Entertainment; Mrs. Mary Turver, Program and Entertainment; Mrs.
Jean Wilkins, dinner arrangements; Mrs. John Q. Burch, reservations for Annual
Dinner. Mr. Turver then introduced the speakers on the program.

The first paper was by Mr. A. Sorensen on "Some Observations on Halio-
tidae and their World Distribution.” Discussion followed by Mr. E. P. Chace,
J. Q. Burch and H. R. Turver.

Some Observations on Haliotidae and Their World Distribution

Andrew Sorensen
( Abstract )

The Haliotidae (abalones) represent a primitive family of Gastropoda
known to range from Cretaceous to Recent. A few species occur today in the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans but the great majority occur in the temperate waters
of the North Pacific from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, to Japan, and south
to Australia and New Zealand. Over a dozen species and varieties occur in the
region between Cape San Lucas and Alaska. Most of these occur in the littoral
zone and in waters to a depth of approximately 120 feet or so. The larvae, at
least in some species, are free swimming for a very short time. These animals
are much in demand for food, and rigid enforcement of conservation measures is
needed to save these interesting snails.

Dr. S. S. Berry then spoke on "A new spectacular find — a new Cephalopod
found in California.”

The meeting then adjourned.

The evening meeting was called to order at 8 P. M. and Mr. Turver then
introduced Mr. J. G. Carlisle, Jr., who spoke on "The Problem of the Abalone.”
Drawings were exhibited. Discussion followed by A. Sorensen, S. S. Berry,
W. M. Ingram, H. R. Turver, Miss A. G. Shumate and Mrs. E. P. Chace.

19

The Problem of the Abalone
Artificial Spawning and Fertilization of Haliotis rufescens

John G. Carlisle, Jr.

It has proven possible to induce artificial spawning and fertilization in the
red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson, by a period of desiccation of about one
hour and fifteen minutes. Spawning occurs some six to eight hours later. Fer-
tilization results in typical mollusk cleavage stages. Then, as might be expected
from this dioecious gastropod’s phylogenetic relationship, it develops into an
active free swimming trochophore, followed by the veliger stage. The embryonic
shell forms during the second day, and after seven days is very similar to that of
small metamorphosed specimens collected in the field.

Dr. A. Myra Keen then presented a paper entitled 'Phylogeny of Nemo-
cardium.” Drawings were exhibited. Discussion followed by J. Q. Burch.

The meeting was adjourned.

Phylogeny of the Genus Nemocardium
A. Myra Keen
(Abstract)

The genus Nemocardium has the longest time range of any game in the
family Cardiidae, and few other modern genera range farther back in time. It
began in the early Cretaceous, flourished widely during the Eocene (33 species ) ,
then gradually disappeared, so that, in the strict sense, Nemocardium is repre-
sented today by only a single species, N. bechei, in the China Sea area. Other
Recent species must be assigned to subgenera of Nemocardium, such as Pratulum,
which has three. The West American species N. centifilosum Carpenter seems
to be a member of an as-yet-unnamed subgenus, together with N. samarangae of
Japan and an unnamed Pliocene fossil species from Washington.

The meeting reconvened Saturday morning, June 11, at 10 A. M. Greetings
on behalf of the City of Long Beach were extended to the group by Mayor Burton
W. Chace who presented the chairman with a key to the city.

A letter received from Miss Julia Ellen Rogers was read by the secretary.
This was followed by a paper presented by Mr. E. P. Chace, "Notes on the Genus
Monadenia of the Coastal Sections.” Discussion by S. S. Berry followed.

Notes on the Genus Monadenia of the Coastal Sections

E. P. Chace
(Abstract)

A colony by colony discussion of the Monadenias of the coastal regions of
California, Oregon and Washington, showing the smooth transition from typical
infumata Gld. of the San Francisco Bay area to the form called subcarinata by
Hemphill. It is suggested that perhaps subcarinata Hemphill should be called a
variety of infumata Gld. rather than of fidelis Gray. The change from subcarinata,
to true fidelis (in the region around Eureka) on the other hand is an explosion
of characters. Certain colonies contain some specimens definitely fidelis in ap-
pearance, others just as definitely subcarinata, the rest with a confusing mixture
of characters. My conclusion is that here we deal with hybrids. North of Orick,
California, in the true fidelis territory, some colonies appear to be made up of
representatives of 2 or even 3 named subspecies which were described from fairly
homogeneous colonies some distance away. This variability, within a colony,
lessens along the coast north of the Umpqua River in Oregon, and almost dis-
appears east of the Coast Range.

20

Next followed "Pearl Culture, a Film of Japan’s Important Industry.” Nar-
ration by Dr. A. M. Keen.

The Japanese Pearl Culture Industry
A. Myra Keen
( Abstract )

This film is shown by courtesy of Lt. Col. Hubert G. Schenck, now Chief
of the Natural Resources Section under General MacArthur in Tokyo. It shows
the complex process of pearl production as perfected by Mr. K. Mikimoto.

The first step is the collection of pearl oysters ( Pinctada martensii Dunker),
which may be obtained directly by diving for adult shells or by the collection of
spat in special cages. The latter method, now usually used by Mikimoto, requires
culturing of the young shells for three years, with frequent inspections and clean-
ing of debris. Healthy oysters at the end of three years are ready for the grafting
operation which is performed by skilled technicians who implant one or more
pearl nuclei in the tissues of the animal. After three more years of care the oysters
are harvested and the pearls recovered. These pearls are indistinguishable, except
by the most elaborate electromagnetic and other tests, from true or natural pearls.
They are then washed, sorted, counted, drilled, and assembled into matched
strands for necklaces.

One cannot realize without seeing a film of this sort the amount of skilled
work expended in the Japanese culture pearl industry, and after seeing the film
one understands better why the price of pearls remains high.

Dr. L. G. Hertlein then presented a paper on "Some early Records of West
American Marine Mollusks.”

The meeting then adjourned following the announcement that a picture of
the group would be taken on the terrace at 1 : 45 P. M.

Some Early Records of West American Marine Mollusks

Leo George Hertlein

Spanish exploration of the western Americas began over 400 years ago.
Apparently slight attention was given to the marine shells by these explorers
except in the case of mollusks with definite commercial value such as the pearl
oysters. News of pearl oysters in the Gulf of California is said to have been
carried to Mexico City in 1534-1535 by members of the crew of Grijalva’s ship
which was taken to the peninsula of Lower California by Ordono Jiminez.

An illustration believed to represent a west American shell is shown in
Lister’s Historiae Conchyliorum, 1685. Dillwyn’s index to Huddesford’s edition
of Lister, 1770, stated (p. 34) regarding plate 724, figure 11, "Voluta incrassata;
but not a good figure.” If Dillwyn’s conclusion as to this identification be ac-
cepted, it is one of the earliest representations of a west coast shell, Voluta ( Olivet )
incrassata Solander, 1786. The species was later described by Lamarck as Oliva
angulata. The figure of Cylinder prophyreticus illustrated by Rumphius in his
B’Amboinische Rariteitkamer, 1741, plate 39, figure 1, has been generally ac-
cepted as representing the west American species Voluta (Oliva) porphyria Lin-
naeus. A few other west American species, perhaps obtained through the pearl
oyster trade, were described by Linnaeus in 1758.

The meeting reconvened at 2 P. M.

The first paper was by Dr. S. S. Berry, "New Light on Taxonomy of West
American Species of Crepidula.” Drawings were available for examination and
specimens were exhibited.

21

New Light on the Taxonomy of West American Species of Crepidula

S. Stillman Berry
(Abstract)

The history of the genus has been briefly sketched, with a somewhat more
intensive outline of the work upon west American forms.

Characters found of practical value in taxonomy include the size, color, and
form of the adult; the autochthonous sculpture; the character of the periostracum;
the character of the septum and its margin; and the habit and shell characters of
the larva. As first indicated but not closely followed through by Carpenter
(1857), the larval characters appear especially important and dependable. Their
study in the very difficult subgenus lanacus show that, in spite of the confusing
similarities and intergradations shown by many adults, this is far from being the
monotypic group that many may have supposed, and that a high degree of specia-
tion exists. The various Californian forms hitherto referred to the Panamic nivea
are shown to be clearly distinct, and the existence of at least six distinguishable
species of this subgenus in west American waters is demonstrated, all of them
sharply different from one another in the larval and early post-larval stages. Some
are shown to possess pelagic larvae, whilst the young of others are non-pelagic,
a difference in fundamental ecology which is reflected in the formation of the
shell. Larval peculiarities likewise suggest the distinctness of the Californian
representative of the aculeata- group.

The numerous relevant names in the literature are discussed, and an attempt
made to reach a satisfactory disposition of as many of them as possible.

It is suggested that further inquiry should be particularly directed toward
establishing growth-series of some of the more poorly known forms such as dor-
sat a, marginalis, grandis, the ex cavata- group, glottidiarum, and the other allies of
ftperforans ” and that continued acutely critical work be carried through, further
to test the taxonomic dependability of the remarkable larval characters described.

A photograph of the group, taken earlier in the afternoon, was then ex-
hibited for the convenience of those wishing a copy. It was agreed that one be
sent to Miss Coats and one be placed with the records of this organization.

Next on the program was a paper entitled "Bilateral Asymmetry" by Dr. J.
L. Baily. Dr. Baily being absent the paper was read by Mr. Edward ( Ned ) Baker.

The Reversal of Bilateral Asymmetry in Gastropoda

Joshua L. Baily, Jr.

( Abstract )

1. Relationship of environment to

form of symmetry.

2. Discussion of visceral torsion.

3. Discussion of pallial torsion.

4. Discussion of chiastoneury.

5. Discussion of the three different

types of asymmetry.

6. Discussion of hyperstrophe.

7. Discussion of heterostrophy.

8. Discussion of embryonic cleavage.

A paper by G. D. Hanna and A. G. Smith, "Shell collecting on the South
Farallon Island” was read by Mr. Ralph O. Fox. Discussion followed by Mr.
Sorensen and J. Strohbeen.

22

9. Discussion of matroclinal
inheritance.

10. Discussion of the effect of
ovoviviparity.

11. Discussion of the selectivity of
death in intrauterine populations.

12. Possible explanations of such
selectivity.

13. Hermaphroditism in heterogene-
ous populations.

14. Effect of reversal of asymmetry on
evolution.

Next followed "Notes on West American Vermetidae” by Dr. A. M. Keen.
Discussion followed by S. S. Berry.

The meeting adjourned.

Notes on West American Species of "Vermetidae”

A. Myra Keen
( Abstract )

Study of several species of the gastropods customarily classified as Verme-
tidae shows that the opercula and nuclear whorls are good guides for classification
of the group. Nuclear whorls of all genera studied except Vermicularia show a
90-degree change in axis of coiling when the larval shell attaches itself to a
substrate. V ermicularia, with an operculum and simple spiral nucleus like Tur-
ritella should be transferred to the family Turritellidae, as Merriam has suggested.
A new family name must be proposed, as Vermetus is nomenclaturaliy a synonym
of Vermicularia.

Opercula of the "Vermetidae” may be absent, as in Aletes, or may consist
of transparent chitinous laminae wound spirally, as in Dofania and Petaloconchus,
or may be concave to convex with an internal central knob as in Spiroglyphus.
Nuclear whorls are ovate-conic, 3-whorled, white in Aletes; 2-whorled, brown in
Spiroglyphus and Dofania ; and cylindrical, 3-whorled, brown in Petaloconchus.
Some variation among species within a genus has been noted, and much more
study is needed.

The species listed as V ermiculum anellum (Morch) by Dali, 1921, has been
assigned to the genus Segmentella by Thiele, 1925, but it is probably a serpulid
worm rather than a gastropod.

At 6:30 P. M. the group assembled at Moose Hall for the Annual dinner
which was attended by 63 members and guests. Beautiful place cards bore an
illustration of Mitra episcopalis hand painted by Mr. H. A. Edwards. After
dinner entertainment followed by Mrs. B. E. Burchfield, accompanied by Mrs.
Horace Knowles. Then followed entertainment by Mr. E. W. Ulrich, magician.
Announcement was made that all were invited to tea following the close of the
meeting on Sunday afternoon, at the home of Mrs. Ann Barnett, 63-64 Place,
long Beach.

The meeting then adjourned.

The meeting was called to order on Sunday morning June 12, at 10 A. M.

A very interesting paper was presented by Mr. H. Arden Edwards of the
Southwest Museum, entitled "Ethnoconchology in the Southwest.” This paper
was illustrated by shell artifacts which Mr. Edwards had assembled.

Dr. A. M. Keen, chairman of the committee for election of officers for next
year, announced the candidates as follows: John Q. Burch, chairman; Leo G.
Hertlein, vice-chairman; Harry R. Turver, secretary-treasurer. Mr. Turver stated
that for various reasons he felt obliged to decline the nomination. Mr. Sorensen
then nominated Dr. Wendell O. Gregg for secretary-treasurer. Mr. Sorensen
then moved that the slate of new officers be unanimously approved. The motion
was seconded and carried.

Mr. A. M. Strong then spoke briefly about an oyster, apparently a variant
of the Ostrea lurida group, which was collected at Newport Bay. The specimen
was passed around for examination. Discussion followed by Mr. Sorensen, S. S.
Berry and J. Q. Burch.

Mr. H. R. Turver then gave a report on the state of the treasury and re-
ported a cash balance at that time of $28.15. Mr. Burch again extended thanks
of the group to Mr. Turver, Mrs. Bormann, Mrs. Burch and Mrs. Turver, whose

23

efforts so greatly contributed to the success of the meetings. The meeting
adjourned.

At 1:30 P. M. the meeting was called to order in the reading room on the
lower floor of the Public Library. Mr. Burch then turned the meeting over to
Mr. Turver.

The first paper was by Mr. A. M. Strong entitled 'Marine Gastropod Fauna
of Guadalupe Island, Mexico.” Discussion followed by L. G. Hertlein, S. S. Berry,
Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace, W. O. Gregg, H. A. Edwards.

Next followed a paper by Dr. W. O. Gregg on "Terrestrial Gastropod Fauna
of Los Angeles County (exclusive of the Channel Isles).” Specimens were ex-
hibited for examination. Discussion followed by Mrs. E. P. Chace.

The Terrestrial Gastropod Fauna of Los Angeles County, California
( Exclusive of Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands )

Wendell O. Gregg
Abstract)

Although Los Angeles and vicinity has long been the home of many con-
chologists, interest has generally been in marine mollusca rather than in the
nonmarine groups. The aquatic species are unattractive and many of the land
forms are small and inconspicuous. Most of our land snails are hard to find.
During the time generally required to collect a few land snails of a single species,
one can readily go to the sea-shore and collect a score or more of species of
marine mollusks, some in vast numbers, and many of them of the larger con-
spicuous forms. Notwithstanding, considerable work has been done on our
local land snail fauna.

From the area under consideration has come type material for the following
eight species and subspecies: Helminth oglypta traski (Newcomb), 1861; Punc-
tum conspectum pasadenae Pilsbry, 1896; Helminth oglypta petricola sangabrielis
(Berry), 1920; Helminth oglypta fontiphila Gregg, 1931; Helminth oglypta traski
pacoimensis Gregg, 1931; Helmintho glypta tudiculata imperforata Pilsbry, 1939;
Glyptostoma gabrielense Pilsbry, 1939; and Sonorelix (Herpeteros) angelus
Gregg, 1949.

From the mainland portion of Los Angeles County 44 species and subspecies
of land gastropods are known. Of these 33 are endemic and 11 are introduced.
We have 35 species and subspecies of land snails, 29 endemic and 6 introduced.
There are 9 species of slugs, 4 endemic and 5 introduced. Of the endemic forms.
9 families and 20 genera are represented.

In Dr. Pilsbry’s monograph, Land Mollusca of North America, Los Angeles
County records are listed for 27 species and subspecies. In addition, the following
17 forms have been found: Sonorelix angelus Gregg, Euconulus fulvus alaskensis
(Pilsbry), Oxychilus cellarius (Muller), Oxychilus draparnaldi (Beck), Oxy-
chilus alliarius (Miller), Pristiloma chersinella (Dali), Hawaiia minus cula
neomexicana (Ckll. & Pis.), Deroceras laeve (Muller), Discus cronkhitei
(Newcomb), Oxyloma sillimani (Bland), Succinea avara Say, Quickella rehderi
Pilsbry, Vertigo ovata Say, Vertigo calif ornica (Rowell), Vertigo calif ornica
trinotata (Sterki), Vertigo rowelli (Newcomb), and Sterkia hemphilli (Sterki).

Mr. Turver then announced that this completed the program. Mr. Burch,
in his closing remarks, requested that all speakers submit abstracts of their papers.
He expressed thanks to all, especially the program committee, for arranging such
a fine program. Attention was called to the exhibit of shells on the second floor
of the library, sponsored by the Long Beach Shell Club.

The meeting adjourned at 3 P. M.

24

Leo G. Hertlein,
Secretary-Treasurer.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
June 14 to 16, 1950

The American Malacological Union will hold its 16th Annual Meeting in
Chicago, 111, June 14, 15, 16, 1950.

The meetings will be held in the Chicago Natural History Museum where
Dr. Fritz Haas, President of the Union, is in charge of the conchologicai col-
lection.

Announcement of hotel accommodations and other details will be made

later.

The Third Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division
American Malacological Union

Mr. John Q. Burch reports: "We have finally agreed and made all arrange-
ments for the 1950 meeting of the Pacific Division. We are to meet April 7, 8,
and 9, at the Barbara Hotel, Santa Barbara, California. There are many advantages
to this because we will hve an amply large meeting room on the main floor of
the hotel, and also in the same hotel there is a very good dining room, also a
coffee shop. So we will meet, sleep, eat, and have our annual banquet all under
the same roof.”

Any of our eastern members will be cordially welcomed at this meeting.

OUR MEMBER CLUBS

CLENCH CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB, Worcester, Mass, Carl W. Erickson,
Secretary: The Clench Conchologicai Club of The Worcester Museum of Natural
History, an outgrowth of the course in shell study conducted by the Museum, is
now five years old. The past year has been one of varied activities, an outstanding
event being a talk by Dr. A. B. Leonard, Professor of Biology at the University
of Kansas, on "The Ozark Mountains,” where he had spent several months in
field work on mollusks. Another highlight was a laboratory session with William
J. Clench, Director of the Department of Mollusks at the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology in Cambridge, and in whose honor the club is named. This study
concerned the radula. A third visiting speaker was James Kemp, a biology
student at Clark University, who spent an evening with us in dissections of
mollusks.

We have had three profitable field trips, one to the home of Mrs. William
Amory at Wareham, where her collection of over 12,000 specimens was on dis-
play; one with the Forbush Bird Club to Scituate, and the third in the woods of
the Johnson Farm in Leicester.

Meetings are held at the Museum of Natural History and in homes of mem-
bers, the annual Christmas party being at the home of Miss Rena Small, when a
shell auction for the benefit of the club’s treasury was held, followed by a showing
of kodachrome slides of the field trips.

The club has decided to have but one formal meeting a month instead of
two, beginning in September. A program for these meetings is to be prepared
in advance, and we hope to have among the speakers the world’s foremost
authority on shells in medicine.

25

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buf-
falo, N. Y., Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary: An interesting program was
carried out the past season. Because of the illness of Harold R. Robertson who
is confined to the house, though actively interested in shells, the meetings were
held at the Robertson home, Mrs. Robertson being president of the club.

Meetings are held at 8 o’clock on the first Saturday evening of the month
from September to June. The June meeting commences in the afternoon with a
picnic supper on the lawn preceding the evening session.

At the September, 1948 meeting, reports of the Pittsburgh meeting of the
American Malacological Union were given by members of the club who attended,
Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Miss Gertrude M. Weber,
and Mr. Eugene H. Schmeck. Other meetings have featured discussions of local
shells by Mrs. Teskey and Mrs. Robertson, "The Spiritual Value of the Study of
Shells,” by Mr. Robertson, kodachrome slides of nature subjects by Miss Louise
Becker and another showing by Clifford Awald, a paper on "The Microscopic
Food of Mollusks,” by Miss Jean Russell, and a radio skit written by Miss Weber,
entitled "A Day in the Life of the Shelling Twins,” with Mrs. Norma Ashbery
as an interested shell expert observing the enthusiasm of Miss Becker and Miss
Weber impersonating the twins. It was based on actual collecting experiences
in the Grand River, Ontario. An exhibition meeting featured displays of shells
which members had studied or acquired during the past year

The club was fortunate in having had three visits during the season, from
Rev. Paul D. Ford, well known as a collector of Bahamas shells. On each occasion
he brought many of his unusually beautifully prepared and arranged specimens
for display and discussion. One of his talks on "How to Study Your Shells,”
gave us an incentive to go over our collections carefully with a view to dis-
covering hitherto unrecognized varieties among some of the species.

LONG BEACH SHELL CLUB, Long Beach, Cal., Ralph Bormann. Secre-
tary-Treasurer: This active organization was founded in 1938, and has been doing
magnificent work in the years since. Meetings are held in the Children’s Room
of the Long Beach Library at 2:30 P. M. the second Sunday of the month. Field
trips and lectures with an annual Water-melon party in July and a Christmas
party and Shell exchange in December, highlight the year.

Subjects on the program for 1949 are: "Starfish of Pacific Coastal Waters
and Their Relation to Mollusks,” by Harry Turver; "Cephalopods,” by Dr. Howard
R. Hill; "Methods and Means of Preserving and Mounting Shells and Marine
Creatures,” by H. Arden Edwards.

The club was host to the Pacific Division of The American Malacological
Union’s second annual meeting, June 10, 11, and 12.

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, Dr. Walter Jacobs, Secretary: This club is
barely a year old, but it has an ambitious program of lectures and exhibitions.
Meetings are held on the last Sunday afternoon of the month at three o’clock
in Room 129, American Museum of Natural History.

At an early meeting Mr. Fred Tobleman of Newark, N. J., discussed radulae
and how to mount them, illustrating his talk with some of his own microscopical
slides. Anthony D’Attilio of Yonkers, N. Y., displayed some of his shell rarities
at another meeting, and at still another, Mrs. H. F. Entwisle of Nutley, N. J.,
exhibited mounted specimens of fossil shells dredged from Lake Okeechobee, Fla.

Any one interested in shells, living in or near New York City, should get in
touch with this lively group.

26

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Abdel-Malek, Emile T., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich. Anar, of f. w. snails.
Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island, Balboa, Cal. Conch., and mineralogy exch.

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos Guillermo, 4 No. 554 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allen, Charles A., 1094 S. King St., Honolulu 53, T. H.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica Casa del Lago de Chapultepec, Mexico D. F.
Anderson, Lt. Col. A. S., 700 S. Sycamore St., Petersburg, Va.

Anderson, Miss Eva M., 7220 Lincoln Dr., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Andrews, Elizabeth, 605 Pershing Dr., Silver Spring, Md. Col. on outer banks, N. C.
coast.

Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Archer, Harry B., 7239 Third Ave., N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Ashbery, Mrs. Wallace H., 12 E. Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y
Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Awald, Clifford J.,l62 Southwood Dr., Kenmore, N. Y.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 27 Willway Rd., Richmond 21, Va.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego 3, Cal.

Baker, Edward Perin, 11619 Downey Ave., Downey, Cal. Pacific coast marine life

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., Lmiv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Barnett, Mrs. Mary Ann, 63, 64 Place, Long Beach 3, Cal.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. E. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D. C.

Bates, Miss Esther S., "the book nook,” 7 South Ocean Ave., Daytona Beach, Fla. Exch.
Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Natl Museum, Washington 25, D. C.
Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., 220 Durston Ave., Syracuse, N. Y
Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., Mingo Lodge, Skaneateles, N. Y.

Becker, Miss Louise W., 260 Richmond Ave., Buffalo 13, N. Y

Belanger, Alice Lois, Indian Springs Farms, Riverdale Ave., R.F.D. 1, Eatontown, N. J.
Bennett, Miss Susan A., 37 Legare St., Charleston 2, S. C.

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berger, Mr. and Mrs. John N., "Tanglewood,” Lake Jimerson, Angola, Ind.

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 14, Md.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Cal.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PI., Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Bollinger, Mrs. C. C., Lakeview, Mich.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 35, Mixcoac D. F., Mex.

Brand, Dr. Donald D., Dept, of Geog., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Latin
Am. land shells.

Branham, Capt. and Mrs. Hugh G., "Spindrift,” Fort Myers Beach, Fla.

Brewster, Miss Helen M., 305 5th St. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla., and East Troy, Wis.

Brill, J. A., 1150 Willmette Ave., Willmette, 111.

27

Bristol, Miss Viola S., 1253 12th Ave., San Diego 2, Cal.

Bronson, Albert B., Sta. 11, Box 4M, Guam.

Brown, J. J., Rehabilitation Director, State Board of Vocational Education, P. O. Drawer
BB, Capitol Sta., Austin 11, Tex.

Bruce, Karl L., 12 Florence St., Roslindale, Mass.

Brunson, Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mont.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul R., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burch, Thomas, M. D., PHS, APO 839, c/o P. M., New Orleans, La
Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burrow, Mrs. F. H., 1401 Plass Ave., Topeka, Kan.

Burry, Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Box 52, R'l, Pompano, Fla.

Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 42 Anderson St., Boston 14, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Chen, Suifong, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Chenoweth, Paul, 2090 Beach St., San Francisco 23, Cal. Marine invert, natural habitat.
Church, Austin, 165 George St., Trenton, Mich. P. O. Drawer C.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Augusta 91, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Local and foreign shells; books.
Claar, Elmer A., 1400 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111. Coll. Cypraea.

Clark, Mrs. Effie M., P. O. Box 511, Yuba City, Cal.

Clench Conchological Club, 12 State St., Worcester 8, Mass. Shells and their collection.

Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,
exch., buy.

Coats, Mrs. Emma W., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore.

Coats, Ruth E., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore. Exch. f.w. and Puget Sd. marines.
Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Coles, Mrs. Mary J., 320 Montero St., Balboa, Cal.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, c/o Mrs. Percy Teskey, 144
Harlem Ave., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Conkling, Joseph E., Box 264, Edgartown, Mass.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield, N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Murex
and Oliva.

Craig, Miss Mary Eleanor, 1936 Harding Ave., Miami Beach, Fla.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B., Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Damron, Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. E., 625 Almeria, Coral Gables, Fla.

D’Attilio, Anthony, 102 Hilltop Acres, Yonkers 4, N. Y.

Dawley, Miss Charlotte, The Woman’s College, Univ. of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.
Demond, Miss Joan, Box 425 Mills College, Oakland, Cal.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

DeWitt, Robert N., Zoology Dept., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Physidae.
Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Diaz, Dra. Amy E. Aguilar, San Benigno, No. 504 Altos, Santos Suarez, Habana, Cuba.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Dollison, Robert Jr., 1621 Hillcrest Ave., Winter Park, Fla.

Donovan, Mr. and Mrs. James W., 3718 Calvin Ave., West Palm Beach, Fla.

Dominguez, Dr. Nicolas, 5 ay 13, Amplicion de Almendares, Marianao, Habana, Cuba.
Donnelly, Miss Theresa J., 428 3rd Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Dorasavage, W. C., M.D., 700 Mahantonga St., Pottsville, Pa.

28

Doremus, E. C.5 227 Holmes Ave., Boonton, N. J.

Drake, Robert J., 115 N. University Ave., Albuquerque, N. Mex
Dranga, Ted., 3462 Main Highway, Miami 33, Fla.

Eaton, Miss Ruth E., 3333 Orange St., Riverside, Cal.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Eggleston, Dr. Harla Ray, Chairman, Dept, of Biol., Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio.
Emerson, William K., Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, Cal.

Emery, Dan L., 121 20th Ave. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 49 Beech St., Nutley, N. J.

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn Mass.

Erskine, Mrs. A. de W., 1338 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., R. F. D. 1, Box 29a, Finney’s Wharf Rd., Onancock, Va.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass-a'Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Howard L., 908 Crescent Ave. B, Redlands, Cal. Coll. Murex.
Olividae, and Calliostoma.

Flipse, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C., 80'56 Surrey Place, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Foody, Mrs. Mary R., 240 E. Durham St., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., R. D. 2, Sunbury, Pa.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 6, Cal.

Frampton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Dept, of Biol., Washburn Municipal Univ., Topeka, Kan.

Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla.

Gardner, Fred, R. D., James ville, N. Y.

Gardner, Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Gaylord, Joseph S., East Longmeadow, Mass., and 521 5th St. N., St. Petersburg, Fla.
George, Mrs. Henry, Jr., 7320 Watson Ave., Wauwatosa 13, Wis.

Getz, Miss Dorothy, c/o Mrs. H. H. Gibbons, 418 E. Lake Ave., Baltimore 12, Md.
Gilford, Dr. and Mrs., E. F., 2535 Le Conte Ave., Berkeley, Cal
Gillham, Bert A., Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Gillmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline 46, Mass.

Goodrich, Calvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. mollusca.
Goto, Masaichi, 1868 Palolo Ave., Honolulu, T. H. Hawaiian marines.

Gould, Russell, 608 Cumberland Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Gregg, Wendell O., M. D., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 7, Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of Western N. A.

Haas, Capt. Arthur, 3511 Second Ave. S., St. Petersburg 7, Fla.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 1333 Cornwell PL, Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton, 65, Mass.

Hall, Henry Martyn Jr., 502 Lloyd St., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.

Hamilton, Edwin Lee, Bldg. 315, Apt. 14, Stanford Village, Stanford, Cal. Marine
shells.

Hamill, Miss Helen Bartlett, 477 Grove, Worcester 5, Mass. Limpets.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., S. Orange, N. J.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

29

Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 7 1 1 S. Fancher Ave., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.

Harris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PI., Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Harold W., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Hartman, H. H., Frankfort, Kan. Worldwide marines and trop. land shells.

Hastings, Dr. J. K., 1825 23rd St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Hausman, Frank, Box 2521, University, Ala.

Heath, Dr. Harold, 181 Ocean View, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hebert, Clyde H., 411 W. 62 St., Jacksonville, Fla.

Hegner, Mrs. Carrie, 1904 Nolden St., Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Heilman, Robert A., 530 Spruce St., Lebanon, Pa. Fresh water snails.

Henderson, Miss Jennie, Elkhart, Iowa.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Higgins, Miss Lena, 2224 Orange St., Long Beach, Cal.

Hill, Dr. Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Exchange.

Hollister, S. C., Dean, College of Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

Holmes, Charles H., 8 1/2 St. Bernard St., Saranac Lake, N. Y.

Horstman, Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.

Hubricht, Leslie, 912 Main St., Danville, Va. U. S. land and f. w. snails.

Hudgings, Judy, BeahMaltbie Shell Museum, Winter Park, Fla. Fla. shells.

Hughes, Thomas, Route 2, Fort Pierce, Fla.

Hulva, Josephine K., 811 E. Jefferson St., Bloomington, 111.

Humes, Ralph H., R.F.D. 2, Box 77, Miami, Fla.

Ingram, Dr. William Marcus, Dept, of Zoology, Mills College, Oakland 13, Cal.

Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, Dr. Walter H.a 124 West 93 st., New York 25, N. Y.

Jacobson, Morris K.. 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jaume, Dr. Miguel L., 13 No. 351 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Jeffries, Frank L., 26 Rhode Island Ave. N.W., Washington, D. C.

Johnson, Mrs. Edward M., Box 444, Falmouth, Mass.

Johnson, Richard I.. 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnson, W. G., 149 E. Broadway, Milford, Conn., and 921 24th Ave. N., St. Peters-
burg, Fla.

Jones, Dr. David T., Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Miami Univ., Oxford, O. Res. S18
E. Fifth St., Vinton, Iowa.

Kanakoff, George P., Los Angeles County Museum, Exposition Park, Los Angeles 7,
Cal.

Kay, Miss Alison, Box 218, Mills College, Oakland, Cal.

Keen, Mrs. Ernest B., 2241 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Cal.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.

Kelly, Ramon T., 1110 N. Jefferson, Jackson, Mich.

Kilman, J. R., M.D., and Mrs., 1405 N. 5th St., Temple, Tex.

Kimball, S. L., P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Cal. Conus and Cypraea.

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3315 N. W. 46th St., Miami 42, Fla.

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Kondo, Yoshio, Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, Hawaii.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells.

Kunberger, Mrs. Louise, 1408 Linden St., Reading, Pa.

30

Lange, Dr. W. Harry, Div. of Entomology and Parasitology, College of Agri., Univ. of
Cal., Davis, Cal.

La Rivers, Ira, Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Great Basin f. w. mollusks.
LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, Dept, of Geology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, O. Fresh water
shells; also Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.

Lee, Charles Bruce, 1009 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, Mich. Exch. land shells.

Leech, Claire, P. O. Box 2785, St. Petersburg, Fla. General coll.

Leech, Miss Iva Lee, Route 1, Box 544, Pompano Beach, Fla.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Libby, Mrs. Ruth H., 817 Carson St., Long Beach 7, Cal. Col.

Locklin, Mr. and Mrs. Charles R., 636 16th Ave. N. E., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Lockwood, Miss Mary Ann, 4721 Yuma St. NW., Washington 16, D. C.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Lutz, Prof. Louis, Biological Dept., Lincoln Memorial Univ., Harrogate, Tenn
Conchology; zoology.

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

MaoFarland, Dr. and Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez St., Stanford, Cal.

MacKay, Mrs. Olivia Hazelwood, 102 S. W. 5th Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex.

MacMillan, Gordon K., Invertebrate Lab., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Maeda, Kazuo, 602 Judd St., Honolulu 44, T. H.

Marks, E. Sidney, The Maples, Leonards, N. J. Exch. land and f.w. shells.

Marshall, William B., 1818 17th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, III.
Mattox, Dr. N. T., College of Agriculture, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Marine gastropods
and Ostrea.

McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCulloch, Dr. Irene, Allen Hancock Foundation, Univ. of Southern Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal.

McFarlin, James B., 410 34th St. W., Bradenton, Fla. Florida shells.

McGinty, Paul L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

McGinty, Paul P., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, land, f. w. and marines.
McGinty, Thomas L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.
McLean, North, Washington, Conn.

McLean, Richard A., 4 College St., Hanover, N. H.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill, Mass.
Merrill, Arthur, General Delivery, Summerville, S. C

Merrill, Mrs. Maynard, 423 N. Elmwood Ave., Traverse City, Mich. Foreign shells.
Merryfield, Donald J., P. O. Box 38, Tiffin, Ohio.

Mertens, Mrs. Adele, 167 Bay Front Dr., Baldwin, Long Island, N. Y.

Miller, Daniel, Box 302, Reisterstown, Md.

Moberg, Mrs. Alexander G., 122 Billings St., N. Quincy, Mass.

Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 5290 S. W. 6th St., Miami 34, Fla.

Montgomery, Wayne T., P. O. Box 1671, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Moore, D. R., Box 1 14, Hobe Sound, Fla.

Moore, Dr. Merrill, 10 Crabtree Rd., Squantum 71, Mass.

Morris, Percy A., Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., New Haven Conn.

Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washing-
ton 25, D. G

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

31

Naylor, W. E., 3616 Curlew St., San Diego, Cal.

Nead, Dr. John Hunter, 33 Wildwood Rd., Hammond, Ind.

Nelson, Frank J., 1856 Madison St., Brooklyn 27, N. Y.

Newcombe, Curtis L., Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Res.
287 Oakland St., Birmingham, Mich.

Newell, Norman D., Dept, of Invertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.

New York Shell Club, c/o M. K. Jacobson, 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y.

Nicol, David, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111.

O’Beirne, Joseph P., P. O. Box 38, Pacific Grove, Cal. West coast shells.

Otis, Mrs. Helen, 1825 First St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Dept, of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada.
Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Parker, John Dyas„ Dept, of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia J,
Pa.

Paul, Joyann, 252 Spruce Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. General mollusca.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Box 827, Asheville, N. C.

Peters, Miss Sally W., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla.

Peters, Mrs. William I. Jr., 1 N.W. 71st St., Miami 38, Fla. Florida shells.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The J^autilus.

Ploeger, Mrs. Luvenia Kelly, 1230 S. Dixie Highway. Lake Worth, Fla.

Poliak, Mrs. Herman H., 1104 E. 46th St., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence, Dept, of Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N. J.

Pomeroy, Mrs. Sarah W., 1026 James Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Price, Arthur C., 2618 Wellington Rd., Los Angeles, Cal.

Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, Orleton Farm, Stockbridge, Mass.

Pulley, Thomas C., Dept, of Biol., The Univ. of Houston, 3801 St. Bernard St.,

Houston 4, Tex.

Rafelson, Morland B., Casa Morlu, Cuajimalpa, Mexico, D. F.

Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Rand, Mrs. George C., Box 267, Delray Beach, Fla.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clark St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Reed, Paul H., Box 267, Tavares, Fla. Editor Mollusca.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Rex, Miss Edith R., 417 Redondo Ave., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Risser, Mrs. Elizabeth, 512 S. Lakeside Dr., Lake Worth, Fla.

Rivero, Dr. Luis Howell, Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba.
Robertson, Mr. and Mrs. Harold R., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Robertson, Miss H. Winifred, 203 S. De Kalb St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Roscoe, Ernest J., 2364 S. 9th East, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Ross, James M., P. O. Box 179, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Russell, Henry D., Duxbury, Mass.

Russell, Dr. L. S., Royal Ontario Museum of Paleontology, Toronto, Ont,

Ruth, Ferdinand S., 1111 Seaview Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. Acmaea.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saxby, John G., 846 47th Ave., San Francisco 2 , Cal.

Schiro, Miss Katherine, 2702 7th Ave., Tampa, Fla.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo Ave., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

32

Schweitzer, Dr. and Mrs. Jerome M., Suite 2505, 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Bedford Rd., R.F.D. 4, Greenwich, Conn.

Scofield, G. Vincent, 1112 Highland Rd., Edgewood, Charleston 2, W. Va. Photographing
sea shells.

Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarice, R. R. 1, Port Angeles, Wash.

Sergent, Mr. and Mrs. Lacy H., "Lacy Manor,” 196 S. E. 14 Lane, Miami, Fla.

Shepard, Miss Miriam, Box 164, Route 2, Portland 10, Ore.

Shetrone, Henry C., 3038 Crescent Dr., Columbus 4, Ohio. Ethno-conchology.

Shumate, Miss Agnes J., P. O. Box 474, Ocean Park, Cal.

Sillman, Emmanuel I., Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Medical
malacology.

Silverman, Alex, 1001 Surf Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Smit, Walter, Room 319, Men’s Dormitory, College of Mines, El Paso, Tex.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, 32 West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Mrs. Cassat, 41 Walker St., Cambridge, Mass.

Smith, Egbert T., 1313 First St., Fort Myers, Fla, Fort Myers Gift Shop.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Maxwell, Box 65, Winter Park, Fla.

Smith, Dr. Osgood R., 252 High St., Newburyport, Mass. Biology of My a cvrencvria and
related forms.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P., Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Sprague, Miss Myrle A., 552 Eldora, Pasadena 6, Cal.

Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.

Stephens, Dr. T. C., 2024 S. Royce St., Siouk City 20, la.

Stingley, Dale V., 4813 Middaugh Ave., Downers Grove, 111. East coast shells.

Stocker, Mrs. Charlotte A., 204 N. Hawley St., Toledo 7, O.

Strohbeen, John P., 1135 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, A. M., 215 West Fifth St., Room 1212, Los Angeles 13, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 34 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Swan, Emery F., Univ. of Washington, Oceanic Lab., Friday Harbor, Wash.

Taylor, Mrs. Daisy, Box 839, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Taylor, Mrs. Ernestine, 2502 Massachusetts, Tampa 3, Fla.

Taylor, Dwight Willard, Webb School, Claremont, Cal. Coll, and exch. N. A. mollusks.
Teare, Mrs. Margaret M., 681 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C, 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo 10, N. Y. Coll, and exch.

Thaanum, Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thayer, William F., 17 N. Balch St., Hanover, N. H. Fla. shells.

Thomas, W. Donald, 1017 Hardee Rd., Coral Gables 34, Fla.

Tobleman, Fred, 13J/2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, de la, Dr. Alfredo, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Torre, de la, Dr. Carlos Avenida 7a y Calle 32, Reparto Miramar, Marianao, Habana,
Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills, N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.
Trethewey, Mrs. Aurora, 1129 Alberta PL, San Diego 3, Cal.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W„ 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit 21, Mich.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History, Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

33

Van Riper, Dr. Mildred J., 144*76 Sanford Ave., Flushing, N. Y.

Van Slyke, Mrs. Jewell, Estero Blvd., Fort Myers, Beach, Fla.

Van Story, Mrs. F. P., 1765 Peachtree Rd., Atlanta, Ga. Seashells of Georgia and Florida i
and St. Simons Is., Ga.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P., 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasques, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vatikiotis, Sozon, P. O. Box 633, 136 Spring Ave., Tarpon Springs, Fla. Sponge diver;
dealer in shells.

Vilas, Mrs. C. N., Room 700, 100 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 2, 111., and Box 108, Sara- ■
sota, Fla.

Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 19150 Rainbow Dr., Birmingham, Mich.

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Voss, Gilbert, Hypoluxo, Fla.

Walton, Munroe L., 1108 West Central Ave., Glendale 2, Cal. Land snails.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Waterman, Dr. George A., 250 Beacon St., Boston 16, Mass.

Watson, Henry D., M.D., 151 Front St., Binghamton, N. Y.

Webb, Glenn R., Ohio P. O., 111. Land and f. w. Snails. Land snail biology and anatomy.
Webber, Fred S., 27 Sycamore St, Holyoke, Mass.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weber, Jay A., 1400 N. E. 108 St., Miami 38, Fla.

Weber, Miss Martha O., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Webster, Conley, 445 Park Ave., Lexington 19, Ky. Ky. mollusca; lit. on f.w. mollusca
and land shells.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wehringer, Henry G., M.D., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Welch, Dr. d’Alte A., John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland 18, Ohio.
Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Harry E., Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, N. C
Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Wilcox, Ernest N., 1738 Johnson Ave., San Luis Obispo, Cal.

Wilcox, LeRoy, Oceanic Duck Farm, Speonk, L. I., N. Y.

Williams, Mrs. Nellie C., 4216 Meredith Ave., Omaha, Neb.

Williamson, Mr. and Mrs. George M., 2033 Red Rd., Coral Gables, Fla.

Wilson, Druid, Frostproof, Fla.

Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Woolstenhulme, Jack P., Dept, of Zoology, Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio.

Wright, Dr. Charles R., 1502 6th St., Sanger, Cal.

Wrigley, Rev. G. K., Bishopthorpe, Belize, B. H.

Wurtz, Charles B., 3247 Disston St. Philadelphia 24, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.

Young, Mr. and Mrs. Henry S., 501 South Ave., Pittsburgh 21, Pa.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,

Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Butot, Sgt. L. J. M., 1 Cie, T. H. K. Troepen, c. Div. 7, Dec. Velpost Bandoeng, Java
Burrows, Commander W., c/o Standard Bank of S. Africa, Adderley St., Cape Town,
S. Africa.

Pfeiffer, Dr. Karl, Kassel, Rammelsburg, Germany

A. G. Stevenson, 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland S*2, N. Z. Exch. shells
and publications.

Wheare, Elmer T., Androssen, Queensland, Australia.

34

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1949-1950
OFFICERS

President Dr. Fritz Haas

Vice-President . Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison

Second Vice-President ( Chairman, A.M.U.P.) John Q. Burch

treasurer Harold R. Robertson

Secretary Mrs. Harold R. Robertson

C ouncillors-at-Large

Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo, Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert,

Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel

Past Presidents Remaining on the Council without Re-Election: Dr. Henry
A. Pilsbry (1931-1932); Dr. Paul Bartsch (1933); Prof. Junius Henderson
(1934)*; William J. Clench (1935); Calvin Goodrich (1936); Dr. Joshua
L. Baily, Jr., (1937); Dr. Carlos de la Torre (1938); Maxwell Smith (1939);
Dr. Horace B. Baker (1940); Dr. Harald A. Rehder (1941); Frank Collins
Baker ( 1942 ) *; Dr. Louise M. Perry ( 1943 ) ; Dr. Henry van der Schalie ( 1944-
1947 ) ; Dr. A. Myra Keen ( 1948) ; Dr. Elmer G. Berry ( 1949 ).

* Deceased

Chairman ...

Vice-Chairman

Secretary -Treasurer

PACIFIC DIVISION
OFFICERS

John Q. Burch

Dr. Leo G. Hertlein

Dr. Wendell O. Gregg

IN MEMORIAM

William J. Bower
Dr. C. Montague Cooke, Jr.
Dr. L. K. Darbaker
Dr. T. Van Hyning

35

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

CONSTITUTION ADOPTED 1931

1. This society shall be called "The American Malacological Union/’

2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of malacology by hold-
ing meetings for reading and discussion of papers, and for furthering ;
the interests of students and collectors of shells by facilitating acquaint-
ance and co-operation among the members.

3. Membership shall be limited to persons resident in the Americas and
Hawaii. New members may be proposed by two members and balloted
for by the Council. They shall pay an annual subscription (dues) of
$1.00. They will receive without other charge all notices, programs,
lists of members, etc., issued by the Union.

Note: In practice the Council ballots have been delegated to the
Secretary.

4. The following officers shall be elected annually by ballot: President,
Vice-President, two Secretaries and Treasurer.

5. The Union will be governed by a council consisting of the officers
and four other members to be elected annually by ballot.

i'H

6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be
fixed by the preceding annual meeting. Other meetings may be called
by the Council. Meetings of local branches may be held as such
branches may determine.

7. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when signed by five
members and passed by the Council shall be acted upon at the next
annual meeting. Concurrence of three-fourths of the ballots cast is
necessary for any alteration.

8. The NAUTILUS is hereby designated as the official organ of the Union.

RESOLUTIONS

That there be an honorary membership for such as have contributed
in an outstanding way to American conchology. — Adopted May 26,
1932. (The late Charles Torrey Simpson, Bryant Walker, and Victor
Sterki were honorary members ) .

That there be a corresponding membership for those not resident in
the Americas. — Adopted May 26, 1932.

That the Council shall consist of the officers, honorary and past presi-
dents, and members at large not to exceed four. Members of the Council
present at any annual meeting shall constitute a quorum. — Adopted
August 3, 1937.

That the Chairman of the Pacific Coast Branch be a Second Vice-
President. — Adopted August 26, 1948.

36

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL UNION

News Bulletin and

Annual Report

19 5 0

Membership List Revised,
December, 1950

CONTENTS

Page

Carlos de la Torre y de la Huerta, Paul Bartsch 1

Sixteenth Annual Meeting, Margaret Teskey 7

American Ellobiidae, J. P. E. Morrison 8

A Trip to the Great Falls of the Potomac, G. K. MacMillan 11

Mollusks Inhabiting Some Temporary Pools, Ralph W. Dexter 11

Some Aspects of Ecology of Stenotrema hirsutum (Say), C. B. Lee 14

Molluscan Faunas and Climatic Changes in High Plains Provinces,

A. B. Leonard 15

Pearly Mussels of Marais des Cygnes R., Kan., R. W. Reese 15

Columellar Armature of Cuban Urocoptid Land Snails, Paul Bartsch 16

How I Prepare Radulae, J. P. E.^ Morrison 16

Method of Raising Snails at National Institutes of Health, E. G. Berry 17

Members and Visitors in Attendance 18

Minutes of Third Annual Meeting, Pacific Division, W. O. Gregg 19

Exemplified Discussion of Shell Development, A. Sorensen 19

Exotic Mollusca in California, Howard R. Hill 20

Taxonomy of the Gastropoda, Joshua L. Baily, Jr 20

Some Notes on Placostylus, Walter J. Eyerdam 21

Species of the Cardiid Genus Clinocardium, A. Myra Keen 22

Ancestral History of Living Brachiopoda, A. Myra Keen 22

Conchology In My Own Back Yard, Ernest N. Wilcox 23

Pearl Oysters of the Gulf of California, Leo G. Hertlein 23

Collecting Land Snails in Southeastern Arizona, W. O. Gregg 24

Upper Pleistocene Fauna of Newport Bay Mesa, George P. Kanakoff 25

Some Notes on Neverita, E. P. Chace 26

Our Member Clubs 27

Acknowledgments 30

Seventeenth Annual Meeting: Announcement..... 30

Active Members 31

Corresponding Members 39

Officers 39

Dr. Carlos de la Torre

CARLOS DE LA TORRE Y DE LA HUERTA

May 15, 1858 — February 19, 1950
Paul Bartsch

Don Carlos was born at Rio 37, Matanzas City, on the 15th day of May,
1858. He was the son of Bernabe de la Torre y Fernandes, a native of Santiago
de Cuba, and Rosa de la Huerta y Roque of Matansas. Dr. de la Torre’s father
was a professor at the “Colegio La Empresa,” and also its director. His father
was also the founder of the schools “Los Norm ales” and “San Carlos” in
Matansas. Dr. de la Torre’s mother was a daughter of Dr. Santiago de la
Huerta, a lawyer of Matansas.

At the age of 7, Don Carlos entered the primary grades of “La Empresa,”
and at 10 he entered the secondary school of “La Empresa.” When “La
Empresa” was closed for political reasons, he transferred to the Instituto de
Matansas, where he completed the second and third year. He studied here
from 1869 to 1871. From this he advanced to “Los Normales,” founded in
1870 by his father and other ex-Professors of “La Empresa.” After graduating
from this, he entered the Instituto de la Habana on a four-years1 course. In
1872 to 1873 he interrupted these studies to assist Don Francisco Jimeno in
establishing a museum at “Los Normales,” thus following his bent in natural
history. Here he also assisted G. Gysler in chemistry and taxidermy.

Resuming his studies in the Instituto de la Habana, he was graduated in
1874 as an outstanding student from that institution with the title of “Bachiller
de Artes.”

In October 1874, he entered the “Real Universidad de la Habana,” sub"
scribing to courses intended as a foundation for medicine and pharmacy, stress"
ing physics, botany, zoology, and mineralogy. It was here that he fell under
the influence of that eminent scholar and philosopher, Professor Felipe Poey,
whose mantle was later to fall upon his shoulders. It was Poey who brought
the flame kindled by Jimeno to a real blase.

He finished the first and second year in medicine with high honors in
1875-6, and in these years he helped Dr. Babe and Dr. Ramon Forns in the
Museum at the Academy of Sciences of Havana.

In 1877 he was forced, through illness, to interrupt his medical studies,
and he returned to Matansas, where among other subjects, he taught natural
history in “Los Normales” and “San Carlos,” being engaged at the same time
in serious natural-history studies with Jimeno.

In 1880, he returned to the University and continued his studies in the
third year of medicine and his second year in pharmacy, and at the same time
he registered in thirteen subjects in natural history, all of which were com-
pleted with his major endeavors, in which he received the degree of Licenciado
en Ciencias Naturales.

Don Carlos next went to Spain to enroll at the University of Madrid for
the degree of Doctor en Ciencias Naturales, which degree he achieved Novem-
ber 1, 1883, having successfully defended the thesis “The Geographic Distribu-
tion of the Mollusk Fauna of Cuba;” published in Encyclopedia, Havana.

(1)

Having obtained his doctor’s degree, he cast about for a teaching position.
It so happened that at the time Puerto Rico was looking for a Professor of
Natural History at the “Institute. ” Don Carlos made an application for the
position, and became the successful competitor, receiving the appointment
December 22, 1883. He occupied this Professorship from 1884 to April 1,
1885.

In the meantime, the “Real Universidad de la Habana” held a competitive
examination to fill the chair of Comparative Anatomy. In this examination
Don Carlos again proved to be the successful candidate. He therefore left his
position in Puerto Rico at the end of the scholastic year, April 1885, to assume
his new duties at the “Real Universidad de la Habana.” This made him an
associate of his much admired Professor Poey. At the University he taught
various subjects attached to his Department in addition to Comparative Anat-
omy, among them Mollusca and Zoophyta and the Systematic Zoology, includ-
ing Vertebrates, Articulates, Mollusca, and Zoophytes.

In 1896 his leaning toward the independence of Cuba caused him to be
dropped by royal order from the rolls of the “Real Universidad de la Habana.”
During this banishment he accepted the tutorship of young Luis Estevez, the
son of Luis Estevez and Marta Abreu. With this family he visited various
parts of Europe during the Cuban Insurrection, stressing the museums in most
countries of Europe except Spain. This brought him in contact with many of
Europe’s foremost naturalists, especially the leaders in malacology.

At the close of the revolution, when Cuba had achieved its independence,
he returned to the island and was reinstated at the University of Havana in
January, 1899, as head of the Department of Comparative Anatomy, with
various other topics previously attached thereto. To these subjects were also
added Geology, Petrography and Paleontology, as well as Evolution of Plants
and Animals.

The reorganization of the University in 1900 enabled him to drop most of
the subjects, concentrating his endeavors upon Comparative Anatomy, Biology,
and Zoology.

While engaged in teaching at the University of Havana he enrolled in
studies leading to certain degrees. Of these the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy
was bestowed upon him in 1921 and Doctor of Medicine in 1922.

The Department headed by him expanded steadily, requiring still further
rearrangement, and in 1934 his personal endeavors were devoted to General
Zoology, both Vertebrate and Invertebrate, and Zoogeography.

In 1936 the University honored him by making him Emeritus Professor
which gave him more time for research in his chosen field, Mollusca, to which
he had been wedded since his boyhood days with Jimeno.

His broad knowledge of science and humanity made him an important
figure in the administration of the University affairs, where he occupied the
position of Dean of the School of Science and Letters, 1920-21. From this he
was advanced to the Presidency of the University in 1921, which position he
filled until 1923, greatly acclaimed by faculty, student, and the general public.

The Department of Letters and Science being separated, he was appointed
Dean of Science in 1930, 1933, and 1935.

His success as teacher is well attested by the faculty positions now occu-
pied by his students, among which we may mention :

A. Mestre and Carlos Garcia Robiou in Anthropology

(2)

Victor Rodriguez in Biology

C. G. Aguayo, Pedro J. Bermudez, Luis Howell and Abelardo Moreno in
Zoology

R. de la Torre in Paleontology

J. Fernandez de la Arena, in Comparative Anatomy
all of whom are now Professors at the University.

To these must be added the many leaders teaching in the educational
institutions scattered through the island who began by kindling their torch in
his classroom in 1874 and continued to so do for 75 years, carrying the flame
to the farthermost corners of the island.

In addition to his University endeavors he occupied numerous civic posL
tions in the island, among which should be mentioned :

1901 — July to January 1902, he served on the Mayor’s Council of Election at Habana.

1902 — He was elected Mayor of Habana on January 8, assuming the duties of that
position January 17, and continuing in that office until the 30th of May, when
he was elected by the Province of Habana to serve as a representative on the
First Constitutional Assembly for the Establishment of a Cuban Republic. In this
Assembly he was chosen President.

1934 — He became President of the Council of State and Member of the Council of
Secretaries by Presidential appointment.

1934-49 — He was the Director of the Department of Biology of the Technical Council
of the Institute Finlay.

During his many years of service Don Carlos was frequently charged
with representing his government at various important scientific meetings in
various parts of the world. Some of these duties were :

1890 — He was called to head a Committee to investigate Pre-Columbian man in Puerto
Rico, Santa Domingo, and Oriente, and secure material for an exhibit covering
this subject, to be shown at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago,
Illinois, U.S.A.

1895-7 — During the duration of Cuba’s War of Independence Dr. de la Torre studied
the collections at the Museums of Natural History in Paris and London, which
enabled him to rectify many erroneous concepts in nomenclature.

1903 — He spent from June to September at the Exposition installing the collection and
serving as a judge on the Jury of Awards in Geology and Mines. (The collec-
tions then exhibited are now housed in the Academy of Science and University
of Havana.)

1904 — He was sent as Commissioner of Public Instruction to the Exposition at St. Louis,
Missouri, U.S.A. and to Washington and Philadelphia to renew scientific
relations.

1906 — He served as Official Delegate of the Cuban Government at the Tenth Interna-
tional Congress of Geology held in Mexico City, Mexico.

1910 — He served as Cuban Official Delegate at the Eighth International Zoological
Congress held at Graz, Austria, in August, and he also served as Official Cuban
Delegate to the Eleventh International Geological Congress at Stockholm, Sweden,
in September. Here he delivered a paper on the discovery of the Jurassic at
Vinales, Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba, and on the Discovery of Mammalian
fossils at Jatibonico, Camaguey Province, Cuba.

He also visited the University of Madrid, Spain, his Alma Mater, to study Poey’s
extensive Manuscript on Cuban Fishes.

1912 — He represented Cuba at the Commencement Celebration of Harvard University.
At these exercises he was the recipient of the Honorary degree of Doctor of
Science.

1920 — He visited the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C., to discuss nomen-
clatorial problems pertaining to Cuban Ichthyology to rectify Poey’s MS, Also
to study Cuban land1 shells in the Museum’s collection.

1925 — He again visited the Museum for similar purposes.

(3)

1927 — He again returned to the University of Madrid and brought Poey’s Manuscript
on Cuban Fishes which had been deposited in that Institution to Havana. This
consisted of four volumes. To these he has added a supplemental volume with
nomenclatorial corrections and explanations and additions to that memorial
paper. These wonderful plates and texts appear to have reached page proof, but
their issue has unfortunately been held up for lack of funds.

193 2' 3 — He was exiled from Cuba during her trying political disturbances, spending
part of his time at the University of Miami, working over their molluscan collec'
tion and part of the time at the American Museum of Natural History in New
York City and the U. S. National Museum at Washington, D. C., where he was
similarly engaged1.

1936 — He attended the meeting of the American Malacological Union at St. Peters'
burg, Florida, where he was elected Vice'President.

1937 — He visited the Museum at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and attended the meeting
of the American Malacological Union at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he was
elected President of the Union, after which he visited the Steinheil Aquarium
which was to serve as an example for a Cuban Aquarium, and also made inquiries
of publishers as to printing his color plates of Cuban fishes that will supplement
the Poey Manuscript at Chicago, Illinois.

1938 — Saw the memorable meeting of the American Malacological Union at Havana,
Cuba during Don Carlos’ Presidency of the Union. Here its members were
entertained by the Cuban government. Not only that, but they were carried to
the island from Key West, Florida, and returned to that port by an official Cuban
vessel. The program presented and its field strips were as outstanding as the
Cuban hospitality.

1939 — Don Carlos attended the meeting of the American Malacological Union at Ton
onto, Canada, and then spent the rest of the summer at Washington studying
with Dr. Bartsch.

Official Delegate of the Cuban Government and President of the Cuban Com'
mission to the Eighth American Scientific Congress at Washington, D. C.

Don Carlos attended1 the meeting of the American Malacological Union at Rock'
land, Maine, U.S.A., then spent the rest of the summer at Washington, working
on the Cuban Land Mollusk Manuscript of the family Annularidae.

PAPERS PUBLISHED ON CUBAN MOLLUSKS
BY DR. DE LA TORRE

“Distribution geografica de los moluscos terrestres de Cuba”
published by the “Revista Enciclopedia”, Habana.

1909 — “Descriptions of two new Cuban Land Shells”, Nautilus, volume 23, pp. 49' 50,
pi. 4.

1911 — “New Cuban Urocoptides”, Nautilus, volume 25, pp. 42'48.

1912 — “New Cuban Urocoptis of the U. cinerea Group”, Nautilus, volume 26, pp.
5 5b58.

1912 — “New Cuban Urocoptis of the U. cinerea Group” continued, volume 26, pp.
66'69.

1914 — “A New Cuban Species of Brachypodella”, Nautilus, volume 28, p. 5.

1920 — “A New Opisthosiphon from Cuba” by Carlos de la Torre and John B. Hender'
son (privately printed).

1921 — “New Mollusks from Camaguey and Santa Clara Province, Cuba, by Carlos
de la Torre and John B. Henderson, Proc. U. S. National Museum, volume 59,
pp. 247'267, pis. 38'42.

1930 — “New Cuban Urocoptidae”, by Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Proceedings of The
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, volume 81, pp. 443'447, and
figures.

1930 — “Two New Varieties of Urocoptis livida”, by Dr. Carlos de la Torre and Wib
liam J. Clench, Nautilus, volume 44, pp. 15'16.

1932 — “New Cuban Cerions”, by Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Nautilus, volume 45, pp.
89'91.

1940—

1941—

(4)

1932 — “Some New Cuban Urocoptis” by Carlos de la Torre, Nautilus, volume 45, pp.
86*89.

1936 — “The Cuban Operculate Land Shells of the Subfamily Chondropominae”, by Dr.
Carlos de la Torre and Paul Bartsch, Proc. U. S. National Museum, volume 85,
no. 3039, pp. 193*403, figs. 7M01, pis. 7*39.

1938 — “A new Cuban Polydontes”, by Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Nautilus, volume 52,
pp. 37*38.

1939 — “Notes on the type of Helix (Helicogona) gilvus Ferussac”, by Dr. Carlos de la
Torre, Nautilus, volume 52, pp. 77*78.

1941 — “The Cuban Operculate Land Mollusks of the family Annulariidae exclusive of
the subfamily Chondropominae”, by Carlos de la Torre and Paul Bartsch, Proc.
U. S. National Museum, volume 89, no. 3096, pp. 131*385, plates 9*57.

1942 — “The Cyclophorids Operculate Land Mollusks of America”, by Carlos de la
Torre, Paul Bartsch, and Joseph P. E. Morrison, Bull. 181, U. S. National
Museum, pp. 1*306, pis. 1*42.

1942 — “A Revision of the Classification of the Operculate Land Mollusks of Cuba
belonging to the Family Annulariidae and a List of the known species and sub*
species”, by Carlos de la Torre and Paul Bartsch, Proceedings of the Eighth
American Scientific Congress, Washington, volume 3, Biological Sciences, pp.
335*379.

1943 — “Nueva subspecie de Zachrysia petitiana (d’Orb.), by Carlos de la Torre y
Huerta and Abelardo Moreno, Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia
Natural, volume 17, pp. 59*60, text figs, and' pis. 5*6.

“A Monograph on the Genus Polymita”, by Carlos de la Torre and Abelardo
Moreno (in print).

“The Cuban Terrestrial Mollusks of the Family Urocoptidae”, by Carlos de la
Torre and Paul Bartsch, M.S. completed, pp. ?, 54 text figs, and 69 pis.

A FEW OF THE HONORS THAT HAVE BEEN CONFERRED

ON DON CARLOS

Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. 1883 y 1910.

Acad'emico de Merito de la de Ciencias Medicas, Piaicas y Naturales, Havana. Nov.
11, 1910.

Socio de Merito y Medalla commemoration de la Soc. Cubana de H. N. Mayo 15,
1918.

Socio de Merito y Diploma especial de la Sociedad Economica, el 9 de Enero de 1923.
Socio de Honor de la Sociedad Geografica de Cuba, el 7 de Junio de 1926.

Honorary Life Member of the American Museum of Natural History. New York, Oct.
18, 1911.

Doctor of Sciences, Honoris Causa: “Carolum de la Torre y Huerta, rerum naturae
publicarumque peritum, inter molluscarum sinus Mexicani investigatores primum,
qui conchis priscis effosis historiam sub terranearum Cubae penitus novavit.
“Pres., Lowel. Senatus Collegii Harvardiani Academicus. Cantabrigiae, Mass.,
Junii XX* MDCCCCXII.

Corresponding Member (Limited to 22) of The American Museum of Natural History
(1923*1928). “because of active interest in scientific research.” N. Y. Feb. 5,
1923. Osborn, Pres.

Miembro de la Academia Imperial Alemana de Naturalietas de Halle. June 15, 1926.
Vice-President de “The American Malacological Union” 1931. Electro en St. Peters-
burg, Fla. 1936.

Gran Cruz de Carlos Manuel de Cespedes. Condecorado por el Pres. C. Mendieta.
Abril 193 5.

Chevalier de L’Ordre National de La Legion d’honneur. Paris, de 29, Mai, 1936.
Condecoration.

Medalla de Oro y Diplome de Honor de Hijo Predilecto de la Cindad de Matanzas.
Abril 7, 1913.

Presidente de la Soc. Cub. de Hist. Nat. “F. Poey”.

Presidente de Honor de la Soc. Malacologica “C. de la Torre”.

Miembro de Honor de la Soc. Cubana para la Proticcion de la Naturaleza.

(5)

How well Don Carlos’ molluscan studies have been recognised is evb
denced by his election to the Presidency of The American Malacological Union
as well as the creation of Sociedad Malacologica “Carlos de la Torre” at the
University of Havana. He was largely responsible for the purchase of the
Gundlach collection and its installation at the Institute of Havana. Likewise
does he deserve credit for the establishment of the Museum at the University
of Havana. He also provided a fine collection of mollusks to the Centro
Superior Tecnologico at Ceiba del Agua, and later sponsored a small museum
at Galiano Street, Havana, which was open to the public not only in the day
time, but enabled the rank and file to enjoy viewing its treasures during their
leisure hours in the evening up to ten at night and during holidays, a feature
not made possible by any other institution. I was greatly impressed by the
interest shown by the visitors and the splendid attendance during a number
of evening visits made by me to this little Museum, which gave great pleasure
to Dr. de la Torre.

At his home Don Carlos was subjected to an endless number of calls from
persons seeking his advice or help. These constant interruptions, to which he
lent a sympathetic ear, cut deeply into the studies in progress. To gain time
for his work, he developed an ingenious arrangement of his daily hours, which
consisted of sleeping through most of the forenoon, attending to classes or
meeting his callers in the afternoon, and working upon his favorite studies —
the mollusca — from the close of day to the wee small hours of the morning.
This was a marvelous arrangement for an ever busy man, but a bit trying to
his partner, who was not infrequently found napping after the hour hand had
passed the midnight point.

I doubt if in the entire island of Cuba there was another man so univer'
sally known and beloved as Don Carlos. His work in preparing text for
primary and secondary schools had carried his name into every home in the
island, while his genial personality and lovable disposition made him beloved
and welcome wherever he tarried in his extensive expeditions in the field.

Ofttimes, on our collecting trips, I was impressed with his approach to
the rural community. Having identified himself by asking the youngsters sur'
rounding us, whose text book they were using, he would point out to them that
he was the man who had written it. He thus at once became the marked man
to whom the young and old flocked. Explaining that he was in quest of land
shells, he would turn the place into a veritable collecting camp, and caused it
to be scoured for specimens. Many sharp eyes and willing fingers soon amassed
a lot of everything the region had to offer. Not only that, but in many in'
stances many collectors were produced who continued to send to Don Carlos
material for years to come. Some especially gifted entered his services to collect
in places beyond their homediorizon.

It was Don Carlos’ genial, stimulated personality that caused students to
flock to his courses at the University, carrying from its portals his profound
interest in the things of the out'of'doors to the farthest reaches of the island.

All of this resulted in a continuous flood of material being sent to the
Professor as an appreciative return for the interest in the out'of'doors which
he had kindled in their hearts. This eventually resulted in the amassing of
his unrivalled collection.

(6)

IB

I

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
CHICAGO, ILL., JUNE 14, 15, 16, 1950

Conchological history was made in Chicago when, on June 14th, 1950,
the American Malacological Union, represented by 36 delegates, assembled
for the sixteenth annual meeting on the second floor of the Chicago Natural
History Museum. It was, according to Dr. Frits Haas, president and host, the
first time that so many malacologists had been together in that great city.
They came from ten states, the District of Columbia, Argentina, Egypt, and
Israeli. By noon nearly every one had arrived, and although the convention
was not officially opened until one o’clock, the Council meeting was held
during the forenoon, and at lunch hour the long table reserved in the Museum
cafeteria was the scene of much informal discussion.

A most comfortable and adequate meeting room had been provided, and
there the first session was called to order by Dr. Haas who voiced his personal
welcome, adding that he proposed to keynote the coming sessions with the
admonition, “Enjoy yourselves.” He then introduced Colonel Clifford C.
Gregg, Director of the Chicago Natural History Museum, who echoed the
greeting of Dr. Haas, observing that individuals or scientific groups are always
welcome at the Museum. He praised the work of Dr. Haas, but said that
neither of them is satisfied with the museum collection of mollusks, but that
they share the eternal hope of all museum curators, that of increased appro-
priations.

Dr. Paul Bartsch responded to Colonel Gregg, expressing gratitude in
the name of the organisation, for the opportunity of meeting at the museum
and appreciation of the planning which had provided such excellent facilities.
He urged patience and persistence in the struggle for an improved museum
collection.

Dr. Howard E. Gloyd, Director of the Chicago Academy of Arts and
Sciences, was next introduced. He spoke briefly of Frank Collins Baker with
whom a goodly number of his listeners had enjoyed personal acquaintance and
friendship. Dr. Baker was a versatile man, unusually well-informed and an
inspiration to his fellow-workers. His association with the Chicago Academy
of Arts and Sciences lasted from 1894 to 1918 from which time until his
death in 1942 he was affiliated with the University of Illinois. During both
of these periods he produced much written material.

Dr. Haas added a brief personal tribute to Dr. Baker and then made sev-
eral announcements. He relayed the invitation from Dr. Jeanne S. Schwenge!
to a cocktail party to be held the following evening, announced the offer of
Dr. Harley J. Van Cleave on behalf of the University of Illinois to furnish
copies of Baker’s monograph, “The Molluscan Family Planorbidae,” at a forty
per cent reduction in price on orders placed during this meeting, and said that
the Friday field trip would be to the Indiana Dunes and must be made by
train.

The minutes of the Council meeting were read, incorporating the treas-
urer’s condensed financial report and the secretary’s report. The following

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panel of nominated officers was presented: President, Dr. Joseph P. E. Morri-
son, Vice-President, Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel; Treasurer, Harold R. Robertson;
Secretary, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson; Councillors-at-large, Dr. Carlos G.
Aguayo, Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Dr. A. Byron Leonard.
Election of this panel was unanimous. Dr. Leo. G. Hertlein, Chairman of the
Pacific Division of the Union becomes Second Vice-President. An invitation
received from the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences to hold the 1951 meet-
ing in the Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y., was presented and
unanimously accepted.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie was asked to report on the J\[autilus index, a
project which has been several years in the making. It is now completed, and
plans for the publication are being considered. Individual support of A. M. U.
membership is absolutely essential, with perhaps a degree of financial backing
from the Union treasury. This latter had been tentatively guaranteed by the
Council. It was a large undertaking, much exhaustive and painstaking labor
went into it, and it should not be shelved at this stage.

Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison presented the first paper.

AMERICAN ELLOBIIDAE — AN ANNOTATED LIST

J. P. E. Morrison

In this geographic analysis of American species, the classification based on
genitalia and radular characters, with generic separations based on minor radu-
lar details, advocated by Odhner (Aikin-f-Zool. 17A, No. 6; Stockholm,
1925) is followed. Fortunately for the great majority of molluscan students
for whom radular studies may not be practical, the shell differences readily
observable upon critical examination corroborate these anatomic group dis-
tinctions. In other words, shell studies alone will suffice for the identification of
the 12 genera and 41 species known from American shores.

The extremely wide geographic distribution of certain species of Ellobiids,
points to either a very effective means of dispersal at some point in the life
history of the individual, or a long continued dispersal in geologic time, or
both. Will the systrophic nucleus of the adult shells of the Ellobiidae event-
ually be explained by the discovery of a pelagic larval stage? The life history
of members of this family is still almost completely unknown. Even the
simplest observations on populations, rate of growth, or discovery of the eggs
of any species will be important in filling this blank in our scientific knowledge.

Family ELLOBIIDAE
Subfamily MELAMPODINAE
Genus MELAMPUS Montfort 1810

Melampus bidentatus corneus (Deshayes) 1830: Prince Edward Island, E.
Canada, to Staten Id., N. Y.

Melampus bidentatus lineatus Say 1822: New Jersey to North Carolina,
inclusive.

Melampus bidentatus bidentatus Say 1822: South Carolina to Florida and
Texas; Tampico; Belize; Bahamas; Cuba; N. W. Jamaica; Gonave Id.,
Haiti; Tortola Id.?

Melampus bidentatus redfieldi Pfeiffer 1854: Hungry Bay and South Shore,
Bermuda Islands.

(3)

Melampus coffeus (Linnaeus) 1758: Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; His*
paniola; Puerto Rico; Culebra Id.; St. Thomas; Tortola; Antigua.

Melampus olivula (Moricand) 1844: Bahia, Brasil.

Melampus olivaceus Carpenter 1856: Terminal Id., San Francisco, Cal. to
Mazatlan, Mexico.

Melampus piriformis (Petit) 1842: Costa Rica to Ecuador and the Gala*
pagos Islands.

Genus PIRA H. 6? A. Adams 1855

Pira monile (Bruguiere) 1789: Bermuda; S. Florida; Bahamas to islands off
Honduras; N. Colombia; Cuba to Barbadoes.

Pira tabogensis (C. B. Adams) 1852: San Lucas Id., Costa Rica, to Panama
and San Jose; Pearl Islands; Cocos and the Galapagos Islands.

Genus DETRACIA Gray 1840

Detracia floridana (Shuttleworth) 1856: Delaware and Chesapeake Bays; E.
and W. Florida; Gulf coast to New Orleans, Louisiana.

Detracia clarki Morrison 1951: Florida Keys, Miami to Key West; Abaco
Id., Bahamas (drift); Punta Cajon (N.W.) and Cayo Perro, Cardenas
Bay, Cuba.

Detracia bullaoides (Montagu) 1808: Bermuda; Fernandina to Key West
and Cedar Keys; Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; St.
Croix; Tampico, Mexico.

Detracia parana Morrison 1951: Amazon River, Para, Brazil.

Detracia strigosa (Martens) 1900: Rio Goto, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica.

Detracia joseana Morrison 1946: Panama and San Jose, Pearl Islands.

Detracia graminea Morrison 1946: Panama and San Jose, Pearl Islands.

Detracia globula (Orbigny) 1837: Panama and San Jose, Pearl Islands, to

Colombia and Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Genus TRALIA- Gray 1840

Tralia ovula (Bruguiere) 1789: Bermuda; Florida Keys; Bahamas to Jamaica;
Belize; Br. Honduras; Ruatan Id., Honduras; Sabanilla, Colombia; and
Cuba to Barbadoes.

Tralia panamensis (C. B. Adams) 1852: San Lucas Id., Costa Rica to Pan'
ama and San Jose; Pearl Islands.

Tralia vanderbilti Schwengel 1939: Chatham Island, Galapagos.

Subfamily PEDIPEDINAE
Genus PEDIPES Ferussac 1821

Pedipes ovalis C. B. Adams 1849: Bermuda; Miami to Key West and Tor'
tugas, Tampa Bay and Shell Key off St. Petersburg, Florida; Andros,
Royal and Cay Sal Ids., Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica.

Pedipes mirabilis (Muhlfeld) 1818: Daytona (?), Lake Worth and Upper
Matecumbe Key; Florida Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; St. Thomas;
St. Kitts; Barbadoes; Sabanilla, Colombia.

Pedipes unisulcatus Carpenter 1866: San Pedro, Catalina Id., and San Diego,
Cal. to Lower California and mouth of Yaqui River, Mexico.

Pedipes liratus W. G. Binney 1860: Lower California and the Gulf of Cali'
fornia.

Pedipes angulata C. B. Adams 1852: Panama City and Taboga Island,
Panama.

(9)

Genus MARINULA King 1832

Marinula succinea (Pfeiffer) 1854: Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica.
Marinula rhoadsi Pilsbry 1910: Lower California, Mexico.

Marinula concinna (C. B. Adams) 1852: Panama and San Jose, Pearl Islands.
Marinula reclusiana Petit 1842: Humacao Island, Colombia.

Marinula acuta (Orbigny) 1835: Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Marinula pepita King 1832: Isla de Chiloe, Chile.

Marinula juanensis Odhner 1925: Masatierra, Juan Fernandez Islands.

Genus LAEMODONTA Philippi 1846
Laemodonta cubensis (Pfeiffer) 1854: Bermuda; Florida Keys; Bahamas;
Cuba; Jamaica; St. Thomas; Barbadoes.

Genus APODOSIS Pilsbry and McGinty 1949
Apodosis novimundi Pilsbry and McGinty 1949: Florida Keys; Bahamas;
(Cuba?) ; Jamaica.

Subfamily PYTHIINAE
Genus PHYTIA Gray 1821

Phytia myosotis borealis (Conrad) 1833: Castine, Maine to Staten Island,
New York.

Phytia myosotis marylandica (Pilsbry) 1900: Patuxent River, Maryland;
Shell Bay, W. of Chincoteague Id., Accomack Co., and Willis Wharf
and Fisherman’s Id., Northampton Co., Virginia.

Phytia bermudensis (H. 6? A. Adams) 1854: Bermuda Islands.

Phytia setifer (Cooper) 1872: Juan de Fuca, Washington, to Catalina Island,
California.

Phytia infrequens (C. B. Adams) 1852: Panama.

Phytia reflexilabris (Orbigny) 1837: Callao, Peru.

Genus BLAUNERIA Shuttleworth 1854
Blauneria heteroclita (Montagu) 1808: Alabama; Florida; Bahamas; Cuba;
Jamaica; Hispaniola.

Subfamily CASSIDULINAE
Genus MICROTRALIA Dali 1894

Microtralia occidentalis (Pfeiffer) 1854: Bermuda; Florida; Bahamas; Cuba;
Jamaica; Hispaniola.

Subfamily ELLOBIINAE
Genus ELLOBIUM Roding 1798

Ellobium pellucens (Menke) 1830: Florida; Isle a Vache, Haiti; Yucatan; N.

Venezuela; British Guiana; French Guiana.

Ellobium stagnalis (Orbigny) 1835: El Salvador; Costa Rica; Panama and
Pearl Islands; Cocos and Galapago Islands; Humacao Id., Colombia;
Guayaquil, Ecuador.

As he closed Dr. Morrison observed that his study of this group has
raised more questions than it settled. “I wish that every one would look for
these embryonic snails in plankton; we need to find the youngest Melampus

ever.”

(10)

Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan presented the second paper.

A TRIP TO THE GREAT FALLS OF THE POTOMAC

Gordon K. MacMillan

Approximately 16 miles northwest from the heart of Washington, if the
Capitol Building can be thus designated, there is to be found one of the most
striking scenic features within the vicinity of the National Capitol — the
Great Falls of the Potomac. The broad and calm stream that flows by Potomac
Park narrows suddenly above the city, cutting, at frequent intervals, deep
gullies consisting of enormous boulders of granite and jagged reefs of gneiss,
over which the turbulent water cascades majestically. Another interesting
feature of the Potomac Gorge is its peculiar situation biologically. In the cool
shadows of the steep cliffs the biota of the upland region impinges upon that
of the coastal plain to furnish one of the most productive fields for biological
study in the east. This productive field in biology, combined with the scenic
beauty of the Great Falls of the Potomac, lured seven Conchologists to visit
that region over 40 years ago for the purpose of collecting mollusca.

Sometime in May, 1910, Dr. Denry A. Pilsbry, Dr. Paul Bartsch, Dr. Wm.
Healey Dali, Dr. George H. Clapp, Dr. Bryant Walker, John B. Henderson,
Jr., and Thomas H. Aldrich travelled to the Great Falls in a caravan consisting
of two of the most modern automobiles of that day.

Ten lantern slides were used to illustrate this paper, showing the various
members of the party at different places in the Potomac Gorge. Nine addi-
tional pictures, many duplicating somewhat the slides, had been pasted on a
piece of cardboard and passed around the audience for examination.

Two of the pictured participants. Dr. Bartsch and Dr. Pilsbry, were
among Mr. MacMillan’s appreciative audience. Dr. Bartsch commented,
‘'Never did have a better time! Henderson organized the trip.” Dr. Pilsbry
remarked, “I am certainly surprised to see these pictures here. You might call
this a pre-A. M. U. meeting. We once went to Cape Fear, North Carolina,
and on that trip Walker’s sister went along.”

“THE MOLLUSKS INHABITING SOME TEMPORARY
POOLS AND PONDS IN ILLINOIS AND OHIO

Ralph W. Dexter
(Abstract)

Mollusks were collected from temporary pools and ponds in East Central
Illinois and Northeastern Ohio between 1935-50. A total of 208 vernal ponds
were examined, 23 in Illinois and 185 in Ohio. Altogether, 137 of these, 67%
of the total, were found to contain mollusks. Observations were made during
the dry seasons at certain stations, but most of the collecting was carried out in
the spring months. Pools of very diverse size, depth, and type of habitat were
examined over varying lengths of time. Seventeen species of gastropods and
3 genera of sphaeriids were collected. Mollusks were not usually abundant
in these temporary bodies of water with a few exceptions. As many as 8 species
have been collected from one pond although seldom were all present at any one
collection. The dry seasons are apparently spent under cover where the soil is
kept moist, or they burrow into the ground.

Dr. Dexter’s paper was illustrated by color slides picturing various ponds
during several seasons. He gave a list of species found with degree of abund-

(11)

ance and explained that taking the mollusks was incidental to his real purpose,
that of collecting Fairy Shrimp. Dr. Pilsbry asked if any observations were
made as to the length of time the mollusks lived after the pool dried up, having i
found that adult snails tend to bury themselves in mud and come up when
it rains. Dr. Dexter replied that he visits some ponds each month the year
round, making it a practice to visit them all in the month of March. Some
dry up for 4 months each summer, but how deep the mollusks go he was
unable to say; they always are on hand the following spring. Dr. Van Cleave
said that repopulation of pools has been thoroughly studied and reported on.

The next paper was by Dr. Paul Bartsch, “Carlos de la Torre y de la
Huerta,11 the text of which appears elsewhere in this report. As the paper
was read a large portrait of Dr. de la Torre was thrown upon the screen.
Viewing the benevolent features of this great man made even more poignant
the realisation of his loss to the malacological world.

The afternoon session was completed with this paper, and since the annual
dinner, scheduled for seven o’clock, would not begin for nearly four hours
there was ample time for the devotees of foot travel to return to the hotels by
following the sidewalks which border Chicago’s beautiful Outer Drive. The
Chicago Natural History Museum is fortunate in its pendantlike setting in the
curving necklace of lake-bordered boulevards.

The banquet was held in a private dining room on the tenth floor of the
Stevens Building and was enjoyable both socially and gastronomically. It was
the only bargain in a most expensive city; for it is a memorable occasion when
$2.50 buys fillet mignon at its finest, plus excellent service and pleasant sur-
roundings. Dinner over it was delightfully relaxing to sit back and listen to
the several speakers and to Dr. Bartsch who is at his genial best in the role of
Toastmaster.

Before beginning his introductions he requested a moment of silence in
memory of those three fellow-members who had departed this life during the
past year: Mr. Dan L. Emery, Dr. T. C. Stevens, and Dr. Carlos de la Torre.
He also asked for signatures from every one present to be sent as greetings to
Imogene and Harold Robertson and to Dr. Louise M. Perry, all unable to be
present and sadly missed.

Dr. Haas was first presented, responding to Dr. Bartsch’s question as to
why he returns each year to Bermuda by saying that each time he finds new
and more complex problems to be worked out, and that he is endeavoring to
learn their pattern if not their solution, the better to instruct his followers
how to undertake them.

Dr. Bartsch observed that Dr. Haas bears triple responsibility, for besides
his work in Bermuda he is laboring to keep Chicago to the fore in the malaco-
logical field and to carry on Frank Collins Baker’s work as investigator and
teacher. He then asked Dr. Morrison why he seeks problems in the far comers
of the globe such as Bikini. Are there no problems left to solve at home?

Dr. Morrison replied that problems are everywhere, and that lessons
learned in one’s own back yard may be applied to quite a different subject half
a world away. And there never is enough time. He once spent eight months
in the islands of Panama and came away with much left unseen and many
questions unanswered. The Bikini trip was an example of looking into other
back yards, of asking the old questions about new things, and of recognizing
the ever present and growing need for more study, more attention to data
and detail. There is a vast field for study on embryonic Cypraeidae which

(12)

he believes go through a planktonic stage which may explain the erratic dis-
tribution. Dr. Morrison concluded by relating his experience with some gus-
tatory tidbits which included roast breast of noddy bird and steamed Hippopus
maculatus which possesses the chewing qualities of a rubber boot.

Dr. Bartsch next asked Dr. Jeanne Schwengel, CkHow did you become
interested in malacology?’' Dr. Schwengel explained that a combination of
circumstances brought it all about. Her natural inclination to be a “saver”
plus finding an abundance of shells on her first visit to the Sanibel beach
brought about an effort on her part to collect them all. This was followed by
her acquaintance with Dr. Louise M. Perry, who advised discrimination and
study. In an attempt to follow this advice she consulted Dr. Bartsch, who
also advised study; by the time that she reached Philadelphia and had gained an
audience with Dr. Pilsbry her quest for knowledge had so sharpened her
resolution that she refused to be sidetracked, and when at last she was able to
convince Dr. Pilsbry that her interest was genuine and her intention to study
sincere, he agreed to act as teacher and councilor. Their association has lasted
for thirteen years, and in closing Dr. Schwengel thanked her good friend and
teacher for his kindness and patience and said that to him and to Dr. Perry
goes the credit for anything she has accomplished or may hope to accomplish
in the field of malacology.

Dr. Bartsch observed that he was sorry to have mistaken scientific seal
for idle curiosity when approached by Dr. Schwengel so many years before.
He next called on Dr. Henry Pilsbry, describing him as the Dean of American
Malacology, and asked him to relate the wonderings of a shell vagabond.

Dr. Pilsbry, recently returned from a trip to South America, said that the
United States offers more to the shell hunter, both in quantity and variety, than
does any other place in the western hemisphere with the exception of the West
Indies. For instance, in Argentina a few local species of land shells may be
very prominent in one place, a quite different lot in the next valley, with
but little intergradation. Around Buenos Aires land shells are somewhat scarce
but the aquatics are more numerous, especially in the broad, shallow reaches of
the Rio de la Plata. Minute shells such as are common in the United States are
almost entirely missing in the Argentine. A huge Pomacea occurs where the
lower slopes of the Andes merge with the borders of the Grand Chaco, and
two of these made the long trip back to the States, passing customs and im-
migration inspectors with ease since they reposed in a deep dark pocket; they
now reside in an aquarium in Philadelphia. Dr. Paradis of the Buenos Aires
museum was present at the dinner, and Dr. Pilsbry praised his work as well
as that of his associate, Dr. Carcelles; they have a magnificent collection of
mollusks there, though it may be somewhat lacking in comparative material.

As he concluded, Dr. Bartsch observed that Dr. Pilsbry never draws upon
his imagination, and said that he wished that the same might be said of others,
especially of some authors of molluscan literature. He next introduced Dr.
Harley J. Van Cleave.

Dr. Van Cleave declared that he had wormed his way into malacology;
his primary study had been of parasitic worms, and at one period, feeling him-
self in somewhat of a rut, he took up the study of Pleurocera acuta. He gave
up in disgust when he found his snails infected with Acanthocephala, the very
thing he had thought to get away from.

Dr. Elmer G. Berry, next introduced, spoke briefly of his study of Schis-
tosomiasis which has absorbed all of his time in recent years; having just re-

(13)

turned from Puerto Rico where he tested chemicals in the program of Schisto-
somiasis control being conducted. He plans to leave very soon for Africa on
another phase of this important study.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie was presented, his topic, “Making Future
Malacologists.” He asserted that the schools today can do much by steering
those groping for a lasting interest into the field where so much waits to be
done. The colleges turn out hundreds of biology students, but relatively few
of these go into zoology — perhaps one or more probably none into malacology.
He thinks that the public needs to be instructed, interested and finally steered
into this work. Much worthwhile work is accomplished by the so-called
amateurs, and we need more of them, too.

Dr. Pilsbry observed that we have not as many amateurs doing active work
as there are in England or Germany, and agreed that the public needs to be
informed and enlisted in the work.

This completed the list of speakers, and the hour was late; Dr. Bartsch
suggested that a rising vote of thanks to Dr. Haas for his efforts in organising
such an enjoyable affair was in order, and the company rose as one man to
tender a deserved ovation and end a memorable evening.

The first session of the second day was called to order at 9:30 and the
opening paper was read by Dr. van der Schalie, who explained that it was
not his own but the work of a graduate student at the University of Michigan,
Dr. Irving Kagan. “Notes on Leucochloridium.”

This paper was accompanied by slides and movies, relating the story of
the infestation of Succinea retusa, which as the intermediate host for this
trematode, harbors the brood sacs in the tentacle; the swollen, banded tentacle,
later throbs or ‘pumps’ to attract the attention of the birds which serve as
final host (in this case, the coot, or gallinule). The brood sacs containing
metacercariae are snapped up by the bird and thus an amazing cycle is com-
pleted. The colored slides were most interesting, portraying vividly the band-
ing and the abnormal swelling, while the movies recorded the pulsations and
the understandable lethargy of the snail. The fact that infected snails were
more inclined to remain in open sunlight than non infected snails was not
explained.

He closed with a plea that anyone observing this condition in Succinea
send the infected snail at once to Ann Arbor. Please send them alive, packed
in moist Sphagnum or wet tissue in a ventilated box.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF STE^OTREMA HIRSUTUM
(SAY) IN THE REGION OF ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN

Charles Bruce Lee

In March, 1949, a field program was undertaken to determine more fully
some of the aspects of the ecology of the terrestrial pulmonate, Stenotrema
hirsutum (Say) in the region of Ann Arbor, Michigan.

With the use of pH indicators and careful observations on moisture and
light, careful notes were recorded to expand the ecologic needs of this species
in such a way so as to elaborate more fully on the short coverage of Baker
(1934).

The program was carried out with coverage of four areas in the immediate
vicinity of Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County, Michigan. Three of the areas
yielded populations of the species while the fourth lacked any representation.

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The presence or absence of the animals in any area seemed to be tied intrin-
sically to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. Moisture and sunlight play addi-
tional and equally important roles. With limited equipment though, it was
only possible to measure the chemical constitution of the soil. The light and
moisture were recorded from sight observation.

On the basis of this study it was concluded that in these areas studied
Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) occurs on soil that is rich in lime as indicated
by a pH range that is decidedly alkaline.

Further the animals lie in situations that are associated with down timber,
rotting logs, boards and bark chips.

Also the best habitats appear to be flood plains just above the high water
mark of neighboring streams.

And finally, the best colonies are found in sparsely wooded regions that
permit considerable sunlight to fall on the zone inhabited by these snails.

This paper was accompanied by slides. Dr. Morrison: “Do both low and
upland forms of S. hirsutum occur in Michigan?11 Answer: “Perhaps, but I
have only found the lowland type.” Mr. George Beatty: “Do any snails take
kindly to pine areas?” Answer: “Not as a rule, but Anguispira alternats was
found abundant under these conditions during the field trip of the eleventh
annual meeting of the A.M.U. at Rockland, Maine.”

Several announcements were made at this time, and wires were read
from the absent Robertsons (Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Robertson) in Buffalo,
and from R. Tucker Abbott, who sent greetings from Zanzibar.

Dr. A. Byron Leonard, “Mulluscan Faunas and Climatic Changes in the
High Plains Provinces”

This paper was accompanied by slides which portrayed the general topog-
raphy of Kansas, which Dr. Leonard said has been gradually undergoing a
drying-up process as proved by the abundance of aquatic fossil mollusks at
ever-higher levels.

Dr. Dexter: “Was this drying-up continuous, or did it perhaps alternate?”
Answer: “We cannot be sure; due to erosion it is a hard thing to determine.”
Dr. Morrison: “How much attention has been given to the ecology of Pupil-
lidae; for instance, do they live in the grass roots?” Answer: “No effort has
been made in that direction; the Pupillidae on the Great Plains live in grassy
ravines, except Pupoides albilabris ( Pupoides marginatus). These, by the
way, the red ants collect for us, use them with coarse sand to build their hills.
Vertigo exists locally in artesian areas in the southeast section of Kansas.” Dr.
Morrison: “How about Gastrocopta cristata. We have several in the National
Museum, but none collected alive.” Answer: “In our area it occurs in great
profusion.”

Mr. Robert W. Reese, “The Pearly Mussels of the Marais des Cygnes
River, Kansas.” (Mr. Reese is at present working on the Kansas State Biologi-
cal Survey on a Fellowship.)

Colored slides of collection stations and of the mussels taken were shown.
Mr. Lee: “Of course you recognize the important part that fish play in this
cycle; have you made a survey that ties fish species in?” Answer: “Yes, we
are doing that.” Dr. Morrison: (Referring to the mention in the paper of the
rapid rise and fall of the river) “Once while collecting in the Merrimac River
I found clams at shoulder depth; next day the water had risen to six feet and
collecting was over.” Dr. van der Schalie: “Reese is doing good work. River

(15)

biology is changing so fast that such surveys are most important if only to serve
as a record.” Dr. Morrison: “With the building of the TV A dams, the Ten'
nessee River must needs keep up fauna as best it can with but one mile left
undisturbed. It is very farsighted of the state of Kansas to back a state survey.”

This paper was the concluding one of the forenoon session, and following
lunch group photographs of the entire assemblage and of the Council were
made on the museum steps.

Dr. Bartsch opened the afternoon session with his paper, “Collumellar
Armature of Cuban Urocoptid Land Shells.” He called attention to the fact
that the monograph of the Cuban Land Mollusks of the family Urocoptidae by
Dr. de la Torre and himself is completed. It embraces 1,748 pages of manu'
script, in which 803 species and subspecies are described, as well as quite a
number of new superspecific groups. Two figures of each described form are
given— 1,606 in all. They are placed on 68 plates. In addition to this 54 text
figures of columellar structures of the superspecific groups are included in the
monograph. Of these Dr. Bartsch showed lantern slides with accompanying
remarks.

He also stated that the monograph will be prefaced with a portrait of
Don Carlos de la Torre, and that the introduction presented brief accounts of
the men who have contributed to the taxonomy and reference to the species
and superspecific groups named by them, as well as references to the persons
whose names have been attached as specific designations to forms here treated.

This paper was accompanied by slides, revealing in detail the intricate and
amazing series of patterns in the internal structure of these snails. Dr. van der
Schalie: “How did you prepare the shell when you made these slides?” An'
swer: “One side was cut off by using a fine file and whetstone.” Mr. Lee:
“How could you be sure you were not dealing with genetic classes?” Answer:
“ We first considered the radula as well as the nuclear and external character'
istics.” Dr. Haas: “You have opened a new world to us all.” Dr. Morrison:
“Dr. Bartsch used an idea of mine in this study; he had a large lot of very
confusing species from Eastern Cuba; I finally persuaded him to make a radular
study, and he found that he had two kinds only, each group fell neatly into
place.” Emile AbdeLMalek: “How do you prepare radulae?” Answer: “If
the radula is not easily extracted, boil the animals in water to soften them, or,
in the case of fresh material, boiling in water on cleaning the shell leaves the
radula at least partly separated from its membranes, so that it may be extracted
with forceps. If the radula is not absolutely clean, it may be boiled in strong
potassium hydroxide solution (KOH). After rinsing to remove KOH it may
be stained directly in the water solution of mercurochrome, or perhaps a better
stain may be Prontosil dye. You will have to learn the time of staining for
each type of radula by experiment and examination. Usually the radula cannot
be overstained because it destains only too readily in the alcoholic solutions to
follow. Transfer through a quick series of alcohol changes, using only 75%,
95%, and absolute, and timing the changes to give just the right amount of
destaining. From absolute alcohol the radula is placed directly in xylol to
clear.

Heat a drop of balsam on the slide over an alcohol lamp until it smokes
a little and becomes hard. Place the radula on this mound of hardened balsam
with a tiny drop of xylol. It is while the radula is being arranged on and in
this hardened balsam that dissecting needles are used to tear apart an entire
radula sufficiently to separate either the individual rows along the torn edges
or to separate individual teeth. Warming over the alcohol lamp after this

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teasing process will remove almost all, if not all, the air bubbles produced by
working in the semihard balsam. The next step is simply to put a cover glass
on the semi-solid balsam and very carefully melt or soften the balsam to draw
the cover glass down to the plane of the slide.”

Dr. Elmer G. Berry, “Method of Raising Snails at the National Institute
of Health.”

This paper was accompanied by slides showing interior of snail' rooms
banked with tanks. Emile Abdel-Malek: “In raising snails at Ann Arbor, we
use a broad-leaved aquatic plant (Vallisneria) which provides broad surfaces
upon which eggs may be deposited, rather than the fern you illustrate. And
why do you not use sand in the bottom of your tanks, since the snails need it
for digestive purposes?” Answer : : “We find gravel better for plant roots,
and enough sand is always present in that to serve the needs of the snails.” Dr.
van der Schalie: “Do you make a study of size in relation to food?” Answer:
“Yes, our snails are much larger than those raised in a natural but less favor-
able environment; we weed out the weaklings and keep our crop suited to
their accommodations.” Emile Abdel-Malek:: “Stunted snails have been found
less susceptible to infection by the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni ; and why
do you stop aeration during feeding?” Answer: “We find that aeration tends
to drive the food into crevices in the gravel. And in answer to your observa-
tion, we usually choose normally raised snails for our exposure experiments.”
Dr. van der Schalie: “Do you keep records on your snail culture?” Answer:
“Yes indeed, complete records.” Dr. Bartsch: “Never has a scientific laboratory
had such a set-up as that described by Dr. Berry. I move that the AMU go
on record as complimenting the far-sighted men who have been instrumental
in approving the appropriations needed to carry out this work, and that the
secretary be instructed to draft a letter to that effect.” This motion was
seconded and carried.

Dr. Haas : “This completes the scientific part of our program, and again I
than you one and all for coming.”

Dr. Bartsch spoke for the attending members and for the AMU as a
whole in expressing warmest gratitude to the museum, and to Dr. Haas in
particular for making the 1950 convention an unqualified success.

The remainder of the afternoon was spent by many in further exploration
of the museum, while others visited the Shedd Aquarium which is immediately
adjacent to the museum grounds.

At 6:30 in the Stevens Hotel Dr. Jeanne Schwengel and her husband.
General Frank R. Schwengel, greeted the members as their guests at a cock-
tail party and buffet supper. It was a delightful occasion, for the Schwengels
entertain with a lavish hand. With good food and good companions, the enjoy-
able evening will not be soon forgotten.

The field trip which completed the convention program took place on
Friday, June 16th; Dr. Haas and two of his staff accompanied Leon Aboulafia,
Charlotte Dawley, Gordon MacMillan, Ernest Noyes and Margaret Teskey to
the Indiana Dunes, forty miles northeast of Chicago.

The trip was made by train which afforded opportunity to observe possible
reasons for the ever growing scarcity of molluscan life in this area. Many
streams were crossed and most were visibly polluted; some bore an iridescent
skum of oil, others were most unsightly with floating garbage and trash-strewn
banks. Clearings which surrounded thousands of rural homes were in many
cases themselves surrounded with signs of recent brush fires, boding ill for the

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snails which once flourished there. It was not until the train neared the ulti-
mate destination of the excursion that the area gave promise of haven for
molluscan fauna.

Indiana Dunes State Park is a quiet retreat, combining a wooded area with
dune and beach; picnic facilities are provided, and it must be a favorite spot
to many Chicago people. A most enjoyable day was spent there, and a weari-
some walk was averted when Mr. Noyes1 son appeared at an opportune time
to transport the party (in relays) to the beach and later back to the train.

A return to the city found it nearly devoid of malaeologists; the meeting
was officially over, and not until August, 1951 shall we convene again. Fare-
well, Chicago, and thanks! Hail, Buffalo!

Respectfully submitted,

Margaret C. Teskey,

Secretary pro tern

MEMBERS AND VISITORS IN ATTENDANCE

Emile Abdel-Malek, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Leon R. Aboulafia, Tel Aviv, Israeli
Dr. Paul Bartsch, Washington, D. C.

George D. Beatty, Sandusky, Ohio
Dr. Elmer G. Berry, Bethesda, Md.

Dr. and Mrs. E. Carl Cahn-Bronner, Chicago, 111.

Miss Charlotte Dawley, Greensboro, N. C.

Dr. Ralph W. Dexter, Kent, Ohio
Dr. and Mrs. Fritz Haas, Chicago, 111.

Harold W. Harry, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mrs. W. F. Hodges, Gary, Ind.

Charles Bruce Lee, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Dr. and Mrs. A. B. Leonard, Lawrence, Kan.

A. S. Koto, Beloit, Wis.

Miss Adele Koto, Beloit, Wis.

Gordon K. MacMillan, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, Washington, D. C.

Mr. and Mrs. Charles Nelson, Grand Rapids, Mich.

Ernest H. Noyes, Chicago, 111.

Juan Jose Parades, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. Lulu C. Poliak, Chicago, 111.

Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Reese, Lawrence, Kan.

Eugene S. Richardson, Jr., Chicago, 111.

James M. Ross, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Miss Katherine Schiro, Tampa, Fla.

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Greenwich, Conn.

Alan Solem, Chicago, 111.

Dwight W. Taylor, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Miss Ernestine Taylor, Tampa, Fla.

Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Buffalo, N. Y.

Dr. Harley J. Van Cleave, Urbana, 111.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.

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MINUTES OF THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

PACIFIC DIVISION

The third annual meeting of the AMUP was held in the Del Norte Room
of the Barbara Hotel in Santa Barbara, California, April 7 to 9 inclusive, 1950.
Registration was held in the hotel lobby at 1:30 P.M., April 7. In all fifty-
eight persons were present at this meeting.

The meeting was called to order at 2:15 P.M., Friday, April 7, 1950, by
John Q. Burch, the chairman. Mr. Burch officially welcomed the members and
guests who were present. Mrs. E. P. Chace, the program chairman was thanked
for her efforts in arranging so fine a program. Mrs. John Q. Burch, the reserva-
tions and arrangements chairman received a vote of thanks. Miss Ruth Coats
expressed her regrets for being unable to preside at our 1949 meeting because
of illness.

Mr. Burch appointed Miss Ruth Coats, Andrew Sorensen, and Mr. Phil
Spicer to serve as a nominating committee.

Among the persons introduced at this time were Miss Margaret C. Irwin
of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History; Merton E. Hinshaw of the
Pacific Grove Museum; Don M. Wilson, president of the Pacific Coast Shell
Club; George P. Kanakoff and Dr. Howard R. Hill, both of the Los Angeles
County Museum.

The first paper was by Andrew Sorensen, “Exemplified Discussion of Shell
Development in Marine Mollusks.11 This paper was illustrated by actual
examples of forms under discussion. There were further comments by A. G.
Smith, W. O. Gregg, and E. P. Chace.

EXEMPLIFIED DISCUSSION OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT

IN MARINE MOLLUSKS

Andrew Sorensen
(Abstract)

Mollusks, Crustacea, echinoderms, and insects have an outer shell that serves
to protect the soft internal organs. They are without vertebrae, ribs or other
internal bones and are therefore called invertebrates. On the other hand, the
higher forms of life do not need an outer shell for they have an inner skeleton
and are therefore called vertebrates. To this group belong mammals (of which
man is the highest form), reptiles, birds, and fishes. The shell development of
mollusks varies greatly. Among the freshwater varieties several produce living
young with the shell fully developed, such as Vivipara malleatus (Reeve),
introduced here from the rice fields of southern China. Ordinarily marine
mollusks lay eggs, often by the millions. Upon hatching, the larvae are free
swimming for a shorter or greater time before they settle to the bottom. Then
some of them become sessile, such as oysters and mussels. Clams dig into the
sand or mud while most of them become free moving on the bottom.

Bivalves, or pelecypods have two shells connected by a hinge and held
together by strong muscles. Univalves, or gastropods have but one shell. It
forms from the nucleus, or spire, spiraling generally to the right, called dextral,
and becoming larger with each whorl till maturity. Most of the species main-
tain the same general form during their development, and can therefore readily
be identified, while some few are entirely different in form and color in youth

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than in maturity. Thus, the Strombus resembles Conus in youth and the
Pteroceras gradually develops long spines or legs on the outer lip, giving it the
name of scorpion shell. Many other strange and beautiful forms exist.

The next paper, “Exotic Mollusca in California11, was by Dr. Howard R.
Hill, Curator of Zoology of the Los Angeles County Museum.

EXOTIC MOLLUSCA IN CALIFORNIA
Dr. Howard R. Hill
(Abstract)

Exotic mollusks have been accidentally or intentionally introduced into
the State for many years. Some have found conditions favorable and become
pests. Among these are Helix aspersa, Theba pisana, and Otala lactea which
was first found in California in 1940.

Government campaigns to eradicate T. pisana and O. lactea have been
quite successful. On the other hand, the European Brown Snail, H. aspersa
and slugs of the genera Limax and Deroceras have been difficult to eradicate.
The Giant African Snail, Achatina fulica has been intercepted at the Ameri'
can entry ports but individuals of this species have not been encountered else'
where.

Exotic freshwater univalves have become established in many places but
have proven harmless.

Most of the exotic marine mollusks have been introduced in shipments of
seed oysters from Japan and the Atlantic Coast. One mussel, quite similar to
the Japanese M ytilus dun\eri has multiplied rapidly in the bays of Southern
California. The Atlantic Coast clam, My a arenaria has become well estab'
lished in San Francisco Bay.

The concluding paper on the afternoon program was by Dr. Joshua L.
Baily, Jr., entitled “The Taxonomy of the Gastropods.11 The complete text of
this paper appeared in Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern Cali'
fomia, 99 : 4'8.

The speaker did not attempt to formulate a taxonomic system for the
gastropoda, but merely pointed out the fundamental defects in all the old
ones. Classification must be based upon structural resemblances, and these
can arise in three ways: First, they may be inherited from a common ancestor,
in which case they indicate true evolutionary relationship among the species
exhibiting them. Second, they may be adaptive modifications arising in
unrelated groups living in a common environment, in which case they have
no taxonomic value whatever, and third, they may be primitive characteristics
inherited from a remote ancestor, brought into prominence by the degenera'
tion and atrophy of later developed structures that might have served to
discriminate the groups possessing them had they been preserved.

Now all the structures relied upon in the classification of gastropoda
seem to belong to this last group. Thus the nervous system in primitive
gastropods consists of two primary loops, but in more highly specialised
forms one of these has disappeared. The gills and auricles were primitively
paired, but one of each has disappeared, and the surviving gill has lost one
of its two primitive pectinations in the highly specialised forms. Also the
most complex radulae occur in the most primitive forms. In one tribe, the
taenioglossa, there are only seven teeth in each row, but in all probability
these seven are not homologous throughout the tribe, so that this group is
possibly of polyphyletic origin.

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The speaker felt that the radula offers the best clue to the ancestry of
gastropoda, but that it cannot be utilized for this purpose until the homologies
of all of its components are understood.

The evening session was called to order at 8 P.M., at which time Allyn G.
Smith talked on “Rediscovery of the Farallon Islands.” His interesting talk
was illustrated by a series of lantern slides.

Following Mr. Smith’s paper, Mr. Spicer showed us a series of lantern
slides taken on a trip to Guaymas, Mexico. Mr. Hinshaw then showed color
pictures of land snails from Monterey County. This concluded our evening
session.

The meeting reconvened Saturday morning at 9:45 with a short busi"
ness session. It was moved by A. Sorensen that the minutes of our 1949 meet"
ing be approved as published. This motion was duly seconded and carried.
The financial report was read and approved.

Dwight Taylor was introduced and gave us a short report on things con-
chological at the University of Michigan. It was stated that the second section
or the index to the Nautilus was ready to go to press but about 300 more
subscribers will be necessary in order to finance its publication. A committee,
consisting of A. G. Smith, Joshua Baily, John Burch, and Ruth Coats was
appointed to solicit additional subscribers for this index. At this time 35 addb
tional subscriptions were pledged by members present.

Mr. Spicer gave brief remarks on Cypraea tessellata Swain. This was
followed by presentation of a paper by Walter Eyerdam, “Some Notes on
Placostylus”.

SOME NOTES ON PLACOSTYLUS

Walter J. Eyerdam
(Abstract)

Placostylus occurs in the Melanesian province which includes the peri"
pinery of what is supposed to have been a subcontinent in geological ages past.
It is the site of the fabled continent of Moo.

This genus does not occur in Australia but is found on Norfolk Island as
well as North Island, New Zealand. It does not live in New Guinea or its
island satellites but occurs on most of the larger islands of the Solomons and
New Hebrides Islands. New Caledonia is the center of distribution and appar"
ently the core of the former lost continent. Placostylus does not extend to the
north to the Bismark or Admiralty Islands but extends to the east to the Fiji
and Harvey Islands.

The heaviest shelled Placostylus species live on New Caledonia but the
largest that I know is one that I collected at Kira-Kira on San Cristoval Island
called Placostylus cleryi Petit. It is 122 mm in length and lives on the confervae
in high tree tops about 150 feet from the ground. Many species are terrestrial.

About 45 species and subspecies of this genus are known to date from the
Solomons. Of these I have collected 22 species while engaged as ornithologist
on the Whitney South Sea Expedition, 1929"30.

At least three"fourths of the species in the Solomons live on Malaita, San
Cristoval and the tiny island of Santa Anna. On Malaita and San Cristoval
Island, Dr. Paravicini found four new species and I found four more new
species of Placostylus.

Malaita Island, if well explored, should yield many more species of this
genus. It is however a difficult problem because the natives are generally

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hostile and it is a very dangerous undertaking and unpredictable as to con'
sequences.

The Reverend Fox is the only White man that is allowed free travel on
Malaita at present. He has been a missionary down there most of his life and
is highly respected by the natives.

(The complete text of this paper appeared in Minutes of the Conchological
Club of Southern California, 103:1 '3.)

Next followed a paper by Dr. A. Myra Keen, "Species of the Cardiid
Genus Clinocardium.”

SPECIES OF THE CARDIID GENUS CLINOCARDIUM

Dr. A. Myra Keen
(Abstract)

This genus of the Cardiidae is distinguished from all others of the family
by the prosogyrate beaks. Ribs are well developed but never spiny. There are
at least 19 species, of which only three have not been recorded as fossil. Thir'
teen are known only as fossils, and three are both fossil and living forms. The
range is from southern California northward to the Arctic, westward to Japan,
and eastward in the Arctic to Spitsbergen. However, only one species occurs
in the Atlantic, all the rest being either Japanese of West American. The
genus originated in the Miocene in California. Species are distinguished from
each other on the basis of number of ribs, shape of ribs, and shape of shell.
This group has been confused with Cerastoderma, which differs in its ortho'
gyrate beaks, its weaker hinge, and its smoother ribs. True Cerastoderma is
restricted to the Atlantic, living today only in Europe.

After a short discussion the meeting was adjourned.

The meeting reconvened at 2 P.M. Dr. A. Myra Keen presented a paper
entitled "Ancestral History of the Living Brachiopoda." This paper was illus'
trated by a number of drawings and photographs.

ANCESTRAL HISTORY OF THE LIVING BRACHIOPODA

Dr. A. Myra Keen
(Abstract)

The Brachiopoda — which resemble mollusks in being twowalved — are
among the earliest invertebrates preserved as fossils. The very earliest genera
survived only a short time, geologically, but Lingula , which developed a little
later in the early Paleozoic, holds the record among animals for longevity, liv'
ing unchanged in form from Upper Ordovician to the present. Many thou'
sands of species of brachiopods flourished in the Paleozoic, some with large and
elaborate shells. Specialists classify them in hundreds of genera and scores of
families which are grouped into about 20 superfamilies. Of these, only six have
survivors into the Tertiary and the present. There are about 30 living species
of brachiopods on the West Coast of North and Central America, rep re'
senting five of the six living superfamilies. Most of the species of the world are
members of the superfamily Terebratulacea, which comprises 44 genera and
about 125 species.

Brachiopods generally inhabit deeper water off'shore, for their inability to
move about makes competition with clams and other invertebrates difficult.
The lingulacea, however, are mud dwellers, near shore in quiet bays.

The second paper of the afternoon session was presented by Ernest N.
Wilcox, “Conchology in My Own Backyard."

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CONCHOLOGY IN MY OWN BACKYARD
Ernest N. Wilcox
(Abstract)

This is a study of mollusks occuring in one city lot in San Luis Obispo,
California, where the author has lived for the past ten years. In all thirteen
species have been found and their habits studied — one water snail, four land
slugs, and eight land snails — Helisoma tenue calif orniense Baker, Deroceras
agreste (Linn.), Limax flavus Linn., Limax marginatus Muller, Milax gagates
(Drap.), Helix aspersa Muller, Helminth oglypta umbilicata (Pilsbry), Helmin'
thoglypta wal\eriana morroensis (Hemphill), Oxychilus draparnaldi (Beck),
Zonitoides arboreus (Say), Hawaiia minuscula minuscula (Binney), Punctum
conspectum conspectum (Bland), and Vallonia excentrica Sterki.

The egg-laying habits of some of the land slugs and larger land snails have
been observed during the warmer months.

Helix aspersa and the land slugs have been annoying pests and though the
writer has waged constant war on them there are always survivors left to
carry on the struggle.

(This paper appeared in Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern
California, 100:1-3.)

There was a ten minutes intermission during which time a group picture
was made by a local photographer.

After intermission, Allyn G. Smith presented an illustrated paper,
“Fusinidae of the West Coast of North America'’1.

The meeting was adjourned following Mr. Smith’s paper.

At 8 P.M. we reassembled in the Del Norte Room for the Annual Ban-
quet. Forty-eight members and guests were present.

The Sunday morning session was called to order by Mr. Burch. Miss
Ruth Coats, chairman of the nominating committee announced the following
candidates to hold office for the following year: Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, chair-
man; Dr. W. O. Gregg, vice-chairman ; Allyn G. Smith, secretary-treasurer.
It was moved and seconded that nominations be closed and the secretary was
instructed to cast an unanimous ballot for those nominated.

A report of the expenses of this meeting was submitted by Mrs. Burch.
It was moved by Dr. Keen that the secretary write to the management of the
Barbara Hotel, thanking them for their courtesy in making their facilities avail-
able for our meeting. This motion was seconded by Mrs. Chace and duly
carried.

The first paper of this session was presented by Dr. Leo G. Hertlein,
“Pearl Oysters of the Gulf of California.”

PEARL OYSTERS OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Dr. Leo G. Hertlein
(Abstract)

Pearls have been found in western North America and elsewhere asso-
ciated with fossil shells of bivalve mollusks which lived in the seas millions of
years ago. Indians in the Gulf of California used the soft parts of pearl oysters
for food and early explorers in that region observed piles of empty shells along
the shores. The presence of pearls in the Gulf of California is said to have
been reported in Mexico City by the crew of Grijalva’s ship which touched at
La Pas in 1534. Shortly thereafter fishing for pearls began and has continued
ever since.

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Two species of pearl oyster occur in the Gulf of California, Pinctada
mazatlanica Hanley (concha de perla) and Pteria sterna Gould (concha nacar).
Tlie region was famous for the pearls which it yielded, not only those of silvery
color but also those colored gold, pink, green and black. The beds in shallow
water were soon depleted and on the arrival of pearl divers in 1685 those at
greater depths also suffered depletion. Pearls became somewhat scarce by
1736 but later the introduction of the use of the diving suit, invented by
August Siebe, made it possible to reach much greater depths. Gradual deple'
tion followed. Gaston J. Vives, a native of La Pas, discovered a method of
cultivating the large pearl oyster (Pinctada). This gave promise of a revival
of the pearl industry, but the revolution of 1914 put a stop to this develop'
ment. Since then apparently there has been no noticeable improvement in the
status of this once important industry.

The second paper was by Dr. W. O. Gregg, “Collecting Land Snails in
Southeastern Arizona.”

COLLECTING LAND SNAILS IN SOUTHEASTERN ARIZONA

Dr. W. O. Gregg
(Abstract)

The topography of southern Arizona is particularly marked by parallel
mountain ranges separated by intervening arid mesas. These ranges lie in a
general north and south trend. The intervening arid mesas serve as absolute
barriers to the large land snails. This isolation is said to have been initiated
during the Pliocene. Thus isolated, each montain range usually has its own
particular molluscan fauna.

The mountains of the southeastern portion of Arizona, particularly the
Huachucas and the Chiricahuas, are especially rich in species. In many cases
a species is confined to a single canyon and its tributaries. In one instance each
slope of a canyon has its own fauna with three distinct forms not found else'
where. Outstanding genera are Sonorella, Oreohelix, Ashmunella, and Holo -
spira. While Sonorella extends as far north as the Grand Canyon and west'
ward nearly to the Colorado River, it has its greatest concentration of species
in the southeastern part of the state. Oreohelix s. s. extends south to the
Huachucas and Chiricahuas and a short distance below the Mexican boundary.
Radiocentrum, a subgenus of Oreohelix which is also found in southern New
Mexico and northern Mexico, extends to the northwest as far as the Chiricahua
Mts. where two species and two subspecies are found. Ashmunella, with the
same general distribution, extends further west and is found in the Huachucas
while Holo spira is found as far west as the Santa Cruz River. In addition to
these larger land snails there is a large number of minute forms of the genera
Thysanophora, Micro physula, Euconulus, Retinella, Zonitoides, Striatura,
Vitrina, Discus, Helicodiscus, Radiodiscus, Gastrocopta, Chaenaxis, Vertigo,
and others.

Before the researches of Ferris, Pilsbry, Daniels and others which began in
1902, this snail fauna was practically unknown. At that time there were no
topographic maps of this area. Travel was often slow and difficult.

During the past two years three trips to this area have been made by Mr.
M. L. Walton and myself. Excellent topographic maps are now available. We
found good roads where once collectors had been forced to travel on foot.
In locating type localities, we were frequently annoyed by finding earlier roads
and even town sites which had been long abandoned. This is particularly true

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in the mining districts. We have found the latter part of March and early
October the best times of the year for trips to this part of Arizona. New roads
are being built and most of the older ones are being constantly improved. In
addition to the numerous published collecting localities, there is still plenty of
new territory left to be explored.

There followed a paper entitled ‘"The Upper Pleistocene Fauna of New'
port Bay Mesa” by George Kanakoff. This paper was illustrated by well pre'
pared maps and charts.

THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE FAUNA OF THE NEWPORT BAY MESA

George P. Kanakoff
(Abstract)

Our deposit at the end of Newport Bay Estuary is unique in many ways.
It not only includes representatives from the Plant Kingdom and every phylum
of the Animal Kingdom, but covers a range of species now living from Panama
to Alaska, from deeper water species to those of mud flats and some fresh'
water species, much mammalian material of marine and land origin, and an
unusual amount of the remains of aquatic birds.

This deposit was first reported by Mr. and Mrs. F. L. Grouard of Santa
Ana, California, in July, 1940. It aroused great interest because of more of the
warimwater, extradimital species than are usually encountered in Palos Verdes
sands. Several trips were made and several hundred pounds of the screened
material were collected from four localities. The material was already picked,
sorted, and separated into generic groups when the World War II took the
writer away from the Museum. During the war Mr. George Willett finished
the study of the material, described 6 new species and a few new records for
the Pleistocene Mollusca and wrote a paper on them. When the writer re'
turned to the Museum in 1945, Mr. George Willett had passed on. The work
was continued by weekly trips, and several new rich exposures were opened,
which exceeded all previously known in abundance and variety of material,
especially the bone material of mammals and birds. Our deposit there
(LACMIP 66'2) is by far the richest, and we think — the champion.

Protozoa. Our micropaleontologist found over 40 species of Foraminifera
ranging from Miocene to Recent. Because of extensive redeposition it is i me
practicable to use this information to extend our knowledge of the deposit.

Porifera and Coelenterata. Sponges and corals are few and not yet deter'
mined.

Bryosoa. Dr. Raymond Osborn of the Hancock Foundation has deter'

mined about 39 species of Bryosoa of which there are:

Species known from the Pleistocene to Recent 8

Species known as Recent (not known as fossils).... 12

Species known from Miocene to Recent 3

The geographic range of the majority of species reaches Mexican waters.
Brachiopoda are represented by two species.

Annelida. There seem to be 4 or 5 species of marine worms not yet
determined.

Echinodermata are represented by 8 species. It is interesting to mention
among them Diadema mexicanum and Mellita longifissa.

Arthropoda. There are 8 species of barnacles and one of a moth. (There
was found a tworinch piece of branch of Encelia calif ornica Nutt., mineralised
at both ends with a characteristic gall of Carolella bus\ana Comstock, 1939, a

(25)

species of moth.) The study of the abundant crustacean material is not com'
pleted, but Mr. Robert J. Menries, Research Fellow of the Hancock Founda'
tion so far has separated and identified 15 species of the following families:
Inachidae, Callinassidae, Cancridae, Goneplacidae, Zanthidae, Portunidae, and
Grapsidae.

In Mollusca we found unprecedented number of species (376 or more)
which are distributed as follows :

Amphineura 10 sp.

Pelecypoda 126 sp.

Scaphopoda , 6 sp.

Gastropoda 229 sp.

Pteropoda 1 sp.

Pulmonata 2 sp.

Fresh Water 6 sp.

New Species 6 sp.

Extradimital 40 species — 9.5 percent

Extinct species 14 species — 3.7 percent

New records 30 species — 12.6 percent

Ecologically they are:

Shallow water 52 percent

Estuarine and mudflat 37 percent

Deep water 11 percent

Arranged by midpoint of their geographic distribution, expressed in
northern latitudes most of the species fall between 14 and 50. A midpoint of
the whole deposit — 31.8. A numeric distribution chart, which the writer in'
tends to publish, shows clearly that this deposit is a significant link between
the fauna of Palos Verdes sand and that of the Magdalena Bay deposit.

In the Chordata bones were found in number unusual for any marine de'
posit. Separate papers are being prepared by specialists. Among the distin'
guishing features are :

(a) Fragments of a large turtle plastron.

(b) Some 50 odd specimens of identifiable bird bones belonging to 15
species of shore birds.

(c) Among the identifiable mammalian bones there were Megalonix,
Tenupolama, Tapirus, and Equus cf. occidentalis — all of them not
represented in the Rancho La Brea fauna.

The concluding paper on this program was by Mr. E. P. Chace, “Some
Notes on Neverita’b

SOME NOTES ON NEVERITA
E. P. Chace
(Abstract)

A historical sketch telling of the use of the names T^everita reclusiana,
N- r. imperforata, and K[. alta by various authors and the results of a com'
parative study of 250 specimens of N- reclusiana and 50 specimens of N* alta
showing that N- dta is a good species but that the callus patch over the um'
bilious on some specimens of 7\[- reclusiana closely resembles the callus patch
of N- alta. This is interpreted as an overlap of a single character rather than
an intergradation, each shell can be correctly placed by observing the other
characters.

In his closing remarks Mr. Burch again expressed his thanks to the various
committee members whose efforts had resulted in so fine a program. It was

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requested that all speakers submit abstracts of their papers to the secretary.

On behalf of the members of the AMUP, Mrs. Joshua Baily expressed
appreciation for the work of the officers and committee chairmen in conducting
this meeting.

Thus ended our third annual meeting. We had all been registered in the
one hotel. The Del Norte Room, where all the meetings were held, was large
and perfectly equipped with the entrance directly from the lobby on the
ground floor. Time between sessions was busily spent talking conchology and
becoming better acquainted with each other. Many visited the Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History and other near-by places of interest but for most
of us the time was much too limited and our only regret that it was all over
too soon.

Wendell O. Gregg,

Secretary 'Treasurer

OUR MEMBER CLUBS

The Boston Malacological Club, Margaret F. Farrell, Secretary-Treas-
urer: The Boston Malacological Club had a very successful 1949-1950 season,
with meetings on the first Tuesday of each month from October through
May at the Massachusetts Audubon Society Library, 155 Newbury Street,
Boston, at 8 p. m. As several members of the club are affiliated with the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, the most up-to-date information on mol-
lusks is available to the members.

The following was the program for the year: October, 1949, A report
of summer activities of members; November, “Mollusks from an Engineer’s
Point of View,” by Dr. William A. Clapp, Clapp Laboratories, Duxbury,
Mass.; December, “Ten Days on a Beam Trawler,” John Foster, Plymouth,
Mass.; January, 1950, “Marine and Land Shells of Puerto Rico,” William J.
Clench, Curator of Mollusks, M. C. Z.; February, “Mollusks and other Inver-
tebrates as Morticians,” Dr. Joseph Bequaert, Curator of Insects, M. C. Z.;
March, “Propagation of My a arenaria Linne,” Harry J. Turner, Jr., Biologist,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Charles L. Wheeler, Biologist,
Div. of Marine Fisheries; “Coloration on Living and Fossil Shells,” Prof.
R. R. Schrock, Mass. Inst, of Technology; “A Naturalist in Nyasaland,”
Arthur Loveridge, Curator of Reptiles, M. C. Z.

President, Miss Ruth D. Turner, Vice-President, Dr. Austin W.
Cheever, Conchological Recorder, William J. Clench.

Clench Conchological Club, Worcester, Mass., Mrs. George H. Schmierer,
Secretary: Our club, although not large in membership, presented the past
year what to us was an ambitious program. Besides monthly meetings at
which we had as speakers several authorities in the field of mollusks, the club
had workshop sessions and spent a day at the William F. Clapp marine labor-
atories at Duxbury, Mass.

The club is somewhat handicapped because Worcester is an inland city
and some 50 miles from the nearest marine collecting grounds. In addition,
native molluscan fauna is limited but we manage to maintain a lively interest
in the collection and study of mollusks, and during the past year have added
several new shell enthusiasts.

Among the speakers were Dr. Howard R. Hill of the Los Angeles
Museum who gave us a delightful illustrated talk on West Coast marine life,
Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert of Harvard University, William J. Clench, also of

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Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology, and R. Tucker Abbott, assist-
ant curator of the Division of Mollusks of the U. S. National Museum.

Dr. Bequaert gave us a timely talk on the giant African snail at the time
they had been discovered at Baltimore in a cargo of scrap iron from Saipan
and were much in the news. Mr. Clench, who pays us a visit annually, spoke
on Hawaii and its snails before a Sunday afternoon gathering of 100. Mr.
Abbott presented an illustrated talk on “Mollusks, Medicine and Man.” The
audience included several physicians who plied the speaker with questions
and, as one doctor remarked, he had all the answers.

Our program for the 1950-51 season includes a number of papers by
members on various shell subjects. We also hope to have guest speakers, and
we should be happy to have with us shell collectors who happen to be
visiting in Massachusetts.

Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N.
Y., Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary: As for the past several seasons,
monthly meetings of this organisation were held at the home of Mr. and Mrs.
Harold R. Robertson, always well attended and high lighted over the months
by the following features: a summer picnic incorporating local collecting;
an illustrated talk by Mr. Adlai B. Wheel of Syracuse, N. Y. on his methods
of teaching nature appreciation in the boy’s clubs with which he is affiliated;
(Mr. Gordon K. McMillan of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, was a guest
on this occasion.) “Some Minute Mollusks of the Niagara Frontier Region,”
by Mrs. Harold R. Robertson; “Collecting in Michigan,” by Mrs. Margaret
Teskey; “Natural Color Slides of U. S. Scenes,” by Mrs. Mary Gumming
and Mr. James Cumming; Open House in the Robertson shell room, at which
time duplicate Florida shells were distributed; sound movies featuring shore
life in Nova Scotia, by Miss Jean Russell. The new year was launched by
the election of officers, followed by the annual dinner, a truly molluscan
meal; sea food served on shells, in shells and with every possible accessory in
the molluscan vein. Dr. and Mrs. Fred S. Hoffman returned from Cuba
where they had attended the funeral of Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Miss Ger-
trude Weber returned from Florida, and their homecoming and reports of
shelling in the tropics featured the April meeting, at which time a general
display of marine bivalves, loaned and arranged by members, was enjoyed by
all. “Alcoholic Specimens,” by Mrs. Margaret Teare, and a review by Mrs.
Harold R. Robertson of Josiah Keep’s “The Poetry of Shells,” completed the
year’s activities.

Some new records were set in the field when Arion hortensis Ferussac
was taken locally, a first record for western New York, and Avion subfus'
cus Draparnaud established a second record for the area.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, Secretary: The Long Beach
Shell Club held regular monthly meetings at the Long Beach Public Library
with the Christmas party and shell exchange at the home of Capt. and Mrs.
Fred E. Barnett, and the Watermelon party and Dutch auction at the home
of Mr. and Mrs. Ned Baker, as the highlights of the year.

Two field trips were made to Alamitos Bay, Long Beach, with great
success. The first edition of “Shells and Shell Collecting” by the Long Beach
Shell Club has been sold out, the Los Angeles County Library placing copies
in all of its branches in the County. The club sponsored a shell exhibit in
the main Public Library under the direction of Mr. and Mrs. H. Arden
Edwards and Mr. and Mrs. Harry R. Turver. The exhibit was viewed by
the many people who visit the library, and received favorable comment and
interest.

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Capt. and Mrs. Fred E. Barnett appeared on a Television show with a
very fine display of shells from their collection. Membership cards were made
for the first time for our group, and it is hoped that our emblem (T rophon
triangulatus) will become well known and will help to create an interest in
the study of conchology.

The Long Beach Library was asked to furnish an example of their filing
system to the National Library Association. The card chosen was on our
own book, “Shells and Shell Collecting,” and it appeared on a film made by
the National Library Association giving the Long Beach Library recognition
for their exceptional filing system and incidentally publicity for our group.
It has been a successful year with each one helping to create a friendly spirit
in the group.

New York Shell Club, Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, Secretary: The New York
Shell Club is rounding out its second year of life with a membership of 32
enthusiastic students and collectors. We have been meeting once a month in
the American Museum of Natural History in Room 129, a central location
convenient to members from Rockaway Beach as well as New Rochelle,
Nutley, New Jersey as well as Mineola, Long Island. Our meetings are well
attended and through a diversity of program prove to be very interesting.
We have featured displays of shells (in which Mr. D’Attilio shines with his
rare and unique specimens from the very deep waters off Japan) ; color slides
of shells (by Mrs. Freas) or shell localities (Bull Island, South Carolina by
Messrs. Karlin and Feinberg) ; talks on the economic value of molluscs
(Tropical Diseases and Molluscs by Dr. Walter Jacobs, the River Naiads and
the Button Industry by Mr. Tobleman, Economic Value of Shells by Mr.
D’Attilio) ; and scientific discussions of molluscan families and genera (the
Achatinellas by Mr. George Jacobs and the Genus Nerita by Mr. Jacobson.)
We plan to make such generic discussions a regular part of each monthly
meeting. In addition we have enjoyed a yearly field trip — the last one to
the Annsville Cut near Peekskill — which are well attended and not com-
pletely unsuccessful. We are completing the third issue of our occasional
mimeographed paper the J^otes, two of which have already been printed and
distributed. Our two original projects are (1) the revision of the molluscan
faunal list of the New York Area, in which connection we have already
added two new records; and (2) a compilation of the history and the activi-
ties of earlier shell societies of our city. In this last project Dr. Jacobs and
Mrs. Freas have made particularly important contributions. The rapid
growth and sustained interest of our Club is testimony to the need for such
an organisation in New York. The officers, re-elected in February, 1950 are:
President, Mr. Morris K. Jacobson; Treasurer, Mr. Anthony D'Attilio; Sec-
retary, Dr. Walter H. Jacobs.

Pacific Shell Club, Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Cal.,
Miss Agnes J. Shumate, Secretary: Meetings are held on the third Sunday of
each month except during the summer at the Los Angeles County Museum.
There are ninety-seven active members, chiefly from the Metropolitan Los
Angeles area. The club has been instrumental in helping beginners start col-
lections by giving them shells donated by members and others; by illustrated
talks given by experts, and by beach trips. Some of the more advanced mem-
bers have become cowry experts and have over one hundred different species
in their collections. Many of the members attended the A.M.U.P. convention
in Santa Barbara in April, 1950. Glenn Russell is president, and the treasurer
is Lloyd Berry. Dr. Howard R. Hill is sponsor.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Greetings signed by all members present at the Chicago meeting were
sent to Dr. Louise M. Perry and the Robertsons who were unable to attend
because of the ilbhealth of Dr. Perry and Mr. Robertson.

Dr. Perry writes: I was so delighted and pleased with the greeting from
the members of the Union present at the Chicago meeting. It stirred happy
memories of old friends and an absorbing interest that has been out of my life
for some years, but by no means out of mind. My own health is not satis-
factory and limits activity to some extent but such is the inevitable end — if
we live long enough!

Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Robertson too, wish here to express their appre-
ciation of the greeting which came to them from the meeting and touched
them deeply. How closely our common interest binds us in fellowship and
brotherhood. Many thanks to you all.

THE SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
BUFFALO, N. Y., AUGUST 22 TO 24, 1951

The Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union
will be held in the Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, Buffalo, N. Y.,
Wednesday through Friday, August 22 to 24, with hotel headquarters at
Hotel Lenox, 140 North St.

A detailed announcement is enclosed with this issue of the Bulletin. The
field trip taking in both sides of Niagara River from Buffalo to Queenston and
Lewiston will be of unusual interest and pleasure. Non-citizens will be re-
quired to have a Border-crossing card in order to enter Canada on this trip.
Such a card may be obtained at the nearest immigration office to place of
residence. Naturalized citizens must have a naturalization certificate. No
identification is required of native-born residents of the States.

Titles of papers accompanied, if possible, with a brief abstract, should be
sent early to the secretary, stating time required and if a lantern is desired.

Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Secretary
136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

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ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Abdel-Malek, Emile T., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich. Anat. of f. w. snails.
Aguayo, Dr. Carlos Guillermo, 4 No. 554 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Ahern, Mrs. Thomas, 8082 Cheyenne Ave., Detroit 28, Mich.

Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island, Balboa, Cal. Conch., and mineralogy exch.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allen, Charles A., 1094 S. King St., Honolulu 53, T. H.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica Casa del Lago de Chapultepec, Mexico D. F.
Anderson, Lt. Col. A. S., 700 S. Sycamore St., Petersburg, Va.

Anderson, Miss Eva M., 7220 Lincoln Dr., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

•"Andrews, Elizabeth, 605 Pershing Dr., Silver Spring, Md. Col. on outer banks, N. C.
Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Ashbery, Mrs. Wallace H., 12 E. Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y
Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Awald, Clifford J.,l62 Southwood Dr., Kenmore, N. Y.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 27 Willway Rd., Richmond 21, Va.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego 3, Cal.

Baker, Edward Perin, 11619 Downey Ave., Downey, Cal. Pacific coast marine life

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., L^niv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Barnett, Mrs. Mary Ann, 63, 64 Place, Long Beach 3, Cal.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. E. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D. C.

Bates, Miss Esther S., "the book nook," 7 South Ocean Ave., Daytona Beach, Fla. Exch.
Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Nat’l Museum, Washington 25, D. C.
Beatty, George D., R. 1, Sandusky, O. Land and f.w. mollusks of Great Lakes region.
Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., 220 Durston Ave., Syracuse, N. Y
Becker, Miss Louise W., 260 Richmond Ave., Buffalo 13, N. Y

Belanger, Alice Lois, Indian Springs Farms, Riverdale Ave., R.F.D. 1, Eatontown, N. J.
Bennett, Miss Susan A., 37 Legate St., Charleston 2, S. C.

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berger, Mr. and Mrs. John N., "Tanglewood,” Lake Jimerson, Angola, Ind.

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 14, Md.

Berry, Lloyd E., 846 West 42 PI., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Cal.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PI., Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Boston Malacological Club; Sec. Miss Margaret F. Farrell, 148 Walnut St., Brookline,
Mass.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 35, Mixcoac D. F., Mex.

Brand, Dr. Donald D., Dept, of Geography, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. Latin
Am. land shells.

Branham, Capt. and Mrs. Hugh G., "Spindrift," Fort Myers Beach, Fla.

Braun, Garwood A., 410 W. University Ave., Urbana, 111. Unionidae.

Brewster, Miss Helen M., 305 5th St. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla., and East Troy, Wis.

Brill, Mr. and Mrs. J. A., 1434 Dempster St., Evanston, 111.

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Bristol, Miss Viola S., 1253 12th Ave., San Diego 2, Cal.

Bronner, Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Cahn, 5417 S. Blackstone Ave., Chicago 15, 111.
Bronson, Albert B., P. O. Box 197, Agana, Guam.

Brown, J. J., Rehabilitation Director, State Board of Vocational Education, P. O. Drawer
BB, Capitol Sta., Austin 11, Tex.

Brunson, Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mont.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul R., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burch, Thomas A., M.D., Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, Guatamala City, Guatemala,

C. A.

Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burry, Mr. and Mrs. Leo A., Marine Museum, Box 52, Pompano, Fla.

Castellanos, Dr. Jose R., Virtudes 258, Dep. 110, Habana, Cuba. Marine mollusks.
Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Chamberlain, J. Lockwood, Biological Lab., Harvard1 University, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 141 Main St., Rockport, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Cheever, John Alden, 48 Slade St., Belmont 78, Mass.

Chen, Suifong, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, 2001 Connecticut Ave.,- Washington,

D. C.

Chenoweth, Paul, 2090 Beach St., San Francisco 23, Cal. Marine invert, natural habitat.
Church, Austin, 165 George St., Trenton, Mich. P. O. Drawer C.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Augusta 91, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Local and foreign shells; books.
Claar, Elmer A., 1400 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, 111. Coll. Cypraea.

Clark, Mrs. Effie M., P. O. Box 511, Yuba City, Cal.

Clench Conchological Club, 12 State St., Worcester*^, Mass. Shells and their collection.

Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,
exch., buy.

Coats, Mrs. Emma W., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore.

Coats, Ruth E., 702 E. First St., Tillamook, Ore. Exch. f.w. and Puget Sd. marines.
Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Coles, Mrs. Mary J., 320 Montero St., Balboa, Cal.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,

c/o Mrs. Percy Teskey, 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo 24, N. Y.

Conkling, Joseph E., Box 264, Edgartown, Mass.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield, N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Murex
and Oliva.

Craig, Miss Mary Eleanor, 7936 Harding Ave., Miami Beach, Fla.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B., Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Gumming, James A., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Gumming, Mrs. James A., Sr., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Damron, Mr. and Mrs. Michael C. E., 625 Almeria, Coral Gables, Fla.

D’Attilio, Anthony, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream, Long Is., N. Y.

Dawley, Miss Charlotte, The Woman’s College, Univ. of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.
Demond, Miss Joan, Box 425 Mills College, Oakland, Cal.

Derr, Mr. and Mrs. John S., Dearboughs, Rt. 1, Frederick, Md. Land and f.w., world-
wide shells.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

DeWitt, Robert M., Zoology Dept., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Physidae.
Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.

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Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Dollison, Robert Jr., 1621 Hillcrest Ave., Winter Park, Fla.

Dominguez, Dr. Nicolas, 5 a y 13, Amplicion de Almendares, Marianao, Habana, Cuba.
Donnelly, Miss Theresa J., 428 3rd Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Donovan, James W., 3718 Calvin Ave., West Palm Beach, Fla.

Dorasavage, W. C., M.D., 700 Mahantonga St., Pottsville, Pa.

Doremus, E. C., Rt. 2, Boonton, N. J.

Douglas, Inc., 5 Via Parigi/Palm Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells.

Drake, Robert J., Mus. of Anthropology, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley 4, Cal.

Dranga, Ted, 238 Biscayne Blvd., Miami 32, Fla.

Dugmore, Major and Mrs. C. P. Radclyffe, Box 285, Cambria, Cal.

Dunmire, Miss Peggy, 1116 W. 4th St., Port Angeles, Wash. Shell coll.

Eaton, Miss Ruth E., 3333 Orange St., Riverside, Cal.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Eggleston, Dr. Harla Ray, Chairman, Dept, of Biol., Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio.
Emerson, William K., Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 11 Dale Ave., Pompton Plains, N. J.

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn Mass.

Erskine, Mrs. A. de W., 1338 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., R. F. D. 1, Box 29a, Finney’s Wharf Rd., Onancock, Va.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass'a'Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Howard L., 908 Crescent Ave. B, Redlands, Cal. Coll. Murex.
Olividae, and Calliostoma.

Flipse, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C., 80'56 Surrey Place, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Foody, Mrs. Mary R., 240 E. Durham St., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 6, Cal.

Frampton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Dept, of Biol., Washburn Municipal Univ., Topeka, Kan.

Freas, Mrs. Allan L., 893 5 86th St., Wood'haven 21, N. Y. Land and f.w. shells.
Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla.

Gardner, Fred, R. D., Jamesville, N. Y.

Gardner, Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey. Washington, D. C.

Gaylord, Joseph S., East Longmeadow, Mass.

George, Mrs. Henry, Jr., 7320 Watson Ave., Wauwatosa 13, Wis.

Getz, Miss Dorothy, c/o Mrs. H. H. Gibbons, 418 E. Lake Ave., Baltimore 12, Md.
Gifford, Dr. and Mrs. E. W., 2535 LeConte Ave., Berkeley, Cal.

Gillham, Bert A.. Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Gillmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline 46, Mass.

Goodrich, Calvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. mollusca.
Goto, Masaichi, 1868 Palolo Ave., Honolulu, T. H. Hawaiian marines.

Gould, Russell, 608 Cumberland Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Gregg, Wendell O., M. D., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 18, Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of Western N. A.

Gnffith, Mrs. Lela M., Egmont, B.C., Canada. B.C. Marine shells; Conus and Gypraea.

(33)

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 1333 Cornwell PI., Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton, 65, Mass.

Hall, Henry Martyn Jr., 502 Lloyd St., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.

Hamill, Miss Helen Bartlett, 477 Grove, Worcester 5, Mass. Limpets.

Hamilton, Edwin Lee, Bldg. 315, Apt. 14, Stanford Village, Stanford, Cal. Marine
shells.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., S. Orange, N. J.

Hand, Cadet, 1404 Henry St., Berkeley 9, Cal.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 805 W. Oliver St., Owosso, Mich.

Harris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Harold W., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Hastings, Dr. J. K., 1825 23rd St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Hausman, Frank, Box 2521, University, Ala.

Heath, Dr. Harold, 181 Ocean View, Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hebert, Clyde H., 411 W. 62 St., Jacksonville, Fla.

Hegner, Mrs. Carrie, 1904 Nolden St., Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Heilman, Robert A., 533 Spruce St., Lebanon, Pa. Freshwater snails.

Henderson, Miss Jennie, Elkhart, Iowa.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Higgins, Miss Lena, 2224 Orange St., Long Beach, Cal.

Hill, Dr. Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hinshaw, Merton E., Curator, Museum of Nat. Hist., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hodges, Mrs. Wm. F., 740 Fillmore St., Gary, Ind. Coll.

Hoffman, Al, Sea Gull Shell Shop, Monterey, Cal. Land and sea shells.

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Exchange.

Hollingsworth, Caleb, 373 Hillside Ave., Nutley 10, N. J. Shell coll.

Hollister, S. C, Dean, College of Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

Holmes, Charles H., 8 1/2 St. Bernard St., Saranac Lake, N. Y.

Horstman, Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.

Houghton, E. O., 38 Beaufort Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can.

Hubricht, Leslie, 912 Main St., Danville, Va. U. S. land and f. w. snails.

Hudgings, Judy, BeaLMaltbie Shell Museum, Winter Park, Fla. Fla. shells.

Hughes, Thomas, Route 2, Fort Pierce, Fla.

Humes, Ralph H., R.F.D. 2, Box 77, Miami, Fla.

Hunter, Rev. Elwood, Presbyterian Church, Sitka, Alaska.

Ingram, Dr. Wm. M., Fed. Sec. Agency, Pub. Health Center, 1014 Broadway, Gin*
cinnati 2, O.

Irwin, Miss Margaret C., Santa Barbara Museum of Nat. Hist., Santa Barbara, Cal.
Jackson. Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, Dr. Walter H., 124 W. 93rd St., New York 25, N. Y. Middle and North
Atlantic coast mollusks.

Jacobson, Morris K., 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jaume, Dr. Miguel L., 13 No. 351 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Jeffries, Frank L., 26 Rhode Island Ave. N.W., Washington, D. C.

Johnson, Lt. Col. H. A., 312 W. 66th St., Chicago, 111. Pacific sea shells.

Johnson, Richard I., 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnson, W. G., 149 E. Broadway, Milford, Conn., and 921 24th Ave. N., St. Peters-
burg, Fla.

Johnstone, Harry Inge, Dog River, Rt. 1, Box 621, Mobile, Ala.

Jones, Dr. David T., Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Miami Univ., Oxford, O. Res. 818
E. Fifth St., Vinton, Iowa.

Kay, Miss Alison, Box 218, Mills College, Oakland, Cal.

Keen, Mrs. Ernest B., 2241 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Cal.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.

Kelly, Ramon T., 1110 N. Jefferson, Jackson, Miss.

Kilman, J. R., M.D., and Mrs., 1405 N. 5th St., Temple, Tex.

Kimball, S. L.. P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Cal. Conus and Cypraea
Kinsman, Calvin D., 3315 N. W. 46th St., Miami 42, Fla.

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution.

Washington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Kond'o, Yoshio, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T. H.

Koto, A. S., 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells
Kunberger, Mrs. Louise, 1408 Linden St., Reading, Pa.

l&nge, Dr. W. Harry, Div. of Entomology and Parasitology, College of Agri., Univ. of
Cal., Davis, Cal.

La Rivers, Ira, Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Great Basin f. w. mollusks.
LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, Dept, of Geology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, O. Fresh water
shells; also Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.

Lee, Charles Bruce, 209 State St., Ann Arbor, Mich,
leech, Miss Iva Lee, Route 1, Box 544, Pompano Beach, Fla.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Locklin, Mr. and Mrs. Charles R., 636 16th Ave. N. E., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Lockwood, Miss Mary Ann, 4721 Yuma St. NW., Washington 16, D. C.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 43 31 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Lutz, Prof. Louis, Biological Dept., Lincoln Memorial Univ., Harrogate, Tenn
Conchology

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

MacCoy, Mrs. Clinton Viles, Winter St., Norwell, Mass.

MacFarland, Dr. and Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez St., Stanford, Cal.

MacKay, Mrs. Olvia Hazelwood, 102 S. W. 5th Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex. Marine
life in general.

MacMillan, Gordon K., Invertebrate Lab., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Marks, E. Sidney, Box 03W, Leonards, N. J. Exch. land and f.w. shells.

Marshall, William B., 1818 1 7th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, III.
Mattox, Dr. N. T., College of Agriculture, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Marine gastropods
and Ostrea.

McConnell, Mrs. Chrystie, Box 892, Dania, Fla.

McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCulloch, Dr. Irene, Allen Hancock Foundation, Univ. of Southern Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal.

McFarlin, James B., 410 34th St. W., Bradenton, Fla. Florida shells.

McGinty, Paul L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

McGinty, Paul P., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, land, f. w. and marines.
McGinty, Thomas L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.

(35)

McLean, North, Washington, Conn.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill, Mass.

Merrill, Arthur, Box 1027 University Br., Miami 46, Fla.

Merrill, Mrs. Maynard, 423 N. Elmwood Ave., Traverse City, Mich. Foreign shells.
Merryfield, Donald J., P. O. Box 38, Tiffin, Ohio.

Mickles, Lovell G., 3940 Cote des Neiges Rd., Montreal 25, Can.

Miller, Daniel, 4706 Roland Ave., Baltimore 10, Md.

Moberg, Mrs. Alexander G., 122 Billings St., N. Quincy, Mass.

Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 5290 S. W. 6th St., Miami 34, Fla.

Montgomery, Wayne T., P. O. Box 1671, West Palm Beach, Fla.

Moore, D. R., Box 114, Hobe Sound, Fla.

Moore, Dr. Merrill, 370 Commonwealth Ave., Boston 15, Mass.

Morris, Percy A., Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., New Haven Conn.

Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washing-
ton 25, D. G

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

Najarian, Haig, Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Naylor, W. E., 3616 Curlew St., San Diego, Cal.

Nead, Dr. John Hunter, 33 Wildwood Rd., Hammond, Ind.

Nelson, Charles D., Rt. 5, (M900, Lake Michigan Dr., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Naiadaceae.

Newcombe, Curtis L., U. S. Pub. Health Serv., 441 Fed. Off. Bldg., San Francisco
2, Cal.

New York Shell Club, Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, Sec., 124 W. 93 St., New York 25,
N. Y.

Nicol, David, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.

Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, 111., and Naples, Fla.

Ostheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred J., 3rd, “Grimmet,” Whitford1, Pa. General coll.
Otis, Miss Helen, Box 84, Tarpon Springs, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Dept, of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada.

Pacific Shell Club, c/o Dr. Howard R. Hill, Los Angeles Co. Museum, Los Angeles,
Cal. Marine and land shells.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Paul, Joyann, 252 Spruce Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. General mollusca.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Box 827, Asheville, N. C.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The Nautilus.

Poliak, Mrs. Herman H., 1104 E. 46th St., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence, Dept, of Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N. J.

Price, Arthur C., 6856 DeLongpre Ave., Hollywood 28, Cal. Worldwide shells.
Proctor. Mrs. Rodnev, Orleton Farm, Stockbridge, Mass.

Pujals Fernandes, Dr. Ernesto S., Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.

Classification of Cuban and W. I. shells.

Pulley, Thomas C., Dept, of Biol., The Univ. of Houston, 3801 St. Bernard St.,

Houston 4, Tex.

Rafelson, Morland B., Casa Morlu, Cuajimalpa, Mexico, D. F.

Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Rand, Mrs. George C., Box 267, Delray Beach, Fla.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A.. U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Reese, Robert W., Snow Hall, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clarke St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Rex, Miss Edith R., 417 Redondo Ave., Long Beach 14, Cal.

(36)

Rhevban, Andrew H., 174 W. Dennick Ave., Youngstown, Ohio.

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rittenhouse, John V., 215 N. Victoria Park Rd., Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Rivero, Dr. Luis Howell, Museo Poey, Universidad de la Habana, Habana, Cuba
Robertson, Mr. and Mrs. Harold R., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Robertson, Miss H. Winifred, 203 S. De Kalb St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Roscoe, Ernest Univ. of Kansas, Dept, of Zool., Lawrence, Kan. Oreohelix.

Ross, James M., P. O. Box 179, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Ruppenberger, John, 8205 Harford Rd., Baltimore 1.4, Md. Sea Shells.

Russell, Henry D., Duxbury, Mass.

Russell, Dr. Loren S., National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Can.

Ruth, Ferdinand S., 1111 Seaview Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. Acmaea.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saxby, John G., 846 47th Ave., San Francisco 21, Cal.

Schick, Morris, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale 4, Cal. Worldwide shells.

Schiro, Miss Katherine, 2702 7th Ave., Tampa, Fla.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo Ave., Niagara Falls, N. Y
Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Dr. and Mrs. Jerome M., Suite 2505, 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Bedford Rd., R.F.D. 4, Greenwich, Conn.

Scofield, G. Vincent, 1112 Highland Rd., Edgewood, Charleston 2, W. Va. Photographing
sea shells.

Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarice, R. R. 1, Port Angeles, Wash.

Seldon, Daguaz, 1113 Amsterdam Ave., Apt. 14, New York, N. Y.

Sergent, Mr. and Mrs. Lacy H., "Lacy Manor," 196 S. E. 14 Lane, Miami, Fla.

Shepard, Miss Miriam, Box 164, R.oute 2 Portland 10. Ore.

Shetrone, Henry C, 3038 Crescent Dr., Columbus 4, Ohio. Ethno-conchology.

Shumate, Miss Agnes J., P. O. Box 474, Ocean Park, Cal.

Sillman, Emmanuel I., Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Medical
malacology.

Silverman, Alex, 1001 Surf Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, 32 West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Egbert T., 1313 First St., Fort Myers, Fla, Fort Myers Gift Shop.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Maxwell, Box 65, Winter Park, Fla.

Smith, Dr. Osgood R., 252 High St., Newburyport, Mass. Biology of My a arenaria and
related forms.

Solem, Alan, 625 N. Elmwood, Oak Park, 111.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P„ Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.

Stingley, Dale V., 4813 Middaugh Ave., Downers Grove, 111. East coast shells.

Stocker, Mrs. Charlotte A., 204 N. Hawley St., Toledo 7, O.

Strohbeen, John P., 1135 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, A. M., 320 Anade St., Balboa, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 34 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Swan, Emery F., Univ. of Washington, Oceanic Lab., Friday Harbor, Wash.

Taylor, Mrs. Daisy, Box 839, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Taylor, Dwight Willard, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Coll. exch. N. American
mollusks.

Taylor, Mrs. Ernestine, 2502 Massachusetts, Tampa 3, Fla.

(37)

Teare, Mrs. Margaret M., 681 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo 24, N. Y.

Thaanum, Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thomas, W. Donald, 1017 Hardee Rd., Coral Gables 34, Fla.

Tobleman, Fred, 1 3 V2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. ].

Torre, de la, Dr. Alfredo, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.

Tracy, Miss Marie J., Yacht Basin Apt., Clearwater Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells;
Acmaea.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W., 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit 21, Mich.

Updegrove, H. T., 253 Cumberland St., Brooklyn 5, N. Y.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History, Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Van Story, Mrs. F. P., 1765 Peachtree Rd., Atlanta, Ga. Seashells of Georgia and Florida
and St. Simons Is., Ga.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P.. 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vatikiotis, Sozon, P. O. Box 633, 136 Spring Ave., Tarpon Springs, Fla. Sponge diver; [
dealer in shells.

Vilas, Mrs. C. N., Room 700, 100 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 2, 111., and Box 108, Sara-
sota, Fla.

Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 19150 Rainbow Dr., Birmingham, Mich.

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Voss, Gilbert, Hypoluxo, Fla.

Walton, Munroe L., 1108 West Central Ave., Glendale 2, Cal. Land snails.

Ward, Mrs. Herbert S., Bay Ridge, Annapolis, Md. j

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Warmke, Germaine L., College of Agri. & Mech. Arts, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
Waterman, Dr. George A., 250 Beacon St., Boston 16, Mass.

Watson, Henry D., M.D., 151 Front St., Binghamton, N. Y.

Webb, Glenn R., Ohio P. O., 111. Land and f. w. Snails. Land snail biology and anatomy.
Webber, Fred S., 27 Sycamore St., Holyoke, Mass.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weber, Jay A., 1400 N. E. 108 St., Miami 38, Fla.

Weber, Miss Martha O., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wehringer, Henry G., M.D., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Welch, Dr. d’Alte A., John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland 18, Ohio.
Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Harry E., Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, N. C
Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Wilcox, Ernest N., 1738 Johnson Ave., San Luis Obispo, Cal.

Wilcox, LeRoy, Oceanic Duck Farm, Speonk, L. I., N. Y.

Williamson, Mr. and Mrs. George M., 2033 Red Rd., Coral Gables, Fla.

Wilson, Don N., 444 W. 79th St., Los Angeles 3, Cal. Cypraeidae.

Wilson, Druid, Geol. Dept., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md.

Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Wrigley, Rev. G. K., Bishopthorpe, Belize, B. H.

Wurtz, Charles B., 3247 Disston St. Philadelphia 24, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.

(38)

Young, Miss Catherine J., 503 N. High St., Lancaster, O.

Young, Mr. and Mrs. Henry S., 501 South Ave., Pittsburgh 21, Pa.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C.
Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Butot, Sgt. L. J. M., 1 Cie, T. H. K. Troepen, c. Div. 7, Dec. Velpost Bandoeng, Java
Burrows, Commander W., c/o Standard Bank of S. Africa, Adderley St., Cape Town
S. Africa.

Pfeiffer, Dr. Karl, Kassel, Rammelsburg, Germany

A. G. Stevenson, 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland S-2, N Z Exch. shells
and publications.

Wheare, Elmer T., Androssen, Queensland, Australia.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

1950-1951

OFFICERS

President Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison

Vice-President Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel

Second Vice-President ( Chairman , A.M.U.P.) . . Dr. Leo G. Hertlein

Treasurer Harold R. Robertson

Secretary Mrs. Harold R. Robertson

Council lors-at-Large

Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo, Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert
Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, Dr. A. Byron Leonard

Past Presidents remaining on the Council without reelection Dr. Henry A.
Pilsbry (193L1932); Dr. Paul Bartsch (1933); Prof. Junius Henderson
(1934)*; William J. Clench (1935); Calvin Goodrich (1936); Dr. Joshua L.
Baily, Jr. (1937); Dr. Carlos de la Torre (1938); Maxwell Smith (1939);
Dr. Horace B. Baker (1940); Dr. Harald A. Rehder (1941); Frank Collins
Baker (1942)*; Dr. Louise M. Perry (1943); Dr. Henry van der Schalie
(1944T947); Dr. A. Myra Keen (1948); Dr. Elmer G. Berry (1949); Dr.
Fritz Haas (1950).

*Deceased.

Chairman .
Vice-Chairman
Secretary -T reasurer

PACIFIC DIVISION

OFFICERS

Dr. Leo G. Hertlein

Dr. Wendell O. Gregg
Allyn G. Smith

IN MEMORIAM

Daniel Littlefield Emery
Capt. Arthur Haas
Dr. T. C. Stephens
Dr. Carlos de la Torre

THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL UNION

News Bulletin and Annual Report

Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-one

Membership List Revised, December 1951

j;

CONTENTS

Page

Seventeenth Annual Meeting, Margaret C. Teskey.............................. 1

Trends in Malacology, William J. Clench..... 1

Comparison of the Mollusks in Adjacent Ohio River and

Lake Erie Drainage Systems, Ralph W. Dexter......................................................... 2

Gastropods and the Ecology of Loess Deposition, A. Byron Leonard.................. 4

An Old Problem in Naiad Nomenclature, Henry van der Schalie......... 4

The Preputial Organ of Snails in the Genus Helisoma,

Emile T. AbdehMalek 5

World Relations of the Melanians, J. P. E. Morrison...................................................... 6

Land Snails of the North Carolina Piedmont, Charlotte Dawley........................... 9

Some Problems in the Pholadidae, Ruth D. Turner. 9

Genetic Analysis of Wild Populations of the Land Snail, Cerion,

R, Tucker Abbott 1 0

Triton’s Pipe Organ, Gertrude Villforth Musial.................................................................. 11

Malacological Legislation, Albert R. Mead 11

Collecting in Cape Breton, Gordon K. MacMillan.... 13

The Story of Tyrian Purple, R. Tucker Abbott.................................................................... 13

Portraits of Some Florida Opisthobranchs, Henry Pilsbry 13

Glimpses of the Past, Paul Bartsch.... 14

The Carving of Niagara Gorge, John D. Sargent............................................................... 14

Members and Guests in Attendance........ 1 5

Harold Ralph Robertson, Annie C. and Fred S. Hoffman.......................................... 16

Minutes of the Fourth Annual Meeting, Pacific Division, Allyn G. Smith 18
Professor Josiah Keep of Mills College, Allyn G. Smith.. 18

Collectors and Collections in Northern California, Leo G. Hertlein,

Myra Keen, and Allyn G. Smith... 18

Parasites of Mollusks, Howard R. HilL... 19

Hunting the Giant African Snail in Micronesia, Albert R. Mead............ .... 20

Collecting in the Caves of California, Edward Danehy.......... 21

Interesting Marine Mollusks of Morro Bay, California, Ernest N. Wilcox 21

Classification of the Pelecypod Super Family Veneracea, A. Myra Keen 21

Recent Invasion of Arizona by the European Brown Snail, Albert R. Mead 21

Variations in Southern California Species of Haliotis, John Q. Burch.... 22

Latex Mollusk Specimens for Museum Exhibits, Merton E. Hinshaw 22

Brief History of The American Malacological Union, Ralph O. Fox...... 23

Members and Guests in Attendance, A.M.U.P. .................................................................. 25

Our Member Clubs - 26

Active Members - , - 30

Corresponding Members 38

In Memoriam — , — 39

Officers — . — 40

Constitution... Back Cover

V

“There is room in the classroom of Nature for everyone.”

— Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison

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4

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
BUFFALO, N. Y., AUGUST 22-24, 1951

The Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American Malacological Union
was held at the Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y., August 22nd — -
24th, 1951. When members of the Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences, greeted early arrivals at the Hotel Lenox the evening before
the convention opening, it was with the aplomb of the housewife who enter'
tains company in the parlor knowing that things are well in hand in the kitchen,
for the Conchological Section acted as co-host with the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences, and planning for the function had begun many months
earlier. Committees appointed by President Imogene C. Robertson had dilh
gently endeavored to foresee each need and possible emergency, and their efforts
were rewarded as the convention rolled smoothly along.

Registration desks were set up in the Hall of Plant Life in the Museum,
and registration and reunions occupied Wednesday morning. Visitors viewed
the exhibition of shells owned and arranged by Section members (an annual
affair) in the adjacent Print Room, then singly and in groups toured the
Museum.

As the meeting was opened at 2:00 P.M. in the Museum auditorium,
registration was virtually complete and the attendance stood at 74, the second
largest gathering in AMU history. President Joseph P. E. Morrison introduced
Mr. Fred T. Hall, Director of the Buffalo Museum of Science. Mr. Hall in a
short welcoming speech placed the facilities of the Museum and the services
of the Museum staff at the convenience of the American Malacological Union.
He remarked that he had found pleasure in the approbation voiced as the
visitors had toured the Museum, but that he was able to accept little credit,
being somewhat of a newcomer himself. (Mr. Hall assumed directorship of
the Museum in May, 1951.) The shell collection, he said, had been arranged
by a former curator of the Museum, now retired but still on the Associate
Staff, Mrs. Imogene Robertson.

In response Dr. Morrison stated that the Union was most appreciative of
the hospitality offered, and that the facilities were all that could be desired.
He then introduced the first speaker, and the meeting was formally under way.

TRENDS IN MALACOLOGY
William J. Clench
(Abstract)

During the past 100 years there have been some interesting changes in
approach to the study of Mollusks. The middle of the 19th century saw a
great surge of descriptive zoology and the consequent development of purely
descriptive manuals such as Sowerby’s Thesaurus and Reeve’s Conchologica
Iconica. Long prior to these English studies was that of the German Com
chyliem Cabinet which ran through two editions, the first before 1800. Much
later in the past century the American Manual of Conchology by Tryon and

(1)

Pilsbry came into being, first the series on marine mollusks, then shortly after
the series on land mollusks, the latter carried over until 1935.

The field of mollusks has now grown and is still growing to such an
extent that manuals attempting to embrace the entire field are quite impossible
to produce.

The trend of late years has certainly been limited to studies of far less (
scope, but developing more intensively the biological knowledge concerned
with the species studied.

The approach on a geographical basis also had its beginning during the
middle of the past century. These faunistic studies were shaped by such
students as J. G. Jeffreys of Great Britain and Moquin-Tandon of France, j
and, of course several others of their time; these were basic for much of the
work that has been done since their initial impetus.

The geographic approach not only persists to the present time but has
become far more detailed in its scope for much smaller areas. A classic
example of such a study is that exemplified for the area here in Buffalo — •
The Study of the Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier by Robertson and
Blakeslee. This study is not only regional but is also circumscribed by the
geological features of an area in western New York and eastern Ontario.
Details of local distribution, ecology and other pertinent facts are given
which could not be stated in such detail for a study covering a much larger
unit area.

Life history studies are demanding more attention. Again, their begin'
nings are old, at least as old as the classic work of Sellius on the Teredo which
was published in 1733. Recent work is still directed mainly toward the
economic species. The field ahead for investigation of this sort is limitless.

Species concepts have, of course, colored many phases of our studies and
have given rise to investigations dealing with complexities of inter-relationships
between closely related species groups, species and races. This type of investi-
gation is best exemplified by the work of Gulick, Pilsbry and Cooke on the
Achatinellidae and Crampton on the genus Partula.

We have here touched upon but a few of the many fields of investiga-
tion concerning the mollusca, but these few highlight certain of the paths
ahead.

As Mr. Clench concluded, he observed that the fresh water fauna could
not be completely reported on in a lifetime.

The second paper was that of Dr. Ralph W. Dexter, L. FL Swart and
A. F. Davis, read by Dr. Dexter:

COMPARISON OF THE MOLLUSKS IN ADJACENT OHIO RIVER
AND LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

R. W. Dexter, L. H. Swart, and A. F. Davis
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
(Abstract)

An ecological survey of the mollusks inhabiting adjacent watersheds was
made by two graduate students working under the direction of the senior
writer. Swart collected between August 1939 and August 1940 from 11
stations in the West Branch of the Mahoning River, some 30 miles long with
a 300 ft. gradient and which empties into the Mahoning of the Ohio River

(2)

system. Specimens were identified by W. J. Clench and Calvin Goodrich.
Additional collections were made by Dexter and Swart in August of 1951.
Davis collected from 43 stations in the Cuyahoga River drainage from June
to December, 1950. This watershed is over 80 miles long with a gradient of
727 ft. and flows into Lake Erie. Specimens were identified by H. van der
Schalie. Pollution is more serious in the Cuyahoga River, especially in the
lower half of the stream, but otherwise the habitats of the two are comparable.
Seven habitats were investigated — rock, rubble, gravel, sand, mud, submerged
and floating vegetation, and emergent vegetation.

In both drainage systems 11 spp. of gastropods, 2 spp. of river clams, and
the three genera of finger-nail clams were found as follows: Physa gyrina, P.
integra, Amnicola integra, Goniobasis livescens, Ferrissia parallela, Helisoma
trivolvis, H. anceps, Gyraulus parvus , Valvata tricarinata, Campeloma
integrum, Succinea retussa; Anodontoides ferussacianus, Anodonata grandis;
Sphaerium, Pisidium, and M usculium. For the most part these were the abund-
ant and widely distributed spp. of the two rivers and their tributaries.

The West Branch of the Mahoning had in addition one common snail,
Lymnaea humilis modicella on mud banks, and two of local distribution,
Ferrissia diaphana at one station on rubble and Gyraulus cristus at one station
on vegetation. Four bivalves, two of them common and widely distributed
(Lampsilis siliquoidea and Obovaria subrotunda), and two less common spp.
( Quadrula undulata and Proptera alata), were also collected only from this
stream. The greater degree of pollution in the Cuyahoga River is probably
responsible for the dearth of unionids in that stream. It was also noted that the
bivalves that were present there were less abundant in comparison with the
Mahoning.

In the Cuyahoga River 10 spp. of gastropods and 1 clam were found that
were not collected from the West Branch of the Mahoning. Flowever, only
three of these were common. Lymnaea obrussa, abundant and widely distri-
uted, took the place on mud banks in the Cuyahoga River of L. h. modicella
found in the West Branch of the Mahoning. Amnicola limosa and Pseudosuc'
cinea columella were also common in the Cuyahoga but not found in the other
drainage. In addition the following six spp. were rarely found, some of them
but once: Gyraulus hirsutum, G. deflectus, Planorbula armigera, Menetus
exacuous, Amnicola lustrica, and Campeloma decisum. Viviparus malleatus
has been introduced into one short section of the Cuyahoga and a single speci-
men of the clam Alasmidonta calceolus has been collected there.

In general the common and widely distributed spp. were the same in both
drainage systems. Pollution has apparently extirpated some mollusks, especially
bivalves. Further collecting may possibly prove that most of the spp. inhabit
both rivers. Deevey (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 60:1393. 1949) has pointed out
that the fauna of the Great Lakes was derived from the Mississippi waterways.
There is also some evidence (personal communication of C. N. Savage, Dept,
of Geog. and Geol., Kent State Univ.) that possibly an ice lobe had caused a
cross-over between the Cuyahoga and West Branch of the Mahoning Rivers
before the retreat of the late Wisconsin glacier. Thus the similarity of the
molluscan fauna of the now separate drainage systems would be expected.

Dr. Dexter illustrated his remarks with a map of the area under dis-
cussion, and with a list of the molluscan fauna from both sources. As he
concluded, Dr. Paul Bartsch reminded him that molluscan distribution is not
always due to water connections, and that birds are often instrumental in
transplanting small mollusks.

(3)

GASTROPODS AND THE ECOLOGY OF LOESS DEPOSITION

Dr. A. Byron Leonard
(Abstract)

The extensive deposits of late Plaeistocene loesses which blanket the
underlying sediments in the central Great Plains region are generally accepted
as being eolian in origin. However, contrary to the opinions of a number
of students of the Pleistocene of this region, Leonard expressed the view that
the loesses were not deposited under conditions of widespread aridity, corm
parable to those prevalent in the days of the “dustbowl.” This view is sup-
ported by evidence derived from studies of fossil mollusks contained in the
loesses. This evidence may be summarized as follows :

1. The molluscan fauna of the Peoria loess numbers about 30 species,
approximately three times as many as occur in the region today.

2. Population density, although actually indeterminable, is judged to have
been high, since as many as 5000 shells per cubic foot of loess is not uncommon.

3. Many species, such as Discus cronkjnitei, D. shime\i , Pupilla blandi,
P. muscorum, Columella alticola, Cionella lubrica , Striatura milium , Vallonia
gracilicosta, Vertigo modesta, V. tridentata , V. gouldi paradoxa, and others
which were abundant in Peorian times, are now absent from the central Great
Plains.

4. From these facts it may be deduced that moisture was more abundant,
or more equitably distributed than now, that there was an abundant vegetative
cover on the Great Plains, and that therefore the hypothesis that the loesses
were derived by wind action from an arid landscape, denuded of its floral
cover, is untenable. That the silts which compose the loesses were derived from
silts blown from constantly renewed glacial valley trains is proposed as a more
acceptable hypothesis.

Dr. Leonard’s paper was accompanied with several Kodachrome slides
showing the general geologic formation of the locality described. This dis'
cussion ensued; Dr. Morrison: “Is loess deposit thicker near streams?” Dr.
Leonard, “Yes, and coarser. Extensive studies have been made in this
direction.” Dr. Fritz Haas: “I am most interested in this, coming from loess
country myself. In the aeolian loess of Europe there are but three species of
shells, while in the ravines where they were swept together by rain forty to
fifty species may be harbored, not homogeneous but stratified. Have you made
studies along this line?” Dr. Leonard: “Yes, extensive study. We were helped
by an opportune roadside cut made as a highway was being constructed.”

AN OLD PROBLEM IN NAIAD NOMENCLATURE
Henry van der Schalie
(Abstract)

In 1922 a special effort was made by A. E. Ortmann and Bryant
Walker to clarify the status of a number of mussel names which could not
be generally accepted until the descriptions given to them by Rafinesque in
1920 and 1931 were reevaluated. L. S. Frierson was invited to collaborate but
he preferred to act as a champion for Rafinesque and as a consequence Frier'
son’s own version of what names had validity appeared as a private publica'
tion five years later (1927). The latter book makes no direct reference to the
work of Ortmann and Walker so that at present there are two systems of
names which can be used in referring to many species of mussels. The work
of Ortmann and Walker was of an unusually scholarly nature and all of the

(4)

cases in which they failed to find agreement were submitted to Dr. Pilsbry
who acted as a judge, weighed the arguments and ruled on them. Although
authors are free to use any system they wish, an appeal is made to encourage
a more careful appraisal of the relative merits of these papers in an effort to
get more uniformity in the names applied to mussels.

Discussion: Dr. Henry Pilsbry: “I agree that the problems we meet in
our present study of fresh water mollusca are more important than the old
ones of nomenclature. Unraveling the problems left by Rafinesque intrigues
some people; he presents one problem after another!” Dr. van der Schalie:
“Rafinesque had the ardor of the explorer without the patience of the inves-
tigator. Then too, Modell created a problem which must someday be
unscrambled.” Dr. Haas: “I am very much interested in Modell since I have
been asked to write an article for a treatise on Paleontology and I am following
the same system (the Frierson system) he used. He calls his system a natural
one, but we know first of all that such a thing as a natural system does not
exist.” Dr. Morrison: “I’m going to stick my neck out here and suggest that
in the three sub-families of the Unionidae, you have a natural classification
based on three kinds of sexual dimorphism.” Dr. Haas: “Modell could not
use those characteristics because he worked mainly with fossils. He used
apical sculpture and called it a natural system.” Dr. Morrison: “Isn’t there a
duplication of apical sculpture?” Dr. Haas: “Yes, there is.

THE PREPUTIAL ORGAN OF SNAILS IN THE GENUS HELISOMA

Emile T. Abdel-Malek
Read by Dr. Henry van der Schalie
(Abstract)

The presence of a preputial organ in the penial complex of the North
American genus Helisoma was reported by F. C. Baker in 1926. This same
investigator (1945) stated that the function of the “penial gland” (preputial
organ) is insufficiently known but it seemed to him that one of its functions is
that it serves as an excitatory organ or sarcobelum. However, in my studies
gross and histological examinations revealed that the preputial organ is not
an excitatory organ since there is a papilla at the end of the verge which per-
forms this function. In addition, observations on mating showed that the
preputial organ functions as a hold-fast organ, which adheres firmly to the
neck of the same snail thus acting as a brace and helping to produce leverage.

Discussion: Dr. H. B. Baker: “The term ‘hold-fast’ is usually employed
to indicate attachment to a foreign object; here it is used to describe self-
attachment. I am not sure that it is the correct term.” Dr. Dexter: “Could
a left-handed snail mate with a right-handed individual?” Dr. Baker: “That
is a physiological matter.” Dr. Morrison: “Has anyone seen a dextral Physa?
I should like to examine the anatomy.” Mr. Clench: “Henderson had one.”

This concluded the program of papers for the opening session, but Dr.
yan der Schalie spoke briefly on the long-delayed publication of The Second
Index to the T^autilus. It is going to press at last, said he, and will be ready
for distribution about the first of the year. The cash was advanced by the
graduate fund of the University of Michigan, it will run to about 450 pages
and the cost has been pared to a minimum by the use of off-set printing and
elimination of covers. It will cost about $5. Copies of Part One are still
available at $5, to be ordered through The I^autilus.

(5)

The meeting adjourned, and delegates returned to the Hotel Lenox to
repair the ravages of the day and dress for the annual dinner, held at 7:30 in
the hotel dining rooms. As always at these functions food and conversation
vied for attention. At the close of the meal Dr. Paul Bartsch made a short
speech, praising the long and faithful services of Harold and Imogene Robert'
son. Until his death in July Mr. Robertson held the office of Treasurer of the
A.M.U., and Mrs. Robertson had completed twenty^one years as Secretary.
Both were charter members. On behalf of the Union, Mrs. Robertson was
presented with three volumes of Taylor’s “Monograph of Land and Fresh
Water Mollusca of the British Isles.” A corsage of gardenias and rosebuds
was beside her plate, a gift of the Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences, which group she serves as president. Although visibly
affected by these tributes, Mrs. Robertson was able to express her gratitude,
and made a brief speech of acknowledgment. To both herself and to Mr.
Robertson, she said, their efforts on behalf of the AMU had been a labor of
love, and so was more of a pleasure than a task. As she concluded, a rousing
round of applause attested to the devotion of her many friends.

The tables cleared, a screen was set up, and Dr. Albert R. Mead of the
University of Arizona entertained with Kodachrome slides and anecdote as he
related his experiences “Hunting the Giant African Land Snail Achatina
Fulica in Micronesia.” Since Dr. Mead had entertained a similar group at the
earlier meeting of A.M.U.P. and his talk has been covered in the report of
that organisation, it will not be repeated here. Suffice to say that it was
thoroughly enjoyed and that Achatina fulica rates as high on the list as an
entertainment factor as he does menace to American agriculture.

The Thursday session opened with the report of the council meeting and
the presentation of the following slate of nominated officers:

President, Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel; Vice President, Mrs. Imogene C.
Robertson; (Mrs. Robertson resigned her post as Secretary to accept this
nomination. The office of Treasurer had been vacant since the death of Mr.
Harold R. Robertson in July.) Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Margaret C.
Teskey. Councilors'atdarge, Mr. R. Tucker Abbott, Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo,
Dr. Leo G. Hertline and Dr. A. Byron Leonard. It was moved and seconded
that the panel be elected without opposition, and affirmation was made by
unanimous voice vote.

WORLD RELATIONS OF THE MELANIANS

J. P. E. Morrison*

(An Abstract)

The idea of one family of “Melanians”, in the broad sense, is biologically
absurd. Instead, there seem to be three families of freshwater snails of this
general type, directly related to three separate families of marine snails. The
following key to the major groups of the Melanian Complex, based on repro'
ductive characters, is offered as the author’s opinion of their true biological
relationships.

A. Reproduction dioecious; MALES present in species.

B. Female with large grooved “ovipositor” in pit on right side of

foot; few eggs of proportionately large size.

^Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. All species
herein listed are genotypes of their respective genera.

(6)

C. Marine shells MODULIDAE

CC. Freshwater shells MELANOPSIDAE

BB. Female with egg-laying sinus and rudimentary papilla, or no

special structure on right side of foot; numerous eggs of pro-
portionately smaller size.

D. Marine shells ..CERITHIIDAE

DD. Freshwater shells PLEUROCERIDAE

E. Males with no intromittent structures.

F. Females oviparous, with egg-laying sinus in right side of

foot ...PLEUROCERINAE

FF. Females ovo-viviparous, without egg-laying sinus; brood pouch

uterine, the enlarged end of the oviduct SEMISULCOSPIRINAE

EE. Males with eversible “penis11 in mantle edge near end of vas

deferens; females ovo-viviparous; brood pouch uterine TIPHOBIINAE

AA. Reproduction parthenogenetic; NO MALES present in species;
brood pouch not uterine, but adventitious (subhaemocoelic)
in the neck region, with opening on right side of neck.

G. Marine shells PLANAXIDAE

GG. Freshwater shells .....THIARIDAE

The Family Melanopsidae of Europe and Western Asia includes the
genera Fagotia and Melanopsis. The true relationship of Zemelanopsis from
New Zealand is still unknown.

The Pleuroceridae of America all belong to the typical Subfamily Pleuro-
cerinae.

The North American genera (with their respective genotypes) are:

Oxytrema Rafmesque 1819 (acuta Raf. 1831).

(This genus includes almost all “Pleurocera11 and “Goniobasis11 species
of recent works following Tryon and Walker, and also a number of East
Asiatic species.)

Section Strephobasis Lea 1861 (plena Anthony 1854).

Gyrotoma Shuttleworth 1845 ( excisum Lea 1842).

Mudalia Haldeman 1840 ( carinata Bruguiere 1792).

Leptqxis Rafmesque 1819 (praerosa Say 1824).

(Antedates Anculosa Say 1821; see: Pilsbry, Nautilus 30:113:1917)
Eurycaelon Lea 1864 (anthonyi Budd 1854).

Pleurocera Rafmesque 1818 (verrucosa Rafmesque 1820).

Subgenus Angitrema Haldeman 1841 (armigera Say 1821).

Anaplocamus Dali 1895 (dilatatus Conrad 1834).

Io Lea 1831 (fluvialis Say 1825).

The Central and South American genera are:

Pachychilus Lea 1851 (laevissima Sowerby 1824).

Subgenus Oxymelania Crosse 6s? Fischer 1892 (schiedeanus Philippi 1843).
Subgenus Glyptqmelania Crosse 6s? Fischer 1892 (glaphyrus Morelet 1849).
Subgenus Pilsbrychilus, new subgenus (dalli Pilsbry 1896).

(Characterised by the sinuous lip margin of adult shells).

Doryssa H. 6s? A. Adams 1854 (atra Bruguiere 1792).

Asiatic Pleuroceridae include:

Pleurocerinae :

Oxytrema Rafinesque 1819 (acuta Raf. 1831).

(Species from Korea to Szechwan 6? Fukien Provinces, China; see North
American note.)

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Paludomus Swainson 1840 (globulosa Gray 1834).

(Proven by s.s. species from Thailand; the true relationships of the other
so called subgenera with different opercula is still unknown.)
Semisulcospirinae, new Subfamily:

Semisulcospira Boettger 1886 ( libertina Gould 1862).

African Pleuroceridae:

Pleurocerinae :

Potadoma Swainson 1840 (freethii Gray 1831).

Limnotrochus E. A. Smith 1880, Paramelania E. A. Smith 1881, and
Spekia Bourguignat 1879, all of Lake Tanganyika, are provisionally
placed here because they are reported to be oviparous.

Semisulcospirinae : (may also be present in Africa) .

T iphobiinae :

Tiphobia E. A. Smith 1880 (horei E. A. Smith 1880).

Bathanalia Moore 1898 (howesi Moore 1898).

Lavigeria Bourguignat 1888 (grandis E. A. Smith 1881).

Since every member of the Family Thiaridae is a parthenogenetic female,
it only requires one individual (of any age) to start a new population or
colony, whenever any of these animals reach a new freshwater locality by
stream capture or adventitious transportation.

American Thiaridae:

Cuba.edomus Thiele 1928 (brevis Orbigny 1842).

Aylacostoma Spix 1827 (scalare Wagner 1827).

Subgenus Hemisinus Swainson 1840 (lineolatum Gray 1828).

Subgenus Longiverena Pilsbry 6? Olsson 1935 (tuberculatum Wagner 1827).
Subgenus Verena H. 6?. A. Adams 1854 (crenocarina Moricand 1841).
Tarebia H. & A. Adams 1854.

(An Asiatic genus recently introduced in Florida.)

Asiatic Thiaridae:

Thiara Roding 1798 (amarula Linnaeus 1758).

Subgenus Setaeara, new subgenus (cancellata Roding 1798).

(Characterised by cuticular setae continued upward from the “crown"
of spines on the shoulder of the whorls) .

Tarebia H. & A. Adams 1854 (semigranosa Von dem Busch 1842).

Sermyla H. 6? A. Adams 1854 (tornatella Lea 1850).

Stenomelania Fischer 1885 (aspirans Hinds 1844)

Melanoides Olivier 1804 (tuberculata Muller 1776).

Sulcospira Troschel 1857 (sulcospira Mousson 1848).

Balanocochlis Fischer 1885 (glans Von dem Busch 1842).

Tylomelania P. F. Sarasin 1898 (neritiformis P. 6? F. Sarasin 1898).
Antimelania Crosse 6*? Fischer 1892 (costula Rafinesque 1833).

Brotia H. 6? A. Adams 1866 (pagodula Gould 1847).

Fijidoma, new genus (laddi, new species) .

(An exceedingly low-spired globose shell of a few rounded whorls, with
fine spiral sculpture and regular flammules or rows of squarish dots of red
in the ground color; aperture semi-circular with a broad flattened white
columella; operculum paucispiral like that of Melanoides . Holotype 9.2
x 8.2 mm., from the Lami River, Viti Levu, Fiji Islands).

African Thiaridae:

Thiara Roding 1798.

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Melanoides Oliver 1804.

(Both these genera are present in the African region as well as the

Asiatic.)

Tanganyicia Crosse 1881 ( rufofilosa E. A. Smith 1880).

Stanleya Bourguignat 1885 (neritinoides E. A. Smith 1880).

Discussion: Dr. Pilsbry: “This is most interesting; one wonders how
and when they got into fresh water. Have you examined Miocene
Melanopsidae? There is a resemblance.” Dr. Morrison: “No; but geographic
routes are not always mapped by fossils.” Dr. Leonard: “Then we must call
the local snail, Mudalia livescens ?” Dr. Morrison: “Yes. Members of the
genus Oxytrema lay a subspiral group of eggs in a single mass. Mudalia on
the other hand lays its eggs singly, one egg to an egg mass.”

LAND SNAILS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA PIEDMONT

Charlotte Dawley
(Abstract)

The piedmont region of North Carolina between the coastal plain and
the Blue Ridge mountains occupies about half of the state. It is a region of
rolling hills intersected by small streams and is covered in part by mixed pine
and hardwood forests. Very little collecting of mollusks has been done here.
This paper reported on the mollusks collected from Davidson County in the
spring of 1951 by Mrs. Margaret Teskey and from Guilford County over a
period of several years by the author. Twenty^six species were reported, three
of which Polygyra pustuloides (Bland), M esodon appressus (Say), and Discus
cron\hitei (Newcomb) have not been reported in North Carolina before.

Dr. Henry Pilsbry: “This report covers a section of the country in
which too little work has been done; such contributions are most welcome.”
Dr. Henry van der Schalie: “Lake Waccamaw in North Carolina has been
partially worked over, but some interesting investigation remains to be done
there.”

SOME PROBLEMS IN THE PHOLADIDAE
Ruth D. Turner
(Abstract)

The various genera and species of the Pholadidae probably have more
shell characters upon which the classification of the group can be based than
any other family of Pelecypods. The classification is based upon the accessory
plates, the shape and extent of the pedal gape and callum, the type of accessory
siphonal tube (if present), the presence or absence of the apophysis, and the
type and extent of the sculpture. All of these characters are basic and stable,
showing little variation within the genus, while the general shape and sise of
the shell is exceedingly variable depending upon the substratum in which
the animal is boring.

The difficult problem in this group is obtaining good preserved specimens
in sufficient numbers to show the various growth stages, and accessory plates.
Most of the accessory plates are lost in dried material and when using poorly
preserved material these plates are often so thin and fragile they are lost or
overlooked. Many of the early descriptions were based on old, incomplete,
beach worn specimens and consequently could be applied to several species.

The si^e and shape of the pedal gape changes with age, and the young
stages of those groups which later produce a callum can easily be confused

(9)

with species in other genera which never fill in the pedal gape. The produc-
tion of stenomorphs is common when specimens are overcrowded or are boring
into an unusually hard substratum. These varying conditions are always re-
flected in the specimens, those boring into soft easily worked material being
long and straight while other specimens of the same species working in hard
material may be distorted and only 1/10 normal size. Many such cases have
been described as new species, and even genera have been described on the
growth stages of a single species.

The siphons appear to have excellent generic and specific characters but
to date we have far too little material of a world wide nature to make the best
use of these characters.

Fossil accessory plates, particularly the protoplax have been described as
gastropods, and on one occasion at least, the apophysis of a Barnea was
described as a Capulus.

When considering the family relationships it is interesting to philosophise
on the origin of the apophysis. Though it is possible to find structure in the
shells of other families that could have given rise to the apophysis much em-
bryological work will be necessary to solve this problem.

The method of boring of the Pholads has intrigued naturalists for cen-
turies and there are many theories as to how boring is accomplished. It is
generally believed today, however, that the process is entirely mechanical and
that they can bore only into rocks which are softer or ones in which the
cementing factor is softer than the shell.

This paper was accompanied with Kodachrome slides of unusual interest
and clarity. The final slide pictured Mr. Richard I. Johnson completely
absorbed in his task of extracting a rock-embedded mollusk; this candid study
inspired Dr. Morrison to remark that he trusted the pictured collecting trip
was not altogether boring! Dr. Bartsch: “Miss Turner is to be congratulated
on her work and presentation. She is fortunate in being able to work with
live and varied material.1’ Dr. van der Schalie: “Is there not a relationship
between structure and function? These mollusks are an engineering marvel;
some day this angle must be more thoroughly studied.” Miss Turner: “I
agree. However, we are at the present time engrossed in taxonomy.” Dr.
Ralph W. Dexter: “Do these mollusks who bore in wood digest the wood?”
Miss Turner: “That is more or less controversial; they do consume the wood
as perhaps a disposal method. Certainly they do not feed on it.”

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF WILD POPULATIONS
OF THE LAND SNAIL, CERIOH
Colonial Inheritance of the Multiple Factor for Shell Length

R. Tucker Abbott
(Abstract)

A preliminary biometric study was made of over 500 colonial samples of
the land snail, Cerion, housed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har-
vard College. 50 colonies were measured in detail. Of these, 20 were used in
histogram form and shown on lantern slides. From the material presented,
there appears to be a multiple factor for shell length which appears at random
in colonies and sets a mean for the she of individuals of a colony. The varia-
tion in size of the mean length of a colony is inherited without change unless
hybridization with another colony takes place or unless there is a genetic drift
within the colony.

In hybridization between two colonies the mean may be unchanged be-
cause of the dominance of the multiple factors of one or the other of the orig-

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inal colonies; or an intermediate mean may be expressed in some cases.

Possible “genetic drift” in which the mean length of a colony changes
over a period of several or many generations occurs exclusive of hybridisation,
and is probably brought about by intra-colonial segregation during migration
or by partial elimination of individuals by adverse ecological conditions.

Mr. Abbott’s paper was illustrated with numerous charts. Discussion:
Dr. Morrison: “Was this drift in size by units?” Abbott: “Yes, by genetic
colonies.” Dr. Bartsch: “This ties in with the intensive studies I have made
of the Cerionidae. I discovered that my experimental plantings took three
years to mature. Where colonies were isolated, environment such as grass,
coral, etc., brought about no material change. But in one batch, Cerion incunum
had mixed in, bringing about extreme and sometimes grotesque hybridisation.
I was able to make intensive anatomical studies. And again the birds played
their part when the sparrow hawks at Dry Tortugas mixed up my plantings!”

A break for lunch at this time was followed by a muster on the Museum
steps while a group photograph was made. The ceremony was brief, for a
high wind and chilly temperature made even the hardy Buffalonians shiver.

TRITON’S PIPE ORGAN
Gertrude Villforth Musial and Eugene Musial

(Abstract)

When the Reverend Henry Zahn, teacher in a missionary school in New
Guinea, felt the need of music in instructing his native pupils, he decided to
organize an orchestra. But there was no money for instruments. What more
natural, then, than that sea shells be utilized to serve the purpose of convene
tional instruments? Natural perhaps, but most difficult. After much experi-
mentation, he adapted a set of shells, each tuned by piercing the body whorl
then stopping the cavity with putty to effect the desired note when blown
trumpet-fashion. One note to a shell, one shell to a boy. And the player
signaled to sound his instrument at the proper time by a rap on the head from
a stick wielded by the instructor! A primitive band playing primitive music,
but music sublime in natural simplicity. When the Reverend Zahn returned
to Germany at the termination of his duty in the South Seas, he carried home
a set of orchestral shells, the gift of his pupils. It was from these shells that
the pictures and recordings presented at this time were made.

This paper was followed by a brief motion picture which portrayed the
members of this unique orchestra and their primitive instruments. And finally,
a sound recording of two hymns was played, reproduced from the original
tape recordings made at the mission school. The deep resonant notes were
indeed comparable to those of the finest of pipe organs. Mrs. Musial had been
supplied with the material for her paper by her father who occupies the
position of school superintendent at Mittereicherstrasse, Bavaria, Germany, and
by officials at the mission school at Neuendettelsau.

MALACOLOGICAL LEGISLATION
(Abstract)

Albert R. Mead

As a result of the articles in the August, 1949, ATLANTIC MONTHLY
and the October, 1949, READER’S DIGEST, pointing out the lack of federal
quarantines against noxious snails and especially the giant African snail
( Achatina fulica), the people of Texas called on Representative Wingate Lucas
to start needed action. On September 27, 1949, Representative Lucas intro-
duced into Congress H.R. 6242 which unfortunately called for regulations

CD

excluding only the single species A chatina fulica. It was finally passed by the
House ten months later — on July 27, 1950. A rider, concerning the transfer-
ence of peanut acreages, was placed on H.R. 6242 by Senator Burnet May-
bank and in this amended form it was passed by the Senate and returned to
the House in December 1950. The House failed to agree on the amendment
and the bill died with the close of the 81st Congress.

Early in the 82nd Congress, the assistance of Majority Leader Ernest W.
McFarland was sought. On May 15, 1951, he introduced S. 1489 which was
worded similarly to H.R. 6242 except that it included all freshwater and ter-
restrial mollusks. To speed action on this legislation, Representative Lucas in-
troduced a companion bill, H.R. 4443, on June 13, 1951. If these bills, now
before Congress, are amended it is feared that they will suffer the fate of
H.R. 6242. Every assistance is needed to expedite their passage.

The bills, if passed, would empower the Secretary of Agriculture to set
up regulations prohibiting the entry of all terrestrial and freshwater mollusks.
The wording of the bills, however, permits great latitude in interpretation and
thus elements of danger are definitely present. Mollusks destined for scientific
investigation, not excepted in the wording of these bills, should presumably be
permitted entrance under certain conditions. The word “live” is not present
in the bill and hence shells and shell products would unfortunately seem to be
embraced in the exclusion. The word in question brings in still more difficulty
when it is realized that many a conchologist has put away a live snail believing
it was dead. How then can we expect quarantine inspectors to tell the differ-
ence? Some have suggested the use of methyl bromide and hydrocyanic acid
gases or heat in the treatment of shipments of shell specimens to insure that
they are all dead. Several objections to this treatment are immediately appar-
ent. Some officials charged with the formulation of the regulations have indi-
cated that exclusions should concern a definite list of harmful and potentially
harmful mollusks rather than all mollusk species. But how can we be certain
that such a list will prove adequate? These and other matters are already
demanding the attention of our officials.

If the bills are passed in their present form, there will still be need for
the help of many to insure that the regulations promulgated will prove ade-
quate and yet not unnecessarily restricting.

Discussion: R. Tucker Abbott: “Dr. Bartsch has had ample experience
along this line in connection with his work with the U. S. Public Health
Quarantine Service. And another angle is that potentially dangerous mollusks
may bypass the customs inspectors by coming in by mail. Postal inspectors
are apt to take a dim view of what they consider meddling by outside
inspectors.” Dr. Mead: “You may recall that I referred to just this problem
in my Atlantic Monthly paper. Between May 1947 and April 1948, 721
cases and 24,969 baskets of living edible snails were imported into New York
City alone from Europe and North Africa. These figures indicate that this
is no small problem.” Dr. Haas: “How would proposed legislation cover
snail eggs?” This brought about general discussion as to the definition of
‘living snails,” the longevity of snails in a dormant condition, etc. A brief
account of the difficulty of obtaining a permit for the field trip collectors to
bring their specimens into the United States from Canada concluded the
discussion on this paper.

(Three days after the close of the convention, August 27, 1951, Congress
passed and sent to the White House the two identical bills; President Truman
signed one (H.R. 4443) and it became Public Law 152 of the 82nd Congress
on September 22, 1951.)

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COLLECTING IN CAPE BRETON
Gordon K. MacMillan
(Abstract)

It had been my ambition for quite a number of years to conduct a col-
lecting trip to Cape Breton, the northernmost section of the Province of Nova
Scotia, Canada. The purpose of this expedition was to study the effects of
isolation upon the speciation of the land and freshwater snails, and also to tie
up the results of this study with those obtained by Dr. S. T. Brooks, former
Curator of Invertebrates at the Carnegie Museum, with a similar project in
Newfoundland. Cape Breton Island had been separated from the mainland
by the flooding of the St. Lawrence Valley some 25,000 years ago. The Strait
of Canso, parting Cape Breton from the remainder of Nova Scotia, is one-
quarter to one mile in width, thus creating a formidable barrier to the migra-
tion and distribution of animal life.

Last summer this aspiration of mine was fulfilled when I was able to spend
the month of August in Cape Breton collecting land and freshwater mollusca
and other natural history objects in and around Sydney, Baddeck, Baddeck
Bay, and Whycocomagh. However, before reaching my destination I stopped
at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, the Canadian National Museum,
Ottawa, the Peter Redpath Museum, Montreal, and the Provincial Museum
of Quebec, Quebec City. Locality lists of the land and freshwater snails from
the collections of these institutions were made not only from Cape Breton, but
also from Prince Edward Island, Magdalen and Anticosti Islands.

This informal talk was illustrated with numerous Kodachrome transpar-
encies showing the Museums visited in eastern Canada and the varied ecologi-
cal situations from which the natural history specimens had been obtained.

THE STORY OF TYRIAN PURPLE
R. Tucker Abbott
(Abstract)

A brief account was given of the history, manufacture and uses of the
molluscan purple dye obtained from snails of the Muricidae family. In the
Mediterranean area, Tyrian purple was in use by the Egyptians and Cretians
before 1600 B.C. The Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon owed the success
of their far-flung trading empire to the monopolistic manufacture of this dye.
Methods of manufacture were described by Aristotle and Pliny, and the
details of preparation were given in this paper. Purple dye was used exten-
sively in northwestern Europe where it was obtained from the dogwinkle, Thais
lapillus. The Indians of the Pacific tribes of Central America used the Wide-
mouthed Purpura, Purpura patula pansa Gould, but they “milked” the snails
of their dye instead of destroying the entire shell and animal. Two colored
slides were shown that depicted the various species of Murex and actual
samples of the various shades of Tyrian purple. A complete account with
colored illustrations will appear in a forthcoming book entitled, “American
Seashells.”

PORTRAITS OF SOME FLORIDA OPISTHOBRANCHS

Henry Pilsbry

An interesting series of Kodachrome slides was shown and commented on
by Dr. Pilsbry. Especially featured was Tethys willcoxi, which was pictured
from various angles. The showing was concluded with a candid portrait of
Dr. Pilsbry himself, which brought a rousing ovation from his audience.

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GLIMPSES OF THE PAST
Paul Bartsch

Dr. Bartsch might well have substituted for his title, “The Making of a
Malacologist,1’ for his brief remarks traced his own life from the day when
at a tender age he buried snails in a tin can, to later exhume not only living
snails but their pearly eggs. He studied under Dr. Henry Pilsbry in Iowa and
later under Dr. Wm. Healy Dali. Working for the Bureau of Fisheries, he
went on a voyage of the Albatross, taking all organisms except fishes. (“Bartsch
was omnivorous then!“) In 1911 he went again to the Gulf of Lower Cali'
fornia, and remembers so vividly the elephant seals on the Galapagos Islands
Other precious memories concern his association with John B. Henderson,
George E. Clapp and Charles Simpson. Now retired after fifty years in the
service of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Bartsch closed his remarks with the
reminder that this greatest of all museums is the property of every United
States citizen. It is the duty, then, of every citizen to aid in its support, and
his privilege to enjoy it.

THE CARVING OF NIAGARA GORGE
John D. Sargent

This paper was especially timely, since Mr. Sargent described an area
which was to be visited by the majority of his audience on the following day.
Niagara Falls, said he, was at one time twice as high as it is now. It was
also far down the river from its present site. It has taken several thousand
years for the river to cut back from Niagara Glen to the place the tourist
visits today. Mr. Sargent employed maps and aerial photographs to trace the
evolution of this most famous of Niagara Frontier landmarks.

This closed the academic portion of the meeting, and a final exodus from
the Museum ensued. However, an hour later the delegates convened once
again, this time in the hotel dining rooms to enjoy the hospitality of General
Frank R. Schwengel and Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel. A social hour was followed
by a sumptuous supper, and good fellowship was the order of the evening.

The field trip on Friday had somewhat of an international aspect, for
the major part of the day was spent in Canada. A chartered bus transported
forty'one passengers to Niagara Glen, Ontario, stopping briefly to view the
panorama of Niagara Falls, and again at the Whirlpool in the lower river.

Niagara Glen is the site of a prehistoric falls, a sylvan ravine with huge
jumbled rocks, steep trails and a fascinating flora and fauna which has
delighted geologists, botanists and ornithologists for generations. Nor were
the conchologists disappointed on this occasion, for although the molluscan
fauna is limited to the more common regional species, the combination of mist
and abundant limestone causes the terrestrial snails to develop to their maxi'
mum in size and coloration.

In the river at the bottom of the glen is Cripp’s Eddy, an interesting
small cove which features a tricky tide. A few of the uninitiated were
drenched before they learned to time their collecting activities to coincide with
the two minute schedule of the eddy.

Return to the States was made via the famed Rainbow Bridge at Niagara
Falls, and a brief stop was made to allow collecting from the rocks and in the
river at the foot of the American falls. It was a weary but happy group who
disembarked at the hotel at the end of the day. Farewells and pledges to meet
next year ensued, and so ended the 1951 annual meeting of the American

Malacological Union. MARGARET C. Teskey, Secretary

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MEMBERS AND GUESTS IN ATTENDANCE

R. Tucker Abbott, Washington, D. C.

Mrs. Wallace H. Ashbery, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Roy C. Athearn, Fall River, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Clifford J. Awald, Kenmore, N. Y.

Dr. and Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Paul Bartsch and Dr. Elizabeth Parker Bartsch, Washington, D. C.
Miss Louise W. Becker, Buffalo, N. Y.

Robert J. Bloom, Syracuse, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Bradley, Eden, N. Y.

William J. Clench, Cambridge, Mass.

Miss Ruth E. Coats, Tillamook, Oregon
Mrs. Lillias F. Cockerill, Sanibel, Florida
Mr. and Mrs. Z. W. Craine, Norwich, N. Y.

Mrs. James A. Gumming, Grand Island, N. Y.

Dr. Charlotte Dawley, Greensboro, N. C.

Dr. Ralph W. Dexter, Kent, Ohio
Miss Norma Fritton, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Lester B. Gary, Buffalo, N. Y.

Miss Martha Gary, Buffalo, N. Y.

Dr. and Mrs. Fritz Haas, Chicago, 111.

Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Hadley, West Newton, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Fred T. Hall, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Fred S. Hoffman, Buffalo, N. Y.

Miss Marietta Horton, Eden, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. E. O. Houghton, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph W. Jackson, Cambridge, Maryland
Richard I. Johnson, Belmont, Mass.

Mrs. Tannis Lee, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron Leonard, Lawrence, Kansas

Bruce M. McCraw, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Dr. Albert R. Mead, Tucson, Arizona

Dr. and Mrs. Joseph P. E. Morrison, Washington, D. C.

Miss Lilian Morrison, Washington, D. C.

Michael Morrison, Washington, D. C.

Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Musial, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Nelson, Grand Rapids, Mich.

Dr. and Mrs. John Oughton, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.

Thomas C. Pulley, Houston, Texas
Murray E. Reed, Syracuse, N. Y.

Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Howard J. Roeller, Eden, N. Y.

Richard Roeller, Eden, N. Y.

Miss Katherine Schiro, Tampa, Florida
Eugene H. Schmeck, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Fred I. Sigman, Elma, N. Y.

Miss Ruth Sparrow, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Ernestine Taylor, Tampa, Florida
Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Teskey, Buffalo, N. Y.

Miss Ruth D. Turner, Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Miss Gertrude M. Weber, Buffalo, N. Y.

Miss Martha Weber, Buffalo, N. Y.

Adlai B. Wheel, Syracuse, N. Y.

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HAROLD RALPH ROBERTSON

1877 — 1951

Annie C. Hoffman and Fred S. Hoffman
“To him who in the love of J\[ature holds
Communion with her visible form , she speaks
A various language.”

Harold Ralph Robertson, Treasurer of The American Malacological
Union, passed away on July 15, 1951, after a long period of invalidism follow'
ing an operation in 1944. For the past two years he had been confined to bed
although able to continue an active interest in the work of the Union until a
few weeks before his death.

He was bom in Liverpool, England, and came to this country with his
parents as a boy of eleven, continuing his education at private schools here.
In 1903 he married Imogene C. Strickler and joined the recently formed
Conchological Section of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences of which
she was a member. We became acquainted with him then, and now we think
back over nearly fifty years of friendship, recalling Harold’s keen appreciation
of the true values of life which was shared by his wife, “Genie.” Theirs was
an unusual oneness of interest, both being devout Christians, both interested
in the natural sciences including geology, conchology, microscopy and botany.

When John E. Andrews, then president of our Conchological Section,
returned from a winter in Florida in the spring of 1931, he was much
enthused with the work which Norman W. Lermond, whom he had met
there, was doing in preparation for the organizing of what was to become
The American Malacological Union. The meeting of the Conchological Section
at which he presented these plans was held at our house, and several of the
members who had not already joined the movement, added their names. Mrs.
Robertson, at this time, was working on the shell collection in the new Buffalo
Museum of Science, and when the organization meeting was called to be held
in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, she was sent by the
Museum, Harold and Mr. Andrews accompanying her. In the selection of
officers she was made recording secretary and later was asked to assume the
duties of treasurer as well with the designation of Financial Secretary. As
the membership of the Union increased the two offices were again separated
and Harold became Treasurer, the two working together as always, in
encouraging the growth and solidity of the organization which had become
so dear to their hearts.

As a part of Mrs. Robertson’s work at the Museum she had been com-
missioned to prepare a guide to the study of local mollusca, and in preparation
for this work she enlisted the cooperation of the Conchological Section in
checking localities listed by Dr. Elizabeth J. Letson. Harold entered with zest
into this project, and, accompanied by Mr. Andrews, made many collecting
trips by auto, visiting most of the recorded sites in the summer of 1931. It
was on one of these trips that he discovered Vivipara contectoides in Lake Erie
at the foot of Michigan Avenue, a new record for the Niagara Frontier,
although it occurs here now in abundance. Another record was that of
Radix auricularia in Cazenovia Creek at East Aurora, the discovery of which
he shared with Lester B. Gary. This lymnaeid has since disappeared.

Harold’s versatility, resourcefulness, and adaptability were evidenced at
the A. M. U. meeting in Toronto, Ontario, in 1939. Sessions were held in the
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, and the banquet was in the Great Hall,

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Hart House. Our last meeting having been held in Havana, Cuba, several
members from there, including Dr. Carlos de la Torre, were present. The
visit of King Geoge VI and Queen Elisabeth of Great Britain was an event
which had occurred only a fortnight previous when they had been entertained at
luncheon in this very room. Asked by President Maxwell Smith just thirty
minutes before to act as Toastmaster, he rose superbly to the occasion. His
remarks had an international flavor as he proposed toasts to the monarchs of
Great Britain, to President Batista and his wife of Cuba, and to our own
President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Mrs. Roosevelt, in well-chosen
words eminently gratifying to all.

Harold’s genial manner and quick repartee made him a charming com-
panion, and many will remember his kindly efforts at past meetings in making
the shy ones feel at ease and helping them to become acquainted. He loved
young people, and his long invalidism was brightened at times by the visits
of neighborhood boys who came in to play chess or checkers with him. He was
a good player and they felt that they learned much from him, not only in
playing but in ethics.

The latch-string is always out at the Robertson home as it previously
was at the Strickler’s; so when his illness confined him at home, the Concho-
logical Section members gladly met at 136 Buffum Street as it assured the
presence of our president (Genie) and also gave Harold an opportunity to
hear the program, enter into the discussion, and offer pertinent suggestions as
well as to see the members.

Besides his wife, he is survived by two daughters, Mrs. Walter McCaus-
land and Mrs. J. Gordon Petrie, two sons, Clarence Paul and Ralph Alden
Robertson, all of Buffalo, two sisters, Grace and H. Winifred Robertson, and
four brothers, Robert Reed, Ernest, Walter, and James Arthur Robertson, all
of Philadelphia.

As a staunch friend and participant in all our activities Harold will be
missed greatly. After these many years of friendship we like to think of him
as one who, “sustained and soothed by an unfaltering trust . . . wraps the
drapery of his couch about him and lies down to pleasant dreams.”

NOTES and NEWS

“Captain” Adlai B. Wheel who is known to so many of us is equally well
known in his home town of Syracuse, N. Y. for the excellent work he has
done with the boys of that city. Affiliated with the Syracuse Boy’s Club and
the Syracuse Y.M.C.A., he is establishing a children’s study museum of natural
history objects. At the present time interest is centered in the continent of
Africa, and the Captain will welcome aid in materials and contacts. Duplicate
shells, natural history objects, addresses, etc., will be more than appreciated.

Although ill health has confined Dr. Louise M. Perry to her home in
Asheville, N. C., she writes expressing her pleasure in receiving the signed
greeting from her friends attending the recent convention. Dr. Perry is a Past
President of the A.M.U.

It was with the greatest concern that the colleagues of Dr. Albert R.
Mead learned that as he was attending the A.M.U. convention in Buffalo, his
young daughter was stricken with polio at her home in Arizona and died
before her father could reach her side. From one coast to the other the many
friends of Dr. and Mrs. Mead extend their sympathy.

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AMERICAN MAIACOLOGICAL UNION — PACIFIC DIVISION
MINUTES OF THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING
Mills College, California
JUNE 22-24, 1951

The meeting was called to order Friday afternoon, June 22, at 2:20 by
the Chairman, Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, with a total of 45 members and guests
registered. Dr. Hertlein introduced President Lynn T. White of Mills College,
who gave a short welcoming talk, followed by brief words of greeting by
the Chairman of the Division. After few preliminary announcements on dura-
tion and times of sessions, meal hours, etc., the meeting was opened for papers. •]

Mr. Allyn G. Smith spoke first on the subject: “Professor Josiah Keep of
Mills College — Teacher and Conchologist’’. He remarked that it was eminently
appropriate that we dedicate this Fourth Annual Meeting of the Pacific Divi-
sion to the memory of Professor Keep who had been so well-known and
revered among the older West Coast conchologists, and who had spent about
a quarter of a century as a Professor of Natural History at Mills College. He
traced the brief history of Professor Keep’s life, calling particular attention to
his publications on West Coast Shells and his Chatauqua lectures on conchology
during the summer at Pacific Grove for many years until his death there in
1911. Mr. Smith spoke of his recollections of one of these summer lecture series
which he attended and where his interest in shells began under the kindly
direction and friendship of Professor Keep. (Later in the session, Professor
Keep’s daughter, Miss Rosalind A. Keep came into the meeting and was intro-
duced by Mr. Smith.)

The next speaker was Dr. Hertlein, who initiated a symposium on:
“Collectors and Collections in Northern California’’. He mentioned the for-
mation of the California Academy of Sciences in 1854 and gave brief reviews
of the scientists, particularly the conchologists, who contributed to the building
up of the shell collection. Mentioned in this connection were J. B. Trask and
the first geological survey of California; J. D. Whitney and the second Cali-
fornia Geological Survey; W. M. Gabb, paleontologist and part-time curator
of the Academy in 1863; J. G. Cooper and his zoological and ornithological
survey of California in 1861; William H. Dali, chief of the Scientific Corps of
the Western Union Telegraph Survey in 1865-66; W. G. W. Harford,
Academy curator in 1867; Josiah Keep, curator of conchology in 1881; F. M.
Anderson, curator of invertebrate paleontology in 1902; E. L. Packard who
studied and published on the marine shells of the U.S.B.F. “Albatross’’ survey
of San Francisco Bay in 1910; Williard M. Wood, a San Francisco collector;
and William Sutton, also a San Francisco collector. Dr. Hertlein mentioned
the private collections of Michael Ross, a San Francisco printer, and of Alfred
Planert, a wood-carver. He called attention to three non-scientific collections
— those at the former famous Woodward’s Gardens in San Francisco, at the
De Young Museum in Golden Gate Park, and at the Sutro Baths (recently
sold by Mr. Sutro). Dealers mentioned were Herrmann 6-? Co. (formerly
Hettrich & Herrmann) and now out of business, and the Pacific Curio Shop at
Fisherman’s Wharf operated by Mr. John Saxby, a present AMU member.

As the speaker mentioned various scientists, the portraits of several were
shown on the screen, including Professor Keep, Eschscholtz, T. A. Conrad,
Trask, Gabb, Cooper, Dali, Harford, Hemphill, and Raymond.

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Continuing the symposium, Dr. A. Myra Keen reviewed the history of
the Stanford Collection starting with the purchase of the Law Collection by
Dr. J. P. Smith in 1892-95, which was later catalogued by Mr. A. M. Strong.
In 1908-10 the Ralph Arnold Collection mostly of fossils was acquired by
donation. Arnold subsidised Harold Hannibal to collect for him and in addi-
tion Hannibal collected much fresh-water material, which is on permanent loan
to Stanford. At Stanford also is the large series of duplicates from the Henry
Hemphill Collection (the main collection having been acquired by the Cali-
fornia Academy). Cataloguing of this material by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd sub-
sequently resulted in the deposit of the large marine collection of the Oldroyds
at Stanford. Dr. Keen spoke of later additions to the collection by alumni
including Eric Jordon, Tolliver, and others and of donations from the U. S.
National Museum, and purchases of small collections through the operation of
an alumni fund. Specific reference was made to the acquisition of the Mitchell
Collection of Philippine shells (2000 species — almost 2 tons of material) and
of recent donations from Professor W. G. Schenck (at present with SCAP in
Japan) of shells from New Guinea, the Philippines, and Japan. Of private col-
lectors in the region south of San Francisco Bay the names of Mrs. Kennedy,
Mrs. Gimble, Mrs. Fackenthall of Pacific Grove, and of Andrew Sorensen
were cited.

Concluding the symposium, Mr. Allyn Smith spoke of the work of Dr.
J. G. Cooper and of his contribution to the shell collection at the University
of California; of the Rowell Collection, later acquired by the University; of
the so-called D. O. Mills Collection at the University; and of the existence of
a number of Cooper’s types in this collection. He said the large collection made
by the late Fred Button, especially rich in Cypraea, still remained gathering
dust in Oakland. Mention also was made of the W. J. Raymond Collection,
recently acquired by Miss Ruth Coats of Tillamook, Oregon; of the fine col-
lection of Olives made by Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Gifford of Berkeley, and of the
collections of Ralph Fox, Mary Nimitz, and his own that is now close to 10,000
acquisition numbers.

In the discussion following these talks, Dr. Hertlein mentioned the Lorenzo
G. Yates Collection stored in the City Hall Basement at Santa Barbara. Mr.
Hinshaw spoke of the J. K. Oliver Collection at Monterey, and of the col-
lection at the Pacific Grove Museum containing 6-7 cases comprising the M. J.
Becker Collection, 3 drawers of the Alvin Seale Collection, some of the Button
Collection duplicates and the F. W. Woodworth Collection.

Following a brief recess, Dr. Howard Hill of the Los Angeles Museum
read an interesting paper on “The Parasites of Mollusks”. Dr. Hill catalogued
the various types of parasitic flukes in the life histories of which mollusks are
known to play a part, and he discussed the role of mollusks, reptiles, birds,
and mammals as primary or secondary or final hosts. Work of the U. S.
Bureau of Public Health was mentioned, especially in its studies of the possi-
bilities that local U. S. species of fresh-water mollusks might be suitable hosts
of Schistosoma from Asia. During a discussion of Dr. Hill’s paper he stated
that results of studies on the possible development of schistosomiasis in the
U. S. were not yet definite. Dr. W. O. Gregg, however, pointed out that the
fresh-water genus Tropicorbis found in Louisiana had been infected with
Shistosoma experimentally, thus indicating a present danger of infection.

The final period was devoted to notes and comments by those present,
which produced the following items :

(19)

Dr. Hill spoke of the confiscation of 120 cases of live Helix aperta at
San Pedro recently, which had been shipped from French Tunisia. Dr. Hertlein
commented on the burrowing proclivities of this snail, of its existence already
in San Diego County, and of the difficulties the Pest Control Division of the
California Division of Agriculture was having in its attempts to eradicate the
snail from infected areas.

Mr. Weber spoke interestingly of collecting Polymita in Cuba, of its
increasing scarcity because of its use in the novelty trade, and of steps taken
in Cuba to prevent taking Polymita except for scientific purposes. Mr. Weber
pointed out how hard it is to prevent wholesale collecting of this beautiful snail
as poor people still gather and sell them illegally for 50c a bucket. Another and
perhaps more serious threat to Polymita is the rapid cutting down of the forest
trees for charcoahburning. Already the forests of Oriente Province are nearly
all gone as a result of this. Mr. Weber said that a large part of Baracoa was
inhabited by Polymita at one time, as represented by layers of shells six inches
thick in the ground, but they are hard to find there now. The chances for the
ultimate survival of Polymita is extremely slim, according to Mr. Weber.

Mr. Smith mentioned the spread of European slug Arion ater in the Seattle
region and its most recent collection as far from Seattle as Snoqualmie Falls.

It is prevalent in gardens in some sections of Seattle, he said, and is apparently
common on Mercer Island in Lake Washington. Mr. Chace commented that
he had collected this slug in Seattle in 1937. It has also been reported from
Portland, Oregon. Dr. Mead commented on the difficulty of distinguishing
A. ater from the black form of A riolimax columbianus, native to the region
and Mr. Smith said there were several color forms in addition to the black
one, mainly brown and occasionally terra-cotta color.

Highlight of the Friday session was the evening talk on “Hunting the
Giant African Snail in Micronesia” given by Dr. Albert R. Mead, Associate
Professor of Zoology, University of Arizona. Dr. Mead’s discussion took the
form of a 23,000 mile travelogue through the remote islands of the Micronesian
group, including the Marianas, Marshals, Carolines, and Bonins — a trip taken
under the auspices of the U. S. Bureau of Naval Research and the Pacific
Science Board of the National Research Council. Dr. Mead’s mission was to
make a survey of all aspects of the Giant African Snail ( Achatina fulica),
to select an island for experiments in biological control of this world’s largest
snail pest, and to make recommendations for a long range control program. "
He was accompanied by Yoshio Kondo of the Bishop Museum, and he spoke
interestingly and with frequent flashes of humor of their experiences of living
with the natives on these faraway islands. The speaker illustrated his talk with
a large series of excellent colored slides, which showed how prolific and how
destructive the Giant African Snail really is. Dr. Mead pointed out the
extreme danger of allowing this pest to become established in the United
States. Existence of this snail in one of the northern Bonin Islands, with a
climate not unlike that of some of the southern United States, makes this
country vulnerable according to Dr. Mead. Because of its adaptability to new
environment, it is not impossible to assume that even the arid Southwest and
southern California may not be immune to the establishment of this pest.
Mexico certainly seems vulnerable in certain sections. Dr. Mead concluded
with remarks on the apparent futility of attempting to eradicate Achatina and
the many problems and difficulties of carrying on biological control successfully.
Legislation and complete and conscientious inspection are badly needed to
keep Achatina out of the country — something we have little or nothing of

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now, except in California where there is an efficient and rigid inspection
system, Dr. Mead said.

The first paper on Saturday was by Mr. Edward Danehy of Stanford
and member of the Stanford Grotto, National Speleological Society. He spoke
on cave explorations made by him and members of his group in the limestone
caves of the Mother Lode area of California and of collecting snails among
other things in some of these caves. He concluded by reporting on the sea
caves of Ana Capa and Santa Cru^ Islands under the auspices of the recent
J. W. Sefton Foundation Channel Islands Sea Cave Expedition, and by show-
ing a splendid motion picture in color taken during the expedition. In comment
on this presentation, Mr. Smith stated the snails taken by the cave explorers
of Stanford were being worked up by him. He mentioned one lot of small
snails, probably fossil, that may turn out to be a genus and species new in
North America. Mr. Kanakoff spoke of the studies of material from one of
the caves on Ana Capa Island, including bones of the sea otter, on which the
anthropologists of the University of Southern California are now working.

The second morning speaker was Mr. Ernest N. Wilcox of San Luis
Obispo who talked briefly and interestingly on the more striking species of
mollusks of Morro Bay. Morro Bay is the meeting space for several species
from both more southern and more northern habitats, according to Mr. Wilcox.
In answer to a question from Dr. Hill, Mr. Wilcox said that Japanese oysters
( Ostrea laperousii ) had been planted in Morro Bay but had not propagated.
Mr. Sorensen remarked that collecting in Morro Bay was far different 15-20
years ago and today was not half as good. He said that during World War II
the government had dredged the northern half of the Bay and had also built
two jetties, which had created a narrow channel causing swifter water that
had washed away much of the original bay mud. This has affected the ecology
of the entire bay. In one area, he said, enough mud had been washed away
to expose the siphons of geoducks (Panope generosa) for a depth of two inches
or more, making them an easy prey to all sorts of enemies, especially clam-
diggers.

Following lunch the first speaker was Dr. A. Myra Keen whose subject
was the classification of the pelecypod super-family Veneracea. Dr. Keen pro-
posed a somewhat more up-to-date arrangement of the super-family into four
families — Veneridae, Petricolidae, Cooperellidae, and, doubtfully, “Onco-
phoridae ’, a fossil group. At least 260 names have been proposed as sub-
divisions of the Veneracea, which, by treating part as subgenera, can be
reduced to 81 genera, a few being fossil only. The largest of the families, the
Veneridae, can be arranged into 1 1 subfamilies split into two series depending
upon the presence or absence of an anterior lateral tooth in the hinge system.
Dr. Keen proposes a new subfamily, the Chioninae, with Chione as the type
genus, as one of the 1 1 groups. A comparative table of the Veneridae of
Western North America giving Dali’s assignment of genera and species in his
Bulletin 112 of the U.S.N.M. and a new generic assignment of species was
suggested by Dr. Keen. The speaker’s points in favor of her proposed arrange-
ment were made more graphic by slides thrown on the screen.

The next speaker, Dr. Albert R. Mead of the University of Arizona, dis-
cussed the recent introduction of the European Brown Snail ( Helix aspersa)
into Arizona. Professor Mead pointed to the ease with which this snail pest
had been introduced into Tucson in the arid Southwest, and to the rapidity of
its acclimatization there, as a danger signal for the possible introduction of a
worse snail pest, the giant African Snail ( Achatina fulica), and the need for

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appropriate legislation along with constant vigilance to keep it out of the
country. He called attention to a law now before Congress that he felt
strongly should have all the support that conchologists can give.

After a brief recess, Mr. John Q. Burch discussed the variations in the
southern California species of Haliotis, with special references to Haliotis
sorensoni, which the abalone divers are bringing up in some quantity from off
the Islands in the Santa Barbara Channel. He illustrated his remarks with a
fine exhibit of shells of various sizes. H. sorensoni, he said, has a bathymetric
range of apparently 100' 120 feet. There is evidently a big bed of them off San
Clemente Island. In Mr. Burch’s dredging experiences, young abalones have
been brought up from as deep as 50 fathoms, the limit of the red coralline
algae. His hypothesis is that of the deeper water types of Haliotis, the young
are born toward the deeper end of their bathymetric range. In commenting
on Mr. Burch’s talk, Mr. Chace spoke of seeing a trailer load of freshly caught
abalones in which one in 25'30 was H. sorensoni, the bulk being H. corrugata.
The meat of sorensoni, he said, is a distinct orange yellow with some not so
yellow, but the divers claim that the meat of all sorensoni is yellowish. Mr.
Sorensen pointed out that the mantle of the red abalone (H. rufescens ) is
always black while that of sorensoni is yellow with brown mottlings. He re'
marked that the animal of H. assimilis is much like sorensoni although the
shells are quite different. Mr. Smith commented on the difficulty of easy dis'
tinction between the smaller species of deeper 'water abalones, such as assimilis,
aulea, \amschat\ana, and possibly smithsoni and appealed to those taking them
alive to preserve the animals and shells in alcohol for study, first making care'
ful color notes on the animals in their live state.

The next speaker was Mr. Merton E. Hinshaw, Curator of the Pacific
Grove Museum, whose subject was the preparation of museum specimens
from latex. Mr. Hinshaw explained his method in some detail and illustrated
it with latex preparations of the giant keyhole limpet (M egathura crenulata)
and of the red abalone. Mr. Hinshaw works from living specimens from
which he produces a plaster cast. The result is remarkably lifelike when the
latex reproduction is taken from the plaster and painted the natural colors
of the living animal and shell. Mr. Hinshaw showed himself to be a master
technician with this type of reproduction which provides a permanent exhibit
that will not deteriorate with time. The discussion which followed turned
toward the considerable difficulty of getting the animals of mollusks properly
relaxed for final preservation. Mr. Smith suggested quick deep freezing as one
possibility, pointing out that Dr. Hanna of the Academy of Sciences had used
this technique on nudibranchs with some success. Mr. Weber called attem
tion to a booklet on preparatory methods published by the Naples Museum,
which he thought could be obtained from the American Museum of Natural
History. Dr. Hill remarked that the Smithsonian Institution had published a
handbook for relaxing animals, using the same methods as those at Naples, but
that this reference was now out of print.

Mr. Sorensen, recalling the previous discussion on abalones, stated that
he had a specimen of the red abalone in his collection measuring 1 1 inches
across the back and weighing about 5 pounds. He expressed the view that this
species does not exceed 12 inches in length in spite of reports to the contrary,
and made a substantial cash offer for a shell of this or greater length.

Dr. Hill exhibited a scalariform living specimen of the common European
Brown Snail (Helix aspersa), from southern California. Mr. Smith said that
while Taylor in his monograph on British land mollusks reported scalariform

(22)

individuals to have been collected occasionally, this was the first one to his
knowledge that had been found in North America, although perhaps half a
dosen left-handed specimens had been collected in California.

The evening meeting was preceded by the Annual Banquet, arrange-
ments for which were well and capably handled by Mrs. Rose Burch. Place
cards supplied by Dr. Myra Keen were each decorated with a colorful valve
of the southern California fan-shell (Pecten monotimeris) . Members and
guests were each presented with two favors — one, a large Philippine land
snail, Camaena monockroa ( Sowerby ), with the animal reproduced in lifelike
proportions in hard clay, furnished also by Dr. Keen; the other a printed re-
production of both sides of an authentic postal card representing Volume 1,
Number 1 of The Conchologists Exchange, forerunner of The Nautilus and
issued in 1887. (Copies may be obtained as long as they last, by writing Mr.
Allyn G. Smith.) The Chairman introduced, as guests, Dr. J. W. Robertson
of Livermore Hospital (the evening speaker) and Mrs. Robertson; and Miss
Rosalind Keep and her brother. The banquet was informal and there were
no speeches.

Following the Banquet the group adjourned to the Recreation Hall where
Dr. Robertson presented his splendid color motion-picture film on Tide-Pool
Life. Dr. Robertson’s remarkable close-ups of scores of different types of
marine life have rarely if ever been equalled and at the end of the film every-
one present realised they had been given a real treat. A special vote of thanks
was given Dr. Robertson for coming to the meeting with his film which
represented years of careful and painstaking work at Monterey and Guaymas.

The business meeting on Sunday, June 24, was opened by the Chairman,
Dr. Hertlein, who called for the report of the nominating committee. Mr.
Fox responded that his committee had made the following selections to serve
as officers of the Pacific Division for the ensuing year: Chairman, Dr. Wen-
dell O. Gregg; Vice-Chairman, Mr. Allyn G. Smith; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs.
Elsie M. Chace. Mr. Sorensen moved that the Secretary cast a unanimous
vote for the new officers as recommended by the nominating committee.
Seconded and carried unanimously.

Mr. Sorensen moved and Dr. Hill seconded a motion to extend a rising
vote of thanks to the Chairman and the Secretary-Treasurer and to Mr. Ralph
Fox for his work in handling the arrangements for the Fourth Annual Meet-
ing of the AMU — Pacific Division. Carried by a unanimous standing vote.

The Chairman pointed out that the Councillors-at-Large consist of the
four past Chairmen of the Pacific Division. These are now Miss Ruth E.
Coats of Tillamook, Oregon, Mr. John Q. Burch of Los Angeles, Dr. A. Myra
Keen of Stanford University, and Dr. Leo G. Hertlein of the California
Academy of Sciences at San Francisco.

The first speaker following the business meeting was Mr. Ralph Fox of
Berkeley who gave a brief and interesting history of the American Malaco-
logical Union and its California members. Mr. Fox spoke of the first meeting
of the Union in 1931 and of its formation resulting from the work of Norman
W. Lermond, of Thomaston, Maine. The first published membership list
contained 212 names of which 35 were from California. This was in 1933.
The last list, published in 1950 shows 63 California members. The Pacific
Division was organised in April, 1948; its second meeting was at Long Beach
in 1949; and its third was at Santa Barbara in 1950.

Mr. Fox said also that there seemed to be interest enough in the San
Francisco Bay Region to warrant the formation of a local Shell Club, similar

(23)

to the active clubs in Los Angeles and Long Beach. Anyone interested in join-
ing such a club should contact Mr. Fox.

The final talk of the session was given by Dr. Gregg, who spoke on
preliminary studies of the West American Amnicolids in which he is actively
engaged. Dr. Gregg reviewed the work of earlier conchologists on these small
and difficult fresh-water snails and gave his views on the present state of
their classification, based primarily on the anatomy of the animals. According
to Dr. Gregg the Amnicolids of the Colorado Desert present many problems,
not the least of which is the necessity to work on the radulae and other soft
parts of the tiny animals. He is considering the preparation of a monograph
on the West American species.

Before adjournment, there was much discussion of Senate Bill 1489 intro-*
duced by Senator McFarland on May 15, 1951 and referred to the Committee
on Agriculture and Forestry. Dr. Albert R. Mead, who sponsored the bill
to prevent the entry of Achatina fulica (the Giant African Snail) into the
continental United States, led the discussion. The bill, as introduced, reads
as follows :

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of Agriculture
shall establish such facilities for, and prescribe such regulations governing, the
inspection and treatment of produce, baggage, salvaged war materials, and other
goods entering the United States from areas infested with any terrestrial or
fresh-water mollusk, as he considers necessary to prevent the entry of such
mollusks into the United States. Whoever violates any such regulations or im-
ports such a mollusk into the United States shall be fined not more than $500 or
imprisoned not more than one year, or both. The term “United States”, as
used in this Act in a territorial sense, means the forty-eight States, the District
of Columbia, the possessions of the United States (except those which the
Secretary of Agriculture finds are infested with such mollusks) , and the
Canal Zone.

Dr. Mead said he was positive some such law was needed to keep mollusk
pests out of this country and called for comments. It was pointed out that the
bill as written might easily be interpreted to prevent the imporation of scientific
collections of shells and the exchange of specimens either preserved dry or in
wet preservatives. The suggestion was made to insert the word “living” in the
bill at the proper place to take care of this situation. It was pointed out in this
connection, however, that mollusks supposedly preserved in a dry state could
not always be considered as “dead”, since there have been many records of
land snails remaining alive in hiberation in collections for periods of several
years. One member said that the bill also should not prevent the importation
of living material for scientific study similar to that being done by the U. S.
Bureau of Public Health.

After considerable discussion, Mr. Sorensen finally suggested that the
question be left in Dr. Mead’s hands. Dr. Mead replied that he believed he
had a thorough view of the wishes of the members and that he would be glad
to proceed on this basis without any formal action on the part of the Division.
The matter was finally concluded with a motion (by Mr. Burch) which was
seconded and carried as follows :

That the Secretary write a letter to Senator McFarland expressing the
wishes of this organisation to the effect that the Pacific Division of the Ameri-
can Malacological Union favors passage of a bill to prevent the importation of
live mollusks likely to become pests or to endanger health; that the Division

(24)

University of Arizona and will support any recommendations he may make
to bring about satisfactory legislation of this nature.

In the preliminary announcement of the Fourth Annual Meeting, menv
bers were urged to bring any shells they would like to exhibit. Cases were
made available for this purpose and a number of interesting exhibits were
contributed.

The Chairman, Dr. Hertlein, in his closing remarks, expressed the appre'
ciation of the Pacific Division for the excellent cooperation of the Mills Cob
has thorough confidence in its member Professor Albert R. Mead of the
lege people in making our stay comfortable and pleasant in every way. He said
that special thanks were due to Ralph Fox, Mrs. Burch, Dr. Keen, Mr. and
Mrs. Chace, Mr. Strohbeen, Mr. Smith and others for their part in the arrange'
ments, and to all those who had prepared and delivered talks and papers.

Allyn G. Smith, Secretary

MEMBERS AND GUESTS PRESENT AND REGISTERED
AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING

Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Alexander, San Diego
Mrs. Betty Babbitt, El Cerrito
Mr. and Mrs. John Q. Burch, Los Angeles
Miss Helen A. Burton, Oakland
Mr. and Mrs. Emery P. Chace, Lomita
Mrs. Effie M. Clark, Castro Valley
Mr. Edward Danehy, Stanford University
Mr. Frank P. Felice, Woodside
Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Fletcher, Redlands
Mr. Ralph O. Fox, Berkeley
Dr. Wendell O. Gregg, Los Angeles
Mr. George Harrington, Palo Alto
Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, San Francisco
Dr. and Mrs. Howard R. Hill, Los Angeles
Mr. Merton E. Hinshaw, Pacific Grove
Dr. and Mrs. George A. KanakofF, Los Angeles
Dr. A. Myra Keen, Stanford University
Miss Rosalind A. Keep, Oakland
Dr. Albert R. Mead, Tucson, Ar iz.

Col. Lee O. Miles, Oakland

Mr. and Mrs. Louis B. Mousley, San Bernardino

Mr. Arthur C. Price, Hollywood

Mr. and Mrs. William Roth, Palo Alto

Mr. John G. Saxby, San Francisco

Mr. Allyn G. Smith, Berkeley

Mr. Andrew Sorensen, Pacific Grove

Mr. and Mrs. John P. Strohbeen, Santa Cruz

Miss Sylvia G. Stewart, San Bernardino

Mrs. John K. Tompkins, Pasadena

Mr. Jay A. Weber, Miami, Fla.

Mrs. A. T. Whelchel, Pacific Grove

Miss Ruth Whitney, Los Gatos

Mr. and Mrs. Ernest N. Wilcox, San Luis Obispo

Mr. Jerry Zeller, El Cerrito

Mrs. Lucille Zellers, El Cerrito

(25)

OUR MEMBER CLUBS

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, Miss Margaret F. Farrell,
Secretary-Treasurer: The Boston Malacological Club had a very successful
19501951 season with meetings on the first Tuesday of each month October
through May at the Massachusetts Audubon Society Library, 155 Newbury
Street, Boston.

As several members of the Club are affiliated with the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard, the most up'tO'date information on
mollusks is available to the members.

The following was the program for the year:

October- — Summer activities of members, Speaker, Mr. William J.
Clench; Subject, Trip to Cuba.

November 1950 — Speaker, Dr. George Moore of University of New
Hampshire; Subject, Nudibranchs of New Hampshire.

December 1950 — Speaker, Dr. Richard Howard, Professor of Botany
at Harvard University; Subject, Interesting Collecting Localities in the West
Indies.

January 1951 — Speaker, Mr. J. Lockwood Chamberlain; Subject, Collect'
ing in the Hudson Bay Area.

February 1951 — Speaker, Members of the Club; Subject, Interesting
and unusual Shells.

March 1951 — Speaker, Mr. Thomas Pulley; Subject, Shell Collecting on
the Texas Coast.

April 1951 — Speaker, Mr. William J. Clench; Subject, Distribution of
West Indian Land Shells.

May 1951 — Speaker, Mr. Richard I. Johnson; Subject, History of Early
Books on Shells.

The Club had a very successful annual outing and field trip to Rye
Harbor State Park, New Hampshire, on Sunday, June 17th.

1950-1951 1951-1952

President

Miss Ruth D. Turner Dr. Austin W. Cheever

Vice'President

Dr. Austin W. Cheever Mr. Herbert Athearn

S ecretary 'T reasurer

Miss Margaret Farrell Miss Margaret Farrell

Conchological Recorder

Mr. J. Lockwood Chamberlain Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert

Executive Committee

Mrs. F. K. Hadley Mr. Arthur Clark

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, Secretary: Our

third year finds us firmly established with a membership of more than 50
and a growing awareness of the diversity of our field. Our interests and
activities have become more varied and more scientific, so that our club
now provides room for all phases of molluscan study, from the purely
aesthetic to the rigidly scientific. Our meetings are planned to make room
for everyone. An outline of the papers read during the year will illustrate
this.

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At various meetings descriptive outlines of the following molluscan
groups were presented: Murex (Anthony D’Attilio and Morris K. Jacobson),
Fulgur (E. Sidney Marks), Natica (Fred Tobleman) and Xenophora
(Anthony D’Attilio). In a short paper on the Nassas, Mr. Jacobson made
note of an internal columellar lamella that seems not to have been reported
previously. This feature may provide a basis of classification of this
difficult group. He also pointed out that the Bullia from South Africa do
not show this lamella whereas those from South America do, and hence
suggested that the former might have to be removed from the family
Nassidae. Collecting trips were described by Frank Hausman (California),
S. A. DeLude (Florida), Nick Katsaras (Cuba and Florida) and M. K.
Jacobson (Mexico). Mr. George Jacobs gave a particularly enjoyable talk
on the “Meaning of Generic Names” and Dr. Walter Jacobs entertained us
with slides of X-ray photographs of some familiar shells. Mr. Joseph Fiorino
talked philosophically on the habits of Xenophora. In the course of the
year Mrs. Dorothy Freas completed her valuable report on the Brooklyn
Conchological Society, one of the fore-runners of the A.M.U. Our best
attended and most successful meeting was the one at which Dr. Jerome
Schweitzer presented his matchless color film of undersea life personally
taken at the Virgin Islands. At this meeting the crowd was so large that
guests and even some members had to be turned away. Two more numbers
of our mimeographed NOTES appeared, one with some excellent illus-
trations of Murex done by Miss Cecilia Staples. Due mainly to the energy
and ability of Mrs. Jo Wichern, the Club held a very successful exhibition
of shells in the main lobby of the Queensborough Public Library in Jamaica.
All these events were appropriately recorded in photos by the inde-
fatigable Mr. E. Carswell. Our May field trip to Bayville, Long Island, was
successful in bringing us a wonderful time and 30 different species, the most
interesting being Polinices triseriata (unbanded form) and Acmaea testudinalis
fergusoni.

During this year the club was saddened by the sudden passing of two
of our most valued members, Mr. E. Sidney Marks, a charter member, and
Mr. Joseph Fiorino. We will all sadly miss the presence of these two active
and devoted gentlemen.

We are planning a full active year ahead under the old leadership and
hope to report big things in 1952.

LONG BEACH SHELL CLUB, Ralph Borman n, Secretary: The Long
Beach Shell Club has acquired ten new members during the past year, and
interest is growing steadily. We hold monthly meetings in the Main Library
in Long Beach, and are working on a project to have a collection of shells
in the meeting room.

The annual Christmas party was held in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Fred
E. Barnett, Mrs. Leona Lindeman and Tim Barnett assisting in making the
party very enjoyable. Gifts were exchanged and a covered-dish supper
followed.

These officers were elected for the 1950-51 season: President, Mr. Harry
Farmer; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Ralph Bormann; Librarian, Mrs. E.
P. Baker; Historian, Mrs. Ralph Bormann.

We had no organized collecting trip this year, but several groups made
trips to Mexico to collect, among them Mr. and Mrs. H. Arden Edwards,
Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Harry R. Turver and Mr.
and Mrs. Redfern.

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Mr. Turver is supervising the building of a laboratory of Paleontology
for the Standard Oil Company. Several teachers in the group have helped to
interest the children in the study of shells. They include Mrs. Harry Farmer,
Mrs. Claude Lehman and Miss Edith R. Rex. Miss Julia Ellen Rogers,
sponsor of the Long Beach Shell Club, is having another edition of her work,
“The Shell Book,” published. Mr. John Q. Burch is handling it, and the
nomenclature has been revised by Dr. Harald A. Rehder of the Smithsonian
Institution. Captain Fred Barnett as skipper of the California State Fish and
Game boat the “Scofield” and later as captain of the “Kuru” collected many
fine specimens from deep water off Monterey and Mexico. The Barnetts are
preparing an article to appear in The J^autilus on the many rare finds.

In July we had a covered'dish supper at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Ned
Baker at Downey, California. Mr. Baker has a nice little museum and
library. Afterwards pictures of seashore life were shown by the host.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION, BUFFALO SOCIETY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES, Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary: All of the 1950-5 1
meetings were held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, due
to the illness of Mr. Robertson. It was a full year. One meeting was
scantilly attended due to a sleet storm which coated the streets with ice, and
a summer picnic was driven indoors by unscheduled rain which failed to
dampen spirits or curb appetites.

Planning for the 1951 convention of the American Malacological Union
(at which time the Conchological Section was to serve with the Buffalo
Museum as co-host began early and was a prominent feature of each meeting.

Two 'beach parties’ were enjoyed, upon which occasion duplicate
shells from the Robertson collection and from other sources were 'collected’
by eager members.

“Captain” Adlai B. Wheel and Mrs. Wheel were guests at the
September meeting. Mr. Wheel related experiences connected with the
nature appreciation classes which he conducts in the boy’s clubs with which
he is affiliated.

On another occasion a skit entitled, “A Section is Born,” was much
enjoyed. Written by Miss Gertrude M. Weber and under her direction
presented by as hilarious a cast as ever trod the boards, it depicted the
organization of the club well over fifty years ago. Miss Jennie Letson and
Professor Amadeus Grabau were prominent characters, well remembered
by two delighted spectators who were themselves portrayed. Mrs. Annie
Cureton Hoffman and Mrs. Imogene Strickler Robertson. Both are
charter members of the Conchological Section, Mrs. Hoffman being present
at the organization meeting in 1897.

The second annual exhibition of shells owned and arranged by club
members (Miss Louise W. Becker, exhibition chairman) was displayed at
the Buffalo Museum of Science during Amgust, 1950.

These papers were presented during the season, accompanied by a dis'
play of the discussed shells: “Date Shells,” Mrs. Harold Robertson; “The
Pecten Shell’s Story,” Mrs. Nellie Sanborn; “Sinistrals and Aberrants,” Miss
Louise Becker; “Shell Analogues,” Mrs. Margaret Teskey; “What is a Shell
Rarity?” Miss Jean Russell; “The White Clams,” Mrs. Fred Hoffman;
“Internal Shells,” Mrs. Harold Robertson and Mrs. Margaret Teare.

Four members joined the Section during the current year, and one
was lost by death. Mrs. Nellie C. Sanborn was stricken and left a most

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active and useful life in April, 1951. And since the close of the year, another
faithful member and beloved friend left us when Mr. Harold R. Robertson
succumbed to a long and painful illness on July 15 th, 1951. An account of
his long association with the Conchological Section and with the American
Malacological Union appears elsewhere in this bulletin.

At the present time, monthly meetings are held at the Museum of
Science, and visiting conchologists are cordially invited to attend.

CLENCH CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB, WORCESTER, MASS.,
Mrs. G. H. Schmierer, Secretary: Our club enrollment for 1951 stands at
nineteen. We had a satisfactory and worthwhile year’s work together, with
emphasis on study in the field of identification and life habits of specific
mollusks.

Two papers were read by members over radio station WTAG on
the subjects of “Snails” and “Oysters.” Papers were presented by members
before the club on Pectens, Oysters, Abalones, Strombus and Murex. These
papers were accompanied with representative shells and descriptive material,
hence were especially rewarding.

J. Lockwood Chamberlain of Harvard University gave an interesting
talk on the Hudson Bay region, bringing along shells for our inspection which
he had collected in that far northern territory. In May the club was cordially
entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Frank Hadley, shell dealers of West Newton,
Mass. We saw their excellent private collection as well as the shells in their
sales room.

We were invited to participate in the Worcester County Conservation
Exhibit which attracted wide attention. Our display booth used as back'
ground a large map of the world. Specimen shells were arranged on either
side, with colored ribbons leading from each shell to its home location. A
sand and shelbcovered table in front of the map invited inspection of other
less spectacular shells, while in the very front was a large open Tridacna
holding an assortment of smaller common shells. This was used as a “grab”
for the children and proved immensely popular. Hundreds of children asked
thousands of questions as they milled about the table. The exhibit stimulated
interest in shells and in the club, and we gained several new members.

We look forward to the new year with enthusiasm, for several papers
are already in the making and our curator and president are busy lining up
speakers and planning activities for the months ahead.

The 1952 Convention

of the

American Malacological Union

will be held in

Cambridge, Massachusetts

Exact August date and hotel facilities will be announced later.

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ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Abdel-Malek, Emile T., Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Mich. Anat. of f. w. snails.
Aguayo, Dr. Carlos Guillermo, 4 No. 554 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Ahern, Mrs. Thomas, 8082 Cheyenne Ave., Detroit 28, Mich.

Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island, Balboa, Cal. Conch., and mineralogy exch.

Alexander, Robert C., 421 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica Casa del Lago de Chapultepec, Mexico D. F.
Anderson, Col. A. S., 504 Carroll St., Dothan, Ala. Worldwide shells.

Anderson, Miss Eva M., 7220 Lincoln Dr., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Anderson, Miss Katherine M., Box 206, Chillicothe, Ohio. Pecten, Murex.

Andrews, Elizabeth, 605 Pershing Dr., Silver Spring, Md. Col. on outer banks, N. C.
Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Ashbery, Mrs. Wallace H., 12 E. Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y

Athearn, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 No. Main St., Fall River, Mass. Land shells.

Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Awald, Clifford J.,162 Southwood Dr., Kenmore, N. Y.

Babbitt, Mrs. Betty, 7364 Terrace Dr., El Cerrito, Cal. General marine life.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 27 Willway Rd., Richmond 21, Va.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego 3, Cal.

Baker, Edward Perin, 11619 Downey Ave., Downey, Cal. Pacific coast marine life
Baker, Frederick C., Ph. D., Box 51, Mansfield Depot, Conn.

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., L'niv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Barnett, Mrs. Mary Ann, 63, 64 Place, Long Beach 3, Cal.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. £. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D.C. Residence, “Lebanon,” Gunston Hall Rd., Lorton, Va.

Bates, Miss Esther S., "the book nook,” 7 South Ocean Ave., Daytona Beach, Fla. Exch.
Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Nat’l Museum, Washington 25, D. C.
Beatty, George D., R. 1, Sandusky, O. Land and f.w. mollusks of Great Lakes region.
Beatty, Mrs. Harold C., 222 Durston Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.

Becker, Miss Louise W., 2 Lexington Ave., Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Bennett, Miss Susan A., 37 Legare St., Charleston 2, S. C.

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berger, Mr. and Mrs. John N., "Tanglewood,” Lake Jimerson, Angola, Ind.

Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 14, Md.

Berry, Lloyd E., 846 West 42 PL, Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Cal.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PL, Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Boston Malacological Club; Sec. Miss Margaret F. Farrell, 148 Walnut St., Brookline,
Mass.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 3 5, Mixcoac D. F., Mex.

Brand, Dr. Donald D., Dept, of Geography, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. Latin
Am. land shells.

Branham, Capt. and Mrs. Hugh G., "Spindrift,” Fort Myers Beach, Fla.

Braun, Garwood A., Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio. Unionidae.

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Brewster, Miss Helen M., 305 5th St. S., St. Petersburg 5, Fla., and East Troy, Wis.

Brill, Mr. and Mrs. J. A., 1434 Dempster St., Evanston, 111.

Bristol, Miss Viola S., 1253 12th Ave., San Diego 2, Cal.

Bronner, Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Calm, 5417 S. Blackstone Ave., Chicago 15, 111.
Bronson, Albert B., P. O. Box 197, Agana, Guam.

Brown, J. J., Rehabilitation Director, State Board of Vocational Education, P. O. Drawer
BB, Capitol Sta., Austin 11, Tex.

Brunson, Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mont.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul R., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burch, Dr. Thomas A., U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.

Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burrow, Mrs. F. H., 1401 Plass Ave., Topeka, Kansas.

Burry, Mr. and Mrs. Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Rt. 1, Box 544, Pompano
Beach, Fla.

Burton, Helen A., 391 Adams St., Oakland 10, Cal.

Castellanos, Dr. Jose R., Virtudes 258, Dep. 110, Habana, Cuba. Marine mollusks.
Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Chamberlain, J. Lockwood, Biological Lab., Harvard1 University, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 141 Main St., Rockport, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Cheever, John Alden, 48 Slade St., Belmont 78, Mass.

Chen, Sui'fong, 1501 New Hampshire Ave., Washington 6, D. C.

Chenoweth, Paul, 2090 Beach St., San Francisco 23, Cal. Marine invert, natural habitat.
Church, Austin, 140 St. Joseph Ave., P. O. Drawer “C”, Trenton, Mich.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Laurinda Santos Lobo, 3 1 1 Santa Theresa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Claar, Elmer A., 1400 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago 10, 111. Cypraea.

Clark, Mrs. Effie M., P. O. Box 511, Yuba City, Cal.

Clench Conchological Club, 12 State St., Worcester 8, Mass. Shells and their collection.
Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,
exch., buy.

Coats, Mrs. Emma W., 3846 Skyline Rd., Carlsbad, Cal.

Coats, Miss Ruth E., 3846 Skyline Dr., Carlsbad, Cal.

Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Cohen, Wm. W., 5105 Avenue K., Brooklyn 34, N. Y. East coast, U.S.A. conch.
Coles, Mrs. Mary J., 801 American Trust Bldg., Nashville, Tenn.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,

c/o Mrs. Percy Teskey, 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo , N. Y.

Conde, Vicente, Redpath Museum, McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada. Cuban shells.
Conkling, Joseph E., Box 264, Edgartown, Mass. Winter, 628 4th Ave., S., St. Peters-
burg, Fla. Collect, buy, exchange.

Copsey, Jack Edward, Pacific Marine Sta., Dillon Beach, Cal. Mollusks as hosts for
larval trematodes.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield, N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Mutex
and Oliva.

Coudeyre, Jacques, 323 Pearl Ave., Stockton, Cal.

Craig, Miss Mary Eleanor, 7936 Harding Ave., Miami Beach, Fla.

Craine, Mrs. Z. W., 155 N. Broad St., Norwich, N. Y. Marines.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B.. Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Crant, Harold, The Shell Factory, Bonita Springs, Fla.

Cumming, James A., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Cumming, Mrs. James A., Sr., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

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D’Attilio, Anthony, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream, Long Is., N. Y.

Dawley, Dr. Charlotte, The Woman’s College, University of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.
Demond, Miss Joan, Box 425 Mills College, Oakland, Cal.

Derr, Mr. and Mrs. John S.. Dearboughs, Rt. 1, Frederick, Md. Land and f.w., world'
wide shells.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

DeWeese, John R., Supt. Ft. Jefferson Nat’l Monument, Dry Tortugas, c/o U. S.
Coast Guard Station, Key West, Fia.

DeWitt, Robert M., Zoology Dept., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Physidae.
Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Dollison, Robert Jr., 1621 Hillcrest Ave., Winter Park, Fla.

Dominguez, Dr. Nicolas, 5 ay 13, Amplicion de Almendares, Marianao, Habana, Cuba.
Donnelly, Miss Theresa J., 428 3rd Ave. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Donovan, James W., 3718 Calvin Ave., West Palm Beach, Fla.

Dorasavage, W. C., M.D., 700 Mahantonga St., Pottsville, Pa.

Doremus, E. C., Rt. 2, Boonton, N. J.

Douglas, Inc., 5 Via Parigi, Palm Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells.

Drake, Robert J., Dept. Anthropology, Univ. of N. Mex., Albuquerque, N. Mex.
Dranga, Ted, 238 Biscayne Blvd., Miami 32, Fla.

Dugmore, Major and Mrs. C. P. Radclyffe, Box 285, Cambria, Cal.

Dunmire, Miss Peggy, 1116 W. 4th St., Port Angeles, Wash. Shell coll.

Eaton, Miss Ruth E., 3333 Orange St., Riverside, Cal.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Eggleston, Dr. Harla Ray, Chairman, Dept, of Biol., Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio.
Ehler, Merrill W., 85 S. Orchard St., Wallingford, Conn.

Emerson, Wm. K., 243 5 Bancroft St., San Diego 4, Cal.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 11 Dale Ave., Pompton Plains, N. J.

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn Mass.

Erskine, Mrs. A. de W., 1338 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., R. F. D. 1, Box 29a, Finney’s Wharf Rd., Onancock, Va.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Falk, Mrs. Leon, Jr., 718 Devonshire St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. General.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass'a'Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Howard L., 908 Crescent Ave. B, Redlands, Cal. Coll. Mutex.
Olividae, and Calliostoma.

Flipse, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C., 80'56 Surrey Place, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Foody, Mrs. Mary R., 240 E. Durham St., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas.

Foster, Mrs. Fred H., Oxford, Ind1. Shells in general.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zook, Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 7, Cal.

Frampton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Dept, of Biol., Washburn Municipal Univ., Topeka, Kan.

Freas, Mrs. Allan L., 8935 86th St., Woodhaven 21, N. Y. Land and f.w. shells.
Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla.

Gardner, Fred, R. D., Jamesville, N. Y.

Gardner, Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Gaylord, Joseph S., East Longmeadow, Mass..

Getz, Miss Dorothy, c/o Mrs. H. H. Gibbons, 418 E. Lake Ave., Baltimore 12, Md.
Gillham, Bert A.. Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

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Gillmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline 46, Mass.

Goodrich, Galvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. molluscs.
Goto, Masaichi, 1868 Palolo Ave., Honolulu, T. H. Hawaiian marines.

Gould, Russell, 608 Cumberland Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Grannatt, Mrs. Allerton, Greenwood Rd., Los Gatos, Cal.

Grau, Gilbert C., 2457 Claremont Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Gregg, Wendell O., M. D., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 18, Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of Western N. A.

Griffith, Mrs. Lela M., Egmont, B.C., Canada. B.C. Marine shells; Conus and Gypraea.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 1333 Cornwell PL, Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton, 65, Mass.

Hall, Henry Martyn Jr., 502 Lloyd St., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.

Hamill, Miss Helen Bartlett, 477 Grove, Worcester 5, Mass. Limpets.

Hamilton, Edwin Lee, Bldg. 315, Apt. 14, Stanford Village, Stanford, Cal. Marine
shells.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., So. Orange, N. J. Books; land and marine
shells.

Hand, Cadet, 1404 Henry St., Berkeley 9, Cal.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 805 W. Oliver St., Owosso, Mich.

Flarris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Dr. Harold W., University of Missouri, Zoology Dept., Columbia, Missouri.
Hastings, Dr. J. K., 1825 23rd St. S., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Hausman, Frank, Box 2521, University, Ala.

Heath, George W., Nuttall Post Office, Gloucester, Va.

Hebert, Clyde H., 411 W. 62 St., Jacksonville, Fla.

Heilman, Robert A., 533 Spruce St., Lebanon, Pa. Freshwater snails.

Henderson, Miss Jennie, Elkhart, Iowa.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Higgins, Miss Lena, 2224 Orange St., Long Beach, Cal.

Hill, Dr. Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hinshaw, Merton E., Curator, Museum of Nat. Hist., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hodges, Mrs. Wm. F., 740 Fillmore St., Gary, Ind. Coll.

Hoffman, Al, Sea Gull Shell Shop, Monterey, Cal. Land and sea shells.

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y. Exchange.
Hollingsworth, Caleb, 373 Hillside Ave., Nutley 10, N. J. Shell coll.

Hollister, S. C, Dean, College of Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

Holmes, Charles H., 8 1/2 St. Bernard St., Saranac Lake, N. Y.

Horstman, Mrs. Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.

Houghton, E. O., 38 Beaufort Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can.

Howell, Dr. Luis Rivero, Ass’t Prof, of Zoology, Museo Poey, Universidad de la
Habana, Habana, Cuba.

Hubricht, Leslie, 912 Main St., Danville, Va. U. S. land and f. w. snails.

Hudgings, Judy, BeaLMaltbie Shell Museum, Winter Park, Fla. Fla. shells.

Hughes, Thomas, Route 2, Fort Pierce, Fla.

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Humes, Ralph H., R.F.D. 2, Box 77, Miami, Fla.

Hunter, Rev. Elwood, Presbyterian Church, Sitka, Alaska.

Ingram, Dr. Wm. M., Fed. Sec. Agency, Pub. Health Center, 1014 Broadway, Gin"
cinnati 2, O.

Irwin, Miss Margaret C., Santa Barbara Museum of Nat. Hist., Santa Barbara, Cal.
Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, Dr. Walter H., 124 W. 93rd St., New York 25, N. Y. Middle and North
Atlantic coast mollusks.

Jacobson, Morris K., 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jaume, Dr. Miguel L., 13 No. 351 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Jeffries, Frank L., 6404 Grieg St., Seat Pleasant, Md.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A., c/o QM Depot, 3800 S. 20th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Pacific
shells.

Johnson, Richard I.. 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnson, W. G., 149 E. Broadway, Milford, Conn., and 921 24th Ave. N., St. Peters-
burg, Fla.

Johnstone, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Inge, Rt. 1, Box 621, Mobile, Ala.

Jones, Dr. David T., Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Miami University, Oxford, O.

Kardas, Mrs. Raymond S., King St., Warehouse Pt., Conn. Tropical shells.

Keen, Mrs. Ernest B., 2241 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Cal.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.

Keller, Frank O., 11U16 75th Rd., Forest Hills 7 5, N. Y. Florida marines.

Kelly, Ramon T., 1110 N. Jefferson, Jackson, Miss.

Kilman, J. R., M.D., and Mrs., 1405 N. 5th St., Temple, Tex.

Kimball, S. L., P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Cal. Conus and Cypraea.

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3315 N. W. 46th St., Miami 42, Fla.

Klein, Mr. and Mrs. Richard P., Jackson Rd., R.D. 4, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Kond'o, Yoshio, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T. H.

Koto, A. S., 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells
Krassner, Michael B., 3034 Brighton 3rd St., Brooklyn 35, N. Y. Exchange land,
fresh water.

Kunberger, Mrs. Louise, 1408 Linden St., Reading, Pa.

Lange, Dr. W. Harry, Div. of Entomology and Parasitology, College of Agri., Univ. of
Cal., Davis, Cal.

La Rivers, Ira, Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Great Basin f. w. mollusks.
LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, Dept, of Geology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, O. Fresh water
shells; also Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Larsson, Evert Alfred, M.D., Sta. A., Trenton, N. J. General collecting.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.

Leech, Miss Iva Lee, Route 1, Box 544, Pompano Beach, Fla.

Lehman, Stanley S., 10849 Lindbrook Dr., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Lewis, Mrs. Chas. S., 322 Planthurst Rd., Webster Groves 19, Mo. Tropical shells,
corals.

Locklin, Mr. and Mrs. Charles R., 636 16th Ave. N. E., St. Petersburg, Fla.

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Lutz, Prof. Louis, Biological Dept., Lincoln Memorial Univ., Harrogate, Tenn
Conchology

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

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MacCoy, Mrs. Clinton Viles, Winter St., Norwell, Mass.

MacFarland, Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez St., Stanford, Cal.

MacKay, Mrs. Olvia Hazelwood, 102 S. W. 5th Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex. Marine
life in general.

MacLeod, Dr. Malcolm L., 301 Anderson Hall, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
MacMillan, Gordon K., 519 Sheridan Ave., Pittsburgh 6, Pa.

Marsh, Dr. Phil L., 1200 Manhattan Dr., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Marshall, William B., 1818 1 7th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Mattox, Dr. N. T., College of Agriculture, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Marine gastropods
and Ostrea.

McArthur, C. D., (Brentano’s Book Store), 586 Fifth Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
McClennan, Wm. E., 19-B Lattimore Rd., Rochester 20, N. Y. Paleontology.
McConnell, Mrs. Chrystie, Box 892, Dania, Fla.

McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCraw, Bruce M., Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ont. Aquatic snails.
McCulloch, Dr. Irene, Allen Hancock Foundation, Univ. of Southern Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal.

McFarlin, James B., 410 34th St. W., Bradenton, Fla. Florida shells.

McGinty, Paul L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

McGinty, Paul P., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, land, f. w. and marines.
McGinty, Thomas L., Box 345, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.

Mead, Prof. Albert R., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Terrestrial
snails and slugs. Giant African snail.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill 67, Mass.
Merrill, Arthur, Box 1027 University Br., Miami 46, Fla.

Merrill, Mrs. Maynard, 423 N. Elmwood Ave., Traverse City, Mich. Foreign shells.
Merryfield, Donald J., P. O. Box 38, Tiffin, Ohio.

Mickles, Lovell G., 3940 Cote des Neiges Rd., Montreal 25, Can.

Miles, Col. Lee O., 3700 Madrone Ave., Oakland 19, Cal. Marine life.

Miller, Daniel, 4706 Roland Ave., Baltimore 10, Md.

Miller, Cdr. Walter B., 2101 E. 168th St., Seattle 55, Wash. Gastropods.

Moberg, Mrs. Alexander G., 122 Billings St., N. Quincy, Mass.

Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 5290 S. W. 6th St., Miami 34, Fla.

Moore, D. R., Box 114, Hobe Sound, Fla.

Moore, Dr. Merrill, 370 Commonwealth Ave., Boston 15, Mass.

Morris, Percy A., Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., New Haven Conn.

Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

Musial, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene, 12 Rustic PL, Buffalo 11, N. Y.

Najarian, Haig, Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Naylor, W. E., 3616 Curlew St., San Diego, Cal.

Nead, Dr. John Hunter, Dune Acres, Chesterton, Ind.

Nelson, Charles D., Rt. 5, 01900, Lake Michigan Dr., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Naiadaceae.

Newcombe, Curtis L., U. S. Pub. Health Serv., 441 Fed. Off. Bldg., San Frandaoo

2, Cal.

New York Shell Club, c/o Anthony D’Attilio, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream,
Long Island, N. Y. 1 .p

Nicol, David, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. >1?8

Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, 111., and Naples, Fla. . -*

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Ostheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred J., 3rd, “Grimmet,” Whitford, Pa. General coll.
Otis, Miss Helen, Box 84, Tarpon Springs, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Dept, of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada.

Pacific Shell Club, c/o Dr. Howard R. Hill, Los Angeles Co. Museum, Los Angeles,
Cal. Marine and land shells.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Box 827, Asheville, N. C.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The Nautilus.

Poliak, Mrs. Herman H., 1104 E. 46th St., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence, Dept, of Zool., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N. J.

Price, Arthur C., 6856 DeLongpre Ave., Hollywood 28, Cal. Worldwide shells.
Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, Orleton Farm, Stockbridge, Mass.

Pujals Fernandez, Dr. Ernesto S., Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
Classification of Cuban and W. I. shells.

Pulley, Thos. E., Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Houston, 3801 St. Bernard St., Houston 4,
Texas.

Rafelson, Morland B., Casa Morlu, Cuajimalpa, Mexico, D. F.

Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Rand, Mrs. George C., 720 Park Ave., New York 21, N. Y.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clarke St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A.. U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Reese, Robert W., Snow Hall, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.

Rex, Miss Edith R., 417 Redondo Ave., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Rhevban, Andrew H., 174 W. Dennick Ave., Youngstown, Ohio.

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rittenhouse, John V., 215 N. Victoria Park Rd., Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Robertson, Mrs. Imogene C., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Robertson, Miss Hope Winifred, 203 S. DeKalb St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Roscoe, Ernest J., Univ. of Kansas, Dept, of Zool., Lawrence, Kan. Oreohelix.

Ross, James M., P. O. Box 179, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Roth, Barry, 2140 Middlefield Rd., Palo Alto, Cal. Cypraea.

Ruppersberger, John, 8205 Harford Rd., Baltimore 14, Md. Sea shells.

Russell, Henry D., Springdale Ave., Dover, Mass.

Russell, Dr. Loren S., National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Can.

Ruth, Ferdinand S., 1111 Seaview Ave., Pacific Grove, Cal. Acmaea.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saxby, John G., Pacific Curios, Fisherman’s Wharf, 2734 Taylor St., San Francisco
11, Cal.

Scheid, Mr. and Mrs. Edw. L., Jr., 1330 Ashland Ave., Dayton 10, Ohio. Marine
shells.

Schick, Morris, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale 4, Cal. Worldwide shells.

Schiro, Miss Katherine, 2702 7th Ave., Tampa, Fla.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo Ave., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Dr. and Mrs. Jerome M., Suite 2505, 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Artillery Lane, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Scofield, G. Vincent, 1112 Highland Rd., Edgewood, Charleston 2, W. Va. Photographing
sea shells.

Seip, Win. F., 3 5 E. Main St., Kutztown, Pa. Molluscan Taxonomy and Physical
Chemistry.

Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarice, R. R. 1, Port Angeles, Wash.

Seldon, Daguaz, 1113 Amsterdam Ave., Apt. 14, New York, N. Y.

Sergent, Mr. and Mrs. Lacy H., "Lacy Manor," 196 S. E. 14 Lane, Miami, Fla.

(36)

Shepard, Miss Miriam, Box 164, Route 2, Portland 10, Ore.

Shetrone, Henry C, 3038 Crescent Dr,, Columbus 4, Ohio. Ethno-conchology.

Shumate, Miss Agnes J., P. O. Box 474, Ocean Park, Cal.

Sillman, Emmanuel I., Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Medical
malacology.

Silverman, Alex, 1001 Surf Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley 7, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, 32 West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Egbert T., 1313 First St., Fort Myers, Fla, Fort Myers Gift Shop.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Maxwell, Windermere, Fla.

Smith, Dr. Osgood R., 252 High St., Newburyport, Mass. Biology of Mya arenaria and
related forms.

Solem, Alan, 625 N. Elmwood, Oak Park, 111.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P., Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Sprague, Myrle A., 552 Eldora Rd., Pasadena 6, Calif.

Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.

Stingley, Dale V., 4813 Middaugh Ave., Downers Grove, 111. East coast shells.

Stipek, Raymond J., 10724 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Stocker, Mrs. Charlotte A., 204 N. Hawley St., Toledo 7, O.

Stratton, Alan G., 7740 Abbott Ave., Miami Beach 41, Fla.

Strohbeen, John P.» 1135 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, A. M., 320 Anade St., Balboa, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 34 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Swan, Emery F., Univ. of Washington, Oceanic Lab., Friday Harbor, Wash.

Taylor, Mrs. Daisy, Box 839, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Taylor, Dwight Willard, 1955 Mendocino Lane, Altadena, Cal. Coll., exch.

Taylor, Mrs. Ernestine, 2502 Massachusetts, Tampa 3, Fla.

Teare, Mrs. Margaret M., 681 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo 24, N. Y.

Thaanum, Dr. D,, 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thomas, W. Donald, 1017 Hardee Rd., Coral Gables 34, Fla.

Tobleman, Fred, 13J/2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, de la, Dr. Alfredo, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills, N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.
Tracy, Miss Marie J., Y acht Basin Apt., Clearwater Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells;
A ctnaea.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W., 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit 21, Mich.

Updegrove, H. T., 253 Cumberland St., Brooklyn 5, N. Y.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History, Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Van Story, Mrs. F. P., 1765 Peachtree Rd., Atlanta, Ga. Seashells of Georgia and Florida
and St. Simons Is., Ga.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P.» 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vatikiotis, Sozon, P. O. Box 633, 136 Spring Ave., Tarpon Springs, Fla. Sponge diver;
dealer in shells.

Vilas, Mrs. C. N., 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, 111. Winter, Box 108, Sarasota, Fla.
Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 19150 Rainbow Dr., Birmingham, Mich.

(37)

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Voss, Gilbert, Hypoluxo, Fla.

Walton, Munroe L., 1108 West Central Ave., Glendale 2, Cal. Land snails.

Ward, Mrs. Herbert S., Bay Ridge, Annapolis, Md.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Warmke, Germaine L., College of Agri. & Mech. Arts, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
Waterman, Dr. George A., 250 Beacon St., Boston 16, Mass.

Webb, Glenn R., Ohio P. O., 111. Land and f. w. Snails. Land snail biology and anatomy.
Webber, Fred S., 27 Sycamore St., Holyoke, Mass.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weber, Jay A., 1400 N. E. 108 St., Miami 38, Fla.

Weber, Miss Martha O., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wehringer, Henry G., M.D., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Weinfeld, William, 505 Brook Drive, Falls Church, Va.

Welch, Dr. d’Alte A., John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland 18, Ohio.
Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Harry E., Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, N. C
Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Whitney, Mrs. Ruth C., 142 Santa Cruz Ave., Los Gatos, Cal.

Widmer, Ernest, 4 Widmer Circle, Rt. 2, Daytona Beach, Fla.

Wilcox, LeRoy, Oceanic Duck Farm, Speonk, L. I., N. Y.

Williamson, Mr. and Mrs. George M., 2033 Red Rd., Coral Gables, Fla.

Wilson, Don N., 444 W. 79th St., Los Angeles 3, Cal. Cypraeidae.

Wilson, Druid, Geol. Dept., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md.

Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Wurtz, Charles B., 3247 Disston St. Philadelphia 24, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.

Young, Miss Catherine J., 503 N. High St., Lancaster, Ohio. Pectinidae, C ymatiidae,
M uricidae.

Young, Mr. and Mrs. Henry S., 501 South Ave., Pittsburgh 21, Pa.

Zellers, Mrs. Lucille, 714 Elm St., E. Cerrito, Cal. General marine life.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,
Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Butot, Sgt. L. J. M., 1 Cie, T. H. K. Troepen, c. Div. 7, Dec. Velpost Bandoeng, Java
Burrows, Commander W., c/o Standard Bank of S. Africa, Adderley St., Cape Town,
S. Africa.

Carlos, Diomedes R., Luzonian Colleges, Lucena, Quezon, Philippines.

Pfeiffer, Dr. Karl, Kassel, Rammelsburg, Germany

A. G. Stevenson, 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland S'2, N. Z. Exch. shells
and publications.

Wheare, Elmer T., Androssen, Queensland, Australia.

Rev. G. K. Wrigley, Hackness Vicarage, Scarsborough, England.

(38)

HAROLD RALPH ROBERTSON

(See article on page sixteen)

IN MEMORIAM

MICHAEL C. E. DAMRON
DR. HAROLD HEATH
DR. FRANK M. MacFARLAND
*E. SIDNEY MARKS
♦HAROLD R. ROBERTSON

* Charter Member

(39)

THE AMERICAN MALACOIOGICAL UNION
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1951-1952

☆

Officers

President Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengei

Vice-President .....Mrs. Imogens C. Robertsois

Second Vice-President (Chairman, A.M.U.P.) Dr. Wendell O. Gregc

Treasurer-Secretary............. Mrs. Margaret C. Teskeu

☆

Councillors-at-Large

Mr. R. Tucker Abbott

Dr. Leo G. Hertlein

Dr. Carlos G. Aguayc
Dr. A. Byron Leonard

☆

Past Presidents remaining on the Council without reelection: Dr. Henry
A. Pilsbry (1931-1932); Dr. Paul Bartsch (1933); Prof. Junius Henderson
(1934)*; William J. Clench (1935); Calvin Goodrich (1936); Dr. Joshua L.
Baily, Jr. (1937); Dr. Carlos de la Torre (1938)*; Maxwell Smith (1939);
Dr. Horace B. Baker (1940); Dr. Harald A. Rehder (1941); Frank Collins
Baker (1942)*; Dr. Louise M. Perry (1943); Dr. Henry van der Schalie
(1944-1947); Dr. A. Myra Keen (1948); Dr. Elmer G. Berry (1949); Dr.
Frits Haas (1950); Dr. J. P. E. Morrison (1951).

*Deceased.

☆

PACIFIC DIVISION

Officers

Chairman Dr. Wendell O. Gregg

Vice-Chairman : Mr. Allyn G. Smith

Secretary-Treasurer Mrs. Elsie M. Chace

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGSCAL UNION

CONSTITUTION ADOPTED 1931

1. This society shall be called "The American Malacological Union.’

2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of malacology by hold-
ing meetings for reading and discussion of papers, and for furthering
the interests of students and collectors of shells by facilitating acquaint-
ance and co-operation among the members.

3. Membership shall be limited to persons resident in the Americas and
Hawaii. New members may be proposed by two members and balloted
for by the Council. They shall pay an annual subscription (dues) of
$1.00. They will receive without other charge all notices, programs,
lists of members, etc., issued by the Union.

Note: In practice the Council ballots have been delegated to the
Secretary.

4. The following officers shall be elected annually by ballot: President,
Vice-President, two Secretaries and Treasurer.

5. The Union will be governed by a council consisting of the officers
and four other members to be elected annually by ballot.

6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be
fixed by the preceding annual meeting. Other meetings may be called
by the Council. Meetings of local branches may be held as such
branches may determine.

7. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when signed by five
members and passed by the Council shall be acted upon at the next
annual meeting. Concurrence of three-fourths of the ballots cast is
necessary for any alteration.

8. The NAUTILUS is hereby designated as the official organ of the Union.

RESOLUTIONS

That there be an honorary membership for such as have contributed
in an outstanding way to American conchology. - — Adopted May 26,
1932. (The late Charles Torrey Simpson, Bryant Walker, and Victor
Sterki were honorary members ) .

That there be a corresponding membership for those not resident in
the Americas. — Adopted May 26, 1932.

That the Council shall consist of the officers, honorary and past presi-
dents, and members at large not to exceed four. Members of the Council
present at any annual meeting shall constitute a quorum. — Adopted
August 3, 1937.

That the Chairman of the Pacific Coast Branch be a Second Vice
President. — Adopted August 26, 1948.

I &/<*_

G>U

4dl

/A A i 'j

A s //,

The American Malacological Union

ANNUAL REPORT 1952

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

PACIFIC DIVISION (A. M. U. P.)

FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING

Membership List Revised, December 1952

4 ,

i

CONTENTS

Page

Eighteenth Annual Meeting, Margaret C. Teskey , 1

Distribution of Mollusks in the Gulf of Mexico, Thomas E. Pulley 2

A Shell Collector in Tobago, Richard W. Foster 4

Studies of the Family Planorbidae, Emile AbdehMalek 4

New England Malacologists, Ruth D. Turner 4

Nudibranchs of New England, George M. Moore 6

New Records of Naiades from Eastern North America,

Herbert D. Athearn 8

New Federal Regulations on Importing Mollusks, R. Tucker Abbott 9

Trans-Panamic Distribution of the Mactridae, J. W. Chamberlin.... 10

Ecology and Distribution of Lymnaea (Bulimnea) Megasoma in Michigan,

Henry van der Schalie 12

Wind Orientation in Achatina, J. W. Chamberlin 13

Opportunities in Medical Malacology, R. Tucker Abbott 14

The Family Clausiliidae in West Africa, Joseph C. Bequaert 15

Using Sea Shells in Occupational Therapy, Merrill Moore 15

The William F. Clapp Laboratories, Ruth D. Turner 15

Registration for Eighteenth Annual Meeting 17

News, Notices 18, 19

Our Member Clubs 20

Officers - ... 23

Convention Photographs 24, 25

Constitution, Resolutions 26

Fifth Annual Meeting, A.M.U.P., Elsie M. Chace 27

Solomon Island Megapodes Recommended as Destroyers of African Snail

Pests, Walter J. Eyerdam - 29

Foreign Mollusks in Arizona, Albert R. Mead 30

West American Tertiary Molluscan Faunas, A. Myra Keen 31

Management Problems of a Molluscan Sport Fishery, John Fitch 3 1

The Northern California Malacozoological Club, Ralph O. Fox 31

Environmental Change on Molluscan Life in Mission Bay, Roy L. Morrison 32
Pteropods Collection by the Allan Hancock Foundation, Arthur D. Howard 32

The Influence of Upwelling on the Distribution of Marine Floras and

Faunas of the West Coast of Baja California, Mexico, Wm. K. Emerson 32

A Forgotten Episode in the History of Paleontology, Joshua L. Baily, Jr....... 33

The Status Quo of the Problem of the Giant African Snail, Albert R. Mead 34

Hawaiian Gastropods, Bernice P. Bishop Museum 34

A.M.U.P. Registrations 35

Active and Corresponding Members, December 31, 1952 36

In Memoriam ..Back Cover

THE EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Several prominent malacologists have claimed Boston as their birthplace.
Many more, born outside New England and sometimes outside of the country,
have elected to receive their education at Harvard University, and there
remained to live out their days acquiring and imparting knowledge in that
branch of natural science so fascinating to the initiated, so incomprehensible
to the outsider.

Therefore an infiltration of some eighty malacologists, students all,
regardless of age or station, caused hardly a flurry on the staid old campus
and no excitement whatever in the lovely town of Cambridge, somnolent at
the end of an especially torrid summer.

Wednesday, August 20th, 1952, was the official opening date of the
eighteenth annual meeting of the American Malacological Union. However,
the vanguard appeared days ahead of schedule, arriving one or two at a time
and intent on “doing” Boston before the real business of the week got under
way. Hotel Commander, located near Harvard Square and at the site of the
famed Washington Elm had been selected as convention headquarters, and
catered with remarkable efficiency to the early arrivals and to the influx of
delegates which reached its height before noon on Wednesday.

Early and thorough planning began to pay off when Mr. William J.
Clench, Curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and his able
assistant, Miss Ruth D. Turner, greeted their guests at registration time.
Desks were set up in the lecture hall of the geology department, and there
delegates signed, received identification badges, then spent the remainder of
the forenoon in greeting old friends and making new ones.

At lunch time many made their way to Young Lee’s Chinese restaurant
on Harvard Square. This was especially fitting, since it was there that Mr.
Clench and Mr. Norman W. Lermond planned the organisation of the Amer^
ican Malacological Union in 1930; “We worked it out over plates of chop
suey!” recalls Mr. Clench.

At 2:00 P.M., Wednesday, August 20th, the meeting got under way
when President Jeanne S. Schwengel rapped for order and introduced Dr.
Alfred S. Romer, Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Dr.
Romer voiced a gracious welcome to the Union, expressing the hope that
the meeting would be most successful. He then volunteered an answer to the
question which each of his listeners must have asked himself at one time or
another, namely, why is this place called the Museum of Comparative Zoology?
That, said he, is a $50,000 title. For it was this sum which Francis Grey
advanced as an endowment upon the supplication of Louis A. Agassiz, with
the Deed of Gift carrying the proviso that the name of the new organization
appear exactly as it does today, 125 years later. Not a letter may be changed,
no addition made, lest the heirs of Francis Grey are richer and the MCZ
poorer by a sadlymeeded $50,000! Dr. Romer closed his brief remarks with
this sincere invitation: “Come again, any time!”

(1)

Dr. Schwengel thanked Dr. Romer for his invitation and for the hos'
pitality being enjoyed by everyone. She then advised her fellow^members to
take every opportunity to explore this great museum, not only the malacological
exhibits, but, as she observed, “All you have to do to get here is to mention
the glass flower display to any taxi driver!” She then introduced the first
speaker, and thus launched the academic portion of the eighteenth annual
meeting.

DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSKS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Thomas E. Pulley
Museum of Comparative Zoology
(Abstract)

In a careful study of the indentity and ranges of 238 species and sub'
species of shallow water bivalves found in the Gulf of Mexico, it was found
that range limits of the majority of species are not scattered indiscriminately
along the coastline, but are concentrated in a relatively few narrow regions
of faunal transition. Between the sones of faunal transition are long stretches
of coastline in which the fauna shows a high degree of uniformity, and in
which few or no species terminate their ranges.

A study of water temperatures, as reported by tide gauging stations
along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, indicates that the sones of faunal transition
are also sones of temperature transition in which the mean minimum winter
temperature or mean maximum summer temperature changes at a rate of 8°
to 12° F. per hundred miles. In the regions marked by faunal uniformity,
however, the rate at which the temperature varies is approximately 1° F. per
100 miles. Areas in which the rate of change is 4°'5° F. per hundred miles are
shown to be areas in which the ranges of many species are terminated at
scattered intermediate points between the more pronounced faunal and
temperature discontinuities on either side.

It is proposed that regions of faunal uniformity, bounded on either side
by regions of faunal transition, be recognised as faunal provinces and given ,
names. On the basis of the present study, the following provinces are
recognised, and their names are here proposed.

Province

From:

To:

1 . Nova Scotian

2. Virginian

3 . Carolinian

4. South Florida

5. Southwest Florida

6. Northeast Gulf

7. Northwest Gulf

8. Texas Transitional

9. Mexican

10. West Indian

11. Offshore West

Indian

South coast of
Newfoundland
Cape Cod
Cape Hatteras
Cape Canaveral

Cape Romano
Anclote Keys
Mississippi River
Matagorda Island
Cabo Rojo
The West Indies
Brasil.

2 5' 100 fathoms in
of Mexico.

Cape Cod

Cape Hatteras
Cape Canaveral
Key West and
Cape Romano
Anclote Keys
Mississippi River
Matagorda Island
Cabo Rojo
Cabo Catoche

Central, and South America to
the Caribbean Sea and Gulf

(2)

A pecularity of temperature conditions in the western Atlantic has made
Cape Hatteras the boundary between consistently colder water to the north
and warmer water to the south. From Cape Hatteras northward to the
Arctic, winter temperatures are uniformly low, and vary only between 30°
and 33° F. Summer temperatures, however, range from 53° at Eastport,
Maine, to 85° F. at Cape Charles, Virginia. It is apparent, then, that a range
limit determined by temperature, and occurring north of Cape Hatteras, must
be caused by temperatures of summer.

From Cape Hatteras to Brasil the summer temperatures vary only
between 85° and 90° F., while winter temperatures vary from 44 °F. at Cape
Hatteras to 75° F. in the West Indies and Brasil. It is thus seen that range
limits south of Cape Hatteras must be determined by winter temperature
conditions.

In studying the physiological reactions of invertebrates to temperature, it
has been found that there is an upper and lower limit at which the adult
animals can survive. There is also, for most species, a somewhat narrower
range of temperature in which reproduction is possible. For a region, then,
in which range limits are determined by summer temperatures, northern range
limits must occur in localities where the temperature fails to become high
enough for reproduction. Southern range limits, on the other hand, must
occur in regions which get too hot for adult survival. Inability to reproduce
at the peak of summer temperature is not considered to be an important
factor in range restriction, because suitable temperatures for reproduction in
such an area must occur in spring and fall.

Similar processes of reasoning would indicate that in a region where
range limits are determined by winter temperatures, northern limits occur
where temperatures become too low for adult survival, and southern limits
are caused by failure of temperatures to become low enough for reproduction.
Although Cape Hatteras is a region of temperature discontinuity in both
summer and winter, and range limits which occur there may be due to either
extreme of temperature, it is possible to explain range limits occurring either
north or south of the Cape as follows:

North of Cape Hatteras

Northern Limit Not warm enought in summer for reproduction.

Southern Limit Too hot in summer for adults.

South of Cape Hatteras

Northern Limit Too cold in winter for adults.

Southern Limit Not cold enough in winter for reproduction.

The fauna of a region is thus shown to be closely correlated with the
extremes of summer and winter temperatures. If the fauna of a region with
unknown temperature characteristics includes species whose temperature
requirements can be determined by their range limits elsewhere, it is possible
to predict with reasonable accuracy the temperature extremes of regions for
which no data are currently available, or for fossil horizons in the late Tertiary
or Quaternary in which recent species were present.

Questioning brought agreement from Mr. Pulley that although his
investigation was concerned chiefly with water temperatures, other factors
were doubtless as important. He explained that a particularly depauperate
region charted from Cape Hatteras to Cape Henry was caused by the fact
that there is a sharp winter break at that area. “Between Hatteras and
Delaware Bay there is an annual range of 50°. A mollusk must be extremely
sturdy to survive that!11

(3)

A SHELL COLLECTOR IN TOBAGO

Richard W. Foster
Museum of Comparative Zoology

The Kodachrome slides with which Mr. Foster illustrated his talk were
of the collecting sites in what must be a tropical paradise. Many of the views
were close-ups of the shells themselves, shown in unusually complete detail.
He admonished his listeners who might aspire to visit Tobago to prepare to
accept the island as the true home of Selkirk’s hero Robinson Crusoe, or to be
resigned to being forever unpopular with the native population.

STUDIES OF THE FAMILY PLAN ORBID AE
Emile Abdel-Malek
University of Michigan

(Abstract)

Several species in this family play an essential role in life histories of
trematodes responsible for diseases of great concern to public health agencies.
The success of programs carried by these agencies depends in a large part on
malacological and parasitological studies of the vectors involved. Accordingly
attention was given mainly to anatomical, histological, bionomical and host'
parasite relations of several of the larger planorbid snails. Such investigations
on freshwater pulmonates in general and especially on planorbid snails are
scarce in the literature. Details of the results obtained during my studies will
be published elsewhere.

This paper was illustrated with charts diagramming extensive research on
planorbid anatomy in general and of the reproductive system in particular.
Also charted were survival capacities, diets, etc. Since attending the meeting,
Dr. AbdehMalek has returned to his native Egypt, there to assume his duties
in the Bilhar^ia snaihcontrol program with the Egyptian Government.

•

NEW ENGLAND MALACOLOGISTS

Ruth D. Turner
Museum of Comparative Zoology
(Abstract)

Though New England has a depauperate molluscan fauna it has long
been rich in the production of Malacologists. The list of those who have
either been born and received their early training in New England or who
came from elsewhere to spend most of their career in this area is quite impres"
sive. There appears to be several reasons why New England became one of
the first centers of importance in Malacology and why it has continued to be
so to this day. Among these was the early development of trading and
industry in this area bringing wealth and leisure to men who then had time
and means to follow and support such scientific interests. The foundation of
Harvard College and the Boston Society of Natural History brought these
men together and gave leadership for the young. The early publication of
books on the area such as A. A. Gould’s “Invertebrata of Massachusetts”
interested many young people in this field and the various journals furnished
an outlet for the publication of their researches. Perhaps the most important
was the development of the Museum of Comparative Zoology under the
leadership of Louis Agassi^, a remarkable teacher who attracted students from
all over the country and whose spirit and method of teaching has continued
in the field of mollusks to this day.

(4)

First among the famous New England malacologists was Amos Binney
whose great work “The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks of the United
States” set a pattern for future students. August A. Gould was probably
one of the most important malacologists this country has produced as his
“Invertebrata of Massachusetts” started many young men on a career in
in the field of Zoology. Joseph Pitty Couthouy is probably best known as
the malacologist on the United States Exploring Expedition. Jesse Wedgewood
Mighels is remembered as one of the founders of the Portland Society of
Natural History and for his work on local and Hawaiian land shells. Charles
Baker Adams was outstanding for his work on Jamacian and Panamic mollusks
and his stimulation of others in the field of mollusks. William Green Binney,
following in his father’s footsteps, did his main work in North American land
shells, contributing greatly to our knowledge of anatomy and distribution in
this group. He also realised at an early date the importance of compiliation
and his “Bibliography of North American Conchology” is one of the most
important reference books of its kind. Thomas Bland, coming under the
influence of C. B. Adams, became interested in West Indian land shells and
later worked with W. G. Binney on the land mollusks of North America.
Most of the Binney, Bland and Adams material is now in the collection of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology. John Thomson of New Bedford is one
of the most famous of the many masters of trading and whaling vessels who
were bringing home material from all over the world to the museums and
private collections of this area. In addition, material was coming in from
missionaries, most of whom were from New England. Such was the interest
in New England at the time Louis Agassiz planned to visit this country.
Before his arrival arrangements had been made for Agassiz to give a series of
lectures for the Lowell Institute in Boston and so it was that he came first
to Boston, never to leave the area. From that time on his influence on the
zoological sciences in this country were profound. Count Louis Pourtales
came with Agassiz to this country and assisted him in his laboratory then
located in East Boston. Later he was employed by the United States Coast
Survey and because of his work may well be called the father of deep sea
dredging in the United States. Pourtales Plateau, off the south coast of
Florida, was named in his honor. With the foundation of the Lawrence
Scientific School at Harvard and later the development of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Cambridge became the center of training and research
in zoology in New England. Among the early students of Agassiz, many of
whom later founded centers of interest elsewhere, were Addison E. Verrill,
Alpheus Hyatt, Edward Sylvester Morse, William Healy Dali and William
Stimpson. Agassiz was also responsible for bringing John G. Anthony to New
England. He was first curator of mollusks in the museum at Harvard and as
a result of his interest in exchanging mollusks with workers all over the world
the museum is now rich in material collected and described during his time,
much of it being type material. Alexander Agassiz, like his father, also had a
great interest in zoology and, though trained as a engineer, he spent much of
his time on his favorite study of zoology. Under his guidance and aid the
museum continued to grow and his many dredging expeditions resulted in a
wealth of deep sea material at the museum. Robert Tracy Jackson, a student
of Alexander Agassiz and A. Hyatt, is best known in the field of mollusks for
his work on the Phylogeny of the Pelecypods. William F. Clapp met Alex-
ander Agassiz at a very early age and his interest in museum work and zoology
developed through his student years. He was in charge of the mollusk col-
lection from 1910 to 1923 when he left to devote full time to the study of

(D

marine boring and fouling organisms and established the Clapp Laboratories
at Duxbury, Massachusetts. Charles W. Johnson was not a New Englander
by birth but came to Boston on the death of Hyatt as curator in the Boston
Society of Natural History. Both W. F. Clapp and C. W. Johnson loved
young people and were responsible for encouraging many youngsters in their
interests in natural history, particularly mollusks. Among these youngsters
was William J. Clench who first visited the museums when still a high school
boy. When W. J. Clench became curator of mollusks at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology in 1926,, he and Mr. Johnson had great plans for the
future, but unfortunately Mr. Johnson died in 1932. In his procedure and
spirit of teaching W. J. Clench has followed in the footsteps of Agassiz,
Clapp and Johnson; he has encouraged people to come and use the collection
and has always been surrounded by students, young and old. His informal
method of teaching and the spirit of the ‘mollusk group’ at the museum today
may perhaps best be expressed by the "smoking sessions’ on the steps of the
museum.

Norman W. Lermond was a New Englander of particular interest for
it was he who suggested the formation of the American Malacological Union.
It was while working at the Museum of Comparative Zoology that he brought
up the idea to W. J. Clench, and while lunching at Young Lee’s restaurant in
Harvard Square they discussed the plans. Lermond wras given all possible help
and encouragement and by the time he left for a winter in Florida things were
pretty well organized. The first meeting was held in Philadelphia but, never-
theless, the roots of the organization were in New England.

As Miss Turner concluded, suggestions came from several quarters that
this collection of biographical sketches should be published. She answered
that several already have appeared in "‘Occasional Papers on Mollusks,” a
publication of the Mollusk Department of the M.C.Z. Dr. Pilsbry observed
that he had barely missed being born a New Englander, since his mother
was from Rhode Island, his father from New Hampshire.

THE NUDIBRANCHS OF NEW ENGLAND

George M. Moore
University of New Hampshire
(Abstract)

About five years ago, while doing some spring collecting in the tide pools
along the New England coast, the writer made his first acquaintance with
nudibranc'h mollusks. His attempts to determine the species revealed a lack of
anything but scattered references to the New England fauna. While the
writer had hoped to do some ecological and life histories studies, he became
sidetracked with the problem of searching out the scattered literature and
learning the identity of the fauna.

Nudibranchs are so poorly known because they are a difficult group with
which to work. They lack a shell. Their brilliant colors do not preserve.
Unless they are carefully relaxed before killing they generally preserve as
distorted, unrecognizable masses. They are seasonal and their distribution
is spotty.

The kodachromes shown resulted from an effort to capture a record of
the living animals on film. The pictures are extreme close-ups with film magni-
fications ranging from 0.3 to 3.6 times natural size. They have generally been
taken of lightly anesthetized specimens using small lens aperatures and rela-

(6)

tively long exposures. Fifty-one slides representing seventeen different species
were shown.

Experimentation with various methods of relaxation and fixing has resulted
in the regular use of 8% magnesium chloride as an anesthetizing agent foh
lowed by preservation in sea water formalin. By this method it has been
possible to fix some material with little shrinkage and distortion. The colors
are not preserved by this method.

Dr. Moore presented a series of Kodachrome slides which brought
exclamations of wonder from his audience. Answering a question as to the
anesthetizing medium used to secure such beautiful photographs, he said
that one very simple method which works well consists of adding a small
amount of soda water to the dish of sea water. He has found menthol not
successful on New England nudibranchs, and of all the media employed, he
still prefers magnesium chloride.

The first lecture session was completed with this paper, and a general
exodus ensued as delegates hurried to the hotel to relax for a brief period
before the annual dinner which was scheduled for 7:00 P.M.

The banquet was served in the Mount Vernon room of Hotel Commander.
Miss Ruth D. Turner with the aid of Miss Margaret Farrell, Secretary "Treas^
urer of the Boston Malacological Club was in charge of general plans and
seating arrangements. Mrs. Stanley Olsen of the Museum had beautifully
decorated the tables with bouquets of garden flowers in shell vases. Officers,
Council members and their ladies occupied a long table across one side of the
banquet room, where the ladies were honored with corsages of white
chrysanthemums .

The most appreciated touch of all was the place cards. The grotesque
little snail figures which adorned the green cards bespoke antiquity, and the
printed explanation brought great interest but no surprise. For it was the
actual cut used as an end piece in Amos Binney’s “Terrestrial Air-breathing
Mollusks of the United States,11 (Vol. I, p. 83, 1851) and had been printed
from the original plate. Since printing processes one hundred years ago were
not standardized as they are today, the plate was found to be too thin for
modern presses, and before it could be used it was necessary to build it up
with several thicknesses of cardboard backing. Needless to say, these place
cards were highly prized as souvenirs of a most pleasant occasion.

Following the dinner, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, pressed to say a few words,
expressed his appreciation at seeing so many of his A.M.U. colleagues under
one roof; “Since 1931 I have run into them all over the world,11 said he.

Mr. Clench introduced his guests, Mr. and Mrs. Howard J. Allgaier.
When it was explained that Mr. Allgaier is the printer of “Johnsonia,11 a
round of applause testified to wide-spread appreciation of the excellence of
his work.

The remainder of the evening was most pleasantly occupied as Dr.
Richard Howard, Professor of Botany at Harvard University, entertained
with an illustrated lecture entitled, “Jungle Housekeeping.11 Dr. Howard had
served his country as an instructor during World War II, and his unique
task was that of teaching members of the Naval Air Force the technique of
survival should they be forced down in jungle terrain, or upon a barren beach.
His classroom had been a remote island off the coast of Florida which had
provided a sample of most of the unfriendly things to be met with under
similar circumstances half a world away.

A grim job it must have been, but Dr. Howard made it sound like a
hilarious game as he related the adventures of his pupils, especially those of

(7)

one Sam, a city lad who had wanted no part of this sort of life. Food and
shelter are everywhere if one is trained to take advantage of what is at hand.
An important part of the curriculum was recognition of poisonous plants
and dangerous wild life, and the Kodachrome slides which illustrated the
perils the airmen learned to overcome were extremely interesting.

Dr. Howard concluded with the statement that any young man of draft
age possessing scientific inclinations should be advised to investigate the
advantages of becoming affiliated with the search and rescue units which are
an integral part of the major branches of the armed forces of this country.

As the meeting was called to order at 10:00 A.M. on Thursday, a
telegram from Dr. Albert R. Mead was read. It expressed his regret at being
unable to be present, sent greetings to his friends and all good wishes for the
success of the convention.

SOME NEW RECORDS OF NAIADES FROM
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Herbert D. Athearn
(Abstract)

Much work is still to be done in the collecting and study of the dis'
tribution of naiades in our extensive river drainages. I wish to include here,
a few of the most interesting discoveries that I have come across during recent
years.

The Petitcodiac River system of Westmoreland County, New Brunswick,
has yielded two outstanding species, uncommon throughout the extent of their
range. Alasmidonta marginata varicosa Lamarck is fairly common just above
Salisbury. Length of specimens run up to 79 mm. The North River, a branch
of the Petitcodiac, contains the species Alasmidonta heterodon Lea. This
should be an important record to add to the few existing records of the species.
Additional records for this species which I believe to be new were found in
the Scantic River in Hartford County, Connecticut and Hampden County,
Massachusetts.

Very few stations for M argaritana margaritifera Linne have been re'
ported from Massachusetts and Connecticut. To this short list I can add
Salmon Brook, Hartford County, Connecticut and Scantic River, Hampden
County, Massachusetts.

In pursuit of the species Anodonta implicata Say, I have found that it is
very common near the mouth of the Aroostook River, Victoria County, New
Brunswick. This station is fully 150 miles from the sea. Other stations taken
in the St. John River system, New Brunswick are St. John River, York
County; Canaan River, Queens County; and Kennebecasis River, Kings
County. Northern records which may be new are McIntyre Lake and Grand
Mira River, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia.

A survey of the St. Lawrence River drainage for east coast species and
eastern records of Great Lakes species has brought about several interesting
results. Very definite records of Lampsilis cariosa Say have been taken from
the Grass River, St. Lawrence County, New York; Madawaska River, Renfrew
County, Ontario (a tributary of the Ottawa River) ; St. Francis River,
Yamaska County, Quebec and the Nicolet River, Nicolet and Yamaska
Counties, Quebec.

Some extreme eastern records for Great Lakes fauna were taken from
the Nicolet and St. Francis Rivers, Yamaska County, Quebec. From the South

(8)

Branch of the Nicolet River were taken Lasmigona costata Rafinesque, Ligumia
recta latissima Rafinesque and Alasmidonta marginata Say; while from the St.
Francis a very brief survey under difficult collecting conditions brought in
Lasmigona compressa Lea and Obovaria olivaria Rafinesque.

Some recent work done in Adams County, Pennsylvania has established
some new records not recorded by Dr. Ortmann in his work of 1919. From
Marsh Creek were taken Elliptio productus Conrad, Elliptio fisherianus Lea
and Lasmigona subviridis Conrad. In the same county, large specimens of
Elliptio fisherianus Lea and Lampsilis ovata Say were taken in Rock Creek.

Following Mr. Athearn’s paper, observation was made from the floor
that Margaritana margaritifera Linne is known to have a long life, sometimes
as long as 80 or 90 years. Also, that where extensive mussel surveys have
been made, the water in which this species occurs is predominately soft, quite
the contrary to that of the Connecticut River, listed as a record by this paper.
A single Michigan locality is known for Alasmidonta marginata varicosa
Lamarck, that of the Ocqueoc River in the lower peninsula.

NEW FEDERAL REGULATIONS ON IMPORTING MOLLUSKS

R. Tucker Abbott
United States National Museum
(Abstract)

The Secretary of Agriculture has set up regulations to comply with Public
Law 152, 82d Congress, which concern the importation into the United States
and its possessions of certain living mollusks. Details concerning these regula-
tions are found in the Federal Register (7 CFR Part 324, page 6826). The
essential points are given in this abstract :

The regulations are aimed chiefly at the giant African snail, Achatina
fulica Bowdich, but also include any living stages, including eggs, of any species
of terrestrial or fresh-water forms of the phylum Mollusca. The regulations
call for the inspection of baggage, produce, vessels, vehicles, aircraft, etc., and
for the removal or destruction of any living snails.

Entry of certain land snails is permitted but only by special permit which
may be obtained by writing to the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington 25, D. C.
Except under unusual conditions, say for research purposes by responsible
institutions or individuals, no permit will be issued for the entry of living
Achatina species, Theba pisana Muller, or any species of slug.

It may be noted that there is already a law against importing any living
species of human disease-carrying snails (especially the fresh-water forms),
and that permits for their entry must be obtained from the Surgeon General,
U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, D. C. Neither of these regula-
tions apply to seashells, other marine mollusks, or any shells which have been
cleaned or preserved.

Discussion brought out the fact that these regulations apply to living
snails only, and that dealers may obtain special permits to bring in live
edible snails, such permits to cover specified shipments. Mr. Abbott expressed
the conviction that in 50 or 100 years controls may well be over, for by then
universal distribution will have been accomplished.

The morning session ended with a brief showing of Kodachrome slides
taken on occasion of the field trip to Niagara Glen, a feature of the 1951
convention held in Buffalo, N. Y.

(9)

The annual business meeting was held on Thursday afternoon. A corn
densed report of the council meeting was read, beginning with the statement
that a letter to the council from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson had been received.
She requested that her name not be considered when the president for 1953
should be chosen. (Mrs. Robertson had been elected an Honorary President in
1939, and in 1951 had been elected Vice-President.) The Council had acceded
to this request, though with regret, and the following slate of nominated
officers was presented:

President, Dr. A. Byron Leonard; Vice-president, Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert;
Secretary-treasurer, Margaret C. Teskey; Councilors-at-large, Mr. R. Tucker
Abbott, Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo, Miss Ruth E. Coats, Miss Ruth D. Turner.

(Past Presidents and Honorary Presidents remain on the council without
re-election.)

A motion was made from the floor that this panel be elected without
opposition, the motion was seconded, and a voice vote made the election
unanimous.

The announcement was made that by action of the Council, and in
recognition of her twenty years of faithful service as secretary of the
American Malacological Union, an Honorary Life Membership in the organ-
ization had been bestowed upon Mrs. Robertson. Spontaneous applause
bespoke complete approval of this action.

The report made to the Council by the Secretary-Treasurer listed a
membership of 445 members, and a balance of $409.14.

Announcement was made of a provision whereby life membership may
now be purchased for twenty-five dollars, this sum to be paid at one time.

It was announced that a committee of two (Mr. R. Tucker Abbott, Miss
Ruth E. Coats) had been appointed to study the somewhat obsolete cons-
titution, and to draft a clarified version to be presented at the next annual
meeting.

Two identical proposals, each bearing several appended signatures, had
been laid before the Council, the proposition being to change the name of the
American Malacological Union to American Malacological Society. When
this proposal was read at the business meeting, views pro and con were
briefly stated. Since no action may be taken without a poll of the entire
membership, it was moved, seconded and carried that this matter be tabled
until the next annual meeting.

This action concluded the business meeting, and the final session of the
academic portion of the convention began with reading of the following paper:

TRAN S-PAN AMIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE MACTRIDAE

J. L. Chamberlin
Museum of Comparative Zoology
(Abstract)

Closely related species and con-species populations with their ranges divided
by the isthmus of Central America are recognized in many groups of marine
organisms. Among the American tropical and subtropical members of the
marine bivalve family Mactridae such ‘■‘■trans-Panamic” affinities greatly out-
number relationships with the Mactridae elsewhere in the world.

The American area of tropical and subtropical conditions is defined, for
this study, as extending from Lower California to northern Peru in the
Eastern Pacific and from Florida to southern Brazil in the Western Atlantic.

(10)

In this area the author has recognised 13 genera and subgenera of Mactridae
containing 40 species and subspecies. Their distribution is shown in the
following table.

NUMBER OF SPECIES AND

New World

Tropics and Subtropics*
E. Pacific W. Atlantic

SUBSPECIES

Elsewhere

New Old

World World

Total
(for the
world )

Spisula s.s.**

0

1

1

3

5

Simomactra

1

1

0

0

2

Mactrotoma s.s

3

2

0

5+

10+

Mactroderma

1

0

0

0

1

Micromactra .

6

1

0

0

7

Mactrella

j***

0

0

Harvella

1

1

0

0

2

Tumbe^iconcha

2

0

0

?

?

Labiosa s.s

1

2

0

0

o

0

Raeta

1

2

0

0

3

Mactra s.s.**

1

2

2

several

several

Mulinia**

3

2

2

0

7

Rangia

1

2

0

0

3

*A11 species are endemic to the New World.

**Spisula, Mactra and Mulinia alone are represented outside the tropical and sub'
tropical regions.

***MactreIIa alata Spengler occurs in both the E. Pacific and W. Atlantic.

The table shows that of the 13 supra^specific categories, 10 have species
in both the Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic regions. Only 4 or possibly
5 are also represented anywhere outside this joint area and 3 or 4 of these in
the Old World. The fossil record confirms the above distributional pattern.
Many more representatives of the groups have been found in the late Tertiary
deposits of the American Pacific and Atlantic Coasts. The author has dis^
covered no Old World fossils belonging to any group of Mactridae today
restricted to the Americas. Several conclusions are possible from the above
data. The striking “trans'Panamic-” affinities of the family furnish emphatic
living evidence of a former communication of the Atlantic and Pacific faunas.
Marine channels are known to have crossed several parts of Central America
until late Tertiary times. That the former intercourse was via these marine
channels is indicated by the fact that 10 of the groups of Mactridae are
restricted today to tropical and subtropical conditions. Genera and subgenera
represented on both sides of Central America but nowhere else must have
differentiated prior to closure of the channels.

Just when the Central American connections were broken is a critical
matter if knowledge of evolution rates is to be gained from this study. Two
sources of evidence are available. On one hand, no marine deposits younger
than Upper Miocene are known to stretch across Central America (A. A.
Olsson, 1932, Bull. Amer. Paleont., Vol. 19). On the other hand, Simpson
(1940 J. Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. 30: 137) has summarised conclusively that
the terrestrial mammals of North and South America did not intermingle until
late Pliocene times. This strongly implies that a suitable land bridge between
the two continents appeared at this time, separating the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans in the low latitudes. It is certainly important to solve the discrepancy
whether the Atlantic and Pacific tropical marine animals have been separated
for over 16 million years or for only 2 or 3 million. Since the Mactridae
show a majority of specific differentiation on the opposite sides of Central

(ID

America, they have probably been divided by this land barrier since the late
Miocene rather than the late Pliocene.

Realising that many endemic genera existed at the time of separation,
and assuming the time to be Upper Miocene, it is believed that the Western
Hemisphere tropics was pioneered by the family at least by fairly early
Tertiary times and has received few subsequent immigrants. The American
Tertiary fossil record should not be looked to as recording much more than
the phylogeny of the Mactridae in this same region.

One might inquire how the distribution of the Mactridae reflects that
of other marine organisms. Similar distributions may well be found in groups
which parallel the family in their potential for dispersal, inhabitation of
shallow water, and large representations in the American tropics and subtropics
since the mid-Tertiary. Real difficulty may be encountered in understanding
why some marine organisms living in the Central American area fail to have
trans-Panamic distributional relationships.

Dr. Pilsbry: “Mactridae has an important bearing in determining the
antiquity of various molluscan species, and in illustrating the rapidity of
evolution. The Straits were closed during the Miocene, I understand. It is
interesting to see how fast evolution progresses.”

Mr. Chamberlin asserted under questioning that his conclusions had
been drawn wholly from shell characteristics, though acknowledging the
observation that in this family the soft parts may be studied as marks on the
fossil shell.

WIND ORIENTATION IN ACHATINA*

J. L. Chamberlin

(Abstract)

There are no reports of movements directionally oriented to wind (anemo'
taxis) by terrestrial animals in their natural environment. A few instances are
reported from the laboratory. Numerous animals face the wind when at rest,
but true anemotaxis has only been demonstrated in the flight of birds and a
few insects.

During a ten-week field study (June 22 - September 7, 1951) on Tinian,
Marianas Islands, the Island population of A chatina fulica Bowdich was ob-
served to be migrating consistently eastward. Investigations of this phenom-
enon led to the conclusion that the snails were primarily orienting upwind
(positive anemotaxis). Evidence for this conclusion was of several kinds.

The wind was observed to be easterly and the snails were moving east'
ward (NNE to SSE) on all but one night. On that night the wind was SSW
and nearly all Achatina were crawling about SSW.

On one night forty individuals were placed on a smooth road surface and
exposed to wind from an electric fan. They failed to reorient toward the fan,
but crawled in essentially random directions. Simultaneously, forty controls
moved upwind with a spread of 80°.

On another occasion, thirty snails were marked with reflecting tape and
released together from a common starting point in a vegetated area. They
were subsequently relocated with respect to the starting point, after periods
of 24, 48, and 120 hours. Winds as recorded during this five-day period
varied from NE to NNE. Single-day snail directions from the starting point
varied in the smaller arc from NW to ESE. After 120 hours, the directions
of the animals from the starting point varied from a few degrees west of N
to a few degrees south of E.

(12)

On any night a very small fraction of the snails crossed the roads in a
westerly (downwind) direction, giving some evidence of negative anemotaxis.
When a group of west-crawling snails was transported to another location,
nearly half still crossed the road downwind. After initially upwind-moving
snails were translocated as controls, nearly 100% continued upwind. Negative
anemotaxis is concluded to have been operating, but with less persistence than
the positive.

One experiment may have demonstrated a mechanism which reversed
anemotaxis from positive to negative. A group of snails were placed on a
sectioned watermelon one evening. More gathered there during the night,
totalling 139 on the melon at dawn. The movements of marked snails, that
had been placed in the vicinity of the melon the previous evening, showed
that most snails had moved upwind and these predominated on the melon.
Shortly after dawn snails on the melon commenced to leave and hide for the
day. But instead of moving away in an upwind direction, all observed (63)
crawled downwind to hiding places. Snails not on the melon at dawn traveled
upwind as usual to hiding places. It is suggested that the reason why the
only snails that moved downwind in any numbers were those leaving the melon
after dawn was that their anemotaxis was reversed by the stimulus of a
superfluous food supply. Achatina could entirely consume long before dawn
the meager quantities of food ordinarily encountered.

Topography, food, cover, and what is thought to have been visual
orientation, modified the direction of anemotaxis. Although the image-
forming ability of the species is unknown, visual stimulation alone seems to
explain a behavior pattern observed during all experiments on the roads;
namely, the directions taken by a group of snails did not have a central
tendency necessarily directly upwind. Rather, it was more nearly at right
angles to the road, although in the upwind direction. The junction of the
white roads with darker vegetation is the suggested basis for such orientation.

More interesting than the anemotaxis itself is the unanswered problem
of how this behavioral pattern relates to the species’ economy. In the
Marianas Islands, where winds are known to be easterly 86% of the year,
the species could not maintain or have attained an island-wide distribution
while showing continuous positive anemotaxis. Alternative hypotheses are:
(1) the taxis fluctuates periodically from positive to negative for many
individuals or for the entire population, (2) all anemotaxis is inhibited much of
the year, allowing the return of some individuals to the west side of the Island
(where a high reproductive potential could restock the population) . The little
evidence reported above suggests the former.

The period of field study was immediately following the annual dry
season. Succulent ground cover was scarce. When any suitable food was
encountered Achatina stopped until it was entirely consumed. Neither feeding
snails nor such food as they ate were often observed. It may be that the
period of field study was during a time of year when the migratory activity
of Achatina fulica was strongly emphasised by a food shortage. Aestivating
snails were common on arrival, but soon after no more were seen. The onset
of the rainy season may have forced an end to aestivation before plant growth
had produced an adequate food supply for the population.

The role of anemotaxis in the species’ ecology in its East African home-
land should be investigated toward a solution of the entire problem.

Mention was made from the floor of the extremely rapid reproductive
cycle of Achatina fulica; at three months of age this obnoxious snail is capable

(13)

of parenthood! Some discussion ensued as to whether or not A. fulica is
being over-rated as a potential danger to Hawaiian and perhaps to American
agriculture, though it was pointed out that $300,000 is being spent to keep
this snail from becoming a serious menace to Hawaiian cane fields.

*This investigation was performed under contract with the National Research Council,
Pacific Science Board. The funds, as well as transportation to and from the area of
study, and other facilities, were supplied by the Office of Naval Research.

THE ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
LYMNAEA (BULIMNEA) MEGASOMA IN MICHIGAN

Henry van der Schailie
(Abstract)

In 1948 some mastodon bones were found in a peat bog near Berrien
Springs in southwestern Michigan. Among the shells which were taken at
this site there was one specimen of Lymnaea megasoma. As early as 1908 the
late Bryant Walker referred to this interesting Lymnaeid as a species with a
decidedly boreal range in Michigan. In this recent excellent monograph,
Bengt Hubendick, relying on records in the literature, indicated a more
southern range for L. megasoma. As recent as 1935, John A. Thompson (see
Goodrich, Nautilus, 54: 6-10, 1940) found a colony living in the Mahoning
River at Alliance, Ohio. However, in spite of the evidence that Lymnaea
magasoma was perhaps a common form in southern Michigan at a time con-
temporaneous with the Mastodon, its ecology and distribution at present is
such that it must be considered a boreal form inhabiting only northern
Michigan. Its habitat is generally in bayou-like situations adjoining lakes or
rivers.

It was observed that there are two records of this species having been
found in fossil form in southeastern California, and two more in Oklahoma.
Dr. van der Schalie explained that he did not list the Lake Champlain record
of Frank Collins Baker, since no late collection substantiates the record.
He added that he should be most interested in seeing shells from there.

OPPORTUNITIES IN MEDICAL MALACOLOGY

R. Tucker Abbott
United States National Museum

(Abstract)

In the last ten years there has been such an increase in interest and work
in disease-carrying mollusks that it seemed appropriate that a paper be pre-
sented which reviewed these activities briefly and presented a compendium of
the rather specialised field of Medical Malacology.

A brief history of the field was given in which it was pointed out that its
birth came in 1882 when the German zoologist, R. Leuckart, discovered that
the sheep liver fluke, Fasciola, passed its larval life cycle in the pond snail,
Lymnaea. The greatest impetus to Medical Malacology came during World
War II and the years that followed. Since 1942, over 100 papers have been
published on parasitological research involving experiments with snails, and
today in at least a dosen medical centers there are a score of research workers
directly experimenting with mollusks.

Three additional aspects of Medical Malacology were outlined in some
detail :

(14)

(a) Functions and Services of a Medical Malacologist.

(b) The Training of a Medical Malacologist.

(c) Research Problems in Medical Malacology.

An expanded treatment of this subject will be published in either the
Nautilus or some other appropriate medium.

THE FAMILY CLAUSILIIDAE IN WEST AFRICA

Joseph C. Bequaert
Museum of Comparative Zoology

Dr. Bequaert comments upon the recent discovery of two specimens of
Clausiliidae at Lolodorf, in the French Cameroon, West Africa. The shells
are unfortunately so badly worn that it would be unwise to describe them.
They are, however, not very closely related to any of the known genera and
differ greatly from the few species recorded from eastern Africa. Attention
is called to the present discontinuous distribution of the family in the Old
as well as in the New World.

Dr. Bequaert suggested that at a future meeting, a paper be devoted
to those parts of the world where collecting has not been done, or done too
sparsely. Such a paper should perhaps be accompanied by a marked world
map, and might serve to convince the young scientist that many fertile fields
await his attention.

USING SEA SHELLS AS OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
IN MENTAL HOSPITALS
Merrill Moore

Clinical Associate in Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School

This paper was a followmp on an earlier paper in which the idea was
first suggested that sea shells be used as material for occupational therapy in
mental hospitals overseas during World War II. It concluded with some
general ideas which could be of use for anyone interested in the general field
of occupational therapy, with particular reference to the use of sea shells and
other marine biological material.

Dr. Moore stressed the need of even the simplest of material, and sug'
gested that anyone possessing duplicate shells will help immeasurably by
sending them to the mental hospitals in their own states.

THE WILLIAM F. CLAPP LABORATORIES
Ruth D. Turner
Museum of Comparative Zoology

Miss Turner spoke briefly on the origin and function of the William F.
Clapp Laboratories at Duxbury, Mass., to be the scene of the field trip of
the following day. Illustrating with Kodachrome slides, she outlined the history
of this unique organisation from its humble beginning in an old barn thru
many transitions, to its present status. Now the organisation occupies as well
a second building, which in turn is beginning to strain at the seams. Miss
Turner had been an assistant of the late Dr. Clapp so it was especially fitting
that she describe the work which he began, and which will not be finished so
long as men sail the seas.

As she concluded, the comment was made that each year International
Nickle Co. sponsors a conference on corrosion. Last year the company voted
to furnish a William F. Clapp award for an outstanding contribution in
that field.

(15)

With the conclusion of Miss Turner’s remarks, Mr. Clench, after making
routine announcements, voiced his and Miss Turner’s thanks for such good
attendance, and seconded the invitation of Dr. Romer, given at the beginning
of the meeting: “Come again, any time!”

Following a brief hour during which time delegates repaired the ravages
of the day, they once again assembled in the Commander’s Mount Vernon
room, this time as guests of Dr. Jeanne S. and General Frank R. Schwengel for
another of their famous cocktail parties.

Following the social hour, a buffet supper was served, and once again the
Schwengels had added the touch which makes these annual meetings such
completely enjoyable afFairs.

Last on the list of scheduled events was the field trip, though far from
least in order of importance. Nearly fifty people made the thirty 'five mile trip
to Duxbury, and again careful planning paid off. Mr. Herbert Athearn was
in charge of transportation, and so arranged matters that the excursion was
made entirely in private cars, with space to spare.

Arriving pretty much en masse at the Clapp Laboratories, the crowd
was taken in groups on tours of the experimental laboratory, the museum,
and most important of all, the research laboratory. To this latter place comes
an endless series of “test panels” from every part of the globe. Unimpressive
they are in appearance, yet they are tremendously important, for they have
been immersed in waters known to have been (or perhaps merely suspected
to be) infected with that rogue of the molluscan world, the shipworm. He
comes in many guises, bearing many names — yet be he called “Bankia,”
“Teredo,” or any of his other titles, he is hated and feared and fought. And
since the mightiest weapon is knowledge, it is here in this remodeled barn that
the greatest war is waged. Trained eyes read the message in the riddled
pieces of board, and recommendations go out from this place to be acted upon
in the furtherest outpost. For he is a common enemy, the shipworm, and men
may fight one another, yet join forces to war against this inconspicious little
mollusk who asks but to be let alone to live out his time under the sea in a
dark, dank piling!

Hurried collecting along the shore — the tide was coming in — then
picnic lunches were spread upon the lawn, and the sun which up to that
time had been very coy, shone down to prove that he, too, loves malacologists.

The staff of the laboratories had been most patient as they guided,
explained, answered dozens of questions. The welcome of Mrs. Dorothy
Brown, Mr. Hap Pearson, and Mrs. Robert Bernash of the Staff had been so
sincere, and Mrs. William F. Clapp, the sort of person whom you’ve always
known, was so cordial that one hated to leave. In fact, few did leave before
enjoying a boat ride about the harbour. But plans had been made, so
groups went in different directions according to inclination; some made a
quick trip to the marine biological station at Woods Hole, Mass. Another
party elected to collect freshwater mussels at Half Way Pond, near Plymouth,
and still another chose to beach'comb at Duxbury Beach. It is rumored that
this trio lunched on fried clams and chocolate ice cream later in the day,
proving malacologists to be a hardy lot indeed.

Thus was concluded the eighteenth annual meeting of the American
Malacological Union, one of the most successful, surely the best attended.
But that record will soon fall, for interest in malacology is growing rapidly,
and great days are ahead!

Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary

(16)

REGISTRATION, EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

R. Tucker Abbott, Washington, D. C.

Dr. Emile AbdeLMalek, Cairo, Egypt

Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Allgaier, Cambridge, Mass.

Sergio Arias, Caracas, Venezuela
Mrs. Norma L. Ashbery, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Eleanor W. Athearn, Fall River, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D. Athearn, Taunton, Mass.

Dr. and Mrs. H. B. Baker, Philadelphia
Prof, and Mrs. F. N. Balch, Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Alger P. Blaine, Springfield, Mass.

Edwin J. Carswell, Sunnyside, Long Island, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. J. Lockwood Chamberlin, Cambridge, Mass.
Dr. Merrill E. Champion, Rockport, Mass.

Dr. and Mrs. Austin W. Cheever, Boston, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Fi. Clark, Jr., Watertown, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. William J. Clench, Cambridge, Mass.

Miss Ruth E. Coats, Carlsbad, California

Mr. and Mrs. Reid Cook, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mr. James A. and Mrs. Mary Cumming, Grand Island, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Otis H. Dana, Rockport, Mass.

Murray Darling, East Freetown, Mass.

Anthony D’Attilio, Valley Stream, N. Y.

Carl W. Erickson, Worcester, Mass.

Miss Margaret F. Farrell, Brookline, Mass.

Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. Flipse, Key Biscayne, Florida
Richard W. Foster, Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. Fladley, West Newton, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. E. O. Houghton, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph W. Jackson, Cambridge, Md.

Morris K. Jacobson, Rockaway Beach, N. Y.

Ronald A. Kropf, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. and Mrs. Clinton V. MacCoy, Norwell, Mass.

Gordon K. MacMillan, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Mr. and Mrs. Chester W. Melville, Chestnut Hill, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Michelson, Cambridge, Mass.
Comdr. and Mrs. Alexander G. Moberg, E. Freetown, Mass.
Dr. Merrill Moore, Boston, Mass.

Dr. George M. Moore, Durham, New Hampshire
Dr. and Mrs. Juan J. Parody, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.

Thomas E. Pulley, Houston, Texas
Murray E. Reed, Syracuse, N. Y.

Dr. Harald A. Rehder, Washington, D. C.

Eugene H. Schmeck, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Mrs. Nellie C. Strong, Somerville, Mass.

Dwight, W. Taylor, Altadena, California
Mrs. Margaret M. Teare, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Buffalo, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Fred Tobleman, Newark, N. J.

(17)

Miss Ruth D. Turner, Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Voss, Coral Gables, Florida
Miss Germaine L. Warmke, Mayagues, Puerto Rico
Miss Gertrude M. Weber, Buffalo, N. Y.

Heathcote M. Woolsey, Kent, Conn.

NOTICE!

Membership dues in the A.M.U. have not been increased nor will they
be as long as current expenses (printing, postage, etc.) can be met by the
modest fee of one dollar per year.

However, corners must be cut, and as an economy measure one copy
of the yearly report bulletin is being sent to husband-and-wife memberships
instead of the usual two.

If for any reason a second copy is desired, please notify the secretary
and it will be mailed without delay.

CLINICAL SONNETS, (1949); ILLEGITIMATE SONNETS, (1950);
and CASE RECORD FROM A SONNETORIUM, (1951)
Twayne Publishers, Inc., New York City

These three volumes of recent poems come from the pen of a poet-
psychiatrist who is also an ardent shell collector and enthusiast. In his fifty
years of living, including twenty-five years of medical practice, Doctor
Moore has learned a great deal about people and mollusks and compares
them to each other. He feels that the outside personality of a human being
is like a shell whereas the inner true personality is like the living mollusk
within the shell.

Doctor Moore is now working on a new book to be titled MORE
CLINICAL SONNETS which will be published early in 1953.

He has actively supported the American Malacological Union and has

many friends in its membership.

If one is interested in poetry these poems are well worth reading.

The noise that Time makes in passing by
Is very slight but even you can hear it,

Having not necessarily to be near it,

Needing only the slightest will to try:

Hold the receiver of a telephone
To your ear when no one is talking on the line
And what may at first sound to you like the whine
Of wind over distant wires is Time’s own
Garments brushing against a windy cloud.

That same noise again but not so well
May be heard by taking a small cockle-shell
From the sand and holding it against your head;

Then you can hear Time’s footsteps as they pass
Over the earth brushing the eternal grass.

From ‘'CASE-RECORD FROM A SONNETORIUM

By Dr. Merrill Moore

(18)

NEWS AND NOTICES

Several A.M.U. members are engaged in or have completed work which
has taken them out of the country for varying periods of time. Dr. and Mrs.
Elmer G. Berry returned to Washington in August from a two-year stay in
West Africa where Dr. Berry was engaged in work dealing with the inter '
mediate snail hosts of human schistosomiasis. His survey was carried out under
the auspices of the Mutual Security Administration.

Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison of the United States National Museum spent
three months last summer on Raroia Atoll in the Tuamotu Islands, French
Oceania, where he was the general zoologist for the 1952 Pacific Science
Board Expedition working on ecological surveys of coral atolls. While on
Raroia, he greatly enjoyed a brief visit from Dr. Gilbert Ranson of the
National Museum of Natural History of Paris. Dr. Ranson was studying the
pearl oyster fisheries of French Oceania, as well as collecting all kinds of
mollusks in sight — as was Dr. Morrison. On his way home, Dr. Morrison
gave a lecture before the Hawaiian Malacological Society on the subject of
atoll mollusks.

In November, Dr. and Mrs. Henry van der Schalie and their children
left Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Cairo, Egypt, where they expect to spend
about a year. Working under the World Health Organisation of the United
Nations, Dr. van der Schalie is to be senior advisor to the Egyptian Govern-
ment in a Bilharsia snail-control program.

Although the date has not as yet been determined, the 1953 annual
meeting will be held at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Detailed
notices will be sent out when arrangements are completed. Plan to attend!

Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson wishes to express her deep gratitude for the
honorary life membership bestowed upon her at the 1952 convention, and she
recalls with heartfelt appreciation the previous honors and gifts of which she
has been the recipient. Her many friends may be assured that although con-
fined to her home by illness for the past several months, “Genie” retains her
cheery disposition, and her keen interest in the A.M.U. remains unabated.

From the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, December 8th, 1952: “Soon after
U.S. occupying troops reached Japan in 1945 the headquarters of General
MacArthur received a brief- — if bewildering— query from Emperor Hirohito.
By chance did anyone know if Dr. Henry Augustus Pilsbry was still alive, the
emperor asked.

The Army, after a flurry of cables, reported that Pilsbry was alive and
still active as curator of mollusks at the Academy of Natural Sciences in
Philadelphia.

Hirohito, who wrote a book on Japanese marine shells before the war and
is rated a “good mollusk man” by scientists today, was so delighted he dis-
patched a copy of his book to Dr. Pilsbry.

The emperor — and naturalists of all countries — will be equally delighted
to learn that Dr. Pilsbry ’s 90th birthday came up today and he is observing it
at work in his cluttered office. Furthermore, he has no thought of quitting the
position he has held for 64 years. “Fve got 10 or 15 years1 work stacked up
in front of me now,” said he.

(19)

OUR MEMBER CLUBS

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL CLUB

Lucille Zellers, Secretary

The Northern California Malacozoological Club was organised in
February 1952 with 12 charter members. Officers were elected as follows:
Ralph O. Fox, president; Helen Burton, vice-president; Lucille Zellers,
secretary- treasurer. Meetings are held the first Tuesday of each month at
the Oakland Museum. A membership of 44 members includes scientists as
well as amateurs with varied interests in shells and marine life in general.

Allyn G. Smith lectured on the bird, animal and marine life on the
Farallone Islands. Slides were also shown and an exhibit of marine specimens
found on the islands were displayed. A symposium was conducted by Ralph
O. Fox on methods and equipment used in collecting. Dr. Rudolf Stohler
spoke on preservation of specimens and the use of plastics in preservation.
Allyn G. Smith told of the equipment and methods used in dredging. Dr.
William Hartman lectured and exhibited various species of sponges and told
where they may be found. Harry Fritchman spoke on and illustrated with
kodachrome slides the California Limpets. William K. Emerson showed
slides of the Hawaiian gastropods and acted as narrator. William K. Emerson
and Ralph Fox told of their collecting trip to Lower California before
attending the A.M.U.P. convention in Los Angeles. (Allyn G. Smith was
elected president and Ralph O. Fox secretary-treasurer of the A.M.U.P.
for 1952-53.) An exchange of shells and indentification of same featured
the program of one of the meetings. Helen Burton told of her collecting
trip in Mexico with Colonel and Mrs. Lee Miles.

The main project of the club is to establish a library and collection of

West Coast mollusks in the Marine Room of the Oakland Museum. A

Junior club to be established in the near future. Field trips and viewing

other members collections are also in the plans for the future.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB

Miss Margaret Farrell, Secretary

The 1951-1952 season of the Boston Malacological Club was very suc-
cessful. Meetings were held on the first Tuesday of each month October
through May at the Massachusetts Audubon Society Library, 155 Newbury
St., Boston, at 8 P.M.

SPEAKER SUBJECT

October 1951

November 1951

December 1951
January 1952

February 1952
March 1952

April 1952
May 1952

Summer Activities of Mem-
bers

Shell Collecting in the Gulf
of Mexico

Flora and Fauna of Bermuda
“Rendezvous in a Reef” pro-
vided by the Esso Com-
pany

Mr. Richard W. Foster A Trip to Tobago

Mr. J. Lockwood Chamberlain A Trip to the Western Pacific

to Study the Life History
of the Giant African Snail
General Discussion with members bringing in interesting or
unusual specimens or books connected with malacology.
Mr. Edward Michelson Fresh Water Shells in the

Great African Lakes

Mr. Thomas Pulley

Mr. Paul Holly
Movie

(20)

The Club went to Half Way Pond, Plymouth Township, Mass, for
their Annual Outing on Sunday, June 15, 1952. It was the largest and most
successful of the recent outings with everyone enjoying the abundant fresh
water collecting.

1951T952 and 1952-1953

President Dr. Austin W. Cheever

Vice-President Mr. Herbert Athearn

Secretary -Treasurer Miss Margaret Farrell

Conchological Recorder Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert

Executive Committee Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Mr. Arthur Clark

THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION
BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary

The 1951 A2 schedule of the club has been a full one. Meetings were
held once each month, at the Buffalo Museum of Science during the fall,
winter and spring, and at the homes of members during the summer when
museum facilities were not available.

The big event of 1951 was the annual meeting of the American
Malacological Union which was held in Buffalo, at which time the Section
served with the Buffalo Museum of Science as co-hosts. Thorough planning
paid off when the three-day convention progressed without a hitch, and later
one full meeting of the Section was devoted to a review of the successful affair.

That meeting was a picnic, held on the specious lawns at the home of
president Imogene C. Robertson. On another occasion the meeting took the
form of a “Dredging Party,” and a rich haul was made as members picked
out minute and sometimes rare specimens from dredged material donated by
the McGinty brothers of Boynton Beach, Florida. And at the annual business
meeting in January the group enjoyed a banquet at a local restaurant and
re-elected the following panel of officers: President, Imogene C. Robertson;
Vice-President, Margaret M. Teare; Treasurer, Annie C. Hoffman; Secretary,
Margaret C. Teskey.

Three new members have been enrolled during the current year, and a
full schedule is being drafted for the months ahead.

PACIFIC SHELL CLUB
Dr. Howard R. Hill

Meetings are held on the third Sunday afternoon of each month, from
October to May inclusive, at the Los Angeles County Museum. There are
65 members — 50% of whom are children. Attendance at meetings averaged
40. Membership dues are 50 cents per annum.

Programs consisted of special displays of shells and talks by club members
or invited guest speakers. A feature of the programs popular with members
is the distribution of shells and drawings for especially fine specimens, which
have been donated for such purpose by individuals or institutions. In this
manner beginners have been helped in the building-up of their collections.

The officers for 1951-52 were: Glen Russell, President; Agnes Shumate,
Secretary; Lloyd E. Berry, Treasurer. The sponsor of the club is Dr. Howard
R. Hill, Curator of Marine Zoology, Los Angeles County Museum. The
officers for 1952-53 are the same with the exception of President-elect Arnold
Johnson.

(21)

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THE CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB

Mrs. Gertrude Thompson, Secretary

We meet on the second Friday of every month in the Peabody Museum
on the Yale Campus. Some of our meetings feature guest speakers, at others
movies are shown, and we recently enjoyed a “Swap Night'” which brought
out some good shells for inspection and exchange.

Another club activity is the purchase of reference books on shells as
money becomes available, and in this matter we have the excellent advice of
our club president, Mr. Percy Morris, who has himself authored two shell books.

With a membership of 42 we look forward to good meetings and good
shelling during the months to come.

Officers of the Connecticut Shell Club are: President, Mr. Percy Morris;
Vice-President, Mrs. Francis Bissell; Treasurer, Mr. William Tuthill; Secre-
tary, Mrs. Gertrude Thompson.

NEW YORK SHELL CLUB
Morris K. Jacobson, President

Rounding out the fourth year of its existence, the New York Shell
Club is continuing its steady growth. We now have more than 60 members,
and our meetings attract between 35 and 50 members and guests to every
session. Our largest meeting of the past season was that at which Mr. R.
Tucker Abbott of the United States National Museum was good enough to
favor us with an attractive film and a fascinating illustrated talk. In a
sense, this meeting was a sort of culmination. During the year we heard
numerous talks by members on varied topics, from an analysis of the genus
Latiaxis by Mr. Anthony D’Attilio, to discussions of the life and works
of such figures as Dr. Dali (by Roget Bretet) and General Joseph G. Totten
(by Dr. Walter H. Jacobs.) Faunistically our activities were highlighted by
first records of several species never before reported from the New York area.
The most noteworthy find was that of Discus rotundatus (Muller), which
has now turned up in four separate localities. Another newcomer is Oxychilus
draparnaldi (Beck) which is turning up practically everywhere one looks.
Turtonia minuta (Fabricius) is new to our fauna and its discovery in Rock-
away Beach represents a southward extension of range. Another important
record is the confirming of the presence of Dreissena (M ytilopsis) leucophaeata
(Conrad) at Haverstraw, New York, where it was originally reported by Dr.
Rehder some years ago. On our field trip on May 10, 1952, we made a first
record of V entridens ligera form stonei Pilsbry, at New Springville, Staten
Island. Those most active in the study of our local mollusks were Eddy
Slater, Roget Bretet, Sam Freed, Edwin Carswell, Michael Krassner, Karl
Jacobson and Anthony D’Attilio, although we are proud to note that
practically all our members are now vigilantly watching for “newcomers.”
We were regretfully forced to bid a fond farewell to our member Roget
Bretet, who returned to France, from whence however he sends us frequent
and very welcome greetings in the form of fine boxes of shells from St. Jean
Cap Ferrat in southern France. Our members Selma Geffner and Harold
Feinberg were married, and both are now overseas in Germany in military
capacities. Ed Karlin is studying in Minnesota and does not let us forget him.
We see no reason for not looking forward to the new year with confidence
and hope. Our officers are: President, Mr. Morris K. Jacobson; Vice-Presi-
dent and Treasurer, Mr. Anthony D’Attilio; Secretary, Dr. Walter H. Jacobs;
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Dorothy D. Freas.

(24)

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1952-1953

☆

Officers

President Dr. A. Byron Leonard

Vice-President... Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert

Second Vice-President (Chairman, A.M.U.P.) Mr. Allyn G. Smith

Treasurer-Secretary Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey

☆

Counci I lors-at-Large

Mr. R. Tucker Abbott Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo

Miss Ruth E. Coats Miss Ruth M. Turner

☆

Past Presidents remaining on the Council without reelection: Dr. Henry
A. Pilsbry (1931-1932); Dr. Paul Bartsch (1933); Prof. Junius Henderson
(1934)*; William J. Clench (1935); Calvin Goodrich (1936); Dr. Joshua L.
Baily, Jr. (1937); Dr. Carlos de la Torre (1938)*; Maxwell Smith (1939);
Dr. Horace B. Baker (1940); Dr. Harald A. Rehder (1941); Frank Collins
Baker (1942)*; Dr. Louise M. Perry (1943); Dr. Henry van der Schalie
(1944-1947); Dr. A. Myra Keen (1948); Dr. Elmer G. Berry (1949); Dr.
Frits; Haas (1950); Dr. J. P. E. Morrison (1951); Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel
(1952).

Honorary Presidents: Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd (1934-1940)*; Dr. Henry A.
Pilsbry (1936-); Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson (1939-).

♦Deceased.

☆

PACIFIC DIVISION
Officers

Chairman Mr. Allyn G. Smith

Vice-Chairman - Mrs. Elsie M. Chace

Secretary -Treasurer Mr. Ralph O. Fox

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THE AMERICAN MALACOLOG1CAL UNION

CONSTITUTION ADOPTED 1931

1. This society shall be called "The American Malacological Union.’

2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of malacology by hold-
ing meetings for reading and discussion of papers, and for furthering
the interests of students and collectors of shells by facilitating acquaint-
ance and co-operation among the members.

3. Membership shall be limited to persons resident in the Americas and
Hawaii. New members may be proposed by two members and balloted
for by the Council. They shall pay an annual subscription (dues) of
$1.00. They will receive without other charge all notices, programs,
lists of members, etc., issued by the Union.

Note: In practice the Council ballots have been delegated to the
Secretary.

4. The following officers shall be elected annually by ballot: President,
Vice-President, two Secretaries and Treasurer.

5. The Union will be governed by a council consisting of the officers
and four other members to be elected annually by ballot.

6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be
fixed by the preceding annual meeting. Other meetings may be called
by the Council. Meetings of local branches may be held as such
branches may determine.

7. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when signed by five
members and passed by the Council shall be acted upon at the next
annual meeting. Concurrence of three-fourths of the ballots cast is
necessary for any alteration.

8. The “NAUTILUS” is hereby designated as the official organ of the
Union. (Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th
and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia 4, Pa.)

RESOLUTIONS

That there be an honorary membership for such as have contributed
in an outstanding way to American conchology. — Adopted May 26,
1932. (The late Charles Torrey Simpson, Bryant Walker, Victor
Sterki, and Thomas Barbour were honorary members).

That there be a corresponding membership for those not resident in
the Americas. — Adopted May 26, 1932.

That the Council shall consist of the officers, honorary and past presi-
dents, and members at large not to exceed four. Members of the Council
present at any annual meeting shall constitute a quorum. — Adopted
August 3, 1937.

That the Chairman of the Pacific Coast Branch be a Second Vice-
President. — Adopted August 26, 1948.

That life membership may be purchased for the sum of twentyffive
dollars. — Adopted August 20, 1952.

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AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION — PACIFIC DIVISION
MINUTES OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING

Los Angeles, California
JUNE 20, 21 and 22, 1952

Shortly after noon on June 20th the members of the Pacific Division of
the American Malacological Union began gathering in Founders Hall, Uni'
versity of Southern California, for registration, and at 1:15 P.M. Chairman
W. O. Gregg called the meeting to order.

We were officially welcomed by Dr. Irene McCulloch, and Dr. Gregg
made a brief response. Chairman Gregg then appointed a committee, con'
sisting of Mr. Andrew Sorenson, Miss Ruth M. Coats and Mr. John Q.
Burch to prepare a list of officers for consideration at the business session, and
presented the various committee heads.

Miss Ruth Coats, program chairman, then introduced the first paper of
the meeting, prepared by our senior member, Mr. Andrew Sorenson, and
read by his daughter, Mrs. A. T. Whelchel. Mr. Sorenson had taken as his
subject, “The Importance of the Amateur,” and comparing the amateur to
army privates and the professionals to officers, he reminded us that both are
necessary and must cooperate.

The next paper by Dr. Albert Mead dealt with foreign mollusks in
Arizona and New Mexico. Its main points will be found in the abstract which
appears on another page.

John Burch then read a paper sent in by Mr. Walter J. Eyerdam, who
was unable to be present, having left for Alaska shortly before the meeting
date. He suggested the introduction of various kinds of birds and large “mom
itor” lizards into the Hawaiian Islands to control the Giant African Snail,
Achatina fulica. A lively discussion followed, with various speakers recalling
other “control” introductions where the cure had proved worse than the
disease.

Mr. E. P. Chace spoke briefly on “Some Problems in West Coast Pholads.”
In attempting to pin down the numerous names which have been used in our
West Coast Pholads he had supplemented many of the brief original descrip'
tions; but in view of the work which Miss Ruth D. Turner expects to publish
shortly, no abstract was made.

Dr. A. M. Keen then spoke on “West American Tertiary Molluscan
Fauna.” As usual her paper was both informative and interesting.

Dr. Arthur Howard of Hancock Foundation was the last speaker of the
afternoon, discussing a little known group: “Some Pteropods of the Eastern
Pacific.” An abstract of his paper appears on another page but necessarily lacks
the lantern slides which those present found of great help toward understand'
ing these tiny creatures.

The Friday evening meeting began with an informal talk by Dr. S. S.
Berry, entitled, “Memories of the Older Malacologists.” Many names in
books became real and friendly people as Dr. Berry spoke.

After a brief intermission Dr. Mead showed movies, mostly in color, of
“Natives and Their Surroundings in the Gold Coast and Nigeria, Africa.”
These pictures taken in connection with Dr. Mead’s work on the Giant African
Snail, and frequently under difficulties, were much enjoyed.

The Saturday sessions began at 9:30 A.M. with a short business meeting.
The nominating committee suggested that Mr. Allyn Smith be advanced from
Vice'Chairman to Chairman, Mrs. Elsie M. Chace from Secretary 'Treasurer

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to Vice-Chairman, and nominated Mr. Ralph Fox of Berkeley for Secretary -
Treasurer. The report being accepted in due form, the nominees were unani-
mously elected.

At this time the group was reminded that our Councillors-at-large were
Dr. A. Myra Keen, Miss Ruth M. Coats, Mr. John Q. Burch and Dr. Leo G.
Hertlein, with Dr. Wendell O. Gregg replacing Dr. Keen at the close of this
gathering.

A letter from Dr. Jeanne Schwengel was read regretting her inability
to be with us, and asking that some of our papers be sent to be read at the
meeting at Cambridge.

Miss Coats proposed that this group write a letter expressing the hope
that Dr. Katherine Van Winkle Palmer’s monograph on Carpenter’s types
could be published on the West Coast. The California Academy of Sciences
and the San Diego Society of Natural History were mentioned as suitable
places.

The first paper of the day was given by Mr. Ralph Fox, an account of
the organisation of the new Malaco-soological Club in Berkeley. An abstract
of this paper appears elsewhere. The chairman expressed best wishes to the
young organisation.

The next speaker, Mr. Roy L. Morrison, took as his topic, "'Environmental
Change on Molluscan Life in Mission Bay, San Diego.” He presented two
surveys, one made about 1929, and the other this year (1952). Much of Mr.
Morrison’s talk is being published in the “Minutes of the Conchological Club
of Southern California,” but a brief resume is given with the other papers of
this meeting.

The afternoon session began with a talk by Mr. Merton Hinshaw of
Pacific Grove Museum, a running commentary with beautiful lantern slides
illustrating “Some Molluscan Habitats of the Monterey Peninsula.”

Mr. John Fitch, of the California State Fisheries Laboratory, discussed
“Management Problems of a Molluscan Sport Fishery.” Mr. Fitch very kindly
furnished an abstract of his talk; but it seems desirable to repeat here that the
authorities are not anxious to close areas and fisheries; or to keep them closed,
but rather to have them open as much as is possible and have them permanent.

Mr. H. A. Edwards of the Southwest Museum gave us an artist’s analysis
of “The Evolution of Color Patterns in the Shells of the Genus Conus.” There
is no abstract of this paper as it would be difficult to make Mr. Edward’s ideas
clear without the fine charts which he had made.

Mr. Helmut Meier displayed a collection of very lifelike models of several
Southern California molluscs. His work was much enjoyed and where avail-
able is very helpful in answering, “What does it look like?”

The final paper of the afternoon meeting was a scholarly one by Dr.
Berry on “The Production of Light by Mollusca.” Those present were treated
to a clear and logical discussion of a most intricate and pulling subject.

The Sunday morning meeting began with a short business meeting, at
which the Treasurer’s report, showing about $48.00 on hand (no bills having
yet been presented) was read and approved. Two copies of the group photo-
graphs were ordered, one for the Pacific Division’s own scrap book and the
other for the one prepared by Mrs. Teskey. The Secretary was instructed to
write the proper letters of thanks for various courtesies, including the badges
furnished by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce.

Business being disposed of, the group next heard Mr. Wm. Emerson’s
paper on “The Influence of Upwelling on the Distribution of Marine Floras

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and Faunas of the Pacific Coast off Baja, California.” Don’t miss this abstract
for here is the explanation of some of our “discontinuous distribution” puzzles.

Mrs. Ruth Whitney of Los Gatos presented an interesting talk on a
review of South African Patellidae by Koch — a group as fascinating, and
perhaps as pulling, as our own Acmaeidae.

In lighter vein was the paper which Dr. Joshua Baily, Jr. (being then in
England) had sent to be read. This is an account of an episode some 200 years
ago in which palaeontology and theology were mixed with interesting results.

Mrs. John Q. Burch gave a short talk on Dr. Wm. M. Ingram’s “Review
of the Living Cypraeas of the Western Hemisphere” which she illustrated
with lantern slides and some beautiful specimens.

Mr. David Baker of San Diego discussed briefly the opinions which he,
working alone, had formed on the pu^le of Mur ex petri Dali. His talk proved
a spring-board for one of the liveliest discussions of the meeting.

Dr. Mead then gave a report which appears elsewhere (in abstract) on
“The Status Quo of the Problem of the Giant African Snail.”

The final paper of the meeting was given by our Chairman-elect, Mr.
Allyn Smith, on “Shells of California Caves.” As some of the names used
have not yet been published, no abstract of his paper was turned in, but it may
be said that he told of five genera, six species, and an additional sub-species
found in or around various California caves from as far west as the San
Francisco Bay area, east to Amador County, as far north as Shasta County,
south to Tulare County. His talk was much enjoyed and we are looking for-
ward to its publication.

According to our custom, the Annual Banquet was held on Saturday
evening. This year we met at The Old Dixie Dining Room under arrange-
ments made by our capable banquet chairman, Mrs. Rose Burch. Varied
packets of shells served as favors and place cards decorated with shells, sea-
weed and garnet sand had been made by Mrs. Burch and Mr. and Mrs. H.
Arden Edwards with Mr. Edwards wielding a skillful paint brush. There were
no speeches, but after dinner the group enjoyed a contribution from the
Waikiki Aquariam, Bishop Museum, and Committee on Natural Sciences for
Youth of the Outdoor Circle, all of Honolulu. This consisted of charming
lantern slides of Hawaiian Gastropods by Mr. Spencer Tinker and a recorded
commentary by E. H. Bryan, Jr.

The Convention was enjoyed by all present and particular thanks were
expressed to Dr. Irene McCulloch of the Allan Hancock Foundation for her
assistance in arranging for the meeting-place, to Mrs. Burch for varied activi-
ties in preparations, and last but not least to Miss Ruth Coats, who not only
served as program chairman, arranged for and introduced the different papers,
but loaned and operated by her own tape-recorder and the lantern which
illustrated many of the papers.

Elsie M. Chace, Secretary, AM.U.P.

SOLOMON ISLAND MEGAPODES RECOMMENDED
AS DESTROYERS OF AFRICAN SNAIL PESTS
Walter J. Eyerdam
(Abstract)

I have been impressed in noting the useful research work done by Dr.
Yoshio Kondo at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu on the problem of controll-
ing the terrible African snail pest A chatina fulica in the South Pacific.

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In my opinion arsenic stones and arsenic sprays can hardly be applied
with success over large areas for fear of its dangerous toxic effect on humans
and on useful animals.

The large Varamus or Monitor Lizard is a voracious feeder on Achatina
of various species and its jaws and dentition are so constructed to special
adaptation in holding and crushing these large snails. The great danger of
introducing these lizards into the infected islands is that they might become
a fearful pest, feeding on poultry, etc.

In my opinion, the most promising agent for the control of the African
snail pest and at the same time a very desirable economic asset to any com'
munity is the Solomon Island bush hen or Megapode, whose scientific name is
M egdpodius erimita or M egapodius brenchleyi. It feeds largely on snails,
bugs, scorpions, centipedes and harmful insects and worms.

As a member of the Whitney South Sea Expedition in the Solomon
Islands, I often shot and skinned bush hens. I usually examined the stomach
contents which were mostly crammed with snail shells. I am sure that with
such an appetite for snails these birds would go after Achatina fulica in a
big way and these snails could well become its ideal food. The bush hens are
prolific layers, burying their eggs in two feet deep holes which they dig them'
selves on hot sandy back'beach areas.

I recommend that the Department of Agriculture take a sufficient inter'
est in my suggestion to start an experimental farm on a snail infested island
to raise Megapodes on a large scale to be fed on Achatina and its eggs. The
matter of protection of the birds and eggs should be strongly emphasised as the
natives use both for food.

I also believe that the New Guinea cassowary or the South American
ostrich or rhea of the Gran Chaco would eradicate the snails on a large scale
if raised for this purpose.

FOREIGN MOLLUSKS IN ARIZONA
Albert R. Mead, University of Arizona
(Abstract)

Helix aspersa and Limax flavus have been found in many gardens in
Tuscon, Arizona, and were undoubtedly initially introduced more than ten
years ago on infected nursery stock from California. H. aspersa has also
established new records in Roswell and Las Cruces, New Mexico. Rumina
decollata has recently been discovered in Mesa, Arizona. This record represents
a considerable stride in the western march of this European species. It is felt
that other foreign mollusks have become established in Arizona; but as in
some other areas, these invaders have been overlooked because : there is a
paucity of local malacologists; visiting malacologists invaribly confine their
activities to the wild areas rather than city gardens and nurseries; the snails
and slugs are nocturnal in their habits which incidentally permits them to
survive in areas where diurnal conditions are unfavorable; and damage to
garden plants is often not recognized, or if so, it is associated with insects.
Especially through the aid of infected nursery stock, these and other foreign
mollusks will continue to spread. In most cases, once they become established,
they will not be eradicated in spite of successful localized control programs.
It is fortunate that most introduced snails in this country have been able to
provide only a harassing effect to gardening and truck crops; this would not
be the case for some foreign mollusks not yet introduced into this country.

(30)

WEST AMERICAN TERTIARY MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS

A. Myra Keen
(Abstract)

The pattern of change in the Tertiary faunas of the West Coast was
admirably described by Dr. J. P. Smith in several papers between the years
1895 and 1919. It is a tribute to his work that in the years since, the outlines
of the picture he drew have not been greatly altered. In the present review
some interpretations are added that are made possible by recent geologic
research.

The earliest West American Tertiary faunas are Paleocene in age and
represent the northwest outpost of the old Tethyan Sea. The succeeding
Eocene faunas were also Tethyan and warrmwater. From Oligocene time on
there was an infiltration of Japonic forms and a progressive cooling, although
the Miocene fauna still had close affinities with that of the Caribbean. During
the Pliocene there were both warnvwater and cold'-water phases, as also
during the Pleistocene. The closing of the strait between North and South
America during late Miocene started the development of modern temperature
provinces and a differentiation into restricted geographic areas. These
provinces seem to have become increasingly clear-cut since Pleistocene time.

MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF A MOLLUSCAN SPORT FISHERY

John Fitch
(Abstract)

Aim of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries, California Dept, of Fish and
Game is to forward policies and recommend regulations which will be most
suitable for a sustained fishery at the highest level possible. Tools used to
accomplish this are: Closed seasons, closed areas, gear restrictions, licensing,
sise limits, bag limits, etc.

Closed areas used to build up clam populations should be watched
closely enough that when the situation which prompted closure no longer
exists, the beach should again be opened for digging.

Management of the Pismo clams first started in 1911 when the bag limit
was placed at 200 per individual and a sise limit of 13 inches circumference
was set. Pismo clam census was first made in 1923 and has been conducted
each year since except for war years 1942 thru 1946. The present plan is
to reduce the minimum sise limit to 4 inches diam. within the next year. This
will make some 90 to 95 per cent more clams available.

THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL CLUB

Ralph O. Fox
(Abstract)

In an effort to organise a “shell club” in the East Bay section of San
Francisco Bay area, a list of eighteen names of interested people was compiled.
A committee of three local A.M.U. members then went to work. Fourteen
were present at the first meeting at the home of Miss Helen Burton. The
evening was spent checking the background, interest and desires of each,
and where they would like emphasis to be placed if the Club should be
organised. Many were interested too in the other animals found associated
with the mollusks. Hence the name came into being and has been helpful
in encouraging participation of soologists of the University of California.

(31)

Officers were elected — Ralph O. Fox, President; Helen Burton, Vice
President, and Lucille Zellers, Secretary 'Treasurer. Dues are $1.00 a year.
The Club meets the first Tuesday of each month at the Oakland Public
Museum, on the shores of Lake Merritt. The meetings start at 8:00 and
close at 10:00. The original membership of 11 has through the past several
months grown to 33 and has resulted through good publicity and carefully
chosen speakers.

A study collection will be deposited in the Museum and an educational
program is planned, including the organization of a Junior group. A survey
of a section of the Coast north of the Bay area will be undertaken as a Club
project.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON MOLLUSCAN LIFE
IN MISSION BAY, SAN DIEGO

Roy L. Morrison
(Briefed by Secretry)

Shortly before 1930 Mr. Morrison made a detailed survey of Mission
Bay, also called False Bay. At that time he found an extensive shore line
and nine different types of habitat making for an extremely varied fauna.

Many collectors have visited this area since Lamarck was here in 1799;
but there have been few systematic studies. In Orcutt’s list, made in
1885, 102 of the 249 species found in the vicinity of San Diego came from
Mission Bay. In a series of regular and frequent visits covering every month
of the year Mr. Morrison took 153 species, (67 bivalves and 86 univalves)
representing 67 families. About a dozen others have been taken since. During
the years between this survey and one made this year (1952), increasing
population and new highways have made many changes and destroyed many
collecting grounds; but a Marine Recreational area has now been established
there, and many long'inissing forms are apparently returning.

PTEROPODS COLLECTION
BY THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION

Arthur D. Howard
(Abstract)

We have three methods of collecting these small pelagic forms, some'
times called sea butterflies.

(a) By towmet — as far down as 300 fathoms

(b) In the stomachs of fishes

(c) By dredging and bottom sampling of deposits on the ocean floor.

Among those collected by the Allan Hancock Foundation and shown

by lantern slides were 10 species of shelbbearing algae and protozoan'eating
pteropods — divided into 2 families and 5 genera and 1 of the shelMess
type which feeds on animals and other swimming plankton.

THE INFLUENCE OF UPWELLING ON THE DISTRIBUTION
OF MARINE FLORAS AND FAUNAS
OF THE WEST COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

William K. Emerson
(Abstract)

A series of surface temperature observations and bathythermographs
undertaken by Dawson (1951) demonstrated the occurrence of upwelling of

(32)

cold water in localized areas along virtually the entire Pacific coast of Baja
California. Dawson’s distributional study of the marine vegetation of this
coast and the outlying islands showed a close correlation with the presence
or absence of up welling water. Within the upwellmg areas many genera
and species indicative of cool northern waters occur far south of their
expected latitudinal range. A similar correlation between the low temperatures
and the distribution of marine animals, particularly fishes, is indicated by
Hubbs (1948).

The presence of coastal upwelling allows phychrophilic (colddimited)
organisms to flourish in localized advantageous ecological habitats of the
intertidal zone in a “warm water” faunal province, producing a discontinuous
innermeritic distribution for the species involved. The influence of upwelling
on distribution of marine organisms, particularly benthic forms, demonstrates
the advantage of utilizing thermophilic (warmdimited) species as indices for
the interpretation of former climatic condition of fossil faunal assemblages.

A FORGOTTEN EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY

Joshua L. Baily, Jr.

(Abstract)

A short paper by Joshua L. Baily, Jr. was read before the group. It
told about an extremely rare and valuable book on fossils that was written
in 1723 by an Austrian professor named Berliner.

At that time fossils were believed to be the handiwork of the devil,
who indulged in the pastime of their manufacture for the purpose of misleading
and confusing honest naturalists. Professor Berlinger used to dig in a fossil
bed near the university at which he taught, and then display his findings
at his classes as specimens of the devil’s expert craftmanship. Evidently his
students decided to make some fossils, bury them in the fossil beds and fool
the professor. They proceeded to make of suitable sandstone graven images
of everything that they could think of. They even made one of a spider,
seated in the middle of its web, with a fly entangled in the marginal meshes.
As this bit of foolishness was successful as far as Professor Berliner was
concerned, the students were encouraged to go even farther. They carved
letters of the Hebrew alphabet on pieces of sandstone and buried them in
the fossil bed. When the professor found these, he told the students that he
had found proof that the language of the devil was Hebrew. He also told
them that he had employed the best available scientific artist to prepare
illustrations of all the specimens taken. This book of illustrations he published
in book form and distributed in all the leading libraries of Europe.

The students were then frightened at their own actions. Finally, they
ended their misrepresentations by carving the professor’s own name on sand'
stone and burying it in the fossil bed. Upon finding this petroglyph Professor
Berlinger knew that he had been fooled and he tried to recover all the books
of the illustrations. He bought back a good many but the remainder became
collector’s items and he was unable to recover all of them.

After Professor Berliner’s death, his son used the same plates and
reprinted the book. These copies he sold for fancy prices until too many
were put on the market. Finally, collectors discovered that the originals all
had serial numbers, which the reprints lacked. The reprints, therefore,
dropped in value.

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THE STATUS QUO OF THE PROBLEM OF THE
GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL

Albert R. Mead
University of Arizona

(Abstract)

So far as known, the giant African snail (A chatina fulica) has not
become established in continental USA in spite of the confusion that arose
in the fall of 1951 over the newspaper accounts of the so-called “African
striped snail” ( Otala lactea) in California. Interceptions of Achatina fulica
have shown a marked increase. The snail is still in Hawaii and is holding
its ground after fourteen years of rigorous control measures. The field of
biological control is currently being further explored. Yoshio Kondo of the
Bishop Museum has been continuing his studies of Gonaxis \ibweziensis in
quarantine and at this moment is conducting an examination of the introduced
population of this predatory snail on Agiguan in the Marianas Islands. Last
year, J. L. Chamberlain of Harvard and R. P. Owen, Quarantine Officer of
the Trust Territory, explored Agiguan and reported the firm establishment
of G. \ibweziensis. The giant carabid beetle Tefflus, other predatory snails
(e.g. paryphantids of Australia), and presumed parasitic flies of East Africa
have also been investigated. In the chemical control limelight is Dr. W. H.
Lange, of the University of California, who is currently carrying on experiments
designed to test the molluscacide properties of numerous “baits” and chemicals,
including certain of the very new insecticides. An investigation into the com'
mercial possibilities of the dried snails is continuing at the University of
Arizona and a preliminary report is in progress. There is also being written
under a Sigma Xi'RESA grant a report on the economic aspects of this
problem, the preparation of which has revealed an urgent need for additional
field work. Quarantine regulations, demanded by the passage of H.R.4443
and S.1489, are still in the process of preparation in Washington, D. C.

I

HAWAIIAN GASTROPODS

By

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Waikiki Aquarium, and the Committee on
Natural Sciences for Youth of the Outdoor Circle, Hawaii.

(Abstract)

This very interesting program was given following the Saturday night
banquet in a unique fashion. A tape recording, accompanying forty very
beautiful colored transparencies of Hawaiian gastropods were sent from
Hawaii. The voice on the recorder was that of E. H. Bryan, Jr. of the
Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Spencer Tinker, director of the Waikiki
Aquarium, made most of the pictures.

As Mr. Bryan states on his tape recording, they had three objectives
in mind in sending this program: first, to give us a glimpse of some of the
shells which delight the hearts of collectors in the mid'Pacific; second, to tell
us about various recent efforts being made to popularise natural history in
these islands, especially among young people; and third, to try to demonstrate
a new method of presentation, which they hope may prove to be helpful
to persons, like themselves, who live too far away to get to scientific meetings
easily or often.

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A.M.U.P. REGISTRATIONS (1952)

Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Alexander
Mr. Joel R. M. Allbee
Mr. Kenneth Althouse
Mr. Ralph Akerley, Jr.

Mr. David Raker
Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Beck
Dr. S. S. Berry

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Bormann

Mr. and Mrs. John Q. Burch

Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace

Mrs. Emma W. Coats

Mr. George Coats

Miss Ruth M. Coats

Miss Ruth E. Eaton

Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Edwards

Mr. W. K. Emerson

Mr. and Mrs. H. T. Farmer

Mr. John Fitch

Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Fletcher

Mr. Ralph O. Fox

Mr. and Mrs. Mead French

Dr. W. O. Gregg

Mr. Gilbert C. Grau

Mr. Edward Gueguen

Mrs. L. Heard

Dr. and Mrs. H. R. Hill

Mr. Merton E. Hinshaw

Mr. A. L. Hoffman

*

Dr. and Mrs. A. O. Howard

Mr. and Mrs. George Kanakoff

Dr. A. Myra Keen

Mrs. Bernice Leland

Dr. Irene McCulloch

Mr. Martin M. McGaughey

Dr. W. E. Martin

Mrs. N. Mat2;en

Dr. Albert R. Mead

Mr. and Mrs. Helmut Meier

Mr. R. L. Morrison

Miss Mae Plumb

Mr. Arthur C. Price

Mr. Glen Russell

Mr. Morris Schick

Mr. Allyn G. Smith

Miss Agnes Shumate

Mr. Andrew Sorensen

Miss Myrle A. Sprague

Mr. John P. Strobeen

Mrs. Harriet W. Thomson

Mrs. John K. Tompkins

Mr. and Mrs. Harry Turver

Mr. Munroe L. Walton

Mrs. Hazel Whelchel

Mrs. Ruth C. Whitney

Mr. Ernest Wilcox

Mrs. Oro Willett

By recent action of the Executive Council, it is now possible to secure
life membership in the American Malacological Union by payment of the
sum of twenty-five dollars.

* * *

From Dr. Henry C. Shetrone, Columbus, Ohio: “I have just installed
in our State Museum, of which I am director emeritus, a display of ten or
more species of marine shells which, during my many years of exploration,
I found in prehistoric Ohio burial mounds, and alongside these, fresh specimens
of the same species, all with their scientific indentifications. Makes quite a
display.

It has been lots of fun identifying the old shells, and difficult, since they
are faded, cut into different forms, and often scorched in the ceremonial fires
of the mound-builders.

Will have a technical paper on the subject shortly.”

ACTIVE MEMBERS

Abbott, R. Tucker, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos Guillermo, 4 No. 554 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Ahern, Mrs. Thomas, 8082 Cheyenne Ave., Detroit 28, Mich.

Aldrich Museum, 12 Bay Island, Balboa, Cal. Conch., and mineralogy exch.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allbee, Joel R. M., 1112 Neola St., Los Angeles 42, Cal. Invert, paleontology.
Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica Casa del Lago de Chapultepec, Mexico D. F.
Anderson, Col. A. S., 504 Carroll St., Dothan, Ala. Worldwide shells.

Anderson, Miss Katherine M., Box 206, Chillicothe, Ohio. Pecten, Murex.

Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Ashbery, Mrs. Wallace H., 12 E. Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y

Athearn, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D., 48 Crane St., Taunton, Mass. Fresh water mollusks.
Athearn, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 No. Main St., Fall River, Mass. Land shells.

Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn, New York 2, N. Y.

Awald, Clifford J.,l62 Southwood Dr., Kenmore, N. Y.

Ayers, Donald F., West Bloomfield, N. Y.

Babbitt, Mrs. Betty, 7364 Terrace Dr., El Cerrito, Cal. General marine life.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 606 Ridgecrest Dr., Albuquerque, N. Mexico.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego 3, Cal.

Baker, Frederick C., Ph. D., Box 51, Mansfield Depot, Conn.

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., Lfniv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. E. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D.C. Residence, “Lebanon,” Gunston Hall Rd., Lorton, Va.

Bates, Miss Esther S., 161 So. Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, Fla. Exchange.

Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Nat’l Museum, Washington 25, D. C.
Beatty, George D., R. 1, Sandusky, O. Land and f.w. mollusks of Great Lakes region.
Beck, Mrs. R. G., 422 So. Vine St., Escondido, Cal.

Becker, Miss Louise W., 2 Lexington Ave., Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 14, Md.

Berry, Lloyd E., 846 West 42 PL, Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Cal.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PL, Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Blaine, Alger P., 74 Palmer Ave., Springfield, Mass.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Boston Malacological Club; Sec. Miss Margaret F. Farrell, 148 Walnut St., Brookline,

Mass.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 3 5, Mixcoac D. F., Mexico.

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Brand, Dr. Donald D., Dept, of Geography, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. Latin
Am. land shells.

Braun, Garwood A., Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio. Unionidae.

Brewster, Miss Helen, 333 5th St., So., St. Petersburg 5, Fla., and E. Troy, Wise.
Brill, Mr. and Mrs. J. A., 2301 Gulford Lane, Oklahoma City 14, Okla.

Bristol, Miss Viola S., 1253 12th Ave., San Diego 2, Cal.

(36)

Bronner, Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Cahn, 5417 S. Blackstone Ave., Chicago 15, 111.
Bronson, Albert B., P.O. Box 667, Agana, Guam, M. I.

Brown, J. J., Rehabilitation Director, State Board of Vocational Education, P. O. Drawer
BB, Capitol Sta., Austin 11, Tex.

Brunson, Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mont.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 1584 W. Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 62, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul R., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burrow, Mrs. F. H., 1401 Plass Ave., Topeka, Kansas.

^ Burry, Mr. and Mrs. Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Rt. 1, Box 544, Pompano
Beach, Fla.

Burton, Helen A., 391 Adams St., Oakland 10, Cal.

Carswell, Edwin J., 4309 40th St., Sunnyside, Long Island 4, N. Y. New York land
shells, world marines.

Castellanos, Dr. Jose R., Virtudes 258, Dep. 110, Habana, Cuba. Marine mollusks.
Chace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Chamberlain, J. Lockwood, Biological Lab., Harvard1 University, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 141 Main St., Rockport, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Cheever, John Alden, 48 Slade St., Belmont 78, Mass.

Chen, Sui'fong, 1501 New Hampshire Ave., Washington 6, D. C.

Chenoweth, Paul N., 4870 E. 39th St., Seattle 5, Wash. Marine invert, in natural
habitat.

Church, Austin, 140 St. Joseph Ave., P. O. Drawer “C”, Trenton, Mich.

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Laurinda Santos Lobo, 311 Santa Theresa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Claar, Elmer A., 1400 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago 10, 111. Cypraea.

Clarke, Arthur H. Jr., 19 Theurer Park, Watertown, Mass. Sphaeridae; New England
Marines.

Clark, Mrs. Effie M., P. O. Box 511, Yuba City, Cal.

Clench Conchological Club, 12 State St., Worcester 8, Mass. Shells and their collection.
Clench, William J., Curator of Mollusks, Mus. of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. Coll.,
exch., buy.

Coats, Mrs. Emma W., 3846 Skyline Rd., Carlsbad, Cal.

Coats, Miss Margaret, P.O. Box 804, Carlsbad, Cal.

Coats, Miss Ruth E., 3846 Skyline Rd., Carlsbad, Cal. Collect and exchange f. w.
Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Golden, William W., 5101 Ave. K, Brooklyn 34, N. Y. 'Pectinid'ae.

Coles, Mrs. Mary J., 801 American Trust Bldg., Nashville, Tenn.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,

c/o Mrs. Percy Teskey, 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo , N. Y.

Conde, Vicente, Redpath Museum, McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada. Cuban shells.
Conkling, Joseph E., Box 264, Edgartown, Mass. Winter, 628 4th Ave., S., St. Peters^
burg, Fla. Collect, buy, exchange.

Connecticut Shell Club, Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn.

Copsey, Jack Edward, Pacific Marine Sta., Dillon Beach, Cal. Mollusks as hosts for
larval trematodes.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield, N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Murex
and Oliva.

Corwin, Warren, Royal Palm Hammock, P.O. Goodland, Fla. Buy and sell shells.
Coudeyre, Jacques, 323 Pearl Ave., Stockton, Cal.

Craine, Mrs. Z. W., 155 N. Broad St., Norwich, N. Y. Marines.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B.. Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

(37)

Crant, Harold, The Shell Factory, Bonita Springs, Fla.

Gumming, James A., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Cumming, Mrs. James A., Sr., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Darling, F. Murray, RFD No. 2, New Bedford, Mass. Marine life in general.

D’Attilio, Anthony, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream, Long Is., N. Y.

Dawley, Dr. Charlotte, The Women’s College, University of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.
Derr, Mr. and Mrs. John S., Jr., Dearbought, Rt. 1, Frederick, Md.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

DeWeese, John R., Supt. Ft. Jefferson Nat’l Monument, Dry Tortugas, c/o U. S.
Coast Guard Station, Key West, Fla.

DeWitt, Robert M., Zoology Dept., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Physidae.
Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Donovan, James W., 3718 Calvin Ave., West Palm Beach, Fla.

Dorasavage, W. C., M.D., 700 Mahantonga St., Pottsville, Pa.

Doremus, E. C., Rt. 2, Boonton, N. J.

Douglas, Inc., 5 Via Parigi, Palm Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells.

Drake, Robt. J., Lab. of Conch., Biblioteca y Museo de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora,
Mexico.

Dranga, Ted, 238 Biscayne Blvd., Miami 32, Fla.

Dugmore, Major and Mrs. C. P. Radclyffe, Box 285, Cambria, Cal.

Dulany, Mrs. F. R., 213 E. Hall St., Savannah, Georgia.

Dunmire, Miss Peggy, 1116 W. 4th St., Port Angeles, Wash. Shell coll.

Eaton, Miss Ruth E., 3333 Orange St., Riverside, Cal.

Edwards, H. Arden, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles 41, Cal.

Eggleston, Dr. Harla Ray, Chairman, Dept, of Biol., Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio.
Ehler, Merrill W., 338 Ivy St., Wallingford, Conn.

Emerson, Wm. K., Museum of Paleontology, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley 4, Cal.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 11 Dale Ave., Pompton Plains, N. J.

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn Mass.

Erskine, Mrs. A. de W., 1338 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., R. F. D. 1, Box 29a, Finney’s Wharf Rd., Onancock, Va.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Falconer, Bessie, 236J/2 Bailey St., Los Angeles 33, Cal.

Falk, Mrs. Leon, Jr., 718 Devonshire St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. General.

Farfante, Dr. Isabel Peres, Linea 252 esg. aj Vedao, Havana, Cuba.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,
Pass'a'Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Howard L., 1008 La Hermosa Dr., Redlands, Cal. Murex,
Olividae, Calliostoma.

Flipse, Dr. and Mrs. Robt. C., 80' 56 Surrey PI., Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Foody, Mrs. Mary R., 240 E. Durham St., Philadelphia 19, Pa.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas.

Foster, Mrs. Fred H., Oxford, Ind. Shells in general.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 7, Cal.

Frampton. Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052, Miami 6, Fla.

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ., Bloomington, 111.

Freas, Mrs. Allan L., 8935 86th St., Woodhaven 21, N. Y. Land and f.w. shells.
Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla.

Gardner, Fred, R. D., Jamesville, N. Y.

Gardner. Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

(38)

Gaylord, Prof. Joseph S., 232 W. Carroll St., Macomb, 111.

Gillham, Bert A., Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Gilmore, Howard, 97 Holland Rd., Brookline 46, Mass.

Goodrich, Calvin, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. mollusca.
Gould, Russell, 608 Cumberland Ave., Syracuse, N. Y.

Grabie, Mrs. A. J.. Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Graham, Margaret, U.S.A.H. Camp Carson, Colorado. Gastropods.

Grant, Dr. U. S. 4th, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Grau, Gilbert C., 2457 Claremont Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Greene, Karl W., Box 3751, Honolulu, Hawaii. C onus.

Gregg, Wendell O., M. D., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 18, Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of Western N. A.

Griffith, Mrs. Lela M., Egmont, B.C., Canada. B.C. Marine shells; Conns and Cypraea.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 111.

Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 705 Redgate Ave., Apt. 14, Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton, 65, Mass.

Hall, Henry Martyn Jr., 502 Lloyd St., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.

Hamill, Miss Helen Bartlett, 477 Grove, Worcester 5, Mass. Limpets.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., So. Orange, N. J. Books; land and marine
shells.

Hand, Dr. Cadet, Scripps Instit. of Oceanography, La Jolla, Cal.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Hanna, Z. D., 2811 N. Alta St., Los Angeles 31, Cal. World shells.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Harding, G. L., 2239 N. E. Weidler St., Portland 12, Ore.

Harrington, George L., 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 805 W. Oliver St., Owosso, Mich.

Harris, Dr. G. D., Research Institution, 126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Dr. Harold W., Academy of Nat. Sciences, 19th and the Pkwy., Philadelphia.
Dept, of Limnology.

Heath, George W., Nuttall Post Office, Gloucester, Va.

Heilman, Robt. A., 319 Roosevelt Ave., York, Pa. Fresh water snails.

Henderson, Miss Jennie, Elkhart, Iowa.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Higgins, Miss Lena, 2224 Orange St., Long Beach 6, Cal.

Hill, Dr. Howard R., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hinshaw, Merton E., Curator, Museum of Nat. Hist., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hodges, Mrs. Wm. F., 740 Fillmore St., Gary, Ind. Coll.

Hoffman, Al, Sea Gull Shell Shop, 306 Main St., P.O. Box 355, Seal Beach, Cal.
Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y. Exchange.
Hollingsworth, Caleb, 373 Hillside Ave., Nutley 10, N. J. Shell coll.

Hollister, S. C., Dean, College of Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

Holmes, Charles H., 8 1/2 St. Bernard St., Saranac Lake, N. Y.

Horstman, Mrs. Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.

Houghton, E. O., 38 Beaufort Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can.

Howard, Dr. Arthur D., 6247 Eglise Ave., Rivera, Cal.

Hubricht, Leslie, 912 Main St., Danville, Va. U. S. land and f. w. snails.

Hudgings, Judy, BeahMaltbie Shell Museum, Winter Park, Fla. Fla. shells.

Hughes, Thomas, Rt. 2, Box 249, Fort Pierce, Fla.

Humes, Ralph H., R.F.D. 2, Box 77, Miami, Fla.

Hunter, Rev. Elwood, Presbyterian Church, P.O. Box 538, Sitka, Alaska.

(39)

Ingram, Dr. Wm, M., Fed. Sec. Agency, Pub. Health Center, 1014 Broadway, Cim
cinnati 2, O.

Irwin, Miss Margaret C., Santa Barbara Museum of Nat. Hist., Santa Barbara, Cal.
Ives, Harlem B., 12652 Livernois Ave., Detroit 4, Mich.

Jackson, Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, George, 853 Riverside Dr., New York 32, N. Y. Buy and exchange.

Jacobs, Dr. Walter H., 124 W. 93rd St., New York 25, N. Y. Middle and North
Atlantic coast mollusks.

Jacobson, Morris K., 455 B 139 St., Rockaway, N. Y. East Coast mollusca.

Jaume, Dr. Miguel L., 13 No. 351 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Jeffries, Frank L., 6404 Grieg St., Seat Pleasant, Md.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A., c/o Quartermaster Depot, 2800 So. 20tn St., Philadelphia.
Johnson, Richard I.. 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnstone, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Inge, Rt. 1, Box 621, Mobile, Ala.

Jones, Dr. David T., Asst. Prof, of Physiology, Miami University, Oxford, O.

Kardas, Mrs. Raymond S., King St., Warehouse Pt., Conn. Tropical shells.

Keen, Mrs. Ernest B., 2241 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Cal.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.

Keller, Frank O., Ill' 16 75th Rd., Forest Hills 75, N. Y. Florida marines.

Kilman, J. R., M.D., and Mrs., 1405 N. 5th St., Temple, Tex.

Kimball, S. L., P. O. Box 46, Weaverville, Cal. Conus and Cy praea.

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3315 N. W. 46th St., Miami 42, Fla.

Klein, Mr. and Mrs. Richard P., Jackson Rd., R.D. 4, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Kline, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. F., Shunpike Rd., Box 271, Madison, N. J.

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, Smithsonian Institution.

Washington 25, D. C. Paleozoic gastropods.

Knobloch, Mrs. H. F. J., Orient, Long Island, N. Y.

Kondo, Yoshio, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T. H.

Koto, A. S., 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells
Krassner, Michael B., 3034 Brighton 3rd St., Brooklyn 3 5, N. Y. Exchange land,
fresh water.

Kropf, Ronald A., 713 5 Thomas Blvd., Pittsburgh Pa. U. S. land, f.w. material.
Kuczynski, Mr. and Mrs. Theophil, P.O. Box 114, Langhorne, Pa. Collect, exchange.

Lange, Dr. W. Harry, Div. of Entomology and Parasitology, College of Agri., Univ. of
Cal., Davis, Cal.

La Rivers, Ira, Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Great Basin f. w. mollusks.
LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, Dept, of Geology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, O. Fresh water
shells; also Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Larsson, Evert Alfred, M.D., Sta. A., Trenton, N. J. General collecting.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.
Lehman, Stanley S., 10849 Lindbrook Dr., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Leland, J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Lewis, Mrs. Chas. S., 322 Planthurst Rd., Webster Groves 19, Mo. Tropical shells,
corals.

Lineaweaver, Mrs. Chas. B., 720 Park Ave., New York 21, N. Y.

Lockard, D. E., 2641 116th St., Toledo, Ohio.

Locklin, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. B., 2140 Lochaven Rd., R.D. 9, Pontiac, Mich. (Winter,
1036 Monterey Blvd., St. Petersburg, Fla.)

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Luick, Mrs. Melvin R., P.O. Box 2301, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. East coast shells.

Lutz, Prof. Louis, Biological Dept., Lincoln Memorial Univ., Harrogate, Tenn
Conchology

Lyman, Frank B., Lantana, Fla. Dealer.

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MacCoy, Mrs. Clinton Viles, Winter St., Norwell, Mass.

MacFarland, Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez St., Stanford, Cal.

MacKay, Mrs. Olvia Hazelwood, 102 S. W. 5th Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex. Marine
life in general.

MacLeod, Dr. Malcolm L., 301 Anderson Hall, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
MacMillan, Gordon K., 519 Sheridan Ave., Pittsburgh 6, Pa. ,

Marsh, Dr. Phil L., 1200 Manhattan Dr., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Marshall. William B., 1818 1 7 th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Mathes, Marion H., 5610 Lansdowne Ave., St. Louis 9, Mo. East Coast shells.
Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Mattox, Dr. N. T., College of Agriculture, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Marine gastropods
and Ostrea.

Matzen, Mrs. Carrie E., Box 1145, Escondido, Calif. Marine shells.

McArthur, C. D., (Brentano’s Book Store), 586 Fifth Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
McClennan, Wm. E., 2768 Ridge Rd. East, Rochester, N. Y. (Paleontology Dept.,
Ward’s Nat. Sci. Estab.)

McCormack, Brooks, 48 E. 53rd St., New York 22, N. Y. Conus, Voluta.

McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCraw, Bruce M., Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ont. Aquatic snails.
McCulloch, Dr. Irene, Allen Hancock Foundation, Univ. of Southern Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal.

McGaughey, Martin M., 5667 Baltimore St., Los Angeles 42, Cal. Invert. Paleontology.
McGinty, Paul L., Box 765, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

MdGinty, Paul P., Box 765, Boynton, Fla. Coll., buy, sell, land, f.w. and marines.
McGinty, Thos. L., Box 765, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.

Mead, Prof. Albert R., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Terrestrial
snails and slugs. Giant African snail.

Mehring, Arnon L., 4510 Longfellow St., Hyattsville, Md.

Meier, Helmut, Rt. 2, Box 940, San Marcos, Cal.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill 67, Mass.
Merrill, Arthur S., 3069 S. W. 27 Terrace, Miami, Fla.

Merrill, Mrs. Maynard, 423 N. Elmwood Ave., Traverse City, Mich. Foreign shells.
Merryfield, Donald J., P. O. Box 38, Tiffin, Ohio.

Michelson, Edward' H., 49 Sacramento St., Cambridge, Mass. W. I. land shells.
Mickles, Lovell G., 3940 Cote des Neiges Rd., Montreal 25, Can.

Miles, Col. Lee O., Bodega Bay, Cal. Marine life in general.

Miller, Daniel, 4706 Roland Ave., Baltimore 10, Md.

Miller, Cdr. Walter B., 2101 E. 168th St., Seattle 55, Wash. Gastropods.

Moberg, Commander and Mrs. A. G., RFD No. 2, New Bedford, Mass. Collecting.
Montgomery, Miss Helen C., 4660 Brighton Ave., San Diego 7, Cal.

Moore, Dr. Geo. M., 7 Faculty Rd., Durham, N. H. Nudibranchs of New England.
Moore, Dr. Merrill, 382 Commonwealth Ave., Boston 15, Mass.

Moore, Mrs. Robt. L., 42 Elm St., Concord, Mass.

Morley, Russell A., 399 N. 18th St., Salem', Ore. Research geologist.

Morris, Percy A., Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., New Haven Conn.

Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Div. of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Washington
25, D. C.

Morrison, Roy L., 3745 Grim Ave., San Diego 4, Cal.

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford University, Cal.

Musial, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene, 12 Rustic PL, Buffalo 11, N. Y.

Najarian, Haig, Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Naylor, W. E., 3616 Curlew St., San Diego, Cal.

Nead, Dr. John Hunter, Dune Acres, Chesterton, Ind.

(41)

Nelson, Charles D., Rt. 5, 01900, Lake Michigan Dr., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Naiadacea.

Newcombe, Curtis L., U. S. Pub. Health Serv., 441 Fed. Off. Bldg., San Francisco
2, Cal.

Newman, Jess L., Nag’s Head, North Carolina.

New York Shell Club, c/o Anthony D’Attilio, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream,
Long Island, N. Y.

Nicol, Dr. David, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Nordahl, Miss Hazel, P.O. Box 801, Carlsbad, Cal.

Northern California Malacozoological Club, 714 Elm St., El Cerrito 8, Cal.

Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, 111., and Naples, Fla.

Ostheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred J., 3rd, “Grimmet,” Whitford, Pa. General coll.
Otis, Miss Helen, Box 84, Tarpon Springs, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Dept, of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada.

Pacific Shell Club, c/o Dr. Howard R. Hill, Los Angeles Co. Museum, Los Angeles,
Cal. Marine and land shells.

Paleontological Research Institution, 109 Dearborn PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W., 206 Oak Hill Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Parkhurst, Jos. L., Jr., Box 380, Colonia, N. J. Atlantic coast marines.

Parodiz, Dr. Juan Jose, Sec. of Invert., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Neo'
tropical mollusks and f. w. gastropoda, U.S.A.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Battery Park Hotel, Asheville, N. C.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The 'Nautilus.

Poliak, Mrs. Lulu C., 5242 Hyde Park Blvd., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence R., N. J. Oyster Research Lab., Bivalve, N. J.

Porter, Mrs. Mariam E., 831 McKenzie St., York, Pa. Marines.

Price, Arthur C., 6856 DeLongpre Ave., Hollywood 28, Cal. Worldwide shells.
Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, 563 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.

Pujals Fernandez, Dr. Ernesto S., Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
Classification of Cuban and W. I. shells.

Pulley, Dr. Thos. E., Dept, of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

+“ Ramsden, Dr. Charles T., 8y 19, Vista Alegre, Santiago, Cuba.

Reed, Murray E., 101 Clarke St., Syracuse 10, N. Y.

Reese, Capt. Robt. W., 33A West St., Roswell, New Mexico.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Rex, Miss Edith R., 620 Redondo Ave., Long Beach 14, Cal. Marine and land shells.
Rhevban, Andrew H., 174 W. Dennick Ave., Youngstown, Ohio.

Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rittenhouse, John V., 215 N. Victoria Park Rd., Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Roberts, Mrs. Ted R., 8920 S. W. 26th Ave., Portland 19, Ore.

Robertson, Miss Hope Winifred, 203 S. DeKalb St., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Robertson, Mrs. Imogene C., 136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.

Roscoe, Ernest J., Univ. of Kansas, Dept, of Zool., Lawrence, Kan. Oreohelix.

Ross, James M., P. O. Box 179, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Roth, Barry, 2140 Middlefield Rd., Palo Alto, Cal. Cypraea.

Ruppersberger, John, 8205 Harford Rd., Baltimore 14, Md. Sea shells.

Russell, Henry D., Springdale Ave., Dover, Mass.

Russell, Dr. Loris S., Dept, of Resources and Development, Nat. Museum of Can.,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saxby, John G., Pacific Curios, Fisherman’s Wharf, 2734 Taylor St., San Francisco
11, Cal.

(42)

Scheid, Mr. and Mrs. Edward L., Jr., 2229 Arlene Ave., Dayton 6, Ohio.

Schick, Morris, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale 4, Cal. Worldwide shells.

Schiro, Miss Katherine, 2702 7th Ave., Tampa 5, Fla.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo Ave., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Dr. and Mrs. Jerome M., Suite 2505, 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Artillery Lane, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Seip, Wm. F., 35 E. Main St., Kutztown, Pa. Molluscan Taxonomy and Physical
Chemistry.

Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarissa, Box 327A, Hwy. 9 A, Rt. 1, Port Angeles, Wash.

Seldon, Daguaz, 1113 Amsterdam Ave., Apt. 14, New York, N. Y.

Shetrone, Henry C., 3038 Crescent Dr., Columbus 4, Ohio. Ethno-conchology.

Sillman, Emmanuel I., Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Medical
malacology.

Silverman, Alex, 1314 Ocean Pkwy., Brooklyn 30, N. Y.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley 7, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, 32 West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Egbert T., 1313 First St., Fort Myers, Fla, Fort Myers Gift Shop.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 803 Weightman Bldg., 1524 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 2, Pa.
Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Harry M., 1410 Wayne St., Sandusky, Ohio. Collecting.

Smith, Maxwell, Windermere, Fla.

Smith, Dr. Osgood R., 252 High St., Newburyport, Mass. Biology of My a arenaria and
related forms.

Solem, Alan, 625 N. Elmwood, Oak Park, 111.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P.. Route 2, Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Sprague, Myrle A., 249 No. Euclid Ave., ’Pasadena 4, Cal.

Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.

Stingley, Dale V., 4813 Middaugh Ave., Downers Grove, 111. East coast shells.

Stipek, Raymond J., 10724 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Stratton, Alan G., 7740 Abbott Ave., Miami Beach 41, Fla.

Strohbeen, John P., 1135 King St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A., 38 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass.

Swan, Emery F., Univ. of Washington, Oceanic Lab., Friday Harbor, Wash.

Taylor, Mrs. Daisy, Box 839, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Taylor, Dwight W., Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Taylor, Mrs. Ernestine, 2502 Massachusetts, Tampa 3, Fla.

Teare, Mrs. Margaret M., P.O. Box 103, Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo 24, N. Y.

Thaanum, Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thomas, W. Donald, “MADRID”, Radio Room, Dept, of State, Washington 25, D. C.
Thomson, Miss Harriet W., 1895 Columbia St., Eugene, Ore. Marine fossils.
Tobleman, Fred, 13J/2 Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, de la, Dr. Alfredo, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills, N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.

Tracy, Miss Marie J., Yacht Basin Apt., Clearwater Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells;
Acmaea.

Turner, G. Scott, Route 2, Angier, North Carolina. Marines.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Twenhoefel, Edmund W., 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit 21, Mich.

Updegrove, H. T., 253 Cumberland St., Brooklyn 5, N. Y.

(43)

Valentine, Kimball, 111 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass. Dredging, Atlantic Coast
material.

Van Cleave, Dr. Harley J., 318 Natural History Bldg., Urbana, 111.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich. (38 Sh.
Fouad1 El Awal, Maadi, Egypt)

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P., 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasques, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vilas, Mrs. C. N., 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, 111. Winter, Box 108, Sarasota, Fla.
Voiles, Mr. and Mrs. Oscar M., 1964 Bowers Ave., Birmingham, Mich.

Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Voss, Gilbert, Hypoluxo, Fla.

Walter, Waldemar M., College of Charleston, Charleston 10, S. C. f. w. shells.
Walton, Munroe L., 1108 N. Central Ave., Glendale 2, Cal. Land snails.

Ward, Mrs. Herbert S., Bay Ridge, Annapolis, Md.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Warmke, Germaine L., Federal Experiment Sta., Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Waterman, Dr. George A., 250 Beacon St., Boston 16, Mass.

Webb, Glenn R., Ohio P. O., 111. Land and f. w. Snails. Land snail biology and anatomy.
Webb, J. H., 1 Edgemore Dr., Rochester 18, N. Y.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weber, Jay A., 1400 N. E. 108 St., Miami 38, Fla.

Weber, Miss Martha O., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wehringer, Henry G., M.D., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Weinfeld, William, 505 Brook Drive, Falls Church, Va.

Welch, Dr. d’Alte A., John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland 18, Ohio.
Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Harry E., Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Cherokee, N. C
Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Whitman, St. Clair, Box 695, Cedar Keys, Fla.

Whitney, Mrs. Ruth C., 142 Santa Cruz, Ave., Los Gatos, Cal.

Widmer, Ernest C., 138 So. Boynton Blvd., Daytona Beach, Fla.

Wilcox, LeRoy, Oceanic Duck Farm, Speonk, L. I., N. Y.

Williamson, Mr. and Mrs. George M., 2033 Red Rd., Coral Gables, Fla.

Willson, George C., Boatman’s Bank Bldg., St. Louis 2, Mo.

Wilson, Don N., 444 W. 79th St., Los Angeles 3, Cal. Cypraeidae.

Wilson, Druid, Geol. Dept., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md.

Wong, Chester, Loma Linda Sanitarium, Loma Linda, Cal. Schistosomiasis, Oncomelania.
Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Wurtz, Charles B., 3247 Disston St. Philadelphia 24, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.

Young, Miss Catherine J., 503 N. High St., Lancaster, Ohio. Pectinidae, Cymatiidae,
M uricidae.

Young, M. Sgt. Geo. M., 80 Air Base Squad., Air Force Base, Dover, Del. Collect
and exchange.

Zellers, Mrs. Lucille, 714 Elm St., E. Cerrito, Cal. General marine life.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,

Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

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CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Abdel'Malek, Dr. Emile, Bilharzia Division, Ministry of Public Health, Cairo, Egypt.
Carlos, Diomedes R., Carlos Dept. Store, Lucena, Quezon, Philippines.

Pfeiffer, Dr. Karl, Kassel, Rammelsburg, Germany

Stevenson, A. G., 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland, S'2, N. Z. Exchange shells
and publications.

Wheare, Elmer T., Androssen, Queensland, Australia.

Wrigley, Rev. G. K., Hackness Vicarage, Scarborough, England.

IN MEMORIAM

Mr. A. M. Strong, Balboa, California

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

AND

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION,
PACIFIC DIVISION

ANNUAL REPORT

DECEMBER 31, 1953

CONTENTS

Page

Imogene Strickler Robertson 1

Nineteenth Annual Meeting 4

Sixth Annual Meeting (A.M.U.P.) 18

Notes, News, Announcements 33

Constitution, American Malacological Union 34

Constitution (Proposed) 35

Member Clubs 36

Executive Council 41

Active Members 42

In Memoriam...

Back Cover

Imogene S. Robertson and Dr. Carlos de la Torre

IMOGENE STR1CKLER ROBERTSON
1872- 1953

When, on February sixth, 1953, this versatile woman succumbed to an
illness of several months, she left not one empty space but several. A devoted
mother, she is sadly missed by her bereft family. Her passing is felt keenly
by the congregation of the church of which she was a life long member.
President of one scientific society and charter member of another, chairs are
left vacant which will not easily be filled. The loss of the Research Associate
in Malacology leaves the Buffalo Museum of Science without an authority
on a subject which seems to be taking a new hold on public fancy. And
finally, during the twenty years she served as secretary of the American
Malacological Union literally hundreds of persons came to love this friendly
woman who gave patient and detailed attention to their requests for informa'
tion or advice.

A lifedong friend once said, “Genie had a head start, for she was born
with dimples, a tranquil disposition, and an inquiring mind.” It was this
latter attribute, never waning, which caused her to delve deeply into any
subject which engaged her interest.

The home in which she resided for seventy' seven of her eighty years
was built upon a shelf of Stafford limestone rich in fossils. The earliest play'
things of the little girl were the oddly shaped “pebbles” which she picked
from the blasted ledge behind her home; she often recounted the wonder
with which she learned that these grey things once lived beneath an ancient
sea. Never classing herself as even an amateur paleontologist, she nonethe'
less made detailed study of the fossils of her own neighborhood and later of
those in the collection of the Buffalo Museum of Science. In an accounting
of this early interest, she says,* “It is probably fitting, therefore, that the only
mollusk to bear my name is a fossil cephalopod. (T y lor thoc eras robertsonae
Flower.)

The early years of this gifted child were filled with happy experiences
which many decades later she liked to recall. Flowers and trees, stones, birds
and animals— she knew and loved them all. For although the Strickler'
Robertson home now stands in the midst of a residential area of a great city,
it was at that time bordered by open fields and by woods which but a few
short years before had harboured the remnants of the once'savage Senecas.

Recognizing that this love of the wild things about her was a creditable
thing and to be encouraged, a wise mother presented her fifteen'year'old
daughter with a good microscope; from that day until a few months before
her death it was in almost daily use. “Specialise!” urged friends and teachers.
But the world was too filled with microscopic wonders for her to disregard
any one in favor of another. Minute sculpture on a shell, an arrangement
of diatoms, a teeming drop from the rain barrel— all was grist for the mill.

* (“The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier Region,” Robertson' Blakeslee. )

(1)

But her interest was not confined to scientific subjects; as a direct descem
dant of John and Priscilla Alden, she was proud of her heritage, studied and
charted her genealogical tree with painstaking thoroughness, acquiring too a
wide knowledge of New England history. Further proof of her versatility lies
in the fact that in the 1890s she taught music and tutored pupils in aritlv
metic! It was during this decade that she joined the newly'organized Con'
chological Section of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, a group which
from 1936 until her death she served as president.

Not only New England history engaged the attention of the young
woman. Indian history had so recently been made in the area of her home
that she came upon the evidences frequently : arrowheads, shards, and once
a bead wedged within the crack of a rock came to light when a delicate
lichen was removed for microscopic study.

Directly across the road from the Strickler home was a burying ground
of the Senecas, and there for many years rested the body of their noble Chief,
Red Jacket. Eventually his remains were removed, together with those of his
people who slept beside him, and later rednterred in Forest Lawn Cemetery
in Buffalo. The tiny plot (then owned by Imogene’s father) was opened to
archaeological exploration; before the turn of the century three kitchen mid'
dens had been excavated, yielding cultural data on tribes so ancient that
not even in Iroquois legend was their existence recorded.

All of this was extremely interesting to the young woman, and when
she was given the privilege of excavating one of the middens, her delight
knew no bounds. The artifacts and other objects discovered by her colleagues
were deposited in the Buffalo Historical Society and the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences, but her finds went into her private collection and were a
source of lifedong enjoyment. One of the most interesting objects to come
to light was a single specimen of M esodon say anus (Pilsbry), the illustration
of which appears in ‘"'The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier Region.” In the
more than half'century since this discovery, no other specimen of this mollusk
has been collected within fifty miles of this site.

In later years Mrs. Robertson became an authority on the ancient and
recent cultures of the Indians of Western New York, and her last published
Work was a history of the old burying ground, now a city park. Running
serially in her neighborhood newspaper, the second installment appeared in
the edition which announced her death.

In 1903 Imogene Christabel Strickler married Harold Ralph Robertson
of Liverpool, England, and Philadelphia. To this union were born five chib
dren, four of whom survive, together with eleven grandchildren and three
greatgrandchildren. Mr. Robertson died in 1951, and so was ended nearly
a half'century of an ideal relationship. He too loved the world of nature, and
soon after their marriage joined the Conchological Section. Together they
started and built a magnificent collection of shells, another of minerals.

Because of her knowledge of shells it was to Mrs. Robertson that the
Director of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences turned when in 1926 the
present building which houses the Buffalo Museum of Science was under
Construction; it was felt desirable that the several long' neglected collections
of shells which were gathering dust in the basement of the old building be
consolidated. Offered the post of Curator of Conchology, she accepted and
plunged into the new work with customary zest. Two years were required
to complete the task of unionization, but at the end of that time, the museum

I

could boast of a hall of shells quite fine enough to grace the new structure,
together with an extensive study collection arranged and cataloged for ready
reference.

In her fifteen years’ affiliation with the museum, she was given the
additional posts of Curator of Biology, Science Editor, Registrar, and Libra'
rian of the museum’s collection of microscopical slides. Retired in 1942, she
was made Research Associate in Malacology, a position she occupied at the
time of her death.

Retirement afforded an opportunity to accomplish a task long conteni'
plated, the preparation of a popular guide book to the local mollusks. The
checkdist compiled by Dr. Elizabeth J. Letson in 1909 had long been out'
dated due to changes in nomenclature and to the activities of local collectors
who had added many new species to the area record. So, advised by Mr.
Robertson and with the collaboration of Mr. Clifford L. Blakeslee (himself
retired and an enthusiastic collector) she plunged into the work of compiling
“The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier Region,” which was published by the
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences in 1948.

Mr. and Mrs. Robertson were active in the organization of the Ameri'
can Malacological Union in 1932; elected Financial Secretary at the first
meeting, she served until 1951 when she resigned to accept nomination as
Vice' President.

It was in her capacity as secretary that Imogene carved for herself a
lasting niche in the hearts of her fellows, for she was unfailing in what she
considered the greatest of her duties, that of affording every encouragement
to any person to seek her aid. She saw the organization double in size, and
no small factor in that growth was the patient effort of a secretary who did

not feel that her duties stopped with the mailing of announcements and

form letters.

She made no claim to being other than an amateur, never described a
shell, preferring rather to serve science by catering to the needs of the men
and women of science. Appreciation of this attitude is expressed in the

closing lines of a letter written by one who has often benefitted from her

kindness: “She was an inspiration to many collectors, amateur and profes'
sionals. Perhaps our loss can be tempered with the thought that when some
of us finally take passage across the River Styx, we shall forever be con'
demned to sit and identify the species we have described, while Mrs. Rob'
ertson will be free to wander over sunny Elysian meadows and gather in
quantity the rarest and most beautiful of mollusks. May I join her friends
and fellow'dub members in wishing her happy hunting.”

And so say we all. Good shelling, Imogene!

Margaret C. Teskey

(3)

THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Two’s company; three’s a crowd; and seventeen’s a convention! Although
the nineteenth annual meeting of the American Malacological Union, held in
Lawrence, Kansas, was attended by one of the smallest crowds in A. M. U.
history, there was a unanimous opinion that the 1953 convention was one of
the most pleasant and successful gatherings we have had in many years. No
doubt, the record heat wave that preceded the meetings had an influence on
the attendance, but by good fortune the weatherman cooperated by timing the
arrival of a cooling thunderstorm with the opening of the meetings on June 25.
The temperature remained in the cool, mid-80’s until the termination of the
meetings on June 27.

To Dr. A. Byron Leonard, this year’s president, and to his charming
wife, goes the credit for the smooth unfolding of the three-day program. Be'
cause of the small registration, the morning Executive Council meeting was
open to all members, which made an efficient session for the transaction of
business and open meeting matters.

Reports of the Secretary-Treasurer showed a cash balance of $433.39, and
a life-membership fund of $125. Total membership as of June 1, 1953, was
467 — a gain over the previous year of 6 per cent. These reports were ap-
proved as read.

The following panel of nominated officers was presented: President, Dr.
Joseph C. Bequaert; Vice-President, Morris K. Jacobson; Second Vice-Presi-
dent, Elsie M. Chace; Secretary-Treasurer, Margaret C. Teskey; Councilmen-
at-Large, R, Tucker Abbott, Ralph W. Jackson, Dr. Miguel L. Jaume, Dr.
Albert R. Mead. It was moved, seconded and carried that this panel be
elected, to serve from the close of the current meeting until the close of the
1954 meeting.

Announcement was made of the following business transacted by the
Executive Council: a revision of the A.M.U. Constitution, drafted by the
committee appointed for this task, was submitted to and approved by the
council; it will appear in the report bulletin for 1953, and members will be
polled by mail. The invitation of Dr. George M. Moore to hold the 1954
meeting at the University of New Hampshire was accepted, the date to be
fixed and announced at a later time. As a token of recognition of meritorious
service, honorary life memberships in the American Malacological Union were
bestowed upon the following: Dr. Paul Bartsch, Dr. S. Stillman Berry, and
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry. (At this time, and in reply to a query from the
A.M.U. Pacific Division regarding the propriety of that body bestowing hon-
orary life memberships, and whether or not such memberships may apply as
well to the parent organization, it was announced following thorough discus-
sion that while the A.M.U. approves and encourages such recognition by and
within the divisional branch and member clubs, the Executive Council reserves
the right to award honorary life memberships to the American Malacological
Union.)

(4)

As the annual business meeting concluded, President A. Byron Leonard
officially opened the nineteenth annual meeting by introducing Dr. George
B. Smith, Dean of the University of Kansas. Dean Smith voiced a gracious
welcome and spoke with justifiable pride of the Student’s Union Building
under whose roof all sessions and the annual dinner were held. Delegates
were invited to enjoy any or all of the facilities provided on the campus.
“And do come back another time, officially or not,’’ he said.

On behalf of the A.M.U., President Leonard extended thanks for the
hospitality being enjoyed by the organization. Then, President-elect Joseph C.
Bequaert assumed the chair and introduced Dr. Leonard as the first speaker:

FOSSIL MOLLUSKS AND PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHY
IN CENTRAL UNITED STATES

(Abstract)

Nowhere in the world have terrestrial and freshwater Mollusca con-
tributed more to a knowledge of Quaternary (Pleistocene) geology than in
the central United States. Faunas are widespread and populous. Distinctive
assemblages are recognized over distances nearly 1000 miles in extent;
locally, fossil shells often occur at the rate of several thousand per cubic
foot. Six distinctive molluscan faunal assemblages, associated respectively
with Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Iowan, Tazewellian and Careyan-Man-
katoan deposits, are represented by several hundred local collections. These
assemblages have contributed to a knowledge of Quaternary stratigraphy
(1) By making it possible, together with other data, to recognize the
sequential order of Quaternary depositional cycles, by making it possible
to correlate parts of undifferentiated Wisconsinan sediments with Iowan,
Tazewellian or Careyan-Mankatoan depositional cycles; (2) By assisting in
the establishment of a firm correlation between sedimentary cycles beyond
the glaciated region with those within it; (3) By strongly supporting the
thesis that extensive deposits of massive silt in this region are eolian in
origin, and by contributing to an understanding of the paleoecology of
their deposition; (4) By bringing to light evidence of persistent, ortho-
genetic climatic trends that transcend the repetitive appearance of pluvial
periods; and (5) By proving to be a readily useful tool in practical field
stratigraphy.

Dr. Leonard’s paper was illustrated by several charts and graphs :
Bequaert: “Did you tie in temperature when compiling these charts?’’
Leonard: “Yes.” Abbott: “Was this (Kansan) period colder than now?’’
Leonard: “Yes, but I think not much. Certainly not Arctic. Though the
climatic pattern has altered, I hesitate to cite definite limits.’’

As Dr. Leonard concluded and again took over as chairman, he intro-
duced Dr. Albert R. Mead of the University of Arizona.

THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF USING GIANT AFRICAN
SNAIL MEAL AS POULTRY FEED

(Abstract)

In the February 6, 1953 issue of Science, Mead and Kemmerer pub-
lished a preliminary report on amino acid assays of giant African snail
meal. They showed that arginine was 2 i/3 and lysine V/% times that of

(5)

whole egg. The essential lysine is notoriously lacking in plant protein
sources, e.g. cotton seed meal. It is present in animal protein sources such
as blood meal and fish meal, but these are expensive to use as feed supple-
ments. Additional experiments are currently in progress at the University
of Arizona to determine, through controlled chick feeding, the growth pro-
moting potential of the snail meal and the practicability of using it as a
source of essential amino acids in poultry and live stock feeds.

The economic significance of making use of giant African snails as a
feed supplement is twofold. First of all, the poultry industry especially is
seriously curbed in many regions of the world because of the scarcity and
cost of imported ‘‘balanced” feeds. One of the most expensive items in
these feeds is animal protein; and it is not only abundantly on hand in the
snail infested areas, but free for the taking. And secondly, the collecting of
snails for this purpose is bound to have a control effect. Create a demand
for anything and it becomes scarce. If through a continuing program of
collecting the snails, their numbers could be reduced from “abundant” to
just “common”, the giant snail would cease to exist as a problem. Man
always has been the worst enemy of the giant African snails. With few
exceptions, man will not eat them in the Pacific areas; nor is it possible to
teach him to eat them. But we should be able to persuade him to feed the
snails to his poultry.

It is not assumed that the snail meal will be prepared on a large scale
or enter appreciably into commercial traffic. A localized plan for “harvest-
ing” the snails could be set up on a small scale, rotation basis. There would
always be enough “seed” unavoidably left to permit a recovery of the popu-
lation in a relatively short period of time. It is a paradox that Achatina
fulica feeds largely on unwanted decaying and rotting substances and con-
verts them into a high grade proteinaceous material, of which there is never
enough, and yet all current methods of controlling this snail pest are con-
spicuously devoid of any attempt to make use of the snails after they are
killed. A constructive rather than destructive approach to the problem is
urged.

Bequaert : “Has a satisfactory drying process been perfected?”

Mead: “This problem is still being explored. If the temperature is
maintained at too high or too low a level, the essential nutrients become
altered. In Guam, George Peterson found that an oven temperature of 70° C.
for 24 to 30 hours proved most satisfactory. Maintaining the snail meal at a
proper degree of dryness in humid climates is of course still another problem.”

Abbott : “But why dry them? Won’t chickens feed on almost anything?”

Mead: “No, chickens can be rather fussy. Experimentations so far sug-
gests that the snails can be incorporated into the diet most successfully in the
dry meal form. Dr. Keen knows from first hand experience that chickens can
be pretty temperamental in their feeding habits.”

Keen: “We raised chickens in Colorado and in California and we found
that they had very different appetites, even as to corn.”

Abbott : “Ducks like snails, I understand. Why not raise ducks on snail-
infested islands?”

Mead: “Many of the Oriental people have done this for years. But as
egg producers, chickens are generally preferred. Both chickens and eggs are
perennially scarce items in the islands of the Pacific and in the Orient. When
we were in Guam, chicken eggs sold for $2.50 a dozen.”

Schwengel : “Must the snails be taken from the shell?” , •

(6)

Mead: “This has been done in all our experiments so far. However,
the chickens require a source of calcium; this suggests immediately that at
least a portion of the snail shell should go into the meal. Incidentally, it
should be understood that our experiments are directed toward augmenting
any program of control of the giant snail and not toward their cultivation.
Eradication still is not possible; therefore a premium has been put on de-
veloping new methods of control.”

Bequaert: “On the Gold Coast of Africa, Achatina is protected as an
important food item. There they nourish the native, not his chickens. I refer
to the larger species, Achatina achatina. No eradication problem exists there.”

At close of discussion following this paper came a two-hour break for
lunch, an excellent cafeteria being at hand in the basement of the building.

Opening the afternoon session was

THE SNAIL HOSTS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN BRITISH
WEST AFRICA AND THEIR CONTROL
Dr. Elmer G. Berry

U. S. Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institutes of
Health, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Bethesda, Md.

(Abstract)

An investigation of the snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni and S.
haematobium was made in the British West African Colonies during 1950-
1952 under the auspices of the Mutual Security Administration. S. haema-
tobium was found to have a much wider distribution than 5. mansoni, and
in certain areas all of the children were infected with one or both of these
worms. Physopsis africana was the principal intermediate host in the life
cycle of S. haematobium , but other species of snails belonging to the genera
Bulinus and Pyrgophysa were also found infected in certain isolated re-
gions of the British Cameroons and Nigeria. Endemic areas of S. mansoni
were found sporadically in all of the colonies, but only one species of
snail, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, was found involved in its life cycle.

From more than two thousand chemical compounds tested in the
Laboratory of Tropical Diseases at the National Institutes of Health in its
search for better molluscacides a few of the more promising were given
field trials in West Africa. Considering the excellent killing effect on the
snail hosts and yet its low toxicity to man and his domestic animals, the
ease of application, its availability and low cost, the chemical of choice at
the present time seems to be sodium pentachlorophenate. A single applica-
tion of this compound in one locality, Rigachigun in northern Nigeria
killed ail the intermediate hosts of both S. haematobium and 5. mansoni
and gave complete control for a period of sixteen months. The cost of the
chemical used in the treatment of this area was less than a half cent per
person for the total population of the entire village.

Dr. Berry’s paper was illustrated by colored slides which charted the
life cycle of Schistosomiasis, ecology of the countryside, waterways, pools, etc.
Especially interesting though distressing were close-ups of infected children.
A chart of stations in the territories of Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone
brought several questions: Abbott: “Are you here charting the presence of
carrier snails or cases (of Schistosomiasis?) ” Berry: “Snails; but in all cases
the disease was also present.” Abbott: “How many species of host snails
are present in Africa?” Berry: “Two which probably harbor Schistosomiasis

G)

haematobium, and one whieh carries mansoni.” Haas: “Is anybody else
working on this problem?” Berry: “Yes, several countries have a research or
control program; the British are especially active. However, very little work
is done on the taxonomy of the snail host.”

Following Dr. Berry’s paper brief announcements were made; greetings
from Dr. and Mrs. Henry van der Schalie in Egypt were relayed, and a
telegram from Mrs. Margaret M. Teare of Buffalo, N. Y. was read, express'
ing disappointment at being unable to be present.

Dr. Fritz; Haas of the Chicago Natural History Museum made a short
report on the private collection of nommarine shells of Walter F. Webb.
This collection was purchased by the museum in 1941 for $3,600, and only
now, twelve years later, has the monumental task of cataloging been com'
pleted. As the work progressed unsuspected treasures came to light, such as
the complete collection of helicoid snails of Gerard K. Gude, complete except
for the types which had gone to the British Museum. “Webb had been a
clever horse trader in his deals with various museums,” remarked Dr. Haas.
The entire collection of John Richie, Jr., of Boston was there, together with
about eighty per cent of the Japanese species described by Pilsbry. Many
lots bearing the labels of Binney, Dali, Dautzenberg and other celebrities
were brought to light. Altogether this huge collection of 20,000 lots, a mil'
lion specimens more or less, yielded 670 paratypes, 12 holotypes and much
undescribed material; twelve years was not too long to do it justice. “But
nothing is perfect,” said Dr. Haas in closing; “Webb relied too much upon
his memory and so much detective work was necessary. One bit of advice
cannot be too much stressed: when writing labels, DON’T ABBREVIATE!”

A PROGRESS REPORT ON SOME REVISIONS FOR THE
TREATISE OF INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY’

Dr. A. Myra Keen
Stanford University

(Abstract)

Revisions for the “Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology” cover not
only taxonomic data but include notes on distribution in time and space.
After a worker has surveyed a few families, it is interesting to take stock
of findings and to contrast the problems encountered. Such is the purpose
of this review of three groups.

The pelecypod family Cardiidae (restricted) apparently originated
during Upper Triassic time and now comprises some 58 genera and sub-
genera that group readily into 5 subfamilies. Three of these may have
branched from the other two: Fraginae and Trachycardiinae from Car-
diinae; and Laevicardiinae from Protocardiinae. However, the early mem-
bers of Protocardiinae and Cardiinae seem not to be closely related. The
origin of the family thus remains obscure, for more work is needed on
Triassic Pelecypoda.

The Veneridae are a much more complex family. Some 267 names
have been bestowed on genera and subgenera presumed to belong in the
family, of which 183 seem justified. The modern forms (Tertiary and
Recent) may be grouped into 11 subfamilies, but their relationships to
earlier stocks have yet to be worked out. Apparently the venerid pattern
of shell (three cardinal hinge teeth and a pallia! sinus) originated among

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at least three different ancestral families during Jurassic time. The modern
descendants are thus basically not as homogeneous as they superficially
appear. ; r.:* .

These problems of classification are of more than theoretical signifi-
cance, for in a collaborative work such as this, unless authors are agreed
upon the limits of families, some genera may be included twice in different
sections of the “Treatise” and others omitted entirely.

The gastropod family Vermetidae presents problems not so much of
origin as of content. Both in the fossil and in the Recent record these
sedentary snails have been confused with other invertebrates — not only
with members of the related gastropod family Vermiculariidae but also
with the unrelated tube-dwelling annelid worms. The life history of the
Vermetidae is distinctive, for the nepionic young, after leaving the brood
pouch of the adult, attach themselves to some object and the axis of
coiling of the shell changes by 90°. Classification of genera in this family
seems best made on shape of the nuclear whorls, nature of the operculum,
and manner of coiling of the adult shell. Isolated sections of tubes are
useless in identification. Some 30 generic names have been proposed in
this group, of which 8 may be useful. Taxonomic problems are numerous,
and several — such as the validity of the type genus — are yet unresolved.
The very name Vermetus stands on a doubtful foundation. So also do
Spiroglyphus and Lemintina, the next two names in point of time, for all
were confused by their authors with annelid worms. It may be desirable
to abandon several of the dubious names and to make, as it were, a fresh
start in nomenclature by adopting later unequivocal names.

Dr. Keen had prepared charts and drawings to illustrate points made in
her paper. The following discussion ensued: Abbott: “In your study of
Vermetidae did you make any radular studies?11 Keen: “No; as a paleoiv
tologist I have been striving to arrive at a classification that will use only
those parts available in a fossil record. I sent all available soft part of animals
to Mr. John Morton, a New Zealand zoologist who is interested in vermetid
anatomy. His dissections so far have been in complete confirmation of my
findings.” Morrison: “I think there is an interesting correlation between
Siliquaria and Vermetus.” Mead: “Then you have the mechanics of getting
into the substrate, as in the case where the vermetid corrodes a channel in
Haliotis. How is this done, by resorption? Has anyone studied it?” Keen:
“Not so far as I know. I have puzzled about it, for it is hard to see how
the animal can extend the tube horizontally along the surface into which it is
corroding the channel and still keep a vertically directed apertural opening. I
might also mention that early workers considered these animals to be some'
times sinistrally coiled, sometimes dextrally, depending upon the manner of
attachment of the initial whorl. In this I disagree; the coiling seems to be
uniformly dextral. The apparently sinistral coiling is an illusion of the ob'
server who has confused apex with base.”

SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE WEST AFRICAN
TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCAN FAUNA
Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University

A group photograph was taken at the close of the first day’s session and
after a brief hour during which time the ravages of the day were repaired,

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everybody assembled in the Grill Room of the Eldridge Hotel as guests of
Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel and of General Frank R. Schwengel who sent his
regrets at being unable to be present.

This was the eleventh occasion upon which delegates attending A.M.U.
annual meetings have been entertained by the Schwengels, and each has been
a memorable affair. Although not announced as such, and regardless of the
date, these annual parties are in honor of Dr. Schwengel’s birthday, and are
a gift to her and to her friends from the General. Combined as usual was
a cocktail hour and a buffet supper, and 1953 will go down in A.M.U. history
as the year of the delicious smoked spareribs!

Friday brought more good weather and a full day of papers. The morn'
ing session opened with an hourdong film accompanied by the running com'
mentary of Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison. The color movies were his own, con'
stituting a graphic report of his three month trip to Raroia Atoll in the
Tuamotu Islands, French Oceania. There he was the general zoologist for the
1952 Pacific Science Board Expedition working on ecological surveys of coral
atolls. Highlights of this absorbing travelogue picture included the annual
14th of July celebration at Raroia. This is the French equivalent of our 4th
of July. That day’s scenes featured the native parades and speeches which
officially honored the expedition members and a French admiral (retired) who
was there on a visit. There were also the native sailing canoe races, and an
impromptu solo dance by another native oblivious to the camera. Dr. Morri'
son’s scenes of the sea'birds leaving their rookeries on certain islands at Raroia
were excellent in showing the habitat at dawn, but the birds didn’t wait for
enough light for the color film to show them very well. Especially interesting
was Dr. Morrison’s comment that after the party reached Raroia much of
his work of preparing specimens collected on outlying and uninhabited islands
of the atoll was done in shade afforded by one of the dismantled sails of the
famous raft Kon'Tiki.

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MOLLUSCAN TYPES
OF FRANK COLLINS BAKER

Dr. Dorothea Franzen
Illinois Wesleyan University

(Abstract)

An examination of the late Frank Collins Baker collection of gastropod
mollusks which is located in the Museum of Natural History of the Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111., has resulted in the location of some of the
holotypes and paratypes of F. C. Baker. These types are of both Recent
and Pleistocene species.

In the collection of Recent species, twenty-nine of Baker’s species are
represented by holotypes and paratypes. These are included in twelve
genera. According to the catalogue of the collection, thirty species or
subspecies are represented by paratypes. Twenty of these are of Baker’s
species. Eight of the lots of paratypes have not been located. These thirty
species and subspecies are included in thirteen genera.

In the collection of Pleistocene species, twenty of Baker’s species are
represented by holotypes and paratypes. These are included in twelve
genera. Of Baker’s species, eight are represented by paratypes only. These
are included in four genera. Two lots, each composed of several specimens,
are designated as types.

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A further attempt is to be made to locate all of F. C. Baker’s halo-
types and paratypes. That is to include the types of both gastropod and
pelecypod mollusks.

Haas: “Gastropoda, Sphaeriidae, Unionidae — all were present in Baker's
material; I presume that much remains to be worked."

Bequaert: “Are you working with the specimens he figured?" Franzen :
“Yes; in some cases they have been kept separate, in other instances are so
listed in the catalog. A black arrow indicates illustrated specimens, a red
one designates a type. However, these markings are not consistent."

Bequaert: “This material will be most valuable when somebody gets
around to working up the American freshwater material."

Haas: “We have Baker’s Academy of Natural Science material in the
Chicago museum which he used in “Mollusca of the Chicago Area." It is in
poor shape." Morrison: “Can’t it be cleaned and rearranged?" Haas: “Yes,
though it will take time. It would be a worthwhile job."

Morrison: “I think some of Baker’s types are at the University of Wis^
consin. I understand that they are stored, probably intact though certain to be
dusty. Some holotypes of his Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae came to the Na*
tional Museum."

Berry: “Does anybody know where the microscopical material may be;
I mean slides of radula and genitalia?" Haas: “I suggest that they are in
alcohol somewhere, in material not made up."

During the noontime break everybody seized the opportunity to further
explore the beautiful building in which the meeting was being held, and to
enjoy the view from the roof terrace. The University of Kansas occupies a
hilbtop and commands a panorama of a sizable portion of the eastern part
of the state. Directly below is the city of Lawrence, and beyond it threads
the Kaw river, looking in June quite incapable of the wild spring rampages
with which it annually devastates and enriches the countryside through
which it flows.

These papers occupied the final afternoon session:

ADDITIONAL INTRODUCTIONS OF FOREIGN
SNAILS INTO ARIZONA

Dr. Albert R. Mead

(Abstract)

The previously reported Helix aspersa is extending its range in the
Tucson area to gardens of ranches in outlying districts. Runtina decollata,
earlier reported from Mesa, has recently been found established in Phoenix.
Limax flavus still continues to be the most commonly encountered foreign
mollusk in Arizona. One collection of several dozen slugs in a Tucson
garden yielded two specimens of Limax poirieri Mahille (~L. marginal us
auct.). Also found in Tucson was a thriving population of the pale, buff-
tan form of Deroceras laeve introduced on nursery stock from the San
Francisco Bay area. This is in contrast to the endemic gray-black form in
the Arizona mountains.

A Tucson high school teacher brought in a large snail which had been
found “on a bunch of bananas from South America” in July 1952 in
Greeley, Colorado. A few weeks later it was taken to Tucson and kept
alive as a pet until May 1953. It was identified as Porphyrobaphe (Or-

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thalicinae). Dr. Bequaert further identified it as P. tostoma Sowerby,
endemic in the tropical lowlands of Ecuador and Peru.

These records have been encountered only incidentally. Others will be
found. In spite of the extremes in temperature, areas under cultivation in
Arizona afford a surprisingly suitable environment for introduced gas-
tropods. . i ■ i ■ ■

As he completed his remarks, Dr. Mead displayed the shell of Por'
phyrobaphe iostoma Sow. of which he had just spoken. Leonard: “Many of
the local cellars are walled with imported limestone; we are constantly get;
ting specimens of Limax maximus and L. flavus for identification.” Mead:
“L. maximus has not as yet turned up in Arizona; it is not difficult to predict
that it will be found there before long.”

•PARAGONIMIASIS IN THE BRITISH CAMEROONS'

Dr. Elmer G. Berry

... ‘ ‘ , • , , • ... ... * .. .. ... ■ ■

Paragonimus, a parasitic lung fluke, produces in the host (a human and
certain other animals) a chronic cough; eggs from this fluke are present in
rusty^colored sputum, and if expelled into streams under favorable conditions
may encyst in the bodies of certain snails (a species of Potadoma) . There
developing into sporocysts, they produce numerous cercariae which leave the
snail for a third host, this time a crab where they encyst in the muscles. Eat'
ing of the infected and insufficiently cooked crab by a human begins complex
tion of the lifecycle of the larval trematode, for it bores through the intes'
tine and migrates along the abdominal wall, bores through the diaphram to
lodge finally again in the lung. That more females than males contract this
disease in the area studied is due to an interesting superstition; crabs are
supposed to ensure fertility among women, while tadpoles serve a similar
purpose for the men!

Lantern slides showing patients with paragonimiasis accompanied this
paper, and specimens of the guilty snail were passed for inspection.

ZOOGEOGRAPHY, SUBFAMILIES AND FAMILIES
Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

(Abstract)

In conducting research on the Subfamily and Family relationships of
certain land Mollusks, their zoogeographic distribution has been examined
in the search for possible confirmation of zoological divisions of the larger
groups which are based on anatomy. The most interesting examples are
those in which the zoogeographic story of each division is completely
different from that of other divisions within the larger group under study.
In these cases I believe that the present differential geographic distribution
of certain groups is a direct end-result of their zoologically separate past
histories over a span of geologic time.

There are two groups now included in the Urocoptidae that should
be separated. The Urocoptidae in general are West Indian in distribution,
including some territory on the adjacent continental shores. They have a
peculiar type of radula a little different from that of any of the related
land snail families. The American mainland group called up to now the
subfamily Eucalodiinae have a different radula. In fact they possess some
anatomical features including the radula that are almost the same as the

corresponding features of the North American family Polygyridae. The
Eucalodiine group includes the Holospira complex from southwestern
United States and Mexico. The radula is different; the zoogeography is
different; it becomes apparent that there is a zoological distinction cor-
roborated by a different history. The one member of the Eucalodiine group
that is isolated on the Island of Hispaniola (the genus Archegocoptis) only
serves to point this genus out as a relict form on Hispaniola, where sev-
eral other distinct forms are also known as surviving relicts of other
families.

In my opinion there are two families, with the zoological distinction
separating the Urocoptidae (Pilsbry 1898) and the Eucalodiidae (Crosse 8C
Fischer 1872) confirmed by a different end-result of recent zoogeography
in each family.

Another group of Mollusks under consideration is the Cyclophoroid
complex of operculate land snails. Anatomical examination of the animals
of many of the American genera has shown very clear separations that I
believe are of subfamily rank. The subfamily Neopupinae (Kobelt 8C
Moellendorff 1898) possesses in the males a simple tapered verge on the
right side of the neck, traversed by an open seminal groove only. This
group is primarily North Caribbean or Greater Antillean in distribution,
perhaps also in origin. It includes Aperostoma (Mexico), Tomocyclus
(Guatemala), Farcimen (Cuba), F arcimoides (Hispaniola), Neopupina
(Puerto Rico), and Megalomastoma (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands).

The subfamily Neocyclotinae (Kobelt & Moellendorff 1898) possesses
in the males a verge dorsally attached, traversed only by a seminal groove,
but with a specialized terminal appendage. If we look at the zoogeography
of this group we find a most interesting story. This is the only group of
Cyclophoroid snails known to be living on the Island of Jamaica. On
Jamaica, there are ten genera in this subfamily. Of these ten genera, some
have been living on Jamaica, without generic change of distinctive shell
characters, since the Miocene Era. Species that belong to two of the mod-
ern (living) genera of Jamaican Neocyclotinae were fossilized in the
(Miocene) Bowden Beds. If we look for the rest of the Neocyclotinae we
find that the only genus on Grand Cayman Island ( Cyclocaymania ) is
obviously a derivative of Cyclopilsbrya from the northwest portion of
Jamaica. All the other extra-jamaican Neocyclotinae known are most
closely related to Cycladamsia from western Jamaica. The mainland
genera Neocyclotus, Cyclohidalgoa, and Incidostoma, all have the same
type of operculum as does Cycladamsia. I believe we have geographic
indications here of the Jamaican origin of the Neocyclotinae, as well as
proof that it is an old group with at least two Jamaican genera unmodified
since the Miocene. One type has spread and/or survived on the mainland
as far north as Mexico and south and east across tropical South America
and up the Lesser Antillean Chain as far as St. Vincent. These two
American subfamilies, with the typical one, the Cyclophorinae, are closely
related to the marine family Littorinidae, which also possesses in the males
a verge with only a seminal groove.

A third American group, the Amphicyclotinae, with a different zoo-
geographic picture is closely related not to the Cyclophorids but to the
marine family Lacunidae. These two, the Lacunidae and the Amphi-
cyclotidae (here elevated to family status) possess a completely tubular
verge, traversed by a vas deferens throughout. The zoogeography of the
Amphicyclotidae is simpler, with several small genera, each with limited

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distribution. They are known from Mexico, Central and South America,
and up the Antillean Chain as far as the eastern mountains (Sierra
Maestra) of Cuba. They are completely missing from Jamaica. The oper-
cula of the Amphicyclotidae vary in the different genera from wholly
corneous to almost completely calcified as in the genera Crocidopoma and
Cyclocubana. The amount and/or pattern of calcification of the opercula
of the Amphicyclotidae is only a generic character, but is very charac-
teristic for each genus.

In this land operculate case also, there are two groups that should be
considered separate families. Here the observed anatomical differences
that so clearly relate each of the two to a different marine family are
corroborated in my opinion by the differences of zoogeography of the
families Cyclophoridae and Amphicyclotidae.

Mead : Have radula studies been made? Ans. : In the case of the Uro'
coptid — Eucalodiid complex the radula is one of the principal characters of
distinction. In the case of the Cyclophoroid complex the radular distinctions
are almost valueless. Separate genera of each of the two families have radulae
that differ only in the number of cusps (always 2 or 3) on the outer marginal
tooth. In both cases our radular studies have included every genus of which
there was either preserved or dried material available.

Abbott: Were all these different kinds of Cyclophorids recognized by
Dr. Bartsch in his monograph on the West Indian species? Ans.: Yes. The
difference is that this new subfamily and family arrangement of mine is based
fundamentally on animal characters.

Bequaert: Are these generic findings based on opercular difference only?
Ans.: No. In every case there are shell and animal differences that also serve
to identify the generic groups.

Mead: Have you made histological studies of the verge in all cases?
Ans.: Histological studies have not been made. All my conclusions are based
on visible external gross anatomy.

Berry: Is this seminal groove visible? Ans.: Yes, this groove is readily
located on the surface of the verge, even when its borders are closely appressed
to form a functional tube.

Abbott: Do I understand this structurally open groove simulates a tube
in its function? Ans. : Yes. This groove apparently functions as a tube that
is not sealed along one seam.

Mead: Such structures deserve considerable study, especially as to their
process of development.

Haas: To return to the history of these shells — when did these genera
appear? Ans.: I believe these genera developed a long time back. However,
we have only the proof that two living Jamaican genera have not changed
their shells since the Miocene.

Haas: Was Jamaica isolated during the Miocene? Ans.: I don’t know
the details of this geological history like the geologists do, but I believe it was.
Certainly these particular fossils indicate to me that it was.

Leonard: Is each of these types represented by a number of species?
Ans. : Yes indeed. Some genera have as many as 20 or 30 species; others but
2 or 3. I believe only 3 or 4 of all the American genera of Cyclophoroids are
limited to one known species.

Leonard: What are or were the mechanisms of isolation on Jamaica?
Ans.: Natural barriers such as river valleys, mountain blocks, and different
soils, acting over long periods of time. These particular snails seem to be

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rather colonial, that is the populations tend to remain in a restricted area.
This tendency may also have been made more effective by the deep leaLmold
or even burrowing habit of many of these species of land operculates.

SPECIATION AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN THE
NEW ORDER CLIPPOIDEA

R. Tucker Abbott

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Mr. Abbott gave a humorous, illustrated talk on a pseudo'scientific sub"
ject. It was a satire on modern species concepts and nomenclature based em
tirely upon a binomial classification of ninety species and seven genera of
paper clips — hence, the new order, Clippoidea.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE EGG MASSES AND EGGS
OF DETRACIA FLORIDANA (PFEIFFER)'

Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

(Abstract)

These salt-marsh snails were collected, with their eggs for the first
time , on June 7, 1953, from the muddy and swampy margin of one of the
small estuaries tributary to Chesapeake Bay at Deale, Anne Arundel Co.,
Maryland. At first it seemed impossible to prove that the eggs and
microscopic shelled larvae emerging therefrom really belonged to Detracia.
These embryonic larval shells were much smaller than the uneroded apex
(nuclear whorl) of the youngest Detracia shells on hand for comparison.
However, after about two weeks time had elapsed, the living adult De-
tracia snails very obligingly laid a fresh batch of egg masses of identical
type in a dish in the Museum laboratory, just in time for them to be
rushed to the annual meeting of the American Malacological Union.

In spite of the fact that this material had partly dried up from ex-
cessive heat in the trunk of the car on the way to Kansas, there was
enough remaining for a visual demonstration. The adult snails (deceased
by then) and the tiny detritus-covered egg masses were readily seen under
the binocular microscope. The somewhat irregular, low, domed or sub-
hemisphaerically shaped egg masses are about 3 mm. in diameter. Each
contains 20 to 50 or more regularly elliptic-ovate eggs of microscopic size
(about 250 microns or % mm. long) more or less equally interspersed
throughout the transparent jelly of the egg mass. There is apparently no
outer membrane; the detritus particles adhere to the jelly surface, affording
a natural camouflage to hide the eggs from predators’ eyes. This detritus
covering must be scraped away, or the egg mass ripped open, before the
oval egg capsules and the contained eggs or developing larvae may be
seen clearly.

To my knowledge, this is the first time the eggs of any member of the
family Ellobiidae have ever been discovered and scientifically recorded.
The suspicions regarding the life history expressed in 1950 (American
Malacological Union News Bulletin and Annual Report for 1950, pp. 8-10)
are confirmed by these discoveries. The larvae of Detracia floridana swim
from the egg, to pass through a pelagic stage of growth, before beginning
adult life. This pelagic stage of the life history does account for the sys-

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trophic nucleus of the adult shell, as well as for the wide geographic dis-
tribution made possible and/or maintained by the scattering of the pelagic
young in the plankton of the (brackish) estuary waters to all ecologically
suitable shorelines.

The final paper was read early in the afternoon, so delegates accepted the
invitation of Dr. E. R. Hall, Director of the Museum of Natural History,
University of Kansas, to visit the museum. There they were conducted on a
behind-the-scenes tour, first admiring the two floors of natural history exhibits
which are ranged about the huge, semi-circular diorama which occupies most
of the foyer. Inspecting the workrooms where exhibits are prepared, those
accustomed to the usual clutter of museum morgues and workshops were
impressed with the white-tiled, spic-and-span laboratories where Dr. Hall and
his staff carry on their work.

Leaving the museum with an hour to spare, the delegates in a body en-
joyed the hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. Leonard in their charming home, then
re-convened at eight o’clock in the Sunflower Room of the now-familiar Stu-
dent’s Union Building. There, with Dr. and Mrs. Hall as guests, was enjoyed
the annual dinner. An excellent meal of Kansas beef was enlivened by the
reading at intervals of pseudo-telegrams, supposedly from absent members, and
by brief remarks by several members of the party.

The evening was made complete by an hour-long film showing all phases
of Japanese pearl culture, presented by Dr. A. Myra Keen who supplied
explanations in lieu of sound or printed titles, since it had been filmed for
Japanese presentation. Dr. Keen left immediately afterward for Colorado
Springs, there to vacation for a few days before returning to Stanford.

Several other delegates made their departure on Saturday morning; still,
the field trip numbered an even do^en, and those attending reported a most
enjoyable day. Traveling in several cars to the Marais des Cynes river south-
east of Lawrence, the party enjoyed a picnic lunch and fair collecting in view
of the fact that the season had been unusually dry. One of the ladies dis-
covered a copperhead snake which was captured by Dr. Morrison and which
accompanied him back to the National Museum.

And so concluded the nineteenth annual meeting. There will be bigger
meetings in the years to come, but they will never be better.

Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary

REGISTRATION, NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

Mr. R. Tucker Abbott, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G. Berry, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Miss Verna Lowler, Salina, Kansas

Dr. Dorothea Lran^en, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 111.

Dr. Prit£ Haas, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 111.

Dr. A. Myra Keen, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron Leonard, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Albert R. Mead, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Mr. and Mrs. Dan W. Ott, Salina, Kansas

Dr. Juan Jose Parodis, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey, Buffalo, N. Y.

(16)

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THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
PACIFIC DIVISION

Minutes of the Sixth Annual Meeting Held at Asilomar,

Pacific Grove, California

JUNE 12-13, 1953

The meeting was called to order by chairman Allyn G. Smith at 9:30
A. M. on Friday, June 12th, 1953. After a few words of greetings, a fellow
collector from far off Honolulu, Jens Ostergaard, was presented to the group.
Ruth Coats, as program chairman, next outlined the procedure to be used in
the presentation of papers.

Chairman Smith appointed Leo Hertlein, Myra Keen, John Q. Burch,
Andrew Sorenson and Joshua Bailey as a nominating committee. Communica-
tions were read from Lee Miles and Mrs. Frank MacFarland, expressing their
sorrow in not being able to attend the meetings.

The first paper, “MOLLUSCAN PREDATORS AND THEIR PREY,”
was presented by Hazel Whelchel, having been written by the team of
Sorensen, Strohbeen and Whelchel. Much discussion followed.

(Abstract)

Most of the marine gastropods are predators, that is, they are carni-
verous. Haliotis and Acmaeas are the chief exceptions for they are strictly
vegetable feeders. On the other hand the pelycepods feed mostly on
plankton and detritus.

The Polinices bring clams out of the sand and drill holes through the
shell near the hinge, and thus are able to eat the clam. The Murexes
likewise bring up the clams, but they positively never drill; they file a
narrow opening where the two valves are thinnest. The so-called oyster
drills, perhaps the most destructive of them all, Urosalpinx cinereus, has
done immense damage on the east coast. From there it has been intro-
duced to the San Francisco Bay and Humboldt County oyster beds. An-
other drill, Eupleura muriciformis, is found in the Gulf of California.

The greatest predator of all is MAN. He upsets the balance of
nature by taking more than he needs, so causing many species to become
extinct, or nearly so. See what the fishing industry has done to the sardines
and abalones on the California coast! IT DOESN’T PAY TO KILL
THE GOOSE THAT LAYS THE GOLDEN EGG.

The second paper, “RESURGENT POPULATIONS OF THE BEAN
CLAM, DONAX-GOULDI DALL,” by Wesley R. Coe of Scripps Institu-
tion of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, was read by Merton Hinshaw.
This clam has presented an unusual condition which even today is unsolved.
The sudden appearance of vast populations — and the equally sudden disap-
pearance has caused great concern to the students of malacology. Several of
those present told of seeing strips several yards wide — and as far as the eye
could see of this clam on the Southern California beaches.

(IB)

(Abstract)

On sandy beaches in various parts of the world species of the little
bean-dam Donax are noted for their sudden appearance in vast popula-
tions followed after one to three years by an equally rapid disappearance.
A satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon has hitherto not been
found. Such resurgent populations of Donax gouldi Dali have appeared
at La Jolla on the coast of southern California six times during the present
century. On the latest occasion, in 1949, the population of that species
increased from an average of less than one individual per square meter to
more than 20,000 per square meter within a few weeks and extended in
favorable situations for more than five miles along the sandy beaches.

This enormous number of individuals presumably originated from a
breeding population eleven miles distant, the pelagic larvae being brought
by ocean currents to the beach at La Jolla at the exact time when they
were ready to transform to the adult condition and settle in the sand.

At the end of three years virtually the entire population, including
also the younger year-classes, was dead, apparently as the result of an
epidemic disease caused by a minute parasite, the precise nature of which
has not been determined. Not a dozen individuals could be found on the
beaches which were occupied a few weeks previously by so many millions.

Chester Wong, of the School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma
Linda, California, presented a paper, prepared by himself, Lois W. Wong
and Edward D. Wagner, and entitled “OBSERVATIONS ON THE RE'
PRODUCTION OF ONCOMELANIA NOSOPHORA, THE INTER'
MEDIATE HOST OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM.” A colored film
showed the many steps taken to reproduce this small snail. A lively discussion
and question period followed.

(Abstract)

Since Fujinami (1909), Miyagawa (1912, 1913), and Miyari and
Suzuki (1913, 1914) worked out the life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum ,
the effective control of the intermediate host, Oncomelania nosophora has
been a problem. The fact that these snails are amphibious, operculate, and
capable of withstanding dessication for long periods of time has complicated
efforts to destroy them. Control measures such as chemical molluscacides
and live steam have been used in some countries with varying degrees of
success, where the snails were located in rather circumscribed areas. How-
ever, where the snail population is widespread such measures as are now
available are not effective.

New approaches to the problem are thus necessary. Because little in-
formation has been accumulated on the life habits of the snail, there is a
scarcity of knowledge on which to base any valid conclusions relative to
better methods of control. With this in mind, a project aimed at the study
of the basic biology of Oncomelania was initiated at the School of Tropical
and Preventive Medicine in July 1952 A

Oncomelania nosophora from Japan was used in the following experi-
ments. Attempts were made to determine the optimum rearing and breed-
ing conditions of the snails. Various types of habitat, temperature, and
light exposure were employed.

The snail containers used consisted of aquaria, porous clay saucers, and
petri dishes of several sizes. Habitats were arranged in these containers with
varying proportions of soil, water, and bricks. The containers were then
placed in rooms where temperatures were maintained at different levels.

(19)

Some snails were exposed to continuous light while others were given
shorter periods of light.

Attempts were also made to see whether a drop in temperature trig-
gered the reproductive mechanism, since the reproduction of Oncomelania
nosophora occurs normally in the Spring.

Although the experiments were initiated in the fall of 1952 it was not
until January of 1953 that young snails were observed. Copulation of snails
had rarely been observed although many young snails are now to be found.
The eggs are laid singly on leaves and on the rough surface of brick chips.
They are usually covered with a coating of mud which makes them very
difficult to distinguish from their surroundings. Eggs average 0.7 mm. in
diameter. Newly hatched snails measure approximately 0.8 mm. with a shall
of 1.5 whorls. Within three months the snails have increased to 7 mm.
with 5.5 to 6.0 whorls. Adult snails average 8 mm. in size with 8 to 9
whorls, the larger snails being females.

Conclusions that may be drawn from results thus far obtained are listed
below:

1. Reproduction occurred at the highest rate in saucers exposed to
continuous light and kept at 26 °C.

2. Containers exposed to continuous light produced more young and
at an earlier date than those exposed to 10 hours of light per day.

3. Young snails develop faster when kept at 32 °C than at 26 °C
or 20 °C.

*This project was supported by a contract between the School of Tropical and Pre'
ventive Medicine, College of Medical Evangelists, and the Research and Development
Board, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army.

Robert Robertson, of Stanford University, next presented his paper em
titled “COLLECTING MARINE SHELLS IN TAHITI.” Mr. Robertson
had many beautiful specimens on display.

(Abstract)

Seven months’ collecting in Tahiti and in some of the nearby islands
resulted in a collection of about 500 species, more than had previously
been recorded in this area. Relative to the western Pacific, there are few
species in Tahiti, for the further one goes east in the Pacific, the fewer
species there are until one reachs the Marquesas, where probably not more
than 150 species can be found. The nearby Tuamotus, however, have a
surprisingly rich fauna and constitute an exception.

Gastropod families with the largest number of species recorded in
French Polynesia (according to a census of the literature and the present
collection) are Mitridae, with 138; Conidae, with 64; Cypraeidae, with 59;
and Thaisidae, with 43. In contrast, the largest of the pelecypod families
(Tellinidae) has only 15 species, reflecting the disproportionately small
number of pelecypod species in Polynesia.

An unusual presentation was next on the program, a color film accorm
panied by a tape recording: “CHLAMYDOCONCHA ORCUTTI DALL,”
by Myrtle E. Johnson. This clam while considered rare has been collected by
a number of those present in the Mission Bay Area.

(Abstract)

Chlamy do concha orcutti Dali, a mollusk reported only rarely at points
near San Diego, Santa Barbara and Monterey Bay has internal valves, a
mantle that covers the body except for openings for the foot (with its

(20)

byssus gland) and for the water current. The internal organs are similar
to those of other clams. A short motion picture shows the movement of
living specimens in the aquarium. The two specimens were maintained for
several weeks in the laboratory on a diet of living plankton. Four refer-
ences that mention C. orcutti are listed.

“A QUART OF SONORAN SAND,” by S. Stillman Berry, was a
departure from the previous offerings. Here we find at least one hundred
thirty-one species in this small volume of sand.

(Abstract)

A quart of siftings taken at Punta Colorado, Sonora, in Jan., 1951,
by Richard Long, has proved to be of noteworthy richness and interest.
Preliminary examination has revealed more than 1476 individual specimens
referable to at least 131 species, including 19 pelecypods, 6 chitons, 90 or
more prosobranchs, 14 opisthobranchs (inclusive of the Pyramidellids),
and 2 pulmonates. Most abundantly represented species are an Eulithidium
(196), a Caecum (178), and a Barleeia (109). The occurrence of Schis-
mope in considerable numbers is noteworthy. There is an especially rich
speciation of Caecids and Vitrinellids. Several undescribed species are to
be dealt with in the detailed report on the material now nearing com-
pletion.

This concluded the morning session.

At 1:30 P. M. we again assembled, and the first paper was by Jens
Ostergaard of Honolulu, “BIOLOGY OF THE CYPRAEA.” This family
we have all admired but have had little experience with. The speaker told
of the interesting “nesting” habits and disproved the story that a Cypraea
could dissolve its shell.

(Abstract)

This group comprises about 200 now-living species and sub-species.
Fossil forms may be traced back to the Triassic period. Many extinct
forms have been described from the Tertiary of America, and many re-
cent species have been found as fossils in the Pleistocene of Hawaii and
Tonga.

The sexes are separate, but no sex difference has been detected in
the shell.

Peculiarities are found in species of isolated geographical areas: South
Africa, South Australia, Northwest Africa, Hawaii.

Hawaii has about 20% endemic species whose relationship may be
traced to other species.

Finally, Cypraea lays eggs, then protects them by sitting on them until
they hatch, like a hen on her nest.

“HETEROPODS COLLECTED ON THE PACIFIC COAST,” by
A. D. Howard, was read by Ralph O. Fox. This unusual animal is quite rare
on our “Pacific Coast” but discussion revealed vast numbers are eaten by
whales in the Arctic. They are difficult to preserve, formalin causing the
shells to soften. A preserved specimen can be seen in the Pacific Grove Mu-
seum.

(Abstract)

Dr. Garth of the Hancock Foundation, knowing of my interest in
Pteropods, called my attention to the collection of some Heteropods
brought in this spring by the Velero IV. Not having seen this compara-
tively rare mollusk, I hastened to look up the collection and examine them.

(21)

There was one complete specimen with the shell, and three or four in-
dividuals somewhat fragmentary. The whole body of these mo Husk are
transparent like a Medusa (jelly fish) and the animals are pelagic or free
swimming in the open ocean. Apparently they depend on their trans-
parency for protection.

These specimens were captured by dipping from a skiff in two fathoms
of water in 4th of July Cove, Santa Catalina Island.

Mr. Fred Ziesenhenne found the large perfect specimen lying on the
kelp. The species is (tentatively) Carinaria Lamar cki Lesveur, which is
identical with a species found in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific.
Two collections recorded by the Dana Expeditions’ World Cruise in the
Pacific were taken considerable distance from land (Eastern Pacific). I
have heard of Heteropods being taken by the Laboratory at La Jolla, but
have not the record at hand.

The species has a clear gelatinous body about 4 or 5 inches long. The
shell is too small (5 mm. high) to enclose the animal but the relatively
small gills lie beneath it. The “foot is modified to act as a swimming
organ”; it is laterally compressed and is “characterized by a sucker”. An
elongated body possesses an anterior mouth followed by a central portion
bearing the shell and foot and posteriorly a laterally compressed tail.

Dr. J. J. Tesch has described in detail the Heteropods collected on the
Dana Expedition.

H. G. Orcutt, Marine Biologist of the California Dept, of Fish and
Game, spoke on “OYSTER CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA.” Several types
of culture used — pond, raft, rock and tide flat were mentioned. He told of
natural and introduced pests that attack the young, also of the effect of water
temperature on natural reproduction. He also spoke on the introduction of
Corbicula fluminea Muller into the San Francisco bay area and the spreading
of it through the inland waters. Considerable discussion followed, for oyster
culture was a thriving business industry in past years. This paper was ac'
companied by Kodachrome slides.

(Abstract)

Oyster culture represents one of the most highly developed marine
fisheries. It has been undertaken in many parts of the world and dates
back hundreds of years and has developed along divergent lines — such as
raft culture, pond culture, rack culture, and tide flat culture as is carried
out in California.

The California industry is primarily one of intensive cultivation of
imported oysters on privately owned or allotted State water bottoms. The
industry may be called “aquaculture”, paralleling agriculture in that seed
is planted and growing oysters are cultivated and fattened for harvesting.
Aquaculture of oysters is dependent upon a successful spawning of oysters,
so that small free swimming larvae are produced in abundance. Then the
actual culturing can begin.

The first requirement is the provision of cultch, with clean, hard sur-
faces, such as oyster shells, upon which the larvae can attach themselves
at the termination of their free swimming stage of life. Next, the young
oysters attached to shells must be placed in satisfactory growing conditions.
In California they are usually planted on tidal areas exposed at low tide.
These bottoms must be relatively firm to prevent too much sinking in and
loss of oysters. Pacific oysters, the oyster primarily cultured in California,
when attached to large shells, will do well on mud flats too soft for separate

(22)

small oysters. These areas planted must not be subject to strong currents
or wave action, for the oysters will be washed away or piled in rows over
the beds.

After a growing period on the grounds where planted, the oysters
many times need to be fattened for marketing. This necessitates supplying
the oysters with an abundance of planktonic food, so that growth may be
rapid and fat oyster meats are produced. This involves the scattering of
individual oysters and breaking large clusters to eliminate high compe-
tition for food and misshapen shells from crowding. Frequently, trans-
planting of the oysters to deeper water is necessary. As yet, fattening
areas can be determined only by trial and error, for areas once satisfactory
have been known to become unproductive.

In California when oysters are large enough for marketing, they are
gathered by hand picking or tonging. Marketable size is obtained in one
and a half to two years. In the case of the imported Pacific oyster, the
cultching phase of the collecting of the young seed oysters is accomplished
by the Japanese.

Let us now, with the aid of Kodachromes, go over some of the details
and problems concerning the production of Pacific oysters from seed pro-
duced in Japan.

The first series of slides show the collection of seed oysters in Japan
and the preparation of the seed for export to the West Coast of America.
A stateside inspection of shipments is made to lessen chances of importation
of oyster drilling snails. The actual cultural practices in California bays
are illustrated by another series of color projections. The final group of
slides illustrate the oyster pests and their damage. The principal damage
to oysters is caused by oyster drilling snails, stingrays, crabs, and smother-
ing carpets of green algae.

S. Stillman Berry presented “A TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCAN
FAUNULE FROM THE MIOCENE OF MONTANA” as the concluding
paper of the afternoon, reporting on an area well known for vertebrate
remains.

(Abstract)

The “Deep River” Beds of the Smith River Valley, northwest of White
Sulphur Springs, Montana, have been known since the time of Cope for
their rich and well preserved vertebrate remains. It has, however, been
generally overlooked or ignored that an appreciable molluscan component
is also involved. Species worked out to date are approximately 18 in
number, referable to 12 genera. All are of terrestrial habit. Except for
two species and genera which appear no longer to be extant, the faunule
is remarkable modern in general aspect, recalling elements of the fauna
now inhabiting this same region as well as that of the Mississippi-Ohio
Valleys and the upper Gulf states. Genera represented include Oreohelix,
Stenotrema , Triodopsis (or a group closely akin to it), Discus , Anguispira ,
Vallonia, Vertigo, Succinea (s.L), and the prosobranch Hendersonia.
This assemblage thus tends somewhat to bridge the existing distributional
gap between the Idaho-western Montana “island” and the large mother-area
to the southeast.

Friday evening at 8 P. M. the Directors of the Pacific Grove Museum
of Natural History held open house for the group. At the conclusion of our
visit refreshments were served. Then we moved on to Andy Sorensen’s home
to view his fine collection, an evening long to be remembered.

(23)

Saturday morning at 9 A. M. Chairman Smith again called the meeting
to order. A telegram was read from Mrs. Teskey of the Parent Organization.
He then introduced Myra Keen of Stanford University who spoke on “A
CRITIQUE OF DR. J. BROOKES KNIGHT’S PAPER, 'PRIMITIVE FOS'
SIL GASTROPODS AND THEIR BEARING ON GASTROPOD CLAS^
SIFICATION’.” Again that problem — Zoology vs. Paleontology. Much lively
discussion followed — need for more research and more complete papers to be
printed.

(Abstract)

In this paper (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 117, no. 13,
56 pp., 2 pis., 1952), Dr. Knight attempts to knit together many hitherto
uncoordinated observations of neontologists (who know little of the past
history of life but who do have a detailed knowledge of molluscan anat-
omy), and paleontologists — who know little of the internal aspect of Mol-
lusca but who do know something about the order of appearance of the
various groups in time. After considering the developmental history of
modern forms, he draws inferences as to the probable anatomical arrange-
ment of ancient stocks. He shows, for example, that although the earliest
gastropods were limpet-like in form, modern limpets are not their direct
descendants. Few modern stocks can be traced into the early Paleozoic, in
fact. The most revolutionary hypothesis Dr. Knight advances is that the
chitons are offshoots of certain early limpet-like gastropods in which the
several pairs of muscle scars led to separation of the single valve into
eight segments. This seems rather startling. However, the presence of
chiton-like fossils in the very early Paleozoic lends some support, for it is
thus evident that the chitons are an ancient stock, whether descended from
some gastropod ancestral strain or more directly from the undifferentiated
primitive mollusk. Were Dr. Knight’s hypothesis accepted, it would mean
reduction of the phylum Mollusca to four classes, with the chitons or
Amphineura falling as a subclass, the Polyplacophora, under Gastropoda.

Allyn G. Smith read a paper by Yoshio Kondo, of the Bishop Museum
of Honolulu, entitled “THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTULA GIBBA
FERUSSAC,’’ wherein Mr. Kondo followed the movement of this species
through the Marianas Islands.

(Abstract)

The distribution of the tree snail Par tula gihba Ferussac on the prin-
cipal islands of the southern Marianas Islands, namely Guam, Rota, Tinian,
and Saipan has been known for many years but its existence in the
smaller islands of the northern Marianas such as Anatahan, Alamagan,
Pagan, and Agrigan was speculative. Because of its logical distribution in
the south, Dr. C. Montague Cooke believed there was a strong possibility
that the species extended northward. His belief was confirmed in 1949
when the species was collected on Alamagan and Pagan which indicates
that, of the remaining eight islands, four should harbor the species while
four remain doubtful. Though the nearby Bonin Islands are suitable, P.
gibba has not gained foothold there.

In 1952 the existence of Partula gibba and a derivative of it were
discovered. This derivative is much smaller than the normal parental
stock, is uniformly colored deep purplish-brown in combination with a
lighter subsutural zonation and a fulvous apex. An average specimen
measures 15 x 10 mm., with 5 whorls. Since no cross-breeding is evident
between the two forms, it is hypothesized that this “dwarf” form has at-

(24)

tamed a near-species status, and may be a later migrant to this island. Its
ancestor probably came from Rota on which island there is a race of gibba
characterized by a multicolorous conglomeration of many-sized shells.

On Saipan is a sinistral mutant of i P. gibbaf chiefly centered around
Mt. Tapochau, First collected by Bennigsen at an unknown date, it has
since 1945 been collected by Langford, Abbott, and others. The ratio of
dextral to sinistra! varies from 9.9 percent to 18.5, depending upon the
collector, the exact location, and other factors,

A nearly parallel instance of similar distribution is shown by Partula
hyalina Broderip which inhabits some of the islands of the Society and
Cook Groups and all of the Austral s except Rapa.

“THE UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST— THOMAS MARTYN” was
the title of a paper presented by Emery Chace. It was a timely paper for
three members had brought their copies of this famous publication : the speaker,
Ruth Coats and S. Stillman Berry. This custom-bound publication is quite
variable, for the Chace copy had 69 plates, the Coats copy 80 plates, while the
Berry copy had 81 plates. John Q. Burch stated that the copy owned by the
King of Italy — especially bound, etc., was for sale at $1,000.00.

(Abstract)

A digest of most of the available notes that have been published about
this rare book of colored plates of shell illustrations. Some notes about the
three copies of “The Universal Conchologist” that were brought to the
meeting so that those present could examine them. A statement about the
publication and sale of this work. It appears to the writer that it was
largely a custom made book and not a publication in the present-day use
of that term and as such is not available as a source of acceptable names
in Conchology. However, the writer expressed his opinion that it would
create less confusion to accept the Martyn names than it would to rule
them all out.

V. D. P. Spicer spoke on “SHELL COLLECTING ON MIDWAY
ISLAND,” an account of his personal collecting during the days of World
War II, while serving with the U. S. Navy. This concluded the morning
presentations.

(Abstract)

(Briefed by Secretary)

Midway atoll Is a typical coral ring atoll, about seven miles in diam-
eter. Within the lagoon close to the reef on the southwest side are two
low sand islands each about a square mile in area. Between them a ship
channel has been dredged. On the northwest the reef has been elevated
a few feet above sea level and has been much sculptured by wind and
spray. Within the reef, the large lagoon is mostly sandy bottomed, varying
from deep to shallow, and dotted with coral heads which approach the
surface.

This collecting record represents not only my own efforts but that of
several thousand men confined to a couple of square miles of dry land
and twenty-five square miles of reef and lagoon, with no other recreation
or amusement available.

A rock crusher used to break up coral heads for construction projects
was the source of many choice finds.

Cypraea was probably the most numerous both as to species and in-
dividuals, with Conus second.

(£5)

The Saturday afternoon session began with William K. Emerson of the
Museum of Paleontology, University of California, presenting his paper,
NEOECOLOGY, PALEOECOLOGY AND MARINE MOLLUSKS.
Here again is stressed the need for closer cooperation between the workers —
and the need for more complete publications.

(Abstract)

Unlike the neo-ecologist, the paleoecologist is required, because of the
limitations of the fossil record, to evaluate on a purely interpretive basis the
ecological factors under which fossil organisms lived. It must be assumed
that conditions which existed at the time the fossils were living are com-
parable to those under which the same or similar organisms are found
living today. This assumption, being based upon the Law of Uniformi-
tarianism, i.e. that the “present is the key to the past,” and that conditions
responsible for former biological and geological phenomena are essentially
the same as those prevailing today, is the paleontologist’s primary tool for
ecologic interpretations.

In evaluating a fossil assemblage, the paleoecologist is restricted by
the nature of the fossil record to those elements of the original fauna which
possess preservable remains. Unfortunately, a natural assemblage of the
preservable constituents of a fauna is seldom found; instead, a death assem-
blage (thanatocoenose), representing not only a portion of the organisms
living in the depositional environment, but also foreign elements (alloch-
thonous forms) from other environmental sources, is most often encountered.
Paleoecologic evaluations must be based upon the faunal elements which
reflect the nature of the environment of deposition. Regardless of the in-
completeness of the fossil faunule, it has been shown that it is possible to
make certain fairly accurate interpretations of the Tertiary record based
upon a knowledge of the living organisms, as many Tertiary genera (and
species in some cases) have a geologic range extending into the Recent.

In assuming that a fossil assemblage occupied an ecologic niche similar
to, if not the same as, that occupied by their extant descendants, certain
limitations should be kept in mind. For example, possible changes in
physiological tolerances may not be reflected in the morphological features
which are available to the paleontologist for evaluation; such changes could
affect habitat and distributional requirements, but when a large assemblage
substantiates the inference for a single species, it seems highly probable
that there has been no significant changes in habitat requirements of that
species.

In the Cenozoic, mollusks are very abundant and constitute significant
indicators for paleoecologic interpretations. Although the shallow water
molluscan fauna of the Pacific Coast of North America and the general
distribution of its components are fairly well known, very little information
is available concerning the life histories and ecologic requirements of the
species. Even less is known regarding the moderate depth and deep water
species. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the vast material dredged off
the West coast by the Albatross and the V elero III and IV has been
worked up. Were these data available by stations, including depth, bot-
tom character, and temperature, a much better insight into the environ-
mental requirements of the critical offshore communities would result.

Recognizing the need for comparative data in order to adequately
evaluate the paleoecology of Pleistocene megafaunas of Southern Cali-
fornia, Alex Clark undertook by means of dredging operations to survey

(26)

the nearshore molluscan communities occurring off Long Beach. Though
this investigation was never completed* Clark (1933) briefly recorded the
findings in abstract form; these data have been utilized for paleoecologic
interpretations of some late Tertiary mega-faunas of California. Keen and
Frizzell (1939) have tabulated general ecologic data for some West coast
pelecypod genera; Durham (1947) has compiled bathymetric distribution
records of 964 gastropod genera occurring in all seas.

A few offshore faunal lists* in which bathymetric and bottom data are
recorded, are available to West coast paleontologists; notable among these
are: Kelsey (1907) for San Diego, T. and J. Q. Burch (1942; 1943) for
Redondo Beach and Del Monte, and Smith and Gordon (1948) for Mon-
terey Bay. While a number of faunal lists representing mainly shallow
water species have been compiled for West coast localities, these are of
little value in paleoecological studies as only geographical data are gen-
erally recorded. The Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern Cali-
fornia provide the most valuable single source of neo-ecological data per-
taining to the West coast mollusca. However, considerably more informa-
tion is to be found scattered in the voluminous West coast molluscan litera-
ture; if these records were compiled, they would constitute a valuable aid
to the paleoecologist.

In recent years, some intensive ecological studies have been conducted
on the West coast, usually in the vicinity of marine stations, e.g. Puget
Sound ( Shelf ord, et ah , 1925, 1935), Monterey Bay (Hewatt, 1937), and
Elkhorn Slough (MacGinitie, 1935). Most of the ecological studies are of
little value for paleoecological interpretations as emphasis has been placed
upon the recognition of a complex classification of faunal and floral marine
communities based upon the primary elements of the populations. Such
investigations have usually ignored the totality of the communities and
have often neglected habitat tolerances and life history studies. In order to
provide the paleontologist with adequate data for paleoecological interpre-
tations, future neo-ecologic investigations should include: (1) a study of
the faunal components of the basic environmental taypes occurring at each
locality, (2) a comparison of similar environmental types with those occur-
ring at several geographically isolated localities, and (3) time allowance
of sufficient magnitude to reflect the influence of seasonal and cyclic factors
( cf . Woodring, et al. , 1946).

S. Stillman Berry presented his third paper, “ON THE SUPPOSED
STENOBATHIC HABITAT OF THE CALIFORNIA MUSSEL,” disap'
proving the fact that Mytilus is exclusively intertidal by presenting evidence
that they may be found much deeper.

(Abstract)

The Californian mussel is frequently stated to be exclusively inter-
tidal in habitat, and the occurrence of empty valves in off-shore hauls has
even been cited as evidence of recent strong orogenic movement. However,
the ease with which these animals may be maintained in well-aerated
aquaria for extended periods without benefit of either pounding surf or
tidal oscillation might well have prepared us for the ever-increasing dis-
coveries by southern Californian divers of rich beds of this species in
suitable areas below tide-level. The recovery by E. P. Chace from the bay
dredgings at San Pedro of a fairly fresh valve of this Mytilus bearing
numerous attached examples of the small deep-water brachiopod Platydia,
while not in itself conclusive, is of value as evidence. More definitive is

(27)

the capture of a very large living individual (long ,228 mm.) by the trawler
“Winga” in 48 fathoms, S.W. of Seal Rock Light, Humboldt County, Cali-
fornia. The presumption is strengthened accordingly that M. calif or n tan u s
is very much more eurybathic than has prevailingly been assumed.

Ruth Coats next read a paper prepared by Karl K. Greene of Honolulu,
Hawaii, entitled, “THE GENUS CONUS IN THE HAWAIIAN AREA.”
Here a “scientifically untrained man” (to use his words) has contributed much
to the knowledge and range of this genus in the Hawaiian area. A fine series
of colored slides illustrated the species described.

(Briefed by Secretary)

I do not think that this could be properly called a Check List of
Hawaiian Cones, for there will be considerable discussion concerning some
of them, especially where new names are involved, and the so-called “new”
cones are given a little additional attention. It also seems wise to inform
you of the area covered. This is from Palmyra island on the south to Kure,
west of Midway on the northwest. It is generally referred to as the
Hawaiian Chain, and believe it or not, both are in the area covered by the
City and County of Honolulu.

Hawaiian cone shells: Conus abbreviates Reeve, C. atramentosus
Reeve, C. aureus Brug., C. bandanus Brug., C. cates Brag., C. chaldeus
Roding, C. distans Brug., C. ebraeus L., C. eugrammatus Dali, Bartsch 8C
Rehder, C. flavidus Lam,, C. halitropus D,, B. & R., C. hammatus D.,

B. dC R., C. imperialis L., C. leopardus Roding, C. liihoglyphus Meuschen,

C. lividus Brug., C. miles L,, C. nanus Brod., C. nussatella L., C. oblitus
Reeve C. pennaceus Born., C. pertusus Brug., C. pulicarius Brug., C.
quercinus Brug., C. rattus Brug., C. retifer Menke, C. spicer i D., B. dC R.,
C. strialus L., C. sumatrensis Brug., C. tessulatus Born C. textile L., C.
vitulinus Brug. The following have been found in Hawaiian waters, but for
the most part they are of the “one of a kind” class: C. bullatus L., C.
clavus L., C. cylindraceus Brod. 8C Sow., C. pulchellus Swain., C. san-
guinolentus Q. 8C G., C. scabriusculus Chem., C. stnirna D., B, 8C R., C.
tenuistriatus Sow.

“AN EXCURSION TO LAKE MIRAGOANE, HAITI” was the title
of Walter Eyerdam’s paper. He told of collecting such as few of us will ever
experience.

(Abstract)

This is a brief report on a small collection of highly endemic species
of shells, taken in 1927 from a small freshwater lake in Haiti while the
author was collecting biological material for the U. S. National Museum
and the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Several excursions were made to Lake Miragoane to collect land shells,
reptiles and plants, in the company of Dr. Erik Ekman, the Swedish
botanist. The freshwater shells were taken on the south side of the lake
right after a disagreeable experience of becoming embogged in deep mud.

The lake has been very superficially explored, and at certain seasons
it is an aquatic aviary harboring many species of rare and interesting birds,
lo an experienced and enthusiastic naturalist who is willing to spend
several weeks at this spot there is considerable promise of rich return in
endemic species of limnological forms of life. Only about three miles in
area, it is practically the only fresh-water lake in Haiti.

(28)

The shell fauna of Hispaniola is quite interesting, and because of
rugged topography there are still many undiscovered races of shells to be
found. Then there are large areas where apparently no mollusks occur.
The shell fauna of Cuba is several times as great in species and in numbers
as is that of Hispaniola.

The freshwater shells collected by the author in Haiti are all at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology and at the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences.

John Q. Burch read the paper “SENILITY IN HALIOTIDAE” by
Robert R. Talmadge. Color slides illustrated this paper and discussion revealed
that many present agreed with the findings of Mr. Talmadge.

(Abstracted by the Secretary)

The rate of growth of a Haliotis is unknown to the writer. Also un-
known is the size that the animal reaches at maturity. However, regardless
of size, when a Haliotis reaches full maturity, a definite physical change
occurs in the shell. The depth of the shell increases, the thickness of the
shell becomes two and three fold. The inner nacre becomes pitted and
granular, with stains of various shades of brown and black splotching
much of the inner surface. As the nacre is built up, the dorsal surface is
erroded away, both by marine growth and by borers. In many cases this
is so extreme that the entire dorsal surface is destroyed with no trace of
the sculpture or normal tumerations. Many aged shells are so eaten away
as to resemble a sponge.

“THE MALE FLAPJACK DEVILFISH” was the subject of a paper
by S. Stillman Berry. With the original description based on the female
alone, many new features were revealed.

(Abstract)

Opisthoteuthis californiana was described in 1949 from females alone.
The capture of an immature female and an adult male in 280 fathoms,
off Humboldt County, California, by R. B. McCormick of the California
Department of Fish and Game, now reveals the peculiarities of the pre-
viously unknown male. In the female all suckers are small. In the male
8 to 10 of the more proximal suckers (though not the sucker nearest the
mouth) on each arm are enormously enlarged, massive, globular, and closely
packed. Succeeding suckers are small on all arms except the dorsal pair,
each of which abruptly bears a second group of about 6 massive and enor-
mous suckers distally just beyond the umbrella margin, greatly distorting
the arm at this point, although the latter terminates in a minute and
slender tip.

The concluding presentation was by Leo G. Hertlein, his subject being
“OCENEBRA ERINACEOIDES AND ALLIED SPECIES.” Discussion
followed.

(Abstract)

Three specific names applied to tropical west American species of
Ocenebra are considered here. These, in order of their appearance, are
Murex erinaceoides Valenciennes, described at least as early as May, 1832,
from Acapulco, Mexico; Murex lugubris Broderip, January 14, 1833, from
Puerto Portrero, Costa Rica; Murex californicus Hinds, 1844, from “Cali-
fornia ”

These names appear to be applicable to two forms, a southern shell
with a comparatively low spire and a more northern one with a com-
paratively high spire. The name Ocenebra erinaceoides Valenciennes is
applicable to the southern form, a synonym of which is Mur ex lugubris
Sowerby. The northern form, larger and with a higher spire, appears to
merit the subspecific name Ocenebra erinaceoides californica Hinds. The
latter is known to range from San Ignacio Lagoon, Lower California, to
the Gulf of California.

After a short recess the Business Session of the meeting required the at'
tention of all assembled. The minutes of the 1952 meeting were read and
approved.

Moved, seconded, and carried, “that a committee of three be appointed
to investigate the possibilities of holding a Post' Convention meeting in Hono'
lulu.” Chairman Allyn Smith appointed Howard Fletcher, of Redlands,
chairman of said committee, with Merton Hinshaw of Pacific Grove, and R.
Alexander of Los Angeles, to assist.

In the absence of Joshua Bailey, Chairman Smith appointed Dr. Wendell
Gregg to serve on the Nominating Committee, who in turn placed before the
group their selection of officers for the 195 3 '195 4 term of office:

Chairman Elsie M. Chace

Vice'Chairman Ralph O. Fox

Secretary'Treasurer Ruth E. Coats

There being no further nominations from the floor, the Chairman de'
dared the above duly elected to office.

The following recommendation was made: “that we seek permission of
the parent organisation to elect to Honorary Membership in the A.M.U.P.,
for outstanding service to Malacology of the Pacific Coast, Dr. S. Stillman
Berry and Andrew Sorensen.” This action received unanimous approval.

President'dect Elsie M. Chace requested suggestions for the 1954 meet'

ing.

The business meeting was adjourned.

The group next assembled in the dining room for the Annual Banquet.
The arrangements and decorations by Myra Keen and her committee were
attractive and greatly appreciated. After a delicious dinner the group re'
turned to the classroom building for the final event of our program — to hear
Dr. John S. Garth, of Allan Hancock Foundation, U. S. C., present “The
New Frontier” — a colored film prepared by the Foundation, showing the
various research activities of that organization and the many forms of marine
life encountered in their work.

At this time, Dr. Berry was happy to show the group many beautiful
necklaces and other forms of shell jewelry created by a young Japanese
woman who had been sent to Tule Lake during the war period, and was
now employed at Asilomar. She had written Dr. Berry for information on
the shells she had encountered while at Tule Lake Camp, and was delighted
to meet him in person at last, by chance here at Asilomar.

The program having concluded, the members retired to the Scripps living
room, where they spent several hours telling of their collecting experiences
and their plans for the future.

After a hasty breakfast on Sunday morning, we went our separate ways
and the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division was successfully con'
eluded. Respectfully,

Ralph O. Fox,

1952'53 Secretary'Treasurer, A.M .U.P.

GO)

MEMBERS AND GUESTS ATTENDING THE SIXTH
ANNUAL MEETING, A.M.U.P.

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Alexander

Mrs. Archerd

Miss Betty Babbitt

Mr. and Mrs. R G. Beck

Dr. S. Stillman Berry

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Bormann

Mr. and Mrs. John Q. Burch

Miss Helen Burton

Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace

Miss Ruth Coats

Mr. William Emerson

Mr. and Mrs. Walter Eyerdam

Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Fletcher

Mr. Ralph O. Fox

Dr. Wendell O. Gregg

Dr. Leo G. Hertlein

Mr. Merton E. Hinshaw

Mr. and Mrs. George P. Kanakoff

Dr. A. Myra Keen

Mrs. Carrie E. Matzen

Mr. and Mrs. Helmut Meier

Mr. and Mrs. Louis Mousley

Dr. Jens Ostergaard

Mrs. M. Paulson

Mr. Robert Robertson

Mr. Andrew Sorensen

Mr. and Mrs. V. D. P. Spicer

Mr. and Mrs. John Strobeen

Mr. Ray Summers

Miss Harriet W. Thomson

Mrs. Harry R. Turver

Mr, Monroe L. Walton

Mrs. Hazel Whelchel

Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Wilcox

Mr. Chester Wong

Mrs. Lucille Zellers

☆ ☆ ☆

We have lost another of our senior conchologists. Mr. Fred Randolph
Aldrich passed away September 28th at the age of 87, although his host of
friends who knew him and visited his Aldrich Museum of Newport Harbor,
certainly never thought of him as an elderly man. No boy could have been
more interested and enthusiastic about his avocation than was Mr. Aldrich.
The Aldrich Museum is a beautiful place, one of the show spots of California
for those interested in nature. We have not been advised about the future
of the museum and the fine collection it contains; it is to be hoped that it will
be permitted to continue. Since it actually faced Newport Bay, the collec-
tion of specimen mollusks from that section is probably unequalled anywhere.
(From “Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, Oc-
tober, 1953.”)

(31)

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NOTES, NEWS, ANNOUNCEMENTS

The twentieth annual meeting of the American Malacological Union will
be held at the University of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H., August 16,
17, 18, 19, 1954. Sure to be a popular feature will be daily collecting trips,
since the early morning tides are to be unusually low at that time. Detailed
information will be sent to all members when plans have been completed.

☆

The proposed new Constitution of the American Malacological Union
appears on page 35 of this bulletin. This revisal was deemed necessary due
to changes occurring over the past years, chief of which was the organization
of the Pacific Coast Division. Members are urged to read it carefully, since
they will be asked to vote for or against its adoption when dues for 1954 are
remitted.

☆

(From Dr. H. E. Wheeler, Indian Springs School, Rt. 1, Helena, Alabama)

“We are undertaking to build a museum from scratch, with the prospect
of a building and equipment for educational work. I want to get in touch
with collectors who may have ample duplicate material that they wish to spare
for this very worthy project, first of all to illustrate the several orders and
families of land, fresh water and marine shells. We already have a good
supply of geological and mineralogical material but as yet no duplicate mob
luscan material for exchange. It will be some time before I can offer specimens
that would appeal to the advanced collector.”

☆

The 1941 report bulletin of the American Malacological Union was in
the form of a collecting symposium. The techniques of securing and preparing
specimen mollusks was described by several different authors in this thirty'
page pamphlet. The stories of reef collecting, dredging, land shell collecting,
searching out fresh water mussels and other interesting topics made up a very
handy reference booklet which has been out of print for several years.

A new edition of this publication is being prepared; to all of the material
in the original will be added new features to report on methods of collecting
not covered previously. “Recovering Minute Mollusks from Fishes Stomachs;”
“Finding Snails in the Desert;” “Collecting Rock Borers;” these are but a
few of the new titles.

Any A.M.U. member who has developed a new collecting angle or found
a new way to tackle an old problem is urged to send in his experiences. If
successful, “How to Collect,” may be followed by “Where to Collect,” so get
behind this effort. Please send in your article before March 15, 1954.
Address :

The Secretary,

American Malacological Union,

144 Harlem Avenue,

Buffalo 24, N. Y.

(33)

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

CONSTITUTION ADOPTED 1931

1. This society shall be called "The American Malacological Union.”

2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of malacology by hold-
ing meetings for reading and discussion of papers, and for furthering
the interests of students and collectors of shells by facilitating acquaint-
ance and co-operation among the members.

3. Membership shall be limited to persons resident in the Americas and
Hawaii. New members may be proposed by two members and balloted
for by the Council. They shall pay an annual subscription (dues) of
$1.00. They will receive without other charge all notices, programs,
lists of members, etc., issued by the Union.

Note: In practice the Council ballots have been delegated to the
Secretary.

4. The following officers shall be elected annually by ballot: President,
Vice-President, two Secretaries and Treasurer.

5. The Union will be governed by a council consisting of the officers
and four other members to be elected annually by ballot.

6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be
fixed by the preceding annual meeting. Other meetings may be called
by the Council. Meetings of local branches may be held as such
branches may determine.

7. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when signed by five
members and passed by the Council shall be acted upon at the next
annual meeting. Concurrence of three-fourths of the ballots cast is
necessary for any alteration.

8. The ‘"NAUTILUS” is hereby designated as the official organ of the
Union. (Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th
and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia 4, Pa.)

RESOLUTIONS

That there be an honorary membership for such as have contributed
in an outstanding way to American conchology. — Adopted May 26,
1932. (The late Charles Torrey Simpson, Bryant Walker, Victor
Sterki, and Thomas Barbour were honorary members).

That there be a corresponding membership for those not resident in
the Americas. — Adopted May 26, 1932.

That the Council shall consist of the officers, honorary and past presi-
dents, and members at large not to exceed four. Members of the Council
present at any annual meeting shall constitute a quorum. — Adopted
August 3, 1937.

That the Chairman of the Pacific Coast Branch be a Second Vice-
President. — Adopted August 26, 1948.

That life membership may be purchased for the sum of twenty 'five
dollars. — Adopted August 20, 1952.

(34)

CONSTITUTION OF

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

(Proposed)

1. This Society shall be called “The American Malacological Union.”

2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of malacology by holding
■ i n c meetings for reading and discussion of papers, and for furthering the

interests of students and collectors of shells by facilitating acquaintance
and co-operation among the members.

3. Membership is open to persons resident in the Americas and Hawaii
who are interested in mollusks. Those not resident in the Americas or
Hawaii may become corresponding members. Membership is granted to
those making written application to the Secretary-Treasurer. Annual
dues are set forth in the bydaws. Life membership may be purchased for
twenty-five dollars, with no further annual dues required. Honorary
membership may be bestowed by a unanimous vote of the council upon
those who have contributed in an outstanding way to malacology. These
memberships may not exceed five living members.

4. The following officers shall be elected annually by ballot: President, Vice-
President, Second Vice-President (Chairman, A.M.U.P., elected by the
Pacific Division), Secretary-Treasurer, and four Councillors-at-Large.

5. The government of the Society shall be vested in the Council which shall
consist of the officers, honorary and past presidents, and not more than
four councillors-at-large. Members of the Council present at any annual
meeting shall constitute a quorum. At other times the Council may con-
sider matters pertaining to the Society and vote upon them by mail.

6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed
by the Council at the preceding annual meeting. Meetings of the Pacific
Division may be held as that branch may determine.

7. The officers of the Pacific Division, or any subsequently organised divi-
i sion, shall consist of a Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Secretary-Treas-
urer. The Executive Council shall consist of these officers and four addi-
tional members-at-large who have been past officers. The Division shall
choose a representative to serve as a voting member at the annual Council

.! meeting of the Union. The Secretary-Treasurer shall be empowered to
accept and transmit A.M.U. dues and a list of members to the A.M.U,

( Secretary annually.

S. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when signed by five mem-
bers and submitted to the Council shall be acted upon at the next annual
meeting. Concurrence of three-fourths of the members casting a ballot
by mail, providing that notice of the proposed action has been sent to
each voting member at least thirty days before the date of the vote, is
necessary for any alteration.

9. The Society may enact by-laws that interpret this Constitution, and such
by-laws may be adopted, amended or repealed by a two-thirds majority
of those voting at an annual meeting of the Society.

10. The official publication of the Society shall be the Annual Report of the
A.M.U. which shall contain accounts of meetings, notices, and a list of
active and honorary members. > s, , . ,

BY-LAWS ■ ;* ‘*£ ■ ' 1

The annual dues shall be one dollar.

(35)

1.

MEMBER CLUBS

CONNECTICUT SHELL CLUB, Gertrude W. Thompson, Secretary:

The Connecticut Shell Club, which has 42 members, meets once each month
at the Peabody Museum, New Haven. Our programs vary. Many of our
members travel and thus are able to exhibit shells from far-away places
which they have themselves collected or perhaps have purchased.

We are fortunate in that our president, Mr. Percy A. Morris, is em-
ployed at the museum and thus is able to present specimens and displays
from the museum collection. Other officers are: Mrs. Frances Bissell, Vice-
President; William Tuthill, Treasurer; Mrs. Gertrude W. Thompson, Sec-
retary.

HAWAIIAN MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Doris L. Parker, Sec-
retary: The Hawaiian Malacological Society was founded in 1941. The
Society has grown steadily and now has more than 75 active members. Meet-
ings are held the first Wednesday of each month. Officers elected for 1952-53
were: President, Mr. Walter Bayer; Vice-President, Mr. H. M. Baker; Sec-
retary, Miss Doris L. Parker; Treasurer, Mrs. Sara Getty.

One summer meeting is devoted to a “Shell Hunt” and the December
meeting is Party Night, complete with shell-decorated tree and shell gift
exchange. Other programs consist of talks, movies and discussions by members
and their guests. During the past year such topics included:

“Anatomy of the Mollusca,” by Mr. L. D. Strader and Miss Sara Ran-
som; “Scientific Studies of the Danish Expedition,” by Mr. Hakon Mielche;
“Bivalves,” by Mr. Charles Allen; “Andrew-Garrett, Pioneer Naturalist of
the Pacific,” by Lt. Comm. Thomas; “South Pacific Shells,” by Mr. Vernon
E. Brock; “How to Clean Shells,” by Dr. C. M. Burgess; “ Conus," by Mr.
Karl Greene; “Shell Construction,” by Mr. Frank Palmer; '‘Cypraea," by Dr.
Jens Ostergaard; “The African Snail,” by Mr. Yoshio kondo; “Atoll Mol-
lusks,” by Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison.

The society is fortunate in receiving the advice and participation of such
noted members as Mr. Spencer Tinker, Director of the Aquarium and author
of “Pacific Sea Shells;” Dr. Jens Ostergaard, authority on Cypraea; Mr.
Bryan, Mr. Wray Harris, Mr. Kondo and others of the Bernice P. Bishop
Museum staff.

In June, 1952, under the leadership of Mr. Thomas Shields and Mr.
Charles Allen, the Society acquired a booth at the 49th State Fair and pre-
sented an outstanding exhibit of shells. Members took turns attending the
display and answering questions concerning the shells and the Society. It is
anticipated that a similar booth will be arranged for the 1953 Fair.

Mr. Karl Greene writes weekly articles for a “Shell Column” in one of
the leading island newspapers; he also sponsors a shell-collection club for
children and a permanent exhibit at the Children’s Museum located in the
Ala Moana Park Pavillion.

Club projects and the work of individual members have contributed
greatly to the increase in malacology among island residents. We from the
islands extend a big welcoming Aloha! to fellow A.M.U. members from the
mainland to look us up when you come to Hawaii.

(36)

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Rose
M. Burch, Secretary: The Conchological Club of Southern California has
a paid membership for 1953, of fiftyTour adults (three more than in 1952,
with three months yet to go).

Meetings are held in the evening at 7:30 o’clock the first Tuesday of
each month, ground floor, S.E. entrance of the Los Angeles County Museum.

The following officers were elected for 1953:

President Mrs. Harry Turver

Vice-President ....Miss Ruth E. Coats

Secretary................... .......................................Mrs. John Q. Burch

Treasurer Miss Bessie Falconer

There is a publication, “Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern
California,” edited by John Q. Burch. About ten issues a year are published.

In May, 1953, the Club became affiliated with the American Malaco'
logical Union.

There have been two field trips: one to Doheny Park (on the ocean),
Orange County, and one at Point Fermin, San Pedro, Los Angeles County.
Both were well attended.

September 9th, 1953, a special study class for a limited number of
beginner'collectors was started, with Miss Ruth E. Coats as leader.

The California State Department of Fish and Game, Marine Fisheries
Branch at Terminal Island, has generously furnished members attending the
meetings copies of their Bulletin No. 90, “Common Marine Bivalves of Cali'
fornia,” and reprints of Calif. Fish 6? Game, Vol. 34, No. 40, “Abalones of
California.” From Mr. John E. Fitch, author of above bulletin No. 90, mem'
bers have received fine specimens of Hinnites multirugosus taken from the
breakwater at San Pedro, and he and Mr. Conrad Limbaugh have generously
donated fine specimens of Cypraea spadicea Swainson, taken off La Jolla by
diving 65 to 90 feet.

Besides the scheduled programs listed below, there have been reports on
collecting and nomenclature; members are invited to bring their problems for
round table discussion:

“Molluscan Notes from Punta Penasco Region, Mexico” by Dr. S. Still'
man Berry.

“Trends in Malacology” (a recording) by Dr. William J. Clench.

“Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous Fossils of Puerto Santo Tomas de Baja,
Calif., Mexico” by Mr. E. C. Allison of the Standard Oil Co. of
California.

“Notes on Martyn’s Universal Conchologists” by Mr. Emery P. Chace.

“Index of Molluscan Fossils” by Mr. George Kanakoff, Los Angeles
County Museum.

“Hawaiian Collecting and Collectors” by Miss Ruth E. Coats.

“Labelling Specimens” by Mr. Gilbert Grau.

“Methods on Removing Mollusca from Their Shells” by Mr. Emery P.
Chace.

“Activities in Relation to Mollusca of the Marine Fisheries Branch, State
Department of Fish and Game” by Mr. John E. Fitch of the De'
partment.

“The Genus Calliostoma ” by Miss Ruth E. Coats.

“West Coast Olividae” by Mrs. John Q. Burch.

The programs were all well illustrated with specimens or pictures.

(57)

CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION, BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NAT-
URAL SCIENCES, Catherine Bradley, Secretary: We meet on the third
Friday of each month at the Buffalo Museum of Science, except during the
summer when our schedule is enlivened by several picnics and more informal
gatherings at the homes of members. A regular feature is the “Observation
Poll” when each member is expected to contribute some item of interest that
he has read or observed during the month. Papers read this year were:
“Various Lake Erie Naiads,” Eugene Musial; “Muricidae,” Louise Becker;
“Shells in Song and Story,” Gertrude Weber; “Cypraeidae,” Catherine Brad'
ley. We were also treated to some excellent color films by Jean Russell.

The Section suffered a severe blow when our beloved friend, our patient
teacher and long-time president, Imogene C. Robertson, passed away in
February. Two meetings were cancelled because of her illness and when we
again met it was with great sense of loss but firm determination to keep the
Conchological Section alive and active as a tribute to her memory.

Our new president is the only charter member, Mrs. Annie Hoffman,
who assisted in the organization of the club in 1897. Other officers are: Vice'
President, Miss Gertrude Weber; Treasurer, Miss Louise Becker; Secretary,
Mrs. Catherine Bradley.

The outstanding meeting of the year was held in one of the classrooms
of the museum when the portion of Mrs. Robertson’s shell collection that
was given to the club was distributed to members. The collection had been
willed to the Buffalo Museum of Science to be added to the collection there
of which she had for many years been curator, “except for such duplicates as
are not needed to enhance its value.” And she had further directed that said
duplicates were to be distributed among members of the Conchological Sec'
tion. Such was the extent of the Robertson collection that laden trays of
duplicates covered four long tables; choices were made in order of membership
seniority, and everybody thus added many fine shells to our collections. We
have further exchanged duplicates at subsequent meetings, and have been
stimulated to label, arrange and catalog as never before.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB, Margaret Farrell, Secretary:
Meetings of the Boston Malacological Club were held on the first Tuesday of
each month (October through May) at the Massachusetts Society Library
and were made up of the following programs:

Report on summer activities of members; “Malacology in New England,”
Miss Ruth Turner; “American Conchologists and Their Books,” Mr. Richard
I. Johnson; “Molluscan Fauna of the Puget Sound Region,” Dr. Emery F.
Swan; “Ship worms — Enemies of Man,” Miss Ruth Turner; General Dis'
cussion, at which time members brought in interesting and unusual specimens
connected with malacology; “Buoy Collecting off the North Carolina and
Florida Coasts,” Mr. Arthur Merrill ; “Mollusks and Parasites,” Dr. Wilbur
Bullock.

The annual club outing was held at Wingaersheek Beach, Gloucester,
Mass., where members did interesting collecting at extreme low tide.

The 1953'54 officers are : President, Mr. Herbert Athearn ; Vice'Presb
dent, Mr. Arthur Clarke, Jr.; Secretary^Treasurer, Miss Margaret Farrell;
Conchological Recorder, Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert; Executive Committee, Mr.
Arthur Merrill, Mr. Edward Michelson.

GBY:

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL CLUB, Lucille
Zellers, President: The Northern California Malacozoological Club has had
a busy year. New officers were elected with Lucille Zellers as President; Mar-
garet Oehlman, Vice-President; Phoebe Balch, Recording Secretary, and Mary
Watson, Corresponding Secretary. Talks were given on collecting trips to
various parts of Mexico by Ralph Fox, William K. Emerson, Helen Burton
and Roger Blaine. Lucille Zellers gave a talk on “Collecting at Bodega Bay
and Vicinity.” A display of shells from each area was also shown. Betty
Babbitt gave an interesting talk and demonstration on shell jewelry. Ray
Summers, a member of the Hawaiian Shell Club, showed beautiful colored
slides of his shell collection; he also brought some of his rare Cypraea to show
the group. Merton Hinshaw, Curator of the Pacific Grove Museum, acted as
narrator of a beautiful color-film of living marine life in the Great Tide Pool
at Pacific Grove. Jens M. Ostergaard, retired Instructor of the University of
Hawaii, showed color slides of Cypraea and volutes and talked briefly about
localities where species were found. Colonel Lee O. Miles gave a very inter-
esting, informative and well-illustrated talk on Haliotis. A Junior Shell Club
was organized by Marianna Paulson. Several members went on collecting
trips. Members with sizable collections invited the club to their homes to
view their collections. Through the courtesy of the University of California
Zoology Department we were able to obtain a collection of Chitons imbedded
in plastic (the work of Dr. Rudolf Stohler, a member of our club) to exhibit
in the Marine Room of the Oakland Museum. An exhibit was also placed in
the Oakland Public Library by Mary Watson, Diana Watson (Junior Shell
Club), and Helen Burton. West Coast material is being prepared for the
use of the club as well as to exhibit in the Museum. Members are donating
shells and a meeting recently featured a work session where everyone entered
into the spirit of the occasion by making boxes, printing labels, etc.. Part of
the Hemphill collection was brought to one of our meetings and it was
especially interesting to note the manner in which the shells were mounted.
A film, “Seashore Oddities,” will be presented at the next meeting. Our
membership is growing and no attendance during the summer sessions was
less than 19. In June eight of our members attended the A.M.U.P. Conven-
tion at Asilomar. We are indeed proud that both Allyn G. Smith, Chair-
man, and Ralph Fox, Secretary of 1952-53 A.M.U. — Pacific Division, are
members of our club.

THE NEW YORK SHELL CLUB, Morris K. Jacobson: The New
York Shell Club, now going into its fifth year of existence and with its mem-
bership at an all-time high, is attracting good numbers regularly to its monthly
meetings, the attendance of members and guests varying between 35 and 50 at
each session. The usual lively interest is dsplayed in the superior papers that
are read. Among the most valuable were : Eddy Slater on “The Shells of Great
Neck, L. I.”; Michael Krassner on the “Variations of Littorina littorea in the
New York City area”; Jack McLellan on his discovery of the rare Polygyra
sayoides in West Virginia; Miss Katherine Ahders on “The Shells of Fire
Island”; and several beautifully illustrated talks by Messrs. Jacobson and
D'Attilio on the backgrounds of taxonomy of shells. Some more faunal records
were chalked up: the discovery of other colonies of Discus rotundatus, one in
Rockaway by Messrs. Jacobson and Carswell and another in New Jersey — the
first for the state — by Sam Freed. D’Attilio, Carswell, Jacobson and Athearn
also verified the presence of Congeria leucophaeata in the Hudson, several hun-

(39)

dred miles north of its hitherto reported range. At each meeting a sort of
tradition has developed for at least one member — frequently more — to bring
a box of duplicates to the Club for distribution. The eagerness of members
to outdo one another in generosity lends an unusual spirit of fellowship and
mutual respect to our gatherings.

This year we were honored by the presence of various important and
highly welcome guests, among them being Mr. Herbert Athearn of Boston,
Mr. and Mrs. Sennott, who were on their way to settle in Florida, and who
most generously left each of us a splendid specimen of the unusually beautiful
M elongena corona from Punta Rassa, Florida; and Dr. Jeanne Schwengel
who regaled us with a warm description of her incomparable collection. Our
most welcome guest was Dr. William J. Clench who made us feel most ob-
ligated and humble by leaving his myriad tasks in Cambridge to come down
to us to deliver a color slide lecture on Cuba and its land shells. We were
happy to note that this meeting was by far our best attended one, no less
than 87 members and friends being present. It was fitting that the season’s
activities ended on this climatic note. Our new officers are: President, Dr.
Walter H. Jacobs; Vice-President and Treasurer, Mr. Anthony D’Attilio;
Recording Secretary, Mr. Edward F. Cowles, Jr.; Corresponding Secretary,
Mrs. Dorothy D. Freas.

*

*

Those persons wishing to purchase earlier editions of the A.M.U. annual
report bulletins may do so by ordering from the secretary; such copies as are
at hand will be supplied and the purchaser billed at the following rates:
dates prior to 1940, $1.50 each; 1940 to 1952, $1.00 each. The earliest edi*
tions (from 1932) are in short supply, and in no case can a full set be as-
sembled. The report for 1941 was in the form of a “Collecting Symposium’*
and no copies remain. No bulletin was published in 1942, and 1944-45 was
covered in one report. The secretary will be pleased to obtain copies of the
report bulletin for the years 1932, 1933, 1934, and 1941, and will pay $1.50
each for all received.

Also available:

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF
WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

(Publication No. 3810 of Smithsonian Institution) — 50 cents

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS MADE FROM 1882 TO 1939
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.

(Publication of American Malacological Union) — $1.00

(40),

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1953-1954

☆

Officers

President Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert

Vice-President Morris K. Jacobson

Second Vice-President (Chairman, A.M.U.P.) Mrs. Elsie M. Chace

Treasurer- Secretary Mrs. Margaret C. Teskey

• ☆

Councillors-at-Large

R. Tucker Abbott Dr. Miguel L. Jaume

Ralph W. Jackson Dr. Albert R. Mead

☆

Past Presidents remaining on the Council without reelection: Dr. Henry
A. Pilsbry (1931-1932); Dr. Paul Bartsch (1933); Prof. Junius Henderson
(1934)*; Dr. William J. Clench (1935); Calvin Goodrich (1936) ; Dr. Joshua
L. Baily, Jr. (1937); Dr. Carlos de la Torre (1938)*; Maxwell Smith (1939);
Dr. Horace B. Baker (1940); Dr. Harald A. Rehder (1941); Frank Collins
Baker (1942)*; Dr. Louise M. Perry (1943); Dr. Henry van der Schalie
(1944-1947); Dr. A. Myra Keen (1948); Dr. Elmer G. Berry (1949); Dr.
Fritz Haas (1950); Dr. J. P. E. Morrison (1951); Dr. Jeanne S. Schwengel
(1952); Dr. A. Byron Leonard (1953).

Honorary Presidents: Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd (1934-1940)*; Dr. Henry A.
Pilsbry (1936-); Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson (1939-1953)*.

* Deceased.

☆

PACIFIC DIVISION
Officers

Chairman ..Mrs. Elsie M. Chace

Vice-Chairman Ralph O. Fox

Secretary-Treasurer. Miss Ruth E. Coats

(41)

ACTIVE MEMBERS

{Membership List Revised December 31, 1953}

Abbott, R. Tucker, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Aguayo, Dr. Carlos Guillermo, 4 No. 554 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Ahern, Mrs. Thomas, 8082 Cheyenne Ave., Detroit 28, Mich.

Albert, Mrs. Ernest, Post Eng. Rycom., APO 3 31, c/o PM, San Francisco.

Alexander, Robert C., 423 Warwick Rd., Wynnewood, Pa.

Allbee, Joel R. M., 1112 Neola St., Los Angeles 42, Cal. Invert, paleontology.

Allen, Dr. J. Frances, Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md.

Ancona, Prof. Ignacio, Instituto de Biologica Casa del Lago de Chapultepec, Mexico D. F.
Anderson, Col. A. S., 504 Carroll St., Dothan, Ala. Worldwide shells.

Anderson, Miss Katherine M., Box 206, Chillicothe, Ohio. Pecten, Murex.

Andrews, Mrs. James N., Somerset, Va.

Ashbery, Mrs. Wallace H., 12 E. Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y

Athearn, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D., 48 Crane Ave., Taunton, Mass. Fresh water
mollusks.

Athearn, Mrs. Roy C., 5105 No. Main St., Fall River, Mass. Land shells.

Atwater, Rev. David T., 50 Grace Court, Brooklyn 2, N. Y.

Awald, Clifford J.,l62 Southwood Dr., Kenmore, N. Y.

Ayers, Donald F., West Bloomfield, N. Y.

Babbitt, Mrs. Betty, 7364 Terrace Dr., El Cerrito, Cal. General marine life.

Bailey, Prof. John Wendell, 606 Ridgecrest Dr., Albuquerque, N. Mexico.

Baily, Dr. and Mrs. Joshua L., Jr., 4435 Ampudia St., San Diego 3, Cal.

Baker, Dr. Frederick C., Box 51, Mansfield Depot, Conn.

Baker, Dr. and Mrs. Horace B., Zoological Lab., Llniv. of Penn., 38th St. and Wood'
land Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Res. 11 Chelten Rd., Havertown, Pa.

Balch, Prof. Francis N., 130 Prince St., Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Bales, Mrs. Blenn R., 149 West Main St., Circleville, O.

Bartlett, Mrs. R. D., 200 Cedar Croft Rd., Baltimore 12, Md. £. coast shells Md. to Fla.
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25,
D.C. Residence, “Lebanon,” Gunston Hall Rd., Lorton, Va.

Bates, Miss Esther S., 161 So. Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, Fla. Exchange.

Bayer, Frederick M., Div. of Marine Invert., U. S. Nat’l Museum, Washington 25, D. C.
Beatty, George D., R. 1, Sandusky, O. Land and f.w. mollusks of Great Lakes region.
Beck, Mrs. R. G., 422 So. Vine St., Escondido, Cal.

Becker, Miss Louise W., 2 Lexington Ave., Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Bengston, Mrs. George, 816 Colleen Ave., Waterloo, Iowa. Land, f.w., fossils.
Bequaert, Dr. Joseph C., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Berry, Dr. and Mrs. Elmer G., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 14, Md.

Berry, Dr. S. Stillman, 1145 W. Highland Ave., Redlands, Cal.

Billard, Ruth S., Rowayton, Conn.

Bippus, Alvin C., Jr., 1918 Bayard PL, Toledo 6, O. Col. Marine univalves.

Blaine, Alger P., 74 Palmer Ave., Springfield, Mass.

Bloom, Robert J., 104 Eloise Terrace, Syracuse 7, N. Y.

Boeheim, Mrs. C. H., 305 West Main St., Palmyra, N. Y.

Bormann, Mrs. Mary, 4331 Vermont St., Long Beach 14, Cal.

Boston Malacological Club; Sec. Miss Margaret F. Farrell, 148 Walnut St., Brookline,

Mass.

Bourgeois, Miss Marie E., 3a Tiziano 3 5, Mixcoac D. F., Mexico.

Bradley, J. Chester, 604 Highland Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Braun, Garwood A., Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio. Unionidae.

Brewster, Miss Helen, 333 5th St., So., St. Petersburg 5, Fla., and B. Troy, Wise.
Brill, Mr. and Mrs. J A., 2301 Gulford Lane, Oklahoma City 14, Okla.

Bristol, Miss Viola S., 1253 12th Ave., San Diego 2, Cal.

Brenner, Dr. and Mrs. Carl E. Cairn., 5417 S. Blackstone Ave., Chicago 15, 111.
Bronson, Albert B., P.O. Box 667, Agana, Guam, M. I.

Brown, J. J., Rehabilitation Director, brace Board of Vocational Education, P. O. Drawer
BB, Capitol Sta., Austin 11, Tex.

Brown, Mrs. Ward, 1420 N. Lakeside Dr., Lake Worth, Florida.

Brunson, Royal Bruce, Montana State Univ., Missoula, Mont.

Burch, Mr. and Mrs. John Q., 1584 W. Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 62, Cal.

Burch, Dr. Paul K., 614 W. Fourth St., Radford, Va.

Burke, Mrs. Clara T., 2126 S. Simpson St., Philadelphia 42, Pa. School collections.
Burkhardt, Lorilee, 62 Lexington Ave., Holyoke, Mass.

Burrow, Mrs. F H., 1401 Plass Ave., Topeka, Kansas.

Burry, Mrs. Leo A., Burry’s Marine Museum, Rt. 1, Box 544, Pompano Beach, Fla.
Burton, Helen A., 391 Adams St., Oakland 10, Cal.

Carswell, Edwin J., 4309 40th St., Sunnyside, Long Island 4, N. Y. New York land
shells, world marines.

Casey, Mrs. Robt. V., 2136 Briargate, Kirkwood 22, Mo. Florida west coast shells.
Castellanos, Dr. Jose R., Virtudes 258, Dep. 110, Habana, Cuba. Marine mollusks.
Ch ace, Mr. and Mrs. E. P., 24205 Eshelman Ave., Lomita, Cal.

Chamberlain, J. Lockwood, Biological Lab., Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass.
Champion, Dr. Merrill E., 9 Salem St., Wakefield, Mass.

Chandler, Mrs. Doris M,, P.O. Box 621, Chatham, Mass.

Cheever, Dr. Austin W., 464 Beacon St., Boston 15, Mass.

Chen, SuFfong, 4529 Middleton Lane, Bethesda, Maryland.

Chenoweth, Paul N., 4870 E. 39th St., Seattle 5, Wash. Marine invert, in natural
habitat.

Church, Austin, 140 St. Joseph Ave., P. O. Drawer “C”, Trenton, Mich. .

Ciarla, Otello, Rua Laurinda Santos Lobo, 311 Santa Theresa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Glaar, Elmer A., 1400 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago 10, 111. Cypraea.

Clarke, Arthur H. Jr., 19 Theurer Park, Watertown, Mass. Sphaeridae; New England
Marines.

Clench, Dr. William J,s Museum of Comp. Zook, Cambridge 38, Mass. Collect, ex-
change, buy.

Coats. Mrs. Emma W . , 3846 Skyline Rd., Route 1, Carlsbad, Cal.

Coats, Miss Margaret, P.O. Box 801, Carlsbad, Cal.

Coats, Miss Ruth E., 3846 Skyline Rd., Route 1, Carlsbad, Cal. Collect, exchange
fresh water mollusks.

Cockerill, Mrs. Lilias F., Sanibel, Fla.

Golden, William W., 5101 Ave. K, Brooklyn 34, N. Y. Pectinidae.

Coles, Mrs. Mary J., 801 American Trust Bldg., Nashville, Tenn.

Colitz, Mrs. Samuel, 15 Capwell Ave., Pawtucket, R. I. Oct. to June, Box 1084,
Hollywood, Fla.

Concho logical Club of So. Calif., c/o Mrs. John Q. Burch, 4206 Halldale Ave., Los
< Angeles 37, Calif. . / V •• -y ; •

Conchological Section, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,
c/o Mrs. Catherine Bradley, Eden, N. Y. '

Conde, Vicente, Redpath Museum, McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada. Cuban shells.
Conkin, James, 1109 C. C., Beeville, Texas.

Conkling, Joseph E., Box 264, Bdgartown, Mass. Winter, 628 4th Ave., S., St. Peters-
burg,: Fla.. Collect, buy, exchange. • ' . *4v

Connecticut Shell Club, Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn.r. . ■

Copsey, Jack Edward, Pacific “Marine Sta., Dillon Beach, Cal. Mollusks as hosts for
larval trematodes.

Corbett, William Phelps, 185 Grove St., Plainfield. N. J. Exch. rare Cypraea, Mutex
an d Oliva.

..-•■Uj •

Corwin, Warren, Royal Palm Hammock, P.O. Goodland, Fla. Buy and sell shells.
Coudeyre, Jacques, 323 Pearl Ave., Stockton, Cal.

Craine, Mr. and Mrs. Z. W., 155 N. Broad St., Norwich, N. Y. Marines.

Cram, Dr. Eloise B., Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service, National
Inst, of Health, Bethesda, Md.

Crant, Harold, The Shell Factory, Bonita Springs, Fla.

Cumming, James A., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Cumming, Mrs. James A., Sr., Sunset Dr., Grand Island, N. Y.

Darling, F. Murray, RFD No. 2, New Bedford, Mass. Marine life in general.

D’Attilio, Anthony, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream, Long Is., N. Y.

Dawley, Dr. Charlotte, The Women’s College, University of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.
DeLuca, Miss Gladys, 16 Oakland Ave., Wollaston 70, Mass.

DeLuca, Mrs. John A., 16 Oakland Ave., Wollaston 70, Mass.

Derr, Mr. and Mrs. John S., Jr., Dearbought, Rt. 1, Frederick, Md.

Desmond, Hon. Thomas C., P. O. 670, Newburgh, N. Y.

DeWeese, John R., Supt. Ft. Jefferson Nat’l Monument, Dry Tortugas, c/o U. S.
Coast Guard Station, Key West, Fla.

DeWitt, Robert M., Zoology Dept., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Physidae.
Dexter, Dr. Ralph W., Dept, of Biology, Kent State Univ., P. O. Box 507, Kent, Ohio.
Dodge, Henry, 6 Rochambeau Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Donovan, James W., 3718 Calvin Ave., West Palm Beach, Fla.

Dorasavage, W. C, M.D., 700 Mahantonga St., Pottsville, Pa.

Douglas, Inc., 5 Via Parigi, Palm Beach, Fla. Worldwide shells.

Drake, Robt. J., Lab. of Conch., Biblioteca y Museo de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora,
Mexico.

Dranga, Mr. and Mrs. Ted, P.O. Box 395, Riverside Sta., Miami 35, Florida.

Dulany, Mrs. F. R., 213 E. Hall St., Savannah, Georgia.

Dunmire, Miss Peggy, 1116 W. 4th St., Port Angeles, Wash. Shell coll.

Eaton, Miss Ruth E., 3333 Orange St., Riverside, Cal.

Edwards, Chas. S., Gen. Del., Nakomis, Florida. Fla. w.c. shells.

Eggleston, Dr. Harla Ray, Chairman, Dept, of Biol., Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio.
Ehler, Merrill W., 338 Ivy St., Wallingford, Conn.

Emerson, Wm. K., Museum of Paleontology, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley 4, Cal.

Emery, Adele K., Box 1265, South Miami, Florida. Fla. E. coast marines.

Entwisle, Mrs. H. F., 1 1 Dale Ave., Pompton Plains, N. J.

Erickson, Carl W., 4 Windsor Ave., Auburn Mass.

Erskine, Mrs. A. de W., 1338 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.

Etter, Mrs. Georgia M., R. F. D. 1, Box 29a, Finney’s Wharf Rd., Onancock, Va.

Eyerdam, Walter J., 7531 19th Ave. N.E., Seattle 5, Wash.

Falconer, Bessie, 236J/2 Bailey St., Los Angeles 33, Cal.

Falk, Mrs. Leon, Jr., 718 Devonshire St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. General.

Fargo, William G., 506 Union St., Jackson, Mich. Dec. to May, P. O. Box 874,

Pass-a-Grille, Fla. Tertiary mollusca.

Farrell, Margaret F., 148 Walnut St., Brookline, Mass.

Fletcher, Mr. and Mrs. Howard L., 1008 La Hermosa Dr., Redlands, Cal. Murex,
Olividae, Calliostoma.

Flipse, Dr. and Mrs. Robt. C., 80-56 Surrey PL, Jamaica 3, N. Y.

Forbes, Mrs. F. Murray III, 21 Beaver PL, Boston 8, Mass. General collecting.

Ford, Rev. Paul D., Box 924, Nassau, Bahamas.

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Foster* Mrs. Fred H.s Oxford, Ind. Shells in general.

Foster, Richard Winslow, Museum of Comp. Zoo I., Cambridge, Mass.

Fowler, Miss Verna A., 616 S. Sante Fe St.s Salina, Kansas.

Fox, Ralph Olen, 1048 Monterey Ave., Berkeley 7, Cal.

Frampton, Mr. and Mrs. Henry G., Box 1052. Miami 6. Fla.

Franzen, Dr. Dorothea, Illinois Wesleyan Univ., Bloomington, 111.

Freas, Mrs. Allan L.s 8935 86th St., Woodhaven 21, N. Y. Land and f.w. shells.
Freeman, Mr. and Mrs. Harley L., 353 S. Atlantic Ave., Ormond Beach, Fla.

Gardner, Dr. Julia, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Gardner, Mrs. Fred, R. D., Jamesville, N. Y.

Gaylord, Prof. Joseph 8., 232 W. Carroll St., Macomb, 111.

Geesaman, Marion C., R. D. No. 1, Newark, Delaware. Gastropods.

Gets, Miss Dorothy, 935 Thomas Ave., Pacific Beach, San Diego 9, Calif.

Gillham, Bert A., Rockford, Iowa. Exch. local land and fresh water shells.

Goodrich, Calvin, Haw Creek Rd., Rt. 2, Asheville, N. C.

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. West Am. mollusca.
Gould, Russell, 608 Cumberland Ave., Syracuse, N. Y .

Grabie, Mrs. A. J., Box 611, Amityville, N. Y. Coll, and exch. Florida shells.

Graham, Margaret, U.S.A.H. Camp Carson, Colorado. Gastropods.

Grant, Dr. U. S., 4th, 1501 N. King’s Rd., Los Angeles 46, California.

Grau, Gilbert C., 2457 Claremont Ave., Los Angeles 37, Cal.

Greene, Karl W., Box 3751, Honolulu, Hawaii. C onus.

Gregg, Wendell O., M. D., 2200 S. Harvard Blvd., Los Angeles 18, Cal. Coll, and exch.
mollusca of Western N. A.

Griffith, Mrs. Lela M., Egmont, B.C., Canada. B.C. Marine shells; Conus and Cypraea.

Haas, Dr. Fritz, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, 111.

'Hackney, Mrs. Gray, 705 Redgate Ave., Apt. 14, Norfolk, Va.

Hadley, Mr. and Mrs. F. K., Box 33, West Newton, 65, Mass.

Hall, Henry Martyn Jr., 502 Lloyd St., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.

Hammerschlag, Max G., 325 Grove Rd., So. Orange, N. J. Books; land and marine
shells.

Hand, Dr. Cadet, Zool. Dept., Univ. of Cal., Berkeley 4, California.

Hanna, Dr. G. Dallas, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, Cal.

Hanna, Z. D., 2811 N. Alta St., Los Angeles 31, Cal. World shells.

Harbison, Miss Anne, The Barclay, Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Harding, G. L., 2239 N. E. Weidler St., Portland 12, Ore.

Harrington, George I... 566 Washington Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

Harris, Mrs. Edward O., 805 W. Oliver St., Owosso, Mich.

Harris, Wray, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu 35, T. H.

Harry, Dr. Harold W., Tropical Research Medical Lab., APO 851, c/o P.M., New
York, N. Y.

Hawaiian Malacological Society, c/o Doris L. Parker, Box 228, Tripler Army Hos-
pital, APO c/o PM, San Francisco, Calif.

Heath, George W., Nuttall Post Office, Gloucester, Va.

Heilman, Robert A., 533 Spruce St., Lebanon, Pa.

Henderson, Miss Jennie, Elkhart, Iowa.

Henderson, Mrs. Junius, 563 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.

Hertlein, Dr. Leo G., California Academy of Science, San Francisco 18, Cal. Pelecypoda.
Higgins, Miss Lena, 2224 Orange St., Long Beach 6, Cal.

Hill, Dr. Howard K., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Cal.

Hinshaw, Merton E., Curator, Museum of Nat. Hist., Pacific Grove, Cal.

Hodges, Mrs. Wm. F., 740 Fillmore St., Gary, Ind. Coll.

Hoffman, Al, Sea Gull Shell Shop, 126 No. Milpas, Santa Barbara, Cal.

(45)

Hoffman, Mrs. Fred St. John, 390 Depew Ave., Buffalo 14, N. Y. Exchange.
Hollingsworth, Caleb, 2525 Beach Ave., Gulfport, Fla. Shell coll.

Hollister, S. C., Dean, College of Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

Holmes, Chas. H., 18 Academy St., Saranac Lake, N. Y. General collector.

Holzinger, Mr. and Mrs. George R., North Stonington, Conn. Pectenidae.

Horseman, Mrs. Ralph Emerson, 208 N. Luzerne Ave., Baltimore 24, Md.

Houghton, E. O., 38 Beaufort Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can.

Howard, Dr. Arthur D., 6247 Eglise Ave., Rivera, Cal.

Hubricht, Leslie, 912 Main St., Danville, Va. U. S. land and f. w. snails.

Hughes, Thomas, Rt. 2, Box 249, Fort Pierce, Fla.

Humes, Ralph H., R.F.D. 2, Box 77, Miami, Fla.

Hunter, Rev. Elwood, Presbyterian Church, P.O. Box 538, Sitka, Alaska.

Ingram, Dr. Wm. M., Fed. Sec. Agency, Pub. Health Center, 1014 Broadway, Gin-
cinnati 2, O.

Ives, Harlem B., 12652 Livernois Ave., Detroit 4, Mich.

Jackson. Ralph W., Route 1, Cambridge, Md. Coll, and exch.

Jacobs, George, 853 Riverside Dr., New York 32, N. Y. Buy and exchange.

Jacobs, Dr. Walter H., 124 W. 93rd St., New York 25, N. Y. Middle and North
Atlantic coast mollusks.

Jacobson, Morris K., 455 B. 139 St., Rockaway Beach 94, N. Y. East coast mollusks.
Jaume, Dr. Miguel L., 13 No. 351 Vedado, Habana, Cuba.

Jeffries, Frank L., 6404 Grieg St., Seat Pleasant, Md.

Johnson, Col. Harvey A., (0-41462) S-4 Sect., HQ Western Area Comm., APO 227,
c/o P.M., New York, N. Y.

Johnson. Richard I.. 41 Bow Rd., Belmont, Mass. Coll., exch.

Johnstone, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Inge, Rt. 1, Box 621, Mobile, Ala.

Jones, Dr. David T., Prof, of Physiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.

Kanakoff, George P., Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Kardas, Mrs. Raymond S., King St., Warehouse Pt., Conn. Tropical shells.

Karlin, Edward, 2715 Webb Ave., New York 68, N. Y.

Katsaras, Nick, 479-B S. Washington Ave., Bergenfield, N. J.

Keen, Mrs. Ernest B., 2241 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Cal.

Keen, Dr. A. Myra, Dept, of Geology, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Cal.

Keller, Frank O., 111-16 75th Rd., Forest Hills 75, N. Y. Florida marines.

Kilman, J. R., M.D., and Mrs., 1405 N. 5th St., Temple, Tex.

Kinsman, Calvin D., 3315 N. W. 46th St., Miami 42, Fla.

Kirkwood, Diana, 7 Swan Rd., Winchester, Mass.

Klein, Mr. and Mrs. Richard P., Jackson Rd., R.D. 4, Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Kline, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. F., Shunpike Rd., Box 271, Madison, N. J.

Knight, Dr. J. Brookes, Research Assoc, in Paleontology, U. S. National Museum,
Washington 25, D. C. (Dec.- Apr., Box 2665, Rt. 5, Sarasota, Fla.)

Knobloch, Mrs. H. F. J., Orient, Long Island, N. Y.

Kondo, Y oshio, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, T. H.

Koto, A. S., 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis.

Koto, Miss Adele, 1421 Roosevelt Ave., Beloit, Wis. Coll. Florida shells.

Krassner, Michael B., 3034 Brighton 3rd St., Brooklyn 35, N. Y. Exchange land,
fresh water.

Kropf, Ronald Alois, 7135 Thomas Blvd., Pittsburgh 8, Pa. U. S. land, f.w.

Kuczynski, Mr. and Mrs. Theophil, P.O. Box 114, Langhorne, Pa. Collect, exchange.

Lange, Dr. W. Harry, Div. of Entomology and Parasitology, College of Agri., Univ. of
Cal., Davis, Cal.

La Rivers, Ira, Dept, of Biol., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Great Basin f. w. mollusks.

(46)

LaRocque, Dr. Aurele, Dept, of Geology, Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, O. Fresh water
shells; also Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene.

Larsson, Evert Alfred, M.D., Sta. A., Trenton, N. J. General collecting.

Le Doux, Edward L., Capt. U. S. A. (retired), Conanicut Park, Jamestown, R. I.
Lehman, Stanley S., 10849 Lindbrook Dr., Los Angeles 24, Cal.

Leland, Mrs. J. W., Belt, Montana.

Leonard, Dr. and Mrs. A. Byron. Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.
Pliocene and Pleistocene faunas.

Lewis, Mrs. Chas. S., 322 Planthurst Rd., Webster Grove 19, Co. Tropical shells,
corals.

Lineaweaver, Mrs. Chas. B., 720 Park Ave., New York 21, N. Y.

Lockard, D. E., Box 305, Punta Gorda, Florida.

Locklin, Mr. and Mrs. Chas. B., 2140 Lochaven Rd., R.D. 9, Pontiac, Mich. (Winter,
1036 Monterey Blvd., St. Petersburg, Fla.)

Long Beach Shell Club, Ralph Bormann, 43 3 1 Vermont St., Long Beach, Cal.

Long, Mary E., Box 491, Sonora, California. Marines.

Lowry, Walter G., Jr., P. O. Box 35, Pineville, N. C.

Luick, Mrs. Melvin R., P.O. Box 2301, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. East coast shells.

Lutz, Prof. Louis, Biological Dept., Lincoln Memorial Univ., Harrogate, Tenn
Conch ology

Lyman, Frank, Dozier, Alabama.

MacCoy, Mrs. Clinton Viles, Winter St., Norwell, Mass.

MacFarland, Mrs. Frank M., 775 Santa Ynez St., Stanford, Cal.

MacKay, Mrs. Olvia Hazelwood, 102 S. W. 5th Ave., Mineral Wells, Tex. Marine
life in general.

MacLeod, Dr. Malcolm L., 301 Anderson Hall, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
MacMillan, Gordon K., 519 Sheridan Ave., Pittsburgh 6, Pa.

Mapes, Dr. Cortland R., Orange Co. Community College, Middletown, N. Y.

Marks, Mrs. Naoma, Shady Side, Maryland.

Marsh, Dr. Phil L., 1200 Manhattan Dr., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Marshall, William B., 1818 17th St. S. E., Washington 20, D. C.

Mason, Mrs. Robert F., BeaLMaltbie Shell Museum, Rollins College, Winter Park,
Florida.

Mathes, Marion H., 5610 Lansdowne Ave., St. Louis 9, Mo. East Coast shells.
Matteson, Dr. Max R., Dept, of Zool. and Physiology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Mattox, Dr. N. T., Hancock Foundation, Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles 7, Cal.
Matzen, Mrs. Carrie E., Box 1145, Escondido, Calif. Marine shells.

McArthur, Mr. C. D., 144 East 61st St., New York 21, N. Y.

McClennan, Wm. E., Box 24, Beechwood Sta., Rochester, N. Y. (Paleontology Dept.,
Ward’s Nat. Sci. Estab.)

McConnell, Mrs. Chrystie, 901 Ash St., Fernandina, Florida.

McCormack, Brooks, 48 E. 53rd St., New York 22, N. Y. Conus, Valuta.

McCrary, Mrs. Douglas A., Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Worldwide shells.

McCraw, Bruce M., Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ont. Aquatic snails.
McCulloch, Dr. Irene, Allen Hancock Foundation, Univ. of Southern Cal., Los
Angeles, Cal.

McGaughey, Martin M., 5667 Baltimore St., Los Angeles 42, Cal. Invert. Paleontology.
MdGinty, Paul L., Box 765, Boynton, Fla. Exchange.

MdGinty, Paul P., Box 765, Boynton, Fla. Coll., buy, sell, land, f.w. and marines.
McGinty, Thos. L., Box 765, Boynton, Fla. Coll., exch., buy, sell, tropical land shells.
McGlamery, Miss Winnie, Alabama Museum of Natural History, University, Ala.

Mead, Prof. Albert R., Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Terrestrial
snails and slugs. Giant African snail. , t ^ . : • • ,

Mehring, Arnon L., 4510 Longfellow St., Hyattsville, Md.

(47)

Meier, Helmut, Rt. 2, Box 940, San Marcos, Cal.

Melville, Mr. and Mrs. Chester W., 20 Hammondswood Rd., Chestnut Hill 67, Mass.
Merrill, Arthur S., 48 Avon St., Cambridge, Mass.

Michelson, Edward’ H., 49 Sacramento St., Cambridge, Mass. W. I. land shells.

Miles, Col. Lee O., Bodega Bay, Cal. Marine life in general.

Miller, Daniel, 4706 Roland Ave., Baltimore 10, Md.

Miller, Cdr. Walter B., 2101 E. 168th St., Seattle 55, Wash. Gastropods.

Moberg, Commander and Mrs. A. G., RFD No. 2, New Bedford, Mass. Collecting.
Moore, Dr. Geo. M., 7 Faculty Rd., Durham, N. H. Nudibranchs of New England.
Moore, Dr. Merrill, 382 Commonwealth Ave., Boston 15, Mass.

Moore, Mrs. Robt. L., 42 Elm St., Concord, Mass.

Morley, Russell A., 399 N. 18th St., Salem, Ore. Research geologist.

Morris, SFC Julius, RA32968347, RPE Sect., HDQ Det., Camp Yokahama, 8064th
AU, APO 503, c/o PM, San Francisco.

Morris, Percy A., Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., New Haven Conn.

Morrison, Dr. Joseph P. E., Div. of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, Washington
25, D. C.

Morrison, Roy L., 3745 Grim Ave., San Diego 4, Cal.

Mousley, Mr. and Mrs. Louis B., 2696 “G” St., San Bernardino, Calif.

Muller, Dr. Siemon William, Box 655, Stanford, Cal.

Musial, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene, 12 Rustic PL, Buffalo 11, N. Y.

Naturalist’s Directory, Box 208, Salem, Mass.

Naylor, W. E., 3616 Curlew St., San Diego, Cal.

Nead, Dr. John Hunter, Dune Acres, Chesterton, Ind.

Nelson, Charles D., Rt. 5, 04900, Lake Michigan Dr., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Newcombe, Curtis L., U. S. Pub. Health Serv., 441 Fed. Off. Bldg., San Francisco
2, Cal.

Newman, Jess L., Nag’s Head, North Carolina.

New York Shell Club, c/o Anthony D’Attilio, 44 Lynwood Dr., Valley Stream,
Long Island, N. Y.

Nicol, Dr. David, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Nordahl, Miss Hazel, P.O. Box 801, Carlsbad, Cal.

Northern California Malacozoological Club, P. O. Box 1045, Lafayette, California.
Noyes, Ernest High, 1242 Lakeshore Dr., Chicago, 111., and Naples, Fla.

Ostheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred J., 3rd, “Grimmet,” Whitford, Pa. General coll.
Otis, Miss Helen, Box 84, Tarpon Springs, Fla.

Oughton, Dr. John, Dept, of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada.

Pacific Shell Club, c/o Dr. Howard R. Hill, Los Angeles Co. Museum, Los Angeles,
Cal. Marine and land shells.

Paleontological Research Institution, 109 Dearborn PI., Ithaca, N. Y.

Palmer, Dr. Katherine V. W„ 206 Oak Hill Rd., Ithaca, N. Y.

Parker, Prof. John Dyas, Academy of Nat. Sci., 19th St. and Parkway, Philadelphia.
Parkhurst, Jos. L., Jr., Box 380, Colonia, N. J. Atlantic coast marines.

Parodiz, Dr. Juan Jose, Sec. of Invert., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Neo*
tropical mollusks and f. w. gastropoda, U.S.A.

Perry, Dr. Louise M., Battery Park Hotel, Asheville, N. C.

Pilsbry, Dr. Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Curator of
Mollusks; Editor, The Nautilus.

Plummer, Cmdr. and Mrs. Walter, Box 25, Baddeck, Nova Scotia.

Poling, James W., 400 E. 59th St., New York 22, N. Y.

Poliak, Mrs. Lulu C., 5242 Hyde Park Blvd., Chicago 15, 111.

Pomeroy, Lawrence R., N. J. Oyster Research Lab., Bivalve, N. J.

(48)

Porter, Mrs. Mariam E., 831 McKenzie St., York, Pa. Marines.

Price, Arthur C., 1255 N. Mansfield Ave., Hollywood 28, Calif. Worldwide shells.
Proctor, Mrs. Rodney, 563 Park Ave., New York 21, N. Y.

Pulley, Dr. Thos. E., Dept, of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. ^
Reed, Murray E., 50 Priscilla Lane, Vichols, Conn.

Reese, Capt. Robt. W., 33A West St., Roswell, New Mexico.

Rehder, Dr. Harald A., U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Rex, Miss Edith R., 620 Redondo Ave., Long Beach 14, Cal. Marine and land shells.
Richards, Dr. Horace G., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3, Pa.

Rittenhouse, John V., 215 N. Victoria Park Rd., Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

Roberts, Mrs. Ted R., 8920 S. W. 26th Ave., Portland 19, Ore.

Robertson, Robert, Gen. Del., Stanford, Calif. Taxonomy, Polynesian mollusks.
Rogers, Frank, Scotch Bush'High Mills Rd., Ballston Lake, N. Y.

Roscoe, Ernest J., Ill C. St., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Roth, Barry, 2140 Middlefield Rd., Palo Alto, Cal. Cypraea.

Ruppersberger, John, 8205 Harford Rd., Baltimore 14, Md. Sea shells.

Russell, Dr. Henry D., Springdale Ave., Dover, Mass.

Russell, Dr. Loris S., Dept, of Resources and Development, Nat. Museum of Can.,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Sanford, Mrs. Walter S., Sherburne, N. Y.

Saxby, John G., Pacific Curios, Fisherman’s Wharf, 2734 Taylor St., San Francisco
11, Cal.

Scheid, Mr. and Mrs. Edward L., Jr., 2229 Arlene Ave., Dayton 6, Ohio.

Schenck, Dr. Hubert G., Box 1528, Stanford, Calif.

Schick, Morris, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale 4, Cal. Worldv/ide shells.

Schiro, Miss Katherine, 2702 7th Ave., Tampa 5, Fla.

Schmeck, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H., 8711 Buffalo Ave., Niagara Fallj, N. Y.

Schmidt, Miss Claudia, 39 Ely Ave., W. Springfield, Mass.

Schweitzer, Dr. and Mrs. Jerome M., Suite 2505, 730 5th Ave., New York 19, N. Y.
Schwengel, Dr. Jeanne S., Artillery Lane, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Seip, Wm. F., 2115 Linden Ave., Baltimore 17, Md. Molluscan taxonomy and Phy*
sical Chemistry.

Seldomridge, Mrs. Clarice, Box 3 27 A, Hwy. 9 A, Rt. 1, Port Angeles, Wash.
Shetrone, Henry C., 3038 Crescent Dr., Columbus 4, Ohio. Ethno-conchology.

Sillman, Emmanuel I., Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Medical
malacology.

Silverman, Alex, 1314 Ocean Pkwy., Brooklyn 30, N. Y.

Smith, Allyn G., 722 Santa Barbara Rd., Berkeley 7, Cal.

Smith, Dr. and Mrs. Burnett, 32 West Lake St., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Smith, Egbert T., 1313 First St., Fort Myers, Fla, Fort Myers Gift Shop.

Smith, Gerald C., 4341 U St., Sacramento, Calif. Cypraea.

Smith, Mrs. Harrison, 904 Philadelphia Nat. Bank Bldg., 1417 Sansom St., Phila'
delphia, Pa.

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Harry M., 1410 Wayne St., Sandusky, Ohio. Collecting.

Smith, Maxwell, Windermere, Fla.

Smith, Dr. Osgood R., 252 High St., Newburyport, Mass. Biology of Mya arenaria and
related forms. ■' C--" ■*' " »•* •

Solem, Alan, Museum of Zool., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Sorensen, Andrew, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, Cal. Coll., west coast shells.

Spicer, Dr. and Mrs. V. D. P., Route 2. Box 237, Centralia, Wash. Coll, marines.
Sprague, Myrle A., 249 No. Euclid Ave., Pasadena 4, Cal.

Starkweather, Gordon, Box 55, Tavernier, Key Largo, Fla. Fla. marines.

Stenzel, Dr. H. B., Bureau of Economic Geol., Univ. of Tex., Austin 12, Texas.'

Stingley, Dale V., 4813 Middaugh Ave., Downers Grove, 111. Crepidula.

(49)

Stipek, Raymond J., 10724 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles 24, Cal,

Stratton, Alan G., 7740 Abbott Ave., Miami Beach 41, Fla,

Strohbeen, John P., 1135 King St, Santa Cruz, Cal.

Strong, Mrs. S. A,, 38 Oxford St., Somerville 43, Mass. ;

Summers, Ray, P. O. Box 651, Hamilton AFB, Hamilton, Calif. Cypraea.

Swan, Emery F., Dept, of Zook, Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H.

Swanker, Dr. and Mrs. Wilson A., 133 E. 58th St., New York 22, N. Y.

Taylor, Dwight W., Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Taylor, Mrs. Ernestine, 2502 Massachusetts, Tampa 3, Fla.

Teare, Mrs. Margaret M., P.O. Box 103, Buffalo 22, N. Y.

Teskey, Mrs. Margaret C., 144 Harlem Ave., Buffalo 24, N. Y.

Thaanum. Dr. D., 43 Coelho Way, Honolulu, T. H.

Thomas, W. Donald, “MADRID", Radio Room, Dept, of State, Washington 25, D. G.
Thomson, Miss Harriet W., 1895 Columbia St., Eugene, Ore. Marine fossils.
Tobleman, Fred, l2>Yl Brenner St., Newark 3, N. J.

Torre, de la, Dr. Alfredo, Apartado 56, Matanzas, Cuba.

Townley, Mrs. Netta Marie, Box 73, Kill Devil Hills. N. C. Virginia Zone mollusca.

Townsend, Mrs. Ethel N., 3029 Oak Ave., Coconut Grove Sta., Miami, Fla. Murex,
Conus, Pecten.

Tracy, Miss Marie J., Yacht Basin Apt., Clearwater Beach, Fla. Worldwide shell*;
Acmaca.

Treetster, Mildred, 1761 Anita, Grosse Point Woods 36, Mich.

Turner, Mrs. Gertrude L., 97 Phillips Ave., Swampscott, Mass.

Turner, G. Scott, Route 2, Angier, North Carolina. Marines.

Turner, Miss Ruth D., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge 38, Mass.

Turver, Mr. and Mrs. Harry R., 8640 Evergreen, South Gate, Calif.

Twenhoefel, Edmund W., 27 Public Square, Belleville, 111.

Underwood, Mrs. P. O., 19352 Woodingham Dr., Detroit 21, Mich.

Updegrove, H. T., Bradenton Beach, Florida.

Valentine, Kimball, 111 Devonshire St., Boston 9, Mass. Dredging; Atlantic coast
material.

Van der Schalie, Dr. and Mrs. Henry, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Van Woert, Mrs. M. P„ 1021 18th Ave. N., St. Petersburg 6, Fla.

Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Raul, P. O. Box 174, Key West, Fla.

Vatikiotis, Sozon, 136 Spring Ave., Box 633, Tarpon Springs, Florida.

Vilas, Mrs. G. N., 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, 111. Winter, Box 108, Sarasota, Fla.
Vokes, Harold E., Dept, of Geol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md. Mesozoic
and Tertiary mollusca, especially Pelecypoda.

Voss, Gilbert, Hypoluxo, Fla.

Walter, Waldemar M., College of Charleston, Charleston 10, S. C. f. w. shells.
Walton, Miss Mary E., 90 Gordon St., Hamden, Conn.

Walton, Munroe L., 1108 N. Central Ave., Glendale 2, Cal. land snails.

Ward, Mrs. Herbert S., Bay Ridge, Annapolis, Md.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment Inc., Box 24, Beech wood Sta., Rochester, N. Y.
Warmke, Germaine L., Federal Experiment Sta., Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

Washburn, Mrs. John H., 129 Round Hill Rd., Greenwich, Conn.

Waterman, Dr. Geo. A., 250 Beacon St., Boston 16, Mass. Winter: 200 El Bravo
Way, P. O. Box 7, Palm Beach, Florida.

Weaver, Terry, 127 Columbia Blvd., Waterbury 10, Conn.

Webb, Glenn R., Dept, of Zook, Univ. of Okla., Norman, Oklahoma.

Webb, J. H., 1 Edgemore Dr., Rochester 18, N. Y.

Weber, Miss Gertrude M., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

(50)

Weber, Jay A., 1400 N. E. 108 St., Miami 38, Fla.

Weber, Miss Martha O., 27 Hughes Ave., Buffalo 8, N. Y.

Weeks, William H., 508 Willoughby Ave., Brooklyn 6, N. Y.

Wehringer, Henry G., M.D., 1922 Humboldt Blvd., Chicago 47, 111.

Weinfeld, William, 505 Brook Drive, Falls Church, Va.

Welch, Dr. d’Alte A., John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland 18, Ohio
Wheel, Adlai B., Pet Haven, West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, N. Y.

Wheeler, Harry E., Director, Indian Springs School, Rt. 1, Helena, Alabama.
Whelchel, Mrs. A. T., 303 Abby St., Fresno, California.

Whitman, St. Clair, Box 695, Cedar Keys, Fla.

Whitney, Mrs. Ruth C., 142 Santa Cruz Ave., Los Gatos, Cal.

Widmer, Ernest C., 2320 Crescent Ridge Rd., Daytona Beach, Fla. Exch. marine and
f.w. Fla. material.

Wilcox, LeRoy, Oceanic Duck Farm, Speonk, L. I., N. Y.

Williamson, Mrs. F. B., Jr., Windy Brook Farm, New Hope, Pa. (Oct. -May, 2 South,
Pt. Sewell, Stuart, Fla.)

Williamson, Mr. and Mrs. George M., 2033 Red Rd., Coral Gables, Fla.

Willson, George C., Boatman’s Bank Bldg., St. Louis 2, Mo.

Wilson, Druid, Geol. Dept., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md.

Winter, Mr. and Mrs. Fredric G., Goodland, Florida. Epitonium; ecology, etc.

Wisoff, Dr. and Mrs. Julius, 304 Beach 147th St., Neponsit, Long Island, N. Y.
Wong, Chester, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Dept, of Parasitology,
College of Med. Evangelists, Loma Linda, Cal. Schistosomiasis, Oncomelania.
Woolsey, Heathcote M., Green Pastures, Kent, Conn.

Wurtz, Charles B., 3247 Disston St. Philadelphia 24, Pa. Terrestrial Pulmonata.

Young, Miss Catherine J., 503 N. High St., Lancaster, Ohio. Pectinidae, Cymatiidae,
M uricidae.

Young, M. Sgt. Geo. M., 80 Air Base Squad., Air Force Base, Dover, Del. Collect
and exchange.

Zellers, Mrs. Lucille, 714 Elm St., El Cerrito, Calif. Gen. marine life.

Zetek, Dr. James, Director, Institute for Research in Tropical America, Drawer C,

Balboa, Canal Zone. Coll, land and f. w. shells.

Zorath, Peter, 15 Willow Place, Brooklyn 1, N. Y.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS

Abdel-Malek, Dr. Emile, Bilharzia Division, Ministry of Public Health, Cairo, Egypt.
Carlos, Diomedes R., Carlos Dept. Store, Lucena, Quezon, Philippines.

Pattison, George, 68 Partridge St., Glenelg, So. Australia.

Stevenson, A. G., 32 Pentland Ave., Mt. Eden, Auckland, S-2, N. Z. Exchange shells
and publications.

Stratton, L. W., School House, Delrow, Watford, Herts, England.

Wrigley, Rev. G. K., Hackness Vicarage, Scarborough, England.

(51)

IN MEMORIAM

*MR. FRED R. ALDRICH
MR. LEO A. BURRY
MR. H. ARDEN EDWARDS
MR. HOWARD GILMORE
*DR. G. D. HARRIS
MR. J. W. LELAND
**DR. KARL PFEIFFER
*DR. CHARLES T. RAMSDEN
*MRS. IMOGENE C. ROBERTSON
DR. HARLEY J. VAN CLEAVE

*Charter member
^Corresponding member

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