ae"
HS
An
*
:
aemed
ANNUAL REPORTS
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LIBRARY
NEW. YORK
BOT ANICA LB
FOR THE
GARDEN
FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900.
REPORT OF THE
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1900.
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDE!
CON TENTS:
Page.
REpoLtombhe secretarywomAcricultures --ce2--. 92. = sleet = eee eee ee IX
SUN AT yee eed te) eee tes ye 2 hs Be ee ee ox
Weather Bureau._.___. Re iN et fe ate See ge XIV
Wireless telegraphy for the benefit of commerce______...-. -_.--- XIV
Special storm forezasts for the North Atlantic Ocean._--___-.- : XIV
Noaluerotitheforecastasenvicey..2<. 2-5 5. Satna ee XV
ureatieote Anime ind mshTiye te a. ate ne ae ay ee tee XV
Meat inspection LE i Pee ney yd Re Anos LOIN OPIS ea SER ee XV
MCLOSCOPIG INS PeChLOM OL pOnkaeee== = ee se eee a ee XVI
Inspection of vessels and export animals....____..-...-.---.--__- XVII
Inspechon Ofimported@animals).— fe: eee eee eee XVII
Serum for hog cholera and swine plague___..__.__._------------ XVII
The preparation and distribution of blackleg vaccine_____.-----. | XVIII
hepreventonvolilbeLeulOSig: = soe es ae SID
Dancertromera Diese. 26. hee Soe ss tke eee So Sh hae eee tek 2 O%¢
iherexperimenb stationges-o a8e 6 oe ee a gee ee! pate XXI
HC SASELEN Crepe ae ge ers ciel tot ene ey RC eR ATL ee XXI
HOR ainnyaG livia si One = trae ne meget patch egy) eS Tee Mee XXII
Inspechonotsdalryprodguctse seme ts) =e en see eee Bae XXIII
Diva STOnEO ba CHETMIStinyas eee eae ee eo ones ney Senna Se OE ea ee eee XXIII
Boodraduilteraittongy 6 ase ect Se ee Oe Ser ele, ks ame EXSNSITE
Olt bactenian see ns IL Ee Ben ok A ee on See ae XXIV
Sucarapeet mvesticahionse. 2205) sete ge eee eee ee XXIV
The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists _____.____-~.- E XXV
Examination of toreron fosdi products. --25.2 2522.5. 4.- ie XY
Cooperation with Executive Departments. __._ __._..-_.._.---- XOXa
Cooperation with the legislative branches of the Government.... XXVI
Cooperation with the Divisions of this Department _. _-_-.--- ._- XXVI
Miscellaneous work_._..._ ____- Repent ier an, aN ese, Noe ss ge ae XXVIL
DivisioncoteHmtomOlO gyn. Skee acces eee ea ee ee XXVIII
importation) of benenciali insects = -- 8-2 =) 26-2 as. XXVII
WiorksacainstinilinOousimsects:<- -) sane sn mee Sana eee oe. XXVIII
EUblGAatlOnsOnNNOSiUbOeS yes ee XXVIII
Wiorkwontbibliorraphyeand: beelculhure ssa) a ae ee XXVIII
Div TO LO ET OLED yeas eae eee eee er te ap ere ee en Ree es hae Tey XUNe VIET
NOCGRLESDIN Ge apres ae erin aie J ie Pee Re oe 5 Bk XXVIII
FalanitsppOIsSOnO USI bO;SbOC eee ee ee ee ee Re SXOKSX
HMeGnomicep anise OfmGheLEnO pl CS sere sacs 5 a eee eee mee EXOKON
Eepeniments onthe Potomac Dlatsusssso. +2558 22 sas ase Pansy OE
enSccHonm of Seca and Plant mmiroductiones +) --24 525.) 22222 es. SXOXOXGII
=) Some valuable importations... _____ _____ Sie, bears eee SXeXGNOT
o> Value of seed and plant introduction.__.- _........--.-----.- Be eXeXoXTT
“Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology ____._......-........ XXXII
‘@ Cereal work and cereals at the Paris Exposition ake tes Sees ONY
iBlantabreedinies 2-2-2 ee 2 PES ge eee aes oe ee aed XXXIV
Cooperation in tobacco investigations Oem ete td Sat RORY
ae Sotmepacrdisenccntiaa tee ee le ew WO xxxXV
2] Diseases of forest [HEE Set ols eye ites SN maine Ue ee BC eh BIOL X OGY
2) Changes among the officers of the Division ._..__.._ ____- Eee XeXeXe Val
Division of Pomology - Se neerer a ree ce Re ees ee eee Pe XEXEXGV IT
The Paris Exposition Seibert Saererver
Culture of European grapes_____.______.. sea So) 23) A ERENEV
Catalogue of fruits and cooperative work _____ _.....-.--.--.... XXXVI
Il
Iw CONTENTS
«port of the Secretary of Agriculture—Continued. Page.
Division of Agrostology.. _. sy caen se See SS ee eam KenoNava LI
Classification of Division work .........-.-..-.-.------.--------- XXXVIL
Cooperative suas pee Work ..2 2. 320 eee XXXVIL
Field work - Joon Jaen obeacde eee ier XL
Grass gar dens .- 002-2220 pee eee XL
Distribution of seeds and specimens _ EE! Mey ee NES ae XL
Publications__-__-_- rt en ah i ee XLI
The herbarium ~ ..- owes teenie pee ee >. I
Paris Exposition exhibit 2) Lif) 2 RO Rare eee oe en XLI
Pan-American Expositions soe 2 se. aes ae Xuk
Future work). .25 24 05.5 S529 fe eee eee XLU
Experimental Gardens and Grounds <.....:.. eee XLII
Future work. 222.602.3252) [253 ee XLII
Tea production in ‘the United States_.._.._..___... Lee fees XLII
Divisionof Biological: Surveyee. -oss eee ee XLV
Field work. _- oe) s Boy Mang EE ee ee XLV
The Belgian hare. 2 ssa, eae 218 Ge) | ee XLV
Study of food of birds and bird protection _ ol efit kee Wal aoe Sey XLV
The iacey ACh. 22 ee eee ees Syb2 cae eee ee XLVI
Division of -Soilge. 22. 5214 es es eee Se Se ee XLVI
Progress of SOiSuEveyce= see eee eee ae ONAL
Tobacco INVeshoAhlOnsae= jag eer cee Sie RENN peep ere mee Ne DY VOLIEL
Tobacco exhibit at the Paris Exposition - Lyd Dee ete sabe ee XLIx
Division of Forestry foo Sess es eel rie Bek Soe ae renee L
Grow thi ot thentonestriyaw Or korean ee ee ee ee eee eee L
The: demands aponkhhesW i yastor Sees ee pee eee ee eee L
Cooperativeiworkiees =) as ine ane res z AS rich 5 eo eh go ge tre LIL
Theiexhibitiay che Panis|b SpOsitlOn sees = ee ee eee = LIL
Study of commercial trees and other investigative work ________- LIL
Office oi Rubleyhordengquirics is saa ice an a eee LIII
Efforts to secure and diffuse information regarding road materials _ LIL
Interest of good-roads people in sample-road construction. __—+.== LIV
Cooperative WOPk 2 oe. 0.2 peices CO ee ee eager LIV
Office of Experiment] S tabior secs: eye ee LV
The work.and/successtot the stations) =e) eee =e eee LV
The inspection service of thestationses =] eee LVI
Cooperation of the stations with the Department________________- LVII
Experiments in cooperation with farmers _____ _._.___-_-_--___- LVI
Agricultural experiment stationsin Alaska_..-_____. .__.____.__- IID
Agricultural experiment stations in Hawaii and Porto Rico______ LXIII
Agricultural experiment stations in the Philippines ____________- LXIV
investigations on the mitrition of mans ee LXIV
Irrigation investigations... -- 22-2 22 ee ee LXV
Section of Foreign. Markets). 255 225 ae LXVII
The purpose of the Section=s = 2 eee LXVI
Agricultural) -exports:.. 22222.2:).6 4.222. ee eee LXVIUI
Exports: to. the:Orient.2 2+. 22.45 ae eee Fed eo iii
Markets in the new dependencies. 22 22 = = ee LXIx
Division of Publications: 65.22 eee ee LXIx
Growth of the publication WOTK .-. 51) Valen pln ee LXIX
Harmers: bulletins===s sss ae eee OR Loyang TUDOX
The Yearbook... 2... 2250... SES ee ee LXXxI
Work involved in distribution of public ations. ee ery ot ieee! 9.0.01
Need of more suitable accommodations) 22-2. 2252555522 eee) EXOT
The Library. ..--...2£22 42 2. ee ee re ee LXXII
Growth of the es 26a Ep ae EN Re OLY aee To emg 1D. O-eii
Card index. 2255) Seo eee es eee eee zee ee ee ee LXXII
Card. catalogue’... <2. Spee a eR ees ey ee TXT
Division of Statistics jm sthy.s bs SS ee ae eo) ghee ee LXXII
Seed: Division: - (2 2 Fee eee ae es Rt LXXIII
Division of Accounts 27 d Disbursements___..._....._._.. ----_-___. LXXIV
The Paris Exposition: Sword sty: e see ee ern ee er eee TAXGNNV)
Affiliation of allied lincs of work Be te 5 RS at Eek 2 La LXXV
Need of laboratory buildings _ _____- Bae hs OE EE Se ee! BOC
Difficulty of retaining expert assistants... ___.- a eee ee ILD. ANI
Experimental Farm at Arlington 2=- Eee ph ae ee Be des Si Le eee
Silk, culture Soe Ce ae ee et |) ee LXXVII
CONTENTS.
WepanimMen talervopOuisim es sie! ae) ee wee ees eS oS ee eens as |S ees
Report of the Assistant Secretary upon the pur chase and distribution
CURT VS a fe ND eli rome A/a Se De a Se errr eee
Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau---.-_...--.-----------.----
Reportoluhe; Chemiste=-- 25 2a) 2. See eee eae ta Sonne ee
Repontolsune; Bmtomo)] Origine sr wee ee cie te e
Report of the acting chief of the Division of Biological Survey - ‘
Report of the chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and
ah OLO Gye see ee arenes eee St BR ee ieee ee ee el Re L
InepoLrhior theachne pOMoOlosist=_ 420. =) Papen ees ee see eee ss ane
Beportief the ehie: of the Division-of Soils .22 2.522. 52222222222 22 ese
Reponnombne A eTOStOlogIstae soo — 25 Se ke ee eee ee
se pOniOmb hous otamishwe tes sae Sen 3) Le ee
Report OfbhewOrestet ss ee een. oo one aS 2 oe ae ee ee eee
Report ombiemGibrarianes ter 2 e859 oe i oars 2 hc eee Soe eee ae
Report of the Editor, Division of Publications__.........-..----+.---
Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations __.__ -_-
Report of the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry_-
Report of the chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements_-
Report of the chief of the Section of Foreign Markets _ ___-___-._-__-
Report of the Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds -
Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries -_------
sporcoisthe: SuvtisticraNes 2 ane 4 oo eases oe ee
a Oe
i=
{
Ae)
SY) in Ds
REPORT
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
hE, POE
OF THE
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
To THE PRESIDENT:
1 have the honor to report upon the work of the Department of
Agriculture for the year ended June 30, 1900.
Beginning with the earliest days of the Republic, Government offi-
cials, including officers of the Army and Navy and consuls, together
with private citizens, interested themselves in importing plants and
animals for the general benefit. Congress began to help in 1839 by
appropriating $1,000 to be expended by the Commissioner of Patents,
since which time the enterprise grew steadily year after year until
1862, when Congress grouped the work along these lines into a Depart-
ment under a Commissioner. A succession of Commissioners since
that time have been instrumental in adding many Old World plants to
all localities in our country, and have developed the work along scien-
tific lines as the public demand required. Since 1888 the Department
has been in charge of Secretaries who have effected more complete
organizations of Bureau and Division staffs. These are now in inti-
mate touch with producers throughout the land.
The present incumbent aims to bring the scientists of the Depart-
ment to the help of the producers, to ascertain what we import that
may be produced in our own country, and to encourage its growth and
development; to search the world for grains, fruits, vegetables, grasses,
and legumes that may be domesticated here and be an improvement on
what we have; to secure new varieties of plants by cross fertilization,
that we may by selection establish new hybrids; to cooperate with
the experiment stations of the States and Territories in research valu-
able to the people of the country in all sections; to seek new markets,
that our surplus products may bring better rewards to the husbandman.
This Department differs from the others. Appropriations for its use
are investments. It makes direct returns by adding to the wealth of
the country. It gathers facts and spreads information. Much is added
yearly to the profits of our farmers and others as the result of its
investigations. Our Weather Bureau has become a necessity to
Ix
x REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
mariners, fruit growers, and others, and, in addition to its services to
shipping and commerce, will become still more serviceable to rural
communities as free-mail delivery facilities enable us to reach isolated
homes more promptly and more frequently.
Our meat inspection insures the public health at home and keeps
open doors for us in foreign countries that are satisfied with the excel-
lence of our meats, and have no purpose to serve beyond that.
The orange industry of California and Florida owes its beginning
and preservation to this Department. ‘The sugar and tea industries
are very promising. Pathological investigations of plants prevent
in many localities losses that would otherwise be very serious.
The services of the Entomologist are annually worth more to the
people than the total expense of the Department; new industries arise
that will dominate our markets, as in the case of the Smyrna fig secured
to us because our Entomologist met the fertilizing emergency.
Our tobacco investigations have already given much new light that
‘an not be computed in money values. The same may be said of all
our agencies to help producers.
This work will grow and expand from the foundations laid so wisely
and well in the past by our farseeing lawmakers until the power of the
man and the acre to produce will greatly exceed anything with which
we are now familiar, and place within the reach of our rapidly increas-
ing population the necessaries and luxuries of the life that has distin-
guished us as a people in the past.
A brief summary precedes more extended consideration of the work
regularly carried on by the several Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices.
SUMMARY.
WeratHeER BurEAu.—The Weather Bureau is experimenting success-
fully with wireless telegraphy. Messages have been sent over 50 miles
of rough country. The prospect of further improvement 1 Is very prom-
ising. Storm forecasts have been arranged for the North Atlantic,
made possible by location of observers in the West Indies, the Baha-
mas, Bermuda, and those arranged for from the Azores and Portugal.
We have also arranged for observations from Great Britain and France.
It is intended to make forecasts for the first three days of outgoing
steamers, and the same for those leaving European ports that “place
themselves in communication with us.
Bureau OF ANIMAL INDUstTRY.—This Bureau deals with our animals;
it inspects meats for interstate and international trade; it inspects iste
with the microscope for countries requiring such inspection; it inspects
vessels that carry animals to foreign countries, looking to ‘their adap-
tability; it inspects imported animals to protect our herds; it experi-
ments with swine diseases through serum treatment; it experiments
with blackleg in cattle through distribution of vaccine with prospects
of eradication, and with sheep scab with like prospects. Rabies exists
among dogs and other animals in the District of Columbia and adjoin-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XI
ing States that can be exterminated whenever public sentiment will
permit the restraining of dogs from biting for a term sufficient to cover
the period of incubation. The Bureau finds that Texas fever among
cattle exists in Porto Rico and continues experimentation with dips
and other remedies.
Dairy division.—Experimental shipments are being made of dairy
products across the Atlantic and Pacific and to Cuba and Porto Rico.
Complete exhibits were sent to the Paris Exposition. Composition
of butter for tropical countries is being studied. Inspection and
certification of dairy products designed for export is discussed.
Division oF CuEemistry.—The work of this Division has embraced
during the year the extent and character of food adulteration; an
examination of horse meat; a study of soils; sugar-beet investigations;
inquiry into foreign-food products; cooperation with other Depart-
ments, with legislative branches of the Government, and with other
Divisions of this Department.
Division oF EntomoLocy.—The Smyrna fig is now successfully
grown on the Pacific coast as a result of the importation, by this
Division, of the insect that fertilizes the blossoms. Over six tons of
this fruit were grown and packed the past season. A scientist has pre-
pared a life history of this insect for publication. An African insect
has been imported that preys upon the olive scale. A fungous disease
of grasshoppers has been imported from Natal that has destroyed
swarms of locusts in Colorado and Mississippi.
Division or Botrany.—The work of this Division includes. testing
of seed for Congressional distribution along lines of purity, germina-
tion, and trueness to name, the average purity of seeds sent out last
year being 97.3 and the average germination 91.4; experiments with
home-grown and foreign clover seeds, and methods of seeding land
with Bermuda grass; supervision of the introduction of seeds and
plants from foreign countries, and distribution among State experi-
ment stations and others making research; investigation of poisonous
stock plants and preparation of reports; inquiring into tropical plants
of Porto Rico; introduction of Hungarian wheats.
Division oF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PatTHotocy.—The diseases
of cereals were studied during the past year; cereals were extensively
shown at Paris; plant breeding is a leading feature; orange hybrids
have been placed in several Southern localities with a view to hardier
trees; corn breeding for earlier maturity, drought, and smut resist-
ance, and increase in protein content is being continued; hybridizing
of cottons for longer staples and other improvements is being studied
with promising results. This Division cooperates with the Division of
Soils in tobacco research; fermentation of tobacco, it finds, results from
an agent within the plant. Diseases of the sugar beet are being studied,
and also diseases of forest trees.
Drviston or Pomotogy.—The most important work of this Division
during the year was that connected with our fruit exhibit at the Paris
Exposition, which excelled all other countries in many respects, being
continuous from the opening to the close; horticultural implements,
seeds, plants, fruits, etc., were shown. Seventeen States were repre-
sented in the apple exhibit; the apples were kept in cold storage from
XII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
the tree to the exposition table. The testing of European grapes was
continued during the year. Trees, plants, and vines were extensively
distributed to experimenters.
Division oF AGrostoLogy.—The study of grasses is essential that
the plant may be suited to locality and ‘condition. The grasses are
our greatest source of wealth; the Division gathers, studies, and dis-
tributes. It cooperates with State experiment stations and producers.
The farm and the range are being furnished with plants better adapted
to their conditions. In addition to experiments with our native grasses,
explorers from the Department search all countries for grasses, legumes,
and other forage plants for trial in all sections of our country. Two
hundred varieties of grasses have been distributed during the past year
and 25 publications “have been issued. This Division prepared the
exhibit of animal foods for the Paris Exposition, and will have a grass
garden at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo.
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GRouNDS.—The Department grounds
have been brought to their present condition by Mr. William Saunders,
deceased. They are now under Mr. Galloway, who will use them as an
object lesson, along horticultural lines, for the adornment of the home,
in town and country; for a study of nut and fruit trees; for the train-
ing of agricultural aids along lines of advanced knowledge in horticul-
ture. ‘he production of American tea is very promising, and capital
is now seeking investment in this industry; the labor question is being
satisfactorily ‘solved by utilizing colored children.
BroLtoeicaL Survey.—This Division is studying the Belgian hare
and what we may expect of it. Congress has given this Department
authority regarding the importation of animals from foreign countries,
and the Division is in charge of the execution of this law; it is bring-
ing the associations of the States into closer touch regarding the pro-
tection of birds. Field work during the year has been carried on in
the Pacific coast and contiguous territories in Mexico and British
America.
Diviston oF Sorts.—Progress in this Division comprises mapping in
several States; tobacco investigations, growing Sumatra tobacco under
shade, with prospect of saving annually to our citizens, producers and
consumers, $15,000,000; experiments in improvement of the aroma of
filler tobacco grown In Pennsy lvania and Ohio; growing Cuban type of
cigar filler in Texas and Porto Rico. The exhibit at Paris was very
extensive and satisfactory. In the report expert salaries are discussed
and the printing of an annual report of the Division is suggested.
Drviston oF Forestry.—The work of this Division is along the
lines of demand for a better knowledge of trees. One hundred and
twenty-five people were cooperating during the last year in the study of
forestry under the chief of the Division. The Division is cooperating
with the lumbermen and tree planters. There is great demand for
help from private owners and public custodians; *‘ working plans”
are being prepared for both, that is, instructions relative to care and
harvesting, to the end that forests be improved and yield returns.
tequests for these plans cover over 50,000,000 acres. Private owners
of large tracts desire help in this regard as well as States, and those
in charge of Government reserves and cities getting waters from
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF “AGRICULTURE. XIII
wooded watersheds call for help. The effects of clearing off forests is
being studied.
Orrick oF Pusiic Roap Inqurrres.—To systematize and perfect
the work of this Office, several expert road engineers have been
engaged and assigned to different sections. The special mission of
this Department in connection with road matters is to give informa-
tion and advice as to methods. In several localities sections of roads
have been constructed under the supervision of its experts. A labo-
ratory for testing road material has been established under the joint
supervision of the Director of the Office and the Chief Chemist of the
Department.
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT SratTions.—This Office is in touch with
experiment work in all the States and Territories, and is the medium
through which the Divisions of the Department cooperate in research
with the experiment stations throughout the land. It inspects all the
stations annually, and reports upon their expenditures of national
appropriations; cooper ation with the stations increases, including work
with plants, soils, animals, work in the field, and barn, and in the for-
est, in irrigation of arid lands, and where there is normal rainfall.
The farmers are cooperating in research with this Department and
with the several stations, with admitted benefit. Work in Alaska is
very promising along lines of garden vegetables, grain growing, and
forage curing. This new Territory will ‘eet much benefit from grow-
ing of green things for home use. Grasses grow there naturally.
Cattle can be profitably kept where grasses grow, and mankind lives
comfortably where cattle thrive. Repor ts from agents sent to Hawaii
and Porto Rico have been received for transmission to Congress
regarding the value of experiment stations in those islands, showing
pressing ‘need of research for the benefit of the poorer classes. The
nutrition of man is being studied with marked approval of observing
people. Home economics are fair fields of scientific inquiry, quite as
inviting as the soil, the plant, or the animal.
Section oF Forergn Markets.—This Section is engaged in a study
of the world’s markets. Its mission is to seek an extension in foreign
markets of the demand for American agricultural products. Else-
where will be found areport on the development in recent years of our
agricultural export trade gathered from its reports.
Division oF Sratistics.—Efforts have been put forth to add to the
completeness and reliability of the statistics of foreign crops, and
arrangements have been made with Hungary and are in course of
negotiation with Germany for an interchange, by cable, of agricul-
tural data during the four growing months. Steps will be taken to
extend this arrangement to other countries as means at our disposal
will justify. Familiarity with conditions during the growth of crops
helps toward more intelligent conclusions regarding them at maturity.
Division oF Pupiicatrons.—The work of this Division grows as the
Department develops. Seven million copies of publications were printed,
and even this number did not meet the demand. Since March 5, 18: NT,
1,600 different publications have been issued, aggregating 21,000,000
copies, 7,000,000 of which were Farmers’ Bulletins. The Yearbook
of 1899, with the Paris Exposition edition, has been received with
marked favor.
XIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
WEATHER BUREAU.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPH FOR THE BENEFIT OF COMMERCE.
Important extensions of the Weather Bureau work have been made
during the past year. Recognizing the advantage that would result to
commerce and navigation by the establishment of wireless electrical
communication between vessels at sea and exposed points on our lake
and sea coasts, and also between islands along said coasts and the main-
land, the Weather Bureau was directed to systematically investigate
the various methods of electrical communication without wires. The
progress made is eminently satisfactory. New appliances have been
devised for the transmission of signals, and receivers have been con-
structed that probably are more delicate than any heretofore made.
Messages already have been successfully transmitted and received over
50 miles of land, which presented a rough and irregular surface, con-
ditions most unfavorable for the transmission of electro-magnetic
waves. It is believed that the efficiency indicated by such transmis-
sion overland is sufficient to operate successfully over several hundred
niles of water. The apparatus used is capable of further improve-
ment. I hope the time is near at hand when the great number of
craft employed in the coastwise commerce of the United States and
over its great inland seas will be placed in instantaneous communica-
tion with the numerous stations of our Weather Bureau, which are
located at all important ports. The matter is one of such great impor-
tance to our commerce that I have authorized extensive experimenta-
tion, which, from the success so far attending our efforts, will be
vigorously prosecuted.
SPECIAL STORM FORECASTS FOR THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN.
Another important addition to the work of the Weather Bureau in
the near future will be the beginning of special storm forecasts for the
North Atlantic Ocean, a step made possible both by the use of the
reports received from the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and
those to be received from the Azores and Portugal through the new
‘able system connecting Lisbon, the Azores, and New York City.
Arrangements already have been made by which daily observations
will be received from Great Britain and France. The transoceanic
and coastwise commerce of the several nations will doubtless receive
as much benefit from this extension of the weather service as the com-
merce of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and our South Atlan-
tic cities has received as a result of the action of the United States in
extending its meteorologic reporting stations over all the important
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XV
islands of the West Indies. It is intended to make forecasts of wind
force and wind direction for the first three days of the route of all out-
going steamers, and for an equal period for such as place themselves
in communication with the Weather Bureau before leaving European
ports. We view with satisfaction the consummation of an object so
long sought by both the meteorologist and the mariner.
VALUE OF THE FORECAST SERVICE.
No effort has been spared to improve and strengthen the forecast
service. The value of the West India meteorological service inaugu-
rated in 1898 has several times been demonstrated, notably in the case
of the hurricane that devastated Galveston. This storm was detected
at its inception on September 1. Its location was daily platted and
its course and intensity successfully forecast for eight days before it
reached the Texas coast, during which time it traveled about 2,000
miles. Storm warnings again were successfully displayed in advance
of this storm before it reached the Lake region. It is a significant fact
that, notwithstanding the great number of craft plying the Gulf of
Mexico and our inland seas, the warnings were so timely that there
was no disaster upon the open waters.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
MEAT INSPECTION.
In the general meat inspection much time has been devoted to improv-
ing the system and perfecting checks to guard against the use by
unscrupulous dealers of meat which has been condemned as unwhole-
some. The law which is intended to guard against this fraud is not as
stringent or perfect as is desirable, and it requires constant vigilance on
the part of the inspectors to accomplish the object of the inspection.
The number of localities where the work of meat inspection was In
operation during the year was increased from 41 to 45, while the num-
ber of abattoirs and packing houses receiving the benefit of this inspec-
tion was 148, as against 138 in the preceding year.
On account of the lessened demand in Continental Europe for Amer-
ican pork, due probably in part at least to the increase in price in our
home markets, there has been a reduction in the amount of micro-
scopic inspection.
The total ante-mortem inspections of cattle aggregated 53,087,994,
including those for official abattoirs in cities where inspections were
made, for abattoirs in other cities, and for miscellaneous buyers. The
number of animals rejected, subject to results of a post-mortem inspec-
tion, was, at abattoirs, 5,958, and in stock yards, 153,561.
XVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
The numbers and classes of animals inspected at time of slaughter,
and the number of these or parts thereof condemned, will be found in
the following table:
Post-mortem inspection for fiscal year 1899.
Number of EERO Carcasses condemned. Parts of
: carcasses
= : On animale . | Animals con-
Kind ofanimal. | yor official | rejected in Total enon rejected | mora). | Cemned.
abattoirs. stock : toirs, | 12 stock * | at abat-
yards. : yards. toirs.
SS = = ae
(CE Ae ee oa oe 4,841, 166 | 20, 828 4, 861, 994 | 6, 209 4,029 10, 238 8,973
Sheep. 2.42 s2e2cceser 6,119, 886 5, 209 6, 125, 095 4,234 1, 240 5, 474 309
Galives* ese) seer. sass 315, 693 276 315, 969 | 182 54 236 32
Hogs ...--- ae hae 23, 336, 884 | 92,112 | 23,428,996 | 38,598 7,248} 45,846 21, 032
IHLOFSCS -fe =12 = = siseisianienie 5 boOs Ean seeeeees 5, 599 INS |Ssqsocoase DD sl exes esatare
Total << 2 aeee- 34. 619, 188 118, 425 34,737,613 | 49,335 12,571 61, 906 30, 35
The meat-inspection tag or brand was placed upon 17,177,442 quar-
ters, 343,427 pieces, and 1,554 sacks of beef, 6,050,444 carcasses of
sheep, 310,126 carcasses of calves, 1,138,507 carcasses of hogs, and
653,756 sacks and 48,485 pieces of pork.
The ordinary meat-inspection stamp was affixed to py 95 pack-
ages containing beef, 24,151 of mutton, 107 of veal, 13,122,677 of pork,
and 602 of horseflesh.-
Seals were attached to 69,937 cars containing inspected products.
The number of ordinary certificates issued, except for horseflesh,
was 43,631. The meat products covered by these certificates aggre-
gated a total weight of 488,138,233 pounds of beef, 680,897 pounds of
mutton, and 272,050,663 pounds of pork. Eight certificates were
issued for 188,800 pounds of horseflesh.
The cost of conducting the work of ordinary meat inspection was
$505,280.52, an increase of $39,571.29 over the amount expended the
previous year.
MICROSCOPIC INSPECTION OF PORK.
The number of carcasses examined was 999,554, resulting in the fol-
lowing classification: Class A, free from all appearance of trichine,
968,405, or 96.88 per cent; Class B, containing trichina-like bodies or
disintegrating trichine, 11,701, or 1.17 per cent; Class C, containing
living trichine, 19,448, or 1.95 per cent.
The number of certificates issued for 253,333 packages bearing the
microscopic inspection stamp was 12,107; these packages had a weight
of 55,809,626 pounds.
The year witnessed a great falling off in the trade in microscopically
inspected pork products. The cost of this inspection was $154,950.22;
average per carcass, 15.5 cents; per pound exported, 0.277 cent. For
1899 the cost was $198,355.14.
REPORT OF THE’ SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XVII
INSPECTION OF VESSELS AND EXPORT ANIMALS.
While there has been an increase in the total exports of cattle to all
countries for 1900 over 1899, the decline in the number of domestic
cattle and sheep exported to Europe, noted in the last report, has con-
tinued; but there has been an increase in the number of horses over
last year of 40 per cent. The figures for Canadian shipments from
American ports show a decrease in all classes of animals.
The total number of inspections made of animals for export was:
Cattle, 656,164; sheep, 163,267; horses, 56,315. The number rejected
was: Cattle, 1,391; sheep, 117; horses, 174.
The number of clearances given to vessels carrying live stock, after
inspection by officers of the Bureau and having been found suitably
equipped in accordance with the regulations of this Department,
was 862.
The number of American and Canadian animals inspected at port of
debarkation by inspectors of this Department stationed at London,
Liverpool, and Glasgow, together with the number and percentage
lost in transit, is shown in the following table:
Cattle. | Sheep. | Horses.
From— — a
Landed. Lost. | Landed. Lost. Landed. Lost.
| | Bi =a = 77
| No. No. | Per ct.| No. No. | Per ct. No. No. | Per ct.
United States.-...-...0c-<. | 290, 609 | 556] 0.19 | 71,547| 436] 0.61| 27,836] 741| 2.59
Canna, sees eee A ee 19,889 | 189 94 | 24,997 | 253 1.00 1, 228 20 1.60
[ee | | ee ee ee eee eee
Ota ee scse ese soe ces 310, 498 | 745 24 | 96, 544 | 689 | ayft 29,064 ; 761 2.55
INSPECTION OF IMPORTED ANIMALS.
The numbers and classes of animals imported from Mexico and
inspected at ports of entry along the international boundary line are
here given: Cattle, 80,329; sheep, 9,976; swine, 44; goats, 4,132;
horses, 3.
From Canada the imports of animals not subject to detention at
quarantine stations comprised 77,693 cattle, 209,373 sheep, 1,886
horses, 1,092 swine, 6 goats, and 1 deer—total, 290,051. Of these,
1,012 cattle, 7,262 sheep, 137 horses, and 180 swine were imported
for breeding purposes.
Through the port of New York there were imported 265 horses and
350 mules; through the port of San Francisco, 8 horses.
During the quarantine season of 1899 the Bureau supervised the
movement of 1,058,484 cattle from the district infected with the South-
ern cattle tick (Boophilus bovis), and 39,663 cars were cleaned and
disinfected. In Texas 357,422 cattle were inspected for shipment or
trail to other sections.
AGR 1900
II
XVIII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
The sheep industry has greatly suffered from sheep scab, and this
Department has given much time and attention to securing its control
and eradication. It has been a difficult matter to get control of the
sheep traffic in such a manner as to prevent the spread of scab with-
out at the same time too seriously interfering with the marketing of
the animals. To lessen the burden of the sheep owners as much as
possible, the regulations were at first very simple and easily complied
with; they have been made more stringent and effectual as the nature
and objects of the requirements became known.
The effect of this work has been very marked. Sheep owners have
been encouraged and stimulated to treat their diseased animals and
free their ranges from the contagion. There isa much smaller num-
ber of diseased sheep found in the stock yards, and the infection is
gradually disappearing. A few years more of earnest work will be
sufficient to eradicate this disease and to remove in this manner one of
the greatest sources of loss to the sheep industry.
The number of sheep inspected at various places was 1,801,379, and
626,838 were dipped under the supervision of Bureau inspectors.
SERUM FOR HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.
The work of preparing serum for treating hog cholera and swine
plague has been continued. Inspectors of the Bureau have been engaged
in treating a large number of animals in two counties in Iowa, two of
the same counties in which work was conducted during the previous
year. The results in general, so far as can be determined at the present
time, will not justify definite conclusions, but are sufficiently encourag-
ing to justify continued experimentation, including some experiments
on entirely new lines.
The preparation of the large quantities of antitoxic serum necessary
to conduct this work in the field has entailed a large amount of routine
work in the laboratory, and also at the experiment station, where the
animals for supplying the serum have been treated. Full reports are
being kept this year, as last, of the herds that are treated. Cultures
are taken from the sick animals and are sent to the laboratory for fur-
ther tests and identification, and care is taken not only to demonstrate
the exact character of the disease so far as possible existing in the
animals which are treated in the field, but also to test the quantity and
character of the serum used for treatment. Important variations in
cultures, cultural products, and their bearings which have developed
in this work are being carefully studied.
THE PREPARATION. AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLACKLEG VACCINE.
During the past fiscal year 1,076,060 doses of blackleg vaccine have
been prepared and distributed among the various States and Territo-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. D4 D.¢
ries, as itemized below. The demand for this preventive is steadily
increasing, and the summarized reports of 2,000 cattle owners testify
to the great efficiency of the preparation in reducing losses from black-
leg toa minimum. It is conservatively estimated that the annual loss
from this disease when no preventive measures are taken amounts to
about $6,000,000. This estimate is based upon the reported loss of
from 10 to 25 per cent of all young stock in the vast districts of this
country where blackleg prevails.
So far as can be judged at the present time the loss after vaccina-
tion during the past year has been less than one-half of 1 per cent.
Since the beginning of the distribution of blackleg vaccine in Au-
gust, 1897, the total number of doses furnished to the cattle raisers of
this country amounts to 1,711,900, and the indications are that between
2,000,000 and 2,500,000 doses will be required to supply the demand
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.
The distribution for the year covered by the present report in-
cluded thirty-seven States and three Territories.
The biochemie division has made and distributed 10,722 doses of
mallein for testing horses for glanders. The greatest part of this was
supplied to the War Department, while small amounts were distrib-
uted in twelve different States. It has also made and supplied to State
authorities 33,400 doses of tuberculin to be used for testing cattle for
tuberculosis.
THE PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS.
Tuberculosis is the most prevalent and most destructive disease
affecting mankind and the domesticated animals. Among farm stock,
cattle and swine are most often affected. During the last twenty years
there appears to have been a great increase of animal tuberculosis in
the principal countries of Europe, and unfortunately in those countries
from which our breeders desire to obtain animals for the improvement
of their stock.
While this disease exists in parts of the United States, it is yet
limited as to territory, and even in the worst infected districts there is
amuch smaller proportion of the cattle and swine affected than is found
in European countries.
Modern investigations show that tuberculosis is produced by a spe-
cific germ, the Bacillus tuberculosis, and that this disease can not
develop until the body is invaded by this germ, which can only come
from some diseased individual, either man oranimal. Being a strictly
contagious disease and arising only by contagion it is important for
our stock interests that the law prohibiting the importation of dis-
eased animals should be strictly enforced.
Until the last year reliance has been placed upon the ordinary phys-
ical examination of imported cattle while in the quarantine stations.
XX REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
Experience has shown, however, that this examination even by the
most skillful inspectors is not reliable. Accordingly, the tuberculin
test has recently been adopted, and it is hoped that with this more
accurate means of diagnosis the American farmer may be protected
from further importations of this contagion.
As the loss of a considerable proportion of high-bred cattle after
they have been purchased and brought to this country would be a
severe burden to importers, it has been decided to station an inspector
in Great Britain to test and certify to the animals before shipment.
By adopting this method diseased animals may be excluded at the time
of purchase and the traffic in healthy animals will proceed with less
risk than heretofore. Similar arrangements have been made for
testing Canadian cattle.
Numerous restrictions have been placed upon the interstate ship-
ments of breeding and dairy cattle by the individual States, in order
to guard against the introduction of diseased animals. The hardships
and burdens thus put upon the legitimate traffic in healthy animals
which are carried in the channels of interstate commerce leads to the
suggestion that uniform regulations under federal authority may save
our shippers much annoyance and loss, and at the same time furnish
protection from disease.
The authorities of several States have requested this Department to
take action which would prevent the interstate shipment of tubercu-
lous animals, but it is doubtful if existing law authorizes the meas-
ures required for efficient control, and anything short of this would
prove an additional burden without bringing the desired relief.
DANGER FROM RABIES.
It is unfortunate that the disease known as rabies, canine madness,
or hydrophobia is apparently on the increase in the United States. A
considerable number of outbreaks have come to the attention of
Department officials during the past year, and these have been so
widely separated as to indicate an extensive distribution of the conta-
gion. While dogs are most frequently affected, cattle and horses are
not uncommon victims, and a single mad dog running through a herd
of such animals may cause losses of hundreds or thousands of dollars’
worth of property.
One of these outbreaks of rabies oceurred during the year in the
District of Columbia, extending into adjoining portions of Maryland
and Virginia, and was very carefully studied by the Bureau of Animal
Industry. Between July 1, 1899, and June 30, 1900, the disease was
demonstrated by the most careful laboratory tests in 45 dogs, 1 cat,
4 cows, and 1 horse. Other cases occurred which were not submitted
to this critical scientific study. Four men and sixteen children were
bitten by these rabid animals.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXI
For various reasons the local authorities have not in most cases effi-
ciently controlled these outbreaks of rabies. In the District of Colum-
bia, under federal laws and administration, the disease has existed for
a year and has not yet disappeared. n some States its presence has
scarcely attracted official attention.
As this is one of the most terrible and fatal of diseases, as it is com-
municable to man and to most or all species of warm-blooded animals,
it isextremely desirable that the contagion should be eradicated. That
this can be accomplished without extraordinary efforts is clearly shown
by the recent experience of Great Britain and other countries.
The continued existence of the disease at the national capital is a
subject for regret, and shows a lack of efficient measures for protecting
human and animal life. On account of the number of persons, par-
ticularly children, which have been bitten, and the serious burden and
expense to families in moderate circumstances to send their children
to other cities for the Pasteur treatment, I would recommend that the
Secretary of Agriculture be authorized to pay for such treatment out
of the appropriation for the Bureau of Animal Industry in all cases
where the parties have been bitten in the District of Columbia, or that
one of the medical services of the Government which maintains a lab-
oratory at the capital be directed to furnish this treatment free of
charge.
It appears that some additional legislation is needed to enable this
Department to prevent the interstate extension and distribution of this
dreaded disease.
THE EXPERIMENT STATION.
The experiment station of the Bureau has proved of great service.
The antitoxin animals during the year supplied about 1,500,000 cubic
centimeters of blood for use in the biochemic laboratory in making
hog cholera serum. A serum for the prevention of tetanus or lockjaw
is being prepared and will soon be ready for use.
TEXAS FEVER.
The work on Texas fever has been of two kinds: First, that directly
concerning the disease; and, second, that concerning the destruction
of the Southern cattle tick.
It has been found by recent experiment that the Texas fever exists
in the island of Porto Rico, and very probably in other portions of the
West Indies. The ticks received from Porto Rico and used in our
experiments are identical with the well-known Southern cattle tick.
The main problem of the Texas fever question remains as last year—
the finding of a dip that will effectually destroy the ticks without
affecting the cattle injuriously. The great benefits to be derived from
the solution of this problem will justify the expenditure of consider-
XXII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
able time and money in our efforts to solve it, and further experiments
will be carried on with unabated energy and the added light derived
from past experience. It is thought possible that something may be
done by combining a dip with a drench containing substances which
will act on the tick through the secretions of the skin of the cattle.
THE DAIRY DIVISION.
During the year a detailed report was prepared upon the series of
experimental shipments of dairy products to European markets,
which were made under special authority given in the acts of Congress
making annual appropriation for this Department.
In the latter part of the year experimental shipments to Europe
were again inaugurated, special efforts being made in connection with
the Department exhibit at the Paris Exposition to show the high
quality of our dairy products.
A number of experimental shipments of butter, cheese, and cream
have also been forwarded to trans-Pacific points, which had been
visited and selected by a special agent of the Department. On account
of the great distance and the failure of some of the consignees to at
first fully understand the purposes of the Department's efforts, it is
not yet possible to make a report upon these shipments.
Arrangements were ade in the dairy division for the United States
exhibit of animal industries at the Paris Exposition. The chief of the
division took personal charge of the preparation of the various
exhibits.
Much valuable information concerning dairying in foreign countries
has been received in reports from consuls, through the courtesy of the
State Department. These reports will be prepared for publication as
soon as the work of the division permits.
Shipments of butter to Cuba and Porto Rico have been begun. In
these experiments we are confronted with problems quite similar to
those met in the shipments from San Francisco to the Orient. The
dairy products are forwarded to warm countries, shipment has to be
made without refrigeration, and cold storage is not available at the
points of destination. It is necessary, therefore, to send butter, and
perhaps cheese, as well as condensed milk and cream, in hermetically
sealed packages, which afford the best means known of preserving
such perishable products. The Department is seeking to obtain infor-
mation useful to butter exporters in canning butter and producing but-
ter which has a hard body. To this end, experiments are now in prog-
ress at some of the State stations. Some countries sending butter in
‘ans to the new markets supply a product with a very high melting
point, showing in this, as in other ways, a disposition to adapt their
products to the needs of those countries, an example our producers
must follow if they are to successfully compete in those markets.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, XXIII
The experimental shipments of the dairy division will be directed to
showing our producers what they have to do in this respect.
It is proposed to ascertain the prospects for trade in dairy products
in the South American countries besides those already named.
INSPECTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS.
It is considered extremely desirable that the existing system of
Government inspection and certification of meats and meat products
for export be extended, by additional legislation, so as to include
butter, cheese, and condensed milk and cream for export from the
United States. Reasons for such legislation have been stated in pre-
vious reports, and they apply now even more forcefully than when
first given. Briefly, a few of the arguments for such new legislation
are as follows :
Foreign buyers of dairy products have so often been deceived by
misleading, and sometimes false statements, claiming that shipments
of dairy products are high grade when really they are inferior, or in
part inferior, that many of them suspect all products exported from
this country, and avoid them whenever it is possible to supply their
needs elsewhere. In this way we have recently lost a fine market in
Great Britain for our cheese.
The Department has expended much labor and money to establish
a reputation abroad for American dairy products, and already the
good results accomplished are being counteracted by the shipment of
inferior goods which are claimed to be of high quality. After the
buyers on the other side have been defrauded a few times by such
shipments they will be unwilling to deal with us when it can be
avoided.
Other countries have developed large foreign trade in their dairy
products, and it is well known that one of the principal reasons for
their rapid advance in the largest markets of the world is the fact that
their best products are marked with a Government stamp, showing
conclusively that the article is as represented.
The proposition of inspecting dairy products for export has been
indorsed by nearly all of the large conventions of representative dairy-
men in this country, and it has the decided approval of commercial
bodies and individual exporters. So far as Iam aware, no objection
to it has been made.
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.
FOOD ADULTERATION.
The Division of Chemistry has continued, during the past year, its
elaborate work in the investigation of the extent and character of
food adulteration and the composition of foods. The principal study
XXIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
during the year has been of the composition and adulteration of pre-
served meats, a subject in which the whole country has lately taken
particular interest. In all, 513 samples have been purchased in the
open market, consisting of preserved meats of all kinds, including
soups and potted meats.
An examination of the meat of the horse has also been carried out,
39 samples having been purchased and analyzed with the object of
determining a method whereby horse meat could be easily detected if
sold under any other name. In so far as can be discovered, this meat
is not offered for sale in any part of the United States under its own
name, and it is believed that very little of it is sold under any other
name.
The Division has during the year been engaged in active cooperation
with other organized bodies, notably the Pure-Food Congress of the
United States, to promote the effort to secure State and national legis-
lation on the subject of food adulteration. In quite a number of the
States the laws which have been passed have been modeled upon the
Brosius pure-food bill, which is now pending before Congress, and
which, by its passage, would secure a perfect control of interstate
traffic in adulterated foods. It is only by such national legislation
that the excellent work which the States are doing in controlling State
legislation can be properly supplemented and made efficient. Every
consideration of honesty and justice to the producer and consumer
demands that Congress should take early and favorable action upon
the pure-food bill which is now pending.
SOIL BACTERIA.
The studies of soil bacteria have been continued, with results which
are of the most encouraging nature in regard to practical agriculture.
The studies of the relation of the crop to the composition of the soil
have also been continued, completing a term of five years, which covers
a sufficiently long period to warrant the tabulation and publication: of
the results already secured.
SUGAR-BEET INVESTIGATIONS.
The chemical work attending the sugar-beet investigations has been
pursued with vigor during the past year, and comparative data have
been collected from all parts of the United States relating to the influ-
ence of soil and climate on the character of the beet produced. These
investigations have already led to a tentative mapping out of the areas
of the United States suited to beet culture, and their continuance will
enable intending investors to locate definitely in those areas most
favorable to the production of the highest quality of beets.
It is only by careful attention to these scientific details that the beet-
sugar industry in this country can hope to compete with the carefully
controlled industry in Europe.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXV
THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS.
The patronage of the Department of Agriculture has, through the
Division of Chemistry, been continued to this official body, represent-
ing the chemists employed in the agricultural experiment stations and
colleges and in State and municipal bodies having control of food prod-
ucts. The practical effects of the work of this organization have been
most favorable to the advancement of our agricultural interests, and
also to securing, both at home and abroad, a proper recognition of
the valuable work of our agricultural chemists. There is no other
country in the world where agricultural chemical investigations are
pursued on so large a scale as in this country, and, through the organi-
zation of our chemical workers, we are securing a dominant influence
in the agricultural chemical councils of the world. This influence has
been recognized by the successive international congresses of applied
chemistry, held at Paris in 1896, at Vienna in 1898, and again at Paris
in 1900.
EXAMINATION OF FOREIGN FOOD PRODUCTS.
The study of the character of foreign food products introduced into
this country has been prosecuted with vigor during the past year.
The results of this study are of a confidential nature, and are used for
the information of the proper authorities of this country in the con-
trol of imported food products.
COOPERATION WITH EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
At the request of the heads of Executive Departments, the Division
of Chemistry has continued its extensive cooperation with those
Departments during the past year.
For the War Department tests have been made of the chemical and
physical properties of the cloth intended for the manufacture of uni
forms for soldiers in the Tropics, and on the results of these analyses
the contracts for the cloth were concluded.
Numerous analyses of food materials have also been made at the
request of the Secretary of War for the guidance of the ration board
in selecting materials for an appropriate emergency ration for the
Army.
Analytical investigations have also been conducted during the year
for the Departments of State and of Justice, the Post-Office and Navy
Departments, and for the U. S$. Fish Commission.
Collaboration with the Treasury Department in connection with the
methods of collecting duties on imported sugars has been continued,
and the Chief Chemist gave more than a month of his time to the work
during the year. The principle of the method of correcting polari-
scopic readings for the effect of temperature, which has been adopted
by th2 Treasury Department for fixing duties on sugar, and which the
XXVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
investigations of the Division of Chemistry have shown to be rigidly
correct, has been approved by the international committee appointed
to determine uniform methods of sugar analysis. This committee, at—
its meeting in Paris in July, 1900, recommended that in all countries
polariscopes employed should be graduated for the temperature at
which they are to be used. This is an unqualified approval by the
highest international authority of the methods of sugar analysis estab-
lished as correct by the investigations of the Division of Chemistry of
this Department.
COOPERATION WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT.
During the past year, at the request of the chairman of the Senate
Committee on Manufactures, | directed the chief of the Division of
Chemistry to cooperate in every possible way with this committee in
the investigation which it was making in regard to the adulteration of
foods. The results of these investigations have been published in the
report of the committee already submitted to the Senate of the United
States.
COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISIONS OF THIS DEPARTMENT.
The cooperative work with the several branches of the Department of
Agriculture has been continued in several directions.
For the Bureau of Animal Industry a study of dairy products, espe-
cially of butters of different origin, has been conducted. Particular
attention has been paid to the detection of so-called ‘* process” butter
and its chemical and physical peculiarities. A study of the composi-
tion of foreign cheeses has also been made, both from the point of
view of adulteration and of food value.
In connection with the Division of Soils, collaborative work on soil
analysis has been conducted, and working room for one of the chemists
of that Division has been provided.
The Division of Entomology has assisted the Division of Chemistry
in collecting samples of insecticides, and a number of analyses have
been made at the request of the Entomologist.
Determinations of the water content of indian corn and other
cereals have been made at the request of the Division of Botany. In
turn, the vitality tests of the beet seeds distributed to various parts of
the country, and also of the seeds used in connection with the soil
experiments of the Division of Chemistry, were made in the seed
laboratory of the Division of Botany.
Rooms have been provided the Division of Forestry for clerical and
other work, and preliminary arrangements have been made for exten-
sive chemical investigations of trees and bark.
TI directed the Division of Chemistry to make an investigation of the
methods of testing road materials for the Office of Public Road Inquiries
- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXVII
of the Department. The laboratories at Johns Hopkins and Harvard
universities were visited, and the machinery and processes in yogue
studied. Asa result of these investigations, I have established in the
Division of Chemistry a laboratory for the study of good road mate-
rials, in order to determine what materials or what mixtures of mate-
rials are best suited to road making.
MISCELLANEOUS WORK.
The Division of Chemistry, in addition to the above outline of its
investigations, has charge of a large quantity of miscellaneous work
bearing directly and indirectly upon agricultural subjects. This work
includes the analysis of raw and manufactured fertilizers, waters
intended for irrigation or for watering stock, soils of miscellaneous
origin, whose examination can not be secured in the State agricultural
experiment stations, and many other analyses of a character incapable
of classification.
As will be seen from the above report, the work of the Division of
Chemistry touches almost every branch of agriculture and every
department of the Governmental service.
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.
IMPORTATION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS.
In my last Report I referred to the important work being done under
the direction of the Entomologist in the importation and establish-
ment of the insect which fertilizes the Smyrna fig. This insect was
successfully carried through the winter, and during the summer it
has been cared for with such good results that in one locality in Cali-
fornia more than 6 tons of Smyrna figs of the highest grade of excel-
lence have been produced and packed. Down to the present year the
Smyrna fig has had a practical monopoly of the dried-fig market of
the world. None had been successfully grown in America. The
direct result of the importation and establishment of this insect will
be to make America a strong competitor in the dried-fig trade in the
world’s markets. Other beneficial insects have been introduced into
the United States. An important parasite has been imported from
Africa, which preys upon the olive scale, an insect very injurious to
the olive groves in California. A fungous disease of grasshoppers has
been introduced from Natal, which has destroyed injurious swarms of
locusts in Colorado and Mississippi. The Entomologist is endeavoring
to introduce European parasites of the gipsy moth. It is hoped they
will be effective against this injurious species, on which the State of
Massachusetts has ceased to make war.
XXVIIT REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. .
WORK AGAINST INJURIOUS INSECTS.
Important work has been done against insects damaging forests
in the far Northwest and in the woods of Maine. Experimental work
has been carried on against the scale insects injurious to fruit trees and
against insects affecting garden crops.
Further work has been done on the Hessian fly, the codling moth of
the Northwest, toward the exact delimitation of the permanent breed-
ing grounds of the migratory grasshoppers of the Northwest, and
on the geographic distribution of the injurious insects of the United
States.
PUBLICATIONS ON MOSQUITOES.
The recent publications of this Division on the subject of mosquitoes
have been greeted by medical men of this country with decided
approval. Physicians are shown how to distinguish the mosquitoes
which are responsible for the spreading of malaria from those that do
not carry the malarial parasites, and there is also pointed out the
means by which certain neighborhoods can be freed of mosquitoes and
consequently of malaria.
WORK ON BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BEE CULTURE.
Work has been conducted on the bibliography of American economic
entomology, as well as experimental work along much-needed lines of
investigation in bee culture.
DIVISION OF BOTANY.
SEED TESTING.
As the mandate of Congress has laid upon the Department of Agri-
culture the work of purchasing and distributing larger amounts of
seed than ever before, the duty of carrying out this task in an effective
manner has become still more imperative than formerly. For several
years past the Division of Botany, by my direction, has tested the
seeds of the Congressional distribution to ascertain their mechanical
purity and germination. The importance of these tests will be appre-
ciated when it is known that the average mechanical purity of the
seeds distributed last year was 97.3. The average germination of the
same seeds was 91.4. These averages I consider indicate the high
character of the seeds in the Congressional distribution, so far as
mechanical purity and germination are concerned. It has been alleged,
however, that while the seeds distributed by the Department were of
highly creditable germination and mechanical purity, they were defi-
cient in purity of stock, genuineness, or trueness to name. Tests to
ascertain the validity of these allegations were therefore inaugurated.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXIX
These tests show-that the average purity of stock last year was 86.7
per cent. Therefore, although the extent of this defect has been
greatly exaggerated by those opposed to the policy of seed distribu-
tion, there is nevertheless sufficient reason to warrant me in taking
steps to effect a remedy. I have therefore established the following
standard for purity of stock:
The standard of trueness to name for each variety shall be the average of the per-
centage of trueness to name in not less than five commercial samples of the same
variety purchased under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture in the open
market from five or more reliable seed houses, and the Secretary of Agriculture shall
be the sole judge of the results of the tests reported by the officer or officers charged
therewith by him. Not less than 100 plants from each lot of the seeds furnished by
the contractor shall constitute a test.
The maintenance of the high standards for seeds distributed at the
direction of Congress will place these seeds above reproach. There
is, however, another improvement which I propose to inaugurate in
the Congressional distribution. The Department has maintained for
some years past a trial ground, in which it has made comparative tests
of the standard varieties of vegetables, and also of many of the novel-
ties which are placed on the market by American seedsmen. These
experiments have shown that each year there are offered new varie-
ties of established superiority, which the Department without diffi-
culty can secure and distribute. By proper handling, these novelties
can be purchased at prices little if at all higher than those of the com-
mon varieties heretofore included in the Congressional distribution.
Furthermore, it will be remembered that three years ago, with the
permission of Congress, I set apart from the seed appropriation a fund
to be devoted to the introduction of new and valuable seeds and plants
from foreign countries. The plants thus introduced have been tested
by the various State experiment stations, by properly qualified private
experimenters, and by the Department itself, most of our own experi-
ments having been conducted on the Potomac Flats testing grounds,
placed at our disposal two years ago by authority of Congress and by
permission of the Secretary of War.
Several plants thus introduced have, as heretofore reported, demon-
strated their capacity of increasing the agricultural products of our
country by millions of dollars annually. Some of these seeds should
be very widely distributed. It should, therefore, be the policy of the
Department to introduce into the Congressional seed distrib-tion new
varieties of established superiority developed in the United States or
imported from foreign countries, to distribute these varieties for one
or more years until they have been sufficiently brought to the atten-
tion of the people, and then to discontinue their distribution, leaving
the demand thus created to be supplied through the ordinary commer-
cial channels. In this way the Department will be enabled to carry
XXX REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
out the original intent of the seed-distribution law, will furnish seeds
of the highest character, and will avoid the evil of competition with
the regular seed trade.
PLANTS POISONOUS TO STOCK.
Early last winter an urgent request was received from Hon. T. C.
Power, chairman of the State Board of Sheep Commissioners of Mon-
tana, that the Department investigate the poisonous plants of the
great stock ranges of that State, which annually cause the death of |
thousands of sheep and other stock. In response to this request, two
experts in poisonous plants were sent to Montana. It was ascertained
first what the plants are that have caused the losses of stock, and
means of preventing these losses were then devised, both through the
avoidance of the poisonous plants and through the application of
remedies to animals that have already been poisoned. An illustrated
report of this investigation will be completed early in the coming
winter.
ECONOMIC PLANTS OF THE TROPICS.
In my last Report I pointed out the desirability of securing at an
early date, both for the education of the people and for the use of
those intending to enter the field of tropical agriculture, some reliable
information on the useful and agricultural plants of the Tropics, and
although little money was available for this purpose, a fully ifustrated
report on the useful plants of Porto Rico has been prepared. In this
report special attention has been paid to india rubber, coffee, and other
tropical plants, regarding which the Department has received the most
numerous inquiries. In my estimates for the next year’s appropria-
tions I have included an item for the prosecution of this special line of
botanical inquiry. It is intended that this work shall occupy a ground
intermediate between that of the technical botanist on the one hand
and the actual agricultural experimenter and tropical farmer on the
other, and to furnish information which will be indispensable to these
classes, but which it would be impossible for them to acquire without
great expense of time or money.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE POTOMAC FLATS.
Two years ago Congress authorized the temporary use of a portion
of the Potomac Flats as a testing ground for the Department of Agri-
culture. During the season of 1898 an area of 25 acres was fenced,
cleared, and put in shape for the reception of crops, and this year the
actual experimentation began. “Among the many experiments carried
on there, I desire to call attention to two, either of which has more
than repaid the entire cost of maintaining the grounds. I refer to an
experiment in the germination of Bermuda grass seed, and another in
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXI
relation to foreign and American clover seed. Bermuda grass is one
of the most valuable grasses known in the Southern States. It has
been very difficult, however, to get a good stand from seed, and South-
ern farmers in starting a field of this grass have been compelled to go
through the laborious process of setting out roots. Tested Bermuda
grass seed sent out from the Department last year was reported a
failure by experimenters in the South. Seed showing the same test
was sowed on the flats under varying conditions, and a remarkable
stand has been secured. It appears from this year’s trials that for
good results the seed of Bermuda grass must be sowed at such a sea-
son as to insure surface moisture for a period of several weeks during
the time of germination and early growth. This points to the prac-
tice of fall or winter sowing in the Southern States. If further
experimentation shall confirm this preliminary conclusion, the result
will be a large saving to Southern farmers and a wide extension of the
use of this valuable grass.
On the subject of red clover seed there has been an active contro
versy in Europe, particularly on the Continent. In some years this
seed is exported in enormous quantities from the United States, the
value of the export in a single year having reached the sum of nearly
$5,000,000. Upon the allegation that American clover seed contained
a large percentage of weed seeds a careful investigation of this point
was made, which showed that such a position was untenable. This is
now conceded by many of the European seed-control stations. Next
the allegation was made that the American clovers produced a crop
different and inferior in character from that of the European clover.
On this point different seed-control stations of Europe have taken
opposite sides. The Department has also interested itself in the sub-
ject, and last year secured many authentic samples of European-grown
and American-grown clover seed. The comparative tests of these on
the Potomac Flats strongly indicate that, whatever may be the ulti-
mate result of the European investigation in regard to the relative
merits of red clovers for cultivation on that Continent, so far as the
clover-growing parts of the United States are concerned, American
seeds are decidedly the more valuable. This is likely to have an
important bearing on the clover-seed market in years of shortage of
the American crop, when clover seed is sometimes imported from
abroad.
SECTION OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION.
The Section of Seed and Plant Introduction was instituted to bring
into this country for experimental purposes any foreign seeds and
plants which might give promise of increasing the value and variety
of our agricultural resources. So far, its work has been eminently
satisfactory, and, in the fuller development of its results, there is
XXXII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
promise of almost incalculable benefits to American agriculture. Of
the varieties introduced in the past four years, many have proven
commercially successful and many others show favorable indications
so far as they have been tried. The newly introduced seeds and plants
are distributed for testing purposes mainly to the State experiment
stations and to a small number of private experimenters. No general
distribution is attempted until the value of the new varieties is estab-
lished. Among the most valuable importations made, the following
may be mentioned:
SOME VALUABLE IMPORTATIONS.
CrreAts.—Russian and Hungarian wheats, superior in yield, milling
qualities, and resistance to rust, have been introduced and tested; also
white wheats from Australia, Europe, and the Orient to replace the
white wheat of California, which has shown a tendency to deteriorate.
The so-called macaroni wheats from southern Europe are succeeding
so well in the Great Plains as to warrant the establishment of the
macaroni-manufacturing industry. Valuable new varieties of oats,
rye, barley, and buckwheat have also been introduced.
GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS.—The smooth brome grass (Bromus
mermis) from Hungary has proven an extremely valuable pasture
grass, and is already quite widely distributed throvghout the Middle
West. Turkestan alfalfa has proven superior in hardiness and drought
resistance, and is therefore an especially valuable addition to the
leguminous crops which can be grown in our semiarid regions. Supe-
rior varieties of soy beans have been brought from Japan, and sev-
eral other forage plants of lesser importance have proven desirable
acquisitions.
VEGETABLES.—In this class may be mentioned some very fine varie-
ties of muskmelon from Russia which have succeeded in Colorado and
other Rocky Mountain States, squashes from Italy, a new radish from
Japan, the silver-ribbed chard, a superior variety of eggplant, and a
French variety of edible-podded peas.
Fics AND pDATES.—The Smyrna fig industry, the introduction of
which had been so often attempted without success, now appears to be
established in California. The securing for Arizona of date trees true
to name is another valuable accomplishment which will be slower in
reaching results, but the next generation will count this one of the
greatest agencies for the development of the warmer portions of the
arid Southwest.
Ricr.—While the rice industry of the South, and especially of
Louisiana and Texas, has grown rapidly in recent years, the introduc-
tion of the Kiushu rice from Japan was necessary to lift it to a position
among the great cereal crops of the country. Of this rice, Dr. 5. A.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXII
Knapp, of Louisiana, who procured the original importation in 1898,
reports as follows:
This year has thoroughly proved the superiority of the Kiushu rice in every way.
Under favorable conditions, the yield is on an average fully 30 per cent more than
that of Honduras or South Carolina (the ordinary varieties). Under unfavorable
conditions Kiushu rice yields from 100 to 400 per cent more than any other rice. It
yielded this year 4 or 5 barrels per acre without any water except rain. The Hon-
duras rice grown under the same conditions produced nothing. The straw is so tough
that the seeds will not whip off ina storm. It mills30 to 50 per cent more head rice
(unbroken grains) than the Honduras. The Department never spent money that
helped the country more than that spent in the importation of this Japanese rice. It
has brought about the opening up and development of an extensive region in south-
western Louisiana and southeastern Texas, where the land was not previously of any
value except for cattle grazing. It has resulted in the investment of probably
$20,000,000. It has increased the production of rice in Louisiana more than $1,000,000
perannum. Rice now has a future in the United States second only to wheat.
VALUE OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION.
That the value of seed and plant introduction to the agriculture of
the United States is very great, all who are familiar with its results
must agree. It would be impossible for anyone to estimate in dollars
the benefits already derived, much less the vastly greater benefits
which will come with the future. It is safe to say that in many
instances the introduction of a single new variety will be worth more
to the country than the whole cost of the work done by this Section.
It would, indeed, be within bounds to estimate the value of some single
introductions as exceeding the annual cost of the Department. The
value of the Smyrna fig industry to California, it is estimated, will not
be less than $1,000,000 annually. The value of the introduction of
Kiushu rice will certainly not be less, and probably far more, than
that of the Smyrna fig industry.
But the most valuable of all is the introduction of superior varieties
of wheat from Russia, Hungary, Australia, and elsewhere. In many
cases these new wheats are reported to exceed in yield the varieties
they are displacing by 5 bushels or more per acre. The area in wheat
in the United States in 1899 was over 44,000,000 acres; now, if by the
introduction of better varieties, the average yield is increased only 1
bushel per acre, we will have an increase of 44,000,000 bushels, worth
at the farm price for 1899 (nearly 60 cents per bushel) about $26,000,000.
These figures will at least give an idea of the possibilities involved in
this work.
DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
As now organized, the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol-
ogy consists of five branches, or laboratories, namely, plant pathology,
plant physiology, Pacific coast investigations, plant breeding, and plant
AGR 1900 III
XXXIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
nutrition and fermentation. Each branch is in charge of an assistant,
who is responsible for the main details connected with his partic-
ular line of work. The division of labor effected by this arrange-
ment has led to excellent results, responsibilities being placed where
they should rest, and each man being led to take special interest in
developing his field.
CEREAL WORK AND CEREALS AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION.
During the year special attention was given to the study of cereals,
their diseases being investigated and a number of new lines of work
inaugurated. The most important work, however, consisted in the
collection and installation of a commercial cereal exhibit at the Paris
Exposition. This work was planned to give the world some idea of the
enormous resources of the United States in the matter of grain and
grain production. Every effort was put forth to make the exhibit as
striking as possible, and its effect on our commercial relations with
other countries was kept in mind throughout the entire work. The
exhibits of only a few countries, such as Canada, Russia, and Hungary,
compared well with the exhibit of the United States as regards quality
of grain, and only those of Canada, France, and Hungary compared
at all with our exhibit in both quality and variety.
An excellent opportunity was afforded for showing our wonderful
capacity in the production of dent corn. Not only was the entire corn
collections from other countries small as compared with ours, but they
were composed almost entirely of flint varieties. In all the work
special emphasis was placed on leading export varieties of wheat, corn,
and other cereals, the number of separate exhibits entered being about
1,500. Appreciation of the work of the United States was generously
manifested by the numerous awards in class 39, which included cereals.
The exhibit unquestionably aided in bringing the resources of this
country as regards grain production into prominent notice, and also
served as a valuable means of gaining knowledge as to the possibilities
of other countries in this direction.
PLANT BREEDING.
The plant-breeding work was pushed forward as rapidly as possible,
mainly along lines similar to those upon which work was conducted
last year. The orange hybrids, made with a view of securing hardier
sorts, have been placed at various points in the South, and cooperative
experiments have been inaugurated at several experiment stations to
test the value of these hybrids. The work in corn breeding, begun in
1899, was continued and considerably extended. The features of
importance aimed at in connection with this work are early maturity,
drought resistance, resistance to smut, increased protein content, and
- REFORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXV
increased yield. Important work was inaugurated in the South for
the purpose of improving varieties of cotton. Special efforts were
made to obtain by breeding and selection races of cotton with a longer
and finer staple than that of the ordinary upland sorts. Already prom-
ising results have been obtained in this direction, and it is believed
that varieties can be secured which will be of great value in a number
of important cotton-growing districts.
COOPERATION IN TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS.
The cooperative work with the Division of Soils on tobacco, started
two years ago, was continued. As a result of the work, it has been
found that the true cause of fermentation is not bacteria, as formerly
supposed, but chemical ferments produced by the tobacco plant itself.
This discovery has suggested important modifications of the old
methods of handling tobacco, which promise much improvement in
Northern cigar leaf tobacco. ‘The practical application of the results
of these investigations will unquestionably be the means of adding
millions of dollars to the wealth of the country. Unfortunately, the
specialist who was engaged by the Government to carry on this work
was led to sever his connection with the Department by the very
flattering inducements offered him by a foreign country. In addition
to the work on the fermentation of tobacco, much attention was given
to a study of diseases of this crop, and some results were obtained
which will go far toward bringing about methods of prevention.
SUGAR-BEET DISEASES.
The growing importance of the sugar beet in this country has called
attention to a number of very serious diseases which have prevailed,
especially during the past year. One of these diseases attracted wide-
spread attention in California, where it caused an estimated loss of
over $2,000,000. Every effort was made to obtain as much informa-
tion as possible in regard to the trouble, but owing to limited funds it
was not practicable to undertake a thorough study of the matter.
DISEASES OF FOREST TREES.
Special work on the diseases of forest trees was inaugurated and car-
ried on in cooperation with the Division of Forestry and the Shaw
School of Botany of St. Louis. The special agent in charge of this
work is instructor in botany in the Shaw School and has excellent facil-
ities for carrying on the investigations. The rapidly growing interest
in forestry problems has created a widespread demand for information
as to diseases affecting trees, and in recognition of this fact the work
has been pushed forward as rapidly as possible.
XXXVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
CHANGES AMONG THE OFFICERS OF THE DIVISION.
The affiliation of this Division with three other Divisions in the
Department, referred to elsewhere in this Report, made some changes
among the officers necessary. Mr. B. T. Galloway, for thirteen years
chief of the Division, having been made Director of Plant Industry,
Mr. Albert F. Woods, who had been assistant chief for the past seven
years, has succeeded him at the head of this Division.
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY.
‘THE PARIS EXPOSITION EXHIBIT.
The most important new work undertaken by the Division of Po-
mology during the year was the collection, preparation, and installation
of the horticultural exhibit at the Paris Exposition. As this was the
first attempt to make a comprehensive exhibit of American horticul-
ture and horticultural products at a foreign exposition, it was regarded
as most desirable that the showing should be worthy of that great
industry. The results attending this exhibit were such that I am con-
vinced that the fruit industry of this country will be greatly benefited
by this notable display of American horticulture and horticultural
products, which was maintained throughout the entire time of the
exposition.
The exhibit consisted of horticultural implements, seeds, plants,
illustrations, ete. As fruit culture is generally recognized as the
largest and most important feature of American horticulture, special
prominence was given to it by maintaining a continuous fresh-fruit
exhibit from May 9 to the close of the exposition. Seventeen States
were represented in the apples exhibited, and the California exposition
commissioner furnished the oranges. The apples were shipped in
refrigerator compartments, and when they reached Havre, the sea-
port of Paris, they were again placed in cold storage, being taken in
installments to the exposition tables as needed. The fruit was in excel-
lent condition when unpacked, and furnished conclusive proof of the
practicability of prolonging the marketing season. The exhibit
attracted wide attention, and the ultimate effect, I am sure, will be an
increased foreign demand for American products.
No other country attempted to maintain a continuous fruit exhibit,
even the French section being bare of fruit during at least two-thirds
of the time.
CULTURE OF EUROPEAN GRAPES.
The effort to give a thorough test to the culture of choice European
grapes in the South Atlantic States was continued during the year and
with the promise of ultimate success. It now becomes important to
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXVII
make a careful study of the varieties under cultivation. Happily we
may determine methods of pruning, cultivating, fertilizing, and com-
bating disease which will render the production of these valuable fruits
in this country quite satisfactory.
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS AND COOPERATIVE WORK.
The card catalogue of fruits described in standard American publi-
cations has been finished, and so soon as all the fruits can be catalogued,
will afford copy for the most complete index in pomology.
Cooperative work with the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction,
Division of Botany, in the distribution of fruit-bearing trees, plants,
and vines was continued during the year. Over 700 lots have been
placed with about 125 experimenters, and 200 varieties, representing
22 species, have been thus distributed.
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIVISION WORK.
The growth in the work of this Division has necessitated reorganiza-
tion, and it has been divided into four sections, each under the charge
of a specially qualified assistant. These sections are: First, experi-
mental, which has charge of all experimental operations carried on
outside of Washington, D. C., in cooperation with the State experi-
ment stations; second, seed and field, which has charge of the col-
lection of seeds, roots, and specimens, and useful native grasses and
forage plants, and the distributing of the same, as well as the making
of field studies with these plants in various parts of the country;
third, grass garden, which includes the care and maintenance of grass
gardens and experiments in the District of Columbia; fourth, the
herbarium section, in charge of the collections of the Division and the
naming of material or specimens sent in for identification. These
sections also prepare reports and bulletins along their various lines of
work. The investigation of animal foods was also assigned to this
Division by Congress at its last session, but as no appropriations were
made for conducting this work, it has not been taken up. This
organization or classification of the Division work has increased its
effectiveness along all lines, but especially in the field investigations
and experiments.
COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTAL WORK.
The work in Texas, which has been carried on in cooperation with
the citizens of Abilene, in that State, was originally designed to demon-
strate the possibility of improving the worn-out cattle ranges and pas-
tures by practical methods. The grazing of pastures has been so
XXXVIII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
improved as the result of experiments conducted by the Division that
pastures which three years ago were estimated by experts to be capa-
ble of supporting only one steer to 16 acres will now maintain in
good condition one steer to 8 acres, a net gain of 100 per cent in the
carrying capacity. The possibility of growing clovers, and especially
the improved varieties of alfalfa, in this section of Texas has also been
determined by the experiments of our agent at Abilene. The work
carried on at Wallawalla, in cooperation with the Oregon Railroad and
Navigation Company, has been devoted exclusively this season to the
production of seed of important native grasses and forage plants for
distribution to the agricultural experiment stations.
Arrangements are now made for continuing, through this Division,
seed production in cooperation with experiment stations, and the work
at Wallawalla will close with the present season. The station at
Highmore, 8. Dak., conducted in cooperation with the State expert-
ment station, has been continued, and the results of the season’s work
there will form the subject of a divisional report. The work of last
season was set forth inCircular No. 21 of this Division. These exper-
iments have attracted a great deal of attention from ranchers and
farmers, and already they are beginning to put into practice the meth-
ods recommended for improving the ranges which have been shown
to be so efficacious at the stations named. Among the questions which
will be taken up in these cooperative investigations are the following:
Range improvement; the formation and management of meadows and
pastures; forage plants for alkali soils; sand-binding and soil-binding
grasses; soiling crops for a continuous series throughout the season;
winter pasturage; the relation of forage crops to the reclamation of
worn-out lands and the maintenance of soii fertility; selection and
development of varieties of grass and forage plants adapted to special
purposes or conditions, or possessing special qualities of hardiness,
palatability, yield, ete.
The investigation of forage crops suitable for alkali soils will be
undertaken with the Montana and Colorado experiment stations and
with the stations in other States in which there is a large amount of
such land. The question of sand-binding and soil-binding grasses is of
special importance at certain points on the Pacific coast, along the Great
Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast, and itis planned to undertake investi-
gations of such grasses in connection with the Oregon experiment sta-
tion, and perhaps with other stations in the regions represented.
Experiments with soiling crops are being carried on with the Maryland
experiment station, and these will be extended to other sections where
dairying is a leading industry and where this question is an important
one. Winter pasturage is one of the most vital questions for the South,
and its investigation is accordingly being arranged with certain of the
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XXXIX
Southern experiment stations, while with others the study of forage
crops and their relation to the improvement of the fertility of the soil,
another question of importance in this section, will be undertaken.
Similar investigations are being planned for the New England States.
The study of selected varieties of grass and forage crops is a question
of general importance throughout the country, and investigations are
being carried on in cooperation with the Division of Vegetable Physi-
ology and Pathology and with such of the State experiment stations
as are prepared to undertake the work.
During the past three years there have been distributed through the
Division of Agrostology seeds of 250 varieties of grasses and forage
plants, nearly all of which had never before been cultivated; 5,000
packages were sent to volunteer experimenters on farms and ranches,
3,000 to State experiment stations, and over 1,100 to stations in foreign
countries. Reports from the volunteer experimenters to whom this
seed was sent were published in Bulletin No. 22 of the Division. As
a result of the extensive distribution of the seed of Turkestan alfalfa
through this Division and through the Section of Seed and Plant
Introduction, Division of Botany, much useful information concerning
this crop has been secured and was presented in Circular No. 25 of this
Division.
These cooperative investigations form the most important part of
the work of the Division, and Congress, at its last session, by a clause
in the appropriation bill, made it imperative that this work be carried
on in cooperation with the State experiment stations. With a view to
carrying out this work in accordance with the law, nearly all the State
experiment stations were visited by the officers of the Division and
arrangements made for carrying on cooperative experiments. The
work has been carefully and effectively organized, and articles of
cooperation have been signed by the directors of ten of the agricultural
experiment stations jointly with the Agrostologist, and approved by
me. The plans proposed have met with the most cordial reception on
the part of the station authorities, and it is already manifest that this
work of the Department, thus carried on through the experiment sta-
tions, will have greater efficiency and assure more definite results of
greater value to the farmers and stock raisers of the country than was
possible by the methods previously employed. The individual and
volunteer experimenter, moreover, can accomplish much through sug-
gestions and aid furnished by the Division, and can carry the work into
sections which can not be reached in any other way; the intelligent
farmer or ranchman who is willing to devote land and labor to the
propagation of new grasses and forage plants furnished by the Division
is a valuable factor in developing the work of the Department and
carrying it directly before the people.
XL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
FIELD WORK.
The field work of the Division has been conducted during the past
season as heretofore, but particular attention has been devoted to col-
lecting seeds, roots, and specimens of valuable native grasses and
forage plants, as especially provided for by the last session of Con-
gress. This work has been carried on in Oregon, Arizona, Colorado,
Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming, Michigan, Idaho, Minnesota, Maine,
the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. Several tons of seed have been
gathered in this way, which will be distributed to the different State
experiment stations for further seed production and experimental cul-
tivation. In cooperation with an official of the State experiment
station of California, explorations have been made in the northern
part of that State, and a report has been prepared for publication on
the forage resources of northern California as a result of these field
investigations. Aside from the collection of seeds, attention was
directed in these field investigations to the study of the native grasses
and their suitability for use in range improvement, investigations of
drought-resistant forage plants, sand and soil binders, forage crops
suitable for the reclamation of worn-out lands and winter pasturage,
and grasses adapted for use in the making of lawns or grassing of
pleasure grounds.
GRASS GARDENS.
The grass garden on the Department grounds, which contains nearly
500 varieties of grasses, has been continued and has afforded many
valuable lessons relative to these plants. An important feature of the
garden has been the testing of various saltbushes and legumes and also
the different varieties of grasses used for lawns. The space allotted
to this work on the Department grounds has been so limited that the
area devoted to any individual species was very small. To remedy this
and give opportunity for more extended cultivation, especially for the
large and coarse-growing annuals, an area of land on what is known
as the Potomac Flats was set aside for the work, and here it has been
carried on very successfully during the past season. The results
obtained here with some of the native grasses and legumes from the
Southwest have been remarkable, and the possibilities of successful
culture of many foreign species has been demonstrated.
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS AND SPECIMENS.
Seeds of some 200 varieties of grasses in 3,000 packages have been
distributed, chiefly to experiment stations and correspondents in the
United States. Nearly 5,000 herbarium specimens of grasses and a
large number of sample sheaves for exhibition purposes have been
distributed during the year.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLI
PUBLICATIONS.
During the year the Division has issued 25 publications, covering
a wide range of subjects along lines of the work of the Division, both
practical and scientific, and there has been large demand for them both
from scientists and farmers.
THE HERBARIUM.
The already large collection of grasses and forage plants has been
increased by the addition of more than 5,000 sheets of mounted speci-
mens, which have been collected by the agents of the Division or
deposited by the National Herbarium, and specimens obtained by pur-
chase or received in exchange from foreign countries. Nearly 4,000
determinations of specimens for correspondents have been made during
the year.
PARIS EXPOSITION EXHIBIT.
To this Division was assigned the preparation of the United States
exhibit of foods for animals. These were divided into two classes:
First, seeds of grasses and forage crops offered in the markets, stock
foods, oil cakes made directly from various cereal crops or as by-
products in the manufacture of sugar, cotton-seed oil, linseed oil, and
other commodities; second, the exhibit of the more important grasses
and forage plants grown in this country, with samples of seed of both
native and introduced varieties, together with a large collection of
photographs illustrating the habits of growth of the different sorts
and the methods of cultivating, harvesting, and utilizing them. This
exhibit has called forth many favorable comments both at home and
abroad, and was recognized by the commission of awards with a num-
ber of grand prizes and medals, both to the Department and to individual
exhibitors.
PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION.
During the Pan-American Exposition to be made at Buffalo next
season the Division will maintain a grass garden upon the grounds
for exhibiting the various native grasses and forage plants or those
of special value for lawns, binding soils, drifting sands, etc. A fea-
ture of this exhibit will be the exhibition of sand-binding grasses on
an artificial sand dune, which has already been planted. The ground
for this garden has been put in condition, and nearly all the seeds and
roots have been sown or planted. In addition, there will be an exhi-
bition of grasses in the form of sheaves or panels and photographs,
similar to those used to illustrate the work of the Division at the Paris
Exposition.
XLII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
FUTURE WORK.
The future work, as now planned, will be the supervision and exe-
cution of the cooperative investigations with the experiment stations,
which, during the coming year, will consume a large part of the time
and resources of the Division. The field work will be carried into
regions that have not hitherto been studied. The routine and office
work of the Division will be carried on as indicated above under the
present plan of organization. Preliminary arrangements are being
made for undertaking experiments in methods of destroying Johnson
and other noxious grasses, but until appropriations are made for this
new line of work little can be done. Each year the importance of the
field work is becoming more and more manifest, one of its useful pur-
poses being the bringing of the work of the Division before farmers
and ranchmen and others interested in the various parts of the coun-
try. The extensive plans now made for carrying on the work in
cooperation with the experiment stations will demand close supervision
of experts in the lines of work contemplated and necessitate consider-
able increase in the Division force.
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
The Experimental Gardens and Grounds comprise about 35 acres,
and ever since the organization of the Department they have been in
charge of Mr. William Saunders. Mr. Saunders died on September
11 of this year at the age of 78 years. He was a man of sterling integ-
rity, and during his long and useful life labored constantly to advance
the cause of agriculture in all of its branches. The Gardens and
Grounds have been placed in charge of Mr. B. T. Galloway, who
since 1887 has been chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology.
FUTURE WORK.
The future work of the Gardens and Grounds will be along broad
horticultural lines. The grounds will be used as an object lesson for
encouraging the adornment of the home and also for a study of the
problems which will lead to the making of the farm home more attract-
ive. Close cooperation will be effected with other Divisions in the
Department, and every facility will be afforded them to strengthen
their work. A study of nuts, fruits, and other horticultural crops will
be undertaken with a view of disseminating the rarer and more prom-
ising sorts, and determining the conditions best suited to their growth.
Special attention will be given to the encouragement of new horticul-
tural industries and the advancement of knowledge along these lines in
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLItl
cooperation with the present experiment stations and those that may
be established in Porto Rico and Hawaii. Opportunities will be
afforded in this work and that undertaken in cooperation with the
other Divisions of the Department engaged upon plant industriai
investigations for the training of scientific aids along broad horticul-
tural lines. For the constantly increasing work of the Department
and that of the experiment stations men with broad training will be
needed, and it is hoped that the Department can aid in making more
such men available.
TEA PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Tn my last Report attention was called to the efforts being made by
the Department in the production of tea. For several years Dr.
Charles U. Shepard, a public-spirited citizen of Summerville, S. C., has
been experimenting with a view of obtaining information as to the
practicability of producing American tea, and his efforts promised so
much of value that it seemed proper for the Department to render
assistance in certain directions. To this end arrangements were made
with Dr. Shepard whereby certain machinery, etc., were to be fur-
nished in order to settle some questions pertaining to the commercial
production of tea. Throughout the work the question of labor has
been an important one; but through Dr. Shepard’s efforts there has
been adopted a method for utilizing the labor of colored children.
What Dr. Shepard has accomplished in this matter in his region could
undoubtedly be brought about in other sections of the South, where
much idle labor is awaiting proper utilization. Dr. Shepard has estab-
lished schools on his place, and in these the children are received and
educated, and at the same time are taught to pluck tea and perform
other work in connection with the production of the crop. For such
work fair wages are paid, and in this way interest is maintained.
The experiments so far conducted have shown that tea may be pro-
duced in the United States in two ways: (1) By families in their gar-
dens, as was demonstrated years ago to be entirely feasible; and, (2) on
a commercial scale, after the manner followed by the British East
Indian tea establishments and the beet-sugar industry.
The work at Summerville was started with a view of ascertaining
whether under favorable conditions tea plantations could be made to
yield as much as the average oriental production, and whether the
crop could be marketed at a fair profit. The results obtained have
been affirmative, the crop of 1900, although not so large as expected
early in the season, exceeding that of any previous year by at least 12
per cent, and the entire product being sold before it was all gathered
to a prominent Northern distributing house at a price that gave a fair
profit.
XLIV REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
As further evidence that tea can be profitably grown in the United
States, capitalists are already making preparations to begin the work
in certain parts of the South on a more or less extensive scale. A
company with a capital of $50,000 is being organized, and will endeavor
to secure a location having soil and climatic conditions adapted to the
growth of tea, and where labor, such as Dr. Shepard utilizes, can be
secured.
From what has already been accomplished, it has been shown that a
good grade of tea can be grown and put on the market in bulk at a
cost not exceeding 15 cents per pound. Under average conditions an
acre will yield 400 pounds of marketable tea, and this, at 15 cents per
pound, would make the expense of growing it $60 per acre. The tea
should sell in bulk for at least 80 cents per pound, and the profit on
this basis would be 100 per cent. Besides the cost of marketing,
however, there are other expenses to be considered, namely, the salary
of a superintendent and the interest of the money invested in the
plant, which would, of course, cut down the profits.
From the foregoing, it seems that the commercial possibilities of tea
production in this country can no longer be questioned, but there are
still many points to be settled, especially as regards the improvement
of the product. During the past year experiments have been under-
taken for the purpose of determining the effect of irrigation on tea
and of shading the plants from the direct rays of the sun. Work has
also been inaugurated with a view of reducing the cost of the prepara-
tion of tea, especially the green tea. The experiments in irrigating
and shading, which will be continued, have given promising results,
the shaded plants giving nearly double the yield of the unshaded, and
a much finer grade of leaf.
In the future special attention will be given to the manufacture of
pure green tea. This subject is now claiming the attention of both
inventors and planters in the British colonies, as they begin to realize
the hopelessness of bringing American tea drinkers to use the black
tea instead of the green. The manufacture of green tea in the United
States can be made successful only by the invention of machinery
which shall take the place of expensive hand labor and prevent the
waste which accompanies the latter. These questions are all being
investigated by the Department and, in addition, it is giving special
attention to a study of the conditions in various parts of the South
with reference to determining the localities where tea can be grown to
best advantage. Experiments have been inaugurated by some of the
experiment stations and plants distributed with a view of putting the
work on a substantial basis. Much need is felt for young men capa-
ble of taking up this important problem, and it would be well for the
agricultural colleges of the South to bear this matter in mind.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLV
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
FIELD WORK.
Field work was carried on in California, Texas, New Mexico,
Alaska, Mexico, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northwest Ter-
ritories. The outlining of life zones in California was continued in
the Coast Range and carried south to the Bay of San Francisco, under
the personal direction of the chief of the Division. During the
present season a careful examination will be made of that part of the
Sierra Nevada lying between Sierra Valley and the Yosemite, includ-
ing the region about Tahoe, Donner, Independence, and Webber
Lakes.
In Texas special attention was given to the collection of data for
most accurately outlining the life zones in the southern half of the
State, and more particularly in the region along the Gulf coast from
Corpus Christi to Brownsville and west to the Rio Grande below
Laredo. A preliminary investigation of the most economical methods
of destroying prairie dogs was also undertaken. In view of the dam-
age caused by this pest not only in Texas, but also in several other
States in the arid region of the West, the destruction of these animals
is a practical question of great interest to many farmers and worthy
of thorough investigation by the Department.
THE BELGIAN HARE.
Much interest in the Belgian hare has been developed during the
last three years, especially in California, Colorado, and other Western
States. But however valuable Belgian hares may be for meat or fur,
their introduction in large numbers is accompanied by a certain ele-
ment of danger which should not be overlooked. Some are sure to
escape, and the State Board of Horticulture of California has esti-
mated that several thousand of the animals are already at large in the
State. If they increase as rapidly when at large as they do in captiv-
ity, they will undoubtedly become a source of danger, and stringent
measures may be required to keep them under control. Still more
dangerous would be the introduction of the Belgian hare into Porto
Rico, where the question of its acclimatization has already excited
interest.
STUDY OF FOOD OF BIRDS AND BIRD PROTECTION.
Laboratory and field studies of the food of birds, especially of
species of economic importance, have received much attention. The
object of these investigations is to obtain reliable information which
will enable the farmer to distinguish between species which are bene-
ficial and those which are injurious to his crops. Such knowledge
XLVI REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
naturally creates a desire to increase the abundance of useful species,
and it is very gratifying to note the widespread and constantly increas-
ing popular interest in bird protection.
With a view to bringing the various associations concerned with the
protection of birds into closer touch with one another, a list of the
State officials, national organizations, State game associations, and
various Audubon societies was published in the Yearbook of the
Department for 1899. Still further to meet the demand for informa-
tion regarding the protection of birds, a compilation was made of the
laws now in force in each State in the Union, so far as they relate to
birds other than game.
THE LACEY ACT.
A short time before the close of the year I assigned to this Division
all matters relating to the importation and preservation of birds con-
templated by the act of Congress known as the Lacey Act, which went
into effect May 25, 1900. This act gives the Department large powers
and responsibilities, and the object, as expressed in the first section, is,
‘**To aid in the restoration of such (game and other wild) birds in
those parts of the United States adapted thereto where the same have
become scarce or extinct, and also to regulate the introduction of
American or foreign birds or animals in localities where they have not
heretofore existed.” In my last Annual Report attention was called
to the necessity for legislation restricting the introduction of noxious
animals and birds from abroad, and Iam gratified to report that in
the Lacey Act Congress has absolutely prohibited the importation of
the English sparrow, mongoose, starling, flying fox, and such other
species as may be declared injurious to agriculture, and has also pro-
hibited the shipment of such species from one State to another. It is
believed that this law will afford the United States greater protection
against the introduction of injurious animals and birds than is enjoyed
by any other country.
Congress has also authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to adopt
such measures as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the
act, to collect and publish useful information on the propagation, uses,
and preservation of birds, and to purchase game and other birds, sub-
ject to the laws of the various States and Territories. Under my
direction all necessary steps to carry the law into effect have been
taken by the Division, so far as this is possible in the absence of a
specific appropriation. The present appropriations of the Division
being inadequate, I earnestly recommend an increase which will not
only enable the regular investigations already under way to be carried
on more effectively, but will permit the enforcement of the provisions
of the Lacey Act as the importance of the work and public interest
in it seem to demand,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLVII
DIVISION OF SOILS.
PROGRESS OF SOIL SURVEY.
The Division of Soils has continued and considerably extended the
investigation and mapping of the soils of some of the important agri-
cultural districts of the United States. This work has been carried on
during the fiscal year in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North
Carolina, Louisiana, Utah, California, and Arizona. The total area
surveyed and mapped (on a scale of 1 inch to the mile) amounts to
3,386 square miles, or 2,160,000 acres. The Report of the Field Opera-
tions of the Division of Soils for 1899, which was transmitted to Con-
gress by the President on February 5, 1900, has been published with
the accompanying maps and illustrations. There has been an unprec-
edented demand for this publication, and the number assigned for the
use of this Department has been heavily drawn upon to supply Sena-
tors, Representatives, and Delegates, who found their quota entirely
inadequate to supply the demands.
The pressure for the soil survey work has been so great from many
districts that the limited means at our disposal and the few trained
men available to head the field parties have made it necessary to shift
the parties in the field more than would otherwise have been advisable.
Foreseeing the popular demand there would be for work of this char-
acter, I have caused a number of young men to be trained in the field
and laboratory work, so as to be ready to meet the demands should
Congress see fit to increase the appropriations. Since the importance
and practical value of the work have been appreciated, and especially
since the published reports and soil maps have appeared, the pressure
from all parts of the country has been so great that I have asked Con-
gress for an increase of $80,000 in the appropriation for this soil sur-
vey work. If this be granted work will be immediately started in
about twenty States and Territories, assigning one field party to each
of these States for an entire field season of from six to nine months.
Each one of these parties should survey from 600 to 1,000 square miles
per year and prepare soil maps for the use of farmers and others
interested in the development of our agricultural districts.
The Department has received many letters and resolutions from
various individuals and organized associations speaking in the highest
terms of the practical value of the maps and reports, indorsing the
accuracy of the work so far done, and urging in the strongest terms
that similar work be instituted in a number of other localities.
The reports of the field operations of the Division of Soils can not
from the nature of things be confined to 100 printed pages, which is
the statutory limitation imposed upon the Secretary for editions
exceeding 1,000 copies. As the popular demand for the work is very
XLVIIIL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
great and is increasing, and as the publication of the reports, illustra-
tions, and soil maps is expensive, I recommend that Congress make pro-
vision for the publication of an annual report of the field operations of
the Division of Soils—as is now done with the Annual Report of the
Chief of the Weather Bureau and with the Annual Report of the Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry—through an amendment to the print-
ing bill providing for the publication of 30,000 copies, 10,000 of which
to be placed at the disposal of the Secretary of Agriculture, and
the rest to be distributed through Senators, Representatives, and
Delegates.
The details of the soil-survey work, together with the physical and
chemical investigations done in support of this, are given in the
report of the chief of the Division of Soils.
TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS.
Several years ago, as a result of the soil investigations in the Con-
necticut Valley by this Department, a prediction was made that the
Sumatra type of tobacco could be grown there. After some prelimi-
nary experiments in the summer of 1899 some Sumatra tobacco was
planted under shade in the spring of 1900, the experiments being under
the direction of the Division of Soils cooperating with the Connecticut
experiment station. The leaf produced has been so fine that the New
York tobacco men say that it can not be told from the imported
Sumatra leaf. They predict as a result of this work a complete revo-
lution in the tobacco industry of the Connecticut Valley and the sub-
stitution of Sumatra tobacco, as has already been done in the State of
Florida. We import into this country, in spite of the high import
duty of $1.85 per pound upon wrapper leaf, about 40,000 bales of
Sumatra tobacco, which, with the duty added, costs about $15,000,000,
of which nearly $6,000,000 are annually paid to foreign producers. It
is believed that in a very short time we will be able to save this to pay
our own producers.
Experiments are now being made in the improvement of the flavor
and aroma of the filler tobacco of Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is
believed that with the introduction of the methods of fermentation
now being tried in Pennsylvania that the saving in that State alone
from case rot will amount to at least $1,000,000 annually. Further-
more, it is reasonable to hope that the aroma and flavor of the present
crop can be improved, which will greatly enhance the value of the
product.
This tobacco work has been so eminently practical and so successful
that it has received the hearty support of the tobacco men. Not only
the growers, but the leaf tobacco associations and the large tobacco
dealers, are urging us to continue and toconsiderably extend the inves-
tigations. I should like very much, in addition to the present work,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. XLIX
to foster the interest in Texas, where I believe the Cuban type of cigar
filler can be successfully grown, and in Porto Rico, where the methods
are crude and where I believe a much finer product can be produced
than is now grown.
Business men and private corporations pay salaries from $4,000 to
$6,000 to managers of tobacco estates, and it is not possible for the
Department to get efficient men for much less than this sum. Such
salaries for tobacco experts are not to be considered, however, while
the chief of the Division, who directs and coordinates the work, has
a statutory salary of only $2,500. Already one expert has left to
accept service at a salary over four times as much as the Department
was paying him. ‘The tobacco men are demanding that if the work
be continued and extended it must be by men in whom they have thor-
ough confidence and who are well fitted by experience to carry on the
work. Such men can not be retained by the Department except for
salaries commensurate with what private corporations are paying. As
the Department is concerning itself more and more with these large
commercial interests, in order that the work shall conform to a high
standard and be of the greatest practical value we must pay as much
for experienced men as they can get elsewhere.
TOBACCO EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION.
The tobacco exhibit at Paris was one of the largest and most com-
plete exhibits which has ever been made. It contained over 2,000
samples, representing all the commercial types and grades of tobacco
produced in this country, including the various export types and our
domestic manufacturing and cigar types. Two very important points
came out in the awards of the jury. The Florida-grown Sumatre
tobacco was awarded 20 points of merit against 18 points for the
tobacco submitted from the island of Sumatra, and the Florida-grown
leaf was admittedly a thinner leaf with much more elasticity. It took
twenty-five more leaves in the 16-inch size to make a pound of the
domestic than of the foreign-grown leaf. This is a matter for con-
gratulation, and will undoubtedly secure a name and a market for the
Florida product, which, on account of the prejudice for foreign-grown
products, it would have been difficult to secure for the Florida crop.
The bright yellow tobacco of North Carolina was awarded the same
number of points as the Turkish tobacco with which it came into
competition.
While it was admitted that the Turkish tobacco had a more desirable
aroma, the North Carolina product, besides closely approximating this,
has a larger leaf, which can be used for wrappers as well as for fillers
for all tobacco cigarettes and plug. It costs much less to produce
and is altogether more of a general-purpose tobacco, and is therefore
more desirable. Foreign countries are appreciating this fact, and our
AGR 1900
IV
L REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
exportations, especially to Great Britain and Japan, have increased
enormously in the past few years. There is reason to believe that the
desirable Turkish aroma may be imparted to our own product with-
out detracting in any way from the other desirable qualities which
it admittedly possesses. The tobacco exhibit was altogether a very
creditable display for this country, and it is believed that it will bea
very good thing for our commercial interests. The tobacco men
express themselves as thoroughly satisfied with the work the Depart-
ment has done in presenting our products at the exposition.
DIVISION OF FORESTRY.
GROWTH OF THE FORESTRY WORK.
The work of the Division of Forestry continues to be thoroughly
practical and direct. While the principal lines of effort remain
unchanged since my last Annual Report, the work itself has taken on
a somewhat new and larger character with its growth. During the
past summer its total membership at the highest was about 125, and
this large increase in numbers, which, thanks to the small pay of col-
laborators and student assistants, does not involve a proportionate
increase in expenditure, has necessarily been accompanied by a con-
siderable expansion of the working organization. It may be of inter-
est to note here that during the past two years the working force of
this Division has increased about three times faster than its appropria-
tions. There has been, too, a parallel gain in system and efficiency,
and the Division of Forestry is now in a more effective condition than
at any time inthe past. I am particularly glad to report that its rela-
tions with practical lumbermen and tree planters were closer and more
useful during the past year than ever before. It has done work of a
kind which fully justifies the proposal to give it additional resources,
and I have taken occasion in my estimates to recommend a considera-
ble increase in the appropriation for its use. I was led to do so not
merely by the record of the Division, but also by the enormous
increase in the demand, both public and private, for its services in all
parts of the United States. These demands were last year far beyond
the power of the Division of Forestry to meet, and the appropriation
was accordingly increased. But while the appropriation was a little
less than doubled, the demand for working plans, the most important
of the four sections of this Division’s work, increased during the past
year not less than twenty-five times.
THE DEMANDS UPON THE DIVISION.
The insistent demand for the services of the Division of Forestry is
the most conspicuous fact to be noted here, and the inability of the
Forester, through lack of resources, to meet these demands is perhaps
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. LI
the most serious of all hindrances to the progress of practical forestry
in this country. Public interest in forest matters is just now not only
keener and wider than at any time heretofore, but it is growing with
a rapidity altogether without precedent. To fail to use this unequaled
opportunity for the protection and preservation of our forests would,
I believe, be of the nature of a real misfortune.
Until the past year the requests which camc to this Department for
working plans originated altogether from private sources, and they
were, as I have said, far more numerous than the resources of the Divi-
sion of Forestry could meet. During the past year not only have the
requests from private owners of forest tands continued in undiminished
number, but the work of the Division in this direction has been recog-
nized by official requests covering enormous areas of forest land. The
most important of these came from the Secretary of the Interior in the
form of an application for working plans for the whole area of the
national forest reserves. This first step toward the introduction of the
principles of forestry on Government forest land was heartily seconded
by this Department, and in spite of the fact that the Department of
the Interior was unable to bear any share of the expenses, preliminary
examinations of several reserves were undertaken, and the preparation
of a working plan for the Black Hills Forest Reserve was begun in the
very early spring. This working plan was pushed forward vigorously
during the summer, completed as to field work in the late autumn, and
will be entirely finished during the coming winter. It will give com-
plete and explicit directions for the harvesting of the forest crop in the
Black Hills in such a way as to perpetuate the supply of native timber,
without which the enormous mining interests of this section must suffer
most severely.
The second official request came from the Forest, Fish, and Game
Commission of New York in the form of an application for working
plans for the whole area of the New York State Forest Preserve—about
a million and a quarter acres in extent. Work was begun in June on
township 40, which includes Raquette Lake, and the completed work-
ing plan will be submitted to the commission before the close of the
present calendar year.
The total requests for working plans amounted, at the end of the
last fiscal year, to 51,192,714 acres, of which about two and a half mil-
lion acres are for private lands. It should be noted that all of the
working plans hitherto put in operation by the Division of Forestry
have been continued, in most cases under greatly improved circum-
stances, and in no case with any loss of efficiency. In addition to the
official work above noted, personal examinations were made during the
year of 48 tracts in fourteen States, covering 878,670 acres; working
plans were prepared for 200,000 acres, and 50,000-acres were put under
management.
LII REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
COOPERATIVE WORK.
One of the largest manufacturers of agricultural machinery has
applied for a working plan for the tract from which his timber is to
come, and in cooperation with the Division of Forestry extensive techni-
cal forest work has been for the first time undertaken by a lumber com-
pany in the South.
Practical cooperation with tree planters has been greatly extended
during the year. Field work began in September, 1899, and from
that time until the close of the fiscal year planting plans were made
for 59 applicants. The work extended from New York to California,
and from North Dakota to Texas, but it centered in the States of the
plains, where the necessity for wood lots, wind-breaks, and shelter
belts is very great. Studies of the natural encroachment of trees upon
the plains were conducted in connection with the cooperative tree
planting, and considerable numbers of public meetings have been held
by the agents of the Division engaged in tree-planting work. Careful
studies and measurements of the results of plantations already made
have formed one of the most useful parts of the work of the section of
economic tree planting, which is also engaged in a wholly unique
investigation of the relation of forest cover to the flow of streams in
southern California. Through the courtesy of Mr. H. B. Hedges,
engineer of the Arrowhead Reservoir Company, observations of pre-
cipitation, run-off, evaporation, and temperature, made with complete
thoroughness and accuracy for a period of eight years, were placed at
the disposal of the Division, and strong hopes are entertained of valua-
ble results from the comparison of the run-off from various types of
cover. This Division is, with increasing frequency, receiving applica-
tions for planting and working plans for watersheds from which cities
obtain their supplies. A typical instance is that of the water company
of Johnstown, Pa., where one of the chief objects in view is to assist
in preventing the possibility of a recurrence of the great disaster.
Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey has continued,
and reports were completed upon two forest reserves and the field
work for two others was finished. In cooperation with the State geolo-
gist of Maryland an examination and report was completed for Alle-
gany County.
6 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
ment, including grasses and forage plants, cereals, table grapes,
tobacecos, cotton and other fiber plants, and sugar-beet seed.
The purchase and distribution of sugar-beet seed was directed by
the Chemist, but was actually carried out through the Section of Seed
and Plant Introduction.
The weight of sugar-beet seed purchased was as follows: Vilmo-
rin’s ‘‘ White Improved,” 8,800 pounds; Strande’s ‘‘ Zehringen,” 8,800
pounds; Dippe’s ‘‘ Kleinwanzlebener,” 8,800 pounds; Mrozinski’s
‘¢Kleinwanzlebener,” 11,000 pounds; the total weight of the seed
amounting to 37,400 pounds. About one-fifth of this seed was dis-
tributed among the State experiment stations, and the remainder to
individuals and associations, either at the request of Members of
Congress or on direct application. As in previous years, the best
results from the experiments were obtained through the distribution
of seed by the experiment stations and by the associations formed for
the purpose. In general the seeds sent to individuals on direct
application to the Department did not yield satisfactory results,
because of the lack of competent supervision of the experiment. The
largest quantities of this seed were sent tothe States of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska. In addition to the sugar-beet seed, a
Congressional distribution was made of the Khiva winter musk-
melon, seed of which was grown for the Department in Utah during
the season of 1899. Ten tons of Kiushu rice, grown in Louisiana
during the season of 1899 from seed imported direct from Japan in
1898, were placed at the disposal of the Senators and Representatives
in the rice-growing States, from North Carolina to Texas. Four hun-
dred and fifty bushels of seed of the Colman, Collier, Edgar, Folger’s,
and Amber sorghums, grown for the Department in Kansas under
the direction of Dr. H. W. Wiley, chief of the Division of Chemistry,
were also placed at the disposal of Members of Congress. These
varieties have been selected and improved for a number of years to
increase their sucrose content, thus making them of special value
to farmers in the manufacture of sorghum sirup.
Respectfully,
J. H. BRIGHAM,
Assistant Secretary.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE WEATHER BUREAU.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
WEATHER BUREAU,
Washington, D. C., August 28, 1900.
Str: I have the honor to submit a report of the operations of the
Weather Bureau during the fiscal year that ended June 50, 1900,
Respectfully,
WILLIS L. MOORE,
Chief of Weather Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
FORECASTS.
The first and most important duty of the Weather bureau, Viz, the
forecasting of severe storms, tropical hurricanes, cold waves, and
frosts, has received careful attention during the year. The extension
of the system of observing stations over the West Indies and the
Caribbean Sea in 1898, and by cooperation with Mexico over the latter
country in 1899, very greatly increased the field of observation and
enabled the Bureau to herald the approach of all dangerous tropical
storms. The approach and movement of cold waves and the occur-
rence of killing frosts and heavy snows within the bounds of the
United States were also accurately forecast.
No effort has been spared to improve and strengthen the forecast
service wherever and whenever opportunity presented itself. Our
latest effort has been directed toward a more speedy collection of
telegraphic and cable reports from the Republic of Mexico and the
West Indies. The outlook for obtaining telegraphic advices from
these far-off regions within an hour and a half after the observations
are made is promising. i
An observing station was established at Turks Island, latitude 21°
21’ N., longitude 71° 7’ W., during the latter part of June, 1900, and
regular meteorological observations were begun July 1, 1900. The
station at Turks island was needed to complete the chain of stations
extending from the Lesser Antilles northwestward to Bermuda and
the southeastern coast of the United States.
NORTH ATLANTIC FORECASTS.
The most important innovation by the Weather Bureau in the near
future will be the beginning of special storm forecasts for the North
Atlantic Ocean, a step made possible by the use of reports now received
7
5 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
from the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and those to be received
from the Azores, Portugal, France, and Great Britain when the cable
system connecting Lisbon, the Azores, and New York City shall be
completed. The transoceanic and coastwise commerce of all nations
will doubtless receive as much benefit from this important extension
of the weather service as the commerce of the Caribbean Sea, the
Gulf of Mexico, and our South Atlantic States has received as a result
of the action of the United States in extending its meteorological
reporting stations over all the important islands of the West Indies.
Whenever possible a forecast will be made of wind force and wind
direction for the first three days of the route of all outgoing steamers,
and for an equal period for such as place themselves in communiéa-
tion with the Bureau before leaving European ports. We view with
much satisfaction the consummation of an object so long sought, both
by the meteorologist and the mariner.
This extension of the forecast service is an inevitable outcome of
that study of the meteorology of the whole Northern Hemisphere
which was inaugurated by the Weather Bureau in 1873.
The Bureau has arranged to send by the new cable daily messages
containing observations from the eastern part of the United States to
Capt. F. A. Chaves, director of the meteorological observatory at St.
Michaels, Azores, thereby enabling him to issue storm warnings for
his vicinity.
Eastward of the meridian of Bermuda, the Bureau is especially
interested in obtaining all possible knowledge of the conditions of the
so-called North Atlantic area of high pressure, which extends from
the Atlantic coast eastward to the coast of Africa and southern Europe.
It is believed that the development of and the paths taken by West
Indian hurricanes, the intensity and duration of hot waves, and to
some extent the movement of cold waves, depend upon this great area
of high pressure, which covers a region larger than the United States.
HURRICANES,
In view of the importance of the forecast work of the Bureau, and
as a matter of record, I append an extract from the report of the
official in charge of the forecast division, which gives in some detail
a history of each hurricane that occurred during the year, with copies
of a few statements from persons not connected with the Bureau
regarding the efficiency of the storm-warning service:
The most destructive storm of the year appeared east of the Island of Martinique
on the morning of August 7, 1899, and moved thence north of west to Porto Rico
by the morning of the 8th, devastating the more southern of the Leeward Islands
of the Lesser Antilles during the afternoon and night of the 7th, and causing the
loss of hundreds of human lives and the destruction of millions of dollars’ worth
of property in Porto Rico on the 8th. Continuing a north of west course, the
storm crossed the northern portion of Santo Domingo during the night of the 8th,
caused a considerable loss of life and property in the Bahama Islands during the
11th and 12th, and from the 13th to the 17th skirted the South Atlantic coast of
the United States, attended by gales of almost unprecedented severity on the
North Carolina coast.
From the time this hurricane appeared within the region of observation until it
disappeared off the Virginia coast, accurate advices regarding its character and
course were telegraphed along the line of its advance and preceded its arrival by
periods which varied in length from a few hours in the Leeward Islands to thirty-
six and forty-eight hours along the South Atlantic coast.
The following reports from points along the path of the storm contain data
regarding its character and effects and indicate the action taken by the Weather
Bureau to disseminate warnings of its approach.
WEATHER BUREAU. 9
The following communications were received by Mr. W. H. Alexander,
observer, Weather Bureau, St. Kitts, West Indies:
Sr. CHRISTOPHER, NEVIS, ADMINISTRATOR'S OFFICE,
St. Kitts, West Indies, August 12, 1899.
I beg to tender on behalf of the Government, and the public generally, sincere thanks for the
information and timely warning afforded by you as to the approach of the late destructive
hurricane, whereby this island was, no doubt, saved from more serious damage.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
(Signed) F. S. WIGLEY,
Acting Administrator.
CONSULAR SERVICE, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
‘ St. Kitts, West Indies, August 19, 1899.
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to you for the service rendered by you
on the 7th instant, and I have no hesitation in stating that the prompt and efficient manner in
which you gave notice of the approaching cyclone was of the greatest benefit to this island, and
was much appreciated by its inhabitants.
Lam, dear sir, yours truly,
(Signed) EMILE S. DELISLE,
United States Vice Com. Agent.
‘ COLONIAL BANK,
St. Kitts, West Indies, August 15, 1899.
The warnings and information given by you prior to and during the hurricane of the 7th
instant have proved very valuable and of the greatest use to the inhabitants of this island, and
must have been of similar value to some of the islands northwest of us, and the usefulness of
the Weather Bureau must be considered as fully established.
Yours, truly, U. U. GEDDEs,
Manager.
WEsT LODGE,
St. Kitts, West Indies, August 10, 1899.
Allow me to thank you for your courtesy on Monday the 7th instant, when I called at your
office, and to express my appreciation of the timely warning you gave of the cyclone then
approaching us, which was of great value to the people of this island, as they were able to make
every possible preparation before the storm reached us
Tam, yours, respectfully, F. W. DEATON.
The benefits derived in Porto Rico, the next island in the path of the hurricane
which possessed facilities for receiving and distributing storm warnings, are indi-
cated in the following extracts from a report made by R. M. Geddings, observer,
Weather Bureau, San Juan, Porto Rico:
Immediately upon the receipt of the hurricane warning on the 7th, hurricane warnings were
ordered at Arecibo, Aguadilla, Mayaguez, Ponce, Arroya, Humacao, and Fajardo. The flags
were displayed from the Weather Bureau office flagpole, and also from the signal staff on Fort
Cristobal, the same pole from which all marine signals are displayed at this port. Assoon as
they were hoisted vessels began to move to a safe anchorage, and the warning was the means of
saving many of them.
Reports from Ponce to date (August 16) show that nearly 500 bodies have been recovered, and
it is thought that there are many vet to be found. In Humacao60 persons were killed, and from
every side come reports of tremendous loss of life and property.
The Bureau has been much complimented on its service here. The warnings were the means
of saving much life and property. At Mayaguez the authorities and all masters of vessels in
port were notified, and a number of vessels which were about to sail remained in port. The
Weather Bureau displayman at Aguadilla reports that the timely advice wasvery valuable. At
Ponce the hurricane warning order sent at lla. m. of the 7th came to hand on Playa of Ponce
at 5 p.m. It was immediately posted in the most public place, and numerous persons were
advised thereof. The owners of boats, lighters, etc., availed themselves of the warning and
placed their craft out of danger, and many persons placed their families out of harm’s way.
The warning flags were kept flying until flood and heavy breakers washed the pole down.
Immediately upon the display of the warnings at Arroya all vessels were placed in supposed
safety. Owing to the timely warnings no lives were lost among the shipping at Arroya. At
Arecibo the authorities were notified and the warnings were spread as much as possible among
the people. The flood of the three rivers which, by a common mouth, empty into the sea near
Arecibo, was such an enormous one that old people have no recollection of anything equa! to it,
and the loss of life and property from the flood was enormous. At Fajardo the warnings pre-
vented damage of importance, as word was immediately sent to plantations and shipping to pre-
pare for anemergency. At Humacao the warning was well justified. A tidal wave destroyed
almost all the houses in the port, and the loss of life was heavy. The display was of little ben-
efit at Humacao, for the reason that during the last twenty-three years the inhabitants have
been warned of many storms that never arrived. and believed that this would be the case in the
present year.
A report made by Thomas J. McLain, United States consul at Nassau, Bahamas,
states:
The storm began at Nassau about 4 p. m. August 11 and ended late in the afternoon of the
12th. Warning of its approach had been given by cable by the Weather Bureauat Washington,
so that the storm was expected and preparations were made for its arrival, which lessened the
amount of damage done very materially. On the islands the loss of life and property was con-
siderable, and many small vessels were torn from their moorings and wrecked. Mr. P. H.
Burns, superintendent of Bahamas cable, Nassau, calculated that 50 small craft were lost, and
placed the total loss of life at 150, probably 100 of which were lost at Red Bays.
10 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
The second severe West Indian hurricane of the season was felt only over the
Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles on = eptember 8, from which region it moved
northwest, and recurved northeastward over the Bermuda Islands during the
night of the 12th-13th. On September 7 the Weather Bureau observers in the
eastern West Indies were advised that conditions were threatening over the Lesser
Antilles, and to be alert to take local action, if necessary. The morning of the 8th
the approach of a severe storm from the eastward of St. Kitts was indicated, and
hurricane warnings were sent to that island, and advisory messages were te e-
graphed to other observers in the threatened district. It was ca'culated at that
time that the hurricane would reach only the extreme northeast islands, and sub-
sequent events showed that this was a correct calculation. At St. Kitts the wind
reached and maintained a velocity of 62 miles an hour from 8.18 to 8.24 p m.
of the Sth. and a momentary or gust velocity of 120 miles had been recorded at
5.51 p.m. The islands to the east and northeast of St. Kitts experienced cor-
respondingly severe winds, and reports from vessels show that the violence of the
hurricane did not lessen during its subsequent course over the ocean. The hur-
ricane was slightly less inten e and far less disastrous at St. Kitts than the storm
of August 7, the latter fact being due to the circumstance that the August storm
left only the stronger trees and buildings
On the morning of the 9th the following message was sent to the central office
of the Canadian meteorological service at Toronto, through which reports from
Bermuda are transmitted to the Weather Bureau:
Hurricane central northeast of Porto Rico, moving northwest, and is likely to pa-s near
Bermuda.
Similar messages were at the same time sent to the New York and Philadelphia
maritime exchanges and to the nress associations. The hurricane reached and
passed Bermuda the night of the 12th. At Bermuda many houses were blown
down and much property was destroyed.
The third and last destructive tropical storm of the year advanced from the west
part of the Caribbean Sea along the Atlantic coast of the United States from Ocio-
ber 28to31. Forseveral days previous to the 2sth, Atlantic coast sh pping interests
were advised of threatening weather conditions, anda careful watch was kept for
a storm development which, at that season. these conditions favored. Reports of
the 27th showed th2 looked-for development south of central Cuba, and, during
the subse uent mnovements of the storm, warnings of dangerous gales were tele-
graphed to points along the Atlantic coast of the United States, twenty-four to
forty-eight hours before the beginning of the gales. The storm was exceptionaily
severe a ong the North Carolina and Virginia coasts, where an immense amount
of damage was caused by heavy seas and high tides. On the New Jersey coast
thousands of dollars’ worth of fishing property was saved by fishermen who profited
by the Weather Bureau warnings, and nets to the value of thousands of dollars
were lost by fishermen who did not heed the warnings.
COLD WAVES, SNOWS, ETC.
The cold waves, frosts, and heavy falls of snow were forecast with
great accuracy. In the Gulf districts alone the warnings of frosts
and freezing weather resulted in saving fruit and vegetables to the
value of hundreds of thousands of dollars.
The cold waves of February, 1900, were particularly severe, and
covered practically the entire United States. In New Mexico, warn-
ings issued on the 6th prompted precautionary measures which saved
a number of human lives and prevented the loss of live stock and
perishable produce. In the valleys of California special warnings of
the heavy frost of February 7 were widely distributed. In the sugar
and vegetable growing districts of the middle and west Gulf States
thousands of dollars were saved by protective measures which were
taken upon the receipts of warnings of freezing weather. Announce-
ment was made on the 16th of the severe cold which reached Florida
the night of the 17th, and on the morning of the 17th this announce-
ment was supplemented by special forecasts and warnings of freezing
weather as far south as Tampa. Asa result of these warnings thou-
sands of acres of orange groves were protected, either by the system
of tents now in use or by the use of dry heat. As a consequence,
WEATHER BUREAU. 11
nearly «all bloom, representing many thousands of dollars to the
growers, wassaved. A large acreage of pineapples and vegetables was
also protected and saved. Figures furnished by growers show that
the value of orange and other citrus trees, pineapples, and vegetables
saved in Florida aggregated over $500,000.
During February 28 and March 1 a heavy snowstorm extended
from the lower Lake region over the interior of New York and central
and northern New England. Timely warnings of this storm proved
of great value to the public. A heavy and general snowstorm visited
the Great Lakes March 4 and 5. This storm resulted in a partial
blockade of railroads in Wisconsin and Michigan. All transportation
interests had, however, been warned of its approach and prepared for
the emergency.
On the 15th of March heavy snow fell in the Middle Atlantic and
New England States and the upper Ohio Valley. All interests in the
Middle Atlantic and New England States were notified the morning
of the 15th that heavy snow and increasing northeast winds were in-
dicated for the afternoon and night of that date from the upper Ohio
Valley over the Middle Atlantic and south New England States and
the lower Lake region.
FLOODs.
The month of April, 1900, was marked by destructive floods in the
smaller streams of the Southern and Southwestern States. In dis-
tricts where the river and flood service of the Weather Bureau had
been organized, warnings were issued of the floods referred to. The
extension of this service over Texas was begun last year and will be
pushed as rapidly as available funds will permit. Notwithstanding
the lack of data regarding the rivers of that section the floods of
Texas were, in some degree, anticipated by the forecasts and warn-
ings. On the 7th the interests along the Colorado River south of
Austin were advised of a sudden and decided rise in the river. On
the 27th all points along the Brazos and Colorado rivers were warned
of a rise, and freshets in the smaller streams of Texas were foreeast.
In Alabama the damage by flood along the Tombigbee and Black
Warrior rivers was placed at $1,500,000, and property to the estimated
value of $250,000 was saved by the Weather Bureau warnings of the
17th.
DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY FORECASTS AND SPECIAL WARNINGS.
The number of forecasts distributed daily during last year was
greater than for any previous year. The methods of distribution
have not been changed in any respect. It has been possible, however,
to utilize the rwral free-delivery service in furnishing forecasts and
warnings to the rural population in districts where such service has
been organized.
The use of the rural free-delivery service began during the closing
months of the year. There is no class of people that will appreciate
the forecasts more than those in agricultural communities, and I feel
safe in saying that in reaching the farmer with this information by
means of the rural free delivery we have attained one of the great
objects for which the Bureau was established.
At the close of the year 111 rural free-delivery centers of distribu-
tion were in operation, supplying 11,625 families, or an average of
over 100 families for each carrier. This work will be further extended
1 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
during the coming year, and effort made to have as many routes
served with the morning forecasts as may be possible.
STEEL TOWERS FOR THE DISPLAY OF STORM WARNINGS.
In order to meet the increasing demands of commercial and ship-
ping interests for storm warnings of the highest possible efficiency,
it has been necessary to reorganize the equipment and provide tall
masts or flagstaffs at a large number of stations at which either
flags or lanterns are displayed. An important improvement in this
connection has been made during the past year by the adoption of a
specially constructed steel tower with a flagpole at the summit.
After careful tests and improvements of a sample tower of this
character, a standard pattern was devised and full drawings and
specifications prepared. These towers are now under construction by
contract, and steps have been taken to equip about fifty of the more
important display stations.
Wherever it is possible to do so, electricity is used for the illumina-
tion of the lanterns used in the night warnings, and special efforts
have been made to inerease the efficiency and improve the quality,
not only of the red and white lanterns illuminated by electric lights,
but also the lanterns supplied to our ordinary stations where elec-
tricity is not available and where oil must be used.
All this work is in an advanced state, and it is expected that fifty
or more stations will be fully equipped before the occurrence of the
severe storms of the fall and winter seasons.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.
The Secretary of Agriculture, recognizing the advantages that
would result to commerce and navigation by the establishment of
electrical communication between vessels at sea and exposed points
on our lake and sea coasts, and also between the islands along said
coasts and the mainiand, has authorized the Weather Bureau to sys-
tematically investigate the various methods of electrical communica-
tion without wires. The progress already made in this investigation
is eminently satisfactory. The results thus far achieved will be com-
muniecated at another time.
BAROMETRIC REDUCTIONS.
A thorough reduction of the barometric observations taken by the
service during the past thirty years to a homogeneous system has
been undertaken. This study includes an investigation of the vari-
ous elevations occupied by the barometers, the normals at each sta-
tion and the variations from year to year and from inonth to month.
A careful review of the several systems heretofore employed by the
Bureau in making reductions to sea level has been completed, and a
new set of gradients and reduction constants inside and outside the
Rocky Mountain Plateau region has been constructed from many
years’ observations. A new set of pressure reduction tables is being
prepared, which will include the results of this discussion. It is pro-
posed to extend the system so that theoretical maps of the weather
conditions may be readily constructed as often as desired at the 3,500-
foot plane and the 10,000-foot plane, as well as at sea level. This
work has been greatly needed by the service for many years, not only
WEATHER BUREAU. 13
to correct some well-known imperfections in the construction of the
daily weather maps and the other sea-level data used in general work,
but to take advantage of the facts derived through the records of a
long series of years. The work will require another year to complete.
ECLIPSE OBSERVATIONS.
Prof. F. H. Bigelow conducted a survey of the track traversed by
the shadow of the total eclipse of May 28, 1900, for probable cloudi-
ness, and a suitable report was prepared for the use of observers on
that occasion. Suitable observations were also secured during the
eclipse of the meteorological conditions, especially for a study of the
shadow bands and the absorption of the sun’s heat in the atmosphere
as affected by the shadow. The eclipse was observed by Professors
Bigelow and Abbe, at Newberry, 8. C., and a report is being prepared
which promises to contain some new and desirable information regard-
ing the effect of solar action upon the earth’s atmosphere.
LAKE MARINE SERVICE.
Constant attention has been given to the very large interests cen-
tered about the lake marine. While the size and staunchness of the
vessels that navigate the Great Lakes have greatly increased during
recent years, a considerable number of vessels are wrecked or seri-
ously damaged each year. During the season of navigation of 1899
30 vessels, representing a money value of $328,900, were lost through
causes directly connected with the weather, and damages to the
amount of $284,850 were sustained by 57 other vessels, due to the
same causes.
Ninety-one persons lost their lives by shipwreck on the Great Lakes
during 1899. It is not easy to determine what percentage of this
number is properly chargeable to the weather, or to what extent bad
seamanship and unseaworthy vessels contributed to the total number
of persons lost.
The arrangements for distributing the forecasts and warnings of
the Weather Bur eau to vessels navigating the Great Lakes were never
before so complete as at the present time. During the season of nav-
igation each of the 20,000 or more vessels that pass Detroit receives
the latest information available with regard to the force and direction
of the wind and the location and probable movement of storms. Sim-
ilar information for the use of vessels bound northward from Chicago
and other ports on Lake Michigan is distributed by the W eather
Bureau officials in Chicago, while vessels entering or leaving Lake
Superior receive the latest advices from the official in charge of the
Weather Bureau office at Sault Ste. Marie.
IMPROVEMENT OF STATION EQUIPMENT.
A systematic plan for the improvement of the instrumental equip-
ment and the office furnishings of Weather Bureau stations was put
into operation a few years ago. The instrumental equipment of the
different stations was fixed according to the varying needs of each
locality. If the local station happened to be within the sphere of
influence of large educational institutions, its instrumental equip-
ment was enlarged and so displayed as to be easily accessible to visit-
ing students and classes. | GTCUCS 2 v4 oe eee 40
Savill Owise eee eee eo Cation sym see zi 3
Wiootmeckers. 234 5.-5---2 318.|.Warblers: ..-~ 2... ..- 25
Blackbirds 2552 se= 180n|e Mascelian couse === =aaee 141
HlvcatChersi === === oe 149
(Grllseeeen ie & eet eee | 76 Total 2! Glew sense 1,989
Nearly 50 per cent of these stomachs were those of sparrows and
blackbirds, used in the completion of reports on these two groups,
and nearly 25 per cent those of swallows and flycatchers, for investi-
gations now well under way. Thus far 672 swallows’ and 1,050 fly-
catchers’ stomachs have been examined, and it is hoped that enough
material may be collected in the near future to permit publication
of at least a preliminary report on the food of these important birds.
Some progress has also been made in other groups; 600 or 700 stomachs
of thrushes and about 150 of titmice have been examined preparatory
to issuing reports on these birds. The bulletin on native sparrows
has been delayed in order to include interesting and valuable matter
concerning the food of nestlings, methods of feeding, and results of
experiments with captive birds. This report will probably appear in
the near future. More than 300 woodpeckers’ stomachs were examined,
with a view to preparing a revised edition of Bulletin No. 7, on the
““Kood of woodpeckers,” which has been out of print for some time,
but which is still in demand.
The unusual attention which certain plume birds, notably grebes
and gulls, attracted during the year suggested an inv estigation as to
whether these species eat food fish to any extent. The stomachs of only
40 grebes and 76 gulls were available for examination, material too
meager to furnish conclusive results, but interesting as showing the
general character of the food. The grebes’ stomachs nearly all con-
tained feathers in greater or less quantities and very fewif any fish. In
fact, the fish element was largely exceeded by that of aquatic insects.
The g culls selected were all Franklin’s gull (Larus fr anklini), a species
which breeds in the U pper Mississippi ‘Valley, and hence is likely to be
of some economic importance. These birds fed to avery slight ‘extent
on fish during the breeding season, but destroyed a re mark: able num-
ber of insects, as shown by two stomachs collected at Harrison, 8. Dak.
One of these stomachs contained 83 beetles, chiefly predaceous, 87
bugs, 984 ants, a tree cricket, a grasshopper, and 2 spiders; the other,
16 weevils, 66 crickets, 34 grasshoppers, and several other insects.
Many oulls are important as scavengers, and the economie position of
these and other birds which are jailed for millinery purposes, as well
as of game birds of various kinds, should be more definitely known,
in order that intelligent control of their destruction may be exercised.
The material illustrating the food of these species is deficient; but if
sportsmen and ornithologists would take the trouble to send us the
stomachs of a few of the birds which they kill each year, this deficiency
would soon be remedied, and the Division would be able to present
results which would be of general interest. Birds’ stomachs may be
eollected with little trouble, and blanks and directions for preserving
them may be had upon application.
38 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Field investigations designed to show the degree of selection exer-
cised by birds in their fee ding have been continued by Dr. Sylvester D.
Judd and Prof. F. E. L. Beal. Several farms in the vicinity of Wash-
ington have been regularly visited by Dr. Judd during a period of several
years, and 640 birds have been collected and their stomachs carefully
examined with reference to the food which may be found in the imme-
diate vicinity. As soon as a few more details of observation have
been added the results will be ready for publication. Professor Beal
continued the work begun last year in New England, and spent several
weeks in April and May studying the food of migratory birds imme-
diately after arrival upon their breeding grounds and before farm
crops or wild fruit had matured. The unusually cold weather which
prevailed during May retarded the appearance of insects, and many
birds appar ently found great difficulty in securing food. Many inter-
esting observations were secured in consequence, and it was noticed
that some birds, especially warblers, failed to adapt themselves to the
unusual conditions, and perished in considerable numbers. Reports
were also received from several observers in New Hampshire and Mas-
sachusetts showing fhat large numbers of birds were found dead after
this cold wave.
PROTECTION OF BIRDS.
The object of investigating the food of birds is to obtain reliable
information which will enable the farmer to distinguish between spe-
cies which are beneficial and those which are injurious to his crops.
Such knowledge naturally creates a desire to bring about an increase
in the abundance of useful speci es, and it is very gratifying to note
the widespread and constantly increasing popular interest in the
question of bird protection. During the past year many inquiries
have been received in regard to existing State laws on this subject,
and the Division has been called upon to furnish information in con-
nection with new game laws under consideration in Iowa, New York,
Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
Last January it was reported that circulars were being distributed
broadeast through the Southern States by certain millinery houses in
New York City for the purpose of enlisting the assistance of postmas-
ters in securing aigrettes and bird skins to be used for millinery pur-
poses. The matter was referred to the Post-Office Department and
attention was called to the laws of several of the Gulf States which
forbid the killing of plume birds. An order was promptly issued by
the Postmaster-General and published inthe February number of the
Postal Guide, prohibiting postmasters from aiding in the collection of
such skins or in any way violating the State laws for the protection
of birds.
In March a report was received from the secretary of the Pennsyl-
vania Audubon Society to the effect that a contract had been made in
Delaware forthe delivery of several thousand skins of native birds to
certain millinery firms, and requesting the aid of the Department in
preventing the wholesale slaughter which would necessarily ensue if
the terms of the contract were carried out. The Division at once
communicated with the secretary of the Fish and Game Protective
Association of Delaware, and through the efforts of that association
and the Pennsylvania Audubon Society public sentiment was aroused
to suchan extent that the proposed destruction of the birds was averted.
In order to bring the various organizations concerned with the
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. ao
protection of birds into closer touch with one another, a list of the
State officials, national organizations, State game associations, and
various Audubon societies was prepared for the Appendix of the
Yearbook of the Department for 1899. At present there are State
game commissions or wardens in 50 States, fish and game protective
associations in 22, divisions of the League of American Sportsmen in
25, and Audubon societies in 25. This list, containing the names and
addresses of the officers of the various organizations,! was later issued
as a circular and distributed to all the commissions and associations
and to other persons interested.
Still further to meet the demand for information regarding measures
for the protection of birds, a compilation was made of the laws now
in force in each State in the Union, so far as these relate to birds
other than game. This digest was prefaced by a general discussion
of bird laws and an historical résumé of the efforts thus far made to
secure bird protection, from the early laws passed by New York in
1791 down to the latest laws enacted in that State and Rhode Island
during the present year. It also included a review of the proposed
federal legislation that has been considered by Congress during the
last three years. The report was completed during the spring and
issued early in June as Bulletin No. 12.
THE LACEY ACT.
For nearly three years before its final passage last spring, a bill
introduced by Hon. John F. Lacey, of Iowa, having for its object
federal protection of game, was under consideration in Congress.
This bill, as introduced at the last session, was entitled ‘‘An act to
enlarge the powers of the Department of Agriculture, prohibit the
transportation by interstate commerce of game killed in violation of
local laws, and for other purposes.” It attracted widespread atten-
tion and received support, not only from game and fish protective asso-
ciations and the League of American Sportsmen, but also from Audubon
societies and bird lovers in general. It was passed by the House on
April 30, by the Senate on May 18, and was approved on May 25, 1900.
This act gives the Department large powers and responsibilities.
(1) It places all measures for the preservation and distribution of
birds in charge of the Secretary of Agriculture, and authorizes him
to expend such amounts as Congress may appropriate for this pur-
pose. (2) It gives the Department control over the introduction of
all birds and animals from foreign countries, by providing that a per-
mit must be obtained from the Secretary of Agriculture before such
animals or birds can be imported. Moreover, it prohibits absolutely
the introduction of certain injurious species and such other species as
the Secretary may declare injurious to the interests of agriculture.
(3) It prohibits interstate commerce in birds or game killed in viola-
tion of State laws, prescribes certain regulations for the shipment of
game, and fixes penalties for evasions or violations of the act. (4)
It subjects song birds and game imported into a State to the restric-
tions of the laws of that State.
PRESERVATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS.
The object of the Lacey Act, as stated in section 1, is ‘‘to aid in the
restoration of such [game birds and other wild] birds in those parts
‘In the case of State societies only the addresses of presidents and secretaries
were given.
40 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
of the United States adapted thereto where the same have become
searce or extinet, and also to regulate the introduction of American
or foreign birds or animals in localities where they have not hereto-
fore existed.” The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to adopt
such measures as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the
act, to collect and publish useful information on the propagation,
uses, and preservation of birds, and to purchase game and other birds,
subject to the laws of the various States and Territories.
Many persons, apparently , assume thatthe primary object of the law
is the purchase and distribution of game birds. But its scope is in
reality much broader, since it provides for the preservation of birds in
general—those of interest to the farmer as well as those of interest to
the sportsman. Only about 200 (18 per cent) of the 1,125 species and
subspecies of birds found in North America nor th of Mexico can
properly be considered game, and the practical limitations attending
propagation, even in this comparatively small group, do not seem to
be generally recognized. In general, game birds may be divided into
four main groups: (1) Gallinz or upland ¢ game birds, including quail,
pheasants, grouse, and turkeys; (2) L imicole or shore birds, repre-
sented by plovers, snipe, woodcock, and curlew; (35) Rallide or rails,
including meadow-hens and gallinules; (4) Anatidze or ducks, com-
prising ducks, geese, and swans. Of the birds in these four groups,
pheasants and a few ducks are the only ones that have thus far been
successfully raised in captivity. Pheasants, grouse, and quail have
been established in new localities and depleted covers have been
restored by judicious distribution of wild birds at certain seasons.
But to restore the normal abundance of the great bulk of game birds,
including snipe, woodecock, shore birds in general, rails, swans, geese,
and the majority of the ducks—in fact all migratory species—the
chief reliance must be placed on protective measures, and these meas-
ures must guarantee the birds protection during the breeding season,
and prevent their destruction in undue numbers during the open sea-
son. It will thus beseen that the restoration of birds by propagation
or distribution is limited to narrow lines, and confined mainly toa
few of the more important upland game birds which are practically
nonmigratory.
Furthermore, in obtaining such birds, the Secretary is required to
purchase subject to the laws of the various States and Territories. A
cursory examination of these laws shows that in numerous instances
States prohibit the exportation of game birds even when intended for
purposes of propagation. For example, some of the States from which
a supply of quail could most readily be obtained absolutely prohibit
shipment of the birds for any purpose. Under these conditions the
Department is somewhat limited in its ability to carry out the object
of the law in so far as it relates to the purchase and distribution of
game birds. but it can nevertheless do much to further the desired
object by furnishing information, by ccoperating with associations
and individuals, or by suggesting measures which are most likely to
be successful in a given locality or for a particular species.
IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN ANIMALS AND BIRDS,
In the last Annual Report attention was cailed to the necessity for
legislation restricting the introduction of noxious animals and birds
from abroad. It is gratifying to report that Congress has at length
recognized this necessity, and under the Lae “ey act absolutely prohib-
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 4]
ited the importation of the English sparrow, mongoose, starling, flying-
fox, and such other species as may be declared injurious to agricul-
ture, and has also prohibited the shipment of such species from one
State to another. The importation of foreign birds and mammals is
now under the control of this Department, and with a few exceptions
no species can be imported except under permit from the Secretary of
Agriculture. Incidentally it may be noted that the first permit was
issued on June 25, exactly thirty days after the law went into effect.
Domesticated birds, canaries, and parrots may be brought in without
permits, and the Secretary is given authority to extend the list when
necessary. It will doubtless be advisable to exempt a number of ani-
mals and all reptiles which are brought in solely for purposes of exhi-
bition. The Secretary of the Treasury, who is authorized to make the
regulations governing the importation of foreign birds and animals,
has heartily cooperated in carrying the law into effect. The neces-
sary regulations were promptly prepared in the Division of Cus-
toms and were published on June 28. Officers of the customs at all
the ports of entry were notified of the provisions of the new law and
were instructed to use every effort to prevent the introduction of
prohibited species.
The Lacey Actis not intended to work undue hardships on importers.
In the great majority of cases it can be enforced soas to cause very slight
annoyance and still prevent the entry of species which may become
pests. Doubtless it will be advisable to exercise control over impor-
tations in Hawaii and Porto Rico, where certain noxious species have
already been introduced and where unusual interest seems to be man-
ifested in the acclimatization of foreign birds and mammals. It is
believed that this law will afford ereater protection to the United
States than is now enjoyed by Cape Colony, New Zealand, or any of
the colonies of Australia which have similar laws. Had such an act
been in force fifty years ago, the importation and consequent spread
of the English sparrow could doubtless have been prevented.
INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN BIRDS KILLED IN VIOLATION OF STATE LAWS.
Nothing will do more to preserve game than the enforcement of State
laws. Heretofore States have vainly prohibited the shipment of game
beyond their boundaries or limited their open seasons to short periods
intheautumn. Assoonas the seasons closed their game was forwarded
to other States or sold in distant markets without respect to season,
on the plea that by such shipment it had become an article of inter-
state commerce, and hence was not subject to the laws of the State
where offered for sale. This is now changed. The transportation
provisions of the Lacey Act strike at the root of the evil by prohibit-
ing the shipment from any State of birds or game killed in violation
of local laws and by placing imported game on the same footing as
birds or animals produced within the State where the game is sold.
Shippers are required to mark their names, addresses, and the nature of
the contents on all packages containing game, and common carriers
and consignees, knowingly - receiving game shipped in violation of the
law, are liable to heavy penalties. Obviously the enforcement of these
provisions of the law must depend largely on game wardens and other
loeal officers, but the Department can accomplish much by furnishing
information in regard to State regulations governing the export of
game, open seasons, and similar matters which were formerly of local
42 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
interest, but which are now important since they form the basis of the
federal law.
New interest will hereafter be given to the importance of securing
uniformity in game laws, and the advantages or defects of certain
State reg ulations will attraet more attention than before. Some States
already “hav e excellent game laws, while others are notably deficient
in this respect, especially in the matter of prolonging open seasons
into the spring. Nothing is more destructive to the game supply in
general than spring shooting. While it is perhaps impossible to fix
a uniform open epee asa “general rule shooting should not begin
before September 1, nor extend beyond January 1. States which
under any pretext permit shooting before the Ist of September, or
after the Ist of January when the birds are gradually moving
toward their breeding grounds, are slowly but surely paving the
way for the destruction of their best game birds. So long as the sea-
sons are open the markets remain open, and this permits the sale not
only of local game, but also of that imported from other States. And
if, as sometimes happens, the markets remain open after the seasons
close, a premium is placed upon the destruction of game in violation
of the local law or of the law of some other State.
BELGIAN HARES.
The widespread interest in Belgian hares has caused the receipt of
many inquiries concerning this new industry. Correspondents usually
ask for directions as to the care and breeding of the animals or
addresses of reliable persons in Europe from whom breeding stock can
be obtained. Many desire to know how to secure the exemption from
duty (under section 475 of the tariff act of 1897) provided for other
pure-bred animals, an exemption which has not thus far been granted
in the case of hares.
The Belgian hare is said to have been originally brought to America
by the late E. M. Hughes, of Albany, N. Y., about the year 1888. At
first it attracted little attention, but since its introduction at Denver,
Colo., in 1897, and at Los Angeles, Cal., a year later, its popularity
has been phenome nal. This popular ity has been fostered by liberal
advertising. It is reported that in Los Angeles attention was first
valled to the advantages of the animal by the publication of an illus-
trated article in a local paper in the winter of 1898. This was soon
followed by the importation of breeding stock from Denver and from
abroad, and animals were bred in such numbers in the city that the
raising of Belgian hares soon developed into an important ‘‘ back-yard
industry.” By the close of 1899 Los Angeles had become the chief
breeding place in the United States, and it was estimated that the
number of Belgian hares in the State of California exceeded 50,000.
The industry has been still further fostered by the organization of
Belgian hare associations, by expositions held during the last three
years at Denver, Colorado Springs, Kansas City, San Diego, and Los
Angeles, and by a reduction in express rates. Express companies for-
merly charged double merchandise rates for transportation, but on
July 1, 1899, reduced the tariff to a one-and-one-half rate, and on
August 18, 1899, to a single merchandise rate.
The ady antages claimed for the belgian hare as a producer of meat
and fur lie chiefly i in the rapidity with which it increases and the ease
and cheapness with which it may be raised. Breeding can be begun
at an early age (6 months is the best age, according to several writers),
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 43
the period of gestation is only thirty days, and five litters may be
raised in a year. The number of young is said to vary from 4 to 12
or even more, and at 3 months of age a hare may be ere to dress 3
pounds, at a cost of about 5 cents per pound, while the meat brings
15 to 20 cents per pound in market. The weight of a full-grown Bel-
gian hare, according to the American standard of excellence, is about
8 pounds, and that of a heavy-weight Belgian or Flemish giant is 11
pounds.
Recently the demand for breeding stock has been so great that it
pays much better to raise hares for this purpose than for meat. Young
animals less than 6 months of age have been sold at prices ranging
from $100 to $300 apiece. As much as $400 has been paid for an
imported Belgian hare, and prize winners are beld by their owners at
fabulous prices. It is of course impossible to say how long such high
figures will be maintained, but those who embark in the business with
the expectation of realizing exorbitant prices will probably be doomed
to disappointment.
As long as the animals are kept in captivity and raised chiefly in
towns and cities, either for food or breeding stock, the industry is
worthy only of commendation, but recent developments in California
seem to show that there is an element of danger in the breeding
which should not be overlooked, especially in view of the unfortunate
experience which the State has already had with its native jack rab-
bits. As the animals increase in numbers some are sure to escape
and others are turned loose, either by owners who have lost interest
in their pets or those who attempt to raise hares on a large scale with-
out taking the necessary precaution to keep them securely. This has
already occurred, and, according to a recent estimate of the State
board of horticulture of California, several thousand Belgian, hares
are already at large inthe State. Should they succeed in maintaining
themselves in a wild condition, and increase as readily as they do in
captivity, they would undoubtedly become a source of danger. Ina
State whose agricultural and horticultural interests are as important
as those of California, the losses which might result if the Belgian
hare should become a pest would more than “offset the advantages of
the animal as a meat producer, and strict legislative measures might
become necessary to keep it under control. Still more dangerous
would such a condition be in Porto Rico, from which inquiries have
also been received concerning the hare, and where it would perhaps
be welcome as a new and much needed source of meat supply. It is
still uneertain whether it will thrive in a tropical climate, but should
it escape from captiv ity, as it would be almost sure to do, and
once gain a foothold in the island, it would undoubtedly become a
far oreater pest than it ever could in California. Until moreis known
of the habits of the animal when liberated, there is certainly grave
danger in introducing it into Porto Rico, where native carnivorous
mammals and other natural enemies which might hold it in check
are almost entirely wanting.
SKUNK FARMING.
Early last September an article appeared in one of the ieading
papers, purporting to be based on information obtained from this
Department, setting forth in glowing terms the profits which could be
realized by raising skunks for fur. This article was unauthorized
and very misleading, but no notice was taken of it officially, in the
44 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
hope that it would not attract much attention. It was, however, given
wide circulation by the pS and was reprinted a number of times,
and in oS ba soni e nearly 150 letters of inquiry were received during
the year in regard to the supposed new and profitable industry. Mis-
led by nie statements regarding the rapid increase of skunks, and
the high prices paid for their skins, many persons seriously considered
the experiment of starting skunk farms. For several years a list has
been kept of such farms reported in various parts of the country, but
so far as can be learned most of them have been abandoned after a
year or two, and it is impossible to say how many are now in existence.
Raising fur-bearing animals for profit is not a new idea. Skunk
farms, minkeries, and fox farms have been started in a number of
localities, but the industry apparently has never advanced beyond the
experimental stage, except perhaps in the case of the fox farms estab-
lished on certain islands on the coast of Alaska during the last few
years. The species raised on these islands is the Arctic or blue fox
(Vulpes lagopus), an animal whose fur is of considerable value, and
which can be raised in large numbers at slight expense. Inquiries
are occasionally received as to the feasibility of raising these animals
or the silver-gray fox inthe Northern States, but little hope of success
ean be extended to such ventures. Minks and skunks breed readily
in captivity, but the low price of skins makes the margin of profit
‘rather small. Last season the highest market prices for prime black
skunk skins from the Northern States ranged from $1.65 to $1.75 each
(the average price for high-grade skins being about $1.4: D), but white
skins sold as low as 15 to 20 cents apiece. While there is a steady
market for a considerable number of skins, the present demand can
readily be supplied by skins of wild animals, and only the finest black
skins from the Northern States command the highest prices. Skins
which have much white, or which are obtained in the Southern States,
usually bring less than a dollar each, a price which leaves little margin
for profit after paying the expenses of raising the animals in captivity.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications of the year inelude two bulletins, Nos. 12 and 15;!
four numbers of ‘‘ North American Fauna, Nos. 16,” 17, 18,' and 19;!
one article in the Yearbook of the Department for 1899; the Report of
the Division for 1899; and reprints of Bulletins No. 10, on ‘‘ Life zones
and crop zones;” No. 11, on ‘‘ Geographic distribution of cereals;” and
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 54. Bulletin No. 12, on ‘‘ Legislation for the
protection of birds other than game birds,” by T. 8. Palmer, consists
of a general discussion of the various topics pertaining to State and
federal legislation on the subject of bird protection, and a digest of
the laws now in force. Although 3,500 copies of this bulletin were pub-
lished, the edition soon became exhausted and a reprint was rendered
necessary. Bulletin No. 15, on the ‘* Food of the bobolink, blackbirds,
and erackles, ” by F. E. L. Beal, contains the results of an examina-
tion of more than 4,800 stomachs. The group of birds whose relation
to the farmer and horticulturist is here shown is of great economic
importance, owing to the number and size of its individuals and their
wide distribution. The well-known ravages of the bobolink in the rice
fields of the South, of the red-winged blackbird in the grainfields of the
'Still in press.
? Mentioned in the report for 1899, but not distributed until October.
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 45
Mississippi Valley, and of various other members of the family in
other sections of the country are given full consideration in this bul-
letin, which, however, also shows to what extent the havoc among
cereal crops is offset by the number of noxious insects and weeds
consumed by these birds as food.
Two of the four numbers of ‘‘ North American Fauna” consist of
technical papers, No. 17 being a ‘‘ Revision of American voles of the
genus Microtus,” by Vernon Bailey, and No. 18, a ‘‘ Revision of the
pocket mice of the genus Perognathus,” by W. H. Osgood. No. 16,
“Results of a biological survey of Mount Shasta, California,” by Dr.
C. Hart Merriam, was mentioned in the report for last year. No. 19,
a ‘‘ Report of a biolog ical reconnoissance of the Yukon River region,’
by W. H. Osgood and Dr. Louis B. Bishop, gives the results of the
field work of last summer on the Yukon River, and contains full notes
on the mammals and birds observed during a trip down the entire
length of the river. Dr. Bishop, who accompanied Mr. Osgood as
voluntary assistant, prepared the ornithological part of the report.
The contribution to the series of histor ical articles which appeared
in the Yearbook of the Department for 1899, w as entitled ‘‘A review
of economic ornithology in the United States,” by T. 8S. Palmer, and
contained a summary of the advance made in the science of economic
ornithology and of the application of the knowledge of birds to the
affairs of everyday life.
The demand for Farmers’ Bulletin No. 54, on **Common birds in
their relation to agriculture,” first issued in 1896, still steadily con-
tinues. During the year three reprints, aggregating 70,000 copies,
were issued, bringing the total number of reprints up to nine, with an
aggregate of more than 200,000 copies in four vears. The bulletin
has been recently tre nslated into Bohemian and is appearing serially
in the ‘ eee a Bohemian agricultural paper published at
Omaha, Nebr.
ROUTINE WORK.
Routine work still consumes much of the time of the office foree.
About 4,255 letters were received during the year, and many of these
were accompanied by reports, schedules, and notes, which were exam-
ined and filed for future reference. About 2,041 letters were written,
several hundred schedules distributed to migration observers and cor-
respondents, and several hundred packages were received and sent
out. Other office work comprises arrangement of reports and notes
received from field naturalists and correspondents, preparation and
examination of accounts, care of collections, unpacking and repack-
ing specimens received for identification, forwarding supplies to
field naturalists, bibliographical work, and preparation of reports and
bulletins for publication. Much of the correspondence recently has
consisted of inquiries in regard to the Lacey Act. Many requests are
received for copies of the law, many inquiries as to the provisions
regarding shipments of birds from one State to another, and many
applications for permits to import foreign animals and birds. Un-
doubtedly this correspondence will increase in the future, and will
require the entire time and attention of at least one assistant. Pro-
vision should be made for handling the additional work necessitated
in replying to such inquiries and in issuing permits for the entry of
foreign birds by making an increase in the salary roll of the Division.
46 DEPARTMENTAL REEFORTS.
OUTLINE OF WORK FOR THE YEAR 1901.
FIELD WORK.
The plans for field work for the current year, as already stated,
comprise a continuation of the biological survey in California, a con-
tinuance of the work of outlining the life zones in Texas, a recon-
noissance of the coast and islands of southern Alaska, and a recon-
noissanee of the Hudson Bay region. In California, the main work
will be carried on in the Sierra between Lake Tahoe and the Yosem-
ite Valley. Some collecting will be done in the northern coast ranges
near Mount St. Helena to supplement the work of last season, and
also in San Mateo County, below San Francisco Bay. ‘The work in
Alaska will be chiefly in the region between Cook Inlet and Unalaska.
Most of this field work was well under way at the beginning of the
fiscal year.
DESTRUCTION OF PRAIRIE DOGS.
The interest in the extermination of prairie dogs in some of the
States on the Great Plains, especially in western Texas and eastern
Colorado, emphasizes the importance of making a thorough investiga-
tion of the most economical method of destroying this pest on the
ranges of the arid region. Preliminary experiments with gasoline,
strychnine, and bisulphide of carbon have been made this season in
the vicinity of Henrietta, Tex. Gasdline is objectionable on account
of the time and trouble necessary in obtaining the materials, in prop-
erly applying it, and the danger in its use. In the strychnine experi-
ments, a formula recommended by Prof. A. T. Peters, of the Nebraska
experiment station, was used in preparing the poison. According to
this formula, 5 ounces of strychnine and half a pound of cyanide
of potassium are dissolved in a quart of boiling water; 2 quarts of
molasses and a teaspoonful of oil of anise are then added, and after
the mixture has been poured over 1 bushel of wheat, 4 pounds of
finely ground corn meal are sprinkled over it and well stirred in. A
tablespoonful of the poisoned wheat should be seattered about the
entrance of each hole. Experiments with this preparation were tried
in summer on a tract several acres in extent, and about 50 per cent
of the prairie dogs were killed. The results would doubtless have
been more satisfactory if the experiment had been tried in winter or
early spring when the animals first come out from hibernation and
before they find an abundant supply of food in the form of grass.
Bisulphide of carbon proved more satisfactory than either gasoline
or strychnine, and is altogether the most effective poison. 875 1.40
@OnnGChCODT 2 eo tess We ae eee 400 4.5 800 2.00
Renna Vlyan lass Smee eeeee ns Se eee 100 3.3 275 2.75
NOE ENECArOlN a eet ee se ene Ty oie 100 1% 275 2.15
GUISE cee eee eee Os eee re ee ts, as 1,000 17.0 630 63
(MGs 225. Se ee 5 Se phe aie as See eee 311 2.0 1,788 as
California —-2-. FOR Sie ee ee ee ae eee 450 5.0 900 2.00
JNTAVAGIINE, = Sa SO core ie ORE EE Si CL nets ie 400 3.3 840 2.10
Were WSS 2 a ae Se See Oe ee ne ee 3, 386 | EES ASIA: OkS8Sr'|\- 2 eA sees
This work has been done by five field parties, much of it in the
spring of the present year. The work will be reported in some detail
to show the importance of the economic problems involved, as well
as the large amount of useful information collected and the assist-
ance rendered the several districts.
The Means party.—In July and August Mr. Meansmade some recon-
noissances in Utah and Colorado in preparation for further detailed
work in those States. In December he went to Arizona, where the
Arizona experiment station furnished an assistant, and three months
were spent in surveying and mapping 400 square miles of land in
cooperation with the experiment station.
In the 100 square miles of land surveyed and mapped around Tempe,
Ariz., on the south side of the Salt River, the soils were found to be
formed of wash from the mountains and aliuvial material brought
down by the river. The underlying material was calcareous, and
underlying this at still greater depths were gravel and bowlder beds,
68 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
which invariably carry water. ‘The soils are naturally free from
alkali, and the irrigation waters are good, containing about 100 parts
of salts per 100,000 parts of water. The irrigation of the mesa lands,
however, has caused the water in the lower lands to rise to within 1
or 2 feet of the surface in years of plentiful supply of water, and con-
siderable areas of what were the most fertile lands are now liable to
be too wet to cultivate, and, besides, have accumulated an amount of
alkali detrimental to all cultivated crops. The question of under-
drainage was considered in connection with the damage already done,
and it is believed it is quite possible and practicable to reclaim the
damaged lands and prevent further loss.
Similar conditions were found to exist in the 250 square miles sur-
veyed on the north side of the river, except that the alkali is here
confined to a narrow strip along the river, which, however, is con-
stantly widening. Special problems were encountered here as well as
in an area under the Buckeye canal, which will be fully treated in
the final report on the work. The results of the work are highly sat-
isfactory in showing on the maps prepared the conditions ‘actually
prevailing, and in indicating that the alkali question can easily be
controlled and the fertility of the land be assuredly maintained.
The party then went to California, where a short time was spent in
tracing, with our electrical method of salt determinations in soils and
waters, the main underground channel of the Los Angeles River from
the canyon in the granite mountains, where the pure water sinks into
the ground, to the river proper, which is the source of the water
supply of the city of Los Angeles. The definition of the channel or
zone through which this water passes between the more saline sup-
plies from the mountains of shale or slate on either side bearing
alkali salts, is the subject of legal proceedings between the city of Los
Angeles and a certain water company, which has developed a con-
siderable water supply by constructing a tunnel in the zone through
which the pure water from the granite mountains has been traced.
It is believed that evidence was collected which will have an important
bearing upon the court proceedings.
A short time was spent in a reconnoissance at Oxnard, Cal., where
an extensive irrigation plant is proposed for the development of the
sugar-beet industry. It was found that the underground water was
alre ady so near the surface and so charged with alkali that serious
trouble and damage were predicted if the land was irrigated without
adequate provision for underdrainage. The company proposes fol-
lowing this advice, and it is planned to return there later in the season
and spend some time studying the efficiency of this method of pre-
venting the rise and accumulation of alkali, an opportunity not
before havi ing come to this Division of testing practically some of our
recommendations.
The party then went to Fresno, Cal., where on June 30 about 450
square miles had been surveyed and mapped, comprising practically
all of the irrigated lands of that immediate vicinity. Five maps
have been prepared, showing: (1) The character and distribution of
the soils; (2) the amount and distribution of the alkali in the soil;
(3) the amount and distribution of the black alkali or sodium ear-
bonate; (4) the depth to standing water, to show where drainage is
imperatively needed; and, (5) the depth and character of hardpan
which underlies much of the land. Alkali has damaged large areas
of what were once thrifty vineyards and fruit orchards, causing a loss
of at least a million dollars in land values alone. Plans and estimates
DIVISION OF SOILS. 69
of the cost of reclaiming this damaged land are now being worked out,
and it will be shown that the reclamation is both possible and a good
business proposition. The alkali is confined principally to the south-
ern part of the area, and has its origin in a hardpan below the surface,
so that it did not at first show any effects on vegetation. After
irrigation was introduced this material disintegrated and the alkali
was brought to the surface. This hardpan is soft,and when moist is
easily penetrated by roots or broken up by plows where near the sur-
face, and it is only the alkali which it contains that makes it par-
ticularly harmful to vegetation. In the northern half of the area
.this alkali hardpan is believed to underlie the land, but the surface
is much higher, and the alkali is buried in places to a depth of 40
feet. Overlying this the soils are free from alkali, but there is a dif-
ferent hardpan cemented with iron and silica, so that it forms virtually
a sandstone, which is in layers interbedded with sand and other loose
material to a depth frequently of 40 feet. Over a considerable part
of this area this hardpan comes to within 5 feet of the surface, and
the soils are so shallow that fruit trees can not be successfully grown,
and the crops are liable to fail. Some of this land is quite worthless,
while part of it is used very successfully for wheat and barley under
dry farming. This hardpan is a much more serious problem in the
Fresno area than the alkali. Attempts have been made to blast out
holes for fruit trees and grapevines, with apparent success, but at a
cost of $40 or $50 per acre. The results of this work will be fully set
forth in the report which will accompany the maps.
The Gardner party.—During the first four months of the fiseal year,
with the cooperation and assistance of the Utah experiment station, a
survey was made of a portion of Salt Lake County, comprising about
250 square miles, or 160,000 acres. Of this area, about 32,000 aeres
have been under successful irrigation; but 6,400 acres of this, or one-
fifth of the whole irrigated area, have been ruined by seepage water
and rise of alkali, and are now lying out as waste and worthless land.
About one-half the total, or 80,000 acres, lies in such a way that it
could be irrigated, and there is water enough of good quality, but the
land contains so much alkali, especially in ‘the lower depths, that any
such attempt has failed, and much money has thus been lost. The
land adjoins Salt Lake City and stretches out to the Great Salt Lake,
a distance of 18 miles. Preliminary estimates make it appear that
60,000 acres of this land could be reclaimed by underdrainage at a
cost of not exceeding $20 peracre. The land now has a mere nominal
value. Comparison with adjoining lands indicates a value of at least
$70 per acre, if it were in good condition. Allowing for the cost of
reclamation, this would give a clear increase in value of at least
$3,000,000. These matters have been clearly set forth in a paper,
with accompanying maps, in Report No. 64, which has just been issued
by the Department.
Early this spring work was again undertaken in Utah in cooperation
with the Utah experiment station, this time in the Sevier Valley,
where 225 to 250 square miles will be surveyed and mapped. _ Inter-
esting conditions have been found in this area, unlike those prevail-
ing in other localities in which the work has been earried on. The
soils were originally quite salty, the salts consisting principally of
common salt. The water supply has been so small that great economy
has been exercised in the application of water inirrigation. The soils
generally are quite porous and have good natural drainage. The first
70 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
application of water has improved the soils, and after two or three
years the excess of salts has seemingly been entirely removed and the
soils left in such condition that they have been very productive. At
Richfield, however, where there has been the most abundant supply
of water, an excessive quantity of water has been used or has seeped
from the canals, so that over a considerable area the water table has
been raised to within 5 feet of the surface. Alkali has risen from the
lower depths, and lands which were once reclaimed are now in far
worse condition than they were originally, many of them quite worth-
less and with no chance of recovery without adequate artificial under-
drainage. This trouble is so recent and so alarming, and, furthermore,
seems so unnecessary, that it should serve as the strongest object
lesson to the irrigation farmers of the West. These facts will be
clearly set forth in the report to be made on the work.
The Dorsey party.—The first part of the fiscal year was spent in
surveying and mapping the soils of an area of about 400 square miles,
or 256,000 aer es, In the Connecticut Valley, from South Glastonbury,
Conn., to South Hadley, Mass. ‘The map ‘has been published, with
full notes as to the character of the soils and agricultural conditions of
the valley, in Report No. 64 of this Department. Eleven very different
and distinct types of soil were recognized and mapped. ‘Two are of
glacial origin and full of rocks and bowlders. The other types are of
alluvial origin. These include coarse gravel, too barren for crops;
coarse sands, from which in favorable seasons ‘truck crops and a fine
wrapper-leaf tobacco are produced; fine sand, upon which the seed-
leaf tobacco is so successfully grown; still finer sand and silt, where
the broad-leaf tobacco is grown; the fine silt and clay of the meadow
lands, not suited to tobacco, but best adapted to corn, grass, and gen-
eral farming; and, lastly, soils which are so close and poorly drained
that there are large areas at present unfit for cultivation. The posi-
tion of these various soils is clearly shown in the map accompanying
Report No. 64, on a seale of 1 inch to the mile.
After completing this work the party went to Maryland and com-
pleted the survey of Cecil County, comprising an area of about 575
square miles, or 240,000 acres. This work was done in cooperation
with the State geological survey, Dr. William b. Clark, director. The
soils of this area are derived partly from the decay of rocks in plaee,
such as granite, gneiss, gabbro, and partly from the sands, clay s, and
gravels of the more recent coastal-plain formation. Here again the
soils range from the most barren to the most productive, with inter-
mediate grades adapted to different crops and agricultural interests.
A copy of the map has been furnished the Maryland experiment sta-
tion to examine and report upon the agricultural conditions and capa-
bilities of the different soil areas.
In both the Connecticut Valley and in Maryland we were fortunate
in having very accurate topographic maps of the United States Geo-
logical Survey for base maps.
In December the party went to Louisiana, and in cooperation with
the Louisiana experiment station a survey was made of about 1,000
square miles between the Mississippi River and the Pearl River. The
best map obtainable, however, was very inaccurate, and although
attempts were made to correct the map in places, it is feared that the
work can not be published without making a new traverse map to
project the work upon.
In June the party went to Lancaster County, Pa., where an area
DIVISION OF SOILS. i!
of about 250 square miles will be surveyed. Very excellent county
maps, on a seale of 3 inches to the mile, were available for use here,
and very careful detailed work is being done. It is too early yet to
speak of the results of this work.
The Bonsteel party.—About the middle of May work was commenced,
in cooperation with the Maryland geological survey, in the survey and
mapping of the soils of St. Mary County , Md. Very fair topographic
sheets of the United States Geological Surv ey were available for base
maps; and, as the soils in this locality follow the topographie features
quite closely, the work has progressed very rapidly and very satisfac-
torily. There are soils here which compare in productiveness with
some of the soils of Lancaster County, Pa. Wheat yields 20 to 25
bushels per acre, clover does very well indeed, and grass does fairly
well; yet the lands in Lancaster County are worth from $125 to $250
an acre, while these southern Maryland lands are worth only from $3
to $10. The discussion of the actual conditions in each district which
have any bearing upon this will be brought out in the reports by these
field parties, and it is hoped that it may contribute something of value
to this all-important problem of the deterioration of lands and fall in
land values in so many parts of the country.
The Smith party.—Early in May a survey was undertaken, in ¢o-
operation with the North Carolina department of agriculture and the
North Carolina geological survey, of astrip of land about 10 miles wide,
extending from “Raleigh, upon the Piedmont Plateau in the crystalline
rocks, down through “Gold sboro, to Newbern in the coastal plains, a
distance of about 120 miles. There were no accurate maps available,
so a party of traverse men were put in the field and traverse maps
were prepared in advance of the soil party. The work has not pro-
gressed far enough to report as to the results, but it seems to be
progressing very satisfactorily. This strip crosses some of the best
cotton soils of the State, the bright-tobacco belt, and the truck area.
The North Carolina department of agriculture intends to follow this
up by studying the needs and best treatment of the several types of
soil established by this survey.
COOPERATION WITH STATE INSTITUTIONS.
The cooperation between the Division of Soils, State experiment
stations, boards of agriculture, and geological surveys has been very
cordial and mutually helpful. In order to facilitate and extend the
work the States of Mary land, Louisiana, North Carolina, Utah, and
the Territory of Arizona contributed to the expenses of the soil sur-
vey, general field reconnoissance, and laboratory investigations as
carried on under my direction. The total amount so contributed
during the year was $3,500.
PUBLISHED RESULTS OF THE SEASON’S WORK.
The field work and the laboratory work which has any bearing upon
the soil survey for the season of 1899 were covered in Report No. 64,
which was transmitted to Congress by the President on February 4,
1900. It took quite four months to get the reports and maps prepared
and material in shape for presentation, and, even after Congress had
authorized the publication, it required a long time for the lithographic
work on the maps accompanying the report. This accounts for the
fact that the report was not issued until September, or about one year
fe DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
after the completion of the field work. Such delay in bringing out
the reports, while seemingly excessive, is really necessary to insure
the thorough preparation of the material and field notes and the best
results in the preparation of the lithographic maps. It ean hardly
be expected that the results of these field investigations will be pub-
lished in less than a year after the field work has been completed.
GREAT DEMANDS FOR THE SOIL SURVEY.
As soon as announcements were made that the Division of Soils had
actually commenced the survey and mapping of agricultural lands,
and as the results began to appear in circulars, bulletins, maps, and
notices, there was a very great demand for work in important agri-
cultural centers all over the country. I have endeavored to meet
these demands so far as the available men and the resources of the
Division would permit, and the field parties have been shifted from
place to place more than a consideration of economy and real effi-
ciency would warrant. It requires three or four weeks for a field
party to become thoroughly acquainted with the physiographic con-
ditions, the soil types, and the agricultural conditions of a district,
which have to be acquired before the most efficient and rapid work
can be done in the survey and mapping of soils. After three or four
months of detailed work in an area the party is in a position to do the
most valuable and most rapid work. For this reason, it should be left
in an area undisturbed for from six to nine months, according to the
length of season, but in order to comply as far as possible with the
requests which have been received, the field parties have not been
able to spend more than two or three months at most in any one
locality.
In several cases the States have offered to provide money for the
field expenses and even for the pay of soil experts in order to start
the work of a soil survey or to extend the area that we are able to
promise them. These offers, however, in several cases have had to be
declined, as there were no men available to be placed in the field except
those composing the small force trained in this Division and who are
at the present time engaged in training others. Foreseeing the great
interest the work would arouse and the demand there would be for
the extension of the work, I have given a great deal of attention to
the selection and training of young men, and Iam gratified to announce
that we are prepared now for a large extension of the area which we
can survey next year. Iam ready to expend judiciously and to good
advantage a large increase in the appropriation for this Division, if
this should be granted by Congress.
From the numerous requests for the extension of the soil survey to
other States a few extracts from letters will show the wide interests
involved. eee o== 125,000) | Wyotting? )--o- 22 Sa 2, 500
Pennsylvania.2=--—--------- 2, 500
DIVISION OF SOILS. 75
Tn addition to this, the following allotments will be required:
iranspoLruablon Orneld parties... 2. .-5- 22-2252. 2 sees ssisseeeenes sees 59, 000
Ereparawon oi mapse ee! 528 oa: ae 23 is 5 See et oe eee 4,000
erin tin Pare pOris; aNd MAPS 625.122 Lee ese De Se es ee ees 12, 000
If the money be appropriated by Congress and these or similar allot-
ments are approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, I should propose
to assign one or more field parties to each of these States and have
them spend from six to nine months of the year in the field and the
remaining time in Washington, D. C., writing up their results and
preparing maps and reports for publication.
The actual cost of surveying 3,586 square miles in the fiscal year
1899, including the annual salaries of the men and all field supplies,
transportation, and subsistence, amounted to between 88,000 and
$9,000. It is proposed to do between five and six times this amount
of work during the coming year if this increased appropriation be
allowed by Congress. This sum, however, did not include the cost of
the preparation of the maps and the publication of the results. For
several reasons it is extremely desirable that provision be made in
the divisional appropriation for the cost of publishing the results
of the field operations. The rapid growth of the publication work
of the Department taxes to the uttermost limit the resources of the
Division of Publications, which controls, outside of Farmers’ Bulle-
tins, but a single fund available for printing for all the Divisions.
This fund, even if considerably increased, is liable to become ex-
hausted, indeed has on several occasions been exhausted, before the
close of the fiscal year. At such times the publications of certain
Divisions must necessarily, often unfortunately, be postponed. A
clause in the divisional appropriation permitting expenditure to print
would often avoid vexatious and costly delays. While the total amount
asked for may seem large, the allotment to each State is very moder-
ate, and does not begin to meet the demands from several of the States.
For example, there is an urgent request from North Carolina to survey
at least 5,000 square miles next year. Even with this increase in the
appropriation 1,000 square miles is all that could be promised without
neglecting the interests in other States, which are quite as great and
as urgently asked for as in North Carolina. The allotment for Cali-
fornia is greater than for other States for the simple reason that the
State is so large and the interests are so different that at least two or
three parties should be assigned permanently to that locality. It is
my purpose, with your approval, to continue, and if possible to com-
plete, the survey of the San Joaquin Valley; to maintain one party
in southern California, where the interests and conditions are totally
different; and possibly to maintain a third party in the Sacramento
Valley.
I am well aware that other States have already and will still urge
the extension of the soil survey to their own peculiar localities. These
claims will have to be met in the future, either by additional appro-
priations, if in the wisdom of Congress this is advisable, or by shift-
ing the force from year to year to take in the principal agricultural
regions of the United States. It would be a pleasure to show anyone
interested in the development of the work of the Division the letters
received in commendation of the work already done and in urging
the extension of the work, and also to show the plans for the exten-
sion of the work proposed in this recommendation—matters which
could not possibly be brought within the compass of a report of this
size and character.
76 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
The work in the physical laboratory has been largely in coopera-
tion with the soil-survey work in explaining problems which are con-
stantly observed by the field parties.
An extended series of experiments were carried on to determine to
what extent the soluble mineral salts, commonly found in alkali soils,
influence the height to which water will be raised in dry soils and the
rate of evaporation from moist soils. It was found that for concen-
trations approximating those found in alkali soils the salts had no
influence on the height of capillary rise, with the excention of sodium
carbonate, which increased the capillary rise about 8 per cent. For
concentrations approaching saturation the capillary action was con-
siderably decreased on account of the increased viscosity of the solu-
tion. In moist soils the salts decreased the rate of evaporation from
the surface, owing to the formation of a crust. If the surface of the
soil be kept constantly stirred, so that no salt crust can form, the salts
have no appreciable e ffect on the evaporation. Under field conditions
the soil is always more or less moist; so investigations have been ¢car-
ried on to determine the height through which capillary action may
take place in moist soils. These data are obtained by measuring the
amount of evaporation from the top of columns of soil connected “with
water reservoirs below. In some soils from James Island, 8. C., in
which water rises only 14 inches when the soil is dry, there is marked
capillary action when the water table is 3 feet below the surface,
but none when the water table is 6 feet below. These are matters
of very great importance in connection with some of the Western
soils, on account of the very remarkable properties exhibited by some
of these soils in subirrigation and in the rise of alkali.
Experiments have also been made upon the absorption of salts or the
withdrawal of dissolved salts from solution by soilgrains. One gram of
a fine quartz sand removes one-tenth of a milligram of sodium carbonate
when the soil is saturated with a solution of that salt. In this con-
nection, it has been shown that soil grains, or other finely divided
materials, have the property of condensing on their surfaces relatively
large amounts of carbon dioxid, considering the small partial pressure
of this substance in the air above the soil. It has been found that
when sodium e¢arbonate is added to a soil more or less of the normal
carbonate is always converted to the form of bicarbonate, due to the
reaction with the carbonic acid condensed on the soil grains. Very
large quantities of sodium bicarbonate have been found i in the alkali
lands of Utah and California by our survey parties, although the
presence of this salt was never suspected. The influence of tempera-
ture, concentration, and carbon dioxid on the equilibrium between
sodium carbonate and bicarbonate has been. studied conjointly with
the chemist of the Division. It is believed that this is an important
problem for the black alkali lands.
The time and labor involved in making mechanical analyses of soils
have been materially reduced by the use of a centrifuge for separa-
ting the finer grades of soil particles. This apparatus, besides requir-
ing less time, can be used with a much smaller quantity of water and
is particularly valuable in the analysis of the soluble gypsum soils
found in many places in the West. During the year 260 mechanical
analyses have been made in the laboratory in connection with the soil
survey.
“1
~]
DIVISION OF SOILS.
CHEMICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIONS.
The chemical work of the Division has been done, so far as practi-
eable, with the cooperation and support of the Division of Chemistry.
Papers relating solely to chemical subjects and having no particular
bearing on soils, which have been prepared in this Division, have been
published through the Division of Chemistry. The results of chemi-
eal soil investigations have been submitted to Dr. Wiley for his
approval, in accordance with the present policy of the Department.
The chemical methods employed by the field parties have been
closely scrutinized and improved insome details. The field parties in
the Western district are all provided with convenient outfits for deter-
mining in the field the amount of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorids,
and, indirectly, sulphates.
Tt has been found that an exceptionally large amount of gypsum
was carried by some of the irrigation waters of the West and was held
in solution in the soil moisture. This was found to be due to the
presence of sodium chlorid and other salts. The mutual effect of
these salts on their solubility in water, in solutions of all concentra-
tions, had to be worked out in the laboratory for the interpretation
of certain phases of the alkali problem. In this connection, a paper
was published in Report No. 64 on the nature of solutions as applied
to the study of soil problems. Another matter which received some
attention was the formation of sodium carbonate or black alkali by
certain saltbushes, commonly found in the West. The results of this
investigation, showing that sodium carbonate is found in the decay
of certain plants, will shortly be published.
The role of carbonic acid in soil solutions as affecting the various
soil constituents has been investigated, and is still the subject of
extended studies. Much of the work is being done conjointly with
the physical laboratory, and the results promise to be not aon of con-
siderable scientific interest, but of great economic importance. For
instance, it has been found that when sodium carbonate exists in a
soil, or is added to a soil, a considerable portion may change to sodium
bicarbonate, which is probably no more harmful to vegetation than
sodium chlorid or sodium sulphate.
The subject of hardpan formation has also been investigated, and
some very interesting results have been obtained. This is a matter
of great economic importance in certain sections of the country.
Mr. F. P. Veitch was detailed to this Division by the Maryland
experiment station, in September, 1898, for work upon the soils of
Maryland. Sixteen of the most important types of soils found in that
State have been studied, with reference to their chemical constitution
and the relative solubility of the soil constituents in different solvents.
The object of the work is to gain as much information as possible
regarding the form of combination of the constituents of the soil.
The work has not progressed sufficiently far to make any definite
statements, but the results so far obtained give great promise of a
most important line of work.
TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS.
Much of Mr. Floyd’s time, as tobacco expert of the Division, has
been taken up in the collection and arrangement of material for the
tobacco exhibit of the United States at the Paris Exposition. Inei-
dentally, a very large amount of information has been acquired,
78 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
which will be of great importance in the work of this Division upon
the tobacco soils of the United States and upon tobacco investigations
which have been planned.
Our investigations of the soils of the Connecticut Valley, together
with the study of the climatic conditions prevailing there, and the
conditions of growth in Florida, Cuba, and Sumatra, convinced me
that a finer commercial grade of leaf should be grown upon some of
the soils in that State. The completion of the soil map of a portion
of the Connecticut Valley, from South Glastonbury, Conn., to South
Hadley, Mass., gave a basis for an intelligent line of investiga: ution
looking to the improvement of the Connecticut leaf. In December,
1899, Mr. Floyd went to New Haven, and, in cooperation with the
Connecticut experiment station, fermented a lot of tobacco according
to the most improved Florida methods, which have been developed
from the methods used in Cuba and Sumatra. The products of this
experiment were admitted by the growers and dealers to be superior
in the uniformity of color to the results obtained by the usual method
of case fermentation. It was found, furthermore, that much of the
top leaves and trash (ordinarily sold for from 1 to 15 cents per pound),
if properly fermented made fair fillers, which were valued by several
firms, who had no knowledge of the origin of the tobacco, at from 18
to 40 cents per pound.
Not being satisfied that the change in the method of fermentation
improved the quality of the leaf as much as the soil and climatic con-
ditions seemed to warrant, a further line of experiments was planned,
in cooperation with the Connecticut experiment station, on closer
planting and partial shading of the growing plants. Florida- grown
Sumatra seed was also introduced, and. the experiment i is being w atched
with profound interest by the Connecticut growers and dealers. The
plants have made a wonderful growth, the leaves appear perfect in
form and texture, and the results of the fermentation are awaited
with the most lively interest.
Dr. Loew’s work has been a continuation and extension of the work
of last year. He has further investigated the oxidase and peroxidase,
which are believed to be the cause of the fermentation of tobacco and
of the development of the desirable flavorand aroma. The conditions
under which these act and the products which they form have been
the subject of profound study. Dr. Loew has also announced during
the year the discovery of a new enzyme, which he ealls catalase. This
enzyme also is believed to play an important part in the fermentation
of the leaf. Investigations are in progress on the relation of this
enzyme to fermentation. Several reports have been issued during
the year on the results of this work. In this tobacco work we have
had the hearty cooperation of the Division of Vegetable Physiology
and Pathology.
I regret to state that Dr. Oscar Loew, in charge of the tobacco fer-
mentation investigations of the Divi iain of Soils, has severed his con-
nection with the Department to accept a position in the Royal Agri-
eultural College at Tokyo, Japan. His salary will be over four times as
large as he was receiving here. This is a loss to the country, as it will
be difficult or impossible to find anyone with the proper training and
ability to continue the work which Dr. Loew was doing upon the
important problems in the curing and fermentation of tobaceo. That
this loss is recognized by the tobacco growers is shown in a recent
letter from one of the most prominent tobacco growers and dealers of
Pennsylvania, who wrote that he anticipated a saving to the tobacco
DIVISION OF SOILS. 79
interests in his State alone of not less than $1,000,000 per year from
the results of Dr. Loew’s investigations, as planned for the current
year.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TOBACCO INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE YEAR 1901,
From the work so far done in the Connecticut Valley, I am satisfied
that the Sumatra type of leaf can be produced there under shade,
having all the desirable qualities of a small leaf, with small veins and
great elasticity, as wellas a desirable uniform color and excellent grain
and style. Samples of the unfermented leaf grown this year (1900) 1 have
been shown to the different New York packers, who have pronounced
it as perfect in texture and style as anything which has ever been
grown. The results of the fermentation of this leaf are awaited with
great interest. This work will be continued.
It is proposed to experiment with the Pennsylvania and Ohio leaf
to see how the aroma of these may be improved by the Cuban method
of fermentation. From my study of the soil and climatie conditions
of these two localities and the products which have already been pro-
duced, I am convinced that a leaf more closely approximating the
more desirable leaf from Cuba ean be produced. If these results can
not be obtained by the fermentation of the present crop, it is my pur-
pose next year to introduce other methods of planting and cultivation,
and probably a change of seed, with the expectation that we will be
as successful in improving the quality of the filler leaf in these two
States as we have been in approximating the qualities of the Sumatra
leaf in Connecticut.
My investigations of the soils, climatic conditions, and products of
Texas have convinced me that the conditions are exceedingly favor-
able there for the production of a desirable filler leaf from which we
may expect to get the rich flavor and aroma of the best Cuban prod-
uct. The development of such a crop in Texas would be worth, at a
conservative estimate, not less than $8,000,000 or $10,000,000. This
is one of the most important fields that could be taken up, and the
work should be started at the earliest possible time.
Brigadier-General Davis, when governor-general of Porto Rico, sent
to the Department a consig nment of 17g erades of Porto Rican tobacco,
which have been recently thoroughly tested i in this Division. It w as
found that much of the leaf had a rich aroma; and while it has not
the desirable flavor and aroma of the best Vuelta Abajo tobacco, it
certainly shows a very promising field in which to work for the devel-
opment of a high- grade tobacco. Unfortunately, the leaf has evi-
dently been badly managed, and there is without doubt a big oppor-
tunity merely in the proper handling of the leaf to develop much more
than has as yet been realized. This work should be undertaken at
the earliest possible time for the relief and advancement of the tobacco
growers and tobacco interests of Porto Rico
These tobacco interests are so large and so important that they will
continue to require the careful and constant attention of experts trained
in the handling and fermenting of tobacco. Private corporations and
packers of cigar-leaf tobacco pay the managers of their tobacco houses
salaries ranging from $4,000 to $6,000 per annum. They would not
be satisfied with the services of a man who would work for much less
than this, because if he had the ability he would be employed by one
of their competitors.
It is impossible for the Department to pay such salaries as these
SU DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
when the statutory limitations restrict to $2,500 the salary of the
chief of the Division who directs and coordinates the work. It is
therefore the low statutory salaries that block the way to the present
development of the tobacco interests in Texas and Porto Rico and
make it even doubtful if the work already started in Connecticut,
Pennsylvania, and Ohio can be long continued, owing to the fact that
we can not keep our men. The tobacco men are preeminently busi-
ness men, conducting their work on business lines. They have already
demanded that if these lines of tobacco investigations are to be con-
tinued and the interests of such important districts as Texas and
Porto Rico are to be taken up by the Department, thoroughly compe-
tent men must be secured and retained. The Department must pay
what these men can command outside in order to hold them.
This is a matter at present wholly beyond your power to change,
and the tobacco associations are already memorializing the commit-
tees of Congress and are demanding that if the work “be continued
and extended it shall be in a way which they can approve and sup-
port, and by men in whom they have perfect ‘confidence. From this
point of view, as business men, they are demanding that the work be
well done or that it be not undertaken. The work of the Department
in these lines has touched these commercial interests so closely and
has already given promise of so much of value that the people fee
that they must be heard in this matter and that their interests should
be fully recognized. The statutory salaries therefore block the exten-
sion of the tobacco investigations in the lines in which they have been
planned and even imperil the continuation of the work already
undertaken. I would respectfully suggest that this matter be brought
to the attention of Congress.
THE EXHIBIT OF AMERICAN LEAF TOBACCO AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION
The leaf-tobacco exhibit of the United States was by far the largest,
most complete, and most attractive exhibit of the kind at the Paris
Exposition, and if was pronounced by many persons competent to
judge to be the finest exhibit ever made. The exhibit consisted of
about 2,000 samples, representing every type and grade of tobacco pro-
duced in the United States. A full report will be published i in due time
describing the exhibit in detail. It iss=fficient to say here that it took
the grand prize, nine gold medals, five silver medals, and honorable
mention for many of the exhibitors. Two significant facts were brought
out in the jury of awards. The Florida- grown Sumatra leaf was found
to require 25 more leaves to the pound of a given grade than the samples
exhibited from the island of Sumatra. It received 20 points of excel-
lence against 18 for the Sumatra, and was pronounced by the jury to
be perfect. The bright yellow tobacco of Virginia and North Carolina
was awarded 18 points of merit out of a possible 20, or the same as
given to the Turkish tobacco, which it resembles in many points and
with which it most close ly competes. Many very strong letters have
been received, showing the appreciation of the growers and leaf deal-
ers of this country in the work the Department did for the tobacco
interest, and much verbal praise was given by the jury of awards and
by visitors to the exposition. It is firmly believed that this exhibit
has done much for the tobacco interest of this country in showing for-
eigners the great variety of tobacco grown here and the excellence of
the different types and grades,
DIVISION OF SOILS. _ 81
SCIENTIFIC AIDS.
It has been necessary from the first to take young men into the
Division and train them for the more responsible positions. There are
no courses in any of the universities or colleges that would train a
man for the particular lines which are being developed in the soil
survey of the Division of Soils. This is so to a greater or lesser
extent in most of the Divisions of the Department, but particularly
so in the Division of Soils, where the work and methods have been
carried far beyond the conventional lines taught in the college courses
of to-day. The policy recently inaugurated in bringing young men
in through the civil service as scientific aids has worked admirably
in the case of this Division. As I believe we will constantly need to
be training young men for the more responsible positions in this
Division, I have recommended that six scientific aids be added to the
statutory roll of the Division, so that we may have constantly that
many young men in training. The Division must look out not only
for an efficient foree for its own work, but to train men for other
responsible positions in the universities, colleges, and experiment
stations of the country, so that the work inaugurated by the Division
may be intelligently carried on in more detail by local institutions.
ADDITIONAL ROOM NEEDED.
The work of the Division has grown so much in the past two or
three years and the force has been increased to such an extent that
the available room in the building rented for its use is much too small
to accommodate the present force, not to speak of the proposed
increase. I have been compelled, therefore, to ask for an increase
in the allotment for the rent of an additional building for this pur-
pose. If this increase be granted by Congress, I would propose, with
your permission, to rent an additional building somewhere in the
neighborhood where adequate accommodations could be had, par-
ticularly for the field force, which has to be provided for during the
winter months, when the members are working over their notes and
preparing reports and maps. This is very urgently needed.
CLERICAL WORK.
The publications of the Division during the fiscal year consist of
one bulletin, five reports, five circulars, two articles for the Depart-
ment Yearbook, and a list of publications of the Division, aggregating
in all 558 printed pages, which is a considerable increase over last
year. The correspondence has also increased considerably. Seven
hundred and fourteen samples were added to the soil collection,
which amounts now to 4,758 samples, all of which are very carefully
described on catalogue cards. During the year also the photographic
negatives pertaining to the work of the Division and to soil problems
in general, amounting to 455 in number, have been conveniently
arranged and catalogued, so that they are readily accessible. The
special library on soil literature, maintained for the immediate use
of the Division force, contains now 1,640 books and bound pamphlets.
AGR 1900:
6
REPORT OF THE AGROSTOLOGIST.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the sixth annual report upon the
work of the Division of Agrostology for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1900, together with an outline of work for the current fiseal year and
plans for the future, presented in accordance with your letter of
instructions.
Respectfully,
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER,
Agrostologist.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
GRASS AND FORAGE-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
- The grass and forage-plant investigations have been continued
along the lines indicated in my last annual report. The field work
has been extended to regions not previously investigated, and the
information thus gained has enabled us to enlarge the experimental
work of the Division, particularly along the lines of cooperation with
the State experiment stations. Much attention has been given to the
study of native grasses and forage plants suitable for such special
purposes as sand and soil binding, cultivation on alkali soils, and for
cultivation in the more arid sections of the country. Much study
has also been given to special forage crops, particularly the legumi-
nous varieties that are suitable for worn-out soils and the maintenance
of the fertility of farm lands, as well as for the production of food for
animals.
The distribution of seeds of desirable. grasses and forage crops to
farmers and ranchmen in various sections of the country and to the
State experiment stations for experimental purposes has been. con-
tinued with excellent results.
GRASS GARDEN.
In the grass garden upon the grounds of the Department nearly
500 varieties of grasses and forage plants have been grown, and from
many of these valuable lessons have been learned.
The study of grasses suitable for the formation of lawns has been
continued, and the value of Kentucky blue grass and creeping bent
for this purpose is clearly demonstrated, their superiority over Ber-
83
$4 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
muda grass for this section of the country being readily apparent to
anyone watching the growth of these grasses on the experimental plats
of the grass garden. St. Lucie grass has also made a better showing
than Bermuda grass, particularly in the quality of turf afforded. The
stock procured from Florida has survived the past two winters. Buf-
falo grass has maintained the reputation accorded to it in previous
reports and continued to attract much attention from visitors. The
possibility of introducing this valuable pasture grass into cultivation
is here fully demonstrated. Interesting and valuable results have
also been secured from a number of saltbushes, notably the annual
saltbush, Australian saltbush, mealy or gray saltbush, spreading salt-
bush (Atriplex limbata), and. velvety saltbush (Atriplex velutinella)
among the introduced sorts, and shadscale and sweetsage of the native
varieties.
A point of great value to farmers desiring a continued series of
crops for soiling has been brought out in our study of the soy bean.
This crop comes readily from the seed sown at almost any time during
the growing season and is not easily injured by frost; thus it is pos-
sible to have soy-bean forage from early summer until the approach
of freezing weather. Japanese barnyard millet has also shown itself
admirably adapted for use as a soiling crop.
The limited space on the Department ; erounds that can be used as a
grass garden has made it impossible to do as much as was wished with
certain forage crops, more especially the large and coarse-growing
annuals. In order to meet this lack of space, a piece of land on the
Potomae Flats was prepared and nearly 500 plats of various plants
were planted in the spring of 1900. These include an extended list of
varieties, many of which were secured in foreign countries through
the agricultural explorers of the Section of Seed and Plant Int rodue-
tion. The results obtained with certain varieties of millets, sorghums,
teosinte, velvet bean, soy bean, vetches, and other legumes are espe-
cially noteworthy, and will be published in detail later. Seed of a
number of the varieties has been secured for distribution.
FIELD WORK.
During the past year field work has been carried on both by mem-
bers of the regular staff and by special agents appointed for the pur-
pose, in Washington, Oregon, and California, in Maine and Massa-
chusetts, and in Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas. In these field
investigations special attention was given to the study of the native
grasses and their suitability for use in range improvement, drought-
resistant grass and forage plants, sand and soil binders, forage crops
suitable for the reclamation of worn-out soils and for winter pastur-
age, and those suitable for lawns and pleasure grounds. A large
number of specimens have been collected and the seeds of varieties
suitable for cultivation or for range improvement secured.
COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS
As mentioned in my previous report, these investigations are car-
ried on chiefly in cooperation with individual farmers and ranchmen
and with the authorities of the State experiment stations. The work
in range improvement and the testing of drought-resisting forage
erops at Abilene, Tex., and Highmore, S. Dak., has been continued
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 85
with most excellent results, as may be seen from the reports published
in Circulars Nos. 21 and 23 of this Division. These experiments have
attracted a great deal of attention from the ranchers and farmers, and
already they are beginning to put into practice the methods recom-
mended for improving the ranges, the efficacy of which is being clearly
demonstrated at the stations named. The station at Wallawalla,
Wash., has been devoted chiefly to the production of seed of the
valuable grasses and forage crops that are being grown there, in order
that a more abundant supply may be had for use in our cooperative
experiments in the Northwest and at other points throughout the
country. At this station, as well as at the grass garden at Washing-
ton City, much attention has been paid to the selection and develop-
ment of hardy varieties of grass and forage crops. Seed has been
saved which will be used in our further study of these varieties.
During the season additional cooperative work along various lines
of grass and forage-plant investigation has been undertaken with
the State experiment stations of Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne-
sota, Iowa, Missouri, Wyoming, and West Virginia, and preliminary
arrangements made for carrying on these investigations with other
stations. ;
Prof. J. Burtt Davy, assistant botanist to the California experi-
ment station, was authorized to prepare a report giving the results of
his investigations on the forage plants and forage resources of north-
ern California, and this is now ready for publication as a bulletin of
the Division. The results of the cooperative experiments, both with
individuals and with State institutions, for the past three years were
brought together and published in Bulletin No. 22. These tests, made
by practical experimenters in all parts of the country, are of much
value, and place the economic and practical work of the grass and
forage-plant investigations of the Department clearly before the publie.
From this report, it appears that during the three years closing with
1899 seeds of 251 varieties of grasses and forage plants were distrib-
uted, making nearly 10,000 packages; that 5,120 packages were sent
to volunteer ‘experimenters on the farms and ranches, 3,000 to State
experiment stations, and 1,110 to stations in foreign countries. Asa
result of the extensive distribution of the seed of Turkestan alfalfa,
through this Division and through the Section of Seed and Plant
Introduction, a large amount of useful information concerning this
crop has been secured, which was published in Cireular No. 25 of the
Division, for which ther e has been such a demand that a new edition
has already become necessary.
In view of the fact that these cooperative investigations have taken
such an important place in the work of the Division, and that Con-
gress through its appropriation bill has made such investigations
imperative, it seemed desirable that this work should be more thor-
oughly organized and placed upon a systematie basis. Accordingly,
the assistant chief of the Division, who has been placed in charge of
the experimental work, was directed by you to visit several of the
Western experiment stations to consult with the station directors in
regard to the prevailing forage conditions, the most pressing need in
the way of grass and forage- -plant investi cations, and the best methods
of uniting the funds and facilities of the Department with those of
the State institutions for the better prosecution of these investiga-
tions. Visits for a like purpose were made to a number of the South-
ern and Eastern stations by the Agrostologist. Everywhere we have
86 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
met with a most cordial reception on the part of the station author-
ities, and it is felt that these visits and consultations will lead to
greater efficiency in the prosecution of the work and investigations of
immense value to the farmers and stock raisers of the country.
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS AND SPECIMENS.
During the year the Division has distributed seeds of 200 varieties
of grasses and forage plants in 3,000 packages, chiefly to experiment
stations and correspondents in the United States. In a number of
instances seeds have been sent to foreign correspondents and institu-
tions in exchange for those of grasses and forage plants of other coun-
tries that were likely to be of value here. As in previous years the
seeds distributed by the Division were chiefly of native varieties, col-
lected for the most part through field agents.
Nearly 4,500 herbarium specimens of grasses and a large number of
sample sheaves have been distributed during the year. Of the her-
barium specimens, 2,200 were sent to institutions in this country and
the remainder to those in foreign lands. In exchange, we have
received some fine collections of grasses, particularly from India,
Japan, France, Brazil, and South Africa. ‘The sheaves were sent to
museums and other public institutions where they will be used for
educational purposes.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications issued by the Division during the past fiscal year
: . 5 J
are as follows:
Divisional Bulletins. —No. 2 (revised), Fodder and Forage Plants,
Exclusive of the Grasses, by Jared G. Smith; No. 7 (third revision),
American Grasses—I, by F. Lamson-Scribner; No. 14 (revised), Eco-
nomie Grasses, by F. Lamson-Seribner; No. 19 (revised), The Struc-
ture of the Caryopsis of Grasses with Reference to their Morphology
and Classification, by P. Beveridge Kennedy; No. 20, American
Grasses—III, Descriptions of the Tribes and Genera, by I*. Lamson-
Seribner; No. 21, Studies on American Grasses, The North American
Species of Cheetochloa, by F. Lamson-Scribner and Elmer D. Merrill;
No. 22, Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and Forage Plants, by
P. Beveridge Kennedy; No. 23, Studies on American Grasses, a
Revision of the North American Species of Bromus North of Mexico,
by Cornelius L. Shear.
Farmers’ Bulletins.—No. 50 (revised), Sorghum as a Forage Crop,
by Thomas A. Williams; No. 58 (revised), The Soy Bean as a Forage
Crop, by Thomas A. Williams, with an appendix on Soy Beans as a
Food for Man, by C. F. Langworthy; No. 108, Saltbushes, by P.
Beveridge Ixennedy.
Circulars.—No. 15, Recent Additions to Systematic Agrostology,
by F. Lamson-Seribner; No. 16, New Species of North American
Grasses, by I’. Lamson-Seribner; No. 17, Crimson Clover, by Thomas
A. Williams; No. 18, Smooth Brome Grass, by P. Beveridge Ken-
nedy; No. 19, New or Little Known Mexican Grasses, by F'. Lamson-
Scribner; No. 20, Experiments with Forage Plants in Ontario, by P.
Beveridge Kennedy; No. 21, Cooperative Range Grass and Forage
Plant Experiments at Highmore, 8. Dak., by F. Lamson-Seribner;
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. 87
No. 22, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations on the Pacific Coast,
by F. Lamson-Scribner; No. 23, Progress of Experiments in Forage
Crops and Range Improvement at Abilene, Tex., by H. L. Bentley;
No. 24, Cowpeas and Corn for Silage and Fodder, by W. Gettys; No.
25, Turkestan Alfalfa, by P. Beveridge Kennedy; No. 26, Rescue
Grass, by Cornelius L. Shear.
Papers prepared for the Yearbook for 1899.— Progress of Economic
and Scientific Agrostology, by F. Lamson-Secribner; Sueculent Forage
for the Farm and Dairy, by Thomas A. Williams.
HERBARIUM.
The collection of grasses and forage plants has been increased by
5,000 sheets of mounted specimens, part of which are the result of
work in the field by agents and members of the office force, the remain-
der consisting of material deposited by the National Herbarium, or
that sent in for determination, or specimens purchased or received in
exchange. The determination of the material collected by our agents
and of that sent in by correspondents for identification has required
a great deal of time and study on the part of those in charge of the
herbarium work. In all, nearly 4,000 determinations have been made
for correspondents during the year.
THE PARIS EXPOSITION.
The collection and preparation of the United States exhibit of ‘‘ foods
for animals” for the Paris Exposition was placed in charge of this
Division, and. the work of preparing the material for exhibition was
assigned to the assistant chief. Two classes of exhibits were pre-
pared: (1) The commercial exhibit, consisting of the material sent by
individual firms for prize competition, in which were included collec-
tions of the seeds of grass and forage crops offered on the markets,
and animal foods of all kinds made directly from the various cereal
crops or as by-products in the manufacture of sugar, cotton-seed oil,
linseed oil, and other commodities; (2) the general collective exhibit,
or the material brought together by the Division itself or contributed
by its correspondents in different parts of the United States, consist-
ing of panels representing the more important grasses and forage
plants grown in this country, together with the various kinds of for-
age made from them, samples of the seeds of both native and intro-
duced varieties, and a large collection of photographs, illustrating the
habits of growth of the different sorts and the methods of cultivating,
harvesting, and utilizing them. The preparation of this exhibit made
necessary an extended correspondence and visits to various parts of
the country for the collection of material and conference with firms
engaged in the manufacture of the various kinds of concentrated
foods, oil cake, gluten meal, ete. The Division received the hearty
support of its regular correspondents and of the firms interested in
the extension of the market for American seeds and the prepared
animal foods, and the exhibit has called forth many favorable com-
ments both at home and abroad.
ADDRESSES AT FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.
Frequent calls come to the Division for addresses before farmers’
institutes and other agricultural societies. Attendance upon such
i
8&8 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
meetings affords excellent opportunities for bringing the practical
work of the grass and forage-plant investigations closely before the
people whom they are designed most to benefit, and wherever it could
be done without too much interference with the regular work these
requests have been complied with. During the past year five addresses
in as many States have been delivered by the Agrostologist and other
members of the regular staff of the Division.
CURRENT WORK.
GARDEN, FIELD, AND HERBARIUM.
During the current fiscal year it is planned to continue the work
already under way in the grass garden, paying especial attention to
the habits of growth and life history of our more valuable native
grasses and of recently introduced sorts, the selection and develop-
ment of hardy varieties of our native species as well as of those from
foreign lands.
The field work is being greatly extended for the purpose of collecting
seeds and roots of valuable grasses and forage plants in accordance
with the provisions of the appropriation bill, whereby $6,000 was set
aside for this purpose. Three members of the office force, including
the Agrostologist, and two special agents are working in Colorado,
Utah, and Wyoming. Two special agents have been sent to western
Montana and northern Idaho. Our special agent on the Pacific coast
is visiting portions of Washington and Oregon, paying special atten-
tion to grasses suitable for range improvement and for sand and soil
binding. Later in the season a special agent will be sent to Arizona
and the Southwest to carry on the work in that section. The Agros-
tologist has already visited the Middle and New England States, and
another member of the office force has visited the Carolinas for the
purpose of reading a paper before the farmers’ institute at Clemson,
S. C., and making investigations along the coastal plains of these
States. The Agrostologist will also visit a number of the Western
stations and investigate the sand-dune region of the Great Lakes.
The work in the herbarium will continue along the usual lines.
EXTENSION OF COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.
°
As a result of extended correspondence and much personal consul-
tation between members of the Division staff and authorities of the
State experiment stations, it is planned to extend very materially the
cooperative experimental work of the Division. The suggestions of
this Division regarding possible lines of cooperation with the State
institutions have met with most hearty support on the part of the sta-
tion authorities, and there is consequently great encouragement for
the extension of this work. It is thought that the uniting of the funds
and facilities of the Division with those of the State institution for the
investigation of some question of paramount importance in a given
State will result in much more practical benefit to the people than if
the investigations were carried on separately, and also that the work
can be done much more economieally.
In these cooperative investigations arrangements have already been
made with one or more of the State institutions, most advantageously
located for the purpose, for the study of each of the following ques-
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY. : 89
tions: Range improvement; the formation, care, and management of
meadows and pastures; forage plants for alkali soils; sand and soil
binding grasses; soiling crops for a continuous series throughout the
season; winter pasturage; the relation of forage crops tothe reclama-
tion of worn-out lands and the maintenance of soil fertility; selection
and development of varieties of grasses and forage plants adapted to
special purposes or conditions, or possessing special qualities of har-
diness, palatability, yield, ete.
The work of range improvement already under way at Highmore,
S. Dak., and Abilene, Tex., is being continued, and additional inves-
tigations wili be undertaken in Arizona and Washington in coopera-
tion with the respective experiment stations. Plans have been made
for the investigation of the formation, care, and management of mead-
ows and pastures with the State experiment stations in Missouri, Texas,
Minnesota, and other States where this question is of first importance.
The investigation of forage crops suitable for alkali soils will be
undertaken with the Montana, Colorado, and other stations in States
in which there is a large amount of such land. The question of sand
and soil binding grasses is of special importance at certain points on
the Pacific coast, along the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast,
and it is planned to undertake investigations of such grasses in con-
nection with the Oregon station and perhaps with other stations in
the regions represented. Experiments with soiling crops are being
earried on with the Maryland station, and these will be extended to
other sections where dairying is a leading industry and where this
question is an important one. Winter pasturage is one of the most
vital questions for the South, and its investigation is accordingly being
arranged with certain of the Southern stations, while with others the
study of forage crops and their relation to the improvement of the
fertility of the soil, another question of importance in this section,
will be undertaken. Similar investigations are being planned for the
New England States. The study of selected varieties of grass and
forage crops isa question of general importance throughout the coun-
try, and investigations are being carried on in cooperation with the
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology and with such of
the State experiment stations as are prepared to undertake the work.
PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION.
Arrangements have been completed to maintain at Buffalo during the
Pan-American Exposition next season a grass garden in which will be
grown those grasses and forage plants of most general value, and also
those of special value, as for lawns, binding soils and drifting sand, ete.
It is also planned to make an exhibit of panels bearing representative
specimens of the more important sorts, both native and introduced,
samples of seeds and other products, and photographs illustrating the
habit of growth of the plants and the methods of growing and _ har-
vesting the crop, as well as preserving and utilizing it.
NEW LINES OF WORK.
The new lines of work called for in the last appropriation bill, that
is, experiments and reports on the best methods of extirpating John-
son grass and the investigation of animal foods, have been begun in
90 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
a preliminary way, but as no additional funds were provided, the work
can not be properly undertaken until suitable appropriations are made.
PLANS FOR THE FUTURE.
For the future, it is proposed to continue present lines of work,
extending them in such a manner as to make the results of the great-
est practical value to the people. Special attention will be devoted to
the cooperative investigations with other Divisions in the Department
and with State experiment stations in solving the various problems
discussed above. The field work will be carried into regions hitherto
unstudied. It is also planned to have all preliminary arrangements
made for undertaking experiments in the methods of destroying John-
son and other noxious grasses and the development of that branch of
the work relating to animal foods as soon as the necessary appropria-
tions are made.
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF BOTANY,
Washington, D. C., October 12, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my eighth annual report
as Botanist of the Department of Agriculture, covering the year
ending June 30, 1900.
Respectfully, .
FREDERICK V. COVILLE,
Botanist.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
PLANT HOUSE.
The construction of the plant house, authorized in the appropria-
tion for the fiscal year 1899, was completed and the building ready
for experimentation in October, 1899. This house has been particu-
larly useful in connection with our pure-seed investigations and our
plant-introduction work. All our germination tests have been con-
ducted in the building, and the head house has been used also as a
photographic laboratory. In the greenhouse have been grown a stock
of different species of rubber-producing plants and a number of other
seeds and plants introduced from foreign countries, which it was
desirable to propagate before they were distributed. The excellent
facilities afforded by this plant house and the important service it has
rendered in-our investigations amply demonstrate the wisdom of the
appropriation for building it.
POTOMAC FLATS.
The testing garden on the Potomac Flats, the use of which by the
Department of Agriculture was authorized by Congressional action,
as detailed in my last annual report, has been an important addi-
tion to the experimental facilities of the Division. During the sum-
mer of 1899 and the following winter the ground was several times
plowed and harrowed in order to keep the weeds in cheek and kill the
cutworms. In the spring of the present year the garden was fenced
and an additional plowing and harrowing brought the soil into excel-
lent condition for experimental work.
Of the total area of 25 acres, 12 acres were allotted to the uses of the
Division of Botany, 5 to the Division of Agrostology, 5 to the Division
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, 2 to the Division of Chemistry,
and 1 tothe Division of Pomology. The area kept under experimental
91
99 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
cultivation by the Division of Botany was devoted chiefly to the cul-
tivation of a large series of plants introduced from foreign countries
through the Section of Seed and Piant Introduction, to field tests in
connection with pure seed investigations, and to the experimental eul-
tivation of a series of native and imported hemps. The results of
these experiments will be duly prepared for publication later. For
the present, it may be said that these grounds have enabled our force
of investigators to check their laboratory experiments in a manner
which was impossible without a field for outdoor experimentation.
Several of the experiments have been so successful that any one of
them would have more than paid for the entire expense of the main-
tenance of the garden. Even these early results clearly indicate that
the Department should maintain somewhere, conveniently accessible
to the main buildings, a permanent experimental garden.
POISONOUS PLANTS.
During the winter of 1899-1900 the State board of sheep commis-
sioners of Montana made representation to the Department of the
large losses of live stock on the great unfenced ranges of that State,
which were supposed to be due to poisonous plants, and these repre-
sentations were accompanied by an appeal to the Department to send
its experts on this subject to Montana to investigate the matter and
prepare reports which would enable the stockmen to control their
losses. So great was the loss and so urgent. was the necessity for an
investigation that the stockmen of the State voluntarily agreed to
advance the entire cost. Fortunately, the Department was enabled to
assume these expenses, owing to the fact that a portion of the appro-
priation for botanical work for the fiscal year 1901 had been made
immediately available. Mr. V. K. Chesnut and Dr. E. V. Wilcox,
the latter temporarily transferred to the Division of Botany from the
Office of Experiment Stations, through the courtesy of Dr. A. C. True,
Director of that Office, were detailed to field work on the first of May
and remained in the field for two and three months, respectively,
making a thorough investigation of the plants on the open ranges and
determining by physiological tests the nature and action of the poi-
sonous principles. They also ascertained a remedy, which, for some
of the most important of the poisonous plants, is effective and easy
of application. The report of these investigations, which it is
expected will be ready for publication early in the coming winter, will
enable the stockmen of Montana, first of all, to know and avoid the
poisonous species, and, secondly, if stock have accidentally been poi-
soned, to apply in some cases an effective remedy. The satisfact tory
results of this investigation are due in large part to the cooperation
of the Montana Agricult ural Experiment Station, the State veterina-
rian, and the State board of sheep commissioners. Especially do I
wish to acknowledge the active cooperation, assistance, and courtesy
of Hon. T. C. Power, chairman of that board.
SECTION OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION.
The office facilities for receiving and distributing foreign importa-
tions have been materially improved during the year. The ware-
house has been equipped with suitable cases easy of access and so
constructed as to amply protect the contents, while at the same time
permitting their proper classification. The records of receipt and dis-
DIVISION OF BOTANY. 93
tribution, which in the interest of systematizing the introduction
work it is necessary to maintain in a manner suitable for precise and
permanent consultation, have been simplified to a considerable extent—
just so far, indeed, as simplification is compatible with the primary
purpose of the records. The accumulation of work on hand in the
early part of the year made it necessary to employ labor additional
to the regular force. This extra work has now been completed and
the office force has again been reduced to its normal size. The prin-
cipal cause of the accumulation of work was the very large number
of importations made in preceding years. It has now been shown by
experience that to secure the best results the energies of the explorers
and field agents should be directed to the securing of fewer importa-
tions with more complete information regarding them, rather than to
a large number of importations with necessarily scantier information.
At the request of the Chemist of the Department the purchase and
distribution of sugar-beet and sorghum seeds, heretofore carried on
by the Division of Chemistry, has been turned over to the Division of
Botany, and is conducted along with the plant-introduction and dis-
tribution work. This is undoubtedly an economy, as the facilities
for handling large quantities of seeds are not now duplicated, as they
were under the old system. The amount of these seeds purchased is
still determined by the Secretary on the recommendation of the
Chemist. The seeds are sent to lists of experimenters furnished by
the Chemist, and the working up of results is still carried on by him
as formerly.
It became clear during the preceding years that some of the most
valuable plants for introduction into the United States were in the
hands of foreign botanical gardens which did not sell seeds or plants,
but which were willing to make exchanges for them. The Depart-
ment had at that time no available exchange material, but during the
past year such material has been collected, particularly in the arid
region of the Southwest, and while no full catalogue has as yet been
published, photographs, accompanied by accounts of the more inter-
esting plants, were put in the hands of the foreign agents of the
Department, and some very valuable exchanges were in this way
secured. The results of this year’s exchange work indicate that this
is an important means of securing valuable introductions.
One of the departures contemplated when the plant-introduction
work was inaugurated was the redistribution of importations which
proved to be suecessful. In accordance with this idea the Khiva
winter muskmelon from Turkestan, which proved to be so successful
under irrigation in the warmer portions of the arid West, was redis-
tributed last year. And similarly, it was determined that Turkestan
alfalfa, which has proved far superior to American alfalfa in withstand-
ing freezing in the arid regions, should be more widely distributed. With
this view, contracts were made last spring with several Western growers,
and when this American-grown stock shall have been delivered it will
be distributed far more extensively than was possible with the original
importation. The Kiushu rice, which has proved so remarkably suc-
cessful in Louisiana, was redistributed last spring. The distributions
already made, together with direct importations of this rice by private
parties during the past season, has established this product so widely
and successfully that it will doubtless be unnecessary for the Depart-
ment to distribute it further.
In the introduction of cereals special attention has been paid during
the past year to macaroni and Hungarian wheats. The European
94 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
macaronis, which are now largely imported into the United States,
are made from special varieties of hard wheats which we have not
heretofore grown commercially in the United States. Several of these
macaroni wheats have, however, been secured during the past year
from Russia and from ‘Algeria, and the experiments ‘with these vari-
eties, if successful (and there is every promise of their success), will
furnish the basis of a large development of the macaroni-manufac-
turing industry in the United States, and consequently for the pro-
duction of macaroni wheats both for home trade and for export, in
those parts of the country to which the experiments now in progress
show them to be adapted. Importations have also been made of the
winter wheats used in the manufacture of the Hungarian export
flours which have a high reputation the world over. If these wheats
are as successful in the United States as they are in Hungary a large
extension will be made in the area in which our highest-priced bread
wheats can be grown, as the wheats that heretofore have filled this
description have been spring wheats, the area of successful cultiva-
tion of which has been comparatively limited.
The determination of the Department to establish the culture of
the date in Arizona, in cooperation with the Arizona Agricultural
Experiment Station, has been prosecuted successfully during the year.
Mr. W. T. Swingle, after a preliminary trip to California and Arizona
to ascertain the precise facilities for the receipt and care of the dates
after reaching this country, then proceeded to Algeria, secured and
packed the date suckers, arrangements for which had been previously
made by him, and also secured a large number of additional date
plants. All these were forwarded to Washington, D. C., and soon
after the end of the fiscal year 1900 were shipped through to Arizona,
disinfected, and properly planted. There is, therefore, now estab-
lished at a suitable spot in Arizona and under the joint administration
of the Arizona experiment station and the Department of Agriculture
a date garden in which are growing successfully about 500 plants of
the best varieties of dates known in the Mediterranean region. As
these plants develop suckers a distribution of stock will be made to
individuals in the Southwest who are properly situated for handling
this crop.
It is gratifying to learn that the fig-fertilizing insect secured in Asia
Minor for the Division of Entomology by Mr. W. T. Sw ingle while
engaged in the plant-introduction work and successfully established
in California by that Division promises, as reported by the Entomolo-
gist, to rev olutionize the fig industry of that State.
At he Departme nt’s investigation of the cultivation of Bermuda lily
bulbs in the United States was continued during the year, Mr. M. G.
Kains making two visits to the Bermudas and to various points in
the Southern States for that purpose. These experiments have not
yet sufficiently progressed to warrant their full publication, but it may
be stated that at the present time there is excellent promise that the
industry may be established at favorable localities in the Southern
States.
An opportunity having been afforded the Department of Agriculture
to make an examination of the agricultural crops of the upper Yangtze
Valley in China, particularly in the Provinee of Szechuan, arrange-
ments were made in the spring by which Mr. G. D. Brill, an American
agriculturist who for two years has been resident at W achang, was
to proceed up the Yangtze River to secure for introduction into the
United States some of the valuable agricultural products of that
DIVISION OF BOTANY. 95
country. The recent disturbances in China have interfered to some
extent with this work, and we are as yet uncertain what results have
been accomplished.
The expedition conducted at the expense of Hon. Barbour Lathrop,
in which Mr. Lathrop and Mr. David G. Fairchild bore honorary
commissions from the Department of Agriculture, has resulted in the
introduction of some very promising plants from various parts of the
world, particularly Egypt, and in the securing of a large amount of
valuable information regarding possible introductions, which has cour-
teously been placed at the disposal of the Department of Agriculture.
SEED LABORATORY.
In addition to the testing of the seeds included in the Congressional
distribution, the assistant in charge of the seed laboratory has con-
’ ducted an investigation of certain important commercial seeds which
are frequently found on the market in a defective condition, the
buyers of which suffer losses aggregating large amounts. Special
attention was paid to crimson clover, red clover, and beardless brome
grass.
Special studies were made also in the technique of the artificial ger-
mination of seeds. Heretofore we have been working on the basis of
the rules adopted by the European seed-control stations, which
require that most of the testing be done at a constant temperature of
20° C. Our experience has been that this temperature is not always
satisfactory. Contradictory results have been obtained with Ken-
tucky blue grass, lettuce, tobacco, and vine seeds, and it has been
necessary to conduct careful tests in order to settle finally on the
best methods of germinating these seeds. The results of these
investigations will ‘be given in reports to be submitted hereafter for
publication.
TRIAL GROUNDS.
In addition to the field tests for trueness to name of the seeds
included in the Congressional distribution, the trial grounds at Ken-
sington, Md., have been used this year to continue and verify the
tests of the lettuces offered by American seedsmen, and to make field
trials of a few other novelties or interesting varieties in the line of
vegetables. A discussion of the tests for trueness to name will be
taken up later in this report. The testing garden of the Potomac
Flats having now been in operation a year, and its utility and conven-
ience, as well as the fertility of the soil, having been demonstrated,
the trials heretofore conducted at Kensington will be transferred in
the spring of 1901 to the testing gardens on the Potomac Flats.
PORTO RICO.
As pointed out in the last annual report, the Division of Botany is
receiving a large number of inquiries about the cultivated plants of
the Tropies. Many of these inquiries relate to the possibilities of
economic plants in Porto Rico. 97
of germination thus ascertained, as compared with the standards of
germination prescribed in the contract for each kind of seed distrib-
uted, the Department accepts or rejects the seeds, reserving the privi-
lege of accepting a iot that goes slightly below standard, with a
provision for a drawback, precisely as in the case of purity. The
average of the lower limit in the germination standards for the past
year was 86.2 per cent. The average germination of all the seeds dis-
tributed was 91.4 per cent. The seeds distributed therefore averaged
in germination 5.2 per cent higher than a standard which has been
considered by many seedsmen unnecessarily high.
The third test—that for trueness to name, or genuineness—is con-
ducted in the field. Samplesof the seeds, under the names under which
they are distributed, are planted on our trial grounds along with varie-
ties of authentic samples of the same seed secured by purchase from
reliable seedsmen. All the plants that come from the test sample are
grown to maturity, and those true to name as well as those not true to
name are counted and the percentage of trueness to name ascertained.
It is evident from the time consumed in making these field tests that
they can not be made until after the seeds have been distributed, and
it is chiefly in this direction that the seeds purchased by the Depart-
ment have in the past proved to be defective. No standard of genu-
ineness has heretofore been set by the Department. It will therefore
be a matter of general interest to announce that the Secretary of Agri-
culture, since the end of the fiscal year, has established the following
standard:
The standard of trueness to name of each variety shall be the average of the
percentage of trueness to name in not less than five commercial samples of the same
variety purchased under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture in the open
market from five or more reliable seed houses, and the Secretary of Agriculture
shall be the sole judge of the results of the tests reported by the officer or officers
charged therewith by him. Not lessthan 100 plants from each lot of the seeds fur-
nished by the contractor shall constitute a test.
SCIENTIFIC AIDS.
The plan inaugurated by the authority of the Secretary of Agricvul-
ture early in the fiscal year to offer positions as scientific aids at a small
salary to graduates of the agricultural colleges who had shown special
qualification for investigation work has been followed by this Division
to the extent of three appointments of this character. From the expe-
rience thus gained, it is clear that if the policy of selecting and appoint-
ing scientific aids is followed with discretion a valuable corps of young
experimenters will be trained up who will be suitable for positions in
agricultural colleges or other similar institutions, or for such positions
as may offer themselves in this Department. It is not, however, to
the interest of the Department to appoint as a scientific aid a man
whose work requires constant and detailed supervision. A scientific
aid should be capable of conducting an investigation with only a mod-
erate amount of direction from the officer to whom he is responsible.
FOREST RESERVE GRAZING.
The Secretary of the Interior, in consideration of the agricultural
bearing of the controverted question of sheep grazing within the forest
reserves, requested the Secretary of Agriculture to make an investi-
gation of this problem, and the chief of 1 the Division of Forestry, who
was intrusted with the investigation, invited the cooperation of the
Botanist in a personal examination of the Arizona reserves, in which
AGR 1900——7
Stele DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
the controversy was most acute. The necessary field work was carried
on in May and June, 1900. It is confidently believed that the carry-
ing out of the recommendations that will follow this investigation will
result in protecting the industries of Arizona without destroying her
natural resources.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications issued during the year, in addition to the reprints
of some of the earlier reports, are as follows:
BULLETINS.
No. 22, The Present Status of Rice Culture in the United States, by
S. A. Knapp, issued December, 1899. This publication gives a descrip-
tion of the new system of rice culture, particularly as now reaching
perfection in Louisiana and Texas, by which through a process of
controlling the water supply of the rice fields and thereby permitting
the use of machinery for plowing, harvesting, and other important
operations, the cost of production of rice has been so much reduced
that this country can compete successfully with rice produced through
cheap hand labor in the Tropics.
No. 23, Russian Cereals Adapted for Cultivation in the United
States, by Mark Alfred Carleton, issued February, 1900. This bulle-
tin is a detailed report, primarily intended for use of experimenters,
on the varieties of wheats secured by Mr. Carleton in Russia in 1898
and 1899. It gives full details of the characteristics of these wheats
in Russia and the conditions under which they are grown there, and
makes suggestions as to the places best suited to their trial in the
United States and the best methods of handling them.
No. 24, The Germination of Seeds as Affected by Certain Chemical
Fertilizers, by Gilbert H. Hicks, issued April, 1900. This is a report
on certain experiments in which field and vegetable seeds of different
sorts were sown in soil in contact with fertilizers of different kinds.
The results of the experiments showed that some of these fertilizers
were distinctly injurious to the germination of seeds and in certain
cases would have destroyed almost the entire crop. The conclusion
drawn from the investigation is that these fertilizers should be applied
to the soil in such a way as not to come into direct contact with the
seeds.
CIRCULARS.
No. 18, Crimson Clover Seed, by A. J. Pieters, issued August, 1899.
The publication gives the result of an examination of a lar ge number
of samples of crimson clover, and shows that the seed of this plant,
which has come into extensive use recently for forage and green fer-
tilizer, is found upon the market in an exceedingly variable condition.
Many samples are of high germination and free from weed seeds, but
some of the samples tested failed entirely to germinate and some of
them were badly adulterated. The result of the investigation was a
recommendation to farmers that before planting crimson clover seed
extensively a sample lot, drawn from what they proposed to sow,
should be carefully tested either by the farmer himself, by some
experiment station, or by the Department of Agriculture.
No. 19, Hop Cultivation in Bohemia, by David G. Fairchild, issued
November, 1899: This, is an account, ‘by one of the agricultural
DIVISION OF BOTANY. 99
explorers of the Department, of the culture of the high-grade hops of
Saaz and Auscha, the two most noted hop-growing districts of Bohe-
mia. It contains much useful information for those experimenting
with the introduction of these hops into the United States.
No. 20, Horse-radish Culture in Bohemia, by David G. Fairchild,
issued January, 1900. This contains an account of the culture of the
Maliner horse-radish of Bohemia, where the culture of this plant has
reached a high state of perfection and where specially selected varieties
have been developed. Some of these promise to be useful introduc-
tions for the United States.
No. 21, Yams in the West Indies, by David G. Fairchild, issued
January, 1900. This circular contains an account of the cultivation
of some of the best varieties of yams in different parts of the West
Indies. It was issued not only to show what might be done in some
of the tropical dependencies of the United States, but also to call
attention to these vegetables as possible additions to the import mar-
ket of the United States.
No. 22, Bur, or Globe, Artichokes, by Walter T. Swingle and David G.
Fairchild, issued Febr uary, 1900. An account of the ‘elobe artichoke,
which forms one of the most delicious vegetables in southern Europe,
but the use of which in the United States is as yet very limited. It
is believed that some of the best varieties of this vegetable will
become important additions to the truck-growing industries of the
south Atlantic States.
No. 23, The Lebbek or Siris Tree, by David G. Fairchild, issued
March, 1900. An account of the lebbek tree, which is used largely for
shade ‘and as a protection to irrigation ditches in Egypt and other
tropical countries. It is suitable for introduction into the warmer
parts of the United States where only slight frosts occur.
No. 24, Red Clover Seed, by A. J. Pieters, issued March, 1900. This
is an account of some of the ordinary defects of red clover seed, with
instructions to the farming community how to ascertain the quality
of the seed before it is planted.
No. 25, The Seed of Beardless Brome Grass, by A. J. Pieters, issued
April, 1900. The introduction of this grass into the semiarid portions
of the United States has shown it to be a forage plant of very great
value, and the demand for the seed has enormously increased within
the past few years. It is found, however, from testing a large num-
ber of samples, that most of the brome-grass seed imported from for-
eign countries and offered for sale in the United States is low in ger-
mination or contains a large amount of injurious weed seeds, or has
both these defects. This circular brings out the important fact that
the brome-grass seed produced in the United States is of far better
quality than the imported product.
No. 26, Egyptian Cotton in the United States, by Lyster H. Dewey,
issued April, 1900. This publication points out the value of the
Egyptian cotton imported into the United States, which varies from
$3,000,000 to $5,000,000 per year, gives an account of experiments with
the varieties already tried in the United States, and compares the
climatie and other cultural conditions of the American districts with
those of the Nile region.
No. 27, Canada Thistle, by Lyster H. Dewey, issued June, 1900.
This is an account of the damage caused by the Canada thistle, with
information as to the best method of eradicating the pest.
100 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
REPORT.
Report of the Botanist for 1899, by Frederick V. Coville, issued
January, 1900. The regular administrative report of the work of the
Division of Botany.
INVENTORIES OF SEEDS AND PLANTS.
No. 2, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Section of Seed
and Plant Introduction, Nos. 1001 to 1900. This ineludes a part of
the importations brought by Prof. N. E. Hansen from Russia and
central Asia, and some material secured by Mr. Walter T. Swingle in
various parts of Europe.
No. 5, Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Department of
Agriculture and for Distribution by the Section of Seed and Plant
Introduction, Nos. 1901 to 2700. This is chiefly a continuation of the
list of vegetables, fruits, forage plants, and ornamentals procured by
Mr. Walter T. Swingle in France, Italy, and Algeria.
No. 6, Foreign Seeds and Plants Collected in Austria, Italy, and
Egypt by Hon. Barbour Lathrop and Mr. David G. Fairchild for the
Section of Seed and Plant Introduction. This contains several impor-
tant vegetables and cottons, a seedless raisin grape, and several other
plants chiefly useful for forage or green fertilizer.
PAPER PREPARED FOR THE DEPARTMENT YEARBOOK FOR 1899,
Seed Selling, Seed Growing, and Seed Testing, by A. J. Pieters.
An account of the history and development of the seed industry in
the United States, with a special portion devoted to the modern meth-
ods of testing seeds.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE U.S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM, VOL. V, NO. 4.
Studies of Mexican and Central American Plants—No. 2, by J. N.
Rose; Two New Species of Plants from the Northwestern United
States, by L. F. Henderson; Hesperogenia, a New Genus of Umbel-
lifere from Mount Rainier, by J. M. Coulter and J. N. Rose; Three
New Species of Tradescantia from the United States, by J. N. Rose;
Treleasea, a New Genus of Commelinacez, by J. N. Rose; Notes on
Useful Plants of Mexico, by J. N. Rose. The last article was issued
also as a separate.
PLANS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1901.
INVESTIGATIONS IN TROPICAL BOTANY.
The question of investing money in agricultural enterprises in our
tropical dependencies is attracting a great deal of attention, and we
are deluged with requests for information on the subject. Investiga-
tions in the field are necessary to obtain reliable information as to the
possibilities of the cultivation in Porto Rico and the Hawaiian Islands
of vanilla, cacao, india rubber, and other tropical products that we
now import from other countries. It is also desirable to inquire into
the possibility of extending and improving the cultivation of coffee,
bananas, and other suitable products. The special agent for tropical
agriculture will be engaged in compiling the scattered information on
the cultivation of tropical plants, selecting that which is most authen-
DIVISION OF. BOTANY. 101
tic, and putting it into form for information to the public and for
experimenters. It is important that an appropriation be secured
which will enable us to follow up this phase of our investigations
with actual field experience of such a character as to render the addi-
_ tional information which can be secured only in this way available for
public use.
DETERIORATION OF GRAIN IN OCEAN TRANSIT.
About three years ago protests began to be received from European
countries against the condition of some of the grain, particularly
corn, that was being received from the United States. A preliminary
investigation of the subject by the Department of Agriculture has
brought out the fact that the problem must receive a thorough inves-
tigation in order to ascertain the causes of the deterioration of export
grain, particularly in ocean transit, and to devise means for prevent-
ing losses from those causes. The points requiring consideration are
proper stowage, ventilation of vessels, prompt unloading, the condi-
tion of the grain with respect to cleanness and moisture content, and
the drying of grain before shipment when necessary. The expendi-
ture of an amount of money sufficient to make an exhaustive inves-
tigation of these questions would be amply repaid by the commercial
advantages to be derived therefrom.
Beau Me iF
ee o |
Ba
Bae i
it bates an r+
*.
s
&
x
e
uo iy as
A ie tc eed
REPORT OF THE FORESTER.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF FORESTRY,
Washington, D. C., September 10, 1900.
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the work of
the Division of Forestry for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900,
together with an outline of the plans for the work of the Division for
the current fiscal year.
Respectfully, GIFFORD PINCHOT,
Forester.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DEMANDS UPON THE DIVISION.
The past year has witnessed a conspicuously wider and more effect-
ive and intelligent interest in forest matters in the United States than
any previous year; consequently the opportunity for the spread of
practical forestry in the woods, through which alone the forests can
be saved, is far better than ever before. If this unexampled oppor-
tunity is neglected the loss will be correspondingly deplorable and
severe.
The Division of Forestry is beginning to move toward the place to
which the crucial importance of forest preservation justly entitles it.
This statement is illustrated and emphasized by the central fact of
the year, which is that the private and official demands for the sery-
ices of the Division have far outstripped the growth of its resources.
In spite of the increased appropriations for the fiscal year 1899-1900,
and of the growth of its personnel from 61 on July 1, 1898, to 123 a
year later, this Division is proportionately less able to cover the
ground of its evident duty than it was a year ago. To cite but one
instance, the applications for working plans have grown within one
year from 1,513,592 acres to cover an area of 51,192,714 acres. Since
the introduction of practical forestry on the national forest reserves
and on private lands alike depends more than on any other factor
upon the ability of the Division of Forestry to comply with these
requests, the meagerness of its resources is the most effective of all
hindranees to the progress of forest reform in the United States.
The most conspicuous additions to the demands upon this Division
during the year have come from the Secretary of the Interior and from
the Forest, Fish, and Game Commission of New York. Simply to
comply with the request of the former for working plans for the man-
agement of the timber on the national forest reserves and for the
investigation of the grazing and other problems within their bounda-
103
104 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
ries, would of itself absorb the whole present force of this Division for
many years. To prepare working plans for the New York State For-
est Preserve, of a million and a quarter acres in extent, is a far smaller,
yet, from the point of view of the resources of this Division, a gigantic
task. In a similar way the section of economic tree planting finds it
impossible to meet the demand upon it for practical cooperation with
tree planters throughout the treeless West and for the study required
to make the experience of past planting available for guidance in the
future. So also the section of special investigations is ‘checked by the
lack of funds in its attempt to bring about a ‘reduction i in the number
and destructiveness of forest fires and to acquire information of crit-
ical necessity to the best management of our forest resources.
When to all this is added the various other work of indispensable
importance which overwhelms the three field sections, and the severe
strain upon the section of office work involved in the multiplied cor-
respondence and in the elaboration of results, it becomes still more
evident that the Division of Forestry is being held by its inadequate
resources far below the measure of service which it ought to render,
and for which the demand is already of the most insistent kind.
There is no subdivision of agriculture dealt with by this Depart-
ment which approaches the forest in the amount of its contribution to
the material welfare of the country or in the money value of its prod-
ucts, and none which is in such pressing danger or in so imperative
need of agitation and practical work.
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RESULTS.
During the year applications were received for working plans for
48,078, 449 acres, personal examinations on the ground were made of
2,103,670 acres, working plans were begun upon ‘ts 325,000 acres, plans
were completed for 179,000 acres, and 54,000 acres were put under
management. In accordance with the request of the Secretary of the
Interior, the preparation of a working plan for the Black Hills Forest
Reserve was begun as the first step toward conservative lumbering
on the national forest reserves. The working plans already in oper-
ation under the supervision of this Division were all continued, and
the character of the work was in nearly all cases much improved.
Planting plans were prepared for 59 land owners in 11 States. A
unique and most promising study of the effect of forest cover on the
flow of streams was begun in southern California through the courtesy
and cooperation of the Arrowhead Reservoir Company of San Bernar-
dino. Studies of forest fires were made in 26 States, and the grazing
investigation requested by the Interior Department for the national
forest reserves was inaugurated. Working plans were also begun for
the New York State Forest Preserve
The investigations of the growth and reproduction of commercial
trees were continued and extended, and the studies in the history of
forestry produced important results, now ready for publication. A
report upon the Big Trees of California was prepared for the Senate
Committee on Public Lands and was printed as Senate Doe. No. 393,
Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. A complete compilation of the
laws relating to forestry in all the States was finished, and will shortly
be submitted for printing. In addition to the reprints from the Year-
book, 5 bulletins and 1 circular were published during the year, with
a total circulation of 89,000 copies, and more than twice as many
papers were awaiting editorial revision at the end of the year. Of
DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 105
one bulletin, A Primer of Forestry—Part I, a second edition of 35,000
copies was ordered by act of Congress. An exhibit, in some respects
altogether novel in character, was prepared for the Paris Exposition,
in illustration of the relation of forestry to agriculture; and an exten-
sive examination of the forests of the southern Appalachians was
begun. During the year field parties have been at work in 26 States
and Territories. The general efficiency of the personnel was increased
to a marked degree during the year. These results were obtained by
the expenditure of an appropriation of $48,520.
SECTION OF WORKING PLANS.
PRIVATE LANDS.
The applications for advice and assistance in handling private forest
lands have continued to be so numerous during the past year that the
small foree of the Division has been entirely unable to meet the
demand. New applications have been received for 964,450 acres,
making a total of 2,478,045 acres of private lands applied for since the
circular offering assistance to private owners was issued in October,
1898.
Personal examinations were made during the year of 48 tracts in 14
States, covering 878,670 acres. Detailed working plans were made on
4 large tracts—2 in the Adirondacks, aggregating 170,000 acres; 1 in
Tennessee of 6,000 acres, and 1 in central New York of about 3,000
acres. Marking was done upon 2 wood lots in Maryland, 1 in New
Jersey, and 1 in Vermont. In June, 1900, a working plan was begun
for a tract of Shortleaf Pine in Arkansas, covering about 100,000
acres. This latter is the first extensive technical forest work which
has been undertaken by a lumber company in the South.
Applications for working plans had, on July 1, been received from
all the States and Territories except 13, and from nearly all of the
latter requests for planting plans have reached the Division.
In the Adirondacks the third season’s work of practical forestry
was successfully begun on two adjoining tracts, which cover an area
of 108,000 acres. A third tract in the Adirondacks was placed under
actual forest management during the month of June, and the work-
ing plan prepared by the Division for 6,000 acres owned by the Uni-
versity of the South at Sewanee, Tenn., was put into operation at
nearly the same time.
PUBLIC LANDS.
The most important work yet undertaken by the section of working
plans of the Division is that of preparing working plans for the entire
area of the federal forest reserves. This work is the result of a
request upon the Secretary of Agriculture by the Secretary of the
Interior for technical advice regarding the management of the reserves.
On account of the lack of funds and the inability of the Interior
Department to participate in the expenses, it was possible to organize
the work upon only one reserve during the year. A party was sent
to the Black Hills Forest Reserve in March, and by the end of the
fiscal year several hundred thousand acres had been studied.
Still another very important piece of work has been undertaken
upon the New York State Forest Preserve. During the winter a
request was made by the Forest, Fish, and Game Commission of New
York for working plans for the State preserve. The purpose of this
106 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
request was that the commission might obtain and make publie an
authoritative statement of how the preserve should be handied if
under actual forest management, and upon this basis make definite
recommendations to the State legislature. The sum of $2,000 was
appropriated by the legislature for the expenses of the agents of the
Division in this work, and two foresters in the employ of the State
were placed at the disposal of the Division. The work was organized
at the close of the year at Raquette Lake, Hamilton County, N. Y.
EXPENDITURES.
The total expenditures during the year under the ledger head of
‘“Working plans,” were $12,476, or 25.7 per cent of the total appropria-
tion. The total amount of money contributed by private owners to
the expenses of preparing working plans upon their tracts was $1,750.
SECTION OF ECONOMIC TREE PLANTING.
COOPERATIVE TREE PLANTING.
The plan of cooperative tree planting outlined in Circular No. 22 of
the Division was put into operation during the year. The farms of the
earliest applicants were visited in September, 1899, and from that
time until the close of the fiscal year planting plans were made for 59
applicants. The work extended from New York to California and
from North Dakota to Texas, but it centered in the States of the Plains,
where the necessity for wood lots, wind-breaks, and shelter belts is
very great. Danie the year planting plans were made for 3 appli-
cants in Texas, 12 in Oklahoma, 26 in Kansas, 6 in Nebraska, 5 in
North Dakota, 2 in Iowa, and 1 each in New York, Minnesota, New
Mexico, Colorado, and California.
In connection with cooperative tree planting in the Plains region,
an excellent opportunity occurs for the study of the natural encroach-
ment of trees upon the Plains. This work has been pursued during
the year by the members of the Division working in that region. It
is of great value in giving more accurate information upon the adapta-
bility: of different species of indigenous trees for planting on the Plains.
Special investigations and experiments were made in forest-tree
planting at Ridgway, Pa., and examinations of tracts of land were
made in Maine and Pennsylvania, and reports submitted regarding
their management, with special reference to planting.
STUDIES OF GROWING PLANTATIONS,
Careful measurements of the results of plantations already made
resulted in much valuable material, a part of which was published in
Bulletin 27 of the Division. In addition, local investigations relating
directly to trees and tree planting were carried on in 5 States by eol-
laborators of the Division.
FORESTS AND WATER SUPPLY.
An opportunity which is believed to be without parallel for the study
of the relation of forest cover to the flow of streams was sought and
found in southern California upon the lands of the Arrowhead Reser-
voir Company, whose observations of precipitation, run-off, evapora-
tion, and temperature for eight years, through the courtesy of the
=
DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 107
engineer in charge, Mr. H. B. Hedges, by whom they were made, have
been placed at the disposal of this Division. A careful study of the
subordinate watersheds, which differ completely among themselves in
the character of their forest covering, was undertaken, and strong
hopes are entertained of valuable results from the comparison of the
run-off from various types of cover.
A preliminary examination was made, followed by rough plans and
recommendations, in cooperation with the section of working plans,
for the drainage basin from which the city of Johnstown, Pa., obtains
its supply of water. To assist in preventing the possibility of a reeur-
rence of the great disaster was one of the chief objects in view.
EXPENDITURES.
The expenditures for the section of economic tree planting during
the year were $5,756.07, or 11.8 per cent of the total appropriation.
SECTION OF SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS.
STUDIES OF COMMERCIAL TREES.
The work commenced last year upon the Redwood and Red Fir of
the Pacific coast was resumed before the end of the fiscal year, and a
study of the Western Hemlock was begun. Cooperation with the
Redwood lumbermen continued as before, and the field work was
made to include a thorough study of the possibilities of Redwood
second growth. A study of the Southern Longleaf Pine was begun and
one of the Adirondack Balsam Fir. The latter is particularly timely
because, with the decrease in the supply of Spruce, the Balsam is used
more and more largely in the manufacture of paper. The data col-
lected in the field for Adirondack hardwoods has been worked up into
tables intended particularly to assist the private owner in managing
his hardwood lands. The studies of the Western Yellow Pine, the
Southern Loblolly Pine, the White Oak, the Yellow Poplar, and the
Black and Shellbark hickories were continued or begun.
FOREST FIRES.
Studies of forest fires were made during the year in 26 States and
Territories, and valuable results were reached, especially in New
York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Colorado, Montana, Arizona,
and California. Much material was awaiting editorial attention at
the end of the year. In the historical study, records of about 3,500
forest fires were added during the year, and the cost of compilation
was decidedly reduced.
STUDIES IN FOREST HISTORY.
A history of forestry in New York and a summary of the forest
laws now in force in the various States were completed and are await-
ing publication, and much material was gathered for the forest his-
tories of Pennsylvania, Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan; together with some material for
California and several of the Southern States.
An investigation upon the reliability of the widespread views
regarding the effect of denudation upon the once forested lands bor-
dering the Mediterranean Sea was begun, and the conditions in Tunis,
Algeria, and Tripoli were studied.
108 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
STUDIES OF NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS,
Reports on the Red Cedar, the White Cedar, and the Cypress, and
upon four commercial oaks were completed during the year, but not
carried through to publication. In cooperation with the forest divis-
ion of the United States Geological Survey, reports were completed
upon the White River Plateau and Battlement Mesa forest reserves,
and the field work for similar reports on the Stanislaus and Lake
Tahoe reserves and adjacent regions was done, including a study of
fire and grazing. In cooperation with the State geologist of Mary-
land, an examination and a report were completed for Allegany County.
Three of the reports prepared in cooperation were in print at the end
of the year.
A short account of the Big Trees of California was prepared for
the Senate Committee on Public Lands, and was published, fully
illustrated with maps and reproductions from photographs, as Sen-
ate Document 393, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session. The maps of
the distribution of Big Trees in Fresno and Tulare counties, with
tables of ownership, were prepared by Prof. W. R. Dudley, of Stan-
ford University, a collaborator of this Division, and are of original
and peculiar value.
An investigation was made of the forest on the watershed of Rock
River, in northern Illinois, where severe cutting, coupled with excess-
ive artificial drainage, has very harmfully affected the regimen of the
stream.
EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION.
An exhibit along somewhat new lines, consisting mainly of various
types of photographs and transparencies, was prepared for the Paris
Exposition, illustrating the relation of forests to agriculture in the
United States. In addition to maps, a few specimens, and a large
number of photographs, carefully chosen and described, the exhibit
includes colored transparencies, 6 by 10 feet in size, of typical forest
and agricultural lands, which are believed to be the largest ever made.
Without the kindly cooperation of the Director of the United States
Geological Survey these notable transparencies could not have been
prepared.
PHOTOGRAPHIC FOREST DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Because of insufficient funds, the photographic laboratory has but
recently been placed on an effective working basis. ‘The work accom-
plished during the past year was little more than enough to secure
and preserve the new records of the season. Nevertheless, about
1,400 prints from various sources were mounted and: made ready for
filing, and some 3,000 new negatives were added to the collection.
EXPENDITURES.
The total expenditures of the section of special investigations were
$15,288.40, or 31.5 per cent of the total appropriation.
SECTION OF OFFICE WORK.
CORRESPONDENCE.
The very notable increase in the amount of correspondence, which
was about twice as large as in the preceding year, required the assign-
ment of a special file clerk and the establishment of separate files for
DIVISION OF FORESTRY. 109
the sections of working plans and tree planting. The correspondence
for the year numbered 8,800 letters, of which 3,200 were prepared in
the section of office work. In addition, 5,000 postal cards were sent out.
MAILING LISTS.
The mailing lists were kept well posted, and new names were added
sparingly, so that the lists have but slightly increased. This unfor-
tunate necessity was brought about by the limited appropriation avail-
able for publication. During the year nine publications were sent
out—five bulletins, one circular, the Report for 1899, and two extracts
from the Yearbook for 1898, numbering in all but 70,000 copies.
ACCOUNTS.
The workmanlike handling of the accounts of the Division has con-
tributed greatly to the general efficiency of the work, and to its quan-
tity as well.
PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY.
While progress in the photographic work was made early in the
year and the current work of the Division was fully covered, the lab-
oratory was not placed in a thoroughly satisfactory condition until
June. It is now in a position to meet the demands of the work at
every point.
LIBRARY.
In November, 1899, a trained librarian was appointed, and the work
of classifying and cataloguing the great accumulation of literature on
the subject of forestry has made good progress during the year.
MAP COLLECTION.
The collection of maps and topographic sheets of the U. 8. Geolog-
ical Survey and of maps of the General Land Office was completed as
far as possible and filed for ready reference, and numerous maps and
plans were prepared for other sections of the Division.
QUARTERS.
s
Owing to the very limited quarters now occupied by the Division,
a satisfactory assignment of separate rooms to the different sections
is impossible. Consequently the work has been greatly hampered.
CHANGES IN PERSONNEL.
Two notable changes in personnel were brought about after the end
of the fiscal year by the resignation of Henry 8. Graves, superintend-
ent of working plans, and James W. Toumey, superintendent of tree
planting, to take the positions of professor and assistant professor,
respectively, at the Yale Forest School. The loss of their devoted sery-
ices would be still more keenly felt in the sections which they built
up if their work had been less thorough and sound. Each left his
section in admirable working order, and each remains a member of
the Division as collaborator. Professor Graves is replaced by Mr.
Overton W. Price.
110 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
OBITUARY.
On June 17, 1900, Mrs. Alice Norris, long a faithful and efficient
member of this Division, passed away in this city after a long and
painful illness. :
On August 6, 1900, Victor b. Fay, a student assistant, passed away
at Pine Bluff, Ark., after a brief illness.
On August 30, 1900, Hiram Hurlburt, a student assistant, passed
away at Holland Patent, N. Y., after a brief illness.
WORK FOR THE ENSUING YEAR.
No conspicuous. changes of plan are contemplated for the current
year. The work of preparing manuscripts and figures for the press
will be pushed more vigorously than has hitherto been possible, and
it is expected that much valuable material will be ready to print
during the year.
WORKING PLANS.
The working plans for the Black Hills Forest Reserve, and for
township 40 in the New York State Forest Preserve will be completed,
together with numerous plans for private owners, and it is confidently
expected that considerable additional areas will be put under manage-
ment. The work on the national forest reserves should be pushed as
rapidly as possible.
ECONOMIC TREE PLANTING.
Special emphasis will be laid on the study of growing plantations,
the investigation of the encroachment of trees on the plains will con-
tinue, and special studies of valuable trees will be pushed forward.
The preparation of planting plans will remain the most conspicuous
work of the section.
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Results for the Red Fir, Redwood, and it is hoped for the Western
Hemlock, will be reached during the current year. The work on the
Loblolly Pine should be made ready for the press, and that upon
numerous other species will be carried forward. It is intended to
publish some of the results of the forest-fire and forest-history inves-
tigations. Reports by collaborators, notably for California and Texas,
will be ready for the press. The grazing investigation undertaken for
the Department of the Interior will be carried on and should produce
definite results in most or all of the 15 reserves which have been or
are being studied.
OFFICE WORK.
Through the courtesy of Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist, additional
space has been temporarily assigned to this Division in the building of
the Division of Chemistry. Without such an opportunity to expand,
the work of the present year would be wholly impossible, since the old
quarters of the Division are altogether outgrown.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN,
Washington, D. C., July 30, 1900.
Str: I have the honor to submit the following statement in response
to your order of July 2, 1900, calling for my executive report for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1900.
Respectfully, W.. P. CUrTER,
Librarian.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY
The additions to the Library during the present year have num-
bered about 4,000 volumes, including some rare works and searce sets
of periodicals. Among the latter, especial attention is called to the
addition of complete sets of the ‘‘ Revue Horticole,” the leading French
horticultural journal, and of ‘*Gartenflora,” the leading “Ger man
horticultural journal. There have also been added by purchase the
large work of Ramon de la Sagra, ‘‘ Historia fisica, politica y natural
de la Isla de Cuba,” in thirteen folio volumes, and the folio edition
of Blanco’s ‘‘ Flora de Filipinas,” in six volumes. As the result of a
trip made by the Librarian under your authority to the principal
European countries, sets were obtained of the publications of the great
academies of Stockholm, Berlin, and Copenhagen, and complete sets
of the publications of numerous societies and Government institu-
tions, including a complete set of the Journal de la Société Nationale
d’Horticulture de France. Arrangements were made at the same time
for future purchases of books, and in this way there have been added to
the Department Library many valuable volumes and sets of period-
icals, including a complete set of the Bulletin de la Société Philo-
matique de Paris.
EXCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS.
Much progress has been made in arrangements for exchange of our
publications for those of other institutions, some of which are noted
above. In visiting foreign libraries, I found that in many instances
great value was attached to the publications of this Department, and
all were anxious to perfect arrangements for exchange, and to obtain
as complete sets of the Department publications as possible. I would
eall especial attention to the interest shown in these matters by scien-
tific men abroad, as furnishing gratifying testimony to the value of
the scientific work of the Department, as reported in its publications.
In this connection, I can not too strongly urge the recommendation
made in my report of last year, that the publications of the Depart-
ment be divided into fewer series; at present, much of the valuable
work is lost to the general public and even to the smaller body of
Wi
IBY DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
scientific workers on account of the multiplicity of series in which
these publications are issued. Few librarians or bibliographers are
able to catalogue, classify, and arrange the various bulletins, reports,
circulars, and periodicals which the Department has issued.
CARD INDEX.
Two issues of a card index to the publications of the Department
have been made, covering all articles in the Yearbooks for the years
1894 to 1898, inclusive, and the first 100 Farmers’ Bulletins. A com-
plete author and subject index is sent to more than 300 libraries,
agricultural colleges, and bibliographical institutions. They have
been sent without expense to the recipient, and have been so planned
as to require only alphabetical arrangement in order to be imme-
diately available. This I believe to be the first attempt to furnish to
the outside world a complete printed card catalogue of the publica-
tions of any institution. The ecards have been found very useful by
the institutions receiving them, and such a demand has arisen for
continuance that an attempt will be made to cover all of the publica-
tions of the Department as soon as possible.
COOPERATION WITH OTHER LIBRARIES.
As the most complete Agricultural Library of the world, it should
be the mission of this Library to place at the disposal of the various
agricultural investigators of this country the reference works which
they are unable to obtain from any other institution, in so far as such
a policy does not interfere with existing law. Modern library prac-
tice has as one of its most important features the idea of mutual lend-
ing between libraries. This idea has been as fully developed as
possible in this Library, constant loans being made to the various
experiment station and agricultural college libraries, thus materially
assisting the work of the investigators connected with these institu-
tions. Frequent use is made of the other libraries of this city, and
especial thanks are due to the Library of Congress and the Surgeon-
General’s Library for courtesies received. This Library would
undoubtedly be of far greater use to persons outside of this city were
it provided with a printed catalogue.
PRINTED CATALOGUE.
The card catalogue of the Library may be said to approach comple-
tion, and the printing of this catalogue would undoubtedly be of
great service. The cost of such a catalogue is so great that in the
past no suggestion has been made in this direction. Except in the
case of a few libraries supported by Government appropriation, the
printing of catalogues has been too costly to be considered. The
advantages of such a catalogue would be so great, however, that I
believe it would repay the cost of its production, and it is my inten-
tion to ask in the near future for a specific appropriation for this
purpose.
RECOMMENDATION.
I would strongly urge your favorable consideration of the arguments
accompanying my estimates for an increase of the appropriation for
the purchase of books. It is false economy to withhold adequate
support for a repository of knowledge such as this Library must be
conceded to be. The work is seriously hampered by the lack of funds.
REPORT OF THE EDITOR, DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF Pon
Washington, D. C., September 25, 1900.
sir: I have the honor to submit herewith, for your infor ened and
consideration, a report on the work of this Division for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1900; also recommendations in regard to future
operations.
Respectfully, GEO. WM. HILL,
Editor and Chief.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS ISSUED.
The total number of publications issued by the Department of
Agriculture during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, was 468, of
which 95 were publications of the Weather Bureau. With the edit-
ing and printing of the Weather Bureau publications this Division
has no connection, and hence the number of publications issued
under the enna of the Department Editor was 373. Of the
373 publications, 225 were new, aggregating 10,852 printed pages, and
the others, 148, were reprints, aggregating 5,983 printed pages. Of
the reprints, 90 were Farmers’ Bulletins. ae eeeener een ae eerie Ee PP e te Bis Pee ste 30, 000
1OBNe Breeds ols Dait ye Catt) Oma ee een ee ee A eet ie te 30, 000
TOW Wx periment.s tatlone Wior ka xe lily s seat ee ene ee Ss a eee eee 10, 000
| ERO Ga ae ee Ae eee ee ee ee ee Wo Se eee 1,835, 000
120 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
BUREAUS, DIVISIONS, AND OFFICES CONTRIBUTING FARMERS’ BULLETINS.
In the following table a list is given of the several Bureaus, Divi-
sions, and Offices contributing to the total number of bulletins issued,
both original and reprints, with the number of copies and the cost:
Farmers’ Bulletins contributed by Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices.
| Number
Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. OFS opens Cost.
Secretary's Office 4 75, (00 | $936.19
APTOStOLOSY) eee 222 oe 2s ceeeee POE Tee Sa 10 200, 000.| a@2,898. 76
PATI A INCUStRy 22>: 55-5502 Sao ene see ee AEDS SS ook Se 17 410, 000 | 6, 678. 84
Biological Survey-----____. pen SR ahs eee ree ye ie Fi” 2 40, 000 717.10
FESO LeU yj se rae = oe a ee ee el ey. SE 5 136, UOG 1, 990. 35
Ge mlistry = 2-2 == ce a oe ees ee te ae tere ans Ls Sa See 2 45, QUO 852.39
nbOMoOlOry = ost Be Bes ee ee ae eee 7 115, 000 1,521.00
EX POTIMOENt OtablONs 2 325 escent eee eee aE tos 41 780,000 | 10,953.35
Pablications <== 26 oe os ae ee ee ee eee eee nee meee 5 130, 000 1,972.51
IE OMOlOR yea eee oe 2 60, 000 984. 95
Public Road dnquiriesessse. see es ee ee eee ee aoe ee 2° 45 000 892. 43
Soilse se.) a. ae eee SL a ee Se ee Se ee eer ee 5 120. 00 1,321.39
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology-----.---- ..-------------.---- 5 150, 000 | 1,626.11
Weather Bureaus -. ote 2 Sete ce ee ee eee ees 1 60, 000 789.47
— | = _
TN ball a es he ee oe ee EE ee eee ree 108 | 2,360,000 | 34,134. 84
a Of this amount, $51.80 was paid from appropriation of previous year.
TOTAL NUMBER OF FARMERS’ BULLETINS ISSUED.
The total number of Farmers’ Bulletins printed since, and inelud-
ing, 1895, when a special appropriation for this purpose first became
available, is 101, aggregating, with reprints, 12,812,000 copies, of
which 8,518,661 were distributed through Senators, Representatives,
and Delegates in Congress. The number of bulletins issued prior to
1895 was 17, aggregating, with reprints, 818,500 copies, making a
grand total of 13,630,500 to June 30, 1900.
FARMERS’ BULLETINS DISTRIBUTED TO SENATORS, REPRESENTATIVES, AND
DELEGATES IN CONGRESS.
The following table shows the number of copies of Farmers’ Bulle-
tins issued prior to and in the years 1894 to 1900, inclusive, together
with the number distributed to and upon the orders of Senators, Rep-
resentatives, and Delegates in Congress: .
Number of copies of Farmers’ Bulletins issued (Nos. 1 to 118) and number distrib-
uted to Members of Congress.
Total
, | Congres-
Date. amen sional dis-
oF COvIES | tribution.
issued.
Prion tO 1894... 25sec ares oe se soe aes o's 2-5 Vote e Saeco eee See eee 407000) | Peseta sees
MTL SH ee ae ae Re eo ic ne ee Rise Oa) se~ eee
In 1895 Pee ee ae ery See eee nee AS rs ol eo 8. SL IS): 885, 770
Ha POO =p eae re tees ee Gis eee 1,891, 000 1,316, 695
RESO 7. ite Op me ne aoe ay Rs ON ol i a ee EPO: Gaiam S 2,387, 000 1, 967, 237
Tan VSO es ee ee eh a ae ee ee a ee eC AOU) 1.580, 065
Tin. S99 eS Se ee ee OS ea ee eee 2, 437, 000 1,101,985
Tn 1900 2 ee Se ee. ee te el SS en re TOuU abou 1, 666, 905
| =
Gta 3. eee ects Pate _.| 13,630,500 | 8,518, 661
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. ERE
FARMERS’ BULLETINS ISSUED FROM 1895 To 1900.
The following table shows the number of Farmers’ Bulletins issued
in each year from 1895 to 1900, inclusive
New Farmers’ Bulletins issued in each year from 1895 to 1900, inclusive.
| Number
Year. of
bulletins.
Pa AG eese cere ree at ene ene me eee tae acto re ee a a ee 11
Re SOR ee ey ee ee ne SST ae IE 8) as es eee ee 13
LI (oo oe Sees oe So Re ee ee a ae ne eee eens Se ee 16
LTP TBS eo Tan Pies Cena Le ae Ene ae a ae ee EE Rn AS Se a 21
TER, Dep oes hs Se a ee TE ES SE Pee eee spa Mee ed ae Se 22
Ind 2 ee ee ae eae Siete ae 2 18
LG et) one eee a see EEO OS SE ep otk ai ON. See el a ee eee 101
THE YEARBOOK.
The Yearbook for 1899 made its appearance this year on the 2d day
of June, a little later than last year, but still much earlier than the
Annual Report of the old days. The character of the book was clearly
indicated in the letter of instructions addressed by the Secretary to
the several chiefs of Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices. These instruc-
tions were followed, with the result of making a book which seems
especially adapted to circulation in the last year of the century, and
which seems to have met everywhere with a most favorable reception.
The special feature undertaken a few years ago in the Appendix,
sedulously encouraged since, namely, the publication of a complete
directory of all officials and associations, national or State, charged
with the supervision or devoted to the interests of agricultural, hor-
ticultural, live stock, and forestry matters, elicits many evidences of
approval, and we note with gratification a growing spirit of coopera-
tion on the part of those whose assistance is essential to a complete
directory. This year, in addition to sending out the usual circulars,
an effort will be made to enlist the agricultural press in the work by
inviting publication of our purpose. General knowledge of the fact
that this directory is for publication in an edition of half a million
copies should surely impress all persons or associations entitled to
representation with the desirability of securing a place therein.
The coincidence of the Paris Exposition with the year of issue of a
Yearbook specially devoted to reviewing the progress of agricultural
science and enterprise during the past century, was sufficiently inter-
esting to induce Congress to authorize the issue of a special edition
of the work, mainly for distribution abroad, to be known as the Paris
Exposition edition, and to be printed on extra paper, with special
binding. This part of the work was admirably carried out by the
Publie “Printer, and the result is a souvenir volume of a most appro-
priate and attractive character, very highly appreciated by the dis-
tinguished persons by whom it is received, and conveying at the same
time an appropriate tribute to the great industrial exposition held in
the last year of the century in the French eapital.
The Yearbook for 1900 is already under way, and the number and
variety of the subjects selected and the competence of the writers
promise a volume worthy of its predecessors.
*
122 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
REQUISITIONS FOR PRINTING.
The total number of requisitions for printing issued in the Division
was 2,450, of which 24 were subsequently canceled. Of the remainder,
1,891 were issued on the branch printing office. The total in 1899
was 2,342, and in 1898 only 1,890.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
The requisitions on the Government Printing Office were for the
several Bureaus, Divisions, and Offices, as follows:
Requisitions on the Government Printing Office by Bureaus, Divisions, Offices, ete.
SeEcretalys) Oilcem -=- ese eeeee Gite Ted eeeS sce ier aw Te ee
Accounts and Disbursements ________._____-_-_-- ae nee yee see. * ii)
Nor ostology oes soe ee ee ree ee ee a ee ee es 24
Aminial lain dias byes ae ee eee UPS as ee eee Mee eee Ta)
Biglopical Surveys 2 ks. = sae see ee eee ee ee Ey py = Po 11
Botany. —--- - as Eien Re Bee Mie Sy Be Bat SM eR yd tes Sek ee Se ee 25
@homistryeve: : 2s. ST Eee eet ee ee eee Bees Bae Re SEM ee eel
Entomclogy - Berge fore MES 4 2 ee
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
TE SP OKO):
Witte:
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 135
Geo, DEPARTMENT, OF- AGRICULTURE:
REPORT NO. 62.
THE MECHANICS OF SOIL MOISTURE.
BY
LYMAN J. BRIGGS.
(Contribution from the Division of Soils; Milton Whitney, Chief. )
WASHINGTON :
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1900.
S. 10.
136 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
APPENDIX B.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900.
[The following publications were issued during the year ended June 30, 1900.
Those to which a price is attached, with the exception of publications of the
Weather Bureau, must be obtained of the Superintendent of Documents, Union
Building, Washington, D. C., to whom are turned over all copies not needed for
official use, in compliance with section 67 of the act providing for the public
printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. Remittances
should be made to him by postal money order. Weather Bureau publications to
which a price is attached must be obtained from the chief of that Bureau. Appli-
cations for those that are for free distribution should be made to the Secretary of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. |
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY.
Tea Culture: The Experiment in South Carolina. By Dr. Charles U.
Shepard, Special Agent in Charge Tea Culture Investigations. Pp. 27,
pis. 9, figs. 4. Report No.61. October, 1899. Price, 10 cents____..___-
Cultivation of Cigar-Leaf Tobacco in Florida. By Marcus L. Floyd. of
the Division of Soils, in Cooperation with the Division of Vegetable
Physiology and Pathology. Pp.31, pls.8, figs.6. Report No.62. Octo-
bens S99 Prices Olcents a= eee ae che Soe ee
Sewage Disposal on the Farm, and the Protection of Drinking Water. By
Theobald Smith, M. D., Professor in Harvard University, Pathologist
to the Massachusetts State Board of Health,etc. Pp. 20, figs.8. Farm-
ers’ Bulletin No..43. (Reprint.) ‘November, 1399-2... --2222 =... = 2
Marketing Farm Produce. By George G. Hill, formerly manager and
editor of The American Farmer, Illinois. Pp. 28, figs. 7. Farmers’
iBulletineNio. 625, (Reprint) November s|399 se ess eee a eee
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1899. (Preliminary.) Pp. 68,
December 1S. ee ee alter G One a ete ae Re
The Culture of Tobacco. By Otto Carl Butterweck. Pp. 24. Farmers’
Bulletins Nows2.(Reprnt.)) December 1890 ees eee feee
Reprint, March, 1900. __ Ae ey ee PEA are ok oo
The Work of the Agricultural Experiment Stations on Tobacco. Ab-
stracted by J. I. Schulte, Office of Experiment Stations, with Introduc-
tion and Comments by Milton Whitney, Chief, Division of Soils.
Pp. 48. ‘Report No. 63. March, 1900: Price, 5 cents. -_2_2_..-.2-22--
Arbor Day: Its History and Observance. By N. H. Egleston. Pp. 80,
figs. 29. Revised edition.. (Reprint.) April, 1900... _....._--...--.--
Physiological Studies of Connecticut Leaf Tobacco. By Oscar Loew, of
the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, detailed to the
Division of Soils. Pp.57. Report No. 65. June,1900. Price, 5 cents_-
CONGRESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS.
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the Year
1898. Pp. 647, frontispiece, pls. 25, figs. 69. October, 189. Price, cloth,
of Agriculture, 1877-1898. By B. E. Fernow. formerly Chief of the
Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture. Pp.
401, pls. 32. figs. 105. (House Doc. No. 181, 55th Cong., 3d sess.) Pre-
pared in accordance with a provision of the act making appropriations
for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ended June 30,
ISSO sOctober, S90. sae See eee SS aS ce ee eee
Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1899. Pp. Ixx, 266. Cloth. January, 1900..:.__.___..
Operations of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Letter from the Secretary
of Agriculture transmitting Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal
Industry for the Fiscal Year ended June 30,1899. Pp. 71. (Senate Doe.
No: L00sm6th Cone-alstisess.)) -Kebruary., 190082 2 - See eee eee
Letter from the Acting Secretary of Agriculture presenting a detailed
statement of the expenditures of all appropriations for the fiscal year
ending June 30,1899. Pp. 254. (House Doc. No. 173, 56th Cong., 1st
Sess:)) S-Bebruanyzg S00 Ree Sees = Di Ego SeSks, ton See ee
Copies.
5, 000
6, 000
20, 000
15, 000
30, 000
10, 000
30, 00U
3, 000
1, 000
5, 000
30, OOO
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Third Report on the Investigations of the Agricultural Capabilities of
Alaska, 1899. By C. C. Georgeson, Special Agent in Charge of Alaska
Investigations. Pp. 55, pls. 17. (H. R. Doc. No. 314, 56th Cones. Ist
sess.) April, 1900.
Yearbook of the United States Department of Agr iculture, 1899. Pp. 880,
at eee Pe 63, ie 33. Ts te BN order of Congress.) June,
US (00) Sees
tion en Sr ere rn were oe A MA Ss 62 DA SOL Bee eee ees
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
Report of the Chief of the Dviaice ot Accounts and Disbursements for
1899. By Ff. L. Evans. Pp. 215-233, from care of Sec CF SUAESE of Agri-
culture for 1899. January, 1900 Sn ee are Nope ae Ne nee ee IE
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
Recent Additions to Seas Agrostology. Pp. 10, figs. 5. Circular No.
iy, Divi, Usk) Les ae Se webats
New Species of North American Grasses. By F. Lamson- Scribner, Agros-
tologist. Pp. 6, figs. 2. Circular No. 16. July, 1899 _
Millets. By Thomas A. Williams, Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 28, ‘figs 6.
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 101. July, OOO Es se eel ws fe ntare
Sand-Binding Grasses. By F. Lamson-Ser ibner, Agrostologist. Pp. ii,
405-420, pls. 3, figs. 11, from Yearbook for 1898, ’ (Reprint. ) July, 1899_
Southern Forage Plants. Compiledfrom the publications of the Division
of Agrostology by F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrostologist. Pp.48. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 102. August, 1899.
Crimson Clover. By Thomas A. Williams, ‘Assistant Agrostologist. Pp.
Gudiss te @irculapinos lire September 1899) 2. 2ts8 22s Bee
ReprininseptemiberplCIOe «eyes ek ls a en ee ae
Sorghum asa Forage Crop. By Thomas A. Williams, Assistant Agros-
tologist. Prepared under the direction of the Agrostologist. Pp. 20, ‘fig.
1. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 50. (Reprint.) November 1899 ee eee
Smooth Brome-Grass (Bromas inermis). By P. Beveridge Kennedy, Ph.
D,, Assistant in Division ee oey Pp. 9, figs. 2. Circular No. 18.
Decemlberhl SOS seks eas AP rE REED es FE
New or Little Known Mexican Grasses. “By F. Lamson-Ser ibner, ‘Agros-
tologist. Pp. 4, fig. 1. Circular No. 19. January, 1900 -
Experiments W i F orage Plants in Ontario. By P. Beveridge Kennedy,
Ph. D., Assistant in Division of Agrostology. Pp. 3 _ Circular No. 20.
January, 1900 - PU re ter rats a hiae Jt ke ene ee te, Lea eS ae
Reprint, January Vy, 19000252.
Cooperative Range Grass and For age ‘Piant Exper iments at Highmore, aS
Dak. By F. Lamson-Scribner, Agr ostologist. Pp. 10, fig. 1. Circular
Nop easanmarys 1900 9s. 25 oso: hey ees kei
Grass and Forage Plant Investigations on the Pacific Coast. “By F, Lam-
son-Scribner, ‘Agr ostologist. Pp. 7 7. Circular No 22. January, 1900_.
Saltbushes. By P. Bev eridge Kennedy, Ph D., Assistant in the Division
of Agrostology. Prepar ed under the direction of the Agrostologist. Pp.
20, figs. 9. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 108. Januanys | G0US2 5 es eee!
Report of the Agrostologist for 1899. By F. Lamson-Scribner. Pp. iii,
113-117, from the Report of the py cre ney of Agriculture for1899. Jan-
uary, 1900. eee
The Soy Bean as a Forage Crop. By ‘Thomas A. Williams, Assistant
Agrostologist. Prepar ed under the direction of the Agr ostologist. With
an Appendix on Soy Beans as Food for Man. By B, F. Langworthy,
Ph. D., Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 24, figs. 5. Farmers’ Bulle-
tin Nu. 58. Revised edition. (Reprint. ) February, 1900_
Studies on American Grasses. The North American Species | of Chieto-
chloa. By F. Lamson-Scribner and Elmer D. Merrill. Pp. 44, figs. 24.
Bulletin No. 21. March, 1900. Price, 5 cents. : y i
Cowpeas. By Jared G. Smith, Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 16, fig. 1.
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 89. Abe oN ) February. 1900
Reprint, March, 1900 _-_—.
200
1, 200
1,000
25, 000
1, 000
30, 000
10, 000
10, 000
15, 000
10, 000
1,500
20, 000
3, 000
20, 000
20, 000
138 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Copies.
Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and Forage Plants. By P. Beve-
ridge Kennedy, Ph. D., Expert and Agent in Charge of Experimental
Work. Prepared under the direction of F. Lamson-Scribner. Agros-
tologist. Pp. 86, pls. 13, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 22. April, 1900. Price,
1h conte... : ae ad tee ee ae ee 10, 000
Progress of Experiments: in Forage Crops and Range Improvement at
Abilene, Tex. By H. L. Bentley, Special Agent in Charge of Experi-
ments at Abilene, Tex. Pp. 20. Circular No. 23. April; 190023 ee OUD
Cowpeas and Corn for Silage and Fodder. By W. Gettys.. Pp. 10, figs 2.
Circular No. 24. April, 7900.___. : 6, 000
Alfalfa, or Lucern. By JaredG. ‘Smith. Assistant Agr ostologist. “Pp. 24,
figs. 3. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 31. (Reprint.) April, 1900 20, 000
Meadows and Pastures, Formation and Cultivation in the Middle East-
ern States. By Jared G. Smith. Pp. 28. figs.9. Farmers’ Bulletin No.
G66. Revised edition.. (Reprint.) April, 1900 - 20, 000
Ec ‘onomic Grasses. By F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrostologist. | Pp. 85, pls.
3, figs. 91. Bulletin No. 14. Revised edition. May, 1900. Price, 10
fee ees 5, 000
The Structure of the ‘Cary opsis ‘of Grasses with Reference to Their Mor-
phology and Classification. By P. Beveridge Kennedy, Ph. D., Expert
and Agent in Charge of Experimental Work. Pp. 44, pls. 8. Bulletin
No.19.. Reyised edition. May, 1900) Price, 10\cents -_ ===! ==> 1.000
American Grasses—III. (Illustrated.) Descriptions of the Tribes:and
Genera. By F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrostologist. Pp. 197, figs. 137.
Bulletin No. 20. May, 1900. Price. 1) cents __ 1, 000
Turkestan Alfalfa. By P. Beveridge Kennedy. Ph. D.. Expert and Agent
in Charge of Experimental Work. Pp. 20. Circular No. 25. May.1900_ 10,000
Rescue Grass. By Cornelius L. Shear, Assistant Agrostologist. Pp. 4.
Circular No. 26. May, 1900_._- -- 5,000
Cattle Ranges of the Southwest: A History of the Exhaustion of the Pas-
turage and Suggestions for Its Restoration. By H. L. Bentley, Special
Agent in Charge of Grass Station at Abilene, Tex. Pp. 32, figs.9. Farm-
ers 2bulletin No: 72... (Reprint.) June, 1900... 10, 000
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
The Serum Treatment of Swine Plague and Hog Cholera. By E. A. de
Schweinitz, Ph. D.. M. D.. Chief of Biochemic Division, with the Col-
laboration of Marion Dorset, M. D., and E. C. Schroeder, M. D. V.
Pp.18. Bulletin No. 23. (Reprint.) July, 1899. Price, 5 cents __._. 5, 000
Standard Varieties of Chickens. By George E. Howard, Secretary of
National Poultry and Pigeon Association, under the supervision of Dr
D. E. Salmon, Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 48. figs. 42.
Revised edition. Farmers’ Bulletin No.51. (Reprint.) August,1899_ 30,000
Reprint, March, 1900 - eo eS es (aa eS ee OO OOD.
Factory Cheese and How It is Made. “By G. Merry, of Verona, N. Y.
Pp. 8. Circular No. 19. (Reprint. ) September. 1899 - = +1000
Scales of Points in Use in the United States for Judging the Dairy Breeds
of Cattle. Breeds included: Ayrshires. Brown Swiss, Devons, Dutch
Belted, Guernseys, Holstein-Friesians, Jerseys.andShorthorns. Pp. 16,
fig. 1. Circular No. 27. From the Fifteenth Annual ae of the
Bureau of Animal Industry. September, 1899 .._.___.___.__._...._-. 2, 000
Revised edition. May, 1900. ___ oo ol ees OD
Care of Milk onthe Farm. By R. A. Pearson, B. S.. Assistant Chief of
Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 40, figs.6. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 63. (Reprint.) September, 1899 _____..___.__-______.__- 15, 000
Reprints November ade99 . = 2 Si ee rl 10, 600
Reprint, March, 1960 - _ 30,000
Blackleg in the United States and the Distribution of Vaccine by ‘the
Bureau of Animal Industry. By Victor A. Norgaard, V.S. (Copenha-
gen), Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp.
ili, 27-81, pls. 2, figs. 3, from Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal
Industry for 1808: noeptem ber, 1890.2 ot) 2d Sa peer 10, 000
Experimental Exports of Butter, 1897. By ‘Henry E. Alvord, C. E., Chief
of Dairy Division. Pp. 83-136, pl. 1, diagram 1, from Fifteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau cf Animal Industry. September, 1899_____.___. 12, 000
Reprint; Decomberg 8002: ss oo 2s ee Se ee ee 1,500
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Breeds of Dairy Cattle. By Henry E. Alvord, C. E., Chief of Dairy Divi-
sion. Pp. 137-200, frontispiece, figs. 25, from Fifteenth Annual Report
of the Bureau of Animal Industr y: September. NO OOH RE eee eet eis a
Breeds of Dairy Cattle. By Henry E. Alvord, C. E., Chief of Dairy Divi-
sion, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 48, figs. 21. Farmers’ Bulletin
No. 106, from the Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1598.
Weclopens C905. . a) eee eee Sf eh le Se ese Fes Fe
Reprint he bruany el O00 ete 8 a 2 22 e LL eee i ee
Asthenia (Going Light) in Fowls. Laboratory Methods for the Diagnos-
ing of Certain Micro-Organismal Diseases. Vitality and Retention of
Virulence by Certain Pathogenic Bacteria in Milk and Its Products.
Artic!es by Charles F. Dawson, M. D., Veterinary Inspector, Bureau of
Animal Industry. Pp. 829-868 and 224-228, from Fifteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. October, 1899 ___
Preliminary Catalogue of Plants Poisonous to Stock. ‘By V. K. Chesnut,
B.5., Assistant, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture. Pp.
iii, 387-4 20, iv, from Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal
Industry. "October, 1899 -
Officials, Associations, and Educational Institutions Connected with the
Dairy Interests for the Year 1899. By Henry E. A'vord, Chief of Dairy
Division. Pp. 8. Circular No. 26. (Reprint.) November, Ute eee ee
Facts About Milk. By R. A. Pearson, B. ae Assistant Chief, Dairy Divi-
sion, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 29, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin
No. 42. (Reprint.) November, 1899 - +s i iia te Uh FETE te
The Dairy Herd: Its Formation and Management. By Henry E. Alvord,
C. E., Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of “Animal Industry. (Reprinted
with revision by the author, from the Yearbook of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture for ag ghee Farmers’ Bulletin No. 55. eon
November, 1899 __ Ee eR PE 2 EIT oe EE CE Nn eee te :
Reprint, April, AUD SR a alae. a en Ie Sen one A Te
Report of the Chiet of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899. By D. E.
Salmon. Pp. iii, 243-262, from the Report of the Secretary of Agricul-
ture for 1899. January, 1900 ae Sees Sar Weng Oy Lo Re Ss
Letters Relating to the Distribution of Vaccine. Pp. 9. Circular No. 28.
February, 1900 ___. _-
Officials, Associations, and Educational Institutions ‘Connected. with the
Dairy Interests of the United States for the Year 1900, By Henry E.
Alvord. Chief of Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 10.
Circular No. 29. February, 1900 a
Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. By D. E. Salmon. D. V. M., Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 16. Farmers’ Bulietin No. 24. (Re-
print.) February.1900 - ea Ro ad Se ls ye ety Og Fal
Some Essentials in Beef Production. ‘By Charles F. Curtiss, Director of
the lowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 24, figs. 17. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 71. (Reprint.) February, 1900
Reprint, June, 1900._.-____..
Notes Upon Dairying i in California and the Export of California Butter
to the Orient. By R. A. Pearson, M. 8., Assistant Chief of Dairy
Division. Prepared under the direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of
Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 29, pls. 4, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 24.
March, 1900. Price, 5 cents Be
EC pene, ces COU wen) Fae We ere ya eee Le ek
Butter Making on the Farm. ByC. P. Goodrich, Dairy Instructor, Farm-
ers’ Institute Department, University of Wisconsin. Under supervision
of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. ta 16. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 57. (Reprint.) March, 1900 -
Ducks and Geese: Standard Breeds and Management. By George E.
Howard, Secretary of Nationa! Poultry and Pigeon Association. Pp.
48, figs. 37. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 64. (Reprint.) March, 1900. __.
Hog Raising in the South. ByS. M. Te M.S., formerly Director of
the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 40. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 100. (Reprint.) March, 1900
Butter Substitutes. By E. A. de Schweinitz, Ph. D., M. D., Biochemic
Laboratory, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of
Agriculture. Pp. 445-452, from the Yearbook of the United States
Depar tment of Agriculture for 1895. (Reprint.) April, 1900
139
Copies.
5, 000
30, 000
30, 000
500
5, 000
1, 800
20, 000
20, 000
20, 000
1, 200
10, 000
6, 000
25, 000
20, 000
10, 000
10, 000
3, 000
20, 000
30, 000
30, 000
10, 000
’
140 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Raising Sheep for Muiton. By Charles F. Curtiss, Director of the Iowa
Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 48, oa 18. Farmers’ Builetin
No. 96. (Reprint. * April; 1900 eee) eee
Directions for the Use of Blackleg Vaccine. ‘By ‘Victor A. Norgaard.
Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. §
Circular No. 23. “Second revision. May 21900" 2-2 ee eee
Rabies in the District of Columbia. By D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief of
the Bureau of Animal Industry. ee 15. Circular No. 30. Revised
edition. May,1900 __. mest 2.8) eh 2 See ees
Sheep Scab: Its Nature and Treatment. ByD. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief
of Bureau of Animal Industry. and Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., Zoologist
of the Bureau. Pp. 64, pls. 6, figs. 36. Bulletin No. 21. Revised edition.
June,1900. Price, 15 cents_-_. -.- Laas ke
Blackleg: Its Nature, Cause, and Prevention. By Victor A. ‘Norgaard,
Chief “of Pathological Division. Pp. 22. Circular No. 31. June, 1900-
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. By C. Hart Merriam.
Chief, Biological Survey. Pp. 79, colored ne Bultetin No. 10. (Re-
print. ) July, 1899.) Price, 10 cents... a ee ey
The Geographic Distribution of Cereals in North America. By C. 38.
Plumb, B.S., Director Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue
University. Indiana. Prepared under the direction of Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, Chief of Biological Survey. Pp.24,maps4(1 colored). Bul-
letin No. 11. (Reprint.) July, 1899. Price, 10 cents______________...
North American Fauna No. 15. Revision of the Jumping Mice of the
Genus Zapus. By Edward A. Preble, Assistant in Biological Survey.
Prepared under the direction of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chiet of Biolog-
ical Survey. Pp. 42. pl. 1, figs. 4. August, 1899. Price, 5 cents______-
North American Fauna No. "16. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount
Shasta, California. ByC. Hart Merriam, Chief of “Division of Biological
Survey. Pp. 179, pls. 5, figs. 46. October, 1899. Price, 20 cents. —___
Some Common Birds in Their Relation to Agriculture. By F. E. L. Beal,
Bass Popes en ees Biological Survey. aes 40, ery 22, Farm-
ers’ Balletin No. : (Reprint. ) November, 1390s Lae
Reprint, April. *t900 Sete ae rs ee ae BEEN NSA Oe eee a eee
Report of the Acting Chief of the Division of Biological Survey for 1899.
By T.S. Pa’mer. Pp. iii, 59-70, from the Report of the Secretary of
ANoriculture; for 1899-- stanuary~ LO0Des. = eee ee ee eee
North American Fauna No. 17. Revision of American Voles of the Genus
Microtus. By Vernon Bailey. Chief Field Naturalist. Prepared under
the direction of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of Division of Biological
Survey. Pp. 88. pls. 5, figs. 17. - June, 1900. Price, 10 cents_--_. ~2.-2-
Legis ation for the Protection of Birds Other than Game Birds. ‘By aes
Paliner. Assistant Chief, Biological Survey. Prepared under the direc-
tion of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of Biological Survey. Pp. 94, pls. 2,
figs. 8. Bulletin No. 12, June, 1900. Price, “10 cents
DIVISION OF BOTANY.
Crimson Clover Seed. By A. J. Pieters.in Charge of Pure-Seed Investiga-
tions. Pp. 4, fig.1. Circular No. 18. August, 1899
Reprint. September, 1899 __-
Inventory No. 2 of Foreign Seeds and Plants impor ted by the Section of
Seed and Plant Introduction. Numbers 1001-1900. Pp. 94. AUS Uees
1900S ees
Contributions from The U.S. National Herbarium. Vol. V.No. 4. Stud-
ies of Mexican and Central American Plants.No.2. ByJ.N.Rose. Two
New Species of Plants from the Northwestern United States. By L. F.
Henderson. Hesperogenia, A New Genus of Umbelliferae from Mount
Rainier. By J. M. Coulter and J. N. Rose. Three New Species of
Tradescantia from the United States. By J. N. Rose. Treleasea, A
New Genus of Commelinaceae. By J. N. Rose. Notes on Useful
Plants of Mexico. By J. N. Rose. =o viii, 145-25 9, viii, pls. 47, figs. 26.
October, 1899. Price, 25 cents -__-__
Copies.
20, 000
10,000
10, 000
1,500
1,500
3. 000
1, 000
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Hop Cultivation in Bohemia. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural
Explorer. Pp. 6. Circular No. 19. November, 1899.
The Present Status of Rice Culture in the United States. Bys. A. ‘Knapp.
Pp. 56, pls. 3. Bulletin No. 22. December, 1899. Price, 10 cents. -
Horse-Radish Culture i in Bohemia. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural
Explorer. Pp. 3, figs. 2. Circular No. 20. January. 1900. _... ____--
WA aus in the West: Indies. By David G, Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer.
Pp. 4. ne, 2. Circular No. 2i January, 1900_.. 722 = = Sees eee
Repo:t of the Botanist for 1899. By Frederick V. Coville. Pp. iii, 53-57,
from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900_
Russian Cereals Adapted for Cultivation in the United States. By Mark
Alfred Carleton. Pp. 42, pls. 2, figs. 2. Bulletin No. 28. February, 1900.
IPmCew Cents ser ee tt ee eee ee uce oe teases
Bur, or Globe Artichokes. | ‘By Walter T. Swingle and David G. Fairchild,
Agricultural Explorers. Pp.6. Circular No. 22. Febr warye LOU0S
Weeds, And How to Kill Them. By Lyster H. Dewey, Assistant Bota-
nist. Pp. 32, figs.11. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 28. Cr) Benner:
NS) eee ee aes rh es Sa es St
Rice Culture i in the United States. By Dr. S. A. Knapp. Pp. 28. Farm-
ers’ Bulletin No. 110. February, 1900 -
Inventory No. 5 of Foreign Seeds and Plants Imported by the Depar tment
of Agriculture and for Distribution through the Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction. Numbers 1901-2700. Pp. 62. February, i900_
The Lebbek orSiris Tree. By DavidG. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer.
Pages... Circular NG. co. Marv, 1900) 2 2 2222.8 22k ace ee
Red iclover Seed. By Adrian J. Pieters, Assistant in Char ge of Pure-Seed
Investigations. Pp. 5, figs 2. Circular No. 24. March, Gi) cust ee ee
Inventory No. 6. Foreign Seeds and Plants Collected in Austria, Italy,
and Egypt by the Hon. Barbour Lathrop and Mr. David G. Fairchild
for the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction. Pp. 15. March, 1900_
The Germination of Seeds as Affected by Certain Chemical Fertilizers.
By Gilbert H. Hicks. Pp. 15, pls. 2. Bulletin No. 24. April, 1900.
[PRI Cet Ce Mls ee ee ot Se ape
The Seed of Beardless Brome Grass. By A. iP ‘Pieters, in Charge of Pure-
Seed Investigations. Pp. 5, fig. 1. Circular No. 25. April, 1900.___-
Egyptian Cotton in the United States. By Lyster H. Dewey, Assistant
iBotanist. 2 Pp: 9. Ciccalar No..co. April. /1900° — =. 28 ss
Thirty Poisonous Plants of the United States. By V. K. Chesnut, Assist-
ant Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pp. 82, figs. 24.
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 86. (Reprint. ) April. 1900_
The Farmers’ Interest in Good Seed. By A.. J. Pieters, in Char ge eof Pure-
Seed Investigations, Division of Botany. Pp. 24, figs. 7. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 11. April, TOYO Oeste AN OL ei et wr tl A gana gl Ae
Notes on Useful Plants of Mexico. By J. N. Rose. (Reprinted from
Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, Vol. V, No. 4,issued
October, 1899.) Pp. iv, 209-259, vii, pls. 30, figs. 2. April, 1900_-__--
Hop Culture in California. By Daniel Flint. Pp. 28, figs. 2. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 115. May, 1900- oie a SS I ace Si hai ine rip pe ae
Wild Garlic. By Lyster H. Dewey. Assistant Botanist. Ep. 8, figs. 3
Circular No. 9. Revised edition. June, 1900_- te 5 ae
Canada Thistle. By Lyster H. Pore a Assistant Botanist. Ep. 14, figs.
4, Circular No. 27. June, 1900_- : sel
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.
Foods and Food Adulterants. Investigations made under direction of
H. W. Wiley, Chief Chemist, with the collaboration of K. P. McElroy,
Wer Ho Keres tC: Trescot, W. D. Bigelow, and others. Cereals and
Cereal Products. Pp. vii, 1169-1374, pls. 7, figs. 4. Bulletin No. 13,
Part 9. (Reprint.) July, 1899. Price, 15 cents _
Methods of Analysis adopted by the Association of Official | Agr icultural
Chemists, November 11, 12, and 14,1899. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley,
Secretary. Pp. 86, figs. 4. Bulletin No. 46. Revised edition. (Reprint. )
August, 1899. Price, 10 cents_- Sr ee TNS 2 ee oe SS ee
Reprint, October, 1899
141
Copies.
5, 000
4,000
1,500
. 000
co
500
5, 000
5, 000
30, 000
20, 000
1,500
5, 000
12, 000
1,500
4, 000
10. 000
5, 000
30,000
20, 000
5, OOO
30, 000
, 000
CU
, 000
ol
1,000
500
1,000
142 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Association of
Official Agricultural Chemists, held at Washington, D. C., November
11, 12, and 14, 1898. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the
Association. Pp. 140. Bulletin No. 56. (Reprint.) October, 1899,
Price, 10 cents_-
The Sugar Beet: ‘Culture, Seed Development, } “Manufacture, and Statis-
tics. “By H. W. Wiley, Chief of the Division of Chemistry and formerly
Director of the Department Sugar Beet Experiment Station in Nebraska.
Pp. 48, figs. 24. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 52. Revised edition. aes )
November, 1899.) 2s. o-oo wi me spite ee bt 7 os ee eee ee
Reprint, April, 1900 - Sapte
Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Convention of the Association of
Official ‘Agricultural Chemists, held at San Francisco, Cal., July 5,
and 7,1899. Edited by Harvey W. Wiley, Secretary of the eee
Pp. 130. Bulletin No. 57. January, 1900. Price, 10 cents . :
Report of the Chemist for 1899. By H. W. Wiley. Pp. ili, 25- 5-42, from
the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900.
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY,
The Honey, Bee: A Manual of Instruction in Apiculture. By Frank Ben-
ton, M.8., Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 118, pls. 11, figs. 76. Bulletin
No. cane series, third edition. (Reprint.) July,1899. Price, 15cents_
Insects Affecting Domestic Animals: An Account of the Species of, Impor-
tance in North America, with Mention of Related Forms Occurring on
Other Anima!s. Prepared under the Direction of the Entomologist, by
Herbert Osborn, Professor of Zoology and Entomology, lowa Agricul-
tural College, Ames, Iowa. Pp. 302, pls. 5, figs. 170. Bulletin No. 5,
new series. (Reprint. ) August, 1899. Price, 20 cents._____ fee 2
The Hop ee Louse and the Remedies tc be Used Against it. Pp. iG
pl. 1, figs. 5. Cireular No. 2, second series. (Reprint.) August, 1899_
The Peach (erie Beret An Important Enemy ‘of Stone Fruits. By Ci
Marlatt, M.S., First Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 16, figs. 5. Farm-
ers’ Bulletin No. 80. (Reprint. ) September, ite) S soe Ses:
Insect Enemies of the White Pine. By F. H. Chittenden, Division of
Entomology. Pp. 55-61, figs. 10, from Bulletin No. 22, Division of For-
estry. October, SOO ei Sees Seay ela 2 a ee eee
Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Eco-
nomic Entomologists. Pp. 111, figs. 4. Bulletin No. 20, new series.
November. 1899. Price,10 cents. ____- SU ARE tne =
The Principal Insect Enemies of the Grape. “By C. L. Marlatt. M. ar
First Assistant Entomologist. (Reprinted from original plates from
the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for
1895.) Pp. 23, figs.12. Farmers’ Bulletin No.70. (Reprint.) Novem-
DOT ROG Ore a eo ak hah ee tea ety aes ee ene dg a ee
The Laisser-Faire Philosophy Applied to the Insect Problem. By Cute
Marlatt. Presidential Address Delivered Before the Eleventh Annual
Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, Columbus,
Ohio. August 18,1899. Reprinted from Bulletin No. 20. new series.
Pp. 5-19. ‘December, 1899 _ seas
Preliminary Report on the Insect Enemies of Forests in the Northwest.
An Account of the Results Gained from a Reconnoissance Trip made
in the Spring and Early Summer of 1899. Prepared under the direction
of the Entomologist, by A. D. Hopkins, Ph. D., Vice-Director and Ento-
mologist of West Virginia Agricultural JEEperment Station. Pp. 27.
Bulletin No. 21, new series. December, 1899. - Price, 5 cents_-_
Report of the Entomologist for 1899. By L. O. Howard. Pp. iii, 25-42,
from Report of Secr etary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900.____-
Bee Keeping. By Frank Benton, M.S., Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 32,
figs. 19. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 59. (Reprint.) February, 1900.__._.
Some Miscellaneous Results of the Wor " of the Division of Entomology—
IV. Prepared under the Direction of L. O. Howard, Entomologist.
Pp. 109, figs. 28. Bulletin No. 22. new series. February, 1 1900. Price,
LOL Cents eee Wess eet ect Sere es cn hee ee
How to Distinguish the Different t Mosquitoes of North America. By LO:
Howard, Entomologist. Pp. 7, figs. 3. Circular No. 40, second series.
March, 1900 SSeS co cto S45 SSeS bee oases aoe E
Copies.
1, 000
20, 000
20, 000
1, 000
300
1. 000
1, 000
2, 000
15, 000
500
2,500
10, 000
100
2, 500
300
30, 000
4, 000
2,000
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
The Two Most Abundant Pulvinarias on Maple. By L.O. Howard. Ento-
mologist. Pp. 7-23, figs. 17, reprint from Bulletin No. 22, Division of
Entomology. March, 1900_ 6 set Be OD Be,
The Insects to Which the Name ‘ ‘Kissing Bug” ’ Became Applied During
the Summer of 1899. By 15) Howard, Entomologist. Pp. 24-30, figs.
7, reprint from Bulletin 22, new series, Division of Se March,
OQQE E eee e Us SIF
Insect Control in Riverside, California. By Felix G. Havens. Pp. 83-88,
reprint from Bulletin 22, new series, Division of Entomology. March,
The Hessian Fly. "By C. L. Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 4.
Circular No. 12, second series. Revised edition. April, 1900.._.._.._-
Some Insects Injurious to Stored Grain. By F. H. Chittenden, Assistant
Entomologist. Pp. 24, figs.18. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 45. Revised edi-
LOM Meee CLV Ltn ieee DEA el OU Qian em ee es ee See eee
Some Insects Injurious to Garden Crops. A series of Articles Dealing
with Insects of ThisClass. Prepared under the direction of the Ento-
mologist, by F. H. Chittenden, Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 92, figs. 23.
Bulletin 23. new series. May, 1900. Price, 10 cents. ‘fe
Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use. By
C. L. Marlatt, M.S., First Assistant Entomologist. Pp. 32, figs.2. Far-
mers’ Bulletin No. 19. Fourth revised edition. (Reprint. ) es 1900_
Contributions Toward a Monograph of the American Aleuroidz. By
A.L. Quaintance, M.S. , Biologist and Horticulturist of the Georgia Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Experiment. Ga. The Red Spiders of the
United States (Tetranychus and Stigmzeus). By Nathan Banks. M.S%.,
Assistant, Division of Entomology, PWS: Department of Agriculture.
Prepared under the direction of “the Entomologist. Pp. 79, ls. 8, figs.
16. Bulletin No. 8, technical series. Sune, 1900. Price, 10 cents..__..
Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant. By L. O. Howard, Ph. D. , Entomolo-
gist. (Reprinted, with revision by the ener from Bulletin 33, Office
of Experiment Stations.) Pp. 32, figs. 18. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 47.
(Reprints) poumes (900 eases ee ee ee
Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees. By L. O. Howard, ‘Entomologist.
(Reprinted, with some annotations by the author, from the Yearbook
of the Department of Agriculture for 1895.) Pp. 30, figs. 11. Farmers’
BulletimeNon99: = cCReprinta esd une: l900RS 2.2 2s eS Sie ease
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Experiment Station Record (a condensed record of the contents of the
bu letins and reports issued by the agricultural experiment stations of
the United States, and also a brief review of agricultural science of the
world). Price, 10 cents each.
ViolSexceeNiog dence avan 1005 eAmoust: 18995 a22 seek aes eeee cee
Vol. XI, No. 2. Pp. vii, 101-200. October, NESS)
Vol. XI, No. 3. Pp. vii, 201-300. December, 1899 .._._....---------
Volexe Nos 12s Pps xvis 01-1208.) December, 1899" ° = 22242 2222s
Vol. XI, No. 4... Pp. vii, 301-400, fig. 1. January, 1900
: Ho.) paw, 401-500.) hebruary,, 1900.) 22225 -:
Volk Mi oNos6,.- Pp: v5 501-6005 fies (os Mareh, 190002 25.0 2.2. 2.2-22
7. Pp. v, 601-700. March, 1900
| 8. Pp. v, 701-800. April, 1900
Voleexi Noose se penva 1 SOL-JO0R ume 1900). ease bite 2 eee)
Vol. XI, No. 10. Pp. vi, 901-1000. Jume, 1900..__....__.
Description of a New Respiration Calorimeter and Experiments on the
Conservation of Energy in the Human Body. By W. O. Atwater,
Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, and E. B. Rosa,
Ph. D., Professor of Physics, Wesleyan Sey. pees’ 94, So 8, figs.
12. Bulletin No. 33. July, 1899. Price, 10 cents -
Reprint, April, 1900 _____- RPI Lev NA
Some Results of Dietary Studies in the United States. ‘By A. P. Bryant,
of the Office of Een Stations. Pp. ii, 439-452, from Yearbook
for 1898) July, 1899). - eo
Reprint, February, 1900 a) ER ee Se Ce a es
Selection and Its Effect on Cultivated Plants. By Henry de Vilmorin.
Pp. 19, from Experiment Station Record, Vol. XI, No. 1. August,
1899
143
Copies.
100
100
100
5, 000
20, 000
5, 000
20, 000
2,500
10, 000
10, 000
144 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Studies on Bread and Bread Making. By Harry Snyder, B.S., and L. A.
Voorhees, M. A. Pp. 51, pis: 2, figs. 3. Bulletin No. 67, September,
1899. Price, 10 cents. __- cae, as Sneek ee es a
Experiment Station Work— les Pp. 32, figs. 7 . Farmers’ Bulletin No. 65.
(Reprint) Septemiber 1899 0- eene ee e
Experiment Station Work—Illl. | ‘Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations, Pp. 32. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 69. (Reprint.) September,
LEGGE ee eee peas
Experiment Station Work—Vi. Prepared in the Office of. Experiment
Stations. Pp. 28, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 79. (Reprint.) Sep-
tember, 1899 .- Eee ee ete as te ey eee ee ee
Exper iment Station Work—VHI. ‘Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations. Pp. 82, figs. 6. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 87. (Reprint.) Sep-
Lite} 00 01S) eel Ros) ames male ee ney ged tess ee ee
Experiment Station Work— Die ‘Prepared, in the Office of Experiment
Stations. A.C, True, Director. Pp.32,figs.5. Farmers’ Bulletin No.
103. September, {890s -s e o ae aC
Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention ot the As:ociation of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held at Wash-
ington, D. G., November 15-17, 1898. Edited by A. C. 'True and W. H.
Beal, for the Office of Experiment Stations, and H. H. Goodell, for the
Executive Committee of the Association. Pp. 138. Bulletin No. 65.
(Reprirt.) Octoler,1899. Price, 10 cents.______-
Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body.
By W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., and F. G. Benedict, Ph. D., with the coop-
eration of A. W. Smith, M. SsandeAcgr: Bryant, MS, Ppiii2> Bul-
letin No. 69. October, 1899. Price, DO SCOMUS 5 2o 5 5.5 RES Sea ene
Water-Right Problems of Bear River. By Cl arence T. Johnson and
Joseph A. Breckons. Pp. 40, pls. 9. Bulletin No. 70. October, 1899.
IP TICey LONCOMbS Se oy = Res em ee et ee a rere een ee eee ne ae a ne
Reprint, Decemiber-alB oO eee hee ok ee ee a
Fourth Report of Committee on Methods of Teaching Agriculture. Pp. 7.
CircularsNoeelsOctober (009s eee
A Report to Congress on Agriculture i in Alaska, including Repurts by Wal-
ter H. Evans. Benton Killen, and Sheldon Jackson. Prepared under the
supervision of A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions. Pp. 36, pls. 23. Bulletin No. 48. (Reprint.) November, 1899.
Price, MO ICONS See eae sare is ee
A Description of Some Chinese V egetable Food Materials and Their Nuiri-
tive and Economic Vaue. By Walter C. Blasdale, Profes or in Chem-
istry, University of California. ay 48, pls.8. Bulletin No. 68. Novem-
ber; [8995 “Price, d0\cents 12. 252 te) 2 ee ee eee
Food Nutrients—Food Economy. By A. C. True, Director. Pp. 6, dia-
grams 2. Circular No. 43. November, 1899 .____-
Sweet Potatoes: Culiure and Uses. By Je E Duggar, of the Office of
Experiment Stations. Pp. 30, figs. 4. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 26. (Re-
print.) November, 1899 _ SSeS Cn, Ee We Sane ee eae
Cotton Seed and Its Products. Prepared in the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions. Pp.16. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 36, (Reprint.) November, 1899_
Kafir Corn: Characteristics, Culture.and Uses. By C. C. Georgeson, Pro-
fessor of Agriculture in Kansas State Agricultural College. Pp. 12, fig.
1. Farmers’ Bulletin No.37. (Reprint.) November, 1899 7
Commercial Fertilizers: Composition and Use. By Edward 8B. V oorhees,
M. A.. Director of the New Jersey Agricultural Exper:ment Stations
and Professor of Agriculture in Rutgers College. Under the Super-
vision of the Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 24. Farmers’ Bulietin
Nor44 (Reprints) eNowenbergl8 99) see eee ee ee ae ce
(Reprints) (April; S00 Be 2 ey eee eee
The Manuring of Cotton. Ap ndenees from an article by H. C. White,
Ph. D., in Bulletin No. 33, of the Office of Experiment Stations.) Pp.
16. Parmer’ Pullen Ne4e: (Reprint.) November, 18)9 ___ ____.
Experiment Station Work—I. Prepared in the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions. Pp. 31,figs.10. Farmers’ Bulletin No.56. (Reprint.) Novem-
ber; 1800-222 4, Bea oe wt eee Oe eye | oe
Milk as Food. "Prepared in the Office of ee Stations. Pp. 39,
charts 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 74. (Reprint.) November, 1899___-
Copies.
4, 000
15, 000
15, 000
15, 000
15, 000
30, 000
1, 000
1, 000
3, 000
3, 000
10, 000
20, 000
15, 000
15, 000
20, 000
10, 000
10, 000
20, 000
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Experiment Station Work—V. Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations. Pp. 32,figs2. Farmers’ Bulletin No.78. (Reprint.) Novem-
OEE THO 2 Bee ee eae Rego Ee RN re ieee eta RN EONS 2) Bleed Pee
Experiment Station Work—VII. “Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations. Pp.32,figs.8. Farmers’ Bulletin No.84. (Reprint.) Novem-
Der, l8oO sa) = BY PAY Es ye eee Pee eee ee
Experiment Station Work—XII. ‘Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations, A. C. True, Director. Pp. 32, figs. 4. Farmers’ Bulletin
No. 105. November, 1899... _.... _-...-._.. ow anes. @:
Dietary Studies at the University of Tennessee in 1895. ‘By Chas. E.
Wait, Ph. D., F. C.S., Professor of Chemistry. University of Tennes-
see. With Comments by W.O. Atwater and Chas. D. Woods. Pp. 45.
(Reprint.) Bulletin No. 29. December, 1899. Price,5cents _______..
Dietary Studies at the University of Missouri in 1895 and Data Relating
to Bread and Meat Consumption in Missouri. By H. B. Gibson, 8S.
Calvert, and D. W. May. University of Missouri. With Comments by
W. O. Atwater wd Chas. D. Woods. Pp. 24. Bulletin No. 381.
(Reprint.) December, 1899. Price. 5 cents .__.
Food and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in 1895 and 1896. “By
Edward B. Voorhees, A. M., Director New Jersey Agricultural Experi-
ment pretione and Professor of Agriculture, Rutgers College. New Bruns-
wick, J- Ep. 40: (Reprint. ) Bulletin No. 35. December, 1899.
Price, sree ene 3p ee eee Epes AL ira GS eae
Dietary Studies in New Mexico in 1895. ‘By Arthur Gross, M. Sie Profes-
sor of Chemistry. New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts. Pp. 23. Bulletin No. 40. (Reprint. ) December, 1899. Price, 5
cents -
Farmers’ Reading Courses. ByL. H. Bailey, M. S.. Professor of Horticul-
ture, Cornell University. Pp. 36. Bulletin No. 72. December, 1899.
Price. 5 cents —___- Se A Sa OY ate ee
A German Common School, with a Garden, ‘By C. B. Smith. of the
Office of Pees Stations. ae Rey 2. Circular No. 42. Decem-
Jersey Agricultural Snlione and Pr otessor of ‘Agriculture, Bateers Col-
lege, New Brunswick, N. J. Pp. 28. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 76. ee.
punt), -Dacembers (899-22 peak Re de ps Reaper RL oe
Reprint, March, 1900__ Aral:
Corn Culture in the South. By Ss. M. “Tracy, M.S. "Pp. 24. Farmers’
Bulletin No. 81. (Reprint.) December, 1899. 4
Fish as Food. By C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., Office of ‘Experiment Sta-
tions. Pp.30. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 85. (Reprint. ) December, 1899-
Dietary Studies of Negroes in Eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898, By
H. B. Frissell, D. D., “Principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricul-
tural Institute. and Isabel Bevier, Professor of Chemistry at Lake Erie
College. Pp. 45.pls. 3. Bulletin No. 71, Office of Experiment Stations.
January, 1900. Brive 5 cents_
Fowls: Care and feeding. By G. ‘C. Watson, B. “Agr., M, S., ‘Professor
of Agriculture in. Pennsylvan: a State College and ‘Agr iculturist of the
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 24, figs.4. Farm-
ers’ Bulletin No. 41. engages, January, 1900
Reprint, April, 1900 ___-
Experiment Station Work—IX. -Prepar ed in the Office of Experiment
Stations. Pp.30. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 92. (Reprint.) January, 1900
Experiment Station Work—XIII. Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations. A. C. True, Director. abs 32, figs. 3. Farmers’ Bulletin
No. 107. January, LAOOR ces coe Seles te. SRO ee Matty Ae ae ARR
Reprint cinne, Louse yd sy RR A gee alee SP A
Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations for 1899. Pp.
ili, 119-153, from the Report of the os of Agriculture for 1899.
January, 190002 an
Irrigation in the Rocky Mountain States. By J.C. Ulrich. “Pp. 64, pls.
10. Bulletin No. 73. February.1900. Price, 10 cents__ 3
Onion Culture. By R. L. Watts. B. Agr., Instructor in Horticulture at
the University of Tennessee and Hort tic ulturist of the Tennessee Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Pp. 31, figs. 3. Farmers’ Bulletin No.
39. (Reprint.) February 14, 1900
AGR 1900 10
145
Copies.
10, 000
10, 000
30, 000
1, 000
1, 000
1, 000
1, 000
4,000
15, 000
10, 000
20, 000
15, 000
10, 000
4,000 ©
20, 000
30, 000
10, 000
20, 000
10, 000
3, 000
6, 000
15, 000
146 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Sheep Feeding. By John A. Craig, Professor of Animal Husbandry in the
University of Wisconsin, under the supervision of the Office of Experi-
ment Staticns. Pp. 24. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 49. (Reprint.) Feb-
ruary, 190022252:
Experiment Station Work—X. | “Prepared i in the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions. Pp. 23, figs. 5. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 97. (Reprint.) Febru-
ary. 1900.2 22 Seth Sa Bre Se ote ool ee eee eee
Farmers’ Reading Courses. Abridgment of Bulletin No. 72, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, by L. H. Bailey. Pp.20. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 109.
February, 1900 - Dee ae PS ee ae ee eee eee
The Feeding of Farm Animals. By EW. ‘Allen, “Ph. De ‘Assistant
Director of the Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 32. Farmers’ Bul-
letin| No. 22. (Reprints) > March 9 00 eee eee ee eee
Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost. By W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., Professor
in Wesleyan University. Pp. 32, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 23.
(Reprint. ) March, 1900_. meee et
Artificial Changes of Physical Properties of Soils. ~ By Ewald Wollny,
Phy Ds Professor in the Technical High School at Munich, Pp. iii,
604-612, reprinted from Experiment Station Record, Vol. XI, No. 7.
March di9Q0 S22 i Stotee F eee ne bel rae ee eae ee ee ee
List of Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations on the Food and
Nutrition of Man. Pp. 6. No. 238. Revised. March, 1900 -
Methods and Results of Investigations on the Chemistry and Economy of
Food. By W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry in Wesleyan
University, Director of the Storrs ( ‘Conn. ) Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, and Special Agent of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Pp. 222. Bulletin No. 21. (Reprint.) April, 1900. Price, 15 cents -
Or ganization Lists of the Mencuiteral Colleges and Experiment Stations
in the United States, with a List of Agricultural Experiment Stations
in Foreign Countries. Ppl ie Bulletin No. 74. April, 1900. Price,
TOkGentsid. 52k Pa de ee er Pees 5 BAe Salen eee eee
Dietary Studies of University Boat Crews. By W. O. Atwater and A. P.
Bryant. Pp. 72. Bulletin No. 75. April, 1900. Price,5 cents_-_. __-
Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Association of
American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations held at San
Francisco, Cal., July 5-7, 1899. Edited by A. C. True and W. H. Beal,
for the Office of Experiment Stations, and H. H. Goodell, for the Execu-
tive Committee of the Association. Pp. 112. Bulletin No. 76. April,
1900; .Price:WO:centsS 2252 as Bee Ss ee ee ee ee ae eee
Statistics of the Land-Grant ‘Colleges ‘and Agr icultural Experiment Sta-
tions in the United States for the Year Ended June 30, 1899. Pp. 389.
BulletinjNoy 78>" April; 19005 sPriceyoicentS sees see ee
Peanuts: Culture and Uses. By R. B. Handy, of the Office of Experiment
Stations. Pp. 24, fig.1. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 25. (Reprint.) April,
TOO Rete OR Cas eee Eee Bee ee ie
Souring of Milk and Other Changes in Milk Products. Prepared in the
Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 23. (Reprint.) Farmers’ Bulletin
NiO BO Aral WOOO eh. . Lesh ied) 9S) Sey es Se oe eee
Potato Culture. By J. F. Duggar, ‘of the Office of Experiment Stations.
Pp. 24, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulietin No. 35. (Reprint.) April, 1900 -
Sugar as Food. By Mary Hinman Abel. Prepared under the Supervi-
sion of the Office of Experiment Stations. Pp. 27. Farmers’ Bulletin
No. 98. (Reprint.) April, 1900 __ -_-. ES LOT i Le
Bread and the Principles of Bread Making. “By Helen W. Atwater. Pre-
pared under the Supervision of the Office of Experiment Stations. A.C.
True, Director. Pp. 39, figs.3. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 112. April, 1900-
Experiment Station Work—XIV. Prepared in the Office of Experiment
Stations. A. C. True, Director. Pp. 28. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 114.
April S008 Bee UB 5280S. ists b yk ee oe EO eee
Annual Address of the President of the Association of American Agr icul-
tural Collegesand Experiment Stations, 1899. By H. P. Armsby, Ph. DE
Director of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station. Pp. 21-28. (Re-
printed from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of
the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Dapeaee Stations,
Bulletin 76H) eApmril O00 hee ae sa 52 ec. cee eee aE rs 2 ek
Copies.
30, 000
20, 000
30, 000
30, 000
30, 000
200
500
500
3, 500
4, 000
1, 000
3, 000
20, 000
20, 000
20, 000
30, 000
30, 000
30, 000
100
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Memorial Address on Hon. Justin S. Morrill. By M. H. Buckham, D. D.,
President cof the University of Vermont. Pp. 30-36. (Reprinted from
the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Association
of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin 76.)
April, 1900 - ae aE Oe eet Fe. 18S A PE eae eyeeese
Agricultural Education—Practical and Scientific. By W. M. Liggett,
Dean of the College of Agriculture of the University oa Minnesota. Pp.
48-52. (Reprinted from the Pr oceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Con-
vention of the Association of American = sue be Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations. U.S Department of Agriculture, Office of poets
ment Stations, Bulletin 76.) April, 1800 -._-_~.._- z
Methods of Seed Testing and Their Relation to the Farm and Garden. By
A.J. Pieters, Division of Botany. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Pp.
55-59. (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Thir teenth Annual Con-
vention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experi:
ment Stations. Builetin 76.) April, 1900_-
The Principles Underlying the Formation ofan A ericultur al Course in
the South. By C. E. Coates, A ioyepal ol ove Db Professor of Chemistry, Loui-
siana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Co'lege. - Pp.
59-64. (Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Con-
vention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experi-
MeniOLAblOns bulletin nos). eArIls W900 9952 6/29 2.r eS, see es
The Inspection of Nursery Stock and Orchards. ‘By. Alexander Craw,
Quarantine Officer of the California State Board of Horticulture. Pp.
87-90. (Reprinted irom the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Con-
vention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 76. )
Aprils 1900) ck =:
Making a Garden Herbarium and Its Uses. By abe Selby, B.S., Botan-
ist, Ohio Experiment Station. The Making of a Horticultural Herbar-
ium. By J. Burtt-Davy. Assistant Botanist, California Experiment Sta-
tion. Laboratory Work for Winter Instruction in Horticulture. By
E. 8. Goff, Horticulturist, Wisconsin Experiment Station. Pp. 92-96.
(Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention
of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Sta-
fons balletin 765) e-Aprile US OO l moe. eo Sea et
The Practical Importance of Industrials. By W. F. Gilkison, B. ice ‘Pro-
fessor of Mechanics, University of Wyoming. Pp. 96-98. (Reprinted
from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Asso-
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.
U.S. Department of Agritulture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulle-
(allay FANS) PANY aia ROARS NU Neo ane 3 ok Salil Pe A Pieet Eee DE aE let aera dete Seas am a a mye
The Electrical Engineering Laboratory in Its Relations to Local Engi-
neering Work. By C. L. Cory, M. M. E., Associate Professor of Elec-
trical Engineering, University of California. Pp..99-103. (Reprinted
from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Asso-
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulle-
tin 76.) April, 1900. ee ee
Some Objections to Early Differentiation of Engineering “Courses. “By
J.C. Nagle, C. E., Professor of Civil Engineering and Physics, State
Agricuituraland Mechanical Collegeof Texas. Pp. 106-109. (Reprinted
from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the Asso-
ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulle-
tin 76:)) “Aprils 1900" = Eien ON Ds dite SN ulead he
The Digestibility of Americ an ‘Feeding ‘Stuffs. By Whitman H. Jordan,
Director, and Frank H. Hall, Librarian, New ete Re chy Experi-
ment Station, Geneva. Pp. 100. Bulletin No. 7 May, 1900. Price,
OFCOM CS seers en ere Mion Sanat eee Pena ee eves A oe See
Farmers’ Institutes: History and Status in the United States and Canada.
By L. H. Bailey, M. 8., Professor of Horticulture, Cornell University.
Pp. 34. Bulletin No. 7 9, May, 1900. Price, 10 cents
a
147
Copies.
100
100
1, 000
100
100
200
100
100
148 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Copies.
Meats: Composition and Cooking. By Chas. D. Woods, Office of Experi- ‘
ment Stations. Pp. 29, figs. 4. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 34. (Reprint.)
May, 1900 _ 20, 000
Irrigation in Fruit Growing. “By E. J. Wickson, M. “A., Professor of
Agricultural Practice. University of California. and Horticulturist of
the California Experiment Station. Pp. 48, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin
WO TS, “Wiley IG) 2 os Le eee 3305000
The Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. By ALG!
Trueand V. A. Clark. The Paris Exposition, 1900. Prepared to accom-
pany the Experiment Station Exhibit. Contributed to by the Associa-
tion of American Agricultural Collegesand Experiment Stations. Cloth.
Pp. 636, pls. 153. Bulletin No. 80. June, 1900. Price, $1.25 _.___.__. 1, 000
The Use of Water in Irrigation in Wyoming and its Relation to the Own-
ership and Distribution of the Natural Supply. By B.C. Buffum, M.S.,
Professor of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Wyoming, and
Vice-Director of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 56,
pls. 8) BulletmiNorsit, June. 1900. Price 0icentsss=-=) asses 6, 000
Third Report of Committee on Methods of Teaching Agriculture. By
J. H. Connell,_A. C. True, T. F. Hunt, H. T. French, and H. H. Wing.
Committee. Pp. 7. Circular No. 39. (Reprint.) June, 1900______- 3, 000
Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. By A. C. True,
Director, Office of Experiment Stations. Pp.8. Circular No. 44. June.
1900 - SI Ay cee ee Ey en ea te eee 8 eeu oes | BLUM)
Silos and Silage. ‘Charles S. Plumb, B. S., Professor of Animal Industry
and Dairying i in Purdue University and Director of the Indiana Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Pp. 32, figs. 10. Farmers’ Bulletin No.
32. (Reprint.) June, 1900____- 10, 000
The Liming of Soils. By H. J. Wheeler, Ph. D., Chemist of the Rhode
Island Agricultural Experiment Station. Pp. 20. Farmers’ Bulletin
INOsie (Reprint. ) June, 1900- rts Z 10, 000
Adaptation of Methods of Cultivation and Manuring to the ‘Physical
Properties of Soils. By Ewald Wollny, Ph. D., Professor in the Tech-
nical High School at Munich. Pp. 805-810. (Reprinted from Experi-
Ment Stationsvecord | Viol Nels N Ono 5) eee eee ee eg eee 200
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS.
Section of Foreign Markets. By Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief. Reprint
from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1897. Pp. iii, 270-278.
(Reprint.) January, 1900_+_--_- 3, 000
Report of the Chief of the Section of For eign Markets for 1899. By Frank
H. Hitcheock. Pp. ili, 235-241, from Report of Secretary of Agriculture
for 1899. January, Ne 2 bake See 3, 000
Distribution of the Agricultural Exports ‘of the United States, 1894-1898.
By Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief, Section of ee eae: Markets. Beek 153.
Bulletin No. 16. February, 1900 erice. 0 centsae5-55== ae = 105000
Reprint; June, 1900352 es Sake ee he oe eee ee 5, 000
Our Trade with J: apan, China, and Hongkong, 1889-1899. By Frank H.
Hitchcock, Chief, Section of Foreign Markets. Pp.168. Bulletin No. 18.
Hebruary, Lo00h merice LlO0icentse ss. ee =se me ae eee 10, 000
Reprints June 9005s 2 aoe oS) ebes oo Tak Ae le a ee ee 5, 000
Sources of the Agricultural Imports of the United States, 1894-1898. By
Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief, Section of Foreign Markets. Pp.118. Bul-
letineNo 7 Maye 1900) Price, l0icents =) os seas ae ae ee 10, 000
Reprint, June, 1900... .___. wUi 228 Se Se ee O00)
Agricultural Imports and Exports, 1895-1899, By Frank H. Hitchcock,
Chief, Section Foreign Markets. Pp. 16. Circular No. 22. May,1900. 35,000
The World's Markets. for American Products. The German Empire.
Pp. 91, pl.1. Bulletin No. 2. (Reprint.) June. 1900. Price,5 cents. 2.000
The World’s Markets for American Products. Belgium. Pp. 90. Bul-
letin Nov6.5)(Reprint.)) . 10. (Reprint.) April, 1900. Price, 10
cents___- Soe Oe aie Rees Sees Ree ee a ee ee ee
Practical Tree Planting in Operation. By J. W. Toumey, pS ees
of Tree Planting. Pp. 2 7, pls. 4, figs. 2. Bulletin No. 27. June, 1900_
DIVISION OF EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
Pruning of Trees and Other Plants. By William Saunders, Horticultur-
ist. Pp. ii, 151-166, from Yearbook for 1898. (Reprint.) September,
fe) yee Se
Report of the Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds for
1899. By William Saunders. Pp. iii, 91-92, from Report of Secre-
tary of Agricuiture for 1899. J anuary, FO Ofgem See ee tele ste
LIBRARY.
Accessions ue the Department Library. April-June, 1899. Pp. 23. Bul-
letin No. ‘ August, 18/9. Price,5 cents _-
List of Dablcatoes Relating to Forestry in the ‘Department ‘Library.
Prepared under the direction of the Librarian. Pp. 93. Bulletin No.
24. (Reprint.) September, 1899. Price,15 cents_____ Fay gee
Accessions to the Department Library. July -September, 1899. “Pp. 21.
Bulletin No. 29. November, 1899. Price,5 cents_..__._._.-...-.------
Reprint, December, 1899_- Dh cok ee eS RIN A Rg gen 5 Oa CRS ee
Report of the Librarian for 1899, By W. P. Cutter. Pp. iii, 213-214,
from Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900._
Accessions to the Department Library. October-December, 1899. Pp.
24) spullennm: Novos “March; (9005 Price: > cents, 92
Accessions to the Department Library. January-March, 1900. Pp. 25.
BulletimvNonal. May.s(900s oP ricesa Gentsus 0 90a te
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY.
Revised Catalogue of Fruits Recommended for Cultivation in the Various
Sections of the United States and the British Provinces by the American
Pomological Society. Revised by a Committee of the Society. W. H.
Hagan, chairman. Pp. 63, map. Bulletin No. 8. August, 1899. Price,
5 cents
149
Copies.
2, 000
25, 000
10, 000
10, 000
10. 000
, 000
Sil
—
. 000
8, 000
7, 000
1.000
13, 000
150 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Report of the Pomologist for 1899. By G. B. Brackett. Pp. iii, 71-83,
from Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900.
The Apple and How to Grow it. By G. B. Brackett, Pomologist. Pp. 22,
hes: 10: Harmers: Bulletin Nos Wisse year Ch. 19()()\s ene
Grape growing in the South. By S. M. Tracy, M. ef , formerly Director
of the Mississippi Agricultural ear Station. aie 82, figs. 6.
Farmers’ Bulietin No. 118. May, 1900. boo. See
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
List of Bulletins and Circulars issued by the United States Department of
Agricultureand Available for Free Distribution. Pp. 20,-No. 247, fourth
edition. Corrected to July 1, 1899. August, 1899__ La coae
Fifth edition. Corrected to April 1, 1900. April, G00: eee I
Asparagus Culture. By R. B. Handy, Division of Publications. Pp. 40,
figs.17. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 61. (Reprint.) November, 1899..__ .
Reprint tence sete) OU) ven eee ee ee eae ee near
Report of the Editor for 1899. By Geo. Wm. Hill. Pp. iii, 161-211, from
Report of Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900
Suggestions to Southern Farmers. Prepared in the Division of Publica-
tions. Pp. 48. (Reprint.) Farmers’ Bulletin No. 98. March, 1900_
Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture for sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D.C.
Corrected to Febr ad 1, 1900. Pp. 37, No. 179, sixth edition. March,
LOOO Serer ee 2s ey ease
The Vegetable Garden. ‘By Chas. H. Greathouse, A. M., Division of Pub-
lications. Pp. 24, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 94. (Reprint.) April.
SOO ee: Se ee ee
Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Pacific Northwest. I. Sheep Husbandry,
by James W ithycombe,. V.8S., Director of the Oregon Experiment Sta-
tion; Ii. Hog-Raising, by Hiram T. French, M.S. Agriculturist of the
Idaho Experiment Station; III. The Horse Industry, by 8. B. Nelson,
D. V. M., Professor of Veterinary Science in the Washington Agricul-
tural College. Pp. 28, figs. 2. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 117. May, 1900.
Monthivslishot Publications yim ere! S99. me Espns ea see
Monthly istioL Publications Jimliy. eS 99.8 sys eee ee ee eee
Monthly: Listiof Publications; August; 18995 (Ppi 4s 28 see eee
Monthly List of Publications, September, 1899. Pp. 4
Monthly List of Publications, October, 1899. Pp. 4-......._..___.-
Monthly List of Publications, November, 1899. Pp. 4
Monthly List of Publications, December, 1899. Pp. 4
Monthly List of Publications, January, 1900. Pp. 4
Monthly List of Publications, February, 1900. Pp. 4
Monthly Listot Publications) Manch: sl0005 a ibpy 4s es see eee
Monthly fistiok Bublications: Avril 000g pe ips = ee ee
Monthly lhistot Publications, May, 1900:) WPpi tee ee eee eee
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES.
Good Roads for Farmers. By Maurice O. Eldridge, Assistant Director,
Office of Road Inquiry. 7: 47, figs. 8. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 95.
@Reprint.) November, 1899s... saa cus Se da ee eee eee
Reprint, March aG00 mi). Loses) PE ne Le Me gee ee
Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries for 1899.
Pp. iii, 155-160, from Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899.
January. LON) Qin ene Bee Prey Sos OMe te ey 2 oe ep Re ae
The Social, Commercial, and Economic Phases of the Road Subject. Pp.
Sap Circular INoss43 April, 1900. sn. ee
Methods of Constructing Macadamized Roads. Pp. 12. Circular No. 21.
(Reprinita) pee MayaOU0re oie ae 22 oh ae eee Lt eR Hers
State Aid to Road Building in Minnesota. By A.B. Choate. Pp. 12, figs.
5. Circular No. 32. (Reprint.) May. 1900 ____-- E pe es
Traffic of the Country Roads. Pp.4. Circular No. 19. (Reprint. ) June,
1900 ot Sec Soe eee: See eS oS dae ol ok aie ese a ae ea
Copies.
300
30, 000
30, 000
15, 000
15, 000
10, 000
10, 000
30, 000
4, 000
40, 000
40, 000
36, 000
40, 000
41,000
45, 000
55, 000
50, 000
52, 000
60, 000
55, 000
20, 000
25, 000
500
10, 000
15, 000
5, 000
15, 000
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
DIVISION OF SOILS.
An Electrical Method of Determining the Moisture Content of Arable
Soils. By Milton Whitney, Frank D. Gardner, and Lyman J. Briggs.
Pp. 26, figs. 6, Bulletin No. 6. (Reprint.) September, 1899. Price, 5 cents
An Electrical Method of Determining the Temperature of Soils. By Mil-
ton Whitney and Lyman J. Briggs. Pp. 15, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 7.
(Reprint.) September, 1899. Price, 5 cents ____-
An Electrical Method of Determining the Soluble Salt Contents of ‘Soils,
with Some Results of Investigations’ on the Effect of Water and Soluble
Salts on the Electrical Resistance of Soils. By Milton Whitney and
Thos. H. Means. Pp. 30, figs. 6. Bulletin No.8. (Reprint.) Septem-
Sher 18994, (Price. .o cents. 2-25.22:
Soil Moisture: A Record of the Amount of Water Contained in Soils Dur-
ing the Crop Season of 1896. By Milton Whitney and Ralphs. Hosmer.
Pp. 23, diagrams 12. Bulletin No. 9. (Reprint.) September, 1899.
TICE ORCC ML sie eta Aaah a) See) dS ed eS
The Mechanics of Soil Moisture, | ‘By Lyman ale Briggs, Physicist, Division
of Soils. Pp. 24, figs.7. Bulletin No. 10. (Reprint.) September, 1899.
GICOMDECCHLS te os teen eens ie fo Ue 3 eae ei Le er ee
The Soils of the Pecos Valley, New Mexico. By Thos. H. Meansand Frank
D. Gardner, Assistants, Division of Soils. Pp. 7. Cireular No. 3.
Novem bormlS Oommen mse t= Ste Jel Nd er es ie eee ee:
Reprint. March, 1900 _ tee
Tobacco Soils. By Milton ‘Whitney, ‘Chief of Division of Soils. Pp. 23,
fig. 1. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 83. (Reprint.) November, 1899 ____
Piepritine Ap cllaplOOO; teas 2A vei ses oe te See pa
Tobacco Soils of the United States: A ‘Preliminary Report upon the Soils
-of the Principal Tobacco Districts. By Milton Whitney, Chief of Divi-
sion of Soils. Pp. 47, pls.13. BulletinNo.11. (Reprint.) Decémber,
1899. Price, 10 eons are coe on i tS,
Report of the Chief of the Division of Soils for 1899. Pp. iii, 101-111, from
Report of Secretary of Agriculture for 1839. January, 1900 - i
Catalogue of the First Four Thousand Samples in the Soil Collection of
the Division of Soils. Pp. 145, Bulletin No. 16. February, 1900. Price,
ROSCEMUS erties CMS 5 he oY ES a ae a eee CN Bm ee
Farm Drainage. By C. G. Elliott, C. E., Member of the Society of Civil
Engineers, Peoria, Ill. Pp. 24, figs.6. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 40. Feb-
ruary, 1900 - :
The Soils of Salt Lake Valley, ‘Utah. ‘By Frank D. Gardner, Assistant,
Division of Soils, and John Stewart, Assistant Chemist, Utah Experi-
ment Station. Pp. 11, fig. 1. Circular No. 4. March, Te ee
Bulk Fermentation of Connecticut Tobacco. By Marcus L. Floyd, Tobacco
Expert, Division of Soils. Pp. 10. Circular No.5 March, 1900 .___..
Alkali Lands. By Milton Whitney and Thomas H. Means. Pp. 23, fig. 1.
(Reprint.) Farmers’ Bulletin No. 88. March, 1900......_._..-..
Instructions for Determining in the Field the Salt Content of Alkali Waters
and sets: /ep-7, (Circular No: 6. .May, 19002002.) a ee
Methods of Curing Tobacco. By Milton Whitney, Chief of Division of
Soils. Pp.16. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 60. Revised edition. (Reprint.)
Maya S00 tas os ee
DIVISION OF STATISTICS.
The Crop Reporter. Published by the United States Department of Agri-
culture under the supervision of the Statistician.
Vol. 1, No. Pp. 4. July, 1899 _ Eee ROSS eet eee
Vol. 1, No.
Pp. 4. August, Ti) Aine Aw 2 eis aie
3)
vo.
4,
Vol. 1; No. 5. Pp. 4 September, 1899. _____.. wi ee nls ae meee ae
Moko (Wo: 6: SP pt October dau S59 ewe ee
Nol eeN Gre pe a NOVEINNSETIGO0N- vere 6. ee ee
VolsieNior S$... bpo4ie December. 18992 an es ee
ial ieOs: Oates pea ee ae GUO tome oR se Ss
Vol. 1, No. 10. Pp. 4. February, 1900
Vol. 1, No. 11. Pp. 4. March, 1900
Vol. 1, No. 12. Pp.4. April, 1900... 35 Se es
Vol. 1, No. 12. Pp. 4. April, 1900. (Additional) -
Viole23 Norm Pp es') Mays 1900ie sss
Vol.<2) Nox 2c ai. oor elone Iara aye toes” - LY eee
‘Crop Cireular for eh 1899, By John Ng Statistician. Pp. 8. July,
1399's 3
151
Copies.
800
800
800
a
S
o&
—)
10, 000
30, 000
ae
500
300
1, 000
20, 000
16, 000
6, 000
30, 000
1, 000
30, 000
, 000
2,000
, 000
, 000
2,500
52.000
68, 000
45, 000
45,000
52, 000
2,509
OW
- 100,000
65, 000
192, 000
se DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Crop Circular for August, 1899. ues John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 4.
August, 1899 - ae EI ee ee ee fo
Crop Circular for September, 1899, “By John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 8.
September, 18998" a: hh eee On ee ee ee eee
The Brazos River (Texas) Flood of June- -July. 1899, and Its Effects Upon
Agriculture of ie Submerged Region. By E.S. Holmes, Jr.,of the Divi-
sion of Statistics. Pp. 8. Circular No. 10. September, 1899 é
Crop Circular for October, 1899. By John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 4. Octo-
ber 399 Ree ie: pS
The World's Grain Crops in 1899. By John Hyde, Statistician. Pp. 8.
Circular No. 11. Division of Statisties:, “October, 1899)_- = 2-5
Crop Circular for November, 1899. By John Hyde, Statistician. ae 4,
November; 1899) sce: ies oes ae ees or ee ee
Reprint, November, 1899 .
Report of the Statistician for 1899. ‘By John Hy de, Statistician. Pp. iii,
263-266, from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1899. Jan-
aye O00 ee
The Cotton Crop of 1898- 99, By James L. Watkins, Division of Statistics.
Pp.32. Miscellaneous series. Bulletin No.17. April, 1900. Price. 5 cents
Crop Circular for April,1900. By John Hyde,Statistician. Pp.4. April,1900
Statistical Matter Relating to Principal Crops and Farm Animals, Trans-
portation Rates, etc., in the United States, 1899. Pp. 758-849. Reprint
from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1899. May, 1900____-
DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
Improvement of Plants by Selection. By Herbert J. Webber, Special
Agent, Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp.11,355-376,
pls. 2, figs. 3, from Yearbook for 1898. (Reprint. ) July, 1899 _
Cereal Rusts of the United States: A Physiological Investigation. By
Mark Alfred Carleton, Assistant, Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology. Pp. 74, pls. 4, fig. 1. Bulletin No. 16. September, 1899.
Price, 10 cents é ce abr s, he Cee Ce ee ee ae
New Spraying Devices. By Ba Galloway, “Chief of Division. ae 4,
figs. 3. (Reprint. ) Circular No. 17. September, 1899 -
Wilt pee of Cotton, Watermelon, and Cowpea ue Neoe osmospora nov.
gen. ). y Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist. Pp. 72, pls. 10. Bulletin
No. Wie ie eee. 1899. Price. 15 cents ___. __ iets d do
The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients. By ‘Oscar Loew, of the
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 60. Bulletin
Nomis Januvaryalos LO00 veri Ces once tS ie = een a een ye ee
Report of the Chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol-
ogy for 1899. By B.T.Galloway. Pp. iii, 71-83, from Report of Secre-
tary of Agriculture for 1899. January, 1900 .—._... (2-3) 3
The Black Rot of the Cabbage. By Erwin F. Smith, Division of V ege-
table Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 22. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 68.
(Reprint. ) March, 112X010 Re ees Sateen ehh tee Nena SM Meera eS Soh Sk
Potato Diseases and Their Treatment. By B. T. Galloway, Chief of the
Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 12, figs. 4. (Re-
print. ) Farmers’ Bulletin No. 91. March, 1900
Peach Growing for Market. By Erwin F. Smith, Division of Vegetable.
Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 24, figs. 21. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 33.
@Reprints)) earl 900 meses ass ee
Spraying for Fruit Diseases. By B. T. Galloway, Chief of Division of
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp.12,figs.6. Farmers’ Bulletin
INO! ss: (Reprint.))) April 1900-2" 2 JA Sat ee eee
How to Grow Mushrooms. By William Falconer. Under the Super-
vision of the Division of Vezetable Physiology and Pathology. Pp. 20,
figs. 14. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 53. (Reprint.) April, 1900 -
Stigmonose: A Disease of Carnations and Other Pinks. By Albert F.
Woods, Assistant Chief of Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol-
ogy. Pp.30, pls. 3, figs.5. Bulletin No.19. June,1900. Price,5 cents_
WEATHER BUREAU.
Monthly Weather Review. (A summary, by months, of weather condi-
tions throughout the United States, based upon reports of nearly 3.000
regular and voluntary observers. Quarto size.) Price, 10 cents.
Vol. XXVII, No. 5. May, 1899. Pp. 187-241, charts 8, pls. 6 ._--...--
Vol. XXVIL. No. 62" June; 1899" (Pp. 243-285, charts 922.522 ss
Copies.
--. 1965000
196, 000
9, 000
- 196, 000
58, 000
180, 000
4,000
300
40, 000
190. 000
25, 000
3, 000
3, 000
1, 000
4, 000
2, 000
300
30, 000
40, 000
30, 000
30, 000
20, 000,
6, 000)
4, 000)
4, 000.
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Monthly Weather Review—Continued.
Vol. XXVII, No. 7. July, 1899. Pp. 287-341, pls. 3, charts 8_-----.-
Vol. XXVII, No. 8 August, 1899. Pp. 343-393, pls. 2, charts 12 ___-
Vol. XXVII, No. 9. September, 1899. Pp. 395-448, charts 11 __.__--
Vol. XXVII, No. 10. October.1899. Pp. 449-502, pl. 1, figs. 3, charts 9-
Vol. XXVII, No. 11. November, 1899. Pp. 503-033, charts 9 _.--__--
Vol. XXVII, No. 12. December, 1899. Pp. 535-575, charts 10 --_-_-_-
Vol. XXVII. No. 13. Summary for 1899. Pp. ix, 577-599, charts 4: .
Vol. XXVIII, No. 1. January, 1900. Pp.-1-49, charts 10 _..+-..-_.-
Vol. XXVIII, No. 2. February, 1900. Pp. 51-93, charts 11, pl. 1___-
Vol. XXVIII, No. 3. March, 1900. Pp. 95-139, charts 10 -____..___- ;
Vol. XX VIL, No. 4. April; 1900. “Pp: 141-191, charts. 92_-...2__2 25
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for June-July, 1899... -_--
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for August, 1899 ....._---. __--
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for Se; tember, 1899 _____ A Sie
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for October, 1899_._..__ .__. __--
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for November, 1899 .__________-
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for December, 1899. ____. ..__. -
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for May. 1900 -----.-.... --_--
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes for June, 1900 _-_...-. .___ -_--
Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. Summary for 1899. Prepared
under the supervision of Willis L. Moore, Chief U.S. Weather Bureau.
By Alfred J. Henry and Norman B. Conger. Vol. II, No.9. Pp. 29,
Chaniselowedamudaiy. MOO9e ue | Vents Wel ee ee ae ee ee
Property Loss by Lightning, 1898. With Some General Directions as to
the Erection of Lightning Rods. Extract from Bulletin No. 26. Pre-
pared under the direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U. S. Weather
Bureau. By Alfred J. Henry and Alexander G. McAdie. Pp. 16. July,
iBrazosiiver: blood: bulletins gba lep teltlliye SSO es eae seen ees eee
Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1899. The West Indian Hurricane of August 7-14.
12, We ANAT eG) oe See Le ee Os ee = Pee eee See ees
Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama. By Henry L. Abbott, Brevet
Brigadier-General, U.S. A. (retired). Published by direction of Willis
L. Moore, Chief U. 8. Weather Bureau. Pp. 19, figs. 5. August, 1899_
Notes on Frost. By E. B. Garriott, Professor of Meteorology. Pp. 24.
Rarmerse ballet Non OAs se AttroriS tamlco 9a meee see er ete ree ee
An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds. By Benjamin F.
Sharpe, M. A., Fellow in Clark University; Sometime Professor in
Randolph-Macon College, Virginia; Honorary Scholar in Johns- Hopkins
University; Professor in the State Normal School at New Paltz, N. Y.
Published by direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U.S. Weather Bureau.
Pp. 18, pls. 7, figs. 3. (Weather Bureau No. 202.) September, 1899 _._.-
Variations in Lake Levels and Atmospheric Precipitation. Prepared
under direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U. 8. Weather Bureau, by
Alfred J. Henry, Chief Division of Records and Meteorological Data.
Pps. aiaerams. so: (Wi. .5:-No: 203.) September, 1899 002555. 2s ee
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899. By Willis L.
Moore, from the Report of the Secretary of Agriculture. Pp. 29.
(Weel NOs c0Gs\s “December. 18992 sobs watts FeAl sh tena en
The Probable State of Sky Along the Path of Total Eclipse of the Sun,
May 28, 1900. Observations of 1899. Prepared under direction of
Willis L. Moore, Chief U. 8S. Weather Bureau, by Frank H. Bigelow,
Professor of Meteorology. Pp. 23, charts 4. Bulletin No. 27. (W. B.
Preliminary Report on the Kite Ob
i=)
—)
1, 000
2, 000
2, 000
5, 000
4, 000
Anemometer Tests.
' DEPARTMENTAL
REPORTS.
By C. F. Marvin, Professor of Meteorology. Pre-
pared under direction of Willis L. Moore, Chief U.S. Weather Bureau.
Pp. 18;ies. ie GW bs No:
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bu letin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 2
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate. and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. 2
Climate and Crop Bulletin No. =
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
Climate and Crop Bulletin No.
December 5, 1899
December 12, 1899
Decemibersl 94890. SS Oe eae
December 26,
January 2,
Januacy.o sl GO0REe. sae
Ueno ine Was Ue ad 2 sale
January 23, 1900 -
dignaaneny Bs IW) = 22 es Clete. fone
February 6, 1900 -__-
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
Snow and Ice Bulletin.
March 2
993
a0.
SOD IH OV 9 20 E+ oo
10.
10k.
12°
15.
14.
15.
Hebrvany eles O00) ee eee eee
February 20, 1900.____.
February
March 6, 1900_. ___--
March 18, 1900. .--.
March 20, 1900_- uy
ici 0 Vestas Se ae
ly
) JimmestS00s =. 2.5 A253
July 3, 18992 haus one ee
AmmbyenS W800) 22-5 =e ee ee
rays VOD ons. I. Sse re ees
ulliye 24 sal'890). 0. 62). a ee
Salyasie W899. . 220 2. a eee
Auiemstyi S99) 22 2-3
August 14, 1899
NT SuIstrc le MSOOL s 4% ee eee ee
ATIC UIStoS sn SOO Me A= =e ee eee
Septemibers4 S90 240. =a sao ae aes
September 11, 1899.
September 18, 1899._-__. .--.
September 25, 1899
OctoberhiS99 sae Le. See eee
November, 1899_.___.. ___.
‘December! 1890-44 ee a ee
January, 1900--. --_- yaa a ase
February, 1900 ____-
March 190022. 4583 ie Se eee
Norell), WU sp esaccaes ance
Norell Gs US eas ee
April 3 7pl900) 2c ane eee ee 2 ee
April SOs O00: ye eee eee
Mayr l O00 ties Sse SU a te seen
Mia yea 0 Oeste oe erie BYE ere
May soit OOO She sack. Reet eee ren ee
May 28, 1900
June 1900 coca aa ee se ee
June 11, 1900 ___-
June 18, 1900
June 25, 1900
TBOOIES eo ates soe ae Ee ee
27, 1900__-
Daily Weather Map (showing weather conditions thr oughout the United
States and giving forecasts of the a changes):
July, 1899 - aes See
August, 1899
Octobers1699.-
November, 1899 _--
Decemter, 1899 .- -. -
January,
Rebiruaiy e000 hearers ees eo S8 oie Ta ots ee
March..19002- 2 =
April, 1900
May, 1900 -_-_-
June. 1900S :
TOTNES coke tae
September, SOO Ree eee Jee ee ae ee A
Copies.
ae ee see ee
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS,
APPENDIX C.
REPORT IN DETAIL OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE RECEIVED AND DISTRIBUTED DURING
FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 380, 1900.
[Nore.—The publications of the Weather Bureau are not distributed from the
Division of Publications, but by an official in that Bureau specially charged with
such work and directed by the order of the Secretary of Agriculture, dated March
29, 1897, to report to the chief of this Division. A list of Weather Bureau publi-
cations is given in separate tables. |
Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1,
1899, to June 30, 1900.
Publication.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
Report othe; ©met tor S09 sp esas. estab fe coke Sead seat ne acesa Seee
DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
Bnlobine Noma revised ness nae ee cane Pees ns oan ese ee ee ee
IS mlabine NOs Ol (re vaSeGs tne) eee = seen cee ee Se ee ees
mle ting NOs 20 Seen ear ae ee Coen Oe = 2S es OE es
Bulletin INO; ola ee eee BP a Se, ee ee ee ee
BulletinGNo:222-22-25-- =: 5. Coe aes Co eee Le weet ee SAN
Circulars Nod pee a ee ee ee ek TS eee sai
CirculamNoyi6s-- epee a RA ee Se ee set eno Ae oe ae Se, |
Circular NOs ieee = eee Se ee ee ee oe ee ee Se
CircularsNion | saeee se ee er ey pale aoe eS tea Ue See SoBe Saas
Gincul AEN 0 ae a ee eA ee 2 Seo See
(Ciro le OOS Koy 420 ON ae ee | Se ee ee oe ee eee ea eee es
(Onion BRO IIS PT es eee See ee ee oe ee eee eee ees
Circular NOg Sek ees eee ree: Pe Cece oe oo ee eee Cae ee
Circular Novo. ee eee RE ess, ae te hs epg
Circulars Noses eee a eee ye eee, es eee es Se ee eae AE
Cir cularstNoy aoe 2c. see eee StF Pet eS gt a
Circular No. 26__. See tee OL AEE pain et ae ee eee
Report of the Agrostologist, 1899 - eee ae ee in i en ee Bue
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
BolletinwNioy 2 le (revised )ec2. == oss 2 ane eee oe Fo ee Bg Le
Bolletim No. 2 (Leprint)|f----5 25. 22-2
Bulletin No. 24 (and reprint) —--.—--22---2----22-
Circular No. 19 (reprint) __-___- SS te enn Senate eee ee
Circular Noles (second revision): nse eee yee en Sasi
Circular No. 26 (andre print) he: ste oe eee ee ee ee ee
CirculareNion cin (analre print joes sae 2 sel o ees ee ae eee es ee ae
ICT TAINO 28 seta ee ame eee eres ne ee ee rose Se ee
(Cireerrileie Jeanette i Se cS a ee ee ee ee ee
CinCula RAN OMSU Meese eerste) ee reas See ay DEBE nr oe AT aie ee 8
Circular No. 31_ pao Teta AP
Preliminary Catalogue, of Plants Poisonous to Stock__...-.---- 2
ASEH Emi aR(FOIM Slt ohb PEO Wis eee seen ee ore cent eee eee Se
BRCCO SOLD ailnys Cattlesee saat See one een eee ee See
Experimental Hxports of butter loose cesses oe ee eee es = ee ue
Blackleg in the United States and Distribution of Vaccine ___.________--
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898 ___-
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1898
(extra bound) ---- é ae ee
Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industr y. Ty) cane
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. |
Bulletin No. 10 (@eprint)) 226 See e022 aap eee sone ee eae Se ae See oe 2 2 28
Bulletin No. 11 (reprint)
BUMS tink NiOsele sake ee ee ao aes ne MES eo gee ie ee eee
NiGrGheATiericange sun aeNO! dee mec een eee eens eee
NorthyAcnericanvhann ae NOs Gree eee ee ee ER le
North American Fauna No. 17
ReportoribiorA china C@hion tors Soo meaaaaam a tnanene imeem eee) 05) 20
DIVISION OF BOTANY.
TERE epiph GAN MO 2 i AS os RS Sn eee ee ee
Ble tin NOY Got eee ee eee rn eae ees ee tan Se! ST
Bulle GingNion olanes sso seen eee ee es ee Se ied
Circular: Nos Ol (revised! Cdition) ea tee ee IN ee
CircwlarsNon lS) (andsre print) eee ae ne ee eee oe 5S ae =
Circular Nos 192s oe2. eee ee ST eee ee ee
Received. | Distributed.
200 200
5, 000 1,548
1,000 478
1,000 721
3, 075 1, 809
10, 000 7, 286
1,200 960
1,000 745
10, 000 8, 031
10, 000 5, 448
1,500 1, 500
5, 000 3, 879
10, 000 3, 922
3, 000 1,985
7,000 2,114
6, 000 5, 249
10,000 4,348
5, 000 3,981
300 215
3, 840 “AB
5, 000 { 1,756
18, 000 | 11,208
1,000 \ 584
5, 000 4,936
3, 000 1,470
4, 000 3,031
2,500 1, 663
6, 000 4,758
5, 000 4,746
10, 000 791
5, 000 3, 600
500 447
5, 000 3,510
15, 500 12, 425
10, 000 9,401
9,900 6,815
|
100 92
1,200 311
1,500 277
1,500 209
3, 500 3, 2389
3, O25 1,617
1,500 1,475
3, 000 2,216
300 . 283
4,000 4,000
5, 000 3, 825
4,000 3,711
5, 000 24
53,000 49, 954
5, 000 3, 676
156 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1,
1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued.
Publication.
| Received. ‘Distributed.
DIVISION OF BOTANY—continued.
Circular No. 2
Circular No.
Circular No.
Circular No.
Circular No. 2
C@ireulariNio: Zoe) >-- = 2 Se Eto oS SRS eRe ee ene OME SUIS Soe athe Sa Rees
Circular No. 2
Circular No. 2 ey eh eee
Inventory No. 2, , For eign Scedslandiblantsan lens a meu chien
inventory Nos; Foreign Seedsand Plants ===» oss 2s ih
Inventory No. 6, Foreign Seeds and Plants ae Sees ee
Report of the Botanist ‘for 1899 __....__- ee
Contributions from the U. 8. National Herbari ium, Vol. |! 5, SNOUdace eae
NotesionsUsefuliblantsiotiMexi co ssceses soa nen eee eee
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.
Bulletin No. 13, Part 9 (reprint) --_-.-..--.__ -.-
Bulletin= No: 46\(revised)) a.
Bulletin No. 56 -
Bulletin No. 57 Sea obeys.
Report of the Chemist for 1899" - 27 =
DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.
Builetin No.
Bulletin No.
1 (new series, third edition, I PODEMIL) Seeae asta pee
Dime wsSOrles) seen
20 (new series) - Be Nae Se ee ee Seer ee ae
Zin@MewsSeries essere re = eee me ee ee eas
REAM WiSCLICS) Sa. peep ie See ae Ree eee ene te ne ee ee
Bulletin No. 23 (new series) ----
Bulletin No. $ (technical series)
The Insects to Which the Name “‘ Kissing buy”
Insect Controlin Riverside, California -
The Two most Abundant Pulvinarias on Maj ple - ae ae
The Laisser-Faire Philosophy Applied to he: Insect Problem _
Insect Enemies of the White Pine .-....._.....-....____--
CiTrCHlaryNo: ei (PEDrING) 2 ee as es soe me et ae at ee ap eee ee
CirculareNiosle (revydased-edihlon) i s= eee eee
CirewlarvNo: A0 esos Se 2a ee ee eee Sees At ated FI ete
Report of phe Entomol sist LOM NS99 Sasa oe wey ee ued ees
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Bulletin No. 21 (reprint)
Bulletin No. 29 (reprint)
BuUulletine No. Bl (LEprint)) sans eee a eee Ee ee Sey Due yee ee
Bulletin No. 35 (revrint)
Bulletin No. 40 (reprint)
Bulletin No. 48 (reprint) ---- Be eee, wee
TEpUllerha Norn (HGH ave ley ona bahe) ie Ao awe os Ne eee eee
Bulletin Wo GorGreprint \ies-— oot ae ne ee ee ee
Bulletin No. 67
Bulletin No. 68-_ ._-
Bulletin No. 69____.
Bulletin No.7
Bulletin No.7
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.7
Bulletin No.7
Bulletin No.
Bulletin No.
Record, Volume 10, No. 12_------ -
Record, Volume 11, No. 1
IR6CordViolumes WIN One sse ee eee aoa ee ona oe ee
GCOrG- WioltmmenllyINO: ose sesen ase aa. ee. 2 le eee
Record, Volume 11, No. 4-
Record, Volume 11, No. 5-
Record, Volume 11, No. 6.
Record. Volum cpl Nourse se sss=e ean s ee ee
Record, VolimedilegNonQoe-eeeee a
Record, Volume 11, No.
1ORS 4
Circular No. 39 (reprint) -- Se enn ea: Cee nT
10. GOD
5, 000
5, 000
5, 100
1,500
1,500
500
1,000
3.000
1,000
1,500
1, 000
1,000
300
1, 000
1, 000
2.500
2500
4. 080
5, 000
2 500
100
100
100
100
500
2,000
5,000
2 000
300
4, 000
5. 000
3) 000
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
157
Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1,
1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued.
|
Publication. Received. |Distributed.
OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—continued.
Case ed are a ee oe ee ee ee 3, 000 2,230
(Cienerr ie LOLA 5B ee ee ee amore 15, 000 5, 732
ee a Beet So555,cbcecw bao eee ee 8, 000 2, 669
Grrr ora rN A a as recs Sted oe onan Sad es seb eee ee 3, COO 2,160
Report of the Director for 1899______-- Bre hts ese sda cs seveees- tees 3, 000 1, 765
Selection and Its Effects on Cultivated Plants.__.............-.-.--------- 200 180
Artificial Changes of Physical Properties of Soils---....--.....-..-------- 200 12
Methods of Seed Testing and Their Relation to Farms and Garden-.----- 1,000 608
The Principles Underlying the Formation of an Agricultural Course in
THINS) POLO Cl a ene ee SOR i ee ee ee ee ee eee eee 100 65
Agricultural Education—Practical and Scientific_.__-..._.-..---.-..----- 100 100
The Electrical Engineering Laboratory in its Relation to Local Engi-
neering ---- - Saves coeeace Same acs 100 67
Some Objections to Ear ly Differentiation of Engineeri ing Courses. ----.- 100 100
The Agricultural Engineer-----.. --- Eee I ee ae ee 100 68
The Practical Importance of [Eva Hae eee ee eS tee ee mae Sos 100 69
Memorial Address on Hon. Justin S. Morrill. -----.------------------------ 100 65
Making a Garden Herbariunr andjits Uses= 2 --.-2---. 2. 522s -nsnc ane 200 118
The Inspection of Nursery Stock and Orchards_ - nee 100 90
Annual Address of the President of the Association of American Agri-
cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in 1899___..._------_---_---- 100 | 90
Adaptation of Methods of Colpwaion 2 and Plante to the Physical
Properties of Soils -.-------------- — Soe toe e ee ee eee 200" 2 tes ee
DIVISION OF FORESTRY. |
Bulletin No. 10 ( TAROT) s.cece este ee Sees cess See] cece seca ae ene eae ot et 1,000 382
BST eG une NOs ocean ieee re eee ne a Sat ee so ey Ree | 1,000 987
eee Gir vIN Os et ates en cee te Foes re a =O eee Bae ee eee een 10, 000 2999
Bolle hin NON mee eee oe eer enn Se oe re Sathea se et Cu sae eeeS S 5, 000 4,795
BrlletinwNos 26 ten ee ee ees Be es ee eee as Pe el eee eee 8, 000 7, 224
Bulletin No. ai Sd Beek ee Se ee eis ate Fe 2 erg Se ee eee 13, 000 5, 786
Circular No. 22 (and r epr Ta eee eae a 8 aoe eee eae we eee Eee 45, 000 42,285
Report of the TRORER Roe Coca aie Lo es Se Aer See 7, 000 5, 547
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS.
Bulletiny More (RODEN b) 42a = ee eee a a ee ae ee ee -| 2 0000. oe
Bulletin No.6 (reprint). 22) >see 2 Sas - eee s, S825 gaat: 25000: |aseee ss eee
Bulletin No.14 (reprint) -------.--- peers PRE At Oc eRe Soe eee See a 5,019 6
Bulletin: Nowlo\(andg reprint) = 2: = =o 2.) 2) ooo ses ee ee 15, 080 10,125
BullebineNosl gland reprint) pss." 82> eaeeeeee en ka eb a ee Doe 15, 016 7, 753
Bmletim NOs Sian Gst6 Prin) =e aoa ya ae oe te ee oe 15, 000 8, 453
LErail err rate Wow Mt ee ee Se ee eee ee eo eee aes 10, 000 6, 636
Report of the Chief of the Section of Foreign Markets, 1899... ________. 3, 000 2, 712
Gireitanr unos lo,CRODrING) pe oe eee ae ee an he Se oe ee aces 2,000 68
@iremlaryNion2ee=-4-—— = ae Ee rahe Rie Eee See ood ons Geos ee 35, 400 3, 735
DIVISION OF EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
Report of the Superintendent for (899- ~~) = sn nat 300 221
DIVISION OF POMOLOGY.
Bel ehine NOS S set a: ae eee ne 2 ere a ae ee Sete aaa as Senora h 15, 030 12, 428
iReport of the Pomolorist for 1899 oe eo eee eee 300 226
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES.
SircolarsNosto (eprint) tesa 2 sete oe = 8 seek a ne oe ewe Sane ae ee Te 15, 000 19
Cirealar No 2l(raprint)) 5. ane ea ee Ae 2 coke ce wen noes oe een ees 15, 000 391
GirculariNoroe (TOprin by) eae s ee oa nee ee ee ee een ae eee 5, 000 | 1, 284
@inculariNOvelet a cee o ee soak oo aes a san See oe see ae oe oem 10, 000 3,443
Report of the Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries ----------- 500 461
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
Report ob ther Pidivor LOM 1800 22s. = mesa ena os ee ea ess een san ats tee 1,100 1,005
List of Bulletins and Circulars for free paieenbation Ce ee 30, 000 12, 745
List of Publications for sale by the Superintendent of Documents----..| 19, 665 10, 825
Monthly; histiof Publications, June, 18990 2 ee es eee ne 40, 000 28, 933
Monthly List of Publications, | uly, iSce een eeeee ese 27, 80 40, 000 35, 250
Monthly List of Publications, IAT SHAS ISO ete eee eee ee ee ee ns 40, 000 33, 364
Monthly List of Publications, September, 1899 __.___....._._._-.---------- 40, 000 32,875
Monthly Last of Publications: October 1899!) eS ree 40, 000 31,587
Monthly List of Publications, November 1899 - tegecee tes eee oe 41, 000 32, 407
Monthly List of Publications, December, 1899 - ST PO aa 2 0 ee 45, 000 32,109
Monthly List of Publications, ed Ay ee ee es 9, OOO 438, 201
Monthly List of Publications, Hopruarysise se ece fT 50, 000 | 41,407
158 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 7,
1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued.
Publication. Received. | Distributed.
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS—continued.
Monphily list ote ublications, Marchal OU) eens eee ee eee 52, 000 41, 337
Monthly List of Publications, AND rill G00 RARE See eee ee eo, ns gee 52, 000 41,345
Monthly List of Publications, May, Ie Te ee a ce aan eee Cae 52, 000 40, 829
Press NObICES ot 20 c enol ncace ee see eee a oem eg ae Ee See 28, 000 27, 283
LIBRARY.
Bear ctl No. oh OPrint) ote eae ey Cun Se aE ee 250 | 142
Bulletin INO 8s a ak eee ee eee eee Oe eee rea oe 1, 000 | 972
Bulletin: No: 29\- 22S. Pa ee ee ae eee eee oamesel 1,126 | 1,126
Bulletin sNo a0 22-222 eee eee bone eS ME Gearon 1,000 1,000
Builetin No. 3l - RO Ae dS Oe Se EE eS ee ae ee 1, 000 982
Report of the Librarian torsigog! inte. oceleie ae. ay en er ee anew aee 200 157
DIVISION OF STATISTICS.
Bulletin NOs 2h 25 te Sosa a oepcke Sosa ee oe eee 5 eee ee ee ee aeeee 40, 000 38, 663
Circular: Niodll0 eee Seer eee ere a ee ae eee 9,000 8,485
Circular Norse 2 Se ee ee ae ee ee eee eee eee 58, 000 53, 520
REepornolLsheiSbabisticla mer ore O99) see eee ene ee ee 300 | 211
GropiCircular for. Jilly; SOO ee oa ee ee ee 192.000 | 191, 074
Crop Circular for August, 1899 _ a ee eae eS a 198, 600 178, 755
Crop Circular for September. Ry peed We ee Rye ys oe PLES co 8 ee 200, 000 181, 156
GropiCirenlar forOctober 1899 ee sees sane ee eee 196, 000 186, 035
Crop Circular for Nov ember, 1899 _.--------- ES te ae St ea 185, 000 177, 485
Grop.Circularitor April 900) see teeta cae eee ae eee ee eee 192, 000 181, 528
Pheerop Reporter WV OlUumMenl ANIONS eas ee ee eee ee ee eee 32,000 30,598
RreiCropureporser Volume den 04) eee eee eee 52, 000 49, H54
Miho CropiRepontor Volumen sINiO py) ieee ae eee eee nee! 51, 000 48, 881
Theierop Reporter, Woltumie TAINO. 1G) se see ee eae ee en ren ee ee 52. 000 50, 259
heiCropsReportersVolmmenlyIN On mers eee eee 52, 000 52, 0)
phheCrop Reporter sVolumelle NON See ntne see eee eee ee eee ee 52,000 47,388
hhreiCrop Reporter sViOlumMegEIN OO ase sea eee sees 68, 000 60,575
The Crop Reporter mvolumed Nop Oj =e es se ee eee 45, 000 41.521
Mie iCropikepontersVolume wl Nio wlll so eee eee en ee 45, 000 44.066
mherCrop ReportersvVolumendyNio 2 eos Ses ee eee 54, 500 51, 984
The: Crop Reporter; iMmolume2: INOn l= 2o0 ) ee eee ee eee eee 104, 600 101, 590
The Crop Reporter, Volume 2 NOV Oto cab eee So eteae aoa ae ees 67, 000 64, 943
DIVISION OF SOILS.
Bulletin No. 6u(reprint) cose eae ee eee coe ee eee eee ee eee 800 158
Bulletin No. 7 (reprint) .--------- See Se Ae ae ee eee 800 159
Bulletin sNoysa(reprant) es ae: eas eee ee a ee eee 800 162
‘Bulletin: No; OX(reprint) sess. sess ae See oe Se eee poe eeeee 800 . 312
Balle tinsNosLOK Gee print) esa: ose os ee ee ee en ee eee ee 800 143
Bulletin Nordli(reprint) i <2A5 ee ee ee ee eee 1.500 264
Bulletin Ne; 16\(reprint) p22 - = sess sk oe es ese Se eee Se 1, 000 946
Circular Nozsi(and reprint) sess see eee eee 14, 000 12, 607
CircularuNios 40528 oe ee tess Se ee le ee ee ee See ee oe eee 16, 000 11, 762
CIR CWIATANG: ON sho ee SR ET Pt 2k oe nA ete a eet eee 6, 000 3,459
Circular No. 6.- Eee BLS ee Tee 1, 000 860
Report of the Chief of the Division of Soils, 1899 ___...._...--.-.--------- 300 219
DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY.
BailetinuNio: 16s sas eee eee ees a ee tee es ee ee ee ee 3, 000 | 2,395
ES DLS GANT INO UT eS OE ee Ee i 0 a ee ee 4,000 | 3,451
Bulletin sNo ys ea a eee PS Serer ey ees et es Sea 2,000 1,846
BulletinNo.d9 22. cake eee ee ea Saeed Soa Sie See eae eee 6, 000 2,131
CirculariNo Sees ees ee ee eee. See eine Sweet eee eee eee 1,000 42s
Report of the Chief of the Division, 1899. .-........-.------ E 300 220
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY.
ReporbiNo: Ole Nee ee Be eee ees waceacicccscessnccoce 5, 030 3, 203
ReOpOLrt INO GZEa ek Soe eater sere cere. oetst Bao 6, 000 4,671
Report No. GGh a Boe Date «sa Hine enna Retoiabe DESL ALTN LZ. cy 2,098 2,098
Report No. 65.- atosah oe eee 5, 100 2,474
Senate Document No. 100, Fifty-sixth Congress, first session __-_.______ 50 | 29
Arbor Day; Its History and Observance (reprint) ....._---.---.--.------ 1,000 181
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1899.__._.__._-.-.-___-__-_/-:--- 29,510 23, 483
Annual Reports, Department of Agriculture, 1899 __._.-___--__---. ------ 3, 000 2, 793
Yearbook of the Department for 1899 ___- ja ee 19, 600 12,511
Yearbook of the Department for 1899 (special edition) ). nae ee 5,177 564
EXTRACTS FROM YEARBOOKS.
Butter Substitutes, from Yearbook for 1895 (reprint) ...___ _.--..____-. 10, 000 9,708
Section of Foreign Markets, from Yearbook for 1897 (repel init) oe se 3, 000 260
Sand-binding Grasses, from Yearbook for 1898 (reprint) - Ee ¢ 000 364
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 159
Publications other than Farmers’ Bulletins received and distributed from July 1,
1899, to June 30, 1900—Continued.
_
Publication. | Received. Distributed.
EXTRACTS FROM YEARBOOKS—continued.
Some Results of Dietary Studies in the United States, from Yearbook
ROMS AUP oy ta 0) eee ge 1,500 | 556
Pruning of Trees and Other Plants, from Yearbook for 1598 (reprint). -- 1,500 | Albi
Improvement of Plants by Selection, from Yearbook for 1898 (reprint) - 3,000 | 1,055
Statistical Matter Relating to Principal Crops and Farm Animals, from
MAG pie ovelic kore het hee ee eS Se ee ee ee eee ee 25, 200 | 23, 773
eG el gee mer ny re Aen ee See Ll esi r kl lesen ta to. eee eo aD 23, 870, 489
a Excess of distribution over receipts for the year ended June 30, 1900, was from publications
received prior to July 1, 1899.
Farmers’ Bulletins printed, and Congressional and miscellaneous distribution, for
the fiscal year 1899-1900,
| Bana
No. of Total | Distrib | Miscella-
bulle- Title of bulletin. number | Co eC 22 | neous dis-
tin. received. | VOPSTESS | tribution.
men.
NG Posi tnOUst atthe. ee ee ee Sees ee ae eee nee 11, 797 5, 623
17 | Peach Yellows and Peach Rosette---..------------- ---- | 36 | 76
LO PlmpontanbwnsechicidGsre-=-. +26 -5- ease eee. eae il, 685 | 6, 937
COL IPWashed | SOllstse sme eee he 22 sash 5 22 Baan oes 643 | 2, 454
21) | Barnyard Wanune se s-2 se a= 2 2= 2 enone ce satan sec Se 18, 851 7,487
22 | The Feeding of Farm Animals .-------------- 47, 386 11, 240)
23 | Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost---.... ..-.------------ 20, 387 9, 636
24 | Hog Cholera and Swine Plague. ---... ---.-----.-------- 36, 001 8, 189
Zor|) Peanuts: (Culturerand: Uses) =----- =~ --------- === é 7,475 | 5, 856
26 | Swéet Potatoes: Culture and Uses------- -.--.-------- : 14, 047 6,619
Pini hinxstor Seediand Biber sso ero = rau ee ee ee | 7, 192 | 1,813
23:||- Weeds: And! How to: Kall Them: 2-2 222.2 2 ee 30, 900 25, 977 9, 686
29 | Souring and Other Changes in Milk-----.----.. ---.--- 20, 000 | 13, 793 5.618
30 |'Grape Diseases on the Pacific Coast_-_... -=--_. -.-....-.|----==-=---- 2,280 1,789
Sle Altaltaxoriucerteae- ee. 22.5, - canoes anes ene re: 20, 400 | 6,291
Sol Sllostand collages: Sasa es ee So epee Mees 10, 000 176
oo) ;beach Growing tor Market -o2-22-eene- --s-=> === == | 30, 250 6.059
34 | Meats: Composition and Cooking ----.- ----------------| 20,175 7,814
Soa |sbotato Gulture 25.2) 2 yaaa e oe a enh 20, 125 | 9, 249
Boa CotsomiMced angdults: Products — 9-2-2 =se5 52 - aes ee. 21, 000 2,543
7 Kalin Corn: Culture and) Wsess.-.2-<---2--2—22---2 22. > a5, 000 4,502
SOF DLAyINe OME GMb DISCASeS = esos ese e toe een | 30, 000. | 7, 756
SOR POD on Guliure! ees Goes Fae sie Se See Bee ee oe kees Sake 15, 800 | 1, 0
A0 Eb wbarnmar DO rainarewers nse oe sees eee ee a tose 20, 200 Ds
Als | -Rowlss Carerand! Reedinge sea 522 noses = eae tea ee | 50, 000 14
AOMEWACTS EA DOU ty Milley meee ae mee eye awe eS OP Se | 21, 000 hie
43 | Sewage Disposal on the Farm--.--...- --22-.----22-- === 20, 000 3
ae Commercial Mentilizers => =-- eee nee sees oe 39, 000 6,
45 | Insects Injurious to Stored Grain -_-.-+.-:--..--------- 20, 400 3, 4
Ach inricationsinebunrid Olimatese os sss |) ee Z
47 | Insects Affecting the Cotton Plant -.-....-_..---._----- 10, 000 1, 66
1 Phe Manuring Ot Cotton. -—- =o =--- 8) ee ae see 10, 000 ile
AGHES HEED IM GCCIN MR ee a Se he pe en Se i ne eee 30, 000 6,2:
Dboorehumas ia hOrage Crop sss-2== 2a 2 ne ee eas 15, 000 5,0:
Hal StangardeVvaricthes On Chickens ae == ses s= = oe 80, 105 12,4
De eon SULaATY BCOh eno 2) ae Go seas Seo eee eee 45, 220 12;¢
53 | How to Grow Mushrooms. ---..---.--------- 20, 150 5,
54 | Some Common Birds 40, 000 7, 65
DO NGM aT Onin 8e 2 ees a eames Se ae ee| 40,400 | 8.5:
56 | Experiment Station Work—I-----.....-..--------------- 10, 000 | 4,
bf | butter Makinoion the Parm]-.2---=--2--5-22----- =) == 20, 100 3D | i;
5S he Soy, bean as ajtorage Crops. --)--- 4 -ccs-==5ee-2 eee 20, 000 | ‘ 3 | 5, 01
HOVIMBEG KCC DIN pee ea ae pee hee ne ee ee ee eee] 30, O00 16,820 | 8, 738
60) ||P Wethodsion @Curne Tobpaecoss ess sos ae 30, 000 14, 209 | 3, 049
GL Asparagus Cal turers ene oe = a nee 20, O80 12, 833 5, 44
62) | WMarketine arm Proguce seo ees=s 2 ene ae | 15, 000 18, 076 5, 995
63)| Care of Milkion the Harm =o) eee eae a | 55, 180 31, 426 22, 704
6H Ducks:and (Geese a peckeoemeee eee Pe eee ee ee nse 30, 000 29, 306 8,711
65 | Experiment Station Work—II ----.-=:---.----.--.-.------ 15, 000 | 12, 736 3, 940
66. le MeadowsandiPastburest > eas ee nn 20, 200 | 20, 132 5, 607
Gi | ROrestry_for, HanmOrs eee ee ee ee [ie re at ae 12,917 3, 7
68 | The Black Rot of the Cabbage-.-....-.--..-.----.---..| 30, 000 12, 097 4, 147
69 | Experiment Station Work—III_-.-._.--.---+.-----.--- 15, 000 | 9, 156 4, 471
160
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Farmers’ Bulletins printed, and Congressional and miscellaneous distribution, for
the fiscal year 1899-1900—C ontinued.
No:of| Total | Distrib: | miscella-
bulle- | Title of bulletin. number Co co ~ neous dis-
tin. received. | ~OMSTESS” | tribution.
men.
70' | Insect Enemies of the Grape: -------2. == 10, 000 | 9, 942 4,233
al ssentialsum beet erocduechoniees sae es aes eee 30, 000 | 29, 425 5, 804
ii Cattlevkaneesot stheisouphiwestee ase sees eee 10, 000 7,358 2,559
(BY Nba ererinaSia ment nova VOLS IIN Gs oe ee oh ee Soy yoo telane ee somes 7,194 3, 6381
(4) Malikas Hood :-< =f ec s= = sme ene aes eat Seer tees 20, 000 17, 965 6, 026
ony Dey Grains eye ee Ase ead 3 16, 574 4,193
AOE NOTTS tO Gc. Wy eee ee 31, 025 22, 672 9, 853
77 | The Liming of Soils _ Se ea eeeee 10, 000 8, 391 5, 299
78 | Experiment Station VV Viger ge eRe) 10, 000 6, 857 4, 0385
ia) Experiment: Sta bonmwWiork— Villoos sess =e eee eee ee eee 15, 000 6, 457 4,028
SOs ihe Peach wi ce Donel ee esss === ses eee ene arene 15, 000 9; 959 4,213
SIeCorniGuléunewnat hens Outliers tera ane weer meee s 15, 300 18, 459 4, 068
Se) CRN Cul bUPeVO Le MO DACCOss eases aoe ee eee 40, 750 18, 423 3, 882
BSP | RO DAC COTS OLLG eee eee ee eae ee eae eee ee eee ee 40, 000 11, 403 2, 988
84 | Experiment Station Work—VII-_-.-----.----- ----.------- 10, 000 7, 061 4,142
SOM EISH risa OOO ee tenet eek ea ee ie ee hk ae I Oe 10, 200 13, 134 | 4, 966
SG ie it rstayas 2 OLS OT OU Sa ed) ex TS eae ee 30, O00 18, 331 8, 123
Si} Mxperiment otvblOonVViOl kK Vall lee =e ene ee 15, 300 7, 122 4, 322
S84) eAdikaliniiam Seah rer > stern 5 feeee Seek ee oe Ce eee Nea 30, 000 4, 732 2,960
SOR COO WDA See fy eee as a ae eek Ss neces Se 40, 450 23, 041 6,546
20} eRhemManutactureonsor chum) Sirup. —sen eo esese a stele eae eee = 11, 682 3, 589
91 | Potato Diseases and Their Treatment -_--...----. ------ £0, 000 34, 447 7,279
2p Px perim entbistabloneWiOrk—UXem oss sn eee ae een eee 10, 400 7, 135 | 4,477
OB a RGU CAT AS TROOU = pee eee toate emia eee titien oe Sen Ses 30, 800 9,456 | 5, 561
945 Phenvieretablel Garden ee -= aac senna cease eae neeeral 50, 100 44, 138 9, 387
DRG OOGEROAGS TOM Mam IN OrSee es se eee a oe ee ers 45, 000 39, 4 29, 761
Gls |) Wee ntethayes Serra none Wilihititorn. sone d oo nto eee eee ee 20, 000 28, 148 9, 485
| Experiment Station: Work—X---25 2. 3.52 soee ee 20, 645 10, 086 13, 014
98 Suggestions to Southern Farmers.-...----.------.------ 30, 120 18, 895 7,396
99 | Three Insect Enemies of Shade Trees_--_-. ._-. .-._ ---- 10, 000 14, 403 4,912
100 | Hop tRaisine ine phe Southeast se ee ee ee 30, 480 31, 109 10, 420
101 | Millets... Sete ee ee te eee ae 25, 000 12, 163 6, 441
102 | Southern Forage Plants. - EM DEL Sill sai eee AS 2 30, 000 16, O81 10, 720
103 | Experiment Station WiOrk=oX bem ee ers meee 30, 000 18, 831 14,757
104 | Noteson Frost .__- 62,300 16, 013 37,775
105 | Experiment StalbiGHe Work Xi it cae Won tm rear 30, OU0 7,573 12, 935
LOSS WBreedsiotaDainy.©attlen. me pies = eee aee eee 60, 500 29, 118 29, 388
107 | Experiment Station Work—XIII_-----.---. -...-------- 30, 000 8, 165 14,373
108 | Saltbushes - Fee LP iatled 9) led ie ge opie | 20, 000 2,820 5, 608
109 | Farmers’ Rez ading IGounsoS oer nes ae fe Cae aes 30, 640 20, 401 10, 239
110 | Rice Culture in the United States- ah ie 20, 000 3, 124 6, 821
111 | The Farmers’ Interest in Good Seed_________.___.-_--- 20, 100 4,403 15, 196
Ze Breadeand sre ae aMie kin oe ee See eens 30, 080 8,327 16, 334
HIST hepa ple an dekicwatoi Guo ws Lteeee eee sone eee eee 30, 000 9, 880 18, 447
if hxperiment Station! Wiork—XiliWio 222-5 a6 23 eee eee 30, 100 9, 629 9, 662
5s Selo Culture inl alifiormi ae sa ae eee eee 30, 000 167 4,551
Gs Mierigationtiny Eruiitl Growin pees ae ea ae e 30, 000 5, 434 4, 843
117 | Sheep, Hogs, and Horses in the Northwest------------ 30, 000 9,995 3,218
11S) (Grave Growineuimibhe Soulless ee sae aoe ee enemas 30, 000 799 2, 900
BING telly a epee a ea eee” re eres at ae ae ee 2,376,550 | 1,666,909 764, 144
1, 666, 909
Rotallacocrerate distribublon esse se cee ee eee as | aaa eee eee eee a 2, 431, 053
« Excess of distribution over receipts for the year ended June 30, 1900, was from publications.
received prior to July 1, 1899.
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 161
Publications received and distributed by the Weather Bureau during the year
ended June 30, 1900, by quarters.
Number
Number and title of publication. of copies.
QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1898.
Received.
No. 200. Monthly Weather Review for May, 1899 4,000
No. 201. Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama_--_.....-.-.---.--------- 600
No. 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds.------------- 600
No. 203. Variations in Lake Levels and Atmospheric Precipitation ---_-------- 500
No. 204. Monthly Weather Review for June, 1899 _.__._-.--.__---.---.-------------- ee 4,000
Non Z0a, Monthly Weather Review for’ July, 1899) °-2_-.- =... 0 2 2 ee, 4,000
No. 206. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899, pamphlet ----------------- 5, 000
Wiashinetonel silyaWieavherMapsen sess = eee seen ee we. He eo es 2 ee eee 120, 750
Glimnaterand Cropibulletins S22. 2.22 ss) a ee pe 1s ee 52,571
MeLcorolomicalGhartoLr pnoareab luakeset es skeet et bo ee eee 7,875
Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1899. The West Indian Hurricane of August 7-14, 1899 ___..__----- , 560
ee peaiemb laadebulleting s.r ei shee ae ot oe Ree 2,100
Pe Hawaiian Islands (reprint from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for oes
EN) erased Saabs am oie SA Pn ee AM a RR ee et aaa SPR PRE Ee a ee ne ene nee ee ae ee aS reo PSE
Cyclones, Hurr icanes, and Tornadoes (reprint from the Yearbook of Department of
Agriculture for 1898) SU SUES Pee Re eee Sen eee See ee Ree ee pene a Ss Lae et - 200
Harmersi bulletin No: 104. Notesion Hrost = 222o22 22 see ooo ec tee coe ne secadeoee ses eeee == 2,000
Distributed.
Annnal Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893........-.-------------------- 2
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 -___-...-------------.-------- 3
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 __._._.-.--.--.----------- 4
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 _----.---.---------------- 8
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 ______ -----------.------ = 34
Empractstronm pe sAnmuUalseportrOrlegl-dese soecnse seco se ane t aoe aera metas 83
Hxinacts from the Anmualsnepory tor 1895-965 22024 3-26-54 -2--55 Soe een ee eee ee eae 6
Bxtrachs irom we Annual Re pOLb LOR ASIG-O (sae ta se to a eee ee enone neneee 10
Hxpractsenrom) ThesyATi Nn Ua ROpOTbtOr 16g 90s nase e eas en ee eee ene enone eee ee ee ae 85
Nomoo Property suossibyaiaieh imines 1 89G es aes See te ee eee a eee one ee eeceee 228
Monthly Weather Reviews (various monbns)ics) os 2222 oe nee see ao ee ee ee eee eee 214
Bulletin No. 11, Part III 4
iBmlletimy Nos 1632 ee ere 7
BulletinuNios 18-22 2
BrllefinwNos 19. a 5
BullepingNiow2 ee 22s cee See ses Th alae a2 an 4
Behm O82 eis ts ee ee ee eee ee os eens ere os San eS eas ate : 6
jeg eieriay INfole23\ see mE Sy San oy ge SS OT Se eee ee ee ee se ee ee 19
FESTUS GIN ON 25 es ree oe re ep esac ae ones Scene ew enne 85
ES ESL Ose CON yee ene er et ees re se ee Ee ee eee 97
iBiviletahay (Oe ee eee ne eee ed ee eee Pe eee eee erent es 2
Bebe) eae e aes Se cna em eee See = Laas UTS eee Ee ee se essa ese ee fa
Bulletin E ---.--- TPE SES SESS SSE SPS Ee als ae bee Ca aos eo eee 1
Description Cave Give Gla Mayer nncje te eer aie ee Ra Be Cr re ot, Rn ae eee 393
armers? bulletiniNo 04 Notes on Mrostt 2c sot ol i PORT, ee 1,362
Mhomiawallanlslands (reprint trom) eat bOOk): 2-22 25-5 see eee eetens cane oe ee nesses 200
Cyclones) Hurricanes; and Tornadoes! (pamphlet) =- 2°22 2-222 22s-- 28 2a 2-525 -one = === = 200
Brazos River Flood Bulletin __...._- Baas ses 2,100
Storm Bulletin No. 1, 1899. The West Indian Hurricane of August. PTs GOO Ie ee eee ee 2, 560
No. 200. Monthly Weather meviewsLonr Mays 1899 keest Soe ses eee ee ea ee 3, 934
NowUleClimatolozyorthelsthmmus of Panama ueeleeus seleue SeRie ey Tesi 85
ae 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds ---.--. -----.------------ 465
COUT Vara LIONS in MM akeHieVvGlsme cs ce se use y =e ee ee Pe ee eee eee Pa che 482
No. 2045 Monthly, Weather Review for dune; 1899) 222-92) 2 2 oe eh eae ce 3, 943
No. 205. Monthly Weather Review for July,1899____..----_---. eb eSTeHRO IR Ssee a Rese eoeE se 3, 946
Washington DallyvaWweathe ria pss rss = oss a ne mone eee en Shee er ee 119, 840
Climateand: CropyBullle tins soe roe en ooo a Ses Scher Soca oe so eee ese eeeee 62, 571
MeteoroloricaliChartior the Great Wakes. 25 50ers eee ee ocean eaoee eee aee 7,875
QUARTER ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1899.
Received.
Noi Monthly weather Reviewtor August. 1 0090's neces =e arena ne aan eae ee noe 4, 000
INCOM CUShs BTS Girt R= 2s soe eso waes Se eae ae Sera yee es eo ae be 02 he sawn en se aee ee 2, 000
INOM 20S HB UIIe IAN ON eit aes oe Saeco irene nae eae goes teen esse eee 1,000
No. 210. Monthly Weather Review for September, 1899____..-..----.--.------.----------- 4, 100
INoszi2s Monthlyaweather Review tor October, 1899> 2222 === ae 22s See aa eee 4, 300
Washington Daily Weather Maps----.--..-------------- Ave Bia ee oO al S400
Climateand Crop Bulletins ee ee ee ee eee et ee 8, 185
Meteorological Chart of the (SRSA Co eee es ee A he a ee eI OER ed ty 5,190
Snowiandr ces bulletinisiasssss eee eee ee bens et ane ee ee ee Ses5 4 6, 960
Bound Monthly Weather Reviews for 1898 ....-...-..--------- -.----------0--- £ 200
AGR 1900 11
162 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Publications received and distributed by the Weather Bureau during the year
ended June 30, 1900, by quarters—Continued.
Number and title of publication.
Number
of copies.
QUARTER ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1899—continued.
Distributed.
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893 ......-.-.----..--------.----
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ___......--.--.----.---------
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 ._...-..----....---.------
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 ___-.. ..._-_..___...-__---
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 _.._..-..-_..-... .__----.
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891-92 -_-
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ___----
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-9 ____
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of Weather Bureau for 1896-97-__-____-
Separates from the Annual Report of the Chief of Weather Bureau for 1897-98_-__.__--
Monthly Weather Reviews (various months) 22s se oe ae re ee be ees
Bulletin: NosllsPart Wi 5 eso a cec ce en ee Se eae ene eee ee eee ee
Bulletin JNo 4 we eae ess sone sen eceeae= 2 Sadan eee Ui es ease glee aet ee ee
Bulle tiny NOs UG ee ec ee ee ee a ee ect ne Sc er ee
Bulletin INO. 18-332 sso.)50 sao eee cate eed sacne ae Se Sheet Sone e cee eee ee eee eee eee ee
Bulletin NiO; 194524222 Sk eS a en ee eee ee Oe eae ea ee ae ee ee ee
Bulletin ING. 2l2ct ese. Se ee Beene ee ee Sa ee
Bulletin INO! 22) cs 2s see see Soe ee ee eS oe era ates oe el age re
BuUlletimiNO: 2a 0-8 <2 oo os ee een eee eee Semen SSeS eS SE ee ee eee ee
Bulletin INongo 025 oes sare See a en a ae ae Ee oe ne ee
Bulletin NO::26 0%. 2 fob ee a Re Se ee oe rt No ee oan eee eee
Bulletin © iss hee so Pee 8 as Nok 2s i sae Sk ie o e ep ee SIE Sys sie Sis gee
IBullotine ses sae er eas ieee et cane oy See oe ee a ern ee cata RR ae RS Cr ON ily ere
Bulletini b> 2322 eG so ee arene ee a oo an Ek aw eee ae ae ee ee
INos2U6) Pam phiet Report or the! Chief of urea, 1890 Sessa ose oa ee eee
No. 13805 Che Hiquations of ‘Eby d rod ynamicsee as asso eae ee ee ee
No. 168. Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of
Wiest indianthurricanesl. seen ene one ae se fer ein haar EN LESS Bs Sey ee dese
No. 199. Property Loss by Lightning, 1898 ---------
No. 201. Climatology of the Isthmus of Panama
No. 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds --.-.. .-..----------------
No208: VariationsaniWake. levels ss ene ee er eee oes
No: 207. Monthly Weather Review for August, 1899/5222). __)_-) yo a
No. 208. Bulletin F
Meteorological. Chart of the'Great lakes = 2232-22 ses. 5 oe =o re ee
Snow and Ice Bulletins.-_-_.--... .-.--. --.--- Le oa keh sae en eeee oe eae eee eee eee
Description of CloudiMorms see ee ~ See ee mee eee
Bound Monthly Weather Reviews for 1898 ....._-...-..-------~------------- Fog oe oes Seen
QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 1900.
Received.
Wo. 211, Bulletin No. 28; Climate of San Mrancisco, Calessess--eser a-e-= epee e a eee eee
No. 213. Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. Summary for the Season of 1899 --
No. 214. Monthly Weather Review for November, 1899 .__. ._....--------------------------
No. 215. Monthly Weather Review for December, 1899 ___... .-._-_------- gs See ee ee
No. 216. Monthly Weather Review and Annual Summary for 1899 ___- .__-_- -------------
No. 217. Monthly Weather Review for January, 1900__--.--.---.---------- ----------------
Washington Daily Weather Maps = 202s oss ee oe ee cere see eee a ee
Climate and Crop Bulletin ------ -_: Wo so E EE ose eo So ee
Snow.and IceiBulletin: 222. 22. <2s5<- oe eR oe Soc wate ce econ owe ee eee
Distributed.
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1893. ......-..--.-------.---.----
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894__._... __...---..-.-.--------
Annual Report af the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96_-_....------------
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97___.----.-____---
Annual Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 __-... .-..-_ ._---. Sayre
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891-92 _______- ._--
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ____..__._. -_.-
Separates rrom the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 _._____. .__-
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 ________ ._--
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 __ _-______-
Monthly wieathersReviewsl (various months) = soon see 22 ee eee ee aan ee ee ree
Balleting Nios Gace see gee enna ee er et a Se to A ei
Bulletin NO ote eS ee ese an ear seen ese swsech wade cic codes ee ee ee ee
Bulletin yNioel 9 kee eee a ae re aaiee te no oa ne See a ee ee eae a Fee
Bulletin uN ee see ee ee clea acne 6 cape nue eee a hoe oe eS ae ee eee ee ee
Bulletin Noi23 eso ee oe eee ea keaton ss cence nee a ace tee aie ae ee eee
DELON Ey HO pe ON css ene sem coco See ne SSS eee SRS SESE os Baa SSS eas a Sensors so HSSSe:
Hm or
wh
DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS.
1638
Publications received and distributed by the Weather Bureau during the year
ended June 30, 1900, by quarters—Continued.
Number and title of publication. Reseed
QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 1900—continued.
Distributed—Continued. ’
Bue rinwNO! coe t-te se ee Oe este oe sett eR less eh Bll ae) ARERR ee eee 89
PS mllehinpAs ener: eh Sok Obs ee yas tS oat Ses genet bt otee noe hn sosaes eee eee 2
TEAUUUNS HEA, (CHS Sac 8 Bes SS a Se a RE ES ah tome 7
PERU NID) — 55. Ee eR oe | A Se ee ee eee Set See ah 13
ae 1aa aero nt ates ede ed Neem fd ha olen ae eats oo a ee a oe 3
Novo PEropersyiluoss by Michtring 898) 3-2. 28 oo te) 222 Se eee 45
Noncols Climatology, of thelsthmus'of Panama! o). 2 2222252 2 ee eee 3
No. 202. An Advance in Measuring and Photographing Sounds _-_.-..---------- --------- 12
No. 206. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899 ___ 2 é 59
No. 208. Bulletin F. Report on the Kite Observations, 1898 _._-.-.. __._..----------- = 1, 192
No. 213. Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes. Summary for the Season of 1899__ 1,500
No. 214. Monthly Weather Review for November, 1899. -.........-. .---------------------| 4, 250
No. 215. Monthly Weather Review for December, 1899 _---__- .--. ------ nif es See eee 4, 250
No. 216. Monthly Weather Review and Annual Summar VeLOrn 8095 sees see een 4, 250
No. 217. Monthly Weather Review for January, 1900 ---.--_-. ----.---.----- eae ee 4, 350
Wiashineton) Daily Weather’ Mapse.: 2222244235. pases e ae ee a oe a ee ee eee eee 123, 605
Chmateand Crop bulletins 22.80 ase = seat aes oa ar eee Rr ote SS AL oe Sie, Sa eee 13, 460
SHOWsATI OC) COPS UL OGIN Sa. sytem Se oe Bek a eS ee pace aoe eee asad eee eee 22,090
Description of Cloud Forms -_.__- Spee pees eee ee Wie RES Keer te ee Ree ee 364
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 104. Notes on Frost ._.-.----.---22---2--e-ccceceeeee ec eeee ewe ceee | 251
QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 1900.
Received.
No: 218; Monthly Weather Review for February, 1900... .....5222.- .----.--2-1 52. 4, 400
Noe Oy illerine NO veo wn GOSh nah ban Oye eee ee eee eS Dee os ee ee Se eee 5, 000
No. 220. Monthly Weather Review for March, 1900 ---..._-..--..-------.--._.-.---------- 4, 400
INoi222: Monthly Weather Reyiew for April, 1900: 2-24 2 ee esos fai iL eee 4, 400
No. 223. Anemometer Tests ----- 2 250
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1898- 99, “Vol. I.- 4 1, 000
Wiishimoton Daly Weabhor Maps ess ssa. a a ee en ee ae ! 123, 27
MeteorolocicalChartor une! Gea Gila Siem ee ee ae re ene nee ae 9, 291
Climate and! Crop sulle ture sess es eee See nee eee ane eee eee ine ae eee ere 54, 464
Washington Daily Weather Maps (bound). January 1, 1897, to June 30, 1897___-_.------- 10
Climate and Crop Bulletin for the Year 1899 (bound) ....-..-.-.-.------------------------ 7
Distributed.
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894 ......--....-...-.-.-----+------ ------ 2
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 ___-.-._.-._-.-.-- ----=------------- 4
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 ___...._...------------------------ 6
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1897-98 _ .___.. -_..__-.---------.---------- 9
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1891-92. -__.-.-_---- 79
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1894___----.--- ----- 9
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1895-96 __--..-_-.-- 12
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1896-97 --_--._-_---- 26
Separates from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for |897-98_-_--__.----- 27
Monthly Weather Kheyiews (various months) <2. 22526 8 2 ae bes 2 eee 5d
DEserin hlOnrOl Ol OmasHOTmS 6 see ce. ee pee Cec ews en ee Pa oe ea ee eee eee 137
Bulletin No. AY [Oy AWB te 2. eS ae oe ee es aes) pee, He eee een eee 4
ESAS EIEN Org Sse ener ee ee ee ae wr Dawns pay Se ays Se Ss eas SS ee eee 5
Bulletin No. 9 “ae Be Se ee ie aan en ee epee hag Te OS eee St i Ree ta a eae 7
BES CUMS ELTA INI De ee ese oe ae we Te ee a ee Bree aoc eee opiate ae ee cee 9
BilletingNio.2osen ss oat ane Ea S| AE ey Fm, Ee RE 14
STS Tas INION os eee ea ee reine, ne eR na ne tee en one PMN oe Lee Geert ea LD ee | 27
BS hing NOs 2h Sears me aoe Sit eRe ee er ee. Ser eet Pe pe eer or a 16
ES TUG tins © Reale es Cet el et ne Mets Be Dees wa pete st Ben eee SR | 4
(Byerley bey 1B) ss See ae en a es es ake ee eee cee ee eee ee | 21
IBillehingiigse sees ee eS ee ee = eae z; : 2
Ipmlle hinges eee ee Seno ae ye eens me Poet iae Dike Mey eh eee gee eet cae Eo 5
Pamphlet Reports of the Chief of the Weather Bureau -_-_..__-. -__------ .------------- 9
INOWI99ErFopertyse OSS iby wlio btm ee ee a a ee ee eee Be 19
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1%4. Notes on Frost- aS OSS RE Nie iy eres 50
No.218. Monthly Weather Review for Febr uar y, AMY pice ss), SEED eee Cee Mineo 4,265
No. 219. Bulletin No. 29. Frost Fighting --.._-- Sasa 4,700
No. 220. Monthly Weather Review for March, Gi OU OH eee See eter (ela ee aren 4,315
No. 222. Monthly Weather Review for April, 1900. Lee MOORS GETS AE ee ee Se SP 4,335
No. 223. AMO MONIC FETE RES CS im ee ene ae ae an a Oe ea a ed Se te Os es te ee ER ote 250
Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for 1898-99, Vol. I.-.... -...----------------- 800
WashinstonDaily Weather Ma psieas = see = ere to ene Peet ee 123, 270
Meteorological Chart of the Great falcata renee np Sor ys ee ea Sa 9,291
WlimateanagiOro pil lOuiseess ke ee eae Ce Se ene atone. Cy Tale SU aye 54, 464
Washington Daily Weather Maps (bound), January 1, 1897, to June 30,1897___.___.____- 10
Climatetand’ Crop Bulletin“(bound) for the Yearlso9e 2 a Uf
164 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
NUMBER OF WASHINGTON DAILY WEATHER MAPS, METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS OF
THE GREAT LAKES, SNOW AND ICE BULLETINS, AND CLIMATE AND CROP BULLE-
TINS ISSUED BY WEATHER BUREAU.
The following shows the number of copies of Washington Daily V’eather Maps,
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, Snow and Ice Bulletins, and
the Cli-
mate and Crop Bulletins of the Weather Bureau issued each month from July 1,
1899, to June 30, 1900:
Number of Washington Daily Weather Maps, Meteorological Charts of the Great
Lakes, Snow and .Ice Bulletins, and Climate and Crop Bulletins issued by
Weather Bureau.
Maps, charts, and bulletins.
WASHINGTON DAILY WEATHER MAPS.
Washineton!Daily, Weather Maps* uly, 1899 eos Saeco ae ee eee eee
Washington Daily, Weather Mans: Amp mst. (809k ss == eae soe ee eee eee eee eee
Washineton Daily Weather Maps: september s SO: Sasa e san ee cesar eee rears
Washington Daily. Weather Maps, October; 1899). 228) S22 oso nee eee ene arene
Washington Daily, Weather Maps; November 899225225 22 os= fe aes ee eee
Washineton Daily Weather Maps; Decemiber 1899 2-2 a= eS) Soe eee ee eee
iWashineton. Daily: Weather Maps, danuatye 1 O00 eae eee nee ee eee
Washington Daily Weather Maps: Hebruary, 19002222222 2. = ee
Washines ton. Daily, Weather Mapsw Mar che O00 bre ao emer e eset ee eee ete ee ete
WashinetonyDaillyaWeather Maps April lO) eee. ee ee ee
Wiashine ton: Daily, Weather Maps; Mays S00 sass aoe ee ne eee
Washineton) Daily, Weather Maps. ane; 1900 see sme see ee eee ae ee ee
METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES.
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, July, 1899 _..........---___.--.__-!_-----------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, August, 1899 ___--. _.._-..__----_-_--..--------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, September, 1899 __.___..__---.-.--------------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, October, 1899_-__.._._.... -.._ .--.-.-----.------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, November, 1899___...._.-...-----.------------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, December, 1899 __..._._.--- .--------..--------
Summary dtoriseason! of 1SOQ Ns aries rays MOU eee ae
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, February, 1900__-. --.-.. -..-------------------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, March, 1900 - -_..-.---.-. ----------.----
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, April, 1900 .-__-.__..--..----------
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, May, 1900..-...-...--------.---.---
Meteorological Charts of the Great Lakes, June, 1900 ----_.....------------- gS te a
SNOW AND ICE BULLETINS.
Snowsand leo Bullebins rehiilys sl) SOO asec eee a ae eee ee ee ote ne eee
Snow-andvice Bulletins: Avigoust, 1899 = 228-2 os ies oak a aes cee eae eee ee eee
Snoweand Ice Bulletins’ September W18095o sees snake ne sree ene eee
Snow, and Ice) Bulletins, October) 1899) s2-- = oes eee eee lee SRT ee ee ee
Snow:and ice Bulletins. November, 1800 i <2: See e = aaa ea ee eee
Snow and LeerBulletins) December 1800 2 saa ae eee ae es ee eee
Snow and [ceibulletins, January. 1900 eo: 2228 See 2 ce ee ee ee
Snowsand*leebulletins Nebruarys) QUO me ea. eee sen ee ee ee ee
Snow.and Ice Bulletins: Marche 1900) 22. - 22 ae See ee ae ee ee ee ee
Snow and Ice Bulletins Aroril 19002 =. ae ese eee
Snowsand Ice Bulletins May; 19008-2222. 2 = =e eee
Snow.and Icerbulletins: June; 1900 ~ S. . - ae woe 2 Sac eele a aeee ae eee eae a no eee
ClimateanGer op ss wUle wis: relly COO ee eee ae ale ee ae ee
Glimateand Crop Bulletins; September, 1899 SS eee 587 534 | 6
There were also received at the Garfield station 7 deer, 4 gazelles,
32 camels, 1 goat, 2 zebus.
BIOCHEMIC DIVISION.
TUBERCULIN AND MALLEIN.
In addition to the preparation of tuverculin, which will be mentioned
later, the biochemie division has made and distributed 10,722 doses of
mallein for testing horses for glanders. Considerable quantities of
this were used in Minnesota, Towa, South Dakota, and Oklahoma Ter-
ritory, but the largest part was supplied to the War Department, and
small amounts have been sent to twelve different States.
218 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
SERUM FOR HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE,
The work of preparing serum for treating hog cholera and swine
plague has been continued this year as last. The number of animals
which has been used for the preparation of the serum is about the same
as last year. A force of inspectors of the Bureau has been engaged
in treating a large number of animals in two counties in Iowa, two of
the same counties in which work was conducted during the last year.
The results in general, so far as can be determined at the present time,
are hardly such as to justify positive conclusions, though sufficiently
encouraging to justify continued experimentation.
The preparation of the large quantities of antitoxic serum necessary
to conduct this work in the field hasentailed a large amount of routine
work in the laboratory, and also at the oxperiment station, where the
animals for supplying the serum have been treated. Full reports are
being kept this year, as last, of the herds that are treated; cultures
are taken from the sick animals and are sent to the laboratory for
further tests and identification, and care is taken not only to demon-
strate the exact character of the disease so far as possible existing in
the animals which are treated in the field, but also to test the quan-
tity and character of the serum used for treatment. Important vari-
ations in cultures, cultural products, and their bearings which have
developed in this work are being carefully studied.
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES OF MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.
These two important international congresses, which meet every
third year, held their sessions during the present summer. As the
inv estigations conducted in the laboratories of the Bureau of Animal
Industry are of such far-reaching importance in the study both of
diseases of men and animals, it seemed proper that the Bureau should
be represented. Accordingly, Dr. E. A. de Schweinitz, chief of the
biochemie division, who was in England in connection with some
tuberculosis investigations, was instructed to represent the Bureau
and the Department of Agriculture at these meetings. Over 6,000
doctors were registered in connection with the International Medical
Congress. The work of this congress was divided into a number of
different sections, the section on bacteriology embracing the work
which was more directly connected with the work of the biochemie lab-
oratory. Thesessions of this section were held at the Pasteur Institute
in the new chemical biologie (or biochemic) laboratory, which has just
been completed at an expenditure of several million franes. This labo-
ratory and an excellent new hospital, which has also just been com-
pleted, together with the old Pasteur Institute, are to be devoted
entirely to the study of bacteria, bacterial products, toxines, and anti-
toxines in relation to disease, and also to the study of bacteria and
bacterial products from an economical standpoint. If the laboratory
investigations of the Bureau of Animal Industry conducted in poorly
adapted buildings have given such useful results, the benefits which
would acerue from investigations conducted in so complete a labora- —
tory as the one referred to, where every possible facility is provided,
would be untold.
Dr. de Schweinitz presented to the congress a paper giving a review
of the most important experimental w ork in connection with tubercu-
losis in the United States during the past ten years. The fact that this
section was attended by such men as Duclaux, Metschnikoff, Laveran,
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 219
Blanchard, Arloing, Buchner, Ehrlich, Salomensen, Reux, Martin,
Nocard, and many other of the most prominent scientific men of
Europe, is evidence of the importance of the Bureau being represented
on such oceasions and taking an active part in the proceedings. The
representative of the Bureau was one of the honorary presidents and
presiding officers.
While no new or startling investigations were announced, very many
valuable reviews in different lines of work were brought to the atten-
tion of the members of the congress, which may be said to have served
to a great extent as a ‘‘clearing house” and new starting point for
continuation of important investigations.
The Congress of Hygiene had a very much smaller number of mem-
bers than the International Medical Congress, and the matters pre-
sented were to some extent the same as those discussed in the Interna-
tional Medical Congress. The paper read here by Dr. de Schweinitz
was a review of the work which has been carried on in endeavoring to
control tuberculosis in men and animals in the United States. The
resolutions adopted and general views of importance expressed will
be submitted for publication in the Annual Report of the Bureau.
PATHOLOGICAL DIVISION.
The principal work of this division during the past fiscal year has
consisted in (1) the preparation and distribution of blackleg vaccine;
(2) laboratory experiments for diagnostic purposes in connection with
an outbreak of rabies in the District of Columbia; (3) an investigation
of the nature, cause, and economic importance of caseous lymph-
adenitis in sheep; (4) an investigation of an outbreak of rabies in the
dairy herd of the Government Asylum for the Insane at St. Elizabeth,
D. C.; (5) an investigation of the prevalence of tuberculosis in the
same herd, and the determination of the pathogenic properties of
milk from cows which have reacted to tuberculin but show no physical
symptoms of tuberculosis; (6) an investigation of an outbreak of
facial dermatitis in sheep in Maryland; (7) an investigation of several
outbreaks of gangrenous vulvitis in cattle; (8) an investigation of an
outbreak of an infectious disease among a flock of sheep in Michigan,
(9) an investigation regarding the therapeutic value of the so-called
gasoline treatment for parasitic diseases in sheep; (10) an investiga-
tion regarding infectious abortion in cattle; (11) the determination
of pathological specimens referred to this division for diagnosis; (12)
the preparation of answers to numerous inquiries regarding diseases
of live stock in the United States.
In addition to the above, it has devolved upon the chief of this
division to prepare the examination for veterinarians in the United
States cavalry and to grade the numerous papers according to their
merits.
THE PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLACKLEG VACCINE.
During the past fiseal year 1,076,150 doses of blackleg vaccine have
been prepared and distributed among the various States and Terri-
tories, as itemized below. The demand for this preventive is steadily
increasing, and the summarized reports of 2,000 cattle owners testify
to the great efficiency of the preparation in reducing losses from black-
legtoaminimum. It is conservatively estimated that the annual loss
from this disease when no preventive measures are taken amounts to
about $6,000,000. This estimate is based upon the reported loss of
220 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
from 10 to 25 per cent of all young stock in the vast districts of this
country where blackleg prevails.
So far as can be judged at the present time the loss after vaccina-
tion during the past year has been less than one-half of 1 per cent.
An elabor ate report containing the details of this work and an item-
ized account of the results obtained i is now under preparation.
Since the beginning of the distribution of blackleg vaccine in August,
1897, the total num ber of doses furnished to the cattle raisers of. this
country spares to 1,711,900, and the indications are that between
2,000,000 and 2,500, 000 doses will be required to supply the demand
duri ing the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.
Number of doses of blackleg vaccine distributed during fiscal year ending June 30,
1900, by States.
Number. | Number
ATIZ ONAL ee oe See ee eee 3,750: || Nevada. 25.22 22 pee hee 1,390
ATKATISASY a soe ase a4 Oe 420 | North Caroling === 22s 8, 315
Californias. <6 cha ae ro tdteis) |! INRosety ol IDEMcay ee 76, 325
Colorado ee 4ee 5 eee ee 99, 340 | Obio2!) She es See ie Se 60
Geongige 9.0 Mi ee eee 20° | SOklghomarn ys ese. siete 42, 085
TANG aes OR i ee ee eens 40058 "OTregonvee er aoa eee eee 6, 655
MNO IS kee ee ee ee eee 135355 | Pennsylvania ose 2,045
im Gian a pees es Soren Pee 6000) Philippinerislands#== ==. —=s5 50
Indian SPO: Sa SG, ote ot 28; 495.) south Dakotas.) 5- 2s. 91,575
Iowa. Ro Bhp ae Oe 13 oe 4) EL CDNESSCO sass sence wee meee 1,970
TC ATISE isha pean Da 172 0d0e|) LOXRAS ar. aoe. sue eae Won sere a COMOa Ty
Kenincky se cena ont ee 4923591 belie ee ee eee 2 ene eae 6,725
oiisiama laste eee ir. Fo eek TOU MOTION Ga C25 Lacey ne ole 410
Weielsgan 2 cree Ses Al eee 170 | Virginia - 5 A SI ee ete 19, 190
IMommnesota 25s so fale ieee ts 13, 835 | West Apdieaac: ee Cn eee 500
IMEISSIS SI [oie nee ee eee oA0U Washing tony = see 2,615
ME SSOUTIMS + oo a een peat den 19%420) | 2Wiest Wireinia = 2-9 eee 2,770
Montana® <2 2 J:c8 Se ase 23,560 | Wisconsin -- ._- Ad EB he 3 540
INebraskavessns set is 185, 580 Wiyoming= 355: nn ieee 38, 600
New. Mexico: 6.302 sentcnsee 9, 215 —
ING WV Ork ss 225 2s ee 465 | To tall fk he Ao keep oe 1, 076, 150
RABIES IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
There has been a marked inerease in the number of rabid dogs dis-
covered in the District of Columbia during the past year. In previous
years the number brought to the attention of this Bureau was as fol-
lows: In 1893, 11; 1895, 2; 1896, 5; 1897, 3; 1898, 7; 1899, January 1
to June 30, 4. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the number
of cases was: August, 1; October, 2; November, 5; December, 7;
January, 5; February, 6; March, 4; April, 6; May, 6; June, 3—total,
45. In addition, 4 cows, 1 cat, and 1 horse were tested and found to
have died of rabies. Four men and 16 children were bitten.
The continued prevalence of this terrible and fatal disease at the
seat of the Federal Government is a serious condition and one which
demands earnest consideration. Rabies is a disease which only origi-
nates from contagion; in the vast majority of cases it is caused by the
bite ofa rabid dog. If, when an outbreak occurs, dogs are kept securely
isolated or are properly muzzled for a sufficient time to cover the period
of incubation, the disease is easily stamped out. It seems inexcusable,
therefore, to allow the contagion to be propagated indefinitely, caus-
ing untold suffering to the affected animals and menacing the lives of
persons, particularly children, who go upon the streets.
Rabies is worthy of the attention of the federal authorities, not
only because it has been so frequent at the seat of Government where
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 291
federal laws alone apply, but because rabid dogs are liable to be con-
veyed or to cross into the States of Maryland or Virginia, thus carry-
ing the contagion.
Section 8 of the act of Congress approved May 29, 1884, makes it the
duty of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia ‘‘whenever
any contagious, infectious, or communicable disease affecting domes-
tic animals” shall be brought into or shall break out in the District,
to take measures to suppress the same promptly and to prevent the
same from spreading, and to report to the Secretary of Agriculture
whatever they may do in pursuance of the provisions of this section.
In order to cooperate with the District government in harmony with
the spirit of section 3 of the act mentioned, all dogs suspected of hav-
ing rabies have been received at the laboratory of this Bureau, and
have been tested by post-mortem examination and by inoculation
experiments to determine positively as to whether they were so dis-
eased, and the health department has been advised of the result of
the tests. Public notice was also given by the issuance of a Depart-
ment order of the existence of rabies in the District, and prohibiting
the movement of dogs between the District and the adjoining States,
except under conditions which would prevent the spread of the con-
tagion.
The Commissioners of the District ordered the muzzling of dogs for
a time, but the order was so generally disregarded by dog owners,
either by allowing dogs to run at large without any muzzle or by the
use of inefficient and worthless muzzles, that the measure had no
appreciable effect upon the progress of the outbreak. There was
increased activity on the part of the authorities in catching and destroy-
ing unlicensed dogs, which unquestionably had considerable effect in
limiting the extension of the contagion. New cases of the disease,
however, continue to develop, and the contagion still exists, menacing
human life and threatening the animals of the District and of sur-
rounding States.
As rabies is a disease which can be best controlled by local authori-
ties, since such authorities already have the machinery for seizing
dogs and for properly disposing of them, it has not been deemed
advisable for the Bureau to take any active steps for the suppression
of thisoutbreak. Nevertheless, it is plain that unless the disease soon
disappears of itself it will be the duty of the bureau to take adequate
steps to protect the several States from the contagion which is being
harbored in the District. There have been cases of rabies already
reported just beyond the District boundary, which presumably were
due to extension of the contagion from the District.
The number of children bitten by rabid animals is sufficient to
excite the fears of all parents, and should be an adequate reason for
the most stringent measures of eradication. It is fortunate that the
Pasteur treatment has been available, and that nearly or quite all of
the bitten persons have taken it, otherwise it is likely that in this
number there would have been several deaths. This treatment, how-
ever, is expensive, it is painful, it requires time, and it is not infalli-
ble, although it has reduced the deaths among bitten persons to 0.5
per cent, or 1 in 200. The children bitten have usually been those of
people in moderate circumstances and the cost of treatment has been
a serious burden and hardship to them.
A disease of this nature is one from which the people rightfully
expect protection from their Government. It is a danger which they
can not avoid by individual effort. It menaces their most cherished
229 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
possessions—their children. It is a disease so terrible in its mani-
festations, so frightful in the suffering which it causes, that no child
should be unnecessarily exposed to it, and no parent should be placed
in the position of seeing his child die in agonies that would haunt his
memory for all time.
In view of the practically continuous existence of the rabies conta-
gien in the District of Columbia for the past three years, I would
recommend either that Congress authorize the Secretary of Agricul-
ture to pay out of the appropriation for the Bureau of Animal Industry
for the treatment of bitten children whose parents would be burdened
by such expense, or that the Surgeon-General of the Army or the
Marine Hospital Service be directed to establish an institution for
such treatment and to administer the same without charge.
The following table shows in detail the number of animals proven
by inoculation experiments to have been rabid:
Animals proven by inoculation experiments to have been rabid, and persons bitten,
fiscal year July 1, 1899, to June 30, 1900.
Record :
Date. number ge ieee hea Persons bitten.
ot dog. BS.
August 8018006: sos) st shes ce eee ee 52
OctoberZi, VeQ9 ssh Soke se eer pe OB ssanemeareence oeeee ae, 2 children.
October 30, SOO Me Ea Nees ay eg Pe a A | See tee ee ee 2 men.
November 2, goo ues eee 55
INOVember 418000 ee ts) so ee eee ee 151 a (Secale pt 8 oe ee 1 man.
November 13, 1899S ed ee eee Nk ee 57
INOV.OIN DCT 1 BOO sa ee eee ne eee 58
NOVeEmMber coy SOG kts Dales eee a eee 59
Wecemiber4, 1899 =e ess ee ee ee Ee eee eee elCOws
December, NOOO ES Seas eS eee ee 6 | See ee 1 child.
Cegiots Stes Meee ae eee eaten ee earediae G2 he See ee ee ee alichald®
December SS 1SO0 Seen ees seers ee G43) See oe ees eee eee
SS eee ee». Sh eee G61 Sane eee eee boys
Dees MOST 890 cere See ee eb ees Toll eeae ease Se eee es 2 children.
December 20, 1899. __ LS ee eee ee eS || eee Se Lor ea es oe 2 boys.
Decemberi2 S890 ts eee ee es Ree 70
December 28 1809 6 PCS Fae 71
Jan Wary iG O00! see e nee ee ee ee eee 74
JanUaTy el OAL O00 Ss eee aT ee ee eee 165)
Satitary 16) 900s eke a ee eee Uae ea seer eee oe halireat aE
JAMUAry: co) GO02s 2 asses = melee ee en See 78
Janiarycs yl O00 Ra eee a ae Pomel 79
Hebrilatsy.oyl O00 ese es eee ee 80
Hebruary.621900) + eS eee Ose eS 1 boy.
Hebruanyalesl O00 bee aaa ee eee ee 83
Hebruanryals el G00 sees eee eee ee 84
HMebruar yi 900 Sse aes ee ee eee 85
MODE Ua Taye le ON) ee ee eee 86
Mar ehiOh 1900 cate eae eee ee peer Sores eee 2 cows.
Mame hal WS 00 i sree es Se 90
Marche 1900 Rsee wae. ee Rae Eee 91
Marchi29 3900 5-2 ee ee eee ee ees PT eee ee ees Saar ee 2 children.
March 31, 1900_- Spe og ok a ees 93
April 5, GOOLE G2 aAe Sie PORTE Bey od FIA 94
AoeiLe, WL Q00 ae 85S * Bete apie eee = Saba eke 22 ee -55|| Leow:
April APSA, eet er aS a a 97
PAST lle OOO Semen ee eee ee 98
Aor 7 1900 ese ee ere es eae ee 99
April Pai | ieee nh aioe Ce gk 100; 25-222 2.sseeeeso See orca se out fa es ee:
chi
PADI 28 LO) Sener aan eae eas oS gS LOS} 2-2-2 se= oon ae ee 1 man and | child.
May 10, 1000 MEER RNa Sede aaene Fi 105
May 11,1900 Ba See etek Syoese bee eeee 106
May 15, 1900 a ae apes 107
May: 23; 1900 Fir stem aes eo eS eta eee 111
May 28, 1900 - PEP ets ooo ea ae 114
May 29.1900 3 585 222 ea-peaeeee cee aan ae ess W150 so scscccesssceeeese 1 man.
‘Fane 6; LOL » sek ee ere. Eee us| tee S| 0 horse:
JUNE1Z 1900 eae eee eee as ee 118
G*urrel2, 19008 222 eae ae eae 119
Junei28; 1900 =. a. Saree ates eee eee ae= 120 eee See eee il eauakol.
1 These children were bitten by a District dog diagnosed by inoculation experiments in Balti-
more as rabid.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 923
THE PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS.
Since the discovery of the diagnostic value of tuberculin in bovine
tuberculosis in 1891, there have been many official tests made in the
United States to ascertain the extent to which the disease exists, and
to diminish the number of affected animals. While numerous herds
have been found diseased to a remarkable and even alarming extent,
the consensus of opinion is that, considering all the cattle in a State,
not over 5 per cent of the animals would react to the test even in our
dairy sections and not half of 1 per cent of the cattle killed under
the Bureau inspection is found tuberculous. In certain districts,
however, the disease is much more frequent, and the astonishing
degree to which it may develop in a herd before its presence is dis.
covered by the owner and much less by others has led to a demand
for investigation and for repressive measures.
A considerable number of States have laws and regulations made
for the purpose of preventing the introduction of tuberculous cattle
from other States or foreign countries. While these differ much in
detail, the general plan is to require that cattle introduced for breed-
ing or dairy purposes be tested with tuberculin and their healthful-
ness certified by the authorities of the States from which they origi-
nate, or, failing in this, by the authorities of the State where they are
destined to remain. The weak points in this system are, first, that
many States from which cattle are shipped have no officials to make
the tests and none with authority to issue certificates; second, that
very few of the receiving States have a sufficient veterinary force to
make the required tests; and, third, that the numerous and varied
requirements of the several States are confusing to shippers, difficult
to comply with, and a serious burden to interstate commerce. The
situation is not unlike that which existed fifteen years ago, when
nearly every State had a quarantine against the cattle of every other
State to guard against the introduction of contagious pleuro-
pneumonia.
This Bureau has endeavored to assist the individual States in guard-
ing against infection from other States and from foreign countries, as
contemplated by its organic act. Notice has been given that it isa
violation of the federal statutes to ship animals affected with tuber-
culosis from one State to another. Cattle imported from Canada for
breeding or dairy purposes are required to be accompanied by a cer-
tificate of healthfulness shown by a tuberculin test made by an official
veterinary surgeon, while those from other countries which pass through
the quarantine stations are tested during the period of detention.
The certificates of tests made in the country of origin have frequently
been unsatisfactory, and it has been determined to make immediate
arrangements to have imported cattle tested by officials of this Gov-
ernment. It isthought thatthe cattle from Great Britain may be tested
before they leave that country, and the importers thus saved from the
loss which is inevitable if they are tested here.
The effort to control tuberculosis is a most reasonable and proper
one, and if conservatively directed should receive the support of every
friend of the cattle industry. Notonly is tuberculosis one of the worst
scourges of the bovine race, attacking as high as 90 per cent of the
animals in individual herds, but its existence is believed by the best
sanitary authorities to be a serious menace to the health of the con-
sumers of meat and dairy products. It is therefore a disease to be
dreaded, not only because of the value of the cattle which it injures
294 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
or destroys, but because it threatens mankind with an incurable and
fatal infection. The individual States, therefore, have good reason
for desiring to stop the importation of the tuberculosis contagion and
for adopting measures intended to lessen or control the disease within
their own territory.
Tuberculosis unfortunately is not confined to cattle, but also affects
swine, and in these animals is more acute and more likely to involve the
edible portions of the careass. There is good reason to believe that
the disease is becoming more frequent with swine, probably on account
of feeding the mixed milk returned from creameries. A single tuber-
culous herd of cows might in this manner infect the greater part of
the swine in a considerable district. While this method of propagat-
ing the disease could be easily guarded against by sterilizing the milk,
it appears that this simple precaution is usually neglected.
The herds of the United States are far less seriously affected with
tuberculosis than are those of European countries, notwithstanding
the fact that none of our States feels able to adopt and enforce system-
atic and thorough measures for the immediate control of this disease.
The proportion of animals affected in Europe indicates both the dan-
ger which threatens our herds, if the disease is allowed to progress
here, and the importance of thorough measures to prevent the intro-
duction of diseased breeding stock from abroad.
Recent figures from reliable sources show that of 4,256 cattle tested
in Moravia, Austria, 1,553, or 36.48 per cent, were tuberculous. The
slaughterhouse statistics of Amsterdam show an increase in the per-
centage of tuberculosis among adult cattle from 1.76 in-1888 to 13 in
1898. In France, according to Nocard and Leclainche, Champagne,
Lorraine, and Brie are highly infected, the number of tuberculous
cows in some regions reaching 15 to 20 per cent; veterinarians esti-
mate that the proportion of tuberculous cows in Beauce exceeds 265
per cent; in Brittany and Nivernais the disease is making frightful
progress; in the Hautes Vosges 30 to 40 per cent of the milch cows are
said to be tuberculous, while in the southeast the proportion is greater
still, and in certain valleys of the Pyrenees exceeds 50 per cent. In
Denmark, of 67,263 cattle tested from 1896 to 1898, 32.8 per cent were
found tuberculous. In Belgium 48.88 per cent of cattle reacted out
of a total of 20,850 head tested. Recent slaughterhouse statistics from
Germany show that the cattle slaughtered are affected with tubereu-
losis as follows: At Berlin (1897), 20.63 per cent; Magdeburg (1897),
24.1 per cent; Bromberg (1896), 27.6 per cent; Lubeck (1896), 33 per
cent; Leipsic (1897), 36.4 per cent; Stolp (1898-99), 37.7 per cent, and
in the whole of Saxony (1898), 30.46 per cent.
In Great Britain the investigations have not been so extensive as in
some other countries, but according to McFadyean 15,392 head of
cattle were tested during three years with tuberculin supplied by the
Royal Veterinary College, anc of these 4,105, or 26 per cent, reacted.
These animals were located in all parts of England, with a few in
Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the Channel Islands. Four veterinary
surgeons tested 80 purebred Shorthorns for export, and 34 of these,
or 42 per cent, reacted.
These facts show the almost universal distribution and the serious
extent to which tuberculosis prevails among the cattle of Europe.
We might almost question the advisability of further importations
from such badly diseased herds, but certainly if importation is allowed
it should be under the strictest supervision and with the adoption of
every precaution to prevent violation or evasion of the law which
prohibits the importation of diseased animals.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 225
There have been made and distributed during the year 33,400 doses
of tuberculin, which were supplied to local authorities as a means of
cooperation for the suppression of the disease. The greater part of
this was used by the States of Minnesota, Vermont, and Illinois, but
a considerable quantity was sent to Michigan, Iowa, New Jersey, and
California, and a small amount was supplied to the War Department,
the Marine Hospital Service, and to inspectors of the Bureau of
Animal Industry for official use. The use of tuberculin as a means
of discovering tuberculosis has been less extensive in the United
States during the past year than in some previous years, owing, it
appears, to a sentiment which has been created against it by those
who oppose work for the suppression of this disease. The value of
this agent has been thoroughly established by scientific investigation
and practical use, and no well-informed veterinarian would at the
present day undertake to conduct any effectual operations for eradi-
‘ating this disease without its aid in selecting the affected animals.
While, therefore, certain States may temporarily abandon the use of
tuberculin, they are sure to return to its use when they seriously
attempt to control the disease, since its aid is indispensable to intelli-
gent and efficient action.
The Bureau has recently made a test of the herd of cattle belonging
to the Government Asylum for the Insane, at St. Elizabeth, D. C.,
which serves as an additional illustration of the great value of tuber-
culin. The presence of tuberculosis in this herd was revealed acci-
dentally. A number of the dry cows were running in a field, where
they were undoubtedly bitten by a rabid dog, as 18 of them died of
rabies in the course of two weeks. In making the post-mortem exami-
nation to discover the cause of death at least 12 of them were found
extensively affected with tuberculosis. This led to the entire herd
being tested with tuberculin by the pathological division of this
Bureau. Of the 102 animals tested, 79 gave a decided reaction, mak-
ing the proportion of animals affected more than 77 per cent. As 13
of the 25 animals which did not react had but recently been purchased
from a farm in Virginia, it will be seen that more than 90 per cent of
the old herd reacted to the test. .
Advantage has been taken of this opportunity to test the ineffect-
iveness of milk from cows which have reacted to the tuberculin test,
but which on physical examination are apparently healthy. A large
number of feeding and inoculation experiments are in progress, in
which about 700 experimental animals are being used. The results,
which will be of great value from a sanitary point of view, will be
submitted for publication as soon as the experiments are completed.
GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
During March and April a highly fatal disease appeared an_ong the
cattle belonging to the Government Asylum for the Insane, at St. Eliz-
abeth, D. C. Six or seven dry cows died in the course of two days,
exhibiting symptoms of gastro-enteritis with cerebral complications.
A number of other cows became similarly affected, and in the course
of two weeks from the beginning of the outbreak eighteen animals
had died, when the disease suddenly stopped.
A careful investigation in connection with the history of the pres-
ence of a supposedly mad dog among the cattle of the affected herd
suggested that the disease might be rabies. This diagnosis was sub-
AGR 1900 15
226 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
sequently proven by animal inoculations, and a report is now being
prepared covering this investigation.
Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep has been found to be quite preva-
lent in the United States, but owing to its very chronic course the
pathological alterations seldom reach such an extent as to cause death,
or even to cause therejection of the carcasses on post-mortem examina-
tion. The disease has been observed in Europe, South America, and
Australia, and is due to a specifie bacillus first described by Preisz in
1891. The results of the investigations made by this division are
published in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau.
An outbreak of facial dermatitis in sheep occurred on a farm in
Maryland about 16 miles east of Washington. The principal symp-
toms consisted in the formation of thick, “warty seabs on the lips and
around the nostrils and spreading to a greater or less extent up toward
the eyes, sometimes involving the lids and causing severe conjuncti-
vitis. Out of a flock of 142 ewes, 45 head were affected. The disease
yields readily totreatment. Abundant material was preserved for an
investigation as to the specific cause of the lesions, and this work will
be taken up as soon as possible. _
An investigation of an infectious disease among a flock of sheep
in Michigan was based upon material sent to the division by Drs.
Ackerson and Klopfenstein, of Manchester, Mich., for diagnosis. It
consisted of a bottle of blood obtained immediately after death from
one of the affected animals, and was accompanied by post-mortem
notes which suggested that the disease in question might possibly be
anthrax. An examination of cover-glass preparations made from
the blood showed it to contain, in apparently pure cultures, a short
spore-bearing bacillus, which morphologically differed from any of
the common spore- -beari ing pathogenic bacteria. The possibility of
the disease being braxy, or bradsot, a fatal infectious sheep disease,
common in Norway and Scotland, at once suggested itself. That this
supposition was correct, has since been fully -demonstrated, and a
paper on this subject is now being prepared for publication.
Two outbreaks of gangrenous vulvitis in cattle were reported dur-
ing the fiscal year and specimens forwarded to the division for exami-
nation. A short motile aerobic bacillus was isolated from the deeper
parts of the lesions, which, on injection on smaller experiment animals,
produced similar lesions. Inoculations on sheep and calves failed to
give positive results. The investigation will be continued as soon as
fresh material can be obtained.
The investigation regarding the therapeutic value of the so-ealled
gasoline treatment for parasitic diseases in sheep has embraced only
the treatment of a single flock, consisting of 89 head, the majority of
which showed unmistakable symptoms of bronchial and intestinal
helminthiasis. The results, which were very encouraging, will be
referred to the zoological division for publication, as the pressure of
work in the pathological division has not allowed of the continuation
of this investigation.
It appears that infectious abortion in cattle is constantly spreading
among the dairy herds of the United States, and numerous outbreaks
have been reported during the past fiscal year. In each case the
method of sanitation and prevention as suggested by Professor Bang,
of Denmark, has been recommended, but sufficient time has not yet
elapsed to allow of any conclusions being drawn from the results
obtained. The disease is caused by a specific bacillus, pure cultures
of which have been obtained from an outbreak among the cattle at
St. Elizabeth, D. C. The disease is highly interesting; and as the
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 227
possibility of finding a vaccine or preventive serum for this disease
has been suggested by Professor Bang, the further investigation of
the specific bacillus will be continued in the pathological division.
A great number of pathological specimens have been referred to
the division for diagnosis. These have been received from members
of the meat-inspection foree of the Bureau of Animal Industry, from
various State sanitary officials, from practicing veterinarians, or from
private parties. In each ease a histological and bacteriological exami-
nation has been made and the inquirer informed of the results.
THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE BUREAU.
The experiment station has cooperated with the other divisions in
their experimental investigations, by which it has been conclusively
determined that the best animals to use for the production of hog
cholera and swine plague antitoxic serum are cattle, mainly because
of their considerable immunity from inflammatory processes of the
kind which are produced in other animals when the cultures of living
hog cholera and swine plague germs are injected under the skin.
The serum obtained from horses, mules, and donkeys is fully as
potent as that from cattle, but can be produced only at a much
greater cost.
The antitoxine animals during the year supplied about 1,500,000
cubie centimeters of blood, which was delivered to the biochemie
laboratory, where the serum was collected and prepared for distri-
bution.
A serum for the prevention of the disease known as tetanus, or
lockjaw, is being prepared and will soon be ready for use. The exer-
cise of the greatest care does not prevent an occasional outbreak of
tetanus among antitoxine animals unless measures are taken to make
the animals immune from the affection. A perfectly satisfactory
immunity is produced by periodic injections of tetanus antitoxic
serum.
TEXAS FEVER.
The work on Texas fever has been of two kinds: First, that directly
concerning the disease; and, second, that concerning the destruction
of the Southern cattle tick.
In a previous year a number of cattle ticks (Boophilis bovis) were
received from Porto Rico and tested as to their infectious character.
Two Northern cattle were exposed to them and seemingly escaped
having an attack of Texas fever. During the year just ended two
cows and a ealf were received from Porto Rico. Blood was drawn
from the jugular veins of the cows and injected under the skin of two
Northern cows susceptible to Texas fever. The result was that the
two Northern cows became affected with the disease. One died and
the other is now making a slow recovery. This shows conclusively
that Texas fever exists in the island of Porto Rico, and very proba-
bly in other portions of the West Indies.
The two eattle which were exposed in a previous year to ticks
received from Porto Rico, seemingly without suffering an attack of
Texas fever, were turned into a field ‘during the year just ended with
several other cattle and infected with noninfectious ticks. When the
noninfectious ticks had matured and dropped to the ground, and eggs
had been produced and hatched, and the new crop of young ticks
began to appear on the cattle, several cases of fatal Texas fever
developed. The two animals pr ‘eviously exposed to Porto Rican ticks
remained unaffected. From this we may draw two conclusions: First,
228 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
that the cattle exposed to Porto Rican ticks suffered an attack of
Texas fever too mild to be diagnosed as the result of the exposure;
and, second, that the mild disease was sufficient to produce such
changes in their blood that they were capable later on of reinfecting
noninfectious ticks with an infection sufficiently virulent to cause
fatal Texas fever. The ticks referred to as Porto Rican ticks are
identical with the well-known Southern cattle tick. A further report
on this subject will be presented at another time.
A number of other experiments concerning Texas fever were planned
for the year, but could not be made because of the lack of space and
time at the station.
The Southern cattle tick dip question remains without a wholly sat-
isfactory solution. Many dips were tested during the year and were
found to be unsatisfactory. The dips either do not kill the ticks or
affect the cattle too severely to be of practical value. The ticks show
a wonderful resistance to adverse conditions which is entirely out of
proportion with their small size. Among the dips tested, the best
results were obtained from the so-called Australian dip, which has the
following formula:
Stockholmutarit 2 ee 2s aes Soe ec net Poe emer ete ober Aeneas we eee as gallons.. 74
Carbonateorsod ae sseae eee ee eee eee ee eee ames Oh ES pounds__ 23
White arsenic ______- ae A eee Ee em ere IOS
Water sufficient to make 400 ‘gallons.
This dip is objectionable because of the arsenic which it contains
and because it is necessary to dip an animal twice before all the ticks
are killed. From the first dipping the cattle do not seem to suffer
much, but as a result of the second dipping it has been frequently
noticed that they refuse food for several days, act generally depressed,
and have a more or less severe diarrhea. The same dip without
arsenic at one trial gave very encouraging results, but when tried
again, prepared with tar from another barrel, it proved to be almost
without effect on the ticks.
A number of modifications of the Australian dip have also been
tried, such as an increase in the amount of tar, the substitution of
North Carolina tar for Stockholm tar, the substitution of other alka-
lies for the carbonate of soda, the addition of soap, ete. No better
results were obtained. The addition of soap to the Australian dip
containing arsenic killed practically all the ticks, but also killed two
of the three cattle dipped. Dips containing as the main ingredients
earbolie acid, tobacco extract, oil, sodium sulphate, glycerine, lime,
and sulphur, and numerous other substances, either singly or in com-
bination, have been tried and found to be unsatisfactory. This work
is stiH in progress and will be continued. Possibly something may be
done by combining a dip with a drench containing substances which
will act on the tick through the secretions of the skin of the cattle.
THE DAIRY DIVISION.
The general survey of the condition of the dairy industry of the
United States, begun upon the organization of the dairy division, has
been continued, and special inquiries have been made along lines such
as the milk supply of cities and towns and the development of foreign
markets for our butter. Some reports have been issued and others
are nearing completion.
The routine work of the office, including preparation of manuscripts
for publication and replying to the requests for specific information
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 999
from many correspondents, is constantly increasing. The publica-
tions of the division during the year number five, comprising in all
185 pages. One was issued as a bulletin, one as a circular, one as a
paper in the last Yearbook of the Department, and two as papers in
the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau. Correspondence on all
subjects connected with dairying is sometimes so heavy as to greatly
retard the other important work with which the office is charged.
Some inquiries have recently been received concerning the dairy pos-
sibilities in the islands which have lately come under the control of
this country.
During the year a detailed report was prepared upon the series of
experimental shipments of dairy products to European markets, which
were made under special authority given in the acts of Congress mak-
ing annual appropriation for this Department.
In the latter part of the vear experimental shipments to Europe
were again inaugurated, special efforts being made in connection with
the Department exhibit at the Paris Exposition to show the high
quality of our dairy products.
A number of experimental shipments of butter, cheese, and cream
have also been forwarded to trans-Pacific points, which had been
visited and selected by aspecial agent of the Department. On account
of the great distance and the failure of some of the consignees to at
first fully understand the purposes of the Department’s efforts, it is
not yet possible to make a report upon these shipments.
The chief and assistant chief of the division have visited dairy cen-
ters in fifteen different States and attended the annual meetings of
State dairy associations and similar bodies in ten of these States. It
has thus been possible to meet and consult with many persons actively
engaged in the dairy industry in different parts of the country and
to learn their needs, and personal relations have been established
which will be of material benefit in future work. No special agents
for representing the Department at important dairy meetings which
the officers of the division could not attend were employed during the
past year, as had been the practice during previous years.
Arrangements were made in the dairy division for the United States
exhibit of animal industries at the Paris Exposition. The chief of
the division took personal charge of the preparation of the various
exhibits, which were planned toshow, by photographs, models, mechan-
ical devices, raw materials, and finished products, the development
and present condition of the different branches of the live-stock
industry.
The plan of the work of the dairy division for the fiscal year 1900-
1901 includes a continuation of the different lines of work above
reported.
Much valuable information concerning dairying in foreign coun-
tries has been received in the numerous reports from consuls, which
were secured through the courtesy of the State Department, and it is
proposed to prepare these reports for publication as soon as the more
pressing work of the division permits.
Attention to the many details in connection with the experimental
exports requires a large share of the time of the working force of the
office. Shipments of butter to Cubaand Porto Rico have been begun.
In these experiments we are confronted with problems quite similar to
those met in the shipments from San Francisco to the Orient. The
dairy products are forwarded to warm countries, shipment has to be
made without refrigeration, and cold storage is not available at the
points of destination. It is necessary, therefore, to send butter, and
230 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
perhaps cheese, as well as condensed milk and cream, in hermetically
sealed packages, which afford the best means known of preserving
such perishable products. It is hoped to obtain information useful to
butter exporters in connection with the most important subjects of
canning butter and producing butter which has a hard body that will
stand up better than even much of the high-grade butter marketed in
this country. Experiments are now in progress at some of the State
stations to determine the causes affecting the body of butter, and the
results of these are awaited with interest by all who are engaged in
foreign trade. Some countries sending butter in cans to these new
markets supply a product with a very high melting point, showing in
this, as in other ways, a disposition to adapt their products to ‘the
needs of these countries, an example our producers must follow if
they are to compete successfully in these markets. The experimental
shipments of the dairy division will be directed to showing our pro-
ducers what needs to be done.
It is proposed to ascertain the prospects for trade in dairy products
in the South American countries besides those already named.
Reports from the Paris Exposition show that the products of Ameri-
can dairies, creameries, and cheese factories have won a large number
of high honors. A detailed report upon the dairy features of the
exposition will be made later by the chief of the division.
The dairy division is arranging to make a suitable exhibit at the
Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo. It will be in the nature of an
object lesson, illustrating the wonderful development of this branch
of agriculture.
It is considered extremely desirable that the existing system of Goy-
ernment inspection and certification of meats and meat produets for
export be extended, by additional legislation, so as to include butter,
cheese, and condensed milk and cream for export from the United
States. Reasons for such legislation have been stated in previous
reports, and they apply now even more forcefully than when first given.
Briefly, a few of the arguments for such new legislation are as follows:
Foreign buyers of dairy products have so often been deceived by
misle: iding, and sometimes false statements, claiming that shipments
of dairy products are high grade when really they are inferior, or in
part inferior, that many of them suspect all products exported from
this country, ‘and avoid them whenever it is possible to supply their
needs elsewhere. In this way we have recently lost a fine market in
Great Britain for our cheese.
The Department has expended much labor and money to establish
a reputation abroad for American dairy products, and already the
good results accomplished are being counteracted by the shipment of
inferior goods, which are claimed to be of high quality. After the
buyers on the other side have been defrauded a few times by such
shipments, they will be unwilling to deal with us when it ean be
avoided.
Other countries have developed large foreign trade in their dairy
products, and it is well known that one of the principal reasons for
their rapid advance in the largest markets of the world is the fact
that their best products are marked with a Government stamp, show-
ing conclusively that the article is as represented.
The proposition to inspect dairy products for export has been
indorsed by nearly all of the large conventions of representative
dairymen in this country, and it has the decided approval of com-
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. aa
mercial bodies and individual exporters. So far as this office is aware,
no objection to it has been made.
Legislation by which the Department shall be given supervision of
oleomargari ine and filled cheese, when offered for export, and perhaps
also of the movement of these commodities in interstate commerce,
after having been taxed and stamped under the regulations of the
Treasury Department, seems advisable. These are food products,
mainly of animal origin, and the duty of seeing that they maintain
their true character when entering interstate and foreign commerce
may properly be placed upon this Department. It is easily under-
stood that the spirit of the oleomargarine and filled cheese laws requires
something more than their administration simply as revenue meas-
ures; and it is evident that the interests of consumers and producers
of pure dairy products, and their imitations, and of honest dealers in
all, would be greatly conserved by giving the Department authority
to prevent one from being substituted for the other, and to compel all
to be sold under their true names and free from deception on the
part of those who handle them
vel oe tee
‘joel
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND
DISBURSEMENTS.
U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS,
Washington, D. C., August 1, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a brief report of the work
of this Division for the year ending June 30, 1900, in which the appro-
priations and expenditures are shown in detail.
There is also submitted with the report a revised statement of all
appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances from 1839
to 1900, inclusive; also a table showing the various amounts estimated
for by the Department, and those actually appropriated by Congress.
Respectfully,
F. L. EVANs,
Chief.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES.
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the sum of $3,006,022 was
appropriated by Congress for the United States Department of Agri-
culture, exceeding by $176,320 the amount appropriated for 1899. In
addition to this sum, $720,000 was appropriated for equal division
among the 48 agricultural stations of the country, being the usual
amount provided by Congress for this purpose.
During the year the expenditures and liabilities incurred in con-
nection with the first-named sum were about $2,975,000, leaving a
final balance to be returned to the Treasury of about $30,000.
Including the payment of supplemental accounts for the year 1898
and 1899, the total expenditures during the year amounted to
$2,710,885.10.
The unexpended balances of the appropriations for the year end-
ing June 30, 1898, were carried to the surplus fund and covered into
the Treasury on June 30, 1900, amounting to $42,391.56.
During the year 17,055 accounts were received, audited, and paid,
as follows: Divisional, 5,173, amounting to $822,222.94; Bureau of
Animal Industry, 3,467, amounting to $890,816.56; Weather Bureau,
8,419, amounting to $997,845.60. In payment of these accounts
29,376 checks were drawn on the Treasury at Washington and sub-
treasuries at New York and Chicago.
The amount expended for telegraph and telephone service for the
Weather Bureau was $171,500.
During the year the telephone service of the Department, exclusive
of the Weather Bureau, was further extended, there now being 31
stations in the system.
233
234 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
In completing the work of resurfacing the roadways and walks of
the Department grounds, $8,730.37 was expended. This work was
commenced in 1898, at an expense of $4,509.50.
The amount appropriated, the amount disbursed, and the unex-
pended balance for the year ending June 30, 1900, appear in the fol-
lowing table:
Appropriations, disbursements, and amount unexpended for the fiscal year 1900.
. -_| Amount
a Appropria | Amount dis-
Object. tions, 1900. bursed. pended!
Salaries oficers| and Clerks 22222 s-s2eeee ono - sass nsose a aaeeene $336, 340.00 | $330, 666. 24 $5, 673. 76
Hurninunres Cases, and LOpalrses see a ee eee ee ene 10, 000. 00 9, 496. 81 503. 19
Library SOR OE ore FP ss bE ee a en ee 3 5, 000. 00 2, 504. 67 2,495.33
Museum: 202-22 See ee ee ee ee ee eee 1,500. 00 1,490.01 9,99
Postace-e cca iee ee See rs Rane oe eae ae eaae eee eee ee 2,000. 00 2000300" | 2222 ee eee
Confin Senbex PCN SCS ese eee ee ee 25, 000. 00 22, 264. 69 2, 735.31
Animal quarantine stations)--_--_--=--_--_----,_-< ==. -=- = 12, 000. 00 9, 806. 36 2,193. 64
Collecting agricultural stabistics_-.---2-=-----.----_-------- 110, 000. 00 99, 999. 47 10, 000. 53
Botanical. investigations and experiments. -.-.._---.------- 20, 000. 00 18, 440. 02 1,559. 98
Hntomological investigations 69). . ss epee ee 20, 000. 00 18, 983. 80 1,016.20
Vegetable pathological ImVvestigzablons = --—s-o eee ee 26, 000. 00 24, 740. 03 1, 259. 97
Biolozicalinvesticationsic-.s-s2e oe ene eee eee 17,500. 00 15, 232. 60 2, 267. 40
iPomoloricalinvestications==—- =---2.o- ass ee eee ee 9,500. 00 8, 774.33 725. 67
ADOLALOLY ore q ee oe a ee ee ees 17, 700. 00 14, 953. 63 2, 746. 37
Forestry INIVESTIPATIONS se — estan ee tt ee 40, 000. 00 36, 240.19 3, 759. 81
Experimental gardens and grounds -_-..--.------------.--- 28, 000. 00 26, 425. 48 1, 574. 52
Soilinvestigationsi=. 208. (sete eee eee eee ee eeee 20, 000. 00 18, 755. 93 1, 244. 07
Grass and forage-plant investigations__.__.-_-.-.-------.-- 12, 000. 00 10, 486. 63 1,513.37
inrivationinformabions see eee eee ee eee 35, 000. 00 25, 220.32 9, 779. 68
Agricultural experiment stations [$765,000] @ ----..-.------ 45, 000. 00 42,298.75 2,701. 25
NGibrtOoMIM Vesti Sa blONs ea s==eee ee een eee eeeeenemeeee 15, 000. 00 11,741.79 3, 258. 21
Public road inquiries ---.------ zee Pape eg aN ee 8, 000. 00 7,528.64 | . 471.36
Publications, including Farmer. siBullerins sete er 80, 000. 00 - 75, 681. 64 4,318.36
Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds-_-_..---.---.-- 130, 000. 00 118, 561. 53 11, 488. 47
Investigating production of domestic sugar --_------------ 7, 000. 00 6, 159.35 840. 65
Tea cultureinyesticablons = ni a en sane ee eee 1,000. 00 993. 7 6.25
Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry-------- 950, 000. 00 | 838,111.86 | 111,888.14
Notal ors wos. saeewe Fen Pie site ic ane Pb a ee ie 1, 983,540.00 | 1, 797,558.52 | 185,981.48
WEATHER BUREAU
Salariess.u2 a. 2 eee ee ee ee eee 153, 320. 00 152, 835. 99 484. 01
uel dichtstand repaitse ics noe tee oe eee 8, 000. 00 7,113.99 886. 01
Contingentiexpenses = ee aa Se 8, 000. 00 6, 688. 43 1,311.57
Generabexpoenses/-- ve ae a ee ee eee 768, 162. 00 648, 630.45 | 119,531.55
Meteorological onservation stations ___._.--_--------- .-..-- 60, 000. 00 54, 773. 92 5, 226.08
Building 2755. 22322227 | se a a i ee 25, 000. 00 24 950. 79 49.21
Total Weather Bureau 9 ae ee ee eee 1, 022, 482. 00, ~~ 894,993 993.57 57 | 127,488.43
Grand totale: eae ae ae a eee ee ee 3, 006, 022. 00 2, 692,552.09 | 313,469.91
aOf this amount, $720,000 is paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury
Department. S
Following are the appropriations for 1900 and 1901, showing an
increase in favor of the latter year of $297,478
Appropriations for the years 1900 and 1901.
ae Amount Amount
Object. appropriated appropriated
for 1900. for 1901.
Salaries) ofticersianG Glonks peeene === s\n - saan mecca no seer e eee $336, 340. 00 $326, 680. 00
Murniture:cCases,andopainsmea so. eas toca. Sebess Ses ean eee eee 10: 000500) |G2=-2 ace esau
Wilbrary. 222. Ssaese es eee te ane e Sheena -\e nebo acsn Seca nn eee semen 5, 000. 00 5, 000. 00
MGSSUM eens coasters eee 2 Saas a a oaao ban cosscacees eeesee ees iL 500300) (acts seet ease
IROStAZO sate coset meron eee eee bem aaa = ae = eee a eee ee 2/000) 0002s 22-2 pees
Gankicasnt OX PONSES ease ee een sne ae seca kee ances comes ee saeaeeeeecee 25, 000. 00 37, 000. 00
Animal quarantine stations-- ..----..--.--------------- Baseaeeee 12,000. 00 50, 000. 00
Collecting agricultural RESP IStIGN MEE aS rec wen c= ed 110, 000. 00 110, 000. 00
Botanical investigations and experiments --_-----------.--------~--- 20, 000. 00 30, 000. 00
Batomological In wWestigablOns ses-55 = sa-25 25--55= S225 = 525 oe Secs tesa 20, 000. 00 22,500.00
etable pathological TRV OSUISALIONS = 2 esc. on a ose eee ete eee 26, 000. 00 28, 000. 00
Te loc tral dot ont ee ime Re a Ta ah ~vaeas eee 17, 500. 00 17, 500, 00
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
Appropriations for the years 1900 and 1901—Continued.
235
Object.
Pomolorical investications s.seseeaee serena seer a> aeaees eee eee
a pOnabOny 22 = 39-= e
Horestry inves tipabions 5-5. - os 2- <4 eo raate eee ee cee ee
Experimental gardens and grounds. - ae
Soil investigations Ee aU oe ae tS as RE ee eee oh es eS
Grass and forage-plant investigations See ee
Frniga tions TAlOrMabions © ot e> ss ke, sete ee ee ee ee ae ees
Agricultural experiment stations [$765, 000] a-
Arlington experimentai farm
Nutrition investigations _- oS So eee
Publicroadiinguiriens © seas eee eee
Publications, including Farmers’ Bullotinsmetsesa eee eens tree
Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds
Investigating production of domestic sugar
Tea-culture investigations --_- -_-
Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industr y-
Salaries
Buel lights sand Topanga sere oe he een on oe a See eee eee]
Contingent expenses 22-2 sees ee ee ee eee eeener
Goneral expenses e525 eee oe ec ee
Meteorological observation stations
Building
Total, Weather Bureau
Grand total
Amount
appropriated
for 1900.
Amount
appropriated
for 1901
$9, 500. 00 $9,500. 00
17, 700. 00 28,500 00
40,000. G0 80, 000. 00
28, 000. 00 20, 0 000, 00
20, 000. 00 25,000. 00
12,000. 00 17,000. 0
35, 000. 00 50, 000. 00
45, 000. 00 60, 000. 00
sesee aonsieeae 10, 000. 00
15, 000. 00 17,500.00
8, 000. 00 14, 000. 00
80, 000. 00 105, 000. 00
130, 000. 00 170, 000. 00
7, 000. 00 7,000.00
1, 000. 00 5, 000. 00
950,000.00 } 1,000,000. 00
19 983, 540.00 | 2,245, 180.00
153, 320. 00 | 153, 320.00
8, 000. 00 9, 000. 00
8,000. 00 8, 000. 00
768, 162. 00 828, 000. 00
60, 000. 00 60, 000. 00
25, 000: 00) |---- ==. = 2822s
1.022, 482.00 | 1,058,320. 00
3, 006,022.00 | 3,303,500. 00
aThe total appropriations under this head are $765,000 and $780,000 for the years given,
respectively, but $720,000 of each appropriation is paid directly to the experiment stations from
the Treasury Department. The sums included in the figure columns represent only the amount
available for departmental expenditures.
REQUISITIONS, LETTERS, AND REQUESTS.
During the year 100 requisitions were drawn on the United States
Treasury for various amounts aggregating 52,9
of all claims against the Department.
28,635.21 in settlement
There were 6,950 requisitions issued for the purchase of supplies.
Letters of authority were issued for travel and other expenses to
the number of 1,296.
In the usual transaction of business 32,812 letters were written and
received.
There were 2,172 requests drawn on the Quartermaster-General for
the transportation of Government property.
There were 1,904 requests for passenger transportation issued to
agents of the Department traveling on official business.
MONEYS RECEIVED FROM SALE OF CONDEMNED PROPERTY, ETC.
During the year $15,25
2.51 was received from the sale of condemned
property and other sources and deposited in the United States Treas-
ury, as follows:
Condemned property
Card index
Publications, W eather Bureau ;
United States seacoast telegraph receipts
Sale of American butter in . Europe Cee ee er
ee
$7,526. 15
111. 25
150. 26
4,051. 62
3, 455. 23
15, 252. 51
236 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
The amounts received from the sale of card index, publications,
and American butter were deposited in the Treasury to the credit of
the proper appropriations, as provided by the appropriation act.
Other moneys were deposited to the credit of miscellaneous receipts.
SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS.
All accounts received and paid during the year were forwarded to
The accounts for the first
the Treasury at the close of each quarter.
three quarters have been settled and certified by the Auditor.
for the fourth quarter are now in course of settlement.
ACCOUNTS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1898 FINALLY CLOSED.
Those
The accounts for the year ending June 30, 1898, were finally closed
on June 30, 1900, and the balances of the appropriations carried to the
The following table shows
the appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for 1898
surplus fund and turned into the Treasury.
on July 1, 1900:
Appropria- Amount
Object. tions tor eee unex-
1898. ; * | pended.
$285, 181.30 $5,118.70
Salaries of cers andicler ics ess. eee ne ee eee eee $319, 300. 00 18, 962. 98 37.02
9, 811. 02 188. 98
Furniture, cases, and repairs 9, 000. 00 7, 851.30 1,148. 70
(i Rary ees eee ys ian Boos a SEA 7, 000. 00 6, 734. 81 265.19
MIS Orn pee et Pes ates Pay wie ec Tee 3, 000. 00 2,906. 02 93.98
OSta eee hat a iee pe sires Saabs 3, O00. GO 1,500. 00 1,500. 00
Contingent expenses___---- : 25, 000. 00 22, 061.73 2,938. 27
Animal quarantine stationsenessey ae. ae ene et eee see 12, 000. 00 10, 897. 98 1, 102. 02
g? 9 5
Collecting agricultural statistics ___...__..._._---. eres eves 110, 000. 00 { es eae a Bane
Botanical investigations and experiments__.-...--__------- 15, 000. 00 14, 714.50 285.50
Bntomologicallinvestigations: as eee e onan ene 20, 000. 00 19, 735. U2 264. 98
Vegetable pathological investigations -......-....--.------- 20,000.00 f 78:28 ar ots
iBiologicalsinvestitationse:. 5.) =— ee aan eer eee 17,500. 00 16, 160. 90 1, 339. 10
Pomolopicaltinvesti gations meses sees apes nee eeen nee 8, 000. 00 Gen sel
3,913. 86 6.
TA WOTATON Yes sac ee ee ee es 5 eae re 12, 400. 00 _ rit Ht eee ees
, 618.7 781. 2!
Forestry investigations--....._.... Piet SA ALS) ee SS 20, 006. 00 | 19, 831.32 168. 68
Experimental gardens and grounds. __.....----. --------- 25, 000. 00 ne a a 62.69
Soiltinvesticationst=-20 so-so ee ee ee 10, 000. 00 { 660.00 ise mee
Grass and forage-plant investigations ._.....___..--..------ 10,000. 00 | 8, 877. 68 1, 122.32
Hiberinvesticationsse. oe eae en ee ES ee 5, 000. 00 | oo res he 1,340.95
Agricultural experiment stations [$755,000] a______... -_-__- 35, 000. 00 i “"Y 925, > soak a
Nitritioninvestigationsss esse ee eee see ee 15, 000. 00 14, 872. 88 127.12
ED e rr OA sin UIEIOS pee eee me eee ne ee 8, 000. 00 a 978. = 21.56
Publications, including Farmers’ Bulletins -._.__--_-___-__- 65, 000: oo J ett 59 in ra
Investigating production of domestic sugar ___...__.-.----- 5, 000. 00 | 4, 941. 32 58. 68
Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds.--__..---.----- 130, 000. 00 Te a c a sri e
13, m4 a.
675, 000. 00
1 1200.00
ANOLE bate Ae ek ke oe tk See Soc I a ie eo 1,584, 200.00 | 1,547, 672.09 36, 527.91
WEATHER BUREAU. ra, 639 21 ina
TQ RAQ an |. , 839. 2 900. 7!
Salatios/s—= sa se akin a Pe ee oS ee $150, 540. 00 799. 61 39
uel sh ohibsrand are paises ae see ee os 8,000. 00 7, 782.71 217.29
Contingentiexpensesoa ee ee nee eee 8, 000. 00 F ae aeons 93.55
1 : rae) ee 1, b 745. 35
Generallexpensesse=+ saeeetee eae ee ie ee 717, 162. 00 361, 060. 72. 3, 906.28
‘Total, Weather Buneatls---2--- =~ = 5-2 - eee eee 883, 702. 00 877, 838. 35 5, 863. 65
Grand total
2,467, 902. 00
2, 425, 510. 44
42,391. 56
a Of this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury
Department.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 237
MONTHLY CHECK STATEMENTS.
The usual monthly check statements were rendered by the Treasury
at Washington and subtreasuries at New York and Chicago. These
statements were verified and certified as agreeing with the records of
this office. During the year 11 checks were lost in transit through
the mails or by the payee. Duplicates of these checks have been or
will be issued at the expiration of six months from date of the original
check.
STATEMENT TO CONGRESS OF ANNUAL EXPENDITURES.
A report in detail of all expenditures from the several appropria-
tions of the Department for the year ending June 30, 1899, including
the names of persons employed and the sums paid to each, as required
by statute, was prepared in this office and transmitted to Congress
at the beginning of the last session through the Speaker of the House.
This report was subsequently printed by order of Congress. Copies
may be had on application to the House document room.
CONTRACT FOR SEEDS.
Bids were invited early last fall, in the usual way, for furnishing
seeds to the Department for the fiscal year 1900 for Congressional dis-
tribution. Nine bids were received, varying in amount from $64,900
to $79,017.60. These bids were examined and tabulated by a board,
and an award was made by the Secretary of Agriculture to Mr. Charles
Parker, of Santa Clara, Cal., the lowest bidder. A contract was made
on the line of the contract for last year, secured by a sufficient bond.
ANNUAL SUPPLIES.
An advertisement, dated April 2, 1900, soliciting bids for annual
supplies to be furnished during the year ending June 30, 1901, was
issued on April 7, 13, 20, 27, and May 1, 1900. All bids received in
response to this advertisement were opened on May 3 following, and
carefully tabulated and passed upon by a board of award. The
recommendations made by this board were approved by the Secretary
of Agriculture, and were forwarded to the Treasury for final action,
under the provisions of the act approved January 27, 1894, amending
section 3709 of the Revised Statutes. These recommendations were
subsequently approved by the Treasury board, established under the
above provision, and contracts were awarded at prices generally
higher than those paid last year for the same class and character of
goods. The increase in price is due entirely to the general advance
in the cost of nearly all materials. In the item of fuel alone the addi-
tional expense to the Department for the ensuing year will be about
$1,800. All contracts were secured by sufficient and satisfactory
bonds.
ESTIMATES OF APPROPRIATIONS.
The estimates of appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1901,
were prepared in this Division, based, as usual, upon written recom-
mendations submitted by chiefs of the several branches of the Depart-
ment. These recommendations were fully considered and approved
Ly
238 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
by the Seeretary of Agriculture. The estimates, including the $720,000
for agricultural experiment stations, aggregated $4,106,257. All dif-
ferences in the estimates from the appropriations of the preceding
year were, as usual, explained in footnotes for the information and
euidance of the proper committees of Congress, and were also
explained orally to these committees. The Committee on Agriculture
visited the Department during the last session of Congress in connec-
tion with the estimates to scrutinize its expenditures and to inquire as
to its future needs.
The main items of increase in the appropriation bill for 1901 are as
follows: For the distribution of seeds by Members of Congress, $40,000,
added at the request of over 225 Members of the House, who signed
a petition asking this increase.
An increase of $38,000 was made for the purchase of ground for a
new quarantine station at the port of New York and the erection of
buildings thereon, the present station at Garfield, N. J., having to be
abandoned on account of extending streets of the town through the
same.
The Bureau of Animal Industry has an additional $50,000 to meet
the constantly growing demands for the inspection of meats destined
for interstate and foreign commerce.
The appropriation for forestry investigations is increased $40,000,
thus doubling the appropriation. :
The appropriation for botanical investigations is increased from
$20,000 to $30,000; that for irrigation investigations from $35,000 to
$50,000; for tea-culture investigations from $1,000 to $5,000; for
publications from $80,000 to $105,000. Eighteen appropriations are
increased, aggregating $297,478.
The sum of $10,000 is provided to enable the Secretary of Agricul-
ture to undertake the necessary improvements to establish and main-
tain a general experimental farm and agricultural station on the
Arlington estate, in the State of Virginia, in accordance with the
provisions of the act of Congress approved April 18, 1900, entitled
‘‘An act to set apart a portion of the Arlington estate for experi-
mental agricultural purposes, and to place said portion under the
jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture and his successors in
office.” :
The Weather Bureau receives an additional amount for the purpose
of erecting iron storm-warning towers in place of the wooden ones
now in use, which are constantly decaying and breaking down, and
also to meet the increased cost of paper and other material used by
the Bureau.
By the appropriation bill a number of clerks were transferred from
the statutory salary roll of the Secretary to the statutory rolls of the
several divisions where they are actually employed, thus reducing
the Seeretary’s roll by $9,660, and correspondingly increasing the
other rolls.
The fund which provides for messengers, laborers, and charwomen
was reduced $1,420 by Congress. This fund was already inadequate
to the demands upon it, and the reduction thus made has necessitated
a proportionate cut in the pay of certain laborers, and will prevent
the employment of necessary emergency help.
For greater convenience, the appropriations for ‘Contingent
expenses,” ‘‘ Furniture, cases, and repairs” and ‘‘ Postage” were com-
bined under ‘‘Contingent expenses,” for the fiscal year 1901.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 239
The estimates carried an item of $200,000 ‘‘ for all labor, materials,
heating and power apparatus, plumbing, lighting, ventilating, and
other necessary expenses in erecting and fitting up suitable fireproof ’
laboratory buildings for the use of the United States Department of
Agriculture, on Reservation No. 2, in the city of Washington, District
of Columbia, all plans and specifications to be approved by and the
work to be done under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture.”
This recommendation by the Secretary of Agriculture for a labora-
tory building has the hearty support and approval of the Committees
on Agriculture of both Senate and House, and also of the Committee
on Appropriations. The subject has been very fully and carefully
considered by these committees, and is regarded by them as a good
business investment for the Government, as the Department is now
under an expense of over $10,000 annually for rent and repairs of
buildings entirely unsuited, with one exception, for laboratory pur-
poses. For reasons which do not appear, Congress failed to appro-
priate for a laboratory building. Nevertheless, an appropriation for
this purpose would be manifestly and emphatically in the interest of
economy, especially as the laboratory work of the Department is recog-
nized as a most important factor in the development and promotion of
agricultural science.
During the four years of the present administration of the Depart-
ment the appropriations have been increased by $835,598. This
increase has been well distributed among the several Bureaus, Divi-
sions, and Offices, according to their respective needs.
PAYMENT OF SALARIES AT THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.
Attention was called in the last report of this Division to the posi-
tion of the Comptroller of the Treasury relative to the payment of
salaries from lump-sum appropriations in the District of Columbia.
The Comptroller at that time decided, in a written opinion, that the
payment of such salaries was in contravention of the statutes (22
Stat. L., p. 235). In this connection, and with a view to relieve the
situation, the language of the several lump-sum appropriations was
amended in the last estimates so as to provide for the payment of
salaries ‘‘in the city of Washington and elsewhere, and in collecting,
digesting, reporting, and illustrating the results of such experiments,”
which amended language is acceptable to the Comptroller. In order
to legalize all payments for salaries made in former years from these
lump-sum funds, the following paragraph was inserted in the appro-
priation act:
The accounting officers are hereby directed ‘to settle all accounts for disburse-
ments from former appropriations for the Department of Agriculture on account
of salaries and services according to the terms and conditions of this act, except
that no increase of compensation herein provided shall be allowed for current and
prior fiscal years.
CONDITION OF THE WORK IN THE DIVISION.
It is thought proper to state here that no part of the work of the
Division of Accounts and Disbursements is in arrears; also that the
work of the employees of the Division during the year was character-
ized by the usual zeal and efficiency.
The following letter from the Auditor for the State and other
240 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Departments, who passes upon the accounts of the Department of
Agriculture, explains itself:
TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF AUDITOR FOR THE STATE AND OTHER DEPARTMENT,
Washington, D. C., December 8, 1899.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
Sir: Ihave the honor to state that, acting under the authority conferred upon
me by the act of March 15, 1898, section 5 (30 Stat., 277,316), I recently caused an
examination to be made of the books, papers, and accounts of F. L. Evans, Dis-
bursing Clerk, Department of Agriculture, which showed the following to be the
condition at the close of business on October 12, 1899:
Debit.
Balance due the United States on settlements____. ____--.-_--__._.___ $18, 135. 53
Amountadyanced OnereqdisijiOns es sees se eae ee 1, 203, 193. 42
Tosbe accounted for.# 352 227.6 AS ee oe ee ee 1, 221, 328. 95
Credit.
Balance duejofticerson settlement s=4se see eee ee eee 4,195.09
Gash onthan diac rst5- SSeS Votes See eg eee ede ec Lge heh te oe 365. 12
Voucher paid since September 30, 1899. ___.. ______ ..-. 2... ~+_- ==. 65, 931. 50
Amount to credit of Disbursing Clerk with Treasurer of
pheLWmitedsStates: 22 22 ee eee Ae Bee Oe ee $14, 500. 51
Outsiandine:checksPa'.2 6-2 iat ee ies eso Sebeels eee 3, 101.74
— 11, 398. 77
With assistant treasurer at Chicago__........--....----. 46, 253. 69
Outstandinexcheckss ss 5 sane ee ee ee _.. 26,346.24
a 19, 907. 45
With assistant treasurer at New York_......-.-----.---- 54,909.31
Outstandiney checks Sa) ts 5 ss a ae ee ee eee 51, 355. 85
————— 3, 553. 46
Wouchers sin th eras ditorsO fit Comes eee ee 1,115, 976. 24
Suspensions outstanding =. vs. 200: gh Oe Wien Care eee Pn DEE Aes 1.32
1, 221, 328. 95
It affords me pleasure to state that the condition of affairs in this office shows
that Mr. Evans, his cashier, and clerks are extremely careful and painstaking in
their official work. I find that at the close of each day the books are balanced so
as to show the amount of cash on hand and on deposit, and the vouchers paid for
the day and for the month. Mr. Evans’s accounts are rendered promptly and in a
manner very satisfactory to the accounting officers.
Respectfully,
Ernst G. TimMkE, Auditor.
LEASED BUILDINGS, WITH LOCATION AND MONTHLY AND ANNUAL
RENTAL.
In the District of Columbia.—The following is a statement of the
location, annual rental, and use of the several buildings under lease
by the Department in the District of Columbia during the year ending
June 30, 1900:
No. 1362 B street SW., Bureau of Animal Industry laboratory____.-_..... $1,200
No. 1358 B street SW., Division of Botany laboratory .____- A ee ae 720
No. 1364 B street SW., Division of Chemistry laboratory ._.__.....--.---- 1, 200
No. 212 Thirteenth street SW., Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pa-
thology laboratory pen see = ee oe eee 660
No. 214 Thirteenth street SW., Division of Soils laboratory____. .._..----. 660
Baltimore, Md
Boston, Mass®=22-= ee
Buffalo, N. Y
Chicas: ii
Indianapolis, Ind
Kansas City, Kans
Oe ee
Littleton, Mass---
Louisville, Ky
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
241
Outside the District of Columbia.—The following are the Bureau of
Animal Industry and Weather Bureau stations under lease by the
Department outside the District of Columbia during the year ending
June 30, 1900:
BUREAU
OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Stations, with location and monthly or annual rental.
Station.
Location. Rent.
INo?215 Stebaulistreet =-22-2ss 252-45 a= 52 -tn nae
No. 44 Kilby street
East Buffalo Live Stock Exchange Building
No. 4193 South Halsted street
Union Stock Yards
(Quarantine station)
35 Live Stock Exchange Building
Corner Ceutral and James streets
Live Stock Exchange Building
Aap ine station)
O.
$125 per annum.
Be ee ee ee ee ea re re $30 per month.
eee Do.
$225 per month.
$75 per month.
$1,800 per annum.
$10 per month.
$45 per month.
$15 per month.
_--| $250 per annum.
$10 per month.
507 Johnson street
National Stock Yards, Ill __-| Live Stock Exchange Building ------- -- -| $75 per month.
New: Work, Ne Were 2222-2 22=- No. 18 Broadway - ------ See ieee $500 per annum.
San Francisco, Cal
South St. Joseph, Mo
St. Denis, Md
No.
No.
87 Flood Building
St. Joseph Stock Yard Company Building
(Quarantine!station) 2.22 = 2] ------ |} $eeo per annum:
109 West Forty-second SER GGteT ee Us ae pe
$40 per month.
(0\Plume’streets 5s oe aes eens
$12 per month.
$20 per month.
$30 per month.
WEATHER BUREAU,
Stations, with location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light,
janitor, ice, brooms, matches, ete.
No Station. Location. ey:
UNITED STATES STATIONS.
1 | Abilene, Tex --..----------| On South First street_.......---.-------=------=-------- $424. 45
2 OA Vibeanity. (Nis Vee ee ene In public building, corner Broadway and State street |---- .-----
3) | Alpena, Mich >=--=-3— =~ Corner Fletcher and Dock streets ---------------------- 211.36
4.) Amarillosexes== =.= =a== @orner:Polkjand) Fifth streets... -25-2-522—- 4-22 22255-5- 120.00
5) | pAstorialOrepos seen No: 545 \CGommercialistreet =: --2408—- =e nee ee 252.00
6) | Atlanta, (Gass sess In Prudential Building, corner Broad, Walton, and 900. 00
Forsyth streets.
7 | Atlantic City, N. J._..._-.| In Real Estate and Law Building, 1421 Atlantic avenue- 175, 00
8 | Aueusta,/Gaes=-- Rs Seo In public building, corner Campbell and Greene |---------.
streets.
9 | Baker City, Oreg ---------- In Pollman Building, Main street ------------- -------- 350. 00
10 | Baltimore, Md-__.....---...| Johns Hopkins University, 532 N. Howard street------|----------
11 | Binghamton, N. Y--------- In public building, corner Wall and Henry streets----|----.-----
2 | Birmingham, Ala-------. -- In Walker & Jordan building, 2011 First avenue ------ 120.00
18 | Bismarck, N. Dak —--. 2-25] am pubis building, corner Main and First streets-----| .--- pete
ae SiOne Main’ Street = 2 es-ss ao. es = oe ee 259. 97
14 | Block Island, R. I -------- \| On cupola of National Hotel, on Main street---------- 20.00
15.\ Boiwse.1daho= | In Sonna Building, 228 Main street------ --.-.---------- 480.00
16) | Boston}iMass'22-"-s === | In public building, Post-Office Square ----.-..--.-- - ..--| ----------
1% || Buattalos Nz ¥ 2223523224 | In ‘Fradential Building, corner Pearl and Church 539. 85
streets.
18) Cairo. Wiest Se In public building, corner Washington avenue and |----------
Fourteenth street. |
19 | Cape Henry, Va ------ ____.| In Weather Bureau Building, on the beach--------.---|----------
20)| (Cape wWiayaeNe de ena leNOsalO eno hes Shree bee saan ae eee eee 420.00
21 | Carson City, Nev---------- In public building, on Carson street ------.------------]------ ----
23 | Cedar City, Utah. =-— 2=-2 In Jones Building, 318 Main street --------------------- 284. 00
23 | Charleston, 8. C -_..-.-.---| In public building, 200 East Bay street_----------------|----------
OF @harlotte ss Ne Gr eee In public building, corner Trade and Mint streets----|----------
25 | Chattanooga, Tenn------_-- In public building, corner Eleventh and A streets. --_|----------
26 |-Cheyenne, Wyo------ ------ In _ Commibrcial Building, 216-218 West Sixteenth 517.61
street.
OT i@hicarOs Uli=oenea aaa Auditorium Building, corner Wabash avenue and 1,800.00
Congress street. |
98) Cincinnati, Ohio2—==-25---= | In public building, Fifth street, between Walnut and), |~ 2252-5.
| Main streets.
29 | Cleveland, Ohio------------ | 1,140.00
al
}
| Columbia, Mo === == —-
AGR 1900——16
In Society for Savings Building, corner Public Sauare |
and Ontario street. |
In Agricultural Co)ege Building, Campus State Uni- |
versity.
242
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Stations, with location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light,
janitor, 7
ce, brooms, matches, etc.—Continued.
Station.
Location.
Eastport, Me
| Erie, Pa
| Jupiter, Fla --
jUNITED STATES STATIONS—
continued.
Columbia, SsC 2 = - ees
Columbus, Ohio:---2222-2
Concordia, Kans-
Corpus Christi, Tex. __----|
Currituck Inlet, N. C.. ---
Davenport, Iowa
Denver, Colo -
Des Moines, lowa
Detroit, Mich
Dodve-pKansess ee ose ase:
Dubuque, lowa
Duluth, Minn
Hagle. Alaska s-s2->--<2-=22
East Clallam, Wash
BING aWiesVick = Sestoc pees
Evansville, Ind
Flagstaff, Ariz
Fort Smith, Ark
Fort Worth, Tex
Fresno, Cal __---
Galveston; Text =
Grand Haven, Mich
Grand Junction, Colo
Greenbay, Wis
Hannibal Moe. ee
Harrisburg, Pa
Hatteras, N.C
Havre, Mont
Helena; Monti 22-20
Houghton, Mich. ---.-_-=-
Huron, 8. Dak
Independence, Cal
Indianapolis, Ind
Ithaca, Ni Wo 3 [on
Jacksonville, Fla
Kalispell, Mont
Kansas City, Mo
Keokuk, Iowa
Kev West, Fla
Kittyhawka Ne Cases
Knoxville, Tenn
La Crosse, Wis
Lander, Wyo
Lansing, Mich
Lexington, Ky
Lewiston, Idaho-_-
Lincoln, Nebr
| In public building, corner Jennings avenueand Texas.
In public building, corner Main and Laure! streets-_--
In Eberly Block, 203-215 South High street-----. .-----
Post-Office Building, 204 Sixth street -_-----_----------
In French Building, corner Chapparal and Star
streets.
In U.S. Life-Saving Station Buiiding.
In public building, corner Sixteenth and Arapahoe
streets.
In public building, corner Fifth street and Court
avenu
Union nEaee Building, corner Griswold and Congress
streets.
Beeson Block,.on Front street..-. -..--------=-=-------
| Bank and Insurance Building, corner Main and Ninth
| streets. }
'In public building, First street and Fifth avenue
west.
Corner Front street and Columbus avenue
In telegraph otfice, Frontier street -----..--------.----
In public building, corner Water and Washington
streets.
In Warfield & Dann Building, corner Third street |
and Davis avenue.
In public building, St. Louis and Oregon streets
In public building, Park row and State street .-- .__-
In Semer Block, corner Ludington street and Harri-
son avenue.
In Buhne’s brick building, corner Second and G@
streets.
In Federal Building, Second street, between Vine and
Sycamore streets.
In Milligan Cottage, corner Aspen avenue and Park |
street.
In public building- -
street. |
Farmers’ National Bank of Fresno Buiiding, 1056 I
street.
Levy Building, corner
streets.
Cutler House, corner Third and Washington streets--
In Canon Block, corner Fourth and Main streets ~ -_--
In Soquet Building, 320-322 North Washington street_
In public building, corner Broadway and Sixthstreet-
| In public building corner Third and Walnut streets.
in Styron’s House, main road
InGussenhoven Building, First street, between Third
and Fourth avenues.
In Power Block, corner Main street and Sixth avenue-
In Shelden Building, northwest corner Shelden and
Jsle Royale streets.
In Jeffris Block, 337 Dakota avenue---..-. ..-._- -_------
In Norman House, corner Market and Edward streets ||
In Majestic Building, corner Pennsylvania and Ma-
ryland streets.
In Lincoln Hall, Cornell University --.....---..--------
In Astor Building, 138 West Bay street .__.----.-------
In Weather Bureau Building, near light- house ____-_--
in Conrad National Bank Building, corner Main and
Second streets.
| In Rialto Building, corner Grand avenue and Ninth
street.
In public building,
streets.
In Waite Building, corner Duvai and Wall streets-__-
In Weather Bureau Building, on the beach
University of Tennessee -__-
In public building, corner Fourth and State streets__
In Bunce & Iiam’s Block, 36 Main street-_-..----- .-----
In Federal Building, corner Michigan and Capitol
avenues.
In State College Building, South Limestone street _-
inPA dams Block: 2. Sos ee See eee
In University of Nebraska Building, corner Twelfth
and T streets.
In public building, Second street, between Center
and Spring.
Twenty-third and Market
}
corner Seventh and Blendeau
In public building, corner Fourth and Perry streets__|-.-.
Annual
rental.
300. 00
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
243
South streets.
Stations, with location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light,
janitor, ice, brooms, matches, ete.—Continued.
| Stats | F iAmhal
No. Station. Location. rental.
UNITED STATES STATIONS—|
continued.
85 | Los Angeles, Cal ------.... } In Wilson Building, 102} South Spring street ----.-. -_-- $563. 30
86 | Louisville, Ky-.---.------- In seule building, corner Fourth and Chestnut | ---------
streets
8%" | oyynchbure. Vaeos se oe | In Law Building, 807 Main street_-__._....--..--.------ 270.00
Sor Macon’ Gases == ee In public building, corner Third and Mulberrystreets |-----..--_-
89 | Marquette, Mich --_----.-.- In Palbhe building, corner Third and Washington |--------_-
| streets.
90 | Memphis, Tenn.--....__---- In poner Building, corner Main and South Court 600. 00
streets.
91. |) Meridian. Miss -=--ess-" = In public building, corner Twenty-second avenue |-__--_____-
and Eighth street.
92 | Miles City, Mont .-_.-_---- In Leighton Building, Main street _.__.____-_..__-.-..- 168.00
93 | Milwaukee, Wis--.---- | In public building, Wisconsin street, between Jeffer- |.---------
| son and Jackson streets.
94 | Minneapolis, Minn -_----_-- | In public building, corner Third street and First |.--..____-
avenue south.
957) Mobile} Alag 22 =e ssaee= | In ule building, corner St. Francis and Royal |_-___---.-
streets
96 | Montgomery, Ala. ____-__-_- |In public building, corner Lawrence street and Dex- |_________-
ter avenue.
97 | Moorhead, Minn--------_-- In oust National Bank, corner Front and Sixth 265. 25
| _ streets. |
98 | Mount Tamalpais, Cal -- --| In Peay abery, Building, eastern peak Mount Tam- | 420.00
| alpais.
99..|: Mount. Washington Nebr Onisnraim ite. ae nes ee ee ee oe eee 5.00
100 | Nantucket, Mass --- _. .__-| In Pacific Club House, corner Main and Water streets- 270.00
101 | Narragansett Pier, R. I---| In Odlen Cottage, Kingstown street ------.-.---------- 150.96
102 | Nashville, Tenn ---_--.------ In Chamber of Commerce, 309 Church street - ._------ 400. 00
103 | Neah Bay, Wash -.------.- In Indian Agency Building, facing bay -----.----------|----------
104 | New Brunswick, N. J----- In New Jersey Experiment Station Building, corner |..--------
Bleecker Place and Hamilton street
105 | New Haven, Conn..--.- .--- | In Insurance Building, 890 Chapel street ___---_.------ 400. C0
106 | New Orleans, La ----_____- In public building, corner Decatur and Custom-house |----- --.-
streets.
10%} New, Yorks Nyse In American Surety Building, 100 Broadway ---------- 2,500. 00
LSi Norfolk Vale In Citizens’ Bank Building, 191-195 Main street___----- 525. 00
_ 109 | Northfield, Vt_.._-_-- In Norwich University, on Central street. ----_...----|----------
110 | North Platte, Nebr--_-- | In Odd Fellows’ Hall, corner Fifth and Dewey streets- 339.50
li klahoma, Okla In Opera House Block, corner Robinson street and 510.00
Grand avenue. 3
1923) (Omaha, Ne brass = eee lan pane building, corner Sixteenth and Dodge a
streets
113) |\Oswego: Nei Nese es eee In public building, Oneida street - Se err ore eee
114) Palestine; Tex 222-22 =225=- In City Hall, corner of Palmer and Oak streets. _____- 314. 00
115 | Parkersburg, W. Va -__--- In public building, corner Fifth and Juliana streets-_-_|_---_-----.
116 | Pensacola, Fla_----. ------ In public building, corner Palafox and Government |----------
streets.
ly, | Phoenix Agizeesssa= ee In Wharton Building, 38 North Center street. __.____- 300.00
118 | Philadelphia, Pa=-=>=- = In public building. corner Ninthand Chestnut streets_|.-----_---
119 | Pierre! S=Dak==-5-----e Corner Attica and Tiffin streets. 144. 00
120) | Pittsburg) base-s=- In public building, Smithfield street, Third to Fourth |----------
avenues.
121 | Pocatello, Idaho___---...... In Phoenix Block, corner First avenue and Center 300. 00
street.
122; | Point. Reyes Light, Cal2—_|\ Inilightbouse building: 2-5-2 -=22-- 22. 25--- == -20 5-5
123 | Port Crescent, Wash------ In Hart Building, corner Third and A streets
124 | Port Huron, Mich --..--.-. In Federal Building, corner Sixth and Water streets-|--.-.-_._.
175) Portlands Mer sees—- ee ee First National Bank, 57 Exchange street - 504. 00
126: |: Portland; Oreg/=- | In Oregonian Building, corner Sixth and Alder streets. 840.00
12%. (PuebloxColo2 === In public building, corner Sixth and Main streets __-.|----------
123 | Raleiehe Ni © aes sere In Fisher Building, corner Fayetteville street and 240.00
| Exchange Place. x 4
129 | Rapid City, S. Dak ---.-__- In Lakota Building, corner Seventh and St. Joe | 276.00
streets.
130:|Redi Blutts Cal =s22eee—n- In Bank of Tehama County, Cal., corner of Main and 39625
Walnut streets.
1S | Richmond) Vase In Times Building, corner Bank and Tenth streets _-__- 600. 00
132) | Rochester) NaWi= 22 In ouee building, corner Church and Fitzhugh |--.--..---
streets
133 | Roseburg, Oreg--.----- ---- ; In Marks Building, 228! Jackson street ---- - 309. 00
134 | Sacramento, Cal. --.--- ---- In public building, corner Seventh and K streets. =220|5.2oees
1350\) St; uous Moes-2 2-22 In public buiiding, on Olive street, between Eighth |--------.-
and Ninth.
136 te Stabad Mann): 6 eee In Chamber of Commerce Building, 112 East Sixth 872.85
street.
137 | Salt Lake City, Utah-_---- In Dooley Block, corner West Temple and Second 600. 00
244
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Stations, with-location and annual rental, including such items as heat, light,
janitor, ice, brooms, matches, etc.—Continued.
No. Station.
UNITED STATES STATIONS—
continued.
188 | San Antonio, Tex -.----.--
1390) san pier oo Cale= sesso
140 | Sandusky, Ohio -....------
141 | San Francisco, Cal--.-_--..-
142 | San Luis Obispo, Cal------
143 | Santa Fe, N. Mex---.------
144 | Sault Ste. Marie, Mich __-_-
145 | Savannah, Ga see eee
MMGweScrantonweaee- sees es
147") Seattle: Wash. =----- ~---
148 | ‘Shreveport, laa 2. .22--=-=--
149) | “Sioux City.lowa.-2-- +-_---
150 | Spokane, Wash
DIG Sprincheld yale es ee
152 | Springfield, Mo
THs we Tacoma. Wash eee sss
154 | Tampa, Fla ------
155 | Toledo. Ohio=--— 2.
156) Ropeka. Kans). == 22 22
157 | Twin, Wash_--
158 | Valentine, Nebr- .-..------
159 | Vicksburg, Miss___...-..--
160 | Wallawalla, Wash-_-------
1613) SWichitanKanss24—-— os
162 | Williston, N. Dak-_--.- :
163 | Wilmington, N. C-_.-_--.---
164 Winnemucca, Nev --------
165") Wankton.S. Dak 2225225"
16600 Yomlal Ariz-o-- seeee ees
| Doballet a2. sees
| WEST INDIAN STATIONS.
1 | Basseterre, St. Kitts_--.--
2 | Bridgetown, Barbados.---
3 | Cienfuegos, Cuba---_..-__-
4 | Habana ubae sss a
5 | Kingston, Jamaica --------
6 | Port of Spain, Trinidad_-
7 | Puerto Principe, Cuba--.--
8 | Roseau, Dominica-.--------
9 San Juan, Porto Rico __-_-
10 | Santiago de Cuba, Cuba---
11 | Santo Domingo, Santo
Domingo.
12 | Willemstad, Curagao ---.-
Wotals-= Seee eases
i
|
..-.----.-| In Knight Building, 315} Franklin street
| In public building, corner
i Rivas Building
ton street.
Market street.
streets.
streets.
streets.
Ninth streets.
streets.
eet oes in JOness ulin ose
streets.
streets.
streets.
nando.
At 55 San Ignacio street
Lane.
No.5 Fortaleza street
F Annual
Location. mental’
In Hicks Building, corner Avenue C and East Hous- $480. 00
In Keating Building, corner Fifth and F streets-_--- 360. 00
In public building, corner Columbus avenue and: |.= eam
In Mills Building, corner Bush and Montgomer y | 290. 00
In Rackliffe Building, corner Choro and Marsh str tal 300. 00
In Catron Building, corner Plaza on Palace avenue- 420.00
In Weather Bureau Building on Government FOSere | een
vation known as ‘‘ Canal grounds.”’
In public building, corner President and Whitaker |----------
oe sibel eee eae Se nS 500. 00
‘In New York Building, 7 704 Second avenue .._.--.-__-- 480. 00
In public building, corner Texasand Marshall streets _|------ ----
In public building, corner Sixth and Douglas streets_|--.--_--..
In Jamieson Building, 705 Riverside avenue-------.--- 540 00
In public building, corner Monroe and Sixth streets-_|---------
_In publie building, corner Boonville and Brower Bis
In Chamber of Commerce Building, corner C and 240.00
eae ee 326. 75
_In public building, corner Madison and St. Clair |__.-_.___-
| In Columbia Building, 112 West Sixth avenue -______.. ee 00
. 00
In Davenport Building, corner Catherine and Main | 300. 00
Crawford and Walnut | |. 2 aS Rae
In Paine Brothers’ Building, corner Main and Sec ond | 295. 80
In The Sedgwick, corner First and Market streets --- 350. 00
Corner Main and Third streets ---------- 390. 00
In public building, corner Front and Chestnut streets_|_..._..--
In county court-house, on Bridge street. -_--..-_-.---- 268. 00
In Union Block, corner Third and Walnut streets.___ 280. 00
In public building, on Government reservation --_---_|----------
bee o ase Sse ce ee el OOS
In American House, Liverpool Row-.----.----------.--- 288. 00
In Ice House, corner McGregor and Broad streets ___- 352. 00
In Union Hotel, 19 D’Clouet street, corner San Fer- 480.00
ok ee NEE, Slat te Sera eee een eee 1, 200. 00
ek OR A eae a eee 240.00
In Hacienda, between Obispo and Obripia streets _-__-_|_---__----
| Halfway Tree, 3 miles north of Kingston-------- 438. 00
| In Family Hotel, 48 Kung street Rees =-.— ase 360. 00
In San Francisco College, San Francisco Square oe oe 300. 00
In Bow Lane House, corner Hanover street and Bow 240.00
Corner of Nepomuceno and Enramadas, baja, No. 10_| 360.00
In Vicini Building, 7 Santo Tomas street ---.--------- 480.00
| In Washington Villa, on Hoogstraat-.-_--_------------- 341.40
fap SE. 2 oo Sen ace ee i ee ee eee 5, O79. 40
APPROPRIATIONS, DISBURSEMENTS, AND UNEXPENDED BALANCES FOR
FISCAL YEARS 1839-1900,
INCLUSIVE.
The table commencing on the next page shows all appropriations
made to the Department of Agriculture, the date of the act making
the appropriation, and the disbursements and unexpended balances,
from the fiscal year 1839 to the fiscal year 1900.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
245
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances for the Department of
Agriculture from the fiscal year 1839 to the fiscal year 1900, inclusive.
Reference to
| Fis-
Date of ap- | Statutes at
Object. propriation Large. eal
act. Spe Ly Cars
Vol.| Page. | Sec.
|
1839 To 1847, INCLUSIVE.
ar. 3,1839 5 354 9 | 1839
Aug. 26, 1842 5 533 | 26 | 1842
Collection of agricultu- |}Mar. 3, 1843 5 642 |- 1 | 1844
ral statistics, etce_-.-_._- June it 144 5 687 1 | 1845
\|Mar. 3,1845 5 BYE 1 | 1846
|(Mar. 3 1847 9 160 1 | 1847
|
Total, 1839 to 1847, |
inclisive H=ssse=- ei es oe Be | 2 ee ee a al eae
1848.
Collection of agricultu- I
ral statistics, etc______- Aug. 12,1848 9 285 1 | 1848
Chemical analyses of |
vegetable substances__|____- dos 9 285 1 | 1848 |
Rotal; 1949 2k See Ree ne Ne feo) all eae
1849. |
Collection of agricultu-
ralstatistics, ete. (total,
8419). -~ see ee Mar. 3,1849 | 9 364 1 | 1849 |
1850. |
Chemical analyses of
vegetable substances_-| Mar. 3,1849 9 364 1 | 1850
Collecting agricultural :
statistics -...._.---.-.--.| Sept. 30, 1850 9 541 1 | 1850
Totaly, [S502 352. 22 Es see ee | ee Bee ete
1851 TO 1857, INCLUSIVE.
|
Collection of agricultu-
in pee eee Roe Mar. 3, 1851 9 615 1
Collection of agricultu- aS aes ee ps
ral statistics and pur- ne oh ees 4 ae j
chase of seeds----------} Be ee aera =
Collection of agr icultu- May 31,1854 |} 10) 292) L|
ral statistics and pur- |;Aug. 4,1854 | 10 pote |) .* 1)
Gone eee soe ee | Mar. 3,1855.| 10 664) 1]
oilection of agricultu- = ]
ral statistics, etc., and eee ee eo it i 4
purchase, etc., of seeds- S- 28; cal
Total, 1851 tos Bie== eas eee ee (ees
1858.
Collection of agricul-
tural statistics, etc.,
and purchase, etc., of
S@e008-<2-22 82nd se ses Mar. 3,1857 11 226 1
Information in relation
to consumption of cot- 1
[6 6 ie eee ee Se Perey | eee do.=42-52 11 226 1
Total, 1858) 2=- > es ee eee ee ee eS
1859 To 1863, INCLUSIVE. |
Collection of agricul- | Hee i bee a re 1
tural statistics, etc., | June25. 1860 | 12| 108 1 1861
and purchase, etc., of | Mar. 2.1861) 12 217 1 | :
peed -- 252 dates Mabe ta, 1Bae p12 |) gees. jisez
Collection of agricul- |
tural statistics, etc.,
aud purchase, etc., of
seeds, including a defi-
Seney appropriation
of $20,000, made March |
Belle Sree soc see cas ee 1,1862 | 12 350 1 | 1863
Total, 1859 to 1863, |
inclusive ____.-..- | SS ane a (eect Seed eral ree re
Amount Amount
Amount
appro- : unex-
priated. | disbursed. | pended.
$1, C00. 00 $1000: 00 ||
1, 000. 00 000: 00) es
2, 000. 00 2; 000: G0 ts Bee
2, 000. 00 2,000.00 |_ 5 =
3, 000. 00 5: O00: 00: |p sees
3, 000. 00 3) 000200: 2
12, 000. 00 2,000: 00) |S =sseeee
= 1
3,500. 00 3,900: 00) |-2 2-52"
1,000.00 | £000: 00) | ae
4,500.00 | 4,500.00].
3, 500. 00 3,300: 00) |p
1,000. 00 iL 000: 00 |e = ae
4,500.00| 4,500.00]...
5,500.00} 5,500.00]. _____-
80, 000. 00 |
304, 000. 00
605,000! 00) Eze aes
63, 704. 21 295.79
80; 000! 00) |=s2=e= ==
303, 704. 21 295. 79
246
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued.
Object.
Salaries
Collection of agricul-
tural statistics, etc.,
and purchase, etc., of
Seeds £54. a ee
Culture of cotton and |
TODACCOP me ate
OES RUS with flax |
hemp.
Pur chase of sorghum
To emmie shop in prop-
agating garden
Postage
Furniture, carpets, fuel,
etc
Salaries
Contingent expenses -__-_-
Collecting agricultural
statistics -
Furniture, car pets, ete__.
Library and laboratory -
Purchase and distribu-
tion of seeds .--...------
Experimental gardens
and grounds
To pay a debt incurred
in preparing the Agri-
cultural Report for
Rent, etc., of Commis-
sioner’s office
Totaly l865— 2s
1866.
Salaries
Contingent expenses ___-
Collecting agricultural
statistics
Purchase, etc.,of seeds_-
Experimental gardens
and grounds, etc_-_----
Total, 1866
Salaries
Contingent expenses ---_)
Collecting agricultural
statistics -
Purchase of seeds_______-
Experimental gardens
and grounds, etc-_-_----
Otel A 86% ee Eee
Salaries
Contingent expenses ----
Collecting agricultural
statistics=-=s>- eee Za
Purchase, etc., of seeds--
Museum
Experimental gardens
and grounds -_-..-_.---
Reference to
|
a Ineluding deficiency appropriation.
Date ofap- | Statutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount
propriation Large. cal appro- soe unex-
act. year.) priated. * | pended.
Vol. | Page. | Sec.
Feb. 25,1863 | 12| 691| 111864! $5,000.00! $5,000.00 |___...___-
ieap do..-..-.| 12| 691] 1] 1864| °s7,000.00| 87,000.00 |_-.-..._--
__..-do.......| 12| 691| 1| 1864] 3,000.00} 3,000.00 |__...-___-
Pairs a ate 12| 691} 1/1864) 20,000.00} 9,500.00 $10,500.00
Mar. 14,1864 | 13| 23| 1/1864] 2,000.00] 2,000.00 |_.____..-.
La dot | glk es alent 800.00 800:00 |..2..:--.-
eae k do. 2 2:|| 13.) 23 e241 | eee} 0 aese0ieo)||' aeaso apne see anaes
Ay) do2z=.2.|" 18;\ shes! | in| sad astenac00 650.00 |... 2.
Re eet iree Faster gees Po Ly" (be 119,770.00 | 109,270.60 | 10,500.00
{June 25.1864 | 13 155 I eens 5
{Tule 21861 | 13| 320 | 2 [$1865 | 38,300.00 | 38,800.00 |...
June 25,1864 | 13} 155| 1/1865] 3,500.00| 3,500.00 |.__._____.
ai, do....-..| 13| 155] 1] 1865] 20,000.00| 20,000.00 |....____._
age doseemees| 6 13'|) 155.1) 1 ase5 800. 00 800.00 |__........
ane, do-.c2c.:| 23.| 2355 | 1 | 1e9e5"|- 4,000, 00+}: aoa ang s00)| ae aaaeeaee
Watt do.......| 12| 155] 1] 1865] 61,000.00] 61,000.00 |-_._..___-
ics do..-.-.]43'|7 155 '| 4 | aes |: Assen sce: >> 645, s00 oon eememeee
| July 2,1864] 13]. 350} 2| 1865! 3,704.05| 3,596.55 | 107.50
July 4,1864| 13] 381! 3|1865| 3,500.00] 3,500.u0 |__.______.
See EN sr BM hor nl Nera | end | eee a 150,604.05 | 150,496.55 | 107.50
Mar. 2,1865 {33 re 1 (1866 46,726.59 | 46,726.59 |........--
— do_......|°13 | 455! 1 |1se6} 7,500.00)" “93000042 ee
Bee Eee 13 | 455 | 1) 1865 | 20,000.00 | 20,000.00 |...
60| : Bios poe eS
sede tener |S iee 1 1866 70,165.90 | 70,165.90 |_.-...-._.
N 513! 160| 3| a ee aga ee
I ieee tl sree pl Ue }1866 23,395.83 | 28,395.33 |_...______
PR ASEY Bele Meet) aa oe! pine |! A 167,787.82 | 167,787.82! ...
July 23,1866 | 14/ 201] 1/1867] 39,600.00] 39,600.00|....____.
arg do.......| 14|° 201} 1| 1867] 11,500.00 11,500.00]........__
Se 2 os 14{ 201} 1/|1867| 10,000.00! 10,000.00}...
= fi4} 201] 1|
cs -------1) 14 | 2027) 1 |bisev | 115,200.00 | 115,200.00 |... ____
Mar. 30,1867 | 15| 28] 1
July 23,1866 | 14| 202] 1] 1867} 22,800.00] 22,800.00 |._____...-
ier: kare | be 2} 225i y eel Baas | 199,100.00 | 199,100.00 |......._--
Mar. 2,1867| 14| 451] 111868] 38,020.00! 38,020.00'..._______
eee do.......| 14] 451]. 1.1868} 13,000.00] 13,000.00 |.____.___-
doles 14| 451| 11] 1868| 10,000.00] 8,406.34 | 1,593.66
fit do_......| 14| 452] 1]|1868| 85,200.00| 85,200.00 |__..-_...-
SOF: do_i...|.14| 4521. 1| 3868 | 10;000,00'| 0: 00m auy satin
ee: do.......| 14! 452| 11/1868! 22,800,001 22,800.00 |_......---
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
247
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued.
Hererenea va
Date of statutes a is- y. nt
Object. prapeiation Large. zal ee mount ae
; act. year arnt disbursed. | jended
Vol. | Page. | Sec.
1868.
an a building fox
the epartment o
Agriculture == 2) = 2-2. Mar. 2, 1867 14 464 1 | 1868 | $100,000.00 } $99,668.00 $332.00
otal, Is6o hata eee ee Sales eR ah cee 279,020.00 | 277,094.34 | 1,925.66
| == —S
1869.
For certain goods and
SP Evicee furnished the erioed a :
epartnient) = 9s WS SBS le don) G0" olleaeees 37, 604. 70 Pe? Vil [eee AE 288
Salaries’: soto. <2 ne July 20,1868 | 15 105 1 | 1869 65, 368. 00 65:568: 00" |/2e2 = eee
Sevres cap eelsce d 15 106 1 | 1869 10, 000. 00 10,000. 00
statistics \ fo 235 2 ee Oe H } , 000. *000:'00)| 222 ease
Contingent expenses -_-__|__._- doe sse 15 196 1 | 1869 31, 090. 00 3109000) |=
rea rou care Leelee 15 106 1 | 1869 23,500. 00 Pp 000: 002s eae eee
Purchase, ete., of seeds__|.___- Gomis: 1 106 1 | 1869 20, 000. 00 205 000 008 aa aes
Furniture, cases, and re-
Pairs=. 222s eS ee (6 Ko Nae ean 15 106 1 | 1869 22, 635. 00 225\650..00 | Pees
Total’ [sei . % os el epee eee Pee Soe _.|.....-| 210,197.70 | 210,197.70 |___... vay
nn | —=—
1870. ie ae ; i
Salaries) 2052 = sae eee Mar. 3,1869 1 15 598 1| y1870 69, 240. 00 67,720.00 | 1,520.00
Collecting agricultural :
Shauistics = ase aed (ohoja: fie 15 298 1 | 1870 15, 000. 00 OOO 00" Pee yee ae
are espuaihads ie mies id nb Grace: 15 298 1} 1870 15, 000. 00 12, 695. 60 304. 40
Contingent expenses --___|____- dose te 15 298 1 | 1870 13, 200. 00 TSE 2002000 ee eee
Furniture, cases, and re- 5 - a |e ee ean
Palrs. =: 2 oS2-tSe= ea eee OSes 5 298 7 2,500. 27000: (08 eae
Hepe nmol gar dens |.___. Con ees 15 298 1 | 1870 21, 500. 00 215 500; 00) | za
and groundsi= ose
Purchase, etc., of seeds__|_-__- (Kove pes eee 15 298 1 j 187 20, 000. 00 18,981.33 | 1,018.67
Totals 1870} 22225 = = ewer we teers eee e sepals 2 ere 156, 440.00 | 151,596.93 | 4,843.07
1871.
+ sSuly 12,1870] 16] 245]. 1/40, ie aah
Salaries: ~~ <-<: 252-557 -25" uly 15,1870 | 16| 314 1 871 71, 980. 00 71,811. 64 168.36
tae aca | July 12,1870 | 16 245 1 | 1871 15, 000. 00 15, 000. 00
Stabishicse a= =a= aes uly 7 245 7 5, 000. D000 00" |S222e a
Purchase, ete., of seeds -- eens Bee ot He oe : 1871 30, 000. 00 28,865.17 | 1,184.83
F te V0On ees! 246
Experimental gardens ©--=""1 96 | 302 | 1 |lis7t | 53,200.00 | 53,200.00
and grounds ~------.-.- '|Fuly 15,1870 216 | 303} 1 era sale paige
Contingent exnereee ..--| July 12,1870} 16 246 1 | 187 8,100.00 85100500) 2522s
Furniture, cases, and re-
pairs:.+ 20.3 ee eee doe stsre: 16 246 1 | 1871 4, 700.00 AE OO! OD) eae eee
Galincuine and modeling s F BF ntler: ee eae
+ gpocimons ae Pent lee ears Wal ace es Phe | oe ee tee aa eee
Herbaritumscese 2 oe = eee Omeaneee 16 246 1 | 187 1, 000. 00 T. 00: 0012 = Seas
Laboratory. ee Goes si 16 246 1 | 1871 1, 700. 00 JF 200500) eee ee
Holding room\s---2-—5 ee dos: 16 246 1 | 187 500. 00 DN0500; |= ee
Total: 7a sec |e eee Be ak Sema ee Sar 188,180.00 | 186,876.81 | 1,303.19
1872 |
Salaries=2-----= er ee Mar. 3,1871 | 16 489 1 | 1872 75,170.00 75, 017.89 152.11
Collecting agricultural :
ilies es ee sina does. 16 489 1 | 1872 15, 000. 00 14, 059. 36 940. 64
Purchase an istribu-
tion of seeds, etc__-..-- eed O's eses 2 16 489 1 | 187 45, 000. 00 45. 000! 00) 222 eee
Experimental, Gardens |\__-.do------ 95 | goa | 1 \yis72 || 86,800.00 |, 38,800.00
and grounds ----.-_---- a 6 i | een os a >
Contingent expenses -...|_....do......-] 16| 490 1 (}1872| 12,900.00) 12,900.00 |...
Furniture, cases, and re- j t =. a
PRPS os ost eee a ee oe eeaee |G 490 1 | 1872 4, 700. 00 4°00; 00): |2eeee ee
Collecting and modeling 3
Bpeeuueee of fruit ---_- -do. 16 pt A ae ee a 1, a 002); ae
Herbarigm) =) 5s sooo » - 2 , 000. 5000! 00}: || == Saree
Tibrakys ct. ste o sees eee 16] 490} 1] 1872 2,050. 00 2° 050K 00) | eeceeeenee
Thaboratoryoosenees see 16 490 1 | 1872 3, 450. 00 42 OO), (eae
Total, 1812) =e JA |535) es 197,070.00 | 195,977.25 | 1,092.75
248
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued.
Reference to
Date of ap- tatutes at | Pis- | Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. cal appro- ee unex-
act. year.| priated. ursed. | pended.
Vol. | Page. | Sec.
1873.
Salaries: #os2-2 2. fe. f May 8,1872 | 17 77 1 | 1873 | $75,890.00 | $75,889.73 $0. 27
Collecting agricultural :
statistics _ eas TE ld (keynes 5 17 77 1 | 1873 | 15,000.00 153000200) |S senee
Purchase and distribu- | |
sion of seeds Sees aeeslata Bone ae we 1 eee | 55, 000. 00 0D; O00F008 Seen aa===
xperimental gardens |f_.. do. ._---- a 77 Il ai ¢ F
and grounds --..------- {June 10,1872 | 17 368 1 je END 8) ee
Contingent expenses _..| May 8,1872 { eee Le \isr3 13,300.00 12,507.06 | 792.94
Folding room s22=- -2.--- Wee 5 don se-=3 17 17 1 | 1873 | 300. 00 300500) |=
Furniture, cases, and re- | |
pairs: sets ss tots tenella we OW sadecas|) Jy 18 1 | 1873 5, 200. 00 5200500) |Soeene eee
Museum and herbarium eee ear io 569 | i 1873 | 5, 000. 00 | 4, 674.43 B25. 57
Iibrary ease sesso May 8,1872 | 17 v8 | 1 | 1873 | 1, 750. 00 1 05001 | Baers
Motel slB(See nao ceee eae eee eee U Ec ese 202, 440.00 | 201,321.22 | 1,118.78
1874, = na
Salaries. ee ya ee ar. 3,1873 | 17 506 1 | 187 78,190.00 76,924.00 | 1,266.00
Collecting agricultur al |
Statistics 299 sees eeeae do aS i 506 1| 1874 | 15,000.00} 11,553.20] 3,446.80
pee 7 506 il |
Purchase and distribu- . it a4 : ;
Tail Bo DG Ee Gk \ aT don eee A a | 1874 | 65,000.00 64, 904. 89 95, 1a!
Experimental gardens i F ipeila 507 1 os oR On 0 OK Wa1 4
and er GUnGS Lee SENS (ont ) 17 529 ] 1874 26, 200. 00 25, 731. 74 468. 26
Museum and herbarium | ___- dome ile 507 1 | 1874 | 2,000.00 1, 942. 02 57.98
Contingent expenses ---.|_---- oye eee 17 507 1 | 1874 | 13,600.00 | 12,699.34 900. 66
Furniture, cases, and re-
Dainese eee. acces seals ee douea 17 507 1 |-1874 4, 200. 00 3, 302. 40 897. 60
WADPArY | sees oe so eee eee 51S So 2c2.|!| wile 507 1 | 1874 1,500. 00 1, 259.10 240.90
IPOStAL Olen eee a eel dos 17 542 | 4 | 1874 52, 000. 00 35, 449.09 | 16,550.91
Do bale svat ee Oe on Otel |e) eet axe an 257, 690. 00 | 2 233, 765.78 | 23,924.22
1875 ay ¥
SRE ONS) a eee ou sasoee June 20,1874 | 18 107 1 | 1875 77, 180. 00 77,127.60 52. 40
Collecting agricuitural
pe natistics Se eee oo ge eee i 107 t 1875 15, 000. 00 12,147.56 | 2,852.44
urchase an IStPIDU-a| ieee O = hae 7 107 Naor 6 . ‘ »
tion of seeds, etc. ....-- ee 251876 [218 |» B08 |) Blfeeies|) CUO COs ae ss eee
Furniture, cases, and re- A | |
DBs Behl 8 fags sa ee fn auee 20, 1874 aS me 1 | 1875 4, 200. 00 4, 135. 36 64. 64
xperimental gardens j|f.--.do---...- 8 0 1 jer ¢ came P
and croundse==5-- =) \\ June 23,1874 | 18 227 i p85 24, 100.00 | 24, 094. 06 5. 94
Contingent expenses - June 20,1874 | 18 107 1 | 1875 12,600.00 | 10,972.61} 1,627.39
Museum and neRbarines 53895 87 a a j 1875 4,500.00 | 3,300,.C0 | 1,200.00
Maboratonyaess=- pee ee ieee ne peruse 18 227 1 | 1875 1,300. 00 is COMO0) || 225 5se5-
1 Digi ob a ra ah eee ee eee Eee (5 Koy ose Be 18 227 1 | 1875 1, 500. 00 1, 087. 90 412.10
IPOStagece-f= see. see Fane 20, 1874 18 107 1 | 1875 52, 000. 00 42,633.00 | 9,367.00
To pu blish Commission-
er’s reports for the |
years 1872 and 1873 ____| June23,1874 | 18 227 1 | 1875 50, 000. 00 49,561.91 438.09
Total, 1875 ......---- brie eae PN Reese | Bou: |_.....| 837,380.00 | 321,079.83 | 16,300.17
1876. | | preg
Salaries! 2—. casaceen es Mar. 3,1875 | 18] 368 1 | 1876 77,180.00 fifealuliss, rial 64. 29
Collecting agricultur al | :
statistics: 52235 == ss ee doers. 18 368 1/1876 | 15, 000. 00 14, 500. 00 500. 00
Purchase and distribu- |
Sues of secus ee = 20S ae ly 8 368 1 | 1876 65, 000. 00 | 6530000001 | ease see
xperimental gardens || f 18 368 L yor - me
Bnd proundee ee ---do..-..-}) 7g | 394 | 1 |f1876 | 19,990.00) 19, 956. 11 33.89
Museum and herbarium |.___- doae=s-2 18 | 368 1 | 1876 2,000. 00 | 1,993. 55 6.45
Furniture, cases, and re-
Pairs 2h vee (hes See een | eee dot Reet: 18 | 368 1 | 1876 3, 300. 00 3, 124. 28 alaprie
WWIbTAY 2) o cae eoeneee WETCORes = 18 | 368 1 | 1876 1, 250. 60 1, 046. 84 203.16
Laboratory ....---------- Pesos Bars 18 368 1 | 1876 1,300.00 3003 00"| aaa eens
Contingent expenses ----}----- Goweesee.|) 18 368 1 | 1876 ae 100. 00 11,378, 91 721.09
Postage: (5 341 See eee doe 18 368 1 | 1876 52, , 000. 00 3, 428. 29 | 48, 571. 71
DIN bac ETE et eee alee | Sea ETRE NCT 50, 276.36
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
249
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc,—Continued.
Salaries
Experimental gardens
and srounds===—
Collecting agricultural
Statistics. - =
Purchase and distribu- |
tion of seeds, ete__-.---
Museum and herbarium-
Furniture, cases, and
Tepairs:- ese see Se
Ri DraRyiece- see
Maboratory, “= =) 2.===-
Contingent expenses ----
Postage
Motaloisii c= ==
Salaries
Collecting agricultural
statistics --.-------
Purchase and distribu-
tion of seeds, etc
Experimental gardens
and grounds
Museum
Furniture, cases,
TOPMES See eee
library: 22-6 0e-
Laboratory
Contingent expenses
Postage ---.-
Report on for estr y
International Industrial |
Exposition at Paris .-
Salaries
Collecting agricultural
statistics _
Purchase and distribu-
tion of seeds, etc-------
Experimental gardens
and grounds - ==-
Museum: .22225525- 22 ==
Furniture, cases, and
PEPalrs' 24 ee
Laboratory -_--
Contingent expenses ----
Postage
Investigating the his-
tory and habits of in-
sects) ---
Investigating diseases of |
domestic animals
To erect a stable--
Total, 1879
Salaries
Collecting agricultural
statistics ---
Purchase and distribu-.
tion of seeds, ete-------
Experimental gardens
and grounds
Museum
Laboratory
Contingent expenses ----
Postage
Heference io
Date of ap- Statutes at | Pis-, Amount Amount
propriation Large. cal | appro- Pie munex-
act. eT SR RIG Cheers iated. pended.
Vol.} Page. | Sec.
Hoey ere | 4a 1 aoc] LSI | $67,836.96 | $67,806.19 $30.7
{July 31, 1876 19 115 Ll lq que 4x4 44
/|Aug. 15, 1876 19 167 1 ip38! ‘ 14: 550. 00 TS 5000) pees
we do.......| 19} 187 1 isi7 10,000.00) 10,000.00 |____--..-.
Leo lo WNRS eee 9 67 ey e =
(rat5isaz| 181 35 | 1 |f1sr7| 85,000.00 | 80,000.00 | 5,000.00
‘Aug. 15,1876 | 19| 167} 1| 1877 2,000, 00 25000500) |aeaee
reas! do_.-.-.-| 19} 167} 1|1877| 2,000.00 2000500) eae ee
ie do... 19h 16% | 1 187% , 7 000500 800. 00 200. 00
see oseees Ory. 187) hte | 8% 1,300. 00 1, 800! 002). sha ee
iRy, dons same! 19.) 167) 1.) 1877 |) *10;000;,00 8,800.00 | 1,200.00
os doen 10 eee) mele lei 4.000. 00 3,950. 00 50.00
ps Re ayo Se [| EERO oe (eee 194,686.96 | 188,206.19 | 6,480.77
Mar. 3,1877| 19| 317| 1{|1878| 65,640.00] 65,640.00 |__-.-.-_..
ade dos) | 9st © 31%) L fas7s)' lf 15; 000 00")! > 15; Gon ODE esceees
whey fae. 19 ai 1 } 3878 75 000.00 | 74,579.38 420. 67
Ne2do-1.2} £19} 360| 1 | }1878 | 10,500.00 | 10,500.00 |...
pente dope se) 19)| aesly.| =~ alil1s78 1,500. 00 16 500.001 0= = or
bes dose 198) Bi72| et 1s78 4,500. 00 APR O0! OOM eae eee ee
hae (iS) ecm ash saalegal lope ate (akeyes 1,000. 00 1: 000: 00'\| saeaeuaune
id Sid Opeeteae 19\| 317 | “1 | 1878 1,000.00 1:000!00:)2 Stasi
Ware Loe | 0) S178 eet 187s 8.000. 00 8,000. 00 He
aoe ea lee Site = ih a 1371 4. 000.00 3,415.61 584.39
Sra dos ee 19} 360] 1) 1878) 2,500.00 25500500: eae
Dec. 15,1877] 20| 246| 4| 1878] 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |__......-
Wis a teeta Meme ot en WE 198, 640.00 | 197,634.94 | 1,005.06
|
June 19,1878 | 20} 203|}~ 1|1879| 66,900.00} 66,900.00 |-----.----
was don ecole consti, i) 187 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |._..-.----
-.---do.....--| 20} 208} 1] 1879} 75,000.00 | 75,000.00 |.........-
|\rune 19,1878 1 3 aller, kisi 13,500.00 | 13,500.00 |....-.----
ae Gee ral) ees ae) 1,000. 00 1000/00) ween
ted dae sees | 620), ees [ety 4,000.00 4. O00: 00:22 ease
fob do_....-.| 20} 204| 1 | 1879 1, 000. 00 15, 001001 | Sie eee
palit do. 222s" 20)| 204) © 1) \/1879 1,500.00 1,500.00 |_..-------
oe domme 20) nee Je 1-87 8,000. 00 3: 000500! [ences
Fi dod seed 20) e0eie, Ih (879 4,000. 00 3,960. 00 40.00
wad do.......| 20| 204] 1] 1879] 10,000.00) 10,000.00). --.-.----
NAS eee 20| 240]! 1/1879 10,000.00} 10,000.00 |._-.......
Mar. iS: 1879 | 20} 392) 1/ 1879 1.500. 00 1,500. 00:|2.2. 228
ED SES. It eee eel. sleet 206,400.00 | 206,360. 00 40.00
June 21,1879 | 21 23} 1/1880] 66,900.00 | 66,900.00 |.....-....
rau doen e ace 23) 11880] 10,000.00 9, 982. 88 17.12
paw do.......| 21| 23] 1|1880| 7,000.00) 75,000.00 |... .-..--
ahh. B OE en e210 eee) |e 18 880" 1132100500}
Be he donee ale on 931 1 | 1880 1,000.00
Bone doi-..-2:| 21) 28)! 1 | i880 4,000. 00 |
aaa dota en 23} 1) 1880 1,000. 00 |
ae doLtaee:|* ot 93| 1| 1880 1.500. 00
“idoniae: 21 231 1 | 1880 8, 000. 00
Las do_......| 21! 231 1/1 1880 4.000. 00 |
DEPARTMENTAL
REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
Reference to
Date of ap- Statutesat |§ Fis-| Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. | cal appro- a ee unex-
act. } ; year.| priated. ISP arEoes pended.
Vol.| Page. | Sec. |
|
1880.
Investigating the _his- |
tory and habits of in- | |
GECTSM a eee eee June 21,1879 | 21 29! 11 1880) $5,000.00 $5;,000500)|= aes aaeee
Investigating diseases of
domestic animals -----_|____- doe es |eaek 30 1 | 1880 10, 000. 00 8, 872.84 | $1,121.16
Totals 1880-222 ae eee | en Oe see ee Se al 199,500.00 | 198,361.72 | 1,188.28
1881.
Paries Eieee Aopen aes Sune 16,1880 | 21 292 1 | 1881 | 69,200.00 69, 185. 22 14.78
urchase an istribuas |e -dos-=- 21 294 1 j\ ' ey TIGA
aor eee ee {itay Sissi) Bt | es] 4 p188b| 102,160.31 | 102,157.48 | 2.83
Collecting agricultural |
Statistics. oae---- 2-3} duned6 1880) 21 |) 2293 1 | 1881 10, 000. 00 9, 985. 60 14.40
Experimental gardens
angler ound sae ae dona | 21 294 1 | 1881 12, 600. 00 122001000 Sees
Muse soe sos oe SOE ae dors 21 294 1/1881) = 1,000.00 1000! 0012 Seems
Furniture, cases, and re- | |
Dales ssa eee sees ee Cho eeecee||, eal 294 1 | 1881 5, 000. 00 5; 000500! | 2252 aeeeee
Pb raiys ane e e oe Goes == 21 294 1 | 1881 1, 000. 00 000! 00 42 eae
laboratory, 2 eeee dose 21 295 1 | 1881 4, 000. 00 4°000 0072 Saas
Contingent expenses ----.|----- Go 919) ..1 | 1883 |. 6, 700.00;}" 18, 700,00!) == eae ee
NEOs Ce pe » Hii heats] Se3 1,500.00 1, 485.32 14.68
WE oe dO ces eal poe 91| 1] 1883} 20,000.00) 19,997.75 2.25
eS do.-.-...; | 91] 1 1883 10,000.00 7,961.94 | 2,038.06
pdare do.-.....| 22] 9 1883 | 25,000.00 | 21,584.28 | 3,415.72
we pte ees! Roe 2| 1/1883] 20,085.26 | 12,429.13 | b7,656.13
oe) do_......| 22] 92{ 1 1883] 10,000.00} 8.731 99| 1,268.01
mas do.__....| 22| 92] 1/1883] 4,000.00] 3,977.49 22.51
ee do.__....| 22} 92] 1] 1883] 15,000.00| 14,920.74 79. 26
ee do......-.| 22] 92 1883 | 28,530.85 | 28, 529.31 1.54
Aug. 7,1882| 22] 306 1883 | 25,000.00} 25,000.00 |.....--...
pl ty do.......| 22| 387 1883 500. 00 Bt eee ee
Dae es bale er oe a ae 456,396.11 | 438,941 72 | 17,454.39
| ee SSS SSS =
Jan. 20,1883 | 22] 408 1ss4| 127,640.00 | 127,639 87 13
rae do.......| 22] 410 1884 | 80,000.00! 79,770.86} 229.14
_...do.......| 22] 410] 1] 1884] 16,842.18] 16,829.26 12. 92
eae do.......| 22] 410/ 1] 1884] 75,000.00) 74,986. 48 13.52
\do....-155| ftp] 7 |fset] 15,500.00) 15,448.87) 51.13
fs do.......| 22| 409]. 1] 1884 1,000. 00 993 51 6.49
|.....do.......| 22] 410] 1] 1884] 6,000.00| 5,998.82 1.18
(oe dos ce al 222) | Sa Rss. 1,500. 00 1,439. 86 60.14
it dos sie 22| 409| 1) te ogee ee
Kag. i186 | 34} 973 | 1 (p'88t| 20,002.82] 20,002.82 |...
| gan. 20,1883] 22| 411! 11 188¢! 17,656.13] 16,164.68! 1,491.45
252
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
Ere vg
Date of ap- atutes a Fis- | Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. cal appro- aa unex-
act. year.; priated * | pended.
Vol.| Page. | Sec. |
1884.
Investigating the dis-
eases of domestic ani- |
VS = Boe ss ae ee Jan. 20,1883 | 22 411 1 | 1884 | $25,000.00 | $24,011.85 $988. 15
Report on forestry ------ BEES oersn wee. 411 1 1884 10, 000. 00 9, 998. 30 1.70
IROStag OL eer ees ees dow ee 22 411 1 | 1884 4,000. 00 3, 841.48 158. 52
Contingent expenses ---_-|----- dof ss 22 411 1 | 1884 14, 000. 00 18, 991.43 8.57
Building of greenhouse-.|----- doles 22 631 1 | 1884 2,500. 00 250003003 pee
Totals 8822 ce ee = pees > eee a eee eee a 416,641.13 | 413,618.09 | 3,023.
1885.
Salaries) see sce eee June 5,1884 | 23 36 1 | 1885 | 187,590.00 | 187,557.80 32.20
Collecting agricultural |
Statishiesye tee ee |eeaee (Sloe eaesee | 23 38 1 1885 100,000.00 99. 986.59 13.41
Bureau of Animal In-
Gusityss ee eee ee May 29, 1884 | 23 31 1 | 1885 | 150,000.00 56, 807.73 |b 93,192.27
Purchase and distribu-
tion of seeds, ete_------| June 5,1884 | 23 38 1 | 1885 | 100,000.00 99, 983. 82 16.18
Laboratory, and for ex-
periments in the man- ;
ufacture of sugar .-.-.-|--.-- Goes 23 38 1 | 1885 50, 000. 00 49,996. 70 3.30
Investigating the his- -
tory and habits of in-
BCCiS 2s eee eee eae G0e eee 23 BT 1 | 1885 20, 000. 00. 19, 986. £3 13.17
Siikveultateces2 ee ese eeleeee doseaae 23 39 1 | 1885 15, 000. 00 14, 916. 23 83. 77
Contingent expenses ----| do ass 23 39 1 | 1885 15, 000. 00 14, 862. 20 137.80
Bepont on forestty, Pee aes do Bee =e 4 : oe 10, 000. 00 9, 987.36 12. 64
xXperimental gardens |f_.-.do----...- 2 7 x ” 5 P 7 Onur
and STOuUNnGS)-5-— epee \\Oct. 19,1888 | 25 581 1 j1885 17, 840.25 17,513. 67 326.58
Furniture, cases, and
TEPAllS eae ee one se eel une: 9, 165449 125 38 1 | 1885 6,000. 00 5, 947.27 52.7
(ROSbA SOM cee areas eee eee do. = 23 39 1 | 1885 4, 000. 00 3, 956. 98 43.02
Experiments in the cul- |
ture, etc., of tea --_----- See Vo ene res 39 1 | 1885 3, 000. 00 2, 998. 90 1.10
Shibratys eee ease ee ees |oeees Oe eel ae 39 1 | 1885 1,500. 00 1, 403. 63 96. 37
IMI Se@ GIN ae eer et ens Os. 23 re 1 | 1885 1,000. 00 1000500552 eee
Quarantine stations -----| June 7,1884 | 28 207 1 | 1885 25, 000. 00 22,029.18 | c2, 970. 82
Total al S8beee=,s25pee A ban eee a eee ey |e dell ee Bp 3 hae a. 655, 930.25 | 558, 934.89 | 96,995.36
1886. | rae
Salaries —-_._- hs Sera ee Mar. 3,1885 | 23] 353 1} 1886 | 187,590.00 | 137,337.42 252.58
Collecting agricultural |
statistics 228 eel ee do 23 355 1 | 1886 75, 000. 00 68,723.06 | 6,276.94
Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, including an |
unexpended balance | | |
of $93,192.27 from fis- | :
calpyearinSeaeee- 8: Sees see d= 23 | 355 1 | 1886 193, 192. 27 58, 261.05 184, 931. 22
Quarantine stations, in- | |
cluding an unexpend-
ed balance of $2,970.82
from fisval year 1885 ---}----- Gow ee 23 356 1 | 1886 32, 970. 82 18, 958.57 | 14,012.25
Purchase and distribu- }
tion of seeds, etc. -..-.-}- PEG Oe == | -23|)_ 354 | 1 | 1886 | 100,000.00 99, 980. 24 19.76
Laboratory, and for ex- |
periments in the man- | |
ufacture of sugar.----- {eee dopa 23 dot 1 | 1886 40,000.00 | 39, 942. 11 57.89
Investigating the his- |
tory and habits of in-
SOCUSk22 ae se ere Eee eee Go. es me 354 1 | 1886 25, 000. 00 24, 976. 46 23. 54.
Silk culture..........---- ee 10, 1888" 33 | Sar | 7 886 | 15,012.00 | 15,008.50 3.50
Contingent expenses ----| Mar. 3,1885 | 23 306 1 | 1886 15, 000. 00 14, 937. 62 62. 38
Report on forestry ------ ees Be ee A 8 aoe i 1886 10, 000. 00 9, 836. 83 163.17
Js (Sedo. aee.- z 5
Experimental gardens ang. 4/1886 | 24| 273| 1 |11886| 17,208.18] 17,024.88) 183.25
ENON AOA TS) a Ss \\Oct. 19,1888 | 25 | 581] 1
Furniture, cases, and |
TOpairs'=¢22.e see eee | Mar. 38,1885 | 2 354 1 | 1886 7,500. 00 7, 423.59 76.41
Postage Fie aae Saae aettoe 23 356 1 | 1886 4,000.00 2,556.20 | 1,443.80
Experiments in the cul-
ture, etc:, Of tede sess eee Gceee=-=| cco 356 1 | 1886 3, 000. 00 1,813.67 | 1,186.33
Wsibranry. 22o2.5 sao eee lee doses 23 355 1 | 1886 1,500. 00 1, 417.03 82.97
Museum ©2222. oes ee eee dose 2 23 B54 1 | 1886 1, 000. 00 998. 88 1.2
Totals 1886-2 sso eee as [aoe ak soecee | tne =| ee Ne O77 978: 22) IOI oS aie Le
a Including deficiency appropriation.
b Unexpended balance of $93,192.27 carried to fiscal year 1886.
c Unexpended balance of $2,970.82 carried to fiscal year 1886.
1
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
253
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpeiided balances, etc.—Continued.
reas ta
; Date of ap- alutes a Fis- | Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. cal | appro- dees unex-
act. year.| priated. | @SPUrsed. | ) ended.
Vol.| Page. | Sec. |
1887. }
SCALE aile\s We ae eee Seer. June 30,1886 | 24 100 1 | 1887 | $142, 890.00 | $141,420.68 ] $1,469.32
Collecting agricultural
Statistics Joes) ae eee do2s-2-5- 24 103 1 | 1887 | 65,000.00 | 64, 955. 14 44.86
Bureau of Animal In-
dustry... wee AS. [st son tate 24| 103| 1/1887 | 100,000.00) 99,985.56 | 14. 44
Quarantine stations ___..|_....do_._...- 24 103 1 | 1887 | 30, 000. G0 10, 639.44 | 19,360.56
Purchase and distribu-
tion of seeds, etc. ---._.]-...- dope==s 24 102 1 1887 | 100,000.00 99, 998. 37 1.63
Maporator yas sass ee eee (5 Koy eS a4 101 1 1887 6, 000. 00 4,570.86 | 1,429.14
Experiments inthe man-
ufacture of sugar, in- H
cluding $1,891 from
Sales 24222 - ee e eew M0) 5553-28 24 101} 1 | 1887} 95,861.00 95, 853. 14 37.86
Investigating the _ his- da 24 101! 1 } | |
tory and habits of in- Oct. 19, “1888'| 25 592 1 | 1887 15,096.25 | 15,088.05 8.20
SOCtS)). Hc e~ Sian ee ra x
Silk culture, including Sall ISyinl
S848] from sale of \foct. to tsee | 35| der | + |yis87 | 15,939.56 | 15,989.56 |_.-__-._-
TA: SU: oe ee eae ee a | |
Contingent expenses ---- / June 30, 1886 | 24| 104] 1 | 1887 15, 000. 00 14, 936. 83 63.17
Report on forestry ------|----- dos 24 103 1 | 1887 | 8, 000. 00 7, 953. 50 46.50
Experimental gardens }
and: oTroundsS = -— = | aaa dons = 24 102 1 | 1887 23, 200. 00 22, 202.15 997. 85
Furniture, cases, and re-
Dairies es os Goes sess 24 103 1 7 8, 125. 00 8, 092. 11 32.89
POStAEO iL aoe ees eee 2 eee dot 24 104 1 | 1887 4, 000. 00 3,500. 00 500. 00
Experiments in the cul- |
tune, ete;. Of teacs=29-.= pease Gores 24 104 1 | 7 2,000. 00 1, (53. 7 246. 22
Pomologicalinformation |----- do. path ppt 100 1 | 1887 | 3, 000. 00 2, 993. 20 6.80
iuibratny.. 2 2) Sees Se eee GOs eed 103 1 7 | 1,500. 00 1, 428.65 71.35
Botanical investigations _| Bee Gos sae. | ed 100 1 | 1887 5, 000. 00 4, 988. 12 11.88
IMIS@ UN ooo so ee aes es eee donee 24 $02} 1) 1887 1, 000. 00 998, 88 1.12
Ornithology and mam- |
malogy ----. --- eae domss-=oe 24 101 1 | 1887 10, 000. 00 9, 999. 98 -02
Reclamation ofaridlands _._..do_____.- 24! 108) 1) 1887 000! 00) | sees ee 5, 000. 00
Adulteration of food .--. ----- don seine. 24 100} 1 1887 1,000. 00 989. 14 10. 86
| | ———
Total) 1887 oe aces 2 | eens erates |e eae oe sees eee |~-----|@657, 641.81 | 628,287.14 | 29,354. 67
=
1888.
Salaries. 24.4 eee | Mar. 3,1887 | 24 495 1/1888 | 161,490.00 | 158,220.87 | 3,269.18
Collecting agricultural
Statistics|=- =e Kena do 24 498 1 | 1888 65, 000. 00 64, 965. 33 34. 67
Bureau of Animal Indus- | |
try, including $100,000
immediately available | -...do-._...- 24} 499} 1] 1888] 500,000.00 | 499,975.32 | 24.68
Quarantine stations _-.__-_|----- clo ees 24 499 1 | 1888 20, 000. 00. 9,538.75 | 10, 461. 25
Purchase and distribu-
tion of seeds, etc. ----_.|----- domeserceil| (4: 498 1/1888 | 103,000.00 102,587.55 412.45
Laboratory ee doses: 24. 497 1 | 1888 6, 000. 00 5, 969. 89 30.11
Experimentsin the man- |
ufacture of sugar .-__-__|.---- dope seee 24 497 1 | 1888 50,000 00 | 49,997.45 2.57
Experimentsin the man- 7
ufacture of sugar (de- |;Oct. 19,1888 | 25 | 582) 1 4709 8, 000. 00 7, 927.50 72.50
ficiency). = 1888
Investigating the history | fe
and habits of insects.-.) Mar. 3,1887 | 24 497 1 | 1888 20; 000:.00)1)" 20; C00; 00) |=== 2225 =e
Silk culture, including |
$1,989.06 from sale of
Taw sillc 2e.- eee | oe | domes 24| 497] 1 | 1888] 16,989.06 | 16,989.02 | - 04
Contingent expenses -___|----- done 24. 499 1 | 1888 15, 000. 00 14, 825. 57 174. 43
Report on forestry -----.|----- Coane 24 499 1 | 1888 8, 000. 00 7,996.10 | 3.90
Experimental gardens
and. Sround Sse es eee doeeae 24) 497] 1 | 1888 24, 800. 00 24, 706. 86 93. 14
‘Furniture, cases, and re- |
oF 1h d= eee, eae ie | ee GOtsiee=: 24 498 1 | 1888 7,000. 00 6, 982. 88 | 17.12
Postage: 2 2. -s2esh2525-2= [oes do s-2e2 24 499 1 | 1888 4,000. 00 3,000.00 | 1,600.00
Pom ological information |____- dors 42. 24 497 1 | 1888 3, 000. 00 2,971. 69 28.31
Library jos2— 32> es | ee 20 Oss one 24 499 1 | 1888 2,000. 00 1, 983. 7 16. 22
Botanical investigations | ---.-- do =es 24 496 1 | 1888 7,000.00 6, 997. 28 2.72
Museum. = 922 5-2-2 o-2<-5 | Seeee doa iae: 24 497 1 | 1888 1, 000. 00 947.41 52.59
Ornithology and mam-
IMAL OL Yee n eee ee eee doses. | 24 497 1 | 1888 3, 940. 00 3, 869. 23 70.77
Adulter: pied of food. ---- apa doles 24 | 497 | 1] 1888 1, 000. 00 830. 16 169. 84
j
Total, 1888". = =a ee eee ee oe ----{1,027,219. 06 |1, 011, 282.62 | 15, 936. 44
254 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
pererence to
Date of ap- tatutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. cal appro- ae unex-
act. a ae 2 year.| priated. = * | pended.
ol.| Page. | Sec.
1889. = ; |
- July 18,1888 | 25 328 1\\ ear a9 | e189 19 % 29 WAN
‘ah Malar, (Mae, 21889 | 25) 923 1 y1889 $171, 890. 32 | $169, 152.51 | $2, 737.81
Statistics 222 55seon- seks July 18,1888 | 25 332 1 | 1889 70, 000. 00 69, 162. 45 837.55
22080) investigations; ---do ------- 25| 330} 1 cee 35,000.00 | 22,076.75 |a12,928. 25
nvestigating the history |{--..do--____. 25 331 1 P
and habits of insects-- -|\Sept. 30,1890 | 26 a 1 |is89 20,131.64 | 20,181. 64 |---.--...-
uly 18,1888 | 25 | 332 1
Ornithology and mam- ae 2,1889 | 25 838 1 . canoe Se SSS hve
in alOpiy eee ee |Sept. 30, 1890 26 525 1 | 1889 5, 025. 90 5, 022. 06 3. 84
- ar. 3,1891 26} 880 1 |
| OF | | |
Pomological information July 18,1888 | 53 333| ] (bss 4,024.48 | 4,020.32 4.16
Microscopical investiga- |
GlONS af ae see ee ee ale 2 GO chee 25 330 1 | 1889 1, 000. 00 999. 87 13
Laboratory -.....-------- (iaeal°s isag'| 32 | 387 | 1 [$1889] 11,000.00 | 9,994.25 | 1,005. 75
Forestry investigations _ July 18,1888 | 25 | 333 1 | 1889 8,000. 00 | 7,999. 03 = 9%
Purchase and distribu- | | |
=e of seeds ee do'<-F=--- | 20 3o2 1} 1889 | 104,200.00 | 104,168.73 31.27
xperimental gardens |
wes gTrounds= se soe | a ue eee 25 || 322 1 | 1889 | — 26,640.00 26, 639. 83 ine
SOU Mc eee se ee ae Pee oa 23:| 332 1 | 1889 | 1, 000. 00 891. 25 3. 75
Furniture, cases, and re- |
[OPPURS\ Selo e S5e8o5 sees as oes (OKO) ee 25 333 1 | 1889 7,350. 00 7, 236. 74 1!3.26
Tibrany sl sso ee hes |e AO) ee 1 ele #8333 1 | 1889 2) , 000. 00 1, 956. 34 43. 66
OStAG OES oe ee oes poate do ees 25 333 | 1 | 1889 £000. 00 A; 000500: | 2: 26 e-2e
- 25) 333 | 50Q | x ~ o« ~
en ae = {stax Oe isdL | oe | cen | 4 yi880| 15,010:00) N= tejoag.22 78
ce Oo xperimen |
tations pees eees ea UL yo. 1888ul) e25 334 1/1889 10,000.00 | 9,033. 77 | 966. 23
Experimentsinthe man- | |
ufacture of sugar. ..---|..-__do____-.. [25 333 1} 1889 | 100,000.00 41,635.24 |b58, 364. 76
Buremof Animal Ind Bh ee do- | 20| ddd 1 | 1889 | 15,000. 00 11, 628.39 | 3,371.61
ureauof AnimalIndus- | | | |
z Ie SPeertr eee ace es doesee eel re 333 1 | 1889 | 500,000.00 | 479,623.57 | 20,376.43
ilk culture, including |
$708.2€ from sale of raw
IE? oo BO ua tent Oo degree 25| 331 | 1 | 1889 | 23,208.26 | 28,208.2t |.-.....-.-
Mo tall Leag se creeywleepten 4 Meee le eae Fee aah ee 1,134,480.60 1, 033,590.22 100, 890. 38
1890. | | |
Salaries) Woes ee | Mar. 2,1889} 25 | 8385] 11] 1890] 178,580.00} 175,547.04 | 3,082.96
Collecting agricultural |
Statistics == os ee Ese doce Ban. 25) 839 | 1] 1890) = 75,000.00 74, 327.51 | 672.49
Botanical investigations, | |
including an unex 46 25 836 | 1 |
y ae ---- ~------ o~ Oe | to y-4 ind .
PE OEAeS. EPO fiscon |[Omly 281882 | 27 F208 | |p (U8A0 | 28, OR. AS ee
year SSO ee eee | | |
Investigating the his- |
tory and habits of in- | | |
Onis a oar aaie eee anes 2,1889 | 25] 837 1 | 1890 | 20,000.00 | 19, 892. 72 107. 28
rnithology and mam- |f-__- : 25 838 er ~ P | :
malogtys ss sss eee ---- July 14,1890 | 26 | 285 1 | 1890 “000. 00 6, 994. 16 5. 84
2, OF 427 |
Pomologicalinformation Mor. 5 ee oe | a ; |1890 4,304. 79 | 4,304.79 Renee
Microscopical investiga- fMar. 2) 1889 | 25| 837 Leh 29 En | sy a |
{pr eecopcal MUvesuE =| Eee es ive | 2p) aa) 1 p18 1,082.30 | 1,082.50 ans
Laboratory ..2.--<.+.1= | Mar. 2,1889 | 25-) 887 1 | 1890 6,000.00 | 5,461.99 538.01
arose, Say GoiieaOne | sone do. eee P25 O40 1 | 1890 8,000. 00 | 7, 999. 96 | O04
urchase an istribu- | |
tion of seeds... .-.-.. ales: Bort bet: | 25/ 839| 1/1890] 104,200.00 | 104,174.55 25.45
xperimental gardens
Mone crounds nes eae ee Be 838 |} 1 | 1890 26, 640.00 26, 478. 45 } 161.55
25 838 8¢ b 3. .6
Furniture, casesandre {do | 33| 88] 1fiso| o'as000| 9,2508/ as or
(DALES (os epee ee eens PAcp reed T8008) 126) | 2 elles Se OO Ay pa erey el :
Iuibrary, =). ea eee Mar. 2,1889 | 25 839 1 | 1890 2,000. 00 1, 738. 28 261. 72
Postage fees er ae (eae ck -| 2] 840 1 | 1890 4, 000. 00 A; 000! 00 sesso n
=o at Cord see 25 840 1 |\4 007 ‘ .
ina a eee “ee Apr. 4,1890 | 26 42 1 1890 | 20,000.00 | 19, 965. 32 34. 68
ce o xperimen
Stations? 22ers | Mar. 2,1889 | 25! 840! 11-1890! 15,000:00! 14,991.69 | 8.31
a Unexpended balance of $12,923.25 carried to fiscal year 1890.
b Unexpended balance of $58,364.76 carried to fiscal year 1890.
c¢ Including deficiency appropriation.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
255
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
: Date of ap- |
Object. propriation |
act. }
1890.
Experiments in the man-
ufacture of sugar, in-
cluding an unex-
pended balance of
$58,364.76 from fiscal |
year 1889._.__.__.__.....| Mar. 2,1889 |
Quarantine stations_____|_____ dom s=--
Bureau of Animal Indus- '
BEY 2235655, ce ane tees eal oe see dorr=s
Silk culture, including
$1,627.81 from sale of
DAW Sil kz See as So. Be eee
Artesian wells -._...-....| Apr. a 1890
otal, 1890 53-22 S| ee eee
1891.
Salaries\ <9 =. ee ee dOne2
Museum - 227222 edor are
Furniture, cases, and re- |f.__.do_-
pairs-----2.} 2-228 Mar. 3, 1891
Library; s- se July 14, 1890
Postage; 5: = 222 2 ss7 eee do-_-
Contingent expenses ----j----- doz
Office of Experiment |
Stations <=-2 25 22-2 =| doe ee:
Experimentsin: the man- 1G Sdon=
ufacture of sugar -----. Mar. 3, 1891
Irrigationinvestigations Sept.30, 1890
Quarantine stations --_--
Bureau of Animal Indus-
try 4 including an unex-
pended balance of
e188, 974.69 from fiscal
year 1890_-_-
Silk culture, including
a from sale of raw
sil
1892.
Salaricsl oe ee
Collecting agricultural
statistics --
Botanical investigations.
Investigating the his-
tory and habits of in-
S@CUS =. 2520
Ornithology and mam-
malogy
Pomological information |
July 14, 1890
July 14,1890 |
er 23, 1894
Mar. 3,1891 |
Reference to
a Unexpended balance of $188,974.69 carried to fiscal year 1591.
b Including deficiency appropriation.
Statutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount
Large. cal appro- Pimaccaes unex
7 year.| priated. ‘| pended
Vol.) Page. Sec.
25| s40| 1| 1890! $83,364.76 | $83,064.14} $300.62
25) 840} 1] 1890! 15,000.00 | 111266.24| 3,733.76
25! 939! 1/1890 | 500,000.00 | 311,025.31 | 188,974.69
251 837 | 1 | 1890 | 21,627.81 | 21,626.10 17
26) 42) 1/1890 | 20,000.00 | 19, 652.17 347.83
res Pubs hs __61,170,139.11 | _ 971,823.62 | 198,315.49
| : —
26 | 282 1 | 1891 | 248,902.85 | 239,923.29) 8,979.56
26 284 1/1891 | 100,000.00) 85,126.44 | 14,873.56
26 | 284} 1 | 1891 | 40,000.00 | 36,428.36 | 3,571.64
| See 1 |}se.| 27,501.77 | 27,481.00 20.77
| 3oa) 1 sot | 14,004.90 | 13,008.67 | 1,001.28
26| 285|/ 1/1891! 5,000.00) 4,983 88 16.12
26| 285| 1] 1891 | 5,000.00! 3,281.90 | 1,718.10
26} 285] 1/1891 | 15,000.00 | 14,995.75 | 425
26 | 286) 1 | 1891 | 20,200.00 | 19,985.27 AL 73
26 | 286 | 1 | 1891 | 10,000.00 9,785.99 214.01
26 286) 1) 1891 | 2,000.00 1,999.58 2B
26 | 286 1/1891 | 105,400.00 | 105,090.94 309. 06
26! 287} 1/1891! 2,000.00! 1,995.53 4. AT
26 | 287) 1 1891 | 28,500.00 | 28,396.41 103.59
26 | 287 | 1/1891 | 4,000.00 | 3,832.28 | 167.72
2} 287| 1 k
be lane Hina jis | 12,000.00 | 11,991. 01 8.99
26) 287 | 1) 1891} 3,000.00] 2, 97,20 - 2.80
26 | 287) 1/1891 | 5,000.00] 4,833°00 167.00
26 287) 1/1891 | 20,000.00 | 18,097.13 | 1,902.87
26-288; 1. 1891) 15,000.00) 14,984.48 | 15.52
sl ee
oe Fay | , isa 75,000.00 74,901.18 98. 82
26 |. 525 | 1/1891) 40,000.00 | 39,926.67 73.33
26/288) 1) 1891 | 15,000.00 | 13,586.72 1,413.28
| j
| BT] 1 1891 | 538,974.69 | 469,113.35 69,861.34
|
26 285 | 1 | 1891 | 20,565.00 | 19,536.33 1, 028. 67
ey Es |---| ------|01,372.049.21 |1,266,277.36 | 105,771.85
H | | = .
26) 1045 | 1 | 1892 | 256,800.00 | 252,766.17 4,033.83
26 | 1046 | 1 | 1892) 102,500.00 | 88,869.51 13,630.49
Cal Mei aa ee we aye
be | tan tied oe 40,246.40 | 40,246.40 |. ....-- 22.
26| 1047 1 «1892 27,800.00 | 27,780.08 19.97
26} 1047} 1| 1892! 15,000.00) 14,688.00 312. uu
26 | 1047 1 | 1892 5, 000. 00 4, 985. 27 14.73
256
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
Be ohenke te Z
Date of ap- tatutesat | Fis-| Amount | a oynt |4mount
Object. ropriation Large. eal appro- se AOU unex-
3 e Cae year.) priated. disbursed. pended.
Vol. |Page. | Sec.
1892.
Microscopical investiga- : d
LOTS Se eee ee Mar. 3,1891 26 ae 1 | 1892 $2, 000. 00 $1, 251. 46 S748. 54
Vegetable pathology ---- { nee 35 ear a 140 ‘ }isee 15,076.47! 15,076.47 |_________-
Waboraboryaee eae Mar. = 1891 | 26] 1047 1 | 1892 19, 400. 00 9. 272. 59 27.41
Fiber investigations __.__|____- Gos2-e2 26 i i 1892 10, 000. 00 8.017.44 | 1,982.56
gh edt et “dole 26 | > eon Ba
Forestry ieGatieationel ress 3.1893 | 27 660 1 \isee 15, 056. 85 153056250" | =- =e
Illustrations and en-
STAVINGSE = 2 eno eee Mar. 3,1891 | 26] 1048 1 | 1892 2,000. 00 1, 999. 85 15
Purchase and distribu-
tion ofiseeds i Ses |e Gos sae2! || P26 |'¥1048 1 | 1892 | 105,400.00} 104,920.35 479.65
Purchase and distriba-
tion of seed to drought
SULETeES teen eee | ee dome cere 26 | 1048 7) 18927) 51505 000:005| 2s ==as samenns 150, 000. 00
Document and folding
prem ate hee a Bal eis dope=-= 26 Hits i 1892 2,000. 00 1, 996, 82 3.18
xperimental gardens |f{__..do-_-----. 26 | | 92 p00 aS rey 2
and eT OWS) 22a \\Mar. 3,1893 | 27 660 1 jusae 28, 622. 53 28, 536. 67 85. 86
Museums = ene eee Mar. 3,1891 | 26) 1049 | 1 | 1892 4,000. 00 | 3, 909.17 90. 83
Furniture, cases, and
TEPAITS aero ee ee ee oye ese 26) 1049 1 | 1892 10, 000. 00 9, 996. 55 8.45
[ai Dray oe eS eee See eee dons 26 | 1049 1 | 1892 3, 000. 00 2,807.75 192. 25
IPGSta ee Sear eee nee Gorse 26| 1049] 1 | 1892 5, 000. 00 4,900. 00 100.00
Contingent expenses ----|____- dors 26 | 1049 1 | 1892 25, 000. 00 24, 762. 32 237.68
Office of Experiment
peeations ie Se STS SAL eet) cle Goss 26 ae 1 | 1892 20, 000. 00 19, 989. 47 10.53
xperiments in the man- doses 26 050 1 l\ye99 p K
ufacture of sugar --_---- Aiea 18,1892) 27 ‘tlre |p1892 60, 000. 00 oy, goo 40.56
Irrigation investigation _|_____ dossenese 26 | 1052 1 | 1892 10, 000. 00 8,433.57 | 1,566.43
anreniine epauions Bee ee 3, 1891 | 26 awe 1 Reais 15, 000. 00 14, 983. 63 16.37
ureau oO nimal in-s||fPee=doe se. 26 045 1 |Yyeq9 x
USER Bes re \Mar. 18,1892 | 27 | 7 1 y1892 650,000 00 | 649, 980. 91 19.09
Weather Bureau......._- | Mar. 3,1891 |} 26)| 1051 1 | 1892 | 889,753.50 | 861,840.83 | 27,912. 67
Total, 1892 Sts es See eee BAe rer eae a2,478,655.75 |2 ei 027.52 1201, 628. 23
1893.
Salaries) wero eee eee July 5,1892| 27) 74) 1) 1893 | 256,800.00 | 253,896.30 | 2,903.70
Collecting agricultural
Statisbics: 2 oe ee ee | eee (ole aa 27 76 | 1 | 1893 | 110,000.00 95, 649.21 | 14,350.79
Botanicalinvestigations |
and experiments. --___-.|____- Gotan 27 | 76 1 | 1893 27, 500. 00 27,451.55 48.45
Investigating the his- | |
tory and habits of in-
SOCUS S62 pa eee eo el eeeee doss ee 20 77 1 | 1893 } 7,800.00 | 17,290.80 599. 20
Investigations in orni- | |
thology and mammal-
Of22\ (RSE ees Se te ee aA dose" 27 | i7 1 | 1893 15, 000. 00 | 14,947.77 | 52.23
Pomologicalinformation |....-do_.----- 27 77 1 | 1893 5, 000. 00 | 4, 745, 94 254. 06
Microscopical investiga- |
CIONSUe-b ae Pern eee me Gomer Zips || 17 1 | 1893 | 2,000. 00 | 1, 982. 98 17.02
Vegetable pathology - ee dors ee 27 17 1 | 1893 20,000.00 19, 977.38 22: 62
Laboratory - ps Se scence dows 27 a7 | 1 | 1898 19,400.00 | 18,002.59 | 1,397.41
Fiber investigations __ Uses \legoee does: 27 78) |» Wsi1893; 5, 000. 00 | 4.997. 07 | 2.93
Forestry investigations - Laer SA WEP 78; 1 | 1893 2,000.00 | 11,933.39 | 66. 61
Illustrations and en- | a
PTAVINeSs So eee S15 Olson 27 78 | 1 | 1893 2, 000. 00 1,906. 73 93. 27
Purchase and distribu- |
tion Of Seedsiee=ee en eee Gopeea == 21 | 78 1 | 1893 | 135,400.00 | 184,908.27 | 491.73
Document and folding | |
TOOT oe ee ee | ee One = =e 27 78 1 | 1893 2,000. 00 1, 623. 55 376.45
Experimental gardens | |
and) sTounGs aaa ee ae doe 22. ==: 2 78 1 | 1893} 28,500.00} 28,115.09 384. 91
Muse (2 >) ese ee Blo) oe sll Pay 79 | 1) 1893 | 4,000. 00 | 3, 973. 67 26.33
Furniture, cases, and | | |
Tepairs -— ee eee tees eee CGneeeee= 27 | 79 1 | 1893 10, 000. 00 8,931.97 | 1,068.03
Library ~ eee ee eee eed Om een ee 27 79} 1 | 1893 3, 000. 00 2, 535. 29 464.71
‘Postagel= sae ee eae Gdopese == 27 79 | 1 | 1893 5, 000. 00 2 705.00 | 1,295.00
Contingent expenses ----| .---- dopsas=- | 27 uc 1 | 1893 25, 000. 00 22,218.19 | 2,781.81
Experiment stations ---_)----- dole | 27) 80 | 1 | 1893 20,000.00 | 18,987.65 | 1,012.35
Experiments in the man-
ufacture of sugar ---_--/----- (BKD) eas SN EE 80 | 1 | 1893 20, 000. 00 19, 984. 86 15.14
Irrigation investigations | ----.do------- toy 76 1 | 1893 6, 000. 00 4,930.67 | 1,069.33
Quarantine stations --.--)----- Choe sceg| tl 24 80} 1 | 1893 15,000.00 | = 12,633.23 | 2,366.77
Experiments in the pro- | |
duction of rainfall ----..|_-~-- dona-= 27 76 1 | 1893 10, 000. 00. | 4,979.59 | 5,020.41
a Including deficiency appropriation.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 257
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
Reference to
Date ofap-| Statutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. cal | appro- Gee unex-
act. ——————year.| priated. isbursed. | pended.
Vol.| Page. See.
1893.
Bureau of Animal In-
QUStt y=. ees July 5,1892 | 27 79 1+} 1893 | $850,000.00 | $724,696.74 $125,303.26
Weather Bureaw:.-_---_-|2--< 5 doses = 27 81} 1) 1893 | 913,660.72 | 890,424.77 | 23,235.95
obo ree a Bo) 3 Je cas | ae ee cel [aaa eg Bae em | 2,540,060. 72 |2 355, 430. 25 | | 184, 630. 47
1894.
ae i eae eee Mar. 3, 1893 | 27 734 | 1 | 1894 | 256,800.00 | 233,679.75 | 23, 120.25
ollectin ral | on
DN SE Cotes | eta ean 27 ; Ue } 1 | 1894 | 110,000.00 | 91,080.20 | 18,919. 80
Botanicalinyestigations
and experiments-_--__-_-- fice dos= 27 737 1 | 1894 30, 000. 00 24,401.40 5,598. 60
Investigating the his-
tory and habits of in-
Ssectst = {axe Oley eee 27 737 1 | 1894 20, 300. 00 16, 203. 96 4,096. 04
Investigations in orni-
thology and mammal- .
ORY 22-5244 so ie ee does ral 737 1 | 1894 17,500. 00 17, 450. 00 50.00
Pomological information |____- does. 27 738 1 | 1894 5, 000. 00 4, 248.99 751.61
Microscopical investiga- |
flanges eee [ewes cee OTN 1| 1894| 2,000.00) 1,117.55) — 882.45
Vegetable pathology --_--|---.-do-----.- cdl male 1 | 1894 20,000.00 | 17,567.95 2, 423.05
Laboratory: 22-2 aie. dos 27 | 1 | 1894 21, 900. 00 10, 426.79 | 11,473.21
Fiber investigations -_--|----- doses 27 738 1 | 1894 5, 000. 00 2,500. 47 2,499.53
Forestry investigations - eae Oe Se 27) 738 1 | 1894 20, 000. 00 19. 995. 96 4. 04
Illustrations and en-
STAVINGS tee ee ee eee don 27 738 1 | 1894 2,000. 00 664.79 | 1,335.21
Purchase and distribu-
fionoO ssedsj= 25s eae dom 27 738 1} 1894} 135,400.00 | 119,719.76 | 15,680.24
Document and “folding
TOON soo. ee ee dora hae 739 1 | 1894 2,000. 00 1, 662. 81 337.19
Experimertal gardens
andyerounds)— = ee sae does a 739 1 | 1894 31,500. 00 26, 616. 86 4, 883. 14
Museum___---- A CS dona 27 7 1 | 1894 4, 000. 00 2, 787. 22 1, 212.78
Furniture, cases, and re-
1 OPEN o> ep eae eS al Le doe 27 739 1 | 1894 10,000.00 8, 628. 71 1,371. 24
hibrary 2 ee dole: ra 739 1 | 1894 3,000. 00 2,900. 07 99.93
Postage. 2-3): 22 edo 27 740 1 | 1894 5, 000. 00 1,375. 00 3, 625. 00
Contingent expenses --__|.----do -_---- 2 740! 1 | 1894 25, 000. 00 20, 493. 04 4,506. 96
Experiment stations ____|.....do---.-- 20 740 1 | 1894 | a 25, 223. 50 22 381.85 2, 841. 65
Inquiries relating to
public roads. ---.------- dors 27 737 1 | 1894 10, 000. 00 2,997.39 7,002.61
Experiments in theman-
ufacture of sugar___-___]----- doe] | 27 741 1 1894 | 620,107.33 9.451.80 | 10,655.53
Irrigationinvestigations |---. do -_---- 27 741 1 | 1894 6, 000. 00 5, 475. 92 524. U8
Quarantine stations _____|----- do 27 740 1 | 1894 15, 000. 00 6, 263. 92 8, 736.08
Bureau of Animal In-
dustry - oe ale doles 7 740 1 | 1894 | 850,000.00 496,111.34 | 353, 888. 66
Weather Bureau.________|____- donee 27 741 1 | 1894 | ¢951,124.75 | 811,256.73 | 139, 868.02
Total 1894s2 52 23 chet? pk See |e nl (a a] | | 2, 603, 855. 58 |1, 977,469.28 | 626,386.30
1895. } }
Salaries) =e ...--| Aug. 8,1894 | 28 264 1 | 1895 |d249,876.16 | 204,589.72 | 45,286.44
Collecting agr icultural } x
statistics: == Pe ee ae 28 266 1 | 1895 | 110,000.00 | 95,125.67 | 14,874.33
Botanical investigations
and experiments- ------ 22260042 es 28 267 1 | 1895 30, 000. 00 25,695.30 | 4,304.70
investigating the his-
tory and habits of in-
SCCES oe eee ae ee. do=e- ss 28 267 1 | 1895 20, 300. 00 16, 822. 87 3, 477.13
Investigations in orni-
thology and mammal-
ORY 27 os see ee doe 28 47) 17) 1895 17,500. 00 15, 526. 35 1, 973. 65
Pomological infor mation |-_---- do sts. 28 267 1 | 1895 5, 000. 00 4, 920. 23 79.77
Mier oscopical investiga-
tons === BPRS |) =e 2foboy es ee 28 267 1 | 1895 2,000. 00 313. 87 1, 686.13
Vegetable pathological
investigations and ex-
perimenteres = se see do =e 28 267 1 | 1895 20,000. 00 19, 063. 69 936. 31
Laboratory oo | ao eee 28 267 1 | 1895 14, 900. 00 11,010.50 3, 889.50
Fiber investigations --_--'-.--- dose: 28 2711 1! 1895 5.000. 00 3, 973. 81 1,026.19
a Including $223.50 from the sale of card index.
b Including 3107.33 from the sale of sugar and molasses.
c Including $24.75 from the sale of maps.
d Including $7,891.94, or thirty-eight three hundred and sixty-fifths of theamount for statutory
salaries of the year 1894, the act making appropriations for 1895 not being approved until
August 8, 1894.
17
AGR 1900
258
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, ete.—Continued.
par eres to
Date of ap- tatutes at | Pis-| Amount Amount
Object. propriation Large. eal appro- _ Arnous unex-
act. year.| priated. * | pended.
Vol.| Page. |Sec.
1895. F ;
Report on forestry ------ Aug. 8,1894 | 28 268 1 | 1895 | $20,000.09 | $19, 908. 23 $91.77
Tllustrations and engrav- ;
isis Oat pei an e Sed Oe See ee 268 1 | 1895 15, 000. 00 §,114.71 | 5,885.29
Purchase an istribu-
auwe of valaable ier a}, S22 20022-2522 28 269 1 | 1895 | 165,400.00 | 120,545.15 | 44,854.85
ocument an olding
TOOLS Jane betes eke es ee ee CO eel aes 268 1 | 1895 2,000. 00 1, 166. 83 833.17
Experimental gardens
and grounds}=2 e222 aes de Beason 28 268 ii ee | oy pn 2, fee rere
TSOUIM ssa S2 ee | eee O.ctetese: 28 25 By , 000. , 889. 7 110.27
Furniture, cases, and re-
PALES. eee ees Ba eee do. 2-2=-| 128 271 1 | 1895 10, 000. 00 7,952.27 | 2,047.73
Taany Ba 855 SS eee |S do Tassos 28 | aie 1 ee Nr Ge ee i a
OStALO sae eee eases pe ees 28; 271 f , 000. 765. 00 , 235. 00
Nutrition investigations |----- doz <2: 28 271 1 | 1895 10, 000. 00 9, 746. 30 253. 70
Contingent expenses ----]----- dor =a |\es 202 1 | 1895 25, 000. 00 20,452.79 | 4,547.21
Agriculturalexperiment
stations [$745,000] a@_ _--|----- (olor ese (a ocr 1 | 1895 | 625,155.75 2A, 928. 22 227.53
Inquiries relating to pub-
moe roads geass parce ses|e7 dose 28 266 1 | 1895 10, 000. 00 6,901.66 | 3,098.34
xperimentsin the man-
ufacture of sugar _-_-.---|----- dotsa=—s 28 27 1, 1895 10, 000. 00 6,188.80 | 3,811.20
Irrigation investigations |_---- do-2==4 28 271} 1 | 189 6, 000. 00 3,904.88 | 2,095.12
Quarantine stations for 4
pont cate rene a Os (oye ssa 28 269 1 | 1895 12, 000. 00 6,262.17 | 5,737.83
ureau of Animal In-
dustry Soe J Se ae do 28 269 1 | 1895 | 800,000.00 | 534,028.38 |265, 971. 62
Weather Bureau.._.-----|----- Ghose eaalt 3 272 1 | 1895 | cd 878,516.83 | 820,691.94 | 57,824.89
Motel SO sae seces | frees eee nese eeeeaceeees ene | See 2,507,148. 74 |2,021, 030.38 486, 118. 36
1896.
polaris pe eae Oe Mar. 2,1895} 28 727 1 | 1896 | 252,840.00 | 227,066.97 | 35,773. 03
‘ollecting agricultura |
7 statistics rer eee ee does ar 2s 729 1 | 1896 110, 000. 00 68,628.99 | 41,371.01
nquiries relating to pub- |
leroadss a= 2 Ree dowsees! 28 | 729 1 | 1886 10,000.00 9, 568. 39 431.61
Botanical investigations
- aude perunee Ses Meidoes--e 28 | 730 1} 1896 | 25,000.00 20,325.37 | 4,674.63
nvestigating the his-
tory and habits of in- |
: Sects 15 Bese Sa eae doz =z 28 730 1 | 1896 20, 000. 00 17, 372,43 | 2,627.57
nvestigations in orni- |
thology and mammal-
= anak epee we” ie eae dose |..28 730 1 | 1896 17,500. 00 16,175.45 | 1,324.55
es ological storms pon pee dose 3)/ 128 730 | 1 | 1846 6, 000. 00 4,996.41 | 1,003.59
icroscopical investiga- |
HLONS See ee ee Gon ses 28 730 1 | 1896 25000200 sS a= ees 2,000. 00
Vegetable pathological
investigations and ex- :
Peruments Soe. sess 28 730 | - 1 | 1896 20, 000. 00 18,539.18 | 1,460.82
Laboratory 28 730 | 1 | 1896 14, 900. 00 11,458.53 | 3,441.47
Tae on Taree ee 28 | 731 1 | 1896 25, 000. 00 18,398.12 | 6,601.88
ustrationsand engray-
aes ae co -|; 28) lL 1 | 1896 | 15,000.00 | 12,985.71 | 2,014.29
ocument and folding
moon ese eee ee Ben GOe a2 25-528 731 1 | 1896 | 2,000. 00 1, 061. 23 938. 77
xperimental gardens
gas rounds rope te fe 6 Kopeeroe 28 731 | 1 | 1896 29,500.00 | 22,371.15 | 7,128.85
uarantine stations for | |
pene CaS ee eA) ied don 822822128 733 | 1 | 1896 12,000.00 | 6,492.05 | 5,507.95
urchase an istribu- |
ees of valuable seeds. USO eee. 28 733 | 1) 1896 | 185,400.00 | 126,476.87 | 58, 923.13
xperiments in the man-
jeupatite of Sugar ste sss Sapo Koangeeeeees 28 734 1 | 1896 10, 000. 00 1,510.94 | 8,489.06
gricultural experiment
stations [$750,000] @ --.-|---- - doses 2s 28 734 1 | 1896 | e380, 143. 75 27,712.86 | 2,430.89
Irrigation investigations |----- GOs 25|\, 128 735 1 | 1896 15, 000. 00 5,029.82 | 9,970.18
Nutrition investigations |_....do---....] 28 735 1 | 1896 15, 000. 00 14, 892. 96 107 04
aOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury
Department.
b Including $155.75 from the sale of card index.
cIncluding $7,891.94, or thirty-eight three hundred and sixty-fifths of the amount for statutory
salaries of the year 1894, the act making appropriations for 1895 not being approved until
August 8, 1894.
d Including $77.99 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications.
e Includes $148.75 from the sale of card index.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS
AND DISBURSEMENTS.
2459
Appropriations, disbursements, and uneapended balances, etc.—Continued.
ae Date of ap-
Object. propriation
act.
896.
Investigations and ex-
periments with grass-
es and forage plants_--| Mar. 2,1895
Investigations in_rela-
tion to agricultural
Soils 22.305 SS Se te dos =
Furniture, cases, and re-
Dalbss 3 ocysec cone ee=as eee ee Goes
Postage 2s Se eee dose
Museums s2* ts Se ee doe sae4
Fiber investigations Soles doses
ibrar yea 4 See oes ee $2085 ss"
Contingent expenses - S32 oes
Bureau of Animal In-
dustry 2 alee dons
Weather Bureau --.-.----.|.---- doses.
Postage --
Contingent expenses eer
Animal quarantine sta-
tions -
Collecting agr icultural
statistics _ aoeheaeeee
Botanical investigations
and experiments------.
Entomological investi-
gations -
Vegetable “pathological
investigations
Biological investigations] -
Pomological investiga-
tions). 222 bee sees eae
Laboratory
Forestry investigations.
Experimental gardens
and/eroundsieee2s-5 5
Soil investigations- ------
Grass and forage-plant
investigations -_-_._.--.---
Fiber investigations- ----
. Agriculturalexperiment
stations [$750, 000]b___--
Nutrition investigations) -
Public road inquiries-_---;-
Publications
Purchase and distribu-
tion of valuable seeds.
Bureau of Animal In-
dustry
Salaries
Furniture, cases, and re-
Postage ---
ete pee expenses os
Animal quarantine sta-
tions ---
Collecting agr icultural
statistics - --
do
Reference to
Statutes at
Large.
Vol.| Page. |Sec.
Fis-
eal
year.
28 739 1
28 735 1
28 739 a
28 735 il
28 739 at
28 735 i
28 735 1
28 736 il
28 731 ik
28 736 1
29 99 1
3) 105 i
29 104 1
29 105 1
29 105 1
29 105 i
29 105 1
29 101 1
29 101 1
29 102 1
29 102 1
29 102 1
29 102 if
29 102 1
2 103 u
29 103 1
29 103 1
29 103 1
29 103 1
as 108 1
29 104 1
29 104 1
29 104 1
29 106 1
29 106 1
29 107 1
30 1 1
30 8 1
30 7 1
30 8 1
30 8 1
30 8 1
30 7 1
30 3 1
1898
a Includes $119.47 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications.
bOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury
Department.
c Includes $127.25 from the sale of card index.
d Includes $104.28 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications.
Amount ‘ Amount
appre | qpount, | inex:
priated. “| pended.
$15,000.00 | $18,329.47 | $1,670.53
15, 000. 00 13,524.84 | 1,475.16
10, 000. 00 8,645.98 | 1,354.02
2, 000. 00 1,215. 00 785. 00
3, 000. 00 2,161.90 838.10
5, 000. 00 3, 710.36 | 1,289.64
6, 000. 00 5, 431.92 568. 08
25, 000. 00 15, 912.7L | 9,087.29
800,000.00 | 595,336.64 |204, 663.36
5 |a 885, 729.47 | 814,584.17 | 71,145.30
2,584, 013. 22 |2,094, 916. 42 |489, 096. 80
213, 860.00 | 290,791.95 | 23,058.05
12, 000. 00 9,567.59 | 2,432.41
7, 000. 00 6,831.15 168. 85
3, 000. 00 2, 895. 45 104.55
3, 000. 00 i, 730.00 | 1,270.00
25, 000. 00 22,980.29 2 019. 71
12, 000. 00 6,564.19 | 5,435.81
110, 000. 00 83, 067.62 | 26, 932.38
15, 000. 00 14, 999. 64 . 36
20, 000. 00 18, 637.01 | 1,362.99
20, 000. 00 19, 274.15 725. 85
17.500. 00 17, 483. 05 16.95
6, 000. 00 4,981.52 | 1,018.48
12, 400. 00 10,800.18 | 1,599.82
20, 000. 00 19,514.88 485.12
20, 000. 00 19, 483. 28 516. 72
10, 000. 00 9, 868. 16 131. 84
10, 000. 00 9, 203. 14 796. 86
5, 000. 00 4, 148. 00 857.00
30, 127.25 29,171.57 955. 68
15,000.00 | 14,821. 64 178. 36
8, 000. 00 7, 873. 97 126. 03
70, 000. 00 67, 709.89 | 2,290.11
150,000.00 | 142,822.52 | 7,177.48
650,000.00 | 642,715.68 | 7,284.32
d@ 883, 876.28 | 870,581.46 | 18,294.82
2, 448, 763. 53 (2,348, 512.98 |100, 250. 55
319,300.00 | 318,955.30 | 5,344.70
9, 000. 00 7,851.30 | 1,148.70
7,000.00 6, 734. 81 265.19
3, 000. 00 2,906. 02 93. 98
3, 000. 00 1,500.00 | 1,500.00
25, 000. 00 22,061.73 | 2,938.27
12, 000. 00 10,897.98 | 1,102.02
110,000,00 } 101,917.10} 8,082.90
260
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc.—Continued.
Object.
Botanical investigations
and experiments --..---
Entomological investi-
Babions= assis. aa
Vegetable pathological
investigations
Biological investigations
Pomological investiga-
tlonssse sees Ee
Laboratory
Forestry investigations _|-
Experimental gardens
and grounds
Soil investigations. _____-
Grass and forage-plant
investigations
Fiber investigations_-__-
Agricultural experiment
stations [$755,000] a ___-
Nutrition investigations |- ._--
Public road inquiries. __-
Publications, Farmers’
Bulletins
Investigating produc-
tion of domestic sugar
Purchase and distribu-
tion of valuable seeds.
Bureau of Animal In-
Gustiyeaceeeee ee. nee
Weather Bureau
Salaries
Postage)s tse 8S ee
Contingent expenses ___-
Animal quarantine sta-
(CLO S|: eeeee eee eae
Collecting agricultural
stabisticserme eae ee s
Botanicalinvestigations
and experiments. -____-
Entomological investi-
Pa thlonsee eae See
Vegetable pathological
investigations...._... .
Biological investigations
Pomological investiga-
tions See eee
WaAbOraLoLyaeeeeeeen eee
Forestry investigations -
Experimental gardens
and grounds
Soil investigations. ._____|-
Grass and forage-plant
investigations.-._...___-
Irrigation information .-
Agricultural experiment
stations [$760,000 | a___-
Nutrition investigations
Public road inquiries--_-_-|-. -
Publications, Farmers’
Bulletins sae eee
Purchase and distribu-
tion of valuable seeds-.
Reference to
Date of ap- atutesat | Fis-| Amount Amount
propriation Large. cal appro- Aeon unex-
act. year.| priated. * | pended.
Vol.| Page. | Sec.
Apr. 23,1897 | 30 4 1 | 1898 | $15,000.00 | $14,714.50 $285. 50
ae Choy nosena|| 320) 4 1 | 1898 20, 000. 00 19, 735. 02 264. 98
ed dole 2-=|| 30 4 1 | 1898 20, 000. OU 19, 626. 67 373. 33
weere dora = |30 4 1 | 1898 17, 500. 00 16,160.90 | 1,339.10
eee (Ko) oo Sse l|) Bie) 4 1 | 1898 8, 000. 00 7,487.93 512. 07
one Be (6K eS pacee |) 340) 5 1 | 1898 12, 400. 00 11, 5382. 57 867.43
we wrdosttee ss 30 5 1 | 1898 20, 000. 00 19, 831. 32 168. 68
S353 Oho 25 se5,)! 8) 5 1 | 1898 25, 000. 00 24, 937.31 62. 69
Sees Roses | 3) 5 1 | 1898 10, 000. 00 9, 859. 82 140. 18
weeeae doeeeee 30 6] 1 | 1898 10,000. 00 8,877.68 | 1,122.32
ae a Co sesenss||| 2) 6 1 | 1898 5, 000. 00 3,659.05 | 1,340.95
eee Goa sheees|) BD 6 1 | 1898 | 6 35,095. 25 34, 338.90 756. 35
Ghose snec4|| SD 6 1 | 1898 15, 000. 00 14, 872. 88 127.12
ae doze sees | 30 if 1 | 1898 8, 000. 00 7,978. 44 21.56
Soe Gos es Pa0) vi 1 | 1898 65, 000. 00 64, 779. 14 220. 86
eee (OY O\s Sac ||) 30) 39 1 | 1898 5, 000. 00 4,941. 32 58.68
meen (keys Se neal ee) 8 1 | 1898 130,000.00 | 121,870.38 | 8,129.62
nee (Glove ssceal! | a.) 9 1 | 1898 | 6 675,463.30 | 674,644. 02 819. 28
Lares dose= 30 9 1 | 1898 |d 883,798.01 | 877,888.35 | 5,954. 66
Se Bee ole _aeeee_|-----]------|2, 468, 551. 56. (2, 425,510.44 | 43, 041.12
Mar. 22,1898 | 30 330 1 | 1899 | 319,300.00 | 315,986.70 | 3,313.30
Rae as GCkoye Se 4||| 1620) 336, 1 | 1899 9, 000. 00 8, 667.75 332. 25
eueee (OWoys ss ||| SB) 336 1 | 1899 6, 000. 00 5, 659. 51 340. 49
Se (OKs Beet ea|| 0) 336 1 | 1899 1,500. 00 1, 465. 36 34. 64
cae Glove See |) aid) 336, 1 | 1899 2, 000. 00 2 O00 k005 pa
ae Gio = 6 =-5|| 60) 337 1 | 1899 25, 000. 00 23, 863.08 | 1,136.92
Seen okoyt ic —-55)| 820) 336 1 | 1899 12, 000. 00 11, 833.38 | 166. 62
et dole ase 30 333 1 | 1899 | 105,000.00 | 100,952.48 | 4,047.52
Pee 8 Co toeaeno|) Bo) 333 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 970. 67 29.33
Bers doe 30 333 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 808. 54 191. 46
ee ae) Os otcmeal) Bl) 333 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 634. 382 365. 68
Wie a hoy Beet a}). 8) 334 1 | 1899 17, 500. 00 17, 870. 91 129.09
Sa Osean) 0) 334 1 | 1899 9, 500. 00 8, 247.18 1, 252. 82
reas Gh Speci) BU) 334 1 | 1899 12, 400. 00 11, 989. 05 410. 95
PELs Okey. HS asi 334 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 529. 97 470. 03
eee One een e= |) 230) 3384 1 | 1899 20, 000. 00 19, 879. 66 120. 34
aI OM os 30 334 1 | 1899 10, 000. 00 9, 881. 09 118. 91
eee Glos o55c4|| 2870) 335 1 | 1899 10, 000. 00 9, 950. 09 49.91
eed ono 30 335 1 | 1899 10, 000. 00 9,997.49 2.51
i. does==— 4) 130) 335 1 | 1899 | e 40,084. 00 39, 437. 10 646. 90
eo Glos Sell) Bi) 335 1 | 1899 15, 000. 00 14, 903. 08 96. 92
ECO aa te 30 336 1 | 1899 8, 000. 00 7, 469. 50 530. 50
ce ies doses |a0 336 1 | 1899 65, 000. 00 64, 773. 62 | 226. 38
Ons 30 337 1 | 1899 | 180,000.00 | 127,150.52 | 2,849.48
aOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury
Department.
b Includes $95.25 from the sale of card index.
c Includes $463.30 from the sale of American butter im Europe.
d Includes $91.01 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications.
e Includes §84 from the sale of card index.
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
261
Appropriations, disbursements, and wnexpended balances, ete.—Continued.
Date of ap-
Object. propriation
act.
1899.
Investigating production
of domestic sugar __-_--- Mar. 22,1898
Salaries and expenses,
Bureau of Animal In-
dustry Sees ees eee (6 (oes
Weather Buresuss sep dor
Total 1890)s=s5 see | pees oer
1900.
Salaries, officers and
Clorkaee nee Mar. 1,1899
Furniture, cases, and re-
PALER SS Se eee eee | eee donee
TADRARY ee aoe ee eee ee dos
Museum sie ee see oe | een GoOmss sss
Postage. eee ee eet dof
Contingent expenses ___.|.-__- (6 (oe
Animal quarantine sta-
tiONs! 52-2 ee el ee donaes.=2
Collecting agricultural
statistics). 22... arson bane doe e--2
Botanical investigations
and experiments. -----.|---.- dosss2
Entomological investi-
GAblONS Set ee ee ee 10.
Vegetable pathological
investications= ses. Eade see
Biologicalinvestigations | _.__- do2===
Pomological investiga-
tiONSt 5 2o2 si ae es eee Gowssas2)
alboratorys essen eee |e Gos a
Forestry investigations -_}._...do_------
Experimental gardens
BUCS TOUNGS a eae eee doees-2=
Soillinyestigations#=—-— |= donee
Grass and forage-plant
investigations? = 52222. |P2==: Goneaeea=
Irrigation information __]._...do -_-----
Agricultural experiment
stations [$765,000] d@ __-|---.- Cae
Nutrition investigations |----- dot=s= =.
Public road inquiries---.|---.- oo} = Sones
Publications, Farmers’
Bulletins 2232-32-3se--|S One ee
Purchase and distribu-
tion of valuable seeds. -|--..-.do.---.-.
Investigating production
of domestic sugar---.-.|--.-- Oe eases.
Tea-culture investiga-
tions: 33 22222255 32=250-2| eae Goz23----
Salaries and expenses,
Bureau of Animal In-
GuStLy -2s-2525 2 sees ae4=|2 2525 Oe se
Weather Bureau-_-------|---_- donesae
Total 1900)-.2--—-ses| Panne eee
Reference to
Statutes at
Large.
Vol.| Page. | Sec.
30 338 1
30 533) ee
30 359) esee2
30 947 1
30 955 mi
30 954 il
30 954 1
30 954 1
30 955 1
30 954 1
30 950 1
30 950 1
30 351 1
30 951 il
30 951 1
30 951 1
30 951 1
30 952 1
30 952 1
30 952 1
30 952 1
30 953 1
30 953 1
30 953 il
30 954 1
30 954 1
30 955 1
30 956 1
30 956 il
30 956 1
30 957 1
Fis-
cal
year.
1899
1899
1899
1900 |
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
1900
1000
1900
1900
1900
1900
1500
1900
1900
| 1900
_ 3,009, 727.73
|
Amount Amount
Amount
appro- . unex-
priated. disbursed. pended.
$7,000.00 | $6,860.30} $139.70
2926, 992.92 | 920,061.17 | 6,931.75
b1,015,584.68 |1, 007, 962.92 | 7,621.76
2, 856, 861. 60 |c2,825,305.44 \c31, 556. 16
336,340.00 | 330,666.24 | 5,673.76
10, 000. 00 9, 496. 81 503. 19
5, 000. 00 2,504.67 | 2,495.33
1,500. 00 1,490.01 9.99
| 2,000.00 000500) |e
| 25,000.00] 22,264.69 | 2,735.31
12, 000. 00 9,806.36 | 2,193. 64
110,000.00 | 99,999.47 | 10,000.53
20,000.00 | 18,440.02 | 1,559.98
| 20,000.00 | 18,983.80 | 1,016.20
|
| 26,000.00] 24,740.03 | 1,259.97
17,500.00 | 15,232.60 | 2,267.40
| 9, 500. 00 8, 774.38 725. 67
| 17,700.00] 14,958.63 | 2,746.37
| 40,000.00 | 36,240.19 | 3,759.81
| 28,000.00 | 26,425.48 | 1,574.52
| 20.000.00! 18,755.93 | 1,244.07
| 12,000.00 | 10,486.63 | 1,513.37
35,000.00 | 25,220.32 | 9,779.68
| 645,161.25 | 42,298.75 | 2,862.50
15,000.00 | 11,741.79 | 3,258.21
8,000.00 7, 528. 64 271.36
80,000.00 | 75,681.64 | 4,318.36
130,000.00 | 118,561.53 | 11,438. 47
7,000. 00 6, 159.35 840.65
i, 000. 00 993. 75 6.25
| £953, 433.23 | 838,111.56 |115, 321.37
g1,022,593.25 | 894, 993.57
€2,692,552.09
a Includes $26,992.92 from the sale of American butter in Europe.
b Includes $82.68 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications.
c Account still cpen.
127, 599. 68
€317,175.64
dOf this amount, $720,000 was paid directly to the experiment stations from the Treasury
Department.
e Includes $161.25 from the sale of card index. s
F Includes $3,433.23 from the sale of American butter in Europe.
g Includes $111.25 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications.
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
Appropriations, disbursements, and unexpended balances, etc. —Continued.
RECAPITULATION.
Fiscal] Amount ap- | Amount dis- suacunt Fiscal | Amount ap- | Amount dis- aaa
year. | propriated. bursed. pended year. | propriated. bursed. pended.
$188,180.00 | $186, 876. 81 $1, 303. 19
197, 070. 00 195, 977. 25 1,092. 75
wees 202, 440. 00 201, 321. 22 1, 118.78
} : 257, 690. 00 233, 765. 78 23, 924. 22
Je oe er ee eee : 337, 380. 00 321, 079. 83 16,300. 17
1844 .__ 2, 000. 00 2, 00000 Eaeas eee 2 | 876" 249, 120. 00 198, 843. 64. 50, 276. 36
1845 __- 2, 000. 00 Ahi IY Ne anae Sa eae eee 1877_- 194, 686. 96 188, 206.19 6, 480. 7
1846 _ 3, 000. 00 GUC OSG 0). ee See ae oes 1878 - 198, 640. 00 197, 634. 94 1, 005. 06
1847 __- 3, 000. 00 SAO NOOR es eae | 1879_ 206, 400. 00 206, 360. 00 40. 00
1848 _- 4,500. 00 4,500.00 |.----..------|] 1880_ 199, 500. 00 198, 361. 72 1,188. 28
1849 _.- 3, 500. 00 ca) NC0 I eee eae See 1881_ 275, 460. 31 267, 608. 84 67, 851.47
1850 __- 5, 500. 00 000300) | eeen ce aaa 1882 363, 011. 05 34, 482. 39 €8, 528. 66
1851 - 5, 500. 00 Dan OHO0) Peer messes 1883 _ 456, 396, 11 438,941.72 | 17,454.39
1852 -- 5, 000. 00 DB O00S00) (Paso. 2 2ee ese Leeds a 416, 641.18 413, 618.09 3, 023. O4
1853 _- 5, 000. 00 5 O00500) | eae as 1885_._| @655, 930.25 558, 934.89 | e 96,995.36
1854 _- 10, 000. 00 10, 000. 00 Z a677, 973. 22 519, 196.11 158, 777. 11
1855 - 50, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 -| @657, 641.81 328, 287. 14 29, 34. 67
1856 -- 30, 000. 00 30, 000. -| £1,027, 219.06 | 1,011, 282. 62 15, 936. 44
1857 -- 75, 000. 00 : -.-|@1, 184, 480.60 | 1,053,590.22 | g 100,890.38
1858 -- 63, 500. 00 -|@1, 170, 139. 11 971, 823.62 | h 198,315.49
1859 _- 60, 000. UO a1, 372, 049,21 | 1,266, 277.36 105, 771. 85
1860 _.- 40, 000. 00 -| 2,478, 655.75 | 2,277,027.52 | 201, 628. 23
1861 - 60, 000. 00 2,540, 060.72 | 2,355, 430. 25 184, 630. 47
1862 .- 64, 000. 00 2 ..| 72,693, 855.58 | 1,977, 469.28 626, 386. 30
1863 _ 80, 000. 00 803000100) -aeaa eee 1895_._| 72,507, 148.74 | 2,021, 030. 38 486, 118.36
1864 - 119, 770. 00 109,270.00 | 10,500.00 || 1896___' 42,584, 018.22 | 2,094, 916. 42 489, 096. 80
1865 - @ 150, 604. 05 150, 496. 55 107.50 || 1897. __| 72,448, 768.53 | 2,348, 512.98 100, 250. 55
1866 - 167, 787. 82 TGS (ace |e eee /.-.-|| 1898_._|m2, 468,551.56 | 2,425,510. 44 43, 041.12
1867 - 199. 100. 00 BO SOO LOO) Beene eemenne 1899. __|12, 856, 861. 60 | 02,825, 305.44 | 031,556.16
1868 __- 279, 020. 00 277, 094. 34 1, 925.66 || 1900...) 3,009, 727.73 | 02,692, 552.09 | 0317,175. 64
1869 ___ 172,593. 00 172,593: 00 |. ---- bore tee ——_—___——_. SS SS ESS =
1702s 156, 440. 00 151, 596. 93 4,843.07 943,377, 074. 37 (739,020, 952.53. |s4, 356, 121. 84
alIncludes deficiency appropriation.
b Includes $1,646.45 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands carried to the fiscal year
1882.
cIncludes $85.26 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands, and $3,530.85 of the appro-
priation for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1883; in all,
$3,616.17.
d Includes $7.655.13 of the appropriation for reclamation of arid lands, carried to the fiscal year
1884.
eIncludes $93,19:
2 O7
ew
of the appropriation for Bureau of Animal Industry, and $2,970.82 of the
appropriation for quarantine stations, carried to the fiscal year 1886; in all, $96,163.09.
J Including the sum of $8,000 appropriated for deficiencies in the appropriation for experiments
in the manufacture of sugar for the fiscal years 1887 and 1888, of which $7,92
and $72.50 remained unexpended; in all, $16,000. f
g Includes $12,923.25 of the appropriation for botanical investigations, and $58,364.76 of the appro-
priation for experiments in the manufacture of sugar, carried to the fiscal year 1890; in all,
$71,288.01.
h ends $188,974.69 of the appropriation for Bureau of Animal Industry, carried to the fiscal
year 1891.
i Includes $223.50 from the sale of card index, $107.33 from the sale of sugar and molasses, and
7
.50 was disbursed
$24.78 from the sale of maps; in all, $355.58.
j Includes $7,891.94, or thirty-eight three hundred and sixty-fifths of the amount for statutory
salaries of the year 1894. The act making appropriations for 1895 was not approved until August
8, 1894; also includes $155.75 from the sale of card index, and $77.99 from the sale of Weather
Bureau publications; in all, $8,125.68.
k Includes $143.75 from the sale of card index, and $119.47 from the sale of Weather Bureau pub-
lications; in all, $263.22.
lIncludes $127.25 from the sale of card index, and $104.28 from the sale of Weather Bureau pub-
lications; in all, $231.53.
m Includes $463.30 from the sale of American butter in Europe, $95.25 from the sale of card index,
and $91.01 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications; in all, $649.56.
n Includes $26,992.92 from the sale of American butter in Europe, $84 from the sale of card
index, and $82.68 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications; in all, $27,159.60. .
o Account still open.
p Includes $161.25 from the sale of card index, $3,433.25 from the sale of American butter in
Europe, and $111.25 from the sale of Weather Bureau publications; in all, $3,705.73.
q This total is the amount actually appropriated for the various fiscal years, with the excep-
tions noted, and the sum of $37,604.70 appropriated July 13, 1868, to cover a number of expendi-
tures made in previous years. Itdoesnotincludeanaggregate sum of $369,344.48 reappropriated
from the unexpended balances of several fiscal years; in all, $406,949.18. (See foregoing notes.)
r Does not include $37,604.70 which was disbursed during several years, and covered by an appro-
priation of like amount, made July 13, 1868. (See note q.)
s Does not include an aggregate sum of $369,344.48 reappropriated from the unexpended bal-
ances of several fiscal years. (See foregoing notes. )
DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
263
The following tabie shows the several amounts estimated for by the
Department of Agriculture and the amounts actually appropriated by
Congress for each year from 1864, when the Department was reorgan-
ized, to 1901, inclusive:
Amount estimated for by the Department and amount actually appropriated by
Congress, 1864-1901.
Amount esti- Amount esti-
Fiscal year. mated by De amount ap : Fiscal year. mated by De- Sout ee
partment. Prop i partment. [egy ;
L864 525 22 $180, 000. 00 S19 E7000) ||P BB4nee = eee Se $512,270.00 | ec $416,641.18
BGH ey eee ene ee as C00) 00) |e a@l50: 60S" Onn el S8ireen enna ee 512, 140. 00 d 655, 930. 25
LOG see eee eee 159, 300. 00 AGE S82? PleSG waste See ae 699, 110. 00 e 677, 973. 22
PSGe [5 oe od ee 169, 100. 00 1995100200): 188 sess 651, 875. 00 f 657, 641. 81
1868 Shea e see 190, 620. 00 ZTOSOZUKOOR EI SSS seme ne oe eee 606, 680. 00 1, 027, 219. 0€
T8695). 252 See eae 287, 285. 00 172, 593.00 || 1889 .....--.---...---| 1,046, 925.00 | g1, 134; 480. 6C
Oy ee eee 327, 942. 00 565440300"): 1890 Saar e ee 1,101, 160.00 | 1,170, 139.1]
SVs eA 202, 0705000) G188<180 00) ||) [89-25 2 eee 1, 208, 480.00 | 71,372, 049. 21
Sie: SAR eee 225, 090. 00 ESTE OTOL O08 A802 = eee eee 2,104, 003.50 | 2,478, 655. 75
1873.2 196, 510. 00 202, 440.00 || 1893 See eh 2 G52), 9953D0 2, 540, 060. 72
LB (Ae ee ee ee 204, 640. 00 2 OOOs OO LB Odeens wre ees Rakes 2, 610, 500. 00 2, 603, 855. 58
NSD See eee eee 273, 390. 00 Sot OOO! ODE MSOb rs see seen a nee 2, 233, 843.00 2, 499, 023. 06
186-0 ea ee 276, 280. 00 24921:20500))|\ 1896) eee = = 2, 400, 330. 00 2,583, 750. 00
Sih 5 See ee ee 251, 565. 00 194° 686:965)| 189 fe ee 2,542, 692. 00 2, 448, 532. 00
LSU Rite aaa aoe 227, 290. 00 19864000) |nl898' 222c 5: eee 2,385, 742.00 2,467, 902. 00
1ST OREaE eee ee eee 232, 130. 00 206° 400! 00 | S99 Maat sarees 2, 835, 350. 00 2,829, 702. 00
18805622 Se 204, 900. 00 1995500500) || 1900 rea a eee eee 3, 127, 722.00 3, 006, 022. 00
ISS eee eee 233, 250. 00 275, 4603 | (1901 ee 3,541, 257. 00 3, 303, 500. 00
SBE ese. ee eee ae 342, 720. 00 363, 011. 05 -—: a
1 U8 Yan es ee Ac ae 502, 980. 00 456, 396. 11 Mota, -22e-.se2> 37,619, 787.00 | 38, 454, 366. 80
a Including deficiency appropriations, $3,704.05.
b Including deficiency appropriations, $1,110.
c Including deficiency appropriations, $2.82.
d Including deficiency appropriations, $740.25.
e Including deficiency appropriations, $1,008.13.
f Including deficiency appropriations, $171.
g Including deficiency appropriations, $4,446.20.
h Including deficiency appropriations, $5,367.29.
i Including deficiency appropriations, $9.52.
7 Including deficiency appropriations, $502.25
«
D aS &
eal ae fies vis
‘ dep Tis A » ut j
¥ Gee a ie
4
a tn
uy 0 -
/ nt 4 1 7% v «&\ rive may ae ; Vi ia Aen ve
ey f ols wy sr Moi aA by
, a i? 4 whe \
_
Lod
- nf : >
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS.
U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS,
Washington, D. C., September 1, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the Section
of Foreign Markets for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900.
Respectfully,
FRANK H. HITCHCOCK,
Chief.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
Commercial expansion was a subject that attracted unusual atten-
tion during the past fiscal year. The growing interest in export trade
development manifested itself, among other ways, in larger demands
upon the Section of Foreign Markets.
INQUIRIES REGARDING THE NEW DEPENDENCIES AND THE ORIENT.
As in the year preceding, much of the information requested had
reference to our newly acquired dependencies. A lively interest was
alsoshown in the commercial possibilities of the Orient, recent devel-
opments having directed a more general attention to that quarter of
the world.
USE OF COMPUTING MACHINES.
The statistical work required during the year in order to supply the
information requested, and especially that involved in the prepara-
tion of the numerous tables used in the publications issued, called for
a large amount of computing. Through the utilization to the greatest
possible extent of the modern calculating machines, with which the
office is now fully equipped, the necessary computations were per-
formed with much greater facility than in the past. For several years
the Section has been making a careful investigation into the relative
merits of the various computing machines on the market, and after a
thorough trial of the most approved types, two styles have been
adopted as meeting most satisfactorily the needs of the office. One
style of machine is used exclusively for adding and the other for all
work in division and multiplication. The two kinds of machines
adopted are employed together to excellent advantage, the work of
one supplementing that of the other. Several machines of each style
have been purchased, and now practically the entire task of computing,
which plays such an important part in the operations of the Section,
is done by mechanical means. Experience has shown, as regards
265
266 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
either style of machine, that the average clerk can do fully three times
as much work in computing with the aid of the mechanism as without
it. There is also a decided gain in accuracy. In fact, the advantages
of machine computing are so clearly manifest that there seems to be
little excuse for clinging to the old method. Although the machines
purchased by the Section were rather expensive, the sum paid for them
has already been more than balanced by the gain they have caused in
the working efficiency of the office.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publications issued by the Section during the fiscal year 1900
comprised a report on the distribution of our agricultural exports for
the five years 1894-1898, a report on the sources of our agricultural
imports for the same period, a report on our trade with Japan, China,
and Hongkong, a report on our foreign trade in agricultural products
covering the decade 1890-1899, and a statistical circular on our agri-
cultural imports and exports for the five years 1895-1899.
REPORT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF OUR AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS.
First among the publications of the year came the report on the
distribution of our agricultural exports. In this report detailed
statistics were presented as regards the extent to which each farm
product exported from the United States during 1894-1898 was mar-
keted in the several foreign countries. As the statistics given covered
all our agricultural exports for the years mentioned, it was possible,
by summarizing the various items for each destination, to arrive at
the total value of the farm produce shipped from the United States
to every one of the numerous foreign countries. So far as is known,
the figures thus obtained constituted the first complete statement of
the kind ever published.
One of the interesting facts brought out in the report was the rela-
tive importance of the various foreign markets to which our surplus
farm products are sent. The United Kingdom is our leading cus-
tomer, buying more than all other countries combined. According to
the statistics for the five years 1894-1898, about 55 per cent of our
agricultural exports during that period went to the British market,
the average annual value of the sales amounting to $362,000,000.
Germany, which ranks next to the United Kingdom as a market for
the products of American agriculture, took about 13 per cent of the
exports during 1894-1898, paying us an average yearly sum of
$86,000,000. France followed Germany in importance, making pur-
chases that averaged $44,000,000 a year. It will be seen, however,
that our agricultural exports to France were little more than half as
large as our shipments to Germany. They formed only 6.6 per cent
of the total. The shipments to Germany, on the other hand, were
less than one-fourth the size of those to the United Kingdom. These
three leading countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, and France)
purchased together nearly 75 per cent of the American farm produce
exported during 1894-1898. After the three countries just men-
tioned, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Italy, and Spain afforded
the most important foreign markets.
Our agricultural exports to the United Kingdom inereased $83,000,000
in value during the five years, amounting to $439,000,000 in 1898, as
compared with only $356,000,000 in 1894. While this was decidedly
the largest gain recorded for any country, the shipments to Germany
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 267
and to France also showed a considerable growth. In the case of
Germany there was an advance from $73,000,000 to $119,000,000, and
in the case of France from $42,000,000 to $75,000,000. The purchases
of the former country increased $46, 000,000, and those of the latter
$33,000,000. Among the various other countries that showed a grow-
ing demand for our agricultural products the most important. were
Belgium, Canada, the Boned Japan, Italy, Denmark, and
British Africa.
From summarized statistics giving the total amount of our agricul-
tural exports to each continent, it appeared that 88 per cent ‘of the
farm produce shipped from the ‘United States during 1894-1898 found
a market in Europe. The value of the shipments to European coun-
tries during that period averaged $587,000,000 a year. In 1898 it
reached as high as $762,000,000, showing a gain of $196,000,000 over
the record for 1894, which was $566,000,000.
Of the agricultural exports that were sent to destinations outside of
Europe, amounting to about 12 per cent of the total, Canada and the
other North American countries and islands took a considerable por-
tion. The farm produce exported by the United States to destina-
tions in North America during the five years amounted in average
annual value to $49,000,000. Nearly half of it went to Canada.
Our agricultural exports to Asia during 1894-1898 were of special
interest because of the marked increase that occurred. The value of
the shipments to Asiatic ports advanced from $4,000,000 in 1894 to
$15,000,000 in 1898, making a gain of 275 per cent during the brief
space of five years.
The report on the distribution of our agricultural exports was pub-
lished as Bulletin No. 16 of the Section. As the statistics presented
on its pages covered in the greatest possible detail the entire list of
farm products exported, this bulletin proved to be exceedingly useful
as a ready means of answering numerous inquiries on the subject of
our agricultural export trade, and also as a convenient basis from
which to compile various statistical statements that were required in
the work of the office.
REPORT ON THE SOURCES OF OUR AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS.
To supplement the report on the distribution of our agricultural
exports, a bulletin along similar lines was prepared with reference to
the sources of our agricultural imports. As in the case of the export
bulletin, the review of our import trade covered the five years
1894-1898, showing the extent to which each one of the numerous
agricultural products imported by the United States during that period
was purchased from the several countries of supply. A summary of
agricultural import values, by countries, similar to the statement of
agricultural export values given in the preceding bulletin, was a fea-
ture of the report, probably constituting the first complete presentation
of such statisties.
The report on the sources of our agricultural imports was published
as Bulletin No. 17 ofthe Section. In the work of the office it occupied
a similar place as regards the agricultural import trade to that filled
by Bulletin No. 16 for the agricultural export trade, affording a most
convenient medium of supplying information.
From the statistics presented in Bulletin No. 17 it appeared that
considerably more than half of the agricultural produce imported by
the United States during 1894-1898 came from countries that lie
268 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
wholly or in chief part within the Tropics. The average annual value
of the products of agriculture purchased directly from such countries
during the five years amounted to $195,000,000, while the value
of our agricultural imports from all other sources averaged only
$176,000,000. Of these latter imports, however, an important part
undoubtedly consisted of tropical products that were received in-
directly, coming in the form of reexports from countries outside of
the Tropics. Taking into account these indirect purchases, it can be
safely estimated that our agricultural imports annually include over
$200,000,000 worth of tropical products.
Of the agricultural imports received directly from the Tropics dur-
ing 1894-1898, it is interesting to note that about 30 per cent came
from our new insular dependencies—Cuba, Porto Rico, the Hawaiian
Islands, and the Philippines. The average yearly value of the agri-
cultural produce supplied from these four sources was $57,000,000.
Next to Brazil, which furnishes over two-thirds of the coffee con-
sumed in the United States, Cuba is the most important among the
sources from which our agricultural imports are derived. During
1894-1898 we purchased agricultural produce from Cuba to the aver-
age annual value of $57,000,000. These figures, however, owing to
the disturbed conditions that prevailed on the island throughout the
period mentioned, do not represent a normal state of trade. In 1895,
under more peaceful conditions, our agricultural imports from Cuba
reached a value of nearly $75,000,000. At that time Cuba stood fore-
most among the sources of our import trade in agricultural products,
and as soon as the present process of rehabilitation has restored Cuban
agriculture to its normal state the island will doubtless resume its
former importance in this respect.
In addition to sugar, which is of course the leading article among
our Cuban imports, we procure from the island in considerable quan-
tities leaf tobacco, hides and skins, tropical fruits, such as the banana
and the orange, cocoanuts, cocoa, and various other products yielded
by the Tropics.
The agricultural produce imported into the United States from
Porto Rico during 1894-1898 had an average annual value of some-
thing over $2,000,000. As in the case of our Cuban imports, sugar
formed the principal item. In fact, our imports from these two
islands differ little in character, except that among the products pur-
chased from Porto Rico coffee occupies a rather prominent place.
Our agricultural imports from the Hawaiian Islands during 1894—
1898 amounted in average yearly value to $12,000,000. Sugar was
decidedly the largest item. Other Hawaiian products imported by
the United States quite extensively are rice, coffee, and bananas.
From the Philippine Islands we imported agricultural products to
the average annual value of $5,000,000. Manila hemp, the commer-
cial supply of which comes entirely from these islands, formed the
principal factor in the trade. After this fiber, the most important
item was sugar. While at present our agricultural imports from the
Philippines consist chiefly of manila hemp and sugar, the islands
yield numerous other tropical products that will doubtless be obtained
there in increasing quantities.
REPORT ON OUR TRADE WITH JAPAN, CHINA, AND HONGKONG.
The growing demand for information relative to the commerce that
is being developed with countries across the Pacific led to the prepara-
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 269
tion of a report on our trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong. In
this report, which was published as Bulletin No. 18 of the Section,
statistics were presented in the greatest possible detail as to the char-
acter and value of the merchandise exported from the United States
to Japanese and Chinese ports, including Hongkong, and also as
regards our imports from those destinations, during the years 1889-
1899.
By the statistics of importation and exportation quoted in the report
it was shown that the total value of the goods exchanged had increased
from $46,000,000 in 1889 to $87,000,000 in 1899. The growth occurred
chiefly in the exports from the United States. While our total annual
imports in the trade with Japan, China, and Hongkong during 1889-
1899 advaneed in value from $35,000, 000 to $48, 000, O00, making a gain
of about 40 per cent, our total exports rose from $11, 000, 000 to
$39,000,000, which was a gain of over 250 per cent.
AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS TO EASTERN ASIA,
Of the domestic merchandise shipped during 1899 to the three des-
tinations mentioned, fully 40 per cent consisted of agricultural prod-
uce, whereas in 1889 products of the farm constituted only about 25
per ‘cent. The value of the agricultural exports for 1899 amounted to
nearly $16,000,000, as compared with less than $3,000,000 for 1889.
Cotton and wheat flour comprised the principal part of these exports.
Other products of American agriculture sent to eastern Asia in con-
siderable quantities were dairy products, canned and cured beef, and
canned fruits.
COTTON.
The cotton shipments went chiefly to Japan, where the manufacture
of cotton fabrics has become one of the leading industries. During the
last few years the exportation of United Statcs cotton to supply raw
material for the Japanese mills developed with astonishing rapidity.
Prior to 1889 no consignments to Japan were recorded. During that
year 25,500 pounds were shipped, the value being $2,341. In the fol-
lowing year, 1890, the exports increased to 841,95 9 pounds, worth
$85,211. By 1894, a half decade later, they had advanced to 4,801,595
pounds, worth $360,492, and in 1899 they amounted to 91,367,051
pounds, with a value of $5,775,784.
The increased importance Japan has so rapidly assumed as a mar-
ket for raw cotton is strikingly shown by the fact that in 1888 the
total imports into that country from all sources barely exceeded
30,000,000 pounds, while in 1898, the latest year for which the Jap-
anese returns of importation are available, they amounted to more
than 300,000,000 pounds. From these figures, it will be seen that the
import demand was ten times as great at the close of the decade as
at its beginning.
In 1888 American cotton was hardly known in the Japanese mar-
ket; in 1898, according to the import statisties of Japan, about a third
of the total importation intothat country came from the United States.
The Japanese cotton manufacturers formerly procured their raw
material chiefly from India and China, but at present they are turn-
ing their attention more largely to the United States as a source of
supply, and the probability is that the remarkable growth the past few
years have witnessed in our shipments of cotton. aeross the Pacifie
will be followed by a still further increase.
270 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
COTTON MANUFACTURES,
In this connection, it is interesting to note that an export trade in
cotton manufactures, as well as in the raw product, is being developed
with the countries of eastern Asia. Our exports of cotton manufac-
tures to Japan, China, and Hongkong during 1899 amounted in value
to $9,959,665, as compared with only. $1,603,315 for 1889. China was
the leading market for these exports, the consignments to that country
in 1899 having a value of $9,844,565. To the entire Orient, including
under that term all countries, ports, and islands of Asia and Oceania,
we shipped during 1899 cotton goods worth $12,340,084. In 1889 our
exports to the same destination - were valued at only $2,763,737. The
increase for the decade amounted to nearly $10,000,000.
While in 1889 the consignments to Asia and Oceania constituted less
than 25 per cent of our total exports of cotton manufactures, in 1899
they formed over 50 per cent. This fact shows that the recent develop-
ment of our export trade in cotton manufactures can be attributed
chiefly to the new markets afforded by the Orient.
WIILAT FLOUR.
After cotton our largest agricultural export to eastern Asia is wheat
flour. During 1889 we shipped to Japan, China, and Hongkong
408,055 barrels of this product, the value amounting to $1,746, 622.
In 1899 our exports to these three destinations reached as high as
1,475,869 barrels, worth $4,858,250. There wasa gain of over 1 ,000,000
barrels in quantity and over $3,000,000 in v alue.
The total exports of wheat flour from the United States to all Asia
and Oceania increased from 519,002 barrels, worth $2,244,009, in 1889
to 1,810,394 barrels, worth $6,003,5 3,995, in 1899.
OTHER ARTICLES.
Our exports of dairy produce to Japan, China, and Hongkong dur-
ing 1899 amounted in value to $187,962. Of milk, which was the
principal item, there were shipments ‘worth $126,457. In this article
little gain was shown over the exports for 1889, which had a value of
$126,062. The shipments of butter and cheese, however, exhibited a
marked increase from 1889 to 1899, the value of the butter exported
advancing from $19,349 to $30,254, and that of the cheese from
$15,805 to $31,251.
In the exportation of beef, canned and cured, there was a striking
gain, the value for 1899 amounting to $124,384, as compared with only
$12,223 for 1889. The shipments. of canned beef increased in value
from $6,908 to $80,749, and those of salted or pickled beef from $5,315
to $45,403.
Of canned fruits there were exports in 1899 worth $80,547, or more
than double the value for 1889, which was recorded at $36,039.
REPORT ON OUR FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
Following a custom adopted four years ago, the Section prepared
during 1900 an annual review of our foreign trade in agricultural
products, based on the latest import and export statistics available.
In this review, which brought the yearly figures down to include 1899,
an entire decade, beginning with 1890, was covered, instead of a five-
year period, as had been the case in similar reports for prior years.
The ten-year tables permitted some interesting comparisons by means
SECTION OF FOREIGN MARKETS. 271
of quinquennial averages, and were in other respects more satisfac-
tory than statements embracing only five years. The report review-
ing our agricultural trade during 1890-1899 was published as Bulletin
i oa
According to the statistics presented in Bulletin No. 19, the agri-
eultural products sent from the United States to foreign markets
during 1899 had a value of $793,000,000, forming about 66. per cent of
our total exports of domestic merchandise. Although the value for
1899 was somewhat less than the exceptionally high record of 1898, it
exceeded all previous figures except those repor ted for 1892, a year
made notable by the fact that a remarkably abundant har vest in the
United States was accompanied by serious crop shortages abroad. A
situation somewhat similar to that existing in 1892 , but less marked,
prevailed in 1898, causing an unusually heavy expor tation of bread.
stuffs. Under the more normal conditions of 1899 the foreign demand
for grain was considerably lighter, and our exports naturally showed
a falling off as compared with the extraordinarily large shipments of
the year before. When contrasted with the average of earlier years,
our breadstuff exports for 1899, amounting in value to $274,000, 000,
appear to be unusually large. The shipments for 1898, however,
reached the enormous value of $334,000,000, far exceeding all previous
records, and in comparison with these abnormal figures the 1899 returns
exhibit a decline of $60,000,000. This marked falling off in the expor-
tation of breadstuffs, together with a loss of $21 ,000, 000 in the value
of the cotton shipments, more than accounted for the total decrease
during 1899 in our agricultural exports. Aside from breadstuffs and
cotton, the only export groups of importance that showed lower figures
for 1899 than for 1898 were live animals, dairy products, and fruits
and nuts. The exports of live animals fell in value $8,400,000, dairy
products $1,500,000, and fruits and nuts $1,100,000. On the other
hand, our shipments of meat products increased $9,600,000, tobaceo
$3,500,000, seeds $2,100,000, oil cake and oil-cake meal $1,900,000, and
vegetable oils $1,800,000.
The agricultural products imported by the United States during
1899 had an aggregate value of $356,000,000. As compared with these
figures, the value of our agricultural exports for the same year showed
an excess of $437,000,000.
Preliminary statistics now available for 1900 disclose a marked
increase in our agricultural exports, the value of the farm products
shipped to foreign countries during that fiscal year reaching close to
$845,000,000, or more than $50,000,000 above the value recorded for
1899.
CIRCULAR ON AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
Some of the statistical tables prepared for Bulletin ‘No. 19 were
made the basis of a brief report, issued as Circular No. 22, exhibiting
the quantity and value of the various agricultural imports and exports
of the United States for each of the five years 1895-1599, the purpose
being to give the facts presented a more general distribution than
could be had through the limited edition of the bulletin.
STATISTICS FOR FUTURE PUBLICATIONS.
During the last few months of the fiseal year such time as cquld be
spared from the work of meeting the requests for information received
by the Section was devoted tothe preparation of a series of statistical
statements designed to show the character of our commerce in agri-
a2 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
cultural products with each of the several foreign countries during
1895-1899. These tables were later made the subject matter of two
reports, published after the close of the fiscal year, one of which
treated of our export trade, and the other our import trade.
PLANS FOR THE CURRENT FISCAL YEAR.
Since the opening of the current fiscal year the two reports relating,
respectively, to our agricultural export trade and our agricultural
import trade with the several foreign countries during 1895-1899, the
preparation of which was begun in the past fiscal year, have been
brought te completion and published as Bulletins Nos. 20 and 21 of
the Section. In these bulletins the various articles exported, or
imported, as the case happened to be, are collated under the head of
the several countries of destination or source, forming a series of
tables, each one of which shows at a glance the character of our agri-
cultural export or import trade with a single country, whereas in Bul-
letins Nos. 16 and 17, relative to the distribution of the agricultural
products exported and the sources of those imported during 1894-1898,
the exports and the imports were arranged primarily by articles, the
countries of destination or source being grouped under the several
products. Aseach method of arrangement has its advantages over
the other, it is the purpose of the Section henceforth to issue these two
styles of reports on our agricultural exports and imports in alternate
years. Tables similar to those published in Bulletins Nos. 16 and 17
are already in course of preparation for two reports that will bring
the statistics of our agricultural trade, by countries, down to inelude
1900, showing the distribution of the exports and the sources of the
imports during the last five years.
Work has also been begun on the briefer summary report issued
annually by the section under the title ‘‘ Our foreign trade in agri-
cultural products.” The forthcoming report on this subject, to be
published as Bulletin No. 23, will review the leading features of the
import and export returns for 1900, comparing the statistics of that
year with the figures for 1899 and earlier years of the decade.
A report on the trade of Denmark, a country that has had remark-
able success in the development of an agricultural export business, is
now in press. Several years ago data were collected for a similar
publication, which was to have been issued as Bulletin No. 9, but the
more urgent statistical work called for by the breaking out of the
war with Spain prevented its completion at that time. In preparing
the present report the material previously gathered was utilized as
far as practicable, but much new matter has been added, bringing
the facts down to date. Although several bulletins bearing higher
numbers in the series have been published, the report on the trade of
Denmark will be issued, in accordance with the original plan, as
Bulletin No. 9, that number being unoccupied.
In connection with the report on Denmark’s trade some elaborate
statistical tables were compiled regarding the commerce carried on
between the United States and the Scandinavian countries. These
tables, which were too large to be incorporated in Bulletin No. 9,
have been made the basis of a separate bulletin on the subject of our
trade with Scandinavia, to be issued as No. 22.
Facts are also being gathered for several additional publications,
among them a comprehensive report on Chinese commerce, following
in general plan the bulletin published by the Section with reference
to the trade of the Philippine Islands.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS
AND GROUNDS.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS,
Washington, D. C., November 5, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work ear-
ried on by the Experimental Gardens and Grounds during the fiscal
year ending June 30,1900, and a statement of plans for the future.
Mr. William Saunders, who was in charge of the gardens and grounds
for more than thirty-five years, died on September 9 last, when, at
your direction, I assumed charge.
Respectfully, B. T. GALLOWAY,
Superintendent of Experimental Gardens and
Grounds and Director of Plant Industry.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS AND BULBS, ETC.
Since the last report, submitted by Mr. William Saunders, I find that
about the usual number of plants and bulbs have been distributed.
The records show these to be as follows:
PLANTS. - BULBS.
Camphor. 2425. er lel Sie OFOCUSESS <2" ore ae ee 41,151
Figs (bundles) === CUGtisEiyaAcinths see = 2 oes Se 20, 904
Grapes. 3.924 eee PU tte t Walnes: (NAETION) = seer ae Ae 2,000
Guavasi iis.2U 2.) See ate 181 | Narcissuses _____-_-__- Se ee 4,388
Olives 2:2 Sae2. 5S eee: Pre cia bok la rb 0s hae eee ORs Or © py 40, 854
Pineapples... 3--=22-- ese 36 | —
Privets (bundles) p= ee ene ee O0) | Potalie: sje ee 109, 297
Stra wherries.--. > oa] 5 ee 1OnGIe
Teas. (ote so oe ee ee 1,488
Miscellaneous plants, including
pepper. vanilla, Avocada pear,
banana, cinnamon,etc .._- 619
Dotal? laos. eee Oameced|
Much time was necessarily occupied in the care of the grounds sur-
rounding the Department buildings and also in the general routine
work of keeping up the greenhouses and conservatories. Mr. Saun-
ders was also charged by you with the direction of the improvements
AGR 1900 18
ce
wo
274 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
on the Arlington Experimental Farm, and was engaged upon this
work at the time of his death.
THE LATE MR. WILLIAM SAUNDERS.
During Mr. Saunders’ long and useful life he made a lasting impres-
sion on American horticulture. His influence was always exerted in
a quiet way, and much of his work, therefore, is not recorded in print.
The following action was taken by his colleagues in the Department
in recognition of his services:
In the death of Mr. William Saunders the Department of Agriculture has lost a
faithful and efficient officer and American agriculture and horticulture a true and
trusted friend. As Superintendent of the Gardens and Grounds of this Department
for more than thirty-five years and as a promoter of many important agricultural
and horticultural lines of work, Mr. Saunders’ name has become famous through-
out the land. His ability as a landscape gardener was universally recognized, and
his knowledge of plants was of amost thorough kind. The beautiful departmental
grounds are a monument to his skill, and some of the best fruits in the country are
the result of his keen insight into horticultural work. Mr. Saunders was a man
of sterling honesty, and manifested astrong interest in the progress of our country,
especially of the man at the plow. Im his desire to benetit the farmer he was
largely instrumental in the organization of the National Grange and a number of
other associations which have had a marked influence on the country’s weitare.
Mr. Saunders was noted for his strong convictions as to what was right. A good
father, an estimable citizen, his loss will be felt by all who knew him. ‘Therefore,
Resolved, That the sympathies of the officers of the Department of Agriculture
and other associates of Mr. Saunders be extended to the widow and family of the
deceased, and that a copy of this minute and resolution be transmitted to them.
PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK.
THE GROUNDS OF THE DEPARTMENT.
The grounds connected with the Department proper comprise about
33 acres, of which 9 acres are occupied for the most part by buildings,
the remainder being devoted to ornamental and other plants. There
are on the grounds about 250 species and varieties of trees, shrubs,
and vines, which were planted about twenty-five years ago, and con-
stitute probably one of the finest collections of the kind in the coun-
try. There are nine plant houses, the largest of which is 30 by 320
feet, and is devoted to a collection of economic plants, mostly tropical
and subtropical. In addition to the large house, there is a grapery 26
by 136 feet, containing some of the more choice varieties of Vinifera
grapes; an orange house 24 by 101 feet; a propagating house 20 by 81
feet; and five houses devoted to miscellaneous crops, including pine-
apples, roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, ete., and ranging in width
from 20 to 24 feet and in length from 100. to 148 feet. Besides these
houses, there are five heated frames, each 7 feet wide, aggregating 570
feet in length.
It is planned to utilize the grounds and greenhouses, as far as pos-
sible, in the collection of new and rare plants which are being intro-
duced from time totime. These plants will be grown in order to secure
information as to their value, and, furthermore, to serve as object !es-
sons to those who may visit the Department with a view of obtaining
facts bearing on such lines of work.
In order that the work on the grounds may be made as valuable as
possible, all trees, shrubs, and other plants out of doors and under
glass will be labeled. This will add greatly to the value of the col-
lections and enable visiting horticulturists and others to obtain facts
of value in connection with their work.
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 275
COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOLOGY.
Cooperation with the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol-
ogy will be along a number of important lines. In assuming my duties
as Director of Plant Industry, the work of the Division in question
was placed in charge of Mr. Albert F. Woods, with whom close coop-
eration has been effected. It will be the aim of the Experimental Gar-
dens and Grounds to furnish every facility for the important work of
this Division on the diseases of plants. The trees, shrubs, vines, and
other plants on the grounds will serve as valuable subjects for study,
and greenbouse facilities will be provided for working out important
problems in plant physiology and pathology. Heretofore the impor-
tant work in plant breeding carried on by the Division in question has
been more or less hampered by lack of proper facilities, but the close
union of work arranged for will remove many of the difficulties and
make it possible to materially broaden the investigations already
under way and to inaugurate new ones equally as important. One
feature of this work in which it seems the Experimental Gardens and
Grounds can cooperate is the propagation and dissemination of new
plants obtained as a result of breeding. Already some very promis-
ing new plants, such as hardy oranges, pineapples, ete., have been
produced in this way, and the proper dissemination of these must be
looked after with care in order to achieve the greatest success.
A line of work which it is proposed to enter on as soon as it is found
practicable to do so will have for its object the obtaining of informa-
tion relative to the conditions affecting the cultivation of plants under
glass. This particular branch of horticulture has developed remark-
ably during the past twenty years, and now represents a capital of
many millions of dollars. There are many problems connected with
the work about which it would be desirable to obtain definite informa-
tion and which have an important bearing on success, for instance,
the construction of houses, relative value of different methods of
heating, and the relation of water and soil conditions to growth.
It is planned to inaugurate experiments along broad lines in this
direction at an early date, and to this end model houses for the culti-
vation of roses, carnations, violets, and other plants will be secured.
The best methods of handling such crops, the advantages arising from
careful selection of stock, proper methods of feeding, watering, ete.,
are all questions which will receive due consideration. In addition,
it is hoped to arouse greater interest in this work by calling atten-
tion to improvements in the methods of handling the products, and
to carry out this object efforts will be made to “bring about closer
union of the florists through proper organization and encouragement
by the collection of statistical data relative to the work.
COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY
One of the primary objects of the Experimental Gardens and
Grounds will be to develop to the fullest extent cooperation with the
other branches of the Department engaged in plant industrial work.
To this end arrangements have been made with the Agrostologist,
Prof. fF. Lamson-Seribner, for cooperative work on lawn grasses. In
the matter of lawns and landscape work generally, the gr ounds should
be made an object lesson for the many thousand visitors who come
here every year, and, furthermore, they should be the medium in
276 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
which to work out problems that will be of value to the whole coun-
try. They should also be made to show the possibilities of beautify-
ing the home, not by elaborate and intricate landscape effects, but
by the use of simple plans and the full utilization of the many plants
within easy reach of all. Hundreds of our own beautiful trees,
shrubs, and hardy herbaceous plants can be obtained nowadays at
comparatively little expense, and if properly utilized would add
greatly to the attractiveness of our homes and tend to bind us to
them*more and more in a way that could not but result in good to the
family, to the State, and to the nation.
COOPERATION WITH THE DIVISION OF POMOLOGY.
Another line of cooperative work has been arranged for with the
acting pomologist, Mr. William A. Taylor, its object being a study of
our native nuts, with a view of making their cultivation profitable in
regions to which they are adapted. There are hundreds of acres of
idle land in this country, which in a few years could be made to yield
fair returns if planted to nut trees. It is planned to collect, propa-
gate, and disseminate some of our more promising nuts, and at the
same time to make a thorough study of the conditions best suited to
their growth, the methods of propagation, and the handling of the
product. It seems proper that the dissemination of the nut seedlings
and such plants as may be generally propagated should be made under
the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture through the Senators,
Representatives, and Delegates in Congress. To this end, the districts
where the different productions are likely to succeed should be eare-
fully studied, and full instructions, based on the knowledge thus
gained, should be given, so as to insure proper planting and handling.
In addition to nuts, there are many fruits, trees, and other plants
in this country which have local value and which are not yet in the
trade lists. It is planned to bring these together as rapidly as the
work will permit, and to distribute them in the same way as the nut
trees. The primary object of this work is edueational, and if prop-
erly conducted will in no way interfere with established trade. On
the contrary, it will be of benefit to the trade, for it will arouse an -
interest in lines of work which will act as a direct stimulus to busi-
ness enterprises. The Department’s duty is done when it shows the
practicability of the work, and how, in its judgment, this work can be
best carried on in the future.
COOPERATION WITH THE SECTION OF SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION.
Full cooperation has been arranged with the Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction, which is in charge of Mr. Jared G. Smith. This
Section has for its object the introduction of new seeds and plants
from foreign countries into the United States. Many of the most
promising introductions have necessarily been obtained in small
quantities, and it will be of great value to propagate them here with
a view of giving them wider dissemination. This is especially true of
tropical and subtropical plants, which are likely to become an impor-
tant factor in the near future in the development of the agricultural
and horticultural interests of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and other trop-
ical countries. It is planned to make the gardens the center from
which a distribution of some of the more important tropical and sub-
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. 277
tropical plants may be made, and at the same time the medium in
which to determine, as far as possible, the conditions best suited to
the growth and propagation of the plants thus handled.
GENERAL HORTICULTURAL WORK.
It is planned to give special attention to the broader lines of horti-
eultural work. The aim will be to develop an interest in the study
of living plants with reference to their behavior and variation under
domestication. Horticultural varieties and garden plants generally
are well worthy of systematic study to obtain light on lines along
which future improvements must. be made.
A collection or herbarium of economic plants would be a valuable
adjunct to this work, and if properly managed would be of great aid
to a number of Divisions. Vegetable culture, which includes both
market gardening and truck growing, has received little attention
by the Department in the past. It is hoped in the near future to
inaugurate some lines of work which will be of value to this important
industry. One of the first problems in this field which will receive
attention is a study of the soil with relation to the trucking interests.
This will naturally be followed by a study of the crops themselves,
including methods of handling, marketing, diseases, ete. Cooperation
in the work can be secured with the Division of Soils and the other
Divisions interested in the special phases of the work.
THE ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
The Department has been handicapped by lack of sufficient ground
to carry on its experimental work on plants. It would be of great
advantage to have an orchard of the leading varieties of apples, pears,
peaches, and other fruits, and also a vineyard and gardens where full
opportunity for experimenting along the lines here laid down would
be afforded. The Arlington Experimental Farm, recently secured to
the Department by an act of Congress, will probably be the means of
furnishing the much-needed ground.
ORGANIZATION OF THE OFFICE OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
In order to bring about a closer union of the different branches of
the Department engaged in plant industrial work, arrangements have
been perfected and approved by you for the affiliation of the Division
of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, the Division of Agrostology,
the Division of Pomology, the Experimental Gardens and Grounds,
and the Section of Seed ‘and Plant Introduction. The group will be
known collectively as the Office of Plant Industry, and the general
object is set forth in your order of October 1, which is as follows:
For the purpose of unifying the work of certain branches of the Department, it
is hereby ordered that the chief of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology, the chief of the Division of Agrostology, and the chief of the Division
of Pomology confer upon all matters of general policy and plan with the Superin-
tendent of Experimental Gardens and Grounds, who is hereby designated as
Director of Plant Industry. In carrying out this order the several branches of
the Department named will maintain their present integrity and organization.
By a subsequent order the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction
has been included in the group under the same conditions as outlined
in the first order.
The desirability of a better coordination of allied lines of work has
long been recognized.in the Department. Forsome time the Divisions
278 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
now grouped in the Office of Plant Industry have been planning their
work in consultation with each other and in close cooperation, and
the step which has been taken is the result of the natural growth of
this policy. All interested realize that under the new arrangement
still closer cooperation and more effective work along broad general
lines will be made possible. This arrangement will also check the
tendency to segregation of allied work, although the elastic nature of
the combination will permit the indefinite extension of any line of
investigation or group of related lines of research. Carrying out the
plans as here set forth will, it is believed, bring added strength to
every line of work and materi ally aid the erowth of the Department
along broad lines.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD
INQUIRIES.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES,
Washington, D. C., August 25, 1900.
Str: Ihave the honor to submit herewith the report of the Office of
Public Road Inquiries for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, together
with an outline of the work for the current year and estimates for the
ensuing year.
My appointment as Director of the Office of Public Road Inquiries did
not take effect until near the close of the last fiscal year, and as my
assistant, Mr. M. O. Eldridge, directed the operations of the inquiry
for several months previous to my coming, he has prepared, at my
request, that portion of the report relating to the work of the year.
Respectfully,
MARTIN DODGE,
Director.
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
WORK OF THE YEAR.
The work of the Office during the fiscal year 1899-1900 continued
according to plans laid down in our previous report and in pursuance
of the general plans and purposes of the inquiry. The office force was
kept busy collecting and giving information, attending road conven-
tions and other meetings where the subject was under discussion, and
cooperating with State agricultural colieges and experiment stations
and State and local road authorities in the construction of object-
lesson and experimental roads. The field agents of the Office were
engaged in attending road meetings and in looking after the details
connected with the building of sample roads throughout the country.
Owing to the great importance of practical work and the urgent and
constantly increasing demand for practical demonstrations in road
building, the Office has made a special effort to push the scientific and
practical side of the work, although the literature of the subject has
not been neglected.
In presenting this report, this Office desires to acknowledge the
generous cooperation of various road-machine companies and trans-
portation companies in the work of constructing experimental and
object-lesson roads.
According to the strict construction put upon the law by your pred-
ecessor (see letter of instruction printed in the report of this Office
for 1893), we were, up to the time of your accession, prohibited from
279
280 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
engaging in any practical road work. On May 29 of last year the
Director of this Office received the subjoined letter of instructions, to
the effect that we should push the practical side of our work. Under
these instructions this Office has embraced every possible opportunity
to assist in or take charge of the construction of object-lesson, sample,
or experimental roads.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY,
Washington, D. C., May 29, 1899.
Srr: In order that the provisions of the statutes relating to ‘‘ Public-road inquir-
ies’? may be properly and efficiently executed, you are hereby authorized and
directed to supervise, manage, and conduct investigations, inquiries, and experi-
ments relating to the following subjects, viz:
(1) To make inquiries in regard to the various systems of road management
throughout the United States.
(2) To make investigations, by experiment and otherwise, regarding the best
methods of road making and the best kinds of road-making materials to be found
in the several States.
(3) Toprepare didactic reports and statements upon the subjects of road making
and road management suitable for publication and distribution as bulletins of
this Department.
(4) To assist the agricultural colleges and agricultur al experiment stations in
disseminating, by object- lesson methods or otherwise, information on the afore-
mentioned subjects.
The necessary expenses attending the execution of these instructions will be
provided for upon requisitions and specific letters of authorization.
These instructions supersede all former general directions given you respecting
the scope and purpose of the work of the Office of Public Road Inquiries.
Respectfully,
JAMES WILSON,
Secretary.
PRACTICAL ROAD WORK.
Because of the limited funds provided by Congress for carrying on
the work, this Office has been unable to do any experimental or object-
lesson work on its own account, but has had to cooperate with the
various parties interested—that is, the citizens and county authorities
concerned, the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, the
manufacturers of road machinery, implements, and supplies, and the
railway companies. The citizens and county authorities or the col-
leges and stations have supplied the materials and labor, while the
road-machine companies have furnished the necessary machinery.
Owing to the fact that the construction of sample roads with mod-
ern machinery so often leads to the sale of the machinery, it is quite
probable that road-machine companies will find it profitable to place
needed machinery at our disposal, and that hereafter there will be no
trouble in securing all the machinery needed. The railroad com-
panies throughout the countr y are so much interested in the improve-
ment of the short haul, or primary means of transportation, that in
every instance where sample roads were to be built in territory adja-
cent to their lines and at right angle to them, they have gladly coop-
erated to the extent of furnishing free transportation for our agents
and machinery.
More States and localities were visited by representatives of this
Office and more sample rosds were built under its direction last year
than in any previous year. In this work the endeavor has been to
assist those who most needed assistance, and for this reason little has
been done in the Northeastern States, while much has been accom-
plished in the Middle Western and Southern States. We have
OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROAD INQUIRIES. 281
cooperated to the fullest extent possible in the construction of vari-
ous kinds of roads in Virginia, Louisiana, Tennessee, South Carolina,
Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Illinois, Towa, Minnesota,
Texas, Michigan, and the District of Columbia, and reports on the
impor tant work in some of the States are here given.
VIRGINIA.
During July and August there was an opportunity to direct the
construction of a sample road at Hot Springs, Va., where practically
all the expense was borne by the Hot Springs Company and the Chesa-
peake and Ohio Railroad. The road improved was a half mile in
length and 8 inches in depth on the average and 13 feet in width. It
was constructed of native blue limestone of good quality found near
the road. Three sizes of stone were used, namely: For the founda-
tion course, from 2 to 3 inches in size; for the second course, 14-inch
stone, and for the surface, three-quarter-inch stone, with dust. The
foundation course was placed with a spreading cart to the depth of
about 5 inches, and it was then thoroughly rolled and covered with
screenings and stone dust, after which it was rolled again until the
interstices were filled and the surface was hard and smooth. The
second course was then spread on and similarly treated, water being
applied with a sprinkling cart as the rolling progressed, and enough
fine stone and screenings added to make the surface perfectly smooth
and impervious to water. The exact cost of this road was not
obtained, but with a similar plant and under like conditions, it was
estimated that good roads 10 feet in width can be built in that section
of Virginia for about $2,200 per mile. This road, both during its
building and since its completion, has been visited by many promi-
nent people, all of whom have been seemingly pleased with the char-
acter of construction. It has stood the wear and tear of traffic and
weather remarkably well, and this sample road has led to the con-
struction of several miles of high-class macadam roads in the vicinity.
LOUISIANA,
About the middle of September we assisted the North Louisiana
experiment station at Calhoun in the construction and improvement
of some earth roads. Aside from clay and gravel, Louisiana is not
well supplied with road material. The experiment in that State, there-
fore, consisted in demonstrating the way in which the local materials
could be most economically and efficiently utilized. With the aid of
a disk plow, asteel road machine, and an ordinary farm roller, sections
of earth and clay roads were graded, rounded up, treated with sand,
and rolled. Sloping ditches or gutters were made on each side of the
roadway and modern culverts were built at low places to carry the
water away after the showers and in wet weather.
One day during the construction was set apart as ‘‘ Good roads day,”
every parish in the State except those in the yellow-fever district being
represented. An able address on the ‘‘ Importance of good roads in
Louisiana” was delivered by Governor M. J. Foster. Mr. Charles T.
Harrison, the road expert in charge of the work, also addressed the
meeting on ‘‘ The practical side of the road question,” and showed the
delegates the use of the road machine. This work, and especially
the use of the roller in connection with the road machine, was a reve-
lation to many of the visitors. The expert was plied with questions
282 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
regarding improved roads, and it is believed that much good work
will be the result of this demonstration.
TENNESSEE,
During the months of October and November an object-lesson road
was built near Knoxville, Tenn., for the benefit of the students of the
State University Agricultural College and Experiment Station and the
farmers and other citizens interested. The road selected for this pur-
pose is 1,600 feet in length, and extends from the Kingston pike to
the farm buildings. Instead of following the line of the old road
straight over the knolls and through the depressions, where the grade
in some places exceeds 10 per cent, a new and comparatively level
route around the hill was selected, laid out, and graded. The broken
stone with screenings and dust was spread on the prepared foundation
10 feet wide in layers about 4 inches in depth. Each layer was sprin-
kled and rolled according to the usual custom and fine stone and
screenings applied to the surface. The material of which this road
was constructed was the ordinary limestone, which abounds in. east-
ern Tennessee, and which is about the only material used in the per-
manent improvement of the public roads.
A quarry was opened midway of the improvement, only a few feet
from the roadway, and from this an abundance of good material was
secured and crushed. Through the courtesy of the Delaware, Lacka-
wanna and Western; the Chesapeake and Ohio; the Baltimore and
Ohio; the Louisville and Nashville; the Southern; the Nashville, Chat-
tanooga and St. Louis; the Atlanta, Knoxvilie, and Northern; the Cin-
cinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific railroads we were successful
in installing at Knoxville the most unique and one of the most com-
plete road-building outfits ever operated under the direction of this
Office. The railroads above-mentioned granted free transportation
of all machinery used at Knoxville. The plant consisted of a crusher
with bins holding 40 tons, an elevator, and a revolving screen, the
power for the crusher being supplied by a 15-horsepower gasoline
engine. )
296 DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS.
ulation in farm products,” ‘‘ The utilization of cornstalks,” ‘*‘ The geo-
graphical distribution of the area of production,” ‘‘ The New York
State canals,” and many other topics likely to be of interest to the
farmer.
Of the Crop Reporter and Crop Cireular, there were printed in the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, 1,824,000 copies.
SPECIAL REPORTS.
The special reports issued during the year Cae the following:
‘The world’s grain crops in 1899, s by Mr. E. T. Peters; ‘‘The Brazos
River flood of June— July, 1899, and its effects ce the agriculture of
the submerged region,” by Mr. E. 8. Holmes, jr.; ‘‘ The cotton erop
of 1898-99,” by Mr. James L. Watkins; ‘‘ Changes in railroad freight
classifications,” by Mr. E. G. Ward, jr., and a ‘‘List of free employ-
ment agencies, arranged by States and counties, for the use of farmers,”
compiled by Dr. Max West. Of these publications there were printed
176,500 copies, making the total number of copies of publications
issued by this Division during the year 2,000,500, not including the
reprint of the article on ‘The progress of agriculture in the United
States,” by Mr. George K. Holmes, assistant statistician, which
appeared in the Yearbook of the Department for 1899.
REPORTS ON THE CROPS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
The Statistician’s reports on the crops of foreign countries have not
been entirely satisfactory to their author, for the reason that they
have not, in every case, been exclusively based on information received
directly from original sources. Efforts are now being made, however,
to put the foreign department of this office on a more satisfactory
footing. The Government of Hungary has undertaken to cable the
condition of the grain crops of that country at regular intervals dur-
ing the growing season, in return for information, similarly commu-
nicated, relative to the grain crops of the United States. Arrange-
ments of a like character are at the present time the subject of
negotiation with the Government of Germany, and it is confidently
expected that all the principal grain-producing countries of the world
will become parties to similar reciprocal arrangements before the
growing season of 1901 is far advanced.
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS NOW IN PROGRESS.
The special investigations now in progress include ‘* The influence
of the European rye crop on the price of wheat,” ‘‘ The transportation
of perishable products,” and ‘*The benefits likely to accrue to the
agricultural interests of the country from the extension of trolley lines
through the rural districts.” T hese inv estigations have been sever-
ally intrusted to Mr. E. T. Peters, Mr. KE. G. Ward, jr., and Dr. Max
West. They are ets rapidly approaching completion, and reports
embodying their results will shortly be ready for publication. A
report on farm Ww ane is also nearing completion.
EXTENSION OF WORK TO NEW DEPENDENCIES.
I earnestly recommend that provision be made in the appropriation
for the fiseal year 1901-1902 for the extension of the crop-reporting
DIVISION OF STATISTICS. 997
work of the Department to Hawaii, Porto Rico, and, as far as practi-
cable, the Philippine Islands. Not only, as it seems to me, have the
people of these islands a right to share in whatever benefits accrue to
the agricultural interests of the United States proper from the statis-
tical work of this Department, but it should be remembered that unless
the recent agricultural census in Hawaii and Porto Rico, with its
farm-to-farm visitation, be made the foundation of whatever statistical
work this Department may undertake in those islands, sueh work can
not be begun under anything like the favorable conditions that now
present themselves until the census shall once more furnish a definite
and authoritative statistical starting point. I estimate the expense of
extending the statistical work of the Department to the islands in
question at a sum not exceeding $8,000 per annum.
THE STATISTICAL LIBRARY.
The accessions to the statistical library numbered during the year
about 1,000 volumes, increasing the total contents of the library to
about 15,000 books and pamphlets. While, as stated in the Statisti-
cian’s report for the year ended June 30, 1899, this library is an integral
part of the general Library of the Department, segregated merely for
the convenience of this Division, it has been built up largely through
the efforts of successive Statisticians, and its magnitude is now such
that a special effort should be made to make it absolutely complete as
regards the agricultural statistics of the world. The assignment to
this purpose of the sum of $1,000 would render this great desideratum
practically attainable.
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT COTTON EXHIBIT AT THE PARIS
EXPOSITION OF 1900.
The United States Government cotton exhibit at the Paris Exposi-
tion, the preparation of which was assigned to the Statistician, received
the highest award bestowed upon any exhibit or class of exhibits,
namely, the grand prize. While the award has no pecuniary value,
it is especially gratifying to the Statistician, if only as a recognition
by the exposition authorities of the success which attended the efforts
of the Department’s statistical correspondents, who were the principal
contributors, to make an exhibit that should not only be worthy of
the United States as the greatest cotton-producing country in the
world, but at the same time illustrative of all the particular varieties
that are peculiar to the different sections of the cotton belt. Every
portion of the cotton region was represented, even to that remote
southwestern corner of Utah, bordering upon Arizona and Nevada,
where cotton has for so many years past been raised by irrigation for
the consumption of a local factory.
AGR 1900 20
O
NI
5 00259 0147
dg a Of ais
ge
ad eg ne a Pe
i
Oe I ae Py
eee” phe Pec,
| ayy