pag as tn aking URIBE EAL OEP ae Said. amcclimen sn eat MRSS Mleoe tony wee inti Pslrrente ssh nae 2 PARE ORL AS sere Satelit om wig Era . Jub po Daeteatancade oat mee LO pp al AMG) ron AY) SO ES fey Pye AOR —~ ) i ’ AW DANY aS) Ka N AREA i \ aH y : 25ie Hy a Nien) ny why Wat SRS SYeEsy Rote SAN t : ey: ON) uy 2 iN ORAL PALATE AANA Ay + ‘' i a 28) Renoeas ae parton aA rotev eres eee Set ARSENY NY A ANE ; SSRN . ONY ws Rant Ms xy SE TORIES Aa Ss ‘ : IN Say \ i AN y i aS \ ak f RY RON a “) oo \ ‘ SYA as AS ) MN NY ‘ i MSIO NY TAN aN ane $ DAO) a ANE ey AN ay A yi iyi Abid) {oy PAANAN SAN ‘ NK Naw ease ‘) i POR RNAS = roames = wae 2 Wy 4, oy ANON SSR) . te a eaconeoes eee ~y. ater pane ae ol > ay NK ayy ‘ i bab nt SSN RS { CGN ANE RN SAS SK “ ¥) mn : ¢ i a Re 8 < a WOE \ a Ny Re aan NN STAs ; Lo OE AN) ) \ 8 BAAN GN a x) } RAG for? he th NR Ao ‘ iN} y AF os7 Peo me Maa NA » t : Pity 2 AN Shean ae ad La et = LET artes me 2 x fy ae ma = snr ors Sot eae Ss ee Ss SSH nN i EDN tt ye ‘i PN tie ‘ ‘A ae pacar ein Ped, re ome Saar ise ASSISASS cae Stan cree SSeS Aa! were ae ~ Qe es et se ee sey PNAS NK ne pre Se Sa Sor nates Soa Rew neces Bremen te o va My : AMY ay ¥ AR te y ett an ats eae lew ~ tomes th on DE) ‘ » eae ai SAGER SN Be ee La ) ONS ii 1G \ — A Enc = PT a ED ere. onra BRE ERE NY ee ; NN SAY Oa = x} py AC y SiN Rano Rane ik x Set sa : eee, reek a @ AN N ae ; \ Bee 2 ERLE epante, SISOS aoe nat nreoay Bee > as Sein gas z jena mts Tae ho ter z - POIe - . ~ eae 2 Seyi este ie teetie is a te B id Sree, mo eee en ee aoe as = Beran as are - cas AE AAP S ES fe 5 se SSS Sent ayes Sais Paes sere ae. mane = ww pete Tete 2 yf ‘ Agim) le ee) ey } rd 7, or i wpe 2 alte ' . < i ct ' | \ mah 7 7 foe | ‘ ") 1G Aa) ( ; | a f ioe * 5 ' . ‘ Z ; ve \ ‘ v | Te “a % * yA , ees .: : = _ ” u vi ; aie a sey a3) ae Ae ™ His Hate Nig tc > ‘ fein ay fi oul hy a Wa MW er rst vi 2 i a wy aie rir has ‘ bie Ne Mf ey ef a Th ee iat 3 wT “ene, a MPR kt oA re alae) ye ode Lee a . MU ay ree Le ; ; SAMAR ST NN de Be pop g ie A) al a a Ne ; Se “a ae * w iY Be a ie 5 Vii lt . he ; f CA ARS ; hes hi a b 4 Pregn g = ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, POLY: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. REPORTS OF CHIEFS. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1920. [CHAPTER 23, Stat. L., 1895.] [AN ACT Providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents. ] * * * * * * * Section 73, paragraph 2: The Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hereafter be sub- mitted and printed in two parts, as follows: Part One, which shall contain purely business and executive matter which it is necessary for the Secretary to submit to the President and Congress; Part Two, which shall contain such reports from the different Bureaus and Divisions, and such papers prepared by their special agents, accompanied by suitable illustrations, as shall, in the opinion of the Secretary, be specially suited to interest and instruct the farmers of the country, and to include a general report of the operations of the Depart- ment for their information. There shall be printed of Part One, one thousand copies for the Senate, two thousand copies for the House, and three thousand copies for the Department of Agriculture; and of Part Two, one hundred and ten thousand copies for the use of the Senate, three hundred and sixty thousand copies for the use of the House of Representatives, and thirty thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agriculture, the illustrations for the same to he executed under the supervision of the Public Printer, in accordance with directions of the Joint Committee on Printing, said illustrations to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture; and the title of each of the said parts shall be such as to show that such part is complete in itself. II CONTENTS. REPORT. OF THE SECRETARY, EExportsae a ee Wer ies eee eee es SE ioe tn Phy Vin eh BRO SKeSSHOfPAINeTICHT Mm ae TICULGUTe 2 Ses sa 2S eS Trae ol Rorecicnpeyleldswalsopincnrensed.t 2s ce ee Pe ID ERaVE! “Sie TH VSN GAYS) OR eee ee ee a ee a Tee Te eo sie ae x PTR Ta SAIN Sees ate oy = els Sele Foes 1 eg EEN as pu eres or Se ee: ih Wierd ee EPXPEN STO MeO: ef ONES Tye meee estes) ase ak “bey pty. 18 see Me gigs Base Pu. INC CESSAIyeE SLC Sai fee eee hee ae ebbye Pp hanhuee Sees. 2p idert i rtn, exe th By ryaye HAM MaAnaceMmentaaAndararm veCONOMIGS= =.) see at bee AP PLOPEIATLON STE CUT Cee ees se Bes ie page Ye ees Ftp debe leg este Ds Marketing and distribution_____ pots Mis, SCPE ey oh Wek es oe tees Lhd eae CooperablverassociatiOn Sia tr bese hee ete lyre Qual Sey pitt ing pee Goodbrond shar pile bird Pearls (ow Net Crete utter ps ric eAeeI area Se emeb Lys Troublesomevimitatrons: removed 222 eee Sey yee el Be Ses Large results from present. Federal law_______2~__~__-______ feces No additional administrative machinery needed_____-__-__-_____ Proposed mchanzeyswouldy, mean LOSS sess a ee las Lo Continuationjofuhederalvappropriationse- = 222. 2) eee Pastactionsandtuture stepsa= sae ee eet Pe Wrreees?, wuss Need for broad survey of rural conditions REPORTS OF CHIEFS. Heport of the Chiei of the Weather Bureau....-.....-- 23 5.-- 22. ee Ease WAGE COMIN TOES cetera en tes ae ete es ge on PERE OES FSET GS se eI SA a a Ck ui eT OOUWANANM OS 9 = oe Fos so oe See ee ee ee ne pe Scam SHA ATCO) SCE MEOMSE So. Jo ts Ee hea oe ae ce close aoe cee ER HOO COMM COMO AIIOUNS! © oss e ls ey ote es et eee cise: Gaze eee ALO Ie Ta ME SEIN ACO Mere ier ood 1 Nate Mia pet iad Sis a eed orem ee oe weet wayne Wie oe Weather Bureau telegraph and telephone lines..........-.-.------------ VANKGTR SET na 90 ec es Se i So a ea a cA eRM EA RELEOLOOL Ys. Ue Sot ees cone ese e eens ees coeee ee ttc ROMMEL VIO eee ye cs, oS aps oe os ae eam aga Meee Ret hy EMTS AMES DUDCAGIONS). .- 2. ---2----s2522-ssec8ees so-aeae sede Ala iil bet ne ~ 0 G2 GO 2 bo CU he CO IV CONTENTS. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau—Continued. Investigationsiin scismolory. 22 \. n25 ho 3 22 Se a ee ee eee meta Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. .............2.---..-- Activities recetving special attention.” .. .-252.... 22-2242 ----- geo Animalbnsbandry division’: j35. See ee ae a yes os ee Dairysdiwasion. <2 = 22.2.5 Shee eee 2 = ee ae ee eee ae ee Meatanspection divisions anos ee As os as ee Pe Quarantine division.—. 22-2 sa 2.8.8 oS eee See ae eee Field inspection division2e e543 332. 4sts ase tae ee Tickieradicationsdivision . 4.:. 2... s2c ep eee es nee a eee ee Tuberculosis eradication division.................--- S2.0RN. Inti. ahaseaeD. Division of hog-cholera control... ..-.- ee ee ee Pathological division...<..~ 225.2242 end Seon scth eee is = eee Biochemie division. .........-.... baie ge ese, ne Ine SAE ere ee, Sera Zoological division. .0: 22 2c.ce..4. 5. cts oo RR ee eee Miscellaneous: dinwision-..:2. 2.250. sc ech het Sa ee ee Offiee of varus, serum, controls... 4... 2h055 8 Sse eee Bxperimont station 32, o2-q3e eons 3s See eee ee Report.of the Chief of the Bureau of Plant. Industry ___ 02. -.-2 22225222282 Work.and.organization:o£& the: Bureau... 25. 522 ee ee A pe Agronomic and horticultural investigations... .....- 33nu RARE: S20 eRe Plant breeding a... cena wae sa SSeS Ei ee Be he i one ee New..crop.plants.and. crop.extension.{< =<-+-_.~..-..149) Bee eee Forage, Crops :2i- are tin ie ea 2 2 so gL PR Seeking new. crop plants abroad... .2; ee San! a eg pr ee ee Crap utilization ss. <5. seeet ek ioe oo St ee ee Investigations of seed supplies.............. ie ae aoe 4 ou aa Consressional seed. disimibu tone so. 2.2.0 hei oe eee ne ee Ce New and rare field-seed distribution...,.... jjosxeees- gah BH eet gees aae Soil fertility, investications,. <2 .1, ae) 5esahoh tester pone) et see ime Plant, physiological imvestiqaitemes¢:bionc. 24 etietolete, taal beg Ceneal pathology: .32 cde. -2 5 35e eas a Dee aende Reagan Crop diseases )i9.. Ho 6 50s. sR Ee Lee he. 2G. geek ae arpiets Spray mixtures for citrous trees. BS ee ek ees ee StS sls 3S Nematode infestation of claver seed _\..):32. /iud. 02 -c22age-be0ee: Job Bee White-pine- blister rust :,: 2.2.22. cs Ones ae Se ee ee Citrusicanker eradi€ation = --e eee e eee AR SS eee Report of the Rorester...: .-.:¢ 2S 2 eh: pee ec e ee a ee eee ot ee The extension of forestry practice —. s.. 3-2 8 sp oa ie eee ee eee Personnel changes in the Forest Service. .........------.------ Bia ERA Phe National Porests®.\ 2525 2208 ese bee sc 05 se oe ee ee eee Cooperation with States... 2... 220.2 f2.sc eae 8 ee. oe 3 oe ere PUGS ORCI hs ne ee oe SS. ee nee os Rie EPO CS TS he ba ee Maiscellancous::.¢ -.2.035-- ade. se eek eC ae ee Revort of the Chemist... . 22s 8 so os Bie > ee Enforcement.of the food and drugsact:.”. 5. <2 4-2: -- = soe eee Sugars, sugar derivatives, sirup. :.:. 222.2 eee ee Fate ‘and ols... 2222.5. fo 52 ow Sone see es eee Chemistry and nutritive value of proteims 422 ve. oe ae ae gen Sea foods... 20.2 coed oe aes oe Ue Se IS Core. oe eS Poultry and eggs... 2 ts. gs esc tee a eee ees oan a ee CONTENTS. V Report of the Chemist—Continued. Page. PAIN ROUSE LAs ee estate sie Seat ee cn eas ses noe od oe te Se Sewers 222 IpOvptge Chase aaa aa sons) Semntae ce tle 2 oso 2 SO ooh ee yoens eens 223 Ciingsley-productanm. oo... yee oe ues oe EF. bs oben sacitaas els 223 Dehydrationvor truits and. vegetables=./.2 =. S5cnremet. vet sedste Lit debe en ove. 224 Pigurandiceresie:: >. 72%. =. arts it ers Go. esqent odd By Jad odd Jane 225 Grain mill, elevator, and cotton gin explosions and fires. .............-.- 226 Drussand pharmacclopy. 22. secrete csc rests s 2 dice: oo ee eee oes 227 Plant ekemistry. 2 22 =. > eee ee ee Garp eh 28 ES ALE Seon 228 Pood flora, spotlace; and fermentation. 5... 22.2... - sSesiies. sae eee eis 229 Insectiridesand funsicidedvir = toi 2.2) eerie hk Do seein 230 Contaimers*)) |. 2a Sot eissea an Spas! Fen susee eee al hake 230 Colmmunyeshieatlonstees2-s: taertenerss Sc. Sed peters JL Meee tee 231 Neaincmamd tanieimie =. asso ones ssa seen Sess tes eed ol oo Sed SOUNDS 232 1 SUED WSLS) eS eee a pened 2 ta Babak dy ont ke Wao Dei gust tes 232 PAPC ana taUrieses eres is 2255 2e ee ahah: - sattobeash.-seh yee Dette semen 23: Methods’and apparatus: - 2.2.2... 25.22. 3225s 35 - wives ec. cee tab ei teat ees 23. AMabyticad work tor other departments..5222.+ 225 .2222:-2salewsh pureed 233 meportor cae Chief of the Bureau of Soils: 2222.2 2.5222... -2 2. 93aeeaddl 35 Sailisuevieys. sner ce ee feo) Fe 2 2 Bets 2 hi os Nahe oot » 2 235 Chenueal investications®:2.2/2252! 2 ee. Se Ata Res ey 239 Fertilizer resources investigations. -.........----..2--+-+-+--- ahh Maiti; 240 Soil physics... -- Rape ae Sa! Sd is ep AR oo 195 5st OPER 245 fxopore Of the atomolopist. “ass 448-euas) cial gat sis sult Jo ious: Gogseis 247 Cereal and forage crop insect investigations .............---------...-+-- 247 Stored-product insect investigations... .2...-5-.0..... suet. mit wok 249 Deciduous fruit insect investigations... «<< 2esgaI AAS IS Le DA 250 Investigations of insects injurious to vegetable and truck crops.-........- 255 Investigations of insects affecting forest resources..............---.---..- 258 Tropical and subtropical fruit insect investigations. .........-.-. tare ete 260 Work on the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth.............---.-..-------- 263 Eocpensiog and demonstration Work: 2-4/6 222 6)ceu noe ness ae' SPSS 266 Southern field-crop insect investigations ....... emmaustt SAsGt? etise) sd 267 Insects affecting the health of man and animals................-......... 269 bee culauremmivestimacions: 2.42) SEERA... eo cele cee bnetos ie 269 General summary of the war activities of the Bureau....-.......--.--.-.-- 272 Report of Chief of Bureau of Biological Survey.-..........----.------------- 275 Work of the Bureau of Biological Survey. .......-.-..-- Sie bres ae 275 cong mie tay esIPalions oss < cis c<- cts, 5 <2.) 2 eS SIE IEE NS SSE 275 Bolo seni investioauiONns: 2225 5s. 's = a0 os woes na 225. SERMONS E OI SINS 288 Mammal and bird reservations.-....--..- a eet ier tote et ASE a gn ee? Repeyee, Leys 290 Themacratory-bird treaty. and Lacey ActS..--- 2. ~~ 2.5.00 2.-8i298Slees 293 Report of the Chief of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements.......... 299 COTTER GAC LC ERRNO Kote UN oho. oc Sch Sees bla 2 ee IHS SSMS 299 WORKS OLSEN RVC A TREE Marais sretsr bev aisle ee aac chs eames, Seer alter Ege FR Supe Bye 299 Report of the Chief of the Division of Publications. ...........-.-.-..--..... 303 Sura eee Met Caneel. 2S, Sete ase ee EL gutpeniti iodies 303 iBigea tein orem ey STO)” clos th Sm ei gates tel? do J) dee 304 Prompijband aagor proof ........5-seet -feowisspabeiee: bes loueiseshinee 304 APPLopria Hom tor printine M205 es SOR eo se cw he oo a 3 305 Expenditures tor printine and binding.!..2 222 i2-2..+.....cie% eee 306 Nitahisties Ouse mablication work. 2!/42 0... 5 GUUS Sa 311 VI CONTENTS. Report of the Chief of the Division of Publications—Continued. Page. Paniners? Bullefimg $64 222255225 35 ft see See eee 312 Hmpreenoy outside printing ie 4262.6 soe jo cask a ce oe LES 314 Publication work of the Weather Bureau..--...--------£-£-22-2725..2. 5222. 315 Work of the division by branches 2-2... stv alegry DOs eI SO OEE A 315 Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Crop Estimates... ..........--2-.-2+...-.- 325 Warlorganization of the Bureau:io.9 22 2 2oYe> Dae aera lint aie) 325 Work accomplished )...........0. 22. Ssc2ee no ~ o e o e OODEL DURES 326 Cooperation with State departments of agriculture... ..-.-. seus ceva ane! 328 State assessors’ returns... =... - ie si Sere. DOs ae Bee 329 Accuracy of the.erap estamates =. 2. 2.2). 3 ee eet Ea eee 330 Demands for improved crop and live-stock reporting service. ......-...-- 331 Report of-the Libminan: 14-2404 Vo esc daa ee 3 kale: Se 337 Summary. 2222 Fs220 BAP Se sas ha ose 2 asl Se EEE NOE Ie 337 Reference and Girctilation divisions.< 252.425) 23-er oe ee eee 338 Catalooue.and order divisions =. 212 22S s.45 5 ats ee ee ee ren Bie 339 Periodical.division. ... 022-25 2425 ss4 eae 2 ee eee 341 Bing@ingdivision. 2282 22 <.2.. cts. RE EE ee ee 342 Bibliography Js2se3 2 sess et fhrc tt URL OR so Rise ete wees 343 Pub liGaiOn SFG ws poe pos ach ns tS OS 5 ro ONS 345 Library staff... ... BS ASMP ROL A +. PSR op 345 Bureau; division;and office libraries...2_. sl eee, a ee 347 AS pONM ICES.) eI. BOE ek 5 1 Rs Se a ee ee 349 Report of the Director of the States Relations Service. ...........-..---...-- 353 Pniroduction sso 778) 682 A SERRE Es Fs 2 eee 353 Office ofthe Director... 2. .:..2.22.-+.2: 200 eee 355 Office of Experiment Stations: .... .. . .... 9A Age sy DEP eee 359 Office of Extension Work in:the South: 9: syosei 4). bh ese is oe 366 Office of Extension Work in the North and West..........--2--.......--- 376 Office of Home: Economica son sles £0 2B BLE ARE LOE 387 Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Public Roads. ..-..............-. 10 tm 391 War activities. “6 7ii ae 3en 5 os oa ae se oO, a EE Pe 391 The United States Highways Councils sc. sees Jeti nen oe 394 The: Federal aid road.act. ...2:6Guue Une ee ee eee 395 National2Forest toadss.=5 45.01.5205 2 Hess es eee Ee eee 409 Distribution of surplus war equipment, supplies, and materials.........-. 411 Road building and maintenance investigation... .-..------.-.-...-...-- 412 Road management and economics..79) 12. eee se BISIS GE Oe 414 Farm irrigation investigations. - «<1... 2. 23.t2222 SC a EO 414 Drainiee anveéstigations: - «02525245402 305 52 022.21 Ae eae tne 416 Rural engineering 50.2.2 229 0228s 2 seen oo SOE NG Se 417 Miscellaneous: 2:3 295-5 ee Ce Ee FRE RE SE Pee 419 Road «material testevand:research:.=\s2yer 22 2. corn a eee 420 Reorpanization of distnicis. .1.0915.2 2652.38 dee ss ass - FoR ee 424 Federal sid advisory committee: ...... 2... 22.00. .3.c0s 5 Se 424 Changes'in personnel «22:3 92.255 e000) EE ee AOL I BUS 424 Desith of Diréctor Logan Waller Page. «21224457 52.455 422552 45 Se 424 Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Markets... -......... RITE BAGS 427 Investigational and demonstrational work.................-...--....+.-- 429 Service work...-. Rdtcd 1k SALASID AAT HAAS Bo wd 9 5 Ke GRISEA SOAS 446 Regulatory work 2.5) SUS PU J EE OO EE ee 453 Publications during the year: 6.24.2. -5 Ree MOORE EE B27). Cea 460 CONTENTS. Report of the Chief of the Office of Farm Management........-.......------- (COnG On PrOGMCHONE . fac ttn bee haa rea reine - Fain asta stays eine, Farm business analysis studies Wrop OCOMOMICH S26 62 cee), Rg et Ae cain ceekstaia leet eb s Mei ye-shOe mA CCOUONNCE 6.5 Se oles eae ee eee SS eats seats ot Farm bookkeeping and cost accounting. .............------ a eer ee Acrieultural listory: and ceorraphy oy: 912) Ak oie atte ion eb esbe Tessncy and. farm-labor problemige ye. 02 to 8 as erin deere de PAEHY OO MEpIN CR .4 95ers arene To. 2 acai ie 8 8 A pape ete, area Farm-management demonstration work in Southern States ee ee i ea ey i ea a a a a es NE, LUG CROSTE I fe SAS Re cay ee a re Weeks forestry law... ..- Ses Rte ee ee eras Eas RE aye oa Pei PAM AMINE ACE she Seta 6 oe en cis asin ee ws oe Dacit de de ele ns PSA SrA TOA AGL: ae cine Sere tates ee Dc oii BEES sks ree ooh rede etes RIG AOOULANE RIES ACU 4 ames Se 8 eee Paes c ice Harte ow vie sb a pcis ee See eels INNCE LMI ECO Hope et te ote oa Cee tial sb iwie Pde Sioreteen wae Peo mwentn cis hiROUn IAW 20222, 05%. < step aoe Ss oe Fn os Sad wsdl laces Acts regulating the interstate movement of live stock from quarantined districts, prohibiting the interstate movement of diseased live stock, and prohibiting the importation of diseased live stock. ..............-..-.-- fi Bos a(S 200 Fis < kg SNE 8 de ER ee eS The insecticide act... ..... Saeed Me BS Re) Re EC Ee a ER ge Mile misratoryabird Geeahy ACL. Soe sags S208 ant eee et ee ons dole se ele Bune UACe VON Ch as a 3 cere Ma P ye A Ree aS A Sloe Aus oo Sse Paro @esemuation trespass law... 22 oye yoke it gt ee ee Vs ee Waatedestates/eottoniutires act ..2.. [2 .)28 2.2.2 hence skate wee oe ecs ewes mised Sinted ram standards act: 2225-0. 2526 42s Nika s'o2 8 ecee eben Minitederra tes warehouse AC ha masn.s arr seems Aa yet oe Tcl slocesaeeu SGT iad OTT EEISU Ac] oC) Ct pina eR eke A UO A pd EOE LPOU AGL at hed ew ena ea acne MEL rl SE Bo ORs Sis ee Hieod— pROGUeim OT BCbe arid yee eae) meee oa ee IRE os a A Miscellaneous work for the Bureau of Markets EE ARCTVES 2 Reco ogo Sian Ayn I ee A eA PME Sie Mos" 2 ot teas Report of the Insecticide and Fungicide Board...-............:....--2-.ee- Interstate samples. ......-..-.. See ee ete Eee ee eal 2 2. Deemenane LEVI) DOTS B17 fa | este Mis IR aM a pe de APO Dar ee SL ee DSpee in letinvethian MOMs eo Soe Fe oes SMa oe Os Soe eos side secetela Report of the Federal Horticultural Board Pilate one nay Onic meee re ane e ins Bo eew iby 1 ie es OS Ene oA Sid Dani eis wiv Slalee eis! Bhesprd a POM WOnniere eenet re LA BOD ON ees eh etl oie sible od owes The European corn borer SESE OED EGLO aman oS oie, 2 5 2 5 Meee ay SE ak Galan ciemred, 3 haw emis The potato wart in the United States ie ies and talce-All GISCABES: <5 occ s cine Sn cee ce dee eeenebeduceoes SP hicabite kanbe temunt owed. 52 <2) o.06 1S Secs ce i ow cic a 2 Poe 2 hee eis Keed PA ARUN Oe ones py Seen a cid ieee a asin aie koe (area Nursery stock, plant, and seed importations..................--.sseeee0 Inspection of imported plants and plant products Inspection of plant-introduction gardens.......-.....--.--..-0.+2s02000- Terminal inspection of interstate mail shipments of plants and plant BIOOUC a Pa 0e eer ee aoc 5 ats aa.Se bah ae ae See ae Ee 529 VIII CONTENTS. Report of the Federal Horticultural Board—Continued. New plant qqusanbiniee: 32 1 S58 Or os aoe ores ten = oo ne ee eee Cotton waste and unmanufactured cotton used as Pravin for imported Ship’s ballast as a source of introducing plant enemies. papi det ts War nebivrtiog sng. tiie as sii 26 terrae seme te onmbug eer ae aa ea ee Need for enlargement of port inspection service. .....-............----- A plant-quarantine law needed for the District of Columbia. ............ List of current quarantine and other restrictive orders..................-- TN OX hee Ee aE ko See Rice ce eee cieieele oeioee minicar em ticrer= srsteervereaee REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. eH te 40. THE Sarie par ee 7 arity eel RAL . We iy 3 SOTA NICAL ~ ean a) Ey! REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. Wasuineron, D. C., November 15, 1919. Sm: America during the war helped to save Europe and to pre- serve civilization by making available to the Allies, through in- creased production and conservation, large supplies of foodstuffs. But for this contribution, it is difficult to see how the Allies could have waged the war to a victorious conclusion. Lacking such sup- port and with their own producing capacity seriously crippled, the German people experienced partial famine conditions; their health and vitality were greatly impaired; and the collapse of their mili- tary power was due in no small measure to the shortage of food. The cessation of hostilities brought no immediate improvement in Europe. On the contrary, in some respects more adverse conditions developed. Revolution became the order of the day; the directing hand of government was removed; discipline was relaxed; the morale, particularly of the people of the Central Powers, was broken; idle- ness and unemployment prevailed; and in some sections anarchy reigned. It was obvious that Europe could not produce sufficient foods for herself. Her crops had been short for several years and it was scarcely probable that those for 1919 would be greater than the crops of the last year of the war. Quite as unsatisfactory was the live-stock situation. In nine of the western nations the number of cattle had declined more than 7,000,000, sheep 7,500,000, swine 24,500,000, and dairy cows several millions, with a greater propor- tionate reduction in the volume of products. e. Food relief after the armistice was imperative not only for =the peoples of the new small friendly nations but also of the enemy countries. It became the key to the whole situation and to the establishment of a real peace. Europe had to be fed if order was 3 MAY 14 4 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. to be restored and if European civilization, and, therefore, that of all the world, including our own, was to be preserved. America had again to assist in saving Europe and herself by supplying food, and that in great abundance. It was estimated that Europe would need to import at least 20,000,000 tons of bread grains alone, and that . of this quantity 11,000,000 must come from the United States. It was obvious also that she would call for large imports of meats and fats, and that for months, until shipping expanded again, most of these must be obtained from the United States. This burden America was able to assume because of the achievements of her farmers. The full story can not be told; only the outcome can be suggested. 1919 ACREAGES AND YIELDS. The farmers of the Nation, in 1919, planted an acreage in leading cereals greater by 33,000,000 than the prewar annual average (1910- 1914), which, it is estimated, will yield 635,000,000 bushels more than the prewar average, and increased the number of milch cows over 1914 by 2,700,000, of other cattle by 8,500,000, of swine by 16,- 700,000, and of horses and mules by 1,000,000, or a total of 28,900,000. The planting operations for the year began before the fighting ceased. The call was still for more wheat. The Department sug- gested a maximum fall acreage of 47,206,000 acres, an increase of 12 per cent over 1918. There was actually planted 49,261,000, the largest acreage in the Nation’s history, 6,960,000 acres more than in 1918 and 15,608,000 more than the five-year average, 1910-1914. The spring-wheat acreage was 22,593,000, while the winter and spring plantings combined amounted to 71,854,000 acres, or 7,200,000 more than the preceding record and 19,400,000 more than the prewar average. It is estimated that the yield will exceed that of 1918 by 1,000,000 bushels and will be the Nation’s second record wheat crop. The estimated corn crop of 2,910,000,000 bushels will be 300,000,000 greater than that of 1918 and only slightly less than the high yields of 1915 and 1917. Tf the fighting had continued and the season had been favorable, there is little question that the farmers of the country would have planted an aggregate crop acreage, during the winter and spring, greater than that for any preceding year in the Nation’s history. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 5 Forecasts of meat production for 1919, from partial reports of slaughtering, indicate that the record figure of last year—20,250,- 000,000 pounds—will be exceeded. The total will probably reach 21,000,000,000 pounds, as follows: Pork, 12,900,000,000 pounds, com- pared with 11,248,000,000 in 1918 and 8,769,000,000 in 1914; beef, 7,500,000,000 as against 8,500,000,000 in 1918 and 6,079,000,000 in 1914; and mutton, 600,000,000 pounds as against 537,000,000 in 1918 and 739,000,000 in 1914. A rough estimate, based upon the number of milch cows and the census average of milk production per cow, indicates that the num- ber of gallons of milk produced in 1919 will aggregate 8,495,000,000, or 57,000,000 more than in 1918 and 1,029,000,000 more than the average for 1910-1914. The figures for poultry and egg produc- tion have not been accurately ascertained, but it is roughly esti- mated, upon the basis of reported increases from one census to an- other, that egg production in 1919 will aggregate 1,957,000,000 dozen, as against 1,921,000,000 in 1918 and 1,774,000,000 in 1914, and that ~ the number of poultry raised on farms will approximate 600,000,000. EXPORTS. The exports of foodstuffs, enormous during the*war, rose greatly between the armistice and midsummer. The annual average exports of important cereals for the five years preceding the war were 162,000,000 bushels. They rose to 517,000,000 in 1915 and aggregated 448,000,000 in 1919. Dairy products, of which 25,000,000 pounds were exported on the average during the five-year period before the war, increased in volume to 102,400,000 pounds in 1915, 217,500,- 000 in 1916, 352,000,000 in 1917, 592,000,000 in 1918, and 781,000,000 in 1919; while the exports of meat and meat products were 1,291,000,- 00 pounds for the five-year average before the war, 1,500,000,000 in 1915, 1,800,000,000 in 1916, 2,800,000,000 in 1918, and 3,300,000,000 in 1919. 6 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following tables may facilitate the examination of these es- sential facts: » Acreage of crops in the United States. [Figures refer to planted acreage for winter wheat and rye.] Semi 1918 Annual Crops. estimate, | (subject to 1917 1916 1915 1914 average, | October, | revision).1 1910-1914. 1919). CEREALS. Cornteeecs=s=-ee- 102, 977,000 |107, 494, 000 |116, 730, 000 |105, 296, 000 |106, 197, 000 | 103, 435,000 | 105, 240, 000 Wiheatsencs «ss 71, 854,000 | 64, 707,000 | 58,366,000 | 56,810,000 | 61,173,000 | 54,661,000 | 52, 452,000 Oats..... eeeeee--| 42,169, 000 | 44, 400,000 | 43,553,000 | 41,527,000 | 40,996,000 | 38,442,000 | 38,014,000 Barleyeece == =e 8, 899,000 | 9,679,000} 8,933,000} 7,757,000] 7,148,000 7, 565, 000 7, 593, 000 RYOvesccsseors ce 6,820,000 | 6,708,000} 4,480,000} 3,474,000] 3,153,000 2, 733, 000 2, 562, 000 Buckwheat... -.-. 943,000 | 1,040,000 924, 000 828, 000 769, 000 792, 000 826, 000 Ricer snes 1,091,300] 1,112,770 980, 900 869, 000 802, 600 694, 000 733, 000 Kafirs. 25222253 5,183,000 | 5,619,000 | 5,153,000 | 3,944,000 | 4,153,000 |.............|........---- Totaleeeres 239, 936, 300 |240, 759, 770 |239, 119, 900 |220, 505, 000 |224, 391, 600 |2208, 322, 000 |2207, 420, 000 Potatoes......... 4,003,000} 4,210,000} 4,384,000 | 3,565,000 | 3,734,000 | 3,711,000 3,686, 000 Sweet potatoes...| 1,023,000} 922,000] 919,000] 774,000} 731,000 603, 000 611, 000 Total. ..... 5,026,000} 5,132,000 | 5,303,000} 4,339,000 | 4,465,000] 4,314,000| 4,297,000 Tobacco........- 1,774,300 | 1,549,000} 1,518,000 | 1,413,000 | 1,369,900 1,224,000 | 1,209, 000 Cottons. <2. 52. 32, 390, 000 | 35,890, 000 | 33, 841,000 | 34,985,000 | 31,412,000 | 36,832,000} 35,330,000 SSS OO SS SSO OO SS Grand total - ./279, 126, 600 |283, 330, 770 |279, 781, 900 |261, 242, 000 eee 2250, 692, 000 |2248, 256, 000 1 Figures for 1918 are to be revised Dec. 12, 1919, 2 Excluding grain sorghums, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. q Production in the United States. [The figures are in round thousands, i.e., 000 omitted.j 1919 oc ee Annual we vised | (subject | 4917 1916 1915 1914 ‘| average op: peice el 1910-1914 Novem- | revision). : ber, 1919). CEREALS. Corners 265 2288588. bushels. . 2, 910, 250 |2, 582, 814 |3, 065, 233 |2,566,927 |2,994, 793 | 2,672, 804 | 2, 732, 457 Wiheat= $22 tite do....| 918,471 | 917,100] 636,655 | 636,318 [1,025,801] 891,017] 728,225 Cateye 2) ee do..../1,219, 521 |1, 538, 359 |1, 592, 740 |1, 251, 837 |1, 549, 030 | 1,141, 060 | 1, 157,961 Barleyisec ese ee eee do....} 198,298 | 256,375} 211,759] 182,309 | 228, 851 194, 953 186, 208 Lia GSee ceebee SORES OROSSAC do....| 84,552 90, 183 62, 933 48, 862 54, 050 42,779 37, 568 Buckwheat.............. do....} 20,120 17,182 16, 022 11, 662 15, 056 16, 881 17,022 ice-<<-..<4-0- oc sess: do....| 44,261 40, 424 34, 739 40, 861 28, 947 23, 649 24, 378 Meatirg seer EEE ins do....| 123,343} 66,396] 61,409| 53,858 | 114,460|...........J.....22.2. ee ee eae ee ae) ae eee ee eee eecee ie ee Sorat 16 See Toe hs do. . =.'5, 518,816 |5, 508, 833 |5, 681, 490 }4, 792, 634 |6, 010, 988 |! , 983, 143 |! 4, 883, 819 VEGETABLES. Potatoes ....-.....--- bushels..| 352,025 | 400,106] 442,108] 286,953 | 359,721 | 409,921 | 360,772 Sweet potatoes.......... do....| 102,946 86, 334 83, 822 70, 955 75, 639 56, 574 57,117 Beans (commercial) ..... do....| 12,690] 17,437] 16,045] 10,715] 10,321 WEE Trhd a eee ae Onions,commercialcrop.do....| 10, 784 13,396 12,376 8, 562 7, 664 (hy llasosicaccoe Cabbage (commercial). .-tons. -| 388 516 475 255 671 @le dSeseccses FRUITS (peaches eto. o.. o bushels..| 51,327 34,133 | 45,066] 37,505 | 64,097 54, 109 43, 752 Pears es eee veces oc! do....| 13,628} 10,342] 13,281 | 11,874] 11,216 12, 086 11, 184 ITEC a er a a do....| 144,429 | 169,911] 163,117] 204,582 | 76,670} 253,200} 197,898 Cranberries (3 States) . barrels. . 546 343 249 471 441 6445) 2S ee ee MISCELLANEOUS. | Mlaxseed22525-5-..-2. bushels... 9,450 | 14,657 9,164] 14,296] 14,030 13, 749 18, 353 sSugar peots!-+.02-..2.c2- tons... 7, 298 5, 890 5, 980 6, 228 6, 511 5, 585 5, 391 Tobacco. ..... SOCSERES pounds. .|1, 316, 553 |1, 340,019 |1, 249, 276 |1, 153, 278 |1, 062, 237 | 1,034, 679 991, 958 MU ay = 5220 Soke oe oe tons..| 103,544 | 90,443] 98,439] 110,992] 107,263 88, 686 81, 640 @ottontess oi Fe 2-2 8c bales..|| 10,696 | 12,041] 11,302] 11,450] 11,192 16, 135 14, 259 Sorghum sirup........ gallons..| 33,668 29, 224 37, 472 TE (C82 So gage Se a eae ee LECTIN eee bee a bushe!s tee 446966), |pe 54548401 62 50 5am ab) 324 ees ue eee | ee Broom corn (5 States). ..tons.. 51 58 57 39! [eee eee eetlec-cstosesc]s-scansso= Clover seed........... bushels. . 967 1,102 1, 488 HAVA Roe seecticc Pec aoa 1 Excludes grain sorghums. 2 No estimate. Number of live stock on farms on January 1, 1910-1919. (The figures are in round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.] | Annual Kind. | 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 average, 1910-1914. jee ee LOMSOS ee oe a arses sates os soa 21, 534 21, 555 21,210 21,159 21,195 20, 962 20, 430 IMETIGS 3. oe sckrs seen rts ere SPS) 9 14005 4, 873 4,723 4,593 4,479 4,449 4, 346 Milehicowse 2 =-4-ss05--cecc. 2 oe 23, 467 23, 310 22, 894 22, 108 21, 262 20, 737 20,676 Other cattle. .22- season esse 44, 399 44,112 41, 689 39, 812 37, 067 35,855 | 38, 000 CHC eee ee Bee aes 49,863 | 48,603] 47,616] 48,625| 49,956] 49,719\ 51,929 SCC a SE Pe | 75,587 | 70,978 | 67,503} 67,766| 64,618 eae 61, 865 8 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Estimated production of meat, milk, and wool. [The figures are in round thousands, i. e., 000 omitted.] Product. 1919 1918 1917 1916 1914 1909 Beer hse esse scenes pounds.-| 7,500,000 | 8,465,000 | 7,384,007 | 6,670,938 | 6,078,908 8, 138, 000 Pork) 2 tees .censctta do..-.| 12,868,000 | 11,248,000 | 8,450,148 | 10,587,765 | 8, 768,532 8,199,000 Mutton and goat!...... do--e- 637, 000 537, 000 491, 205 633, 969 739, 401 615, 000 Total. .........-.do...-| 21,005, 000 | 20, 250, 000 | 16,325,360 | 17,892,672 | 15,586,841 | 16,952,000 Mile? 22 od ie peti gallons..| 8,495,000] 8,438,000 | 8,288,000 | 8,003,000 | 7,507,000 7, 466, 406 Wool (including pulied wool), pounds =o ws-ee-0.-5 Eels fare = 308, 459 298, 870 281, 892 288, 490 290, 192 289, 420 Eggs produced ?_...... dozen.-.| 1,957,000 | 1,921,000 | 1,884,000} 1,848,000 | 1,774,000 | 41,591,000 Poultry raised *..... number. - 600, 000 589, 000 578, 000 567, 000 544, 000 4 488, 000 1 Estimated for 1914-1918 by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Figures for meat production for 1919 are tentative estimates based upon 1918 production and a comparison of slaughter under Federal inspection for 6 months of 1919 with the corresponding 6 months in 1918. 2 Estimated for 1914-1919 by assuming 362 gallons as the average yearly production of milk per cow. This average is given in the census for 1909. 3 Estimated by assuming a constant increase since 1910. 4 Annual averages for 1910-1914: Eggs, 1,695,000,000 dozen; poultry, 522,000,000. 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"PI6I-OI6T ; “qunouly . 0 1U99 Jo Si a Br uge Sa SI6T LI6T 9161 ST6I “PIGT-O16T : Syng ‘styuow GIGI presehe poyiodxe oporyry dol, I M7 —0g Sune SUTPUO Iv0X t dOIOMIMLODH JO ‘quomjzedoq soyeig poqru A PoIOUTUTOD oNsoMIOG PUR US1010,q Jo Nvemng Jo syodey™ *$9]D1Q) papUgQ ay? wouLf U0z}09 pun sf[ngspoof oysawop fo s1odaiT 20——2 151352° 10 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lxrports of live stock from the United States. {Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Unitei States Department of Commerce.] Fiscal year ending June 30— Three Annual months, Kind. average, July to | 1910-1914.) i945 1916 1917 1918 i919 | Septem- ber, 1919. Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. PRdesesis! ote 2 oka eee 28,073 | 289,340 | 357,553 | 278,674] 84,765] 22,776 5,971 Nuke 5: 2. Be eee eS 5,125] 65,788} 111,915 | 136,689] 28,879 4, 883 906 Cattle $5 beta a, a 88,225] 5,484] 21,287] 13,387] 18,213] 18,376 20, 803 Bhpepte het ee Se ees 522,505 | 182,278 | 231,535] 58,811 7,959 | 152,000 14, 186 Bwinee te see ns ae 11, 191 | 7,799 | 22,048 | 21, 926 9,280} 10, 122 2, 285 VALUES. On the basis of prices that have recently prevailed, the total ‘value of all crops produced in 1919 is $15,873,000,000, compared with $14,222,000,000 for 1918; $13,479,000,000 for 1917; $9,054,000,000° for 1916; $6,112,000,000 for 1914; and $5,827,000,000 for the five- year average, 1910-1914. These values represent gross production and not net returns to the producer. The value of live stock on farms in 1919 was $8,830,000,000, compared with $8,284,000,000 in 1918; $6,736,000,000 in 1917; $6,021,000,000 in 1916; $5,890,000,000 in 1914; and $5,318,000,000 for the five-year average, 1910-1914. This increased financial showing, it is again necessary to empha- size, does not mean that the Nation is better off to that extent or that its real wealth has advanced in that proportion. Considering merely the domestic relations, the true state is indicated rather in terms of real commodities, comparative statements of which are given in the foregoing tables. The increased values, however, do reveal that the monetary returns to the farmers have increased pro- portionately with those of other groups of producers in the Nation and that their purchasing power has kept pace in the rising scale of prices. PROGRESS OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. The results of agricultural operations during the war furnish guaranty of the ability of the present farm population of the coun- try, with the area now in farms and ‘in the existing state of agricul- tural science and practice, to meet the Nation’s necessities for the near future if the requisite incentives are furnished. But there are reasons for further optimism. As has been repeatedly pointed out, REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 1} we still have a large area of untouched tillable land. This is some- what generally understood, but it is not so well known that, as the result of improved processes and better practices in all sections, there has been an upward tendency in the acre yields. As a mat- ter of fact, the view seems more frequently to be expressed that in this respect American agriculture has deteriorated. The facts dis- prove this, and in no part of the Union more strikingly than in the older regions, such as the New England and North Atlantic States. Crop yields per acre in the United States show an upward tend- ency during the period for which we have reliable comparable sta- tistics. The average rate of increase for the past 25 years has been about one-half of one per cent a year. This gain is not readily ob- served from one year to another, owing to the wide yearly fluctua- tions in yield. But when averages for a series of years are obtained, the effect of the seasonal variations is largely neutralized and the general trend is clear. The upward tendency is shown graphically in the following charts: =----- YEARLY VIELD PER ACRE emee=2 (0 YEAR AVERAGES, ENDING IN YEARS INDICATED. WF) emma 5 KELL? AVERAGE (SEE SAE ae K os TS 0 a a ee I Sis a bio eka ee yO a PP A a yl a 5S A (SS ev eh A UAE NAW ea che eae,” A : ama a 2 es 2 (SR ESRERsSaR line REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 15 During the decades of the seventies and eighties, when there was a vast expansion of farm area in the West and crops were grown on a more and more extensive scale, the tendency of crop yields per acre was downward. Since the early nineties, however, the movement has been upward. . In the decade of the eighties, that is, for the 10 years ending with 1890, the average yield per acre of wheat in the United States was 11.84 bushels; for the past 10 years, that is, for the 10 years ending in 1918, it was 14.87—an increase of 25 per cent. For the 10 years ending in 1890 the average yield of corn in the United States was 23.43 bushels; in the 10 years ending in 1918 it was 25.81—an increase of 10 per cent. The oats yield in the 10 years ending in 1890 averaged 25.92 bushels, but in the 10 years ending in 1918 it was 32.17—a gain of 24 per cent. The potato crop averaged 72.97 bushels per acre for the 10 years ending in 1890, and 96.84 for the last 10 years—an increase of nearly one-third. By a like comparison, it may be observed that the hay yield rose from 1.193 tons per acre to 1.432—an increase of 20 per cent. Cotton, notwithstanding the ravages of the boll weevil, increased from an average of 169.78 pounds in the decade ending in 1890 to 175.73 in the last decade—a gain of 34 per cent. Other field crops have likewise shown greater yields. The aver- age increase per acre of all crops in the 10 years ending in 1918, com- pared with the 10 years ending in 1890, was about 16 per cent. The tendency toward enlarged output per acre is general throughout the United States; it is not due to a shifting of produc- tion from one section to another. For example, in the old agricul- tural State of New York the increases for the two periods mentioned above were as follows: Corn 24 per cent, wheat 44, oats 21, barley 24, buckwheat 43, potatoes 30, hay 10, average of all (weighted) 18 per cent. The facts for the New England States may appeal to many as even more striking and significant. For the six New England States, the following gains are shown in the 10-year period, 1909-1918, over the average for 1866-1875: Corn 33 per cent, wheat 63, oats 25, barley 27, rye 27, buckwheat 17, potatoes 27, hay 24, 16 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and all field crops 25 per cent; and for the 10 years, 1909-1918, over the average for 1881-1890: Corn 38 per cent, wheat 60, oats 24, bar- ley 29, rye 44, buckwheat 45, potatoes 69, hay 23, and all field crops 26 per cent. For convenience of comparison, the accompanying table is inserted : Comparison of crop yields in sir New England States. | Pereentage in- crease in aver- age yields per acre during 10 years, 1909-1918, over— Crops. 10-year 10-year average,| average, 1866- 1881- . 1875. 1890. Corn. itzssshexics ce eten 33 38 Wiheaticesaset Sa ae 63 60 OStS 2) =. yoderee aes aeaeies } 25 24 Barley aon: stweccen cers 7 29 Ryecseesescs tle. ae ra 27 44 Buckwheat. .............! 17 45 POtatOes -:..25 cesses ene 27 69 ia 0 ete ai ee geek 24 23 All field crops (weighted). 25 26 The gains noted are real; that is, they are not due to changes in statistical method. They are observed in the official statistics of most foreign countries, as well as in those of the United States. The increased production per acre shown is due, in considerable measure, to the practice of better agricultural methods, including the use of more efficient farm machinery; better knowledge and fuller adoption of crop rotations; planting of crops better adapted to pre- vailing climatic conditions; development and adoption of varieties more resistant to plant diseases and insect pests; more general appli- cation of disease and insect control measures; increased and more intelligent use of fertilizers; and improved efficiency in crop produc- tion generally. FOREIGN YIELDS ALSO INCREASED. Not only in the United States, but in most civilized countries of the world, the yield per acre has been tending upward in recent years. This is noted in respect to wheat in practically all wheat- growing countries. If we compare the average wheat yields per REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 17 acre in the 10-year period, 1891-1900, with those in 1901-1910, we find that in the United Kingdom there has been an improvement of 6 per cent, that is, from 30.1 to 31.9 bushels; in the Netherlands, of 19 per cent, or from 27.7 to 33; in New Zealand, of 28 per cent, or from 24.6 to 31.5; in Sweden, of 14 per cent, or from 24.2 to 27.6; in Germany, of 23 per cent, or from 23.6 to 29.1; in Ontario, of 12 per cent, or from 19.4 to 21.8; in Manitoba, of 7 per cent, or from 17 to 18.2; in France of 8 per cent, or from 18.1 to 19.5; in Hungary, of 3 per cent, or from 17.3 to 17.8; in Japan, of over 2 per cent, or from 17 to 17.4; in Poland, of 3 per cent, or from 15.5 to 15.9; in Roumania, of 21 per cent, or from 14 to 16.9; in the United States, of 8 per cent, or from 12.9 to 18.9; in India, of 16 per cent, or from 9.7 to 11.3; in Caucasia, of 18 per cent, or from 9.5 to 11.2; in Russia, excluding Poland and Caucasia, of 14 per cent, or from 8.3 to 9.5 bushels. These countries are given in the order of their relative rank in yield per acre during the period 1891-1900. Satisfactory comparative data are not avail- able for Argentina. Similar gains have been observed in other crops. The average yields in the United States are frequently compared with the much larger yields in some European nations. In Belgium the average yield is about double that in the United States; in the United Kingdom, more than 60 per cent greater, and in France, nearly 15 per cent. It should be borne in mind, however, that the energy of each American farmer is spread over a larger area and that, although he produces less per acre, he produces much more per man. The total output of the average farmer is prob- ably greater in the United States than in any other country in the world. Thus, in Belgium, with its intensive system of farm- ing, only about 5.3 acres are cultivated for each person engaged in agriculture, whereas, in the United States, the corresponding figure is 27 acres. Taking both acreage and yield per acre into con- sideration, the average American farmer produces 2.5 times as much as the average Belgian farmer; 2.3 times as much as the English; 3.2 times as much as the French; 2.5 times as much as the German; and over 6 times as much as the Italian. For many years to come the average yield per acre in the United States may be expected to increase, although the total output per man may diminish. This country has a long distance to go before it comes in sight of its limit of farm production. It can further increase its output of commodities by continuing to secure increased 18 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. yields per acre. It has been estimated by experts that only about 15 per cent of the land in cultivation is yielding reasonably full returns. The opportunity is presented, as conditions warrant, to bring the remaining 85 per cent up to the point of fair yield. One of the objectives of all good farmers and of the agricultural agencies assisting them is to promote increased yields along economic lines by the further application of scientific knowledge and the adoption of improved practices. The path of progress is pretty well charted and the agricultural forces are moving along it with gratifying speed. However, the maintenance of satisfactory increases necessi- tates the continuance and enlargement of investigational work, par- ticularly such as is required to insure fuller control of destructive plant diseases and insect pests. FARM LAND PROBLEMS. The Nation can further expand its output of commodities by culti- vating the tillable land which at present is unused, estimated to be over 60 per cent of the total. But there has been no such full consid- eration of the policy which should be pursued in reference to the extension of the farm area as has been given to economical production. Since the Nation now retains but little land of ready availability, agricultural expansion will result mainly from efforts to utilize and to increase the productivity of farm lands now owned by indi- viduals, corporations, and the States. A number of important questions must be answered: How rap- idly should new areas be developed? What means should be em- ployed to bring new lands into use, so that settlers may achieve suc- cess, employ sound methods of husbandry, and establish a whole- some community life? What is the significance of the increase of tenancy and what may be done to establish a system of land tenure which will insure good farming and a sound and democratic founda- tion for American agriculture? What is the bearing of the increas- ing prices of land and the resulting speculation on the progress of agriculture and the welfare of the farmer? EXPANSION OF AREA IN FARMS, The expansion of the Nation’s agriculture is limited by the supply of labor and capital available for farming purposes rather than by REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 19 the scarcity of undeveloped lands. It is true that, in general, the best land is already in cultivation, but without question much of the re- mainder can be tilled when the country reaches the economic stage which would justify its utilization. There -are numerous fallacious opinions with respect to the need of extending the farm area. Many people, noting the prevailing prices of agricultural products, demand increased production and insist that the remedy les in immediate and rapid expansion of the acreage in farms. Others, observing large tracts of unused land, deplore the great waste of our resources. Still others explain the movement of population from rural districts to cities by the non- availability of land, which they attribute to land monopoly, specula- tion, and other evils. The demand for farm products, unlike the demand for manufactured articles, does not expand rapidly to meet a large increase in supply. There is a tendency toward an equilibrium between urban and agricultural industry. If too much labor and capital are diverted from farming, the relative prices, and conse- quently the relative profits, of agricultural activity will increase, and there will be a tendency toward expansion. If this is excessive, however, relative prices and profits will tend to decrease and the industry may suffer depression. The inelasticity of demand for farm products sets a very decided limit at a given time to the in- crease of population and capital profitably employed in agriculture. It is not in the interest of producers or consumers to have large fluctuations in agricultural production. There is always danger of glutting the market and of serious loss. The aim rather should be to secure a steady flow of commodities of suflicient volume to supply an increasing demand at prices which will yield the farmer a decent wage and a fair profit on his investment. It seems difficult to get it into the minds of some people that farming is a business and must pay; that under modern conditions there can not be an unlimited number of farmers. There could be a larger proportion of farmers to total population if each farm were self-sufficient and produced no surplus of consequence, but to-day the average farmer produces ‘many times what he consumes of some things and is dependent for his prosperity upon their profitable exchange for other articles which he uses. There should be, and in the long run there will tend to be, no more farmers in the Nation than are needed to produce the quantity 20 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of products which can be disposed of ata profit. There will be farmers enough if the business of farming is made profitable and if rural life is made attractive and healthful. The consumers must be willing to pay prices for farm products which will enable farmers to produce them and to maintain a satisfactory standard of individual and com- munity life. The Nation also must be prepared to omit nothing to improve the countryside. It is of the first importance that satisfac- tory schools, with courses of study related to the problems of rural life, be provided, that good roads be constructed, and that adequate provision be made to give rural communities the requisite sanitary and medical services, including hospital facilities. When these re- quirements are met, we shall not have to concern ourselves as to the number of farmers and the adequacy of our agricultural production. There will then be no difficulty in retaining in the rural districts a sufficient number of contented and efficient people. What we need is not a “back to the land” propaganda, but an acceleration of the movement for the improvement of the countryside which will render the abandonment of farms unnecessary and the expansion of farming inevitable. There is reason to believe that a considerable expansion in farm- land area occurred during the war. The acreage devoted to the 19 principal crops increased 10.1 per cent from 1914 to 1918. Accord- ingly, the crop area per capita increased from 3.22 acres in 1914 to 3.383 in 1918, or 3.4 per cent. This expansion probably resulted in part from the use for crops of land normally devoted to other pur- poses, especially to pasture. However, it seems to indicate that the farming industry has more than held its own during the period. This conclusion is confirmed by an increase not only in the per capita production of nearly all the important crops, but also, according to a recent report, in the number of cattle and swine per capita. More- over, estimates for milk, eggs, and poultry indicate an increase in per capita production during the war. In view of these facts, it probably would be unwise to stimulate a large increase in the per capita farm acreage at the present time, especially where such an increase would have to be effected by utilizing land which is inferior or which would be made available at a heavy outlay for drainage, irrigation, or clearing. Apparently, therefore, American agriculture should consolidate the gains already made; prepare for the period of competition which is to be expected with the return of normal REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 21 world conditions, principally by increasing, through sound and economical methods, the productivity of areas already under culti- vation; and utilize the services of the most experienced and judicious agricultural leaders in determining where, when, and how to bring into cultivation and develop public and private unused land. The best experts of the Federal department and of the agri- cultural colleges should make a careful investigation of the possi- bilities of utilizing land not now devoted to agriculture. In respect to the 200,000,000 acres of, cut-over land, the 60,000,000 requiring drainage, and the 30,000,000 which may be irrigated, there is great variation from district to district as to the possibility of economic use. Distinctive regions should be fully studied with a view to as- semble all existing data on productivity, cost of making the land available, present tenure and prices, type of agriculture best adapted to the conditions, possible returns, minimum size of farms capable of supporting families in reasonable comfort, minimum equipment needed at the beginning of settlement, sources of credit, and market- ing and transportation facilities. LAND SETTLEMENT. At present various private agencies are engaged in promoting land settlement. Many of them are honest in intention, promise, and practice; others keep within the letter of the law but, through exaggeration and indirection of statement, create false impres- sions in the mind of the settler. Many violate no canon of fair business practice, but their interest is in profits and they do not pursue a policy calculated to develop a profitable and wholesome community life. Only a few have made careful-studies of the conditions of successful settlement and developed their business with a view to the settlers’ progress and success. Practically all are seeking to realize the highest possible price for their undeveloped holdings, and the settler is compelled to face the problem of ad- justment to pioneer conditions while carrying a burden of land value which often represents, in part, the capitalization of a future in- crease in earning power. The intending settler of small means is rarely able to distinguish between the good and bad methods of selling land in new regions. The more unscrupulous the land company the more lurid are its 22 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. advertisements and the more extravagant its promises. Settlers often are induced to invest all their savings in land not suitable for successful farming, to purchase more land in relation to the capital available for development than they should, or to undertake projects the cost of clearing or reclamation of which will prove to be pro- hibitive. The results, in many instances, have been tragic failures after years of incredible hardships, waste of capital and of human lives, discouragement of intending settlers, and injury to the busi- ness of legitimate and well-meaning land concerns. It would be desirable if governmental agencies, by systematic aid, should furnish reliable information to those seeking farms, should take particular pains, through their agricultural machinery, to give new settlers very special assistance and guidance, and, where condi- tions are favorable, should aid in the development of well-considered settlement plans. TENANCY. ' The increase of tenancy has become the subject of deep concern to thoughtful students of rural conditions. The tenant, on an aver- age, remains on the same farm only about one-sixth as long as the owning farmer. Consequently, he often manifests little interest in the improvement of the farm and in the progress of the community. A certain proportion of tenants is normal and may not be un- wholesome. Many farm owners, because of age or infirmity, find it necessary to retire. Their farms are temporarily operated by their sons or other relatives who subsequently may become owners through inheritance or purchase. Large numbers of young men with little capital find tenancy a convenient stage in their progress to ownership. Certain local studies reveal the fact that nearly two-thirds of the farm owners who operate their farms have passed through this stage. Frequently it serves as a useful period of ap- prenticeship in farm management before the heavier financial bur- dens of ownership are assumed. In a great many cases the farmer has not yet acquired sufficient experience as a manager to operate his farm efficiently without the assistance of the landlord. In some instances, also, the tenant has been reared in an environment characterized by lack of thrift, self- restraint, and systematic industry. He may not have the general intelligence or technical knowledge to stand alone in the manage- ment of a farm. Where these personal limitations exist the solution REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 23 of the problem hes in education, training, and the development of systematic habits of industry and thrift rather than in radical changes in the system of tenure. Since there will continue to be a certain number of tenants, every effort should be made to change the conditions of leasing so as to improve the methods of agriculture, increase the period of occupancy, and insure a fair division of returns; and the States should provide by law for a system of compensation by owners to tenants for unexhausted improvements and set up the necessary administrative machinery. Such arrangements have prevailed in England for many years to the benefit of all concerned. Although landlords may, and often do, play an important part in financing and in operating farms, there are large numbers who live at a distance and who contribute nothing toward their efficient utili- zation or improvement. Moreover, they often fail to interest themselves in promoting the progress of the community in which their land is situated, although they benefit by such progress. Land, however, is peculiarly important to all the people and the welfare and prosperity of the community, as well as its economic and social progress, depend so vitally on its use and the relationship of the population to it that serious thought must be given to the problem of limiting absentee ownership. The endeavor to develop a more harmonious and efficient relation between tenant and landlord and to restrict absentee landlordism does not obviate the necessity of taking measures to retard the in- crease of tenancy. The road to farm ownership should be made as smooth as possible. This may be accomplished in part by providing more liberal credit facilities. The Federal Farm-Loan System has furnished a means whereby farmers may conveniently borrow under the conservative conditions of first-mortgage security. However, an analysis of the amount loaned shows that only a small proportion of the net proceeds was ostensibly obtained for the purchase of farms. In some sections the growth of tenancy has been stimulated by the fact that the price of land has been higher than the level justified by current earnings. Consequently, it has been more profitable to rent than to buy unless one wished to speculate in land values. Recently there has been a tendency for prices to increase with extreme rapid- 24 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ity. There has been active, and in many respects unwholesome, specu- lation which has profited mainly the real estate agents. A heavy charge, therefore, has been placed against the earnings of the land on the assumption of the continuance of war prices. The advancing price of land is especially serious in the case of the undeveloped regions of the country. It constitutes an obstacle to development, for the actual settler is compelled to assume at the outset unduly heavy interest charges. EXTENSION OF FORESTRY. The continued dissipation of privately owned forests in every timber-producing region of the country is a matter of grave concern. The public does not fully realize its seriousness. If the area having little or no value for other than forest purposes is not protected, much of it will become practically nonproductive. Millions of acres in the older parts of the country where supplies of timber are needed by the communities have become almost valueless. Where the land is not valuable for agriculture large-scale lumbering operations are followed by local industrial depression, the timber industries mi- grate, population decreases, farmers lose their local market, taxable values decline, schools and roads deteriorate, and the economic and social life of the community suffer. The problem presented is very difficult. Public forests are con- fined to relatively limited areas, except in the West. These will by no means supply the future needs of the country. At present the greater part of the lumber produced annually is cut from private lands on which the appearance of new growth is at best a matter © of accident, is likely to be long delayed, or may never occur. With- out concerted action under public cooperation and direction the prob- lem will not be solved. Private initiative can not be depended upon to secure the requisite conservation. The preservation of forests in all forest regions is of immediate concern and importance to farmers. Timber is an important farm crop. Farm woodlands comprise about 20 per cent of the farm area of the country. At the last census the value of the products from them was greater than that of the potato crop and nearly double that of the tobacco yield. Forestry, therefore, must be assigned a place in farm management. Farmers also are vitally concerned with na- tional forestry problems. They consume more wood than any other REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. a5 group and they are interested in seeing that there is available, at reasonable prices, a continuous supply of lumber and other forest products. A sound forestry policy does not conflict with agricultural settlement. In fact, it facilitates the cultivation of land suitable for agriculture, and also seeks to secure the proper handling of existing forests and the reforestation of denuded regions. On the other hand, forest devastation retards agricultural development. NECESSARY STEPS. Certain things seem clear. Fire is a great menace not only on forested but also on cut-over areas. Adequate protection, therefore, should be required of all owners. The public, through both the State and Federal Governments, should cooperate in organizing this service and should share the cost of maintaining it. It should also adopt such practical measures as may be necessary to bring about the dis- continuance of all practices which result in turning the forests into wastes, and should aid private owners to perpetuate their forests by proper management. A well-balanced policy requires a much larger program of publicly-owned forests than at present. The acquisition of forest lands by the Federal Government is now proceeding under the Weeks forestry law. The total area approved for purchase to date is 1,835,298 acres. The continuation of the policy is sought by the National Forest Reservation Commission, and an estimate of an appropriation of $10,000,000 will be placed before the Congress. And, furthermore, the consolidation of National Forest areas through exchange with private owners should be accelerated. There are now pending no less than 25 bills authorizing exchanges, and the enact- ment of a general law would be in the public interest. There is a growing demand -for additions to the National Forests from the. public lands in the States where such action is possible only through legislation. Recently a law authorizing the addition of 1,000,000 acres to the National Forests in central Idaho has been enacted. Good forestry practice rests upon the possession of full and accu- rate data. Our present knowledge of the methods of securing the largest yields is inadequate. There is need of further information regarding the amount, quality, and distribution of existing timber supplies. A detailed inventory of our present resources and a survey of present and prospective needs are essential for constructive pian- ning. 151352°--20—3 26 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FARM MANAGEMENT AND FARM ECONOMICS. Until comparatively recently studies in farm economics were neg- lected. In the last 10 or 15 years it has come to be recognized that the prosperity of the farmer depends as much upon good business methods as upon his practices in plant culture and animal husbandry. In 1906 the Department of Agriculture inaugurated investigations in farm management, which remained in the Bureau of Plant Industry until 1915, when the Office of Farm Management was established as a branch of the Office of the Secretary. During the latter part of the calendar year 1918 steps were taken to reorganize the work. At my request, a committee composed of recognized authorities on farm management and agricultural economics made a thorough study of the activities of the office, not only with a view to enlarge the scope and increase the efficiency of the work but also to outline definite methods of procedure to be followed in the study of farm-manage- ment problems, and especially the cost of producing agricultural products. The members of this committee were: G. F. Warren, professor of agricultural economics and farm management, State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.; Andrew Boss, chief of the division of agronomy and farm management, State College of Agriculture, St. Paul, Minn.; H. C. Taylor, head of the department of agricultural economics, College of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.; J. A. Foord, professor of farm man- agement, State College of Agriculture, Amherst, Mass.; J. I. Fal- coner, professor of rural economics, State College of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio; R. L. Adams, professor of agronomy, State College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Calif.; and G. I. Christie, Assistant See- retary of Agriculture and Director of Extension in Indiana. This committee submitted a report to me, which I approved and which has been published as Circular No. 132 of the Office of the Secretary. It not only outlined the field of work of the Office of Farm Management but also recommended that its name be changed to Bureau of Farm Management and Farm Economics, and that the investigations conducted by it be carried on in close cooperation with the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in order to prevent duplication of effort, to promote the devel- opment of farm management activities in the various States, and REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 27 to unify the methods and improve the general character of all farm management work. On the basis of these recommendations, sepa- rate conferences were held for the purpose of indicating in greater detail the activities proposed by the reorganization committee, and especially to consider the projects relating to cost of production, farm organization, land utilization, and farm life. These conferences resulted in the following approved projects: (1) Cosr or Propucrion Srupres.—The value and importance of such studies are set forth clearly in the report of the reorganiza- tion committee, as follows: Cost of production studies are of value to the individual farmer and, at the same time, are heipful in ascertaining the economic status of farming as an industry. Yrom the standpoint of the individual farmer the primary purposes are: (1) To record the details of the farm business for reference. (2) To give an insight into the elements and interrelations of the different farm activities. (83) To furnish information that may enable the farmer to reduce costs or otherwise increase profits. (4) To make possible a comparison of the profitableness of the different enterprises and combinations of enterprises. The records secured by cost of production studies give data for analyzing the farm business, and thus are of fundamental importance in the whole pro- gram of agricultural research and education. The results of such studies on a number of farms where a given type of farming is practiced are useful not enly to the farmers from whose farms the results were obtained, but are of value in showing other farmers how to improve their methods. From the standpoint of the public, cost of production studies provide the facts which give a basis for intelligent judgment upon the probable effects of any given legislation or other public activity upon the farmer as a producer and as a citizen. Cost of production studies are therefore one of the means of providing the basie facts needed by legislators and price commissions in comparing the profits of competing lines of production and estimating necessary price. : (2) Farm-Lire Srupres.—These studies are to be conducted with a view to make living conditions in the home and in the community more satisfactory to the farm family. They will cover the follow- ing topics: Rural home life; opportunities for social contacts in typi- cal rural communities; the relation of educational and religious in- stitutions to farm-life problems; problems relating to geographical population groups, such as the relation of urban and rural popula- tions, the shifting of rural populations, race elements in rural 28 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. districts; social aspects of tenancy and Jandlordism; rural organiza- tions, their efficiency, scope, causes of success and failure; social as- pects of various types of farm labor—the married and unmarried farm hand, seasonal and child labor; the relation of various forms of disability—the aged, illiterate, defective, dependent, delinquent— to farm-life problems; and the social consequences of local disasters due to natural causes, as well as of thrift and agencies for pro- moting it. (3) Lanp Economics (LAnp Uriuization), involving the consid- eration of land resources, values, ownership and tenancy, settlement and colonization, and land policies. (4) FarmM ORGANIZATION. (5) Farm FrnancrAu RExATIONs., (G6) Farm Lazor Srupies. (7) AcricuLTrurAL, History AND GrocRAPHy; and (8) DreMonsTRATION ACTIVITIES. The supervision of the task of executing the new program was assigned to Dr. H. C. Taylor, who was appointed Chief of the Office of Farm Management. Dr. Taylor, before accepting this position, owned and operated a farm in Wisconsin and also was head of the department of agricultural economics in the college of agriculture, University of Wisconsin. The department also secured the services of Mr. Francis W. Peck, of the University of Minnesota, who has had wide experience in studies of the cost of producing farm prod- ucts, to take charge of the enlarged activities in this important field; of Dr. L. C. Gray, of Peabody College, to direct the work relating to land economics; and of Prof. C. J. Galpin, of the college of agriculture of the University of Wisconsin, to supervise the farm- life studies. This is merely a part of the plan to secure some of the best available minds in the country to direct the work relating to farm management and farm economies. APPROPRIATIONS REQUIRED. Arrangements promptly were made to develop the activities of the Office of Farm Management along the lines suggested by the reorgani- zation committee. As it was clear that existing funds were inade- quate, f submitted to the Congress, on May 23, 1919, a revised estimate calling for appropriations, during the fiscal year 1920, aggregating REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 29 $611,990, compared with $305,090 during the fiscal year 1919, an in- crease of $306,900. Aside from statutory salaries, 1t was proposed to allot the appropriation to the following lines of work, in the amounts indicated : Gostof production: Studies: =o eek ee ae - $245, 000 LCM SOLA Za ON ee ne eee eer en eeeeee! Newer 58, 600 Marmitinancer andotarm/’ relations2 os = ee aS ee 21, 560 Agricultural history’ and yeographys 22 se = Sa 29, 200 Band economics) Gand: utilization)j==22= =e ee 112, 920 Warm =lite xchudiGSee cs. eae ea ee 20, 560 Demonstration activities (extension work) ___-__________ 32, 820 It was hoped that the necessary additional funds would be included in the agricultural appropriation bill for 1920, which was then pend- ing. Unfortunately, however, Congress did not take favorable action on the proposal. It not only did not grant the increases recommended but inserted a proviso in the bill which restricts the amount that may be expended on cost of production studies during the present fiscal year to $23,873. _ Although the funds at the disposal of the office were small, every effort has been made to carry out the reorganization program along the lines indicated. JI am renewing, in the estimates of the depart- ment for the fiscal year 1921, the recommendation that approximately $611,900 be provided, and that the name of the present Office of Farm Management be changed to Bureau of Farm Management and Farm Economics. Having secured the best experts available to direct the principal activities of the office, I am confident that the work now under way and proposed, if the necessary funds are appropriated, will be executed in a highly satisfactory way, and that facts and information of immense value to individual farmers in dealing with their own problems, and also to the Nation for its guidance in considering broad agricultural policies, will be obtained and made available. CRGP AND LIVE-STOCK REPORTING SERVICE. Accurate and complete statistics are prerequisite to the satisfactory consideration of any problem. They are of overwhelming impor- tance to the millions of people interested in rural life, and especially those charged with the responsibility of aiding, by legislative and administrative processes, the successful development of our great agricultural industry. Suggestions as to the direction of production 30 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and plans to improve marketing and distribution wait upon them, and in any national crisis they are essential to the intelligent han- dling of the Nation’s food problems. In this direction, as in many others, the war has brought home in very direct fashion the need of improvement. The value of dependable information on acreage, crop yield, num- ber of live stock, and farm surpluses can not be overestimated. The Bureau of Crop Estimates has slowly developed an organization to secure and verify many valuable data. It is now necessary to extend it. The time has arrived for placing the work in all the States on a county basis. It is important that the live-stock and feed-reporting service be enlarged, that farm surpluses be ascertained, and that information regarding foreign crop and live-stock produc- tion be more fully secured and reported. It is peculiarly urgent that this be done at the present time. The 1920 census is about to be taken. It will furnish new base lines, and the department should be in a position, by reason of an improved service, to supply the country each year after the census with as full and accurate data as possible. Estimates to make it practicable for the department to execute the enlarged program will be laid before the Congress for consideration at its regular session. If they are approved, the field force of the bureau will be strengthened by placing an assistant field agent and a clerk in each State. Additional specialists also will be appointed to collect, interpret, and present information regarding special crops and classes of live stock. The bureau then will be in a posi- tion to report for the Nation as a whole, for each State, and for each county, monthly or oftener if necessary, acreages to be planted; surpluses or deficiencies of seed, fertilizer, labor, and farm machin- ery; acreages actually planted; progress of farm work; acreages abandoned and harvested; damage from weather conditions, insects, and plant diseases; condition of crops and forecasts of pro- duction; yields per acre and production at or near harvest; acre- ages and yields of principal varieties of each crop; disposition and utilization of the crops produced; marketable surpluses and stocks on farms; prices received by farmers as distinguished from market quotations; prices farmers pay for supplies, machinery, and equipment; hours and wages of farm labor; and the foreign situa- tion. These reports will cover about 70 crops, including such special items as vegetables, nuts, fruits, seed, oils, forest products, and REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 34. nursery stock, for all which adequate reports have not been available, except in the census years. Likewise, there will be given the number of horses, mules, dairy cattle, beef cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and poultry, by age and sex classilications corresponding with the census enumeration of Janu- ary, 1920; of pure bred animals of each kind; of those bred, born, or brought on to the farm; of those sold, slaughtered, or lost through disease, exposure, or other causes; of those remaining on hand and on feed; the condition of the various classes of animals; farm prices; and the feed situation, including the carrying capacity of pastures and ranges, the number of silos, the quantity of silage and other forage available, as well as the domestic meat, dairy, poultry, wool. and hide production, and the foreign situation. Available foreign crop and live stock estimates will be secured and published, especially for countries of deficient supply and those of surplus production in competition with the United States, and periodical world balance sheets will be prepared, showing for the principal countries of the world the production requirements, im- ports, exports, and net deficiencies or surpluses of the major crops and classes of live stock. Tt is proposed to establish intimate cooperative relations with State departments of agriculture and State assessors. In this way greater accuracy will be secured and the aggregate expense to the States and the Nation reduced. As the value of reports depends not only on their completeness and accuracy but also on their quick avail- ability, they will be issued very promptly and more frequently, sum- maries will be released on dates of issuance, and the Crop Reporter will be changed from a monthly to a weekly basis. VALUE OF COMPLETE ESTIMATES. It need scarcely be pointed out that county estimates are of great importance to the work of the county agents and the extension service in each State, to manufacturers and business men who sup- ply farmers with equipment and machinery, to banks which furnish funds for financing crop production and movements, and to trans- portation companies for supplying cars when and where needed to move crops. They have already been made in a number of States. Preliminary estimates of acreages intended to be planted will en- De ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. able farmers to determine whether their plans should be modified. Kstimates of surpluses or deficiencies in the supplies of seed, ferti- lizers, and farm help tend to equalize both distribution and prices and to insure adequate farm production. Estimates of acreage, yield per acre, and production of each principal variety of a given crop, in addition to total production of the entire crop, will show the relative adaptability and productivity of varieties, and therefore will be of assistance not only to farmers, but also to seedsmen and to crop specialists and plant breeders of the State experiment sta- tions and of the Federal Department of Agriculture. Those of crop damage by counties from insect pests and plant diseases will enable the entomologists and plant pathologists to work more intelligently in developing and applying remedies. Those of marketable surpluses on farms, or the portion of the crop sold from the farm and en- tering the channels of trade, will facilitate the satisfactory market- ing and distribution of surplus production. Such estimates have been made for apples, peaches, potatoes, and truck crops, and they were promptly and effectively utilized by growers and marketing agen- cles. Perhaps the most important feature of the enlarged program is that relating to live stock, which represents not only a farm invest- ment of more than $10,000,000,000 but also constitutes the meat sup- ply of the Nation, a considerable portion of the export trade, a very important factor of successful farm management and economy, and 50 per cent of all farm sales. Yet for this important industry the bureau, with its inadequate facilities, has been able to estimate, once a year, only the gross number of animals on farms, the number of brood sows, and the total losses from disease and exposure. No at- tempt has been made in the past to estimate dairy and poultry pro- duction between censuses, the annual value of which amounts to ap- proximately $3,000,000,000. The great losses occurring yearly from drought and feed shortage in portions of the Great Plains and in limited areas of other sections might, to a considerable extent, be re- duced by having definite and detailed information regarding the feed situation. The expenditure of money for the execution of this program will clearly be an investment, which should be made without delay in order that agricultural and business interests may have the benefit of the improved service during the period of readjustment. It REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 33 should be borne in mind also that the proposals are in no sense ex- perimental. Their feasibility and practical value have been fully demonstrated. MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION. In the field of distribution, as well as in the field of production, the farmers of the Nation must assume the main tasks of improvement. The Government should furnish all possible aid in the way of in- formation and suggestion, create favorable conditions under which production and distribution may take place, and especially see that the channels of trade are open and that abuses do not exist. The present time is especially fruitful of proposals of a large and novel nature designed quickly to solve marketing problems. Recently measures have been introduced into the Congress proposing a private or a governmental agency of national range, with State and county subdivisions, to supervise, or even to direct, the handling or market- ing of the Nation’s farm products. The probability is that an un- dertaking of such character would break down of its own weight. There is no question that everything which can legitimately be done to eliminate waste in marketing and to promote orderly distribution should be done. But the views of the most experienced students of the matter seem to be that we must approach the problem in simpler terms, work along lines which have clearly proven to be feasible, and promote existing tendencies and practices. Certainly, we can proceed further, by State, Federal, and indi- vidual action, in standardizing the production, the handling, and the packing of farm products, and in promoting the use of standard containers and proper storage on farms, In transit, and at market centers. We can continue to furnish assistance in the preparation and installation of accounting systems, and more extensively and accurately gather and furnish to the farmers of the Nation all per- tinent statistical information. I need scarcely emphasize the para- mount importance of making available daily to producers facts as to market prices, supplies, and demands. The market news services of the Department of Agriculture have already clearly proved their value. The department now conducts and operates an inspection cervice on fruits and vegetables covering 164 markets. It publishes reports on the supply, commercial movement, and prices of most of tle important products and, in cooperation with 14 States, is issuing 34 ANNUAL REPORTS: OF : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. exchange marketing lists which make known to county agents, breed- ers, and feeders in these States, where surpluses of live stock, feeds, and seeds are to be found. It is estimated that last year, through such service, the farmers in Iowa alone made local exchanges having an estimated value of $1,500,000. COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS, Particularly must the Federal and State agencies omit nothing to promote farmers’ cooperative associations along right lines.. Al- ready, within a generation, many such bodies have appeared and rapidly expanded. It is estimated that they now market an- nually approximately $1,500,000,000 worth of commodities. They are of very diverse forms and sizes. Ifor the most part, where they have been successful they have centered their activities on some one product, or on related products, in a given area. The indications are that, with the continued success of these enterprises and with the proper educational effort and direction, they will develop even more rapidly in the future. Through bulletins, news articles, and lectures, the Department of Agriculture has endeavored to stimulate these efforts. It has furnished suggestions for State legislation governing their organization and, in cooperation with 23 States, it has employed trained specialists to advise extension workers, including county sgents, and others, with reference to cooperative marketing. As I have said, the rational program would seem to be to expand these activities, which have clearly demonstrated their value, to follow the scent as it were, and further to develop the machinery through which increased assistance may be furnished. There should be in every State one or more trained market specialists of the De- partment of Agriculture, working in cooperation with the proper State authority, to stimulate cooperative enterprises and to aid farm- ers in their marketing work by helpful suggestions as to plans and methods. These experts could very effectively aid the extension workers. County agents generally have the assistance of specialists in many other lines, but at present they have not the requisite aid in distribution. They can not be expected to be expert in all agri- cultural matters or to be omniscient. The department is requesting increased funds to make this extension possible and will take the necessary action promptly if the appropriations are made. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. eo Or GOOD ROADS, Good roads are essential to the prosperity and well-being of urban and rural communities alike. They are prerequisite for the orderly and systematic marketing of farm products, for the estab- lishment of satisfactory rural schools, and for the development of a richer and more attractive rural life. Recognizing these facts, the Federal Government, through the passage of the Federal aid road act in 1916, inaugurated a policy of direct financial participation in road-building operations in the various States. This act appro- priated $75,000,000, to be matched by an equal amount from the States, for the construction of rural post roads over a period of five years, and $10,000,000—$1,000,000 a year for 10 years—for roads within or partly within the National Forests. It required each State to have a responsible central highway department with the requisite powers and funds. All the States have complied with the terms of the act, although it was necessary for them to enact addi- tional legislation, or to amend their constitutions; to provide sufficient funds to match the Federal apportionment; and to strengthen exist- ing central highway bodies or to create new agencies. When these preliminary steps had been practically completed and the department and the States were about ready to proceed vigor- ously with the actual construction of roads, the United States entered the war. It soon became necessary greatly to curtail highway building because of the difficulty of securing transportation, con- struction materials, and the requisite services. After the armistice was signed, arrangements promptly were made for the active resumption and vigorous prosecution of road work in all sections of the country, not only with a view to repair the damage wrought by the heavy traffic forced upon our highways during the war, when maintenance operations were seriously interfered with, but also to provide adequate transportation facilities to serve the increased needs of agriculture and industry. Recognizing also that road-build- ing activities would furnish suitable employment for many unem- ployed men during the period of transition from war to peace, the Congress at its last session, accepting the recommendation of the Department of Agriculture, appropriated $209,000,000, in addition to the $85,000,000 provided by the original act, for the extension of road construction in cooperation with the States, and also 36 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. made some important amendments to the act. The definition of the kind of roads that can be constructed was greatly broadened and the limitation on the Federal contribution for any one road was increased from $10,000 to $20,000 a mile. These amendments have greatly facilitated consideration of and action upon the road projects submitted by the State highway commissions. There is now no special obstacle to the construction, in the different States of the Union, of the roads which serve the greatest economic needs. TROUBLESOME LIMITATIONS REMOVED. The act, as amended, places only three limitations on the type of road which may be built, as follows: (1) That the roads: shall be “substantial in character.” This means that the road must be so constructed that it will carry the prospective traffic with such maintenance expenses that the total annual charges will represent a reasonable expenditure for the public service rendered by the highway. It is to the interest of the States that the roads on which Federal funds are used be substantially con- structed, because the law requires them, or their civil subdivisions, as a prerequisite to receiving further funds, to maintain properly all roads built with Federal aid. There is nothing in the law which restricts types of construction between narrower limits than those established by sound finance and good engineering practice. (2) That the amount contributed from the Federal Treasury in connection with any road shall not exceed 50 per cent of its cost or $20,000 a mile. The main thing is to build a road that will stand the traffic in the particular section of the country where it is con- structed. The conditions in certain regions may require a heavy, comparatively high-cost type of road, while in others a lower cost type may meet all the requirements. Sentiment is growing through- out the country, even in the newer sections, in favor of more sub- stantial roads. The people are beginning to realize that the ex- pense of maintaining the lighter .traflic types under heavy tratfic is unbearable. (3) That the road must be a “rural post road” as defined in the act as amended; that is, “any public road a major portion of which is now used, or can be used, or forms a connecting link not to ex- ceed 10 miles in length of any road or roads now or hereafter use’l REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 37 for the transportation of the United States mails.” Under the origi- nal wording of the law, Federal funds could be expended only on roads upon which the United States mails “now are or may here- after be transported.” ‘This feature was the most troublesome to the highway departments of the various States. It required a definite determination in each case of the actual post-route status of the road, which necessarily involved delays in many instances. Under the new definition, very few important roads, if any, will be debarred from receiving Federal aid, if all the other requirements of the act are met. Following the amendments to the act, the regulations governing its administration and the standards for plans, specifications, and estimates were modified, and one of the most successful former State highway engineers in the country was placed in charge of the Federal aid road work. He has at his disposal a large staff of local and district engineer aids, and no pains will be spared to provide any further Federal assistance that may be needed. An advisory committee, composed of representatives of the State highway depart- ments, selected at the request of the department, by the American As- sociation of State Highway Officials, with due regard to geographic considerations, also has been appointed to work in intimate touch with the Federal bureau, meeting with its officers at stated periods and at such other times as may seem desirable. LARGE RESULTS FROM PRESENT FEDERAL LAW, The record indicates that from July 1, 1918, to November 1, 1919, the department approved 1,845 road projects, involving the im- provement of 12,159 miles, at an estimated cost of approximately $181,143,644. Of this sum, approximately $78,592,167 represents Federal funds. Since the passage of the Federal aid road act, 1,927 projects have been approved. These call for the construction of 18,596 miles of road at an estimated cost of $225,267,847, of which about $95,498,140 will be borne by the Federal Government. Grati- fying progress also has been made in connection with the National Forest road work. From July 1, 1918, to November 1, 1919, 74 projects, involving 923 miles of road, were approved, and plans were conipieted for the improvement of 50 others, aggregating 946 miles. 38 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The 1919 program for Federal aid road building is greater than any previous annual road-building accomplishment in this country. It is so great, in fact, that it undoubtedly will be necessary for many of the States to postpone until 1920 the expenditure of the Federal funds because of the necessity of developing experienced contracting and engineering organizations from the stagnant conditions brought about by the war. Under the terms of the act, the apportionment to a State for any one fiscal year remains available for expenditure until the close of the succeeding year. It is estimated that the funds already provided will be sufficient to finance next year a program more than four times greater than any that has ever been under- taken. As indicated, $294,000,000 has been made available from the Federal Treasury, and it is roughly estimated that the State funds to be expended cooperatively on road projects under the terms of the Federal act will aggregate $385,000,000. It is also true that some States will expend large sums in excess of those to be used on cooperative projects and that their several sub- divisions will provide large additional amounts. It is interesting to note that up to July 1, 1919, State bond issues aggregating $224,800,- 000 had been authorized and approved by popular vote and that provision has been made for voting next year on proposals for the issuance of additional State road bonds to the extent cf approxi- mately $314,000,000. During the present and the next fiscal year, there will be made available for road improvements at least $1,000,- 000,000. Certainly, few laws, if any, have produced greater results, either in terms of expenditures for a good purpose or in terms of helpful legislation and machinery, than the Federal aid road act. It seems clear, in the circumstances, that the principal limiting factors in the 1920 program will be those of rail transportation for, and production of, suitable road materials, the contractors’ organizations available, and the labor supply. NO ADDITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY NEEDED, The suggestion has been made that the Federal supervision of highways should be taken from the Department of Agriculture and placed under a Federal highway commission. A bill having this purpose in view has been introduced in the Senate of the United States. It provides for a Federal highway commission of three, each receiving a salary of $10,000 a year, whose duty, among other things, would be to establish, improve, repair, and REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 39 maintain a system of highways “to comprise not less than.2 per cent nor more than 5 per cent of the total highway mileage ac- tually used as such in any State as ascertained by the commission hereinafter provided for, nor less than 2 per cent nor more than 4 per cent of the total highway mileage actually used as such in all of the States as ascertained by the commission, and affording convenient ingress to and egress from each State at not less than three points and connecting with highways forming part of the national highway system in adjoining States.” The commis- sion is given the power to select or establish the highways to be comprised in the system, after having requested the State highway departments to recommend routes, and to determine the order in which all or parts of such highways shall be constructed, recon- structed, improved, repaired, and maintained. The Federal Govern- ment is to assume the maintenance of these roads. The commission is furthermore empowered to take over the work of the Department of Agriculture relating to highway transportation, to construct and maintain buildings outside the District of Columbia, to operate housing and subsistence facilities and commissary stores for the benefit of its employees and others engaged on work under its direc- tion, and to purchase, lease, operate, and maintain such motor 4nd other transportation facilities as it may deem necessary in the per- formance of its duties. In considering any preposal of this sort, certain fundamental con- siderations must be borne in mind: (1) The roads in each section of the country are of varying degrees of importance in the service which they render or may render to the particular locality, to the State, and to the Nation as a whole; (2) thisis a big country and the traffic con- ditions and needs vary greatly from section to section; (3) the State highway departments, being in immediate touch with local conditions, are best able to classify the roads properly on the basis of the economic purpose which they may serve; (4) the Federal Government, under the Federal aid road act, is cooperating in the improvement of the roads of greatest importance, the classification of which is fixed by the State highway departments; and (5) when this classification has been carefully made and by agreement between the highway depart- ments of adjoining States, the roads of first importance generally meet at State boundaries, and, therefore, become interstate highways 40 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of nation-wide utility. The Federal Government, under the present law, is aiding the State highway departments in the classification of their roads on the basis of importance and needs, and Federal aid is rapidly being extended for their improvement, on projects sub- mitted by the States and approved by this department. The present machinery for supervising road construction is the Federal Bureau of Public Roads, one of the two most efficient agencies of the kind in the world, and the 48 State highway com- missions. These, in effect, constitute an expert national commis- sion, intimately in touch through its various parts with all sections of the Union, having no other purpose than that of serving the public interest. It is difficult to see what need there can be for additional or new machinery. Certainly, there is no necessity of creating a separate Federal highway commission or of substituting for the present cooperative program a plan which would commit or limit expenditure to a federally owned and maintained highway system. Such a plan would not meet present needs. There is as yet too much pioneer work required to trust the working out of proper high- way policies to a-small Federal commission. Very properly the Federal aid road act places on the highway authorities of the several States responsibility, in large measure, for selecting the roads to be constructed. Obviously the local authorities are in a better position to judge what roads would serve the largest economic needs than any group of men sitting in Wash- ington would be. It is the duty of the Federal Bureau of Roads, with its district engineers, to see that the provisions of the law are complied with. It is giving, and will eontinue to give, all possible assistance to the State authorities in all their technical problems, as well as in the planning of State systems and in the classification of roads. It has been the policy of the department from the out- set, in order to prevent haphazard action, to have the State high- way authorities prepare and present tentative State systems of roads. It was apparent that rigid systems not subject to modifications as conditions might require would be inadvisable. Each State has worked out a system and, in general, it is being followed in the development of projects and the construction of roads. In a num- ber of instances systems in general terms have been adopted by the legislatures. In formulating these systems, the engineers are giving due regard to interstate connections, that is, to roads connecting the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTUTE. 41 system of one State with that of another, and as progress is made the construction of through roads will follow as a matter of course. PROPOSED CHANGE WOULD MEAN LOSS. I am convinced that nothing material would be gained by the proposed change. Much would be lost. Many complications would be introduced. The creation of a commission would entail unneces- sary additional administrative expenditures and the commission could not do anything that can not be done more effectively by the existing cooperative machinery. I think it is not too much to say that there is a minimum of friction in the relations of the State and Federal authorities and that the majority of the State highway agen- cies are satisfied with the present arrangement and do not wish a change. There would also be a radical change of policy. I am of the opinion that the people of the States will not be willing to substi- tute for the present policy of developing road systems on the prin- ciple of serving the broadest economic needs that policy advocated by those whose interest is in main or trunk line automobile roads primarily for touring purposes. The largest service will be ren- dered, not only to farmers but also to urban people, by follow- ing the principle of constructing roads of the greatest economic importance, selected after careful consideration by the State agen- cies having adequate knowledge and approved by the Federal department. It seems to me clear also that, as the work proceeds, we shall have roads which will be equally serviceable not only to those interested immediately in long-distance automobile travel and motor-truck transportation but also to those interested in getting their farm produce to the market in the easiest and most effective manner and in the transportation of the mails. I clearly recognize the vast growth and importance of the motor-propelled vehicle passenger and freight traffic. It is estimated that we have 87 per cent of all such vehicles in the world, and we are only at the beginning of their use; but I am satisfied that the development of highways along present lines rather than along the lines proposed will result in their more extensive use. I have no prejudice against any sort of road except a bad road, or against any sort of construction except wasteful and unsubstantial construction. If traffic conditions 151352°—20—4 49 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. require heavy construction, then I am in favor of it; and in any case, under the present law, the road must be substantial. The road movement is growing very rapidly. The Federal aid road act has done much to promote it.. Experience has brought about amendments to the law and helpful changes in administration. Comprehensive road programs have been inaugurated. They are be- ing pushed vigorously. ‘They will result, in a shorter time than most people imagine, not only in a network of good substantial roads in the various States of the Union, but also in the requisite interstate highways. Why at this stage introduce complications and embarrassments? Why should not the friends of the movement for roads to serve the people cooperate? It is difficult for me to see why all who are ani- mated by high public spirit in their thinking concerning highways should not cooperate in the development of present prograins and in the perfecting of the existing processes and machinery, instead of attempting to overthrow them. I believe that many of those who are backing the proposed change do not know the facts and are not aware of existing conditions and possibilities. CONTINUATION OF FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS. The period covered by the original Federal aid road act and its amendments will expire with the fiscal year 1921. The results to date clearly point to the desirability of continuing the policy of Tederal participation in road building. If this is to be done, it is essential that a decision be reached at an early date, so that the States may be able to make the necessary financial provision and the State and Federal departments make the requisite administrative arrangements. If the financial condition of the Nation permits it, I believe it would be good policy to make available from the Federal Treasury, to be expended under the terms of existing legislation, $100,000,000 for at least each of the four years beginning with the fiscal year 1922. PAST ACTION AND FUTURE STEPS. The promotion of agriculture and the betterment of rural life have, for many years, received the earnest attention and support of State and Federal authorities. Several generations ago the founda- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 43 tions were laid for the two great agricultural agencies, the land- grant colleges and the Federal Department of Agriculture, which have no rivals elsewhere in the world. The State colleges steadily developed until in 1918 they had plants and endowments valued at $184,400,000, annual incomes aggregating $47,700,000, and resi- dent and short-course students numbering 123,000, of whom 45,000 were in agricultural courses. Their student body has greatly in- creased this year. They are now engaged, in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, in agricultural extension work involving an annual expenditure of more than $14,000,000. They have been conducting investigational and educational work for many years and have placed in all parts of the Union farm leaders with scientific and practical vision. The Federal Department of Agriculture, whose personnel now numbers more than 21,000, is expending from all sources during the current year $41,800,000, aside from the $294,- 000,000 made available by the original and amended Federal aid road act for the cooperative construction of roads. As has been repeatedly pointed out, the last five or six years have been especially fruitful of legislation and adminis rative action look- ing to the improvement of production and distribution. The princi- pal items are the following: (1) The Bureau of Markets, excelling in the character and extent of its activities any other similar existing organization. (2) The Cooperative Agricultural Extension Act, the object of which is to disseminate information among the farmers, mainly through trained agents. As has been indicated, there is now ex- pended annually, from Federal, State, and local sources, more than $14,000,000 for work contemplated by this act. (3) The Cotton Futures Act, with amendments, under the provi- sions of which standards for cotton have been established, the opera- tions of the futures exchanges supervised, and the sale of cotton put on a firmer basis. (4) The Grain Standards Act, which aims to bring about uniform- ity in the grading of grain, enable the farmer to obtain a fairer price for his product, and afford him a financial incentive to raise better grades of grain. (5) The Warehouse Act, which authorizes the Department of Agriculture to license bonded warehouses and which makes possible 44 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the issuance of reliable and easily negotiable warehouse receipts, per- mits the better storing of farm products, increases the desirability of receipts as collateral for loans, and promotes the standardizing of storages and of marketing processes. (6) The Federal Aid Road Act, as amended, which made available $294,000,000 for cooperation between the Federal and State Governments in the construction of rural roads. It has conduced to the establishment of more effective highway machinery in each State and strongly influenced the development of good road building along right lines. It will stimulate larger production and better marketing, promote a fuller and more attractive rural life, add greatly to the convenience and economic welfare of all the people, and strengthen the national foundations. (7) The Federal Reserve Act, which authorized national banks to lend money on farm mortgages and recognized the peculiar needs of the farmer by giving his paper a period of maturity of six months. (8) The Federal Farm Loan Act, which created a banking system reaching intimately into the rural districts and operating on terms suited to the farmer’s needs. It is attracting more capital into agricultural operations, bringing about a reduction of interest to farmers, and placing upon the market mortgages which are safe investments for private funds. (9) The Vocational Education Act, which, among other things. pro- vides for cooperation with the States in training teachers of agricul- ture and in giving agricultural instruction to pupils in secondary schools. Among other steps which should be taken are the following: (1) The building up, primarily under State law, of a system of personal credit unions, especially for the benefit of farmers whose financial status and scale of operations make it difficult for them to secure accommodations through the ordinary channels. (2) Expansion of existing facilities and activities for aiding farmers in marketing, including especially the extension of the mar- ket news and food-products inspection services and the assignment of trained market specialists to each State, in cooperation with the State authorities, to stimulate cooperative enterprises and to make helpful suggestions as to plans and methods. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 45 (3) Continuation of the present policy of Federal participation in road building, through the appropriation, if the financial condition of the Nation permits it, of $100,000,000 for at least each of the four years beginning with the fiscal year 1922, to be expended under the terms of existing legislation. (4) The regulation and control of stockyards and packing houses. (5) Federal legislation further to protect consumers against mis- branded, adulterated, and worthless feeds entering into interstate commerce. (6) Similar legislation dealing with fertilizers. (7) Increased support_by States for rural schools and more defi- rite direction of their instruction along lines related to rural prob- Jems and conditions. (8) The requisite legislation for the improvement of the sanitary conditions in rural districts and for the building up of the needed hospital and medical facilities. NEED FOR BROAD SURVEY OF RURAL CONDITIONS. Present conditions, and particularly present states of mind, indi- eate the need ofa fresh, broad survey of rural life, of its special problems, and of its relaticnships. It should be viewed as a whole. A comprehensive flexible program should be developed for the guid- ance of the different agencies, each of which has its peculiar func- tions and responsibilities. Furthermore, the principles and purposes governing agricultural life and agencies should be set forth for the education of the American public, particularly the urban part of it. The Nation as a whole needs a fuller appreciation of its basic indus- try, and a more definite sense of direction of its efforts to foster it. Many agencies are now following more or less well defined, helpful plans of their own devising, but these are at best piecemeal, and there is confusion of leadership and objectives. A program made by any one element would be partial and unsatisfactory. We should have a meeting of minds of all those directly concerned, of farmers, of agricultural leaders, and of business men. You have already indicated your intention to call a conference at which there will be not only a generous representation of farmers but also of agricultural agencies and organizations and of business interests which have an intimate relation to farm problems. I be- lieve that, because of changed conditions here and elsewhere, of existing uncertainties, and of disturbed states of mind, this confer- 46 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ence should be called at the earliest possible date. It may be that, as one outcome of it, the creation of a rural life commission, with a temporary or a permanent status, will be determined to be in the public interest. Certainly, the best means of fostering our basic industry can not too frequently receive definite consideration by the best minds of the Nation. Respectfully, D. F. . F. Hovsron, Secretary of Agriculture. The PrrEsipENT, REPORTS OF CHIEFS. sa tes % ay & i. f nm 2 . re | Pe | F } | REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. Unirep Srates DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, WEATHER BUREAU, Washington, D. C., October, 11, 1919. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the operations of the Weather Bureau during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully, C. F. Marvin, Chief of Bureau. Hon. D. F. Houston, ~ Secretary of Agriculture. POST-WAR CONDITIONS. ‘ With the close of the fiscal year and the passing of war conditions the Weather Bureau finds its self face to face with post-war conditions of more serious character even than the difficulties imposed by the war. It seems appropriate at this time to state briefly the status and functions of the Weather Bureau because applied meteorology as never before in history has come to be recognized as a highly im- portant factor and guide in the conduct of almost every acti vity of any consequence of ‘the Nation. Never before in any eas war did the science of meteorology play any important part or have a place in the program of military and naval organizations and opera- tions. Now it is regarded as indispensable and is destined to become a permanent feature of each arm of the service. Created in 1870 as a part of the Signal Corps of the United States Army by a joint resolution of Congress “to provide for taking meteorological cbservations at the military stations in the interior of the continent and at other points in the States and Territories of the United States and for giving notice on the northern lakes and on the seacoast, by magnetic telegraph and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms,” its network of stations soon embraced the entire United States. Subsequently the designation of the service was changed to me Weather Bureau, which, by act of Congress approved October 1, 1890, was transferred from the War Department to the Department of Agriculture and its duties and functions defined in n the following language: The Chief of the Weather Bureau, under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, shall have charge of forecasting the weather; the issue of storm warnings; the display of weather and flood signals for the benefit of agricul- ture, commerce, and navigation; the gaging and reporting of rivers; the main- 49 50 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tenance and operation of seacoast telegraph lines and the collection and trans- mission of marine intelligence for the benefit of commerce and navigation; the reporting of temperature and rainfall conditions for the cotton interests; the display of frost, cold-wave, and other signals; the distribution of meteorological information in the interest of agricuiture and commerce; and the taking of such meteorological observations as may be necessary to establish and record the climatic conditions of the United States, or are essential for the proper execution of the foregoing duties. This organic act, with interpretations and extensions by subse- quent annual appropriations, assigns to the Weather Bureau the entire domain of meteorology, including the duty of ee ation and issue of forecasts and warnings of w eather, storms, cold waves, heavy snows, floods, and the stages of rivers, all in the interest a commerce, zericulture, and nav jgation. At present it maintains over 200 fully equipped meteorological stations, and about 1,400 substations Seen fied as special meteorological, river, storm-warning, hurricane, ma- rine, cotton-region, corn- and-wheat- -region, fruit, cranberry, and fire- weather warning stations. In addition to these the Bureau main- tains, in connection with its climatological work, about 4,500 stations known as cooperative stations, the equipment being furnished by the Bureau and the observations being taken by publie- -spirited citizens who render gratuitous service. Its cooperative work extends to prac- tically every ocean of the globe, and the masters of many vessels (the number was greatly reduced by the war, but is now on the increase) fill out our forms of daily meteorologic: al observations on every voy- age, to be forwarded on arrival in port. Before the war daily ob- servations received by cable and otherwise from selected stations over the entire Northern Hemisphere were collected and published. Negotiations to restore this exchange are under way. A highly tr ained, efficient, and experienced personnel of over 800. commission- ed employees, helped by about 1,400 who receive a small compensa- tion for the regular performance of specific duties, conducts the work of the Bureau, and in addition the marine and cooperative observers euitae a host of nearly 6,000 public-spirited individuals who serve rratuitously. Such, in brief, is the machinery and organization of the Weather Bureau. While the Bureau is best known to the public through the issue of i daily forecasts, maps, and bulletins, there is no doubt that its satest value in an economic sense consists in the immense saving’ efected by its special warnings, as of storms and hurricanes for the benefit of marine interests, warnings of floods that occur on the prin- cipal rivers, warnings of cold waves which accomplish protection to property and food. stuffs lable to damage by injuriously low tem- peratures, and warnings of frost and freezing weather for the benefit ot the fruit, sugar, tobacco, cranberry, market gardening, and other interests. Its duties and authorities by law are broad and comprehensive, and post-war conditions bring it new and important obligations and responsibilities which it is fully alert to recognize and eager to dis- charge. With the experience and traditions of nearly 50 years to its credit, the Bureau is in a position to render practically every service of a meteorological nature which may be required of such an agency and at an economy of expenditure of public funds which can not be surpassed, or even equaled, by any new agency. WEATHER BUREAU. bt A few only of the post-war problems and demands in the adminis- tration of the affairs of the Weather Bureau will be mentioned here. METEOROLOGY AND AERONADTICS. 3 I*rom a phenomenal development under the stimulus of war neces- sities the navigation of the air is rapidly extending to its civil and commercial or industrial stage. Flyimg in ignorance or disregard of meteorological conditions and warnings is at times suicidal and de- structive of costly property. Kven before flying increased so greatly within the United States the Weather Bureau inaugurated a service of flying forecasts, effective December 1, 1918, which is conducted in cooperation with the Chief Signal Officer of the Army and for the benefit at first of the Army training posts and the aerial mail service of the Post Office Department, and later destined to be extended to all flying in general. Much development work is needed to make this service the most effective possible, all of which may be accomplished, as flying develops, through existing agencies and channels of co- operation between the public and the branches of the Government concerned. ; METEOROLOGY FOR MILITARY OPERATIONS. Closely allied to meteorology for aeronautics, the experiences of the war have created a demand for a service to supply information for artillery, gas warfare, and other kinds of military operations, each in its way different. The influence of winds upon the flight of projectiles has long been recognized, but in the past methods of ob- serving the actual motions of the free air in the various altitudes were little known and less used, consequently the allowance for wind in the older formule of the artillerists were largely academic or mere approximations, whereas nowadays the ballistic wind is not a matter of guess or estimation, but of definite and direct observations by meteorologists employed for the purpose and using pilot-balloons or other aerial apparatus which meteorologists have developed and ein- ployed in the advancement of their own science. On a peace-time basis these needs are being met by cooperative work and arrangements existing between the Chief of the Weather Bureau and the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, as a result of which a limited number of stations are maintained by the Army, while others constituting a useful coordination of points are established and main- tained by the Weather Bureau. Observations at these stations con- sist chiefly of the flight of small rubber pilot-balloons. The results are used locally as required and telegraphed to the central office of the Weather Bureau for the use of the official forecasters in the issue of fiying advices and other information. MARINE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The submarine menace brought on with the war soon terminated the program of observations which merchant vessels plying the sev- eral oceans of the globe were long accustomed to furnish with the object of supplying data and information concerning the climate and meteorology of the oceans for publication as aids ‘to navigation (marine) on the pilot charts of the Hydrographic Office. This serv- 52 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ice is being restored gradually, and its importance is enhanced on account of the policy of extending the merchant marine of the United States, and also extensive navigation of the air over the oceans, which the future is sure to see accomplished. Details of the major activities and work of the Bureau follow: FORECAST SERVICE. The general forecast service continued in operation as in the past several years. This plan consists of: (a) The Supervising Fore- caster at the central office, Washington, D. C., who has general charge of the forecast work of the Weather Bureau and regularly makes the day-to-day forecasts and special warnings for the Washington forecast district and warnings of storms and dangerous winds for the Great Lakes, the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the West Indian waters; (b) district forecasters at the Chicago, New Orleans, Den- ver, and San Francisco forecast district centers, who have to do with the preparation and dissemination of forecasts and warnings for their respective districts; (c) a district forecaster at San Juan, P. R., who has charge of the issue of forecasts and warnings for that part of the West Indies lying east of longitude 70° west; (d) a dis- trict forecaster at Juneau, Alaska, who issues daily forecasts for the Juneau district of southeastern Alaska throughout the year, and for the lower Tanana Valley during the period of low temperatures; and (e) local forecast officials located in many cities of importance who prepare forecasts of weather, temperature, and wind for their respective limited regions. The forecast districts with headquarters at San Juan and Juneau were organized during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919; otherwise there was no change in the general plan of organization. FORECAST OFFICIALS. The officials assigned to forecast service are selected only after long preliminary training and through competitive tests that ex- tend through one or more years. It is necessary that the officials engaged in this work have a fundamental training in the laws of atmospherics and also that they be temperamentally fitted for the work, which, at times, is extremely arduous and requires the con- stant attention of the one engaged therein. In addition to the officials that are actually engaged on this work, there are of the younger men of the Bureau approximately 40 who engage in what is termed “ practice forecasting,” fitting themselves to later become local forecasters and yet later, in the event of special aptitude and success, to become assistants to district forecasters. This system of training forecasters must necessarily rest in the Weather Bureau, for there is no outside institution of learning where one might perfect himself in the art of weather forecasting. FORECASTS AND WARNINGS. The forecasts that are regularly issued by the Bureau are adapted to the many varied demands for them. In general, they consist of the following: (a) Day-to-day forecasts, for 86 to 48 hours in advance, of the general weather, temperature, and wind conditions for the various WEATHER BUREAU. 53 Siate units. These forecasts are issued twice each day, a. m. and p- m., at approximately 9:30 o'clock. The morning forecast is given general distribution through the display of weather and temperature flags, the telephone, printed cards and bulletins, and the afternoon press; the evening forecast is distributed mainly through the various press associations for appearance in the morning press. (6) Weekly forecasts, that are issued Saturday of each week for larger areas than the day-to-day forecasts, and set forth the ex- pected general conditions of the weather for that period in advance. These forecasts are disseminated largely through the press, but also through mailed cards and bulletins. (c) Local forecasts, that are issued daily by the officials of the more important Weather Bureau stations for their respective regions. These include a statement as to the probable weather, temperature, and wind, and, during the winter months, the probable minimum temperature is made a part of the forecast. (d) Shippers’ forecasts, which are regularly made during the months when temperatures likely to be injurious to shipments of perishable goods and produce occur. These forecasts are prepared and issued by the Iocal forecasters at many of the regular Weather Bureau stations. (e) Special forecasts that are issued from time to time as occasion requires, and some of these are given special designations, as, for example: “ Fire-weather warnings,’ for the forest regions of the West; “ Orchard forecasts,” for the guidance cf spraying operations for insect pests and fungi, and of heating operations to prevent frost injury. Moreover, special forecasts are regularly issued for the cran- berry industry of Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin; and for various other industries that are partially or wholly dependent on accurate forecasts of weather and temperature changes. (7) Day-to-day forecasts of the weather and winds along the trans- Atlantic steamship lanes eastward from the Atlantic ports to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland are issued for the guidance of vessel masters. (g) Day-to-day wind and weather forecasts for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts are issued each day and transmitted to vessels at sea through naval radio. In addition to the forecast there is included in this daily message the prevailing weather and wind conditions at ports along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and a statement as to the position of any atmospheric disturbance and its direction and speed of movement and intensity. (i) Aviation forecasts are made regularly each day for the Post Office Department and the United States Army Air Service and the United States Naval Air Service. This service is conducted in a rather limited way as yet, but the general plan of the Weather Bureau aims to effect its development as rapidly as funds and the extension of aviation justify. (<) Warnings are obviously issued only at specified times, but many of them are so important that when conditions arise which require their issue other lines of work give way in order that the warnings and advices may be placed before commercial and other organizations that may be benefited thereby. Warnings are issued for cold waves, heavy snows, gales, frosts, local storms, floods, winds dangerous to 54 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. navigation on the Great Lakes, the oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, and for hurricanes. There can be no question but that this service saves many lives, and that property to the value of millions of dollars has been protected and saved through the prompt issue of these warnings by the Weather Bureau. FUTURE DEMANDS. s With the wider recognition now accorded applied meteorology, in- creased demands are being made for information and forecasts. Ad- vices of various kinds and forecasts are already being supplied the Air Services of the Army and the Navy and the Post “Office Depart- ment, and it seems altogether probable that the growing demands for information and forecasts of a meteorological character will soon make necessary a new branch of forecasting “planned to care prima- rily for the interests of aerial navigation. RECENT EXAMPLES. During 1919 there were two notable cases of the importance of accu- rate meteorological information and forecasts mm connection with aerial nav igation. The one was that of the trans-Atlantic seaplane flight by the United States Navy in May, and the other that of the visit of the British dirigible, the R-34, to our country during July. In both these mstances the fullest cooperation on the part of the Weather Bureau was requested by the United States Navy. Com- plete synoptic meteorological reports were placed at the disposal of the officials of the Navy, and in addition the forecaster on duty pre- pared and issued forecasts based on the 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. regular observations for the commanding officers of these operations. THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SEAPLANE FLIGHT EN MAY, 1919. The start of the trans-Atlantic seaplane flight (United States Navy) was made from Rockaway the morning of May 8, two of the planes, the NC-1 and NC-83, reaching their destination, Halifax, the afternoon of the same day. The NC-4 developed engine trouble and put into Chatham, Mass. The forecast issued the morning of the Sth was as follows: “ Moderate northwest and west winds. Fair weather to-day. Friday; fresh north to east winds, cloudy weather with rain over southern half of course.” The evening of the 9th the following forecast was made for the seaplanes between Halifax and Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland: “Weather favorable for flight Sat- urday. Gentle variable winds. Fair weather. Wind velocity less than 15 miles an hour.” The morning of the 10th the forecast for the same course read: “ Fair weather Halifax to Newfoundland. Gentle variable w inds, except moderate west and northwest off south coast of Newfoundland.” The flight from Halifax to Trepassey Bay was made on the 10th and the two seaplanes making it reached their destination the afternoon of the same day. In the meantime the seaplane NC-4, at Chatham, Mass., had made ready for a renewal of the flight to Halifax, but it was held there for several days because of adverse wind and weather conditions. On the evening of the 15th the following forecast was sent the commander of the seaplane NC-4 at Chatham, } “Mass.: “Conditions favorable for start from Chatham WEATHER BUREAU. 5d for Halifax Wednesday morning (the 14th). Moderate to fresh westerly winds and fair weather.” The flight was made to Halifax on the 14th under favorable conditions, and from Halifax to Tre- passey Bay on the 15th, the advices sent to the commander of the NC-4 assuring him of favorable wind and weather conditions. On the 15th (Thursday) the following forecast was sent to the com- mander of the seaplanes at Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland: “* Wind and weather conditions over the course (Newfoundland to the Azores) will improve during Friday and Saturday. Wind will be west and fresh and possibly strong. Weather will be fair. Above based on incomplete reports from the ocetn. Advise start by Friday night.” On Friday the following forecast was sent: “ Surface winds fresh and possibly strong west- southwest and upper winds fresh to strong west over course between Newfoundland and the Azores; some clouds, fair visibility, and rising pressure. Conditions favorable for start.” The seaplanes left Trepassey oe the afternoon of the same day for the Azores. The NC-4 reached the Azores the late forenoon of the following day, while the NC-1 and the NC-3 landed in the vicinity of the ‘Azores, but were unable to rise from the water and resume their flights THE VISIT OF THE BRITISH DIRIGIBLE, THE R-34, JULY, 1919. The Weather Bureau was called on for detailed information and forecasts before, during, and after the visit of the R-34 to the United States in July, 1919. The first call for information and forecasts was from the R-34 by radio when she was in the vicinity of Newfound- land, and then and after, until she had reached midocean on her re- turn to Great Britain, the latest meteorological information and forecasts were always at the disposal of the commander of this craft. The following letter, addressed to the Chief of the Weather Bureau, was received from the Secretary of the Navy concerning the work of the Weather Bureau in connection with the visit of the R-34 to our country: The work done by the Weather Bureau before, during, and after the visit of the British dirigible R-34 has been keenly appreciated by the Navy Depart- ment, and by the British officers connected with this flight. The reports were most reliable and the last report sent by Maj. Bowie on the evening of July 10, undoubtedly was the prime agent in the safe departing of the ship. Also there was received the following letter from the British air attaché in appreciation of the work of the Weather Bureau in con- nection with the flight of the R-34: Permit me to thank you, on behalf of the Air Ministry for the very distin- guished part you played in the success which attended the visit of the R-34. It is claimed that meteorology is the handmaiden of aeronautics, but I think that does not show the science enough respect. At any rate, you, by your assiduous attention to, and reading of, the weather during the visit contributed more than a fair share to the success attained. TROPICAL STORMS. Only: one tropical storm of sufficient importance to justify the dis- play of hurricane warnings occurred during the year, namely, that of August 1-6, 1918. This storm moved northwestward across the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and struck the Leuisiana coast 56 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. about 80 miles east of the mouth of the Sabine River, moving thence inward about 80 miles to northwestern Louisiana, where it was dissi- pated. It passed over Lake Charles and Ger stner Field, La., develop- ing considerable violence, the wind attaining a velocity of about 100 miles an hour. Thirty-four deaths were reported as being due to the storm and the number of persons injured as more than twice that number. The damage to property was roughly estimated at $5,000,- 000. Hurricane warnings in advance of the storm were ordered for the Louisiana and Texas coasts from Galveston east. SPECIAL METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. As an aid to the forecast service in Alaska arrangements were made for the establishment of three special meteor ological stations at Atka, Akiak, and Noorvik, Alaska, to report twice daily by radio. HIGHWAYS WEATHER SERVICE. A new project, designated “ Highways weather service,” was for- mally authorized during the year. “In the carrying out of this project certain central stations receive reports of the conditions of the roads in the surrounding region or over certain main highways, and pub- lish the same on their bulletins and in the press. In cases where the stations are centers of a corn-and-wheat or cotton-region service the reports of road conditions are obtained by telegraph without addi- tional expense by the addition of a word indicating the conditions of thé road to the daily report from the substations. In other instances they are obtained by mail by means of franked postal cards furnished to persons who are willing to cooperate with the Bureau in this sery- ice. Projects were in operation during the past winter at some 15 stations in 11 States, but at all but four of these it was a winter service only and was discontinued in the spring, to be resumed the coming winter. Although still in a tentative stage the service has ereat possibilities and is likely to be largely extended in the future. It has proved very popular where it has been in operation, the official in charge at one station stating that he has as many calls for road S data during the day as for the weather forecasts. RIVER AND FLOOD WARNINGS. The flood service of the Weather Bureau functioned properly, not only as to the issue of timely notices of the coming of floods but also in the daily statement of river conditions throughout the country. The floods of the year were largely local and much less severe than in many previous years. During threatening conditions which obtained for a time along the Mississippi River from Keokuk, Iowa, southward to Louisiana, Mo., information was furnished that proved to be of great practical utility in the organized effort to strengthen the levees along that section of the stream. In the drainage investigations of the department and in many private enterprises in connection with river improvements the river and flood service has contributed valuable information both to agri- cultural and commercial interests along the great rivers of the country. WEATHER BUREAU. oY INSPECTION OF RIVER STATIONS. Owing to the unprecedented demand for engineers, it has not been possible to obtain from the outside persons having the necessary skill and experience to correct irregularities which invariably creep into the work of river-gaging stations unless the work is frequently inspected. Asa temporary expedient an employee of the Washington office was detailed for a part of his time to field work in connection with the installation and upkeep of river gages. It was not possible in this way, however, to care for more than the most pressing cases. A _re- oun to the prewar basis of having persons of engineering ability yailable at central points for service in keeping the system ‘of river- caging stations up to standard is urgently needed. CHANGES IN DISTRICT CENTERS. No new river districts were organized during the year, but the charge of the Kansas River was transferred from Kansas City, Mo., to Topeka, Kans., largely for administrative reasons. SNOW SURVEYS IN HIGH ALTITUDES. The activities of the Bureau in determining the depth and density of the snow cover of high altitudes in certain drainage basins of the West were naturally restricted to the most urgent and promising cases. These were the White Mountain region of Arizona dre aining into the Roosevelt Reservoir and on the headwaters of the Walker River of Nevada. FORMUL4 FOR FLOCD FORECASTING. Studies leading to the formulation of rules for forecasting floods alent wholly from the physical data of rainfall have been completed during the year for the Asheville (N. C.) district. COOPERATION. Progress was made on the following-named specific projects during the year: 1. The collection of rainfall] measurements in the mountains of Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, Calif., in cooperation with the local county officials. 2. The Wagon Wheel Gap Experiment Station in cooperation with the Forest Service of the department. This important project has now run for eight years, and a mass of unique data has been collected to establish, if “possible, hitherto unknown facts concerning the rela- tions between weather conditions and stream discharge on forested watersheds. The experiment has reached its second stage, in which one of the two watersheds will be denuded of its forest and observa- tions continued for a further period of years under the changed con- ditions. A detailed study of the data for the first stage of the experi- ment is far advanced, and the future observations are looked forward to with great interest. 151352°—20—5 58 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS. NEW WEATHER BUREAU BUILDINGS. After considerable unavoidable delays due to war and unsettled business conditions, the new Weather Bureau observatory and tele- graph office building at Cape Henry, Va., was completed and ac- cepted under date of September 8, 1918. This station was fully equipped with steel towers and lanterns for storm warning displays, and a small electric ght plant to provide illumination for dis- plays, vessel-signaling, and office purposes has proved very satisfac- tory. The new ‘puilding was erected on the Weather Bureau reserva- tion comprising 15,000 square feet of ground on beach front at the foot of Forty-third Street, where the location is much more advanta- geous than that prev iously had for many years on the lighthouse res- ervation. The old building is retained for use of the ‘assistant ob- servers. CHANGES AT REGULAR STATIONS. Narragansett Pier, R. I., station discontinued August 17, 1918, Weather building and reservation placed in hands of a ‘caretaker. Buildings and reservation at Mount Weather, Va., also remain in possession of caretaker. On October 1, 1918, the important meteorological city substation, Central Park, New York, in the Army Building, near Sixty-fifth Street, East, maintained continuously for about 50 years past under local supervision, was removed to, and installed in the remodeled. Belvidere Tower building, near the Eighty-first Street, West, en- trance to the Park, and re-equipped as a permanently established substation of the Bureau. Completion of a Federal building at New Haven, Conn., in which accommodations were provided by the Tr easury Depar tment, enabled the Bureau to effect removal thereto February 15, 1919, and save rental heretofore paid for quarters in a private building. Notwithstanding the general increase in rentals throughout the country during the last. two or three years, it has been possible to effect a considerable saving to the Government by reason of the 5-year renewal clause in leases whereby the Bureau was able to re- tuin occupied quarters at prew ar prices. Leases involving $6,466 at the old rate, which now expire by limitation at seven “stations where increase is demanded, required renewal at a total increased cost to the Bureau of $1,556 for the next fiscal year, or about 24 per cent of the total amount paid for such rentals. One serious incident of exorbitant increase in rental compelled the Bureau re- luctantly to move its station at Topeka, Kans., to quarters in a new rentec. ouilding. The following statement shows the present status of Weather Bureau offices at field stations outside of Washington, (not including Narragansett Pier or Mount Weather) : I'ree quarters and accommodations: In Observatory buildings, owned and controlled by the Weather BU aU a ae a A 4 In’ State University Duihtines! oe eee ae ee ee eee i In Federal (buildings ee ee Seo eee Total..free. of rental’ .2 22 ee ee gL WEATHER BUREAU. 59 Rented buildings, etc., owned by individuals or corporations: Mr GEC ey ENUMLCS So ee Be ee ee §0 In buildings with grounds, aerological and special meteorological GSE ERCNIS = aro ete ee Se ee ee EL See ee tit ee 19 Total number rented buildings partly or wholly occupied_________ 99 ROG a= ee ee ee BS eine eh em os 5 oe, ee ee 221 COOPERATION. The Weather Bureau is always ready to cooperate to the fullest extent possible, and during the war, at Springfield, Ill., the entire second floor of its building was turned over for extended use by the Tnternal Revenue Service. At Parkersburg, W. Va., Weather Bu- reau quarters in the Federal building were changed to better accom- modate additional employees of the Treasury Department. At Sand Key, Fla., at the request of the Secretary of the Navy, the station and equipment were transferred to that department October 26, 1918, by order of the President, under the authority of the Overman Act, and returned to the control of the Weather Bureau July 1, 1919. TELEPHONE SERVICE. In connection with its prompt and wide dissemination of storm warnings and general meteorological information, the Weather Bu- reau probably is the most extensive user of telephones of any branch of the Government, and at its more than 220 central field stations has direct wire connections with local telephone exchanges. An au- thorized allotment of about $14,000 was made for this local telephone service for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and the increased local rates promulgated in the Postmaster General’s Order No. 2940, effective May 1, 1919, called for an almost complete readjustment, together with an added and wholly unexpected charge against our appropriations for 1918-19. For next fiscal year the total cost of this service is likely to reach $17,000. TELEGRAPH CONTRACTS. For the prompt handling of meteorological reports and weather information over the greater part of the Northern Hemisphere the Weather Bureau has necessarily maintained for many years past formal annual contracts, arranged under special authority of law, with all of the more important telegraph, telephone, and submarine cable companies, including also wireless commercial companies, through cooperation with the Naval Communications Service. By order of the Postmaster General, dated June 7, 1919, Weather Bureau contracts for next fiscal year and during Federal control were made exempt from increase of rates, but this affects only contracts entered into by the central office at Washington. An opinion was also ob- tained that increased rates were not applicable for wire and battery service leased for maintenance of local recording river gages and similar self-registering equipment used by the Weather Bureau. INVESTIGATIONS IN VOLCANOLOGY. The act making appropriations for the Weather Bureau for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, contains authority for investigations in volcanology and appropriates $10,000 therefor. Provision for 60 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. this project was included in a supplemental estimate submitted to Congress for the fiscal year 1917, but was not allowed. The esti- mate was not repeated for the fiscal years 1918 and 1919, but was in- serted on the initiative of Congress itself for the cur rent fiscal year. The primary purpose of the appropriation is to conduct investiga- tions in voleanology at Kilauea Volcano, on Hawaii Island, of the Hawaiian group, with the expectation that they may be extended later in Alaska and other places in the United States possessions where active volcanoes exist. The site of the voleano and extensive adjacent territory has recently been included in a national park. Inv estigations have been conducted at Kilauea since 1912. first under the auspices of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and since 1918 by the Hawaiian Voleano Research Association, which is com- posed principally of prominent citizens of Honolulu. The Weather Bureau took formal control of the work at Kilauea on February 15, 1919. Prof. Thomas A. Jaggar, jr., formerly of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who has been in charge of the investigations since their inception, has been appointed vol- canologist and will continue in immediate charge. The buildings, grounds, instruments, and equipment belonging to the Hawanan Voleano Research Association were transferred to the control of the Weather Bureau under the terms of a long-time lease. Prof. Jaggar and his assistants will reside in the observatory build- ings. and the major part of their work will be conducted atthe Kilauea Volcano, although simultaneous studies of the activities of near-by volcanoes, especially Mauna Loa, will be made as far as practicable. The program of work at present contemplates little more than the maintenance of the systematic observations of the volcano, with some possible extensions in the way of a seismic survey of the vicinity. No more than this can be undertaken with present funds, but as national affairs become more stabilized under peace-time con- ditions the opportunity offered here of conducting extensive investi- gations in the field of voleanology will no doubt ‘be fully supported and important results secured. AEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. Free-air observations by means of kites were obtained throughout the year at Drexel, Nebr., and Ellendale, N. Dak. Installation of equipment was completed for similar work at Broken Arrow, Okla., Groesbeck, Tex., Leesburg, Ga., and Royal Center, Ind. Regular observations were begun at those stations before January 1, 1919. These observations, as well as those at Drexel and Ellendale, include daily kite flights and, whenever possible, continuous series of flights covering periods of 24 to 36 hours. The records have been reduced at the central office, and the results published in aerological supple- ments of the Monthly Weather Review. Moreover, brief summaries are telegraphed daily to the central office and other district forecast centers. The pilot-balloon work that was organized and conducted during the war by the meteorological section of the Signal Corps at Broken Arrow, Okla., Ellendale, N. Dak., Groesbeck, Tex., Leesburg, Ga., Royal Center, Ind., and Washington, D. C., was transferred to the WEATHER BUREAU. 61 Weather Bureau during the latter half of the year. Similar work has been crganized at regular Weather Bureau stations at Ithaca, N. Y., Lansing, Mich., and Madison, Wis. Observations are made twice daily, and the indicated wind conditions at various heights are telegraphed to the central office for use in furnishing advices to the military, naval, and postal aviation services. The Weather Bureau observations are supplemented by similar reports from sev- eral military and naval air stations where work with pilot balloons is regularly conducted. All of the free-air records thus obtained are furnished to the central office for final reduction and study. Both during and after the war there was close cooperation with the Army and Navy meteorological services. Special data were fur- nished also to the ordnance departments and to the military intelli- gence and aviation services. Advices were given to the United States Navy in connection with its trans-Atlantic flight project, further details of which are stated under the section on forecast service. TELEGRAPH SERVICE. The prompt collection and dissemination of weather reports and warnings require an extensive network and use of commercial tele- graphic facilities. Various eléments of a disturbing nature con- tributed generally, and in some phases in an aggravated form, to a continuance of the difficulties experienced during the preceding year m maintaining the telegraphic circuits at a_high standard of effi- ciency, although some improvement was noted during the last half of the year. Chief among the causes were shortage of experienced operators in the commercial companies, necessary employment of untrained forces, substitution of machine for manual transmission of telegrams over trunk lines, the epidemic of influenza, abridgment of the hours of labor, late opening of telegraph offices at numerous small but important points, preventing dispatch of observations at usual times, and, latterly, the prevalence of minor strike condi- tions. Effectual means were promptly taken by the commercial companies as a rule, however, to remedy unsatisfactory conditions upon presen- tation of complaints, and, on the whole, the telegraph service was performed as efficiently as could have been expected. Changes in telephonic rates, effective January 21, and in tele- graphic rates, effective April 1, imposed additional difficulties in examination and passage of accounts for service, necessitating a large volume of correspondence to effect proper adjustment. A complete revision of forms showing distribution of forecast mes- sages throughout the country, approximately 1,100 daily, was accom- plished, resulting in much improved record lists. During May and June a Jarge number of telegrams was handled in connection with the trans-Atlantic flights in which the Weather Bureau cooperated with the Navy Department, additional telegraphic loops having been installed for the purpose. As this business was filed during the rush hours of the morning and evening, its handling, coupled with the other routine work, taxed the operating facilities to the utmost. The services of another clerk-operator are much needed to properly handle the telegraphic and auditing work throughout the crop and 62 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hurricane seasons, and the need is much accentuated at times of in- creased work similar to the above. Should there be further increases of telegraphic work consequent upon the contemplated extensive co- operation with the Army and Navy, a corresponding enlargement of the telegraphic force will become imperative, WEATHER BUREAU TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE LINES. These lines have been maintained and operated generally in a satisfactory manner, considerable necessary reconstruction work hay- ing been accomplished on several. The Navy Department, the War Department, and the Coast Guard have made iner easing use of them, the Coast Guard Service having cooperated largely in cable repair and other work. BLOCK ISLAND-NARRAGANSETT PIER SECTION. [Telegraph.] Closing of the Weather Bureau office at Narragansett Pier on July 31, 1918, necessitated other land terminal arrangements. To meet this situation the cable was permanently connected in the office of the Providence Telephone Co. at Narragansett Pier with the Western Union wire running to Boston, thus affording a satisfactory channel of communication between Block Island and the mainland. Large use is made of this cable by the naval base on Block Island, which enjoys direct wire connection. One mile of new three-conductor cable, costing $2,312.64, was bought during the spring to replace a defective portion which had interfered ser ‘jously for most of the year with transmission through two of the conductors used by the Providence Telephone Co. Repairs made by the Coast Guard Service produced very satisfactory results, the cable now being in first-class condition, although laid in 1903. NORFOLK-HATTERAS SECTION. [Telegraph.] Extensive repairs became necessary on the southern portion of this line, due to prostration of about 10 miles of poles resulting from effects of a severe storm on August 25-26, 1918. These repairs were completed early in the summer. The 3-mile submarine cable connecting Manteo, on Roanoke Island, with the mainland became so defective as to seriously impair its fur- ther use for telegraph purposes. To insure continued communication with this isolated but important point 4 miles of new four-conductor cable were purchased, nearly 3 miles of which. were successfully laid in June, the remainder being stored for emergency use. Two sections of land line necessary to ‘connect the cable with the office at Manteo and the main line were rebuilt. Four important naval stations which trangact a large volume of business enjoy direct connection with the main line through to the naval base at Norfolk. Extensive use is made of the facilities of the Weather Bureau oflice at Cape Henry by the Navy and the Coast Guard Service, the latter effectively cooperating in the main- tenance of the line. Two telephone lines belonging to that service are carried on the Weather Bureau poles between Virginia Beach and Hatteras. WEATHER BUREAU. 63 KEY WEST-SAND KEY. [Telephone. ] Nine miles of submarine cable connects these two stations. This cable was laid in 1903, and in the eafly part of the year became so defective as to call for a new cable to protect the naval interests in the gulf which had assumed great importance on account of war conditions, As the Sand Key station had been taken over by the Navy Department during the period of the war, a new 4-conductor cable was purchased and laid by that department. ALPENA-THUNDER BAY-MIDDLE ISLAND SECTION. [ Telephone. ] During the year communication was interrupted 25 hours on these two lines owing to damage by thunderstorms. The poles are beginning to fail from age and will doubtless need renewing soon. WHITEFISH POINT-GRAND MARAIS SECTION. [Telephone. ] NORTH AND SOUTH MANITOU ISLAND-SLEEPING BEAR POINT SECTION. [Telephone. | BEAVER ISLAND-CHARLEVOIX SECTION. [Telephone.] These three lines worked continuously and smoothly throughout the year. SAN FRANCISCO-POINT REYES (CALIF.) SECTION. { Telephone. ] For several years past much difficulty has been experienced in communicating between these points. Arrangements were made during the winter with the Coast Guard Service for reconstruction of the line, which provided for a metallic circuit from Point Reyes to San Anselmo, where the Weather Bureau wire now terminates in an exchange, thence operated to San Francisco at established rates. The former method of communication involved rental of a wire from San Francisco to Mill Valley which connected at that point with the Weather Bureau single-grounded wire running to Point Reyes. Communication with the Mount Tamalpais station had been carried on by the use of a loop on the main line. This portion of the line now terminates in the Mill Valley exchange where connec- tion is made with either Point Reyes or San Francisco. Approxi- mately two-thirds of the cost of the reconstruction work was borne by the Coast Guard, and the remaining third by the Weather Bu- reau. Annual cost of service between the new and old systems dif- fers but little. The new system was placed in operation on March 5, with satisfactory results. A portion of the line will need renew- ing with copper wire before long. Three test stations were installed on the line, which are found valuable in locating trouble. NORTH HEAD-PORTLAND SECTION. {Telegraph.] Fairly satisfactory and continuous communication was maintained between these two points through the successive use of several con- 64 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ductors in the Army cable connecting Fort Stevens and Fort Canby on opposite sides of the Columbia River. Serious and unlooked-for difficulties were encountered in putting into effect the project of purchasing and laying a new cable from funds authorized by Con- gress for cable and line repairs. Prolonged but unsuccessful efforts were made to determine a proper route to connect with existing land- line facilities. Utilization of the route of the abandoned cable was highly inadvisable. The selection of a new and longer route entailed construction of new land lines or unsatisfactory ‘cooperation with other services in the use of present system. The greatly increased ex- pense of cable and aerial material was prohibitive in view of the small amount of funds remaining after expenditures necessarily in- curred in emergency repairs on the lines above mentioned. As con- tinued use of the Army cable is permissible as long as a conductor can be spared, consummation of the project of a new cable has been deferred pending future action by the Congress. TATOOSH ISLAND-PORT ANGELES SECTION. [Telegraph.] A large amount of reconstruction work was accomplished during the year. This was made highly desirable, and in places necessary, by the extensive logging operations along the route of line, railroad construction work, private road building, activities of the Spruce Production Division of the Signal Corps, “and heavy y storms. The Weather Bureau station at Pysht was closed on August 31 and the repair work formerly done by the official divided between the stations on either side. A temporary office was opened at the military camp at Joyce, Wash., August 29, and a large volume of telegraph business was carried over the line in connection with the spruce production opera- tions at that point. The office was closed on December 25. During these four months approximately 3,100 commercial messages were handled at this station. WORK IN CLIMATOLOGY. No important changes occurred during the year in the work in climatology, and the several important lines were carried forward as usual, despite many general enlargements in most of the items making up the duties and some decrease in the clerical force available. All material prepared for the several publications of the Bureau was submitted as per schedule and the final reports printed at the time designated. The weather data for the Monthly Weather Review, An- nual Report of the Chief of Bureau, and the monthly and annual cli- matological reports for the several States were subjected to the usual careful scrutiny, and effort has been made to maintain the standard of aecuracy heretofore required, although, as stated above, there has been a steadily increasing number of reports to be examined and a con- stant diminution of the effective wor king capacity of the clerical force. COOPERATIVE REPORTS. The work of the cooperative observers of the Bureau has been main- tained in a highly satisfactory manner despite the additional duties imposed on the observing force by the unsettled world conditions and WEATHER BUREAU. 65 the lessened opportunities for such work in view of the shortage of labor in general. More changes in the observing force were necessary than usual, owing toa large shifting from the usual lines of work to those pertain- ing to the war, but the continuity of the work was usually provided for and the records as a whole were remarkably complete, and con- tinued improvement in practically all features of the work was noted. INSPECTION OF STATIONS. The policy of inspecting cooperative stations once in each three years, temporarily suspended during the early portion of the fiscal year just closed, was vigorously taken up toward the latter part and is being continued whenever feasible for officials to absent themselves from their stations. These visits of inspection impress the cooperative observers with an added sense of the importance of their work, estab- lish a spirit of sympathetic cooperation, and encourage them to re- newed effort in case they have become discouraged at the prospective amount of work without financial remuneration or an apparent lack of appreciation by the Bureau or the public of the value of the records they are at such pains to make. During the year most cordial cooperation was maintained with other Government bureaus in collecting meteorological reports from points that would naturally be without representation but for the willingness of the officials to take up this special duty in addition to their regular lines of work. OCEAN METECROLOGY. As was pointed out in previous reports, the work of the marine sec- tion was seriously interfered with by the war, the loss of reporting vessels and censorship restrictions together having the effect of greatly reducing the number of reports available for charting and study. So far as possible, however, the work of the section proceeds along the usual lines. Upon the close of the war attention was centered upon a program for the restoration and extension of the marine work, and plans have been formulated which will result in a material advancement of our knowledge respecting meteorological conditions of the great ocean areas. Progress in this direction is necessary to enable the Bureau to meet the increasing demands for information regarding weather condi- tions over the oceans resulting from the expansion of our merchant marine and commercial development associated therewith, as well as those arising from experiments in trans-oceanic flight. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS OF WORK. The usual work incident to the receipt, examination and filing of the meteorological reports of the Bureau went forward as usual. The section publications were assembled and prepared for distribu- tion and the sets of these intended for station files for the year 1918 were bound and distributed. The binding of the original records of the preceding year was accomplished as usual and all reports put in shape for permanent preservation. The tabular matter usually ex- tracted from the original records has been entered in the books pre- 66 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE pared for such data and all are as nearly up to date as it is practicable to keep them. Many data on the temperatures of the country have been accumu- lated during the year, particularly with regard to the maximum and minimum values. Extensive compilations of the daily and weekly means of these factors for the 40-year period ending with 1918, have been obtained from the various stations. It is hoped opportunity will be afforded during the present year to properly analyze and interpret these data and present them to the public. Near the close of the year steps were taken to present to the public in general, but particularly for the benefit of the engineering pro- fessions, thy ough the press, more information on the daily state of the moisture in the atmosphere, and at this wr iting these data are being published for the three principal obsery ations in practically all the leading papers in the country. At the same time a revision of the local station forms intended ‘for public distribution was being con- sidered by which similar data will be presented to the public i in much greater detail than heretofore. The extensive utilization of our accumulated records by nearly every class of our population has continued during the year, and the fact that practically every request for information has been promptly and fully met indicates the extensive character of the data we are collecting. The reputation of the Bureau for prompt service has been fully maintained, as indicated by the many acknowledgments of appreciation received for early and complete responses to requests for information. AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY. The activities under this section include the supervision of special services maintained in the interests of agriculture in the principal grain, cotton, sugar, rice, alfalfa seed, cr ranberry, tomato, tobacco, fruit, and potato-growing districts. as well as In the great grazing districts for the benefit of those interested in stock production : all maintained for the collection an! dissemination of information rela- tive to current weather conditions throughout the country, and their resulting effects upon the development of crops and the progress of agricultur al operations. In addition to the above, studies are conducted on the influence of weather on the development of crops, and the relation of weather and climate to agricultural activities and crop yields, including the super- vision and distribution of forecasts of minimum temperatures dur- ing critical periods in districts where protective methods are exten- sively practiced. The fruit frost-work was very successful during the year, particularly in the Northwestern States, and oratifying progress was made during the year in studies of special mathematical methods of forecasting minimum temperatures that may be injurious to fruit. Weather is a dominant factor in the success or failure of agricul- tural or horticultural operations, and special effort was made during the year to apply the information collected, through the vast organ- ization of special and cooperative services ‘of the Weather Bureau, to the important problem of food production in its various aspects. WEATHER BUREAU. 67 SPECIAL SERVICES. Few changes were made during the year in the special crop services maintained by the Bureau and described sufficiently in the last annual report. The cotton, corn, and wheat services were improved during the year by the inauguration of a new system of making obser vations whereby the minimum temperatures experienced during the preced- ing night were reported instead of the 24- hour minimum. ‘A new method of issuing reports w eekly, instead of daily, in the cattle region service, has proved very satisfactory, and resulted in a material reduction of expense. There is an insistent public demand for the extension of this service over some important grazing dis- tricts not yet covered, which it is hoped to meet in the near future. Special studies were made during the year in the development ofa mathematical hygrometric formula to aid in making more accurate minimum temperature forecasts. The special forecast and warning service was extended, with good results, in connection with spraying operations in some important fruit growing districts. So far as the depleted personnel of the bureau would permit, trained officials of the Weather Bureau were detailed to special field duty in fruit districts during critical periods for the purpose of giving advice as to the best time to conduct spray- ing operations. It is hoped that. when more normal conditions pre- vail, the Bureau may be in position to enlarge and improve this branch of its activity. Cooperation.—By request of other departments of the Government, and for the use of the recent Peace Conference at Paris, the We ather Bureau prepared, during the fall and early winter, a "general sum- mary of the climate of Africa, with special attention to that of the former German colonies. A vast amount of climatic data was com- piled, and a number of charts were prepared showing graphically the annual and monthly distribution of precipitation ‘and temperature over the continent, together with a discussion of its climatic char- acteristics. The Weather Bureau continued its cooperation with other bureaus of the department 1 in maintaining special meteorological stations at various points in different sections s of the country as an aid to research and investigation of the many agricultural problems in which weather is an important factor. INSTRUMENTATION. The instrumental equipment of the various stations of the Bureau has been maintained at the high standard of former years. The prac- tical cessation of European supply and the difficulties attending American manufacture of instruments have made it less simple than heretofore to obtain suitable supplies, particularly when such sup- plies involved the labor of highly skilled artisans. Prices of instru- inents and of parts have increased greatly, and we have been able to maintain the equipment of the Bureau with the appropriation avail- able only by working over a considerable stock of apparatus avail- able. ‘The instrument shop of the Bureau has been availed of to sal- vage instruments that under ordinary conditions would hardly be worth repair. Naturally a time will soon come when further opera- 68 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tions of this character will not be possible, and, unless prices recede, a substantial increase in the allotment for instrumental equipment must follow. STORM-WARNING EQUIPMENT. The three-lantern system was completed on the Atlantic coast dur- ing the fall of 1918, and work on the Pacific coast was about half com- pleted at the end of the fiscal year. The entire installation will be finished by October 1, 1919. It is a pleasure to report that there has been very little expense for repairs at stations equipped with this new system, and while the initial expenditure of making the change is somewhat high, it is believed that the total cost to the Bureau through a period of, say, 10 years will be no greater than would be the cost of maintaining the former less effective equipment. NEW INSTRUMENTS. A form of thermograph, intermediate in size between our present Jong- and short-range instruments, has been adopted as standard for future purchases and will eventually replace all thermographs now in use in the Bureau. A minimum thermometer of larger index, so as to obtain increased visibility and thereby retain to the Bureau the services of cooperative observers who must now give up the work because of failing eyesight, has been worked out with the cooperation of the manufacturers, and it is hoped to obtain a quantity of these in the near future. A nephoscope of rugged construction and simple form has been designed for general use in the Bureau, and a contract for 100 of these has been awarded. EVAPORATION WORK. Extensions of the Class A evaporation stations have been made only where satisfactory and continuous observations were to be expected. Thirty-eight stations well distributed over the country now render regular reports. PRINTING AND PUBLICATIONS. War conditions at the beginning of the year continued to embarrass the work of this division through the loss of employees and the im- possibility of replacing them with efficient substitutes. Thus the lack of skilled press feeders necessitated keeping idle some of our presses much of the time and compelled us to use some of our scant printing allotment for having work done at the Government Printing Office that would otherwise have been taken care of by own own printing plant. However, no delays or interruptions were allowed to occur in printing and distributing the daily weather maps, weekly crop bulle- tins, and other periodical publications of the Bureau, whose value de- pends entirely upon the promptness and regularity with which they are placed before the public. Since the close of the war conditions have gradually become more satisfactory, and the early installation of automatic press-feeding machines will prevent a recurrence of some of the troubles experienced during the past year. The demand for Weather Bureau publications relating to meteoro- logical and allied subjects maintained its usual high level, especially as regards requests received from military and naval sources for WEATHER BUREAU. 69 meteorological data in the aid of aeronautics and ballistics. Public schools and other educational institutions also showed continued in- terest in the work and publications of the Weather Bureau. At the end of the year there were 546 paying subscribers to our various periodical publications, exclusive of the Monthly Weather Review, and the total receipts from that scurce amounted to $697.17. An additional amount of $117.90 was received from the sale of blank weather maps for school use. Subscriptions for the Monthly Weather Review are received and filled by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, who requires 125 copies each month for that purpose. To guard against an improper use of information regarding crop conditions in advance of the time set for its release to the public, all copy for the National Weather and Crop Bulletin is now set up by our printers in a locked room of the Division of Agricultural Meteor- ology, and the advance sheets are printed on a proof press in the same room for distribution to the press and telegraph companies at the appointed hour. The principal publications issued during the year included the Monthly Weather Review and Supplements; Daily River Stages for 1917; Climatclogical Data for the United States, by Sections; In- structions to Cooperative Observers; Daily Washington Weather Map; National Weather and Crop Bulletin; Snow and Ice Bulletin; Forecast cards, daily except Sundays and holidays; Weekly Fore- casts; and Monthly Meteorological Summary for District of Co- Jumbia. Some of the more important features of the publications of the past year are mentioned in the following: Station annual summaries with comparative data forming very full local histories of the weather have continued to be published at the larger stations, and some heretofore without such summaries have been enabled to have them printed through courteous cooperation with officials at stations having printing facilities. These local cli- matic histories have a wide circulation and afford convenient means for the distribution of important information needed by the public. The snow and ice bulletins were issued as usual, and some improve- nents were possible in the extent of the information heretofore ob- tainable in the remote mountain sections of the West, by the hearty cooperation of the Forest Service, and other agencies of the Govern- ment whose officials are required to make occasional visits in the high mountain districts forming the headwaters of important streams that supply the great irrigation systems. Reports on the snowfall dur- ing the past winter showed at the close a marked deficiency in the usual supply of well-packed snow over several important drainage systems. Later advices show a serious shortage of irrigation water in these regions, and much loss to crops in areas dependent thereon is reported. These bulletins have a large circulation and are in con- stant demand, particularly by the irrigation interests. Several reprints of the sections of Bulletin W, “ Climatology of the United States by Sections,” were provided for during the year. The editions of many other sections are rapidly becoming exhausted, and it is hoped that practically the entire set can be brought down to date, more important data included, and all reprinted in the near future. 70 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. These publieations afford a most satisfactory means of giving to the public important information of climatic conditions in all parts of the country and are invaluable in the work of this Bureau, which consists so largely in supplying weather information to all classes of individuals. A rather full history of the cold winter of 1917-18, with a liberal display of charts showing some of the more important features of the pressure distribution and the resultant wind, temperature, and snow- fall conditions over the North American Continent and the adjacent waters, as far as observations would permit, was issued during the year and given a wide distribution through the Monthly Weather Review. Weather and Crop Bulletin The National Weather and Crop Bulletin was issued as in previous years without material change in policy. In addition to current weather and crop information, the bulletin contains, from time to time, charts and discussions bearing on the relation of climate to cr ops and agricultural operations. The value of this publication is evidenced by the popular demand for it, which has grown to such pr oportions as to severely tax the printing facilities of the Bureau in its issue. During the active agricultural season a weather and crop summary is published at each section center, 42 in number, which is dissemi- nated by bulletins and through the public press. Pe EL wifie coast weather and crop service.—A special weather and crop service, covering Sey en of the far Western States, was continued dur- ing the year, with San Francisco as the district center. The bulletin issued at that point conforms in both scope and time of issue to the National Weather and Crop Bulletin and has proved of great value. Monthly Weather Review—Contributions to the Monthly Weather Review increased rapidly after the signing of the armistice, which liberated much material previously held as confidential and also allowed former contributors to turn from their war-time activities. Beginning with the January, 1919, issue, the make-up of the Monthly Weather Review was consolidated by dividing the contents into two groups—Contributions and Bibliography and Weather of the Month—and some improvement was made in the attractive- ness. The contents of the weather section were rearranged and some new features added, the most important being the current weather of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans instead of that for the corresponding month a year before. LIBRARY. During the year 890 books and pamphlets were added to the library, ‘bringing the total strength of the collection up to about 38,000. A considerable amount of bibliographic work has been done during the year, including the preparation of a nearly exhaus- tive bibliography on the climatology of South America. A new edition of the publication “ Brief List of Meteorological Textbooks and Reference Books” has been prepared for the printer. Several of the more important foreign periodicals, whose receipt was inter- ane ed during the war, are now being received and have been indexed to date. WEATHER BUREAU. 71 INVESTIGATIONS IN SOLAR RADIATION. The necessity of employing untrained observers led to the sus- pension of radiation measurements at Santa Fe, N. Mex., between September 12, 1918, and April 23, 1919, and to a marked reduction in the number of measurements at Lincoln, Nebr., during July and August, 1918. By the end of April, 1919, measurements were being obtained as heretofore at both these stations, and also at Madison, Wis., and Washington, D. C. ae eee. The assignment of the official in charge of solar-radiation investi- gations to the editorship of the Monthly Weather Review greatly cur- tailed his opportunity for research work. However, apparatus was tested and an observer trained in its use for the measurement of nocturnal radiation in orchards at Pomona, Calif., and at Medford, Oreg., in connection with the frost-protection investigations of the Weather Bureau. Measurements were also made of the rate at which heat is radiated from different types of oil heaters employed in orchard heating. At the end of the fiscal year the work of computing from the radiation measurements available the diurnal and annual variations in radiation intensity with geographical position in the United States, and those which depend principally upon latitude, altitude, and the vapor content of the atmosphere, was well advanced. One of the by-products of the computation has been the determination of the relation between radiation intensity, expressed as a percentage of clear-sky intensity, and the percentage of cloudiness and of the possible hours of sunshine, as observed by eye and recorded auto- matically, respectively, at most Weather Bureau stations. The re- sults of the computation, which will be shown graphically, will soon be ready for publication, From the relation between the sun’s total, or heat radiation, and the luminous solar radiation, heretofore determined, charts and tables are also being prepared showing the intensity of direct solar illumination on a surface normal to the solar rays, on a horizontal surface, and on vertical surfaces in the plane of the meridian and the prime vertical, respectively, and also the intensity of diffuse sky illumination on a horizontal surface. The illumination data are furnished in response to repeated and urgent requests from illuminating engineers and architects, and must be considered pre- liminary in their character, as the investigation has disclosed the need of extensions in the observational work, especially on the Pacific and Gulf coasts and in the northern tier of States. INVESTIGATIONS IN SEISMOLOGY. The important work of collecting and publishing earthquake data. begun December 1, 1914, has been continued during the year. These data are of two kinds, noninstrumental reports of earthquakes felt and instrumental records, often of quakes imperceptible to the senses and even originating at a great distance. The noninstrumental .reports are rendered by all the regular stations of the Bureau, nearly 200 in number, and also by nearly all the Bureaw’s 4,500 cooperative observers. The instrumental records published by the Bureau have been obtained in’ part by instruments owned and operated by the 12 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Bureau itself, one at Washington, D. C.; one at Northfield, Vt.; and one at Chicago, Ill., and partly through the cooperation of a number of additional stations distributed from Panama to Alaska and from the Hawaiian Islands to Porto Rico. During the calendar year 1918, 127 separate earthquakes strong enough to be felt were reported from different parts of the conti- nental United States. The great majority of these did no damage whatever; a few, however, were strong to severe. One of these, occurring on April 21, destroyed the business sections of Hemet and San Jacinto, in southern California. An equally severe quake occurred on May 28 in New Mexico, but did very little damage. The chief earthquake damage in our outlying possessions occurred in Porto Rico on October 11 and 12. The records of this series of quakes obtained at Washington and Chicago were used by the com- mission especially delegated to study these disturbances. In addition to the above regular work certain studies of meteoro- logical phenomena have been made and several brief papers pub- lished. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Unirep STates DepArrMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or ANIMAL INpustTrY, Washington, D. C., September 29, 1919. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the opera- tions of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully, Joun R. Monner, Chief of Bureau. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. ACTIVITIES RECEIVING SPECIAL ATTENTION. INFORMATION ON FOREIGN LIVE-STOCK CONDITIONS. To aid the live-stock industry in meeting changed international conditions following the armistice, the Bureau of Animal Industry has given close attention to a number of special problems. An animal-production committee was formed to make a thorough study of meat animals and necessary plans whereby American farmers could supply the quantities of meat food products required. This work is being continued. To obtain accurate information on current live-stock conditions abroad, three representatives of the bureau vis- ited Europe at different times during the year. Their observations in five countries were published through the news channels of the department. The bureau has also issued statements through addresses and the press, outlining the position of the United States in relation to the world at large with respect to supplies of cattle, sheep, and swine. In addition, a circular, “The Trend of the Dairy Cattle Industry in the United States and Other Countries,” was published. This shows by simple charts the advance or decline of cattle raising in the prin- cipal countries of the world from 1850 to 1918. This publication was followed by two others of similar character, one dealing with the butter and the other with the cheese industry. LIVE-STOCK EXPORT REGULATIONS REVISED. During the fiscal year the bureau, which issues export certifi- cates for live stock, adapted its regulations to meet changed condi- tions. In their new form they facilitate materially the safe and humane handling of domestic animals, especially dairy cows and breeding cattle carried on ocean steamers. 151352°—20—6 73 74 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. By contributing to the arrival of the stock in the best possible cond1- tion, the revised regulations are a factor leading to a continuance of our export trade in live stock. During the year numerous shipments of both cattle and swine were made to South American points under export certificates issued by the bureau. PROGRESS IN DISEASE CONTROL. The long and anxious campaign which the bureau has been waging against animal diseases brought encouraging results during the “last year. F rom a scientific point of view, ‘victory over most. of these maladies is in sight, and in a number of cases eradication is nearly complete. (See accompanying charts.) Cattle scabies, which in "1906 was prevalent in nearly one-half of the United States, now appears only as outbreaks in limited areas. These outbreaks are being suppressed. Sradication of sheep scabies, which in-1906 existed in more than one-half of the land area of the country, is now about nine-tenths complete. The cattle tick which causes Tex xas fever has had its domain re- duced from more than 700,000 square miles in 1906 to less than 300,000 square miles in 1918. Progress has been continuous year a fter year. Hog cholera presents a somewhat different problem, as the nature of the disease makes the ¢ rampaign of a sporadic character. But the use of antihog-cholera serum, especially in connection with virus, is a definite means of preventing serious outbreaks. Recent investigations have shown that the common intestinal roundworm of the pig is not only injurious as an intestinal parasite but that during an early stage of its dev elopment, while still micro- scopic in size, it invades the Jungs and may give rise to serious troubles. Furthermore, pigs that survive this invasion of the lungs may never fully recover, but fail to grow properly, and become un- profitable runts. It is believed that much of the damage caused by the intestinal roundworm can be avoided by simple sanitary pre- cautions, the practical application of which is now being tested. The DU HeTn of so-called “ mixed infection ” is also under iny estigation, with the view of determining more definitely its relation to hog cholera and the proper measures of control. The United States has remained free from foot-and-mouth dis- vase, and the bureau continues to exercise vigilance against its possible introduction. Serious outbreaks in foreign countries have been closely studied, and bureau inspectors have given special attention to cargoes of live-stock products from such countries, importations uf the animals themselves not being permitted. A questionnaire inquiry made among stockmen and State officials indicates an almost universal support of the method which the bureau employed successfully in stamping out past outbreaks of foot-and- mouth disease by slaughter of the animals affected. Eradication of tuberculosis has progressed as fast as the work could be handled by the veterinary force employed; in fact, there has been a waiting list’ of herds to be tested. Under present authority from Congress only one-third of the appropiation for tuberculosis- BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, 15 CHARTS SHOWING PROGRESS IN ERADICATING CONTAGIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES. exes 1908 SHO 7H2 __ (W4—FHE SHE 1920 ee S850 __/860__1872__/880_/830 _/800_/WO £820 28 pS 24 Wy Q2¢4 N N S 20 ye? g N FREE \AREA S16 Re Q N NZ: Sve 8 Ny Ng Ny a * Re e , <. NY > ie x N N oO ° : Cattle scabies. Nearly one-half of the Contagious pleuropneumonia. WHradication United States affected in 1906; eredi- begun in 1884, completed in 1893. cation nearly completed in 1913, (906 (908 kWO (HE (WA ~WE (WHE (920 , N , x : ' , : ¢ Q < y Sheep scabies. Eradication more than nine- Eradication of bovine tubercvlosis in Dis- tenths complete. trict cf Columbia. 76 ANNUAL REPORTS CF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ®* x my ee iN Za sae a8 loe_ a2 /9'8 1815 (919 1920320" ol alaa| Sie ol I Mae TN I ae os Pies ese Q2. NY S RB ae piseeeetee | | lel fe a B E | |_| |_| Yoox SN Bee NS ; BESET Extent of cooperative tuberculosis eradication Eradication of cattle ticks from the work in the United States, showing herds United States. Every year since under supervision. 1906 has shown progress. 6 L250. 4860 1870. EGO (890 £990 (HO 29 Hee 1860 _(870 #860 1290 (300 (HO (820 (ETT yy “| Saag) Saeert “Try : “Cor , a Ee = ae Ae MN a7, YY — — — ae a LO . - ae | 2 - Extent of hog- eaten insta “7 \X Outbreaks of foot-and- agai disease in eattle. In 1870, 1880, and 1884 only a few head were infected; in 1902, 4,712 were infected ; in 1908-9 miata Piglets: Pcie ae 2,025; and in 1914-1916, 77,240 . recurrence of serious outbreaks o were slaughtered. The disease is the past, now absent from the United States, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. ae eradication work can be used for operating expenses, the remaining two-thirds being allotted for the payment of indemnities. A re- versal of the ratio, making available two-thirds for operating ex- penses, would increase greatly the progress of the work. Necessarily the diseased animals must be found before indemnity can be paid, and when only a few animals in a large herd react to the test the op- erating expenses exceed the Federal share of indemnity. Yet, find- ing those few reactors promptly before the disease spreads is essen- tial to maintain the herd in a healthy condition. The bureau now conducts tuberculosis-eradication work coopera- tively with the officials of 48 States, and negotiations are in progress to extend the work to others. The District of Columbia is an ex- cellent example showing that the disease is vulnerable to a definite campaign of eradication. In 1907 tuberculin testing in the District was undertaken, and more than 18 per cent of the cattle were found to be tuberculous. Tests made in 1919 on all cattle in the District showed a percentage of only 0.63 of 1 per cent affected. This is lower than in any previous year, and the disposal of the last reactors makes the District practically a tuberculosis-free area, SECOND ACCREDITED LIST ISSUED. During the year the bureau issued Herd List No. 2 of cattle offi- cially accredited as free from tuberculosis and containing also a list of herds that successfully passed one test with a view to certifica- tion. Compared with list No. 1, dated July 1, 1918, the second list shows noteworthy progress as follows: Acercdited-herd list summary. Cattle : once List. Cattle tested accredited. ait Hout reactors. Wi StUNG aT VEL a LOUSES 2 SANs OS See 1s Fa HERES TER. aul cee oobi ciloe ee eee 6,945 22,212 LORS Rem Sy oop lly SIRS RE Be oe a Con cup usb a ede pon dbSadee ssodbonoorocasre 19,021 97, 243 From April 1 to the end of the fiscal year further progress was made, and the work is receiving hearty support from live-stock owners and officials. CONSTRUCTIVE SIDE OF REGULATORY WORK. Disease eradication is the basis of ample production and in final analysis of liberal consumption and proper nutrition. If the live- stock men of the country had to contend with pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, surra, rinderpest, and other animal scourges on top of their present problems, production certainly would fall and consumption would be curtailed by reason of high prices neces- sary to cover the risks of production. Fortunately, this list of dis- eases may be considered a problem already solved. They do not exist in this country and the bureau is on the alert to keep them out. 78 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The bureau has also taken energetic steps to check attempts at shipping diseased stock interstate, “and perfected and strengthened its regulations especially with regard to bovine tuberculosis. Coupled with those efforts, and to acquaint stockmen with the con- structive side of the work, it has pointed out at frequent intervals the purpose of the regulations. As a result closer cooperation is de- veloping between the “public and the bureau’s inspectors and veteri- narians—a condition helpful to the effectiveness of field work. MEAT INSPECTION RENDERS LARGE SERVICE. The Meat Inspection Division set a new high mark in the extent of its service to the public. During the year more than 70,000,000 animals were slaughtered under F ederal inspection, an increase of about one-fifth over last year, and also over the average of the last 12 years. Besides the bureau completed a survey of municipal and State meat inspection, and is prepared to aid cities in inaugurating or improving local supervision over their meat supplies. IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF LIVE STOCK. From records collected it appears that the per capita meat con- sumption ip the United States is increasing. This condition and the increase in population of the country point to the need for closely studying methods of production, especially with a view of making them as economical and attractive as possible. A similar problem exists regarding dairy and poultry products. To establish and disseminate information on sound principles of production the year’s work included numerous experiments in feed- ing, breeding, and care of stock. An extensive breeding experiment with dairy cows has been undertaken cooperatively with two States. Results of many years of cow-testing work in all parts of the country were compiled, condensed, and prepared for publication. Poultry culling as a practical means of improving the average egg production has received special attention. In all classes of live stock the value of purebred sires of good type has become so evident that a special campaign has been undertaken to place the facts before the public and enlist efforts to use purebred sires. In cooperation with the various agricultural colleges, live- stock associations and similar org: mnizations, the bureau formulated plans for the work applicable to all parts of the country, and the campaign was inaugurated, effective October 1, 1919, under the slogan “ Better Sires—Better Stock.” Briefly, it provides (1) official recog- nition for live-stock breeders using purebred sires in all classes of stock; (2) a means of recording prominent breeds and varieties in States and counties; and (3) printed information on successful breed- ing methods suitable to average farm conditions. Every live-stock owner is eligible to enrollment in the campaign, the purpose of which is to banish scrub and inferior sires from the United States. LITERATURE. During the year 83 new ape UR were issued or contributed by the bureau. These include 15 Farmers’ Bulletins, 10 Department Bul- letins, 8 contributions to the Department Yearbook, 12 issues of BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 719 Service and Regulatory Announcements, 8 articles for the Journal of Agricultural Research, 22 miscellaneous pamphlets, and 8 orders in the nature of regulations. In addition 247 articles relating to the “work of the bureau were published in the Weekly News Letter. REPORTS BY DIVISIONS. The year’s work as conducted by the various divisions of the bureau is presented more fully in the following pages: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DIVISION. The war work of the Animal Husbandry Division, under George M. Rommel, chief, fell under two main heads—the emergency move- nent of drought-stricken live stock and the campaigns to stimulate production of hogs, poultry, beef cattle, and sheep. The conserva- tion feature was quite as strongly emphasized as the importance of actual increase in production. SAVING DROUGHT-STRICKEN CATTLE. The shipment of cattle from drought-stricken areas was aided in the summer of 1918 as in the preceding year. The movement was principally from Texas to the Southeastern States, and nearly 300,000 head were shipped. The cattle were mostly cows, and a large proportion were bought outright in small lots and went into a sec- tion which promises to be our next great area for expansion in beet production. Where they were properly cared for they gave farmers a start of from 5 to 10 years over the usual methods of grading up native stock by purebred bulls. It cost the Government only a few cents a head to move these cattle. If these well-bred cattle had not been moved as they were, they would have perished on the ranges or would have been slaughtered at the market centers. In the summer of 1919 a similar movement of wide scope was undertaken to meet a similar situation in Montana and adjoining States. The work is in charge of a committee representing the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Bureau of Markets, and the States Relations Service, in cooperation with the agricultural colleges and the United States Railroad Administration. STUDIES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The committee formed in the Animal Husbandry Division to study meat-animal production throughout the world as a war-time measure has continued its work. In the statistical part of its re- searches it had the hearty cooperation of the Bureau of Crop Ksti- mates. The purpose was to prepare a program for animal produc- tion in 1919 which would meet the demands of the Alhes and be practicable of application by our farmers. The essence of the com- mittee’s report was adopted in the department’s recommendations published in the fall of 1918. The committee has devoted some study to the same subject for 1920, and it is the intention to continue this study of world meat production annually so far as resources permit, \ 50 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BEEF-CATTLE INVESTIGATIONS. BEEF PRODUCTION. The beef-cattle experimental work was continued in Mississipp1, North Carolina, and West Virginia, in cooperation with the State agricultural colleges, and on the Animal Husbandry farm at Belts- ville, Md. In the steer-fattening experiments rations with only a small amount of concentrates were used. Nitrogenous supplements were used liberally, but the amount of grain was reduced to a mini- mum. Limited grain rations were used with satisfactory results, which indicates that beef can be produced economically largely on roughage when supplemented with a protein-rich feed. On the farm at Beltsville, Md., four lots of 2-year-old steers were fed to compare cottonseed meal and soaked velvet beans when used with and without the addition of shelled corn. The addition cf corn to a ration composed of corn silage, cottonseed meal, and wheat straw did not pay. The addition of corn to the ration of velvet beans and corn silage was profitable. The lot receiving corn silage and soaked velvet beans with a small quantity of cottonseed meal as an appetizer produced the most economical gains and showed the greatest profit, even though the daily gains and the selling price of the cattle were Jower than those of any of the other lots. In the baby-beef production experiments at Lewisburg, W. Va., 22 calves, after being weaned in the fall of 1918, were started on feed December 12 and received a ration of corn silage, clover hay, shelled corn, ground oats, wheat bran, and cottonseed meal. They were turned out to grass April 25 and were fed supplemental feeds on pasture in the summer, with the intention of marketing them as finished baby beeves in the fall or early winter of 1919. At Canton, Miss., two lots of calves averaging 392 pounds were fed for 112 days to determine which is the better ration, corn silage and cottonseed meal or corn silage and cottonseed meal supplemented with chopped corn. The addition of chopped corn did not greatly increase the daily gains but greatly increased the cost of gain. WINTERING STEERS.—At Springdale, N. C., and Lewisburg, W. Va., several lots of steers were wintered to determine the relative merits. of wintering on different rations and to prepare for grazing experli- ments the following summer. At Springdale five lots of steers received the following rations: (1) Mixed hay, (2) corn silage, (3) corn silage and corn stover, (4) winter pasture with additional feed during the few stormy days, (5) corn stover, mixed hay, wheat straw, and ear corn. The results showed that so far as condition of the cattle was concerned there was practically no difference in the five lots, the principal difference being in the cost of the rations. At Lewisburg three lots of steer calves were wintered 134 days on the following rations: (1) Corn silage, hay, and cottonseed meal, (2) silage and clover hay, (8) mixed hay and a grain mixture consisting of parts by weight, shelled corn 3, wheat bran 1, oil meal 1. At the end of the winter the grain-fed calves were in somewhat better con- dition, while the calves in lot 1 were also in good condition. The steers in lot 3 were in the best condition, but the ration was extremely expensive. The first ration proved to be the most satisfactory. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Sl SUMMER GRAZING oF STEERS.—At Lewisburg and Springdale steers were grazed on pasture to determine what effect the differ ent methods of wintering had on gains from grass the following summer. The steers at each station had the run of about 3 acres per head. At Springdale the steers that had been fed a corn-silage and corn-stover ration made the largest gains on pasture. However, as the winter- grazed steers came through the winter in good condition and made satisfactory summer gains on pasture, the winter- grazing method must necessarily be considered satis factory under certain conditions. At Lewisburg the calves which had received a mixed-grain ration in addition to mixed hay gained slightly more during ‘the summer than did the other lots, although the use of an expensive winter ration was not economical. CATTLE BREEDING.—The 20-year breeding experiment in cooperation with the Kansas agricultural experiment station has been in progress at Manhattan since September 1, 1915. The principal objects are to determine whether the milking tendency in beef cattle is transmitted mainly by the dams through the male line of descent, and to what extent this milk-giving function of the dam influences the beef character of the progeny. The experiment has not progressed far enough to make any deductions. Several steers and bull calves have shown unusual merit and become prize winners of considerable im- portance. WINTERING BREEDING COWS —At Lewisburg, W. Va., and Canton, Miss., the experiments in wintering beef breeding cows were con- tinued. At Lewisburg the rations were (1) corn silage, mixed hay, and wheat straw, (2) corn silage, cottonseed meal, and wheat straw, (3) corn silage, soy-bean hay, and wheat straw. There was no marked difference in the condition of the cows at the end of the winter period. The main difference was in the relative costs of the rations. The second ration was found to be the most economical and satisfactory. At Canton 20 grade cows were given a ration of oat straw and cottonseed cake, while 20 others were grazed on velvet-bean pasture with the addition of cottonseed cake “after February 16. As less labor was necessary to care for the winter-grazed cattle, this method of wintering is considered economical and satisfactory. New STATIONS. —Additiona]l investigations were begun at Jones- boro, Ark., in cooperation with the Jonesboro agricultural school and the Arkansas experiment station at Fayetteville. Thirty pure- bred cows, 10 each of Shorthorn, Hereford, and Aberdeen- -Angus, were purchased during the spring of 1919. Actual experimental work did not commence until July 1, 1919. The experimental work at Collins, Miss., was discontinued at the end of the fiscal] year 1918, and a new station was established at McNeil experiment station, Miss., in cooperation with the State ex- periment station. Work begun at Collins will be continued at the new station. Arrangements have been made for cooperation with a land and timber company in studying the raising of cattle in Palm Beach County, Fla., under southern ranching conditions. $2 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BEEF-CATTLE EXTENSION. Beef-cattle extension work was an important part of the move- ment to increase production, The extension specialists worked in all sections of the country, but much of the wark was done in regions where the beef-cattle industry is practically new. The States in- cluded were Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, New Mexico, and Virginia. The work was done in coopera- tion with the State agricultural colleges through their extension divisions, and particularly with the county acricultural agents. The elimination of scrub bulls and replacing them with purebreds me advocated. The specialists placed a total of 1,408 purebred bulls,. 1,981 purebred cows, and 11,291 grade cattle, in addition to approxi- mately 150,000 head of cows and steers brought in from the drought area in the southwest. Many sales were conducted under the direct supervision of the beef-cattle specialists. The cattle for these sales were usually inspected and the undesirable ones eliminated. Fifty- nine live-stock breeders’ associations, with a reported membership of 1,524, were organized. Numerous calf clubs were organized among the boys and girls. The specialists held 464 meetings at which they addressed 23,633 people in the interest of better live stock. They also did some useful work in demonstrating the value of pasture and in giving advice on the growing of w inter feeds and the planning of vinter rations. BeEr-PRODUCTION DEMONSTRATIONS.—Three hundred and seven dem- onstrations of various kinds were conducted to show the most ap- proved methods and practices in beef production, including feeding judging, dehorning, fitting animals for shows and sales, and other subjects. Thirty-nine herdsmen’s courses were given. Each spe- cialist conducted a number of steer-fattening demonstrations. One of these, on a Georgia farm; was of special interest because the cattle had been shipped from the drought-stricken area of Texas. Ninety-two head averaging 700 pounds were fed for a period of 101 days and made an average daily gain of 2.57 pounds. They cost $10.50 per hundredw eight and sold for $12.50 per hundredweight. With this margin there was an average profit per steer of $16. 32. The feed cost per 100 pounds of gain was $11.31. SWINE INVESTIGATIONS. Twenty-three purebred sows of six breeds and four purebred boars of four breeds were bought for the Beltsville farm. Sows saved for breeding purposes fom those raised on the farm increased the num- ber of brood sows in the herd to 38. Experiments were conducted to determine the value of soaked whole and ground velvet beans when fed to hogs. Four lots of 10 pigs each were carried from August 2 to Nov ember 5 on the followi ing rations: (1) Shelled corn and fish meal; (2) soaked whole velv et beans and shelled corn; (8) soaked eround velvet beans; (4) soaked ground velvet beans, shelled corn, and fish meal. The results showed average daily gains in weight of 1.277, 0.586, 0.417, and 1.115 pounds, respectively, at feed costs of 13, 18.3, 23, and 14.3 cents per pound of gain, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 83 In an experiment to determine the value of a hog wallow in the fattening pen two lots of 10 pigs each were fed exactly alike, one lot having access to a cement hog wallow. Ina period of 67 days the pigs having access to the hog wallow gained an average of 18 pounds more than the others. In two experiments to determine the effect of lice upon the fatten- ing of pigs it was found that 0.31 and 0.53 pound more of grain was required to produce each pound of gain in weight in the lice-in- fested pigs than in those free from lice. SWINE HUSBANDRY EXTENSION. Fifty-six field men were employed in extension activities in swine production, which included pig-club work and the emergency pork- production campaign. Pig ciubs.—Cooperative work in connection with boys’ and girls’ pig clubs was conducted in 25 States, where there was an enrollment of 72,608 members, or an increase of 102 per cent over the year before. Complete reports were received from 11,593 members. ‘The fact that the pig-club membership has doubled in the last year 1s only a slight indication of the zeal with which the boys and girls re- sponded to the plea for increased meat production. A large per- centage of the club members raised more than one pig, and there was a great increase in the number of sows and litters raised. EMERGENCY PORK-PRODUCTION CAMPAIGN.—The Animal Husbandry Division undertook to aid in bringing about the production of suf- ficient pork and lard, with special attention to the needs of the Army and the Allies. It is only fair to say, however, that the Food Adrmin- istration’s influence on prices was one of the principal factors in maintaining and increasing production. Swine specialists of the Animal Husbandry Division cooperated with the State extension forces, county agents, and other agencies. In the Corn-Belt States the work was carried on as a separate enterprise, while in many of the Southern States it was associated with the pig-club work. Among the measures advocated were better feeding methods, the use of self-feeders, the growing of suitable forage crops, the improve- ment of quality of hogs, the production of fall as well as spring litters of pigs, the formation of breeders’ associations, and the home killing and curing of pork. Demonstrations in the use of the self- feeder and of forage crops were conducted in many counties, and the farmers were brought together at the demonstration farms to see the results. There was a big increase in the number of fall litters raised ‘in 1918. In the efforts to promote the raising of better hogs, espec- ially in the Southern States, the swine specialists assisted the farmers in purchasing breeding stock and in selecting the best animals from their herds for breeding purposes. The home killing and curing of pork was encouraged by demonstrations and by exhibits at fairs. The Negro farmers of the South received special attention in this re- spect, and great improvement in the quality of meat cured by them has resulted. MOVEMENT OF FEEDER HOGS. Because of a shortage of feed resulting from the drought in the Southwest, a great number of light hogs weighing from 60 to 125 pounds were shipped to market at a time when they should 84 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. have been fattened. The bureau undertook to aid in having these hogs utilized as feeders, in cooperation with the Bureau of Markets, the live-stock markets, the various State extension forces, and local organizations. Two methods were used. One was to have a representative visit the various stockyards and make arrangements to have the feeder hogs received, sorted, vaccinated, and disinfected. Then by pub- licity ¢ campaigns and correspondence, farmers desiring feeder hogs were informed when shipments of such animals could be expected and were invited to come and select their feeders. The other method was for the county agent to procure lists of farmers having feeder hogs for sale and setad them to the State director of extension. In- quiries for feeder hogs were also sent to the extension office, and purchaser and seller were thus brought together. While definite statistics are not available, it is certain that more than 100,000 feeders were shipped into the Corn Belt as a result of this cam- paign. FISHERY BY-PRODUCTS AS HOG FEED. For several years the Animal Husbandry Division has been co- operating with the Bureau of Fisheries in studying the use of fish meal as a protein feed for swine. As a hog feed this material has been found to be equal to high-grade tankage, of which the supply is inadequate. During the year a new product known as shrimp bran was studied. The results of tests with this product as compared with fish meal, the remainder of the ration being shelled corn and middlings, were very favorable. MEAT CURING. The abattoir at the Beltsville farm was extensively used during the year for the study of methods of curing pork, particularly from the standpoint of home consumption on the farm. An exhibit of prod- ucts cured at the Beltsville abattoir was made at the National Swine Show and at the International Live Stock Exhibition. Proceeds of sales of meat from the abattoir amounted to $4,788.47. FEEDING GARBAGE TO HOGS. A representative of the division visited various parts of the coun- try va studying methods of garbage disposal by hog feeding. The results are being g prepared for publication. SHEEP AND GOAT INVESTIGATIONS. FARM-SHEEP INVESTIGATIONS, Experimental work with farm flocks of sheep is carried on at the bureau’s farms at Beltsville, Md., and Middlebury, Vt. At Beltsville a study is being made of specialized intensive sheep raising with complete reliance upon forage crops for summer pas- turage. In 1916 a 30-acre area did not ~ produce sufficient forage to feed satisfactorily 44 Southdown ewes and 338 lambs. This field is now capable of furnishing sufficient summer feed for 100 ewes with their lambs, The improvement is due in part to the application BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 85 of manures, lime, and phosphates, but chiefly to the fact that legumi- nous crops were largely used and all crops were fed upon the ground, the unused reseed: being plowed in. The results show clearly ihe possibility of a profitable sheep-raising business upon eastern lands under a oe of seeding a rotation of forage crops and allowing such frequent changes of pasture as are necessary to prevent parasitic troubles. The Southdown ewes employed in the forage-crop experiments were divided into lots for fall breeding to allow a test of the effect of feed upon the size of the lamb crop. The experiments in 1916, 1917, and 1918 showed that the yield of lambs can be increased by flushing only when ewes are in comparatively low condition at the beginning of the breeding season. The 1918 experiment allowed a considerable difference in condition between the unflushed and grain- fed lots, which comprised 18 ewes each. The lot receiving grain produced 150 per cent of lambs, while the other lot yielded ‘18 per cent. Another lot of similar size that received no grain but was given sufficiently good pasturage to produce the same gain in weight as made by the grain-fed lot yielded 142 per cent of lambs. At the Middlebury farm 130 yearling western ewes were added in the fall of 1918. Their grazing upon the pastures, which were quite weedy, was beneficial to the pastures. These ewes are being used also in the study of the relation of nutrition at mating time ‘to the size of the lamb crop. RANGE-SHEEP INVESTIGATIONS. Substantial progress has been made at the Government sheep-ex- periment station at Dubois, Idaho, theugh the work is still restricted by lack of equipment. During the year a cottage for ranch em- ployees, a combined garage, pump house, and tool house and an ice house were erected. About six miles of fencing has been put up. In the fall of 1918, 900 ewes were bred, and in June, 1919, there were on hand 840 lambs. The plan of keeping full records of lamb and wool production, as well as notes of conformation and quality of wool for each individual ewe, is being continued. The data now on hand are being prepared for publication. GOAT INVESTIGATIONS. The flock of milk goats at the Beltsville farm is being maintained. All the lower-grade animals of the earlier crosses have been dis- posed of. Twelve does, 2 years old and upward, are in milk this season, and there are on hand about 20 head of female yearlings and kids, most of which have either seven-eighths or fifteen-six- teenths Saanen or Toggenburg blood. FARM SHEEP DEMONSTRATIONS, The work of farm sheep demonstrations was continued by 12 specialists in Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. While they were largely called upon to aid be- ginners in sheep raising, yet they were able to carry on work espe- cially planned to result in more general use of methods known to be 86 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. nost profitable in different localities. This was mainly accomplished by means of demonstration flocks, 75 of which were established in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. The plan is for the county agent and the specialist to arrange with from one to three flock owners in a county to conduct the breeding, feeding, and management of their flocks in compliance with the teachings of experiments and the best practice applicable to the section, and to keep records. These flocks are used as subjects of field meetings and demonstrations. A large number of county associations of sheep raisers has been formed as a result of the joint efforts of county agents and specialists in sheep hus- bandry. EMERGENCY WORK IN SHEEP 1USBANDRY.—On account of the great importance of an increase in wool and lamb production during the war, the work on farm sheep demonstrations was supplemented by emergency extension work in Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Tlinois, In- diana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, New Hampshire, North Caro- lina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Vermont, under coopera- tive arrangements with the extension departments of the State agri-- cultural colleges. The chief duty of the bureau’s specialists was to aid the county agents in giving advice and direction to persons inex- perienced in sheep raising and in endeavoring to bring about the largest possible returns of wool and meat from older flocks. A large number of new flocks were established. Demonstration meetings were held to explain how to select breeding ewes and rams, how to shear the sheep and prepare the wool for market, docking and castrating lambs, and proper management for procuring the mavi- mum growth of lambs and for maintaining the health of the flock. HORSE AND MULE INVESTIGATIONS. BREEDING AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES. The cooperative agreement with the Colorado experiment station at Fort Collins for experiments in breeding American carriage horses terminated June 30, 1919. July 1, 1919, the work was transferred to Buifalo, Wyo., where it will be conducted in cooperation with the State of Wyoming as a project for the development of a horse of general utility adapted to western range and farm conditions. Prior to terminating the work at Fort Collins the stud consisted of 7 aged stallions, 2 4-year-old stallions, 1 38-year-old stallion, 2 2-year-old stallions, 20 aged mares, 2 4-year-old mares, 7 3-year-old mares, 10 2-year-old fillies, and 13 1-year-old fillies, a total of 64 animals. Twelve stallions and 25 mares and fillies were selected for retention in the stud to be transferred to Wyoming. The remaining 27 animals were retained by the Colorado station. The standard-bred stallion Harvest Aid 63908 was purchased by the department last spring and added to the stud. This stallion is a brown three-year-old, standing 15.21 hands and weighs 1,180 pounds in his present form. BREEDING MORGAN HORSES. The breeding of Morgan horses at the Morgan horse farm, Mid- dlebury, Vt., is progressing very satisfactorily, and uniformity is being attained in the animals produced. At the close of the fiscal BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 87 vear there were 9 mature stallions, 11 young stallions, 30 mares and fillies, and 7 geldings (including 3 draft-work geldings), a total of 57 animals. Sixteen animals were eliminated from the stud on ac- count of being unsuitable for breeding purposes, and two died. Four of the mature stallions were sent out to various sections of Vermont for use in the Army horse-breeding work. The mare Grief, by Snoqualmie and out of Gertrude, was added to the stud October dl, 1918. The test in feeding weanling colts grain and hay ad hbitum has given excellent results in maximum erowth and development without harmful effects. The average daily feed consumed by the colts in this test was as follows: Oats, 8.52 pounds; bran, 3.89 pounds; al- falfa, 3.25 pounds; timothy, 4.91 pounds. BREEDING HORSES ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS. At the close of the fiscal year 617 mares had been bred to the 12 stallions maintained under the project for breeding horses on Indian reservations, with headquarters at Kagle Butte, S. Dak. BREEDING HORSES FOR MILITARY PURPOSES. The plan of breeding horses for military purposes which was begun under congressional authority in 1913 was continued under the same terms as before. Seven hundred and eighty-six mares were bred to 33 stallions. COTTONSEED MEAL FOR FARM WORK STOCK. The test in feeding cottonseed meal to werk horses and mules at the Beltsville farm, begun during the preceding fiscal year, was con- tinued. Results indicate that f pound per day per 1,000 pounds live weight is the most satisfactory quantity to feed to work animals. Cot- tonseed meal, like any other high-protein feed, must be fed with care to horses and mules. Harmful effects were apparent from feeding the meal in large quantities. POULTRY INVESTIGATIONS. POULTRY FEEDING. Experiments in feeding hens for egg laying are in progress at the Beltsville farm in 27 feeding pens, 25 ‘of which contain 30 hens each and 2 contain 50 hens each. The results of 1918 on the high vegetable protein rations were not entirely satisfactory. New experiments are ‘being conducted this year in reducing the amount of the vegetable protein (soy-bean meal, peanut meal, ‘and velvet-bean meal) and in- creasing the animal protein (meat scrap). The mash fed last year ‘contained 10 per cent each of vegetable and animal protein, while this year the new pens receive 15 per cent meat scrap and 5 per cent of the high vegetable protein feed. Up to the close of the fiscal vear the egg yield had continued good and had not been adversely affected by the summer we ather, as was the case with the ration fed last year. The birds in the pen receiving peanut meal have slightly outlaid the others, being followed by those receiving soy-bean meal and velvet- bean meal in the order given. Appar ently the ration being used this 88 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. year is a considerable improvement over the one previously used. The pen receiving 10 per cent of cottonseed meal and meat scrap in the mash continues to give good results. The experiment with feeding garbage is being continued through its second year with a fairly good egg yield but with excessive mor- tality, due apparently to the garbage. The pen on cooked vegetables with a rather light grain ration laid fairly well during the first year and is also laying particularly well the second year. Continued good results are being obtained on the ration which does not contain any wheat. Special tests on using one feed and its by-products supple- mented with meat scrap, including such feeds as oats, barley, and corn, are being tried with fair results, but are not giving as good results as where two grains are used. Continued data on the feed cost of producing eggs from different breeds on different rations are being accumulated. POULTRY BREEDING. Practically all the hens on the farm, whether in feeding or breeding pens, are trap-nested, and all the chicks are pedigree hatched, so that their parents are known. In breeding for egg production the plan has been to continue matings of females of good production to males out of good producing females, at the same time selecting for quality in standard requirements. In the experiments in grading up mongrel flocks by the continued use of purebred males the third generation of grades has been ob- tained and bred. The Barred Plymouth Rock grades show marked uniformity in color and type, and the White Plymouth Rock grades show improvement in this respect but do not yet all come pure white in color. In both kinds of grades individuals occur which so closely resemble purebreds that it is impossible to tell the difference by their appearance. Further progress has been made in the difficult work of establishing a new breed with the combination of characters desired. In carrying on the breeding work 70 different matings were made and about 8.000 chicks were hatched. The installation and operation of a mammoth incubator has helped greatly in the hatching. PIGEON AND SQUAB INVESTIGATIONS. The pigeon investigations have been continued along the lines previously followed, giving another year’s data on the cost of raising squabs for market from the different varieties of pigeons commonly kept for that purpose. Investigations in the breeding and training of homing pigeons are being continued. TURKEY AND GUINEA INVESTIGATIONS. Information regarding the raising of turkeys and guinea fowl is being collected from time to time so that bureau publications on these subjects may be kept up to date. POULTRY EXTENSION. The emergency campaign to stimulate poultry production, carried on in cooperation with the State extension forces, begun in the fall of 1917, was continued throughout the past fiscal year. Since the signing of the armistice the efforts have been directed toward more BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 89 efficient methods rather than to concentrate entirely on increased production. The work was carried on in 29 States by 41 field men. In 1919 there was reported from 21 of these States an average in- crease of 26.5 per cent in poultry production over the preceding year; 5 States reported a normal production, 1 slightly above normal, and only 2 showed a slight decrease, due principally to the high cost of feeds as compared with the price received for the finished products. POULTRY CLUBS. Nine poultry-club agents or specialists working in 8 States in the calendar year 1918 supervised the conduct of 2,151 boys’ and girls’ peultry clubs with an enrollment of 31,095 members, an increase of 107.3 per cent over the preceding year. These club members hatched 820,869 chicks and raised 233,123 mature fowls. They produced $146,529.09 worth of poultry and eggs for market and breeding pur- poses, and the total value of their receipts and stock on hand at the end of the year amounted to $403,690.46. One hundred and thirty- five poultry-club exhibits were held, at which 1,405 members ex- hibited 4,825 birds and 447 dozen eggs, and the total amount of special and cash prizes awarded to the members making these ex- hibits amounted to $4,388. The average profit per member reporting was $23.53. ANIMAL GENETICS. The inbreeding of guinea pigs has been carried to the twentieth generation wholly by mating brother with sister. Crossbreeding experiments, with the inbred families as material, have now been carried on for more than three years. The results of the past year are in agreement with those for the previous years. No very obvious degeneratior has appeared in the inbred stock. There has, however, been some decline in vigor. Fertility, including both size and fre- quency of litters, has suffered the most. Experiments on the re- sistance to tuberculosis of the different inbred families and of the crossbreds have been begun in cooperation with the Phipps Institute, of Philadelphia. A new statistical method has been developed in connection with investigations on the relative importance of the various factors which determine coat color, rate of growth, ete. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXPERIMENT J ARM. Besides the experimental work carried on at the Animal Hus- bandry Division farm at Beltsville, Md., the general development of the farm has been continued. Pregress has been made in drain- age, completion of buildings, water system, soil improvement, im- provement of grounds, and several minor projects. Drainage ef all except woodlands has been completed; 16,649 feet of drain tile were laid during the year, making a total of 78,191 feet laid since the farm was acquired. All the large buildings and most of the port- able houses have been newly painted. CERTIFICATION GF ANIMALS IMPORTED FOR BREEDING PURPOSES. Under the provisions of paragraph 397 of the tariff act of October 3, 1913, certificates of pure breeding were issued for 168 horses and 92 dogs. 151352°— 20—7 90 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DAIRY DIVISION. On account of the high cost of feed and other materials used in dairying, the Dairy Division, under B. H, Rawl, chief, has given special attention to economical production through the use of im- proved dairy cows and proper feeding. To improve the dairy cows the use of better sires and the selection of cows has been encouraged by the promotion of bull associations and cow-testing associations, and this work has met with a hearty response from the producers. Bull associations, which make it possible for owners of small herds to have the use of good bulls and at the same time to utilize good bulls to the fullest advantage, have been especially successful, [Ex- tensive breeding projects have been begun at the Dairy Division experiment farm at Beltsville, Md., and also in cooperation with various States, for the purpose of determining the principles of breeding for establishing high-producing herds, Much time has also been devoted to encouraging the fuller utili- zation of milk and milk products, and a special campaign was car- ried out to increase the consumption of milk where a surplus of this product was found. Improvement of dairy products has been under- taken by emphasizing the importance. of sanitation on the farm and the necessity for the thorough cleaning of dairy utensils. Inves- tigations in economy of production, such as fuel and steam utiliza- tion in factories, have been continued. Studies in the manufacture of foreign varieties of cheese have been extended and results of sev- eral years of experimentation with Swiss and Roquefort cheese have been put into practical use in the manufacture of these cheeses on a commercial scale. Kfforts were made to assist in war work with all facilities at the division’s command. Surveys and inspections of milk supplies were made in Army cantonments, and assistance was rendered the Navy Department through the inspection of butter. Work was done also on other war problems. DAIRY EXTENSION. Extension work in dairying serves to carry this industry into new sections, to introduce new practices developed as the result of research, and in general to unify methods throughout the United States. This work is generally carried on in connection with various State agricultural colleges. Cow-testing-association and_bull-asso- ciation work are the chief lines of activity. SOUTHERN DAIRYING, I'fforts of the extension forces have been directed toward general dairy advancement in the South and the building up of a cheese industry in the mountain sections. Among the more important specific accomplishments have been the organization of 21 bull asso- ciations and 7 new cow-testing associations, reorganizing 5 cow- testing associations, assistance in the purchase of 1 S49 head of cattle (among which were 169 purebred bulls and 771 purebred females), and the erection of 64 silos, 48 new barns, and many other smaller buildings. The great popularity of bull associations and the large number of dairy cattle brought into the Southern States give evi- BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 91 dence of interest and progress in the improvement of dairy stock. Good results of the work for the development of the creamery indus- try are the growing popularity on the market of Mississippi butter and the fact that local creameries of central Tennessee are proving successful. The benefits of eradicating the cattle ticks are being realized more and more in the advancement of the dairy industry. * WESTERN DAIRYING. During the first half of the fiscal year the extension work for the development of the dairy industry in the Far West was continued under unfavorable conditions, such as a shortage of labor, high prices of feed, and uncertain markets. Later, however, conditions were much improved. Dairy steck has been in great demand and there has been a-widespread movement among producers to obtain pure- bred bulls. As a result of good cooperation among Federal, State, and county agents, cow-testing work has been given renewed life, bull-association work has been extended, and considerable interest has been taken in the utilization of creamery by-products. Silo con- struction has made greater progress than during any previous year. Agents of the Dairy Division assisted directly in the erection of 500 silos, which represent only a small part of the total number erected. COW-TESTING ASSOCIATIONS. Cow-testing associations, the formation and operation of which are encouraged and supervised by the Dairy Division, are made up of groups of dairymen who collectively hire a tester to keep records on production, butterfat test, and other data concerning each cow. During the first half of the fiscal year practically all testers were in military service and the work of*the associations suffered severely. Since the return of the soldiers to civil life there has been a revival of association work and a marked increase in the number of active associations. The total number of associations that were active July 1, 1919, was 385, representing 10,000 herds with 167,313 cows, compared with 353 associations active July 1, 1918, representing 9,778 herds with 168,348 cows. Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas reported active associations for the first time. Wisconsin con- tinues to lead in the number of associations, with a total of 103, Pennsylvania ranking second with 38, Illinois third with 27, and Ohio fourth with 25. The associations continue to practice exten- sively the cooperative buying of feed. In Michigan an agent in dairying selected feeds for one association which resulted in a saving of $3,000. STUDY OF COW-TESTING RECORDS. The tabulation of records of 38,532 dairy cows from 110 cow-test- ing associations is nearing completion. The tabulations have brought out a number of interesting relations between milk production, but- terfat test, butterfat production, and income over cost of feed. The average milk production was 5,936 pounds per cow and the average butterfat production 246 pounds. For each 50 pounds increase in production of butterfat there was an average increase of $15 in income over cost of feed. In the case of each breed an increase in the use of the butterfat test was accompanied by an 92 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. increase in butterfat production and by a decrease in milk pro- duction. The larger cows excelled the medium and small cows in preduction of milk and butterfat. The results of this work are being prepared for publication. COOPERATIVE BULL ASSOCIATIONS. Bull associations have been found an inexpensive but very success- ful means of improving dairy cattle, and have therefore been very popular 3 in sections where dairying is a new industry and the farm- er’s resources are limited. A greater number of really substantial cooperative bull associations have been formed this year than in any previous year since the movement started in this country, for out of a total of 82 associations now in operation 49 were organized during the past year. This work has been especially successful in the South. Requests for assistance from many States resulted in the selection of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee for association work. “Associations were formed in each of these States except one. Work in the Western States was hampered by the lack of a director part of the year, but during the last six months of the year four substantial associations were or- ganized, one each in Montana, Washington, Wyoming, and Oregon. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN DAIRYING. The project in community dairy development at Grove City, Pa., which was organized a few years ago as a means of demonstrating the value of intensive work in developing dairy communities, has now passed the experimental stage and has shown its value as a con- structive influence in dairying. Many farmers, county agents, and bankers from all over the country have made inquiries or have visited Grove City with the idea of undertaking similar develop- ment in their localities. In this enterprise the department has worked in cooperation with patrons of the creamery, and with the local breeders’ associations, the commercial club, and the local banks. The past year witnessed the building of 21 silos and the improvement of farm buildings of 112 of the creamery patrons. The accredited-herd plan for eradicating tuberculosis and main- taining herds free from that disease has “been well received. In the Grove City area 327 herds are under supervision of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Pennsylvania State live-stock sanitary board. Four new clubs having for their object the development, improvement, exhibition, and sale of tuberculosis-free cattle have been organized. Other cattle clubs organized in previous years have generally shown increased membership. The cow- -testing association has been reorganized with 89 members and 411 cows. Interest in purebred dairy cattle has continued to increase; 58 of the creamery patrons purchased 133 registered dairy females and 48 patrons purchased purebred bulls. SUPPRESSION. OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN DAIRY HERDS. Tn connection with the work relative to cow-testing and bull as3o- ciations, work of an educational nature has been done to further the prevention and eradication of tuberculosis and contagious abortion. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 93 Such work has been carried on in many States and has contributed to the marked popularity of the accredited-herd plan. In herds of these associations tested for tuberculosis by the Tuberculosis Erad- ication Division of the bureau, it was found in most cases that only a small per cent of ths cows were diseased, but the elimination of the few disease spreaders before the herds ‘could become ba adly in- fected was of great benefit and undoubtedly prevented later losses, DAIRY DEMONSTRATION FARM, DENISON, TEX. For several years a dairy farm near Denison, Tex., owned by a group of local businessmen, has been operated as a demonstration of the value of dairying under certain local conditions. This project was terminated during the year by the sale of the property by the owners, there having been a material increase in land values in that region as a result of oil development. During the last year of the pr ‘oject considerable terracing was done and many additions to equip- ment, improvements, and repairs were made from the earnings of the farm, The oat crop yielded well and the alfalfa crop was satisfac- tory, but the corn was only fair, because of dry weather. STIMULATING PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. In order to stimulate the production and consumption of milk and milk products for human food an educational campaign was carried on in numerous cities and small towns of the Northern States. This work was done principally ameng women. The objects were (1) to eliminate waste by a more comprehensive and varied utilization of dairy products, (2) to improve and enlarge the food supply, and (3) to encourage the dairy industry. The Dairy Division cooperated with the various Séatee through the States Relations Service. The campaign was divided into two major projects, one dealing with the larger cities in States where a milk surplus was repor ted, and the other with the smaller towns and rural districts. In the city campaigns a wide variety of methods was used, de- pending largely on local conditions. In general, however, the process consisted in obtaining a large degree of cooperation from the city authorities, health boards, ete., together with talks and demonstra- tions in schools, factories, and department stores. In many cases attractive exhibits were placed in store windows and extensive use was made of publicity through press notices or paid advertising. Posters showing the food v alue of mill were also used effectively. An example of sucha campaign is the work done in Detroit, Mich., Ww ee it was found that there was a 30 per cent surplus of milk dur- ng the spring months. To utilize this surplus and at the same time ae increase the consumption of milk and dairy products an extensive campaign was organized. Thirty-five thousand circular letters were sent out to leading citizens, and cooperation was received from 20,000 club members, the principals and teachers of the city schools, visiting housekeepers, ‘welfare worker s, clergy, physicians, hotels, restaurants, ete. A total of 371 lectures were given in schools, reaching 69 000 children directly and their parents indirectly, and the visiting nurses and visiting housekeepers carried the message to thousands of homes. Congregations of 65 churches listened to milk sermons, and thou- 94 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. sands of factory employees and newspaper readers were also reached. Ten thousand posters were distributed and multitudes of people viewed window exhibits. As a result of the campaign a large per cent of the milk surplus was absorbed, milk sales increased, and sales of butter and cottage cheese increased materially. The board of health placed a high value on the campaign as a means of improving the health of the city. Similar campaigns were carried out in 16 cities of five States. For the rural and small-town campaigns, agents in dairying were appointed for State-wide work in Iowa, Kansas, and Utah. In or- ganizing the work in those States it was agreed that the colleges of agriculture were to train dairy workers. The extension depart- ments, home demonstration agents, and in some States the county agents and club agents assisted with the work. The work in lowa affords an example of how this type of campaign was conducted. In that State the value of milk was brought to the attention of school children by having them write essays on the subject, and 4.500 families were reached in this way. In the schools at Ames and Des Moines the value of milk as a food was demonstrated through tests in feeding fixed quantities of milk to a number of abnormal school children for periods ranging from 2 to 3 months. In all cases the results showed that milk caused additional gains in weight, and in many cases the children were reported by their teachers to be more alert mentally and easier to handle. In northeastern Iowa an edu- cational campaign was conducted among rural schools and homes and resulted in an awakening among children and parents as to the value of milk as a food. Efforts of the women dairy agents and of others who have helped in conducting farm-home dairy work in Southern States have been directed toward greater production of milk and more liberal use of milk and dairy products in the diet. Since a certain amount of milk is usually made into butter on the farm, demonstrations and instruc- tion in improved methods of buttermaking have been given to farm women. The increase in production and use of milk was accom- plished through the “ Buy a cow” campaign, instruction in the care and feeding of cows and the proper care of the milk, demonstrations in cooking, buttermaking, and cheesemaking, and exhibits of dairy preducts. Asa result of this work, 41,000 families are now using more milk for drinking and cooking, 448 family cows have been purchased, and 1,042,542 pounds of cottage cheese were made by farm women. An indication of the interest aroused in modern methods of dairying is shown by the purchase of 16,247 pieces of improved dairy equip- ment. Exhibits and contests have also done much to stimulate inter- est in more and better dairy products. DAIRY-MANUFACTURING INVESTIGATIONS. CREAMERY IMPROVEMENT. Special attention has been given problems relating to organizing, building, equipping, and operating creameries. While many States were included in this work, special attention and help have been given to creameries in the Southern States, where the comparative BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 95 newness of the industry made assistance in creamery development of vital importance. As a result of these efforts the manufacturing methods and the sanitation of the plants in many localities are now equal to those of the best dairy sections of the country. Much of this progress is due to improvement in methods of dairy farming and the resulting improvement in the quality of the cream brought to the creameries. In bringing about these results the field agents have worked largely with the farmers of small means who depend on dairying for a livelihood. ; The high prices of coal and electric power have given new impor- tance to economy and efficiency in power and refrigeration. A num- ber of creameries were given assistance in building refrigerators, and specifications were furnished for exhaust-steam water heaters, result- ing in material savings to the plants concerned. Exhaust-steam yater heaters and hot-water boiler-feed pumps were installed by 45 creameries. Equipment for using exhaust steam for pasteurizing cream was installed by 6 creameries, balanced valves were put in 3 plants, and electric motors installed by 3 plants. THE GROVE CITY CREAMERY. The addition to the creamery plant at Grove City, Pa., has been completed, and cheese of the Camembert, Roquefort, and Swiss varieties is now being manufactured in an effort to encourage pro- duction in the United States of these cheeses, which heretofore have been largely imported. Despite the high cost of feed and the curtailing of milk produc- tion, the Grove City creamery has surpassed the records made in 1918 in practically all lines, and the total business done has increased from $375,595 in 1918 to $520,486 in 1919. For the past few months the creamery has received larger premiums in price for its products than ever before. CHEESE-FACTORY EXTENSION. Much work has been done by the Dairy Division’s field men in de- termining suitable localities for the manufacture of Cheddar cheese and demonstrating the proper methods of organizing, building, equipping, and operating cheese factories, training cheesemakers, and otherwise giving assistance in both the manufacture of cheese and the production of the milk for its manufacture. Several fac- tories have been established as a result of this work, especially in the mountainous sections of the Southeast. The cheese produced has been generally of good quality and dealers have been eager to buy it at good prices. INSPECTION OF BUTTER FOR THE NAVY. The large quantities of butter contracted for by the Navy required extensive supervision by this department in the making of the butter and in investigating the results of various methods of manufacture and determining the effect of storage on the butter. Considerable time was spent in inducing creameries to make butter under Navy contract, also in obtaining inspectors and in making certain that the specifications were properly carried out. Although the packing of the butter was carried out under pressure of war conditions, the 16) ANNUAL REPGRTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. quality proved to be high. Seven supervisors and 90 inspectors were engaged in this work, which involved over 9 000,000 pounds of but- ter. produced i in 119 creameries. The butter was produced largely in Minnesota, Iowa, and California, with smaller quantities FAM Wis- consin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. When the Government commandeered butter held in storage in the principal markets of the United States, the butter allotted to the Navy was scored by department representa .tives at the request of the Navy Department. INSPECTION OF RENOVATED-BUTTER FACTORIES, The supervision of renovated-butter factories, consisting of an in- spection of the sanitary condition of the factories and the approval of wrappers and cartons used, was conducted at 15 plants, whose out- put for the fiscal year amounted to 16,667 455 pounds. This is a de- cline of 14 per cent from the preceding year and of 62.75 per cent in 10 years. MILK INVESTIGATIONS AND DEMONSTRATIONS. SANITARY SURVEYS OF CITY MILIk SUPPLIES. Surveys on the sanitation of the milk supphes of several cities were made. These surveys were more detailed than in former years and took into consideration the source and handling of the milk supply, together with laboratory and inspection methods used in safeguard- ing its quality. Detailed bacteriological tests were made in many in- stances, and considerable help was given to the city authorities in the preparation of new mill ordinances. In the course of this work 478 dairy farms and 415 city milk plants were inspected, 3,532 bac- terial counts were conducted, and 95 chemical tests were made. SANITARY SURVEYS OF MILK SUPPLIES FOR ARMY AND NAVY. Sanitary inspection work for safeguarding the milk supplies of Army cantonments and naval bases and hospitals was continued and extended at the request of the United States Public Health Service. Coa eful and thorough investigations of the source and handling of milk were made, and raw milk, sour milk, and repasteurized milk were excluded. T his work was done in 9 cantonment zones, with spe- cially complete surveys at Houston, Waco, and San Antonio, Tex., and Lawton, Okla. MILK CONTESTS. ‘ach year the milk contest is proving itself more valuable as a means of improving the city milk supply and keeping the quality at a high standard. During the year five contests were held im five States and a total of 264 samples of milk and cream were given a complete score. Criticisms and suggestions for improvement were made to exhibitors, MILK-PLANT MANAGEMENT, The work in milk-plant management consisted largely of personal assistance In the operation of milk plants and help in the organizing of central plants. Assistance of various kinds was also given by correspondence, including the drawing of numerous special floor BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Si plans and making estimates of cost for proposed plants, collecting data relative to cost and method of operation, and giving special aid in the selection of equipment. The field work has been largely the gathering of data and assisting new plants in planning construction and equipment. At Atlanta, Ga., for example, the Dairy Division representative worked in cooperation with the health department in familiarizing the dealers with the new pasteurizing equipment re- quired and helping the foremen to systematize the work, and in Minnesota, at the request of the State board of health, milk plants were studied and recommendations were made for the improvement of pasteurizing methods and equipment. Work of this nature was carried on in a large number of cities in 14 States. MILK IMPROVEMENT AT GROVE CITY, PA. Through experiments at the Grove City creamery an effort was made to work out some plans for improving the quality of the market milk and to procure better milk for cheesemaking. As a result the average of the bacterial counts in the milk during the summer of 1919 was even lower than the preceding winter’s average. Probably the most important step taken in connection with sani- tation was the adoption of the grading system of milk, by which milk sent in by the patrons is graded for bacteria, temperature, farm conditions, and sediment. The premiums paid on milk which re- ceived a high score have done much to improve the quality of the milk delivered by the patrons of the creamery. METHOD OF CLEANING MILKING MACHINES, The increase in the use of milking machines has made it desirable to devise some method of cleaning and sterilizing that will prevent excessive numbers of bacteria. After a study of the construction of various machines and methods of cleaning and sterilizing them under farm conditions, a system of cleaning has been devised which has given good results in lowering bacterial counts and checking the spread of garget, but further work is required on the problem. REQUIREMENTS FOR MILK PRODUCTION. _ Studies of the various requirements for milk production have reached a stage where some definite information is now available. A two-year study on a group of dairy farms near Vergennes, Vt., has been completed and tabulations have been made on the require- ments and cost of producing 100 pounds of milk and the require- ments for keeping a cow for one year. Similar data have been ob- tained from two-year studies in Indiana and North Carolina. Ex- periments of a like nature have been in progress for one year on a eroup of dairy farms near Omaha, Nebr.; Amite, La.; and Mount Vernon, Wash., and more recently another has been begun at Middle- town, Del. DAIRY RESEARCH LABORATORIES. BACTERIOLOGY. The Dairy Division laboratories, in addition to research pertain- ing strictly to the dairy industry, have continued to carry on work of a broader character with a view to contributing to the knowledge 98 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and practical application in general. Some work of the latier nature too technical to be described in this report is in course of publeation. A study of streptococci from sour milk, feces, and the udder has resulted in the working out of methods for separating and distin- guishing these organisms, and has shown the existence of a typical lactic streptococcus. Media which promise to be of considerable value in bacteriological technique have been developed by the sub- stitution of yeast extract for the usual beef extract. Progress has also been made in developing a test for quality of milk through work with sporogenes. MILK SECRETION, Further studies on milk secretion have demonstrated that there is a close relation of the phosphorus and calcium content of the blood to the milk-producing function. It has been shown that a deficiency of phosphorus in the rations for cows and calves has a detrimental effect on milk secretion and growth. A remedy for this condi- tion was found in the addition of scdium phosphate to rations deficient in phosphorus. Work with dairy cows has shown that the feeding of phosphorus and calcium results in a decided beneficial effect on the milk flow, in both amount and fat content. Balance experiments have shown also that the conditions under which it is necessary to keep cows while conducting work of this kind have a disturbing effect on the digestive processes. This observation calls for improvements in equipment used in the future. CONDENSED AND EVAPORATED MILK. Investigations have been undertaken with various forms of con- densed and evaporated milk, with the general purpose of improving the physical condition and keeping qualities of these products. Studies on the curdling of evaporated milk in sterilizing have been continued, and progress has been made on the problem of preventing the thickening of sweetened condensed milk on standing. The theoretical sugar solution required to inhibit bacterial growth in the condensed milk has been determined within narrow limits. A study of the bacteria and yeast which might be involved in these changes has resulted in increased knowledge of their behavior. ° Work with certain molds has positively demonstrated that the “buttons” of condensed milk are caused by this growth. Further results have shown that in commercial production the condensed milk may be produced without danger from molds if sealed under the yacuum produced by the ordinary vacuum pump. Tests to determine the suitability of milk for condensing purposes indicated that neither the acid test alone nor the alcohol test alone nor a combination of the two was satisfactory. ICE CREAM, A substitute for a large part of the cane sugar in ice-cream mak- ing was found through experiment, and the formula was widely disseminated. The preparation of pure butterfat for ice cream and reconstituted milk has not given satisfactory results. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 99 CHEESE. A special effort has been made to apply the new methods of making the Swiss type of cheese on a commercial basis. In most of the fac- tory trials this method was a success and resulted in the production of cheese of uniformly high quality. Before extensive work can be done with factories, however, a practicable means of distributing eye-forming cultures must be devised. The question of the relation of the culture and formation of eyes has been established beyond question. In an attempt to intreduce into this country the manufacture of various cheeses now imported, cheeses of the Camembert and Roque- fort varieties were made successfully on a commercial scale at the Grove City creamery, but so far none have had a fair trial on the market. UTILIZATION OF CREAMERY BY-PRODUCTS. Considerable work has been done on the development of casein for use in waterproof glue, and a casein of low ash and acid has already been produced. A method of producing casein from buttermilk is also being worked out. Using a solvent to extract the fat from the buttermilk, small lots of casein have been made, and this product was found to be of general good quality and low in fat and ash, but had the objection of dissolving slowly. Work is now in progress with the object of developing a method of utilizing whey as a human food. It is probable that whey rep- resents a greater actual loss of food than skim milk, because its feeding value is not generally recognized. Primost and Ricotta cheeses, which are made from whey, were produced at the Grove City creamery, but the demand has been limited. The use of these cheeses might be extended if their value for cooking could be brought to the attention of housekeepers. Investigations have also been begun on the utilization of whey solids in the form of poultry feed. SILAGE INVESTIGATIONS. Studies on the value and composition of corn plants and sunflower plants for silage have shown that good silage can be made from the latter as well as the former. Various tests have been made on the composition of these crops at different stages of maturity, but no correlation has been established between the composition of the plants and the quality of the silage. WAR ACTIVITIES. A considerable part of the time of the laboratory staff was spent in lending aid in preparing material necessary to carry on the war. Assistance was rendered to the Army Medical Corps by providing laboratory facilities for drying typhoid vaccine. Probably the most important work, however, was the developing on short notice of a method of making casein of more than ordinary purity. This was necessary in the manufacture of the waterpreof glue essential to the manufacture of airplane parts. Another war problem worked out 100 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was the purification of oil-soaked cotton waste. This work was in progress and the process nearly perfected when the signing of the armistice made it advisable to discontinue the work. DAIRY EXPERIMENT FARM. Practical experimental work in various problems has been con- tinued at the Dairy Division experiment farm at Beltsville, Md. The farm produces a large part of the feed required. METHODS OF WATERING COWS. Experiments on the influence of the method of watering on the quantity of water drunk by cows and the production of milk have been completed, and a manuscript describing the work has been prepared. The difference between watering at will and twice a day was not pronounced; the cows with the water continuously available drank less and yielded more, the gains in the body weight being the same. Both of these systems of watering when compared with water- ing once a day showed an increase in water consumption, milk pro- duction, and a gain in live weight. These experiments point to the tentative conclusion that the advantage of water continuously lies mainly in the saving of Jabor rather than ina greater production of milk, REGULAR VERSUS IRREGULAR MILKING, To determine the effect of regular and irregular milking on the milk yield, five cows were used in an experiment in which regular and irregular milking were practiced alternately, in periods of 25 days each. The results show that with cows yielding an average of 20 or 25 pounds of milk daily there was no difference between reg- ular and irregular milking so far as production was concerned. The feeding hours were regular throughout. It is thought that more difference might be found if both ‘feeding and milking were irreg- ular, as in the case on many farms. GRUELS FOR CALVES. As a result of experiments with the object of preparing a calf meal which would be cheap, easy to keep in liquid suspension, make good gains in weight and maintain the vigor of the calf, a mixture has been produced which largely meets “these requirements. FEED COST FOR RAISING HEIFERS. In an effort to determine the cost of raising heifers, 11 calves were fed to the age of 1 year and 5 to the age of 2 years. The results showed the cost of raising heifers to 1 year of age to be $72.42 and to the age of 2 years $157. 6, with feed at current prices in Maryland and under the system of mariagement. necessary at the Beltsville farm. These figures show the necessity of providing cheap feed, such as pasture, for heifers, and the necessity of thorough culling to avoid raising animals which will prove inferior. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 101 DAIRY STATISTICS. Considerable attention has been given to the gathering, compiling, and charting of statistical dairy information to meet the usual gen- eral demand as well as special requests from various war boards for such data. nee os cee Ree eC ee eee 2 Atsertes 3.447542 o Be tibssnicd cette capes. hacdosm beens dlamannek ees bedaeeten Ese Sa 1 IRV th fee ho Oa Leeted 9 Set SNS 2S eR. Che ate Lp aes. 5 A ee | ee eee ee ee SGTt ACIS UGG see eee ee ee eee ee eee 2 DH ae Hee s) Hemorrhapic septicemia... 2.2.2 uc ccseacc~s Jet sec i at eee 1D 4523- ped bis eeececee Hipp cholera. 22a sjece soe cees weep eee Career OeE ane soeee eee ete SSSR See BPR eee Ee paren 2, 388 Mamprareee 02 S'S on, SEATS SNES Fe aR IA EOS SSS aes See ee ee Peete 2 6 Milkdeveturce = betes acc ccaceel Coders eeec bebe aoe DL es ee ha cect tns as saeba tana se ene Pema ae eo 5 ee eee oe ne ne ee 9 1 a WE Seeks 48 Polyarthritis- 2 s..022- doc ccs ve cierow oda oe EEe Eel pe Deere e epee See bese |= cicscoicie weed 5 Pregnancy and recent parturition...................- i J | i Wi FS pes SF a 8 Rabiesiss 2 Ae ck ee re ees 56 OS eis s 2a | a Sects ol eee Sere Septicomia. Vee a Se eee ee nee ete on atin cin eee SRO RE SEEM ee ercnints ose lenicenameee a ‘Temperature TPetannis’vo2 to teas SU. cekteedes coterie eee BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 103 Diseases and conditions for which condemnations were made on post-mortem inspection. i Car- : Car- £ Car- Car. Car- are casses. | P@TtS- | casses,| PAttS-| casses,| PartS-| casses,| PAtts-| casses, | Parts Actinomycosis.......- Soceee 350 |109, 795 30! 1, G08 |< 2.5.2 B74. beaeecioc 6 2 24 JN GGTS ES ee ee eco noce bbocesod BeSsecec| kbar cal seenedd SHencbeSpeOeeo HSS neon eeasec 1 eae Mrthnibisssceene ee ee er ee ca ee 1 sol Be eee | Ail eeeeBES 8 Bl Se BE reece 16 A Sph Vado stenesscec cesses. Ho Lesgdcss 10 Jeers fy Gena soescoslesseesc D820 Nom cies2 ANT ODNY sae hasenice csi Sant iene eeeecl ie Se LSeSocs| Seadecs Peesone Bee Rad peccced|Snoonsse jrecoeee AUWTOMUTGRICAIONS. saccesss|ossc eee lsceeccss|cisesens | SOCAEOS | 0 EASE) BAISOCOS MEDC IO Deets IB ee llemee a ets cin cccicnee p-1 Bee ee SUP anal cage clls comeninlec een ateodeak ale nacton Fone diseases..........--+-- 11 5 lacs eae 1 ate etd ene mera 59 | 2 Caseous lymphadenitis: ..<.|2.<.20-6|25-0200sfe5-s00% ae 1, 481 19 24 OT ee ee ) ae ee (5) SOC ie ately see) Beenie RON, | Naan Nie Sioa ike aol | Se ON eae Serer ae 4 236 @onrasiinta-consscctcesees 13 | Pooea eee il EE Aa te Ni Se al ae al | AA BL The Contamination...........-- 2 193 2 Gar eee eRe se Jes noes 256 | 1,030 @ysticercus......2... Ao daode 251 312 14 Dropsical diseases........-- 9 Emaciation.........- asheene 8,043 Weta RL stash 2a Nesseecsl eB looses Exhaustion....... Pe a eel | paren eto eal eraiertexe oipil ai ete fore che aseamtall eaeoemr sisi Frozen...... PAL IRE Sab ee Beeeaece Beeress | GARPTOHG. M05 aces on eee see 87 EL ORAS ccc Ueons esis voce 4 Hoz cholera...... Salsas Evygronephrosis: -.ccseeescl22 cst e--Nee Yotenws-24: oss ":aebece Sotucee 71 TIGA SENT stevens ceiec cess leee< See) Re eee 3 Inflammation A.t occas sno onesoee | Injuries, bruises, etc.......-. 2, 558 Wewrkemtiae. 2a. scciacusets 416 Mekposisis 2-5 0-55 ede 35 ‘ : : Moribumd. 226 soscen fe 12 ‘ 7d BREESE Necrobacillosis..... AS BebaS 6 : Ne taea a] oe EG oaese Neprosissee tt be citee ks 8 Parasitic diseases.........-. 4 c IPSNGHIS co eeee Oy eae eel asec eel esc tee : PPE) Saree Mees [tS eee ees satire Pneumonia, peritonitis, metritis, enteritis, pleu- risy, etc....... eee aree Gisioulseen oes 1, 503s eee ANFRO! | ek soc eames: 2) (eee 19,094: |seo see Pregnancy and recent par- DUGIOM Sebo oe seasons ore 28h so. ae eee Eee CONE Sa. a) eae Ol ie oats Septicemia, pyemia, and uremia......... Becescnsse 2, 801 580 55 MB tle passages Sexual odor.. B8#£)|-<2 5.5. Skin diseases. Bil ee Texas fever... TSA ONC hy ees S| pe eee a ee eee ee Oe ee oo ees Taberewlosises...s-s2- -23- 53, 652 8 370 65, 837 |418, 402 Tumors and abscesses...... 611 | 1,639 49 241 96 | 1,308 } 7,126 Ca ee ae eee | 59, 547 \166, 791 | 9, 202 | 2,479 js, 371 | 330 | 318| 17 {128,805 |433, 433 The following table shows the tctal condemnations on ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections combined: Summary of condemnations. Animals or Class of animals, PST soe Parts. one ee etic tested ele ore aia ne es ET Rn hig ews diene See ee 59, 636 166, 791 ALM otete re ol cals wise ies rs Sane Sate cea we oct cone sae eee ok caenee Jose kee eeeee 9, 220 2,479 Sheep Fog EET Ee Pe A SP oe Ce ON eS EY 14, 385 330 ED Wedel eel inl ern pt ala ict atdini ae teint oie were otaisiovnve aie w stetaiaic late eleiciainielaleleisiom asta chee maine cemnnice ‘ Svea eee ate SS Sy eS ia ie te SOS ee So yse tani ey 131, 274 433, 433 BE tee ae EICRE I OOA OBESE eet ae ae eS Rees thes eee 214, 833 603, 050 In addition to the foregoing, the carcasses of 89,873 animals found dead or in a dying condition were tanked, as follows: Cattle, 5,237; calves, 4,784; sheep, 8,813; goats, 161; swine, 70,878. 104 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. INSPECTION OF MEAT AND PRODUCTS. The inspection and supervision of meats and products prepared and processed are shown in the following table, which is a record only of supervisory work performed and not a statement of the aggregate quantity of products prepared. The same product is sometimes duplicated by being reported in different stages of preparation under more than one heading. Afeat and meat food products prepared and processed under inspection. Kind of product. | Pounds. | Kind of product. Pounds. Vjaced in cure: Meatiextract:/csnteemencnc sees <2 ot cee 3, 460, 874 BE ete vine Pecans eben rote O21 BOD; U2] MLB hays... eee tea oe ee ee tee 1, 256, 042, 851 Bark tinge on den eee eas 35,717,908, 052. || loandtoi see.) one eee oe eee 618, 123 MIL OUNGI. 2 telecine none eons 2. 588, 734, || AAALOStGAPUN. 2-2 too eins se cee pene 514, 218 ‘AUSALS, COOP DED 3\5.cnuion oe soles ssa 667, 602, 113 || Compound and other substitutes....| 469, 731, 660 Cane ed ‘product: Pork ts be eaten uncooked ........-- 42,165, 696 Beeli. sess sw adacessereinw ene ui 483,972,721 || Oleo stock and edible tallow........ 58, 768, 630 Perk Sek coclssausieeneheceeuaeee 143;345;400' || FOIGOOW 12 mace aes eee ee eee ee 138, 700, 323 4,940, 949" || Oleosteanin oo. sane acts be mewn sees 69, 339, 566 tl Olesmarcanin= oc coe oe secs eee 251, 169, 773 4,045,975 || Miscellaneous products. ............. 1 ,516, 694, 904 10, 132, 470 ——_—_——_— 8,857 | PROEAL p an Soe teens aeons 9, 169, 042, 049 The following quantities of meat and meat food products were con- demned on reinspection on account of having become sour, tainted, putrid, unclean, rancid, or otherwise unw holesome: Beef, 15,898 A479 pounds; pork 14,113,246 pounds; mutton, 152,981 pounds; veal, 116,- 016 pounds; goat meat, 42,598 pounds; total, "30, 323,220 pounds, MARKET INSPECTION. Market inspection was begun during the fiscal year at two cities, making a total of 45 citics at which this inspection is maintained in order that interstate deliveries of meats and products may be made therefrom. MEAT AND PRODUCTS CERTIFIED FOR EXPORT, The following products were certified for export: Beef and beef products, 714, 706,213 pounds; mutton and mutton products, 3,297,395 pounds; pork and pork products, 2,774,067,187 pounds, a total of 3.492,070,795 pounds. In addition 536 certificates were issued cover- ing the export of 15,071,507 pounds of inedible animal products. EXEMPTION FROM INSPECTION, The provisions of the meat-inspection law requiring inspection usually do not apply to animals slaughtered by a farmer on a farm nor to retail butchers and dealers supply ing their customers. The retail butchers and dealers, however, in order to ship meat and meat food products in interstate of foreign commerce, are required first to obtain certificates of exemption. The number of ana certifi- cates outstanding at the ao of the fiscal year was 2,551, an increase of 43 over the preceding ° year. During the year 103 certificates were canceled, 99 on account of ts dealers retiring from business or ceasing BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 105 to make shipments, and 4 for violations of the regulations. During the year 31,470 shipments were made by retail de ealers and butchers holding certificates of exemption, as compared with 45,524 shipments during the fiscal year 1918. The shipments of the year covered prod- ucts as shown in the following table: Shipments by retail dealers end butchers under certificates of exemption from inspection. Product. Number.} Pounds. Product. Number.| Pounds. Beef, carcasses (729 quarters) 182 ia 2oea ls GuiredgsMmentS* Seed 155, 219 ee - Muiton, fneshteen Sache saad al ceieteeer alae 110,176 | Total .jctoccew sates ai 23,111 3, 346, 214 IRGnikInesh a5. ssa cyocee Fresca wes 124, 567 During the year 60,197 interstate shipments were made of meats and meat food products from animals slaughtered by farmers on the farm, as compared with 73,746 shipments made during the fiscal year 1918. The following table shows the products covered by these ship- ments: Shipments of farm-slaughtered products uiuder exemption from inspection. — Product. |Number.| Pounds. Product. Number.|} Pounds. | Beef, carcasses (2,662 | PROrks SreShiats soe eisetcscina | Daria ae 161,910 MALLETS) Sons neees scene 665 259) 98a | CurédsmeatSs: sos seep eo -celncrase cent 648, 713 Gales: CATCASSCSS sscaac-- - =: 82, 881 Pe OBes GOO) UAL Os ore emcee cect ectiece| aaeeceee ee 151, 248 Cheep, carcasses. ...-----.-- 2, 809 SOMO | OAUSHPC te acree Ue wee ee omacs acerca cas 118, 049 Swine, carcasses.......-.--- 8,716 1,140,824 | Miscellaneous (scrapple, | Beef, CES ale ege st CAPPED ee Bees 39, 052 tripe, head cheese, icte:)-<< .} 1525 ..2- 20, 500 Vv eal, IFES 5a3eo ee cae Ses ones eer eee 49, 014 eS - Muiton, {KOSH a ssoce resets foes eee 4,643 | RLOGALS SS oe Petite ite 95,671 | 10,066, 055 | INSPECTION OF IMPORTED MEATS. o The following table shows the inspection of imported meats and meat food products for the fiscal year, representing an increase of 204.8 per cent over the inspections for the preceding year. Imported meat and meat food products inspected. Fresh and refrigerated meats. 1 Ba Cured and Other Total Country of origin. canned meats.| producis. weight. Beef Other classes. Atgenting rset 3 sgt fek best: 451,456 38,781 | 79,278,623 114,029 79, 882, 889 Aastra lias eee yy ee ore Cn. creme ss 33,415 40,185 1,015,940 1,089, 540 Brazil 52s sssos ete one oe Fe ee ee en ete ace ee ORT BILAGAY(C| | Se asatees aaeeae 6, 131, 237 Canada 220-2 eke sees Sec BAe OE 24, 422,629 8,893, 590 8,819,615 3,502, 883 45,548,717 WEEN ie AR ee Beco eée "483, VOR eee = ae ee Pea Ue pel 4! 1 Se eee 28,991,299 Other countries.........---. roe 6,018, 521 i 928, 777 7, 188, 323 3,181,839 18, 267 , 460 CRO ta les eer eer die 31,375,776 | 10,804,563 | 129,916,112 7,814,691 | 179,911,142 151352°—20—8 106 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following statement shows the condemnations of imported meats and the ainounts refused entry on account of lack of foreign certificates or other failure to comply with the regulations. Import meat products condemned or refused entry. ‘ Con- Refused Product. demned. entry. 12) Cee ee aes OEE hee ce ee ae aoe Seen ee ee a Soe ee eer rey. 329, 270 466, 400 Veaei cee book eee Fae aiciora x a ianete: ojo AROS Soa elenee ene SORE nies eee Mato mae seeln is allen 5 cata re itete a ete tpataoreteia roses operate ales Tid ree rela eee ean Neier nore ies POV essen ear inn occa e Salaninls ae cl cicie ic tine ae yaialoie stelsieielel te sree sacle nin aloineicee wlan ee einerers 10,85 Mot ales peice orate sciseuion ek acisigmaiels b.clsie state eee ee aoe Sa See mone 340,358 INSPECTION FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. By request of the Navy, War, and Interior Departments reinspec- tions of meats and meat food products to determine whether they were ple ect mb contormed to the specifications were made dur- ing the fiscal y Inspections were made at 50 places for the Navy Depar ‘tment her 68 for the War Department. ‘The following tabie shows the amounts of such inspections. Inspection for other branehes of the Government. Department. Inspected. | Rejected. — Pounds. Pounds. Nawy Department. . 2.2 5-b2ces-<2- 502 90. 72 7, 713. 82 7,713. 84 15.37 15.3 47.14 Michivaninececccasssce 5 = 100 245. 80 9, 255. 00 4, 475. 43 92.55 44.75 79. 58 Minnesotasessci22 2584 728 94.85 25, 142. 09 8, 626. 59 a4. 54 11.85 46. 98 MISSOlilee ae cose occse 18 198. 61 551. 54 547. 53 39. 64 30. 42 (PAB Montanag rn. . asset o-.c &3 89. 00 4,759. 13 1, 604. 60 57. 23 19. 33 20. 06 Nenraska-20 so-ticec cen s 73 299.18 3, 099. 87 3, 097. 87 42. 46 42. 43 64.15 INGVAGAFE nas Cash eee aoe ae 15 130. 66 681. 36 358.11 45. 42 23. 87 27. 56 North Carolina.......-. 88 188, 29 1,075. 98 1, 075. 98 28, 32 28. 32 60. 80 North) Dakota’s< ...:2s- 37 59, 46 1,323. 62 662. 3§ 35. 77 17.90 10.11 Ogre ase. Va a8. 3 = 203 147.17 12, 323. 53 4,820.79 60. 70 23810 57. 89 Okina eee ae 4 300. 00 459. 22 200. 00 114. 81 59. 60 70.39 Ovreronit eek pees 7 149. 35 312. 59 260. 34 44, 64 37.19 37.78 Pennsylvania........... 120 153. 96 5, 137.15 3, 515. 69 42.81 29. 36 40. 55 Rhode Island: $522 ..225. 6 259. 00 181. 88 168. 83 39. 31 28. 14 42.69 South Carolina. .......-. 22 97. 50 480. 59 489. 59 21.85 21. 85 81. 97 South Dakota.......... 193 168. 16 7, 223. 14 4,943.71 | 37. 43 29. 62 3. 42 Utah eee ey ese 34 102, 06 663.33 663. 33 19, 51 19. 51 41.18 Mermontes sae" ees 829 75. 74 32, 325. 81 14,736. 46 38. 99 17.78 19, 32 WVireitiaeeenemeceence 11 359. 00 293. 91 293. 91 26. 72 26. 72 §3. 48 Woashinetonmesssceuesss 49 99. $3 1, 024. 73 $89. 73 20. 91 20. 20 26. 27 West Vireinia® ates: 1) 120. 00 522. 48 238. 80 52. 25 23.88 42.21 Wisconsint eerste 2 209. 00 50. 68 50. 68 25. 34 25. 34 74. 65 TOtRIE? Lose ete see 3, 644 127. 82 154, 959. 39 78, 542. 45 49. 92 21. 94 41.49 11§ ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF HOG-CHOLERA CONTROL. The Office of Hog-Cholera Control was made a division in April, 1919, and Dr. U. G. Houck was appointed chief of the division to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Dr. O. B. Hess. COOPERATIVE WORK FOR CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA. The work for the control and suppression of hog cholera progressed along the lines of the preceding year, in cooperation with the regula- tory authorities and the extension divisions of agricultural colleges in 34 States where hog raising forms an important part of the farm- ing activities. For a time as many as 180 bureau veterinarians were assigned to hog-cholera control work, but the average for the year was about 135. Through the increase of the field force, which was made possible by the increase of funds from the war emergency appropriation, the swine industry received more protection against losses from hog cholera than ever before. Notwithstanding an increase of over 4,000,000 above the number of hogs in the preceding year as a result of efforts to stimulate production, besides the abnormal conditions that prevailed as a consequence of the war, the mortality of swine from all diseases showed a slight decline, from 42.1 per 1,000 in 1918 to 41.4 per 1,000 in 1919, or about 37 per 1,000 from hog cholera. This is the lowest point recorded in 36 years. Hogs shipped from public stockyards into the various States for feeding purposes were kept under observation at destinations for a time to observe the results of the hog-cholera preventive treatment administered at the yards before shipment. The observation of these animals added materially to the duties of both bureau and State inspectors, as 614,673 feeder hogs were immunized at public stock- yards and shipped, which was a great increase over any previous i : ee ie Many garbage-feeding stations in the vicinity of large cities and military and naval camps were kept under observation, as such places are always lable to become centers of infection. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES. During the year 12,336 outbreaks of hog cholera were reported to the bureau inspectors by county agents, live-stock owners, and others. These outbreaks were investigated in cooperation with the State authorities. Under the direction of those authorities 9,564 farms were quarantined on account of outbreaks of the disease, and 4,382 were cleaned and disinfected. A total of 51,022 farm investigations were made on infected and adjacent premises, and 53,586 post-mor- tems were held to determine the nature of the disease that existed among the animals on the farms visited by the inspector. | Literature on the subject of hog cholera was widely distributed, and 2,734 meetings were held in hog-raising districts for the purpose of forming organizations and giving information and instructions to live-stock owners concerning quarantine, sanitation, and the serum treatment as successful means for preventing losses from hog cholera. These meetings were attended by 78,584 farmers and others. In BURVAU OY ABIMAL ISDUSTEY. 119 addition, the inspectors held personal interviews with 315,459 Nive- viock owners, veterinarians, county agents, bankers, and others. In all, 93,512 farms were visited by the bureau inspectors, at the request of the owners or otherwise, to observe the condition of live stock and to give advice and other assistance, To demonstrate to veterinary practitioners and others the proper technique in administering the protective serum treatment, 242,967 hogs were treated, erinary practitioners and others trained to administer the hog-cholera preventive treatment, and working in cooperation with the buveau forces, reported the treating of 5A14,685 hogs in the 24 States where bureau vetevinarians ave stationed, Since it is esti- mated that less than 50 per cent of the hogs treated are reported to the State and bureau authorities, it is conservatively estimated that the treatment was administered to more than 12,000,000 hogs in the United States during the year. A notable effect of the year’s work during the past year has been the great increase in the use of serum by hog owners. PATHOLOGICAL DIVISION, The scientific investigation of animal diseases has been, ag here- tofore, the principal work of the Pathological Division, under the divection of Dr. John 8. Buckley, chief. In addition, the division has studied the poisoning of live stock by plants, has aided in the supervision of viruses, serums, and other stock remedies, and hag carvied on certain routine work relating to diseases of animals, INVLOTIOUS AHORTION, The study of infectious abortion has been continued in an effort to acquire further information that may be advantageously utilized in combating this serious malady. The manner in which the dis- case 1% introduced into abortion-free herds is regarded as sufficiently well understood to enable stock owners and dairymen by practicing reasonable precautions to keep healthy herds clean; but the contro) and elimination of the infection after it hae made its appearance continues to he a perplexing problem, Incveased interest hag move recently heen manifested in methods of artificial immunization ae a result of experiments conducted by Knglish investigators where promising results followed the employ- ment of # living abortion-organiom vaccine adminivtered shortly before the animals were bred. A. considerable amount of experi- mental work hae been conducted along similar lines during the Jaat two years. When a limited number of susceptible animala were utilized in an experimental abe iqyd the results strongly indicated that protection could be conferred, but when the game method was applied to upward of 600 animals in an infected herd only a very slight reduction in abortion losses was accomplished, Results have indicated that only susceptible animala derive possible benefit from the method, no decrease in losses having na from the treatment of animals giving positive reactions. While the results obtained under experimental and herd conditions were somewhat contradic- tory, sulficient evidence that immunity was conferred in some in- plances was obtained to justify further immunizing investigations. 120 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Additional evidence was obtained that bulls giving positive re- actions to the abortion tests may harbor abortion infection in their generative organs and that the presence of the infection may be associated with definite lesions. The findings in five cases are de- scribed In a paper appearing ‘in the Journal of Agricultural Re- search. While abortion disease up to the present time appears to have interfered to only a shght extent with the swine industry, further evidence has been obtained that abortion infection is capable of causing losses in some instances in hogs. The presence of the infec- tion was definitely established in one outbreak in Indiana, and on six other farms in the same State where abortion losses had been heavy among sows abortion infection was indicated by positive ag- elutination reactions. Serological tests have been applied to several hundred samples of blood serum from suspected cases, and the definite knowledge thus gained as to the presence of the disease in many cases has enabled cattle owners to adopt appropriate control measures. Cooperative research work by investigators at the veterinary de- partment of Cornell University, in connection with an outbreak of disease in a flock of 235 Merino ewes where 50 per cent or more aborted or produced immature lambs, disclosed as the probable causative factor a spirillum, a type of microorganism not hitherto recognized in this country as associated with ovine abortion, although a similar type of organism had been previously isolated from abort- ing cows in this division. Severe abortion losses in sheep in Great Britain have been attributed to a similar if not identical type of infection. The losses from ovine abortion in this country up to the present time have been shght. BACILLUS X AND EQUINE INFLUENZA. An organism morphologically and culturally closely resembling Bacillus subtilis, and designated as Bacillus X by its discoverer, has been incriminated as a factor in the cause of equine influenza, and studies have been made of that organism in relation to the disease. Results of investigation show that no serological relationship exists between Bacillus X and B. subtilis. Large doses of Bacillus X failed to produce any evidence of disease when injected into guinea pigs, rabbits, or horses. Agglutinins and specific complement-fixing bodies are demonstrable in hyperimmune serum. Tn a test for toxin production, horses were temporarily discom- forted by large injections of sterile bouillon filtrates of this or- ganism, after which the animals remained normal. Guinea pigs and rabbits showed no ill effects from injections of this filtrate. The fil- trate showed distinct antigenic properties when used as an antigen against serum from horses hyperimmunized against Bacillus X. Complement-fixation tests with Bacillus X as an antigen, on a limited number of serums for animals affected with influenza or recently recovered from that disease, resulted in negative reactions in all cases. Several of these serums in low dilutions showed some agelutinating power against Bacillus X suspension. ‘This same agglutination was also evidenced in certain normal horse serums in which exposure to influenza infection could be reasonably excluded. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. ; 12f DOURINE INVESTIGATIONS. The complement-fixation test has continued to be extensively em- ployed for the diagnosis of dourine of horses, 46,819 samples of serum having been tested, of which 1,148, or 2.4 per cent, gave posi- tive reactions. Experiments are being made on drying trypanosome suspensions for the purpose of preparing permanent dourine antigens of un- varying titer. Out of three lots of trypanosomes dried, one retained its antigenic value for one year at low temperature and in vacuum, but lost all antigenic value after three months’ exposure to room temperature and air. OTHER RESEARCH WORK. Tn cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry, experimental studies were made with a strain of Bacillus botulinus isolated from home- canned asparagus. As an antitoxic serum effective against a strain of the bacillus isolated from cheese afforded no protection to ani- mals injected with toxin from the asparagus strain, experiments are being made for the production of what is known as a polyvalent serum against botulism. Bacteriological and biochemical studies of conditions in culture media and living tissue which favor the development of toxins and aceressions by the blackleg bacillus are in progress. Seven cases of spontaneous tumors in white mice were examined, and from this material experiments in the transplantation of tumor particles and the breeding of mice have been undertaken in coopera- tion with the Biochemie Division with the object of further research work on tumors. A series of experiments with butter-coloring matters including Jersey yellow, Sudan diazo-amido-benzine, etc., was undertaken in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry, to observe the effect on the skin. Microscopic studies were made of the cutaneous struc- tures of experimental animals. The results proved the irritant action on the peripheral as well as the deeper parts of the skin. Eleven samples of animal tissue and stomach contents were ex- amined for poisons. In three tissues from a smelter region, zinc was found in two and lead and zinc in the third. EXAMINATIONS FOR TUBERCULOSIS. Specimen tissues from 176 cattle that had reacted to the tuber- culin test but in which no visible tuberculosis growths had been found on ordinary post-mortem examination, were referred to the Pathological Division for final diagnosis. Tubercle bacilli were demonstrated in 85 cases, while none could be found in the speci- mens from the remaining 91. GLANDERS. Cooperative work for the control of glanders in various States was continued. The complement-fixation test was applied to 695 samples of serum forwarded by various State officials and practicing veteri- narians; 174 of these samples gave positive reactions to the test, a per cent of 24.8. 151352°—20—9 132 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RABIES. Specimens submitted for examination for rabies came principally from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and the District of Columbia. The number of cases in the District has perceptibly diminished. Of 117 suspected cases a positive diagnosis was made in ' 75, and in one case the material was so decompos sed that no diagnosis was possible. The positive cases were 69 dogs, 1 cat, 4 cattle, and 1 sheep. A considerable number of persons, as well as a number of animals, had been bitten by the affected animals. In every instance in which a person had been bitten, animal inoculation was made when the microscopic findings were negative. BLACKLEG VACCINE. Vaccine for immunizing cattle against blackleg is still in great de- mand. During the year, 3,559,815 doses were “distributed free of charge to stock owners. The powdered | form of vaccine that has been prepared by the bureau for many years is the only form dis- tributed. Fuiltrates and ageressins, skier many stockmen find very satisfactory in the immunization of their calves against blackleg, are being submitted to very careful tests to see that they possess the required protective qualities. EXAMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS. Cooperating with the Office of Virus-Serum Control, which con- ducts the regulatory work in connection with the supervision of vet- erinary biolog ical products under the virus-serum-toxin law, the Pathological Division has continued to carry out the testing of cer- tain products. During the year there were submitted for examina- tion 139 samples representing 30 different kinds of serums, bacterins, vaccines, and germ-free filtrates. Forty-two of these, or 30 per cent, were rejected for reasons such as contamination with foreign organ- isms or their products, insufficient attenuation of bacteria used in vaccines, and lack of potency. Three hundred and thirty-seven cul- tures of organisms intended for use in US manufacture of biological products were also examined, of which 72, or 21 per cent, were re- jected because of contaminations and atypical cultural characteris- tics. The division also furnished to biological houses from its stock cultures many organisms of various types to be used in the manufac- ture of their products. The suggestions made to the various firms relative to their products, together with the report of the division findings in each instance, have served to induce greater accuracy in identifying cultures and testing their products, as it is exceedingly rare to find a second sample unsatisfactory to test. The effect of such work is to exclude from the market unsuitable and impotent products and in some instances products that are even dangerous to the live-stock industry. POULTRY DISEASES. Extensive outbreaks of a highly infectious disease of poultry were reported from some of the Eastern States. Carcasses of fowls sub- mitted to the laboratory for examination were found to be affected with fowl typhoid, a disease quite similar to fowl cholera, though caused by a different microorganism. In severe outbreaks it is BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1238 almost as destructive as cholera. Information as to methods for control were given through bulletins and correspondence. Avian material forwarded to the laboratory for diagnosis showed a variety of diseased conditions, the more important of which were white diarrhea of chicks, diphtheria and chicken pox, enterohepatitis or blackhead of turkeys, avian tuberculosis, and coccidiosis. Experi- ments were conducted to determine the relationship of coccidiosis of fowls and cattle. Fowls fed on material containing coccidia from cattle failed to develop coccidiosis. AUTOPSIES ON WILD ANIMALS. - During the year 80 specimens of wild animals were received from the National Zoological Park (D. C.) for post-mortem examination. Of 45 birds examined there were 12 cases of enteritis, 2 of septicemia, 1 of peritonitis, 1 of sarcomatosis, 1 of parasitism, 1 of anemia, 1 of ptomaine poisoning, 2 of hemorrhage, 18 of tuberculosis, 3 of as- pergillosis, 1 of ceeal necrosis, and 7 undetermined. Of 35 mammals there were 5 cases of pneumonia, 1 of bronchopneumonia, 1 of pleu- risy, 3 of enteritis, 2 of gastroenteritis, 4 of septicemia, 1 of peri- tonitis, 2 of tumors (adenomata sarcoma), 1 of parasitism, 3 of anemia, 1 of septic metritis, 7 of tuberculosis, 1 of prolapse of ree- tum, and 3 destroyed as unfit for exhibition (1 paraplegia, 1 extensive local infection of intermaxillary region, 1 severely injured). PLANT POISONING OF STOCK. In the investigation of poisonous plants nearly all the field ex- perimental work has been conducted at the experiment station near Salina, Utah (provided by cooperation of the Forest Service), while most of the laboratory work has been done at Washington. The Bureau of Plant Industry has cooperated in the study of the plants. Its representative not only identifies the plants studied but carries on field investigations on their distribution and habits. The work of chemical investigation of plants, begun in the preced- ing year, was considerably extended and advanced. More extended work was done also on the pathology of the diseased animals, and this has added to the knowledge concerning the effects of the poisonous principles. A large number of plants have been under investigation. Special attention was paid to the “ whorled milkweed ” (Asclepias galioides), which occasions extremely heavy losses of domestic animals in Colo- rado and adjoining States, and a bulletin on this plant has been prepared for publication. Further work was conducted on the sneezeweed (Dugaldia hoopesii), and additions were made to the number of known loco plants. An investigation was also made of a plant growing in the Southern States, Daubentonia longifolia, which seems to be an important sheep-poisoning plant in Texas. Among publications of the year was Department Bulletin 575, “ Stock-Poisoning Plants of the Range,” a popular treatise, with colored illustrations, intended to aid stockmen in recognizing and identifying such plants. BRANCH LABORATORIES. The branch pathological laboratories at Chicago, Omaha, and Den- ver have continued their work, which consists principally in making diagnoses of obscure cases arising in the meat inspection. 124 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The Chicago laboratory also collected and examined a number of samples of water from various meat-packing establishments, made a report upon the existence of the avian type of tuberculosis in swine, and conducted some experiments with reference to the transmissibil- ity of so-called hyperplasia of the bone marrow in cattle. “The Omaha laboratory received and examined 308 specimens repre- senting the ustial variety of routine diagnoses. Examinations for tuberculosis and hemorrhagic septicemia have increased, the former due to cases of slaughter following reaction to the tuberculin test. The similarity of lesions found in cases of certain affections of swine to lesions of hog cholera made diagnosis sometimes difficult. Investigations pertaining to abortion disease have been made by the branch laboratory at Ithaca, N. Y. BIOCHEMIC DIVISION. The work of the Biochemic Division, under Dr. M. Dorset, chief, comprised chiefly, as before, investigations concerning hog cholera, laboratory research work relative to meat products, studies of dips and disinfectants, and the preparation of tuberculin and maliein. HOG-CHCLERA INVESTIGATIONS. The investigative work on hog cholera has been continued under three general heads: (1) Methods of-producing immunity, (2) modes of spread of the disease, and (8) the causes of hog cholera and related cdliseases. METHODS OF PRODUCING IMMUNITY AGAINST HOG CHOLERA. Some additional work has been done with methods for refining old hog-cholera serum (defibrinated blood). The method referred to in last year’s report, consisting in the addition to old serum of strong solutions of sodium chlorid, followed by heat with aeration, has been used further and found apparently satisfactory. It has been found also that the use of strong solutions of sodium chlorid may be dis- pensed with when the serum is diluted with several volumes of 1 per cent salt solution, containing a sufficient amount of phenol to produce a concentration of one-half of 1 per cent in the final mixture. This diluted serum is heated and aerated as in the other method. It has been found possible by this process, which includes filtration and precipitation of the globulins and antibodies, to refine and concen- trate old defibrinated-blood antitoxin. A further study of the effect of phenol (0.5 per cent) on the tuberculosis bacillus has indicated that the phenol alone can not be depended upon to destroy that organism in clear serum or in defibrinated blood, though it appears, after prolonged contact, either to attenuate the bacilli or to reduce the numbers very ma- terially. As a means of overcoming difficulty experienced by commercial firms in effectively maintaining proper temperatures in heating serum, the division has devised a method which makes it possible to heat serum at a definite temperature for any desired period of time without the use of the thermoregulator customarily employed. This is accomplished by the use of a double-jacketed kettle, the outer BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. 125 jacket of which contains a liquid which boils at a temperature ex- actly sufficient to maintain the desired degree of heat in the serum itself, ; . Some progress has been made in the study of the duration of im- munity in suckling pigs. One hundred -and thirty-nine pigs given the simultaneous inoculation when very young (less than 3 weeks, some of them but 1 week old) were exposed to hog cholera by the injection of virus six months after simultaneous inoculation. Three of them died, but it was not possible to establish @iat even they died of hog cholera. Experiments by the division have shown that the condition of the immune hogs which serve as serum producers is of prime importance in the production of potent serum. The influence which the time elapsing between immunization and hyperimmunization might exert upon the potency of the serum preduced_ was studied and at the same time studies were made of diluted and laked virus blood as hyperimmunizing agents. The experiments show that hogs which are hyperimmunized within a short interval after a simul- taneous inoculatiog do not produce serum of satisfactory potency; also that as a rule the ability of hyperimmunized hogs to yield potent serums increases within certain limits as the interval between immunization and hyperimmunization increases. ‘The conclusion was therefore reached that an interval of not less than seven weeks should be allowed to elapse between immuniza- tion and hyperimmunization, and that the most uniformly satis- factory results will be obtained by allowing at least three months. The ability of immune hogs to respond to hyperimmunization to the desired degree, once acquired, remains unimpaired for at least a year. It was found also that simultaneous inocula- tion of nonimmune pigs with serum and virus is followed almost immediately by a remarkably firm immunity, so that they are able to withstand enormous doses of virus blood within a day or two after simultaneous inoculation; hence there is no evidence of a state of a hypersusceptibility to heg cholera following simultaneous inocu- lation. Diluted and laked virus blood was found not to possess any advantages over the undiluted blood. A full report of this work has been published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (vol. 8, n. s., p. 259). . MODES OF SPREAD OF HOG CHOLERA. Studies of the relation of insects to the spread of hog cholera have been continued. Studies of the hog louse (WZematopinus suis) have indicated that this parasite is incapable, under ordinary conditions, of transmitting the virus of hog cholera. Most of the work during the year related to the spread of hog cholera by means of flies, the common house fly (J/usca domestica) being used as a representative of the nonbiting fly, and the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) as a representative of the biting fly. Both species are commonly found about hog pens, and both are capable of traveling considerable dis- tances. It was learned that individual house flies which feed upon the eye secretions or blood of sick pigs may harbor the virus of hog cholera for some days at least, and may convey the disease to healthy pigs by feeding on their eyes or on fresh wounds on their skins; yet 126 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. other experiments with nonimmune pigs which were placed. in screened pens in which infected house flies were liberated in consid- erable numbers, without the production of a single case of infection, leave a very orave doubt as to whether under natural conditions the house fiy is concerned in the dissemination of hog cholera. Likewise it was demonstrated that it is possible for the stable fly to convey infection, either by feeding upon the ears of infected pigs and then biting nonimmune pigs, or by becoming gorged with the blood of sick pigs and then being killed and placed in the feeding trough of nonimmune pigs; but it yet remains to be determined whether this insect is a factor of practical importance in the spread of the disease. Attempts were made to transmit hog cholera by means of mos- quitoes, but the experiments were unsuccessful. A summary of a ‘large part of these investigations was pubhshed in the Twenty-Sec- ond Annual Report of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ciation, page 164. In continuation of work reported last year, four experiments were meade under farm conditions in the vicmnity of Ames, Iowa, to deter- mine how long the virus of hog cholera persists in pens after the removal of sick pigs. On four farms where hog cholera existed all hogs were removed and susceptible pigs were plac ed in the vacated lots after intervals of 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, and 10 days, re- spectively. In the first case, 1 of the 6 susceptible pigs sickened on the eighth day following exposure and communieated the disease to the others. In the 48-hour and 10-day experiments all the sus- ceptible pigs remained well, In the 7-day experiment 1 sickened and died, though it could not be determined definitely whether it had contracted cholera, while the other 5 remained well. These experiments are merely the beginning of a line of work which seems to be of practical importance and which it is planned to continue as opportunity is found. CAUSE OF HOG CHOLERA AND RELATED DESEASES. In the fall of 1918 investigations of diseases related to heg cholera and resembling it were begun. An infection of this character ap- peared on a farm near Ames, Iowa, among shoats which had pre- viously been given the simultaneous inoculation against hog cholera. The animals “presented many of the symptoms commonly seen in cases of hog cholera, but investigation proved that it was a different disease, as hogs which. were firmly immune against hog cholera con- tracted the other disease when exposed in the infected lots. The main characteristics of the disease were an inflammation of the large intestines, which showed on dissection a superficial layer of necrosis on the mucous surface, while beneath this there was a zone in which hemorrhage was more or less marked. 'The condition thus observed was no doubt what has been commonly termed necrotic enteritis. Microscopic examination revealed in the zone beneath the necrotic area typical threads of Bacillus necrophorus. Rabbits inoculated with bits of the diseased intestine developed typical necrophorus in- fection. The disease seems to be increasing in prevalence in certain of the Western States, and further efforts are being made to dis- cover its cause and means of prevention, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 127 DIPS AND DISINFECTANTS. The laboratory of dips and disinfectants received for examination 131 samples of stock dips, disinfectants, and miscellaneous materials. During the calender year, 1918, there were sent to inspectors in the field 804 test outfits for arsenical dips and sufficient supplies for making 584,500 tests; 9 test outfits for lime-sulphur dips and sup- plies sufficient to make 3,200 tests; 13 test outfits for nicotin dips and supplies sufficient for making 2,970 tests. There were thus pro- vided a total of 826 new testing outfits together with supplies sufli- cient to make a total of 590,670 tests. In research work a comparison was made of the relative advan- tages of arsenious oxid and iodin, both of high purity, as standard substances in iodimetry. The results were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (vol. 41, p. 351). Considerable work has also been done on a study of methods for evolving gaseous formaldehyde for disinfecting purposes, and it appears that less expensive methods than the potassium permanga- nate method will be found appropriate. This work is being con- tinued. Of the various substances used in dipping animals the compound cresol solutions are the only ones for which no suitable field test is available. The field test, which affords a means by which the in- spector in the field may assure himself that the dipping bath after completion is of the proper strength, is considered highly important in carrying on field dipping operations successfully. For that rea- son considerable study has been given to the development of a - method for testing cresol solutions in the field. A method of field testing has been devised which appears to be sufficiently promising to warrant an early trial of it in the field. The laboratory has also carried on experiments to find a substitute for linseed oil, which is now scarce and high priced, and which has been required heretofore in the preparation of compound solution of cresol and of saponified cresol solutions. It has been determined that soy-bean oil, or the fatty acids derived therefrom, are well adapted for the purpose and may be used at a considerable saving in cost. Some additional work has been done upon problems relating to the disinfection of hides and of tannery effluents, relating particularly to the effect of heat and of chlorin upon anthrax spores in the effluent from soak vats. The results obtained do not differ materially from those heretofore reported. A comparative study has been made of the germicidal value of Dakin’s solution, eusol, chloramine T, and chlorin in aqueous solu- tion. This work indicates that these different disinfectants vary in their action upon different microorganisms. A study has been made also to determine the effect of lime upon the germicidal efficiency of phenol and cresol.. Lime seems to lower distinctly the germicidal value of both of these disinfectants. RESEARCH WORK ON MEATS AND MEAT PRODUCTS. The nature of the research work on meats was changed in order to meet war conditions, and investigations that had been undertaken with a view to the conservation of materials used in the curing of 128 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. : meats were continued and completed. It was established that high- grade meat can be cured as well in sterilized old pickle, properly eradication of poisonous plants, and similar matters. The expenses for the improvements are secured through assessments. The value of organized cooperation is most evident on range allotments where conditions of use are very intensive and the permitted stock belongs to a large number of small owners. WATER PowWER. Not. much water power development has taken place since the United States entered the war. Increased war demands for electric power could not be deferred for the time necessary to construct 194 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. water-power plants but had to be met in greater part by the con- struction of new steam plants and by the mterconnection of exist- ing plants. At present financial and industrial uncertainties and the unsatisfactory character of Federal laws are resulting in further postponements of water-power utilization. Any considerable utiliza- tion of our undeveloped water powers must await both the enactment of legislation and the stabilization of the general economic situation. The receipts from water-power permits and easements were $72,322.06, as compared with $93,976.35 for the fiscal year 1918. Ten applications for preliminary rental permits were received, 14 for final rental permits or easements (of which 9 were for transmis- sion lines only), and 11 for free permits or easements (of which 3 were for transmission lines only). Data concerning projects under permit at the close of the year are given in the following tabulation: Water-power sites and transmission line rights of way under permit and easement, fiscal year 1919. Power projects ! (res- Transmission lines only. ervoirs, conduits, power houses), a oe Roa - i Length in miles. Estimated num Jer Class of permits or easements. Munaiber __| Number | average rears of per- ofper- | output Gn site mits or Within On mits or horse- : ease- Forest | National} ease- | power) at |. ments. bounda- Forest | ments. | minimum ries. land. discharge. Permits or easements in force at close of fisca. year: Rental permits or easeemnts— 12jqel wey ee ee SEA) ee ie eae eae ee sea ae 13 180, 633 13 1D) eS Se aan Aone 148 1, 063.73 789. OL 91 767, 751 239 Free permits or casements....... 20 146. 70 111.09 92 8, 580 112 Mota. -o5e.26.4 seieeeaaucketsed 168 1, 210. 48 900. 10 196 956, 964 364 Construction completed at close of fiscal year: Rental permits or easements. ---.. 147 1,061. 00 786. 95 76 311, 293 223 Free permits or easements......... 20 146. 70 111.09 81 7, 734 101 POG ay maid. Das ac Sc apatdees aadoo 167 1, 207. 70 898. 04 yp LA 319, 027 324 Construction incomplete at close of a | fiscal year: Rental permits or easements...... 1 2.78 2. 06 8 223, 037 9 ETCeMOEMItS OF/CASCHIBTIES. © aaa. clneoiacimn ters iatm = afaernie geste al siettaaeteiaye 8 814 8 Petes aah yates Mpa! 1 2.78| 2.06 16 | 223,851 | 17 Construction not stated at close of fisealyear: Rental permits Of easements: < ..'[.-a.- sec clencemsceweccloccesnnces 20 414, 054 20 Bree pPeEMtits OF casenients. 20). Alpe d acaba tehense me citewtaleccedaseca 3 32 3 ir? (LE 110? S407 AE ORE aS SMR A) EL BE | Oe Aer ea 23| 414,086 23 1 With or without transmission lines, RECREATION AND GAME. Plans for the management of the National Forests must aim to provide for an orderly development of all their resources, for the use and benefit of the public. Such plans would be incomplete if they failed to take into account the wild life and the recreation resources. Use of the National Forests for recreation was greater than ever before. There is not a single Forest, and there is scarcely a ranger THE FORESTER. 194 district, which does not have some features of recreation interest. Sometimes it is the mountain scenery, sometimes the beauty of forests, lakes, and streams, sometimes the opportunities for sport in the form of fishing, hunting, or mountain Abate. and sometimes it is still other kinds of attractions which lead yearly increasing number of visitors to the Forests for recreation and health. Because of this expanding use adequate administration of the recreation resource has become of marked importance. The western National Forests are, by virtue of their location and character, the natural public ‘playgrounds for most of the country west of the Mississippi, and they also draw many thousands of visitors from the East. They must be handled with full recognition of their recrea- tion values, present and future. This requires careful and forward- looking plans providing both for the protection and the development of this important resource. Protection of the recreation resource involves measures that wil safeguard for the use and enjoyment of the public the natural attrac- tions which appeal to visitors and cause them to seek the Forests and also measures that will reserve for their use adequate supplics of wood and forage and afford pure water. Development of the resource is a still larger matter. It involves many things, but the most urgent primary need is provision of facilities for traversing the Forests and for living while in the Forests. All these matters received attention. In cutting timber, opera- tions are adjusted to protect scenic features, roads, camping places, and the like against loss of attractiveness. Forage is reserved for the horses of recreation parties. Water protection is looked afte through sanitary regulations, the provision of hotel and other accom: modations is encouraged, information of various kinds supplied, and in general the convenience and comfort of visitors promoted. Of particular importance for the increase of use is the systematic and progressive development of roads and trails by which the Forests are being made more generally accessible. Myvery road and trail, whether it is built primarily for protection or for the development of some material resource, opens up new features of scenic interest. In a variety of other ways also development to meet the increased demand fer recreation use is being undertaken. A number of rec- reation centers are being made ready for the public under plans carefully worked out by recreation engineers. Various such centers are already in use, such as the Red Fish Lake and Wood River recreation areas in the Sawtooth National Forest in Idaho, Eagle Creek on the Columbia River Scenic Highway near Portland, Oreg., Denny Creek on the Sunset Highway near Seattle, Huntington Lake in the Sierra National Forest, the Los Angeles Municipal Camp in ' the Angeles Forest, and the Laguna Mountains recreation area be- tween San Diego and the Imperial Valley. At many other points the Forest Service is constructing shelter houses, improved camping places, etc. It is becoming manifest, however, that an adequate policy of rec- reation involves still more. The services which can be rendered tho local and general public, on the one hand, and the resources available for meeting these needs, on the other hand, need to be studied in the most comprehensive and thorough-going manner to the end that coordinated development of all these resources—whether found within 196 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the National Forests, or in National Parks, or in properties belonging to States and municipalities—may be secured. For example, the full recreation value of the Oregon National Forest, which surrounds Mount Hood and borders on the Columbia River Valley, can be realized only through a development coordinated with what the City of Portland and the Counties of Multnomah, Hood River, and Clackamas have undertaken to do and have largely accomplished. Such a coordination has in this particular case been effected, with most happy results. Again, recreation development in the Yellow- stone Park region can not be made to serve the public interests to best advantage if National Forest administration is uncorrelated with the administration of Park, and vice versa. In short the National Forests, which must be administered with a view to recrea- tion use as one of their major functions, can not carry out that function in fullest measure except through cooperative relations with other agencies in the same field, resulting in joint effort under a truly national and common policy. The wild life resource of the National Forests is in many ways closely related to recreation. It comprises mainly the game, the fish, and the fur-bearing animals, and the matter of most immediate importance is suitable provision in the administrative plans for the perpetuation of the existing herds of elk. In spite of difficulties created by war and other conditions that made it necessary to carry on the ranges all the domestic live stock for which a place could safely be found, progress was made in working out better methods of elk conservation and in providing more ample feeding grounds for the herds in and around Yellowstone Park. In general, recognition of the fundamental problem involved has been secured to a greater degree than ever before, and an increased public support has been obtained in carrying out the protective and constructive work necessary to solve the problem. The Forest Service is formulating as fast as possible plans which will coordinate the various other uses of the National Forests with game conservation, This is especially important in connection with grazing use. In places it is necessary to restrict or entirely prohibit grazing in order to take care of the elk. The most important single situation of this kind is that near the Yellowstone Park. For several years a study has been conducted by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Biological Survey of the habits of the Yellow- stone elk, their requirements, and other matters, knowledge of which is necessary as a basis for a practical program. This program, which was completed during the past year, calls for certain legislative and administrative action. A beginning was made on the administrative phases by Bees added restrictions upon the use by domestic stock of portions of the ‘National Forests adjoiming the park. Some lands were wholly reserved and others restricted to limited use by cattle during certain months. A beginning was also made in the progressive exclusion of stock from areas where total exclusion could not be put into effect at once. The program for handling the Yellowstone elk was placed before the public with a view to full discussion and con- sideration of the proposals for State and national legislative action. While it may require slight changes and revisions from time to time as conditions alter, it is believed that the underlying principles are essentially correct. The program was approved by the Benevo- THE FORESTER. 197 lent and Protective Order of Elks at its last annual meeting, as we!l as by the leading sportsmen of the country. The study of these herds must necessarily be continued until the working plan is fully established. The study of the Sun River elk herd in the Lewis and Clark Forest was continued, and an examination of the area used by the Roosevelt elk in the Olympic Forest was made to determine the number of elk in this herd, the range used during the different seasons of the year, and the number and kind of animals that would have to be disposed of annually if it appears that the herd should be maintained at its present size but not permitted to grow larger, on account of lack of suitable feeding grounds to support a greater number without recur- ing seasons of starvation. Marked progress was made during the year in bringing together the interests of the States and the Federal Government in game matters. In various instances it has been possible to make State and Federal authority mutually supplementary in accomplishing things difficult for the Government or State working alone. Roaps, TRAILS, AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS. As was stated in last year’s report, great care was exercised in the selection of projects to be constructed during the calendar year 1918, to eliminate all which would tend to interfere in any way with the prosecution of the war. Although the amount of work which had been planned was very small and was restricted to projects for which an immediate need existed or where the prosecution of the war would be aided rather than hindered, it developed that the program could not be carried out. Labor was hard to get and efficiency was: materially less than in preceding years. The high price of labor and materials forced postponement or reduction of work. Restrictions placed on road materials, mainly cement and steel, delayed con- struction or made necessary changes in design to utilize products which were locally available. However, a large amount of investi- gative and survey work was carried on in anticipation of an in- creased construction program following the end of the war. The following tabulation shows the number of miles of public roads constructed or improved prior to December 31, 1918, from the 10 per cent of National Forest receipts, the appropriations under section 8 of the Federal aid road act and cooperative funds. 198 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Construction and improvement of roads and trails! from the 10 per cent, section 8, and cooperative funds, by States. Total mileage in calendar year 1918. Total mileage State. = to A ec. 31, 1918. 10 per section 8| Total. D2: ee oe ne I eo ae ee eee 5 Sere nie eer 21.37 Sil BES oe 0.16 Aginettas 5 eh ONE oh ce cd eit Re eee 130. 20 reas Bt eee ee ae Te 2.50 Apieansase. . God 72215 Sa viaciedisteratestintee bee te oe Sonic eb easing ines 22.25 1. Of 4.50 6.41 CaMiorimaiy = segs cccsc se etenis mente cele nae sate cies © apiece iene otapiere = = alates 320. 94 58. 50 3. 50 62. 00 Calgraoncas 2422 So Sr eR SEE . Sea eae 213. OL 33. 34 7.00 40. 34 DAYS 120) a ee or ee se a IE ge ee eR eae eae FO OG tn ae a ee digas A Jesh 5 be oe Test ie Ee eee 253. 11 79. 22 1.00 76, 22 Kamsaste seit. ccutineeingss ces Seales s Sse cupiccn wmine acireeee se SMF he aroha eteal ceo os oeechae- Becta ae ihe Toad BOE ee ees Oe As Sear ee as Aare aE a eEae aaae = Psi | il ree | Pesaro tee Minnesota. . SOR 2t). BSR Vee ee. hae Be Montana. 209. 49 12.14 4.10 16.24 Nebraska . BGO ees 203 DC sae Akt ee eee Newada -.-. : DY ae oe eee 1.20 1. 20 New Mexico 77. 58 3. 00 2.98 5.98 OvERiRonrs (43. 22322 ee a es is 2 OO he. FS lees ek Cece Se eee ee Ore ones. 22 eae ee eee epee Cee es Sega Se 188. 84 29. 64 1.70 31.34 SouthiDakotas..tee sce cee ee cscs sees eee eee ee ee eee Pt Oat: |: eS as a eee Gas See oe aie ie ee a, ee ey ee ee ae 171. 85 14. 00 14. 50 28. 50 WARP IMIB Se Se 22 2A cclote oleate See ete esate alata lalate errarstn apse 1.50 MoO sees ele 1.50 Washington: 22. 3... 2. Ue ee ee ee ee ee 108. 88 30. 00 1.70 31.70 WYOMING = Foa5. Se odat cas vis Nacieees oS ciminee See oa aetne eee 78. 85 QLD eames erate 2.75 Titel pe bo eek ae A) Sos PEST: | 22,019.67 | 3264. 66 442.18 506. 84 | | 1 Does not include bridge or maintenance work. 2 Road construction, 1,046.39 miles; road repairs, 842.76 miles; trail construction, 119. 52 miles; trail re- pairs, 11 miles. %* Road construction, 77.76 miles; read repairs, 183.90 miles; trail construction, 3 miles. 4 Entirely road construction. Immediately upon the cessation of hostilities, plans were made for utilizing as far as practicable all funds available for road survey and construction. This was not only to make up as far as possible for the almost entire stoppage of work during the two years of the war, but, even more, to provide an opportunity for the employment of labor released from war activities and temporarily idle. It was expected that labor would be plentiful and more efficient than in 1918. Actually, however, it has been difficult to obtain a sufficient supply, the quality has not been of the best, and, as a rule, the wage rate has not decreased. The cost of materials has on the whole inereased. In preparme the plans for the calendar year 1919, it was found that as a result of the construction costs bemg increased almost 100 per cent, the amount of available money, even though almost four years’ appropriations were available for use, would be sufficient for hardly more work than could be financed in 1917. The situation was ereatly relieved on February 28, 1919, when the Post Office appro- priation act was passed. Section 8 of this act appropriates $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1919, 1920, and 1921, for expenditures in cooperation with the proper officials of a State, Territory, insular possession, or county, in the survey, construction, and maintenance of roads and trails within or partly within National Forests, when necessary for the use and development of resources or desirable for the proper administration, protection, and improvement of any forest. ‘The appropriation is available until expended. Cooperation may be waived by the Secretary of Agriculture under certain condi- tions for a project located entirely within the Forest boundaries. THE FORESTER. 199 For work located in part outside the Forest boundaries, cooperation must be secured. The provision in the new appropriation act relative to cooperation has made possible the use of money on projects essential to the proper administration, protection, and development of the National Forest: for which cooperation could not be secured because the project: were of minor value from the State or county standpoint. That the money could be utilized on administrative and protective road: and trails is equally advantageous, since the normal appropriation for such purposes was insufficient even for the maintenance of roads and trails previously built from the improvement fund. With the increased funds it was possible to plan for the survey of 1,724.85 miles and construction of 1,643.31 miles, estimated to cost $11,900,360.59. It was expected that $4,407,302.31 of this amount would be obtained from cooperators. Arrangements were also made for a more intensive administrative study of road needs than had been possible or advisable under the smaller appropriations. To what extent the approved plans for the calendar year 1919 will be executed can not now be determined. Increases in the estimated or actual costs, failure to obtain cooperation, and the difficulty in securing reasonable bids from reliable contractors have acted toward a reduction in the amount of work. The indications are that a large mileage of survey and construction will be completed by the end of the field season and that uncompleted approved projects will largely be under contract for completion during the winter or the construc- tion season of 1920. The following tabulation shows the projects approved and the liabilities involved during the fiseal year and prior to that time. ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 200 *9x0} 908 {s[TeI) PUB SPROI OATIVIIOMO0D OATIVIISTUTUIPS [[VUIS OPNOUT JOU seo ¢g "6IGL ‘Tuer 07 A0TId poxo[dutoo syoofoid ued s0d OT epNpout 4ou seoq 1 86281 ‘cs6‘6 | PR FeR ‘Ech’ | FO-Ege‘TeG‘c | GE'epT‘c | TO'ZFR‘S | ZBI | ¢ eg‘zce‘T | €8 st‘o60‘T | 28 | Fee as Sy apt 18301, 18 ‘FP ‘889 00 “008 ‘TS 18 ‘PPT “28S I 86r OT 628 eZ if 09 ‘ZT 8I 0¢ “282 |g [eeraze® 7755" "queuee1se ON “hz ‘968 “Pz0 ‘ZOF * "81 ‘f66 “9cg ‘ "190 “ c1z ‘ 9°68 ve [Ser eseese ss queTedIs8 Iepuy) Il 8's 968 6 | Fh P20 ZOF F | L9°8IZ 66 F | 92099 T 16°L90 @ 601 I €% S13 T g9 89 “CSS 0G SgI6t ‘og euns 04 poaoadde (e704, ge -zeF ‘010‘2 | IT ‘1se‘FFe‘e | 22'980‘990'F | Eegse‘T | 26°S68T | OFT |S 6F TS9 LF Sh SFL 0g | ia oe * ye eee aeI0d, | ae met P eee meme oe 18 ‘FF6 ‘88¢ 00 ‘008 ‘TS 18 “PPT ‘LES €1 “86h OT 628 el 7 09 ‘CFT 8T 0S “28% 8 quomles1se ON ope § ‘ "Tee §7A@ £ . ‘ 6 . . ‘ . ° . seccecenencs queme9138 iepuy OP ‘Z6F ‘IZh 9S | TL “1c “68 ‘ZS | SETHE Sz¢ 3 | 02 E68 148910 T 19 I TE ‘P8E 9T 68 "80S 66 86 °L0¢ (46 szeod [eosy ZuLMp pea on ‘ddy “eoURU ; -0]UTeUL : +3100 "$100 “so pue uo | “4°4ing soon eet? -foad -foad -foid -ON.I4suOD ston -foid jo | ‘e8vertW | jo ‘esol jo Beyoh ci) 18 18 jo r0ld requ N 12aq 10q, 10q -WnN -WInN -WuN “SOTA “TeI0.L eee *[RIVPIT ‘eouvu : ees *sjoofoid Jo snqeig -ojuleu |‘soueUazUTeU pue See aoe “keamg pue uo} = woTonsysu0; H 3 ‘foam -oN1}SUO,) onaysuod ‘Avamng *(peyeurunye suotjeodnp) 1830.7 “‘sesplig *speoy cAMIqer’y rjoofoid yo yysue] pus 1equnN “6I6I svali qoosy fo pua 07 uaypjsapun sqoatord abpiag puv poos fo hunwung —_——$—$—$_ rt ee THE FORESTER. 201 In addition to the projects shown in the above tabulation, $36,700 of the 10 per cent fund and $650,000 of the Post Office act fund was allotted to the various States for expenditure upon miscellaneous small projects needed for the administration, protection; or develop- ment of the Forests. , At the beginning of the fiscal year there was available for road and trail construction on the National Forests $3,857,178.69, de- rived as follows: Agricultural appropriation for the construction and maintenance of per- MAN eup AMPTOVEHICUIS 2s sac we ee ee eee ete fe a ee $400, 000. 00 Ten per cent appropriations for the fiscal year 1919....... eS eee 350, 533. 75 Unexpended balance of 10 per cent appropriations preceding years.--. 302, 801. 39 Appropriations for the fiscal year 1919 under section 8 of the Federal aid (DEORE Res = snc Sc haa Mei Scarfe eee Sane Ae aie Sains” Belem amen Sah 1, 000, 000. 00 Unexpended balance of section 8 appropriation for preceding years.... 1, 803, 843. 55 G17 A ae aaa a Rd donee Pig vo Ty AC Bed a ta 3, 657, 178. 69 From the appropriation made available by section 8 of the Post Office appropriation act of February 28, 1919, $3,000,000 was made immediately available. The unexpended balance in this fund on June 30, 1919, was $2,966,939.41, showing an expenditure of $33,060.59. The unexpended balance for the 10 per cent fund on the same date was $374,289.51 and for the section 8 fund $2,296,499.18, showing an expenditure from these funds of $279,045.63 and $507,- 344.37, respectively. The following tabulation shows the additional amounts available on July 1, 1919, for National Forest road and trail work. The 10 ‘er cent fund must be spent within the State from which National ‘orest receipts were obtained, and can not be expended outside of the Forest boundaries. Cooperation is not essential. Cooperation must be secured before any section 8 money can be expended; but eats need not be located entirely within the National Forests. fith the exception of the amount set aside for administrative expenses, for the purchase of equipment, and for increasing the apportionment to States, the entire yearly appropriation is appor- tioned to separate States and groups of States and can not be diverted to different States except under extraordinary conditions. The appropriation made available by the Post Office appropriation act of February 28, 1919, and commonly termed the Federal Forest road construction appropriation, may be spent for projects located within or partly within the National Forests of any States. The provision relative to cooperation has already been explained. Tenta- tive apportionment of the appropriation is made on the basis of the relative need of road development and of the most important road projects in the several States, and determination is made of the con- ditions upon which any project will be approved. If the conditions are not met, the money tentatively set aside for any project is avail- able for use elsewhere in the State or in some other State. 151352°—19—_14 202 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Amounts available for roads and trails from new appropriations available for expendi- ture on July 1, 1919. 51” 1929 : ederal || * pers State mee poate Forest || State. 10 De Rection Forest : : road con- z : road con- struction. || struction. e {| Alaskanyscieeceatn Ss $10, 182.71 | $46,717 | $29,500.00 || Alabama........- 249. 23 ATiZOna = sent} 45, 261.18 54,311 | 117,371.00 || Georgia. .-..--..-- 419.99 Arkansas. Be 5 10, 102 53,000.00 || Maime..........-- 178.60 California......-. | 51,703.89 | 140,297 | 284,865.00 || New Hampshire.| 1,972.01 Colorado. ..-..-.- | 46,019.59 | 63,541 | 215,385.33 || North Carolina...| 2,223.78 | $27,684 | $133, 000.00 Tdah@si ses. -2 | 46, 307.04 | 104, 474 338, 039.50 || South Carolina. - - 88.15 | Montana....-.-:-| 38, : 71,481 | 222,185.00 || Tennessee... -..-.--- 853. 67 ING@Vada 2 sos52-2-|| Boeeto 19, 005 45,212.00 || Virginia........-- 1, 313.26 | New Mexico......| 33, 64. 4 37, 684 123, 162.50 || West Virginia... - 95.51 | Oregon'-$. 2--22.-. | 46,162.30 | 131,825 | 303,871.00 || Special fund !...-|........-.- 160, 000.)...-.-222.2- South Dakota....| 6,713.76 7, 946 205827 ..47) i ROMS MeNy, = sees E See ee Bale eee Be 95, 000. 08 Utah... -------.- 97. 460.25 39,072 | 141,437.00 |, Administrative Washington.....-| 21,909.03 | 92, 153 202, 237. 50 | OXPOMSeS aoe ewe sae eee ew elleceeemes 155, 000. 09 Wyoming 22o2. <2: 23,420.37 41,379 | 224, 750.00 || sh ie bal- | Florida......-.--. | 1) 630.31 AUICEY Se A Se ae SS eae 242, 307.09 Michigan........- | 58.69 ee Minnesota...-..--| 1,177.70 |} 12,329 53, 250. 00 Total.....--|427, 954.75 |1,000,000 |3, 009, 000. 03 Nebraska....-... 1, 440. 40 Oldahoma.....--- 530. 87 1 For administrative expenses of Bureau of Public Roads and Forest Service, for purchase of equipment, and for increasing apportionment to States. Section 7 of the act of February 28, 1919, authorized the Secretary of War in his discretion to transfer to the Department of Agricul- ture surplus war materials, equipment, and supplies suitable for use in road improvement. Ten per cent of the amount so transferred was made available in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture for use in the National Forest road work. While only a very small amount of road equipment, material, and supplies has been received, it is expected that within the coming year great assistance will be given the National Forest work by the transfer of material which would otherwise have to be purchased. The new construction of improvements of all kinds comprised 328 miles of roads, 833 miles of trails, 885 miles of telephone lines, 75 miles of fire lines, 35 lookout structures, 35 bridges, 284 miles of fences, 510 dwellings, barns, and other buildings, 12 corrals, and 202 water improvements. The above figures include 203 miles of roads, 96 miles of trails, 110 miles of telephone lines, 148 miles of stock fences, 6 miles of fire lines, 1 bridge, and 1 water improvement built in cooperation with communities, associations, and individuals. The value of all improvements on the National Forests at the close of the year constructed from funds derived from congressional appro- priations and the contributions of cooperators is estimated at $8,703,736. Of this amount, $6,466,014, or 74.3 per cent, repre- sents works of communication and protection; $1,935,451, or 22.2 per cent, improvements used in administration, and $302 271 , or 3.5 per cent, range improvements. ‘The lines of communication within the Forests constructed by or under the direction of the Forest Srevice now total 3,620 miles of roads, 26,840 miles of trails, and 254,00 miles of telephone lines. THE FORESTER. 203 COOPERATION WITH STATES. While the forest fire protective systems maintained by the States in cooperation with the Federal Government have been extending, there has also been a recent greatly increased cost of operation. The appropriation of $100,000 is now very inadequate. . Expenditures from the Federal appropriation, and the expenditures of the States which have entered into cooperative agreements, are shown in the following table. The area protected was much greater than ever before. This was made possible by the fact that the co- operative funds contributed by States and private owners were greater than in 1918. The Federal fund was of course the same as in 1918. Cooperative expenditures from Federal appropriation and by the States for protecting Sorested watersheds of navigable streams from fire. Expenditure fiscal year 1919. Expenditure fiscal year 1919. State. State. ss l = | Federal, State. Total. || Federal. State. Total. Bi fa S Ls) Vl aes | i! : A | | | Maine oa $7, 296. 73 |$125,893.03 |$133,189.76 || Wisconsin...... $4, 023. 63 | $16, 261.44 $20,285.07 New Hampshir_! 6,554.23 | 23,218.58 | 29,772.81 |} Minnesota. ----- 8,807.32 | 56,519.39 | 65,326.71 Vermont. -.5.<-.. j 2,217.62 | _2,158.67 | 4,376.29 |} South Dakota... 282.00; 4,988.00 | 5,270.00 Massachuset | 3,294.50 | 32,781.52 | 36,076.02 ||} Montana........ 2,499. 95 8,905. 38 | 11,405.33 Rhode Island. -.! 92.25 4,097.53 | 4,189.78 || Idaho..........-. 4,565. 34 46, 229.73 | 50,795.07 Connecticut. 1,025. 00 5,217.10 | 6,242.10 |; Washington....- 9,692.63 | 37,162.26 | 46,854.89 New York... 7,221.98 | 117,131.08 | 124,352.06 |} Oregon........-- 10,210.16 | 24,966.72 | 35,176. 88 New Jersey.....| 1,968. 90 | 20,743.92 | 22,712. 82 | Administration Maryland.._.._.| 2,524. 65 3,819.95 | 6,344.60 andinspection} 7,140.49 |...........- | 7,140. 49 Virginia.....-...| 2,725. 34 3, 259. 83 | 5, 985.17 | West Virginia...) 4,005.00 9,140.40 | 13,145. 40 || Total = 99,921.38 | 625, 445. 54 |725, 366. 92 North Carolina..| 1,207.16 | 2,433.77 | 3,640.93 || Unexpended Kentucky....-..} 2,429.00] 5,538.22] 7,967.22 |] balance.....-- 78. 62 Louisiana...-.... 2,581.00 | 9,451.83 | 12,032. 83 | bye ter tee eRassi cst 65, | 3,276.00 | 4,609.20 | 7,885.20 || Appropriation - .|100, 000. 00 Michigan........ 4,280.50 | 60,917.99 | 65,198. 49 | Pes | | An agreement entered into with Rhode Island made that State the twenty-third to enter into cooperation. Toward the end of the fiscal year California requested cooperation, but the agreement had not been completed when the year closed. Protection from forest fires is the first essential to forest conserva-~ tion. Without an organized and efficient system, such as can be maintained only with adequate regular appropriations, the forests can not be made safe. No better proof of this could be given than the situation which arose in Minnesota in the fall of 1918, when a large number of relatively small fires burned for weeks because of lack of men and equipment to extinguish them, and finally came together in five large conflagrations, according to the State Forester, which in the aggregate swept over not less than 200,000 acres, destroyed property worth about $25,000,000, and caused a loss of more than 400 lives. istimates based on forest fire statistics collected in cooperation with State and private agencies indicate that in the calendar year 1918 not less than 25,000 fires occurred, with an area of fully 10,500,000 acres burned over and a financial loss in timber, young tree growth, and improvements of about $40,000,000. Railroads caused approximately 18 per cent of the fires, brush burning and campers each 13 per cent, lightning 10 per cent, incendiaries 9 per cent, miscellaneous causes 7 per cent, lumbering 5 per cent, and unknown causes 25 per cent. 204 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire, “North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas received assistance during the year in formulating forest policies, drafting forestry laws, and the like, RESEARCH. INVESTIGATIONS IN FOREST PRODUCTS. Irom many standpoints the fiscal year 1919 was the most important in the history of the Forest Products Laboratory. Not only were many of the research projects started earlier in the war brought to a productive conclusion, but the peace-time application of their results was aggressively undertaken through widespread dissemination of the information and through personal contact with the wood- -using industries. During the first months of the year the laboratory was engaged exclusively on special war problems. Cooperation with the various bureaus of the War and Navy Departments which had provided spe- cial allotments was at its height, and requests from these departments : ad become increasingly specific. After the armistice was signed it ras necessary to reduce the staff from 458 to approximately 300 per- sons and to discontinue some of the less important investigations. In accord with the desires of the War and Navy Departments, however, the more important projects which were nearing completion, or which were of special value, were continued. A number of new research projects were begun, but the year’s accomplishments were, primarily, the outgrowth of fundamental research begun earlier in the war or prior to “the beginning of the war. Aircraft p sroblems continued to oecupy the position of Sees im- portance. The large fund of available data on wood, plywood, and glues found direct “application in the solution of specific problems arising from time to time in the design of aircraft. Many requests were received from the War and Navy Departments for the develop- ment of various aircraft parts which coal not well be designed with- out actual tests. Much of this work developed as a result ‘of the suc- cessful design by the laboratory of a plywood wing rib for one of the Army planes. Ribs for almost a dozen different types of Army and Navy planes were designed and tested by the laborator y and gradually improved to the point of maximum strength and minimum weight. These ribs were, in all cases, decidedly superior to commercial ribs of correspond- ing sizes. In addition to the specific design of these ribs, general laws s governing the types of ribs to use for different sizes were devel- oped, ~and several excellent types of large ribs perfected. The design of airplane wing beams ‘presented many complicated problems, and the laborator y was called upon to conduct elaborate series of tests on full-sized members to determine the relative merits of the many different types. The growing scarcity of suitable air- craft woods, demanding closer utilization of existing supplies, made it necessary to dev elop - types of built-up beams which would permit the use of small and short stock. Tests were made upon several hundred beams of a number of different types, and several types were developed to meet the specific requirements involved. Exhaustive tests were also made upon many different types of beam splices, and their relative efficiency was determined. As an THE FORESTER. ; 205 integral part of these tests, the efficiency of various kinds of hide and casein glue was determined. Later in the year, assistance was requested in the design of a wing beam, or the development of a type suitable for very large machines, with spans of 125 feet or more. Special series of tests were made for this purpose, and a type was developed which embodies sound mechanical principles and is remarkably light for its strength. Much specific information was needed by the Army and Navy in regard to the struts being used on various machines, and compre- hensive tests were made by the laboratory upon various kinds and sizes. These resulted in the development of two noninjurious methods of testing struts, whereby the actual strength of each strut could be determined without injuring it. Machines for the proper carrying on of these tests were also developed, and specifications for the inspection of struts by this means were prepared. ‘This method of test is unique, in that there are no other types of structural members which can be tested to their maximum load without injury. In addition, methods for the calculation of the strength of tapered struts and for the determination of the taper which would give the maximum efficiency were developed. An entirely different kind of investigation was undertaken by the laboratory to develop a type of strut for extremely large flying machines. A radical departure was made from all accepted types of airplane struts, and a type selected which years of experience in the construction of buildings and bridges had proved to be very efficient in long light columns.. This type was then modified to suit aircraft needs, and developed to a point where it was much stronger for a given weight than any other type of strut which has so far been developed. Wind-tunnel tests on models specially constructed for the purpose showed that the air resistance of this type is less than that of any other type so far tested. levator and aileron spars, which are the main structural members of airplane control surfaces, are subjected to a peculiar kind of stress known as combined bending and torsion, and their design has always been a matter of guesswork. In the case of small machines this method of desiga appeared to be quite satisfactory, but in the design of radically new types of great size need was found for accurate data on the design and also for a better type of spar, which would be both stiffer and stronger for the same weight. ‘Through a unique combination of hollow wood and veneer construc- tion, it was possible for the laboratory to improve. the spars to a marked degree, both in strength and in stiffness. As a result of this development, the laboratory was finally requested to design a complete control surface, embodying this new type of spar. Numerous and varied other aircraft developments were carried out, among them being the development of a flexible plywood for control surfaces and of a special mechanism for the proper operation of these surfaces. This plywood and the control mechanism are in process of being fitted to one of the fastest machines developed during the war. Onc of the major lines of research was the determination of the eect of various kiln-drying schedules upon the properties of air- craft woods and substitutes for them. Exhaustive tests have furnished conclusive evidence that under proper control of tempera- ture and humidity kiln-dried material of these species is as strong £66 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. as air-dried lumber. They show further that the kiln-drying schedules recommended by the laboratory at the beginning of the war and based upon the incomplete data then available were in every sense dependable and are subject to practically no material changes. Up to the date of the armistice, assistance had been given in the design, installation, and operation of 325 Forest Service water spray kilns installed in 44 manufacturing plants throughout the country, including installations at the Government cut-up plant of the Spruce Production Division, and at the Rock Island Arsenal. At the latter plant a laboratory representative demon- strated that artillery wheel dimension oak, green from the saw, can be kiln-dried with insignificant loss in from 60 to 90 days as against 3 to 5 years of air seasoning. ‘This was contrary to previous com- mercial experience. Other kilns were designed for use at Govern- ment arsenals, aircraft factories, gun manufacturing plants, and vehicle plants. The Signal Corps dry kilns at Vancouver, Wash., were started in June, 1918, under the personal supervision of a kiln expert from this laboratory. The first kiln load of airplane wing beams was taken out on July 16. Thereafter the kilns were con- tinuously operated at full capacity of about 40,000 feet per day until the end of the war. sececn ons ne 1105 67, 200 WoalworthiGotmtys-canssceqcanees te 112 | 71, 680 SSS PROUAN I Snes. ome ees aerate eee aioe «Sa e ea eae a ponin ais araiwcwins 33, 988 | 21, 752, 320 1 These figures do not include portions of these areas surveyed in preceding years. RECONNOISSANCE. IRGMAS ES Aaa a ctae Sols eicieit cies eee aoe caine 6,085 3, 894, 400 Northwestern Reconnoissance........- | Arcas surveyed and mapped in the several States during the fiscal year ended June 50, 1919, and the areas previously reported. DETAILED. | Work dur- Womaie State or Territory. ieee Pee miles). ies): | UMIEN CGN G0 oe SS Res AOC See eee ann een eee as ae ae 45, 631 SRV ADIGE yas) eps ee eet A. N82 eR 961 Arkansass.-, 20% . 11, 934 California: -..... 19, 229 Colorado 4t teed. els. Bd Ssh te ee 8! 2; 809 SGI IE S20 oh ee ge ote meat cere ge eee a Skioe = 52" ae BIAWALO! soemtacis == sce ce eae ame race ce kee e. 59 ,18 LOG GC) ae ee ee enti ecteee | ORE Le Se ee ne | 996 10, 815 Gear ria seine. Jo. Fae torte oes Ree cs = Sait eve | 2, 863 22,199 GCI CEE ae Oe EMSs ar ARERR ate OMe et aes Cr 3,179 3, 109 WBinois Be ernie eae een stints eee epee eee eases ase cies Ay f i 0 RIGA deme seer aeem ea tee = anne ve pe ee 8 nade ee ee | seesemeceeue , 062 LO wares yee. sae eee et (ee eee 8 be Sas 3,757 13,185 TRANISA GEE aya cereraine = be Mogae ae ta aaa ween ee rete He are 13,022 2,197 5, 934 1,494 Machianes eee st KEE ac ed Fert PN) SEE REIS ee 5, 708 PN RES NGA ee Is ae ote RRR eee a nana eed shee | LPTs 5, 301 WESSISSIPD ease cate ce Jeo ee ea SEE STS 1, 320 23,142 WIR SOMITE Es Se eee oe a or Ss SSE LR Lee be ee Sasa 1,611 29, 794 Ls NQYEC DERE ea eg eile ARE el NN es i ei RNR (apace oe 882 INE TASKS SER TAE RSE OSE ss. OLS ie Oe. 3, 574 18, 660 INGA Aree ria bee Pity eG be eS pA NS ONS 235 Negeblcpshing. saan ee 8 SILT INPRO IMS FAL See eA a Crest 1,411 Ne SSA CRSE yer peterson be eae. ey ot 5,195 IN eWAM cxicossente = ese ae eee oe ee nw ee 596 New Yorkewnctcesenceenwe ae erie North Carolina. . 28, 244 North Dakota. i, ea Obiot = icc. 2 , 10% ORT an Om a ee pee sae nae eet ee eee ee Peg ee a 6, 540 Orezon: £2 fea ed 2,679 REHNS WIV ANIA) eo costaca cee ee ee ee en 15, 129 BORCOURICO! = 25.52. 34 23 ee eee ee 330 UGA eS lam eee oo ae ee ee te 8 1,085 Total Square miles Acres. 46,603 | 29,825, 920 961 615. 040 11, 934 7,637, 760 19,878 | 12,721,920 2.809 1, 797, 760 1, 704 1, 090, 560 1,779 1, 138, 560 11,811 7, 559, 040 25,062! 16,039, 680 6, 288 4, 024, 320 6,770 4, 332, 800 11, 062 7, 079, 680 16,942 | 10,842, 880 9,916 5, 770, 240 4,189 2, 680, 960 13, 653 8, 737, 920 2,197 1, 406, 080 6, 788 4,344, 320 1,659 1,061, 760 5, 708 3, 653, 120 5,301 3, 392, 640 24,462 | 15,655, 680 31,405 } 20,099, 200 882 564, 480 22,234} 14,229, 760 235 150, 490 1,411 903, 040 6, 399 4,095, 360 596 381, 440 19,422 | 12,430,080 29,435 | 18, 838, 400 13, 227 8, 465, 280 10, 102 6, 465, 280 6, 40 4,185, 600 3, 780 2,419, 200 15, 165 9, 705, 600 330 211, 200 1,085 694, 400 238 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Areas surveyed and mapped in the several States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, and the areas previously reported—Continued. Work dur- Work oe AOL State or Territory. ree ee reported oO Se (square Square iNores ). miles). miles. ras Southi@arolittac 65-4 sos eees cece eae ee er cea 1,322 20, 558 21,880 | 14,003, 200 SauthiPalkotacte o-6-isiceecocwaensees reset aera (pesset atbe 675 675 432,000 TRETITIRSSEG oe Sapo nie o e erake ee ee eee ean ae eer 200 8, 725 8,925 5,712, 000 hao Sore a pe yh Ne Sm ee Re ee cea ea mea a 1,763 29, 194 30, 957 | 19,812,480 UAE acc Seimcisc ements seiSeee ee ea ine we he one eree teen seni aera 1,951 1,951 1, 248, 640 AY 1eh #3 (013 1 aan seeps SI ye ey in Rh RENEE eRe ey, at ail (Seas ceed ote A lea) ii 75 752, 000 Virago ee REE eee. pee teas eae Reh Dt a ae 6H 9, 102 9;713 | 6,215,320 WESTER TONLE eos oe ck Soper ne cepa earn a eeeete ne 690 10, 152 10, 752 6, S81, 280 WRESHIMIN CIN dee me cmie cits cence 5 RE SS Sra HE Rate 1,170 14, 845 16,015 | 10, 249, 600 Woon Eee ee stideoae scence co smeeeteeeeeseaes aban S19 15, 408 16,227 | 10,385, 280 Wyoming........ Jg2 oN eae siete circa Ra RFA BAR 855 855 547, 200 BO tA ces fee reece at ete eee aaaee eee aeacor 33, 988 483, 961 517, 949 | 331, 487, 360 RECONNOISSANCE. PAIS Kaye eeeey sence = Soe aoe ee Seeeiae BDAC aboodhs tnoek Seance saqcse 31, 768 31, 768 20, 331, 520 Arkansas-Missouri-.........-.-------- secsiina cet eees Be) boclanlooetatelels 58, 000 58,000 | 37,120,000 @aliforniae 22sec eo te omc ea cece ee Peon teeta om 32,135 $2,135 | 20, 565, 400 eee Sone urre a PAC ease: crises cane ROoic a nec oriabaoonar lekenscenak oe 39, 960 39,960 | 25,574, 400 IN@DIASKAs. :<(5 SAE Racin eoeates ese eeeaes Jwyoeevaossteel tae aes Wl ge 53, 064 53, 064 33, 960, 960 INOreh: Dakotascs ccc- ce. adeeeen se eee aan cee eee Pens |(Saeea aoe ee 39, 240 39,240 | 25,113,600 Ohie- 22 2eee= SRD et OOO SCACOSOO OOS DE Bc ae Se aaeeed Mana scarmana 41, 420 41, 420 26, 508, 890 PENNS VLVANIG sre = 52 2 Sr Oe aa ciesew oasis ae eee eae [lee ect srar rata 41, 405 41,405 | 26, 499, 200 Sout Dakdias 25). 2 SEED. 2a eye eae, Ste 41, 400 41,400 | 26, 496, 000 MEXAS Te eee ee Lin Rand aaah aad gu eames eee 6, O85 92, 297 93,382 | 62,964, 480 Wiashinetonc2S-ccces s case wineca eels er rcieee eee oe 1 No.crseaevonrateters 13,115 13,115 8, 3893, 690 Wisconsin....-. Reseros Sena Salereysos = nie eect eee che FY. | a ee 14, 425 14, 425 9, 232, 000 Bigs paeae38 << soe Soe seat keene 6, 085 498, 229 504, 314 | 322, 760, 960 Cooperative work with the Forest Service was carried on during the year in certain studies in Utah, Arizona, and in a number of Southeastern States. In the latter the work had especial reference to the relation of soil character to kind and character of forest growth. Information of this kind was desired in certain reforesta- tion studies in the area of cut-over lands in the South. The work in Utah and Arizona also was concerned primarily with the relation of the soil to the growing of forest trees. The study of the soil conditions on the public lands, in cooperation with officials of the Geological Survey engaged in land-classification work, was continued through August, 1918, when the party assigned to this work was called for by the Reclamation Service. This worl: with the Geological Survey was concerned primarily with the prob- lems of soil classification in the Great Plains States, and a great deal of valuable information concerning the soils in the region was obtained. The data will be useful in preparing a soil map of the United States upon which the bureau and the Office of Farm Manage- ment are engaged. Studies of the same character, independent “of the Geological Survey, were made in southeastern Utah and south- western Colorado, late in the season after the forest-survey work in Utah had been finished. At the request of the Reclamation Service, Interior Department, a party was assigned to the work of examining the soils of a number of areas in Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona, with regard to the feasi- BUREAU OF SOILS. 239 bility of extending a number of existing irigation projects. This work was carried on from the middle of ‘August until midwinter. The bureau also assisted the Bureau of Entomology of this depart- nent in the examination of the soils of several areas in the grape- growing sections of California, where the vineyards were suffering from phyloxera. At the request of the American Geographical Society, in whose charge was placed the work of the House Commission for the Accu- mulation of Geographic and Economic Information concerning un- developed or imperfectly developed parts of the world, information relating to, the soils of Africa and Asiatic Russia was compiled. A generalized soil map of Africa, based on existing literature, was prepared and transmitted to the State Department. At the request of the State Department, a party from the 5 Soil Sur- vey was sent in the spring of 1919 to Central America for the pur- pose of making an economic survey of parts of Guatemala and Hon- duras. The party finished its field work and returned to Washing- ton in June. At the close of the year considerable progress had been made in the preparation of a report covering the work done. An area of about 12,000 square miles was examined. The African compilation and the studies made in Central America not only supplied the information desired by the institutions re- questing it, but alse gave results of much value to the Soil Survey. An exhibit of the work of the Soil Survey was prepared during the early part of the fiscal year, and during September and October a man from the division, accompanied by representatives of certain other bureaus of the department, visited a number of State fairs for the purpose of presenting and explaining the work of the bureau. During the latter part of the winter a more elaborate exhibit was pre- pared. ‘This was sent abroad for use in the field schools of agricul- ture maintained in France for the benefit of American soldiers. Much advice and information by correspondence was given during the year. This work was heavier than usual, owing to ‘the country- wide interest in war gardens, and inv olved the examination of : large number of samples of soil. The work of : studying the truck soils of the eastern United States continued during the year, with some interruptions caused by emer- gency calls to other work, such as the preparation of the exhibits for the fair circuits and for the American soldiers in France. The field work in the Charleston area was completed and the report prepared for publication. At the suggestion of the Railroad Administration the preparation of a series of reports on the soils of certain of the Southern States was begun, and on June 30 considerable progress had been made on the initial report of the series. CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS. During the fiscal year 1919 miscellaneous samples from other de- partments, other bureaus of this department, outside institutions, and private individuals have been analyzed or examined as usual. These have included the alkali analyses of soils for the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Standards, the examination of park ‘soils for the District government, cooperate tests of soils from the Arlington 240 ANNUAL REPORTS CF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Farm for the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the examination of numerous samples of rocks, minerals, soils, etc., supposed to be of value as fertilizer. During the earlier part of the year research work on the composi- tion of soil types was continued, but later this was abandoned on account of the rush of war activities. After the signing of the armis- tice work was resumed upon this subject. The major research activi- ties of the Chemical Division, however, have centered about the chemical and mineralogical nature of the materials extracted from soils by treatment with water. A number of minerals have been identified in these products and it has been shown that the evaporated water extract of soils leaves a residue showing considerable resem- blance to the Stassfurt and other natural saline deposits. A mate- rial, provisionally called ultra clay, has also been obtained by these extractions and its properties are now being investigated. These lines of work, together with the study of the chemistry of the soil solution, now well under way, are in certain respects unique and give promise of important results. The war activities consisted mainly of the analysis of numerous samples of zircon sands in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines, fhe Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Standards. For some time this work absorbed the w hole. attention of the division. The other direct war activity consisted of the determination of the lime require- ment and the preparation of various special soils for the Chemical Warfare Skction: The head of the division, Dr. EK. C. Shorey, resigned and a new head was not appointed until the close of the year. During the greater part of the year a large part of the personnel of the division was detailed to the Fertilizer Division for war work on nitrogen products. FERTILIZER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS. FERTILIZER CONTROL. During the fiscal year 1919 the Division of Fertilizer Resources inv estigations worked in cooperation with a number of other goy- ermmental agencies on problems directly or indirectly connected with fertilizers. Until the signing of the armistice the division assisted the Office of Fertilizer Contr ol, furnishing technical information regarding fertilizers, their sources, supply, and manufacture, and advising « on many problems arising in Government control. With the cessation of active hostilities and the disbanding of the emer- gency organization certain phases of the work upon which the Office of Fertilizer Control had been engaged were placed in charge of the Bureau of Soils and became a part of the duties of this division. In response to complaints of farmers of the high cost of fertilizers, an investigation was made of retail prices in the Southern and East- ern States, where practically all the fertilizer used in this country is consumed. In gathering these data the bureau was assisted by the States Relations Service, working through its county agent organi- zation. The results, published in circulars of the department series and appertaining to ‘conditions i in the months of May and June, 1919, showed not only excessively high prices in many parts of the country, BUREAU OF SOILS. 241 but also striking inconsistencies between the quotations of dealers in adjacent counties and even in different parts of the same county, the disparity being much greater than could be explained away on the ground of differences in freight rates. It is believed that the publication of the information has tended to equalize prices, or at least has put the farmer on his guard and shown him that he can save much in the cost of fertilizer by judicious purchasing. Studies of the fertilizer trade also have been concerned with exist- ing methods of computing the cost of manufacture, of establishing wholesale prices, and of providing for distribution. Ee NITROGEN INVESTIGATIONS. Work has been continued on the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in cooperation with the Bureau of Ordnance, Nitrate Division, of the War Department. This has involved three lines of investigation : (1) The synthetic, or so-called Haber process for the formation of emmonia from hydrogen and nitrogen; (2) the preparation and use of cyanamid for fertilizer purposes; and (8) the utilization of the silent discharge at high potential for the production of nitric acid. The first of these investigations had advanced to such a stage that we were able soon after war was declared to be of considerable service to the War Department in investigating their special problems, the Arlington laboratory being put at their disposal for such purposes. In the year just closed work along all of the lines mentioned has been extended. At the invitation of the Fixed Nitrogen Research Labora- tory, the men engaged in these investigations have been moved to the American University to continue the work in cooperation with the War Department. PHOSPHATES. Investigation of a method for the manufacture of phosphoric acid by smelting the rock and recovering the acid from its gaseous state has continued during the year. In the last report mention was made of the results achieved with a specially designed furnace of small size. This contrivance, itself the result of much experimental work, is operated with fuel oi], and possesses the advantage over the electric furnace first tried of being much cheaper to run. Experiments with the new type of furnace are being carried out on a larger scale to determine its commercial value. If the feasibility of this method can be shown, its ultimate general adoption by the producers of acid phosphate would seem assured, for the advantages—elimination of waste in mining, preduction of a pure acid, and saving in the cost of hauling an immense tonnage of inert material—are manifestly too ereat to. be ignored by those engaged in the business of phosphate manufacture. POTASH. Investigations of the potash resources of the country have been continued principally in connection with the recovery of the salt from flue dust and its production from kelp. Many samples of the dust from blast-furnace stacks and some additional samples from ae ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cement plants have been collected and analyzed, and the bureau sees in this field the opportunity to produce much of the potash needed in the agriculture of the country. Work is being done on the avail- ability of the potash found in blast furnace and cement-plant flue dust. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918, the kelp plant at Sum- merland, Calif., im charge of Dr. J. W. Turrentine, was in partial operation. The close of that year found this organization ap- proaching the end of its first year of operation. It was struggling with many problems and difficulties, some of inherent origin and some resulting from the national condition of a state of war. In spite of these, however, the experiments and the investigations were being actively prosecuted with a view to the determination of by- products, the elaboration of processes for their recovery, the perfect- ing of processes already installed, and the establishment of complete cost and efficiency data regarding all features. These problems were under full development. Organization and production had been brought to a point where over considerable periods operating ex- penses were approximately equaled by proceeds from sale of the products dry kelp and kelp ash. At the beginning of the new year, the problem demanding most immediate solution was that of the large-scale leaching of kelp char. This had to be done mechanically and by a nonintermittent process. Processes devised by other concerns were either entire failures or cumbrous and highly inefficient. Following plans drawn up in this office and data established by experimentation here, a lixiviator was constructed and installed and put into operation which repre- sented the immediate and complete solution of this problem. Following this, the evaporator equipment, already tested by inter- mittent operation, was put into steady use, and high-grade potash salts became a daily product. Centrifugal and rotary, counter- current, hot-air dryers were installed to reduce the potash salts to the desired moisture content, and a material of high potash content and of a satisfactory physical condition was thus established as a daily product. As in every other operation, a considerable period of time was con- sumed in training our operating crew im the details of producing potash salts and in studying the best method of operation of the apparatus installed. Although the evaporator and crystallizer have been in successful operation for half a year, the refinements of opera- tion yielding potassium chloride of the highest degree of purity have not yet been introduced. This being a matter of no immediate ur- gency, it has been permitted to await a more favorable opportunity. As a part of the problem of determining the various factors that influence iodine with respect to its concentration and condition in the various stages of its course from the wet, raw kelp to the mother liquor from which iodine is precipitated, Prof. Merle Randall, of the Department of Chemistry of the University of California, is making a complete study of the composition of solutions; and, on the basis of the results to be obtained, it should be possible easily to introduce those modifications in process which will result in a grade of product so high as to commend itself to the chemical trade and demand a cor- BUREAU OF SOILS. 943 respondingly high price. No source of potash is known to us which lends itself so readily to the preparation of a chemical grade of potash as does kelp. Every consideration demands that the highest gerade of potash practicable be striven for. A year ago it had just been established that the charcoal yielde. as a by-product by the lixiviator and remaining after the potash and iodine had been removed possessed. potentially high value as a bleaching carbon or agent for removing coloring matter from a Ya- riety of organic liquids and solutions not susceptible of bleaching chemically. This was shown to be potentially as valuable as a mate- ial formerly imported from Europe and selling at a price of 20 cents per pound. Recognizing the possibilities which lay in such a by- product, every effort was made both to determine definitely its bleach- ing power when applied to various classes of products and the best method of. its manufacture in satisfactory and uniform condition. Neither problem is yet completely solv ed, as tests are still beine made here and also collaboratively by various commercial concerns, beth on labor atory and plant scale, and the ideal method of manu- facture has not yet been devised. However, the matter has pro- gressed to the point where sales have been effected at 15 cents per pound and production brought to the point where this product ap- pears about to be able to pay the production cost of itself and of tho potash also, if not ultimately the operating cost of the entire enterprise. Certainly kelp char and potash combined should enable us to pay all expenses and probably yield a profit. It is definitely established that the process in its present stage of development will yield iodine of a daily value of $50 to $75. It is entirely probable that a nearer approach to the theoretical will be attained. A further development of the crystallization method employed should yield common salt of a degree of purity to warrant its sale as such in the local market in quantity sufficient to represent a consid- erable daily revenue and net profit. It is now definitely established by large-scale operations over a period of months that the Se ehase distillation of kelp yields am- monia in that form which makes possible commercial recovery. Ex- periments to date indicate no considerable loss of the nitrogen ‘of kelp in other forms. This fact, coupled with that of the simultaneous production of combustible gas of a quality and quantity sufficient greatly to reduce if not to climinate fuel consumption (the main ttem of expense), in connection with the distillation, and of kelp tar, whose subproducts, kelp oils and creosote, have been shown to be of value as flotation agents and disinfectants, respectively, not only justifies that process, but furthermore indicates the cer tainty wherewith these products may be looked to ultimately to pay the operating expenses of that process and to yield a profit besides. A prospectus based on results as they stood June 30, 1919, is inserted here as illustrating what is now expected as the results shor tly to be attained as the outcome of the present stage of these experiments. The conservativeness of the estimates should counterbalance the pro- phetic nature of the statement. 244 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PROSPECTUS OCF VALUE OF PRODUCTS OBTAINABLE FROM 109 TONS PER DAY RAW KELP. Potassium chloride, 95 per cent: 2) COWS Oe Ua ES ean ash ea ee ee oe $300 Or V2 50 KEW OW Erste el y19 9 oc vase RR De ib aS a fy oth $375 or 2.5 tons chemical grader at 250. per LOn ss == nee eee ene 625 Salt, NaCl, 95 per cent: W etone te GQH See. lt Ee eee en eee 25 Todine, resublimed: 20} oun dS) sb $42 Seo eal ee Setget ee ws tee es eee 80 Ammonia, ammonium sulphate, 95 per cent: 400 pounds NHs or 1,600 pounds (NH,)2SO; at $4 per hundredweight__ 64 (Gham NO Uey Cen walldaKoy ale) ATG yee Chip ay CLONO Stee aa a A ee $60 Bleaching SOLD Norit grade: 1 ton, 2,000 pounds, BS ACOMt SS ie Se AN a ea ee 100 O192: 000 spoundsaateloicemts aoe sete ee Se eae $300 Or 2,000 pounds Di, 2OsCCnIS SS 5 2 Le ae a ee 500 LOtHl Der Way] = ean ns = eee See eee ee ee ee ee eee ee 569 PEAY S ae oT OM Ehret hes OO reno ee es See ee 14, 225 Oi Sperhy Sars se Le Sete EE pe SE a as 2 ee eee 170, 700 Attention is called to the fact indicated by this prospectus that with potash selling at $2.50 per unit this plant could be made self- supporting on the basis of potash alone. We have set ourselves the task of realizing this prophecy, with the exception of the production and sale of ammonia, within the current fiscal year. Since it is believed that profit ean be shown with- out ammonia, in view of the limited funds at our disposal for the current year and the expense (in materials, labor, and especially in time lost) in expel rimentation with retort furnaces, and since the full retort capacity will be needed for the production of bleaching carbon, it would appear to be wise to proceed with all dispatch to putting the plant on a producing basis with respect to potash, salt, carbon, and iodine, and to look to these for proceeds and profits. We believe that with these alone we can show a profit by the end of the year and that this fact should justify the acceptance of our recom- mendation that the enterprise be continued and enlarged until it can show whether or not the various other by-products now under in- vestigation can be commercialized and likewise whether or not the process here employed is the most economical one. In this connection it should be recalled that at the time the initial authorization was enacted three processes were under consideration ; namely, (1) the destructive distillation of kelp, the process now under successful development here; (2) the fermentation of kelp; and (3) the manipulation of kelp to yield feed materials and potash. The second of these was subsequently tested on a magnificent scale by a powder company, at the expense of several millions of dollars, full details of which are now in our possession and will be made a part of the department’s records. The third remains to be developed, but preliminary experiments, both here and in France (the latter as a war-time investigation to develop a new source of feed for army horses), strongly indicate that it 1s entirely feasible while obtaining potash, to prepare a cattle feed in nutritive value of about the grade of oats. It is the purpose, then, during the year now beginning, to em- phasize production and to bend especial effort tow ard the produc- BUREAU OF SOILS. 245 tion on the plant-eapacity scale of the main and side products yielded ly the process developed and now obtainable with the apparatus in- stalled or about to be installed. At the same time, it is not intended to discontinue researches looking to the development of other prod- ucts and processes, but on the contrary to pursue them with all the energy which the circumstances will permit. Effort is now being made to secure the services, on a permanent basis, of a research chem-. ist who will reside here and work in the plant laboratory and give the various research problems his undivided attention. The advantage of a thorough laboratory investigation as the preliminary of any at- tempts to institute plant-scale changes in processes is so marked and its economy is so well recognized that it now seems advisable to await fuller experimental data obtained on the smaller scale before pro- ceeding on the larger scale. The opportunity for other and more detailed researches on kelp and kelp products is excellent. The field breadens tremendously as prog- ress is made. A materially enlarged staff of chemical engineers, or chemists and engineers, could be advantageously applied to the study of these if funds and program warranted. It would be the greatest mistake to permit the present opportunity to pass without a com- plete study and solution of the more important of those. SUMMARY. (1) At the approach of the end of the second year of operation of the experimental kelp-potash plant, by-products have been discov- ered, developed, and their commercial obtainability established, which afferd every assurance that kelp is to prove a profitable source of American potash, and that the department’s work at Summerland will result not only in its complete justification, but also in the estab- lishment of a kelp-potash industry of a substantial nature. (2) As the year’s program it 1s proposed to produce as many of those products as possible on a large scale in order to demonstrate profits. It is believed that the end of the year will find the plant on a paying basis. SOIL PHYSICS. During 1919 the regular research work in soil physies was largely suspended, owing to the employment of the force on nitrogen fixa- tion work, but the routine work of the division was carried on as usual. The machinists were called upon to furnish a great deal of special apparatus and equipment needed in investigational work on war problems. Because of their special knowledge of the physical factors involved, the larger part of the personnel of the division was utilized in work on the synthesis and oxidation of ammonia, carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Ordnance, Nitrate Division, of the War Department. The work done was of much assistance to the War Department in solving problems involved in perfecting processes for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. a 2 I ay REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Unitrep States DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or EntTomMowoey, Washington, D. C., August 14, 1919. Sir: I submit herewith a report of the work of the Bureau of En- tomology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, following your directions as to arrangement. L, O. Howarp, Lntomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. CEREAL AND FORAGE CROP INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. The work of this section, continued under the charge of Mr. W. R. Walton, has been of especial importance during the past fiscal year. European corn sborer.—In the last annual report of the bureau it was pointed out that this recently discovered insect, accidentally imported from Europe and thoroughly established in a limited re- gion in eastern Massachusetts, threatened to become a pest of great importance throughout the corn-growing regions of the United States unless immediate measures were taken to stop its spread. Shortly after its discovery in 1917, it was shown to occupy appar- ently an area of about 100 square miles in the immediate vicinity of Boston. Later it was found in the Mohawk Valley of eastern New York, and careful scouting work showed that by the autumn of 1918 it had spread over an area of some 400 square miles. Scouting work in Massachusetts during the autumn of 1918 and the early spring of 1919 showed a distribution throughout 500 square miles of territory. A very vigorous campaign, looking toward extermination, was begun under State agricultural organizations; the New York Legislature appropriated $100.000, the most of this sum being spent in the spring of 1919, and it is believed that much good was accomplished. A cooperative campaign was started in Massachusetts by Federal and State authorities under a State appropriation of $50,000, and a con- siderable part of the infested area was treated in the effort to pre- vent the natural spread of the insect. A Federal appropriation was asked for, but the bill failed to pass Congress, and all of the work done in the spring of 1919 was carried on with funds provided by the States of New York and Massachusetts. The vulnerable point in the insect’s life history is in its hibernation as a caterpillar in the stalks of corn and in the stems of other plants which it attacks, and there is a large list of these. Therefore the most effective work can be done only when the insect is in hibernation; and by the failure of 247 248 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the Federal appropriation the opportunity for very effective work was lost. The result was that, with the appearance of the moths issuing from untreated or imper ‘fectLy treated areas in Massachusetts, there was a spread at the end of the fiscal year, so that at the date of the present writing the insect is known to occur over an area of 1,000 square miles, extending from the New Hampshire border on ‘the north to the towns of “Marshfield and Brockton on the south, and to the west into the towns of Lincoln and Wayland. Much new and valuable information regarding the habits of the insect was gained during the year, and sever: al publications were issued by Federal and State organizations, including a Farmers’ Bulletin (No. 1046) from the United States Department of Agriculture, giving information as to the best means of destroying the insect in its winter quarters. Several more or less effective means of destroy- ing infested plants were discovered, and it is now being arranged to “put these into operation on a large scale immediately after the expiration of the growing season of 1919. Fifteen trained entomolo- gists are now inv vestigating the habits and methods of destroying this pest, and every possible effort will be made to prevent its further spread. THe Hesstan ruy.—The annual spring survey of Hessian fly con- di tions has recently been completed and indicates plainly that this well-knewn pest is rapidly increasing in abundance in many locali- ne and has been responsible for a “considerable amount of fallen grain in the States east of the Appalachian Mountains, especially in the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys. Reports from the western half of the Mississippi Basin also indicate a distinct increase. Warnings have been issued through the news service of the depart- ment so that wheat growers may plant at the proper date in the fall of 1919 in order to avoid loss. THE NORTHERN ArMy worM.—The true army worm appeared in numbers during late May, 1919, in northern Texas, and damage was done to growing grains soon afterwards through Oklahoma. Mis- sour, Towa, Tihnois, and western Ohio. The usual remedies were successfully applied in most of the infested territory. In eastern Indiana a serious local outbreak was successfully handled by the county farm advisers under advice from this bureau. In this case the poisoned bran bait was used with excellent effect. THE SOUTHERN CoRN roorworm.—As a result of recent investiga- tions, it has been found that in large portions of the States of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina corn planted before March 31 or after May 10 is more or less immune from the attacks of the southern corn rootworm. The Coastal Plain, however, from southern Virginia to Florida differs, and no regulation of planting time seems seriously to affect the insect in this region. THE ALFALFA WeEEvIL.—A successful method of spraying alfalfa to destroy the alfalfa weevil has been found, and its efficacy thor- oughly demonstrated in Utah. It is possible to apply this method successfully at a cost not to exceed $1 per acre, and serious losses, even to the first crop of alfalfa, can be avoided. This first crop, under prev ious methods of control, was usually sacrificed. The large- seule use of this method during the early part of 1919 resulted so BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 249 advantageously that the method will undoubtedly be generally adopted. The alfalfa weevil is at present causing much concern in Colorado, and spraying work has been undertaken in cooperation with the officials of that State. Grassnoprers.—Much valuable assistance in the form of personal advice has been given to State and county officials in the successful conduct of grasshopper extermination work throughout the States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Montana, Cali- fornia, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Oregon, and Washington during the summer of 1918 and spring of 1919. The loss of many hundred thousand dollars’ worth of crops has been prevented as the result of these activities. , OTHER INSECTS AFFECTING CEREAL AND FORAGE Crops.—Studies of the jointworms have been continued with excellent results. Control ex- periments with the alfalfa-seed Chalcis have been carried on in coop- eration with the Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticul- ture in the Buckeye Valley of Arizona, resulting in an apparent decrease of 15 per cent in the infestation and a net profit of more than $43 per acre in the experimental plot. Experimental control work on the coulee cricket conducted during the spring of 1918 was apparently successful, and the insect has made no destructive appearance during 1919, Studies of the alfalfa caterpillar, the harvester ant, white grubs, billbugs, wireworms, and the European sawfiy in wheat have been continued with favorable results. The last-named insect has been watched with especial care, because it seems capable of doing con- siderable damage to the winter wheat crop under conditions favor- akle to its multiplication, : STORED-PRODUCT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. Dr. E. A. Back has continued in immediate charge of this branch of the bureau’s work. Corn WEEVILS.—During the past year a laboratory has been estab- lished at Orlando, Fla., for the purpose of studying the biclogy and methods of control of corn weevils. Enough has already heen learned of the biology of these insects to form the basis for control work. At Athens, Ga., an office has been established in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, from which expert informatioa regarding preserving corn from weevils has been dis- seminated among southern farmers. BEAN AND PEA WEEVILS.—The great increase in weevil losses to Cali- fornia-grown beans and peas during the past few years has led to the establishment of a laboratory at Alhambra, Calif., at which the causes for weevil increase and the methods of control are being inves- tigated. The work has received the hearty cooperation of the bean growers and warehousemen of the Pacific coast. . I'Lour BEETLES.—The biology of various species of flour beetles of the genus Tribolium that attack flour in all warehouses throughout the United States is being made the object of an especial investiga- tion with headquarters at Dallas, Tex. 151352°—19——17 250 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FUMIGATION AS A CONTROL METHOD FOR STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS.— Experimental work to determine the usefulness of fumigation in lessening or preventing the enormous waste taking place through insect attack to stored goods in warehouses, though as yet extending over only a short per iod, has yielded practical results of oreat value. Evecrricity as A conTROL AGENT.—During the past year coopera- tive work has been carried on to determine ‘the effectiv eness of elec- tricity as a control agent in the suppression of insects in cereals in package form. A commercial machine for sterilizing cartons of cereals after the latter have been sealed has been installed in a lar ge cereal factory, with every promise of practical value. Should expec- tations be realized. the electrical treatment will result in great saving both to producers and consumers. Corp STORAGE AS A CONTROL MEASURE.—The value of cold-storage temperatures in preventing insect damage to warehoused products has already been proved. Cold storage is being depended upon by wholesale and retail dealers of certain classes of foods and other products as the only satisfactory method of protection from insects. Detailed data regarding the effect of low temperatures upon various insects attacking stored products are being secured. Hovsrnorp pests.—Investigation of household pests other than the bedbug, flies, and mosquitoes, which was discontinued during the war, has been resumed. Several pests that are believed by the gen- eral public to be limited to houses, as clothes moths, cockroaches, and carpet beetles, have been found to be frequently very injurious to valuable materials stored in warehouses throughout the country. INSPECTION AND INTELLIGENCE sErvicE.—The arrangements made during the war with the Quartermaster Department of the Army at the port of New York, whereby the bureau has undertaken to make frequent inspections of food and clothing supplies, proved so satis- factory that they have remained in force and are being extended to other food depots, not only of the Army but of the ! Navy. The pur- pose of this cooperation is to keep the Quartermaster Dep: artments of the Army and Navy informed, through inspections made by bureau experts, not only of conditions of food supplies purchased and delivered at the warehouses, but also of their condition from time to time during the storage period. Such inspections detect and lead to the checking of insect ravages before the insects have had a chance to multiply and cause ereat less. The dissemination of information re garding the suppression of insects affecting stored food supplies and food products, which dur- ing the past two years has monopolized the efforts of this branch of the bureau work, is being continued, although the return to a peace basis 1s making it possible to open up the new lines of research indicated in preceding paragraphs. DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. Investigations of the insects of this class have been carried out under the direction of Dr. A. L. Quaintance, as formerly. APPLE INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. Coptinc mMoTu.—Detailed life history studies of this insect, under way for some years in different parts of the country, were begun BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. DAS S during the fiscal year in two new localities, and much additional knowledge, especially with reference to climatic conditions as affect- ing sey erity of damage, has been obtained. Numerous localities reported unusual injury to apples about harvest time, from recently hatched larve producing the so-called “sting,” and there was con- siderable demand upon the oflice for local studies of the life history of the insect as well as inv estigations in orchards to perfect spraying schedules. The “sting” damage to apples in one State was esti- mated to have caused a loss of $2,000,000 and the sum total of injury done by this pest in different regions represents a very heavy tax on the apple growers. In Colorado, where work is being done in cooperation with the State agricultural experiment station, the life history studies were completed and the work was confined to orchards. In the Grand Valley in this State codling moth losses have always been severe, and many orchardists have been unable to obtain satisfactory control, even by thorough spraying. Study indicates that this was due to lack of co-operation among orchardists thoroughly to spray over a large area. Consequently arrangements were made with a number of contiguous orchardists w hereby they individually agreed to spray accor ding to the department’s recommendations, and thus try out on a large scale a effect of uniformity of spraying operations over hundreds of acres. This prevents the overfiow of codling moths from poorly c cared-for ineclisoes into well treated orchards, and good re- sults are expected. Cooperative work in the Rogue River Valley of Oregon has been continued. The approximate dates when the larve of the different broods enter the fruit have been established, and a sound basis has been eained for a schedule of applications not only for apples but also for pears. In the Ozark region in Arkansas similar work has been continued, and has been done cooperatively with the Bureau of Plant Industry on account of the importance of plant diseases in the orchards of that section. It seems probable that in that locality dusting can not be relied upon as a substitute for spraying. There are three full broods of the codling moth in this region and a partial fourth brood. There is a distinct interval between the appearance of the first and second brood larve, but from that date on they are continuously in the orchards. These life-history studies in this region have been practically completed, and a sound spraying schedule will probably be arranged by the close of the present season. Work of this general character has also been carried on coop- eratively in Delaware and in the State of W ashington, and at the bureau’s laboratory at W allingford, Conn., the codling moth has also been studied. The insect in the latter region is much less troublesome than in the central, southern, and western regions, and it seems likely that a single thorough spraying at the time of the falling of the petals will prove e sufficient to pr otect the fruit. APPLE-TREE AND OTHER BORERS.—The work with the apple-tree and pear-tree borers has practically been completed, and publications will shortly be issued. APPLE PLANT-LICE.—Intensive work has been done with these in- sects, especially with reference to the exact determination of alter- 252 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT. OF AGRICULTURE. nate food plants and the identity of certain confused forms. This has involved an enormous amount of work, and decisive results are about to be reached. In addition to the apple insects mentioned above, a considerable number of other species which live in apple orchards have been studied, but most of these are of lesser economic importance in the general run of seasons. As it often happens, however, that one of these minor pests becomes for a season or more very injurious, it is necessary that the bureau should anticipate such outbreaks by secur- ing thorough biological information. GRAPE iNSECTS. THE GRAPE-BERRY MoTH.— Vineyards were selected in several widely separated sections of the northern Ohio grape belt to serve as object lessons for vineyardists and to give them personal instructions in cpraying effectively. It has been shown that the grape- berry moth ‘an be controlled by two applications of arsenate of lead in spray form, leaving the fruit practically free from residue at picking time. In certain cases a single application has been sufficient, but here there were no surrounding badly infested vineyards. This indicates that eventually a single spray in general will keep the pest in check. THE GRAPE MEALYBUG.—Full life-history pyanne of this insect have been finished. Fumigation with cyanid of soda and with sulphur fumes has been satisfactory in the dormant season at night, but sulphur is considered the better. January has been found to be the best time for this work. Spraying has proved less effective than fumigation. A campaign of education among grape growers has been begun to secure their cooperation in restricting the spread of the pest on picking boxes and in other ways THe GRAPE Puyrtroxera.—In nee with the Bureau of Soils of this department, a survey of Fresno County has been made to de- termine the influence of the physical nature of soils on the degree of infestation of vineyards by the Phylloxera. Interesting and valu- able facts have been ascertained. Investigations have been made concerning the best methods of disinfecting grape propagating stock destined for shipment. The GRAPE SPHINX MOTII.—An interesting instance of the value of entomological knowledge eccurred when this insect appear ed in num- bers in Tulare County during the fiscal year, over some 700 acres of vineyards. The bureau’s agent cooperated with the vineyardists, and, at an outlay of about $12,000 for labor, spraying materials, and ma- chinery, the grape crop, valued at $180,000, was saved. A number of other grape insects have been studied and new biolog- ical data ascertained. NUT INSECTS. PECAN INSECTS.—Special attention has been given to the use of insecticides in pecan orchards in Georgia and Florida. Arsenicals are being tried in the form of dusts and sprays, and another season’s work should show conclusively the comparative merits of these two methods. In Texas, the bureau has been especially interested in the Native pecan groves along river bottoms and elsewhere. In these BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 250 native groves satisfactory control is very difficult and insect injury is quite severe; in fact, 90 per cent of the pecan crop here was lost during 1918. Three species of insects are principally involved. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO WALNUTS, BUTTERNUTS, ETC., IN THE NORTH- ERN Sratesi—This work, especially with the walnut curculio, the hickory curculio, and another species that attacks the leaf stems of hickory, and with other species as well, has been taken up by the bureau, with headquarters at French Creek, W. Va. A thorough in- vestigation of insects attacking nuts other than pecan throughout the country will be carried on. CRANBERRY INSECTS. In the last annual report the beginning of the work on insects in cranberry bogs in the State of Washington was mentioned. This work, in cooperation with the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, has been continued and important results have been reached. On bogs badly infested by the blackhead fireworm satisfactory re- suits have been secured from three applications at intervals of from 17 to 21 days between May 1 and July 1 of nicotine sulphate con- taining 40 per cent nicotine used at the rate of 1 to 800, with the addition of fish-oil soap at the rate of 2 pounds to each 50 gallons, the spray being applied at the rate of 250 to 550 gallons per acre. Of the spray nozzles tested that known as the Bordeaux appears to be best suited. Growers have generally adopted this treatment and are getting good results. Detailed life-history studies of this insect are nearing completion, as are also studies of the cranberry root weevil. It has been shown of this latter species that it can be con- trolled by spraying the foliage during May and June with 2 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture. A general survey of insect conditions is being made on cranberry bogs on the Pacific coast, and it is hoped that by the close of the season a report can be prepared on the principal cranberry insects of that territory. PEACH INSECTS. Tests of paradichlorobenzene as a treatment for the peach borer were continued through the growing season of 1918. [Experiments with this gas have now been carried on during a period of three years in the peach districts of Maryland, Ohio, Arkansas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Georgia. In some cases blocks of trees have been treated two and three years in succession. It has been found that three-fourths of an ounce or 1 ounce of the chemical per tree applied in the fall after the moths have laid their eggs will result in the destruction of about 95 per cent of the larve. No injury has re- sulted from this dosage to trees 6 years old and over. Younger trees, on account of their thinner bark, have sometimes been injured. Experiments as to the comparative merits of dusting and spray- ing in the control of the plum curculio and certain peach diseases have been continued in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant In- dustry at Fort Valley, Ga., Agricultural College, Miss., and Ben- tonville, Ark. The summer of 1919 has been an unusual one and contro] measures have been put to a severe test. The dusting method in a general way seems to compare favorably with spraying, even under the worst conditions, 254 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. THE JAPANESE BEETLE. The introduction and establishment of this insect in the vicinity of Riverton, N. J., was mentioned for the first time in the last annual report. The work of eradication and control has been vigorously prosecuted in cooperation with the New Jersey State Department of Agriculture. The operations have been materially enlarged, but in spite of all that has been done the insect is increasing rapidly, spread- ing over new territory, and at the time of the present writing is per- haps 150 per cent more abundant than at the same time last year. Many experimental lines are being worked. Cyanid of soda in solu- tion has been used to destroy the grubs in the ground, at the rate of 1 pound to 200 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 22,000 gallons per acre. While the beetles are flying, a wide barrier of poisoned foliage is maintained as completely as possible around the whole area of infestation. Where the beetles are most abundant they have been systematically collected in hand nets. An active collector can secure several quarts of the beetles in a day, and as each quart contains 4,000 individuals, this method is important. About 1,000,000 beetles have already been ‘collected. Plowing the soil infested by the grubs and pupe appears to destroy them. Tt will be necessary to do this kind of work ver y extensively in waste places and many areas not under cultivation. Weeds along the roadsides have been burned to destroy their food and render such places unattractive to the beetles, thus reducing the danger of their being carried by vehicles, pedes- trians, and so on. In the same way, waste places along ditches and other spots which can not well be tr eated with cyanid are “being cleared of weeds, and this work is being extended into the wide barrier of . poisoned foliage surrounding the area of infestation. Close study is being made of the relative abundance of the insect in different parts of the area and on the methods of dissemination, and a quarantine is in force providing for the examination and certification of green sweet corn going out to market, since the beetles penetr ate the tips of the ears and could thus be widely spread. A local citizens’ committee has been established, which is of greatest assistance in the work of arranging cooperation of property holders with the agents of the bureau and the State. The work is now well organized, ‘and we have a much better idea of the problem. It seems, from the rapid increase and spread of the insect during the summer of 1919, that the work must be greatly enlarged to be entirely successful. INSECTICIDE INVESTIGATIONS. At the various field laboratories tests have been made of many proprietary insecticides in comparison with homemade articles. Work on the so-called “ Derris,” an insecticide made from plants of the genus of this name, has been completed. If this insecticide can be obtained in sufficient quantities it will prove an important addition to our list of substances that kill soft-bodied insects like plant-lice. Studies of the various arsenical insecticides, like arsenate of lead, arsenate of lime, zine arsenite, and so on, have been continued. Large- scale feeding experiments have been ‘carried on with caterpillars and other insects. Experiments under different climatic conditions with these substances have also been continued. Additional expe- BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 255 rience confirms the conclusion reported last year that arsenate of lime may be used in all situations as a substitute for Paris green, and that it will also, for pomaceous fruits, prove a satisfactory sub- stitute for arsenate of lead when used with lime or fungicides con- taining lime. It has been shown that nicotine sulphate is an unsatisfactory sub- stance to use against the eggs of the codling moth in the field. Nico- tine is, however, coming rapidly into use as an insecticide in other ways, and the bureau has been trying to find a less expensive substi- tute. The results already obtained are promising. Basie studies in connection with this work have been made on the physiology of injurious insects, especially on their olfactory organs, and a number of publications have been issued on this subject. NATURAL CONTROL. Under this head, studies of insect-destroying fungi have been con- tinued, especially a fungous disease of cutworms. An obscure dis- ease of the so-called seventeen-year locust, or periodical Cicada, has also been studied. Work with the ladybird known as Hippodamia convergens, in the Imperial Valley of California, has been continued in cooperation with the California State Horticultural Commission, especially in regard to certain needed changes in the method of handling the insects. This work will be continued. An especial study has been begun of the natural enemies of the plant-lice which are injurious to walnuts in southern California. INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLE AND TRUCK CROPS. Work upon this group of insects has been continued as heretofore under the direction of Dr. F. H. Chittenden. Under the necessity for stimulation of food production much of the research conducted on the less important subjects under this head was temporarily dis- continued, and attention was especially directed to the important staple crops. SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICATION AND CONTROL. Continuing the policy of the fiscal year 1918, under a $50,000 allot- ment for the eradication and control of this insect, intensive work was done. The definite boundaries of infestation were established in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. More than 30,000 farms were inspected during planting and harvest (since at these times the presence of the weevil is most apparent), and the infested properties were listed and mapped. Large-scale experiments in control have been continued. In one large eradication project in Florida, selected for demonstration since it embodies most of the serious difficulties to be encountered, material progress has been made. All of the infested estates have been subjected to continuous super- vision, contracts have been made with the growers for the destruction of all seed potatoes grown on infested land, and the scrupulous execu- tion of these contracts has been rigidly enforced. More than 1,000,000 weevil-free sweet-potato draws have been distributed to growers by 256 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. cooperation with the Florida State Plant Board. This materially aids in the eradication of the weevil without interfering with the production of potatoes, since the contracts provide for clean culture and a fallow period of six weeks prior to planting, together with other repressive measures. It is believed that as the result of this work the end of the growing season will find this locality practically, if not completely, weevil free. In Alabama, the infestation was found to be confined to a single well-defined locality in Baldwin County, and excellent cooperation has been secured with growers toward the application of all necessary repressive measures. It is believed that this isolated outbreak will be entirely cleaned up in another season. Fn D Mississippi the passage of a drastic crop-pest law materially aided in the eradication measures, the establishment of a quarantine rendering complete control of interco unty shipments possible. The comparatively light infestation in this State has been mapped, and a material reduction of the area infested has been secured. In Louisiana survey work has been continued, and growers have been visited and urged to apply methods devised by the bureau. Reinspection recently indicates that gratifying results have been reached in the majority of cases. A careful study has been made in this State as well as in Mississippi of the other food plants of the morning-glory group, especially the large-rooted perennial morning- glories, and a number of chemicals have been tested as weed killers Ss to be used against these wild food plants. In Vere 85 counties have been Home infested with the weevil, which has been distributed apparently largely through commercial growers of slips shipping from the Gulf and south- central portions of the State. There is no law in Texas controlling the shipment of infested plant material, which is a serious draw back to the control of the weevil in that State. The fact that salable sweet potatoes can not be produced in some of the coast counties has helped the wide- spread distribution of the weevil, as draws grown from unsalable stock often prove more profitable than the growing of tubers. Life- history studies at Kingsville, Tex., showed at least six generations of the weevils annually, indicating an enormous rate of increase.’ Spraying experiments of this point have reduced infestation from 44.51 per cent to from 2.88 to 12.18 per cent. INSECTS AFFECTING POTATO, TOMATO, AND ALLIED CROPS. The potato aphis, an unexpected pest which made its appearance in 1917 and again in the early summer of 1918, was experimented with on into July, 1919. The use of nicotine sprays at increased strengths demonstrated practical control in Maryland, New Jersey, and Maine. The spinach aphis, which has during recent years become trouble- some as a potato pest, and which also affects cabbage, beets, lettuce, and other staple vegetable crops over a still wider range of territory, has been the subject of continued investigations along the Atlantic coast. A new station in the Aroostook region in Maine, a great potato center, has been established for the “study of the Colorado potato beetle, the potato flea-beetle, and other potato pests. An in- vestigation of the spread of the Colorado potato beetle on the Pacifie BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 957 coast has been conducted. The infested localities have been mapped and a campaign has been begun to spread a knowledge of the im- portance of control measures. Other potato insects have been studied in Wisconsin and Towa. INSECTS AFFECTING GROWING BEANS AND PEAS. The bean ladybird has recurred in numbers in Colorado and New Mexico. Experiments have shown that it can be controlled with lead arsenate and zinc arsenite sprays. The enormous plantings of beans in southern California, owing to war conditions, resulted in serious injury to the crop from the corn earworm, and ‘investigations of this insect under these conditions have been made. The tremendous spread of this erop resulted in the great multiplication of the insect, and with the reduction of the bean acreage this season serious damage will very likely result from the abundance of the pest. The pea moth, an imported pest already well established in Can- ada, has made its appearance in injurious numbers in Wisconsin, where it seems to be greatly increasing in number, necessitating ad- ditional investigations of its life history in order that a sound remedy may be established. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CABBAGE AND ALLIED PLANTS. An investigation of the western cabbage flea-beetle,a pest of much importance in the Western States, has been completed, and the results are available for immediate publication. The harlequin cabbage bug, after one of the periods of inactivity in the North which have several times been noted, is likely now to reinfest its northern range at any time, and an emergency bulletin on methods of control has been De Pee ed. An imported horse-radish pest, biverie! known as injurious only in Canada, has made its appearance in destructive numbers in Vir- ginia, and is being studied. It will live on other crucifers, and if not controlled may become a pest of much importance. SUGAR BEET INSECTS. Work on the sugar beet leafhopper, which is the cause of the malady known as “curly-top,” was terminated at Spreckles, Calif., and the station was removed to Riverside that the study of certain points in the life history of the insect and the relation of tempera- ture and humidity to its dev elopment might be completed. A con- on percentage of parasitism has been observed during the Cals. OTHER TRUCK CROP INSECTS. Much good work was done with a number of other insects, includ- ing the onion thrips and the onion maggots, the melon aphis, several strawberry insects, and others. A notably good result was obtained in the case of the celery leaf-tier, since it was demonstrated that it could suecessfully be controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons of water, the first spray to be made when the eggs are hatching and repeated every two weeks as long as the “ worms” are to be found. This was accomphshed at a cost, for labor and material, of $2.35 per acre. 258 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS AFLFECTING FOREST RESOURCES. The work in forest entomology has been continued during the past year under the direction, as before, of Dr. A. D. Hopkins. The results accomplished by this section of the bureau deserve especial mention and justify the expenditure of a larger sum of money in this direction. WESTERN FIELD WORK. An especial investigation of the insect damage to crude spruce products for airplane stock in the States of Washington and Oregon showed that the greater part if not all of the damage could be pre- vented by proper ‘methods of logging and production \ with little or no additional cost. ‘xhaustive studies of insect investigation and control were con- tinued in the Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. Much new in- formation has been gained, and the methods of gathering and com- piling field data have been standardized. A special study was completed on the interrelation of forest fires and insects on an area of about 8,000 acres in southern Oregon.: This area had been under obser vation since 1914, and the fire had burned over about 800 acres in 1918. The records show that previous to the fire the insects had killed 485,000 board feet of timber. The fire killed 170,000 feet, and subsequently the slightly fire-injured as well as the uninjured trees in the burned area were killed by beetles, which were attracted from the surrounding areas. It was noticed that the infestation in the burned area increased more than 1,000 per cent, but it was found that the infestation in the surrounding areas decreased. Tt was also found that the broods of the beetles in the fire- scorched trees failed to develop to much beyond the original number that attacked the trees. So the fire did not contribute to an increase of the beetles in the general area or to the starting or extension of an epidemic of beetles. This result is of extreme interest and hardly to be expected. The most careful study ever made of the history of an epidemic infestation by tree-killing beetles was completed and a report sub- mitted during the year. In the Rogue River area in about 48,000 acres near Ashland, Oreg., the w estern pine beetle in 1914 caused the death of 346, 000 board feet of pine timber. In 1915, 1,615,000 board feet were killed; 1,383,000 feet in 1916; and 608,000 in 1917. A count of the young and matured st ages of the beetles that de- veloped in an average foct of bark, and ‘also of the number of exit holes through which ‘the beetles emer ged to attack other trees, showed that there was a notable decrease in numbers during the develop- ment of the broods each year in the infested trees on ‘account of the increase of natural enemies and other disturbing factors. This helps explain why these beetle epidemics rise and fall within a limited period of years, and it explains how the western forests of yellow pine are naturally protected from total destruction. These facts are especially significant in connection with the application of the percentage principle of control, as by aiding the natural forces which work against the abnormal increase and spread of the beetles com- plete control may be gained. The history of this epidemic shows the importance of prompt recognition and prompt treatment of a threat- BUREAU CF ENTOMOLOGY. 259 ened outbreak in order to prevent the great loss of timber which would occur before natural control became operative. Another special study was made of the number of all stages of the western pine beetle in 330 square feet of infested bark selected from 67 trees, which represented an average infestation within an area of approximately 36 square miles. It was shown that there 1s a large percentage of mortality between the young and matured stages in the developing broods, but that normally an average of about 150 beetles to the square foot of bark developed to the adult, or reproductive, stage; which would be 50,000 beetles to the average in- fested tree, or, say, 39,000 beetles to 1,000 board feet of timber. Sincs it requires an average of about 10 beetles to the square foot to attac'< and kill a vigorous, healthy tree, it will be seen that all the pin» timber of the western forests would soon be destroyed were it not for natural and artificial control. Experiments to determine the time of year to cut and the methods of handling mesquite for fuel, posts, etc., to avoid destruction by wood-boring insects, have been nearly completed, and the results show that serious loss in the Southwest can be prevented by cutting the trees in the late fall and early winter and piling the wood in loose piles until it is thoroughly dry. Damage to posts can be pre- vented by cutting them at any time and laying them on the ground where they will receive the full force of the sun, turning them occa- sionally so that the young stages of the borers will be killed by ths heat. Studies of damage to lead telephone cables in California by a wood-boring beetle have been continued, and the results so far show that the beetle is able to penetrate alloyed substances that are con- siderably harder than lead. The problem is still unsolved, and it will be difficult to find a practical means of controlling this pest, which is able to put hundreds of telephones out of commission by boring holes in the cables, through which the water enters, renderin:: the wire connections useless until the place is found and repaired. EASTERN WORK. Continued experiments with chemical substances applied to fin- ished and crude forest products show that very few of the many substances that have been tried are effective, and, with crude products, none of them are so economical as simple and inexpensive manage- ment in logging and manufacture which will render the conditions of the bark and the wood unfavorable to attack. Continued studies of termite, or white ant, damage to the wood- work of buildings has led to the discovery that one of the most destructive species can not live if deprived of moisture in ground or foundation timbers; thus it is possible to prevent serious damage. Investigations of shade-tree insects have continued, and there has been much correspondence about insects of this class. The recent appearance of the so-called seventeen-year locust, or periodical- cicada, has given an opportunity for detailed study ot certain points, and motion pictures have been made. \ STUDIES OF THE BIOCLIMATIC LAW. A law of latitude, longitude, and altitude as a guide to practice in fighting insects, and of value in the practice of agriculture, was first 260 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. worked out by Dr. Hopkins, the chief of this section, in relation to forest and other injurious insects. It has proved, however, of such wide application that he has worked upon its various aspects with much assiduity. Extensive studies of the advance of the spring season were carried oh over a large portion of the United States, and over 19,000 records of periodical events in plants and insects were made in the East. The most important result of this special study of the advance of spring is in the almost complete verification of evidence in support of the law that has been formulated from a sreceding study of 40,000 records of reported dates of wheat harvest and of records of altitude limits of life zones. Applications of this law appear to be of great value in the study of all problems relating to periodical farm practice, the warfare against insects among others. TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. ‘his branch of the bureau’s investigations is under the charge of the assistant chief of the Bureau, Mr. C. L. Marlatt, INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS AFFECTING CITRUS FRUITS IN CALIFOR- nia.—A considerable portion of the time of the investigators as- signed to this project has been devoted to extension work in connec- tion with the efforts to stimulate production as a war measure. The research work of this station has been continued with respect to the investigation of the availability of liquid hydrocyanic acid for the fumigation of citrus trees and the control of citrus mealy- bugs and the Argentine ant. For the purpose of experimentation vith the liquid hydroeyanic acid, a 600-acre citrus ranch at Orange was placed at the disposal of the agents of this department, and very careful records have been kept on the subject of dosage, ex- posure, and effect of meteorological and soil conditions, and also of previous insecticidal treatments. Paralleling these orchard exper1- ments, certain necessary physical and chemical examinations have been made of the liquid eyanid, involving the examination and analy- sis of over a hundred different samples to determine variation in the chemical composition’and the causes of such variation, involving both methods of production and impurities. This investigation has resulted in the determination of proper dosage tables for effective use against the different scale insects infesting citrus trees under the different conditions outlined—tables which have been published and are now available and are being generally followed in orchard work in southern California. The control of the Argentine ant, which has rapidly spread dur- ing the last few years in the citrus districts in California with the resultant large increase of damage by mealybugs, which it harbors and distributes, has been continued and a more efficient ant poison has been developed especially in its application to the dryer condi- tions of California. Demonstrations with this poison in the control of ants and the attendant mealybugs have been made at the various places in the principal citrus-producing counties of California. A method of control of the citrophilus mealybug, which has recently become a very serious pest in limited regions of the citrus belt of California, by banding and the use of ant poisons, has been de- veloped which has resulted in one of the most notable successes in BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 261 insect control done in the State. This method of control has practi- cally eliminated this mealybug from upward of 500 acres near Up- land, Calif., and, in fact, over most of the district infested by this - insect, and for the first time-in years the owners of these orchards are able to sell their fruit in prime condition at the highest market price. This method of control will be rapidly extended over the en- tire infested district. In connection with the investigation of the two principal mealy- bug enemies of citrus plants in southern California, the parasitic and predatory enemies of these insects have been further investigated as also the symbiotic relations of these insects with the Argentine ant. The department has cooperated with the California authorities in the determination of the best methods of exterminating the Europ2an snail (Helix pisana) which has become established in a small canyon or district near San Diego. As a result of this investigation and of various conferences the method of control now being carried out by the State is the burning over of the district with torches fed with oil under pressure totally to destroy the vegetation. This snail was possibly introduced by some foreigner familiar with its focd value in Europe, without thought as to its tremendous possibility for harm to cultivated crops. Crrrus FrRruir INSEcTts IN Frioria.—The work under this project during the year has been largely limited to demonstrational work in the aid of increased preduction. Spraying demonstrations have been conducted widely throughout the State. A revised schedule for fumigation and treatment of trees to prevent insect injury has been worked out for the grapefruit, and a Farmers’ Bulletin (No. 1011) has been issued entitled “The Woolly White Fly in Florida Citrus Groves.” Some special lines of investigation have had to do with the stabilizing of insecticides especially where the only water avail- able is obtained from deep wells containing a large percentage of mineral elements which more or less affect the stability of certain emulsions and other insecticides. The work in Florida has had par- ticular relation to the citrus white fly, the rust mite, and the com- mon Florida scale insects. The work in the control of citrus pests in Florida has shown the greater availability of liquid sprays over the fumigation methods commonly followed on the Pacific coast. During the last two years, however, considerable demonstration work has been done with fumigation in Florida by a private concern, the results of which have been carefully examined by the expert of this department as a protection to citrus growers and to determine that any claims made are fully justified. INVESTIGATIONS OF INSECTS AFFECTING MANGO, GUAVA, AVOCADO, AND OTHER SUBTROPICAL FrRruITs.—The mango and avocado and other fruits mentioned under this heading are being commercially developed on a considerable scale in southern Florida. A station has been estab- lished at Miami in cooperation with the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this depart- ment to investigate the peculiar insect enemies of these fruits. Due to the proximity and commercial connections of southern Florida with Bermuda, the West Indian Islands, and Central America, this region is especially open to invasion by important fruit pests, and several of these have already gained entrance. One feature of the project, 262 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. therefore, is to cooperate with the Federal Horticultural Board in safeguarding against further introductions of such insects from the sources named. The work of the last year under this station has had particular relation to several important insect enemies of the avocado, Already effective means of control of the principal avocado insects have been devised, notably with respect to leaf-infesting mites, to species of thrips, and several scale insects. Work has also been done with respect to insect enemies of the mango and the papaya. STUDIES OF GREENHOUSE INsECTs.—Under this project, life-history studies and methods of controlling the chrysanthemum midge, a very important injurious insect of this plant in eastern greenhouses, have been completed and presented for publication. A ‘bulletin (Depart- ment Bulletin 778) has also been published during the year giving the life history and methods of controlling the rose midge. W ork has also been done with respect to the effective utilization of various in- secticides and in the general problem of fumigating plant houses. MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY AND MELON FLY.—This work is a con- tinuing one, and has been carried on at the bureau’s laboratory in Honolulu. The research features of the work have consisted in fur- ther studies of control by the agency of parasites and natural enemies. The principal work, however, has remained as heretofore in the in- spection and certification of bananas, pineapples, taro, and coconuts for shipment from Hawaii to the mainland of the United States. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRUIT FLIES.—The work under this project has for its special object the surveys of districts contiguous to the United States, from which the importation of fruit and plants may be the means of introduction of fruit flies and other enemies of important fruit crops. During the past fiscal year the field work ‘under this project has involved explorations of the Panama Canal Zone, British Guiana, and the West Indian Islands of Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada, continuing the work which was done the previous year in Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and the Virgin Islands. In the course of this work a great many insects have been collected and studied of known or potential economic im- portance and in addition a very considerable miscellaneous collection of insects has been made. The investigations were conducted in plant gardens maintained by the local departments of agriculture of the different islands and such general surveys as were possible within the time limits. Particular attention has been paid throughout the work to fruit flies, scale insects, and such other pests as are*particu- larly likely to be carried from country to country by traffic in fruits and plants. A good portion of the time of the expert engaged in this work is necessarily devoted to the identification of the material col- lected and the working up of results. INVESTIGATION OF FRUIT FLIES AND OTHER TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT INSECTS IN THE Cana Zone, PAnama.—This is a new project which has been established in cooperation with the authorities gov- erning the Panama Canal Zone and the Federal Horticultural Board to study the important insects infesting tropical and subtropical fruits, cultures of which are being dev eloped under the encourage- ment of the Government authorities in the zone. The importance of this investigation is due to the fact that the several important BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 263 fruit flies and other tropical and subtropical fruit insects are now established in the zone, and to the further fact that the zone is more or less of a world’s crossroads, i. e., a place where insect pests from remote places may be carried through the agency of commerce and easily gain lodgment, later, perhaps, to offect entry into the main- land: cultures, tropical and ‘subtropical, of the United States. This work, now in progress for one year, has developed useful informa- tion. Much work has been done in connection with the so-called black fly of citrus and other plants, which has become established in the Canal Zone and in the West Indies, and which a very determined effort is being made to exclude from the southern United States. A considerable number of other iinportant injurious insects have al- ready been discovered and have been the subject of studies. Among these are no less than four different kinds of fruit flies. There have been found in the Canal Zone also a number of insects which very injuriously affect Sen woods and wood structures. Termites are very important subtropical insects found in the Canal Zone. Several of these are abundant in the State of Panama and several have } been found in the Canal Zone, some of which are very destruc- ive to garden crops. The entrance cf some of these into the United States would be followed by great injuries. The number of subjects which have been investigated at this station is already enormous, and a very convincing showing has been made of the need of keeping constantly in touch with the pl: int cultures and insect enemies in this district as a means of benefiting local preduction, but particularly as furnishing information on w hich any necessary protective action in the interests of the United States may be taken. WORK ON THE GIPSY MOTH AND BROWN-TAIL MOTH. This work has been continued under the supervision of Mr. A. F. Burgess, with headquarters at Melrose Highlands, Mass. For the first time since the bureau began work to prevent the spread of these insects, it is possible to report a substantial decrease in the infested territory. This amounts to 1,824 square miles pre- viously infested with the gipsy moth and 5, 385 square miles by the brown-tail moth. Twenty- “eight towns in New Hampshire, 6 in Ver- mont, 8 in Massachusetts, and 10 in Connecticut, 52 towns in all, were found to be free from gipsy moth infestation and were elimi- nated from the quarantine area this year. There is now under quarantine on account of the infestation by the gipsy moth 20,747 square miles in New England. Isolated colonies of the gipsy moth, which were found in previous years in New York, Ohio, New Jersey, and the western part of Massachusetts, have again been carefully examined but no infestation found. There seems to be no reason- able doubt that the insect has been exterminated in these colonies. The decrease in area infested with the brown-tail moth includes 34 towns in Maine, 58 in New Hampshire, 6 in Vermont, 37 in Massachusetts, and 10 in Connecticut, a total of 145, embracing an area of 5,385 square miles which was released from quarantine “this year. There are now quarantined on account of this insect 28,752 square miles. 264 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Frerp conrron work.—The field work has been carried along on the same general] lines as in previous years. As the scouting of the border area failed to reveal infestations in many towns, it was pos- sible to devote more time and effort to the control of bad colonies located on exposed places in towns inside the border. Work of this character is exceedingly important, as it tends to reduce the oppor- tunity for small caterpillars to be spread by the wind and helps to ete ent new infestations from becoming established outside the border and in the area which has been cleaned. Scouting was car- ried on in 130 towns, and in a number of these towns the work was checked up by special scouts, known as trailers, to determine whether egg clusters were being missed. This method is constantly employed in order to keep the w ‘ork on an efficient basis, In the fall of 1918 several tons of gipsy moth banding material was prepared at the field storehouse at Franklin, N. H. About 4 tons of this material was applied to the trees early in the spring, and excellent results were secured. During the winter five of the horse- drawn spraying machines were converted into motor- propelled out- fits and there were available 12 motor-truck sprayers and 7 horse- drawn machines, with the necessary hose, nozzles, and other acces- sories. These machines were distributed along the infested border and work was taken up as soon as the foliage was large enough to be sprayed. For the first time since the work began, ‘dry arsenate of lead was used instead of paste. The results were satisfactory 5 and more of this material will be used in the future if the price is as favorable as is that of the paste form. Spraying was carried on in 86 towns as follows: New Mel ahayos: 25: Massachusetts, 3; Rhode Island, 4; Connecticut, 4; 3,280 acres of infested woodland Was sprayed; also 6,800 fruit and shade trees. This work in the border territory was greatly facilitated by the spraying carried on by the State entomologist in Connecticut. The work was arranged so that one motor truck furnished by the State and one horse-drawn sprayer treated the infestations in a number of towns. EXPERIMENTAL Work.—In the fall of 1918 many sample collections were made to determine whether the severe winter had adversely affected the imported egg parasites, namely, Schedius kuvanae and Anastatus bifasciatus. The results indicated that Schedius had not been able to survive the winter in New Hampshire, except possibly in a few of the more favorable locations. This species was also very scarce in Massachusetts, except in the southern part of the State. Anastatus came through the winter in better condition, although its numbers were decreased somewhat. Owing to these conditions, ‘plans were immediately made to colonize large numbers of both species dur- ing the fall and winter. Five million specimens of Schedius were colonized in Massachusetts and New Hampshire in the fall of 1918, and 10,000,000 specimens of Anastatus were colonized in the spring of 1919; 2,016 colonies of the latter were liberated in Massachusetts, 6,286 in New Hampshire. 1.659 in Maine, 127 in Rhode Island, and 144 in Connecticut. The completion of this work was made possible by assistance secured from the officials in the different States. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 265 Compsilura concinnata was slightly less abundant than has been the case for the past three years, but in some localities it was present in satisfactory numbers. The species is widely distributed, having been recov ered during the present summer in the Annapolis V alley in Nova Scotia. It attacks many species of native caterpillars and is particularly valuable on that account. This habit also makes it possible for the species to maintain itself in territory which is not in- fested with the gipsy moth or the brown-tail moth. Blepharipa scutellata has been found more widely distributed this year than heretofore, and in some locations a fair degree of para- sitism has been recorded. In the territory as a whole it probably . has not reached its maximum numbers. Field collections indicate that Apanteles melanoscelis is not quite as abundant as was the case Jast year. This is evidently due to the work of secondary parasites, as many of these have been reared from cocoons of the second venera- tion of Apanteles. This species probably has not increased to maximum numbers. Calosoma sycophanta was not as abundant this year as heretofore, and this was particularly true in some localities where it had been very numerous during the past two or three years. The wilt disease was not nearly as common as usual and this condition seems to be rather universal throughout the territory infested with the gipsy moth. Further studies are being conducted relative to the Japanese disease of the gipsy moth (S¢re -ptococcus disparis), and more colonies ave being liberated in order that a thorough study of its value may be made in the field. While the area infested with the brown-tail moth was considerably reduced during the past year, the insect seems to be increasing slightly in the “eastern part of the territory. Collections of brown- tail moth webs from 100 towns were made during the winter by State and town authorities and forwarded to the laboratory. Dissections of about 10,000 larve taken from these webs indicate that A panteles lacteicolory was present in small numbers, while J/eteorus versicolor was much less abundant. The most common parasite found in these collections was Zygobothria nidicola; 20 per cent of the caterpillars in the entire lot were parasitized by this insect. Only a few localities have been found this summer where brown- tail moth caterpillars are at all abundant, and the fungus disease (L'mpusa aulicae) has not been reported. Work on a more effective material for banding trees is under way and preliminary tests to determine the relative v alue of dusting with arsenate of lead versus spraying have been started. The study of the gipsy moth problem on cranberry bogs has been nearly completed and much valuable information secured. The work of securing data on the mortality of different species of trees that have been defoliated is being continued and silvicultural investigations are being carried on principally on the sample plots established some years ago. (JUARANTINE WorK.—The quarantine of the areas infested with the. gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth made necessary during the fiscal year the inspection of 29,394 shipments. These consisted of forest, nursery, and quarry products; also Christmas trees and greens. 151352°—19——18 266 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF. AGRICULTURE. In addition to the inspections made, 623 permits were issued to allow the shipment of material of this sort which originated out- side the quarantined areas but was offered for shipment inside the areas. . PRESENT CONDITION OF THE AREAS INFESTED WITH THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH.—The winter of 1917-18 was the most severe that has fae experienced in New England for many years. Not only was the temperature abnormally low, but the snowfall was exceedingly heavy, except along the coast. These conditions were partly responsible for the failure of many gipsy moth eggs to hatch in the spring. In the summer of 1918 serious defoliation by the gipsy moth existed in the Cape Cod region in Massachusetts, but small defoliated areas could be found in many other sections. Advantage was taken of this condition in planning the field work in the summer and fall of 1918, and, by taking advantage of the reduction in infestation in many localities, it was “possible io clear many colonies. The winter of 1918-19 was exceedingly mild and gipsy moth eggs survived and a very large proportion hatched. Some of the par asites, - particularly Schedius, which destroys gipsy moth eggs in the fall, were not nearly as ae ous this year as here- tofore, and the other introduced parasites do not appear to have fully recovered from the setback received during the previous winter. The wilt disease was also less abundant and effective this year than usual, As a result of these conditions heavy feeding by the gipsy moth has appeared over the greater part of the infested area in eastern Massachusetts and New Ha mpshire. The present indications are that stripping will be more severe next summer, and if weather conditions are favorable for the spread of the small caterpillars by the wind next spring it will not be sur- prising if some of the recently cleared border towns become rein- fested. The gipsy-moth problem is therefore more difficult than usual and the most strenuous measures will be necessary in order to hold the insect within the territory now infested until the parasites and diseases have become more numerous and effective in the worst infested regions. The brown-tail moth appears to be on the increase in the eastern part of the territory, although special efforts w ere made by the State officials to clean up isolated infestations in the spring of 1919. Unless all colonies of this insect are thoroughly treated it is likely to increase its range. EXTENSION AND DEMONSTRATION WORK. This work was instituted under the provisions of the first food- production act and continued during the fiscal year under funds made available to this bureau under the second food- production act. Mr, J. A. Hyslop has been in charge of this work from its institution to its final termination on June 30, when the war activities of the department were closed. During the past fiscal year 4 additional States entered into project agreements with the Bureau of Entomology, making a total of 37 States cooperating with the bureau in teaching entomology in the BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 267 field. An average of 75 specialists from the bureau has been main- tained, 109 men having been employed during the year. ‘The ap- parent increase in the personnel, in spite of its prospective termina- tion at the end of the fiscal year, is due to the large force engaged to spread information and to do survey work in the attempted control of the imported European corn borer and in the extension of the > oriental peach moth activities of the bureau. The policy during the year has been gradually to reduce the person- nel and to place this work on a permanent basis in the State extension service. A number of the agents engaged in extension work were transferred to fill vacancies in the research branches of the bureau’s activities. Owing to the success of permanently connecting the field agents with the extension staff of a State, instead of carrying on the work from a regional standpoint as was done last year, the work has been placed in a much better position to be finally absorbed by the State than would have been possible otherwise. Most of the beekeeping work has been placed upon a definite co- operative basis and financed jointly by the State and the bureau. The balance of the work, however, has been entirely financed by the Fed- eral Government. The work on control of insects affecting domestic animals was a notable exception to this plan. As there were very few men fitted to do extension work along this line, it was found necessary to have the bureau’s agents cover several States during the working season. During the year 69,000 people were reached. This decrease from last year was largely due to the rapid decrease in the personnel at that time of the year when the most effective extension work can b carried on. ; The bureau’s representative in this work is cooperating with the States Relations Service by inspecting and criticizing all projects submitted for Smith-Lever fund work along entomological lines. Another activity of this office has been the work in connection with the bureau’s entomological exhibits. This year an exhibit of photo- graphic bromide enlargements illustrating the most important insect and control methods, models of insect-catching devices, spray ma- chines, dusting machines, and other entomological appliances, and cabinets illustrating the more important insecticides were sent to France to be used in connection with the educational work being car- ried on by the Young Men’s Christian Association among the Ameri- can soldiers. Competent and instructive exhibits have been prepared, to be shown at the State fairs this year. SOUTHERN FIELD CROP INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. The work of this class has been carried on, as before, under the direction of Dr. W. D. Hunter. PoIsONING THE COTTON-BOLL WEEVIL.—In last year’s report it was shown that one of the most striking achievements of the bureau which culminated during the year was the determination of the great value of powdered lead arsenate or calcium arsenate against the cotton-boll weevil. Large-scale experiments have been continued since that report. The methods and details of procedure of keeping 268 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. the boll weevil in check by this method have been improved and thoroughly tested on a large scale. Cotton planters all over the weevil-infested portion of the cotton belt are taking up this method, and hundreds of individual inquiries in regard to it have been answered. The bureau is certain, however, that the exact methods which have been successful under conditions that exist in the Mis- sissippi Delta will not be perfectly applicable to all portions of the cotton belt. Therefore, circulars have been issued regarding the general application and making it plain to planters that methods should be varied according to conditions. The weevil has been more numerous during the summer of 1919 than it was during the previous summer, and planters have therefore been more than ever desirous of trying this remedy. The bureau, therefore, has been especially anxious to guard them from mistakes. An enlargement of this investigation seems necessary to bring about the best results. Experimental farms should be established in a dozen or more cotton-growing regions, and the very best method for each region must be worked out before planters can apply the remedy with confidence. The commercial results that have been reached already, however, in the delta region assure ultimate results of probably equal value in the other parts of the cotton belt after these comparative studies shall have been made. OTHER COTTON INsECTs.—At the laboratory at Madison, Fla., a study of the Hemiptera attacking cotton east of the Mississippi River has been completed. At this station also a thorough study has been made of the varieties of sea-island cotton with especial reference to earliness of growth under boll-weevil conditions. Thirty-two varieties have been tested in this work. The importance of early fruiting of sea-island cotton under weevil conditions can not be over- estimated. Careful studies at this point have also been made on the relation of the immature stages of the weevil to temperatures. The dry period in Florida, usually commencing about the 20th of May and extending to the 20th of June, seems to retard the weevil to such an extent that the problem of growing upland cotton under weevil conditions is very encouraging. TNSECTS AFFECTING SUGAR CANE.—The best hope for control of the moth borer of sugar cane now seems to be the importation and estab- lishment of parasites which exist in Cuba. Experts were sent to Cuba in the beginning of the fiscal year and again in April, 1919. Para- cites have been imported, and every effort is being made to propagate them in the Louisiana cane fields. Tosacco rNsects.—In Florida, promising control of the tobaece flea-beetle has been obtained with certain insecticides—an important result, as in 1918 one grower claimed a loss from this insect of $650 per acre. Dusting methods in the shade-grown tobacco region have been revolutionized by the introduction of power machines which are capable of dusting from 10 to 20 acres per day more than can be done with hand dusters. For the tobacco thrips it has been found that nicotine sulphate, 14 ounces, and soap, 3 pounds, to 50 gallons of water, gives satisfactory control if apphed properly once a week during the emergence period. A very important point is the time of application. Much valuable work has been done on other tobacco insects, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 269 Rice rsecrs.—A Farmers’ Bulletin treating of the principal in- sect enemies of the rice crop in the United States has been prepared for publication. INSECTS AFFECTING THE HEALTH OF MAN AND ANIMALS. In cooperation with the National Research Council and the Sur- geon General’s Office of the War Department, studies on the body louse were actively pursued during the year. This work resulted in the accumulation of much pr actical information concerning the value of the laundry processes, the dry-cleaning processes, and ‘other means of control. A large number of chemical methods of treatment were also studied, and additional observation on the bionomics of hee was made. Many proprietary louse remedies were carefully tested, in cooperation with the Insecticide and Fungicide Board, thus pro- tecting the Government against expenditures ‘for worthless remedies. An expert of the bureau has been assigned to work, in cooperation with the Public Health Service, on the problem of the species and habits of flies breeding in human excreta, especially in the open privies in rural communities of hookworm regions. The headquarters of this work are at Wilmington, N. C. Several of the experts of the bureau were assigned to sanitary work in the Army, especially with relation to the insects that carry disease. The work on insects affecting domestic animals has been con- siderably enlarged. Inv estigations of the biology, distribution, and methods of control of the ox warble were especially taken up, and im- portant facts were gained in regard to biology. The work upon the screw Worm was continued, as well as investigations of the horse- flies in eastern California and Nevada. Life histories of three of the. more important species have been fairly well worked out. The lice of domestic animals have been studied from the remedial point of view, and methods of applying sodium fluorid to destroy chicken lice and pigeon lice have been perfected. Some supervision of cer- tain packing establishments has been carried on in the effort to reduce the number of flies. This has been a continuation of previous work and is of much importance. BEE CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS. This work has continued under the supervision of Dr. EK. F. Phil- lips. It has been chiefly a continuation of the campaign for increas- ing the honey crop, which was begun as a war measure. The educa- tional activities then begun have ‘been so eagerly received that they can not be discontinued, and it is still important that the enormous loss of ungathered nectar shall be reduced. During the year the aplary and | labor atory were moved to a building in Somerset, Md. DEMONSTRATIONS IN BEE CULTURE.—In addition to funds available under the regular appropriation, $15,000, available from the food- production act, was used for demonstrations. The work was con- ducted as one project. As qualified men were found the number of agents was increased until there were in the field 16 men, working in cooperation with the several extension divisions of the 20 States to which they were assigned. Because of the great difficulty of finding Soe ae men, it was possible to maintain an av erage force of only 12 270 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The work of these men was an effort to instruct beekeepers in etter methods of production and care of their bees, so that the honey crop of the country might be increased. It will be desirable for many years to keep on increasing the production of honey, in order to conserve this natural resource which is now so generally wasted. There was also a great demand for honey for export to the allied countries, and this “demand has continued ‘since the cessation of hos- tilities. During the fiscal year the field men, assisted from time to time by the regular office force, held over 1,000 meetings, attended by 25,000 beekeepers, and in addition they have visited over 2,500 apiaries and have given personal instruction to the owners regarding their bee- keeping practices. The work of organizing the beekeepers into asso- ciations has been continued, and in several ‘States these county organ- izations are being federated with the State beekeepers’ organizations. There are now over 300 such county associations of beekeepers. Dur- ing the year arrangements were made so that every man of the field force is assigned to a single State in cooperation with the extension divisions, both cooperating organizations paying part of the expense. The meetings held by the field men must be “limited in the topics discussed, and it is impossible to cover many important lines of work for lack of time. To overcome this difficulty a trial was made in the holding of extension short courses of a ‘week’s duration. The first of these schools was held in California during the year, and these were so successful, in spite of the severe influenza epidemic, that the same plan was later put in operation in New York, pee Towa, and Minnesota. The average attendance at these schools wa about 100 beekeepers, who came for intensive instruction for a Serio’ of a week, and the work with these men during these schools leads to a strong belief that more good was done than could have been accomplished in the same time with shorter meetings even with a larger number in attendance. These schools are planned for com- mercial beekeepers. The instruction was on fundamental problems of the beekeepers, no attention being given to the mere simple mechanical operations, but emphasis was placed on the reasons for various practices as based on the behavior of the bees. In every State where the work was given the beekeepers and extension officials have asked that similar schools be held in the future, and other States have asked for schools. A bulletin on commercial comb-honey production (Farmers’ Bul- letin 1039) was issued during the year. It is a revision of Farmers’ Bulletin 503. A bulletin on swarm control is in process of prepara- tion, and one on extracted honey production. When these bulletins are issued it is planned to publish a bulletin on beginning beekeeping, and then to discontinue the present general bulletin on beekeeping (Farmers’ Bulletin 447) and to replace it with one which will serve to tie together the various technical bulletins on special topics. WINTERING OF BEES.—Little work has been done during the year on the investigational phases of this problem, because the field men have been necessarily occupied with purely practical work and the office force with answering requests for information sent in by bee- keepers, but observations have been continued which fully substan- tiate the results of the more detailed work. During the year two BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 271 bulletins of a practical nature were published—Farmers’ Bulletin 1012, on the care of bees when wintered outdoors, and Farmers’ Bulle- tin 1014, on wintering bees in cellars. These bulletins give explicit directions for the care of bees during the winter season and contain recommendations applicable to the entire country. It is gratifying to report that beekeepers throughout the country are paying more at- tention to the careful wintering of their bees since the bureau took up this subject for investigation. Disrases or BeES.—During the year a paper (Department Bulletin 780) was published on Nosema disease, a malady of adult bees which may at times cause some loss. A bulletin (Farmers’ Bulletin 975) was issued on the preventive and remedial measures to be employed against European foulbrood, and in this bulletin for the first time detailed attention is given to the factors which may successfully be used by the beekeeper to prevent the inroads of this disease. Papers on the etiology of American foulbrood and European foulbrood were also prepared, and a paper on the behavior of bees in the clean- ing out of European foulbrood, a phase of investigation which had previously been neglected, but one which now promises to yield most important results from the standpoint of control of the disease. An investigation was made of the peculiar manifestations of European foulbrood in California, where, because of the climatic conditions and the character and time of the honey fiow, and perhaps especially because of the methods of beekeeping employed, the disease is un- usually destructive and shows characteristics not often encountered elsewhere. During the year 563 samples were received from apiary inspectors and from beekeepers for diagnosis. EFFECT OF THE WAR ON BEEKEEPING. Tn the last annual report attention was called to the effects that the war had on the beekeeping industry. The increased demand for honey for export has continued ever since the cessation of hostilities and there is reascn to expect that this market will continue to be an important factor in American beekeeping. During the period of severe sugar shortage, the home consumption of honey was greatly increased, but beekeepers were worried for fear that when sugar became plentiful this demand would cease. If beekeepers are able to produce enough honey to meet this increased and increasing de- mand this enlarged home consumption will continue. The local sales of honey, near the points of production, increased more rap- idly than sales in the larger markets, but this can readily be reme- died by the further development of the larger bottling trade in honey for which there is demand. After the winter loss in the white clover region during the winter 1917-18, the beekeepers of this region found themselves short of bees in the spring of 1918, just at a time when there was the greatest opportunity to build up their business. This produced a great de- mand for bees in combless packages from the Southern States and resulted in the building up of a large business of this character, which will continue and will be an important factor in beekeeping in the future. The supply of bees from the South in 1918 probably did not fully replace the winter loss during the summer of 1918, but because of the increase made by beekeepers there are probably pea ty ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. more bees in the important clover region than ever before. The demand for queenbees to be furnished by professional queen breeders was so great during the spring of 1919 that practically all of them had more orders by May 1 than they could fill during the entire summer. In the West, where the loss of bees was not unusual, there has been even a greater increase in the holdings of the larger bee- keepers, resulting in a greater difference between the commercial holdings and the bees in the hands of amateur beekeepers. The ten- dency to collect the bees of the country in the hands of commercial beekeepers is a most wholesome sign for the proper development of the beekeeping industry for the future, and the war’s net result on beekeeping will be an increase in the commercial aspect of the busi- ness. The increase of commercial beekeeping has greatly increased the demand for assistance to beekeepers and has made them eager to accept the extension activities of the office. The correspondence of the office is now twice what it was before the entrance of the United States inte the war. The demand for beekeepers’ supplies and for literature on beekeeping has been greater than ever before in the history of beekeeping in the country. In explanation of the desirability of making the beekeeping in- dustry one which is in the hands of professional beekeepers rather than to urge the keeping of bees on every farm, it may be stated that the prevalence of the two destructive brood diseases throughout the country, and especially the necessity of careful study of bee- keeping problems in order to obtain the maximum crop, make it almost impossible for the person having only a few colonies to give the care to the bees which will result in good beekeeping. Only the man who makes this his chief work may expect to get the returns which are obtained from colonies properly cared for. GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WAR ACTIVITIES OF THE BUREAU. (1) A very perfect system of reporting insect outbreaks was organized, the result of which was a close knowledge of, the exact conditions almost from day to day of insect-pest increase over the whole United States. These conditions were made known to all of the economic entomologists of the country through circular let- ters, and by cooperation based upon this intimate knowledge crop pests were held in check and food production greatly helped. (2) By conferences with the chemists and the insecticide manu- facturers the problem of the reduced quantity of arsenic (on account of its use in munitions) was met, and by conservative use and better distribution the supply was made to cover the needs of the farmers, fruit growers, gardeners, and others. (3) The bureau assisted the Quartermaster General’s Department of the Army by inspecting the enormous quantities of grain and other material intended for shipment to Europe and gave advice as to fumigation and other treatment when such stored products were found to be infested with insects. It also inspected ware- houses and mills in the same way in many parts of the country. — (4) Advice was given to representatives of the War and Navy Departments and the Shipping Board relative to insect damage to lumber and stored wooden implements. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. os (5) By the efforts of the beekeeping section of the bureau the bee- keepers of the country were aroused to the necessity of a great in- crease in honey, owing to the shortage of sugar. Specialists were sent out, held meetings, addressed more than 25,000 beekeepers, visited the apiaries, and gave personal instruction, with the result that the honey crop was ‘ereatly increased. Our exports of honey to alhed countries increased at least ten times over those of any period previous to the war, and the domestic consumption of honey also greatly increased. (6) In medical entomology the bureau maintained a thorough co- operation with the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army in the matter of experimental work on insect problems. All insect remedies reported to the Medical Department of the Army were referred to the bureau for opinion or for test. The most extensive work was done on the subject of the body louse, and branch labora- tories were established for experimental tests. Experts of the bu- reau were in several cases engaged for special work in concentration camps against insects carrying disease, and at the close of the war one of these experts, who had early entered the Army as a reserve officer, had virtual charge of the “great delousing plant at Camp Mills, through which troops returning from Europe were passed. The foregoing six paragraphs include only the broadest outline of the work which, were it to be stated in more detail, would indicate that in very many directions the bureau’s services were most im- portant. } alfiay 4 es ity ” Sind +a i oe & ; re ie * hi REPORT OF CHIEF OF BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. Unitep States Department or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Bronocican Survey, Washington, D. C., September 4, 1919. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the work of the Bureau of Biological Survey for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully, E. W. Neuson, Chief of Bureau. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. WORK OF THE BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. The activities of the Bureau of Biological Survey are conducted under four divisions: (1) Investigations of the food habits of Nort! American birds and mammals in relation to agriculture, in charge of Dr. A. K. Fisher; (2) biological investigations, with special reference to the habits and geographic distribution of native ani- mals and plants, in charge of E. W. Nelson; (3) supervision of national mammal and bird reservations, in charge of Dr. G. W. Field; (4) administration of the migratory-bird treaty act and en- forcement of the Lacey Act regulating the importation of birds and the interstate shipment of game, in charge of George A. Lawyer. ECONOMIC INVESTIGATIONS. Largely increased war emergency funds were added to the regular appropriation during this fiscal year for the campaign against preda- tory animals and injurious rodents. As a result, the work wa8 more thoroughly organized and was conducted on a greater scale than during any previous year. The Federal funds available for this purpose amounted to $592,000. To this was added a total of more than $800,000 by States, counties, farmers and stock-growers’ organ- izations, and individuals, in funds expended in cooperation with, and mainly under the direct guidance of, the Biological Survey. Jn addition to these funds, much material and the personal services of many thousands of farmers and stock growers were contributed to the field work, in assisting to destroy animal pests both on private lands and on Government lands adjacent to private holdings. In North Dakota about 42,000 farmers joined in the work and in Mon- tana about 18,000. In other States cooperation was general and in- volved large numbers of men. During the early part of 1919 the legislatures of Arizona, Colo- rado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Montana, Oregon, 275 276 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. California, Texas, Utah, and Washington made direct appropriations amounting to $688,000 to be expended in this work during the two following years in cooperation with the Biological Survey. Wherever work has been undertaken the rapid growth of coopera- tive funds and the increase in the number of men participating fur- nish a practical demonstration of its success and usefulness. The bureau is in constant receipt of urgent requests for additional help far beyond the limits set by its available funds. Kstimates based on information supplied by farmers and stockmen indicate that the destruction of more than 32,000 predatory animals under the direction of the Biological Survey during the year re- sulted in a saving of live stock valued at approximately $5,000,000; and the destruction of prairie dogs and other rodents resulted in a saving of enormous quantities of forage, and also of crops valued at not less than $14,000,000. PREDATORY ANIMALS AND RABIES. Of the total funds available for the campaign against injurious animals, about $375,000 was provided for use in destroying wolves, coyotes, mountain lions, bobeats, and other stock-killing animals and for the suppression of wild animals affected with rabies. For the prosecution of this work, which began in 1915, the Western States have been organized into 10 districts, each with a trained inspector in charge, as follows: (1) Arizona, (2) California-Nevada, (3) Colorado, (4) Idaho, (5) New Mexico, (6) Montana, (7) Oregon- Washington, (8) Texas, (9) Utah, (10) Wyoming-South Dakota. During the year a force of from 400 to 500 skilled hunters has been employed under the direction of the various inspectors. The salaries of a part of the hunters are paid from the Federal Treasury and of the others from cooperative funds supplied by the States or by contributions from local organizations and individuals. As here- tofore, the hunters are not permitted to receive bounties, and the skins taken by each become the property of the Federal Government, the State, or the organization or individual providing the money for salary. Skins taken by Federal hunters during the year netted the Federal Government $76,128.56, which has been turned into the United States Treasury, making the total received by the Govern- ment from this source to date $197,387.37. The number of skins or scalps of predatory animals taken by official hunters during the year is as follows: Wolves, 584; coyotes, 27.100: mountain lions, 149; bobeats, 4,123; Canada lynxes, 43; bears, 81. In addition, as a result of poisonous operations, so many dead coyotes are reported by stock growers to have been found on the ranges where poisoning operations were conducted that it is safe to estimate the number destroyed in this way as more than equaling the approximately 32,000 predatory animals of which the skins and scalps were taken. Predatory-animal hunters are directed to consider bears under ordinary circumstances as game animals and have positive instruc- tions to take every precaution not to kill any except those known to be destructive to live stock. Unfortunately, occasional unoffending bears are taken in traps set for other animals, thus making the num- ber of bears killed during the year considerably larger than would od BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. asl iat otherwise be the case. The vast majority of bears are inoffensive so far as injury to stock is concerned, but occasional individuals in all parts of the range country become stock killers, some of them being notoriously cunning and destructive in their activities. Naturally such animals must be eliminated, and the more promptly this is done ihe less prejudice there is likely to be created among the stock grow- ers against all bears. From much expert study and experimentation, great improvements in methods of poisoning predatory animals have resulted. Larger and more thoroughly organized poisoning campaigns than ever before ottempted were conducted during the year. Their success was such that in many areas stock growers are urging the extension of this method as being the most practicable one for the control of coyotes. Extended poisoning operations were conducted in the great sheep- growing sections in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. This was followed by a marked decrease in the num- ber of coyotes in the sections poisoned, with a corresponding decrease in the losses of sheep, cattle, pigs, colts, and poultry. Reports have been received from stockmen stating that on many important ranges and lambing grounds the former heavy annual losses have become negligible or have been entirely eliminated. For a number of years rabies has been prevalent among predatory animals in California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Utah. A part of the money available for predatory-animal control has been appropriated for the specific purpose of destroying the wild animals affected with this disease in the States named. AI- though the disease still maintains a foothold in all of these States, efforts in suppressing its carriers have been so successful that its spread to other States has been prevented, and the number of do- mestic animals and persons bitten by rabid wild animals has steadily decreased until at present the number is very small. When an out- break of the disease occurs in any district, hunters are immediately concentrated there, so that the wild animals carrying the rabies are summarily destroyed and the spread of the disease is promptly stopped. The serious situation resulting from the outbreak of rabies before it was controlled is indicated by the fact that in the fiscal year 1915-16, when the principal outbreak in Nevada occurred, it was estimated that live stock in that State valued at about $500,000 were lost through being bitten by rabid animals. Some ranches lost from 200 to 400 head of cattle. Up to the present time approxi- mately 1,500 persons are known to have been bitten by rabid animals -and treated for the disease, and at least 47 are known to have died from it. Without Federal intervention for the suppression of rabies, the ravages brought about by it would have been vastly increased. Furthermore, it should be borne in mind that with the disease still persistent in scattered localities throughout the territory where it was once generally prevalent, the removal of organized preventive measures would at once result in its renewal and spread throughout the western range States. Special efforts are being made by inspectors of the bureau to destroy individual predatory animals which have become notorious for their stock-killing exploits in various States. Near Dubois, 278 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Wyo., 2 mountain lion was killed in the spring of 1919 which was known to have destroyed $1,000 worth of live stock last October and to have killed a number of cattle during the winter. This was a much-hunted and battle-scarred animal which had been wounded a number of times by private hunters. Another mountain lion taken in April had killed seven colts during the spring. In the same State a pair of wolves were killed—the female by a Government hunter and the male by a private hunter—which had destroyed more than $2.500 worth of stock during the preceding year. The owner of a ranch near Mertzon, Tex., reported that in less than three months his losses amounted to nearly 300 sheep, valued at $3,200, caused by 6 coyotes which one of our hunters captured during July. In western Colorado, in an area about 75 miles in diameter which was poisoned two successive years, through cooperation between local stock growers and the bureau, sheep owners reported formerly a loss of about 25 sheep a day throughout the season, but the destruction of predatory animals has been so thorough that at present the losses are nominal, and sheep are reported to range freely, sometimes un- attended for several days in succession, without loss. In New Mexico the wolves, which were estimated to number between 300 and 400 at the time the campaign began there, have been reduced to less than 30 individuals, and this number is being steadily decreased by the persistent campaign against them. These remaining wolves are mainly experienced adults, causing annual losses of live stock amounting to about $2,000 each. In southern New Mexico the stock of wolves is constantly renewed by stragglers from the mountains of northern Chihuahua. In addition to the ravages from the native predatory animals, live stock in parts of Texas, Arizona, and other States suffer from depredations by dogs which have gone wild and have taken up the predatory life of woltes. In some places the dogs join the wolves, and the half-breed offspring increase the packs. RODENT CONTROL. As in the previous fiscal years, the war emergency need for in- creasing the food output caused the bureau to concentrate its cam- paign against injurious rodents about farm areas. As heretofore, the effectiveness of this work was greatly increased by the coopera- tion of the States Relations Service of the Department of Agri- culture and of the extension services of State agricultural colleges. The county-agent organization of the latter, in greatly enlarging the educational campaign, brought about a public appreciation of the enormous losses from the depredations of rodents and secured the cooperation of the farmers on a large scale. As a consequence the most vigorous and successful drive yet made was conducted against the myriads of prairie dogs, jack rabbits, field mice, and other rodent pests which seriously decreased the output of grain, alfalfa fields, and orchards and lessened the value of truck and garden crops, as well as of forage on the stock ranges throughout the West. Cooperative campaigns with local organizations and individuals were conducted in Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 279 Wyoming. Preliminary conferences were held in reference to the organization of similar work in Towa, Minnesota, and Texas. In- vestigations for bettering the methods of destroying injurious rodents as well as improving the organization are being conducted, and the work is becoming increasingly effective. Field investigations through inclosed trial plots for the purpose of securing accurate data as to the destruction of forage by rodents on the open range have been continued during the year in coopera- tion with the Forest Service, the State University of Arizona, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Interesting and valuable results are being secured. The demands from the States for increased activities in rodent- control work, and the money offered by States and counties for co- operative purposes, are far greater than the bureau can possibly meet with its available funds. The opportunity for useful expansion in this work is obvious in view of the fact that native rodents destroy each year field crops and forage worth approximately $300,000,000, while the losses from house rats and mice approximate nearly $200,- 000,000, a large proportion of which can be eliminated at moderate cost. Through a system of contracts the bureau has been able to assist the States in securing poison supplies for use in rodent campaigns at a discount amounting to many thousands of dollars, thus increas- ing the effective use of their funds. PRAIRIE DOGS. Prairie dogs occupy more than 100,000,000 acres of public and private lands. Wherever they occur in abundance they are exceed- ingly destructive to cultivated crops and to forage on the open range. In cooperation with the extension services of the agricultural colleges in Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming, the campaign against these animals has been pushed aggressively. In Arizona and New Mexico the State councils of defense joined actively in the work and contributed funds for the purpose. The participation of farmers and stockmen has been fuller than ever before, and the saving of crops and forage has been correspondingly great. During the year from 75 to 95 per cent of the prairie dogs were destroyed on nearly 2,000,000 acres of privately owned crop and forage lands and on more than 200,000 acres of public domain, the latter making more than 8,700,000 acres of public lands which have been largely freed from these pests. In many places private landowners were so inter- ested that they volunteered their services to clear adjacent Govern- ment lands, the bureau supplying the poison to be used in the work. With cooperation of this character it will be possible to clear large areas of the public domain at almost a nominal cost to the Gov- ernment. GROUND SQUIRRELS. Numerous species of ground squirrels occur in the West, several of them having such wide ranges and existing in such abundance that their depredations on crops and forage are most serious. As with the prairie dogs, continued investigations are being made to devise improved methods of poisoning and of organization for their destruction. The poisoned grain used for operations against ground squirrels on private lands is prepared under the supervision of field 2350 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. representatives of the bureau and furnished cooperating farmers at cost through local organizations. In this way 1,849 tons of poisoned grain were prepared and distributed during the year, and nearly 110.000 farmers took part in the campaign. Through the plan inaugurated by the bureau of cooperative pur- chase of poison supplies the saving in the squirrel campaign, as well as in the destruction of other rodents, has been very great, as illustrated in Idaho, where it amounted to about $18,500. During the year ground squirrels were poisoned and mostly de- stroyed on more than 1,294,000 acres of public domain and on more than 18,465,000 acres of private lands. This resulted in materially increasing the percentage of crops harvested in all the States where work was conducted and in increasing the forage output on the pub- lic domain. JACK RABBITS AND COTTONTAILS. As in previous years, work was done to control the losses of crops, including wheat, barley, oats, beans, alfalfa, and others, from jack rabbits, particularly in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Ore- gon, Utah, and Washington. Wherever market and other conditions were favorable, jack rabbits were killed by drives and by trapping in order that they might be sold for food. In this way two counties in Utah, under the direction of a representative of the bureau, mar- keted 6,500 of these animals, besides the large numbers marketed in- dependently. Effort is being made to develop the utilization of the meat and skins of these animals through standardized methods of dressing and marketing. In many places where it was impracticable to kill jack rabbits for market purposes extended poisoning opera- tions were conducted, as in Idaho, where in this way 40,000 of these animals were killed in one county. In addition to damage by jack rabbits, complaints have been re- ceived by the bureau of depredations by cottontails among fruit trees, and in truck and other agricultural crops. Complaints of losses from this source have been more numerous from the Eastern States, where demonstrations have been given to teach farmers the most practicable means of protecting their crops from these animals. POCKET GOPHERS. Pocket gophers are exceedingly injurious to root crops, peanuts, beans, alfalfa, hay meadows, grazing lands, and orchards. ‘The seri- ousness of their depredations is indicated by an estimate made by a competent official of the Kansas Agricultural College that durmg 1918 they destroyed one-tenth of the alfalfa crop in that State. The alfalfa crop of Kansas for that year was valued at $50,000,000, so that the damage by pocket gophers to this crop alone amounted to about $5,000,000. In view of the fact that these animals also do extensive damage to orchard and other crops, the injurious character of this pest is evident. Pocket gophers have a wide distribution in practically all of the States from the Mississippi River to the Pacific coast. On some of the most productive grazing lands on the na- tional forests they seriously reduce the forage production. Methods of destroying these animals adapted to use in extensive community campaigns have been much improved during the year. Pocket gophers not only damage established crops, but frequently interfere with the introduction of new and valuable crops. This was BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 281 well illustrated at Hearne, Tex., where the quarantine against the pink cotton boll worm prevented the growing of cotton. The State agricultural college planned to foster the planting of peanuts as an important food and feed crop, but this was found to be impracti- cable on account of the abundance of pocket gophers. At the request of the agricultural college, an experienced representative of the Bio- logical Survey was detailed to assist in organizing a community cam- paign against these animals. Farmers and business men joined heartily in the work, with the result that every pocket gopher in the area treated was reported killed, and an excellent crop of peanuts was planted and harvested. MOUNTAIN BEAVERS AND WOODCHUCKS. The investigations were continued into the habits of the mountain beaver, or sewellel, a curious rodent living in the humid region of the Northwest coast. With the development of agriculture in its region this animal, which was formerly considered harmless, has be- come increasingly injurious to crops, particularly to small fruits and to market produce. Methods for its control have been devised, and demonstrations were made by a representative of the bureau in vari- ous localities in Washington and Oregon where there was need for the adoption of active measures. Woodchucks have continued to be a source of annoyance and loss to gardeners and truck growers throughout the northern and northwestern sections of the country. In many parts of the North- west the planting of alfalfa and clover and of other succulent crops has attracted the attention of woodchucks, which have concentrated about these new sources of food supply, with attendant losses to the farmer. In some of the Northwestern States where the wood- chucks live in the rocks adjacent to cultivated fields, strips of alfalfa and clover several hundred feet wide along the borders are often completely destroyed. It was found that the methods of destroy- ing these animals used successfully in places where they live in burrows in the open country were not effective in this region. Suc- cessful methods were here developed, however, and as many as 55° woodchucks have been killed in a single field demonstration. NATIVE MICE, WCOD RATS, AND COTTON RATS. Widespread damage to orchards by the depredations of native mice continue to be reported, the most conspicuous occurring in the States of Virginia and Washington. In Winchester County, Va., the loss is reported of more than $200,000 by pine mice, which gnaw the bark from the roots of orchard trees. Demonstrations have been given for the control of these pests. In Florida surprisingly successful experimental plantings of sugar cane on a considerable scale have been made within the last two years, but during the year reports have been received of ex- tensive damage to the cane by rodents which destroy the seed cane and cut the growing stalks. So serious has been this damage that the principal company interested in the development of the sugar-cane industry in that State has written the bureau that unless some method can be found for successfully controlling the cane- destroying rodents the development of the industry there will be 151352°—19——19 262 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. impossible. Losses of from 40 to 60 per cent of the growing cane have been reported. The depredations are by the cotton rat, a small ratlike rodent limited to the South Atlantic and Gulf States. In- vestigation has determined effective methods of poisoning these rodents, and it is believed that through demonstrations and advice the growers will be able to control the rats and reduce the losses to a ‘negligible amount. Wood rats continue to be troublesome in limited areas, and where they become especially injurious demonstrations and advice have been given for their control. HOUSE RATS AND MICE. The extended. educational c campaign imaugurated last year was continued in order to acquaint the public with the serious drain on the Nation’s food resources through depredations of house rats. Demonstrations were given of methods of poisoning and trapping the animals, and plans for community organization against them were presented and discussed. As a result many State officials, State councils of defense, and public-spirited citizens took up the work of organizing campaigns, and great numbers of the rodents were destroyed. Requests were made by military and naval officers in charge of camps, arsenals, and storage warehouses in this country for advice and assistance im controlling house rats in the buildings under their control. Experienced representativ es were detailed to investi- gate conditions and recommend plans for limiting the losses. Grati- fying results were obtained, perhaps the most important of which was at the Bush Terminal warehouses in Brooklyn, N. Y. These ereat warehouses were taken over by the Government for Army quartermaster storehouses, and were so badly imfested by rats as seriously to endanger the stored food and other Army supplies. At the request of the quartermaster officer in charge, a representative of the bureau made a survey of the warehouses in January, 1918, and recommended a method of procedure for controlling the rats. At the end of the year the quartermaster officer in charge advised that the recommendations of the bureau had been followed with complete success. He reported that at first practically a barrelful of rats were killed each day, and that more than 35,000 rats were killed during the year. The work of destruction was so thorough that he reports the losses of military supplies during the entire year to have been negligible. Large numbers of the Farmers’ Bulletin (No. 896) giving infor- mation concerning the destruction of rats were used in “this ‘country by the Quartermaster Department of the Army and also in France in an effort to control losses from these animals. In this connection it may be stated that several experts in rodent control who were commissioned in the Sanitary Corps of the Ameri- an Expeditionary Forces in France for the purpose of controlling the depredations of rats in connection with the Army operations, were highly successful in preventing heavy losses of quartermaster stores from these rodents. MOLES. Throughout the year demonstrations were continued in Washing- ton and Oregon for the control of the large moles which are a serious BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 2383 pest to agriculture m that region. The fur value of these animals having been established among fur dealers through the efforts of the Biological Survey, the price of their skins continues to advance. In cooperation with extension services and other agricultural agenc les in their territory, demonstrations of methods for capturing the ani- mals and preparing their pelts for market were continued. Success- ful boys’ and girls’ clubs were organized to trap them and to co- operate in selling the skins. As a result the members of the clubs learned a valuable lesson in cooperative work, not only in ridding fields of a pest, but also in marketing, the sale of the skins netting them the substantial sum of more than $50,000. DOMESTIC RABBITS. The high cost of meat during the war and the scarcity of rabbit skins for manufacturing felt hats and cheap grades of furs combined in emphasizing the opportunity in this country for the profitable production of rabbits. In Europe the growing of domestic rabbits has long been an industry of considerable importance conducted on a small scale by numberless individuals, and it has already been abundantly proved that domestic rabbits do equally well in the United States. Not only is their meat of excellent quality, but their fur is of value also; recently these furs have been manufactured on aw considerable scale, dyed and in their natural colors, and are fre- quently most attractive in appearance. Under ordinary conditions the rearing of domestic rabbits will give a quick and economical supply of meat, one that can be produced cheaper than that of the domestic fowl; while the skins of selected stock are of suflicient value to render them an important part of the returns. A growing interest has been shown in the bulletins and other publicity from this bureau designed to encourage the growing of these animals on farms and in back yards. National and State rabbit breeders’ associations are now well established; clubs and as- sociations are being organized and periodicals developed to increase rabbit growing ; and many boys’ and girls’ clubs have taken up the enterprise. It is believed that through these methods a great in- crease in the development of this young industry may be brought about. With a view to fostering the production of these animals along practical lines inv estieations have been continued among the breeders of the country and among those dealing in the skins and manufac- turing the furs. An article on rabbit growing to supplement the meat ‘supply was published in the Yearbook of the Department for 1918, and a bulletin is now in process of preparation to supersede the pes Bulletin (No. 496) on “ Raising Belgian Hares and Other abbits.’ FUR-BEARING ANIMALS. Investigations concerning fur-bearing animals have been con- tinued and the annual bulletin on laws relating to these animals w as issued. The animals now held at the experimental fur farm in Essex County, N. Y., include minks, martens, fishers, skunks, rac- coons, and rabbits. Experiments in inclosures for these animals, ag well as in feeding and breeding them, and investigations concerning thie parasites and diseases to which they are subject, are in progress. 284 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Two graded Saanen goats have been furnished by the Bureau of Animal Industry for use at the farm to provide milk for feeding the fur animals and to keep down weeds in the animal yards. Domestic rabbits are also being grown at the farm in order to supply the fur panes especially the breeding females, with fresh meat. The keep- ing of a few domestic animals at the fur farm has necessitated a limited amount of farming there to produce feed in the form of hay, oats, buckwheat, corn, carrots, and turnips. A building to shelter the rabbits and goats and to store feed for them has been completed during the year, and ground has been cleared and material assembled to build yards to accommodate four pairs of cross foxes. An inguiry concerning the supply of furs from wild fur-bearing animals has been addressed to a large number of raw-fur dealers throughout the United States, including Alaska. This has developed the fact that there has been an alarming reduction in the number of skins coming to the market during the last decade, and that there is a general demand for short open seasons on fur-bearing animals, and particularly for better enforcement of State laws ag gainst trapping fur-bearing animals when their fnr is not prime. Most States now have laws protecting fur bearers during at least a part of the year. Up to within a recent time most of the fur bearers, including such species as the skunk and the mink, have been considered pests, because they at times raid chicken coops. The apparently infrequent damage done by these animals is negligible as against their great value. The skunk feeds largely on field mice and insects and has become one of our most valuable fur bearers. The Commissioner of Conservation of New York reports that during 1918 skunk skins taken in that State brought more than $1,000,000 in the fur market. There is no State in the country which can not greatly increase the natural resources represented by its fur-bearing animals by proper protective laws and their enforcement. ECONGMIC ORNITHOLOGY. Article VII of the migratory-bird treaty between Great Britain and the United States reads as follows: Permits to kill any of the above-named birds which, under extraordinary conditions, may become seriously injurious to the agricultural or other in- terests in any particular community, may be issued by the proper authorities of the High Contracting Powers under suitable regulations prescribed therefor by them, respectively, but such permits shall lapse, or may be canceled at any time when, in the opinion of said authorities, the particular exigency has passed, and no birds killed under this article shall be shipped, sold, or offered for sale. The administration of the act of enforcing the treaty as a conse- quence of this article has caused a notable increase in the demand for economic ornithological work. Numerous reports of bird depreda- tions have been made, and in some of the cases investigated recom- mendations for the control of the species have been made, while in others the complaints proved to be without basis to warrant action. The incentive for large crop production incident to the war has been an added cause for the receipt of more than the ordinary number of complaints concerning bird depredations. A policy of bird con- servation that will best serve the interests of the farmer involves not only a thorough appreciation of the value of beneficial species, but adequate attention to the control of troublesome ones. Consequently, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 285 now that the beneficial species are fortified by ample protective legis- lation, the importance of perfecting methods for protecting crops against damage by birds becomes apparent. FISH-EATING BIRDS. Continuing the work started last year in investigating the food habits of fish-eating birds, field work was conducted in Florida to ascertain the relation of pelicans to the fishing industry. Claims had been made that these birds were responsible for the reduction in the numbers of mullet noted in recent years, as well as for the de- struction of other food fishes. It naturally followed that the pro- tection of the brown pelican in the breeding colonies, which are maintained as bird reservations, was criticized. The habit of young pelicans, in common with some of the other fish eaters, of regurgitat- ing their food when disturbed, permitted the examination of the stomach contents of several hundred of them without killing a bird. Of the 814 fish found in the material examined only 9 (7 mullet and 2 red fish) were of species valuable as human food. By far the largest item, comprising over 91 per cent of the food, consisted of menhaden, a nonfood fish occurring in great abundance in the shallow waters about Florida and along the Gulf coast. Adult pelicans, however, are at times a nuisance about gill nets, where, in their attempts to secure the enmeshed fish, they tear the seines. Reports of destruction of trout by mergansers, or fish ducks, in Michigan were investigated, but the mildness of the past winter pre- sented conditions tending to keep these birds out of the smaller streams where the damage is usually done. This matter must be investigated under more nearly normal winter conditions to deter- mine accurately the amount of loss from this source. A report on the economic status of all our fish-eating birds is nearly ready for publication. NIGHT HERONS IN LOUISIANA. In Louisiana the night herons had been charged with being a menace to the frogging industry, and for that reason permission was asked to shoot them, as had been done prior to the enactment of the migratory-bird treaty act. Louisiana is the only State wherein night herons had ever been widely considered as legitimate game and a source of food. Among the French-speaking “people of some sec- tions the young of these birds are considered a great delicacy, and “ oros-bec ” hunting has been a favorite sport in the cypress swamps of La Fourche, Terrebonne, St. Marys, and neighboring parishes. An expert made a careful study of the birds in their haunts and after examination of a large number of stomachs reported that these birds are in no way a detriment to the frogging industry. It was proved that more than 96 per cent of the food in the stomachs of the night herons examined consisted of crawfish, and not a single frog was found. These birds were mainly the yellow-crowned species (Vyctanassa violacea), but previous examinations of stomachs of the black-crowned night herons showed that they had similar habits. WHITE-WINGED DOVES IN ARIZONA. Complaints by grain raisers of Arizona against the white-winged dove also necessitated investigation, chiefly in Maricopa County, where about 30,000 acres of wheat and barley had been planted. It 286 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. was found that the doves were very abundant and that by far the greater part of their food was secured from the waste grain dropped among the stubble. ‘The birds seemed to prefer feeding there even though shocks or stacks of grain remained in the same field. In small fields, especially those located near lar ge breeding or roosting colonies, the damage is sometimes very serious. In such situations it will probably be necessary to permit the killing of birds actually damaging crops. BLACKBIRDS IN @HIO. A study of the food habits of red-winged blackbirds in north- eastern Ohio, where sweet corn is grown extensively, determined the fact that these birds are a menace to the crop. The damage is of a most annoying character, as the attacks are made when the crop 1s nearly ready to harvest. The birds tear open the husks and feed on the terminal kernels, thus making the corn unsalable. Field corn also is sunilarly damaged. [Effective control measures were devised for fields of small size and for garden patches, but for large areas more economical measures must yet be discovered. It has been found that with care and with proper baits strychnine may be used against blackbirds with very little danger to other wild or domestic bird a BOBOLINKS, OR “RICE BIRDS,” AND THE RICE CROP. A complaint coming from the lower Delaware Valley regarding depredations by bobolinks, “yeedbirds,” or “rice birds,” was in- vestigated and found to be without foundation, but a continuation of this investigation in the South Atlantic States indicated that these birds are as destructive to rice as ever wherever opportunity offers. On their northward migration they do great damage to newly- sprouted rice and on their southward journey they raise havoe with rice in the milk. Untold thousands of these birds swarm in dense clouds over rice fields, where they may ruin the crop in a few hours. t was found that the losses to rice growers from these birds in the fall of 1918 amounted to about $150,000. In consequence of this an open season on bobolinks has been declared, which will have a tendency toward breaking up large flocks and reducing their num- bers. In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary land, and the District of Columbia these birds may be shot from September 1 to October 30, inclusive, and in Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, and Florida from August 16 to November 15, inclu- th DAMAGE TO RICE BY WILD FOWL. In the fall of 1917 many complaints were received of damage by wild ducks to the rice crop of the Sacramento Valley, Calif. Inves- tigation was begun by an expert of the bureau as soon as the rice began to head the following August and continued until the harvest was well under way in October. Rice in this region is grown lar gely on low-lying and more or less alkaline lands unsuited for othe: forms of cultivation and therefore previously unutilized for agri- culture. Considerable numbers of pintails and mallards breed in ‘the marsh and slough areas, and late in summer many other birds con- eregate there, attrac ted by the water and food. On moonhght nights pintails come to the rice fields in large flocks to feed. Experiments were made with various means of driving out the birds. It was found that arming men with guns and stationing them in the fields BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 287 was one of the best methods, supplemented by occasional aerial bombs that exploded among the birds and fr ightened them as they rose from the rice. As these ducks are protected under the migratory- bird treaty act, a special order was necessary granting permission to rice growers to kill them before the opening of the hunting season on October 16; after that date rice growers were permitted - to shoot at night in fields still containing rice. These measures resulted in a saving of not less than $125, 000 worth of grain, while the number of ducks destroyed was nominal. Tn November investigation was made of conditions in the rice district of Arkansas. Owing to unfavorable fall weather, Bee two-thirds of the rice crop was unharvested as late as November 25. Migratory ducks, mainly mallards, were then arriving from the north and ‘threatening serious damage. While the hunting season had opened, it was necessary to ouard the fields at might, so that a special order had to be made under the migratory- bird tre eaty-act regulations, allowing rice growers to kill ducks at night. MEADOWLARKS AND SPROUTING CORN. The relation of the meadowlark to sprouting grain was a subject of field study in South Carolina. Reports receive 2d from most of the South Atlantic and Gulf States indicated that the food habits of the bird in the South were quite different from those it possesses in the North and that it was inflicting severe damage on sprouting corn. During March and April it was “found that migrating flocks of these birds were spending a large part of their time in cornfields, feeding on the sweet germinating “kernels, secured either by pulling up the sprouts or by making conical borings down to the grain. To afford farmers proper relief permission will have to be given them in cer- tain areas to drive the birds from the fields with shotguns if neces- sary. Similar complaints against mourning doves were not substantiated. DESTRUCTIVENESS OF EAGLES. From year to year definite and authentic reports are being received on the destruction of young fawns and wild turkeys, and even of young calves in some parts ‘of the West, by golden eagles. Similar reports of the habits of both the golden and the bald eagle i im rela- tion to game come from Alaska. “Tt is evident that these powerful birds are seriously destructive at times and their unlimited protec- tion is probably not warranted. IMMUNITY OF QUAIL AND GROUSE TO STRYCHNINE POISONING. Important evidence has been secured regarding the comparative immunity of quail to strychnine poisoning. Field observations and feeding experiments conducted in California showed that one valley. quail can eat grain containing enough strychnine to kill 12 ground squirrels without showing the slightest ill effect from the poison. A number of similar experiments on a mountain quail and a bob-white gave like results. The information thus gained will tend to allay fears in certain quarters that poisoning campaigns against ground squir rels result disastrously to these valuable game birds. Inve estiga- tions in Saskatchewan, Canada, have proved that grouse are equally immune to strychnine poisoning. 288 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD HABiTS OF GTHER BIRDS. With a view to ascertaining the food habits of the vireos, exami- nation of stomach contents has been continued and completed for all but one species; similar work has been started on the English sparrow, that its relation to constantly changing agricultural con- ditions may be known; and examination of the food ‘of other species has progressed so far as a limited force permitted. During the year two department bulletins were published, At- tracting Birds to Public and Semipublic Reservations, and Food Habits of the Mallard Ducks of the United States, and several Farmers’ Bulletins were revised. A report has been prepared on the food of winter-bird visitants, including the pine and evening grosbeaks, white-winged and red crossbills, hoary and common red- polls, pine. siskin, snow bunting, the various longspurs, and the pipits. Another has also been prepared on the food of shoal-water ducks, dealing with the gadwall, baldpate, green-winged, blue- winged, and cinnamon teals, pintail, and wood duck. For educa- tional purposes a Jecture with lantern slides has been prepared on the value of birds to agriculture. BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. The work of the Division of Biological Investigations has been seriously decreased, owing to the war. Two members of the scien- tific staff were commissioned in the Sanitary Corps and were in charge of rat-control work in France to safeguard Army supplies, and others were detailed to certain phases of urgently needed eco- nomie work, As has been the case during past years, the field and laboratory work of the division has been conducted along broad lines helpful _ to the various other activities of the bureau. These activities include the enforcement of the migratory-bird treaty act; enforcement of the Lacey Act regulating importations of, and interstate commerce in, birds and mammals; the administration of the mammal and bird reservations; general conservation of game birds and mammals; and work relating to the economic relations of mammals and birds to agriculture, forestry, and stock-raising. The card indexes covering the distribution, abundance, and habits of all the species of North ‘American mammals and bir ds have been greatly augmented during the year. These files contain data from many sources, including repor ts by field parties of the bureau, notes gleaned from ’ correspondence and other outside sources, and records from publications. DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATION OF BIRDS. Owing to war conditions fewer volunteer observers than usual reported on bird migration. However, 250 observers sent in re- ports from points throughout the United States and from many localities in Canada and Alask: Considerable progress was made in compiling information from v ‘arious publications on the distribu- tion and migration of birds, adding materially to the files, which now contain more than 1,350,000 cards. This source of information is consulted daily in connection with the administration of the migra- tory-bird treaty act and the investigations of the economic habits of birds. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 289 BIRD COUNTS. Reports of the fifth annual series of counts of birds breeding on selected areas in various parts of the United States were received from 84 persons, who reported on over 100 different areas. Many of these counts, made on areas previously reported on, showed an increase in bird population. Owing to the unusual conditions throughout the country, on account of the war, many persons who had formerly taken part in the annual bird counts were unable to find time for this extra duty. With the gradual return of normal conditions, however, it is confidently expected that a large increase will occur in the number of these volunteer observers. BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE STATES. Good progress was made in the field work in Arizona, Florida, Mentana, Washington, and Wisconsin, continuing the biological sur- veys which have been in progress during the past few years. The “ Mammals of Panama,” one of the results of a cooperative bio- logical survey of the Canal Zone in 1911-12, is about to be issued by the Smithsonian Institution. Works completed, but not published, include List of Mammals of New Mexico, The Mammals of North Dakota, The Mammals of Wyoming, The Birds of Texas, 'The Birds of Alabama, and The Birds of New Mexico. Negotiations are being conducted for the publication of the last three mentioned by the States to which the reports relate, and those on Alabama and New Mexico will probably be issued within a few months. A systematic study of the rice rats of North America was issued during the year. BREEDING GROUNDS OF MIGRATORY WILD FOWL. An investigation of the breeding areas of ducks in North Dakota, begun in June, 1918, was continued during July. During June, 1919, the breeding grounds of ducks and other wild fowl in central Ne- braska were \nvestigated in order to compare the results with those found to obtain during former years. A gratifying increase of breed- ing waterfowl is evident in these States owing to the protection they have in spring under the migratory-bird treaty act. WILD LIFE IN NATIONAL PARKS. Tn cooperation with the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, investigations of the distribution, abundance, and habits of birds and mammals of Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks have been conducted during the past few years. During the fiscal year just closed revised reports on the birds and mammals of these two areas were published by the National Park Service in their educational literature; an elaborate report on Glacier National Park, comprising annotated lists of all the birds and mammals known to occur there, was completed during the year and was published by the National Park Service. A similar report on the mammals of the Yellowstone National Park has been prepared. RELATION OF RODENTS TO FORAGE PRODUCTION. In the spring of 1918 field investigations to secure information concerning the damage to crops and forage by injurious rodents were begun in several western States. Ry means of fenced and unfenced 290 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. quadr ats established on grazing areas where rodents abounded, studies of the damage inflicted by ‘these pests were instituted. During the spring of 1919 a careful examination of these special areas was made and substantial progress in the elucidation of these problems has been effected. New quadrats were also installed. The results of this investigation will have great practical value in relation to forage on the western range lands. MAMMAL AND BIRD RESERVATIONS. The Federal big game and bird reservations in charge of this bu- reaul, remain, as heretofore, 74 in number. Four are bie game reser- vations; one, the Niobrara, created as a bird reservation, is used for both birds and big game}; and 69 are bird reservations. On June 30, 1918, the big game reservations contained a total of 368 bison, 274 elk, 54 antelope, and 21 deer, an increase in each species over the number reported last year. The Government’s seventh bison herd was established at Sullys Hill by the gift of the Park Commissioners of Portland, Oreg., of a nucleus herd of 6 animals. The Government’s bison herds now ag- gregate about 950 head. Losses of antelope have been checked at the Wind Cave Reservation, S. Dak., and at the National Bison Range, Mont. The number of visitors to the large game reservations is increas- ing, notably at Sullys Hill, Wind Cay e, and at the National Bison Range. Trains on the new branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad from Dixon to Polson, Mont., now stop at Moiese close to the en- trance to the main gate of the National Bison Range. On the Gulf reservations ar rangements were completed, as required by law (89 Stat., 1106), for assuming the full costs of warden service, formerly paid in part by the National Association of Audubon So- cieties. It became necessary also to purchase and maintain a patrol motor boat at Big Lake Reservation, a service formerly provided by the Arkansas Fish and Game Commission. Under the protection of the wardens, the useful birds on all the big game reservations have notably increased, but particularly on the Na- tional Bison Range and the Winter Elk Refuge, incidental to the pro- tection of these reservations for mammals. MAMMAL RESERVATIONS. Wrxtrer Erx Rerucr, Jackson, Wyo.—The main purpose of this reservation, which now has an inclosed area of 2,760 acres, is to in- crease the forage for ell by a limited amount of cultivation. The first cutting of hay is stacked and fed to the elk when there is no available pasturage, and the remainder is left to be grazed by these animals. Besides the hay raised, 2,103 bushels of oats were harvested from 56 acres, incidental to preparing ground for alfalfa. In the spring this area was disked and seeded, and in addition 140 acres having an inferior stand of alfalfa were dragged and reseeded to increase the yield of hay. At the beginning of the year the hay on hand totaled 755 tons, 120 of which was cut in 1917 and 635 in 1918. Because of the light snow- fall over the entire region, the maximum number of elk coming down BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 291 at any one time to the refuge to be fed in the spring of 1919 was 8,000, as compared with a maximum of 10,000 for 1918. During 23 days of March (5tlr to 27th) 164 tons were fed to the elk, leaving a good supply on hand to supplement the harvest of this year. Some hay also was furnished by the State of Wyoming, and 25 tons of oat straw were fed to the elk. No deaths from starvation were reported. A shortage of feed seems imminent for the coming winter, however, by reason of a severe drought. The drought has had the effect also of concentr anne the ground squirrels around the irrigated areas, and as a result it ha been possible to poison large numbers of them and thereby decrease their destruction of forage. During the year somewhat more than 4 miles of new fencing was completed. The feeding corral built last year operated successfully and permitted segregating the young and weaker elk, thus protecting them from the main herd until they were fit to join 1t. Two cow moose visited the refuge on April 2. The necessity for increased and ‘definitely provided pasturage is immediate and imperative in order to deal justly with the settlers and to safeguard the existence of the elk. The precarious conditions surrounding the only two remaining large elk herds in the United States and a program for their conservation and for the action necessary to make them of the greatest value to the people are set forth in a department circular (No. 51), Our } National Elk Herds, published in June in cooperation with the Forest Service. NavrtonaL Bison Raner, Moresr (NEAR Dixon), Mont.—The ‘in- closed area of this reservation totals 18,521 acres. It is stocked with the following: Bison, 290 head (including 48 calves) ; elk, 125 (not including young; antelope 33 (not including young) ; and mule deer, 13 (not including young). Of the bison, one crippled bull died, and one young calf was killed by an accident. Sérious forest fires threatened the range in August and again in May. Seven hundred acres of young pines and spruces were de- stroyed, but the fires were checked through the cooperation of the Indian and the Reclamation Services. Several incipient blazes were handled by the warden and assistants without serious loss. Receiving basms 10 feet to 30 feet in diameter have been scooped out for conserving the water from the springs and making it ace vessi- ble to the animals. When the antelope “banded up” in the autumn the count dis- closed but 32 as compared with 34 last vear, probably the result of unlawful poaching in a remote part of the range. One doe was added by gift of the Oregon Game Commission. Wino Cave NavrionaL GAME PRESERVE, S. Dax.—In the 4,160 acres inclosed on this reservation, the big g-game animals number as follows: Bison, 52 Ses 12 calves); elk, 85 (not including calves) ; and antelope, 21 (including 7 vee Thirteen coyotes (two of which were inside the inclosure) and seven bobcats have been killed this year. The scanty water supply has been increased by the development of the Ottman well. Surtys Hirt Game Preserve, N. Dax.—About 700 acres of this reservation are now inclosed and contain the following: Bison, newly 292 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, established, 7 (including 1 calf); elk, 22 (not including calves) ; and deer, 6 (not including fawns). NioprarA RESERVATION, VALENTINE, Nepr.—The big-game animals are at present held in two inclosures of about 200 acres each. The remainder of the reservation, about 4,500 acres north and about 9,000 acres south of the Niobrara River, is being inclosed in a stock-proof fence. The reservation is stocked with the following: Bison, 19 (not including calves) ; elk, 42 (not including calves) ; white-tailed deer, 2; Canada geese, 8. Pinnated and sharp-tailed grouse and other useful ground-nesting birds are increasing in numbers. Two abandoned military structures are being salvaged for use in repairs of other buildings, and arrangements are being made for disposal under condemnation proceedings of the old “Administra- tion Building.” A wire suspension footbridge has been built across the river, one dam constructed, and water from one spring conserved. By special efforts the prairie dogs were greatly reduced, possibly extirpated, thus saving considerable pasturage for the bison and elk. BIRD RESERVATIONS. On 10 of the 69 bird reservations, paid warden service has been maintained throughout the year, permanent warden service having been established at the Belle Fourche, S8. Dak.; Big Lake, Ark.; and Strawberry Valley, Utah, reservations. At 8 other reservations part-time warden service is maintained during the nesting periods, the hunting season, or at times when serious trespass is likely to occur. Through the cooperation of the Reclamation Service, a general measure of protection is provided on most of the 19 bird reservations located within reclamation projects. At the Minidoka Reservation, Idaho, a beginning has been made of making two islands of from 100 to 300 acres each, more attrac- tive nesting and feeding places for useful birds, and important species of aquatic plants useful for food for waterfowl have been introduced into Lake Walcott. Certain projected and necessary improvements could not be carried out on account of labor shortage. At the Belle Fourche Reservation, S. Dak., permanent warden service has been provided, warden’s quarters have been constructed, and a large area suitable for nesting and feeding places for wild ducks has been protected by fencing. At the Big Lake Reservation, Ark., substantial progress has been made in locating, straightening, and defining the boundaries. Re- ports from various outside sources indicate that the reservation 1s now serving the purpose for which it was established. At Deer Flat Reservation, Idaho, projected improvements were postponed on account of unsettled conditions. At the Malheur and Klamath Reservations, Oreg., deplorable con- ditions exist on account of uncertainty concerning the status of certain lands embraced within these reservations. These conditions are under investigation, and it is confidently expected that both these reservations, which are of world-wide fame as natural breed- ing places for birds, and which should be unique and valuable assets not only for the immediate locality but also for the Nation, will be permanently preserved for the public benefit, and not be sacrificed for the temporary advantage of a few interested persons. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 293 On the Hawaiian Islands Reservation a warden resident at Hono- lulu has been appointed to keep the bureau informed regarding conditions there. The reservations in Florida are very inadequate to preserve what formerly was the most wonderful bird population of North America. The time when effective action is practicable is rapidly passing. With proper measures taken at once for establishing extensive refuges in southern Florida, one of the most wonderful assets of the State and of the Nation can be preserved from annihilation. Reservations about the Mississippi delta were utilized during the year in securing material for a study of the effect of fish-eating birds upon commercial fisheries. A representative of the bureau visited the breeding colonies of Caspian terns and brown pelicans on the Breton and Tern Islands reservations in J une; the latter reservation, near the Pass 4 Loutre, is commonly known as the “Mud Lumps.” Increased protected areas suitable for breeding places for the mi- gratory wild geese, ducks, cranes, swans, curlew, and shore birds should be provided. Additional wild-fow] refuges along the paths of migration are needed in order to secure improved and equalized opportunities for shooting wild fowl for food and for recreation, particularly in Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Illinois. All species of grouse and quail are also peculiarly subject to unnecessary and un- wise depletion, which can best be minimized through reservations and provision of natural food supplies. The sage grouse requires special and immediate consideration. There have been 28 convictions for violations of section 84 of the United States Criminal Code, prohibiting trespass on Federal bird reservations, with a number of cases still pending. Seven of these were for illegal shooting on the Malheur Lake Reservation, 19 on the Big Lake Reservation, and 2 on the Mosquito Inlet Reservation. It is hoped that these convictions will greatly strengthen respect for the law protecting the reservations. THE MIGRATORY-BIRD TREATY AND LACEY ACTS. The approval of the migratory-bird treaty act on July 3, 1918, to give effect to the treaty between the United States and Great Britain for the protection of migratory birds in the United States and Canada, concluded August 16, 1916, made possible the adequate protection of migratory bir ‘ds in the United States. This act, which supersedes the migr atory- -bird law of 1913, contains many important provisions not found in the old law, especially those conferring on employees of the department appointed to enforce its provisions the powers of arrest, search, and seizure so necessary to its effective en- forcement. Furthermore, the present act and the regulations there- under contain many other new clauses covering the possession of migratory birds and the means by which they may be taken. It also provides for the collection and capture of birds for scientific and pr ‘opagating purposes, as well as for the issuance of appropriate per- mits to kill any species of migratory bird found to be seriously injurious to. agricultural or other interests. The new law also supersedes the provisions of the Lacey Act with respect to the interstate shipment by common carrier of the dead bodies of wild birds and parts thereof, and adds uew clauses pro- 294 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hibiting.the shipment or carriage of living as well as dead birds— migratory and nonmigratory—out of a State by any means whatever contrary to the laws of the State in which the birds were killed or from which they were carried or shipped. The provisions of the Lacey Act relating to the delivery to a common carrier for trans- portation of foreign animals and birds, the interstate shipment of wild animals and parts thereof, and the penalty for knowingly re- ceiving illegal shipments still remain. The first regulations under the treaty act adopted by the Secretary of Agriculture became effective on approval by the President July 31, 1918. Amendments to these regulations were adopted and be- caine effective October 25, 1918. The designation “ district inspector,” applied to those appointed to enforce the migratory-bird law of 1913, was changed to “ United States game warden,” and the office of chief United States game warden for the administrative officer directly in charge of the ad- ministration of the treaty act was created when the act became effective. For the first year this act was administered with a force of only 15 full-salaried game wardens, and 45 deputy wardens paid when actually employed. Much assistance and cooperation was rendered by most of the State game departments, and about 150 United States deputy game wardens were appointed from the deputy State game wardens, who received only a nominal salary from the Federal Gov- ernment. _ The wardens employed by the bureau reported for prosecution 531 violations of the law. Convictions have been secured in 116 cases, in which fines were assessed ranging from $1 to $100 and costs, and aggregating $2,580. Of the remainder, 216 cases have been reported to the solicitor of the department for prosecution and are still pend- ing; 5 cases have been dismissed by Federal judges; grand juries refused to return true bills in 15 cases, which probably will be resub- mitted to grand juries or prosecuted by information; 79 cases are still under investigation; and prosecutions were abandoned in 100 cases, due mainly to the fact that the violations were of a trivial character or the violators had already been convicted and adequately fined in State courts. Convictions were secured in Federal courts as follows: Alabama, 28; Arkansas, 12; California, 4; Delaware, 1; Florida, 15; Georgia, 2; Idaho, 6; Illinois, 9; Iowa,4; Louisiana, 1; Maine, 1; Maryland. 1; Minnesota, 2; Missouri, 4; New York, 3; Ohio, 3; South Carolina, 11; South Dakota, 1; Tennessee, 6; Texas, i; and Virginia, 1. Reports received to date show that 58 violators of both Federal and State laws were apprehended by United States deputy game wardens and were successfully prosecuted in State courts and fined an aggre- gate of $1,918.75. The States in which these violations were prose- cuted have thus benefited materially as a result of the cooperation of United States game wardens with State game authorities. Wild ducks and other migratory birds of an approximate value of $2,942.25 illegally killed or possessed, and aigrettes and plumes of other migratory birds of an estimated value of $6,857.55 illegally possessed and trafficked in, have been seized. In most instances the birds seized which were fit for food have been released by the accused persons and donated to charitable or other public institutions and BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 295 much of the plumage seized has been turned over by the courts or the accused persons to the bureau to be used for scientific and edu- cational purposes. The remaining birds and plumes are being held as evidence to await disposition by the court. During the year 621 scientific permits and 465 propagating permits were issued. "The number of propagating permits issued does not ee the number of persons who captured or possessed and trafficked in migratory waterfowl during the year for propagating purposes. The law is new and most persons possessing such water- fowl have not as yet become familiar with its provisions. The public is rapidly learning the requirements of the law, however, and is showing a oratifying desire to comply with them. Marked progress has been made in br eaking up the illegal traffic in aigrettes. Aigrettes in the United States are mainly the plumes of the American « egret and snowy heron, which birds have been exter- minated in me ae of the rookeries and greatly reduced in numbers everywhere by plume hunters, who wantonly kill the birds during the breeding season. The treaty act and the regulations thereunder make it unlawful to possess, purchase, sell, or transport aigrettes or the skins or plumes of any migratory birds except under “permit for purely scientific purposes, but the skins and feathers of migratory game birds law- fully killed may be possessed without a permit. The wearing of aigrettes and plumes of migratory birds other than the feathers of migratory game birds lawfully killed is thus made unlawful, and it is believed that women will refrain from wearing aigrettes or other prohibited plumage as soon as they have become iat with the provisions of the law. The market for these plumes will then be closed and a check placed upon the indiscriminate slaughter of these beautiful birds for their plumage. The extent to which this illegal traffic has been conducted was indicated when United States game wardens armed with a Federal warrant searched the apartment of a Seminole Indian at Miami, Fla., and seized aigrettes valued at about $3,000. It is reliably stated that the yearly earnings of this Indian from the sale of plumes to Florida tourists and others have for several years exceeded $5,000. The Indian is now under bonds to await the action of the Federal court. The constitutionality of the migratory-bird treaty act has been upheld by Federal courts in Arkansas, Missouri, and Texas. These decisions have removed to a large extent the doubt existing in some quarters concerning the validity of the act, and have been ‘a decided deterrent to those inclined to violate the law. In Dlinois, Ohio, South Carolina, and South Dakota legislation was enacted bringing the State game laws into practical uniformity with the provisions of the migratory- -bird treaty act and the regula- tions thereunder, making a total of 28 States that have conformed their laws for the protection of migratory birds to the Federal law and regulations. The laws of three other States are nearly in harmony with the Federal regulations. Many species of migratory birds have had a marked increase under the existing treaty act. Waterfowl formerly driven to the far north by spring shooting have remained in steadily increasing numbers to breed in localities where few or none had previously nested for many years, 296 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. State game commissioners, sportsmen, and others have extended cordial support and cooperation in the enforcement of the law, and the general opinion prevails that the treaty act properly enforced will “restore our migratory game birds to such numbers as will con- tinue to afford abundant legitimate sport. At the same time there will be an incvease in the useful Insectivorous and other migratory nongame e birds, INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN GAME. The designation “ district inspector, interstate commerce in game,” was changed to “ United States game warden ” when the migratory- bird treaty act, approved July 3, 1918, became effective, and the enforcement of the provisions of the Lacey Act was delegated to all United States game wardens—15 in number—but 4 of these wardens, who had been “previously assigned solely to Lacey Act work, were continued during the year in the enforcement of that law. The remainder of the wardens devoted their time mainly to the enforce- ment of the treaty act, but rendered incidental services in the enforce- ment of the Lacey Act. The increased number of wardens performing Lacey Act work has resulted in greatly increased activity in the suppression of illegal interstate shipments of game. During the year special efforts were made to minimize shipments of beaver and deer skins and deer. In this the bureau secured the cooperation of many responsible concerns dealing in furs and game. The high prices paid for furs ‘have encour aged some trappers to capture illeg gally and ship beaver skins to the market, but, as a result of the bureau’s educational work in regard to the law, many firms dealing in furs have refused to pur- chase beaver skins or to receive shipments from States that have a continuous close season on beaver. Many of these firms have not only discontinued sending quotations to trappers in States which pro- hibit the exportation of beaver skins, but have warned trappers not to consign to them beaver skins that have been illegally taken or shipped. More than 1,000 interstate shipments of furs and game were inves- tigated and 25 apparent violations of the Lacey Act were reported to the solicitor during the year. Of these violations, 12 were based on shipments which contained in the agoregate 27 carcasses of deer and 1,500 pounds of venison; 7 contained a total of 103 beaver skins; 2 contained 56 deerskins; 1 consisted of several shipments contain- ing deer and elk hides; and 1 a shipment of aigrettes. Investigation of a lar ge number of alleged illegal shipments i is Now in progress. Violations of the Lacey Act reported for prosecution during the re to the solicitor originated in the following States: California, Colorado, 1; Idaho, ee Louisiana, 1; Maine, 5; Minnesota, 2; aan 2: New Hampshire. 4; Utah, 2; Vermont, 3; and Wash- ington, 1. Twenty-three cases involving violations of the Lacey Act were disposed of in Federal courts. Seventeen prosecutions resulted in conviction of the accused and the payment of fines ranging from $2 to $1,000, the total amount of fines imposed being $1, 917, The other cases were not brought to trial. Seventy-six cases, many of them involving the shipment of beaver skins, which for various reasons it seemed undesirable to prosecute in Federal courts, were referred by the bureau to State officials for BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. 297 prosecution in State tribunals. In 74 of these cases the accused were convicted and fines aggregating $3,085 were imposed. One offender was sentenced to 90 days in jail and another was paroled. IMPORTATION OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS. War conditions during the first half of the year exerted a marked influence on the importation of birds from foreign countries. AlI- though the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, restrictions on shipments were not removed until some months later, and even at the close of the fiscal year normal conditions had not been re- stored, so far as the trade in birds was concerned. Ordinarily the number of permits issued for the port of New York exceeds that for any cther port, but this year, even including the permits for birds from Central and South American countries, 1t amounted to less than 7 per cent of the total. Very few shipments were received from Eu- rope although two or three lots of canaries arrived from Liverpool, London, and Rotterdam, the Rotterdam consignment being the first trom Holland since the early days of the war. The parrot trade with tropical American countries, which forms an important item under norma! conditions, has only recently begun to revive, as shown by the receipt of two considerable consignments from Nicaragua and Colombia. The number of permits issued during the year decreased about 10 per cent, from 300 in 1918 to 273 in 1919, and the number of in- spections from 76 to 42. Many of the permits issued were for the entry of foxes from Canada, the total number being 335, as com- pared with 391 in 1918. At Honolulu permits were issued for the entry of 195 birds, including pheasants, and several miscellaneous cage birds. So far as known, no prohibited species were entered dur- ing the year. During the latter part of October and the carly part of November, reports were received to the effect that a contagious disease was prev- alent on some of the fox farms on Prince Edward Island, and the issue of permits for the entry of foxes was temporarily suspended pending an investigation. Through the cordial cooperation of the Canadian authorities, an examination of conditions promptly made disclosed the fact that the malady was local and noncontagious. The precaution had the effect of assuring importers that the Department realized the importance of protecting their interests and effectually guarding against the introduction of any contagious disease. The increase in the number of shipments received at San Fran- cisco was marked and included not only birds from the Orient and Australia, but also for the first time some direct from the island of Java. For the first time in 20 years, the number of canaries imported from the Orient nearly equaled the number received from European ports. As was the case last year, the receipts of miscellaneous non- game birds included a number of rare species, particularly from the Orient and from Venezuela. Among the most interesting entries were several shipments from Java, one of which included a number of jay thrushes, reported as Garrulax pectoralis. The consignment from Rotterdam, which arrived in April, contained in addition to canaries and other song birds, 12 species of waterfowl and shore birds, including a number of European green-winged teal, garganey or 151352°—19 20 298. ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. blue-winged teal, red-headed widgeon, and barnacle geese intended for exhibition in public zoological gardens or for propagation in private collections. Among the rarer birds from Venezuela and Colombia were two Venezuela parrots (Amazona barbadensis), several bare-eyed robins (Planesticus gymnophthalmus), a puftbird (Bucco bicinetus), a car- dinal (Paroaria nigrigenis), three black-necked screamers (Chauna chavaria), and several species of tanagers. Reports of losses due to deaths among the birds en route were much more frequent than in any previous year. These were due in part to the long voyages from Australia and Java, but also to lack of care in handling the birds or packing them for shipment. IMPORTATION OF QUAIL FROM MEXICO. The regulations governing the importation of quail from Mexico remained in force without change during the past season, except that the time of entry was extended three weeks at the end of the season. The season was open in 1919 from February 15 to April 30. The ports of entry were the same as last year, Laredo and Eagle Pass, Tex., and New York City. Through cooperation of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the usual 10 days’ quarantine was maintained at the two ports in Texas, and a thorough inspection of the birds was made during the period of detention. The first permit was issued January 8, 1919, and the number of quail for which permits were is- sued was 10,730, but the number released from quarantme was only 4,358, as compared with permits issued for 10,500 and the release of 5,205 m 1918. Notwithstanding the fact that preparations were made long im advance of the season, both by importers and by several of the State game commissioners, to secure a large number of birds, the total number of quail secured was so small that only a fraction of the orders could be filled. The long-continued drought in the Southwest, and particularly in the States of Coahuila and Tamaulipas, where most of these quail are captured, appears to have so reduced the number of quail that it was impossible to secure birds to meet the demand. Comparatively few birds held died during the quarantine period, and no case of quail disease was reported. INFORMATION CONCERNING GAME LAWS. The regular annual publications, including a directory of officials and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game, the nineteenth annual summary of game laws, and a general poster showing open seasons for game in the United States and Canada, were issued and were widely distributed. The special poster show- ing open seasons in North Carolina, where a multitude of local laws apply to particular counties, has been discontinued. Copies of all changes in State laws relating to game were received, carded, and indexed for reference. The Summary of the Game Laws of the United States and Canada for this year is the nineteenth annual publication of this bulletin. It is of widespread interest among sportsmen and conservationists and is of much practical service. An edition of 100,000 copies was required to meet the demand and supply the necessary distribution. REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. Unitep STaTES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division oF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, Washington, D. C., October 1, 1919, Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work of the Division of Accounts and Disbursements for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully, A. ZAPPONE, Chief of Division. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. CHARACTER OF WORK. The chief of the division and disbursing clerk is charged by the Secretary of Agriculture with the duty of preparing all requisitions for the advance of public funds from the appropriations for the De- partment of Agriculture to the disbursing clerk and to special dis- bursing agents charged with the disbursement of public funds; the keeping of accounts and appropriations ledgers relating to the advance and disbursement of all items of appropriations; and the examination and payment of all vouchers and pay rolls submitted from the various offices, bureaus, and services of the department. He performs such other duties as may be prescribed by the Secretary. . WORK OF THE YEAR. APPROPRIATIONS, EXPENDITURES, ETC, To carry on the work of the Department of Agriculture during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, Congress appropriated $27,875,353 in the agricultural act for that fiscal year; in addition to which per- manent annual appropriations, special appropriations, deficiency appropriations, and the appropriation for printing and_ binding were available, amounting to $90,110,422.60, making a total of $117,985,775.60, of which sum $47,990,477.51 was expended, leaving a balance at the end of the fiscal year of $69,995,298.09. This balance includes $65,000,000 appropriated for the construction of rural post roads and which amount will be available until expended, so the net balance for the fiscal year 1919 is only $4,995,298.09 and which is nearly all covered by outstanding liabilities. Supplemental accounts for the year 1918 were also paid, amounting to $3,589,301.83. 299 300 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. On June 30, 1919, the unexpended balances for the year 1917, amounting to $1,804,318.96, were finally covered into the Treasury to the “Surplus fund.” ‘There were received, examined, and paid by this office 210,377 vouchers and pay rolls, which required the issuance of 342,882 checks on the Treasurer of the United States. There were also sent to the Treasury Department for payment 9,488 accounts. . LOST CHECKS. During the year 294 checks were lost in transit through the mails or by the payees, and were duplicated by this office. PUBLIC MONEYS RECEIVED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. There were received from various sources and deposited in the Treasury to the credit of the proper funds the following sums: Telesrams Over Government Ness. 2 2.22. sone e oe = ee ee aoe = $6, 146. 75 Sale of'cotton 'Standardss:. 22.2 22.251 NA SRS eae ce ea eee 2 5, 665. 31 Cost of .cotton-tutures disputes: 24s -2a0) Ao. Seed Se cee eee ees 10, 454. 20 Sale.afloose cottion.2 22) oo ea yas so Ne oo a iseeie ec hele 24, 693. 24 Corp OUCTalh SLaMGaArGs appeals: 8. oc. ae. ete egas ace See ee oe 7, 545. 91 Cost of market inspection of perishable food products..............-- . 19, 227. 86 GlassiicationOlcoblomn <3 een. ake ake Bette he eae Cee ene eer 1,491. 75 Salesiofimitrate olsoda)tojfanmiers =.= -ea-s—e rer peer eo ee 8, 768, 268. 85 Sale oi photo: prints and lantern! sides. ec -s aa nee =e amie 688. 47 Sale Oiheanimes. ie cet aes ee oe detec meme ts are ee eee 178. 7 Receipts-on account of war-tax collections......-.2.......22---..---- 784. 32 Miseellaneousicollections=.2¢ tose. t2¢ setae hy cet se esi oer eee 4,476. 55 Sale ot-eard Indexes 80 9 ano eee os ope ee Pe Re alae SN ae cael 202. 75 Sale of seeds by the Bureau of Plant Industry.............-....<-... 859, 650. 48 Sale of other miscellaneous Government property.-.-...-....--------- 240, 129. 61 Sales of products, agricultural station, Hawail......-....--..-------- 61. 78 Sales of products, agricultural station, Alaska..........-...---------- 1, 617. 76 Sales of products, agricultural station, Porto Rico.............--.-.-- 1, 648, 67 Sales of products, agricultural station, Guam..............,-.-------- 256. 31 Sales of products, agricultural station, Virgin Islands. ........--..---- 699. 88 Cooperative work, Forest Service....-....-..-..-- te Se A aS Sas 547, 928. 89 Forest Reservetund: 2e-.c eho os Se se ee sn eer oes tees 4, 405, 079. 56 Retands on aiileace books, ete a. ca5-. o-e tees te eee Spee 441, 678. 21 Transfers from other departments for work done and supplies furnished. 296, 024. 49 Total ee. Be LS pat Sat ah pared Cae 3 ee C ee 15, 654, 600. 00 DIVISION OF ACCOUNTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. STATEMENT OF Fiseal Amount ap- propriated. $1, 000. 00 167, 787. 82 199, 100. 00 279, 920. 00 172, 593. 00 156, 440. 00 188, 180. 00 301 APPROPRIATIONS, DISBURSEMENTS, AND UNEXPENDED BALANCES FOR THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. {Fiscal years 1839 to 1904, inclusive.] Amount dis- bursed. $1, 000. 90 1897 270. 00 112) 196. 55 167, 787. 82 199, 100. 00 277, 094. 34 172, 593. 00 151,596. 93 186, 876. 81 Amount un- expended. eee eee eee eee eel, 4, 843. 07 1, 303. 19 Fiscal year. 1872... Amount ap- propriated. $197, 070. 00 202, 440. 00 257, 690. 00 337, 380. 00 249) 120.00 194, 686. 96 198, 640. 00 206, 400. 00 199” 509. 00 275, 460. 31 363, 011.05 456, 396. 11 416, 641.10 655, 930. 25 677, 973. 22 657, 641. 81 1,027, 219. 06 1, 134, 480. 60 1,170, 139.11 1, 372; 049. 21 2; 203, 655. 75 2) 540, 060. 72 2; 603, 855. 58 2) 506, 915. 30 2) 584, 013. 22 2) 448, 763. 53 2) 467, 902. 00 2) 829’ 702. 00 9 015, 846. 00 ” 025, 024. 01 Amount dis- bursed. $195, 977. 25 201, 321. 22 933, 765. 78 321, 079. 83 198, 843. 64 188, 206. 19 197, 634. 94 206, 360. 00 198) 361. 72 267, 608. 84 354, 482. 39 438,941.72 413, 618. 09 558, 934. 89 519, 196. 11 628, 287.14 1, 011, 282. 62 1) 033; 590. 22 "971; 893. 62 1, 266, 277. 36 2, 253, 262. 29 2} 827,795. 65 9; 947, 603. 42 3) 239) 137.29 3, 902, 675. 79 4,724, 230. 84 4, 969, 311. 64 Amount un- expended. $1, 092. 75 TEES: 60 862 ‘S66 °69 08 620 ‘E20 ‘88 502 TS ‘117 ‘066 ‘LF OS “L8F ‘ORL ‘Ee LL'o86' ‘UIT 09 OFS ‘698 GL 09° By 6 : 4 =) o ea o ] a 8G "818 ‘00°. C8 “P18 OGL Y FL SCP ISH 29 CTS ‘060s 86 ese ‘OL G 96 “616 {C06 ‘T 20 'a¥9 2061S Go 069 ‘OIL ‘Z &8 TOL “610 ‘6 69 PGF ESSE ZS GEO ERC ‘S 8 ‘OSF ‘Ler FS “EST “689 09°L40 ‘949. GF “SFO ‘698 T 82 E86 ‘ZOE SL LIT Le8 09 68h E61 F9 FEE ‘LOT 86 160 F9E 86 6LT‘96T LE FL9'SL$ “408 [IAT AID -uns dy} Jepun SuUIpUTG PUB SUT -jund pue‘s1oe yereds ‘sjon Ad WOTOTOp ‘story -eytdoidde penu -UB }WIURULI *popuodxeu ch 'e99 ‘FOL 'SS 19°TS8°606 ‘OT RE LEE 'C69'TS 89 'ZEL'S8E ‘0% ST “CLS ‘SOF “6I OF 192‘ 266‘ LT OF ‘SFr ‘S00 ‘OT GS “016 ‘08S “CT GB G9‘ FST ‘ET 1Z°816‘LF9 ‘OI 0F 999 ‘S26 IT 96 "S96 ‘616 ‘6 ZO CFS ‘89S ‘6 GO “0TS‘989'9 69 “C9E ‘9z8 “CS 00 "eee (C28 26 00 EIT (626 SG 00 GSS ‘Sr6! Mg 00 G82 ‘16 ‘% 00 -eee “G00 Ge 00 “GF6 986 521 00 96F ‘199 ‘9T 00 “910006 ‘OT 00 989" 28F ‘ET 00 980 ‘S66 °ZL 00° 90TBL9{ Il 00 062 ‘Lt 6 00 ‘OF6 °ZE6 “6 00069 °Z88 "9 00 “0F0‘Z06 “eS tot ttteeeesseeeesprer *posinqsicy *poyerdoiddy *qoR uorperidoidde jeimnypnows y “IVA [BOSTT [aatsnpout ‘gT6T 07 GO6T SIBOA [ROSTT] “SI6I “LIGL “9I6L “HaNLTNOMDV FO LNAWLEVdad SULYLS GULINA AHL YOd SAONVIVE GHANAdXEND ANY ‘SLINAWASUIESIG ‘SNOILVINdOGUddY AO LNGAWELYLS REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Division oF PUBLICATIONS, Washington, D. C., August 25, 1919. Sm: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the work of the Division of Publications for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully, Epwy B. Rei, Chief of Division. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. SUMMARY. The bulletins and other publications of the Department of Agri- culture distributed through the Division of Publications during the fiscal year 1919 totaled 62,218,829 copies. Ninety new Farmers’ Bulletins were issued, besides many other bulletins and circulars of a popular nature, and great numbers of posters especially pre- ared to assist in the conservation campaigns of the war period. ae publications of all classes numbered 840, and reprints were 401, making 1,241 publications issued during the year. Job printing and binding received from the Government Printing Office amounted to more than 444 millon pieces, while the aggregate of printing and binding was more than 100 million pieces. A greater proportion of the publications than ever before were written in so direct a style that the farmer could put into use the in- formation obtained in the department’s investigations. Much progress was made during the year in improving the Farmers’ Bulletins in particular. These bulletins have been made shorter; historical matter and scientific details have been largely excluded; technical terms have been avoided. ‘The text has been made simple and direct, although much remains to be accomplished. The outside appearance of the Farmers’ Bulletins has been radi- cally changed by the use of specially designed covers. In many cases a single photograph illustrating the subject covers both the front and the back page, the title of the bulletin being lettered on the photograph in strong but attractive letters. The name of the de- partment and the number of the bulletin are placed at the top for convenience. ‘The department seal is used in all cases as the dis- tinctive ‘“‘trademark”’ of the department’s publications. Contain- ing only these few elements, the front page makes a simple and force- ful appeal to the interest of the reader and leads him to turn the cover. The inside make-up of the Farmers’ Bulletins also in many cases is varied by typographical devices intended to set out and emphasize the salient features of the text, so as to enhance the interest and elucidate the subject. During the year a new series of publications was inaugurated, known as Department Circulars. These take the place of numerous 303 304 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. circulars and leaflets heretofore issued by the various bureaus, and being numbered in a single series avoid the complexity of numbering which formerly existed. The bulk of the department’s informational publications hereafter will be found in a few series—Department Bulletins, Farmers’ Bulletins, Department Circulars, and the Year- book. Pronouncements of an administrative nature will be included in the circulars of the Office of the Secretary. The Service and Reg- ulatory Announcements and the established periodicals, of course, continue, such as the Weekly News Letter, the Monthly Crop Reporter, Public Roads, the Journal of Agricultural Research, the Monthly Weather Review, and the Experiment Station Record. A saving of about $7,000 and 14 tons of paper was made in the job printing by standardizing sizes of blank forms, using economical kinds of paper, and reducing the number of operations. Since many of the forms are permanent, much of this saving will be perpetuated. During the year 26 reels of motion-picture films were completed on 18 subjects, designed to aid in the campaign for increased produc- tion of crops and conservation of food and fuel. Camera work was completed for 17 other films. At the close of the vear 244 reels of film for 57 subjects were available for distribution. Between four and five million people saw the department’s educational films during the year. y FACILITATING PRINTING. The department’s printing was more or less unavoidably delayed during the year by the congestion of emergency war printing imposed upon the Government Printing Office. Considering the conditions, the most necessary printing was delivered with remarkable dispatch. Since the cessation of hostilities the volume of the Government’s emergency work has decreased, yet the Printing Office is able to de- liver the bulk of this department’s printing with only fair promptness. At all times the facilities of the Government Printing Office appear to be fully taxed. In numerous instances a bulletin, report, pamphlet, or administrative blank is needed at once, and the several serial pub- lications should come out on time. It is not always possible, how- ever, to get as prompt service as should be rendered this department by the Government Printing Office. Every effort is made in the de- partment to reduce to the minimum the number of rush requisitions, but they are often unavoidable. In such cases the department en- deavors to cooperate with the Printing Office by furnishing perfect copy, eliminating unimportant changes, and promptly returning the proof. This department, of course, is the most competent judge as to the necessity for haste in the printing of a particular job, and it is hoped in the future the Government Printing Office will find it possi- ble to use its great resources for speedy execution more to the ben- efit of the department. PROMPT HANDLING OF PROOF. Some reduction in the time consumed in handling proofs in the de- partment was apparent during the year, but further cooperation on the part of issuing offices is necessary to speed up the printing. Scarcely ever is the retention of proof for more than three days for critical examination justified. The examination of proof should be undertaken immediately upon its receipt and completed at the earliest possible moment. Prompt return of proof will invite prompt DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 305 handling of the work at the Government Printing Office. The time consumed by the bureaus in the examination of proof could be re- duced very materially if the proof received immediate attention and if the efforts of the issuing office were confined to proof read- ing and not extended to making changes which should have been made in the editing of the original manuscript before it, was sub- mitted for publication. Frequently the return of proof is delayed by sending it to the author when in the field. This practice should be discouraged in so far as it is practicable. APPROPRIATION FOR PRINTING. The regular appropriation for printing and binding for the de- partment for the year was $600,000, which was $50,000 less than for the preceding year. On account of this reduction the publication work was of necessity curtailed, and many important new bulle- tins and reports were not printed, although the acquisition of the information they contained was imposed by law upon thd department. In every act appropriating funds for the department new work and additional investigations are authorized by Congress, the results of which can become available for the use and infcrmation of the people only by means of published reports. Some method ef check- ing up the department’s requirements for printing with the ap- propriation for its maintenance should be adopted. In this way only can the amount needed for printing be accurately ascertained. Of the appropriation of $600,000 for printing, $200,000 is pro- vided for Farmers’ Bulletins, $47,000 for the Weather Bureau, the two items totaling $247,000, leaving $353,000 for all other printing for the department. Under provisions of law the department is required to publish the Yearbook, its proportionate cost for the latest issue being $19,958.46; the Annual Reports of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, which involved an expenditure of $1,234.25; the Soil Surveys, $32,074.25 (although considerably more has been spent in other years and $50,000 would scarcely be adequate); the Crop Reporter and monthly schedules, $32,693.96; other reports, including expenditures in the department, the special report on expenditures involved in meat inspection, and certain minor reports required to be made, aggregating $3,500; the report on work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations and on agricultural extension work, $3,437.53. The total of these re- ports which are authorized by law and required to be printed and paid for from the regular appropriation was approximately $92,- 898.55, leaving for general printing only $260,101.55. More than one- half of this amount was required for administrative printing (orders, decisions, blank forms, stationery, etc.), leaving an amount entirely inadequate for the department’s informational publications. The scientific bulletins particularly should be better provided for, as these are fundamentally the most important class of the. depart- ment’s publications, setting forth the results of the studies for which the department was established. The increase in the printing fund has not kept pace with the rapid growth of the department during the last few years. If the depart- ment is successfully and efficiently to perform its function of acquir- ing and diffusing useful information among the people, adequate funds for printing will be needed and a considerable increase should be made in the appropriation for the fiscal year 1921. 306 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. EXPENDITURES FOR PRINTING AND BINDING. From the regular appropriation for printing and binding ($600,000) the expenditures were $599,982.75, leaving a balance of $17.25. The number of requisitions on the Public Printer was 2,886, as compared with 3,843 for the preceding year. The decrease in the number of requisitions is due to the policy of combining in one requisition a number of pieces of work of similar character. There was no decrease in the volume of printing ordered. SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES FROM THE REGULAR FUND FOR PRINTING AND BINDING. The following statement shows the amounts expended from the regular appropriation, arranged by classes of printing and by bureaus. Expenditures from the regular fund for printing and binding for the fiscal year ended June 80, 1919.' ARRANGED BY CLASSES OF PRINTING, AND SHOWING FOR EACH CLASS THE PER CENT OF TOTAL. Class. Amount. 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STATISTICS OF THE PUBLICATION WORK. oll The statements that follow show in detail the publication work of the department for the year: Contributions by the various bureaus to the series of Department Bulletins and to the Farmers’ Bulletin series issued during the year. Department Bulletins. Farmers’ Bulletins. New. Reprints. New. Reprints. Bureat. u a he a ot ee ae ae ae Es at os a dg, @} se |B} S) & |S} Se) & FES} & Z|: fa Oo iW ‘py oO A | & Oo Ze || Be ) Animal industry ........ 11 319} 74,000; 2] 2) 7,009) 14) 326) 82,000, 51) 1,165) 2,595,009 Biolozical Sarvey.....-- 2 49, 12,009, 1) 40 2,500; 3. 123} . 176,009; 12 281 418, 009 Obemistey 55-2 cn.5.2 OQ 203) 45,550; 5). 144) 34,000) 2...) 2 |. 3... 3 99 45, 000 Crop Estimates ......... Aho RES et Oe Ot oc open < e Pemectre Behl ere se Rea tetas atone | eevee oats teeta ce Entomology .......---.-} 144 452) 83,000) 2) 16] 5,000) 18} 3393, 750,000; 29; 633) 790,599 Farm: Management... go) Sate Ae GOO! eral om clxn tances | 21) 58S; 1,040,000, 10; 219) 415,000 Forest Service........... | 12) 762) 105,009; 3, 103; 1,509)..-.|.-.... ee ee 2) 47 25, 000 Mie RGiset 7 Sh ex Ee 185) 260,009: 3) . 255. 21,009, 2) 44 93, 009, 6| 103; 170, 099. Pisnt Industry.......... 23) 1,110; 142,000 8| 201) 33,000 29; 766) 1,500,009; 79 2,068) 2,294, 509 Pubtic Roads........... AS 238h erie, SUG a2 |-i4ss4faaaa5~ = 3, 128, 370,000 8) 195) 106,000 Secretanyre ween ee eee ere pee Pees Oke ee [aa eee ee oe eee ae eed ee | 2 30,000 SQHSE ee co oeteinese cmicne 2; 197) 4,009 123) LS DOD S seal eeaccticasa caters 2) 78 80, 060 States Relations Serviee.| 6 146) 52,000) 6) 457} 6,000/....)....../.-.22..... 27| 742) 3,547,000 Weather Bureau........ wece)eeeee iganacesc Jeeee]-----[-------- 2 atop eee a 1 31 45, 000 OMB Ss aratg tiga ware wie | 105, 4,078 858,559) 39, 959) 111, a 90; 2,307) 4,005, 000. =" 5, 673,10, 561, 090 | | LA nev series, known as Depirtment Circulars, was begun during the year, but separate statistics for these can not be given at this time. New publications and reprints issued during the ycar ended June 30, 1919. PUBLICATIONS OF ALL CLrAssEsS Except PERIODICALS.! New publications, Reprints Class. phew Pages. | Copies va Pages Copies Department Bulletins...5: -~.54....0n----4-05000 105.| 4,078 932, 550 39 959 111,599 armors: Bealtetins..... 2562. mat seencacet wawagacce 90 | 2,397 | 4,075,000 231 5,673. 10, 561, 099, Departaaesrt Circulars 2.2; 2.5 sa ctcwete- nc nenaee 22 2oSig 2 OEE OO Rs Se ee Se Ros eee (STOO BAW [ee ee eee Sarto hea pe ee 40 | 2,043 AE Oe AR a FS eee a Secretary’s Report to the President ...........--- 1 | 54 TS AL FoR eae en oe ae Annual Reports. Department of Agriculture..... 1 520 ADO! || in siete cia kenisiasnaisinescicn's = Annual reports, bureaus, divisions, and offices.../ 22 674 EIKO foe oncne eee o eh renee nee Yeanlinalisepamatian: s 22) 6) 258 Sons sons nkee ine 34 697 243, 500 | 5 100 10, 599 Journal of Agricultural Research separates 120 | 1,928 ELL. 690) ic cee Sea set ee anaes Miscellaneous separates and pamphlets........... 32} 1,813 | 5,293,100 8 253 1,356, 789 Circulars: Officeiot Secrétarys: 2-22. -. 5 s55-— cal, 38 345. | 2,801,500 10 126 451, 000 Circulars, bureaus, divisions, and offices ......... 67 879 | 5, 586, 500 31 400 947,009 Mis>elianeous bulletins and reports.............- 10 496 28, 700 3 578 5,099 Orders, notices, decisions,.ete........2..22-.-sc4<4 22 69 171,000 61 394 107,099 Service and Regulatory Announcements......... 54 | 1,139 890, 450 22 723 29,509 MP @tah ts sais kda cok uals Adasvterte Janne Seeeaae 653 | 17,340 | 22,286, 240 401 | 9,18 |} 13,589, 250 New publications and reprints combined..........|...... isu eotss~ 1,054 | 26,365 | 35,875, 520 1 Including emergeney publications but not imzludinz publications of the Weather Bureau. 3i2 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. New publications and reprints issued during the year ended June 80, 1919—Contd. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS.1 1 +3: Number : Name of periodical. Bureau or office. ofissues.| F28es- Copies. Veckly-News Wetterssaccc 2 owsnet ea eercaees Seeretarycesoca-eeeecs 52 832 6, 958, 000 Journal of Agricultural Research...........-..-|....- dove pe sean 42 1,801 80, 200 Experiment Station Record..............-.---- States Relations.-..... 19 2, 293 142, 500 Monthly Crop Reporterzcs---s-c52csssaseearees Crop Estimates. .-.... 12 160 2,197, 559 Monthly List of Publications... Publications. . 12 52 2,465, 000 Public Roads... = OdGSeeee eo By 10 481 36, 000 Seed Reporter sc. <2. tsicute oes eeasseecactons Markets....... é 11 88 270, 590 Food Survey... Bois Mowe tieclefne saison teens [oem Oza ace eee ae rieenice 29 380 788, 000 Total periedicalss son. ce2-2 eee lee ee as ce ee eee 187 | 6,087 | 12,937,750 1 Not including publications of the Weather Bureau. In addition to the periodical publications named in this list, the Office of Information issued to the press the ‘‘Food and Farming Weekly,” a 3-column sheet 74 by 19 inches in size. Of this 270,400 copies Were issued during the year. The Office of Information also issued to the press the ‘Special Information Service,” an 8-column sheet 24 by 24 inches in size. During the year 196,100 copies of this sheet were issued. The Superitendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, distributed to paid subscribers 14,021 copies of the Journal of Agri- cultural Research; 12,859 of the Weekly News Letter; 6,972 of the Experiment Station Record; 1,608 of the Monthly Weather Review; 1,169 of Pubhe Roads; and smaller numbers of other periodicals. Copies of publications of all kinds, new and reprints, issued by the department, 1890-1919, inclusive. | | x Number r Number | > Number , Number Year ofcopies. || Year: ofcopies. | Year- of copies. Year “of copies. | : | 1800 ee 1,904,300 || 1998........ 6, 280,365 || 1906........ 13, 488, 527 || 1914........ 38, 186, 392 1!) reer 2,833, 933 || Utes eas TEU ERIS | KS Vy ER | 16, 746, 910 fe) om See 35,075,561 TSQP ee oe 2,348, 797 || 1900..:...:. 7, 152, 428° |) 1908........ 16,875,516 || 1916........ 39, 098, 239 1890852245505 334465 181")| LODTs soe. 7, 889, 281 | 1909 codon 17, 190, 345 LOL7 ASE 47,023,635 Rc Se 3,169,310 | L902) ek 10,586,580 |} 1910........ 25, 190, 465 Helles eceacs 197, 259, 399 if nee Tex 4,100,660 || 1903........ 14,698, 564 | 91d cgsccoe 27,594,877 || 1919........ 149/737, 125 S96 saoeoceee 6,561, 700 || 1904........ 125421 386 {["1912. oes! 34, 678, 557 | TSW Sovedusee 6,541,210 || 1905........ 12,475,197 | 1918.22 3, 806, 366 | 1 Includes publications of the Weather Bureau and publications charged to the emergency fund for “stimulating agriculture.” : FARMERS’ BULLETINS. New bulletins of the Farmers’ Bulletin series to the number of 90 were issued during the year. The output of Farmers’ Bulletins, in- cluding reprints of earlier numbers still im demand, aggregated 14,636,000 copies. The following list gives the serial numbers and titles of the new Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the year: DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. Sto New Farmers’ Bulletins issued during the year ended June 30, 1919. . Ways of Making Southern Mountain Farms More Productive. . Rodent Pests of the Farm. . Water Systems for Farm Homes. . Controlling the Garden Webworm in Alfalfa Fields. . Eradication of Bermuda Grass. . Hog Pastures for the Southern States. 2. Breeds of Light Horses. . Disinfection of Stables. . Important Poultry Diseases. . The Spotted Garden Slug. . Neufchatel and Cream Cheese: Manufacture and Use. . Transferring Bees to Modern Hives. . Velvet Beans. . Tractor Experience in Illinois: A Study of the Farm Tri . or under Corn-Belt Conditions. . Farm Household Accounts. . Growing Grain Sorghums in the San Antonio District of Texas. . Purple Vetch. . Cultivation and Utilization of Barley. . Horse Beans. . How to Use Sorghum Grain. . The Soy Bean: Its Culture and Uses. . Clearing Land. . The Control of European Foulbrood. . Cooling Milk and Cream on the Farm. . Hay Caps. . Handling Barnyard Manure in Eastern Pennsylvania. . The Spinose Ear Tick and Methods of Treating Infested Animals. . Farm Practices that Increase Crop Yields in Kentucky and Tennessee. . Control of the Green Clover Worm in Alfalfa Fields. . Bean and Pea Weevils. . Home and Farm Drying of Fruits and Vegetables. . Systems of Hog Farming in the Southeastern States. . Farm Practices That Increrse Crop Yields. The Gulf Coast Region . Larkspur or ‘*‘ Poison Weed.” = . Timothy. . The Use of Machinery in Cutting Corn. . Cooperative Bull Associations. . Preventing Wood Rot in Pecan Trees. . Steam Sterilization of Seed Beds for Tobacco and Other Crops. . Terracing Farm Lands. . Culture of the Logan Blackberry and Related Varieties. . Sweet Potato Growing. Crop Systems for Arkansas. Growing Fruit for Home Use. Canada Thistle and Methods of Eradication. How to Control Billbugs Destructive to Cereal and Forage Crops. The Gas Tractor in Eastern Farming. . Sweet Clover on Corn-Belt Farms. The Wheat Jointworm and Its Control. Control of the Gnion Thrips. . Saving Farm Labor by Harvesting Crops with Live Stock. Hay Stackers: How They May Be Used in the East and South to Save Labor. Game Laws for 1918. Woolly White Fly in Florida Citrus Groves. Preparation of Bees for Outdoor Wintering. Practical Hints for Running a Gas Engine. Wintering Bees in Cellars. Producing Family and Farm Supplies on the Cotton Farm. Propagation and Culture of the Date Palm. Cattle Scab and Methods of Control and Eradication. Hemorrhagic Septicemia (Stockyards Fever, Swine Plague, Fowl Cholera, etc.). 151352°—10——21 ol4 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 1019. Straining Milk. 1020. Sweet Potato Weevil and Its Control. 1022. Laws Relating to Fur-Bearing Animals, 1918. 1023. Machinery for Cutting Firewood. 1024. Currants and Gooseberries. 1025. Larger Corn Stalk-Borer. 1026. Strawberry Culture, South Atlantic and Gulf Coast Regions, 1027. Strawberry Culture, Western United States. 1028. Strawberry Culture, Eastern United States. 1029. Conserving Corn from Weevils in the Gulf Coast States. 1030. Feeding Horses. 1031. Fig Growing in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. 1032. Operating a Cooperative Motor Truck Route. 1033. Muscadine Grape Paste. 1034. Growing Sugar Cane for Sirup. 1035. Farm Tractor in the Dakotas. 1036. Care and Rare of Farm Implements: No. 5, Grain Separators. 1037. ‘‘White Ants” as Pests in the United States and Methods of Preventing Their Damage. 1038. Striped Cucumber Beetle and Its Control. 1040. Illustrated Poultry Primer. 1041. Eelworm Disease of Wheat and Its Control. 1042. Saving Man Labor in Sugar Beet Fields. 1043. Straw berry Varieties in the United States. 1044. The City Home Garden. 1045. Laying out Fields for Tractor Plowing. 1046. European Corn Borer: A Menace to the Country’s Corn Crop. 1048. Rhodes Grass. 1050. Handling and Loading Southern New Potatoes. 1053. Control of Cherry Leaf-Spot. EMERGENCY OUTSIDE PRINTING. For emergency printing to make more effective the campaign to increase food production and to conserve the food supply, the depart- ment had a special appropriation which included printing, the expend- iture of which was placed under the direetion of this division, This was in addition to the regular printing fund. As during the pre- ceding year, this emergency appropriation was utilized for the printing and distribution of various bulletins, leaflets, pamphlets, circulars, posters, ete., requiring immediate dissemination. The expenditures for emergency printing supplied by private printing houses aggregated $120,158.85. As heretofore, some of the Farmers’ Bulletins were utilized in the department’s intensive campaign. There were 61 such bulle- tins during the year, the editions of which aggregated 2,447,000 copies. Of emergency pamphlets, leaflets, and informational cireu- lars there were 59, and the number of copies issued was 7,295,500; of circulars and folders there were 62, and the editions aggregated 6,309,000 copies; of posters, charts, maps, etc., there were 32, the editions totaling 2,217,020 copies; of Department Bulletins there were 3, and the copies issued 26,000; of miscellaneous labels, forms, maps, etc., the editions ageregated 658,351. The grand total of emergency publications, leaflets, circulars, ete., was 18,952,871 copies. The printed matter was distributed under the supervision of the assistant in charge of distribution, largely through the department’s county and demonstration agents, and other official channels. A DIVISION OF PUBLICATIONS. 315 large percentage of the distribution was made directly from the plants of the contracting printers. The distribution of all emergency printed matter was carefully planned with the view to disseminating it in the locality to which it was adapted and at the time when it was most helpful. PUBLICATION WORK OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. A sum not exceeding $47,000 is allotted to the Weather Bureau from the appropriation for the printing of the department. This money is expended by the Weather Bureau and is not under the supervision of the Division of Publications, but in order to furnish a complete report of the publications of the department the following list is supplied by that bureau: Weather Bureau publications, issued during the fiscal year 1919, at Washington, D. C. Total num- ber of copies. Instructions to Cooperative Observers (Instrument Division Circulars B and C COMPING) se eaptycgts Se oe sicts ors rae ro rere eee tec eee me 5, 000 Daily River Stages at river-gage stations on the principal rivers of the United States: forithetyearw Ol 7iesVolmineV LUeseer ye Sa AS 675 Monthly Weather Review; May, 1918, to March, 1919, 11 numbers. .....-.. 16, 475 Index and title-page for Vol. 46, Monthly Weather Review, 1918...-....-.-. 2, 000 Supplements Nos. 10 to 14 (Aerology Nos. 5 to 9), Monthly Weather Review... 7, 500 Climatological Data for the United States, by sections, March, 1918, to March, 1919, with annual summary for 1917; 14 numbers............... 4,340 Daily Washington weather maps, first and second editions. ............--.. 370, 877 National Weather and Crop Bulletin; issued weekly from April to September, and monthly from October to March; 32 numbers..........-...-----... 112, 860 Snow and Ice Bulletin; issued weekly during the winter months; 17 numbers. 19, 190 Forecast cards, daily except Sundays and holidays............--..-2------- 373, 243 Weel ky foreenatans: Soothes Jet oed oye ats ase eed ie 8 see 8, 415 Monthly Meteorological Summary for Washington, D. C.............-.---.- 3, 280 Tis Sh) ea 2 pias lint te ae ie olen A) a ar ie aed Sipe brome ent tn 923, 855 WORK OF THE DIVISION, BY BRANCHES. The work of the division during the year has been organized in six branches, charged respectively with printing, editing, indexing, illustrating, distributing, and motion-picture activities. > 26 50 23m) paren £54 Colprado:. - 224. - 22 27 24 16 | 7 Connecticut......- 4 2 2 3 Delaware. ------.- ll 10 6 17 Hilsrida paces 44 21 15 21 Georgia 22522525. 15 37 24 5 Tdahos-Aaioco case 9 5 10 6 Tilinovish estos 4- th 66 30 44 Tndiana {oa seisecs 5 25 20 13 11 TOWS 7 decuarten oor 63 80 40 52 Kansas sgiie assess 59 71 38 31 Kentucky........- 25 7 4 8 Touisiann: <2... 2 10 8 21 Maine). 2.2 20-sace.- 8 22 16 10 Maryland........- 25 28 48 30 Massachusetts... ..- 36 25 33 22 Michigan.......... 22 37 38 21 Minnesota-........ 64 7 50 44 Mississippi ee eee 1 1 POSSHurie soadce.. 5. 18 15 19 6 Montana.......... 5 15 19 37 Nebraska. ........ 20 18 10 4 THOVAUAs ose antn aside Sm. 3 1 1 New Hampshire. . 3 2 8 10 New Jersey.......- 83 5 76 25 Fiscal year— { See aor = BOR RAR Ro || South Dakota.... | Utah... 2.22.22... 2 || Canada. ... | North Dakota....- | Oregon Fiscal year— States, ete. 1918 | 1919 New! York. ...22.. North Carolina. ... ONO ork -). - Seseee Pennsylvania. ...- Rhode Island..... South Carolina.... Tennessee...-.--.-- "LOXAS (2h ce eae cleeinis Washington....-.-. West Virginia. .... Wisconsin: --2 22... Wyoming......2:. Hawaii... Porto Rie Totals. ss. -|1,196 |1, 240 |1,093 6 7 103 66 7 1 6 6 56 9 73 5 21 10 4 2 “4 2 19 lL 8 4) 8 8 3 10 4 10 8 21 19 19 36 62 paseee 6 3 - LIBRARY. ook APPENDIX 5. Summarized statement of books borrowed from other libraries during the fiscal years 1915 to 1919. Item. | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 1918 | 1919 Largest number of books borrowed from other libraries on any day... 42 42 41 46 4i Average number of books borrowed from other libraries daily........ 18 23 19 15 16 Largest number of books borrowed from otherlibrariesinany month..| 579 734 623 481 613 Average number of books borrowed from other libraries monthly....} 460 571 507 396 421 Number of books borrowed during the year from libraries outside of ra a WASHINO TOT aspen ee cso seer eee cee meade oe eRe mee oe cebias 86 82 35 70 Number of books borrowed during the year from other libraries in ASHI eTOTEG Aor eta gee ce iy ener Atk eam LAND ct | 5,463 | 6,774 | 6,010 | 4,717 | 5,926 * Total number of books borrowed from other librariesin and out at Washineton:-1.-.> 2.022 .5..2-4-2 EET Bin ee AES | 5,521 | 6,860 | 6,092 | 4,752 | 5,096 Of the 5,026 books borrowed from libraries in the city during the year, 4,126 were borrowed from the Library of Congress, 607 from the Surgeon General’s library, 110 from the National Museum and Smithsonian Institute, 64 from the Geological Survey, 36 from the Patent Office, 21 from the Public Library, and the remaining 62 from 14 other Government libraries. APPENDIX 6. Accessions to the Library for the fiscal years 1915 to 1919. Accessions. 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Purchases: Violence ctr 38 SASS SU 2 IS OS. eee AES) 1,353 | 1,595 1,949 1,510 1,373 Ana pHICLSY ey tan eee teen Ses ee ee 39 49 76 79 88 EATS SV ATA CHAT LS pepo ets a Seen aerate <= Sea | See ee > | 13 1 4 2 HOAs AUCICONMNUANONS 5 occ sees tee ee cease 376 | 274 147 97 154 PRO LA ee cores as aR acento e coe tde ss fone: 1,768 | 1,931 | 2,168 1,690 1,617 Gifts WOLUMOS rat. soe ee sec ac ot once anamsenate es 780 873 641 676 6417 PALI DINEtS Ss. ot eee ee tye” 5 See ee 500 397 508 642 371 Mins ear CHATS - nae eae ee Semen ioe ey ey 22 18 4 59 15 COMPMUALLONS S02 5a. Beets co. Soe ae ae eee 4,909 4,919 4,458 3, 897 2,647 Misbas eee tines NN SORE Dee eae 6,211| 6,207| 5,611 | 5,184 3,63) From binding periodicals and serials...............-- 1,085 1,612 | 1,178 949 748 jist ke CR ae SPS See Pe RO ey 9,064 | 9,750 | 8,957 | 7,823 6, C45 aoe ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. APPENDIX 7. Books, pamphicts, and periodicals in bureau, division, and office libraries. Num- regis- ber of | Num- } tered Num- | period-| ber of | bor- Num- F a f ee. : Aw hye Number } ber of | icals | regis- | rowers Bureau or office. Librarian in charge. Der oun of books.} pam- aie tered ae gente phliets.| rently | bor- | whom re- | rowers. | period- ceived. icals are cir- culated. Bureau of Animal Indus- % try: 2 Animal Husbandry | Miss Jessie Urner-......-. il 1,100 | 4,300 165 28 28 Division. Dairy Division....... Miss Carrie B. Sherly.... 3 918 | 2,250 275 68 58 Biochemic, Pathologi-} Miss Elsie Moore %....... 1 4170 4250 287 75 65 cal, Zoological, and other divisions. Bureau of Biological Sur- | Mr. W. H. Cheesman ®. . 2 G6 p00 sl eee 106 SA ee . vey. Bureau of Chemistry. -.-- Miss Anne E. Draper.... 4 575,000) |-4--eeee 367 266 113 3ureau of Crop Estimates.| Mrs. Ellen H. Painter-.. 2 6000 Seneeese 550 55 19 Bureau of Entomology. ..| Miss Mabel Colcord...... 2 7,136 | 9,000 341 207 12 Bureau of Markets......-- Miss Caroline B. Sher- 6 43,366 | 41,350 bial See eee erases man.5 3ureau of Plant Industry.; Miss Eunice R. Oberly-. 9 4,000 | 41,000 739 348 165 Bureau of Public Roads..| Mr. M. A. Hays........- 1 4900 | 44,000 LAAN ae PRE re eee Horest; SCrviceas- 222. 2<-- = Miss Helen E. Stock- DA RE ZO SO14 see ceeeee 82 114 48 bridge. Office of Farm Manage- | Miss Cora L. Feldkamp. Aol e695 O50cl hes aceee 240 51 46 ment. Office of the Solicitor. .... Mrs EBay oc0ttonese cece 1 4800 oH. aA talleeee alee epee eee cs States Relations Service...) Miss E. Lucy Ogden.... 8 A eon leks DOO) | lleecice tears 118 69 1 All books for the use of the Department in Washington, including those filed in the bureaus, are pur- chased and catalogued by the main Library. No bureau libraries are maintained by the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Bureau of Soils. The Weather Bureau library is administered separately, with the exception that the books and periodicals are purchased from the appropriation for the Library of the De- »artment, the sum of $1,000 being set aside each year for this purpose. The report of the Weather Bureau - beeiry is contained in the report of the Weather Bureau. 2 No bureau library is maintained. 3 Periodical assistant. 4 Approximate figures. 6 }}ditor and librarian. € Books and pamphlets. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. Unirep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SraTes ReLatTrons SERVICE, Washington, D. C., September 25, 1919. Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the report of the States Relations Service for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully, A. C. True, Director. Hon. D. F. Housron, Secretary of Agriculture. INTRODUCTION. The States Relations Service represents the Secretary of Agri- culture in his relations with the State agricultural colleges and ex- periment stations under the acts of Congr ess granting funds to these institutions for agricultural experiment “stations and cooperative ex- tension work in agriculture and home economics, and in carrying out the provisions of ‘the acts of Congress making appropriations to the Department of Agriculture for farmers’ cooperative demonstration work, investigations relating to agricultural schools, farmers’ insti- tutes, and home economics, ‘and the maintenance of agricultural ex- periment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. The organization of the service includes the following offices: (1) The Office of the Director, which deals with the general ‘business and administration of the service and the work relating to agricultural instruction and farmers’ institutes; (2) the Office of Experiment Sta- tions; (3) the Office of Extension Work in the South, including the farmers’ cooperative demonstration work and the cooperative ex- tension work in 15 Southern States ; (4) the Office of Extension Work in the North and West, including the farmers’ cooperative demonstra- tion work and the cooperative extension work in 83 Northern and Western States; and (5) the Office of Home Economics, including in- vestigations relative to foods, clothing, and household equipment ~and management. During the past year the service continued to have charge of the work authorized by Congress in the item in-the food- production act of August 10, 1917, providing “ for increasing food production and eliminating waste and promoting conservation. ‘of food by educational and demonstrational methods through county, district, and urban agents and others.” A war emergency fund of $6,100,000 for this purpose was used through the two extension offices for the expansion of the work of the county agricultural agents, home demonstration agents, and boys’ and girls’ ‘clubs. 353 ape: ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The service directly administered regular and emergency appro- priations aggregating $7,304,940, and had administrative and ad- visory relations in the expenditure of $4,020,000 of Federal funds ($1,440,000 for agricultural experiment stations and $2,580,000 for cooperative extension work) and $2,100,000 of State funds used as an offset for Federal funds under the cooperative extension act. In addition, the agricultural colleges and experiment stations used in experimental and extension enterprises over $8,750,000 derived from sources within the States. In the fiscal year 1918-19 the force carried on the rolls of the States Relations Service aggregated about 7,000 employees. The total number of persons employed in cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics was about 7,500. Over 2,400 coun- ties had agricultural agents and about 1,700 counties and 200 cities also had home demonstration agents. About 2,000,000 boys and girls were connected with the agricultural and home economics clubs. In the fiscal year 1917-18 the State agricultural experiment stations em- ployed 1,684 persons, of whom 449 did some extension work. Up to the signing of the armistice the service was busily engaged in aiding the State and county extension forces and through them the farmers throughout the country in increasing agricultural pro- duction fo meet the war needs, and both country and city people in conserving the products and making most economical and effective use of available supplies. During the remainder of the year special attention was given to the problems of agriculture and household economy growing out of the discontinuance of military operations and the beginning of adjustment to meet conditions arising in the settlement of world affairs after the war. An effort was also made by the extension forces to perfect and establish on a permanent basis the cooperating agencies among the farming people, in order that the extension work might rest more securely on the initiative and active participation of the people themselves. Uncertainty regarding the policy which would finally be adopted in making grants of Federal funds in lieu of the war-emergency ap- propriations made it impracticable to determine definitely the amounts of State and local funds which would be required to main- tain the existing organization and work in the several States and localities. For this and other reasons the fiscal year closed without settlement of important problems regarding the continuance of various agencies and methods for extension work on the scale on which they had been organized in war time. It is now evident, however, that the system of extension work extended so rapidly under war conditions has commended itself to the people in very large measure as a thing which will be useful to them in times of peace. They are therefore making strong efforts to maintain it by local contributions, as far as these are needed to supplement Federal and State funds. The number of counties in which it has been necessary to withdraw the agricultural agents is much smaller than was antici pated. Several hundred home demonstration agents have been dis- continued. But there is a general feeling that in a comparatively short time the extension forces will be as numerous as ever and that the system will continue to grow until it covers the entire country. STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 355 The close of the war has brought the agricultural experiment sta- tions in the States back more completely to their fundamental work of agricultural research. The changes in their activities and per- sonnel during the war have necessitated considerable reorganiza- tion of their forces and projects. In this readjustment work the Office of Experiment Stations is giving them as much assistance as possible. The experiment stations maintained by the service in Alaska and the insular territories are continuing both research and extension work, taking advantage of the increased interest in the agricultural development, due to the imperative demand which the war brought about, to make those regions more self-supporting. The Office of Home Economics, through participation in the food survey conducted by the Bureau of Markets and in the work of various war-time agencies dealing with problems of the conserva- tion and utilization of agricultural products, has gained and dis- seminated much valuable information which will serve as a basis for research needed in connection with teaching and extension work in home economics. The movement of events growing out of the war has greatly stimu- lated the interest of our people in vocational education. One result of this has been that the department has been called upon in increased measure to furnish the up-to-date information and illustrative ma- terial in agriculture and home economics which the schools need to make their work in these lines most effective. The States Relations Service has done what it could to aid the schools in developing satis- factory courses of instruction in these important branches. OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR. The general administrative business of the States Relations Serv- ice continued to be very large and complicated, owing to the large emergency appropriation and the great variety of cooperative ar- rangements with Federal, State, “and local organizations. The temporary employment of several thousand emergency field agents, with provision for their travel, supples, publications, etc., neces- sitated a vast amount of routine business, much of which could not be properly standardized because of the shifting character of the force. The loyaity and self-sacrificing spirit of the force, as a whole, was very commendable, but especial credit should be given to the experienced administrative officers and their assistants, who carried the chief burden of responsibility under very difficult conditions. EDITORIAL DIVISION. W. H. BEAL, Chief. The work of this division included the business connected with (1) the editing of all publications of the service except Experiment Sti- tion Record, and (2) the collection, preparation, and distribution of illustrative material. There was a decrease in the number of different publications issued during the year, but many of them, especially those bearing on foo! production and conservation, were pr inted in large editions to mect emergency demands, so that the number of copies was greater than 356 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in previous years. The publications issued included 64 documents aggregating 3,997 pages, as follows: Nineteen numbers of Experi- ment Station Record, 2 reports, 6 technical bulletins (2 relating to work in agricultural education and 4 to investigations in home eco- nomics), 1 article in the Journal of Agricultural Research, 10 publi- cations of the insular stations, 2 popular lectures (with lantern slides), 20 documents relating to cooperative extension work in ag- riculture and home economics, and 1 general administrative circular. In addition to these more formal printed documents the service is- sued either in printed or in mimeographed form a number of other documents, including leaflets of various kinds, report forms, record books, and the like, required in connection with special features of the work of the service, and cooperated with the Office of Informa- tion in the preparation of press and other informational material of wider general interest relating especially to the promotion of in- creased production, conservation, and economical use of food and the organization and development of the cooperative extension work. TLLUSTRATIONS SECTION.—This section was in charge of Reuben Brigham. There was a marked increase in the work of the section connected with the collection and preparation of illustrative mate- rial for service use. An increased number of photographs taken either by our own force or in cooperation with the Division of Pub- lications was added to the collection, which now contains about 10,495 photographs, 7,826 of which are mounted, classified, and catalogued for ready use. Over 1,500 new photographs were added to the collec- tion during the year. The total number of lantern slides made was 15,253, of which 3,153 were colored. The section organized several new series of lantern slides for special purposes, particularly for the use of extension specialists, county agents, or other workers cooperating or collaborat- ine with the service. It is developing in this way a flexible collection of slides that may be adjusted to met a large variety of local needs and conditions. The division continues to make a specia! feature of lautern-slide color work with the result that it now has a considera- ble collection of colored slides of unusually high quality. In addi- tion to the coloring of lantern slides some attention is being given to the coloring of bromide enlargements. The methods of handling the illustrative material, particularly lantern slides, were also improved. There were lent during the year, mainly to extension workers and schools teaching agriculture, 1,846 sets agereeating 67,300 slides. The demand for this service has in- creased rapidly. Work in the preparation of charts and drawings for service use progressed rapidly during the year as a result of the employment of a competent artist to give full time to such work. The section cooperated with other offices of the service and with the Office of Exhibits of the department in planning and preparing a representative exhibit of the work of the service for use in con- nection with the general department exhibit for State fair circuits. The section also cooperated with other offices of the service and with the assistant in charge of motion-picture activities in outlining and staging two films illustrating cooperative extension work, one in Florida, illustrating home-demonstration work in the South, and STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 357 the other in Mar yland, illustrating cooperative extension work and organization in relation to improving methods of apple production. Several mimeographed circulars explaining how to make good photographs, lantern slides, and charts for extension and school use were issued. INVESTIGATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION IN SCHOOLS. ALyiIn DILiE, In charge. Particular attention was given during the year to the preparation of subject matter in form for use in teaching vocational agriculture in secondary schools, and to plans for training teachers for these schools. At the same time the elementary rural school studies were not neglected. Previous to the signing of the armistice there was cooperation with other divisions and bureaus in promoting instruction relating to prob- lems of food production and conservation. Studies were made of the training of unskilled farm labor and of city boys to do farm work. Studies of the educational work of the colleges with the Students’ Army Training Corps, especially the instr uction in agriculture being given to these men, were also begun. Sets of lantern slides, charts, and reference material were supplied to instructors in agriculture at various army camps. The signing of the armistice brought a sudden end to this special war work, and after that time attention was turned to problems of readjustment in agricultural teaching. The preparation of material in the form of bulletins, circulars, leaflets, etc., for the use of teachers of agriculture continued to receive a large amount of attention. Lessons in dairying and on potatoes for rural elementary schools were published in bulletins which were widely distributed. Twelve leaflets on how teachers may use certain Farmers’ Bulletins were also printed and distributed. Owing to an increased demand for material for use in schools teaching agriculture a, number of earlier bulletins were reprinted. The preparation of a two years’ course of study for negro voca- tional schools was undertaken in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education. The first year’s course, lessons in crop production, was completed and turned over to the Federal Board, and the preparation of the second-year course, lessons in animal pro- duction, was well advanced. A confer ence was conducted at Hamp- ton Institute with negro teacher trainers and supervisors of agricul- ture, at which the first course was carefully reviewed and explained. While the war checked in some measure the development of instruc- tion in agriculture, the interest in agriculture was greatly increased by the emphasis placed | on food production and conservation. With the close of the war State authorities began to turn their atten- tion to the development of the agricultural schools, more especially those teaching vocational agriculture. This was shown by the in- creased demand for material that would help in the solutions of their teaching problems. The demand for help in visual instruction was in excess of the supply of material available. During the vear there were prepared the following lantern-slide sets with mimeographed syllabi: Lessons S in planning and planting a garden; lessons on dairying; a six weeks’ 358 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. course in farming for women; war camp farms in the Uited States in 1918; a revision of the home projects in agriculture. There were also available for use in this work sets of slides, with lecture notes, on the farm water supply; flies and their relation to health; the mosquito and its relation to health. The lantern-slide service has had a wide range, including schools in 32 States and a few schools in Canada. Slides were also loaned to the Y. M. C. A. camp service for use both in the United States and in France. In Texas and Massachusetts a set of each of the slides was placed in charge of the State departments of agricultural edu- cation to be sent out on circuits to the schools teaching agriculture. This service proved very effective and it is hoped will be extended during the coming year. Plans were developed to widen the scope and type of illustrative material, especially to assist the States to obtain duplicates of the material available. The division continues, as heretofore, to review and abstract for Experiment Station Record the literature on agricultural education, this work requiring a large portion of the time of one member of the staff. During the year various field trips were made by members of the staff, including visits to State and regional conferences of agricul- tural directors, supervisors, and teachers; associations at which agri- cultural instruction was discussed; State colleges giving attention to the training of teachers of agriculture; and schools giving instruction in agriculture. During these trips conferences were held and all assistance possible given to the men in the field. Relations of the most cordial nature were maintained with the various bureaus of the department and helpful assistance was ren- dered by these bureaus. INVESTIGATIONS ON FARMERS’ INSTITUTES. J. M. Sreparan, Farmers’ Institute Specialist. Farmers’ institute work in the United States during 1918 as com- piled from reports from 31 States included 6,941 institutes, which lasted 7,184 days, comprised 14,446 sessions with an attendance of 1,916,706, employed 2,002 lecturers, and cost $260,826.09, divided be- tween State appropriations of $184,463.24 and other funds con- tributed to the amount of $76,362.85. The States Relations Service continued to aid farmers’ institute workers, as well as county agents and other extension teachers throughout the country, along the same lines as heretofore. Three new lectures, Renovating the neglected apple orchard, Growing and handling Trish potatoes, and The city and suburban vegetable garden, were published, each accompanied with 50 lantern slides. These lectures were used not only by farmers’ institute lecturers but more especially by county agricultural agents, from whom the de- mand is constantly increasing. They are also used by home-demon- stration agents, club leaders, teachers of agriculture in high schools, and extension teachers in agricultural colleges, by grange lecturers, and by other persons who desire aid in presenting their subject before audiences of farmers. During the year lectures, exch accompanied with a set of 50 lantern slides, were loaned to 604 extension workers. STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 359 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. EH. W. Atcen, Chief. The Office of Experiment Stations continued to exercise its three- fold function of administration, advice, and publication, with reference to the experiment stations in the States sharing in the Federal appropriations for experimentation and research in agricul- ture. In discharging this function it not only exercised supervision of the work and expenditures of the stations in order that the intent of the Federal laws might be realized, but it aimed to stimulate and assist the activity intended to be promoted by these laws. This was done as heretofore by maintaining close contact with the stations through annual visits to the stations, correspondence, and the edi- torial pages of Experiment Station Record. The publication activity of the office was represented by an annual report to Congress on the work and expenditures of the State and insular stations, the issue of Experiment Station Record, and the _ preparation of the card index of American experiment-station liter- ature, which has been in progress for nearly 30 years. RELATIONS WITH THE STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The needs arising under war conditions brought the work of the State experiment stations and of this department and other Federai and State agencies into closer and more intimate relationship, giving rise to numerous cooperative endeavors. The stations were called upon for unusual forms of service, which often required interpreta- tion of the Federal acts in relation to such use of the funds. Under the circumstances as liberal an attitude was followed as was felt to be warranted, and in general it was maintained that as far as the Federal funds were concerned the stations should continue to retain their character of institutions for investigation and its interpretation in practice. The disturbing influences of war conditions had a noticeable effect upon the stations and their work. Aside from the unusual demands upon them for various forms of service, they experienced considerable difficulty in maintaining their staffs, heavily drawn upon for the Army and for other work incident to the war. The reduction in the total of station officers and assistants, even taking into account the replacements, amounted to more than 15 per cent during the period of the war. This unavoidably had an unfavorable effect on the sta- tion work, leading in some cases to the abandonment for the time being or modification of lines of study for which suitable workers could not be secured. New administrative officers entered upon their work during the year at several of the colleges and stations, and in a number of in- stances the stations were in charge of acting directors during the ab- sence of the station head on war-emergency or reconstruction duties. Such changes, together with changes in the station personnel, called for special attention to the details of administrative management and policy, the proper safeguarding of the organization and the employ- ment of funds, assistance in filling vacancies, and the hike. The register of persons available for agricultural investigation maintained by the oflice was of special value to the stations in se- 360 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. curing men for their various lines of work, and also to returning sol- diers trained in scientific agriculture in locating and obtaining po- sitions. The office, like the stations, returning during the year to a read- justment basis, found many new matters needing attention, among them the maintenance of the experiment stations in the proper rela- tive position with respect to other branches of the agricultural work. The key position occupied by the stations as originators and inter- preters of the information employed in teaching and extension work emphasizes the prime importance of maintaining them on a basis of progressive strength commensurate with the erowth of these other branches. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tn accordance with the general plan in operation for several years, volumes 39 and 40 of the Experiment Station Record, each consist- ing of nine numbers and the usual author and subject indexes, were prepared during the year. These volumes contain 7,023 abstracts of the world’s scientific literature pertaining to agriculture, together with monthly editorials discussing important phases of the dev elop- ments in agricultural investigation and brief notes on the progress of institutions for agricultural education and research in this country and abroad. The total number of articles abstracted was practically identical with that for the previous year. Special attention was again given to the selection of material of immediate usefulness under the war and postwar conditions. Likewise many of the editorial articles took up some phase of the effects of the war on research in agriculture and the opportunities and problems confronting research institutions. INSULAR STATIONS. The Office cf Experiment Stations, as heretofore, had direct charge of the Federal experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam, administering their work and expenditures through the local agents in charge. At the beginning ‘of the fiseal year, and for several months there- after, these stations were busily eng gaged i in problems connected with increasing production and conserv ation of food. The policy of agricultural diversification, which has been continued since the es- tablishment of the stations, was fully justified by the results obtained. The stations suffered by reason of the departure of many of their men for military service. The manner in which the remaining mem- bers of the staffs took up the ‘additional work is worthy of com- mendation. The agricultural experiment station on the Island of St. Croix was taken over on January 1, 1919, becoming the experiment station of the Virgin Islands. This station, with an area of about 200 acres, 1s to be developed as rapidly as possible to cover all lines of agr ieul- tural investigation, and the work is to be extended to the other islands of the group. The administrative heads of the stations remained without change. The appropriations for the stations for 1919 were: Alaska, $65,000 ; Hawaii, $45,000: Porto Rico, $45,000; Guam, $20,000; and Virgin Islands, $15,000. These sums constitute the resources of the stations, the current sales funds no longer being available for use. STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 361 - The stations continued to enjoy the cooperation of the various bu- reaus and divisions of the department, and their work was greatly assisted in this way. Hearty acknowledgment is made for the aid thus received. The administrative and financial review of the affairs of the sta- tions in connection with the States Relations Service continued, as formerly, under the supervision of Walter H. Evans and the ac- counting office of the service. ALASKA STATIONS. The Alaska stations continued in direct charge of C. C. Georgeson. Stations were maintained at Sitka, Kodiak, Rampart, Fairbanks, and Matanuska. The headquarters is at Sitka. At Rampart, practically every variety of spring grain sown in 1918 ripened. Of 76 varieties of spring grain that matured, more than half were hybrids that had been produced at the station. Many of these seem to have become fixed in character and they are being propagated for wide distribution throughout the Territory. At Fairbanks the yields were less than in some years, but barley yielded 30 bushels per acre and oats 48 to 50 bushels per acre when sown on a field scale. An especial effort is being made to increase the stock of some spring wheats for distribution for seed purposes. These grains were received from the experiment station at Tulun, Siberia, and have proved well adapted to Alaskan conditions. About 65 bushels were distributed in 1918 to be grown for seed purposes, and it was estimated that more than 500 acres of wheat would be sown in the Tanana Valley in the spring of 1919. The station at Fairbanks made milling tests of the various grains, and samples of whole wheat flour produced by the station were given a baking test by the Bureau of Chemistry of this department, which showed the flour to be of high grade. The report on the test states: “This flour makes a very _ good loaf of bread; in fact, it is one of the best whole wheat or graham flour breads we have had occasion to make.” At the Matanuska station, most of the work is still of a pioneer nature, but quite a little was done with various crops during the year. Cereals sown for grain hay matured, and there was a large production of potatoes of good quality. An attempt was made to grow sugar beets in a small way and analyses of roots sent to this department showed an average sugar content of 15.9 per cent. Ex- periments to determine the possibility of growing sugar beets for seed were undertaken. At the Kodiak station, the work with sheep and cattle progressed favorably. The herd of cattle was tested for tuberculosis for the fourth time and no new reactors were found. Of the calves dropped by reacting mothers but reared on pasteurized milk, only one out of eleven showed any suspicious symptoms when tested for tuberculosis. In an effort to eradicate tuberculosis in cattle, cooperative work was carried on with the Territory in testing cattle in all the more accessible localities, the legislature having made an appropriation for that purpose. The extension work begun as a war emergency project was con- tinued and considerably expanded. Large quantities of seed and 451352°—19 24 362 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. plants were distributed and advice was given regarding the ‘creps. that could be expected to succeed and the best methods to be pursued in growing them. A number of farmers’ meetings were held in the Matanuska and Tanana valleys during the year, and were well attended. A recent report shows there have been taken up, under the various homestead laws, 518 claims embracing approximately 103,840 acres. The plant breeding and horticultural’ work at Sitka station pro- eressed favorably and large numbers of hybrid strawberries, and other fruits and’ plants adapted to Alaskan conditions, w ere dis- tributed. HAWATL STATION. This station continued in charge of J. M. Westgate. While the more formal projects were by no means abandoned, and the um- portance of diversified agriculture continued to be emphasized, the energies of the station were largely devoted during the year to some of the more pressing problems “relating to the production and con- servation of food for man and forage for animals. The chemieal division paid especial attention to the conservation of Hawaiian fruits and vegetables. A fruit and vegetable drier was constructed that produced : a much better product than that obtained by the usual methods and the practicability of drying bananas and various vegetables was demonstrated. The work “with starches at- tracted much attention, and the commercial manufacture of starch irom cassava, edible cannas, taro, and other plants, has been under- taken on several of the islands. The starch of the edible canna was found to be easily digested. A satisfactory method was w orked out for the manufacture of vinegar containing 4 per cent or more of acetic acid from waste pineapple juilee. The horticultur al werk was confined largely to studies of the best’ varieties of tropical fruits for Hawaiian conditions, A survey was made of the coffee mdustry as to its condition, its necessities, and also the location of possible sources of caffe in the pulp prunings, etc., that are now wasted. The agronemy division has demonstrated the superior ity of Guam coin over any other variety grown at low elevation m Hawaii. There is local prejudice against white corn and efforts are being made to cross this variety with some good yellow sort. Important “results have been secured in sweet potato breeding work and some promising hybrids are under observation. The plant pathologist has discovered the cause of a very destruc- tive banana disease and has worked out a seemingly satisfactory method of control. This method, which includes sanitation and spraying, was applied to a 75-acre field with promising results. A comprehensive study of root rots of bananas, pineapples, and sugar cane was begun. The extension division, through its superintendent on Maui, kept in close touch with the agricultural interests of the islands. Demon- strations were made of the eur ing of pork, caponizing, inereased pro- duction of corn, pigeon peas, cassava, etc., and of the practicability of producing concentrated feeds to replace grain brought frem Califor- STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 363 nia. Corn, calf, and pig clubs were established and a beginning made looking toward organizing farm bureaus for the leading agri- cultural sections of the islands. The work of the various collabora- tors was continued and many localities are being reached in this way. During the year an extension agent was appointed for the island of Hawaii. The cooperative work with the Territorial Food Commission was highly successful and the relations were very satisfactory. The work carried. on in cooperation with the War Department at Schofield Bar- racks was continued and considerably extended, and plans were ma- tured for extensive plantings of forage and other crops suited to the locality. The cooperation maintained between the station and the Territory at the Glenwood station on Hawaii was terminated by failure of the legislature to continue the appropriation which had been made for about six years. Provision was made for continuing the work for a time on a collaborator basis. The Territorial marketing division, established by the station in 1913 and wholly taken over by the Territory in 1917, was intended to provide a means for the disposal of small quantities of produce and thus foster diversified agriculture. The amount of business of the market increased so rapidly that it was selling about $20,000 worth of island produce a month. Later the retail privilege was withdrawn, and the legislature at its last session did not continue the appropriation for its maintenance. PORTO RICO STATION. D. W. May continued as local agent in charge of this station. The work of the station during the year was directed mainly along two lines, investigation and extension. The investigational work was in continuation of projects that have been in progress for some years. The extension work was carried on through demonstrations, meetings, and the distribution of seeds and plants, literature, ete. One of the important lines of investigation was in connection with the mottled leaf disease of sugar cane. This disease has spread rather widely and threatens to curtail sugar production. The station cooperated with the department in making a study of insects as carriers of the dis- ease, the cause of which is as yet unknown. The question of varietal resistance has been given especial attention. Several years ago the station introduced a considerable number of varieties of sugar cane from other tropical countries and among them are several which show more or less resistance to the disease. Efforts are being made to increase seed cane of one of these varieties as rapidly as possible for planting in the infected portions of the island. As a result of) the station’s investigations on vanilla a number of commercial plant- ings, ranging from 1 to 10 acres in extent, have been made. Studies were continued on some of the problems relating to the preparation and marketing of the crop. The rice work, begun a year ago in cooperation with the Office of Cereal Investigations, has yielded promising results. Nursery and other plants have been planted at the station and about 130 acres were sown in field trials carried on by the station and growers in various 364 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. parts of the island. The results obtained in 1918 were considered so satisfactory that larger plantings were made in 1919. In furtherance of work in crop retations and the use of leguminous plants for food, forage, and green manure, soy beans, and other legumes have been introduced and are meeting with much favor. The station continued to give attention to the development of the fruit industry, especially citrus fruits, pmeapples, mangoes, and avocados. Methods have been worked out in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry for the manufacture of fruit juices, thus making a market for otherwise unmarketable fruits. Experiments in corn improvement were resumed, attention being paid to local varieties that are already acclimated, and the possibility of increasing the yields through care in seed selection has been shown. Similar work with other crops was begun. In the extension work 1,741 meetings were held during the year and 500 field demonstrations were conducted. Statistical data were collected which show that in 1918 there were planted 418,158 acres to the 10 most important food crops of the island—corn, with 103,577 acres, and beans, with about the same acreage, leading. The main crops, such as sugar cane, tobacco, coffee, and fruits, are not included. Previous investigations of the station having shown the prac- ticability of cattle tick eradication, the station having been kept free of ticks for some time, an active campaign was begun to eradicate the tick. Ten dipping vats were constructed and about 80 more pro- jected. The outlook for the success of such a campaign seems promising. GUAM STATION. The local agent in charge of the Guam station was C. W. Edwards. The island of Guam was visited on July 6, 1918, by a very destructive typhoon accompanied with heavy rain. Much damage was done to the station buildings, fences, and grounds. A number of the station pigs, goats, and chickens were killed, and practically all crops were destroyed. This necessitated beginning anew with many of the projects in agronomy and horticulture. Seeds and plants had to be secured and much of the material was not received until after the most favorable season for planting. A severe drought, extending from February to June, followed, and the effects of the two unusual conditions were reflected in the station work. Tn the animal husbandry work some changes were necessary, due to the typhoon. This was especially true in feeding experiments because of the destruction of nearly all native feeds under test. Shortage of feed made it impossible to continue other lines of investigation. An experiment, in which comparison was made between the native practice of tying pigs under shade trees and confining them in properly constructed pens, showed a decided advantage in favor of penning, and many farmers are now providing suitable inclosures for their swine. In the poultry department most of the young breeding stock was Jost in the storm of July 6. Work was continued with a Rhode Island Red-native cross. This cross has met with great favor, is hardy, and of good size, and efforts are being made to establish the strain and produce it in quantity for use by the people in grading up their flocks. The breeding work with cattle and goats was continued as in previous years. STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 365 The work with corn has been especially valuable. Much of the station crop was saved after the storm. This and all native supplies which were commandeered after the typhoon were used as seed supplies and most of the corn later planted was station-produced seed. The problem of drying and storing the available seed supplies was successfully worked out with the result that the island government is offering at cost insect and moisture-proof tanks modeled upon those at the station. The two grasses, Paspalum dilatatum and Para, were the only forage to survive the typhoon and later drought, and they supplied about the only source of forage. Plantings of cowpeas made immediately after the storm gave very satisfactory results in supplementing and extending the limited grass pasture. More than 200 pot tests were begun at the station to determine the crop adaptations and fertilizer requirements of certain peculiar Guam soils. The station distributed more seed and plants to farmers during the year than ever before, the distribution including garden seeds, 6,575 packets; plants, 3,028; seed corn, 7,025 pounds; and large quantities of cowpeas and velvet beans. In March, extension work was definitely begun by W. J. Green, formerly connected with such work in Oklahoma. Three lines of work were inaugurated, farm demonstration for adults, boys’ and girls’ club work, and school gardens. The island was divided into 15 patrol districts, and the patrolmen, who were chosen from marines having knowledge of farming, cooperated with the extension de- partment. The insular authorities showed a deep interest in this work and aided it in every way. ‘The demonstration work included crops, live stock, and beekeeping. Within three months after the work was started clubs with 499 enrollments had been organized. The school-garden work had been organized for a longer time and at the end of the year 377 boys were engaged in this work. of paid club leadership. Twenty-eight State, 131 assistant State, 5¢ district, and 736 county club leaders were employed, in addition to which there were 13,988 volunteer club leaders in charge of local 384 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. groups. There was a steady tendency toward employment of full- time county club leadership. During the year 31 per cent of the 1,596 counties in the Northern and Western States had paid club jeadership, and 21 per cent of all the counties had full-time county club leaders, where the previous } year only 16 per cent of the counties had such leaders. The number of full-time county leaders on the rolls on June 20, 1919, was 272. During 1918 cooperative club Jeaders conducted 31,336 demonstra- tions in food preservation and other club projects. At the canning- club demonstrations alone there was an attendance of 372,288. Club leaders visited 204,745 club plats, conducted 1,266 achievement- day programs, held 2 013 leaders’ conferences, conducted 4,498 exhibits and 4,532 club fairs and festivals. A large amount of instructional literature, issued partly by the States and partly by the department, was distributed. One of the most significant and important steps in boys’ and girls’ club work during the year was the organization of standard clubs based upon re quirements adopted by the club leaders. During 1918, 6,214 standard clubs were organized in 21 States. During 1918, 527,723 members were enrolled in 21,345 centers, of which 251, 032 completed the work, including reports ‘of the season’s activities to the State club leaders. The members reporting produced $6,019,092 worth of products at a cost of $2,447,313, including pay- ment to the club members of wages for the time expended in the work. Many of the members who did not make their final reports did a considerable amount of work and produced several million dollars’ worth of products. The total overhead or supervisory cost was $547,851, making the supervision cost per member enrolled $1.05 and per member reporting $2.18. The following table gives the number of clubs, the enrollment, the number reporting results, and the results in the more impor tant projects: Number of clubs organized and total enrollment and results reported in more important projects. | Clubs | Number Kind of club. organ- pvumnber | complet- Results reported. ized. | ing work. | Home-garden........-- 6,057 | 243,406 | 115,725 2,987,983. 76 square rods tended. ated ; = | : fv ool, 789 quarts canned products, 133,067 jars g Wi 2 7 Home-canning...-..... 3,898 | 78,927 | 41, 823 |) sey and jam, 40, 784 pounds dried products, ey ees r ENO 0 36,175 quarts canned products, 29,437 jars jelly Mother-daughter....... 935 | 5,024| 3,498 if ra dljea ioe aeande Grind seecaele Garment-making....... 2,356 38, 239 18,951 | 198,822 gar ments made. ) ~ a, Bolg 072 chicks hatched, 40,735 hens handled ROUITy eens etc 2,171 | 37,723 | 16,128 { if ees Goren aes , , WPI eee es ae See os caress 2,331 31,476 12,974 | 25, 602 pigs managed, 4,423,081 pounds pork. Potato! cis sche ke eae 1, 240 23,316 11,307 | 3, 184 acres tended, 616, 503 bushels raised. Bread o.aecasccaesnisen 1, 100 18, 583 8, 706 13, 207 loaves baked. Const! soct tess scaer 841 13, 864 5, 723 6,729. 02 acres tended, 313,778.78 bushels raised. Tome-cconomics......- 16 3, 987 3, 144 Dairwicalis sis aseocck ce 301 4, 332 2,552 | 2,474 calves raised. SECD ae Wes seen nomen 257 3, 613 2,341 Sugar beet ss. es cce ee 98 1, 822 1,398 | Rap OI wee oNe Tee 341 3, 196 1,249 | 26,322 rabbits raised. Reanse = beatae ESE. 5 150 1, 861 1, 137 Baby: heel. jen cee 162 2,469 985 | 1,011 beeves managed, 589,123 pounds beef. iMendienstt 2 seco ene 84 2,131 488 Miscellaneous........-- 207 13, 754 2, 203 sTaetades weg boys and girls not oe of regularly organized care STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 385 FARM MANAGEMENT DEMONSTRATIONS. The primary object of farm management demonstrations is to teach and to induce farmers to adopt more efficient methods of organ- izing and administering their farm business. The work is directed in the different States by extension specialists known as farm man- agement demonstrators. “In most of the Northern and Western States the operation of the income tax law has greatly stimulated the keeping of farm accounts. The farm management demonstrators have grasped this opportunity to push farm account keeping as rapidly as possible. In the main the work is being developed by the county agents. In States where the income tax law affects very few farmers the work has made steady growth and has been done with small groups. Many of the field men find that the best method is to work with small community groups. In States where the income tax law affects a greater num- ber of farmers the farm management demonstrators have endeavored to reach the farmers through larger meetings or through the county agents. ‘There is ev idence that interest in the work is rapidly in- creasing and many more farmers are being assisted each year in summarizing their records both by the county agents and by the farm management demonstrators. During the year ended June 30, 1919, farm Management demonstrations were conducted in 24 States by 28 demonstrators. EXTENSION SPECIALISTS. Extension specialists representing the various bureaus of the department, working in cooperation with this office, continued to study the extension methods practiced in the States and aided in extending the use of those having special merit. They also carried to the State extension specialists the best results of the research work of the department and endeavored to aid the latter in correlat- ing subject matter and in working out with the county agents a more efficient means of reaching farm people with the desired information and in turn finding out the farm problems which should be brought ‘to the attention of the research bureaus of the department of the State experiment stations. Specialists of the following bureaus, offices, and divisions of the department cooperated during the year with the extension forces in the States: The Forest Service made an application of approved forestry principles in the selecting of trees for cutting during the early part of the year while the wood fuel cainpaign was on and while the War Department was seeking gunstock and airplane timber. Bureau of Animal Industry specialists encouraged the introduc- tion of sheep into a few central States and on cut-over pine lands of the-Upper Lake region, and_ the reestablishing of the sheep industry in New York and New England. Attention was given to the production of beef cattle by economical methods in the central western States. Organized campaigns for the culling of poultry to increase the egg supply and reduce the feed bills and ‘better methods 386 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of feeding were advocated for the increase ef both the egg and meat supply. The Dairy Division through its extension specialist con- tinued the cottage cheese production and consumption campaign of the previous year, and increased its efforts in the organizing of cow- testing associations, bull associations, and dairy manufacture. The specialists in charge of animal disease work were engaged particu- larly in educational methods for the prevention of hog cholera in many of the hog-producing States. These specialists were working in cooperation with the regulatory men and State extension services in assisting county agents in making demonstrations of control methods. The specialists of the Bureau of Plant Industry continued the ‘ainpaign to eradicate the common barberry to prevent rust on wheat and entered more vigorously ‘into that against cereal smuts. This work was conducted ‘by squads of demonstr ators on seed treatment sa barberry identification. One horticultural extension specialist -ssisted in the preparation of material for boys’ and girls’ garden chibs and in making a study of extension methods in conducting pomological extension work in the States. A specialist on vegeta ble gardening assisted 1 in the preparation of material for boys’ and girls’ clubs and in making plans for the farmer’s home garden. Some set theants was given by this person to the commercial growers and canners of tomatoes, peas, and other vegetables. The Bureau of Biclogical Survey employed a specialist who con- gS y employ I ducted work in the Great Plains and the States farther west on the control of rodent pests in cooperation with the county agents and other State forces. The Bureau of Entomology employed a specialist to conduct its emergency extension work in the control of insect pests and in the production of honey. Very successful campaigns for the control of crickets were carried on in Oregon and Washington and for the con- trol of grasshoppers and cl hinch bugs in the Middle West and the Northwest. State extension specialists were cooperated with, as were also the county agents and the regulatory forces of the State, i in de- veloping plans f for the control of gr asshOppers. The extension specialist in soils visited most of the States in the northern Mississippi Valley and the New England and Rocky Moun- tain States in the development of a plan of cooperation with the State ae ialists to increase the nitrogen and humus supply through the raising of more legumes in the crop rotation. He also made plans for extending the saving of manures and the use of green crops and other crop residues. He continued adv ocating the ‘increased growth of nitrogenous crops to lessen feed bills ¢ and to increase the supply and improve the quality of manure. The specialist representing the Bureau of Markets gave particular attention to the plans under which the marketing organizations of the States were working and to the formation of “marketing routes ar organizations. The Office of Farm Management continued its cooperation with this office. The features emphasized i in the work of the year were record keeping, the interpreting of the record, cost accounting, increased production per man, and labor distribution. STATES RELATIONS SERVICE. 387 ‘ 2 OFFICE OF HOME ECONOMICS. C. fF. LANewortity, Chief. The Office of Home Economics, developing the general policy fol- lowed in the previous year, adapted its work to the special war-time . conditions and needs in question of dietetics and the conservation of materials and labor used in the household. | Special emphasis‘was placed on the work in experimental cookery, partly because during the first months of the year the need for using somewhat unfamiliar food materials required the development and popularization of methods and recipes adapted to such materials and partly because of the increasing demand for the standardization of cooking processes as a means to the better general utilization of food materials, fuel, and kitchen equipment. Much of this work was done in cooperation with or at the request of other bureaus or offices of the department or of other departments, notably the offices of ex- tension work, the Bureau of Chemistry, the Bureau of Plant Indus- try, the Bureau of Animal Industry, the Bureau of Markets, and the Food Administration. The equipment of the experimental kitchen was increased to include different types of stoves, refrigerators, and other household conveniences so that varying home conditions could be reproduced and comparative studies made of the practical efli- ciency of different equipment and methods. The nature and resuits of the work of the experimental kitchen were in brief as follows: (1) Studies of yeast breads brought out the detrimental effect of long knead< ing, particularly in the later stages of dough fermentation; several current recipes for yeast starters were tested. (2) Studies in fuel conservation with gas range determined the losses caused by the common defects of having burners placed too far beneath the cooking utensil, and of having them too large in proportion to the size of the utensil; the claims of a commercial * gas-saver”’ were not substantiated; gas consump- tion in using small separate oven over top burner for baking was compared with that of the range oven. (3) Household methods of making jellies, and of increasing yield from fruits deficient in pectin and in acid by addition of commercial and homemade peciins or of lemon juice or by use of pressure cooker, were studied and favorably re- ported upon. 1 5 . 5, . was held in the office of the Director of the Bureau of Public Roads at 10 a. m. Saturday, June 8, 1918. Present: Mr. L. W. Page, Office of Public Roads, designated by the Secretary of Agriculture; Lieut. Col. W. D. Uhler, War Department, designated by the Sec- retary of War; Mr. G. W. IKsirtley, Railroad Administration, designated by the Director General of Railroads; Mr. Richard lL. Humphrey, War Industries Board, designated by chairman ef War Industries Board; Mr. C. G. Sheffield, Fuel Administration, designated by the Fuel Administrator; and Mr. 8. L. Selden, Capital Issues Committee, designated by the chairman of the Capital Issues Committee. Permanent organization was effected by the selection of L. W. Page as chairman and J. E. Pennybacker, of the Bureau of Public Roads, as secretary. Between this date and November 11, 1918, 25 meetings of the council for the transaction of business were held. On November 13, 1918, a special meeting was held at which the council announced “ that no further applications need be made to it for highway projects; that previous disapprovals are revoked and pending applications require no further action. Procedure in securing materials for transporta- tion should follow normal practices.” SUMMARY OF APPLICATIONS. From the first meeting, June 8, to the last meeting, December 31, 1918, the full council held 27 meetings and the subcommittee 112 meet- ings. These meetings were in addition to the excellent and continu- aus service rendered by Mr. Prevost Hubbard and Mr. M. O. Eldridge as a special subcommittee. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. 395 Applications for approval, including those which had been sub- mitted to the Office of Public Roads prior to the establishment of the council, reached a total of 7,307. Many of these applications were considered several times by reason of requests for reconsideration or by reason of requirements by the council of further information, so that the total number of considerations aggregated 9,712. No state- ment as to the exact number of approvals or disapprovals can be given, as many cases were merely deferred and not disapproved, others were conditionally approved or disapproved, others were reconsidered, and still others were affected by an amendment issued September 26 by the War Industries Board to circular 21 permitting the completion to November 1 of projects substantially under way. Still other proj- ects were pending at the time the council ceased its activities, and in consequence it is impossible to segregate those applications which might be considered as definitely disapproved. A quantitative table dealing with the materials, transportation, and funds involved and showing such proportion as had been definitely approved has been prepared, however, and is submitted as follows: Item. | Unit. Requested. | Approved. | | eet (O's iit cil ssi ciny ee epee BS ee ee Ss oe i a Ee Fecal itch gees se 49, 538, 075 7,334, 821 ISONIC SSR Sooner SABO nor er eee sor aoe Ne ake Gallons 25-3 S56 68. 280, 401 44, 269, 826 eee SMA Tee ee ea Ne le ANE S90 te SK, BAS 28 a des Bila! 56, 603, 832 53, 533, 441 Mage AEE Foe 8 re atte ih ahah -odeses p Roms... -k oa. 190, 207 159, 475 Conve boos ois =\o area ors. 5 agenesis slop istieisaclasiaeisieeere i Barrels? Sep ae=eece 5, 657, 390 2,139, 769 Beicee PREY Ley Tren hey xe Be pah ka aay. [punts ate ae ra 109, 125 52, 239 Steaks bom cial Se eg eee Re tak pe ee ees Piguet cls ae ene aa oe . 10,663, 250 694, 820 Sipelireimiorerne tS S524 omens aes ee acee stince saeee loaeee (CO eee ctor 22, 281, 275 3, 231, 301 CpHsbet stones. 24222 a28 4-2 decheeee agacee Fone ccataue |) WROMS .. 2 a4s2sa-eecre 3, 639, 819 1, 827,795 (CLEA 3 SSR Ie a Se er eR Stren ote EES PRE RE ST oaks 1, 204, 552 432, 707 SANG MEE SCEORIMAES - = 2 aclce seek eae c esa t as snace ce ee jearee don ae 2,216, 481 982, 479 Silage sass sect Snot Bl SSschoor sonore once eesadsasas = Sone o2ac- Gorieele a8 oy 520, 152 250, 428° Corrugated-iron culverts: .--..-.-.---.-.-.-.-.-.....-..- | Linear feet_....... 107, 815 23, 704 Pip RGM RER Sc ees ae ess EE Ae EE Syd daw ese sot 164, 102 43, 588 Pie RAPE eM WOU AN oso Soars Soa nis< aluiyaecine ace bigs eee ola ee (ola ee 2,165,419 99,699 Pye scasicren, gare. -2 226 2s 2-stcs-ensase Scessogse5 [eee he See ae 47, 052 43,740 GA Ree eas een Cas 38 Boor Brava he weraies | Beet: Ds mse a5 5, 530, 1°6 1,651,635 Granitpiblowks: 2. 302s f cae) eee nee one tobe deae ptockst: Foo ho. | 1, 420, 500 155, 590 MisGe MEER So 8068 262 Bs Yipee ee rae ESE St koae {WEDS . $2} Hes nb aoe 123, 206 49,513 CATS) ODPMGOD Sater coerce en Sos cig eaten sence Soeiseme | Grp oe Sone eee 55, 059 26, 361 CORES yom APs Sos: coisa ee co eer Seer Se Ree ge Go SE ee 8, 543 3, 376 Cansei ales 23 othe cacao ace aoe eae seis este ae weees GOn. Seas seete 3, 705 605 1 Includes applications acted on by Bureau of Public Roads prior to formal organization of United States Highways Council. Requested $28,748,084, approved $3,114,381. The Capital Issues Committee has jtris- dicticnand the Councilserved merely asan aid tothe committee. THE FEDERAL AID ROAD ACT, LEGISLATION. A careful canvass of all the State highway departments made after the original Federal aid road act of July 11, 1916, had been in effect for more than two years, indicated clearly that there were three limi- tations which were preventing this law from becoming an effective method of procedure between the Federal Government and the indi- vidual States. In its conception this law was founded upon the prin- ciple of cooperation for the purpose of stimulating road production and of supporting and aiding the States in their individual efforts, but it was found that practically all of the States were limited in proceeding along the lines of an adequate program: (1) By the post road requirements; (2) by the limitation of Federal participation to 396 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $10,000 per mile; and (8) by the amount of the appropriation ear- ried. These features of the law were handicapping practically all of the States very seriously. Anyone who is familiar with the rural free- delivery routes as now laid out knows that the mail carrier pursu- ing his zigzag route does not in many eases follow throughout their Jength those roads on which traffic is concentrating more and more, and which must therefore receive the first attention from the State road authorities. Improved highways will become one of the great- est possible advantages to the Postal Service, but this will require a rearrangement of routes as the roads are improved. The logical and systematic preparation of the eventual roads suited to rural mail purposes, therefore, requires much flexibility in the law providing Federal aid for road improvement. The. limitation of $10,000 per mile for Federal participation was reasonable when the law was conceived during 1915 and the early part of 1916, but at the time of the passage of the act the cost of road construction was mounting rapidly, and by the year 1918 the pro- vision under which the Federal Government offered to pay 50 per cent of the cost of the roads and the limitation of $10,000 per mile could not both be applied in the construction of the higher type roads. The amount of the funds carried by the original appropriation was thought entirely sufficient to start the Federal aid cooperative pro- gram. At the time these sums were fixed, however, it could not be foreseen how enthusiastically the proposal of the Federal Govern- ment would be received by the public generally. The States were embarrassed by applications for Federal aid which the original allot- ments could not supply, and by the appropriation of sums so much greater than the amount necessary to meet the Federal aid appro- priation that the whole plan in the fall of 1918 was in a most dis- appointing status. All of these objections were met in an entirely acceptable manner by the amendments to the original act carried in the Post Office appropriation act of February 28, 1919 (H. R. 18308). The definition of the term “rural post road” was so broadened as to permit the improvement of roads which could not qualify under the original definition. The maximum amount which can be paid by the Federal Government was increased to $20,000 per mile, exclusive - of the cost of bridges of more than 20 feet clear span. The increase in the share of the costs which may be paid by the Federal Govern- ment meets fairly well the demands of the several States in that respect. At the suggestion of the Secretary the original appropria- tion of $75,000,000 for Federal aid roads available for the five-year period, 1916-1921, was increased by $200,000,000, of which $50,000,000 was available at once, $75,000,000 on July 1, 1919, and $75,000,000 on July 1, 1920. NEW REGULATIONS. The Rules and Regulations for the administration of the Federal aid road act as authorized by section 10 were originally issued by the Secretary on September 1, 1916. While these were drawn after a conference with the State highway officials, in which more or less conflicting views were expressed, it required the light of actual ex- perience to disclose the principal difficulties which existed and which BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. 397 prevented the fullest cooperation with the States. After more than two years’ experience a canvass of the States indicated that the principal causes for disagreements or delays in the original Rules and Regulations could be summarized under the following points: 1. Conflicts with the State laws or State constitutions. 2. The limitations as to the expenditure of Federal aid funds for certain eosts entering into completed roads. 3. The details of the plans, specifications, and survey requirements. 4. Adherence to standard specifications in specific instances in which economy prompted modifications. 5. Difficulties or delays encountered from inception of projects to final com- pletion, in many cases resulting partially from overcentralization and lack of authority vested in the district engineers or the local representatives of the bureau. Practically all of the complaints or misunderstandings voiced by the States were subject to classification under one of these causes, and it will be apparent that these difficulties were greatly accented by the new and untried State legislation enacted in every State and by the new and enlarged organizations required on the part of the States and the Federal bureau itself. During the last fiscal year several minor amendments were made. At the December, 1918, meeting of the State highway officials the sub- ject was thoroughly discussed and a general revision of the rules and regulations at once undertaken. These were completed after the amendment to the Federal-aid road act of February, and on March 12, 1919, the rules and regulations were issued. As revised, these rules and regulations have been generally accepted as satisfactory by the State highway departments. These rules and regulations, however, must be regarded only as an instrument to facilitate road production under laws in force, whether State or Federal, relating to the Federal-aid road work. Several modHications of present procedure are now in contemplation for the purpose of facilitating and expediting action, and whenever it be- comes apparent that revisions can be made which will result in econ- omy of either time or effort, in so far as such modifications are legally possible, recommendations will be made for further revision to the secretary forthwith. RESPONSE OF STATES TO THE FEDERAL AID ACT. The Federal aid act inaugurated a plan of road improvement that has met with a remarkable response on the part of the public. Very few of the States were in a position to act until the winter of 1917, because of the need of new legislation and the appropriation of funds to meet the Federal-aid allotments. In April of that year war was declared, with its attendant concentration of effort to the one object. THlighway construction throughout the country was necessarily and mavoidably restricted and confined to the more vitally necessary projects during this period. It was not until after the signing of the armistice in November, 1918, that plans were formulated for the resumption of the work which had been brought almost to a stop. But during that period the attitude of the public underwent a great change. ‘The experiences during the war had crystallized public sentiment in favor of an improved system of highways to supplement the transportation facilities afforded by the railroads of the country 398 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and to replace the roads which had suffered to such a material extent by the unforeseen traflic which had been forced upon them. The necessity for extensive road improvement was impressed more forci- bly upon the public mind by reason of the demonstrated inadequacy of the system of railroad transportation and by the difficulties ex- perienced when, in an endeavor to relieve the railroads, an attempt was made to utilize in a large way the highways in some sections of the country. That the public is generally supporting a greatly enlarged program of highway construction is evidenced by the fact that up to July 1, 1919, bond issues aggregating $224,800,000 had been authorized and approved by vote of the people. Provision has also been made in other States for submitting to a vote during the calendar year addi- tional State highway bond issues amounting to more than $314,000,- 000. Only one State road bond issue voted on during the year was rejected. In addition to the sums which become available through the sale of bonds, other State road funds have been provided from legislative appropriations, various State road tax levies, and the pro- ceeds of motor vehicle license fees. In addition to these generous State road funds, counties and improvement districts are providing largely through bond issues for very large amounts. Trom all sources there are in sight funds amounting to considerably over $1,000,000,000 for highway construction, which will be made available more rapidly than such sums can be expended efficiently and economically. The test of the State highway departments and of the Federal bureau will come in so administering the expenditure of these sums that the con- fidence of the public will be justified. It is very apparent that the whole highway program has passed beyond the propaganda stage, and that there is now the greatest possible need for the highway or- ganizations to approach the task of actual road building in a respon- sible, sane spirit that will result in the production of roads rapidly but without extravagance and without loss of faith on the part of the taxpayers. STATUS OF FEDERAL AID ROAD WORK. Of the post road appropriations made by the Congress there was available during the fiscal year a total of $80,000,000, the same being the sum of the appropriations for the fiscal years 1917, 1918, and 1919. From this there was deducted the 3 per cent allowed by law for the administrative purposes and the remainder, or $77,600,009, was apportioned among the several States. Of this sum there was paid to the States during the fiscal year for road construction work a total of $2,702,247. At the close of the fiscal year 1918 there had been paid to the States $425,445. So that the grand total of all pay- ments to the States on June 30, 1919, was $3,127,693, which left to the credit of the States an unexpended balance of $74,472,506. In addi- tion, the $95,000,000 appropriated for the fiscal year 1920 was ap- portioned to the States, after deducting the 3 per cent for adminis- trative purposes, and that sum became available with the close of the fiscal year. On July 1, 1919, therefore, there was available to the credit of the States for expenditure a total of $166,622,306. During the fiscal year this department approved project statements submitted by the States for 736 road projects, involving the improve- BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. 399 ment of 6,470 miles of road at an estimated cost of $91,495,797, and on which $38,664,397 Federal aid was requested. Up to June 30, 1918, 580 project statements had been approved for 6,249.40 miles of road, estimated to cost $42,278,770, and on which was requested $16,- 049,821 Federal aid. So that on June 30, 1919, there had been ap- proved by this department project statements for a total of 1,316 projects, involving 12,719.98 miles of road estimated to cost $133,- 774,568, of which $54,714,219 in Federal aid was requested. At the close of the fiscal year, therefore, there remained to the credit of the States an unallotted balance, including the additional funds which then became available, of $111,908,087. . Agreements with State highway departments were executed during the fiscal year to cover 453 of the projects for which project state- ments had been approved. The estimated cost of the projects cov- ered by these agreements amounted to $41,598,209, of which amount there was set aside in the Treasury $18,031,680 as Federal aid. At the close of the fiscal year 1918 there had been executed a total of 224 such agreements of an approved estimate of cost of $14,820,633, of which there was set aside in the Treasury $5,899,936. Thus, at the close of the fiscal year 1919 a total of 677 agreements to cover projects had been executed, involving a total approved estimate of cost of $56,418,843, and a total of $23,931,617 Federal aid. The projects for which agreements had been executed at the close of the fiscal year call for the improvement of a total of 5,791.23 miles of road. Under the terms of the Federal aid road act the apportionments to the States for each fiscal year remain available for expenditure until the close of the succeeding fiscal year, but it is construed that funds covered by agreements are expended within the meaning of the law. Each State had a sufficient amount of funds under agree- ment at the close of the fiscal year to prevent its losing any part of the funds apportioned to it. Statistical information is shown in the following tables as to the status of Federal aid projects, the miles and types of roads included in Federal aid projects, and the expenditure and construction of roads during the fiscal year: Suminary of miles and types of roads included in Federal aid projects executed during fiscal years 1917, 1918, and 1919. Mileage | Per cent Lea Type. approved. | of total, | Total cost. Barth Se 2, ae ese os 2 28667 GOCOCHDE DORE BE ABASE ap aeeere ace aee 1, 622. 520 28.02 | $6, 645, 244. 86 DANO- Clay atta dey CA bisa: aoe eer, Gea eee Siere eso niet setae Oe 626. 705 10.83 | 2,657, 970.03 COPTIC a et Ree: EASTON Fee ee ers cae ss MUO A ONAL sso -° >= TTOSSLV. “=> =TddIssisstjt Uae ee Ley ee OSAULELDING ato Ser eee SS RS LOO RAT sors s == ="Sqd OSNTORSSBIT NS ican ee CP AEE IN eee ee eS ee ae OULe Ty - eURIsIno’T Nata ISI.) 5) (sks f -""""@MOT BOSON ri) ONET | RRA TERT ONT +i “*"- OYyBpl PSS eres tre = Bis 10k) abe SIE“ 0) 80) fh g iS “25> 9O7FBMVIO(T sore sicis ==" ano Moouu0d), Sos eSefeShS Pie OD akOlOs) = 777" BTULIOJI]RO eSsire sis" "5 "Se 5 SeSUasiby, eee ee eS eS BUOZITY, PASS Sets sors eT BO BEY ‘a1e1g ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 402 eS 646 6IL ‘ZI | 89 0LF‘9 | 968 EFS ‘9 | ST GIS ‘FIL ‘FS 008 “E82 0g “OIT OLZ ‘SFL 68 "832 ‘ 19S SST ITF GI8 “SIZ SFE S61 ¥8 “68 ‘880 'T IZ “FEL | BGG "LL 066 ‘9¢ 83 “Ler ‘OTS | 918 “961 910 ‘S21 098 ‘89 £% “992 ‘ZE9 'T FEL “S61 896 "POT 918 °1S ¥8 "980 ‘CEI T 098 “oT CCl'h GOL “21 89 "ELS 78 0F9 9ZE OST ‘68 O6F “LEz ¥o “ZEB 1609 , 810 °290 ‘T OSL OL Z8Z 066 Py LTL 116 T T1089 T1968 OOF ‘82 LU“LLG TLE 0&6 ‘IST 099 ‘IZT 012 09 8S “11% “298 ShZ “SPT 829 SIT OLS ‘08 6S “08S “COP O83 “IT OF0*L 062 °F 6 “00T “9ST 666 ‘068 088 °Z0Z SIT ‘SIT 66 "261 ‘146 'F 062 ‘SLT OLL 62 02S "86 8S TS6 “OSS$ "6161 ‘Of | “GI6I ToL} “SI6T ‘OF “616 oune OF, [COST T oun OL, ‘og oung Oy, *PpoldAo0d o8voTI PL TP “268 ‘499 ‘SE CL P16 SLE 29 SO (S68 eS EF BHO ‘Shs ‘T GS ‘CEL ‘Sh LE PSL ‘ST £9 900 ‘988 60 “BLP ‘802 88 ‘LPT ‘282 68 GOP ‘24% 09 “82 ‘Z9% 92 “£09 ‘60T 66 "£90 ‘992 “E 16 S98 ‘OSS “6161 reak [BOST.T FL ‘128 ‘6F0 ‘OT OT °608 ‘28T LI “F08 “6 TL ‘TS6 ‘202 8 “ESL “68S ZS ‘FEES ‘LST 1G 688 ‘C9 T6 E28 ‘E2% C8 “682 ‘02 ‘T 66 6CT ‘FST 61 C08 “FIT 66 "100 ‘OFT SL "L6r OF 00 OST ‘TST ‘T 19 8S ‘OZFS *ST6T ‘og oune oO, *pojsonbol pre [e10pa,T (fe | 18899 ‘FLL ‘ser | 66°262G6r‘T6 | 88°0L2 ‘820th | OTS‘T | 9E2 | O89 |-°°"°**"- ">" -[eIOD 82 LEV ‘E21 ‘T G9 "628 ‘1S2, €% 'ST9 “G98 2 6 Gy) | hacia cee a grad COLO AV AA £0Esh ‘692 ‘E | 88 "010 ‘S82 ‘T GO ‘ZIP ‘I8P‘T =| 88 Gp. \isp | tessestsss5-4- eMOOSPAY LL “TOF ‘688 ‘% Th 829 ‘189 ‘T 98 "E80 ‘08 cP o (0G |= “RIUTSITA 150A GP “ees ‘Shr ‘ES ¥0 “168 ‘919 6% Th ‘OLF ‘TES ze To) | Th |e eee SOLS OER 6g 620 ‘e08°% | $9900 ‘006 ‘T 16 S10 ‘EOF OF OSN I OGd) Ri caeeieaees 235 BLOTS 61 “LPT ‘69T PL ‘89h ‘LE CF 819 ‘TEL 01 T 6 eS Lae aa OUI OAS ZI 99 ‘61Z ‘T 1B S10 ‘SLL C8 “199 ‘Lr 01 g L Rama eee IIIA 99 °000‘282 ‘7 | 09 °9TT ‘Shs 90 788 ‘S66‘E | 62 TR. |i80. 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OL "959 [TIT *poyuels ple [vI9po.7 *4SO0 Po}CTUI4S IL *sqoofoid jo 1oquINN ‘paimsaxa syuauaabo qalorg “"-"""-BuTToIBO WING mn aoe hw “"* pue[s— epouy "oo 7>*"- eraeaATASUUO gt acne aeecUO DOT Cy “emoyel{o ee AKG) "Toes es ="BIOHVCT TION “--"BUTJOIvD TION. “yIOX MON sr oreressessonTra yy MON wererecseroseKQcior MON “-alrgsdureyy MONT aoe > SpCAagdN -"BYSBIGIN, Sn. ee os SMU ALLOA “-""TIMOssty 1ddiss{sstw ~-ByOSOuUIL Te scs ae, eee UCA OU "= "=cqOSNYOVSSBINL ~- PUBLAICI, “7 ">" OTB aL SE ee eee CULES a Tliririi rr Ayonqaey “sesueM sec teteeeeeeecees sep MOT Soe nea UOT DEL "7" *Stounlly “ouepl *" "= BI31004) [aa aaa pene ODOT soreness es*-9IBMBIOC qnorjoouU0D “= -OpBIO[OD apn RL Ie OLE OSELES) Sheaves {SBSUea LV; “"--euOZzIy “"-"BUIBqeLy mete eens “0784S ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 404 a a a 698 “682 ‘S O£0 "92 GT “S9¢ GLE 6Y SIT 02 F19 PIT SST ST OL0 “SIT 9ZT ‘OGS T8Z "29 O16 6P ————————— “6I6T ‘08 oun oF LSP 192 E 08S “ZZ 88S “LIZ S00 ‘OF £€6 0 L¥L “98 0£8 8 O8T “89 LLTOLP T8€ “6 O16 “6F “6I6T read [BOSTY ‘est Z8E G20 ‘S 00S “Eg L9G '8P OLE “6 088 ‘68 L98 “LZ Goce FP 068 “FF 6F6 “6P OOF “8 “SI6I ‘08 eune OL, 6S “LTO ‘T&6‘E% | L6°TFF ‘STO ‘ST ¥Z ‘FIO ‘092 ep 1ST ‘Ze LI °Z06 ‘LPL 18 ‘FIT ‘62S 86 67S ‘ELE 0S *8S9 ‘0ZE Se 11S ‘It 9S “18% ‘627 10 ‘089 ‘Ess 29 SOF ‘OLF 1 1P1T S01 PP 16h SL 80 “TE0 ‘9Z £0 “E9F ‘OLT 16 °EL% ‘OZT ‘T £8 “898 ‘616 Tr “0S8 ‘U8 ZI “IGG ‘ZSs 91 ZI ‘Ss$ 9L GTES8$ “6161 “6161 ‘og ounr OL IeoA [BOST.T Z9 “SLT “E88 “¢ T8 ‘ZOF ‘821 9€ 182 ‘891 SF 168 ‘FS Z8 6S ‘TI 6¢ 290 ‘ETT €1 06908 CO "g9e ‘cg FI ‘SOF ‘OFT 62 61 ‘FETS “ST6T ‘Og oun OF 40 ‘892 ‘STF ‘9S TL 668 ‘Z2¢ OT ‘289 ‘G8z‘% £6 “SCS ‘968 €0 *266 ‘OF6 Z6 19‘ FOI ‘T 61 “E82 ‘90% LT °Z90 O27 26 “Z9F ‘829 '‘S 06 ‘602 ‘622 6g °GZ9 ‘OLTS “6161 ‘og oun OL 19 “Tez ‘Te9 ‘TF 60 “P26 ‘99% IT ‘028 ‘622 ‘T Gb 699 “FIL ZI °L06 ‘Z8F LZ $00 ‘St6 16 ‘286 ‘FFI 10 086 ‘OFS ST “OSL “622% 9% ‘CFF FOS eG "GZ9 ‘OLIS “6161 Ieod [bOST OF TE0‘Z8L ‘FT | 229 | ESh | F2s 9 "SEB ‘9S L é if 66 “19¢ ‘908 09 SP alae 8h 986 18T £% st | 16 680 ‘SSF #1 L L $9149 ‘FS oye | soa 8Z 008 ‘T9 L € v OL ‘eT TST F € I 6L “ZIL‘2o8 oF or |9 #9 “196 ‘SLES L € 4 HeSGUGEE ees --+-1 6 ee ee “6I6T | “SI61 “SI6I toe) [ROSE IE ‘oe ‘og ou OL | PUNE jpogy 7] UNL OL ™| Od "pejueis ple [elope “4S00 Po}BUITIsSy “panulyuoj—painooxe squawaasbo j0aloLg ‘sqosloid Jo aqMInN Cenc are con ces Le OlLy or cise neice sacl o> ACO AAA: “"=""TITISTOOST MA TTI TTT NT SHOISITA 988.AL sooeee ==>" ="T09SUTYSeM -RIUTSIT A, eras ELLEN yy RP eonie be Lacon ee 55 *SGXOiT, Serer sre = >>) eesseruy Ty, Sta leeeueee Feces ejoxeqd yNosg "21819 ————————— ES 405 BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. “snoou ~B[[OOSTAL *pourur -lojepuyQ ‘youd “91010000, snourmmytrg | snourmngtg See eee er “990100100 “Te peoeUl "“SLGEL *doq ye Ur Wepeor yy OSGOOOM IGRI OSI an A Se aeet) lets pa aerasilens WU AAA Ze Miko ee Asiiats: tga les eval oe | Wirdts PR ed 87 }OSTLYOVsse PT eeclewecestelee ed eerie ie oie ==! FOP "9s | [sss ecfeweclecencces wee es eeecen ee eceecees ouIe ea mealiO iP, es lhe re a % eae’ oe amills Salle go (sa 09g °¢ eee | | gran iay ma Weenies toe **“BUBISINO'T ee | oe ee aed hay Fh aes Saeed | tachi | ancien eae mon | Cacicee t a PRG a I6T ‘OL T V4 ne ent chia a Ayon} ue y BON SSeS Go) ogc Ome eiia) once (Seiad) iis icy iiss isc icy iis in wae wine wallace =| neiciceseie|esee| aie evel eccinenienaineeene=-m-eRsITg yy fa 3|Posorece|Pocelacoonocal foe or|oapcma OK, see-leee- weeelenee Rnceinstel === WOR POT F L See ee ee BMOT we eefe ween ee eleeee Bees ees eee Med ee end nnn BRS ee ees hee enn nnn SOOO oasis :104:)9 0109 | RRS Seen eee eit eet (ieee i ieieie is ececcclecee BOS ESOA1IS6 SOS 6566556 OSE OOS 1 GO SS IOLOSCSD OS AS ahaa Rit | (beans a he Tee ee etd Nak hs) eee eats) | carl [eae Shihan dll hae al Sie: See OS eee aietiaben sO ESD a aba] ane ses | Mea Shel (teraz ei | eh De rae So] | BO paceman ae ae ie Sa €80 SL po ae OOOO <1 CO} 9) BSS SSeS Qo) OOORnICOd Ono Omnnmncin) (socn (scence i scicic OSF 01 enw nenee BES IOS SSO oui) 5 ech] cae sree dle oe cell rem ects Aleta | Pramas ce iain: ck allie a epieeeas op aot eae | Coie Le a eS oe CUR ACIEX GE Teale BRN OSGeo nce ioc ise a|ecccleaceacec(ence Ssieciceee I TL. | PORERE QA ICe specie casa fo oSel lor: Senn ented ee eit ecee eeeeeee- ==="! 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Nee OER TAC [SRI Se Wether: Pane a lilt oak colle alae LWP ash: coreeeesss SBSuByLY sw eicfaciee Siajele!| eee elle ( ie oieier sle!|[S'ietal| micielaisis sail istese|(eisiw ate latela|(etatare'| (eiersisin! iAiwtay lwfafara |(ncfeicisiste’s!|e\aleial|la(slaiatale]eieial| m/ajela|(a'a\siele(a|(n1k oon erase See OTTO BTCV, eee | se sana eanta MOOSE S ah Geo cri < aea Etard|§ OL/De Oey il | ROS Css Greet | Meera | MG OCMOON cs | pemnie nen sas mel GO Eel | Gananenna eh ae SOLS LIV: “eye “Weprosyy "S161 Syoofoid jo aaquinu [ej], “SOT *loquio NN, *pouymsejopaQ, “SOT *Joquin N ‘ua “SOTA *oqorioulo0d snouTmM 4g [®10.L “JOQUINN | *LT6T $}09 -foid yo Joqumu wate ore olerer ote slecelela italiane ete celntel eters tei=/e its =isim oiafalc ays /eiatar aie steim se tseececreeecteceeecenecneceeoerpgT Pes a att eB ea I Maladie ty i al Neti lie ate Cen a SIT IO OCICS DORIC GO SOO OO gu YN Seo Sp eceee SEEING NGSOGG IS OMOTAIGOG ISR FOCRS EO ARES OAC HOC O SSI AGG SON II SIONIORSIBAIOIS aii (ONT gt) "21849 “LLGL em uoranijsuor fo adh T, ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 406 6FS FOG | SSO IIT) 9€ Glo €S : eae || tes ets (ares | Beet tl eae GE Cie esis Hi Cos | oleae teen cneen | meat A) Ta z SP SI6ser yy EN Ooors T COLIC om a Gye eee en et SOCOLOR I Z x Az ee x A ony = | cS Z = A <4 Z st i= S = = a & = & i= = = i= = =I EB) #18) R Le) ee) #1 e Pelee aa Ge. isi teal eo a [-) oe Qa ao Q a ve. Bd Kd a KY | bad big \ ri “peur *snoo , : “9101009 “Ue pRoeUl -do} yeu 4 er be ; ae -1ajopug | -aeyoostyy WU 9}010T09 snoutmmytg | snourmmyrg) wepeoesy WtpBovy, JOAVID Avyo pues YMC 690 629 OS2 °F 098 “ET TLh 922) €% | TLL “96¢ SM tN ‘ponutju09j—worjonjysuoo fo adh J, al “S161 Syoofoid jo saqmmu [e}O1, Senin hiat esse Graton sores ss Surm0A A ees Tis UISTOOST A 777 DT BFULSITA 989. MA TTI TT TS woysuryse Ay eeeeteceeees DHTSITA nace sieteeeteess + -quiomnia A “*""""puRIsyT epoyy “77 *""-eruBATAsuud 7 2h AE RSC IT Res u0s010C) bes (6) "777 Boye YION (at iene UTTONG SATO KT Sspllcssessseecs- soy: MON BuvUOTY PRISONS G25 rail ol 5 97 | "oto tsss*-1ddtsstsstyy "7" >" BIOSOUTTIY penessdseheeceess ne arOn “3145 407 BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. 008 "ST | I o's | I O89 7h aoa Sees Yo ica ae ee 000s | I 26a "91 | 8 *poulut -10jopuyy) L999 06S ‘9 0c0°€ 066 SG | L ¥ | OT *snoou ~LT[OOSTY O16 TG OFP Sh OSP “89 OLE “99T "OIE “9010000, 096 ST 089 “98 "Yael ‘aqarouoo «|| ‘mepeoem | ‘doz yeur | . a shouremyig| snourmmyrg| wepeovyy | UBPVOCN "“6LGL *ponuryu0j—uorjonujsuoa fo adh y, dofoid JaquUInNt [COL “6161 SI c settee eset eee ee eee uo0seO eaves aio vyjoyxVd THON soeseses* = BUTOIGD WLION pepo ageacne aan. yIOK MON 5 Gee Gco OoTXOW MON ena esp eT Aosiof MON ss eeses*-oaTSduUIey, AVON Fee eo eae, BPBAON on else i crele rote ete eter TINOSsT, pes ches cle reiniete Tddississt jw FS OOOO BIOSOUUT, ues secimececees spe AIR A, Ssleent mek Sane **-BUvISINO'T iedtk iat het > a neg! 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BTTBdBry “o}B4S ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 408 6zP ‘LFF | 68 | 9c2°62 | & | z90'se | 6 GOE"Sh |S . 02661 |e Sto 'PrT | 8 = Z = c a | B 8 *pourat *snoeu . -rojopuy | -e][eostyy he 228 °L9F| COT) SOT “8? *9}010009, “MHOTJONIYSMOD JO sod.44 OM UTeIMOD Ady} oO GOTMy syoofoid Jo SurUN0d 04-03 (Z) pus ATWO sespLiq Jo WOTOeI0 ey} SUTI9A0D sjoofoId JO UOIssIMO OY} 07 (T) ONP ST poyndexo s}UsMIeeISe yoofoid jo yxodor oy UO PU 4IOde1 sTy} UO UMOYs syoafoid Jo JoqUNU oy} UeeAjoq soUaleyIp ey — LON ZI | SGL°LL | LE | 990 STI] ST | TLT°98 | 9T | $29°GZ0‘T| BIT] FEZ ‘OOF| SF oat | esaricstas |aer | ehcare saat iene Seer nll eae ue qo eee eet ae “"""! 06h ST | & | 09268 Sou ROG eae aL eeese i =] 900° | Tf ote eee ee oman 3| (ie aa Na >| (Seay, slices eI ee NI ces need lideea @ L0L°9% bo dl pthoene ice 2 (Oi cries (lc Se LUGL Olay le oso OL G | PIE St |e SRG SHIRES OR 5g iL Pmten Is Ip ah ahd | foeue g [eee tages H| Dene ae Ht Nedaped 3] Scam at iy [a “""| 082 °6 Os al |S a eek [ai a bara Set cl le tAOhe tote A) Vall ime es ue 69 “COT ia 086 "96 _ (Ges iE ERE i (cps) Was MED ~*""| 686°€ 1S | c6e St | ares lnsatalaal thie & Puce Senlvectll Sesag a ctleen | aopeeeee nee Rieter i lecencee GN AS ae 3 0 Mem A Tc id 3 AST ae Le pa Ue NS | nent ja. ae eae [IR es ie ic Z Z SIR ed he crate stop yy ara 5 8 § & ‘gjerouoo | ‘meproeut | -doy yeu snourumnjtg| snourumyrg| urepeoryy | WePPOPN TSASLD Avjo paEg SLGL *ponuryu0j—worjonujsuod fo adh J, GOI OCO TIPO ZL) hG4p 1" 2° 9S eee as Te}OL OTF ‘OT SPOR ib ice Satna surmo0ds M 9F€ “99 aah rettegs ieee cad UISUOOSTM, 000 'F at We adele toe el BPUISITA 380M ce | Lae a 9 sooreecse ses“ TOIsUIyss MM 0sL"9 91 Pardqiseeacaae eee | ee a eee 006 "88 Pabibersrberes secre 220 OFETS |. Sf cineetaetabe bey oc Niece OF9 "£2 Rees kbar Boxe YINOY ogee ets al ee’ BuTjOIe) YyNOg ee ROA? a aa 2 € | TTTTT TTT TT PUTS] epouy, RGSe resin Pare Po Of ereapAsuteg — Es 5 = Ze e oF 2 se Se "07873 ‘Yea ae BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. 409 NATIONAL FOREST ROADS. During the first half of the fiscal year unfavorable conditions for road improvement, resulting from the war, limited the period during which active operations have been resumed to a few months of the present construction season. The major portion of the work for this fiscal year has been in the last four months. There has been in these few months a marked increase in road activities in the national forests, even though conditions have not returned to the normal pre- war basis. The year has been marked with a shortage of labor, equipment, and material for construction purposes. Unsettled conditions gen- erally have made contractors extremely cautious, and it has often been difficult to recommend to you awards for work at what was considered satisfactory prices. On a number of occasions we have felt it advisable to recommend against making awards even after work had been extensively advertised and previous proposals re- jected. In these instances department forces have been organized to start the work and other portions of the projects have been let out to station contractors. A great handicap to the work has been the lack of suitable equipment in the possession of local contractors who are making proposals on road construction. The assembling at points convenient to our operations of suitable construction equip- ment which can be loaned to contractors for our work will aid ma- terially in securing mcve reasonable prices and hasten the comple- tion of our building program. It is hoped that from the surplus equipment of the War Depart- ment allotted to this bureau under the terms of section 7 of the Post Office appropriation act it will be possible to provide for the major equipment needs of this bureau. Requistion has been placed and shipping orders given for approximately $2,000,000 worth of equip- ment and material. Very little has been received in time for this season’s work. It is important that it be secured in ample time for proper assembling, overhauling, and distribution before the next construction season opens, so that the purchase of other equipment may be obviated. With respect to explosives the bureau has been materially bene- fited in having allotted to it about 4,000,000 pounds of T. N. T. from the War and Interior Departments. Considerable of this material has been delivered and some has been used on our work during the present season. The general organization plan followed during the preceding fiscal year has been continued, there being six distinct offices and suboffices to cooperate with the six western forest districts, the work in the seventh forest district being divided among the district engineers of this bureau in charge of post road work. There has been an increase in the personnel on forest-road work made necessary by our increased building program. 151352°—19——27 410 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The following tabulation is a summary of forest-road activities for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919: ° National forest road activities during fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Engineering, surveys completed. L investiga- tion, andreconstruction Cooperative agreements executed. State. Estimated Num-} 4,; Num A Total Miles. |cost of con- Miles Federal. Local. ber. Straeniort ber. amount INI GSs| Ne = So SSG See siob odd sells 5obae beseos54 Neosessosend secs! apetebsdceecsos5sed | oadoteossssoosoonscess Arivonnel 2c tices an bs one 9 204 | $1, 223,080 10 190 | $1,019, 695 $488, 558 $531, 137 AT SISSS ssn eemceeise eal | 5 94 gf A 6) i BESS bal ene 9a) Hoe oooes sear enosososses PS5S=se--- 55 Calttortiae®-cce--o-e) os 10 294} 1,381,062 7 107 595, 900 299, 950 296, 050 COlOFad Ot cc tex wcnciese nce 10 237 | 1,077, 450 9 194. 700, 833 517, 785 183, 048 WIG: |. ov oecceie eect neecce | saeeasurleeeereesicees 1 27 90, 000 43, 900 47,000 Georging oh stencil 1 18 SOE ZAM ONE tie mre poe ae eee i a = eo ee Parse ee eee ACE oVe Seg ees Ara aS 3 54 877, 062 6 189 389, 840° 205, 295 184, 545 Minwesotia = 223k a eee SP PeNews Elam p Shine 22 os ies, Seer ee 7 AR RaAnNSaS¢j-:= 05 bee Teenie Gl IN@ We OTS ye se 2 es i es ee 9 @alitornia "a eee real sIN GaWig COT: Keone cee f( Colorado! 3837 Fes eae SrbsNorth. Carolina 2 os Sek See 38 Connectitut’ Sse oe ee eee, SaleNOLtin "D Alvo tale: — sh ast eek een eres at Delaware le tine Bales ewes Bi LPoval PCO 0 WK 8 pe eee carat oar anh AS ahd ee Serie Te SNR 65 District) of ‘Columbine Aiea RENMSVilVaiilay ees ee es 39 AD OMe es Pie eee Se Sousa (Oban) aes Se aS 15 AGC OT Ds igen em 8 eT oe. 2 1ON South Dakota 2a Skee ee 2 CEST Oe oe ee ee eet eee 2 | Tennessee ___ aie na cin anvil Ss aig? IRENITOTS eee aes ee HS alt aad RPS es CTE RN Se A ee Fed A 8 D Ova AUS Wy, sage ey eR Lg oe aca ee De PAN OOS) Nomen earn anes Be Reet OP e! SPE etna NT Oa 14 Oye as ce BS Rise Tee Bt COS] NANT e249 Mrs Reese On ERS 489 KGS RICO) PR ee eee hae On Washinton aie Bele ey Se al SiN EH G2 eg oper OW VCS Ger VOU ay = ee 41 Nearyiarydras! 28! Vers bo Bae | WA SCONSHM Sy t= oon tenets ar oe Ee 6 IMASSACIUSCEES 2S eee Yee LosiGanad at Yess ee wi Mees 1 Min Gin ran pi he et RT va a ee 14 ae MMMM CSO tal ct a ae ee eS 138 Ro tealiests 2s ee eke Se 1, 081 WVEESSISS TI) tate ee eee SOS LW melaASSInle is ees eee ee ' 3 WUSSOUPIS® See ee ot ee 8 . Montamal tLe 28a abe. tees 13 1, 084 INebrasicas Sater.) beste Fe vie 1% MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD-BUILDING ROCK. The Petrographie Laboratory examined 686 samles of road-build- ing material during the year, an increase of almost 9 per cent over the preceding year ‘and well above the aver age of routine work. Of these samples, 249 were rock, 41 slag, 151 oravel, 189 sand, 45 clay, and 11 miscellaneous. Of the samples examined in the physical, chemical, and_petro- graphic laboratories, 855 were materials for use in Feder al-aid con- struction. RESEARCH ON DUST PREVENTIVES AND ROAD BINDERS. The following investigations have been under way on bituminous materials: 1. Comparison of old and new volatilization tests in gas and electrie ovens. 2. Exposure tests on bituminous materials of known chemical composition. 3. Study of the distillation of California and Mexican peteroleum with refers ence to the manufacture of road oils. 4. Bituminous joint fillers. 5. Chemical composition of asphalts and tars. 6. Methods of making float tests. 7. Investigation of the action of copper salts on bituminous materials. 8. Investigation of the toughness of bituminous aggregates. One investigation on the thickness of bituminous films on dilfer- ent types of aggregates has been completed and the data is ready to be worked up in form for publication. A study of the asphalt con- tent of oils has also been completed and is ready to be put in shape for publication. A paper is now being published on the micro- scopic examination of bituminous materials. A paper on the Efti- ciency of Bituminous Surfaces and Bituminous Pavements under 429, ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT. OF AGRICULTURE Heavy Motor Truck Traffic was presented before the American Road Builders’ Association. EXPERIMENTAL BITUMINOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE. As during the previous year, supervision and inspection of expert- mental bituminous roads has been confined largely to the vicinity of Washington. One inspection was made, however, of the road between Boston, Mass., and Portland, Me., and between Portland and Bowdoinham, Mass. NONBITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS. The quarry mvestigations begun during the previous year to study industrial practice in the preparation of commercial broken stone aggregates with a view to standardization of sizes and to obtain cost data, ete., was continued and an extensive study was made of the quarries in the South and in eastern Massachusetts and of two quar- ries near Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Altogether 64 inspections were made of crushed stone producing plants. Papers written as a result of these investigations appeared in the September, 1918, and the June, 1918, issues of Public Roads. A large number of brick roads were inspected throughout Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Missouri, in order to make a detailed study of failures in this type of road, and a report on these inspections was published in the February, 1919, issue of Public Roads. A large number of slag-concrete roads were also inspected in the vicinity of Youngstown, ‘Ohio, and a report was prepared on this inspection. STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS OF TESTING BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS. Cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials was continued through the Committee on Bituminous and | Nonbituminous Road Materials. The followmg investigations will be of direct bene- fit in the standardization work of committee D-4: Asphalt content of oils. Comparison of volatilization tests. Chemieal composition of asphalts and tars. Methods of making float tests. STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS OF TESTING fn ge A a ROAD MA- TERIALS. Tests were continued on a revised standard abrasion test of rock and a study is being made of an abrasion test for gravel. Steps were also taken during the year to study a new abrasion test for concrete. A new abrasion test for stone block is also being standardized and the results are available for the standardization work of the road materials committee of the American Society’ for Testing Materials. CONCRETE INVESTIGATIONS. A large number of tests were made for the concrete-ship depart- ment of the United States Shipping Board on the bond strength of steel reinforcing bars coated with protective coatings. Tests were BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS. 493 also made of the pressure exerted by concrete against forms when the concrete was poured at different rates. An elaborate series of tests has been planned on an investigation of blast-furnace slag for use in road and bridge construction, ‘and a large number of samples of slag have been collected from all of the principal slag producing plants i in the country. A new instrument has been designed and built in the division for measuring the wear of concrete roads under traffic. This instrument will be described in a coming report in Public Roads. Wear measurements were made on the Camp A. A. Humphreys con- crete road with this mstrument. The work of testing concrete slabs was temporarily discontinued during the year but will be resumed as soon as possible. A paper based on past tests appeared in the September, 1918, issue of Public Roads. An investigation on the “ Bonding of new cement mortar and concrete to old” was completed, and a paper on this subject was published in Public Roads of June, 1919. ROAD AND BRIDGE FOUNDATION TESTS. The field tests conducted upon earth fills in the vicinity of Wash- ington were continued, an effort being made to determine accurately the pressures exerted by earth fills against retaining walls. Tests were also continued on the distribution of pressures through earth fills. Specimens have been prepared for conducting impact tests on road slabs. The slabs are laid directly on the subgrade and will be tested under the impact of a machine designed to give the same effect as the rear wheel of a heavy motor truck. FP sontrd) ; ae : Wek. Pee £5! =i i i leant f hcaseaoe , Ns 9 . ; S i mer REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT. Unirep Srares DeparTMENT or AGRICULTURE, Orrice or Farm ManaGeMent, Washington, D. C., August 20, 1919. Sir: Lam submitting herewith the annual report of the Gites of Farm Management for ‘the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919. Respectfully ; H. C. Taytor, Chief. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. Reorganization of the Office of Farm Management in accordance with a plan determined upon in a conference on reorganization held early in the present calendar year has now progressed so far that work is being inaugurated along the new lines of investigation pro- vided for in the revised outline of projects. The office enters the new fiscal year with the preliminary work in this regard well in hand. Under the plan adopted, the field of research work covered by the office has been divided into seven sections, as follows: 1. Cost of production. 2. Farm organization. 3. Farm financial relations. 4. Farm labor. 5. Agricultural history and geography. G. Land economies (including land ownership and tenancy). 7. Farm life studies. Cost of production studies along the lines suggested by a com- mittee appointed by the Seeretary to make recommendations in this regard have begun under the direction of Mr. F. W. Peck. Mr. Peék is also directing, temporarily, the work in farm organization. Dr. L. C. Gray, in charge of land economics, has outlined a series of in- quiries in and ownership and tenancy, land settlement and coloniza- tion, and land policies. Farm life studies have been inaugurated under the direction of Dr. C. J. Galpin. Of the remaining sections, Agricultural History and Geography is identical with the old see- tion of History and Distr ibution of Farm Enterprises; that of Farm Financial Relations is being established by transfer of existing groups from the Bureau of Markets; and that of Farm Labor re- mains to be organized. Owing to the fact that practically all the research work done dur- ing the “past year was done under the old plan of organization, the followi ing detailed report of progress, for the most part, is arranged according to the old classification, 403 464 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. COST OF PRODUCTION. Eight hundred and sixty-five cotton-enterprise records, together with the necessary farm organization data, were obtained from cot- ton growers in four of the southern States during the months of May and June, 1919. These records were distributed as follows: 162 representing two districts in Texas; 269 from three areas in Ala- bama; 254 from three sections in Georgia; and 180 from two areas in South Carolina. This material embraces staple factors of cot- ton and will allow the estimations of cost by using current prices. Cooperative costs of production studies of the tobacco crop were in- stituted in May with the Kentucky Experiment Station. This en- terprise study entails the cooperation with 160 representative to- bacco growers in which the tobacco enterprise is studied in detail and in relation to the entire farm business. Arrangements are being made with a number of the States look- ing toward cost accounting investigations to begin with the new farm year of 1920. -- Se eee Re Shae - sak fe hee 6 315.00 NATE ar ite ref) OYE ELD ess Ae ae ee Ee Ae RAP RS = en = ee ese ere ee 296 2, 230. 00 Minti Sittes Soest oc UR 22S. See eee rac cae dade s Si ages wees vas oeawenceesees NON? Sasso ses cess insegingi de nich sses): soo pias6 - ieee COs-oapseeceoenaac Portable telephone.........-..-- Disallowed. Alberti MOL7 a Willies Fa SOUS =n eeanents series ccs Method for the recovery of phos- | Allowed. Ross, and John N. Ca- phorous fumes evolved in the rothers. volatilization method of treat- ing phosphate rock. Wm. B. Osborne, jr....--.- Forest Service.....--.- Device for locating the range of Do. distant objects. James E. Imrie.........-.... ae OG asaes ceeericadbaae Dryskins?) See sat cee cies nas Disallowed. Alpert R. Merz and: Win;, | Soils: -.s02--2-sesss ss Process for the extraction of pot- Do. R. Ross. ash and alumina from alunite. Harry D. Gibbs..-.- eae Chemistry......... ....| Oxidizing the side chains of | Allowed. aromatic hydrocarbons. Rover I. Prince and Otto | Forest Service......--. Process for fireproofing paper....) Disallowed. ATeSS. - see R. Carothersand Wm. | Soils..........---.--.- Smelting of phosphate rock.....- Do. . Ross. Logan Waller Page......... Publie Reads andKu- | (Concrete... --.2-2--ce-- cee os 2 Do. ral Engineering. Harry D. Gibbs and Court- | Chemistry............- | Process for the manufacture of | Allowed. ney Conover. | phthalae anhydride, ete. 496 ANNUAL REPORTS OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Patents applied for by members of the department—Continued. Applicant. Clyde H. Teesdale.........- Norman DeW. Betts and Harry D. Tiemann. Victor M. Cone J. F. Collins.... Harry D. Gibbs and Geo. A. Geiger. Martin N. Straughn Satoaki Ozaki Albert R. Merz and Wm. R. Ross. James ib) hmpie! =. ssnesee sac Harry D. Gibbs and Court- ay Conover. NOs ain ae eccddaon ere D Bureau. Invention. Forest Service.....---- Process of treating wood.......-- Baas GENS tates eel Dini alle Cae ese Gace hasten Public Roadsand Ru- |Venturi measuring flumes........ ral Engineering. Plant Industry.....--- Chemistry £22. sestehee do yeas (65 eer es fee sel lppce boceceeccaanosernes- Robert F. Gardiner......... Frederick T. Bioletti Elmer Johnson............. Wm. H. Waggaman, Cary R. Wagner, and Harry Bryan. Albert R. Merz Jos. A. Ambler and Harry D. Gibbs. J. A. Ambler, R. Hellbach, and H. D. Gibbs. J. A. Ambler and H. D. Gibbs. Sherburne B. Henning Gs Archie RTSSelleen- sae. Alvin O. Lundell..........- J. A. Newlin, L. J. Mark- wardt,and A. E]Jmendorf. J. W. McLane Courtney Conover and H. D. Gibbs. Elmer Johnson Public Roads and Ru- ral Engineering. Soils Plant Industry........ Publications Animal Industry...... Forest Service........- Plant Industry-.......- Chemistry Public Roads and Rural Engineering. Forest Service......... DO acsdasscsatenesee ne oeeee Cs (Ree ae Sos aes i .B. asPorge-.2-s.s2esee Chemistrye.. 2.252262... DO oso sceewtes poeee seers OO ssovendesmwesess'= Dosw ete ro ee al ee Cc oy eee eee DOs eee chon eee C0 xxhed= nese ews Dowie ook ee De ox | eee Once see are Edward L. Sechrist......... Entomology:....-.25-<. CTS seludSons- ee 5 see cece @nemistry: a4 seen cane DOr acces ctecce cease sealeeaee Gar. decat cpa Bide Method of filling cavities made by excavating the decayed or injured spots in a living tree. Process for manufacturing side chain chlorine derivatives of toluol. Process for the preservation of fruit juices. Process for preparing a rice-food product. Process for the simultaneous production of volatile acids and phosphate salts. Improvement in shrinkage take- up frames for edge stacking lumber. Process for the manufacture of phthalic anhydride, ete. Process for the manufacture of anthraquinone. (jobs ee Skee asec easse ss Method of manufacturing de- colorizing carbon. Process of making a mixed phos- phatic and nitrogenous fer- tilizer. Process of canning or bottling ripe olives or other pickles. Fire-extinguisher spray nozzles... Process for the manufacture of phosphorous, phosphoric acid, and compounds of the same. Process for rendering water- soluble the potash in cement mill dust. Process for the manufacture of aromatic sulphonic acids. Apparatus for the manufacture of sulphonic acids of the aro- matic carbons. Process for the manufacture of naphthalene sulphonic acids. Process for manufacturing glue. . Tree trimming and harvesting machines. Process for a new and useful im- provement in motion-picture cameras. Meat handling and inspection machine. Airplane Strutss. ce ceeese eee Process for preparing dried sweet corn. Process for the purification of crude anhydride. Improvements in powder-dust- ing machines. Nonconducting and waterproof composition. Method of manufacturing non- conducting and waterproof compounds. Manufacture of a product suita- ble for use as a feed for stock. Process of manufacturing glucose Process of manufacturing gulonic lactone. New leavening agent............ Process of manufacturing an adhesive material. Septum for honeycomb.........- Process of manufacturing glucose Process of manufacturing a leavening agent. Disposition of application. Allowed. Do. Disallowed. Allowed. Do. Disallowed. Do. Allowed. Do. Do. Pending in inter- ference. Allowed. Disallowed. Allowed. Do. Disallowed. Allowed. Disallowed. Pending. Case sent to War Department. Pending. Allowed. Do. Case sent to War Department. Allowed. Do. Do. Disallowed. Do. Do. Allowed. Do. Do. Do. Do. Disallowed. Do. OFFICE OF THE SOLICITOR. 497 Patents applied for by members of the department—Continued. Invention. Applicant. Bureau. eH. Sieglers 52295. 2-csseo: Entomology..........- Robert F. Gardiner......... DOUS Pox. esas cesses Martin N. Straughn........ Ghemistiyso eee JN Carouhers:anGaw/eels |/OOUSh seo c 2 sane Ross. George R. Goergens SeCoCRBEeS Bublications=s--..s+s- Bohart and Gibbs.......... Chemistry=-s-6) eo PeWeZerban™ 22 chscse States Relations Serv- ice. Yoderand Langley......... Plant mdustrye.assse= Robert F. Gardiner......... SOUR Ses saekoocabecace Ambler, Lubs, and Gibbs. .| Chemistry-.-.......... WE Conwayse~s-cn-2-. oes Animal Industry...... RAN Hargers! >. ccsscccce Plant Industry........ SNe Carothers!. 5... 6-5 -o5 SOUSH teas. cers oes Ry, Gardinerose. = .caecere | eeiome Oe a acleeee ances HPs Gibhssss ees eee Chemistryss-2) a2c.-c5 Laing and Boling..........-. IBOLESt SERVICE! =. --.-54} HE Gibbsit< Gseceeas tents Chemistryz qs. 2esen— WistiandtAGamsi. 3... . sesso she ane ee = = 2 172 wart, control work, 19L9... 2: 2.- 262 t sees risen oe ee eee 517-519 Potatoes— grading, need of national standards.....-...----.----------+-+----------- 438 growing, varieties investigations.........---------------------------=- 147-148 TASECIA INFUTIOUS; INVesticablOUs: J: a242- Sos. d= ae eee 256 varieties immune to potato wart....----------<-+--6+-------+--sse=s-~-- 519 yield per acre, increase since 1908.........----------------------------- 14,15 Poultry— breeding and feeding investigations, 1919, parasites, etc.--...----- 87-89, 122-123 clubs, enrollmentand. Work. 2-257 252.2 cn co ee oe wget ee 89 diseases, outpreaksiand controle.=. see. .-s- s+ ceee = ~~ eee = eee 122-123 feeding experiments.........-....------------+ 2-2-2 2-2-5222 e rere sc: 87-88 investigations, 1919, Chemistry Bureau.......-----.-------------------- 222 products, market news service. .-....-.----------------------+-+++-++--- 449 work of county agents, North and West........------------------------- 383 Prairie dogs, control work. -.)-s--<- s2a- «a-s 0 24h oe on eee ee ee 279 Preservatives, wood, research studies. -.2-+.--.0-0-. 5. sj- = s296-- =o + Sones 206 Printing— Section, Publications Division) fo: 2-2 J as cae oe ee ee 315-316 Weather Bureau, work of 1919-222. ..2- = wine Sas ae Be ee = = 68-70 work, appropriation and expenditures. 1919.........-------------- 303, 305-310 Production cost, studies, work of Farm Management Office, 1919. ...-..---- 463, 464 Products, surplus, estimates, demand for. . ........--------------------------- 329 Proof, handling in Publications Division..........-.--------------+------- 303-305 Proteins, chemistry and nutritive value, studies.......-.-.------------------ 220 Pruning, citrus trees, experiments.......--.------------0---22222-22---2-s 142-143 Public Roads. See Roads. INDEX. : 555 Publications— Page. copies issued by Department, 1890-1919................+-.--2------.---- 312 COErespond cca welks, LOW ap sa nce a ae ails a tine ae es oso ee oo Se 320-321 distribution work, 1919, mailing list, personnel, etc...................-. 319-322 DaVASION pECBONG OiaCWIGh = ye eters Sa NALS als we ecco ee wen 303-324 Farm Management, Office............-.-.-. ep oee 1 eee se 465, 468 numbers and cost, by bureaus and offices... -._.......2...... pee 306, 307-310 Weather Exped mL UG) sa neeie nate Sie oi see = aecine 223. Loa a os 68-70, 315 worlwonmWoparctont, 1900 summary = ce aee Sos ee cla es ews eee 303-304 Quail— EGY, CO SUCY Ch iin es OIOMINP 54 -yaee e oo ck ca kee nee des 287 BNpOta Ons iromy Mexico, PerMatses-e 947.285 50s. hc 2 S502. Se 298 Quarantine— animal, law, enforcement by Solicitor, 1919............-.-.-----2----4- 490 animal, work of Animal Industry Bureau, 1919...................--.. 108-110 CH pilennlelc, wilexsere leased |. ocr mies) eosin shes ay eee 114-115 eipsy and brown-tailmoths, work, 1910-22 = is belo es ws amauta masta ame 265-266 survey, nursery stock, etc., importations, regulations............. 524-526, 529 PANE SACl TeMmolcement Ole: 3s. Ut ite ie se mers Sg ao. Sie faptte eee 481 Ba eLOTI RM OXTCO Stipe eer SNe ane ne ante FR leaf cit Leek aun od 298 Quarantines, plant— Set IP TT ATICeG OINEHTLC MISTS. sina Soe oo Pee he = 2 noes Selb ec e's Seta & 0 533-536 FENN Mg UI a errs One hee a Pe a ae En enn tS eee 529-530 Rabbits— RICK COM UEON Ss Sate Lhe Sete nS layne ON gee tre OGD 3 oe Lae ern 280 Fearing for meat, and ture. propressss. 1.5. Mian oc tye Hansa ow en eee 283 Rabies— EOUTTOMWOEKWIOLG 2.15 5ee 2 iis Se ee Aa Os she a ek Sk at ean 122 predatory animals, investigations, 1919.............--.------+---e0e- 276-278 Radiation, solar, investigations, Weather Bureau work, 1919...............-- 71 ative Manacement, crazier live stock, ebC. .. Jose. so2- 2556 . ..~:.¢ 2199 oe 2 Se a ee 524-526 new. and rare, distributions... <.-. -See. o: 68 ee ee aoe 164 Seismology; investigations. ©. ¢:22c). ee Snel fee n= oe ee 224-225 frozen. Handling methods: - .--<.<..Ges-a2. Sess nents -e =r o2 operon ee 439 PATG SEACCS BENIGN 22.2. s2 2a 2 oon) eeEM Oe Renee n tans ecm Ss 437-438 market news service, reports and stations.........------------- 439-440, 446-447 storage investigations..........---. ices Ob Pine eRe Re en SOAS eae 146 FTAMEPOCLALION ANG BLOTAPR.- 1. 2 ci a2 as oe Soe oe ne = wee ooo ole 438-439 Siti ZALTON, asin ANOMMRVING = ee a a cia Ee led oe = Beene 148 Vermont— Middlebury, Moran horses, work, 1919. ...-..-:..-------=----<2-.<-5-*= 86-87 road projects approved, 1918, 1919........-------------+------ 402, 404, 406, 408 Wetermary education, requirements. ...2.—-..-.-- = << n-ne Seem 133-13 Serensrit COVER CLOPS s occiss aa = one eae se nee ene eae nek ee een Pee 141 Virgin Islands Experiment Station, work, 1919...--.- Ste ee eee ee 360, 365-366 Virginia, road projects approved, 1918, 1919.......-..-------------- 402, 404, 406, 408 Wargemer,entorcement by Solicitor, W919... -..--<-. 5h eon = een Sagat 490 PiriteneMelea ots pie k2 aise oe eee ee TE nk aisle niacin s alae meee ee 134 riirtert Taiae llitey.4 tei bea’ ssa 7s 02) 6! pa ee eee eee re 141 Binentionsle bel eaten, ACh. LESMIA S20 oc.2 cine ce 2 ~~ 3 nos os eek enn saan es = eee 44 Volcanology, investigations, work of Weather Bureau, 1919.....-...-.-------- 59-60 War— activities— Prop) Meiimiates bUrealiss -.>2tpesebea. -ebsesee s2eccenct BER 35 325-326 Bntomology Dbureall. 3.2... < idhen Spee uke eee es sete nner canes 272-273 Patite phititads bOArd's5: tas. o nase wenn ace oie dele r <3 oS etn oe eee 531 Roads Bureau, members in military service, etc-....-.----- etheesece 391-394 PMO SOECTLON sam <2 15 noe (ars Coes gee sees aso ok ACE Se 469-470 Department, cooperation of Forest Service.....-...---------- 204, 206, 207, 208 Repent CeCe Mies tet pales rete oh eins 65 = 2! sein eis Ae ei See 271 emergency— PiadHe At Gl BUOLAP EL WOLKE oR Rea ee fod. Cee Eh os dle Sends ea aceon 451 Pureld sraiepawerierhs Wbavehtlsaqiet sh) ise: 1 (ean ee oe ee ese 83, 86, 99 work Of States’ Relations Services --.25..2-.2..2.--------- 353, 354, 377-379 supplies, surplus, distribution to States for road work... ..-.----------- 411-412 Warehouse Act— PTA TUG e le | Bees eee bp Ae a 457-458 PWioLceMmen, PY PUMCHOl, AUNO IS sos. o te ote sone eee ao eee tinea 493-494 FOURS 3. eh. ee SS Se Be SRO ea aR ac 43 Warehouses, cotton, investigations and improvement. .......---------------- 445 Warner, Marsoriz F., citation on bibliographical work of library...------ 344-345 Warnings— floods, frosts, and storms, Weather Bureau work, 1919... .-.- 50,52, 53, 56-57, 68 Weather Bureau, storms and cold waves, 1919. ..-.-..--------- 50, 52, 53, 55, 68 RUE DULL, COMLTON WOlke NOUS S Ce so. cosas ca aes cis anew elem ee ae 517-519 560 INDEX. Washington— Page. Bellingham, bulb growing: = 222.2 2.022. 2 Peet ee eee 148-149 Toad projects: approved 1018s 1919.2 425. ae 7 Ley eens ae ee 402, 404, 406, 408 Waste— ; cotton; imports; 19194. 7) ssc Sees Soe ede ee ee ee oes eee 522, 523 cotton,.useas packing, restrictions... --:..-.\.<--:s2.- ++. oe 530 products, utilization, tomatoes, grapes, seed, etc................-....---- 160 Water power, National Forests, receipts, rights of way,etc.............. 181, 193-194 Watermelon diseases, controles 272k. ecient ne ee eo eee 173 Waterproofing leather and other fabrics, and mildew proofing:............. 232, 233 Watersheds protection from fire, cooperative expenditures...............-- 203-204 Weather Bureau— Chief, report, AQIS «se rao Caer 2. Me cee ee ee ee ee MS an eieiairae ee 49-27 organization and duties..:7))2 seu2cu wd: tse 0Gs. eee BA ey eee 49-52 publications; 1919225 4.2.2. shh sce Ses kee ee eee 315 Weather stations and observations, number and work....................... 58-60 Weeks -Forestry..Law,. work, L919: 22573) cos tS. sue apes eee ee 473, 480-481 Weevil; alfalfa, sprayine method... 2.5 sacsens ceca teeees aos ee ee eee 248-249 Weevils— bean-and pea; avestigations.) 2. JOSS. See ea ee eee ee ee ee 249 COM, AMMVesPatiONS=-eeeee eee =~ eee oe PAS hey ohio See ee eee aks Mee 249 sweet potato— CONGOL: 22.502 a2 2! eR CIS Picked Se ee Ce eee omens 255-256 eradicationvand controll 3 sone = Sa Sch eee eee 255-256 West Virginia— potato wart, introduction, and controlwork:,- 225 22_-2>--2- eee 518 road. projectsiapproved, 1918, TOVsaet see ee one 402, 404, 406, 408 Wheat— acreage, 1919, and estimate of yield, acreage, and production 1914-1919... 4,6,7 diseases— flag smut, take-all, and black stem-rust, control..................---- 15-18 INVES PAatiONs 755A sis toh Pee lee ae Be Ree or Oe 168-172 estimates, Crop Estimates Bureau and Grain Corporation, comparison. ... - 331 growing, classification, breeding, and diseases. .... 138-139, 150-151, 153, 168-172 rust-resistant varieties.....-.-...-.....-- coop Se erage tis en ene ae eee 170 storage, concrete:andisteelibina 2 4-5. 5-624 see eee eee eee eee 443 yield peracre, increase'since, 1908 0. ai. ee nee eee 120s WuitnEy, Mitron, report as Chief of the Bureau of Soils.................-.- 235-236 Wituiams, Ws. M., report as Solicitor..............-. Ur hy ae ne eee ee ae 469-497 Wintering— DCES; INStLUCHIOMS . 42 cay aCe eee oe eee i ee ee eee 270-271 cattle southermstates4s a2 st occekee ee eee eee se Bene She Fe pee 80, 81 Wisconsin, road projects approved, 1918, 1919..................-- 402, 404, 406, 408 Women, farm, demonstration and extension work..........-..--.- 372-374, 381-383 Wood drying, studies by forest products laboratory.....-......-- St hee A aie 205-206 Woodchucks: habits.and* control: o2¢eee -- ae oe Se ee er 281 Woodlands, farm, forestry, practice, extension .........-. 2 oe Bese 177-178, 210 Wool grease recovery from wool scouring, study. .............------+--------- 220 Wyoming— ihorse-breéding Work. <.< 5 “Ss gec nba ere ee ee ee ne ee enone 86 Jackson; winter: elk refuge; wotk19195 S22 ee eee eee eee eee eee 290-291 read: projects approved, L918, TO1OVes soe tigate ee eee eee 402, 404, 406, 408 Wearpook- a1 919 scost and distmibltione= == sen eee 2 eee eee 305, 316, 321 Yucca fibers; investigations.cey sess = Slee cei S ‘ iy ytd , oy ; RY M ay Ve Tes Softrncint ~ SS SAR RS Ye Sheer ee Uk ne a. ~ Se Prone one ce Seater cs MERE SHEL ITS 4S SHES A . Y te ON oF n Ht 14 On odie 4 wane ny a) My Ce SM ay NG ao Bona See =i a Z pe Saree > Lae Rae SRN A — te = peer Emer aa ee en ad et tan SEES = = 2 = Sa S73 eae Ss ee - rte toe Weare ae ans ere anes Mee — 7) — = onnnto = ze os ae