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BOA-D B 1895-36

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ANNUAL REPORTS AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BELFAST
NATURALISTS
FIELD CLUB

SERIES II. 1893
TO
VOLUME IV. I9OI

Belfast :

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
BY ALEXANDER Mayne & Boyp, 2 CORPORATION STREET,
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S CoLLEGE, BELFAST.

1901.

‘eed!

ee 0 WL.9
Series IJ. Votume IV. Parr TI.

P49
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NATURALISTS
1893-94. 4. F Fer,
LOS om Bee HG
+ + Par easieers. ‘\
+ \ ¢ Sg oe Z f
oe ee <
! f R f Lass
nd (Proceedings
CONTENTS. PAGE
Annual Report - - 3
_ Excursions -Antrim and the Moy-linne Valley, Povtferry sd Quintin,
Black Head, Dundalk, Newry, and Carlingford, Bollyralinch,
Giant’s Causeway, Loughbriciand and Donachmore - 9
Paper—Rev. W. 8. Smith—Antrim : Its Antiquities cod Hey - 13
y Social Meeting - - 48
z Papers—W. B. Veeis Trish Hairy -Lore - . - 46
a Miss Clara Patterson—A Few Children’s Games - - 48
i. Report of the Ethnographical Committee - - - = 62
a Papers—Wm Gray—WhatisaStore? - - 654
.' ie John M Dickson -- Relative at bE of Rath, Cromleae, and
o. ; Tumulus 55
<< Francis Joseph Bigger— ee Lisioric and Historia Forts in the
City and Vicinity of Belfast - - 71

John Russell—Notes on Forts in the Townland of Eisnagh
John Cardwell—Notes on the Ancient Church of J.isnagarric
R. Lloyd Praeger—Botanizing in County Dublin >
Charles W. Watts —Localities for Lepidoptera near Belfast
Lieut.-Col. Partridge Fo rsa a of lane -
Microscopical Evening -
Papers—Wm. Gray—Our Holy Wells -
Geo Coffey—Pagan Cemeteries and Burial Onstoms of Ireland
Report of the Celtic Class
-Papers—T. Ward—Homer in isish « S. St. Clair Boyd Irish Language ; :
J.G. Foley—Tale i in Trish : Francis Joseph Bigger—Local Celtic

| ee ed Ved Fae [eet ew Perey Wood |
ie.2)
oO

j Topography; M. Griffin—Tale in Trish ; Ballad—Miss Alice M.
ia Milligan—Lament for O’ Cathan ; Prose Selection— E. Morrissey 97
_ Annual Meeting = - . - 111
_____ Report of the Geological Colamittas > . - - 115
Meteorological Summary for 1893 - - - - 134
Rules, Prizes, and Exchanges” - > - - - 137
Officers and Members - . - - 148

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.

PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 2/-

NOTICE.

_ This issue is the first of a new series. Last year’s
Proceedings completed a volume, which has now been
Indexed.

The present is a suitable time for members to
complete. their sets of Proceedings, and thus form a
permanent record of the Club’s work and a valuable
reference to the natural history and antiquities of
the district. .

The following Publications of the Club may be obtained from
the Librarian :—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
including the Phanerogamia, the Cryptogamia, Vas-
cularia, and the Muscine,-—-S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.
Edin., and T. H. Corry, M.A., F.L.S., &c. Cambridge ;
MacMillan and Bowes ... Rata ns are yh)

SYSTEMATIC LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
FLORA, FAUNA, PALZONTOLOGY, AND
ARCHAOLOGY OF THE NORTH OF IRE-
LAND; Vol. I., consisting of the Appendices from
1870 to 1885 inclusive, 27 Plates ; 3 .
in paper ee a a ei we O/-
in boards. ~ ... 5 Siok ee we 6/-

GUIDE TO BELFAST AND ADJOINING COUN-
TIES ; containing chapters on Geology, Botany, Zoo-
logy, Topography, Historical Antiquities, Agriculture,
Trade, and Excursions, with numerous Plates. Pub-
lished at 3/6; Reduced Price... me Bee “Sie

(See also back of Cover.)

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

BELFAST “tens
NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

For the Year ending the 31st March, 1894.

(THIRTY FIRST YEAR.)

SERIES II.

VOLUME IV.

Belfast :

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
By ALEXANDER Mayne & Boyp, 2 CorPORATION STREET,
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S COLLEGE, BELFAST.

1894.

© fh Fa ane a

= sagt, &
ere |

ster a eal 0) Sag Fy

The Committee of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club now
lay before the members their thirty-first Annual Report. The
past year has been one of continued success, showing a large
increase in membership and in work done under the Club’s
auspices. At the end of last year the membership stood at
404; it has now reached 461, after allowing for removals by
death and other causes, the largest number ever reached since
the Club’s foundation. .

The Summer Session was one of great interest and instruc-
tion; it included one three-day excursion, five whole day
excursions, and one half-day excursion. On the occasion of
the three-day excursion to Newry and Carlingford an alliance
was formed with the Dublin Field Club, which, it is trusted,
will be a permanent one, and it is hoped that similar re-unions
may be arranged each summer, as such are found profitable to
both Clubs.

The following is a list of the excursions :—

Antrim and Moylinne ae A 20th May.

Lower Ards... aoe ee roth june,

Black Head ... see ose 24th June.

Dundalk and Carlingford ... se 4th, 5th, and 6th July.
Ballynahinch ... ane oa 29th July.

Giant’s Causeway sch ee 26th August.
Loughbrickland aa ses 16th September.

The attendance at these excursions varied from fifty-three at
Giant’s Causeway to fourteen at Dundalk. In connection with
these excursions it is hoped that more practical work will be
done at them. and that individual members will strive to do
something to advance scientific knowledge, so that a pleasant
trip in the country may not be considered the chief end of our

") —

4 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

field days. The best thanks of the Club are due to Rev. W. S.
Smith, for Antrim ; B. D. Wise, C.E., for Blackhead ; Major
Hall, T. M. H. Flynn, and H. Barcroft, J.P., and Mrs. Barcroft,
for Newry; Rev. Father Quail, for Ballynahinch; W. A.
Traill, C.E., for Giant’s Causeway ; and J. Temple Reilly, J.P.,
for Scarva.

The Winter Session was opened with a conversazione in the
Exhibition Hall, Botanic Gardens, which was well attended
and much enjoyed by all present. The winter meetings, which

were more numerous than usual, were as follows :—
21st Nov. 1. Opening remarks by President.
2. Irish Fairy Lore.’’—W. B. Yeats, of Dublin,
3. ‘A Few Children’s Games,’’—Miss Clara Patterson, Member.
4. Report of Ethnographical Committee.—W. H. Patterson, M.R.I.A.,
Member.
2oth Dec. “‘ What is a Stone ??’ William Gray, M.R.I.A., Member.
16th Jany. 1. ‘Relative Antiquity of Rath, Cromleac, and Tumulus,’°—John M.
Dickson, Member,
2. “Pre-Historic and Historic Forts in the City and Vicinity of
Belfast.’’ —Francis Joseph Bigger, Hon. Sec.
3- “Notes on Forts in the Townland of Erenagh.’’—John Russell,
C.E., Member.
“‘Notes on the Ancient Church of Lisnagarric.’? —John Cardwell.
“‘ Botanizing in County Dublin.”’—R. Lloyd Praeger, M.R.LA.,
Member.
3. ‘* Localities for Lepidoptera near Belfast.””—Charles N. Watts,
F.I.C., Member.
4. ‘Lepidoptera of Enniskillen.’’—Lieut.-Col. Partridge.
20th March Microscopical Evening.
ZOtH 5, “Our Holy Wells.’?— William Gray, M.R.I.A., Member,
roth April “ Pagan Cemeteries and Burial Customs of Ireland.’>—Geo. Coffey,
M.R,IA.
Report of the Celtic Class\—P. J. O’Shea, Member.
“ Homer in Irish.” —T. Ward, Member.
Address on the Irish Language.—-J. St. Clair Boyd, M.D., Member.
Tale in Irish—]J. G. Foley, Member.
Local Celtic Topography. —Francis Joseph Bigger, Hon. Sec.
Tale in Irishh—M. Griffin, Member.
Ballad, “ Lament for O’Cathan.’’—Miss Alice M. Milligan,
Prose Selections—E. Morrissey, Member.
25th April Annual Meeting.

20th Feby.

NR &

rth,

CONT DU BW YN A

The average attendance at the Winter Meetings was better
than on any former year. On the microscopical evening the
large room and the library were both filled to overflowing,
whilst on evenings of the lectures by W. B. Yeats, Wm. Gray,

1893-94.) 5

M.R.I.A.; and George Coffey, M.R.I.A., the room was quite
crowded.

The formation of a Geological Committee, with Miss S. M.
Thompson as secretary, will doubtless assist practical work, and
further advance the reputation of the Club in this important
branch of science (see Report, page 113). During the Winter
Session a course of lectures on geology was delivered by Prof.
Grenville Cole, of Dublin, which proved a great success, both
financially and as a stimulus in the investigation of local
geology.

The Microscopical Section has been re-organised, with Dr. J.
St. Clair Boyd as secretary, so it may be anticipated that a new
impetus will be given to this important part of the Club’s work
and that good results will follow.

The class formed for the study of the Irish language was
continued under the instruction of our member, P. J. O’Shea,
who kindly attended every Monday evening during the winter,
This class was a success, and has done good work in giving
to many an introductory knowledge of their native tongue.
It is to be hoped that Mr. O’Shea, to whom the Club are very
much indebted, will continue this class next winter.

On each evening of meeting, for the convenience of members,
tea was provided under the superintendence of Mrs. Leslie,
Miss Andrew, and Miss Wright, to whom the Committee now
wish to return their best thanks for the great trouble they took
in this matter.

The Club’s albums have been largely augmented during the
year by the kind contributions of members, which, it is hoped,
will be increased during the coming years, so that our collection
of photographs may be a complete and permanent record of all
subjects of interest in our district.

The following are the reports of the judges appointed to
examine the collections sent in by members in competition for
Club’s prizes :—

Prize I].—This prize is competed for by R. Lloyd Praeger,
M.R.LA., with a good collection, which comprises 150 species

6 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

of Irish plants mounted on 175 sheets, some of the plants being
represented by more than one specimen. This collection,
which was designed to illustrate the Flora of Eastern Ireland,
includes some plants new to the Irish Flora, and several which
are additions to districts 3, 4, and 5. It is well worthy of the
prize, which is accordingly awarded to Mr. Praeger.

Prize XX.—To W. Hanna, M.A., for his neatly prepared and
well mounted slides of structural points of Echinodermata and
Cryptograms.

Prize XXVIII.—In competition for this prize, R. Lloyd
Praeger has sent in a collection which includes many rare
plants, a large proportion of which are recent additions to our
local botanical lists. One—Carex rhynchophysa—has not been
found anywhere in the British Islands except in Mr. Praeger’s
Armagh station. Seven of the specimens represent additions
to district 10 of the Cybele Hibernica. Four are new to the
county Flora of Down, three to Antrim, and one to Derry.
The conditions governing this competition are amply fulfilled
by this collection, and I have pleasure in reporting that Mr.
Praeger is entitled to this prize.

S. A. STEWART.

We have carefully examined the sets of micro slides sub-
mitted in competition for Prizes No. XX., XXI., and XXII,
and beg to report as follows :—AlIl the collections were of high
scientific merit and in strict accordance with the conditions
framed by the Committee, and the prizes offered we award
as follows—

Prize XXI.—We have pleasure in awarding to William A.
Firth for his very superior slides of grouped diatoms, &c., a
set remarkable for the amount of manipulated skill displayed in
each separate slide, as well as in the taste and general excellence
of the entire set.

Prize XXII.—To John O. Campbell, B.A., B.E., for his
micro-photographs of geological slides; several of them are
useful examples for demonstrative purposes.

Wo. GRAY.
Wo. SWANSTON.

1893-94. ] 7

The Committee regret that there is not more competition
for the prizes offered, and would point out to the members,
especially the younger ones, the great desirability of forming
collections as a means to acquiring scientific information, and
trust that all, or nearly all, the prizes offered will be competed
for in the coming year.

Next year your Committee hope to have provided in the
Museum suitable rooms, permanently at the service of the
members. The want of a fixed habitation has long been felt, a
place where the members can meet at all times, where their
books and instruments can be kept ready for constant use,
with a work-room for practical investigation. These necessary
adjuncts to the successful carrying on of the work of the Club,
your Committee hope shortly to have arranged.

Your Committee beg to return their best thanks to the local
press for the lengthened reports given to their proceedings from
time to time; also to the local railway companies for the
advantageous terms given on the occasion of excursions.

Francis JosEpH BiaGer, Hon. Secretary.

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PROCEEDINGS.

Pod

SUMMER SESSION.

EXCURSIONS.

zoth May.

ANTRIM AND THE MOY-LINNE VALLEY.

THE first excursion of the year was to Antrim and the Moy-
linne Valley, when a pleasant day was spent with enjoyable
weather, only slightly marred by a shower when the party
was at Muckamore. On arrival at Antrim by the 10-15 train
the road through the Massereene demesne was taken as far as
the junction of the Sixmilewater with Lough Neagh, where
a short time was spent botanising, the announcement. being
made that two prizes would be offered for competition, one for
the discovery of the rare orchid, Cephalanthera enstfolia,
and the other for the best collection of twenty plants gathered
during the day. Much adverse comment was made on the
unpleasant barbed fences on every hand, and the disagreeable
texts to be seen relating to ‘“‘trespassers,” “dogs,” and ‘‘poison.”’
Surely a kindlier feeling might be expected from the occupier of
this beautiful park. At the lake-shore some interesting plants
were observed, though the season was not sufficiently advanced
for many of the rarities known to grow here. The Vernal
Whitlow-grass (Draba verna) and Lamb’s Lettuce (Valerianella
olitoria) grew on gravelly banks, and in the Sixmilewater
flourished the rare Ranunculus fluitans, though not yet in

10 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

flower ; on a sandy bank near at hand the pretty Cerastium
arvense was already in full bloom. Close by was seen the last
resting-place of the unfortunate insurgents who fell at Antrim
in 1798; whilst along the beach the fishermen’s nets waved in
the breeze, and Moore’s beautiful words had a present meaning—

On Lough Neagh’s bank, as the fisherman strays
When the clear cold eve’s declining,

He sees the round towers of other days

In the wave beneath him shining.

With reluctance the pleasant scene was left behind, and the
road taken for Boghead, which was a rich one for the
botanists. On moist banks two uncommon sedges (Carex
strigosa and C. paniculata) were obtained ; the latter were
magnificent plants, some of them measuring six feet across.
The hybrid Avens (Geum intermedium) was found, and in
meadows abundance of the curious little Adder’s-tongue Fern
(Ophioglossum vulgatum).

W. S. Sloan, the genial resident, had a fine souterrain open
and prepared for the inspection of the Club. After a careful
examination by both ladies and gentlemen of this interesting
subterranean dwelling of a long bye-gone age, not unattended
with some excitement during the traversing on hands and
knees of the narrow passage connecting the two chambers
of the cave-dwelling, a pleasant relaxation in the shape of
lunch was provided by Mr. Sloan. The Rev. W. S. Smith, of
Antrim, then read a paper on the historical and antiquarian
features of the district, that doubtless added much to the
knowledge of those present, and tinged the different features
of the landscape with a double interest, and wedded the story
of the past to the beauty of the present. (This paper is given
ai the end of the present report.) After a few complimentary
remarks from the President (Wm. Swanston, F.G.S.), Wm,
Gray, M.R.I.A., moved, and G. B. Coulter seconded, a resolu-
tion giving the best thanks of the Club to Mr. Sloan for his
hospitable entertainment. The photographers took views of
the lunching group on the lawn prior to commencing the walk

1893-94.] 1X

along the river, where the many vistas gave ample scope for the
labours of the most enthusiastic amongst them. The Sixmile-
water was so named by the English soldiers passing from
Carrickfergus to Antrim, because it was just six miles from
- Carrick, where their road crossed the burn. The original
name was Ollar, which was changed to Owen-na-view, the
river of the rushes. Some time was now spent amongst the
pretty cottages by the river side under the branching trees,
where lovely stretches of water charmed the eye. Here the
hybrid Avens was found again, and also the Spindle-tree
(Huonymus europeus) and a rare orchid (eottza Nidus-avis)
and on the road to Antrim the Dwarf Elder (Sambucus Hbulus)
was observed in the hedgerow.

A halt was made at the old graveyard of Muckamore, the
remains of the old monastic burial-ground, and the fragment
of the abbey still remaining. The ancient name was Mag-
comair, “the plain of the confluence” of the Owen-na-view
and Lough Neagh. The abbey was founded by St. Colman
Eala, a contemporary of St. Columbcille, a.p. 585. Lionel
Duke of Clarence and Earl of Ulster confirmed in 1363 the
possessions of the prior and convent of the “B. Mariae de
Mukmore in Ultonia.” The present gardens of Muckamore
House largely occupy the site of the ancient ecclesiastical
buildings, but foundations of old buildings and roads have been
traced where the adjoining mill now stands.

A short walk by the main road into Antrim brought the
party to tea in Hall’s hotel, when justice was done to
the viands provided by the proprietor. After tea, a short
business meeting was held, when eight new members were
elected. On the motion of Wm. Gray, M.R.LA., seconded by
Alex. Tate, C.E., and supported by the President, a hearty vote
of congratulation was passed to the Hon. Secretary, R. LI.
Praeger, M.R.I.A., on his appointment as assistant librarian to
the National Library in Dublin, at the same time expressing
the sorrow of the Club in their loss by his consequent resig-
nation of the joint secretaryship. Mr. Praeger having suitably

12 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

acknowledged the compliment, no time was lost in making for
the fine old church, under the guidance of the rector of the
parish, the Rev. M. H. F. Collis.

The sculptured monuments of members of the Massereene
family ornament the nave of the church, one being the work of
the eminent sculptor Flaxman, whilst several painted windows
enhance the general appearance of the sacred edifice. The
silver communion plate was much admired, consisting of flagon,
covered chalice, and paten, each inscrived ‘‘ Ye Gift of Madam
Abigail Parnell to Antrim Parish Church, 1701.” The parish
registers were also inspected, the careful way in which they
are preserved reflecting credit upon those in charge of them.
In the adjoining churchyard sleep many celebrated persons,
amongst whom we may mention Owen O’Connully, the informer
of 1641; Sir John Clotworthy, keeper of the King’s boats on
Lough Neagh, and intimate friend of Oliver Cromwell ; and
George Victor du Noyer, the geologist. The surrounding
walls of the yard were utilised by the Insurrectionists in 1798
with disastrous effect upon the King’s troops, affording as they
did ample cover for the occupiers, whilst they commanded the
Main Street as far as the Market House. The church and yard
were in the very thick of the fight, and the old door (still
preserved in Antrim Castle) exhibits many traces of the
struggle.

Before the train started there was still time for a hurried
visit to the round tower, one of the most perfect cloic-teac in
Ireland, in the vicinity of which was anciently a large religious
settlement, all traces of which have now disappeared. The
cameras were soon busy taking the tower from different positions,
whilst many members obtained access to the interior by a ladder
provided by the courteous landlord, George J. Clarke, J.P., who
freely admitted the party to his grounds.

The 5-53 train brought the party back to the city, well
satisfied with their visit to the historic town of Antrim, and
the scenic beauty of the Vale of Moy-linne.

1893-94.] 13
ANTRIM—ITS ANTIQUITIES AND HISTORY,

BY
Rev. W. S. SMITH.

(Paper read at the Moy-linne.)

From an archeological point of view, the Round Tower is
the most conspicuous object. It has braved the storms of
perhaps a thousand years, and still survives with unbent
shoulders and unbowed head, to speak in a silent language of
other days and other scenes than those which now prevail.
Long the subject of warm contention between interested
disputants, the question seems now to have almost subsided
under the conviction that these structures were of Christian
origin.

There are several duns, or artificial mounds, in the locality—
one at Crosscanan, in the direction of the hill Carnearny, 73
feet in diameter and 12 feet in height; one at Dunsilly, near
the residence of Thomas Ferguson; another adjacent to
Antrim Castle, 153 feet across the base and 37 feet high; and
another at Dunagore, which stands out prominently from a
rocky projection, to a height of 44 feet. A most interesting
one stood at Dunadry until about fifty years ago, when it was
carted away, but fortunately, a pretty full record of its structure
has been preserved. The basement consisted of three circular
walls of loose stone, with stones in rubble fashion filled in
between, and a stone grave in the centre, the whole being
covered with rich soil. In this soil was a second grave, with
portions of a skeleton, and near it a stone urn containing greasy
ashes, with several personal ornaments by the side of it. The
dun was 26 feet high, 32 feet across the top, where was a large
hearth, and 151 feet in diameter.

There have been many raths—sites of fortified residences—
in the neighbourhood, but I fear their number is gradually
diminishing. The principal one is at Rathmore, two miles
east of Antrim. It was for many centuries the residence of

14 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

the princes holding sway in the northern portion of the
ancient kingdom of Dalaradia, those of the southern portion
residing at Downpatrick. It appears not to have been occupied
since the year 1315, when it was plundered and burned by
Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert Bruce, who then
invaded Ireland. Another important rath was at Rathbeg,
near Rathmore, but it is partly destroyed. Here, in the sixth
century, one of the kings of Ireland met his death at the hands
of a Dalaradian prince. Between Rathmore and Antrim there
is a rath, the only one in the neighbourhood, I believe, that
had originally two circular earthen walls or ramparts, and
two trenches. It is in a very dilapidated condition, and is
about 50 yards in diameter.

There is a cromleac about a mile beyond Rathmore. The
supporting stones have disappeared, and the great table-stone
now forms a portion of a fence.

In addition to ancient remains above ground, we may, at
several spots in the locality, enter structures of great antiquity
existing below the surface. These are souterrains, built some-
what after the manner of lime-kilns, with walls approaching
each other as they ascend, roofed with flagstones and covered
with earth. They vary in size, and sometimes communicate
with others by means of small, square passages. Much supersti-
tion attaches to them. I have seen an old man look remarkably
serious at the mention of them. They occur at Craighall,
Dunagore, Rathmore, (a series of three chambers was lately
destroyed at Galley Hill, half-a-mile beyond the Steeple),
Potterswalls, Lady Hill, Shanoguestown, and Tirgracey, where
there is one consisting of two chambers, one above, but not
running in the same direction as, the other. This is the only
instance of the kind recorded in the north of Ireland. It was
discovered accidentally in October, 1892.

Ancient stone and flint implements are occasionally found
in the neighbourhood. I possess several celts, flint-flakes, rude
spear-heads, arrow-heads, and a core from which flakes have
been struck, that were met with in the locality.

1893-94.) 15

The original town of Antrim stood near the Round Tower,
where also was, at one time, a large monastic church. Not far
from where the church stood, and in what is now the Steeple
garden, lies a large knee-stone with two indentations, one
deeper than the other. In the year 1147, we are told the town
had a population of 600. There was doubtless a burying-
ground near the Tower, as human remains are occasionally met
with during gardening operations. When Ulster was settled
by people from Scotland and England, old Antrim appears to
have decayed, and a new town—Gall-Antrim, the Antrim of
the foreigners—sprang up. These “ foreigners”? brought new
thoughts, new customs, new modes of life with them. They
built the Parish Church, which bears the date 1596, and, in the
course of time, a Meeting House, which stood beside the road
leading from the present town to the station, which gave way
in 1700 to the lately renovated Old Meeting House, which is
mother to that of Millrow, and grandmother to that of High
Street. While the grandmother has become wayward and
even heretical in its old age, the daughter and grand-daughter
have remained in the peaceful lines of orthodoxy. A number
of the followers of George Fox, that stern and staunch man of
the leather breeches and the inward light, formed a congrega-
tion here in the seventeenth century ; but it ceased to exist
about forty years ago. The Moravians at one time had a few
followers and a preaching-room in Antrim, but I have never
come directly upon traces of either. The Rev. John Cennick,
author of that fine hymn, sung at the present time in Antrim,
and commencing—

Children of the Heavenly King,

As ye journey sweetly sing ;

Sing your Maker’s worthy praise,

Glorious in His works and ways—
used to come over from Ballinderry to conduct service here.
This was about the year 1740 or 1741. Following three visits
of the great apostle of methodism in the latter part of the last
century, a Methodist congregation was established here, The

16 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Roman Catholic congregation was revived in the early part of
this century, and, as a consequence, though not immediate, the
present commodious and substantial chapel was built about
25 years ago.

Antrim Castle dates from the early part of the seventeenth
century, and was built by Sir Hugh Clotworthy. Sir Hugh
was keeper of the king’s boats on Lough Neagh, where, during
the period of the civil wars and the great rebellion various
naval engagements, on a small scale, took place. Antrim at
that period was the scene of several encounters and conflagra-
tions, in one of which the town was partially destroyed by fire.
After a skirmish at the head of the town, the gate there was
decorated in savage fashion with the heads of some of the
slaughtered besiegers. Later in the same century, Antrim
Castle was pillaged, and money and valuables to the amount of
£5,000 taken. But Antrim figured much more largely in the
political troubles that characterised the close of the last century,
when the United Irishmen concentrated a portion of their
forces here and attacked the town ; but, though favoured by
momentary successes, they were eventually defeated with great
slaughter, about 300 being killed. I used to know several who
could speak from personal experience of the events of that time,
but they have all passed away.

A friary once stood on the southern bank of the Six-mile
Water, a little above the Castle. It was founded in the
fifteenth century by one of the O’Neills. The remains of this
building were met with in the early part of the present century.
A much more important religious settlement, however, was the
abbey at Muckamore, a mile-and-a-half from Antrim. It
occupied a gentle slope at the upper entrance to the Vale of
Moy-linne ; and not far away is the ancient burying-ground,
still used for interments, in which the monks were laid to take
their long, final rest. The abbey was founded in the sixth
century by St. Colman, a nephew and disciple of St. Columcille.
Little is known of the place during the lapse of many centuries.
In 1183 the abbey was enriched by John De Courcey, and

1893-94.] 17

additional gifts were made by several Norman knights. The
churches at Doagh, Dunadry, Rathmore, and other places,
belonged to this abbey. One of the priors compiled a register
of the monastery, extracts from which are said to be still pre-
served in the British Museum. These shew that the abbey
was possessed of nine townlands and fourteen churches, with
their tithes, all of which were situated in the southern portion
of the county Antrim. But the monastery at Muckamore,
along with the others of the United Kingdom, fell under the
despoiling hand of that unscrupulous monarch, Henry VIII.
The last important record concerning the ancient abbey at
Muckamore, only a small, ivy-clad remnant of which is still
standing, relates to the year 1564, and it tells of the death of
its last prior and all hismonks. Several relics have been found
in the immediate neighbourhood of the building.

Among matters of a miscellaneous character, it may be stated
that permission to hold markets in Antrim was granted in
1605 ; to hold six fairs annually, and to return two members to
Parliament, in 1665. In 1665, also, one thousand acres of land
were granted to the Lord Massereene of that period for a deer-
park. At the institution of the Legislative Union this privilege
of returning members was purchased from the Massereene
family for the sum of £15,000. For some time previous to the
Union, Antrim gloried in having a mayor and corporation,
who exercised proprietary rights over a specified portion of the
coast of the county. These rights were appropriated by the
Crown and compensation made.

Among ministers who have at different times been stationed
here, the names of the most conspicuous are the following :—
Revs. John Ridge, the first recorded rector of the parish, who
settled here in 1619 ; Thomas Gowan, M.A.,a very learned
man, who died in 1683; William Adair, son of Rev. Patrick
Adair ; John Abernethy, M.A., grandfather of Dr. Abernethy
of medical fame, and author of several theological works of high
repute in his day, who died in 1740; Dr. James Duchall, a
voluminous writer; and Dr. William Campbell. All these are

18 [Proc. B.N.F,C.,

referred to in Reid’s History of Presbyterianism, some of them
pretty fully, while four, at least, have been honoured with a place
in the great “‘ Dictionary of National Biography.” Other men
of note who have been connected with the town, were—Owen
O’Connolly, who revealed to the government the plot to
surprise Dublin Castle in 1641. For many years he resided as
an upper servant at Antrim Castle, and afterwards rose to be a
major in the army. He was either killed or received his death
wound in a battle with the royalist, Colonel Hamilton, at
Dunadry, and was the next day buried in Antrim. Sir John
Clotworthy (son of Sir Hugh), first Lord Massereene, wasa very
conspicuous man in the political and religious worlds of his
time. It was he who seconded Pym’s motion for the impeach-
ment of Earl Strafford for his conduct in the government of
Ireland, and which led to his execution on Tower Hill. Sir
John—first Lord Massereene—died in Antrim in 1665. William
Edmundson, an Englishman, a disciple of George Fox, resided
in Antrim for a couple of years, distributed provisions and
wares, and with them the principles of his master, and culti-
vated a faith that enabled him to travel many thousands of
miles and to endure scorn, persecution, the stocks, imprison-
ment, and the prospect of a violent death without wavering.
His ‘‘ Journal” is well worth perusal. He died in 1713. The
Rev. John Howe, M.A., one of the 2,000 clergymen ejected
from English Church pulpits in 1662, was chaplain to the
Massereene family for about four years, and often preached in
Antrim church. Dr. William King, Bishop of Derry, and
afterwards Archbishop of Dublin, and author of a very learned
work on “ The Origin of Evil,’ was born in Antrim in 1650,
In the early part of this century Antrim could boast of a
poet of its own native growth in W. A. Bryson, son of Rev.
William Bryson, at that time minister of the Old Meeting
House. A collection of his verses and translations was
published, which indicated the possession of literary tastes,
poetic ideals, and varied scholarship. He unfortunately com-
mitted suicide by drowning himself in the Six-mile Water.

1893-94.] 19

Sir James Weir Hogg, Registrar of the Supreme Court of
Calcutta, and a Director of the East India Company, and father
to the late Lord Magheramorne, was born at Belmount, Antrim,
in 1790. The only other worthy I shall mention is one who
is, | am happy to say, still living, who nobly adorns the scien-
tific world, and was born in High Street, Antrim, in the year
1829 ; I refer to Professor Hull, the eminent geologist. At the
time of his birth, his father was curate of the church here.

As to the folk-lore of the neighbourhood, that is, I imagine,
similar to what usually prevails in the north of Ireland. We
still hear of marvellous and very significant dreams, the evil eye,
ghosts, banshees, luck, bad and good ; omens, charms (there are
many devotees to them); and I have much pleasure in
informing you, that our little friends, the fairies, are still ‘‘ to
the fore.”

I have only to add, by way of apology, in relation to this
summary of matters, archzological and historical, pertaining to
this district, that if there are any persons present who have read
a little book of mine, entitled “ Historical Gleanings in Antrim
and Neighbourhood,” they must kindly excuse me for having
said so little that is new.

1oth Fune.
PORTAFERRY AND QUINTIN.

The second excursion of the season was to Portaferry and
Quintin, when the Club was favoured with delightful weather.
Over forty members left by the 9.10 train for Downpatrick,
where cars were waiting to drive the party to Strangford.
The roads were in good condition, which rendered the run a
pleasant one through this thriving district, the different features
of the landscape being much admired. The ruined castle of
Quoyle hard by the fast-flowing river; the tiny lakes covered
with the White Water-lily (Wymphea alba) ; the marshes, filled

20 [Proc. B.N.F.C,,

with Fleur-de-lys (dvzs Pseud-acorus) ; and the sloping fields of
corn or flax—each and all afforded pleasure and delight. By
the road sides the sweet-smelling little Burnet Rose (Rosa
shinosissima) was seen in abundance, whilst the Evening
Catchfly (Lychuis vespertina) could have been gathered in arm-
fulls The following plants were also found during the day :—
the Field Scabious (Kuautia arvensis), the Water Speedwell
(Veronica Anagalis), and the pretty white Water Ranunculus
(R. peltatus). Many more were doubtless procurable if more
time had been at the disposal of the members. Before entering
Strangford, Lord de Ros met the party, and, with his usual
courtesy, stated he would be glad if time would allow the Club
to inspect his grounds, where many things of interest might be
seen. No time was lost in getting on board the ferryboats at
Strangford, the gauntlet of rival boatmen having first been run
with the timely assistance of Mr. Russell, who here met the
Club. Sails were hoisted, and oars plied across the “ Strong
Fiord,” as the Danes named this place on account of the strong
currents that are so general. The Galls, or strangers, of
Lough Cuan, or Strangford, are well known in our annals,
there being at one time strong settlements of them here and
at Olderfleet. The local guide and the secretary had the
advantage of a small boat with a naturalist’s net, which was
utilised in dredging up fine specimens of the large sea-urchin
(“chinus sphera), whose bright purple and pink colours made
them centres of attraction amongst the dark alge. These were
afterwards distributed amongst the members. The fringed
jelly-fish (Acalephe) were observed assuming the most beautiful
forms, and glistening with varied colours in the translucent
water. It was deemed advisable not to spend any time in
Portaferry examining the old castle and church of Temple-
cranny, but to drive at once to Ballyquintin Point, where the
geologists were anxious to spend some time amongst the
glaciated rocks of the sea-shore. Passing the ruins of Ffoliott’s
Castle on the right, the channel was seen opening out to the
sea, the distance, however, being obscured by a heat haze

1893-94.] 21

that hung about the hills and distant points. Upon reaching
the extreme southern point of the Ards a large number made
for the rocks under the guidance of William Gray, M.R.LA.,
_ and the Rev. C. S. Greer and James Shanks, two local natu-
ralists, who had here joined the party, while the others botanised
and collected shells upon the sea-shore and otherwise engaged
themselves for about an hour. The rocks here are well exposed, ©
being at some places half a mile wide between the tides ;
the top surfaces are glaciated, and planed down nearly level,
consisting of thick and thin beds of grits and slates. These
beds are also penetrated by a large number of dykes, mostly
felstones and minettes, some of which contain red felspar and
flakes of black mica. Here also can be traced the terraces of
the raised beach where worked flints can be procured in
abundance. Some difficulty was found in coaxing the “ readers
of the rocks” from this happy hunting ground, and the
secretary’s whistle was sounded repeatedly without effect before
an onward movement could be made past the drift hill crowned
by the fine fort of Tara at a height of 180 feet above the sea,
still bearing the Irish name, meaning the elevated place.
Other fine forts on similar heights were seen, thus giving
unmistakable proof of the ancient importance of this peninsula
as a place of residence.

A short halt was made near the sea-shore at Tara to inspect
a small stone circle there, which is doubtless the last resting-
place of those who occupied the overlooking forts on the
adjoining hills. Upon arriving at Quintin Castle, the meadow
by the sea-shore was at once recognised by the numerous
photographers present as a view not to be passed without some
records. The flanking towers and heavy bastioned central
keep, with the battlemented walls overhanging the sea, en-
hanced by the sloping sunbeams, afforded every opportunity
for the “black art”; but the scene was doubly enhanced
by the kindly courtesy of the Anketell family, who placed
their grounds and castle at the service of the Club, whilst
the ladies provided tea on the lawn for the thirsty visitors,

22 [ Proc, B.N.F.C.,

a refection that came so pleasantly unexpected. After the
tower had been ascended and the different views admired,
some photos of groups were taken around the tea-tables, when
Alexander Tate, C.E., and William Gray, M.R.I.A., thanked
the hosts on behalf of those present. The afternoon being
advanced, there was not time to visit Cloughey Bay, as was
‘ expected, so the road was taken to Portaferry, past the
ruins of Castleboy. A short sail across the incoming tide to
Strangford and a speedy drive to Downpatrick soon brought
the members to tea in Denvir’s Hotel. A short meeting was
held in the railway carriage under the presidency of Wm.
Swanston, F.G.S., when the following new members were
elected :—Robert May, John P. Dalton, and Robert Somerset,
Belfast; R. D. Darbishire, Solicitor, Manchester ; Rev. George
S. Greer, M.A:, ‘rector of Portaferry ; and P..C. Cowan, Gils
County Surveyor, Downpatrick. All arrived safely in Belfast
shortly after eight o’clock, well satisfied with a day spent in
the Ards that proved both varied and instructive.

24th Fune.
BLACK HEAD.

A half-day excursion was made to Black Head, when the
most enjoyable weather favoured a party of over sixty members
and friends. The train was left at Whitehead, and a start at
once made along the shore to the cliffs, a few members loitering
here and there to obtain botanical and geological specimens ;
no new records were, however, found by these collectors. The
beauty of the scenery was much enhanced by the passing of the
s.s. Dynamic close to the shore, subsequently followed by the
ss. Adder, whose speed and symmetry of outline elicited
admiration from all present. The photographers took full
advantage of the passing steamers to enliven their views of
rocks and sea. Much interest was taken in the different caves
in the basaltic cliffs, across the mouths of which the new path

1893-94. ] 23

is bridged, and many admiring and covetous glances were cast
up at the extensive tufts of Asp/enitum marinum that grew out
of thecrevices of the overhanging cliffs, which, fortunately for
that beautifil fern, were entirely out of reach of the most active
of the party. The secretary’s whistle called a halt at the largest
of the caves, whilst the President, William Swanston, F.G.S.,
standing on a jutting rock, the waves dashing beneath, and the
members dispersed around, explained simply the different
geological aspects of the coast line, along which the Club was
passing, and comparing the examples before him with the
general geology of the earth’s surface. Afterwards William
Gray, M.R.I.A., in a few well-chosen words, complimented B.
D. Wise, C.E., Engineer of the Northern Counties Railway,
who was present, on the enterprise that had been shown by
him in the useful and advantageous paths and seats that have
been constructed around the head under his supervision. Too
much credit could not be given to the railway company for
thus opening up to the public one of the most beautiful and
enjoyable walks in the North of Ireland, and that, too, within
such a short distance of Belfast. The walk was then resumed
along the rocky path, and through the long cave, in which an
opening has been made at the far end, and the summit of the
head was attained, when a glorious prospect opened out across
the lough, now animated with sail and steam, and bright with
sunshine. In a quiet dell at the base of the hill, under the
shadow of a great elder tree in full flower, tea was partaken of
heartily by all present.

Some members chose to depart by the early train, whilst the
majority preferred to remain for a later one, and passed the
time in different ways, some botanising, others sketching, or
geologising, or hunting for entomological specimens. The old
ivy-covered castle, erected by one of the Chichester family, was
also an object of interest. The heavy excursion traffic on the
line delayed the train, but Belfast was reached in reasonable
time, bringing all home well pleased with Black Head and its
charming scenery.

24 [Proc, B.N.F.C,,
Ath, 5th, and 6th Fuly.
DUNDALK, NEWRY, AND CARLINGFORD.

The principal feature of the long excursion, which took place
on above dates, was the alliance formed with the Dublin
Naturalists’ Field Club, and no member of either club will
regret the union of pursuits that occupied the time, which
turned out all too limited for the many interesting and
instructive studies to hand in the districts of Dundalk, Newry,
and Carlingford. A reserved carriage on the Great Northern
ten o’clock train conveyed the party to Dundalk, where the
Dublin members had arrived an hour previous. The wag-
gonettes soon passed through the town, and on to Ballyma-
scanlan, pausing on the road in sight of Castletown Fort, the
famous residence of Cuchullin, chief of the Red Branch Knights,
in the first century, and called Dundealgan after a celebrated
chief of the Firbolgs, Dealga, who flourished long previous to
the Christian era. Heit was who fought the chiefs of Conacht
for seven long years in consequence of a great raid they made
upon the plains of Muirthemne (Louth) and Cuailgne (Slieve
Gullion). It is said that in his many battles not less than 50,000
men were slain, all of which is recorded in the Irish Tain-bo-
Cuailgne. After a short drive up the side of the river, the crom-
leac and dolmen at Ballymascanlan were reached, and carefully
examined and photographed. This cromleac is undoubtedly
one of the finest in the country, a full-grown man with uplifted
hands being able to walk under the top stone, which measures
12 feet long and 6 feet broad, and was estimated to weigh 40 or
so tons. The dolmen, or giant’s grave, which is close by, is
about 20 feet long by 6 feet broad, with two covering stones
remaining, the whole being in gcod preservation.

Whilst those interested in antiquarian matters were satisfying
themselves at the cromleac, the entomologists were busy, and
the botanists had already occupied themselves to advantage, as
the following notes showed :—Near Dundalk—Greater Celen-
dine (Chelidontum majus), Round-headed Poppy (Papaver

1893-94. a8

Rheas), Evening Catch-fly (Lychnuis vespertina), White Dead-
nettle (Lamium album), a local Thistle (Carduus crispus), and
a local Grass (Festuca rigida). ‘The beetles taken at and near
Dundalk included WNotiophilus biguttatus, Elaphrus cupreus,
Phedon tumidulus, Erirrhinus acridulus.

Killnasoggarth was the next stopping place, where the
pagan standing-stone was carefully examined. It is situated in
a marshy valley, with high hills on either hand, the summit of
one being occupied by the frowning keep known as Moyra
Castle, one of the outposts of the English pale guarding the
pass north to the troublesome Ulster of the O’Neills and
O’Donnells. This monolith was carved at a more recent, but
still very early date, with a number of crosses and the
following inscription in the Irish character and language :—
*‘Ternoc mac Ciaran consecrated this place under the patronage
of Peter the Apostle.”

The day was now far spent, and Slieve Gullion (1,893 feet)
had yet to be surmounted, so no time was lost in driving to its
base, when half of the party commenced the ascent, never
pausing until the small tarn on the summit was reached, close
by which are the remains of a hermit’s cell. On the hill the
following plants were obtained :—The Cow-berry (Vaccinium
Vitis-idea), Crow-berry (Empetrum nigrum), smaller Butter-
wort (Pinguicula lusttanica), and Mountain Cow-wheat (d]e-
lampyrum pratense, var. montanum). These did not in
numbers come up to the expectation of the botanists. Among
beetles, Barvnotus schonherri was taken. Whilst the mountain
was being climbed, the rest of the party drove round to the
eastern base, stopping at the ancient church of Killevy, where
just at that time the simple flower-decked coffin of a peasant
was being laid to rest, and each friend and neighbour rendering
assistance in the mournful task.

“Yet e’en these bones from insult to protect
Some frail memorial still erected nigh,
With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deck’d,
Implores the passing tribute of a sigh,”

26 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

- This church must have been of importance at an early date,
as it is of great size and strength, being divided in the centre
into two parts by a thick gable, with a window, much earlier
than the present east window. The heavy cyclopean door
at the west end is of interest, and must have belonged to the
primitive church of the sixth or seventh century.

All being reassembled, a drive by the road overhanging
the wooded lake of Camlough soon brought the members
to Bessbrook quarries, where the proprietor, T. H. M.
Flynn (a member who had joined at Dundalk) had gone to
a great deal of trouble in having a large blast ready for his
visitors. The quarry, which is of an immense size and depth,
was first examined ; then a hurried retreat was made to a safe
distance, when the fuses were ignited. A few short moments
elapsed, and then there was a noise like thunder, after which a
quantity of granite, estimated at 150 toms, was seen to have
fallen out in large blocks, some smaller pieces being blown
to distances reaching 500 yards. After many thanks had
been given to Mr. Flynn, who presented each member with
a small polished block of granite, the waggonettes were driven
to the Victoria Hotel, Newry, where all were soon made at
home. After dinner E. J. M‘Weeney, M.A., M.D., the President
of the Dublin Field Club, was moved to the chair, when a
deserving compliment was paid to R. Lloyd Praeger, M.R.I.A.,
late Joint Honorary Secretary, on his retirement from office in
consequence of his appointment to the National Library of
Ireland, in Dublin. This took the form of an album bound
in full green morocco, with gold ornamentation, containing. a
suitable address beautifully illuminated, and over sixty views of
North of Ireland scenery taken by members of the Club during
their excursions, also many groups of the members. The
album was suitably encased, the whole presentation reflecting
credit on the makers, Marcus Ward & Co., Limited.

The Chairman, in rising to make the presentation, regretted
the absence of the President of the senior Club, Wm.
Swanston, F.G.S., who should have on this occasion filled the

1893-94. ] 27

place which he (Dr. M‘Weeney) occupied. At the same time,
he was much pleased to be able to take a part in the proceedings
on this interesting occasion. He sympathised with the Belfast
Club on the loss which they had sustained, and congratulated
the Dublin Club on their corresponding gain. The Chairman’s
remarks were ably endorsed on behalf of the Belfast Club by
Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., past President. The address having
been read by Francis Joseph Bigger, Hon. Secretary, the Chair-
man presented the album amid applause.

Mr. Praeger, in acknowledging the presentation, said he
found it the more difficult to reply because he felt that such
high compliments should be reserved for those who had rendered
distinguished service to the Club, and he was aware how little he
had done to merit the honour that had just been bestowed upon
him; but he thanked the Club for their valuable gift, and more
still for the kind words and friendly wishes that accompanied
it. This album would ever recall the many pleasant days that
they had spent together by field and valley and mountain, or
in scientific intercourse and discussion. Although he could no
longer be a regular attendant at their meetings and excursions,
his interest in the welfare of the Club to which he owed so
much would suffer no diminution, and he ventured to hope
that his change of residence would add another link to the
chain of friendliness and goodwill that already bound together
the Field Clubs of Belfast and Dublin.

The corridors of the Victoria Hotel next morning early
resounded with the secretary’s whistle to prepare for an early
start. At nine o’clock the waggonettes drove away through
the High Street, past the graceful spire of St. Mary’s, and the
new granite tower on the Roman Catholic Church, which
surpasses in’ gracefulness of outline any other tower in
the North of Ireland, along the road by the side of
the canal to Omeath, stopping here and there to allow the
naturalists time to make different forays into the fields or down
to the canal banks, and allowing the geologists to select
samples of the red porphyritic granite in a quarry by

28 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

the roadside. Here was found the Enchanter’s Nightshade
(Circa alpina), Zigzag Clover (Trifolium medtum), and a St.
John’s-wort (Ayvpericum dubtum). Arriving at St. Patrick’s
Bridge most of the party ascended Carlingford Mountain (1,935
feet), whose chief geological features were explained by Professor
Cole, F.G.S. The summit being attained, the view of the lough
and neighbouring mountains amply repaid the hill-climbers for
their exertions, but time did not permit of delay, so the
descent to Carlingford was soon accomplished, not before the
botanists were well satisfied with the following finds :—Rose-
root (Sedum Rhodiola), Beech-fern (Polypodtum Phegopteris),
and the Filmy Fern (Aymenophyllum Wilson1). Of Fungi,
three interesting Discomycetes were collected at base
of Carlingford Mountain by Dr. M‘Weeney — GAetero-
Spheria patella Tode, Dermatea rhabarbarina Bk., and
Lachnella bicolor Rull. The first two of these have not
been previously recorded from Ireland, and the third has been
collected in Co. Dublin only. The beetles taken in the Carling-
ford neighbourhood included—Serica brunnea, Ottorrhynchus
maurus, Notiophilus biguttatus, Nebria gyllenhallt, Rhantus
exoletus. ‘Uhe residue of the party, who had driven to Carling-
ford, had time to examine and photograph the two smaller
castles in the town, and the abbey of the Dominicans, built
and dedicated to St. Malachi by Richard de Burgo, Earl of
Ulster, a.v. 1305. The floor of the banqueting hall of King
John’s Castle afforded a splendid lunching-place, and here the
tired hunters regaled themselves to a frugal repast, viewing at
the same time from their exalted position the lough, studded
here and there with craft, whilst Professor Cole took advantage
of the situation to deliver a short lecture on the different
geological features seen. He pointed out the principal features
of the landscape, the hills being mostly formed from the
weathered-out igneous cores of Tertiary age, with the far older
mass of the Newry granite to the west. Across the lough, the
granite of the Mournes has broken through Ordovician strata.
Carlingford Mountain, however, represents an earlier phase of

1893-94. | ed

activity, when gabbros and dolerites were erupted. Granite
and eurite veins have subsequently penetrated this dark mass,
the whole intrusive series being later than the Carboniferous
period, and being assignable, with every probability, to early
_ Tertiary times, on account of its close resemblance to the series
in Mull and Skye. Looking seaward, the most recent geological
feature of the district is observable—the interesting flat land on
which Greenore stands. This is the raised beach that marks
the last upheaval of the eastern coast of Ireland.

This castle was built by some of the followers of King John—
A.D. 1210—to guard the lough before and the narrow pass behind,
and was a place of considerable importance, its walls being in
some places eleven feet high, many of its passages, chambers, and
fortifications being still perfect. It was surprised and taken by
Henry Oge O’Neill in 1596, and burned by Sir Phelim O’Neill
in 1642; again it was taken by O’Brien, Lord Inchiquin, in
1649. About the castle and town were found two species of
Swine’s-cress (Senebiera Coronopus and S. daidyma), Good King
Henry (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus), and Round-leaved
Mallow (Malva rotundifolia), with an immense profusion of
Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber).

After luncheon the party walked through the town to the
station and took train for Greenore, where the geologists may
be said to have truly enjoyed themselves at the raised beach
of gravels, which is there so prominent along the shore, the
lady members being especially active in uncovering marine shells.
The coleopterists hunted assiduously, and amongst others found
Bembidium iittorale, Cafius xantholoma, Aypera polygont, Gas-
troidea polygont. ‘Vhe botanists found the Sea-holly (Aryngium
maritimum), Horned Poppy (Glaucium luteum), Sea-orache
(Atriplex farinosa), Hound’s-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale),
English Catch-fly (Selene anglica), White Mustard (Sinzapzs
alba), and three poppies (Papaver rheas, P. dubtum, and P.
hybridum). The best find of the day was made by R. L.
Praeger on the railway banks, in the Lesser Toad flax (Linarta
minor), where it was growing in abundance.

30 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

The party arrived at the Victoria Hotel, Newry, at seven
o'clock, where, after dinner, the billiard-room was transformed
into a lecture hall, with lantern ready and complete, thanks to
the very courteous and able Dublin Honorary Secretary, J.
Montgomery Browne. Dr. M‘Weeney having resumed the
chair, called upon D. M‘Ardle, of Glasnevin Gardens and the
Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, for his paper on ‘t Mosses and
Hepatics of the District,’ which was very instructive, and
contained some flattering references to our Club botanists. This
was followed by R. Lloyd Praeger on ‘' Flowering Plants of the
District,” and then Professor Cole, of the Dublin Naturalists’
Field Club, delivered a lecture that was to have been delivered
by Professor Sollas, F.R.S., who was prevented from being
present through an accident. This lecture treated of
the great granitic and basaltic formations that had been
visited by the Club, and was copiously illustrated with a fine
series of lantern slides, microscopic and otherwise. A paperon
the ‘‘ Antiquities of the District”” was then read by Francis
Joseph Bigger, Honorary Secretary, which was followed by one
on ‘Local Zoology” by H. Lyster Jameson, of the D.N.F.C.
The Chairman then delivered his lecture on “ Fungi of the
District,” illustrated by microscopic examples shown with his
powerful instrument. Dr. M‘Weeney explained how successful
he had been during the excursion, having obtained as many
specimens of a minute character as would give him many
hours’ work with his microscope to classify.

It was quite evident from the refreshed appearance of the
members at the early hour of seven o’clock next morning that
this pabulum of scientific lore had not interfered with their
slumbers to any extent, as all were anxious to examine the
nursery of TI’. Smith at Daisy Hill, Newry, before breakfast, and
none there were who regretted the step, for such a fine display
of rare plants is not to be met with on this side of the channel.
Here a veritable rock-garden is to be seen filled with flowering
shrubs and perennial flowers, including all the old ones, and many
new, as well as aquatic and semi-aquatic plants. The presence of

1893-94.] 31

this nursery was felt in the gardens that were subsequently visited
at Narrow Water Castle and the Glen, and its effects must be
wide reaching, and in time do away with the mechanical
summer bedding that it is customary ta see everywhere.

After breakfast the vehicles were taken up the old steep road
to Ferryhill, the slopes of which gave ample time to naturalise
by the wayside; the coleopterists took Calathus melanocephalus,
Serica brunea, Silpha rugosa, S. subrotundata, Pterostichus
vulgaris, P.madidus, P.nigrita, Harpalus ruficornts, Coccinella
xxv.-guttata, C. variabjlis, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Thyamis
lucida, T. atricilla, Coccidula rufa, Lachmea suturalis. A
pause was made at the flagstaff to admire the view spread
out beneath ; the sea in the distance, with Rostrevor, nestling
at the base of the mountain, Warrenpoint nearer, and the
great woods of Narrow Water opposite, with the river winding
between. Near this the vehicles were left, and the party
descended through the woods, within whose depths were found
the Hay-scented Fern (Zastrea montana), the Bree’s Fern
(Lastrea emula), and the Tunbridge Filmy-fern (Aymnophvllum
tunbridgense).

The ferry at Narrow Water, with the old castle behind,
and the party in the boat at the causeway, was carefully
photographed by one of the members, and will always afford
an interesting reminiscence of the visit. Near this was found
Obtone portulacotides and the Sea-lavender (Statice bahu-
stensts). Major Hall threw his grounds open to the Club,
meeting them in his rock garden, which has been laid off with
much botanical skill. An hour was appointed for meeting at the
Newry gates, and till then all wandered about at their own free
will ; some photographed the fine trees, others botanised, finding
the rare plant 7Arincia hirta on the lawn, whilst the coleop-
terists never seemed to weary; two adventurous spirits ascended
to the very summit of the old castle that had been built by
Hugh de Lacy in 1212 a.D., and destroyed by the Irish in 1641
A.D., to be rebuilt by the Duke of Ormonde. The object of
their climb was not to find the ghost of de Lacy, but to take, if

ze 32 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

possible, specimens of the bats that invest these old towers.
None, unfortunately, were found, but a Barn Owl’s nest was
observed, out of which the young birds had just flown.

Punctually to the time appointed all were on the waggonettes,
and Newry soon after reached, where an early dinner was
partaken of, after which a short business meeting was held, and
the following new members elected — Alexander M. Bain
and George Gibson. No time was lost, so as to allow
the members to accept the invitation of Henry Barcroft,
J-P., to take tea at the Glen, where the ladies of the
house, with true Irish hospitality, soon made one and all at
home. The evening till train-time was spent strolling about
the glen, and here the parting with the Dublin naturalists took
place, not, however, before a full reunion had been arranged
for at a later date. Their presence and society had been
enjoyed by all, being a true union of hearts, and many hopes
were expressed that these joint excursions should be annual, the
Belfast people having derived additional profit and advantage
from the arrangement, which it is trusted was reciprocal.
Belfast was reached at nine o’clock, bringing all home well
pleased with the most successful excursion, from a naturalist’s
point of view, ever held by the Club, and one that will always
associate pleasing recollections with Dundalk, Newry, and
Carlingford.

Among the rarer Hemptera taken during the trip were—
Gerris coste, in small pool near top of Slieve Gullion ; Salda
orthochila, Slieve Gullion; Fithanus Maerkeli, Dundalk ;
Calocorts roseomaculdatus, Carlingford; Lygus /ucorum, Dun-
dalk and Fathom ; WVofonecta glauca, in a lake at 1,800 feet
on Slieve Gullion. Lepidoptera were very few in number, and
of no special interest.

David M‘Ardle, of Glasnevin Botanic Garden, collected
mosses and hepatics, and reports that the best plants observed
were as follow :— Mosses—Campylopus setifolius (Wils.),
Amblystegium serpens (Dill), and Sphagnum rubellum (Wils.),
on Carlingford Mountain; 7Zortula fallax (Hedwig), roadside

1893-94. ] 33

near Newry ; Orthotrichum crispum (Hedwig), wood at base
of Slieve Gullion ; Hypnum scorpiordes (Linn.), marsh at base
of Slieve Gullion. Hepatics — Frullania dilatata (Linn.),
Dumort, and Cephalogia lamersiana (Huben), wood at base of
Slieve Gullion; Scafania umbrosa (Schrader) Dumort, and
FPlagiochila spinulosa (Dicks) Dumort, on Slieve Gullion ;
Blasia pusilla (Linn.), sparingly on damp ground near base of
Slieve Gullion ; Scafania nemorosa (Dumortt), var. purpurea,
Narrow-water demense, and very fine on Carlingford Mountain ;
Nardia crenulata (Dicks) Dumort, and Fungermanta turbinata
(Raddi), Narrow-water demense; JVardia hyalina (Lyell),
Carlingford Mountain; Narrow-water demense, and Slieve
Gullion; WV. emarginata (Ehrh.) B.Gr., Riccardia multifida
(Linn.) Dill, Carlingford Mountain.

22nd Fuly.
BALLYNAHINCH.

On arrival at Ballynahinch, the vehicles were mounted and a
short drive made north of the town to the ancient graveyard of ©
Killgoney, formerly the site of an earthen fort, where the
remains of a cromleac were examined. The road was then
taken round Ballymacarn lake, where a halt of about an hour
was allowed at the church of Magherahamlet, whilst some
natural history specimens were collected along the lake shore
and some photos taken of the church. From this place the
Spa was soon reached, where the time, until tea was ready, was
spent at the sulphur spring and the curious labyrinthine
gardens, a section going to the ancient church of Magheradroll,
which was carefully photographed and other records made.
At half-past four the party was entertained to tea in the Spa
Hotel by Rev. Father Quail, of Dunmore, whose kindness and
attention to the party throughout the day was a feature of
general admiration and satisfaction. After tea, the demesne of

34 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Montalto was entered, through the kindness of Captain Ker,
when it was regretted more time could not be spent in botanising
through the woods and around the lake covered with yellow
and white water lilies (Wuphar luteum and Nymphea alba) and
abundance of Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus). During the day
an entomologist of the party took the following :—The Red
Admiral Butterfly (Vanessa Atalanta) and the moths Chareas
graminis, Crambus tristellus, Argyresthesta mendica, and
Dictyoteryx contaminana.

26th August.
GIANT’S CAUSEWAY.

Beautiful weather favoured the Club in their excursion to the
Giant’s Causeway, not a shower marring the effect of cloud and
sunshine during the day. About sixty members and friends
left York Road by the 8-15 train in a carriage reserved by the
courtesy of the manager, reaching Portrush in good time. The
special electric car was waiting to speed on its way to the
Causeway, and there was no desire to detain its progress, as it
was felt that the longest day was not long enough to see the
wonders of the Causeway and the headlands beyond. The golf
links passed, the White Rocks were reached and the eyes filled
with the stretch of sea and strand extending from the caverned
cliffs to Portrush. The quick rush through the air and the
steady vibrating hum of the cars told the electric current was
doing good work and maintaining a rapid and continuous
speed, leaving no question in the minds of the passengers as to
the surpassing advantages of electricity, properly managed, over
other means of locomotion. Considerable interest was excited
as the ruins of Dunluce Castle came in sight, surrounded by
the historical romance of past ages ; but the day was too young
and the sun too high for the imagination to revel in the scenes
witnessed around these historic walls in the earlier centuries.
It took the crimson sunset and the lowering clouds of falling

1893-94.] 35

night as seen on the home-coming to conjure up the departed
spirits of the O’Cahans, MacQuillans, and MacDonnells, and
the fierce fighting and persistent siege of Sir John Perrot, or the
rather questionable means by which MacDonnell obtained
‘possession of these lands.

At Bushmills the party was joined by a local member, W.
A. Traill, electrical engineer of the tramway—an acquisition
that was appreciated by all present, as the local information
imparted by him throughout the day added greatly to the
interest of the excursion.

On arrival at the Causeway Hotel, half an hour was allowed
for lunch, and then a start was made down to the Causeway by
all the members, it having been decided that none should go to
the caves in the boats on account of the heavy sea that was
running. Upon reaching what is called the Grand Causeway
the secretary’s whistle called all together, whilst Mr. Traill
briefly described the different features of this wonderful geolo-
gical formation, commencing at the Stookans and the rock
resembling an aged female figure, and passing on to the Wishing
Chair, then the Causeway upon which the party was standing,
which he described as the overflowing of a thick sheet of lava
subjected to a very gradual cooling by which the columnar
formation is engendered. The columns, which are usually
hexagonal, have formed at right angles to the planes of cooling,
and as this has been virtually a horizontal sheet from which
the covering beds have been swept away, the ends of the
vertical columns constitute the causeway, which runs out into
the sea a distance of 250 yards. Some of the pillars have three
and four sides, others have five and seven. One column only,
called the Keystone, is a perfect octagon. The party having
been photographed by a member, the way was taken past the
Giant’s Loom towards the Giant’s Organ, near which the
shepherd’s path was ascended to the summit of the cliffs. This
stiff ascent having been surmounted, a halt was called- and
advantage taken of a small natural amphitheatre overlooking
the varied landscape for the purpose of hearing Mr. Traill read

36 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

a short paper on local geology, a subject of which he is a very
capable exponent, having been engaged on Her Majesty’s
geological survey. After referring generally to the basaltic
formations and their undoubted volcanic origin (a proposition
long disputed, many maintaining their origin was aqueous), he
described graphically a recent visit to Vesuvius, and the seething
lava that flowed down the sides of that mountain. Such was
the action which went on here over an area extending from
Moneymore to the Island of Mull, which was no doubt the
most active of all the volcanoes of a district extending over an
area of some 2,000 square miles, and leaving behind, after all
the denudation which has since taken place, including that of
the glacial period, a thickness of basalt of upwards of 1,000 feet
as still existing in many places in this country. Amongst the
lesser volcanic vents might be mentioned Slieve Mis, near
Ballymena, where the last eruption has consolidated in the
pipe through which it outflowed. Another small vent pipe
was passed at Ailsa, about one and a half miles from Bushmills.
Another is pointed out near Ballyrudder, Glenarm, which is a
fine example of a voicanic vent ; there the basaltic pipe is seen
penetrating through the Chalk formation, which has been very
considerably altered by the heat of the igneous matter, and the
usual compact white chalk has been converted into a crystalline
white marble like loaf sugar, and the usual black flint nodules
changed into a substance like white porcelain. As to the
Causeway itself, it has been generally found that basalt when
cooling has often one or two planes of cooling. If it be an out-
poured sheet of basalt these will be the surface upon which it
has outpoured, and its own top surface next the air, and in
these cases the planes of cooling will be approximately hori-
zontal. It has been found that basalt in thus cooling has a
tendency to form into columns at right angles to their planes
of cooling. These columns are entirely due to the action of
shrinkage while in the act of cooling. Now the Causeway
proper is simply a bed of basalt resting upon an ashy bed at the
level of low water, and is about fifty feet in thickness ; and as

1893-94.) 37

the planes of cooling are nearly horizontal, so the columns
arising from the gradual shrinkage are vertical, and the great
regularity and exactness of the columns may have arisen from
the particular bed having been of very varied composition.
Never was professor more favoured with illustrations than
Mr. Traill, for the different points of his paper lay in the land-
scape around and in the causeway spread out beneath. The
walk was then resumed to Pleaskin, the different points of
vantage being duly surmounted and the wild but enchanting
views on either hand fully appreciated. Now a whin dyke was
examined running out beyond the softer rock and making a
sharp headland into the sea ; then the “chimney tops’’ were
surveyed and Port-na-Spaniagh looked down into, where the
rocks were wreathed with the foam of the heavy breakers.
Here it was that the Gerona, a Spanish galleon, one of the
Invincible Armada, commanded by Alonza da Leyva, and
containing 300 of the sons of Castilian nobles, was wrecked.
They were returning from the Rata, a magnificent ship that
had been wrecked on the West Coast, and had safely passed
Magilligan and Dunluce, but their unwieldy ship, which was
principally impelled by oars, was unable to stem the mighty
waves and was driven ashore, and

The cruel rocks they gored her side
Like the horns of an angry bull.

All on board met a watery grave. Some of the cannon were
recovered and mounted on Dunluce Castle, and two of the iron
chests which contained the gold and silver for the payment of
the Armada are now in Glenarm Castle.

Each break in the headland is called a port, that at the
Spepherd’s Path is called Port-na-fhir (noffer), the port of the
man—Fin MacCumhal. The next is Port Madadh Rhuadh,
the foxes’ port; then comes Port-na-Spaniagh, where the
Spanish galleon was lost ; next to that is Port-na-Calye, the old
woman’s harbour; then Port-na-Brock, the badgers’ port, just
under the shadow of the mighty Plaisg-cinn, the goats’ promon-
tory, the highest of all these headlands (400 feet), and the one

38 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

from which the most extended views can be had. To the right
towers Knocklayde; then Benmore, with its unmistakable
outline, whilst a little off shore lies Raghery, with its clearly
defined lines of black and white (basalt and chalk), like an old
man-of-war. Nearer hand is Sheep Island, under the cliffs at
Ballintoy, where the quaint church sits on the long level stretch
of grain land, which forms’ such a peculiar feature of that
district. Out to sea lie the bluff cliffs of Cantyre, and the
smaller bulk of Islay, whilst the Paps of Jura are scarcely
discernable in the distance. To the left stretches the much-
indented coast line to Portrush, with the long stretches of sand
at Bushfoot and the White Rocks, where the breakers leave long
white lines of foam upon the yellow strand. Past Portrush,
Derry hills fade into the blue mountains of Donegal, where the
setting sun tinges with red the far-away island of Inistrahull.
A pleasant walk soon brought all back with sharpened appetites
to the Causeway Hotel, where justice was soon done to an
excellent tea. After the repast W. H. Patterson, M.R.IA., in
a few remarks, conveyed the thanks of the Club to Mr. Traill
for his attention during the day, and the assistance he had
rendered in his paper and short descriptive sketch. He was
supported by Alexander Tate, C.E., and Mann Harbison. Mr.
Traill replied, stating it afforded him great pleasure to be of
any service to the Club, of which he had long been a member,
and only regretted his duties prevented him from joining more
of the excursions during the summer season. The following
new members were then elected :—J. Coleman, H.M.C.; R. T.
Greer, John M‘Neill, and Henry Scott.

After half an hour spent in the hotel grounds, a special tram-
car was taken to Portrush, where the morning’s railway
carriage was resumed, and a quick run brought all back to
Belfast, well satisfied with the weather, the scenery, the geology,
and the hospitality enjoyed at the Giant’s Causeway.

1893-94.] 39

16th September.
LOUGHBRICLAND AND DONACHMORE.

_ Although the season was advanced, yet the usual Club
weather favoured a large party, when the sixth excursion of
the year took place to Scarva, Loughbricland, and Donach-
more. At Scarva the party was met by a local member, the
Rev. H. W. Lett, M.A., whose knowledge of the district was
of much service throughout the day. The extensive demesne
of J. Temple Reilly, J.P., was entered, where, through the
kindness of the proprietor, an opportunity was afforded for
investigating the very extensive ancient fortification known as
the Dane’s Cast, a characteristic portion of which extends
across the lawn. it is recorded how the Norwegians, under
Turgerius, in the reign of King Feidlin, in the ninth century,
occupied this part of the country, which they intersected with
deep trenches, and erected many castles—some singly, some
doubly, and some triply entrenched. The rampart is traceable
from Scarva to Killevy. In some places it is shallow, and in
other places it is faced with stone, measuring seventy or eighty
feet across at its widest part. At Loughadian many years
ago a variety of implements of war, such as celts, spear-heads,
bronze swords, hatchets, and a large oak canoe, were dug up.
This rampart was called by the Irish “ Gleann-na-Muice-
Duibhe”—the Glen of the Black Pig—whilst the great wall of
Antoninus Pius in North Britain, to which it has a strong
resemblance, is called “the Swine’s Dyke.” Perhaps the most
admired thing about Scarvagh House is the well grown trees of
oak and ash, but there is no finer sight in arboriculture than
the huge Spanish chestnut growing close to the house, whose
sweeping branches, loaded with fruit, cover a very considerable
area of ground. There were also some fine specimens of walnut
trees, well fruited, specimens of which and of the chestnut
were, with the permission of Mr. Reilly, gathered by the
members. Mr. Reilly showed some members the treasures of
the house—the large branching antlers of the Irish elk, mingled

40 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

with the war-like trophies of a more recent age, flag and spear,
drum and flintlock, the relics of King William and the later
yeomarry, arranged amidst works of art, heraldic shields and
military flags, forming quite a baronial effect in the quaint hall
and corridors. After different views of the mansion-house and
trees had been taken, together with some groups of the party,
thanks were given to Mr. Reilly and family for their kindness
and consideration. ‘The machines were then mounted and the
road taken through Loughbricland to Donachmore, only a
momentary pause being made whilst Mr. Lett pointed out to
the botanists the only station in County Down where the rare
plant MVercurialis perennts is found. Here it was growing in
abundance, but unfortunately its flowering was past. Upon
reaching Donachmore, the rector of the parish, the Rev. J. D.
Cowan, B.A., received the party, showing them the simple
little church, tastefully decorated for harvest thanksgiving, and
the fine old Celtic cross in the graveyard, whose recent restora-
tion, to which the Club contributed, has been carried out in
such a praiseworthy manner, affording an example that should
be emulated in other places. This cross was probably erected
to the memory of Saint MacErc, who was the first Bishop of
Domnachmor, which church he founded in the middle ot the
fifth century. His mother was Bronagh, daughter of the chief
Milcho, with whom St. Patrick had been a captive on the
slopes of Slieve Mis, in the Braid Valley. The cross stands ten
feet and a half high, and is of coarse County Down granite.
The east and west faces are divided into panels, filled with
scriptural illustrations, now much weathered. The base covers
the entrance to a souterrain sixty feet long, several of which
are in and around the churchyard, whose shape clearly points
it out to have been a very early settlement, being probably a
fort occupied in pagan times. Many events are recorded of this
district, which was once covered with wood, cleared away in
the reign of Irial the Prophet, a.m. 3529. At Achaderg was
fought the battle of the three Collas, a.p. 332, which lasted for
seven days, and the slaughter was so great that the earth was

1893-94. ] : 41

covered with dead from Carneochy (Loughbricland) to Glen-
righe (Newry). Irian, King of Ulster, perished in this battle,
and the victorious brothers, known as the three Collas, descen-
dants of Con of the Hundred Battles, afterwards marched on
the Royal Palace of Emania, near Armagh, which they
plundered and burnt to the ground. The rector had with
some trouble got the entrance to one of the souterrains cleared
out, and so enabled many of the members to investigate the
primitive residence of the cave-men. The way was then
retraced past Loughbricland, so called from a contemporary
of King Connor MacNessa named Bricrind of the Poisoned
Tongue, who by his bitterness of speech so inflamed the
jealousy of the Royal women invited to a feast in his celebrated
halls of Dundrum that all threw themselves upon the protec-
tion of their husbands, who were only too eager to uphold the
honour of their houses, and then delivered ‘‘ the battle speeches
of the women of Ulster” so celebrated by the Celtic bards.

A pleasant drive through the undulating hills, along the
winding lanes showed a plentiful harvest now safely gathered,
and every appearance of comfort and prosperity in the snug
homesteads and well-stocked yards. On the invitation of
Captain Douglas, J.P., the party inspected the two very fine
forts at Lisnagead, which are of great dimensions, each enclosed
by two outer rings of earth and three deep fosses, all in splendid
condition, and well worth going ay distance to see, as doubtless
they are two of the finest forts in close proximity to each other
in Ulster. Captain Douglas also showed the members the
horns of an Irish elk dug up in his demesne, and otherwise
entertained the party, giviug away specimens of the common
Laurel covered with ripe fruit quite as large and as black as
wild cherries, which is a rarity in this country.

A rapid drive soon brought all safely into the town of
Banbridge, where justice was done to the good things provided
in the Downshire Arms. After tea, the Vice-President, F. W.
Lockwood, C.E., thanked those who had assisted the Club
during the day, more especially J. Temple Reilly, J.P., and

42 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Captain Douglas, also the Rev. H. W. Lett and the Rev. J. D.
Cowan. A specially reserved carriage, reaching Belfast at 7.30,
brought all home well pleased with their visit to an historic
district not often visited, but well worthy of it.

1893-94.] 43

WINTER SESSION.

SOCIAL MEETING.

Tue thirty-first session of the Club was inaugurated on
Wednesday evening, 1st November, by a social meeting in the
Exhibition Hall, Botanic Gardens. Upwards of five hundred
members and friends were present. Between seven and eight
o’clock tea was partaken of, the teamakers being as follow :—
Miss Andrew, Miss M. K. Andrews, Mrs. St. Clair Boyd, Mrs.
Blair, Mrs. Carter, Miss Coulson, Miss Gray, Miss Hamilton,
Mrs. Heron, Mrs. Ferguson, Mrs. Lockwood, Mrs. Leslie, Miss
Clara Patterson, Miss Praeger, Miss Porter, Miss Phillips, Miss
Rea, Mrs. Stelfox, Mrs. Proctor Smyth, Miss A. H. Tate, Miss
S. M. Thompson, Mrs. Vinycomb, Mrs. Walker, and Mrs.
Wright.

After tea, the chair was taken by the President, who welcomed
all present, and referred to the leading features of the pro-
gramme of exhibits. The principal exhibit, he explained, was
a collection of Irish gold ornaments which had been brought
together by Mr. Day, of Cork. In addition to the other
exhibits, which they would find interesting and instructive,
there would be a lantern display of living organisms, photos
taken on Club excursions and other places. Prominent amongst
the exhibits were the Irish gold ornaments referred to. Of
these there was, as stated, a large and valuable collection,
shown by Robert Day, J.P., M.R.I.A., high sheriff of Cork.
There were decorated plaques, lunettes, fibulas, ring money
(Scandinavian and Celtic), neck ornaments, bracelets, and
amulets, pins, brooches, &c. This was one of the finest and
most valuable collection of antiquities ever shown in Belfast.

44 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Mr. Day spared no efforts in order to afford the fullest possible
information regarding the various articles exhibited. There
were also shown the new albums in connection with the Club’s
archzological and geological survey of Ireland, containing about
400 platinotype photographs of Irish subjects. Also the Club's
ordinary photographic albums, and some views illustrating the
last season’s Club excursions. The album, containing 80 local
views by Club members, with illuminated address, presented at
the long excursion to R. Lloyd Praeger, M.R.I.A., late honorary
secretary, was on view. Also an album of local sketches by
W. Lynch. A large number of examples of different skins,
illustrating the uses and varieties of leather, were exhibited by
John Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., ex-president ; and a number of
articles, including some examples of Celtic ornament, also the
carved Irish cross belonging to the Rev. James O’Laverty, P.P.,
M.R.I.A., were exhibited by Robert May.

In geology there was a special exhibit, showing the various
forms and uses of limestone, illustrated by a large collection
of specimens contributed by members, including a number of
photographs relating to the Carboniferous and Cretaceous rocks
of the North of Ireland. Some specimens of Connemara marble,
including green, black, shelly black, and grey fossil marbles,
also four different granites, all from Galway, were shown by
F. A. Porter. One table devoted to illustrations of limestone
was in charge of Messrs. Gray and Lockwood, whose duty was
to explain the nature, origin, and uses of limestone. For this
purpose there was a display of specimens of limestone from
every geological formation and from many countries. The
attention paid Mr. Gray’s demonstration upon the origin and
qualities of limestone proved the interest taken in the subject
of our native limestones. The illustrative specimens were
contributed by William Gray, M.R.I.A.; Thomas Plunkett,
M.R.I.A., Enniskillen ; F. W. Lockwood, J. Robinson, R. May,
&c. Joseph Wright, F.G.S., supplemented Mr. Gray’s descrip-
tions by microscopic demonstrations, showing the minuteness,
beauty, and variety of the organic forms of which limestone is

1893-94.] 45

mainly made up. William Gray, M.R.I.A., exhibited a very
extensive series of flint implements, &c., illustrative of his paper
on “ Worked Flints, Ancient and Modern,” and including some
of the most ancient forms, such as are found in the river gravels
of England and the Continent, and known as of the palzolithic
period. Of the forms so abundant in the North of Ireland
there were a great variety of all ages, which were compared
with forms from America and various Continental stations.
The modern gun flint manufacture was fully illustrated, and the
use at present made of the County Antrim flints was explained.

In the entomological section there were shown Lepidoptera
(butterflies and moths) collected in the Belfast district in 1893,
with preserved larvze of some of the species ; also a small, but
interesting, collection of Micro-lepidoptera and appliances for
collecting and preserving these insects, by C. W. Watts, F.I.C.
In Coleoptera there was exhibited the collection for prize 16.
About fifty photographs illustrating the primitive habits and
customs of the people of the North and West of Ireland were
shown by Robert J. Welch; and Professor Haddon showed
some sketches of the tatooing on the people of Torres Straits.
Some fishes, beetles, and crustacea were shown by John
Hamilton. In botany the collection of flowering plants for
which prize 2 was awarded was shown by Miss Jeannie Rea ;
and a collection of choice British and exotic ferns were illustrated
by dried specimens, fresh-cut fronds, and growing plants, shown
by W. H. Phillips, F.R.H.S., member, and Charles M‘Kimm,
curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens. In the microscopical
section a number of gentlemen attended with their microscopes,
and illustrated various branches of science. Amongst the
exhibits were living organisms, foraminifera, insects, animal and
vegetable structure, and rock sections, with polariscope. Among
the exhibitors were William Gray, M.R.IL.A.; W. S. M'‘Kee,
Joseph Wright, F.G.S.; H. M‘Cleery, William Swanston,
F.G.S.; William Hanna, M.A.; and J. O. Campbell, B.E.,
B.A. The collections of micro-slides, for which prizes 20 and
21 were awarded, were shown by Miss C. Patterson, member,

46 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

and Miss S. M. Thompson, member. Some views of children’s
games were exhibited by Miss Patterson, of Holywood. There
was a very fine model of the paddle steamship Slieve Donard
exhibited by James Pinion, during the evening, which was a
most enjoyable one.

On the 20th November, 1893, the following papers were
read :—Irish Folk-Lore,” by W. B. Yeats, of Dublin; “A
Few Children’s Games,” by Clara M. Patterson. W. H.
Patterson, M.R.I.A., afterwards read the Report of the Ethno-
graphical Committee.

W. B. Yeats, having been formally introduced by the
President, proceeded with his lecture, which consisted in the
main of illustrations showing the strong hold which a faith in
the existence of a fairy kingdom still retains upon the Irish
mind. They were surrounded, he said, by every kind of
sorrowing lamentation, and they could never thoroughly
express their emotions, no more than they could fully satisfy
any of their desires. They desired the infinite, and the world
was very finite. But Providence had sent them the fairy tales
and the fairy kingdom to rescue their hearts and desires from
starvation. One of the reasons why they never had enough of
anything was because their poor bodies were tired out before
their hearts and souls had their fill. But with the fairies their
lives were a continual festival. Scotland had its folk-lore, but it
excelled in terror. There were touches of horror in it which
they could not find at all in Irish folk-lore. ‘That incident in
Homer where the cattle of the sun began to bellow up in spits
might have been a piece of Scotch folk-lore. That was the
quality of it. They did not get that sort of thing in Ireland.
They got certainly a more beautiful, and perhaps a more admir-
able thing. They did not excel in terror. Speaking of the
banshee, he comforted the audience by informing them that its
cry was not always the forerunner of death, but always of some
misfortune.

1893-94.] 47

Having described a number of the inmates of the fairy king-
dom, their appearance and peculiarities, the lecturer proceeded
to say that the study of this subject had two great utilities—
one old, the other new. One was a scientific utility. By com-
‘paring fairies and the folk-lore tales from all parts of the world
they might learn much not only of the ways of primeval men
and women, but also of their mythology and religion. They
must not expect any great clearness of outline or uniformity in
fairy belief. The other great utility of this study was very old :
it had been going on since the days of Homer, nay longer still,
since the days of the maker of the Mahabaratta. It was not
scientific, but literary, and was really more important. He did
not think there was a great poet in the world who had not
borrowed from folk-lore. If they remembered that mythology
was but folk-lore, organised and dignified, they would under-
stand him when he said that Homer, Virgil, Sophocles, Shaks-
pere, Dante, Goethe, and poets like Keats, Shelley, and Rossetti,
were little more than folk-lorists [with musical tongues. The
story of Odysseus in the days of the cyclops was told in sub-
stance by the peasants of England, Ireland, and Lapland to this
day. They could not measure how great was the influence that
folk-lore—the gossip of the poor and the ignorant—exercised
upon their thoughts and their feelings. He had often doubted
if ever there had been any power in the world more mighty
than these old tales. They had enabled the poets to give to the
floating soul of philosophy a beautiful and alluring body. They
could not tell who made them, but the storytellers who first
fashioned them had been well nigh the most potent of the sons
of men. With a few tales—for the root-tales of the lore were
but few, a little over seventy for the whole of Europe—with a
little bundle of romances, these men fashioned the minds of
generations beyond reckoning. When he (Mr. Yeats) was a
child he was told that there was a submerged city at the bottom
of the Sligo lake, and that from its tower came up sometimes at
evening a far-off murmur of fairy bells. Once when eight
years old he gazed upon that lake, and he imagined, so much

48 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

did the story possess his mind, that he could hear the murmur
of the bells creep up through its waters. The folk-tales lay
hidden under their literature, as this city was thought to lie
under the waters, and from them rose up a gentle and harmoni-
ous influence which filled all their poetry like a far-off murmur
of fairy bells. (Applause.)

Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., proposed a vote of thanks to Mr.
Yeats, whom he complimented upon the very interesting lecture
which he had delivered that evening.

R. M. Young, M.R.I.A., seconded the motion, which was
supported by F. W. Lockwood, and passed by acclamation.

Mr. Yeats briefly acknowledged the compliment.

Clara M. Patterson said—Embryology teaches us that the
development of the individual is an abbreviated recapitulation
of the development of its species ; so it is also with a child.
He repeats, as he grows, the savage stage out of which civilised
man has emerged. If we compare children and savages—their
habits, arts, &c.—we shall find they have much in common.
Thus, for example, both the child and the savage are incapable
of continuous mental effort ; no matter how interested they may
be in what they are hearing, their attention is easily drawn
away. Again, both have a great preference for physical instead
of mental exertion. The school boy’s treatment of girls
(especially his sisters)—making them slave for him and yet
looking down on them all the while—is an exact parallel of the
way savages treat their women. ‘The drawings of children are
very like those of savages, and the idea of music which both
entertain is the same—e.g., as much noise as possible. The
toys that are valued most by all children are the simple ones,
such as the bow and arrow, which represent objects which are
used, or have been used, by their parents. Children’s games
deserve special study, for in them are often found traces of
savage customs, so that what was once done by our ancestors in
earnest still exists in our children’s games. There are marriage
games and death games.

1893-94.) 49

The game called ‘The Knights of Spain” is played through
England, United States, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Ireland, among
the Baltic Finns and the Moravian Sclavs. It is a marriage
game based on the idea of a courtship conducted in the strictly
‘mercantile spirit (F.L.J., II., 246). Thus in a version of this
game from Bocking, Essex, it goes this way—

““T am a gentleman come from Spain,
I’ve come to court your daughter Jane.”
“« My daughter Jane is yet too young
To understand your flattering tongue.”
“ Let her be young, or let her be old,
She must be sold for Spanish gold,’’ &c., &&c.
Here are the words of this game as played at Ballymiscaw
School, Co. Down—
“There was one lord that come from Spain,
He came to court my daughter Jane,
My daughter Jane she is too young
To be controlled by a flattering tongue.
Will you ?”
** No.”
“ Will you ””
“'Yes,’’
The one who answers ‘“‘yes’’ then joins hands with the “one
lord” and they dance round saying—
“You dirty wee scut you wouldn’t come out
To help us with our dancing.”’

“‘ There were two lords that come from Spain,” &c., &c.

“ Lords of Spain,” Holywood, Co. Down—
“There were one lord came out of Spain,
Who came to court your daughter Jane.”
“‘ Your daughter Jane she is too young
To be controlled by flattering tongues,”’
“Oh fare thee well, oh fare thee well,
I’ll go and court some other girl.”
“Come back, come back, your coat is white,
And choose the fairest in your sight.’’

“ The fairest one that I can see is , come unto me.”’

‘There were two lords came out of Spain,” &c., &c,

50 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

“Jeannie Jones,” or “‘ Jeannie Jo,” is a very widely-known
game, F.L.J., III. (2),173. “Jo” seems to be the original name,
and means sweetheart. At Ballymiscaw, Jeannie kneels with
her head hidden in the “ mother’s” apron, and the rest walk
too and fro. At the end Jeannie rushes after the others, and
the one she catches is Jeannie next time.

“ Jeannie Jo,” Ballymiscaw School—

“Ladies and gentlemen come to see Jeannie Jo, Jeannie Jo. Is she at home?”
“¢ Jeannie Jo ’s washing clotnes ; can’t see her to-day.”

“‘ Ladies and gentlemen,” &c.

“« Jeannie Jo ’s starching clothes,” &c.

‘“¢ Ladies and gentlemen,” &c.

“¢ Jeannie Jo ’s ironing clothes,” &c.

‘Ladies and gentlemen,’’ &c.

“¢ Jeannie Jo let the hot iron fall on her foot ; can’t see her to-day.”

“‘ Ladies and gentlemen,” &c.

“ Jeannie Jo ’s worse,” &c.

“ Ladies and gentlemen,” &c.

“ Jeanie Jo ’s dead ; can’t see her to-day. What shall we dress her in—black ?”’
“‘ Black for the black men; no.’’

“ Blue ?””

“ Blue for the blue men ; no.’’

“ White ?””

‘‘ White for the dead people; yes.’’

“ Jeannie Jo,” Holywood, Co. Down—

“T came to see Jeannie Jo, Jeannie Jo, Jeannie Jo, came to see Jeannie Jo, Is
she within ?”

‘‘ Jeannie Jo washing clothes, washing clothes, washing clothes, Jeannie Jo
washing clothes, and ye can’t see her to-day.’’

“ Oh but I’m sorry, I’m sorry, I’m sorry, oh but I’m sorry I can’t see her to-day.”

“‘ Farewell, ladies, oh ladies, oh ladies, farewell ladies, and gentlemen too.”’

“T came to see Jeannie Jo,”’ &c.

“¢ Jeannie Jo starching clothes,’’ &c.

“Oh but I’m sorry,” &c.

“ Farewell, ladies, oh,’’ &c.

“‘T came to see Jeannie Jo,’’ &c.

“Jeannie Jo smoothing clothes,’’ &c.

“Oh but I’m sorry,”’ Wc.

‘‘ Farewell, ladies, oh,’’ &c.

“I came to see Jeannie Jo,”’ &c.

1893-94-] Si

“Jeannie Jo dead, dead, dead,”’ &c.

‘¢Qh but I’m sorry,”’ &c.

“ Farewell, ladies, oh,’ &c.

‘¢ What shall we dress her in, dress her in, dress her in, what shall we dress her in
—shall it be black ?”’
' Black for the sweeps, the sweeps, the sweeps, and that shall not do ”’

‘© What shall we dress her in, &c. Shall it be blue >”

“ Blue for the sailors,’’ &c.

“¢ What shall we dress her in, &c. Shall it be red °”

“Red for the soldiers,” &c.

‘“‘ What shall we dress her in, &c. Shall it be orange ?”’

“ Orange for the orange men,’”’ &c.

“¢ What shall we dress her in, &c. Shall it be white 2”

“White for the corpse, &c., and that will just do.’’

They then make a funeral procession, the two biggest making
a seat with their hands for ‘“‘ Jeannie” and carrying her, followed
by the rest in pairs, saying—

“We have lost a soldier, soldier, soldier, we have lost a soldier and the queen has
lost a man. We will bury him in the bed of glory, glory, glory, we will bury him in
the bed of glory, and we’ll never see him any more.’’

“ Jeannie” sits up on the mother’s knee, and is not hidden as
in most of the versions. Repetition is a marked feature of
primitive rhyme.

GREEN GRAVEL.

Ring of children, who walk round singing the rhyme over
and over, and at the end of it each time the child named turns
round and walks backwards, so that at the last all are going
backwards. These are the words as played at Ballymiscaw

School—
“Green gravel, green gravel, as green as grass grows,
When all the free masons around the red rose.
Dear (Bessie), dear (Bessie), your true lover’s dead,
He sent you a letter to turn round your head.’’
Another version, played in Dublin and about Newry, is as
follows :—
“ Green gravel, green gravel, the grass is so green.
The prettiest damsel that ever was seen,
I washed her with new milk and dressed her in silk,
And I wrote down her name with a brass pen and ink.
Dear , dear » your true love is dead,
And I send you a letter to turn round your head.”’

52 [Proc. B.N.F.C..

The following game, known as “ Round about the Punch
Bowl,” at Ballymiscaw, is very widely known. Qne child is in
the centre of a circle of children, who dance round singing—

“ Round about the punch bowl, once, twice, three.
The last time they catch in time they’ll not catch me.
(Lizzie) made a pudding so nice and so sweet,
Saying—taste, love ; taste, love, don’t say nay,
For next Sunday morning to church we will go.
Rings on her fingers and bells on her toes,
With her baby on her knee, and through the world she goes,
Up the heathery mountain and down the rushy glen.
We darna go a-hunting for Corner and his men.”’

The Dublin and Newry version is not just the same as this, and
is called “ Up the Heathery Mountain,” but both are played the
same way. The making of the pudding is important, for in
savage weddings the bride making some dish that the bride-
groom partakes of is a very important part of the marriage.

“‘ Up the heathery mountain and down the rushy glen,
We daren’t go a-hunting for Corner and his men.
We are all sally butchers, but one game cock,
And that’s (Willie Douglas), the flower of the flock.
He’s the flower of the flock, he’s the keeper of the glen,
He courted (Aggie Wilson) before he was a man.
He hugged her, he juggled her, he took her on his knee,
Saying my dear ( Aggie) won’t you marry me.
(Aggie) made a pudding so nice and so sweet,
And (Willie) got his knife and cut it round and neat,
Saying, taste, love; taste, love, don’t say nay,
For next Monday morning is our wedding day.
He hips and he clips, and he buys her a ring,
A cherry for a church, and a gay gold ring.”’

W. H. Patterson, M.R.I.A., then presented the following
Report of the Ethnographical Committee :—The Committee
appointed by the Club, met in the Museum on October 30th,
1893, and had the advantage of Professor Haddon’s presence.
Professor Haddon commenced by explaining the reason for the

1893-94.] 53

delay in sending instructions to the Committee. The British
Association Committee of the Ethnographical Survey of the
British Islands, was appointed in 1892, andthey reported to the
Association at Nottingham in August last. The report had
been accepted, and now the British Association Committee was
about to begin work.

Our Ulster Committee was elected in January, 1893, and, asa
result, four papers had been read before the Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club, and published in the Proceedings (Series 2, vol. iii.,
part 6). F. J. Bigger, Secretary to the Club, read a paper on
Local Folk Lore (pp. 545-548) ; Lily S. Mollan communicated
on “ Pishogues from Tipperary” (pp. 571-573); W. H. Patter-
son, Secretary to the Committee, gave an account of “ Irish
Fairies” (pp. 573-583), and Mrs. Blair’s paper was entitled
“Items of Folk Lore: principally from County Down” (pp.
583-586).

The Field Club had always taken an interest in archeology,
and a valuable illustrated summary of local flint implements
has been presented by Wm. Gray, entitled, ‘‘ Worked Flints,
Ancient and Modern” (pp. 548-569, plates 1-8). Clara M.
Patterson has taken down, and made photographs of, several
children’s games, a branch of folk-lore which is of extreme
interest. Lastly, the series of photographs, made by R. Welch
for the purpose of illustrating Irish peasant life, and the survival
of the past in the present, are of very great value in the Survey
which is now being started. The above is a very fair record for
nine months work, when we bear in mind that nothing has as
yet been accomplished in England in connection with the
Survey.

Professor Haddon further pointed out the direction which
future work might profitably take, and invited members of the
Club, during their summer holidays, to make observations on
the hair and eye colour of the folk in country districts. The
observations should be made according to the methods first
employed by Dr. Beddoe, and now adopted by the Survey
Committee. He also asked for volunteers to undertake the

54 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

collection of physical measurements and the measuring of skulls.
Amateur photographers could also help by photographing local
forms of houses, vehicles, implements, and the like, and especi-
ally by collecting portraits—full face, and accurate side face, of
types of the people, and he requested that copies of such photo-
graphs should be sent to him at the Royal College of Science,
Dublin.

The Committee would also refer to Professor Haddon’s paper
on the Arran Islands and their inhabitants, read on the 17th
of January last. Some printed instructions as to collecting of
folk-lore matters have been sent to the Committee for the
assistance of members of the Club.

The following new members were elected :—John Carson,
Mrs. Purdon, J. M. Cleaver, B.A. ; T. Ward, E. Hamilton, F.
J. Kennedy, Thomas Lawrie, Mrs. Pender, Mrs. Mathewson,
and J. G. Grogan.

On 20th December, 1893, the President occupied the chair,
and opened the proceedings by a few remarks on the advantage
to be derived from the study of geology. He touched upon
the practical advantages to architects, builders, and others, and
also upon the broader educational benefits that the study of this
most interesting science afforded to all the lovers of nature,
pointing out from his own personal experience the great pleasure
he had derived from the study of the rocks of the counties of
Down and Antrim, recording many instances of the almost
enthralling interest the collections of different specimens afforded
him from time to time. The President then called upon Wm.
Gray, M.R.I.A., to deliver his lecture upon ‘‘ What is a Stone,”
which he proceeded to do in his usual forcible and convincing
style.

After Mr. Gray had given a few humorous answers to the
question, ‘“‘ What is a Stone?” received by him from different
quarters, he proceeded to his lecture proper, keeping his
audience fully interested for over an hour. The lecturer traced

1893-94.) 55

the history of the earth’s surface and the formation of rocks and
the different ages, with the geological sub-divisions, illustrating
his remarks by large diagrams and an enormous collection of
rock specimens ; in fact, it is doubtful if a finer collection was
ever brought together in the Museum. Throughout his lecture
he was frequently applauded, and at the termination Mr. Gray
invited all present to come up to the large table and carefully
examine the varied samples used by him in illustration of his
lecture. The President, F. W. Lockwood, C.E.; John Hamil-
ton, and S. F. Milligan, M.RI.A., made some remarks and
asked a few questions. The following members were then
elected :—Rev. Charles Coade, M.A., LL.D. ; James Coghlan,
T. W. Foster, M.A.; P. Murray, Samuel Blythe, and Rev.
James Maconaghie, B.A. (Cliftonville Avenue).

A meeting was held on the 16th January, the President in
the chair, when three communications were brought before the
meeting. .

John M. Dickson read the following paper on ‘ Relative
Antiquity of Rath, Cromleac and Burial Tumulus: as evidenced
by some Ancient Remains near Dromore, Co. Down.”

Mr. Dickson said—Ireland is the home of enigmas; there
has always been an Irish question. The land, indeed, bristles
with questions, and nowhere more thickly than in the field of
archaeology. To the solution of these questions, Irish anti-
quarians have devoted much patient labour; and while we
must admire the enthusiasm, the industry, and perseverance
they have displayed in their investigations, we must also regret
sometimes that the only good quality they seemed to lack, was
that cardinal virtue of all enquirers, to wit, scepticism.

When we consider how difficult it often is, even with our
facilities for collecting and circulating intelligence, to learn the
exact truth about matters occurring, say a mile off last week,
we can better estimate the value of the legendary traditions of
a distant and superstitious age.

56 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

Gifted more fully with the amiable credulity of Mr. Pickwick
than with the cautious induction of a Lyell cr a Darwin, some
of our antiquarians seem to have taken too seriously the tra-
ditions that form so large a part of the old monkish chronicles,
which, however valuable as ecclesiastical histories in early
Christian times, contain much that can only mislead.

These ancient records, the “ Book of Ballymote,” and the
‘“ Annals of the Four Masters,’’ which date from the 14th
century, and the “ Book of Leinster,’ 250 years earlier, were
compiled from older writings, fragments of which are still in
existence. These again were largely made up from the oral
traditions of the bards and Seannachies, who were in the habit
of holding a convention once every three years at a central
point in Co. Meath, in order to repeat these traditions to the
younger men, from generation to generation. We could hardly
suppose that these men were always deficient in the national
genius for embellishment, or that they were protected during
all that time by a chronic miracle, from the temptation to
indulge it.

For instance, when the reader meets with the statement that
on such-and-such a date, anno mundi, “the lough of Belfast
broke out !’’* he would like to learn some further particulars
about this extraordinary ou¢break. What were the symptoms
accompanying the eruption? Was it, so to speak, cutaneous
in its nature? and confined to the crust merely? Or had the
earth been suffering at this point from some deep-seated hydro-
cele, unknown to the geological faculty.

Thus legends have multiplied, till they cling like ivy to every
crumbling wall of castle or of abbey, some of them perhaps
containing a “poor half-penny worth of truth,” but always
mixed with ‘an intolerable deal” of the wildest absurdity.
To these we need not turn when we seek to learn something
about the origin of those ancient structures around us, which
we know by the various names of forts, raths, or duns, to

* Annals of Four Masters, a.m. 3506. ‘Lough Leagh in Ulster,’’ explained by
commentators as Belfast Lough.

1893-94.] 57

discover who were the builders of them, and for what purpose
they were erected. Here tradition fails us, beyond the general
statement that they belong to the ‘‘ good people,” and that it is
unlucky to interfere with them in any way. Let us approach
the subject then with becoming caution, for here, surely, if
anywhere, we are in fairyland.

We frequently hear these raths incorrectly spoken of as
Danish forts. This is a complete misnomer ; the Danes had
nothing to do with them. Digging earth-works was not one
of their methods. They infested the coasts of Ireland during
the ninth and tenth centuries as amphibious pirates, making
many raids inland to rob the monasteries ; and though they
obtained for a time strongholds on land, as at Dublin, Water-
ford, Limerick, and Cork, they never scattered themselves over
the country as an occupying population. King Brian Boru (or
Brian of the tribute) ultimately forced them to confine them-
selves to these ports, and to pay him tribute for permission
to trade there. They thus seem to have become the first
importers of foreign produce in Ireland, as we learn, they
were required to pay their tribute in wine. For instance, the
Danes of Dublin had to pay annually 500 pipes of wine, those
of Limerick 300 pipes of red wine, and other ports in proportion,
all to be delivered at Kincora in good order and condition.
These quantities of wine may seem to us, in these degenerate
days, a right royal allowance for the palace, but when we
remember the large number of clergy maintained by the King,
all no doubt grateful to King Brian for having delivered them
from their Danish persecutors, and willing on all suitable
occasions to drink his ws s health, there probably was not
a drop too much!

We find these raths giving their names to a large number of
townlands and other localities in Ireland, such as Rathcormac,
Rathmullan, Rathfriland, &c. Even more frequently the form
fis is used, as Lisbellaw, Lismore, Lisnagade, &c. Occasionally
we find the word lis ending such names as in Kenlis, the old
name of Kells, in Co. Meath. Kenlis means the head fort or

58 [Proc. B.N.F.C,

chief residence. The noble family of Taylour, who have their
residence there, deriving two of their titles from this word,
viz., Earl of Kenlis and Marquis of Headfort ; while we find at
Dromore, the townland on which the great mount stands called
Ballymaganlis, evidently a corruption of Bally-na-cen-lis, the
town or place of the head fort.

On this subject Dr. Joyce states that the word rath or ra
occurs in the names of upwards of 1100 townlands, while the
form lis begins 1400 of such names. This is not to be
wondered at when we remember the great abundance of these
raths in Ireland. As many as 2191 are marked on the six inch
ordnance maps of Co. Limerick alone, while the province of
Munster contains 10,coo. We must not assume, however, that
the raths themselves date from the time when these places
received their names, but being then prominent landmarks
they served to distinguish the various localities, just in the
same way that the physical features, such as the shape of a hill
or valley, river or ford suggested the great majority of such
names.

Some years ago, when in the West of Ireland, I entered one
of those subterranean crypts, or souterrains, found in these
raths. It was the first of such that I had seen, but my guide
(who had assisted Sir W. Wilde in his excavations in that
district) informed me that of some thirty-five raths opened by
them, a souterrain was found in every one that was surrounded
by a deep trench or moat, and Mr. Brash, who had a large
experience in the pursuit of ogam inscriptions in the South of
Ireland, confirms this statement. He says—“ As a rule, every
rath has a souterrain.” My curiosity being thus aroused on
the subject, I was led to observe these raths more closely, to
become impressed by their appearance of great antiquity, and
to arrive at the opinion that in these we have the remains of
the most ancient structures intended for habitation in Western
Europe.

You are all, no doubt, familiar with the traditions of the
various invasions of Ireland in remote ages by the Nemedians,

1893-94.) 59

the Firbolgs, the Tuath-de-Danaans, and lastly by the Milesians,
who are said to have arrived as much as 1700 years before the
birth of Christ. Now, the amount of belief to be placed in all
or any of these traditions is very much a matter of individual
discretion. The widest difference of opinion has already been
expressed by various writers, who claim to speak with authority.
At one extremity we find Sir W. Wilde, who accepts these
traditions literally, although they were not recorded in writing
within 1coo or 2000 years after the events, and vouches for all
the details of the battle of Moytura, as fought on “the 11th
day of June, 3303 A.M.!” the various single coinbats, the
number of combatants engaged, &c.; where the Firbolgs were
finally defeated by the Tuath-de-Danaans, and most wonderful
of all! he finds confirmation of all this in the great sepulchral
mounds still to be seen in that neighbourhood, and said to
have been erected over the bodies of the chiefs of the defeated
Firbolgs. As if the remnant of the beaten race would have
been given time to erect above a score of enormous earth-
works on the field after such a total defeat. Assuming,
however, as true, that a decisive battle was fought here between
a resident race and a more powerful invading army, the
presence of these mounds may point to a very different ex-
planation, the key to which is to be found in the remains at
Stonehenge and Avebury, where we see many sepulchral
mounds, or barrows in the immediate vicinity of great works,
probably intended for temples. May such a temple not have
once stood at this spot, round which in the course of centuries
these tumuli had been raised. If so, where would a retreating
race be so likely to make their final stand as on the ground
sacred alike to their religion and to the graves of their kindred?

At the other extreme, we have Mr. Rhys in his Hibbert
lectures, who evaporates the whole mass of these traditions
about invasions of Ireland into solar myth; in which, for
instance, at the battle of Moytura the Firbolgs figure as mists
and fogs retiring before the sun on midsummer day. This
view is just as unsatisfying as the other extreme, as it altogether

60 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

ignores the historical certainty of invasions and displacements
by stronger and better armed races, which have taken place in
hundreds of instances all over the world, and which are amply
confirmed in Ireland by the remains of the different races to be
found and the local distribution of their descendants at the
present day.

The most scientific view of the matter is that taken by Boyd
Dawkins, in his work on ‘“‘ Early Man in Britain,” who traces
the various waves of population pressing westward over Europe;
from their remains in prehistoric times ; and later, from the
accounts given by Strabo, Caesar, and others, the stronger still
encroaching on the weaker. First, the cave-dweller, who was,
as depicted by himself, a naked savage, the contemporary of
the mammoth in these countries, who hunted the urus and the
elk for his subsistence, and contended with the cave bear and
the hyzena for his rock shelter. Then the Iberian, swarthy and
small of stature, and not of Aryan stock, who used Neolithic
weapons, kept domestic animals, and in many ways seems to
have been the pioneer of civilisation. One, perhaps both, of
these ancient races (if indeed they were not one race) had
found their way to Britain before it became separated from the
continent. Being afterwards isolated, for probably an immense
time, from the struggle for existence, they would fall an easy
prey to the advance guard of the stronger and better armed
Aryan Celt, when he had advanced so far as to navigate the
channel, on those periodic swarming times of that enterprising
race. Unable to retain possession of the fertile river valleys,
the weaker race was forced to retreat to the forest-covered
hills and morasses, and to make a precarious existence off
the poorer soil that offered no inducement to its conquerors.

These raths or lisses, which were used as dwellings, are
easily distinguishable from the great burial tumuli, such as
those composing the Brugh na Boinne, or “city of the dead,"
in Co. Meath, those near Cong, and elsewhere in Ireland,
which are usually either conical or rounded in their elevation,
and are not surrounded by a trench; while the rath proper

1893-94.] 61

always suggests a fortification, and is encircled by one or more
moats. While one class of structure was evidently raised to
the honour of the dead, the other as clearly was meant for the
protection of the living. The absence of the moat round an
earthen enclosure also enables us to distinguish the keels, or
pagan cemeteries, from the raths, while a circular enclosure
with a moat of trifling depth was probably only intended for
penning cattle. On this point, Major Wood Martin, whose
work on crannoges gives some weight to his opinion, divides
raths into three classes, and as he classes first ‘those for
penning flocks and herds at night, to protect them from wolves
and marauders,’ we may assume he considered this class the
most numerous, and this is an extremely probable view. The
inhabitants of Ireland at that time, although depending partly
on hunting and fishing, seem to have been mainly pastoral,
and as most of the country was covered by forests and morasses,
the natural meadows were widely scattered, so that herds of
cattle were frequently obliged to remain at night at consider-
able distances from the residence of their owners, under the
charge of a herd with a wolf dog or two, so that many such
places of safety would have been required.

Major Wood further states, in the same work, ‘ Prehistoric
Sligo ””—“ The raths must have been erected principally by the
Tuath-de-Danaans and the Milesians.” As he uses these names
from the ‘‘ Annals of the Four Masters,” he most likely accepts
their chronology as well, which would give to some raths an
antiquity of 3000 to 4000 years. These Annals mention the
erection of two raths in the reign of Neimidh, 2350 years
before Christ, and several during the reign of the early Milesian
kings, 1700 years before our era. But as they also mention
the first appearance of some of the chief rivers and lakes of
Ireland in the same reigns, which we know to be impossible,
their evidence is too much vitiated to be relied on. When we
consult other authorities on Irish antiquities, we are surprised
to find that although they treat exhaustively of burial tumuli
and crannoges, or artificial islands, they scarcely refer to raths

62 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

proper at all. The reason of this, no doubt, is because of the
rarity of those objects interesting to collectors to be found in
connection with them.

Mr. Wakeman in his book on “Irish Antiquities,’ when
speaking of the souterrains found in raths, says (page 136)—
“These chambers were partly used as places of temporary
retreat, or as storehouses for perishable commodities, the want
of ventilation rendering them unfit for the continual habitation
of man,’ and Mr. Brash, in his exhaustive work on ogam
inscriptions, in which he devotes a chapter to raths, says—
“The rath is assigned to pagan times in our legendary and
historical relations, and the traditions of the peasantry have
sanctified them by a thousand weird tales. They are said to
be the abode of the ‘good people.’ They dread to pass them
after nightfall lest they should disturb their occupants at their
occult orgies. And the existence of such numbers of them in
the country is entirely owing to the peasantry, whose super-
stitious fears prevent them from aiding or assisting in their
destruction.” Again— That the rath, lis, or caher, as these
constructions are variously called, are the oldest works in the
country, there can be no doubt. The hardest oak decays,
stone will yield to the influence of wet and frost, the strongest
built walls will succumb when the mortar that unites them
loses its cohering quality ; but the earth mound that encircles
the rath will last as long as the clouds and the summer sun
that fertilise its grassy slope.”

Both these statements show close observation, and commend
themselves by their probability ; but when we find Sir W.
Wilde, in accounting for the great numbers of these raths,
saying—“ Certain districts in Kerry presented a greater amount
of population than at present exists in any rural part of Ireland
of the same extent.” He seems to assuime that all the raths
now to be seen were occupied simultaneously, which is most
unlikely—so many causes would lead to their abandonment
from time to time. For instance, their occupants being driven
away in the numerous raids so common in those lawless times,

1893-94.) 63

and forced to settle elsewhere, or from the necessity of a larger
and more elaborate dwelling during a time of prosperity, or
when a more favourable site was discovered. We must not
suppose that these works were an exception to the universal
law ot development. An immense time passed during their
occupation, and no doubt many of the smaller and more
rudimentary of them became obsolete and were abandoned for
more improved forms, so that a long succession of disused
dwellings of widely different dates, on account of their indestruc-
tible nature, and the superstition of later times when agriculture
commenced, are now preserved together.

To illustrate this idea, let us suppose for a moment that some
other human exuviae were as immortal as earthen mounds.
Let us take cast-off boots for example. Suppose that all the
boots worn by the late Dan O’Connell during his life were still
in existence, ranged together on the field of Tara, and pointed
out to Macaulay’s New Zealander, on his arrival there, as
evidence of the number of feet possessed by that extraordinary
man. What a splendid theme for the local guide! Wouldn’t
he treat the stranger to a symmetrical legend; perhaps some-
thing like this—

“Tn ould ancient times, your honor, there was a great giant
lived in these parts by the name of the Big Beggarman ; he
was a great giant entirely, for he had a foot on him for every
day in the year. And it's him was well off, too, for he had a
boot to fit every foot he had, and that was a quare thing in
them times, for there was plenty of cratures then that hadn't a
boot to their foot at all, at all. And sure enough, your honor,
isn’t there his boots to this day.’’

Of the antiquity of these raths we have sufficient evidence,
but chiefly of a negative character ; for instance, we never find
mortar used in the construction of the souterrains. Nor had
their builders any knowledge of the arch, and no weapons or
other articles of metal have been found in them. ‘Then the
great accumulations of bones that surround the crannoges,
amounting to many tons sometimes, are entirely absent. Why

64 (Proc. B,N.F.C,

are no such accumulations found in connection with raths ?
They also were the dwellings of a flesh-consuming race for
many centuries, for no such permanent structures would have
been erected for temporary use. And why can no fragments
be found of the wooden houses that formed the shelter of their
‘inhabitants? The conclusion is forced upon us, that the date
of their occupation was so extremely remote, that metals that
might have resisted decay were unknown, while bones and all
other organic refuse have long since returned to their elements.

As some information on this obscure subject may be found
in certain ancient remains near Dromore, Co. Down, a descrip-
tion of them may possibly have a little interest for the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club ; the more so as ethnology has recently
been added to its programme. These earthen mounds of
various kinds, so widely scattered over Europe and America,
are often the only land-marks of forgotten races remaining for
the study of ethnologists; capable, perhaps, of one day becoming
the very alphabet of their science, they are still too often little
more than hieroglyphics, the key to which has been lost.

The rath to which I wish to direct your attention is not the
great “Mount” of Dromore, but one locally known as “ Phil’s
Fort,” lying about a mile west of the town, close to the road
leading to Lurgan, and within thirty yards of the River Lagan.
While not so large as the great ‘‘ Mount,” it is still of respect-
able dimensions, being 100 feet in diameter on the top, and
standing 18 to 20 feet above the bottom of its moat. The
peculiar circumstance about this rath which I wish you to
notice, is that its double moat is only carried half round. The
parapet, or demilune, that divides the two moats tapers to a
point at each end, its upper surface still coinciding, apparently,
with that of the natural promontory, of which the builders of
the rath availed themselves ; while the other half of the rath,
that abuts on a level meadow or holm, is quite unprotected by
any outwork whatever. It is evident that this parapet or
demilune is still complete as left by its builders. Had any
portion of it been removed, (by a change in the course of the

——~ —-— | +.

1893-94.] 65

river, for instance) we should find its ends escarped, and not as
they now are, tapering to a point on each side. Why were
these elaborate defences which we find on the other side not

carried all round ?

HIGH GROUND

PROBABLE LEVEL O

Ground plan of rath near Dromore, and section
of same restored.

In order that you may better understand the weight of this
question, I must make a geological digression into the ante-
cedents of such river holms, for the benefit of such of you as
have not the familiarity with the habits of rivers that is to be
picked up in thirty year’s practise of trout fishing. The

66 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

present course of most of our rivers represents only the thread
upon which at one time a long chaplet of glittering lakes was
strung. Each lake finding its outlet at the point where its
confining bank was lowest, and by its cwn action during many
centuries cutting back a passage through this barrier until it
drained itself, leaving exposed a nearly level plain of alluvium
—its former bottom—soon to become covered by vegetation,
across which the river now cuts its winding course ; while on
some of these holms we can still see, at the point of influx, a
portion of the old delta deposited in the lake, showing the
height at which its surface remained. Such was the undoubted
history of the river holm on which this rath abuts.

Now, why did the builders of it, who laboriously cut two
protecting trenches on the other side, Jeave this side totally
unprotected ? The inference is obvious. This side was then
sufficiently protected by the deep water of that ancient lake.
The rath, then, is older than the holm, how many centuries
older no one now can tell. But how old isthe holm? Let us
look around ; if we cannot tell just how old the holm is, we
have proof that even it is older than another “ unknown
quantity,” for on its surface still lie the remains of at least one
burial tumulus, carrying us back to pre-christian times; and
we may fairly assume that hundreds of years had passed over
this grassy level before that ancient monument was raised
upon it, for nu one would have chosen it for such a purpose
while even a tradition remained of its having been covered by
water.

The local report about this tumulus, which rests upon the
authority of the late Mr. Walsh, the antiquarian of Dromore,
is that the stones used in building a portion of the wall round
Gilhall demesne were taken out of it. ‘lhis is probably the
truth, for we can see that considerable excavations have been
made on two sides of it. Enough still remains, however, to
show that it was perfectly circular, with a shallow depression
all round. Though composed of stones of moderate size, bound
together with earth, it has been so compactly built that during

1893-94.) 67

all the centuries it has stood there, not a stone has been dis-
placed by the feet of cattle on those portions of the original
slope still remaining. A rough measurement shows that it
contained at least 200 tons of material, mostly stone ; and yet
this great mass rests above two feet of fine alluvial soil, in
which no stone is to be found as large as a marble. As the
central portion of this mound is still undisturbed, where the
cinerary urn might be looked for, the means are at hand to
verify the view I have taken of its object, viz., that here we have
a burial tumulus of pagan times. But this is not all. Within
twenty yards of this tumulus, and also on this fine alluvium,
lie three great fragments of a rock (not native to the district),
averaging more than a ton a-piece, and each bearing on it the
mark of the “ villanous saltpetre” that rent the parent block,
while right between these fragments we find an oblong depres-
sion of the surface, suggesting that other large stones had been
extracted. Now, although this great stone was probably found
on some of the hills round, which are composed of boulder
clay, no natural process could have brought it to where we see
its fragments now. Only human agency can account for its
position ; in fact, every appearance points to its having been at
one time the cap-stone of a cromleach. Here, then, upon this
holm stood a pagan burial tumulus, and most probably a
cromleach too. Both must be of more recent date than the
surface on which they were erected.

We have then three points of antiquity to consider. The
most ancient, the rath and lake ; next, the holm ; and latest,
the pagan tumulus and cromleach. How old are they? Now,
as no pagan interments have taken place in Ireland for about a
thousand years, the tumulus and cromleach (the most modern
of these remains) must be of that age at least, but may be twice
that. How much older is the holm? and how much older still
the lake in whose margin this rath was built? We cannot,
however, hope to do more than establish the relative dates of
these ancient remains, and this, I believe, is done by the
peculiar form of this rath, in being defended by the usual moats

68 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

‘only half round. I have never seen or heard of another
instance like it elsewhere, and unless explained in the way I
have endeavoured to do, its shape would be meaningless.

One other chronological point about these raths is established
beyond the shadow of a doubt, and this is, that ancient as they
are, some of them at least are not nearly so ancient as the
ogam inscriptions, as these have been found in many cases on
the long slabs of stone used in covering the crypts or souter-
rains, and in such positions that the inscriptions could neither
have been engraved nor deciphered where they were placed,
showing that these sepulchral monuments had ceased to be
respected by the rath builders, which implies an immense lapse
of time among a race so unwilling to disturb the memorials of
the dead as the Celtic—a period of such immense duration that
this archaic cipher may have lost its significance and been
replaced by a newer alphabet.

We have, then, three classes of ancient remains in this
country. Can we fix their relative antiquity? The oldest of
the three, the ogam inscriptions, were doubtless the work of
the aboriginal Iberian. That the burial tumuli were erected
by the earliest tribe of Celtic stock that invaded this country
after it had become an island, we may fairly assume, as they
seem to have introduced the practice of cremation, which was
associated with those monuments. What shall we say about
the raths? While we find barrows, or burial tumuli, in many
Celtic countries, this particular form of earth-work seems con-
fined to Ireland. Did the idea arise here? May we assume
that the first rath builder copied, in his artificial cave, the
natural one of the savage cave-dweller, and added to it his
symmetrical superstructure? As the Iberian was in other
Ways a pioneer in the march of civilisation, we may owe to
him also this most ancient,form of human dwelling.

Perhaps a fuller examination of these most interesting re-
mains than they have yet received may enable us to reply to
these questions, and throw some light into those dim abysses
of the past, when these islands were still connected with the

1893-940] 69

continent, and before the waves of the Atlantic had gnawed
away those ranges of basalt and limestone that once connected
our northern shores with Scotland. When the primeval
nomad of Europe, moving ever westward from the cradle of
the race, impelled by his instinct to follow the declining sun,
found his further progress stopped in this Ultima Thule of the
West, where, then as now, the edge of winter was dulled by
the soft influences of the Gulf Stream, and where no intolerable
summers scorched up its perennial streams—the land thus
described by Ferguson :—
“There is honey in the trees where her misty vales expand,
And her forest paths in summer are by falling waters fanned ;

There is dew at high noon-tide there, and springs inthe yellow sands
On the fair hills of holy Ireland.”’

In this land of unfading verdure he may have been tempted to
cease from his wanderings ; here, first perhaps, to raise by the
labour of his hands a fixed abode for those dependent on him,
that first momentous step in the long struggle with the powers
of nature that was destined to transform the savage; and, as the
simple primordial cell which, biologists tell us, was the earliest
dawn of organism, held within it, by the law of its being, all
future developments of life ; so in some of these rude earthen
dwellings around us we may perhaps still behold the very
germ of our Western civilisation, the germ that involved, not
alone the loftiest palace of the present day, but also all those
refinements and sanctities that have clustered round the thought
of home !

NoTe.—Since reading the foregoing paper my attention has
been called to an appendix to O’Laverty’s “‘ Diocese of Down
and Connor,” vol. 4, which is a list given by one Thos. Fagan
of antiquities found and “ forts” demolished by the farmers, in
several parishes, in the Counties of Down, Antrim, and Armagh,
during the early part of the present century. A careful analysis
of this list (which includes, under the general title ‘ forts,”
earthworks of all descriptions) will yield little or nothing to

70 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

affect my general statements regarding the great antiquity of
the true rath or lis. In about half of the cases recorded, the
“‘ forts” demolished were evidently sepulchral, as urns con-
taining human bones were found ; and in the great majority of
the others nothing more than some rude stone implements are
mentioned. Of the five or six remaining, we may safely class
most as crannoges ; for instance, one at Inisloughlin described
as “almost inaccessible as it was situated in a bog.’ Here
round metal balls were found (a common crannoge form), both
name and situation prove it to have been a crannoge. In the
same category I would place the “ fort’ mentioned at Knock-
more, where “oak planks dressed by an edged tool were found
five feet under the surface,’’ from the depth mentioned we may
safely assume the ‘‘surface” to have been bog. With regard to
the forge dross found in demolishing forts in Ballycarrickmaddy,
may this not have been simply calcined clay, which might be
looked for about the fire-hearths mentioned? Here, again, we
have no description of the two “ forts” given by which to class
them ; and, further, as no iron weapon has yet turned up that
can be connected with a rath, we may safely dismiss this “ forge
dross” also. There remains, in fact, just one case that seriously
deserves notice, that of the fort at Ardmore, in the parish of
Killead, which, from its description, was evidently a true rath ;
and here were found, “in the ditch, quantities of bones of deer
and small-sized cows, broken earthenware, a bronze pin, and
pieces of mortised wood.” This solitary instance forms just such
a complete exception that it rather tends to prove the opposite
rule ; for here, and here only, we have no less than four classes
of remains, usually absent, found all together ‘in the ditch” of
this one rath. All probability points to a second settlement
here in much later times, either on the rath itself or so near it
as to make the moat a convenient dumping place for refuse.

The plates have been kindly supplied by F. Vinycomb, Esq.

1893-94.] 7

Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., honorary secretary, then
read the following paper on “ Pre-historic and Historic Forts
and Raths in the City and Vicinity of Belfast.” |
_ The rapid extension of our city on all hands, whereby the

old country marks are being blotted out, caused me to occupy
a few spare evenings last summer in surveying and measuring
the primitive dwelling places of the people who lived in our
town and neighbourhood in early times. These people walked
what are now our streets, hunted our plains, fished our rivers,
climbed our mountains, and, doubtless, eked out as comfortable
and satisfactory an existence in those primitive days as we do
now ; they were the free denizens of a district rich in woods
and affording excellent hunting grounds for a pastoral people.
Now all is changed, and where once was the narrow path amid
the crowded wood, the causeway through the marsh or across
the river and the undulating plain, there arises the tall mills,
the smoky chimneys, and the long rows of houses.

For a few minutes to-night let us forget these every day
aspects of our district and view in fancy, strengthened by the
facts I am about to lay before you, that past and those people
whose day and life can only be accurately contemplated by a
careful study of the remains still preserved to us through a long
succession of troublous epochs.

O’Curry tells us these remains belong to the most remote
antiquity. The rath was a simple circular wall or enclosure of
raised earth enclosing a space of more or less extent in which
stood the residence of the Chief, and sometimes the dwellings
of one or more of the officers or chief men of the tribe or court.
Sometimes also the rath consisted of two or three concentric
walls or circumvallations; but it does not appear that the
erection so called was ever intended to be surrounded with
water. The dun was of the same form as the rath, but consisted
of at least two concentric circular mounds or walls with a deep
trench full of water. These were often encircled by a third or
even greater number of rings at increasing distances, but this
circumstance made no alteration in the form or in the signifi-
cation of the name. Dun is defined in Celtic law as two walls

7 2 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

with water. This definition would apply to any mearing
formed of a wet trench between two raised banks of earth. The
dun and rath had sometimes small chambers excavated under
the ground within the enclosing rampart. These chambers
vary in size, but are usually nine or ten feet long, three or four
feet broad, and three or four feet high ; the entrance is very
narrow, and similar narrow passages connect the chambers with
each other. The chambers correspond with the earth-house of
the Norse, and were intended as places for hiding valuables
and, perhaps, as places of refuge. The fort is the conical mound
whose highest point is its centre. You hear these remains
commonly called Danes’ forts; now, this is misleading, for the
Danes never built the earthworks that are scattered so broad-
cast over our country, the time of their occupation was not
sufficient for such a purpose, and, besides, they only occupied
the fringes of Ireland and did not gain any permanent access
to the interior. The expression, however, may be a corruption
of the name of a primitive race that did build such dwellings,
namely, the Tuatha-de-Danaans, who occupied the land previous
to the introduction of Christianity, and whose name may have
become corrupted. The “ Four Masters” record the building
of raths from the year anno mundi 3500 till anno domini 1100,
and their cccupation till even more recent times. It has been
suggested that our round towers took their form from the shape
of the more primitive rath, for primitive ideas were not prone
to radical changes. The great fort of Rathmore, near Antrim,
has a written history from the second century, being the Rath
Mor Muighe-Line of the historians. In the seventh century it
was the residence of the Princes of Dalaradia, by whom it was
occupied in 1315, when it was burned and looted by Edward
Bruce, brother ot King Robert. It is now “tilled by a Saxon
churl,” which was prophesied of it long before its destruction.
It is easy to conceive how these erections were places of con-
siderable strength before the introduction of fire-arms. The
different circumvallations were skilfully planted with sharpened
stakes crossed and plaited together with wattles, the same as at

1893-94.] 73

present constructed in savage lands; the more rings that sur-
rounded the stronghold rendered it the more difficult of capture
by the enemy, as each redoubt had to be taken separately.
Small twisted passages were left through the stakes, and these
could be closed at a moment’s notice. The houses in which
the families lived were in the centre, and were built of stakes,
wattled and covered with mud and thatched with sods or grass.
The interior was fitted up according to the taste or inclination
of the owner—the walls and floors being covered with skins and
other trophies of the chase. In similar raths to those in our
vicinity have been found the remains of red and fallow deer,
oxen, horses, swine, and fowl, with cooking places made in the
earth filled with charcoal, burnt stones and calcined bones ;
clinkers have also been dug up, showing that iron was worked,
of which fragments have also been found. Numerous querns,
hones, and sling stones have been got ; also, bone pins, piercers,
beads, combs, and knife handles.

None of the forts in our immediate vicinity are of any great
size, of course always excepting MacArt’s Fort, which is the
pride and glory of our landscape. It would be almost sacrilege
to measure it, as nothing but “ time’s effacing finger” shall
ever destroy its outline, and assuredly we shall not live to see
that. This fort is mostly natural, but partly artificial, and was
doubtless occupied by a MacArt O'Neill, after whom it is
called; but its first occupation is lost in the mists of time.
The contour of the hill trom certain points resembles a human
face, and in the revolutionary times of ’98 was likened to the
head of Freedom crowned with the cap of Liberty. One of
our members, a youthful poetess of no mean excellence, has
recently sung of this self same hill—

The face was shaped and hewn, these rocks were blent
In earliest ages of creation’s morn,

When by the earthquake’s shock the globe was rent,
And from the fire and flood the hills were born ;
When ocean swept over cape and continent,

And all lands were of sentient life forlorn,

And no man witnessed from our island coast
The marching of the glacier’s spectral host,

74 [Proc B.N.F.C.,

I saw her sit upon her mountain throne,
Girdled with many a sunset reddened bar

That bound her shining garments as a zone ;
Her voice came sobbing as the sea afar,

Her vaporous locks into the zenith blown

Had dimmed the brightness of the evening star.
A robe of cloudy texture, golden hem,

Clad her, and moonlike was her diadem.

Her head is lowly pillowed on the breast

Of this our motherland, and to the skies

She lifteth from that everlasting rest

The unwavering worship of her stedfast eyes ;
Wiser than Freedom’s daughter of the West,
Who all the storms of air and sea defies,
Flaming her beacon torch to all men’s sight—
Our God-given image looks to God for light.

And light is granted, through the summer day
The shadows and the golden sunshafts sweep.
The rainbow arches o’er her, storm clouds stay
Upon their march and flashing lightnings leap,
Showing how ’neath the curtaining cloud of grey
She lieth undisturbed as if in sleep,

Till through the falling fringes of the rain

The sunburst shineth, and she smiles again.

The fort lying nearest the centre of our city that I can find
any record of is one that formerly stood in the middle of
Carlisle Street, where Jane Street intersects, close to Carlisle
Circus. No. 50 Carlisle Street stands upon its centre. It was
oval in shape, measuring about 140 feet trom N.E. to S.W,,
and 11o feet transversely. In the “ Ulster Journal of Archae-
ology” there is a note to the effect that a rath stood close to
the Antrim Road, near the new burying-ground, and adjacent
to St. Malachi’s College. In 1834 it was intact, and in 1857 it
had been effaced by a bricktield. I believe it is the same as the
one in Carlisle Street. ‘lhe same fate immediately awaits two
other raths at the corner of the Ballygomartin and Shankill
Roads, which I will hereafter describe, for when I visited them
last summer with R. Lloyd Praeger, the owner was making

189394.] 75

bricks and building new houses within a few yards of both of
them.

There was probably a fort at Duncairn, near where the
residence of the Macrory’s stood ; but of this I have no positive
information, although many people believed the small circular
mound known as the ice house, that stood revealed when the
trees and shrubbery were cut away, to have been the remains
of an ancient residence.

The next rath is at Fortwilliam, close to the residence of George
S. Clark, J.P. A very small portion now remains, planted
with large sallagh trees. Under this rath is a souterrain, into
which many people have told me they have entered. It stands
upon a drum or knoll of gently rising ground, its situation
being a rather commanding one, overlooking the sloping
ground to the sea, including the now obscured promontory
called Ringan’s Point, at the bottom of Fortwilliam Park.
The elevated situation of the rath at Fortwilliam marked it
out in Elizabethan times as the spot for a fortification for the
English soldiery, for a few paces to the north of the ancient
dwelling there still exists in almost its original condition a
very fine earth-work, square in shape, with two corner bastions
surrounded by a fosse, varying from ten to twelve feet deep,
with an outer rampart of earth four to six feet high (see plate).
The centre square measures sixty-two feet on the four sides,
and is surrounded by a low bank three feet high; but the
most remarkable features are the two circular bastions at the
diagonal corners, viz., the N.K. and S.W., both perfect, and
corresponding in the surrounding rampart and fosse to the
body of the fort. The N.E. one measures in diameter ten feet,
and the other is a little larger, measuring fifteen feet. The
extreme diameter of the whole works is about a hundred and
twenty feet. R. M. Young, M.R.IA., in his valuable “ Town
Book,” states—'‘The square earthen redoubt known as Fort-
william was almost certainly non-existent in Essex’s time,
and corresponds in plan with another fort having similar
small bastions at the four angles to receive cannon, situated

76 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

immediately under the Cave Hill. There seems a strong
probability that these works were thrown up to form a defence
on the north side of the town against any sudden attack of the
Scotch in 1640.” Now, may not this fortification and the one
at the base of the Cave Hill (which I shall describe shortly)
have been erected by the gallant but unfortunate Earl of Essex
during his brief sojourn in Ulster.

In 1573, in the halycon days of ‘ good Queen Bess,” the
Earl of Essex was encamped at Crag-Fergus, claiming a grant
of half the country of the Clan of Yellow Hugh O’Neill,
otherwise Clandeboye, in right of a bequest from Edmund
Mortimer, Earl of March, to his niece, which had fallen into
the hands of the crown. Sir Bryan MacPhelim O’Neill, whose
ancestors had here held undisputed sway for fourteen genera-
tions, had beaten back the English within the walls of their
town of Carrick. The Earl boasted that he wouid be successful,
should it cost him his earldom. It cost him more, for he lost
his head. The Irish did not seem to be in rebellion against
the Queen, but naturally resented the usurpation of their lands
by an Englishman. It took the cunning and cruelty of Sir
Arthur Chichester, the succeeding adventurer, to drive the
natives into open rebellion and then gain his chief end, the
confiscation of their lands. A proposition having been made
to reduce the number of the Queen’s soldiers under Essex, the
Earl writes from Carrick that such would be disastrous to his
objects, as he had been more successful of late. In this letter
he said—'‘ I think it not the way to save the Queen’s charges,
for I see noe cause why every countye in Ireland should not
mayntein the Queen a nombre of soldiors. Theise Irish lords,
which make their countreys to mayntein twentye thousand
soldiors to warre against the Queen when they list, sholde be
made to pay English soldiors to serve Her Majestie, and their
idle kernes hold to their work or to the gallows.” All of
which was very kind of the noble Earl. Then follows “a
noate of the severall seates for placing of the gentlemen ad-
venturers for their princypall dwellyngs, reserved for Her

77

1893-94.]

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1893-94. | 79

Majesty and the Earle, beginning at Glanarm, and so encom-
passing the ring or circuit (this was Clandeboye, and was what
Essex had his eye upon for himself) by the sea coste, the
Banne syde, the Loghe syde, &c., and so downward by the
edge of Killultagh to Bellfast, and from thence to Carrickfergus,
and so by Oulderfleet to Glenarm againe aforesaide.” Truly a
nice little allotment for any man, earl or other, and in this list
of places I find “Castell TToome to Masseryn, Belfaste to the
Bottom benethe the Cave having two little pyles, Mr. Barkley
and Mr. Brunker, distant four miles from Carigfergus, for the
Queen.” These two little pyles beneath the cave were either
the two square forts—the one in Fortwilliam and the other in
Ballyaghagan, close to the Antrim Road in Murray’s farm,
near to the Castle fence—or else Greencastle and Whitehouse.
The Ballyaghagan fort is still tairly perfect, measuring one hun-
dred and five feet from side to side (see plate). The surrounding
fosse is about six feet deep, and the outside rampart in some
places four feet high. The centre is but slightly surrounded
by arampart. The total diameters of the works is 164 feet and
134 feet respectfully (see plate). Unlike Fortwilliam, this fort
has no corner bastions, although Mr. Young states it has at the
four corners “like Fortwilliam.” Fortwilliam has only two,
and this one has none. ‘This fort is situated in the townland of
Ballyaghagan, and the Cave Hill, as you all know, was called
Ben-Madighan, both evidently some old septal names. An
adjoining townland, now called Low-wood, was originally called
Lis-toll-gard, meaning the fort of the head garrison, and may
have referred to this fortification, or, perhaps, to an earlier fort
that existed on the same site.

In the townland of Oldpark there are seven raths, all in
fair preservation. Three lie to the south of the road from the
Antrim Road to the Crumlin Road, and four to the north, up
the slope of the hill.

There is a small double-circled rath in Edenderry townland,
nearly opposite the back gate into Woodvale Park, and just
a short distance along towards Ballygomartin, after you leave

80 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

the Shankill Road (see plate, fig. 1). The rath still retains,
clearly defined, two encircling depressions, varying in depth
from two to four feet lower than the vallations, which are also
clearly defined. The central plain is eighty-five feet in diameter,
and the surrounding rampart is about eighteen inches higher
than the centre, and the trench is about four feet deep. The
whole diameter of the earth-works is one hundred and fifty-eight
feet. Dwelling-houses are built quite close to this, so it may
disappear at any moment.

A very short distance west of this, in an adjoining brick-
field, is a much finer rath (see plate, fig. 2). The total diameter
of its earth-works is one hundred and eighty-eight feet, its
central plateau being one hundred and twenty-three feet, with
a surrounding bank three-and-a-half feet high, succeeded by a
trench five feet deep on the south side and seven on the north.
The succeeding bank is from one to three feet higher than this
trench, and can be clearly traced all round.

The next rath is situated a couple of fields up the Forth
River, close to the house of a man called Rusk, and has almost
been destroyed by cultivation, but its form can still be clearly
traced. Its greatest height is about five feet, and its diameter
is about eighty-one feet—the rampart can be traced for about
half the circumference.

To the north of Ballysillan House, and in the grounds of
the same close to the Crumlin Road, remains a rath with part
of its entrenchments almost in their original state. The
diameter of the central plain only attains fifty-nine feet, part of
the surrounding bank is six feet high, whilst the trench on one
side attains a depth of twelve feet. The best part lies to the
north, whilst the south-west has been encroached upon by a
now ruined cottage. The diameter of the whole works is one
hundred and thirty-eight feet.

The remains of a rath exist close to Glencairn (the residence
of Josias Cunningham, one of our members) ; the form alone
can be traced. Its diameter was about one hundred and twenty
feet, the rampart is about six feet high, but the trench has been

1893-94. ] 81

filled up—it has been used as a ring for training young horses.
I see by the ordnance map that the municipal boundary passes
right through this site.

Further up the road by the side of Glencairn, and nearly
opposite Frazer’s Loaning, there is a rath, partly planted, on
Kirkwood’s farm. Its total diameter is about one hundred and
thirty-three feet, the rampart and fosse remaining on the one
side, but removed on the other. Where remaining the ram-
part is three feet higher than the central plain, which is one
hundred and nine feet in diameter, whilst the trench is six feet
deeper than the rampart.

Close to this on the west side of Frazer’s Loaning there is
another small fort, and there are two others lying between the
new Whietrock road and the little white Church ; then down
the Whiterock road there is another to the north before you
come to what is called Callender’s Fort, which was of consider-
able dimensions, and is situated in the townland of Ballydown-
fine, or the town of the white fort.

Drawing a line due west from the Linen Hall I think I have
mentioned all the raths and forts within a radius of three miles
from the Exchange in the Co. Antrim. I leave the other end
of the town to some member who may reside on that side.

My intention in placing on record these apparently unimpor-
tant details is simply to havea record of the interesting his-
torical features of our immediate district, and to prevent the
passing into oblivion of the primitive haunts and residences of
the early inhabitants of Dalaradia. The large number of these
earthworks that still remain to us, although doubtless many
have been removed, conclusively prove that in the early ages
the site of our city was not a desert region, but was amply
inhabited by an industrious race of people, for the remains they
have left clearly prove that they must have been both numerous
and industrious. This ancient race has passed away and the
land shall know them no more.

82 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

‘Gainst foemen long battling, at length they went down,
As truagh gan oidhir na Ch-farradh ! *

But they’ ve left their deep tracks on the road of renown,
As truagh gan oidhir na Ch-farradh !

We are heirs of their fame, if we’re not of their race,

And deadly and deep will be our disgrace,

If we live o’er their sepulchres abject and base,
As truagh gan oidhir na Ch-farragh !

The plates are from drawings and measurements kindly made
by R. Li. Praeger and F. W. Lockwood.

John Russell, C.E., member, then read a short paper on
“Forts in the Townland of Erenagh, near Downpatrick,”
giving some interesting details in regard to them.

After some remarks from members present, the meeting was
closed, the following new members having been first elected :—
R. M. Montgomery, Joseph Allen, Mrs. Macrory, Miss Sarah
M‘Duff, Hugh Morrison, R. L. Woolcombe, M.A.

On the 20th February, 1894, the following papers were read:—
““The Ancient Church of Lisnagarric,” by John Cardwell ;
“ Botanizing in County Dublin,” by R. Lloyd Praeger, M.R.LA.;
“Localities for Lepidoptera near Belfast,” by Charles W. Watts,
F.1.C.; “Lepidoptera of the districts around Lough Erne,”
by Lieutenant Colonel Partridge. The President occupied
the chair.

The first paper was read by John Cardwell, of Tonaghmore,
on the ancient church of Lisnagarric, in the parish of Saintfield.
The essayist said—One mile -to the westward of the village of
Saintfield you cross a curious old bridge built by the King’s
troops in 1798, a short distance from which you come toa green
hill dotted over in summer with broom and furze, the view
from the crest of which is very fine. Westward rise the peaks
of Mourne ; to the east lies Strangford Lough, with Scrabo full

* What a pity there is no heir to their company,

1893-94.] 83

in view ; whilst around lies the old cemetery of Lisnagarric,
which contained about two acres. The stones were great,
irregular uncut blocks, many of them showing nicely chiselled
crosses on their sides. The last interment here was in 1821.
On the north side of this graveyard stood the ancient church
that tradition says was the fourth built in Ireland. Be that
as it may, in the year 1100 Osway, a Danish invader, landed
on the shores of Lough Strangford, marched through Down-
patrick, and took up his headquarters in the Fort of Ballylone,
which has three circumvallations, and was known as Osway’s
Fort, for here he lived and robbed and plundered at his own
sweet will.

Perched on a rock like an eagle’s nest in the next townland
stood the Castle of Tonart More, the walls of which were four
feet thick, the whole enclosed within a stone fort, and the tracks
worn by the sentinel on the rock are still to be seen. In the
year 1102 Tonart gave Osway battle and was defeated, taking
refuge in the crannoge in the adjoining lake, whilst Osway
plundered and burnt the Church of Lisnagarric. How long it
remained in ruins is unknown, but in the wars of 1641 it was
again destroyed by Shane O’Neill. Saintfield was then beginning
to grow into a hamlet, and it was agreed to built a new church
there, and accordingly the present church was built in 1650.
The bell was hung in an adjoining tree, and is still preserved,
and probably is the old Lisnagarric Church bell. The memorial
stone of the old church, together with the coins, were removed
to Saintfield, where the stone may still be seen built into the
wall of the present church. In 1857 R. A. M‘Ewen excavated
the crannoge in the lake, and found the remains of Tonart and
his followers. Their shoes were in good preservation, and were
sewed with leather thongs ; he also found a canoe hollowed out
of a log of oak. The ancient font, now in my possession, was
turned up in the old graveyard whilst the same was being
ploughed. The foundations of the ancient church were fully
exposed during agricultural operations in 1822, but all evidence
of their existence has now passed away, even the graveyard

84 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

being ploughed and levelled and fenced like the adjoining fields.
Curious to state, Bishop Reeves has not referred to this ancient
church in his “ Ecclesiastical Antiquities of the Diocese, &c.,”’
but Father O’Laverty has a slight note regarding it.

Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A. ; F. W. Lockwood, C.E.; Rev. C. H.
Waddell, M.A.; and Francis Joseph Bigger having criticised
the paper, the essayist replied.

R. Lloyd Praeger then proceeded with the subject of
‘Botanizing in Co. Dublin,” in which he contrasted the flora of
Dublin with that of Antrim and Down. He first pointed out
the difference in the physical features of the two areas. Dublin
County resembled Co. Down in being generally of small
elevation, with a group of granite mountains in the southern
portion ; but the replacement of the Ordovician grits of Down
by Carboniferous Limestone caused marked changes in the
flora. The Dublin flora differed from that of the north-east
chiefly in possessing a number of limestone-loving species, and
some others that affect gravelly and dry places. To illustrate
this, mounted specimens were shown of some thirty species
which are characteristic of the Dublin flora, all of which are
either rare in or absent from the north-east. A few of these
have a local distribution, chiefly around Dublin, but the
majority of them occur over the south, centre, and east of
Ireland, becoming rarer to the northward.

The plants shown included Ranunculus circinatus, Stsym-
brium Sophia, S. Irio, Diplotaxis murals, Papaver hybridum,
Melilotus officinalis, Ononts arvensis, FPoterium Sangutsorba,
Foeniculum officinale, Dipsacus sylvestris, Carlina vulgaris,
Tragopogon pratensis, Leontodon hirtus, L. hispidus, Crepis
taraxacijolia, Chlora perfoliata, Galeopsis Ladanum, Cala-
mintha officinalis, Verbena officinalis, Primula veris, Mercurt-
alts annua, Orchis pyramidals, Glyceria aqguauca, Schlerochloa
rigida, Hordeum marinum.

1893-94.] 35

A discussion on the paper ensued in which Rev. C. H.
Waddell, Prof. Cole, F.G.S.; William Gray, F. W. Lockwood,
and S. A. Stewart took part.

The paper read by Charles W. Watts will be found in the
appendix,

Lieutenant-Colonel Partridge gave a list of the species
amounting to 283 found by him during the year 1893. It is
understood Colonel Partridge will augment this list next year,
and make it as complete as possible, when it may be published
tn extenso in the Club’s proceedings.

A vote of thanks was passed to Colonel Partridge for his
valuable paper.

Before separating the audience had an opportunity of exa-
mining the different plants and lepidoptera referred to in the
papers.

The annual microscopical meeting of the Club was held on
20th March, when the accommodation of the different rooms
in the Museum was fully taken advantage of by the crowded
attendance of members and friends. For two hours the twenty
microscopes on the tables were the source of great attraction,
it being a difficult task to distinguish or point out the objects
that created most attention. Geological subjects were well
represented, which may be accounted for by the habitual bent
of the Club in that direction, combined with the recent course
of geological lectures delivered by Professor Cole. The whole
exhibition afforded the greatest amount of interest and pleasure
to those present; which was scarcely detracted from by the
crush which at times was experienced around the different
operators.

Alexander Tate, C.E., presided, and, after a few introductory
and well-chosen remarks, called upon P. F. Gulbransen, mem-
ber, to read a short paper on “ Why do objects appear larger
when viewed through a microscope?” After the paper had

86 [Proc. B.N.F.Cy

been read the microscopes were again resorted to until 9.30
o’clock, when a short business meeting was held—the President
in the chair.

The Hon. Secretary read the report, which referred to the
work of the microscopists last year, and regretted that, in
consequence of the section not having a secretary, much had
been omitted, which would, however, be remedied during the
coming season. Alexander Tate, C.E., was elected chairman,
and Dr. St. Clair Boyd secretary of the section, with the
following as a committee :—James Stelfox, C.E.; W. S. M‘Kee,
Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A.; P. F. Gulbransen, Joseph Wright,
F.G.S. ; H. M‘Cleery, and Professor Symington. After the
election of eighteen new members, the meeting was brought to
a close, it being in point of attendance and in the interest of
the exhibits the most successful microscopical meeting ever
held under the auspices of the Club. The following were the
members elected:—Wm. Gibson, Miss Shaw, Miss Grimshaw,
Miss Ethel Boyd, Miss Walkington, LL.D.; James Moore,
S. A. Moore, John Kinahan, Mrs. Wheeler, Jas. F. Anderson,
John. M. Anderson, Robert Sharpe, Maurice Stubbs, Samuel
Stears, S. B. Smyth, M.D.

At a meeting of the Club held in the Museum, College
Square North—John Vinycomb, M.R.1.A,, presiding—William
Gray, M.R.I.A., read a paper on “Our Holy Wells: a Folk-
lore Chapter.”

He said many analogies might be drawn between the history
and characteristics of our race and the history and characteristics
of a single member of the race. As with the individual, so the
race may be said to pass through the stages of infancy, child-
hood, maturity, and decay. In dealing with our present subject
we may almost pass unnoticed the obscure period of our race’s
infancy. We dare not contemplate the possibilities of maturity,
or, the consequences of decay, but the childhood or, preparatory
stage of mankind is full of interest, and may well challenge our

1893-94. 87

attention. During the infancy stage the bountiful hand of
nature, like a tender mother, supplied all the immediate wants
of mankind, without care, effort, or thought on the part of man,
but primitive man soon discovered that this felicity was not to
last, and that he was born toa heritage of labour and strife.
One of the first practical lessons acquired was a consciousness
of the limitation of his knowledge and the deficiency of his
experience, and, like a precocious youth, his expanding mind
devoted itself to observation and inquiry.

We naturalists can fully understand what a powerful effect the
objects of nature must have had upon the expanding mind of
primitive man. The various forms of animals life that shared
his companionship, the verdure of the vegetable world that
beautified the landscape, “the seasons ever rolling round
minutely faithful,” the voice of the thunder, and the roar of the
cataract, we can well understand how all this must have
impressed primitive man in the dawn of his youthful intelli-
gence. Then, everything was so strange, so wonderful, and, to
his childlike fancy, apparently the work of beings, superior to
himself, whose personality he but vainly imagined, and whose
power, so far beyond his own, he feared and worshipped. Hence
all nature was to him tenanted by living beings, each in their
allotted sphere working out the ever-changing phenomena
around him, and producing the results for good or evil that
most affected his destiny. In this recognition of cause and
effect we have the fundamental basis of all scientific research,
and in the conception that the moving cause was a being active
and capable we have the goal of all true worship. The methods
employed in the investigation of the cause or causes of natural
phenomena were extremely varied, and the paths pursued
towards the goal of religious truth were extremely tortuous, and
in the development of human culture both were influenced,
modified, and readapted under the varying circumstances of
time, the migration and co-mingling of tribes, the dispersion of
the human family over the earth, the growth of natural
characteristics and the formation of settled communities ; and,

88 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

yet, while the primitive impressions were thus thickly incrusted
by accumulated modifications, they constantly crop up through
every covering, and among every people, thereby demonstrating
the antiquity and universality of the primary appreciation of a
cause for natural phenomena, and a recognition of its author
or authors.

In the history of individuals we know how powerful are the
early impressions of youth, and how indelibly they are en-
graved on the memory, presenting themselves in all their
freshness and vigour amidst all the varying vicissitudes of an
extended lifetime. It is even so with the early impressions of
the race. The mythology of Greece and Rome, a development
of this idea, was composed of a vast assemblage of divinities or
celestial beings. The hills and the valleys, the groves and the
rocks, the seas, lakes, rivers, and pools had each their attendant
divinity. This polytheism was not confined to the peculiarities
of the natural world ; it included divinities representative of all
the fancied qualities of the ideal world ; even distinguished
heroes, sages, and artists were exalted to the position and
dignity of deities, and were included amongst the celestial
hierarchy ; and the labours of poets and artists were mainly
employed in expressing the doings and characters of the gods.
The old Norse myths are founded on the imaginary characters
and actions of ideal beings who represented the various
functions of nature, and in the popular mind these super-
natural beings were endowed with qualities and habits for good
or evil similar to the people themselves. In a similar manner
throughout the world the great tribal or natural gods represent
the personified forces of nature—a shadowy world of super-
natural beings possessed of the same desires, habits, and
passions as the people who worship them. This all-prevailing
impression seems to imply a universal inner consciousness of a
spiritual world which is awakened in the mind by the more
distinctive phenomena of nature, which are therefore wor-
shipped as the tangible representatives of living beings who
control the destinies of mankind for good or evil.

1893*94.] 89

In the progress of civilisation the sorcerer and the exorcist
professed to be able to drive out the demon of affliction and to
cure the diseases that afflicted man, and in modern times the
scientist teaches that our diseases are often attributable to
certain forces or agencies of nature operating as living beings
in the form of microbes, bacteria, &c., endued with various
powers for good or evil. Such modern conclusions to a certain
extent justify the early impressions of primitive mankind as to
the powers and actions of natural forces. Of the various
phenomena of nature supposed to be under the care of special
divinities, water and trees occupied the most prominent and
important position, and had the widest influence. All natural-
ists will understand why this should be, when we consider the
wonder-working effect of water in the physical world, and the
growth, development, and beauty of the vegetable world, the
stately grandeur of the forest, and the grace and dignity of
certain trees.

The antiquity and universality of the adoration of wells and
trees is established by ancient authors and modern travellers.
The classic writers frequently refer to wells and fountains and
the respective powers of each. Among the Greeks every river,
fountain, or spring had its special deity. Seneca says—‘* We
worship the head of great rivers, and we raise altars to their
first springs.” The Germans, Gauls, and other natives of
Europe regarded lakes and rivers as sacred. The American
Indians pay special respect to their lakes, as the eastern Indians
do to the river Ganges, and as Jews and Christians respect the
Jordan and the Nile. Sir William Bentham in his “ Gail and
Cymbri” says—“ The Celts were much addicted to the worship
of fountains and rivers as deities.’ Similar evidence can be
furnished as to the respect for trees, particularly those of
venerable appearance, which are supposed to be the homes of
the spirits of the woods.

Perhaps, with reference to Ireland, we could not select a
better case than Lough Creevy, in County Meath, to show the
connection between the old Celtic and the modern Christian

go [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

reverence for lakes and wells and trees in this country.
Eugene A. Conwell’s description of the discovery of the tomb
of Ollamh Fodhla demonstrates that this locality was once the
scene of an important Pagan station, and the site of numerous
Pagan monuments that still remain as silent witnesses of the
remote past. In the manuscript materials collected for the
illustration of local history during the progress of the Ord-
nance survey, the late Dr. O’Donovan has shown that “every
place in Ireland bearing the name of Creeve had originally a
sacred tree of widely extending branches for the purpose of
inauguration, 6r to commemorate the death of some famous
person.” We have, then, in Lough Creeve, an example of the
survival and combination of the two forms of primitive faith—
the respect for water and the reverence for trees, with which
our holy wells are so intimately connected. As Mr. Conway
observes—‘‘ It is a very remarkable coincidence that up to a
recent period, and indeed not yet quite given up, a large
gathering of the people, or ‘ patron,’ extending westwards from
St. Kieran’s Church and Well, was held in this plain during
the first week of August, the period of the year for the
celebration of the famous fair of Taillten ; and this is the more
remarkable inasmuch as the festival of St. Kieran, which would
be the day naturally and usually set apart for the celebration of
the ‘ patron,’ in honour of the patron saint of the parish, occurs
on the 14th of June, the recorded day of St. Kieran’s death.”
This demonstrates that the ceremonies at one time celebrated
in honour of Pagans survived until the Christian era, and the
early Christian missionaries consecrated for divine purposes the
Pagan places of assembly and worship, and the homage paid
the original personage was transferred to the saint who became
the patron of the place; or, in other words, the modern
patrons or “ patterns” held at holy wells are the survival of the
still more ancient gatherings of the Pagan Irish; and that the
Pagan reverence for water, rivers, and wells was transferred to
the holy wells which were consecrated by the early saints,
sometimes the direct survivals of Pagan fountains, and some-
times as wells created or adapted for the purposes of baptism.

1893-94.) 91

In the early annals of Ireland there are many references to
wells, and their use in the baptism of early converts. In Dr.
Reeves’s ‘' Adamnani Vita St. Columbze”—*"* St. Columba strove
against the Magii (Druids) at a well in the country of the Picts.
He exorcised the heathen demon of the well, which thereafter,
as a holy fountain, cured many diseases.” In the “Life of St.
Columbkille,” preserved in the Leabhar Brez in the library of
the R.I.A., it is said—

He blessed three hundred miraculous crosses,
He blessed three hundred wells that were constant.

At Durrow Abbey, King’s County, there is a Celtic cross to
St. Columba, near which there isa holy well, with the following
inscription :—" St. Columba used this well when he preached
the Gospel, and built an abbey near it A.D. 550—

Here angels shall enjoy my sacred cell,
My sloe, my nut, my abbey, and my well,

According to Colgan, St. Kieran studied at Rome, and met St.
Patrick in Italy, who desired him to go before him to Ireland,
and at the Well Fuaran, ‘a living fountain,’ about the centre
of the kingdom to built a monastery, where he (St. Patrick)
would afterwards meet him. Whether such conversation took
place or not, it is certain that Birr, which is only a few miles
from the ruins of Seir Kyran, was long reputed to be the centre
of Ireland, while it is also true that a small stream, even yet,
called Fuaran, still purls away on the east side of the ruins at
Seir Kyran ; to the south of these ruins there is still likewise
to be seen the holy well, or ‘ living fountain,’ supposed to have
been then alluded to by the Apostle of Lreland.” Clonmacnoise
was known by many different names. ‘It was also known as
‘ Artibra,’ meaning ‘ of the wells,’ of which there are two here,
the one dedicated to St. Kieran and the other to St. Fineen.”
“The Annals of Clonmacnoise,” compiled by the Abbot Tiger-
nagh, informs us that a person named Torbaid was Comorban
of St. Patrick previous to the year 758, when his son Gorman
died on a pilgrimage at the Well of >t. Fineen, at Clonmacnoise.

92 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Thus we find the Well of Fineen resorted to for religious
purposes more than 1,100 years ago, not very long after the
introduction of Christianity into Ireland.

The Christian forms of worship substituted for the Pagan
rites and ceremonies at wells, fountains, and other places of
assembly fell into disrepute in the course of time wherever
there was a departuae from the oringinal simplicity of the
early Christian practices and a return to the scenes of revellings
and disorder characteristic of the old Pagan popular assemblies.
The tendency to degenerate was due to an inherent weakness
in the policy of early Christian missionaries who were unable
to completely stamp out all the Pagan rites and popular
customs, and therefore the missionaries were obliged as a
matter of policy to adopt a compromise, retaining such popular
rites and customs as were considered innocent amusements and
engrafting upon them the introduced formalities of the Chris-
tian ritual.

This policy as enforced by Pope Gregory is embodied in a
letter written about the year 601 a.D., and addressed “ To his
most beloved son, the Abbot Millitus,” who was sent by the
Pope to Agustine, first Bishop of Canterbury. ‘he full text is
given in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, Book I., chap xxx.
Under the policy thus recommended the feasting and amuse-
ments that followed the old Pagan rites were tolerated ‘‘ to the
end that whilst some gratifications are outwardly permitted
them, they may more easily consent to the inward consolation
of the grace of God.’’ Unfortunately the “ gratifications”’ thus
“ permitted” the early converts, became afterwards the chief
attraction on the day of dedication, and the religious obser-
vances on the Patron’s day degenerated into the “ pattern” or
“fair” that subsequently became the fruitful source of riot and
disorder down to our own day. This pattern or fair originated
with the trade carried on in former times by those who pro-
vided refreshments for the people who assembled at the wells
or places dedicated to some saint who became the Patron of
the place, and this annual gathering on the Patron’s day was

1893-94. | 93

called a “ pattern,” the original intention was for worship and
religious festivities, but the festive soon absorbed the religious
and all forms of abuses followed, and hence the gatherings were
condemned by the Church.

The early Christians strongly condemned the old Pagan
rites and ceremonies connected with wells, rivers, and fountains,
mainly because of the riotous excesses in which the votaries
indulged. Making offerings to wells, trees, and earthfast rocks
is denounced in a Saxon homily preserved in Cambridge
Library. The Council of Tours A.D. 567 also prohibited their
worship. St. Boniface, in the eighth century, in his efforts to
advance Christianity, cut down the sacred oaks dedicated to
Pagan deities. There are many similar interdictions against
the ancient well and tree worship, and yet the worship of holy
wells survives in variously modified forms throughout the
length and breadth of Great Britain. Much valuable informa-
tion has been compiled in the work on “The Holy Wells of
England,” a list and descriptive particulars being published by
Robert C. Hope, F.S.A. Interesting particulars of the holy
wells of Scotland may be found in Forbes Leslie’s “ Early
Races of Scotland,” Sinclair’s ‘‘ Statistical Account of Scotland,”
and in the translations of the Scottish antiquarian societies.
Of our own North of Ireland wells an interesting paper written
by Richard Dobbs in 1683 contains a chapter on remarkable
wells in the County of Antrim. This is published in Rev.
George Hill’s ‘‘ Macdonnells of Antrim.”

Many years ago, P. Dixon Hardy published a small book on
“The Holy Wells of Ireland,” dwelling chiefly on the alleged
“‘ superstitions and degrading practices” connected with them ;
the same fault mars the descriptions given in “ Hall’s Ireland.”

The Rev. James O’Laverty’s work on the ‘‘ Diocese of Down
and Connor” contains numerous references to our North of
Ireland wells.

After quoting very largely from numerous correspondents in
various parts of Ireland with reference to Holy Wells, Mr. Gray
said—Coming nearer home, we have the following from Dun-

94. [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

given, County Londonderry :—‘‘ The Holy Well (St. Patrick’s)
is situated half a mile south of Dungiven, and a quarter of a
mile from the old abbey O’Cahans. It was that used by the
old monks of the monastery, and very probably the veneration
of the people and its reputation as a holy well take their origin
from its foundation. The faithful used to make stations of this
well, and even to this day are continued, as the pieces of rag
tied on the shrubs surrounding it testify. It appears from local
tradition that previous to making the station at St. Patrick’s
Well six other wells at some distance from each other in the
neighbourhood were visited, so that St. Patrick’s concluded the
station. The stone round which the penitents used to go after
performing the ceremonies at the well is in the river beside the
old abbey, known as the ‘Salmon Leap,’ and the people in
the neighbourhood show the print of footsteps in the stone,
at the same place, which they say are those of St. Patrick.”

A correspondent from near Claudy, County Derry, writes :—
‘“There is a lyn, or pool, in the stream, just a little below
Kilgort Bridge, called ‘Turish Hole,’ or ‘Turish Lyn.’ Some
people still believe that by bathing in this pool cures can be
obtained for any description of disease, and the traditions and
folk-lore are that cripples were cured at this place, and left
their crutches behind them there. Back-going children when
washed in this pool became healthy. In fact, tradition says
that immersion in the pool was a cure for all manner of
diseases, sick headache included. The date of the ceremonies
is May Eve (last day in April), when the persons wanting a
cure bathe or wash themselves or the diseased part in the water,
and repeat some prayers. ‘The offerings (which are left ona
bush beside the lyn) are of different kinds. Often a piece of
cloth is tied to the bush, sometimes a lock of hair, and some-
times three white stones picked up from the pool. Tradition
does not say when or by whom the lyn was blessed, but the
custom of offering prayers there indicates that the people
regarded the place as holy. Tradition says that a very large
trout was in Turish-o-Lyn, and that all who had the good

1893-94.] 95

fortune to see the trout on May Eve were sure to get cured.
It is said that this trout was caught by some man, and when he
had it on the coals cooking it for his dinner it leaped out of
the door and went back to its lyn again, but it never let itself
be seen afterwards.”

Mr. Gray also very fully described a large number of other
wells in the North of Ireland, including the following :—
Cranfield Well, on the north shore of Lough Neagh. The tree
over this well, as in many other cases, is decorated with old
rags, and crystals of carbonate of lime are found in the well,
which are said to be very lucky. St. Bridget’s Well and
Stations at Faughart, near Dundalk, where the trees are also
decorated with rags, and a stone in the stream shows the
impression of St. Bridget’s knees. At the well near the old
church of Faughart there was formerly a scull from which
visitors drank the well water. Mr. Gray described a number
of wells called Tubberdoney, such as the one at Kilrea, one
near Cloughmills, one near Dervock, and one near Castlewellan.
All the wells called Tubberdoney were supposed to have been
dedicated to their respective patron saints on Sunday. Mr.
Gray also fully described Kilbroney Well, near Rostrevor ;
Struil Wells, near Downpatrick ; St. Patrick’s Well, at Saul,
County Down; St. Patrick’s Well, near Ardglass ; and the old
well of Tubbernacarrick, near Kirkcubbin, County Down. All
the Northern wells and several from other parts of Ireland
were illustrated by limelight views thrown on the screen by
Mr. Nicholl. In describing the Northern wells, Mr Gray
stated that we have in our own locality remains of the old
practices at wells, such as paying special respect on certain
days, decorating the adjoining bushes with rags, and raising
stones and cairns and making penitential stations. Mr. Gray
enlivened his lecture by telling appropriate anecdotes and
exhibiting many relics brought from holy wells.

Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.LA., made a few remarks, con-
gratulating the Lecturer upon his admirable discourse.

96 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

A meetin >f the Club was held on roth April, in the
Museum, wh.u there was a large attendance. The President
presided, and briefly introduced George Coffey, M.R.LA., of
Dublin; who delivered a lecture upon the “ Pagan Cemeteries
and Burial Customs of Ireland.”

The Lecturer spoke for nearly an hour, tracing the different
Pagan ceremonies in connection with the disposal of the dead
from the very early practice of inhumation, followed by the
almost universal custom of cremation, which in Christian times
again gave place to interment. The great burial tumuli on
the Northern banks of the Boyne, about six miles from
Drogheda, were especially dealt with. They were conclusively
proven by Mr. Coffey to have been the historical “ Brugh-na-
Boinne,” or city of the dead, used by the ancient Kings of Tara
from the first century till the introduction of Christianity by
Saint Patrick, King Cormac being the first of the regal dead
who was not interred in this Royal mausoleum. He, having
embraced Christianity, did not wish to be interred with his
Pagan ancestors, and so was interred at Knocknaree, to the
south of the Boyne, with his face to the east. The Lecturer
also explained in detail the monumental remains at Loughcrew,
elucidating a theory for the erection of a carn, not covering
remains, trying to prove that such a monument was intended
as a cenotaph to appease the spirit of the dead. The lecture
was copiously illustrated by lantern slides, shown by W.
Nicholl, of the different remains, many of them being very
cleverly taken in the dark interiors by the aid of magnesium
wire, showing the quaint and curious ornamentation of the
internal slabs.

W.H. Patterson, M.R.I.A., moved a vote of thanks to the
Lecturer, which was seconded by William Gray, M.R.I.A.,
who said Mr. Coffey had afforded the Club an excellent treat
by his learned and clever lecture, and pointed out the advan-
tages to be derived from the study of archeology, as it brought
together in perfect harmony the different sections in religion
and politics, and helped to do away with the asperities existing

\\

FUIRION edaLsavoan beul-fearsaroe.
An t-sonthad bliadain ap cTy10éa10 1893--4.

Ded TiondL sip oct oe Clos am Tpdtnd6ns D140 Maipc
an 17 cen Abpdan inpen mUpeugan-lann & 5-ceatapinaé

no Coldipoe, tuas. Léigreay Lersinn map fo fior :—

Poopas Sorep O’Seass, - - Tuas dy cil an pons
Seeditse.
Teds mee an Daryro, - - - Ceaoal 6 Nomen 1
ngZaevdilse.
dn lss mac Durde, - - - Oileagpa sip Saedilge.

O1apimaro Sopailc O’fFodlu, - Sseul 7 ataypusad.

Proinrpeup S. Diggep, - - - Carbrort ap Cbipc.
Micedt O'Syrobts, - - - - Sseul 7 otappuged.

An c-Org 1 m eallasain - - Feapsal 65 Mac an banyvo.
€. Mupéipeac, - - - - - Ronn beas 6’n nGaedilse.

Ppompeur Sorep Digger.

Ruin—-ClLéineaé 54n ioc.

1893-94. ] 97

between the North and South, and in this respect he considered
the Club to be doing good work. S. F. Milligan, M.R.LA.,
supported the motion, which was conveyed by the President
and suitably acknowledged by Mr. Coffey.

The following new members were then elected :—W. Faren,
Chas. W. M‘Minn, and George D. Burtchzll, M.A., M.R.LA. :
Miss Lamb, Miss Johnston, and Miss Harkness.

An extra meeting under the auspices of the Celtic Class was
held on the 17th April, the President in the chair. P. J.
O’Shea, Member, who had kindly conducted the class during
the Session, read the programme for the evening in Irish (a
copy of the programme is subjoined), and afterward submitted
the following report.

This class was conducted by me during the Session that has
ended. The students, whose numbers varied from 16 to 20,
met on Mondays at 8 p.m. in the Museum, and made consider-
able progress.

T. Ward, Member, then read an extract from the Irish
translation of Homer.

J. St. Clair Boyd, M.D., Member, then read the following
paper on the Irish Language :—

The various claims put forward as to the origin of the Irish
languace need not be discussed in a paper such as this. How-
ever, the following extracts from a work on this subject,
published this year in Edinburgh, under the title “ Eire Ard
Inis na Righ,” may prove of interest.

“There is ample testimony from classical writers of antiquity
that Ireland was known, and that it was inhabited by people
possessing a civilisation, not greatly inferior to that of the
eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, many centuries betore
the Christian era. In the 6th century B.c., a poem, ascribed to
Onomacritus, makes mention of Iernis (Ireland), without
mentioning the larger Island of Britain ; and it is not unlikely

98 (Proc, B.N.F.C.,

that to mariners, Ireland would be known earlier and better
than Britain, since it lies due north from the west coast of
Spain, and even in the time of Tacitus (A.D. 84) its harbours
were preferred to those of Britain. Another Greek author
writing about 330 B.c. mentions both Albion and Ierne, these
being the ancient Celtic names of Britain and Ireland. Buta
much later Latin author, quoting from ancient Punic records,
tells us that Himilico of Carthage visited the Oestrumnides or
Scilly Islands, and the Sacred Island beyond in the neighbour-
hood of Albiones. Himilico mentions the commerce between
Gades (Cadiz) and the Tin Islands and says that the husband-
men or planters of Carthage went also to those islands to
colonise. He also mentions graphically the populousness of
Ireland, the turfy nature of its soil, and the hide-covered boats
of its inhabitants ; above all, that it was then and had been
from ancient times called the Sacred Isle. Himilico’s voyage
was made before B.c. 350, but how much earlier is not known.
A passage in Aristotle (Bc. 350) speaks of the Carthaginians
having made settlements in an island, many days’ sail beyond
the Pillars of Hercules, in which were navigable rivers, abun-
dant fruits, and dark forests. This is believed to refer to
Ireland. Sir W. Betham says—‘ When the Greeks were in a
state of comparative barbarism, the Tyrian and Sidorian
navigators had explored not only the Mediterranean, but the
Atlantic, to the coasts of Spain, Gaul, and the British Isles.”
To nautical trading and manufacturing enterprise, they added
a knowledge of letters, which they are said to have com-
municated to the early Greeks. Their language bore a close
affinity to that of the Hebrews ; but that their language bears
a still stronger resemblance to Irish, is a discovery of quite
modern times. This discovery, made by an. Irish scholar
O’Neachtan, and given to the world by General Vallancy in
1807, is of very great importance, and establishes the antiquity
of Irish as a spoken language. Concerning extracts from
Punic speeches introduced in the “ Poenulus of Plautus,” a
Latin play written at Kome about 200 years B.c., Sir W,

1893-94. | 99

Betham says there can be no doubt that the speeches in the
Poenulus are Gaelic. There is a word for word correspondence
throughout between the Punic of Plautus and the Irish of
O’Neachtan, while the whole passage makes good sense in
strict accordance with the argument and Latin text of the play.
Surely the Irish language is worthy of special study, because
of its great antiquity and the light which it may yet throw
upon the origin of various nations and other unsolved problems
of history.

Several Irish idioms are in use among our peasantry. The
“says I,” “says he,’ heard so frequently is the Irish form in
which the verb comes before the pronoun. In Irish “ thirst ”
is said to be on a person—we have frequently heard complaints
of the “ druth being on people.” To give a name to a thing is
“to puta nameon. Price is said to be on a thing—we may
have heard the question, ‘“‘ How much have you on the cow ?”
Children often talk of “ getting ” their lessons—this is the Irish
idiom for learning them. ‘“ Put a coat about you,” is the idiom
for put on a coat. An Irish tense called the habitual present is
heard in the expression “I do be,’ and the habitual past, “I
used to be.” The word “ partan,” a crab, seems to be the Irish
word partan. The common salutations of the peasantry, ‘ God
bless the work, also when churning, ‘‘I wish you luck on your
churn.” When one enters a house he is often saluted by “ Is
this yourself?” ‘Give me your hand,” is the equivalent of
“ Shake hands.” The interjectional phrase, “Ara musha, how
do you do?” and the peculiar use of the phrase ‘‘at all at all.”
Even in the North of Ireland the embers from which a peat
fire is kindled are called ‘‘ gries hagh.” [he phrases “ True for
you ’’—that is true, and I would not “let on.”

The Celtic language has two main divisions—the Gaelic and
the Cymric. Each of these has three branches—the first
includes the Irish, the Gaelic of Scotland, and the Manx. The
second includes Welsh, Cornish, Breton or Armoric. Irish
Cornish, Welsh, and Armoric have an ancient written litera-
ture ; Scotch gaelic has none, distinct from Irish,

100 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Irish literature is divided into three stages. 1st, Old Irish,
8th to 12th century, as the Irish of the Book of Armagh; some
passages in the Book of the Dun Cow, and the language of the
Glosses; little of it is preserved in Ireland. This was the
classical age of the Celtic which after the Anglo-Norman
invasion gradually lost its purity and native simplicity. 2nd,
Middle Irish, 12-15th century. This is the language of our
most important manuscripts, as the Book of Leinster, Book of
Dun Cow, Leabhar Breac, Book of Ballymote, and Annals of
the Four Masters. 3rd, Modern Irish, 15th century, till present
time, as Keating, Ossianic Tales, etc.

Literature classified into—({1) Ecclesiastical and religious
writings; (2) annals, history, genealogy ; (3) tales, historical
and romantic ; (4) law, medicine, and science.

The Glosses are the most ancient extant of Irish literature ;
they consist of explanations of texts of Scripture. The “ Book of
Armagh,” early in 9th century, has some old Irish interspersed
through it. Tripartite life of St. Patrick, date from 8th to
1oth century ; copies are in T.C.D., Oxford, and British
Museum. The “Leabhar na Geart,” or “ Book of Rights,”

written about the 14th century; copied from older manu- -

scripts; language very ancient in style. The “Leabhar na
Heera,” or “ Book of the Dun Cow” (11th century), now in the
Royal Irish Academy, contains romantic tales in prose, elegy
on St. Columkille, &c. The ‘ Book of Leinster” (1160), in
Trinity College, Dublin, contains historical sketches, romantic
tales, topographical tracts, genealogies, &c. The ‘“ Leabhar
Breac,” or ‘Speckled Book of MacEgan,”’ in Royal Irish
Academy, date end of 14th century, contains a lot of Latin
mixed with Irish, and treats principally of religious subjects,
also lives of St. Brigid, St. Patrick, St. Columkille, and
Alexander the Great, date end of 14th century. ‘“ Book of
Ballymote,” in Royal Irish Academy (date 1391), contains
prose and verse. ‘“ The Yellow Book of Lecan ” (1390), prose
and verse, historical, topographical, sketches of several battles,
&c. All the above five are published in fac-simile by the

18 )3-94.] 101

Royal Irish Academy. Many others are preserved in the
Royal Irish Academy and Trinity College, Dublin, such as the
“Book of Lismore,” “ Book of Fermoy,” the “ Book of St.
Mary,” and others that have no special names. ‘Trinity
College, Dublin, has over 140 volumes of manuscript Irish
literature, many of which are!written on vellum. Irish
manuscripts are to be found in the Imperial Library, Paris;
Library of Milan, Library of Ostend, Francis College, Louvain ;
Burgundian Library, Brussels ; College of St. Isidore, Rome ;
and the Vatican Library.

The Latin MSS. from Glosses of which Zeus compiled his
‘*Grammatica Celtica” were—(1) ‘‘Codex of Priscian,” Library
of St. Gall, Switzerland; (2) ‘Codex of St. Paul’s Epistle,”
Library, University of Wirtzburg; (3) ‘“‘ Latin Commentary
on the Psalms,” in Ambrosian Library, Milan; (4) ‘‘ Codex of
Venerable Bede’s Works,” at Carlsruhe ; (5) ‘‘ A Second Codex
of Priscian,” at Carlsruhe ; (6) a miscellaneous codex preserved
at St. Gall ; (7) a codex preserved at Cambray.

In a speech of the late Lord O’Hagan, at Queen’s College,
Belfast, ““he regretted that there was not a professor in that
college to train up future O’Currys and O’Donovans, so that
the remnants of our old literature, scattered in mouldering
manuscripts through the libraries of Europe from Copenhagen
to the Vatican, might be arrested from destruction, and made
amenable not only for the glory of Ireland, but for the welfare
of the world.” .

I conclude by mentioning that the ‘‘ Gaelic Journal” is now
published monthly. At present it contains a system of self-
instruction in Gaelic. Those who look forward to joining our
class next year would do well to avail themselves in the
meantime ot the lessons in it.

T. G. Foley, Member, then read an interesting fairy tale in
Irish.

Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., Honorary Secretary, then
read the following paper on Local Names of Places :-—

One would think the plantation of our district in the 16th

102 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

and 17th centuries by English and Scotch settlers would have
entirely altered our local names, but the contrary seems to be
the fact, especially in the Scottish districts where the transition of
a Celtic name from the Irish pronunciation to the Scottish
pronunciation was an easy one, and then in nearly all the
country there was a sufficient number of the Irish remaining to
hand over the local designations to the new comers. We thus
have in Antrim and Down a much more correct rendering of
the ancient names than what exists in the pale along the
eastern coast. What, however, we have retained in nomen-
clature, we have in many cases lost in more material evidences
of a past history. There is not a district where raths and
cromleacs have not been destroyed or souterrains torn up,
where old castles and abbeys have not been used as quarries,
and ancient grave-yards ploughed over and cropped by the
husbandman ; but the ancient names remain, in many in-
stances in a corrupted or mangled form but still sufficient to
attest a former history, and the kernels of many wonderful
historic truths are lapped up in them. |
To any intelligent person with a taste for history or antiqui-
ties there could not be a more fascinating study than this, and
it is here the value of a knowledge of the native tongue will be
most esteemed. Our local names are so minutely descriptive
that there is not a mountain, hill, river, lake or glen without
its distinctive appellation that either points out its physical
features, its former owner or occupier, or some important event
worthy of record that occurred in its vicinity. It is impossible
to over estimate the importance of such a study as this to the
topographer. Not only is he enabled to trace to its proper
position the site of an ancient church, or the field of a distant
encounter or the subject of an early grant, but he has also
materials for the correction of etymological fallacies and the
establishment of a true standard of interpretation. (Reeves).
We have names that are the keys to the most romantic events,
a hidden book to the uninitiated, and as in nature a man who is
not a student of her mysteries may walk by field and flood and

1893-94.] 103

never have his eyes opened to, nor observe one solitary vision
of the greatness, the grandeur, and the minuteness of the
wonders and beauties of creation, so the historical student who
does not know and cannot read the facts and fancies concen-
trated in our ancient names is, as it were, talking in a language
he does not understand, and using names that are mere sounds
expressing nothing, and bear no relation to the story that has
passed away.

Our counties and baronies, though connected with ancient
_chieftainships, are of Norman origin, the earliest dating from
the commencement of the 13th century. The parishes are
entirely ecclesiastical and have matured from the 12th century,
whilst the townlands, the smallest territorial denomination,
may be considered the most ancient, as they designate the
earliest description of the smaller tracts of land and can be
traced back till the 8th century. It has been calculated that
there are 66,700 townlands in Ireland, each averaging 330
acres, and as most of these bear ancient names, we can conjec-
ture what an enormous amount of historical information must
be there stored up.

Bishop Reeves tells us :—In Down the prevailing denomina-.
tion was the Ballyboe, or cow-land, which was estimated at three
score acres, being the amount of land that could be ploughed
with one plough in a year andaday. Three Ballyboe formed
a quarterland, and twelve the Ballybetagh. Now, this word
Ballybetagh has a curious history. In ancient times an Irish
chieftain usually established within his territory a sort of public
hostelry, over which he placed an officer, called a biadhtach
(betagh) or food man (from biadh, food). This biadhtach was
given a tract of land, equal to twelve ballyboe, rent free on
condition that he should supply food and lodging without
charge to travellers and to the chief’s soldiers whenever they
happened to march in that direction. The quarterland was, of
course, the quarter of a ballybetagh, and in Antrim we still
have the ‘four towns” of Ballynabarnish, Kilgreel, Craiga-
rogan, and Moylusk, which are held by a landlord separately
from the adjoining land. We have also the eight towns of

104 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Muckamore, the sixteen towns of Connor, and the sixteen
towns of Antrim. We have in Antrim ecclesiastical divisions
of considerable antiquity, designated granges, which are ex-
parochial, but include townlands in their area the same as
parishes., These lands were formerly annexed to religious
houses. Thus we have the Grange of Umgall (the place of the
stranger) ; the Grange of Moylusk (the plain of the Macluskey
family, a section of the O’Cahans), where there stood a religious
house of the knights of Saint John; the Grange of Ballyrobert ;
the Grange of Muckamore (Magh-comair, the plain of the
confluence of the rivers) ; and many others.

Since the plantation a great number of new townlands have
been created, in many cases from the ancient names, but often
from English appellations: thus we find in the grant of the
Hertford estate in County Antrim, being the principal part of
ancient Killultagh, fifty-two denominations are recited ; whilst
at the present the same estate, which has been unaltered for
the last two centuries, and is encircled by a great ring fence,
contains about 15c townlands. |he Government Census Book
only requires the addition of another column, namely, an
etymological one, to make it an invaluable store-house of
historical information unequalled by any previous publication.
The word bally, meaning a place or town or district, occurs in
6,400 townlands in Ireland. Cill, a church, occurs 2,890 times—
showing that in the ancient days there were more churches
than there are at the present time in Ireland. Drum, a ridge,
Occurs 2,000 times. Cluan, a meadow, occurs 1,680 times.
Knock, a hill, 1,600 times. Lis, an enclosed abode now called
a fort, 1,380 times. Derry, an oak wood, occurs 1,310 times,
showing clearly what a rich wooded country Ireland was, and
how, doubtless, the ‘“‘ wooden walls” of England largely con-
sisted of Irish oak. This richness and wealth of verdure has
been beautifully expressed by Sir Samuel Ferguson.

Mileacan dubh O!

There is honey in the trees where her misty vales expand,
And her forest paths, in summer, are by falling waters fanned,
- : ; : i’ the yellow sand,

On the fair hills of holy Ireland.

1893-94] 105

The O’Neills were a powerful race for many centuries in our
district, but while their strongholds have long passed away)
their names are still handed down to us. We have Conn’s-
water, Conn being a common name with O’Neills who had a
_ princely residence at Castlereagh—the king’s castle, or, as some
read it, the grey castle. Skeig-oneill* means O’Neill’s thorns or
bushes, whilst Legoneil or O’Niell’s hollow quite expresses the
topography of the present unromantic village in the mountains.
MacArt’s fort dominates all Belfast as the O’Neills formerly
dominated all Ulster, and was clearly a stronghold of that great
clan—the same name is probably used in Ballymacart, whilst
Ardoyne, or Owen’s Height, tells of another member of the
same family.

Belfast is encircled with hills and some of these bear ancient
names. The highest, Divis—dubh ais—means the black hill,
which is also the English name for two adjoining hills. Beside
them is Altigarran or the mountain of the shrubbery, whilst .
beyond it is Alt-na-caedh (key) or the marshy hill and on the
back of Divis is a carn called Carn Shane Bhuidhe—or the carn
of Yellow John—one of the clan O’Neill. At Legoneil is Alt-
conna or the height of the firewood. Ben-Madighan (Cave
Hill) is doubtless called after Madidhan, a son of the King of
Ulidia, who was killed in 838 by his brothers. Madidhan
avenged his father’s death and reigned 15 years, dying in the
year 855 ina religious house. The whole range is described in
the Down Survey as Slieve-na-Geurach, meaning the mountain
of the sheep, which is verified by the fact that Sheep-heads is
the present name for the large mountain track to the north.

The hill at the back of the Cave Hill is called the Collanward,
being one of the few remaining Danish names in our district—
ward meaning a “ look out,” and one who knows this hill as I
do will at once observe the splendid outlook it gives over the
lough and surrounding country, and will instinctively conjure
up all sorts of apparitions of bloodthirsty Norsemen looking

* In the Chichester grant this is designated Skeigonearl, and may have some
reference to the slaying of the Larl of Ulster, near the ford of the Lagan.

106 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

over the sea for that help from their kindred which was sure
to come when there was any looting to be done. The other
Danish names remaining to us are, Olderfleet at Larne, which
is a corruption of Wulfrichford, and was applied to the water
opposite the Corran (so called from its shape, resembling a
sickle or reaping hook). Strangford tells its own meaning, and
anyone who tried to cross this ford on an ebb tide would feel it
as well. There is an ancient river running down the centre of
High Street called the Farset, a word meaning a sandy bar or
mouth of a river and descriptive of the condition of the river in
early times where it joned the Lagan. The name of our city is
derived from it Beul-a—mouth, and Farset a sandy beach ;
Beulfarset or Belfast. The Lagan, known to Ptolemy as the
Logia, is so called from a hollow in its course, whilst its tribu-
tary the Blackstaff rejoices in the euphonious Irish name of
Owenvarra — the English name being a translation of the
ancient one. ‘lhis. river was doubtless once staked in or had
a ford of stakes blackened by time or peaty water. The districts
surrounding the Owenvarra is called Cromac, meaning a sloping
or bending place, and probably refers to the old crooked course
of the river. ‘The river Owen O’Cork may be an old name
also and mean the river of the rough lands.

There is a townland between the Antrim Road and Carn-
money Church-yard called Drumnadrough, meaning the ridge
of the Druids. There is still a fort in the centre of it. The
townland upon which the Throne Hospital stands is called
Ballygolan, or the place between two rivers. This is quite
correct, but the rivers are small ; the one at the Cavehill side
divides the parishes of Shankill and’ Carnmoney. Above
Carnmoney Church—Carnmoney means the carn on the
mountain, the remains of which were recently removed—there
is a fine ring fort called Dunanney, the fort of the golden chain
or collar, referring doubtless to some long-forgotten event in
its history. Near to this is Glengormley, which may mean the
dark blue glen, or more likely refers to the Clan Gormlaithe
(Gormley) which sprung from Muireadhach, whose son

1893-94.] 107

Madadhan probably gave his name to the adjacent hill Ben-
Madighan. The river passing through Glengormley and down
to Whitehouse is called the Glasnabradan, a name now scarcely
known, and the significance of which modern manufactures
have spoiled. It means the stream of the salmon—Glaise
na’m-bhradan. On the slope above (zlasnabradan, at Glen-
gormley, is Tobarcooran, or the bubbling well, the late residence
of one of our presidents, General Smythe, M.R.I.A. To the
south-west rise the slopes of Ballyvaston, the town of the churl,
Ballywonard, the poor town, and Ballywonard, the town at the
foot of the height. Close at hand, flowing through Hydepark,
is the river Aghnatalliagh, or the field of the hearth. The hill
beyond is the Bouchaill, or the hill of the standing stone—
literally, the hill of the boy, a large stone having that appearance
at a distance or the horizon—upon which there are still the
remains of acromleac. This is in the townland of Craigarogan,
or the rock of prayer, in which is situated a rocky eminence
called Gocraig, which may mean the rock of the smith ; and
close by is Shaneboy, or the land of Yellow Hugh, probably
an O’Neill. Adjoining is the largest townland in our district,
containing nearly 4,000 acres, and known as Ballyutoag, the
town of utag, the broken arrow, doubtless some warlike reterence
to an ancient clan custom.

Knockbreda means the hill above the deep-cut glen, and
Knockbreckan means the spotted hill, referring doubtless to
the gorse or boulders which originally covered the district.
Carnaleigh is carrig a rock, laith, grey—the grey rock which
was surmounted bya fort. The Grey point is practically the
same name. Craigavad is the rock of the boat, meaning a
suitable place of anchorage. The little corner strand adjacent,
but nearer Belfast, is Cultra,—Coole, a corner, and tra, a strand.
The Kinnegar, at Holywood, was a rabbit warren, as its name
denotes—cuini, a rabbit, and cear, offspring.

Ballynafoy, or feigh, is the place of the field games. Opposite
an ancient Irish residence there was usually a green plot for
games and exercises of various kinds. This was called the

108 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

faithche (faha). In the battle of Moyrath we find that a visitor
reached Ailech, and was met by the king with a great concourse
of the men of Erin upon the faithche. Strange to say, in this
instance, history has repeated itself in a literal manner, for our
people’s playground, known as Ormeau Park, is on a faithche
(faha)—Baile-na-faithche.

Malone means the plain of the lambs, and the Clowney
Bridge on the Falls was simply the way to the meadows, the
bog meadows. Cluain means a meadow. The Falls Road still
preserves the old name, fals, meaning hedges or enclosures. In
the Inquisitiones Ultoniz, taken at Belfast in eighteenth year
of James I., it is called Toughfall, the district of the hedges or
enclosures. Its neighbour, the Shankill, has a more ecclesi-
astical name, Shan, old or grey, and cill, a church, which
formerly stood in the old burial ground, and was the original
parish church of Belfast, and from it the parish takes its name.

There is a hill above Carrickfergus called Bryantang, meaning
the fairy fort at the tongue, and to this day at the meeting of
two waters there is a fine fort ; but whether the deni shee still
dance ring-a-roses round its charmed circle, I am not able to
state. Beyond Bryantang there is a hill called Slieve-a-true, or
the hill of the three persons. There is a fine carn on this
mountain, which may be the grave of this ‘ dauntless three.”
There is a pool in our lough called Garmoyle, gearr meaning
small, and Moyle being the name of the water between Ireland
and Scotland, the sea stream of Moyle about which Moore
sings— Silent, O Moyle, be the roar of thy waters.”

Edenderry was formerly a hill of oaks, and the adjoining
townland of Ballygomartin was the place of the blacksmiths,
who doubtless took advantage of the oaks to fire their smithies.
The next townland, Ballydownfine, in which is the City
Cemetery, means the place of the white fort, and in it still
remains the very large one known as Callender’s Fort. Close
by is Drumacloghan, or the ridge of the stone castle. The
model farm is situated in Ballygammon, meaning the village of
the calves. Finaghy, or Ballyfinaghy, as it was called, means
the white exercising field.

1893-94. ] 109

Colin Glen is in the townland of Poleglass, the green hollow,
an apt description, whilst near to this there is Aughrim, or the
horse hill, and beyond is Mullaghlass, or the green summit.
Above Hannahstown is Slievenagravery, or the gray mountain
field, and beyond it is Slievenacloy, the hill of the rampart,
upon which there is a monument called Sibs stone.

Ciose to the Antrim Road before you reach the Castle is the
townland bearing the name Ballyaghagan, which may mean the
place of the poor fields, or, perhaps, refers to Eochaidh, a pro-
genitor of Madadhan, whilst along the hills above it is Bally-
sillan, or the place of the wild cherries.

One of the most wonderful and interesting sights in our
neighbourhood is the Giant’s Ring, which is situated at Bally-
lesson—this may be Bally lis Owen, the place of the fort or lis of
Owen. Can this refer to the great circle with the cromleac,
or to the fort on the neighbouring eminence? If so, it may
throw some light upon entirely forgotten history.

Ballyrecoolgalgie was an old name for the centre of Belfast,
and it has been a puzzle for a long time. I can express no
opinion upon it, but I will give you what the authorities state.
Strange to say the late Bishop Reeves, who was ¢ke authority
on these matters, passes 1t over. Robert MacAdam thinks it
means Bally, the town ; re, at; cool, back of; galge, a gallows ;
and this is supported by James O'Neill, M.A. P. J. O'Shea
thinks it means the town with the back or support of champions,
considering galgie as representing galgad valiant. Dr. Joyce,
the editor of Irish names of places, in a letter to Lavens M.
Ewart, M.R.I.A, states, “If any man in the world could make
out the meaning of Ballyrecoolgalgie, Dr. Reeves was that man;
and you may be sure he would not have passed it by if he had
been able to interpret it. I will give you a guess, but remember
it is only a guess, had I known the meaning with certainty I
would gladly have put it into myjbook. Ithink there can be no
doubt of the meaning of three of the four elements of which it
is composed, Bally-re-coole-Galgie. Bally we all know is a
townland ; Coole is either a back or a corner, pretty certainly

110 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

cuil a corner (as in Coleraine) ; Galgie is same as Calgie, the
genitive of Calgach, a well known ancient Irish personal name.
All this is plain sailing, but now comes the guess: What is re?
I think it likely to be the corrupt anglicised form of rath, a
fort—Bally-re-coole-Galgie, the town of the fort of Calgach’s
corner.”’

In conclusion, I need only add that I have but touched on the
fringe of the subject. The field is a wide one, and nothing could
afford a student of local history more pleasure than the elucida-
tion of the ancient names of our district.

M. Griffin, Member, followed with an interesting Irish tale.

Miss Alice L. Milligan then read a ballad adapted from the
Irish by herself, and entitled ‘A Lament for O’Cathan,” of
which the following is a part.

THE LAMENT OF FEARGAL OG.

I am Feargal Og, the poet’s son, and I tune my harp to tell
Of the fatal fight by Patrick’s Dun where the King of Jreland fell ;
The last of the lords of the race of Niel, and battling for his right,
The noblest chiefs of the Northern land by the Saxon sworder’s might, ©
And friends in crowds and a brother dear are dead with the royal one,
But my dirge is not for the fallen king nor yet for my father’s son,
A dearer than any brother born with Brian O’ Neill was slain,
And my harp wails slow to a song of woe for Amaric O’Cahan.

For love,
Of my lord and friend O’Cahan,

Gone are the days of our joyous plays, when in childhood’s warlike sport

We hailed him chief and enthroned him high on the seat at a mimic fort;

And gone are the years, when my clamouring tears, could call him to my side,

To raise me up on his shoulders strong, where dearly I loved to ride ;

And I was a king on a hunter bold and he was my charger tall,

To leap and prance at the clarion note or my ringing battle call ;

But no king of old ever grasped the gold of a brighter glittering rein,

Than the child who held by the glorious locks of thy boyish curls, O’Cahan,
Dear curls ! ;

Are they dimmed by the slaughter stain.

1893-946] My

Would I might dream, my lord, my friend, that since thou hast not been found,

Some fairy maid has borne thee far from the reddened slaughter ground ;

As young Dunlaing was kept, men say, by a glad immortal’s side,

On Cluaintarav’s fatal day, when southern Brian died.

Ah, no! there was never a fairy spell could hold thee in its thrall !

Thou wouldst rouse at the Northern rallying cry and rise at the battle-call.

Thou wouldst leap from the arms of thy dearest love and burst from the maigc

To take thy stand with sword in hand, by the side of Ireland’s king. [ring
And so,

Thou art dead with thy lord the King!

Oh, dear dark eyes of my childhoud’s friend, must I change from young to old,

Must I dare the length of cheerless days and not your glance behold ;

Then life fly past and death come fast and the flames of purging fire

Shall warm my heart with the gladdening thought of a nearly won desire,

And when I come to the heavenly place, as I hope to win me there

By the trust I put in redeeming grace and penitence and prayer.

I will fix my eyes in reverent wise on the countenance divine

Of the Lord of Love and Heaven’s Queen above, and then I shall look for thine
Yes, first in heaven for thine, [O’ Cahan.

Ere ever another mortal face, my lord, my friend for thine.

KE. Morrissey, Member, finished the evening with a prose
selection from the ‘‘ Gaelic Journal.”

Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., said the whole evening reflected credit
upon the Club, more especially upon Mr. O’Shea, the able
teacher of the Celtic Class, who deserved the greatest praise
for his voluntary services in advancing the study of the Irish
language. Mr. Gray was well supported by Mr. M‘Ginley in
an eloquent and fluent speech delivered in Irish. The President
endorsed all that had been said, and the meeting concluded.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The thirty-first Annual Meeting was held in the Museum on
the 25th April—the President in the chair.

Francis Joseph Bigger, Secretary, read the report, and Wm.
H. Phillips, Treasurer, read the statement of accounts, both of

1¥2 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

which appear in the earlier pages of these Proceedings. On
the motion of J. J. Andrew, seconded by G. Coulson, they
were both adopted.

Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., then moved that F. W. Lockwood,
C.E., be elected President for the coming year, which was
seconded by Joseph Wright, F.G.S., it having been first
positively stated by Wm. Swanston, F.G.S., that he could not
hold office for another year. Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., and the
President-elect referred in suitable terms to the satisfactory
way in which Mr. Swanston had discharged his duties during
his year of office, and regretted he did not see his way to
continue as President for another year.

On the motion of Wm. Gray, seconded by Joseph Wright,
Lavens M. Ewart, M.R.I.A., was elected Vice-President. On
the motion of the Secretary, seconded by Wm. Gray, Wm,
Swanston was re-elected Librarian, and the hope was expressed
that his office would not be a sinecure, now that permanent
rooms were about to be obtained for the Club where the books
could be properly arranged. The Secretary was re-elected on
the motion of Dr. J. St. Clair Boyd, seconded by Wm. Gray.
The one vacancy on Committee was filled by the election of
Wm. Swanston, and the Committee as thus constituted were
elected on the motion of W. J. Trelford, seconded by Dr.
Boyd.

On the motion of the Secretary, seconded by the ex-President,
the best thanks of the Club were given to Mrs. Leslie, Miss
Andrews, Miss Wright, and the other ladies who rendered
such valuable services during the past season by providing tea
to the members previous to the meetings.

The Report of the Geological Committee (which is subjoined)
was then submitted by the Secretary of thc Section, Miss S. M.
Thompson.

A discussion then ensued as to advisability of creating an
entrance fee. It appeared to be the opinion of some that such
a course was desirable ; but the general feeling of the meeting
was against the change, so the matter was allowed to drop.

1893-94. ] mS

Some suggestions were then made as to the summer excursions.
The following new members were then elected :—M. A. Galvin,
David Wilson, Irvine Crail, Miss Kate A. Corley, C. K. Porter,
Rev. J. P. R. Breakey, M.A. ; and Thomas Wilson, C.E. An
inspection of the collections sent in for the prize competitions
brought the meeting to a close.

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1893-94.) 11§

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.
Compiled by SypNEY M. THompson, Hon. Sec.

For some time past the Club having considered it desirable to
conduct some investigations into the glacial geology of its
district, on receiving a request from Percy F. Kendall, F.G.S.,
Sec. to the Erratic Blocks Committee of the British Association,
for information as to local glacial phenomena, on the oth of
August, 1893, it was decided to appoint a Geological Committee
to carry on these inquiries, which was ultimately constituted
as follows :—W. Swanston, President ; Miss M. K. Andrews,
F. J. Bigger, J. O. Campbell, W. Gray, A. P. Hoskins, S. A.
Stewart, P. Stewart, R. J. Welch, and J. Wright, with Miss S.
M. Thompson as Hon. Sec.

- The plan of operations was adapted from the Handbook
published by the Glacialists’ Association,* and the definition oj
an erratic accepted was that adopted by the Association, namely :
‘A boulder may be considered as an erratic, irrespective of the
distance it may have travelled, provided it does not rest over
its parent formation.” The enquiries being especially concerned
with boulders found in glacial deposits and their distribution, it
was decided to form a type collection of such stones, and, if
necessary, to obtain the assistance of experts in naming them
and ascertaining their place of origin. The exact locality of the
deposits investigated, the height above the sea, nature of the
surrounding landscape, compass direction of the section, its
description, and the long axis of included stones, percentages of
erratics, and of various kinds of rocks amongst them, were
recorded, and measurements of the larger erratics were obtained.
Lists of shells and microzoa found were compiled. Photographs
and sketches of the sections were also frequently taken.

S. A. Stewart undertook to examine any shells that might be

* “ Hints for the Guidance of Observers of Glacial Geology.’’ By P. F. Kendall,

F.G.S. To be obtained from the Assistant Secretary of the Glacialists’ Association,
19 Seaton Buildings, Water Street, Liverpool. One Shilling.

116 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

found, and Joseph Wright to carry on the search for microzoa,
A. Percy Hoskins making such chemical or mechanical analyses
as might be deemed necessary ; whilst Miss Andrews, R. J.
Welch, and other members undertook to photograph sections
of special interest. The need for more exact knowledge of the
rock-fragments found resulted in a request from the Geological
Committee for permission to organize a set of geological
lectures to be given by Professor Grenville Cole under the
auspices of the Club, of which a notice is given at the end of
this report. The investigations were commenced upon the
12th of August, and up to the present time nine deposits have
been visited, in addition to many observations previously made
by individual members. S. A. Stewart and Joseph Wright
have kindly granted permission to use the results of their
former examinations into the Mollusca and Foraminifera of the
boulder clays of the north-east of Ireland, contained in the
appendices of the Club’s Proceedings. Such lists will be distin-
guished by an asterisk.

The Committee have to thank Professor Cole for the gift of
his book ‘“ Aids in Practical Geology,’”’ and some MS. notes ;
Dr. Szabé for his work on “ Blowpipe Analysis ;” A. R. Dwer-
ryhouse, P. F. Kendall, R. Ll. Praeger, and R. J. Welch for
books, pamphlets, and MS. notes; P. F. Kendall for the gift of
a collection of Scotch and other rocks, and Prof. Cole and A.
M‘Henry for aid in determining the origin of erratics, and J.
Stelfox and H. M'‘Cleery for arrangements connected with the
lectures.

I.—GREENISLAND STATION, NORTHERN COUNTIES RAILWAY.

In the parish of St. Nicholas, Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim, 140
feet above sea level. Boulder clay, 25 feet thick, resting on
Trias, exposed in cutting a subway under railway line ; situated
on low ground below the range of hills encircling Belfast Lough
on the N. side, which form the S.E. escarpment of the basaltic
plateau of Antrim, the basalt resting upon Upper Chalk and
Greensand, Lias and Trias. Unstratified dark red clay contain-
ing isolated small deposits of water and abundant boulders of

1893-94.] 117

all sizes, principally derived from adjacent hills, much rounded,
striated and polished. To the W. in the same section are beds
of stratified sands and gravels, with fragments of TZelina,
Astarte, and Balanus. These beds appear to have been
deposited against the mass of clay ; stones contained much less
rounded than in the clay. 21 species of Foraminifera were
found in the clay,t and 15 in the stratified sandy beds.

Redeposited fossils found included a Carboniferous coral,
Gryphea incurva, Cardinia ovalis, ammonite, serpula, and
other fragments. One well-bored stone (chalk) was found and
another more doubtful specimen. Rolled fragments of gypsum
were obtained at the junction of the boulder clay and Trias.
300 boulders taken at random from three different depths were
all erratics. Several photographs of the cutting were taken.

(N.B.—In the lists of Erratics, measurements are given in
inches unless otherwise specified. Boulders less than one foot
long not measured unless of special interest. Origin of rock
given, with the compass direction of parent formation added.
Abbreviations—ang., angular ; sub., sub-angular ; r., rounded.)

Erratics.—Quartzites, metamorphic district, Co. Antrim, N.
by W. Sheared igneous rock, metamorphic, Co. Antrim, N.
by W., or Tyrone, W. Granitic rocks, County Antrim or
Tyrone, W. Granite, Co. Derry, N.W., Tyrone, W., or
Armagh, S.W. Chalk boulders 5 feet long found to feet below
surface, Co. Antrim. Chalk and flints, Co. Antrim, basalt
boulders 4 to 5 feet long similarly situated and many amygda-
loidal and other basalts, Co. Antrim. Dolerite, Ulster. Diorite,
Ulster. A boulder of Silurian grit, 28 x 22 x 5, sub., polished
and deeply scored, found 2z2ft. 6in. below surface, and several
smaller boulders of the same rock. Co. Down, S. (or Scotland,
N.E.). Eurite with Riebeckite, Ailsa Craig, N.E.

II.—CASTLE ESPIE.

Parish of Comber, Co. Down, 3 miles from Comber on shore
of Strangford Lough, 39 feet above sea level.

{ Tables of the Foraminifera, and percentage of various kinds of rocks contained in
the various deposits are given at the end in this Report.

118 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Section exposed in unused quarry, formerly worked for lime-
stone and clay for pottery ; on low ground which extends along
the Lough. Fine red unstratified sandy clay resting on red
Carboniferous limestone (the only outcrop in this immediate
neighbourhood). Limestone beautifully polished and scored,
but not visible at present, owing to water in the quarry.

* Astarte sulcata and Leda pernula found and 12 species of
Foraminifera. Redeposited fossils, Gryphea tncurva and Car-
dinia ovalts, Lias of Antrim. Sections of boulder clay further
S. contain Carboniferous fossils from Castle Espie. Boulders
principally sub. many beautifully marked with delicate parallel
striz. 100 taken at random were all erratics.

Erratics.—Silurian grits and slates, Co. Down. A coarse grit
or fine conglomerate, 6 x 32 x 2%, ang., probably of Llandovery
age, Co. Cavan, Monaghan, or Armagh W. or S.W. Basalt,
Co. Antrim, N. Quartz and quartzite (?). Chalk and flints,
Co. Antrim, N.

III.—BLOODY BRIDGE, NEWCASTLE.

In the parish of Kilcoo, County Down, on the coast road
3 miles S. of Newcastle. About 100 feet above sea level.
Principal section E. and W. A moraine, cut through by the
Bloody Bridge and Glen Fofanny rivers, which descend from
the Mourne Mountains (from W.), varying in depth from about
tz feet downwards. Typical moraine deposit, principally the
débris of granite, resting upon Silurian rocks with rounded
granite boulders and sub-angular fragments of Silurian grit.
Stratified to a certain degree. Noshells nor Foraminifera were
obtained. 100 boulders at 3 different points gave 17, 10, and
24 per cent. of erratics.
_ Erratics.—Granite or granophyre, Mourne district. Felstone
with quartz and mica, Co. Down. Granitic rock, Co. Tyrone
and Armagh, N.W. ant W. Granitic, igneous series N. of
Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, N.N.W. OuarZ and quartzite (?)
Claystones (?) Schist (sedimentary), Co. Antrim, N. Porphyry,
Tertiary, Co. Antrim.

1893-94.| |. TIg

ns IV.—BALLYORAN QUARRY.

Parish of Dundonald, Co. Down, 200 feet above sea level.
Situated among low rolling hills, about a mile-and-a-half from
Dundonald station. Disused quarry of red Trias sandstone,
overlaid by boulder clay. Section running N.E. by S.W., 210
yards long. Height, 51 feet in centre, of which 34 are boulder
clay. Section photographed shows 20 feet of clay ; at N.E.,
clay thins to 10 feet. Sandstone stratified ; dips to the N.N.E.
at an angle of 11°. The ice appears to have travelled in the
same direction, planing off the upturned edges of the strata,
fragments of which are abundant in the base of the drift, which
is unstratified red sandy clay. Boulders principally sub-angular,
many being well smoothed and striated. No shells found, and
only one species of Foraminifera. Photographs of the section
were obtained. go boulders taken were all erratics. Somewhat
to the S.W. is an Esker.

Erratics.—Quartzites (?) Porphyritic rocks (?) Silurian grits
and slates, Co. Down. Chalks and Flints, Co. Antrim, N.
Basalt, Co. Antrim, N. Eurite with Riebeckite, Ailsa Craig,
N.E. :

V.—CARROWREAGH QUARRY.

A second unused quarry, lying to the N., was visited; boulder
clay resting upon Trias sandstone dipping to N.N.E. at an
angle of 22°. The clay rests upon the upturned edges of the
strata and upon the surface of the uppermost layer. The
ground falls away from the quarry to E. and N.N.E. Main
section 32 yards long by 30 feet, resting on 6 feet of Trias. A
section at right angles, 20 yards long by 36 feet, showed the
clay dipping rapidly to S.E. at an angle of 30°. Surface of clay
very irregular, overlaid by an irregularly deposited mass of
homogeneous fragments of pale, coarse, angular, friable sand-
stone, intruding in places slightly into the clay. Ihis deposit
had in parts layers of finely stratified sand intruding in curved
bedding into the clay, which was altered at the top of the bed
by a mixture of this paler deposit. A similar deposit is found

{20 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

overlying the boulder clay in other quarries in the district, It
appears to resemble the “ glacial talus” described and illustrated
by W. G. M'Gee in the vol. of U.S.A. Geol. Survey for 1889
and 1890. No shells nor Foraminifera were obtained. Photo-
graphs were taken of both quarries. Out of 90 boulders 68
were erratics.

_Erratics—Quartzite (?) Silurian grits and slates, Co. Down.
Flints, Co. Antrim, N. Basalt, Co. Antrim, N.

VI.—BENMORE OR FAIR HEAD.

Parish of Culfeightrin, County Antrim. Basaltic headland
over Carboniferous, 500 to 600 feet above sea level.

In addition to many larger boulders of which measurements
have not yet been obtained by the Committee, a multitude of
erratics, varying from the size of small gravel up to a pound in
weight, are scattered over the top of Fair Head, from Lough
Doo to Murlough Bay ; the Cambrian (or Pre-Cambrian) schists
and quartz rocks of Murlough being most abundant. These
rocks commence at Murlough, two miles S.E. of the Head, and
cover a large extent of country S.E. to Cushendun. On the
top of the cliffs over Murlough is a boulder of schist, sft. 6in. x
sft. x 2ft. 6in., resting on basalt.

Erratics.—Quartz. Murlough district, S.E. Eurite, dyke at
Tornamoney Point, S.E. Chert, Carb. of district (?) Eurite
with Riebeckite, Ailsa Craig, E.

VII.—THE OLD QUARRY, CARNMONEFY.

In Carnmoney parish, County Antrim, behind the church
and graveyard, 450 feet above sea level, N.W. of the volcanic
wenecke.

A quarry, 50 feet deep, formerly worked for limestone (Chalk),
on the side of Carnmoney hill. Stiff reddish boulder clay, 6 to
10 feet deep, lying on rather rotten basalt, which rests upon the
irregularly denuded surface of Chalk, which dips to E. at an
angle of 5°, bringing up Greensand at W. end of quarry.
Section lies N.N.W. by 5.S.E. Clay unstratified, abundance
of rounded and sub-angular boulders, long axis E. of N. by W.

1893-94. | 12!

of S. ; considerably smoothed and scratched. 17 per cent. were
erratics. No shells found, but five species of Foraminifera; one
redeposited fossil, a Belemnite. Photographs obtained of the
quarry, which include 60 yards of its length.

_ Erratics.—Mica schist, metamorphic district of Co. Antrim,
N. by W. Quartzite, metamorphic, like pebbles of Lr. Old Red,
Cushendun, N. by W. Chert, probably Carb. of Ballycastle,
N.N.W. Indurated chalk, chalk and flints, Co. Antrim. Trias
marl, Co. Antrim. Laterite, Co. Antrim. Silurian grits, Co.
Down, S., or Scotland, N.E. Micaceous sandstone, Co. Down,
S. Carboniferous limestone shales, Co. Down, S. Mudstone,
Co. Down, S. Dolerite, Ulster. Basic Felstone, Ulster. Eurite
with Riebeckite, Ailsa Craig.

VIII.—WOODBURN.

Parish of St. Nicholas, Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim. More
than a mile NW. from Carrickfergus, 166 feet above sea level.
Below the range of hill encircling the Lough. Boulder clay
exposed in banks of Woodburn river; base not visible, but
probably resting on Trias, as fraginents of bright red are seen
towards the visible base of cutting. Depth exposed measured
at Duncrue Scutch Mill was 13 feet 8 inches. The present
course of the river has cut through an older wider river bed
with gravel deposit, whose banks were also formed of boulder
clay. General course of the river N. by W. Clay tough, dark
red, unstratified, with abundant boulders. Long axis a little
W. of N. and S. of E., striated, smoothed, and rather rounded.
Redeposited fragmentary Greensand fossils found. Shells—
* Mytilus edulis, Nucula nucleus, Leda pygmea, almost invariably
perfect ; Leda minuta, almost invariably perfect ; Leda pernula,
Astarte sulcata, Astarte compressa, Saxicava rugosa, vat.
arctica, Trophon latericeus. 50 species of Foraminifera were
formerly found, but the bed below Woodburn Bridge, formerly
so rich in relics of marine life, is now covered with grass and
rubbish. If the Trias be accepted as the underlying rock, all
the boulders counted were erratics.

Erratics.x—Sericite schist, metamorphic sedimentary, Co.

122 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Antrim, N. by W., or Derry, N.W. Porphyry, intrusive in
metamorphic series, Cushendun, Co. Antrim, N. by W. Granite,
N. of Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, W., or Derry N.W. Chalk and
flints, Co. Antrim, N.W. Greensand, Co. Antrim, N.W. Basalt
and amygdaloidal basalt, Co. Antrim, N.W. Quartz (?).

TX NEI Suen

Dundonald parish, Co. Down. About I00 feet above sea
level. <A hill about four acres in extent, resting on Trias.
Situated at Neill’s Hill station, on County Down Railway,
among low rolling hills, in a broad valley. Quarried for nearly
twenty years for sand and gravel. Surrounding hills of sand
and gravel, Neill’s Hill alone having beds of boulder clay
alternating with current-bedded sands and gravels, capped by a
bed of very coarse gravel; towards S.W., brick clay with
boulders takes the place of this upper gravel. The principal
section runs E. of S. and W. of N. 43 yards long by 24 feet
deep at highest point, ground falling away on every side,
consisting (in descending order) of the following beds :—

(A) Coarse gravel with dark red sandy and clay layers ;
bedding very irregular. Many blocks of New Red Sandstone
near the top. Bed 4 feet 2 inches thick towards N., increasing
to 10 feet towards S., resting unconformably upon boulder clay.
Stones rounded and waterworn. Striated stones very scarce.
One large fragment of Astarte borealis found. Photographs of
the section were taken. No Foraminifera were found.

(B) Hard compact fine dark red boulder clay, becoming
blacker towards base of bed, resting unconformably upon red
sand. Intercalated deposits of gravel from A in upper portion.
3 feet 6 inches thick at S., where it dips at an angle of 14°, and
is lost under sand ; lost under Ato N. Shells (fragmentary)
rather rare, including—Leda pernula, Vellina balthica, Bala-
nus tulipa-alba, Buccinum undatum, <Astarte sulcata, A.
borealis, Mactra subtruncata, Trochus (cinerarius?), and 14
species of Foraminifera. Boulders striated and polished. Long
axis E. and W. to S.E. and N.W. In 100 boulders, all were
erratics.

1893-94.) . 123

(C) Fine bright red sand, very irregularly current-bedded
with intercalated layers of gravelly earth. 8 feet thick at N.
and 4 feet 6 inches at S. end, resting unconformably upon
boulder clay, and dipping towards S. No shells and no Fora-
_ minifera.

(D) Boulder clay 5 feet 6 inches thick, dipping to N. by E.
at an angle of 24°. Extending southwards, becomes horizontal,
resting upon an apparently old surface of sand. Shells more
plentiful than in B, including—Leda pernula, Teliina balthica,
Balanus tulipa-alba ; and 13 species of Foraminifera. Boulders
striated and polished. Long axis N.E. and S.W. 97 per cent.
were erratics.

(E) Fine red sand, like C. Base not visible. Greatest depth
exposed 4 feet, dipping to N. and S. No shells, and only 2
species of Foraminifera.

This section is unlike anything else in the immediate vicinity,
the north-eastern half containing much boulder clay, which
extends N. of the railway line for some hundreds of yards.
Circular pellets of the clay with stones varying from 14 to 30
inches in diameter and more lenticular masses of gravel are
frequently found in the pure sand, which forms the south-
easterly half of the hill, attaining.a depth of 35 feet. About 20
feet below the surface over half of this sandy area, imbedded in
the sand, was a layer of calcareous sandstone about an inch in
thickness dipping eastward. A cutting driven across the hill
encountered a mass of boulder clay, containing a pit of sand
60 feet wide and 12 feet deep. Much sand is exported for
moulding.

A similar deposit of alternate layers of sand and boulder clay
occurs near Dundonald station, and thin isolated layers of clay
are not uncommon in sand-pits in Co. Down. Where the
_ boulder clay occurs, pits of sand about 12 feet in diameter are
not uncommon.

The brick-clay bed at the opposite angle from the main
section described is dark, tough, brownish clay. Boulders
scarcer and smaller than in the beds already described, 86 per

124 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

cent. being basalt, frequently rotten, as compared with 42 per
cent.in B. and D. No shells were found, but the bed yielded
2 species of Foraminifera. A redeposited Belemnite from the
chalk of Antrim{was found.

Erratics:—Silurian grits and slates, vein quartz, grits with
veins of a carb. and oxide of iron, Tertiary dykes, and granite
or granophyre, Mourne district, Co. Down. Sheared igneous
rocks from metamorphic of Co. Antrim, N.W., or Tyrone, W.
Mica schist, metamorphic of Co. Antrim, N.W. Quartzites
(one with amethyst) metamorphic of Co. Antrim, N.W.,
Derry, N.W., or Tyrone, W. Chalk, polished and consider-
ably r., 33 x 27 x 15 and smaller fragments, Co. Antrim, N.W.
Basalt scored, smoothed, sub., 33 x 21 x 12, ditto 32 x 22x I5,
ditto 20x 10x 13 and smaller fragments, Co. Antrim, N.W.
Eurite with Riebeckite, from 74 x 5 x 33, sub., down to an
inch, Ailsa Craig, N.E.

LARGE ERRATIC BOULDERS.

Photographs, measurements, or calculations as to weight of
many large isolated erratics have been contributed by R. J.
Welch.

1. The “Rocking Stone,” Brown’s Bay, near Larne.
Boulder of basalt with characteristic rudely spheroidal structure,
developed by weathering, perched on the edge of a rocky ledge,
many feet above sea level.

2. Cloughmore, Rostrevor, Co. Down, Mourne granite,
resting on Lower Silurian slate 970 feet above sea level.

3. ‘The ‘ Butterlump,”’ basalt, weighing over 133 tons,
z0 x 15 x 15 feet, resting on New Red Sandstone on the shore
of Strangford Lough, Co. Down.

4. An erratic of basalt, weighing over 500 tons, resting on
Lower Silurian slates on the shore of Strangford Lough, near
Greyabbey, Co. Down.

5. An erratic of basalt, the Capstone of Ballymascanlan
Cromleac, Dundalk, Co. Louth, to ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft.,
weighing 46 tons.

1893-94.] 125

Table showing the percentage of Rocks in 100 Boulders taken at random.

a0 a iS aie ,
= eae : an (ee : .
fe] le |EBaae |e lel |elale|s
Ss le fe JAR ES IS clE | 8 Beye orag
2s lessee eeaslélelele/a lz
Qa @D leo 8 OO} oo es aI 4
DESCRIPTION OF | Se [eSlet] ise! 2 See ale yo]. ia
Ho [SHS als feu) so SClss| st Bi ela
ROCKS. Oo (Ras Ola fe ol} -a (Saige! sis BIE
Be loin bla Bsie le [S| EIETE |e | 3s] s
"aD oO} o |, a | S & SI AA
aa : ero Fo | =. |. 1 3 ‘S
® 2 | pom (acca ie B=) Ss SZ;
E 2 i) A A =
Granite eee ee 5 8 8 eee .
Granitic op Me as 1 1
Porphyry s: sits see oes
Porphyritic Sees Abe wae [over || sae
Basalt 72 57 | 48 10 5 | 82 | 83 | 42 | 46] 86
Amygdaloidal Basalt 6 12: | 13 fen afte Sead diaele Hii telee, Lenee
Quartz GT tees 2 3 6 4
Quartz vein wa 1 ni aes
Quartzite ae eee et 2 8 LO 7) Ss
Brecciated Conglomerate a eo tet Se eccoe ee) alee ce) eae ee
Silurian grit sa 89 | 90 | 78 |] 51) 39]...] .. 716] 4] 38
Slaty rocks bi 14 Seni QR 2 4PGd. | ease B
Claystone at re ae So Wc 2
Triassic a t 1 dat OO) By) cee : Oo eens
| Liassic : Bree retag Ure. $5,
Greensand ae ne tM) oe) Lae
Chalk oe 22 31 | 389 2 se 63) Ps P19] 32
| halk & fli
Flints aE Sy 12 14; &b.6 1, a|-2 | 846
'Micaceous sandstone uy) as; 3 Seon latag
Carboniferous shale sds 3 ie
| Felstone = as 3 :
Garnet stone - a 1
Volcanic ash os 4 BA cs
| Mica sehist | re Lise joe
Undetermined i 1 Pray (ee 1
Total es 100 100} 100} 100] 100) 100) 100} 90 | 90 } 150} 100} 100) 100) 100

126 [Proc, B.N.F.C,,

Table showing the Distribution of the Foraminifera in the
Boulder Clay Deposits.

Compiled by JosEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S.

An asterisk distinguishes the deposits previously examined by him and
included in his paper in the Club’s Proceeding for 1879-80.

ABBREVIATIONS :—vr, very rare; 1, rare; f, frequent; ¢c, common ; ve, very
common.

as leiela ie | =
ag [8/51 ls =
= + 2) = wy jo) oS
HQ hy © O | ®
o gly 3 2 Zi
LIST OF SPECIES. 2/18 \e Be 3
F a 8 a aie a a eS
SO;}/Si| eg |S] Fle} B15
1 ol gull (Oe Le ale
a(/S/el/E/8(2 ISI
alals|aAa|sSe jala
- Biloculina ringens (Lamk), .. A Gee ee eer ee eer ee ‘
elongata, d’Orb., .. ie Be o eee ieee ;
: depressa, d’Orb., .. -s wid ae al «TURAL Bs ay ermal RNR :
- Miliolina tricarinata, d’Orb., .. coll Staci Besoiekes c
oblonga (Montagu), c as
seminulum (Linn.), ve wel OX esc ese bes, Loe aera vr
subrotunda (Montagu), .. wine Peel) gets Al Moieaalle bee | eee vr
bicornis (W. & J.), re 958 Ae ral ><. eee alee ee
_ Cornuspira involvens (Rss.), .. at iia SI) be ds || pee ae
Haplophragmium canariense (d’ Orb. ;, ale oe ariel eee Geek | Oe ° ae
Textularia sagittula, Defrance, ae it 8 Sarai bee +. | vr
_ Verneuilina polystropha (Rss.), fh Be, A Aa aN iste
Bulimina pupoides, d’Orb., .. a a Ea tad eel Re Cee
marginata, d’Orb., hs av Batt bales a | r
fusiformis, Will., ee ttl ee ce
Virgulina caine Czj zek, ro Me cick eee Wacko |e, icra || 2308 4
. Bolivina levigata (Will.), .. mF Pp) Area (Fes ete, rene (8 :
punctata, d’Orb., HF mn a ea ee br a ies eee Se
plicata, d’Orb., .. ts seh bWT | BVI Miron ters VEU) Gea
dilatata, Rss., e. Lg wal PvE S| Bay) Poe pei. or ater
difformis (Will.), .. oie PY cee eee eA ee saat caver 31) totean | RE
Cassidulina levigata, d’Orb., .. ae ge Oe ra Pars OES SP Peo et EE hs
crassa, d’Orb., os roy Pt Pe] xe Shee, ||| VE eee
Lagena globosa, Montagu, .. sre|! ac Gv IL Rtaca tlle cote fimeten al ars tet Pena

levis (Montagu), .. ee Silt vais ie ie, eee ep ||

1893-94.] 127
- 'TABLE—(Continued).

*

Station.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Boulder Clay. | @eonisland

Castlespie, Boulder Clay. x

Dundonald, Boulder Clay.

Carnmoney, Boulder Clay.

Woodburn Glen, Boulder
Clay

Sandy Beds.
Sandy Beds
Boulder Clay.

—— | — | | |] | SS S|

Lagena gracillima (Seg.), .. Hep) ee lee aro! eotie |) te Sd Um (ee
lineata (Will.), .. A bail Poet sia [a beal ieee I cout eas ey |-vE
striata (d’Orb.), .. sia a eth nas Mie bale wrecidles<SurlbeE: (bears, fsa
gracilis, Will., .. f Palate: (Mite neste Attia | este PONE [ot
suleata (W. & J.), + ie fMlehe AI oral Neeky Pewee ae’ Niiietetitr ste
costata (Will.), .. es melodies ‘Neate basi fesawls| okie Ie pae liona
williamsoni (Alcock), oa] VE r o PVC ee VE
semistriata, Will., vie, eee ss fT te maar has
squamosa (Montagu), .. <6 mae ° Seale a RSE ce
lucida (Will.), .. ee Bp fo te ° oul: a
marginata (W. & i ye sip ote: |= Va se Arr ecPilprareinlt Parse
orbignyana (Seg.), - Pelee Rn) ue Ihae by onc Gali sen hRe

Vaginulina legumen (Linn.), . salle Sali cs tists fieateechy Nie haestns ole cere

Cristellaria rotulata (Lamk.), . ef caee NE liam oleate \Peetelt te re

Polymorphina lactea (W. & I i: Selmer Meow sll! ceahal wiseuleas dhe We
gibba (d’Orb.), ae as Bate Atal eee Reon Betas, WE
compressa, d’Urb., is met corel eee hie. Whee Mea | SF
lanceolata, Rss., .. a © lee Hemd Nl pacul ta eultan ae fk Palko

Uvigerina angulosa, Will., .. PM as eas Weta ae | | we] WE

Globigerina bulloides, d’Orb., “PF head all adh gh 2 A od I r

Patellina corrugata, Will., .. grils Pai baer) Setergdlane co a Nol

Discorbina globularis (d’ Orb. ye eu cena 2b, [ome sua tel oye
nitida (Will.), .. we Silt Uae ONES 9 By yale Sat .
wrightii, Brady, .. Sool lee aue i sich bas ecudtnce mi. Faria r

Planorbulina mediterranensis, ? Orb., Ot re Nae ee, ; | wr °

Truncatulina lobatula (W. &J.), ..| e | .. |... oN of vat vr

Pulvinulina Karsteni (Rss ), : an ee Sens «s vr

Rotalia beccarii (Linn.), wept, | FP us | .. | 2 sil ies

Nonionina depressula (W. & ye », a eA OR OR cell ya | VO Ie | ive
scapha (F. & M.), .. e i ia a's a hy RD oe,

Polystomella crispa (Linn.), .. Fish ia idee ad ieee Mane c vr
striato-punctata (F. & M.), Seewes| To] in fe | NE} © fr] Ne

Whilst this paper was passing through the press 'a’specimen of 'Discoobina
bertheloti (d’Orb.) was found in the Boulder Clay, Neill’s Hill.

128 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,
LECTURES ON GEOLOGY.

The introductory lecture of the remarkably original and
successful course whose syllabus is given herewith, was delivered
on the 13th of January, 1894 ; notices of it and the final lecture
are given below. The lectures dealt mainly with matters that
could be observed in the country around Belfast, and each
lecture was followed by pratical work, dealing with some of the
methods by which rocks may be determined.

t. Hardness ; specific gravity ; simple chemical tests.

2. Pulverisation of the rock ; examination of its constituents ;
sifting ; use of polarised light in this method.

3. Brief survey of the use of microscopic sections in studying
the structure of a rock.

4. Examination of special types of rocks, igneous and sedi-
mentary, by various methods.

5. Detection of shells, etc., in sands and clays, with a view to
determining the origin of such deposits.

6. Tracing the origin of materials that have been removed to
a distance from their parent rock-mass.

THE GEOLOGICAL OBSERVER :

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE
EARTH.

By GRENVILLE A. J. Cote, F.G.S., M.R.LA., Professor of
Geology in the Royal College of Science for Ireland, and
in Alexandra College, Dublin, author of “ Aids in Practical
Geology.”

1. The Materials of the Earth—The making of Minerals and
Rocks.

On Saturday evening, 13th January, the first lecture of the
geological course was given in the Museum, under the most

£893-94.] 129

favourable circumstances, the hall being quite filled with an
audience interested in the study of geology.

The President briefly introduced the Lecturer.

Professor Grenville Cole proceeded, after a few introductory
remarks, to show how, by a series of simple observations, mainly
in the open air, the past history of a district may be worked
out. This history, preserved in the rocks, is intimately and
necessarily connected with human history, and geology can
now be no longer ignored by the student of peoples any more
than by the student of geography. The earliest observations
into the materials of the earth were made by pre-historic men
seeking suitable stones for implements; then followed the
search for native metals, and the discovery, probably made
accidentally around a camp fire, that certain ores were capable
of being smelted and of producing metals quite unlike them in
appearance. Rocks were also selected for use in building and
for ornamental work, as in the early Italian churches; and
finally it became felt that, beneath their external differences,
there lay some difference in their mode of origin which might
be worth inquiring into. It was then seen that rocks were
made of distinct minerals, and that sometimes one kind, some-
times several kinds, were associated in the same mass. The
Lecturer proceeded to define the terms mineral and rock.
Rocks are made of mineral particles, minerals of chemical
molecules, molecules of atoms of chemical elements. Only
some eleven of the seventy known elements form any import-
ant part of the crust of earth. Similarly, the common rock-
forming minerals are few, nineteen species being mentioned
in the lecture. Minerals crystallise out from solution, from
sublimation, or from fusion. Rocks are made from materials
once held in solution, from materials laid out by winds or
waters (sedimentation), or from fusion, as in the case of lava
streams. At the present time the crust of the earth was only
known to a depth of about fifteen miles, and this depth had
been obtained, not so much by the mining and boring of man,
as by the upheavals of the earth’s surface, which rendered an

130 [Proc. B.N.F,C.,

investigation of the greater depths practicable. The lecture,
which was attentively listened to, most of those present taking
notes, was illustrated by a few experiments and a large number
of excellent photographic slides, shown by Robert J. Welch,
pictorially representing the different points of the lecture.
Professor Cole explained to the audience that the lecture was
necessarily of an introductory character, but that the subsequent
lectures would deal more definitely with the different features of
the rocks of the earth.

The practical work followed the lecture, and lasted about an
hour. It included the examination of rock-forming materials,
the crystallisation of artificial salts from solution, and the deter-
mination of the specific gravity of rocks, such as the basalt of
the Giant’s Causeway, by means of Walker’s Balance.

2. A Volcanic Eruption—Lavas Old and New.

3. The Roots of a Voleano—The Making of Granite.

4. A River Mouth—Sand Banks and Mud Banks, River
Shells and Sea Shells.

5. The Shore and the Sea—Wasting and Growing of Land,
Raised Sea Beaches.

6. The Open Sea—Shell Banks and Corals, Chalk and Flint.

7. The Building of Mountains—Schist and Gneiss.

8. Lakes and Forests—Rock Salt, Alabaster, Iron Ore and
Coal.

9. The Decay of Mountains—River Gravels, Plains and
Deserts.

to. Glaciers and Icebergs—Moraines and Boulder-drift.

On Saturday evening, 17th March, the final lecture of the
geological course arranged by the Club and delivered by Pro-
fessor Cole was given in the Museum, in presence of a large
audience. In the afternoon an excursion had been held to the
quarries at the Cave Hill, when a party of about seventy
examined the points of interest then exposed, Professor Cole

1893-94] 131

clearly and concisely pointing out the different geological
features of the basaltic and Cretaceous formations. The weather
was particularly fine, which doubtless, coupled with it being the
_ national festival, accounted for so large a party turning out at
this early season of the year for field work.

The President presided at the meeting, tea having been first
served in the ante-room, as usual, by Mrs. Leslie.

Protessor Cole, after a few introductory remarks, said—The
oldest rocks forming the floor of the county are well exposed in
the North, particularly on the coast from Murlough Bay to
Cushendun. They are schists and gneisses, probably older
than the Cambrian period. The next deposits are the coarse
Devonian conglomerates so remarkably developed at the caves
of Cushendun. These were probably deposited on the shore of
an old lake. The county then went under water at the opening
of the Carboniferous period, but plants were washed down into
the sandstone deposits, giving us the coalbeds at Ballycastle.
A slide was exhibited showing the probable appearance of the
old Carboniferous forests on the adjacent shore. In the Triassic
period lakes and continental conditions again prevailed, and the
drying up of the lakes gave rise to deposits of gypsum and
rocksalt. The sea again flowed over the land, depositing the
Rhetic shales of Cave Hill, and the Jurassic period that
followed was also at first marine. On the land huge reptiles
lived ; others swam in the sea, and reptiles even flew through
the air, restorations of these strange Jurassic creatures being
shown upon the screen. County Antrim emerged from this
Jurassic sea sooner than England did, and remained dry land
until the middle of the Cretaceous period. Beds of glauconitic
sand and white, chalky limestone then succeeded, formed by the
accumalation of minute shells in a pure sea. The Lecturer
illustrated the characters of the white limestone by those of
modern organic oozes. Again, an upheaval came, and soon the
earth movements were followed by the opening of a number of
volcanic vents, which poured forth the great basaltic lava flows
that form the plateaux of Antrim. At Tardree, however, the

132 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

first eruptions produced rhyolite, a lava rich in silica. ITllustra-
tions were given of the remarkable volcanic phenomena of
Co. Antrim, including the contraction-structure of the cooling
lavas to which the features of the Giant's Causeway are due.
The dykes of Cave Hill were also discussed. Mammals had
now, in Eocene times, taken the place of the huge and less
intelligent reptiles ; and later, in Pliocene and Post-Pliocene
times, the hippopotamus and the elephant wandered in this
country. The glacial phenomena pointed to a recent cold
period, probably accompanied by partial submergence beneath
the sea ; but man came into the country as the land again rose,
and at Larne elevation has gone on to a height of 20 feet since
his appearance, flint implements occurring in the raised sea
beach at the Curran station. The history of the county shows
that vast changes are in every probability still in progress ; but
the story of life on the globe gives one every confidence that
man and his successors will live on and go forward in new
lands, even though Co. Antrim or all Europe ultimately sink
again beneath the sea. The lecture, which lasted about an
hour and a half, was illustrated by some eighty photographic
slides of local features, which were almost entirely the work of
R. Welch, who officiated with his usual generosity at the
lantern.

After the lecture was delivered, the audience having heartily
applauded,

The President said it was a great source of satisfaction to the
Club in having successfully carried on such an instructive and
interesting course of lectures, and being favoured by such a
capital lecturer as Professor Cole. From lecture to lecture the
interest and the attendance had increased in a most gratifying
way to all concerned, and he felt quite sure that the present
success would lead to new courses of lectures being delivered
next winter either by Professor Cole or some other equally
competent lecturer.

F. W. Lockwood, C.E.; J. J. Phillips, C.E.; Mann Harbison,
and Dr. Sheldon having expressed themselves pleased and well
satisfied with the whole course,

1893-94.] 133

Professor Cole said he felt his weekly visits to Belfast to be
pleasant occasions to him, and he hoped to again visit them in
the near future, trusting the many friendships he had formed in
. Belfast would be lasting and continuing ones. He was always
at the service of anyone interested in geology who would either
call with him in the College of Science, Dublin, or communi-
cate with him there.

The Committee hope to be able to arrange for another course
of lectures from Professor Cole next winter.

134 [ Proc. B.N.F.C,,

METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY
FOR 1898.

~~ S1)

We have again to thank the Council of Queen’s College,
Belfast, for granting access to the records kept at that
Institution, from which the following summary is compiled.

The station at which the records are made is situated in the
Lagan Valley, at an elevation of about sixty feet above mean
sea-level. The Belfast Hills, which attain a maximum elevation
of 1,567 feet, lie to the west and north, stretching in a N.E.
and S.W. line, and passing within three miles of the Observa-
tory. Southward and eastward stretch the low undulating
lands of Co. Down. Lough Neagh is situated some 14 miles
to the westward. Belfast Lough approaches to within two
miles on the N.E., and the open sea lies some 16 miles east of
the observing station.

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1893-94.] ea7

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Maturalists’ Sielo @lub.

+e

I.
That the Society be called ‘‘ Tur Betrast Naruratists’ Frrup Civs.”’

II.

That the objects of the Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland,

III.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Corresponding, and Honorary
Members. ‘The Ordinary Members to pay annually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and that candidates for such Membership shall be proposed and
seconded at any Meeting of the Club, by Members present, and elected by a
majority of the votes of the Members present.

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons of
eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to the
Club; and whose usual residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast.
That such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved of by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present. That Corres-
ponding Members be expected to communicate a Paper once within every two
years.

V.

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected, and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, and two Secretaries, and ten Members, who form
the Committee. Five to form a quorum. No member of Committee to be
eligible for re-election who has not attended at least one-fourth of the Com-
mittee Meetings during his year of office. That the office of President, or that
of Vice-President, shall not be held by the same person for more than two years
in succession.

138 [Proc. B.N.F.C..

VI.

That the Members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings
during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural
History and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries.

Vil.

That Meetings be held Fortnightly or Monthly, at the discretion of the
Committee, for the purpose of reading papers; such papers, as far as possible,
to treat of the Natural History and Archeology of the district. These Meetings
to be held during the months from November to April inclusive.

VIII.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

IX.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alteration in the general laws, of which
a fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members
due notice of such intended alteration.

Xx.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XI.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its members by such other societies.

1893-94.] 139

The following Rules for the Conducting of the Excursions have
been arranged by the Committee.

I.—The Excursion to be open to all Memberrs ; each one to have the privi-
lege of introducing two friends.

II.—A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

IIJ.—One of the Secretaries to act as conductor, or, in the absence of both,
a Member to be elected for that purpose.

IV.—No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
except by the consent of the majority of the Members present.

V.—No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
conductor.

ViI.—Every Member or visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII.—Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained before
the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII.—Those who attend an Excursion without previous notice will be
liable to extra charge, if extra cost be incurred thereby.

IX.—No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

BELFAST NATURALISTS’

ee,

THoiIRTY-SHCOND

140 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

~——_

YEBAR-

FIRED GOLUB.

THE Committee offer the following Prizes to be competed for
during the Session ending March 31st, 1894 :—

I. Best Herbarium of Flowering Plants, repre-

senting not less than 250 species

IT. Best Herbarium of Flowering Plants, repre-

senting not less than 150 species

III. Best Collection of Mosses

IV.
AE
VI.

VIL.

Lichens

Seaweeds

Ferns, Equiseta, and Sates
pods

‘Vertiary and Peseerciany
Fossils a

Cretaceous Fossils aw

Liassic Fossils

Permian and Carbonifer-
ous Fossils

Older Palzozoic Fossils

Marine Shells

Land and _ Freshwater
Shells ef

Lepidoptera ... ves

Hymenoptera

Coleoptera

age

oo°0 0

o 000

fe)

0000

(e)) (oe) fey ie)

1893-94. ] 141

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.
XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV. The President offers a prize of £1 Is. for the Best
Set of three or more Original Sketches, to be placed
in the Album of the Club. These may be executed
in pen and ink, or water-colour, and must illustrate
one or more ancient monuments somewhere in
Ireland. In determining the relative merits of the
sketches, accuracy in representing the subjects and
their details will have chief place. This Prize is
open to the Members of the Belfast Art Society,
and to the Students of the School of Art.

XXV. W. Swanston, F.G.S.,

Best Collection of Crustacea and Echinoder-
mata be Mises .

Best Gollbasion of a names of species
not necessary. Collectors may send (post
paid, from time to time during the season)
their specimens to Rev. H. W. Lett, M.A.,
T.C.D., Aghaderg Glebe, Loughbrickland,
who will record them to their credit

Best Collection of Fossil Sponges oe

Best Collection ot 24 Microscopic Slides,
illustrating some eae branch of Natural
History a

Best Collection of 24 aeiseideepie esiitlest
showing general excellence

Best Set of 6 Field Sketches Sr pea eaMis to
Geology, Archeology, or Zoology ach

Best Set of 12 Photographs, illustrative of
Irish Archzology sch

SPECIAL PRIZES.

contributed to the Club’s Album,.

Se ks,

Io

Io

10

ite)

Io

10

Io

offers a Prize of 1os. 6d. for Six
Photographs from Nature, illustrative of Geology,

142 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

XXVI. Francis Joseph Bigger, Solicitor, Belfast, offers a
Prize of £1 1s. for the Best Set of Twelve Photo-
graphs (not less than cabinet size) of Ecclesiastical
Structures mentioned in Reeve’s Hcclestastical
Antiquities of Down and Connor, contributed to
the Club’s Album. The Set of Photographs taking
this Prize cannot be admitted in competition for
Prize XXIII.

XXVII. W. H. Patterson, M.R.LA., offers a Prize of £1 Is.
for the Best Collection of Flowering Plants, species
not to exceed 50 in number, and 20 of these at least
to be plants of considerable rarity ; to be personally
collected in Ulster during the year, to be named,
with localities and dates attached. Judges—S. A.
Stewart and R. Ll. Praeger, or either.

XXVIII. The Secretaries of the Ulster Fauna Committee offer
a Prize of tos. for the Best Collection of Bats,
Rodents, Insectivora, and Carnivora (names of
species not necessary) collected in Ulster during
the year. Specimens to be sent in a fresh state to
the Museum, Belfast.

XXIX. Mrs. Smythe of Tobarcooran, Carnmoney, offers a
prize of £1 1s for the best collection of Irish names
of places, with meanings, in the counties of Down
and Antrim, zo¢ included in Joyce.

CONDITIONS.

No competitor to obtain more than two Prizes in one year.

No competitor to be awarded the same Prize twice within
three years.

A member to whom Prize I. has been awarded shall be in-
eligible to compete for Prize II., unless the plants are additions
to those in previous collection.

1893-94. ] 143

In every case where three or more persons compete for a
Prize, a second one, of half its value, will be awarded if the
conditions are otherwise complied with.

All collections to be made personally during the Session in
_ Ireland, except those for Prize XXI., which need not necessarily
be Irish, nor competitors’ own collecting. The species to be
classified according to a recognised system, to be correctly
named, and localities stated, and a list to accompany each
collection. The Flowering Plants to be collected when in
flower, and classified according to the Natural System. The
Microscopic Slides to be competitors’ own preparation and
mounting. The Sketches and Photographs to be competitors’
own work, executed during the Session; and those sets for
which Prizes are awarded, to become the property of the Club.

No Prizes will be awarded except to such collections as shall,
in the opinion of the Judges, possess positive merit.

The Prizes to be in books, or suitable scientific objects, at the
desire of the successful competitor.

144 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

NOTICE.

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

Amiens—Societé Linnéenne du Nord de la France.
Bulletin, Nos. 235 to 258.
Barrow—Naturalists’ Field Club.
Annual Report and Proceedings, Vol. VI. and VIII.
Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1892-93.
Bath—Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., No. 4.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. XVI., No 1.
Brighton and Sussex Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Annual Report, 1893.
Bristol—Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VII. part 2.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.

Report and Transactions, Vol. XXIV., Part 2; XXV., Parts
1 and 2.

Cornwall—Royal Institution of.
Journal, Vol. XI., Part 2.

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, Vol. II., Nos. 4 and 5; Vol. III., No. 4.
Transactions, Vol. XXX., Parts 5 to 10.

- Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. IV., Part 1.
Proceedings.
Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian
Society.
Transactions and Journal, No. 9.

1893-94.] 145

Eastbourne Natural History Society.
Transactions, Vol. VII., No. 2.

Edinburgh—Botanical Society of.
Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. XIX.
3 Geological Society of.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part 5.
Frankfort—Helios.
Jahrgang 7, Nos. 1. to 12.
Societatum Litterae.
Jahrgang 7, Nos. 4 to 12 and 8 Nos. 1 to 3.
Glasgow—Philosophical Society of. .
Proceedings, Vol. XXIV.
Geological Society of.
Transactions, Vol. IX., Part 2.

Halifax, N.S.—Nova Scotian Institute of Science.
Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. 1., Part 2.

Hamilton (Canada)—Hamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, No. IX.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.
Transactions, Vol. VII., Parts 5 and 6.

Liverpool Geological Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., Part 1.

London Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XIII., Parts 1 to 6.
List of Members.
Manchester—Field Naturalists’ and Archaeological Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1892.
‘ Microscopical Society.
Transactions and Annual Report, 1892.

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
Report and Transactions, 1892-93.
Plymouth—Institution.
Annual Report and Transactions, Vol. [X., Part 3.

St. John’s, N.B.—Natural History Society of New Brunswick.
Bulletin XI.

146 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

Stavanger—Museum.
Aarsberetning, 1892.

Toronto—Canadian Institute.
Transactions, No. 6.

Trinidad—Field Naturalists’ Club.
Journal, Vol. I., No. 12.

Victoria—Royal Society of.
Proceedings, Vol. IV., Part 2.

Wiltshire—Archaeological and Natural History Society.
Magazine, Vol. XXVI., Nos. 79 and 80.

Yorkshire—Naturalists’ Union.
Transactions, Part 18.
U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.
Proceedings, Vol. XXVI., Part 1.
ae California Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, Vol. I1I. Part 2.
Occasional Papers, 3 and 4.
5 Massachusetts Tufts College.
Studies, No, 1.

Meridan Scientific Association.
Review, 1892.
5 Salem, Essex Institute.
Bulletin, Vol. 23, Parts 1 to 12.
5) VOL 245 e

» Vol. 25, Parts 1 to 3.

3 Wisconsin—Natural History Society of
Occasional Papers, Vol. II.

“5 Minnesota—Geological and Natural History Survey.
Annual Report (Twentieth) 1891.
$4 New-York—American Museum of Natural History.

Annual Report, 1892.
Bulletin, Vol. V., 1893.
: 5 Academy of Science.
Transactions, Vol. XII.
i Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, 1892, Part 3, and 1893, Parts 1 and 2,

1893-94-] maT

U.S.A.—Raleigh, N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, Vol, [X., Part 2.

Rochester— Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, Vol. 2.

Salem—Smithsonian Institution.
Annual Report, 1891.
Report of U.S. National Museum.

St. Louis—Academy of Sciences.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Nos. 2 to 8.

Washington—U.S. Geological Survey.
Eleventh Annual Report, Part I., Geology.
Part II., Irrigation.

” ”?

148 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

BELFAST NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB

aes? eae
THIRTY-SECOND YEAR, 1894-95,
wt BA i
LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.
ple oe,
eS resivent :

F. W. LOCKWOOD, C.E.

Bice- Yresident :
LAVENS M. EWART, M.R.LA.

@reasurer: dibrarian:
W. H. PHILLIPS, WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.G.S,
8 CHICHESTER STREBT. QUEEN STRERT.
Gommiiftee :
JOHN J. ANDREW, L.D.S. MISS S. M. THOMPSON,
GEORGE DONALDSON. ROBERT WEI CH.

WILLIAM GRAY, M.RIA. JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S.
JOHN HAMILTON. | WM. SWANSTON, F.G.S.

8. A. STEWART, F.B.S.E. JOHN VINYCOMB, M.R.1A.

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, M RIL.A, Hon. Secy., Rea’s Buripines,
BELFast. ;

1893-94.]

149

SHembers.

Any changes in the Addresses of Members should be notified to the Secretary.

Adams, John J. M.D., Ashville,
Antrim

' Agnew, A. W., Dunedin, Belfast

Allen, Hugh, 71 York Street

Allworthy, Edward, Mosaphir

Anderson, John, J.P., East Hill-
brook, Holywood

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place

Andrew, J. J., LD.S., Belgravia

Andrews, Miss Mary K. College
Gardens

Acheson, Samuel, E. A., 42 Cromac
Street

Allibon. George, 30 Donegall Place

Aird, M. W , 46 Royal Avenue

Armstrong, Rev. J. E., 22 Belgravia
Avenue

Andrews, Miss, 12 College Gardens

Allen, Joseph, Solicitor, Lisburn

Anderson, John M, Marlborough
Park

Anderson, James F., 22 Ponsonby
Avenue

Barkley, James M., Queen’s Square

Barklie, Robert, M.R.I.A., Working
Men’s Institute

Barr, James, Beechpark, Windsor
Park

Barr, John, 8 Ava Terrace, Bangor

Batt, Wm., Sorrento, Windsor

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portglenone,
Co. Antrim

Beck, Miss Emma, Old Lodge Road.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare

Begley, George R., 18 Kenbella
Avenue

Best, James, Clarence Place

Bigger, Francis Jos., Ardrie

Bingham, Edward, Ponsonby Av

Blair, E., Elgin Terrace, Limestone
Road

Blair, Mrs., Elgin Terrace, Lime-
stone Road

Boyd, Miss, Beechcroft, Strandtown.

Braddell, Edward, St. Ives, Malone
Road

Brenan, Rev. Samuel Arthur, B.A.,
Knocknacarry, Co. Antrim

Brett, Chas. H. Gretton Villa South.

Bristow, Rev. Canon, St. James’
Parsonage

Brown, John, Shaw’s Bridge

Brown, Thomas, 105 Donegall St

Brown, 2 N., Monaghan (c/o Wm
M‘William)

Brown, Wm., 18 Chichester Street

Browne, W. J., M A., Beechmount,
Strabane

Bulla, Charles, Wellington Park
Terrace

Burnett, John R., Rostellan, Malone
Road

Barnes, Henry, 7 Skipper Street
Bain, Miss Vora, Downshire Road,
Holywood
Boyd, J. St. Clair, M.D., 27 Great
Victoria Street
Bruce, Miss E, ‘‘ The Farm.”’
Brownlie, R., 75 Victoria Street
Boyd, Charles, Ormeau Road, Belfast
Blythe, Samuel, 12 South View,
Boyd, Miss Ethel, 43 Victoria Place.
Bell, Robert, Charleville street
Burtchaell, George D., M.A., 7 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin
Breakey, Rev. I. P. R., M.A., The
Rectory, Armoy, Co. Antrim

Calwell, William.,
Square North

Campbell, J. O., B.E., B.A., Raven-
hill Road

Carson, J. C., 73 Victoria Street

Carruthers, Nathl., 47 Stranmillis
Road

Carruthers, Miss, Claremont Street.

Carson, Robert, Talbot Street

Carter, W., Chichester Park

Carter, Mrs., Chichester Park

Cleland, James A., Wellington Park.

Coates, S. B., M.D., Shaftesbury
Square

Colbeck, James, Shaw’s Bridge

Collins, A. J., 3 Windsor Crescent.

Connell, Rev. J., B.A., Holywood

Corry, W. F. C. S., Chatsworth,
Malone Road

Coulson, Gerald, College St. South.

Coulson, J. P., Somerset Terrace

M.D.. College

Coulter, George B., 21 University
Square

Coulter, Mrs., 21 University Sqr

Crawford F. H., 20 Mill Street,
Belfast

Creeth, James, Victoria Street

Crozier, David, 65 Ann Street

Culbert, Robert, Distillery Street

Cunningham, Samuel, Glencairn

Curley, Francis, Dunedin, Antrim
Road

Curley, Mrs., Dunedin, Antrim Rd.

Carse, Hamilton, Kensington Villa,
Knock

Clements, W.T , Agincourt Terrace,
Rugby Road

Coates, J. Dunyille, 41 Chichester
Street

Cooper. Rey. Ed. B.D., Carrowdore
Rectory, Donaghadee

Costigan, Wm., Gt. Victoria Street.

Cosgrave, Henry, 35 Rugby Road.

Crawley, Miss A., 67 High street

Creeny, Rev. R. N, Edenderry
House, Lisburn

Crymble, George G., Gordon House,

Annadale

Cowan, P. C, C.E., 9 College
Gardens

Coleman, J., H. M. Customs, South-
hampton

Cleland, W. W., 48 Wellington Pk,
Coates, W. T., J.P., University Sq,
Belfast
Cross, Miss, 7 India Street,
Coulson, Miss, 4 College St. Sonth.
Cleaver, John Martin, Dunraven,
Malone Road
Carson, John,
Holywood
Coghlan, James, 132 Fitzroy Av
Coade, Rev. Charles, M.A., LL.D.,
Methodist College
Cunningham, Charles M., 79 Great
Victoria Street
Cochrane, Robert, M.R.I.A, 7 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin
Coyle, Rev. R. I., 3 Kinnaird St
Crail, Irvine, 2 Glousterville Ter.,
Fitzroy Avenue
Corley, Miss Kate A., 52 Elmwood
Avenue

Walmer Terrace,

Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of,
Clandeboye

ul

(Proc, B.N,F.C.,

Davies, John Henry, Glenmore
Cottage, Lisburn

Davis, Henry, Holywood

Day, Robert, J.?., M.R.I.A., Cork.

D’Evelyn, Alexander M, M.D.,
Ballymena

Dickson, John M., Hillbrook,
Holywood

Dixon, W. H., Dunowen

Donaldson, George, 88 North Street.

Donaldson, John, Dufferin Avenue,
Bangor

Donnan, W. D., M.B., Ardmore
Terrace, Holywood

Duffin, Miss, Strandtown Lodge

Dunlop, W. J., Bryson Street

Doherty, James, Queen’s College

Duffin, Adam, LL.V., University
Square

Darbishire, R. D., Victoria Park,
Manchester

Dalton, John P., 4 Roseberry Villas,
Chichester Park

Elliott, David, Albertbridge Road

Elliott, George, Royal Avenue

Elliott, George H., Holywood

Ewart, L. M., J.P., Glenbank
House

Ellison, Rev. Allan, Hillsborough

Ferguson, G. W., Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Henry, Donegall Park.

Ferguson, James H., 2 Wellesley
Avenue

Firth, Joseph, Whiterock

Firth, Wm. A., Glenview Terrace,
Springfield Road

Flynn, T M. H., Sunnyside, Bess-
brook

Frame, John, 6 Lawrence Street

Fullerton, G., Croaghbeg, Bush-
mills

Fulton, David, Glenbrook, Cregagh.

Foster, T. W., M.A., 1 Clonsilla,
Antrim Road

Flashman, E Newbery, 50 Paken-
ham Place

Faren, W., Mount Charles

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Galloway, Joseph, 83 LEglantine
Avenue

Gibson, Henry, Glencairn

1893-94.]

Gilmore, W. J. Camberwell Villas.
Glenn, George J. Hartington Street.
Godwin, William, Queen Street

Gourley, James, J.P., Derryboy,

Killyleagh

Gracey, Robert, Brookhill Avenue.
’ Gray, Wm. M.R.I.A., Mountcharles.
Greenfield, Charles, Marino, Holy-

wood

Greer, Mrs., Dulce-Domum, Strand-
town

Gulbransen, P. F., 17 Queen’s
Arcade

Gulbransen, A., 6 Ratcliffe Street

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace

Graham, William, Lombard Street.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthorndem,
Knock

Greer, Rev. Geo. S., M.A., Porta-
ferry

Gibson, Sergeant, Brown’s Square
Barracks

Greer, R. T., c/o L. L. Macassey,
7 Chichester Srreet

Gibson, Andrew, 14 Cliftonville
Avenue

Grant, Mrs, Palmerston Villa,
Sydenham

Grogan, J. G., Spafield, Holywood.

Gibson, Wm., 30 Castlereagh Place.

Grimshaw, Miss, Clifton House,
Cliftonville

Galvin, M. A., 19 Chichester Street.

Hamilton, John, 5 Church Avenue,
Holywood

Hamilton, Thomas, Queen Street

Hanford, Ernest, c/o Marcus Ward,
& Co, City

Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street.

Hanna, Wm., B.A., Lisanore Villas,
Antrim Road

Hanna, John, Jun., Lisanore Villa,
Antrim Road

Harbison, Mann, Ravenhill Terrace.

Hazlett, Sir James, J.P., Princess
Gardens

Hassan, Thomas, Strangemore House

Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood

Holden, J. S. M.D., Sudbury,
Suffolk, (Cor. Mem.)

Hamilton, Alexander, 20 Atlantic
Avenue

Hanna, J. A., Engineer’s Office,
Northern Counties Railway

ISI

Hardy, Gardner, 5 Wellington Park

Hill, Robert, Tareen, Chichester
Park

Holland, William, Osborne Park

Hungerford, John, Royal Ulster
Works, Dublin Road

Hobson, Benjamin, 6 Hopefield
Avenue
Hoskins, A. P., 28 Blenheim

Terrace, Cromwell Road
Haveron, R. J., 35 Donegall Place.
Haddon, Professor, Royal College

of Science, St. Stephen’s Green,

Dublin
Hazelton, W. D.,

Street, City
Hamilton, Alexander, 128 Fitzroy

Avenue
Harkness, Miss Lizzie, Coil Mara,

Cultra

85 Linenhall

Imrie, James, Rugby Road, Belfast.
Inglis, Wm., Riverston Terrace,
Holywood

Jackson, A. T. 5 Corn Market

Jefferson, H. 8., Rosnakill Strand-
town

Johnson, Rev. W. F., M.A., Armagh.

Johnston, James F., Free Library.

Johnston, W. J., J.P., Dunesk,
Stranmillis

Jones, Professor T. R.. F.R.S.,
10 Uverdale Road, King’s Rd.,
Chelsea, London, N.B

Jafié, Mrs. Otto, Kinedar, Strand-
town

Johnson, Mrs.,
Armagh

Johnston, James, 19 Waring Street.

Johnston, Miss, Glouco, Antrim

Winder ‘Terrace,

Keay. David, 22 College Green,
Belfast

Keith, Hutchinson,
Street

Keith, Samuel J.,
Street

Kelly, W. Redfern, C.E., Dalriada,
Malone Park

Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street,

Kernaghan, Wm., Wellington Park.

Kidd, George, Lisnatore, Dunmurry.

Kilpatrick, F., 78 Ann Street.

Kirkwood, J. A., Dundonald Cottage

7 Glenravel

7 Glenravel

Knowles, W. J., M.R.I.A., Bally-
mena.

Knowles, Miss M., Skelwith Fold,
Ambleside, Westmoreland.

Kyle, R. A., 31 Donegall Place.

Knight, Charles G., Glouster Villa,
Antrim Road.

Kennedy, F. J., 4 Clarence Place.

Kinahan, John., Lowood, Belfast.

Lamb, William W., 34 Brookvale
Avenue.

Lapworth, Professor Charles, Mason
College, Birmingham.

Lawther, Stanley, Mount Vernon.

Lepper, F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-
burn.

Leslie, James, Eglantine Avenue.

Leslie, Mrs., Eglantine Avenue.

Lett, Rev H. W., M.A., Aghaderg
Glebe, Loughbrickland, County
Down.

Letts, Professor E, A., Dunavon,
Craigavad.

Lewers, Hugh, M.D., 257 Shankhill
Road.

Lockwood, F. W., Wellington Park
Terrace.

Logan, Mrs., Bangor, Co. Down.

Lewis, Joseph, 13 Pakenham Street.

Little, James, 48 Regent Street.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

Lowrie, Thomas, 1 Fountainville
Terrace.

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Macdonald, Miss, Bantry, Co. Cork.

Macdonald, William, Carlisle Circus.

Mackenzie, John, Malone, Belfast.

Major, Rev. J. J., Belvoir Hall,
Belfast.

Malcolmson, Greer, Malone Park.

Malcolmson, Harold, Holywood.

Malcolmson, James, Cuirnburn,
Strandtown.

Malcolmson, Mrs. Cairnburn, Strand-
town.

Mann, Jas. 8., Ballyholme, Bangor.

Marsh, Mrs, Glenlyon, Holywood.

Martin, Adam, Knock.

Marsh, Joseph C., Castleton Terrace

Millen, Samuel S., B.A., 44 Ulster-
ville Avenue, Belfast.

152

[ Proc, B.N.F.C.,}

Milligan, S. F., M.R.I.A., Chelsea,
Antrim Road

Mollan, W. S., 15 University Sq.

Mollan, Miss, 15 University Square.

Moore, John. Shaftesbury Square.

Morrow, David, Church Hill, Holy-
wood.

Morton, John, Clifton Park Avenue.

Moss, William, 6 Princess May
Gardens, Antrim Road.

Mull, Henry, 6 Bedford Street.

Murdoch, James, 10 Ponsonby Av.

Murphy, Joseph J., Osborne Park.

Musgrave, J. R., J.P., Drumglass
House, Malone Road.

Myles, Rev. EH. A., St. Anne’s
Vestry, Belfast.

Marshall, H. 15 Rockmount, Castle-
reagh Place, Mountpottinger.

Maxton, James, 26 Waring Street.

Mitchell, J. S, 47 Magdala Street.

Morrissy, E. J., 14 Lavinia Street.

Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

Murdock, Charles, 142 Cullingtree
Road.

May, Robert, 40 Lothair Avenue.

Moore, Wm, 5 Ardenvohr Terrace.

Moore, Miss, Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh.

Macdowell, Wm. A., 69 Upper
Arthur Street.

Mathewson, Mrs.,
Belfast.

Maconachie, Rev. James, Erindale,
Cliftonville Avenue.

Murray, P., 95 Fitzroy Avenue.

Morrison, Hugh, Ligoneil, Belfast.

Macrory, Mrs., Hia, Antrim Road.

Montgomery. R. M., 22 Corporation

Helen’s Bay,

Street
Moore, S A, 2 Howard Street.
Moore, James, Corunna House,
Ravenhill Road.

M‘Alister, Thomas, Eglinton Street.

M‘Cance, J. S., Dunmurry.

M‘Gaw, iss, 17 Wellington Park
Terrace.

M‘Chesney, Joseph, Holywood.

M‘Clean, F. P., Huntly Villas,
Belfast.

M‘Cleery, H,, 82 Clifton
Avenue, Belfast

M‘Clure, Wm. J., Elizabeth Street.

Park

1893-94.]

M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Connell, Edward, Belmont Park
Avenue.

M‘Cormick, H. M‘Neile, Craigavad.

M‘Cullough, John, Martello Terrace,
Holywood.

M'‘Elheran, W. F., College Gardens.
M‘Ilwaine, John H., Ravensdale,
Strandtown.

MacIlwaine, Mrs.,
Strandtown.
M‘Kee, Robert, M.A., Harlesden
College, Bramshill Road, Lon-
don, N.W.

M‘Kee, Miss, Harlesden College,
Bramshill Road, London, N.W.

M‘Kee, W. S., 20 Mill Street.

M‘Kinney W. F., Ballyvesey,
Carnmoney.

M‘Kisack, Alfred, Mountcharles.

M‘Dermott, Rev John, Belmont.

M‘Candless, William,. 3 Finvoy
Terrace, Fitzroy Avenue.

M‘Cleery, Wm. H., 22 Landscape
Terrace

M‘Crea, J. B, Hesseville, Bally-
nafeigh.

M‘Dade, R. S., 148 Donegall Pass.

M‘Donald, Jas., 37 Donegall Street.

M‘Cullough, J. C., Holywood.

M‘Kee, John, Solicitor, Lombard
Street.

M‘Kenzie, Dr. W. G., Gt. Victoria
Street.

MacLaine, Alexander, J.P., Queen’s
Elms, Belfast.

M‘l.ean, George, 8 Pottinger Street.

M‘Leish, John, ‘‘The Mount,”’
Mountpottinger.

M‘Mordie, James, Belgravia Avenue

M ‘Neill, Miss J., 4 Princess Gardens.

M‘Bain, Alexander, 66 York Street.

M‘Neill, John, 12 May Street.

Ravensdale,

M‘Kisack, Dr. H. L., College
Square Hast.

M‘Gaffin, Miss, Belgravia Avenue,
Lisburn Road.

M‘Duff, Miss Sarah, 48 South
Parade.

M‘Cullough, William, Belfast Bank,
Newtownards.

M‘Cleery, J. O., 82 Cliftonpark
Avenue.

153

M‘Minn, Charles W., 4 Wilton
Terrace, the Plains.

Nelson, Miss, la India Street,
Botanic Avenue.

Nepveu, Lucien, Courtney Terrace.

Nesbitt, W. C., Kinnaird Terrace.

Nicholl, William, Donegall Square
North.

Nicholson, H. J-, 5 West Elmwood,

O’Neill, Henry, M.D., 6 College
Square East.

O’ Neill, James, M.A, 5 College
Square Kast.

O’Shea, P. J , South Parade

Orr, H Lamont, Garfield Street.

Owens, John S , St. James Street.

Patterson, D. C., Clanbrassil Terrace,
Holywood.

Patterson, R L,J.P., Croft House,
Holywood.

Patterson, Robt., F.Z,S., Tilecote,
Malone Park.

Patterson, R. L, jun., Clanbrassil
Terrace, Holywood.

Patterson, W. H., Clanbrassil Ter.,

Holywood.

Patterson, Richard, J.P., Kilmore,
Holywood

Patterson, Miss Clara, Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, William H., M.R.I.A,

Garranard, Strandtown.

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, Knock.

Phillips, Jas. J., 61 Royal Avenue.

Phillips, William H., F.R.H.S.,
Lemonfield, Holywood.

Pim, John, J.P., Bonavon, Antrim
Road.

Pim, John William, 21 Victoria

Street.

Joshua,

Whiteabbey.

Pim, Thomas W.., 21 Victoria Street.

Pinion, James, Co. Down Railway.

Polley, William T., 52 Fitzroy
Avenue.

Porter, Miss, 5 Belgravia Terrace,
Eglantine Avenue.

Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.

Porter, Wm., Rate Office, Town
Hall.

Pim, Slieve-na-Failthe,

Payne, J. C. C., J.P., Oxford
Buildings.

Payne, Mrs., Botanic Avenue.

Peddie, J. F., 9 Donegal] Square
West.

Porter, Miss Mary, 148 Albion Place.

Praeger, E. A., Holywood.

Praeger, R. L., M.R.1T.A., National
Library, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Praeger, Miss Rosamoud, Marino,
Holywood.

Purdon, Mrs., 5 Wellington Place.

Pender, Mrs. M. T., Glengormley.

Pooler, C. K., 159 University Street.

Quail, Rev. Patrick, P.P., Dunmore,
Ballynahinch.

Radley, Joseph, Prospect Hill Lis-
burn.

Rea, Miss, Churchfield, Holywood.

Redmond, David, Saintfield.

Reid, Robert, King Street.

Ridings, Richard, 6 Windsor Terrace

Ringland, 8. B., Ballytrim House,
Killyleagh.

Robinson, George, Woodview, Holy-
wood.

Robinson, Wm. A., J.P., Culloden,
Cultra.

Ross, John, Cliftonville.

Ross, Richard, M.D., Wellington
Place.

Ross, Wm. A., Iva-Craig, Craigavad.

Russell, John, C.E., Waring Street.

Reid J. C. W., Montalto, South
Parade.

Rew, Fred W., 49 Atlantic Avenue.

Ritchie, James, c/o Millar, Boyd,
& Reid, Calendar Street.

Robinson, Samuel, Helen’s Bay, Co.
Down.

Robertson, W. B., 7 India Street.

Shanks, James, Ballyfounder, Porta-
ferry.

Sheldon, Charles, M.A., Royal
Academica! Institution.

Skillen, Joseph, Lambeg, Lisburn.

Smith, Rey. W. S., The Manse,
Antrim.

Smyth, Walter, Woodview, Holy-
wood.

[Proc, B.N.F.C.,

Smythe, Ven. Archdeacon, Coole,
Glebe, Carnmoney.

Speers, Adam, Holywood.

Staples, Sir N. A., Bart., Lissan,
Dungannon.

Stelfox, James, C.E., Oakleigh,
Ormeau Road.

Stevenson, John, Coolavin, Malone
Road.

Stevenson, J. M‘N., Carrickfergus.

Stewart, Rev. J. A., M.A., Pond
Park, Lisburn.

Stewart, 8S. A., The Museum,
Belfast.

Shaw, Lancelot, Brooklyn, Knock.

Shaw, Mrs., Brooklyn, Knuck.

Simms, David, Cromwell Road.

Smythe, Mrs. Proctor, 50 Duncairn
Street.

Stacke, Dr. E. C., 78 Pakenham
Place.

Steele, David, 36 Ponsonby Avenue.

Steele, R. J., 115 Dunlop’s Terrace,
Limestone Road.

Stewart, Pakenham, Knockbreda
Rectory.

Swanston, Wm., F.G.S., Cliftonville
Avenue.

Swanston, Mrs., Cliftonville Avenue

Symington, Saml., Ballyoran House,
Dundonald.

Swan, Allan P., Bushmills,

Stirling, James, 14 Rugby Road.

Somerset, Robert, 25 Cavendish

Street.

Scott, Henry, 12 May Street.

Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.

Shaw, William Hinde, Brooklyn,
Knock.

Stewart, K. M., Knockbreda Rectory,
Belfast.

Scott, Conway, C.E., Town Hall,
Belfast.

Shannon, James, Kinnegar, Holy-
wood.

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School, Holy-
wood.

Shaw, Cecil, M.D., 14 College
Square East.

Symington, Professor, F.R.S.E.,
Queen’s College.

Shaw, Miss, Pine Lodge, Strand-
town.

Sharpe, Mr. Robert, 100 Fitzroy
Avenue

1893-94-]

Stubbs, Maurice, 96 Great Victoria
Street

Stears, Samuel, 79 Ormeau Road.

Smyth, Sidney Bryce, M.D., Great
Victoria Street

‘Stewart, Miss, Ulster Hospital,
Templemore Avenue

Tate, Alexander, C.E., Longwood,
Whitehouse
Tate, Miss A. H.,
Whitehouse

Taylor, E. E., Garfield Chambers

Thomas, S. G., Limestone Road

Todd, John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam
Park

Thompson, Miss S. M., Macedon,
Whitehouse

Thompson, Mrs. H.,
Windsor

Thomson, George, Woolton Villa,
Rosetta Park

Todd, W. A., 24 Victoria Street

Turner, James, Mountain Bush

Turtle, Jas. C., Claremont, Strand-
town

Traill, W. A., Bushmills

Telford W. J., 23 Lincoln Avenue

Thompson, Rev. David, Dromore,
Co. Down

Thompson, A., 69 Botanic Avenue,
Belfast

Tulloch, Miss, Howard Street

Longwood,

Crosshill,

Vinycomb, John, M.R.I.A., Holy-
wood

Waddell, Rev. C. H., M.A., The
Rectory, Saintfield

Wakeman, W. F., F.RS.A.,
Knightsville, Blackrock, Dublin

Walker, Thomas, R., Rugby Road

Walkington, T. R., Edenvale, Strand-
town

Ward, I. W., Ulster Terrace

Waddell, Miss, 63 Botanic View,
University Road

Watson, Thomas, Shipquay Gate,
Londonderry

Watson, Wm., Rosslyn, Knock

Ps

‘ aye
“ey

RP a

10 J

E55

Watts, Charles W., F.I.0., 40
Goldhurst Terrace, London,

Waugh, Isaac, Wilmont Terrace,
Ardenlee Avenue.

Welch, R. J., 49 Lonsdale Street

White, Benoni, 7 Chichester Street

Whitla, Professor, M.D., College

Square North

Wilson, James, C.E., Oldforge,
Dunmurry

Wilson, Jas., Ballybundon, Killinchy

Wilson, A. G. Stranmillis

Wilson, W. H., Stranmillis

Wise, B. D., C.E., Waterside,
Greenisland

Workman, Rey. R., M.A., Rubane,
Glastry

Workman, Thomas, J.P., Craigavad.

Wright, Joseph, F.G.S., Alfred
Street

Wright, Miss, Alfred Street

Wylie, William, Mountpleasant

White-Spunner, Mrs., Weldon, Bel-
fast

Whitaker, Miss F., Cliftonville

Walker, Mr., Lawrencetown, Co.
Down

Walker, Mrs., !-awrencetown, Co.
Down

Wilson, James F. D., 82 Joy Street.

White, John F., Tudor Gardens,
Kglantine Avenue

Ward, T., 11 Eden Crescent, Antrim
Road

Woollcombe, Dr. Robert Lloyd,
LL.D., M.R.I.A., 14 Waterloo
Road, Dublin

Wilson, George, 2 Arthur Terrace,
Antrim Road

Wheeler, Mrs., Lennoxvale, Belfast.

Walkington, Miss, LL.D., Strand-

town

Wilson, David, % Ashley Villas,
Cliftonville

Wilson, Thomas, C.E., Fleetwood
Street

Young, Robert, C.E., J.P. Rath-
varna, Chichester Park

Good

UL.965

= 7 ;

p Reet
anal Age
teat boa ee

r

*
\
19> Die

The following Publications of Hee Club can be

had from the Librarian :—

Seventh Annual Report---1869-70, containing Appendix I., List of the

Trish Liassic Fossils, —Tate, 1 Plate | ie exe. 2/6
Kighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing Appendix IL., List of Irish
Liassic Foraminifera—Wright ; and List of the Fossils of the
’ Estuarine Clays of Antrim and Down, —Stewart cy Te age
Ninth Annual Report—1871-72... % ACB: ee . I/-
Tenth do. 1872-73... <x F -e dfs
Proceedings—Series II., Vol. I., Part I., 1873-74, containing Appendix
, List of Mosses of N orth-East of Ireland—Stewart ; and List
of Cretaceous Microzoa of North of Ireland —Wright, 2 Plates 2/6
»» Series II., Vol: I., Part II., 1874-75 ae ih wa As
” 9 9 III., 1875-76 oo ce I
3 LV., 1876-77, containing Appehdie Ey
Recent Foraminifera of Down and Antrim,—Wright, 1 Plate ;
and Silurian Rocks of cent Down— Swanston and A
3 Plates ae 2/6
», series II., Vol. I., Parts v. and VL, "1877- 78 a 78. 79 (in sap) 1/-
i: », Part VII., 1879-80, containing Appendix V.,
List of Post- - tertiary Foraminifera of North-East of Ireland,—
Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Boulder Clay of North- East of
Treland, » Stew art “5 ve an se ee 2/-
5, Series II., Vol. Il., Part I., 1580-81, containing Appendix VI.,
List of Foraminifera of South Donegal, — Wright ; Sponge
Remains from Carb. Limestone, County Sligo, — Wright ; and
Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo,—Caiter, 1 Plate oe 1/6
», Series I]., Vol. II., Part II., 1881-82 Se «d en |
“ III., 1882 83, containing Appendix VIL,
Supplemental List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland,—
Stewart ee ee 1/-
y»» _ Series IT., Vol. II., Part Iv, 1883- 84, containing Appenaie vt,
Notes on wiih Coleoptera, ~Haliday ; ; Cromlechs of Antrim aad
Down,— Gray, 12 Plates; and Pre historic Monuments near
Sligo, —Elcock, 4 Plates ae wal «s 2 8}-
», Series IT., Vol. IT, Part V., 1884-85, containing Kocandtis IX.,
Ostracoda. of Belfast Lough, — Malcomson ; ; Fungi of North of
Ireland, —Lett; Foraminifera of ‘‘ Protector’? Oruise, &c.—
Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera of ns Hill,—Wright ;
Trish Coleoptera, — Patterson | ee 1 oc Bis
», series II., Vol. I1., Part VI., 1885-86, containing Appendix I.,
(Vol. II. ); The Ferns of Ulster, — Phillips and Praeger ee 2
», Series IT., Vol. Il, Part VII, 1886-87, containing Appendix IT.,
Notes on the Sections exposed at. the Alexandra Dock, Belfast,
with List of Fossils, 1 Plate, —Praeger ae 2/-
», Series II., Vol. III, Part I , 1887-88, containing Appehae IIl.,
Marine Shells of the North of Ireland Praeger 2. oe Of.
»» Series II., Vol. III., Part II., 1888-89 & es ons &/s
Ea III., 1889-90, containing Report of
lie anne Gravels Committee, 2 Plates “A Eo eee
»,. Series IT., Vol. IIL., Part IV., 1890-91... ve pe | er
ry BS “ V., 1891-92 .. = oe
99 ” ” Wals 1892-93 ee ee ee 2/-
9) Index ee qe ee ee ° ee 6d

_ Meteorological Summary for 1894

BELFAST

1894-95.

+ +

Gunnual Report ———=

NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.

fe ie
+ ks
|

= and (Proceedings

CONTENTS.

Annual Report - - = = site =
Excursions — Benmore and Murlough, Drogheda and the Boyne, Dundonald
and Scrabo, Port Salon and Rosapenna, Ballymena and Slieve

Mis, Dundrum and Maghera, Langford Lodge - -
Social Meeting . - - - were P
Presidential Address - - -

Papers—A. Percy Hoskins—On a Sample of Glauconite = -
R. Lloyd Praeger—The Irish Field Clubs and Field Club Work

Douglas Hyde—The Celtic Language and Literature -
Mary K. Andrews—Notes on Moel Tryfaen -
Sydney M. Thompson—A Bit of Foreshore se tul
Joseph Wright—The Occurrence of Boulder Clay on Divis
Professor Haddon—Modern Relics of Olden ‘Time —_-
Rev. Denis Murphy—Irish Art as Shown on Ancient Crosses
Grenville A. J. Cole—Hullite -

Irish Music and Readings, Report of Celtic Section

Annual Meeting - - =

Report of the Geological Committee

Rules, Prizes, and Exchanges -
Officers and Members -

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.

Oe a ee

PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 2/-.

PAGE

159

165
186
188
195
202
204
205
210
215
216
218
221
227
228
229
236
239
250

The following Publications of the Club may be obtained from
. the Labrart tan :—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH- EAST OF IRELAND,

including the Phanerogamia, the Cryptogamia, Vas-

_cularia, and the Muscine,—S. A. Stewart, F.B.S..

~ Edin., and T..H. ieee ees &e. Cama’:
MacMillan and Bowes... --- ts sy. YG

~ SYSTEMATIC “LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE =
FLORA, FAUNA, PALAZONTOLOGY, AND -
ARCHAOLOGY OF THE NORTH OF IRE-.
LAND; Vol. I., consisting of the Appendices from
-1870 to 1885 inclusive, 27 Plates ; <-

in paper... Gere ee <7 eee
in boards ~ ... oe 5h ae he be

GUIDE TO BELFAST AND ADJOINING COUN-
TIES; containing chapters on Geology, Botany, Zoo-
logy, Topography, Historical Antiquities, Agriculture,
Trade, and Excursions, with numerous Plates. Pub- — .
lished at 3/6; Reduced Price... fis cual Ff QI.

(See also back of Cover.)

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

BELFAST
NATURALISTS
| ot 5 i a BPS

For the Year ending the 31st March, 1895.

(THIRTY-SECOND YEAR.)

SERIES II. PART II.

VOLUME IV. 1894-5.

Belfast :

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB.
py ALEXANDER Mayne & Boyp, 2 CorPoRATION STREET,
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’s COLLEGE, BELFAST.

1895.

J . _

| ral) id te eeateln tf, -

tele PO RT.

The Committee of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club beg to
ay before their members the thirty-second Annual Report.

The past year has been eventful in many ways: in its continued
increase of members, in the more general interest taken in
scientific matters by the public, and also in the general co-opera-
tion of the different scientists throughout Ireland with the
members of the Club.

At the end of last year the membership stood at 461, and it
now stands at the unprecedented number of 516, after allowing
for removals by death and other causes. This is by far the
highest number ever reached in the history of the Club, and
one that causes the Committee grave considerations for the
future management.

The Summer Session was of interest and value to the members,
on every occasion good weather favoured the Club although
the season was generally inclement. What has been the rule
for some years past was carried out in June, viz.:—A joint
excursion with the Dublin Field Club, which was rendered
more interesting by the members of the North Staffordshire
Field Club taking part in the day’s proceedings. This English
Club visited Belfast for the first time and were entertained by
our members in the Museum and provided with guides during
their week’s stay. Our Secretary also prepared their Programme
and gave them all the local assistance possible, for which the
hearty thanks of the visitors were cheerfully given to our Club.

The following is a list of the summer excursions :—

Murlough oa aes eae a 19 May.
The Boyne... ope va coe 16 June,
Scrabo eee aad - ns 30 June,

160 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Rosapenna and Port Salon eae eos II, 12, and 13 July.
Slieve Mis oe aoe es eae 11 August.
Dundrum a eS oe she 25 August.
Langford Lodge = ae mae 15 September.

The attendances at these excursions varied from 25 at Bally-
castle to 120 at Langford Lodge.

The best thanks of the Club are due to Miss Clarke, for
Murlough’; George Coffey, M.R.I.A., for the Boyne; Rev.
Narcissus Batt, A.M., for Rathmullan; W. J. Knowles, M.R.LA.,
for Ballymena; The Marquis of Downshire, for Dundrum; and
the Rev. A. H. Pakenham, for Langford Lodge. Also to the
different Railway Co.’s for the advantages given and the
courtesies extended to the members.

The formation of the Irish Field Club Union, whereby the
Field Clubs of Ireland will have a central Committee, will,
doubtless, work for the general benefit of all concerned. It
is not intended that the individuality of any Club should
be sacrificed, but it is contemplated that there should be an
annual gathering each summer of all the Clubs and an inter-
change of lecturers during the winter. As an initiation it is
proposed to hold a conference of the Field Clubs next July in
Galway, when excursions will be held and papers of general
interest brought forward.

The winter meetings were as follows :—

20 Nov. 1. Presidential Address, by F. W. Lockwood, C.E.
2. Irish Field Clubs and Field Club Work.’’—R. Lloyd Praeger,
M.R.I.A., Member.
3. ‘* Note on a Sample of Glauconite from Woodburn, Carrick-
fergus.’’—A. Percy Hoskins, F.I C., F.G.S., Member,
26 Nov. “* Celtic Language and Literature.’’—-Douglas Hyde, LL.D.
18 Dec. 1. ‘Notes on Moel Tryfaen.”—Miss Mary K. Andrews, Member.
2. “A Bit of Foreshore.’’ _Miss Sydney M. Thompson, Member.
3. “The Missing Beds from Cave Hill.”—Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A.,
Member,

4. Report of the Delegates to British Association.
15 Jan. 1. “On the Occurrence of Boulder Clay on Divis,’’— Joseph
Wright, F.G.S., Member.
z. “Modern Relies of Olden Time.’’—Prof. A. C. Haddon,

M.R.I.A., Member.

19 Feb. “Trish Art as Shown on Ancient Crosses.’’--Rev. Denis
Murphy, S.J., LL.D., M.R.LA.

19 March 1. “ Additional Lepidoptera of Enniskillen.” —Lieutenant-Colonel
Partridge.

1894-95.] 161

z. “Hiullite,’’ by Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole, M-R.I.A., Member,
3. “Wild Bird Protection and Nesting Boxes.”—John R. B.
Masefield.
4. Annual Microscopical Meeting.
28 March Irish Night by the Celtic Class.
9 April Annual Meeting.

The average attendance at all these meetings was very good.
On several occasions the room was crowded, whilst on the Irish
night the Museum was found quite inadequate to afford accom-
modation, so the meeting was held in the Y.M.C.A. Hall.

During the season two most successful courses of lectures
were held, given under the auspices of the Club. The first
course was geological, “‘ The Story of Life on the Globe,’ and
was delivered by Professor Grenville A. J. Cole, M.R.LA., of
the Royal College of Science, Dublin. This the second course
delivered by Professor Cole was much appreciated, and cannot
but do good to the students of this science in the Club.

The second course was botanical, being delivered by Professor
T. Johnson, D.Sc. of the Royal College of Science, and entitled
“The Study of Piant Life.’ This course will do much to
arouse the somewhat lagging interest of the members in this
important study. Both courses were followed by practical
classes, where much technical information was obtained and
general advice afforded.

The Geological Committee, with Miss S. M. Thompson as
Secretary, has done good work during the Session (see Report,
page 229).

The Microscopical Section has been less active than usual
during the year, but with the advent of the Rev. John Andrew
as President, and W. Donnan, M.D., as Secretary, more work
may be expected during the coming Session. The members of
this Section rendered good services to Professors Cole and
Johnson during their courses of lectures.

The Celtic Class has done well under the care of its founder,
P. J. O'Shea, who was ably assisted by J. St. Clair Boyd, M.D.,
and George Gibson (see Report, page 227). On the Irish night
much interest was aroused in the readings and songs in the
native tongue, and especially in the old Irish airs played on the

162 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

violin and the harp (see Programme, page 228).

On each evening of meeting tea was provided for the members
by Mrs. Lockwood, Mrs. Leslie, Miss Andrew, and the Misses
Wright, to whom the Committee wish to return their best
thanks for their consideration.

The Club has at length obtained permanent rooms of their
own in the rere of the Museum through the kindness of the
Natural History Society. This will be found a great advantage
to the members, affording a place for the keeping of the valuable
collection of books and albums now possessed by the Club, where
they can be accessible at all times ; and also a store-house for
specimens, and a general meeting place for small classes and
committees. At present many small requisites are required in
these rooms which will be supplied in due time.

The following are the reports of the judges appointed to
examine the collections sent in by the members in competition
for prizes :—

Prize 2.—For this prize a series of beautifully-mounted
plants has been sent in by Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D. This
collection represents about 180 species of our local plants. It
complies in every way with the conditions, and we accordingly
adjudge that Prize No. 2 be awarded.

Prize 27—For this prize two competing series of rare plants
have been sent in—No. 1 by Miss M. C. Knowles and No. 2 by
Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D. Both of these collections are excellent,
and each includes a good number of plants of considerable rarity,
and in each there are plants unknown in the district at the time
of the publication of the Flora of North-East Ireland. A
careful comparison of these two sets has been made, with the
result as follows :—No. 1 collection has two plants not included
in Flora N.&J. and eight which are marked in the Fora as
‘very rare.” No 2 collection also includes two which are not
in Flora and eight marked “very rare.” No. 1 collection has
in addition 26 species stated in //ora to be “rare,” whilst No.
2 collection has 19 species so classed. The Prize No. 27 is
therefore awarded to Miss M. C. Knowles.

1894-95.] 163

Your Committee hope that during the coming season the
members will continue to extend their practical work, and
endeavour to maintain the name of the Club as a society of
original research.

The best thanks of the Club are due to the local press for the
lengthened reports of the Club’s proceedings given in their
issues from time to time.

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER,
fon. Secretary.

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SUMMER PROGRAMME.

EXCURSIONS.

19 May.
BENMORE AND MURLOUGH.

The first of the summer excursions was held on Saturday, 19
May, to Benmore and Murlough Bay. An early start was
made by the Northern Counties Railway, reaching Ballycastle
at 9-30, in time for a comfortable breakfast in the Antrim
Arms, where Robert Hunter paid every attention to the
members. After breakfast cars were mounted and a start made
for Fair Head, past the ruins of the old Franciscan Monastery,
at Bonamargy, where lovely views of the head and the sea were
obtained. An hour’s drive brought the party close to the
shores of Loch-na-Crannoge, near the summit of the head,
where the vehicles were left and the journey around the head-
lands pursued on foot. The interesting lake-dwelling was
viewed from a distance, but the geologists, who composed the
majority of the party, pushed on to the cliffs to see and examine
the disintegration that was there taking place, the columns,
standing out perpendicularly from the cliffs and toppling over
the sea at a height of 600 feet, affording a sight unequalled on
all our Antrim coast, especially when a large steamer sailed
past close in to shore and apparently within gunshot. The

Grey Man’s Path was soon reached, and some of the party
I

166 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

descended its dizzy winding, whilst others crossed the fallen
column, being skilled climbers, and apparently regardless of its
height above the abyss.

At this point W. A. Traill, C.E., of Bushmills, gave a
description of the geology of the district, pointing out the
different formations as exemplified in the rocks around, thus
giving a practical lesson in this science that was much appre-
ciated by all present. Soon the heights above Murlough were
reached, and if the members had done or seen nothing else the
landscape spread out before them fully repaid them for their
visit. A luxuriant growth of trees and underwood extended to
the water’s edge, where gently curling waves washed around
the fantastically shaped limestone rocks, whilst the whole bay
was walled in with a great semicircle of ponderous cliffs,
forming a scene of wondrous beauty and enjoyment. The
pleasing situation was taken advantage of by William Gray,
M.R.I.A., who explained the different geological strata visible—
the trap, the Chalk, the Greensand, and the New Red Sandstone
—and generally imparted as much information as he could in
the limited time at his disposal.

The descent to the shore was made through the glen amongst
a lavish growth of ferns and primroses, wild hyacinths and wood
anemones, whilst here and there the talus of the cliffs appeared
in irregular heaps, showing the different formations in confused
masses. Miss Clarke, the genial occupant of the cottage on the
shore, with true Irish hospitality provided a cup of tea for the
members, which was much appreciated amidst the comely
surroundings of her home. Some of the Asplentum marinum
was here collected, also specimens of the Bree’s fern (Lastrea
emula), and the sea campion (Szlene maritima). In the ascent
the party was divided, one section going to examine the green-
sand in the cliffs, the other taking the path to the site of the
little church on Drumnakill, the foundations of which are still
distinct, and near to which is a rude cross almost buried in the
ground. At four o’clock the machines were reached on the
summit of the cliff, and the return made to Ballycastle, when

1894-95.] 167

tea was ready in the Antrim Arms. Throughout the day the
weather was enjoyable, no rain falling and no excessive heat to
render the ascent from Murlough a toil instead of a pleasure.
Belfast was reached at nine o’clock.

16 Fune.
DROGHEDA AND THE BOYNE.

A party of nearly one hundred took seats in the seven o’clock
train to Drogheda, but a considerable number of these were
members of the North Staffordshire Field Club, on a visit to
our district, who accepted the invitation of the local Club to
join this excursion. The country looked atits best as the train
sped through field and wood, past river and mountain, till the
high bridge at Drogheda was reached, when all eyes were
turned up and down the historic stream that was to be the
scene of the day’s investigations A number of the party
proceeded to Laytown, there to join the Dublin Naturalists,
and work their way along the seashore to Drogheda, whilst a
number of the Dubliners joined the Club, preferring the
associations of the upper reaches of the river to the collecting
ground of the tidal portions.

All was bustle at Drogheda getting the large party duly
provided with vehicles, but the proprietor of the White Horse
had endless resources apparently at his command, judging by
the imposing cavalcade of differently-assorted vehicles that
quickly wended their way through the narrow streets of
Drogheda.

The road to the Obelisk could not be surpassed for pastoral
beauty, along the side of the river, past woods and rich
meadows, yellow with waving buttercups—all went to making
a scene of pleasing variety and prosperity not excelled in any
other part of Ireland. At the foot of King William’s Glen the
party dismounted and viewed the Obelisk, erected on a rock on
the margin of the river to mark the spot where King William

168 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

crossed in that struggle of two hundred years ago when the
interests of two English kings were decided upon Irish soil ;
but now “not a drum was heard” to disturb the quiet ripple
of the water passing over the stones once forded by a King on
that memorable day in July. The next halt was at the ring
fort, or military rath, of Dowth, which is of very large extent
and in good preservation, being second only to the Giant’s Ring
in extent. The machines then pushed on to Newgrange, along
roads with broad grass margins, clearly pointing out the country
to be a hunting one, and affording plenty of “ poor man’s land,”
where the labourer gets free grazing for his beast. At New-
grange, or Brugh-na-Boinne—the city of the Boyne, as it is
properly called—George Coffey, M.R.I.A., who had come from
Dublin, kindly acted as pioneer and guide. Lamps and
magnesium wire were brought into requisition in the large
central chamber, whilst the party crept through the fifty-foot
entrance passage, at some place on hands and knees or in a
stooping posture, guided by the lights from the centre. The
curious carvings on the great stone slabs used in the construction
of the building were examined, seemingly proving from their
position, which was very often not on the outside face, or partly
covered, that they may have served a purpose anterior to their
present one.

The cairn over the chamber, now covered with grass, is
composed of different-sized stones, and is so large as to have
quite the appearance of a natural hill. Around its base still
remain many of the large standing stones which formed at one
time a complete circle. The origin of this mausoleum is lost
in antiquity, but it was doubtless the burial-place of the ancient
kings of Erin. It is the finest of its class in Western Europe,
and to the antiquarian is as interesting in many respects as the
pyramids of Egypt. The stones used in the chamber, especially
the roof stones, are so large and well built, and the cairn itself
is of such an area that the labour of erection must have been
something enormous in those early times. The waiting for
admission to the interior was taken advantage of by the

1894-95.] 169

remaining members in lunching round the base of the cairn, so
that every standing stone had its little group of appetite-
appeasing visitors, pleasantly chatting, and conjuring up the
spirits of departed Ard-Righs from the mouldering chambers of
Brugh-na-Boinne.

In due time the cars were mounted and Dowth reached.
Here a somewhat similar chamber, on a much smaller scale,
was inspected and the church adjoining visited. Here are the
tombs of the Netterville family and the remains of their ancient
castle, now a charitable institution. From this church was
lately sent to the United States a stone to mark the grave there
of a prominent Irish politician. The ancient front is well
preserved, whilst built into the southern wall is one of those
curious figures known to the archeologist as Sheelah-ny-Giggs.
In the adjoining gardens the mulberry and yew trees were
admired. The southern bank of the river was taken on the
return journey, and after a pleasant drive the Whitworth Hall
was reached in time for tea. The Laytown party, including
the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, had already arrived, and
were making up their “takes” during the day. The rare shell,
Helix Fasana, with varieties hitherto unnoticed, was found in
abundance feeding on Huphoréta portlandica and other plants.
This is the only known habitat for this shell in Ireland. upa
muscorum was found under stones on the sandhills, whilst in
the shallows of the Boyne Aydrobza ulve was found in myriads,
and so was Melampus bidentatus. ‘The botanists got some good
plants, including the following :—houndstongue (Cynoglossum
officinale), mouse-ear (Cerastiuim arvense), moonwort (Botry-
chium Lunaria), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), Geranium
perenne, gromwell (Lithospermum officinale), and fennel (Fenz-
culum officinale), Festuca uniglumis, Artemisia maritima,
Euphorbia portlandica, Euphorbia paralas, Eryngium mart-
timum, Apium graveolens, Orobanche minor. The entomo-
logists took in abundance the painted lady (Cynthia Caronz1),
and the small heath (Aipparchia Davus). Other were seen,
but not captured. After tea

170 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The Prestpent (F. W. Lockwood, C.E.), in a few remarks,
dealt with the advantages to be derived from these joint
excursions and the benefits conferred on those taking part in
them by mixing with others from a distance.

G. H. CARPENTER, B.Sc. (President of the Dublin Club), on
behalf of his members, also spoke of the advantage of such
unions, and congratulated all present on the good day, the
antiquarians contending that theirs could not be beaten, whilst
the naturalists were surprised that any one could compare the
gloomy recesses of Brugh-na-Boinne to the breeze and sunshine
of the sand-dunes at Laytown.

Dr. WHEELTON Hinp, as President of the North Staffordshire
Field Club, expressed the pleasure and profit they had derived
from the joint excursion, and thanked the Club for their kindly
interest in the strangers.

The following new members were then elected :—W. J.
Fennell, M.R.J.A.; Wm. A. Boyd, Samuel Moore, Samuel
Stevens, L. L. Macassey, John Paul, Leonard Bell, C.E. ;
Charles Mullin, Solicitor ; Alex. M‘I. Clelland, Jas. H. Cousins,
John M‘Cormick, T.C. ; Mrs. M‘Cormick, and Miss A. Milling.
On the road to the train St. Lawrence’s Gate was examined;
it consists of two circular towers and a connecting curtain wall,
being part of the old fortifications of the city. The whole
structure is still quite complete, and forms a_ picturesque
termination to the street.

30 Fuly.
DUNDONALD AND SCRABO.

A half-day’s excursion was held on Saturday afternoon, 30
July, to Dundonald and Scrabo. A party of seventy left the
Linen Hall at 2.30 in waggonettes. A halt was called at
Dundonald Church to examine the fine mound close to the
graveyard, whose height and steepness render it peculiarly
interesting to the antiquary. No investigation has yet been

1894-95.] nyt

made at this dun, so it is an undecided point whether it. was a
burial-mound or a primitive place of residence. Close by, on
a knoll of rising ground, stood Ballyregan, an ancient castle of
the O’Neills, but not a vestige of it now remains, although an
underground passage to the adjoining stream is said to be still
- in existence. Through the thoughtfulness of S. Symington,
one of the members, the adjoining meeting-house had been
opened, and what is known as the “chest,” rescued from the
wreck of one of the ships of the Spanish Armada, was shown
to the members. This chest is very similar to the two at
Glenarm Castle, known to have been saved from the wreck of
the Gerona, commanded by Alonzo Da Leyva, wrecked at Port
na Spania. There is, however, no satisfactory explanation of
how it arrived at Dundonald. It is heavily clasped with iron,
having side handles and clasps in front for separate locks, whilst
the key acts from the centre of the lid, locking numerous
bolts which shoot into an iron rim in the body of the chest.
Previous to examining the Kempe Stone the party were hospit-
ably entertained at Ballyoran House by the Misses Symington,
daughters of one of the oldest members of the Club. This fine
cromleach formerly gave the locality its name, Baille-clough-
Togal, “‘ The Town of the Stone of the Stranger.” It is now
called Green-graves, and doubtless marks the last resting-place
of some chieftain. It a small space were cleared around this
monument and the field stones removed it would be a desirable
mprovement, and add much to the attractiveness of the district.
Ballyoran, the town of the cold spring, now in Dundonald
parish, was in 1334 possessed by William De Burgo, and was
at the Dissolution appropriate to the Abbey of Inch. A short
halt was made at the Glebe Quarries, where there is a fine
cutting of boulder clay which proved interesting, its distinctive
features being pointed out by William Gray, M.R.I.A., who
here and on the Hill of Scrabo did much to explain the
different geological formations. The name Scrabo is from the
Celtic scrawbo, the grassy place of the cows, and on this hill
lived Shawn Macananty, the northern fairy king, who held his

172 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

court in the interior of the old cairnon the summit. All were
charmed with the beautiful views from the summit of Scrabo,
the undulating hills of ‘‘sweet County Down” and the waters
of Strangford Lough, with its three hundred odd islands, all
going to make a pleasant scene in the evening sunlight. Many
ascended the tower erected to the memory of the Marquis of
Londonderry—he who was known as the “ fighting Marquis ”
of Peninsula fame, whilst the thoughts of others wandered over
the events in the life of the most celebrated member of the
same family, and to some the scathing lines of Bryon were
called to recollection. The descent from ihe hill was soon
made, and a short drive brought all into tea at the Ulster Hotel,
Newtownards, after which a short business meeting was held
with Wm. Gray in the chair, when the following new members
were elected :—William Ewart, George Scilly, John Pullman,
and James T. Oswald. After tea a short time was allowed to
visit the old Abbey Church and the Town Cross preparatory
to leaving for Belfast.

11 Fuly.
PORT SALON AND ROSAPENNA.

On the morning of the 11 July the Northern Counties
Railway brought a party of forty into the city of Derry, where
a ’bus soon conveyed the party across the city to the station for
Fahan, where a special steamer was boarded for Port Salon.
Lough Swilly is beautiful and interesting between Fahan and
Port Salon, and the sail down the waters past the sandy bays
and the rugged heads, caverned by the sea, afforded pleasure
and satisfaction to all on board. The rocks at Ballynastocker
were pointed out upon which His Majesty’s frigate ‘‘ Saldanha ”’
was lost. This frigate seems to have been particularly ill-fated
on this cruise in search of privateers, for in the January of the
year she was wrecked, Midshipman Graham and seven seamen
were drowned in a small boat while doing King’s service. The

1894-95.] 173

Saldanha struck the Swilly Rock, in a storm at night, and was
driven from there to Ballynastocker, where she foundered with
all her crew. Two of her large guns grace the gates of Colonel
Barton at Port Salon, and other of her relics are still in the
neighbourhood. The following pathetic account of the incident
is by Thomas Sheridan, grandfather of the Marquis of Dufferin
and Ava :—

Rathmullan, 6 December, 1811.—‘‘ His Majesty’s ship ‘ Sald-
anha,’ one of our finest frigates, commanded by Captain the
Hon. W. Pakenham, brother to the Earl of Longford, sailed
from Cork on the 19 of November, to relieve His Majesty’s ship
‘Endymion’ off Lough Swilly, Having reached the harbour,
she again sailed on the 30 with the intention of proceeding to
the westward. On the evening of the 4 of December it blew
the most dreadful hurricane. At about 10 o’clock at night,
through the darkness and the storm, a light was seen from the
signal-towers, supposed to be on board the ‘ Saldanha’ passing
rapidly up the harbour. When the daylight appeared the ship
was discoved to be a complete wreck in Ballynastocker Bay.
Every one of the 300 souls on board had perished, and all the
circumstances of her calamitous loss had thus perished with
her. The bodies of Captain Pakenham and about 200 of the
crew are said to have been washed ashore and were interred in
a neighbouring burying ground.”

“ Britannia rules the waves ’’—
Heard’st thou that dreadful roar ?
Hark ! ’tis bellowed from the caves
Where Lough Swilly’s billow raves,
And three hundred British graves

Taint the shore.

No voice of life was there—

’Tis the dead who raise that cry—

The dead— who heard no prayer

As they sank in wild despair,

Chant in scorn that boastful air
Where they lie.

174 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

“ Rule Britannia ” sung the crew,
When the stout Saldanha sailed,
And her colours as they flew,
Flung the warrior cross to view
Which in battle to subdue

Ne’er had failed,

Bright rose the laughing morn,
(That morn which sealed their doom,)
Dark and sad is her return,
And the storm-lights faintly burn
As they toss upon her stern

’ Mid the gloom.

From the lonely beacon’s height

As the watchmen gazed around,

They saw that flashing light

Drive swift athwart the night,

Yet the wind was fair and right
For the Sound.

But no mortal power shall now

That crew and vessel save —

They are shrouded as they go

In a hurricane of snow,

And the track beneath her prow
Is their grave.

There are spirits of the deep

Who, when the warrant’s given,

Rise raging from their sleep

On rock or mountain steep

Or ’mid thunder-clouds that keep
The wrath of Heaven.

High the eddying mists are whirl’d

As they rear their giant forms,

See ! their tempest flag’s unfurl’d,

Fierce they sweep the prostrate world,

And the withering lightning’s hurl’d
Thro’ the storms.

O’er Swilly’s rocks they soar,
Commissioned watch to keep:
Down, down with thund’ring roar,
The exulting demons pour ;—
The Saldanha floats no more

On the deep!

1894=95.] 175

“ Britannia rules the wave ! ”
Oh! vain and impious boast ;
Go, mark! presumptuous slaves,
Where He who sinks or saves,
Scars the sands with countless graves
Round your coast.

The little harbour at Port Salon, at the foot of the hotel
lawn, was reached at two o'clock, and no time was lost in
getting into this comfortable home, where Miss Barton soon
made all feel happy and contented. After an early dinner, the
different points of interest were mentioned by the Rev. A. H.
Delap, the local rector, who kindly placed himself as guide at
the disposal of the members, and during the visit rendered
assistance in many ways. The Seven Arches were examined,
and afforded delight not only to the geologists, who were
numerous, but to all who saw them towering up out of the sea,
and worn into fantastic shapes by marine erosion in the
quartzites, the common rock of this district. The great arch
at Doaghbeg was then visited, being the finest rock feature
on the coast, and here a halt was called whilst some collected
geological specimens, and others shells, and all rested on the
slopes overlooking Lough Swilly and the opposite rock-bound
coast of Innishowen, with Slieve Snaght towering up in its
midst. Nine o’clock had arrived before the hotel was reached
for tea, and even after that meal the young enthusiasts had a
boat provided, and rowed around the headland close to the
hotel, and into the gloomy depths of a great sea-cave, where
the few candles only went to heighten the gloom and frighten
the fish, who were doubtless unaccustomed to such visitors, at
such an hour. The whole district around Port Salon is a rich
one for the conchologists. Next morning when the ordinary
members came down to an eight o’clock breakfast they were
surprised to find that many had returned from a plunge off the
neighbouring rocks, whilst some of the geologists had chartered
a car at six o’clock to visit some contorted rocks at the far side
of the bay. After breakfast all got ready for the walk to

176 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Rosapenna, the baggage being sent round by Rowross; and
Fanad has not seen such a straggling army for a long time.
The weather was warm, and coats were soon doffed, the
members, clerical and lay, changing colour from black or grey
to lighter hues, whilst the relieving car was piled with the
discarded garments. Before noon the old castle at Moross was
reached, and a halt made whilst the remains of this old feudal
keep were photographed and a section of the party picked up
who had boated through the upper waters of Mulroy on a
geological hunt under the care of the rector. All were soon on
board the ferry boats, which three peasant girls pulled across
the tide with skill and ease, bashful, but pleased at the number
of visitors. On reaching the other side, the walk was resumed
to Rowross Ferry, where boats were in waiting to convey all
across to Lord Leitrim’s Pier, where the cars were ready to
drive past the castle, and through the village of Carrigart, and
across a tidal strand to Rosapenna Hotel. This walk was a
pleasant feature of the trip, as it afforded opportunities for
collecting, whilst the views obtained from the heights were
worthy of the journey. Mulroy Bay extended on every hand,
its ramifications being quite confusing to the stranger, and it
was only when the heights of Ganiamore were subsequently
ascended, and the whole Lough appeared like a map, that some
idea could be formed as to its shape.

After crossing the great sandhills at Rosapenna, the new
wooden hotel appeared, quite a revelation in such a waste.
This building was erected at great expense by the late Lord
Leitrim, and is a comfortable and commodious structure, built
entirely of wood brought from Norway.

After dinner the Rev. Father Gallagher, the parish priest,
who had met the party at the ferry, conducted all to the old
Church of Mevagh, where there is a large rude cross, and
adjoining which upon the cliffs are some ornamentations of a
prehistoric age, the meaning of which can only be guessed at.
The local information given by Father Gallagher was esteemed
and enjoyed by all the members. After tea a short business

CONTORTED ROCKS AT ROSAPENNA,

178 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

meeting was held, and the following new members were elected
—Fleet-Surgeon Dunlop, Thomas Bland, and Frank Squire.
The third morning, at nine o'clock, the party were photo-
graphed on the cars at the hotel door prior to starting by R. J.
Welch, who throughout the excursion had rendered assistance
in different ways. The long drive around the winding shores
of Mulroy Bay, only slightly marred by the rain, brought the
party into Rathmullan, where the Rev. Narcissus Batt, A.M.,
was waiting to show the members some hospitality and point
out the features of the old castle and abbey, the history of which
has been so finely recorded by John Mitchell as follows:—
“Near Rathmullan, on the western shore of Lough Swilly,
looking towards the mountains of Innishowen, stood a monastery
of Carmelites, and a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin,
the most famous place of devotion in Tyrconnell, whither all
the Clan-Conell, both chiefs and people, made resort at certain
seasons to pay their devotions. Here the young Red Hugh
with MacSwyne of the Battle-axes, O’Gallagher of Ballyshannon
and some other chiefs were in the summer of 1587 sojourning
a short time, in part to pay their vows of religion, but not
without staghounds and implements of chase, having views
upon the red deer of Fanad and Innishowen. One day while
the Prince was here a swift-sailing merchant ship doubled the
promonotory of Dunaff, stood up the lough, and cast anchor
opposite Rathmullan—‘ bark, black-hatched, deceptive,’ bearing
the flag of England, and offering for sale as a peaceful trader
her cargo of Spanish wine. And surely no more courteous
merchant than the master of that ship had visited the North
for many a year. He invited the people most hospitably on
board, solicited them, whether purchasers or not, to partake of
his good cheer, entertained them with music and wine, and so
gained very speedily the good will of all Fanad. Red Hugh
and his companions soon heard of the obliging merchant and
his rare wines. They visited the ship, where they were received
with all respect, and indeed with unfeigned joy ; descended
into the cabin, and with connoisseur discrimination tried and

1894-95.) ye

tested, and finally drank too deeply; and at last when they
would come on deck and return to the shore they found
themselves secured under hatches, and their weapons had been
removed, night had fallen ; they were prisoners to those traitor
Saxons. Morning dawned, and they looked anxiously towards
the shore; but, ah! where is Rathmullan and the Carmelite
Church ? And what wild coast is this? Past Malin and the
cliffs of Innishowen, past Benmore, and southwards by the
shores of Antrim and the Mountains of Mourne, flew that
ill-omened bark, and never dropped anchor till she lay under
the towers of Dublin. The treacherous Perrot joyfully received
his prize, and ‘ exulted,’ says an historion, ‘in the easiness and
success with which he had secured hostages for the peaceable
submission of O’Donnell.’ And the Prince of Tyrconnell was
thrown into a ‘strong, stone castle, and kept in heavy irons
three years and three months, ‘ meditating,’ says the chronicle,’
‘on the feeble and impotent condition of his friends and
relations, of his princes and supreme chiefs, of his nobles and
clergy, his poets and professors.’ ”

The steamer soon crossed the ferry to Fahan, from whence
the train brought all back to Derry, where some time was
allowed to examine the Cathedral and the city walls which had
given such a heroic resistance to King James in 1688. Dean
Smyly had thoughtfully arranged to have the Cathedral open
at a suitable hour, thus enabling all to view the monuments
and relics of the siege, and also the recent conservation of the
roof and the new chancel, a most graceful and perfect structure,
and quite in harmony with the older church. Derry was left
at 5.30 and Belfast reached at nine o’clock.

Il August.
BALLYMENA AND SLIEVE MIS.

Ballymena, Slieve Mis, and the Braid Valley were visited on
the 11 August. Arriving at Ballymena the party was met by W,

180 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

J. Knowles, M.R.IA., and the Rev. George Buick, A.M., local
members, who gave assistance throughout the day. No time
was lost in mounting the machines and driving through the
town, going by the old road past Drumfane Fort to Brough-
shane, stopping at the quarry to examine the glacial sands and
gravels. The current bedding is here finely displayed owing
to the recent weathering; the softer strata have been taken full
advantage of by the martins, who have burrowed in and made
their nests in numbers. The next halt was made at the church
of Broughshane, to the east of which is the cross-marked grave
of the club’s late president, Rev. Canon Grainger, whose kindly
welcome and local information was missed on this, the first,
occasion, of the club’s visit to ‘Canon Grainger’s country ”
since his demise. The slopes of Slieve Mis (1,437 feet) were
soon reached, and its heights ascended. This is an old volcanic
neck, and from its vent doubtless partly flowed that basalt
which forms such a feature of our County Antrim surface.
At Ballyligpatrick, between Skerry and Slieve Mis, Saint
Patrick, then a captive youth, herded the flocks of the Chieftain
Milchu for seven years, and here it was he dreamed those
dreams and saw the visions which were subsequently to be
realised. When Saint Patrick returned to Ireland on his
missionary labours he returned to the home of his former
owner in the valley of the Braid, there expecting to find Milchu,
and convert him and his household to Christianity. The
chieftain hearing of the fame of his former slave, dreaded his
coming, thinking Saint Patrick would enslave him in turn.
When the saint had mounted the slopes of Slieve Mis he found
Milchu had gathered his goods together like a funeral pyre,
aud set fire to the same, with himself upon the top, perishing
in the flames. Saint Patrick gazed sadly for two hours upon
the sight, and then returned to Strangford. The summit of
the mountains bears traces of earth-work, but when these were
thrown up it is hard to say. They may be the work of some
rude Dalaradian tribe, who made this a stronghold in the
eighth century, for the Annals of the Four Masters informs us

1894=95.] 181

that a bloody battle was fought here in a.p. 771, or they may
be the remains of the hastily thrown up defences of the forlorn
and quickly fading remnant of the insurgents of ’98, of whom
Henry Joy M‘Cracken was leader. The descent from the hill
having been made, a pleasant drive brought the party to the

ancient Church of Skerry (Sciric), situated on a rocky eminence
as its name denotes. Formerly “stations” were held here, and
great crowds assembled round what is known as ‘‘Saint Patrick’s
foot-mark,” a small depression in an adjoining rock. Close by
is the Holy Well called Tubernacool, which Colgan styles ‘‘fons
miraculosus.” In this district were found the flower Gentiana
campestris, and several roses, including the rare Rosa sabini and
other interesting plants. The return journey was then made to
the Adair Arms where tea was partaken of, after which the
members visited the Parish Church, on the invitation of the
rector, and inspected the valuable collection of antiquities
belonging to W. J. Knowles.

25 August.
DUNDRUM AND MAGHERA.

The fifth excursion of the season was made on Saturday,
25 August, to Dundrum, when a party of nearly fifty started
by the 9-15 train from Belfast, and their numbers were
augmented from several stations along the line. The great
Anglo-Norman donjon keep of De Courcy was the first object
of attention. When the company were grouped in the castle
enclosure, the President addressing them from the foot of the
stair, described briefly the principal features, the winding road
up to the half-ruined barbican towers and portcullis, the castle
enclosure wall which follows the line of the rocky escarpment,
and the huge circular donjon keep. The wooden gallery for
defenders, which projected from the top of the tower, and also
from the outer enclosure wall, where the holes for its beams

may still be seen, was also described, as well as the later
2

182 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Elizabethan enclosure and buildings which occupy the lower
level. The situation of the castle and its disadvantage for
modern defence was also noticed, it being dominated by a hill
only a few hundred yards distant, and the steep, rocky ledges
which offer quite as much cover for assailants as protection for
defenders. Another feature commented on was the way in
which this and most other Anglo-Norman castles of Down
were planted with the sea for a secure base in preference to the
difficult and dangerous land journey by or through the Mourne
Mountains.

From thence some of the party went to botanise and search
for prehistoric relics on the sandhills, but the majority pro-
ceeded to the village of Maghera, about two miles distante
The village itself, with ruined mills and farm-steadings, seems
rather in a state of decline. The chief interest centres in the
ancient church and round tower. Judging from the masonry,
the latter appears to be one of the older and ruder class, but
the stump only remains, for in the year 1704 the upper part
of the tower was blown down in a storm, and, owing to the
strength of the mortar, it lay unbroken along the ground,
according to a contemporary account, ‘like a huge gun,” which
is represented now by a grass-covered mound. Of the church
very little more than the west gable and part of the side walls
are now standing, and these are so overgrown with ivy and old
half-decayed elder trees as to tell but little of its original date
or character. If we can rely upon Lewis’ Topographical
Dictionary, however, sixty years ago a “ fine Norman doorway,
since destroyed, was to be seen in the west gable, and two
graceful lancet windows in the south wall.” Inside the church
is a slab with armorial bearings and the date 1674, quarterings
apparently of the Harrington and Hamilton families. Outside
is part of an incised horizontal cross, now doing duty upside
down asa perpendicular headstone. The whole site, if carefully
investigated, might bring to light some interesting relics, and
it is to be hoped the lord of the manor or some other persons
may be induced to take up the exploration, From Maghera a

1894-95.] 183

visit was paid to the pillar-stone and cromleac at Sliddery Ford,
which have been described and figured in the Proceedings of
the Club. The sandhills were then searched for rare plants and
relics from the prehistoric encampments. Amongst plants the
following were found, the meadow rue (Zhalictrum minus), the
houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale), the sea spurge (Huphorbta
paralias), and the eryngo (Zryngium maritimum). It is only at
rare intervals that new sites of encampments are laid bare by
the winds, and although some flint-flakes and teeth of animals
were found, there nothing of importance was obtained. These
vast hillocks of blown sand are themselves of considerable
interest, for the shells found in them indicate that they were
under a sea which stood at a much higher level than at present.
The sand held imperfectly together by the coarse and scanty
bent grass is being everywhere cut into by the winds and
carved out into ridges and ravines as steep and fantastic as the
cornices of drifted snow on an Alpine summit. On the hollows
the sand lies in ripple-marks caused by the currents of air
exactly similar to those caused by the flowing water in the
adjacent beach. Some of the party had an opportunity of
inspecting in the village a grotesque Norman corbel stone said
to have been found in the castle. It is of the same date, but
represents work of a richer type than any part now remaining
in the building. ‘Tea was partaken of at the Downshire Arms.

19 September, 1894.
LANGFORD LODGE.

The last excursion of the summer season was held to Lang-
ford Lodge on Saturday, 19 September, when a party of over
a hundred participated in the day’s pleasure. The beautiful
weather enjoyed was only in keeping with that of the other
five excursions held during the year; greatly favouring the
Club in this respect, considering the inclemency of the season.
The party started from the Free Library in brakes, supplied by

184 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

Adam Turner, going by the Crumlin Road over the hills,
where the prospect of the lough spread out like a map, with the
smoky city in the foreground, looked pleasant in the sunshine.

Was it not on these hills that Niece O’Haughan, the famous
Antrim outlaw, had his place of hiding? Many an unwary
traveller from the mud-walled city of Belfast regretted his
tarrying at the Donegall Arms or the White Cross Inn when
darkness overtook him at the Catcarn. The undaunted Niece
eyed the fat farmer returning to Ballyutoag with the price of
his season’s crop in his pocket, and if the treasured pelf was not
easily parted with a nasty “job” soon effected the transfer.
No timid thoughts troubled the members as they drove through
the rich stretches of Killead parish over the Clady Water and
past the sleepy little village of Crumlin to Langford Lodge, the
home of the Rev. Arthur H. Pakenham, J.P. The hospitality
of the Pakenham family was extended to the members, the
grounds and house being freely opened by the owner, and the
many and rare objects of interest and value placed on exhibition.
The Pakenhams have long been a race of soldiers, and it was
hard to know which to admire more—the relics of a past martial
glory, tattered flags from British victories in the Peninsula, with
personal adornments and trophies of many a stiff encounter, or
the unique and wonderful collection of valuable stones, plain
and utilised for the ordinary articles of a luxurious household.
Pistols taken from the carriage of King Joseph at the battle of
Vittoria by General Pakenham were carefully examined, whilst
the great petrified trunk of Araucaria excelsa brought from
Arizona, polished on the top, showing beautiful hues, attracted
attention ; but selection is invidious where every object was of
interest either from appearance or association. After leaving
the house the lawns and gardens were visited, the admirable
collection of old herbaceous plants being quite a feature, affording
such a relief to the usual stiff carpet bedding seen of late at
gentlemen’s houses. Great clumps of the Anemone japonica
mingled with marguerites and dahlias, phloxes, verbenas, and
tropzeolums, each vieing with the other in hue and form. The

1894-95.] 185

firs and flowering shrubs mingling together in beauty and
variety on the terrace overhanging the waters on Lough Neagh
making a scene of quiet beauty not easily surpassed in these
Northern latitudes. Boats had been provided by M‘Garry, the
fisher of eels, at the foot of the lawn to row the members to
Ram’s Island, there being no wind for sailing, to see the ruined
round tower, the only remains of a large ecclesiastical settle-
ment. The plash of the oar and the notes of the birds alone
broke the silence of the wooded island, floating as it were, in a
sea of glass. Well might the local poet say :—
“It’s pretty to be in Ballinderry,
It’s pretty to be in Aghalee ;

It’s prettier to be in bonny Ram’s Island,
Sitting under an ivy tree.”’

‘he branches of the trees upon the lawn made an ideal shade
for tea in the afternoon, when all the members, as it were
trooped in from the four airts to that repast. Somecame from
the flower gardens, some from a botanical hunt by the damp
margin of the lake, whilst the major part came from the island
with stimulated appetites after the row upon the water.

186 (Proc. B.N.F.C..

WINTER SESSION.

Note.— The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts are here appended, are
alone responsible for the views expressed in them.

26 October, 1894.

SOCIAL MEETING.

Ce me WIN

ee i HE Winter Session of the Club was opened by the
(4 aes, usual Social Meeting in the Exhibition Hall of the
<== Royal Botanic Gardens on Wednesday evening, 26
October, when there was a large attendance of members and
friends, notwithstanding the very inclement weather. The
upper portion of the hall had been beautifully arranged with
plants and flowers, mingled with fountains and fairy lamps, by
Charles M‘Kimm, the curator of the Gardens, whilst the walls
of the other end of the hall were covered by a collection of fern
fronds, grown by W. H. Phillips, and not to be easily equalled
for rarity and appearance. Tea was made by the ladies of the
Club from seven till eight o’clock, when most of ‘the company
had arrived. After tea, the President bade all welcome to this
the annual exhibition of the Club’s work, and pointed out the
different exhibits. The principal one contained a collection of
geological specimens, illustrating the Carboniferous formation,
including some ornaments made from coal, lent by James
Stelfox, C.E. This exhibit was under the care of William
Gray, M.R.ILA., Joseph Wright, F.G.S., and Alexander G.
Wilson. The side walls were covered by a large and valuable
collection of photographs taken during the season by the
members on the Club’s excursions; also an explanatory geological

1894-95.] 187

series by R. Welch, and a comprehensive set of ethnographical
views illustrating some of the manners and customs of the
inhabitants of Ireland. There was also a series of Bangor
yachting views, showing the Britannia and other yachts,
exhibited by James A. Pollock. John Vinycomb, M.R.LA.,
exhibited a series of Hx Lzbris, a subject upon which he is now
_ accepted as an authority, whilst Ernest Hanford displayed a
representative series of water colours, illustrating the favourite
district of Cushendall. John Hamilton excited much interest
with the objects in his aquaria. Fitty rare Irish plants collected
during the past season, for which a special Club prize had been
awarded, were exhibited by R. Lloyd Praeger, M.R.I.A., of
Dublin, who was present, and gladly welcomed by his old
friends and fellow-workers. Stereoscopic views were shown by
Dr. Cecil Shaw, and under the guidance of.Dr. St. Clair Boyd
there was a display of microscopes by the members of the Club.
Mrs. Allan, of Stormount Castle, exhibited a huge tarpon,
whose silvery scales attracted much admiration. Mrs. White-
Spunner had on view her album of Irish flowering plants,
which was shown at the Chicago Exhibition. One of the
pleasantest and certainly the most amusing feature of the
evening was the series of photos., illustrating in a comic and
whimsical fashion the manners and customs of prehistoric man.
These views, clever in themselves, were rendered more attractive
by the descriptions of William Gray, who, in his entertaining
manner, kept the audience in fun for fully half an hour. A
series of sea-gull photos. were then shown and some Club
excursion views, taken by Welch, Gray, Leslie, and MacLean.
After the lantern a short business meeting was held, when the
following twenty-one new members were elected, bringing up
the total membership to about 500, the largest ever reached in
the history of the Club :—David Strain, Miss M. J. Hanna,
Joseph H. Vint, David M‘Mordie, John M. M‘Alery, Robert
Davison, Miss Alice J. Bell, William Hazelton, Clement C.
Ewart, Ernest Ewart, J. Workman, J. C. Robertson, F. Howard
Sinclair, M.D., Mrs. Annie Cleland, Rev. William Colquhoun,

188 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

R. M. Frazer, M.B, Miss Herre, Miss Nan Sinclair, Robert
Walsh, John H. Barbour, and Lakes Roscorla.

22 November, 1894.

The first business{meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the Museum, College Square, on Tuesday evening, 22
November, when the President, F. W. Lockwood, C.E., delivered
the opening address.

The President, in his opening remarks, congratulated the
Field Club upon its continued prosperity and the recent great
increase of zeal, as indicated by the formation of various
sections, such as the Microscopical Committee, the Celtic Class,
the Photographic Committee, and the Geological Committee,
all of which were doing good work. He then went on to
comment at greater length upon the investigations by the
Geological Committee into glacial phenomena generally. The
various changes of opinion on this question were commented
upon, and the principal theories upon the Great Ice Age
described. The more striking of these are by this time familiar
to most if not all members of the Club. The coating of stiff
clay, with subangular boulders of various sizes, many of them
more or less polished or striated, scattered irregularly through
it, which covers more than half the British Islands; the beds of
stratified sand or gravel which are here and there associated
either above or below and sometimes in the middle of this clay;
the smoothed, rounded, and polished surface of most of our
northern rocks; the various lake-basins, large and small,
which are so numerous in the more hilly parts ; and the heaped-
up banks of boulders and other debris which lie in the numerous
valleys, as well as the erratic blocks which line our hill sides
and are sometimes scattered over our plains—all these are now
unanimously attributed to the action of ice in some form or
another, and the period, very recent geologically speaking, to
which they belong is now familiarly known as the “ Great Ice

1894-95.] 189
Age.” Thirty or forty years ago it was universally considered
that it was coincident with a great submergence of the land—
perhaps to nearly 2,000 feet below the present level—and that
a sea loaded with icebergs, drifting generally from north-east to
south-west, had deposited the clay and boulders, much as is now
being done between the mouth of Davis Straits and the Banks
of Newfoundland, and that the polished and striated rocks
which underlay the clay were due to the grounding of these
wind and tide driven icebergs upon the shore. The ingenious
author of “ Frost and Fire,” a charming book to read by the
way, published nearly thirty years ago, gives a map showing
the British Islands submerged 2,000 feet, with channels where
several Scottish rivers now run, through which these icebergs
were supposed to have come drifting from Scandinavia, ‘The
high ground not submerged had local glaciers that helped to
swell the number of icebergs, which glaciers as the climate
moderated shrunk up, leaving moraines and ice-worn valleys
behind them. At the height of the glacial period, according to
this theory, Scandinavia was covered by a vast sheet of ice to
even a greater extent than Greenland is now, because the ice
stretched so far out into the bed of the North sea as to infringe
upon the coast of Great Britain and to meet and coalesce with
a great sheet which enveloped the whole of Scotland, which
sheet in its tura spread westward so as to glaciate the outer
Hebrides, and southwards so as to fill up the Irish Sea. Here
on its south-east side it flowed round and met with an ice field
which covered the mountains of Cumberland and Westmoreland,
and reinforced by this, pushed its way through various gaps in
the Pennine range—the ‘‘ backbone of England”’—till it died
away in the plains of Yorkshire and Durham and the Midland
counties. Upon its south-western side it also met with another
great mass of ice, which probably had its centre over the
Sperrin Mountains in North Tyrone and South Derry, the two
masses or streams meeting in Antrim and Down, where they
breasted up against and partly over-rode the Mourne Mountains.
There were also local icefields of considerable extent in Wales,
3

190 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Wicklow, Kerry, and Connemara. Many speculations have
been on foot as to the conditions which could lead to such a
marvellous extension of ice. The earlier ones, following the
well-known principles of Lyell, sought to find in changes in the
position of sea and land and in the diversion of ocean currents,
such as the Gulf Stream, a sufficient explanation. Every
geologist will always freely admit the great influence which
such changes must always have upon local climate, and which
is amply proved by a comparison between the present condition
of Labrador, for instance, cold, bleak, and infertile, and Norway,
with its smiling, tourist-frequented valleys, or between Green-
land, smothered under a dome of ice, and the middle of Siberia,
the plains of which, in spite of the winter cold, are covered
with flowers every summer, as well as between the northern
and the southern hemispheres generally, which latter, although
actually nearer the sun in summer than ourselves, is yet
undergoing at present a modified glacial epoch. Whilst admit-
ting all this, many have felt that some more far-reaching cause
would have to be sought for. This the late Mr. Croll claimed
to have found, and has set forth in his remarkable work
“Climate and Time.” Croll’s theory has been adopted by Sir
Robert Ball, and the eminence of his name has now led to its
being often called Sir Robert Ball’s theory. Most of you are
familiar with it, and I need not spend time over it this evening.
I will only remark that, notwithstanding the convincing nature
of its demonstration, some recent geologists have challenged it,
apparently on the ground that it puts the last glacial epoch (if
there have been more than one) too far back, 70,000 or 80,000
instead of, say, about 10,000 years. Perhaps the most interesting
battle of the next few years amongst geologists will be between
the advocates of a great ice sheet and the advocates of a great
submergence, with merely a system of local glaciers. It must
always be remembered, however, that the greater the submerg-
ence of the land the less room would be left for an accumulation
of ice sufficient to give rise to large glaciers capable of detaching
numerous bergs. Again, some persons may recollect how a few

1894-95.] rgt

years ago, when Lord Salisbury was Foreign Secretary and
there was a panic about the Russian advance in Central Asia,
he said people’s fears would be much allayed if they would only
study large scale maps. We may be allowed to reverse this
process, and to suggest that if geologists, instead of only looking
at a big map of a small piece of country, were sometimes to look
at a map oi the whole British Isles, or, better still, of Europe
or the northern hemisphere in its entirety, they would see that
in proportion to the whole extent of the globe a very small
patch of snow comparitively would be sufficient to form such
an icecap as would cover Scotland and stretch over the adjacent
sea channels to Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the outer Hebrides.
A very slight lowering of the temperature of the northern
hemisphere would permit of a sufficient accumulation of snow
to accomplish this. Many people are apt to imagine that a
glacial epoch requires intense cold for its production. This is
due to a misapprehension of the conditions. The centre of
Eastern Siberia is said to contain the pole of greatest cold, the
thermometer falling in mid-winter to something like eighty
degrees below zero of Fahrenheit, or over too degrees of frost.
Yet Siberia scarcely possesses a glacier, and, notwithstanding
that the ground is permanently frozen a few feet below the
surface, the winter snow vanishes every summer. As Wallace,
in one of his chapters of “ Island Life,” has pointed out, a very
moderate fall of temperature below the freezing point, coupled
with a large precipitation of moisture, is sufficient to bring about
an enormous accumulation of snow. Theair currents of Siberia,
as of the great plains of North America, are comparatively dry ;
consequently, in spite of the cold, there is no accumulation of
snow. With mountains to cause precipitation, and the moisture-
laden winds round islands, such as Greenland, Iceland, and the
North American Archipelago, we have large accumulations of
ice. It must be always borne in mind that, whilst heat
dissipates itself as soon as formed by being carried away in the
form of rain drops or vapour, cold the moment it falls below
the freezing point of water becomes locked up, is deposited as

192 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

it were ina bank, and put out to usury ; for the greater the
accumulation of ice the more the air is cooled, and the greater
the precipitation, and the resulting cloud and fog, as well as
the snow and ice, instead of, as in the case of transparent
vapour, absorbing the rays of heat, simply reflect them, and,
glancing off into space, they are lost for ever. There is, again,
what may be termed the alternate theory—viz., that, if not a
complete icecap, there was a considerably greater elevation of
the land than the present level, with a series of glaciers much
larger in extent than any at present known in Europe, and that
following this there was a great submergence. Everybody, I
think, concedes the fact of a submergence of some sort ; the real
question is as toits extent. The chief evidence which has been
until recently relied on to prove its extent is a certain stratified
bed containing fragrement of sea shells upon Moel Tryfaen, in
North Wales, at a height of about 1,300 feet, and a similar bed
on the Two Rock Mountain, near Dublin, at about the same
height, and beds in Cheshire and Scotland at a somewhat lower
level. ‘These were supposed to prove that towards the close of
the glacial epoch the British Isles, or all but a small portion in
the south, were sunk at least to the greatest of these depths
under the sea, and, as Great Britain has since been joined to
the Continent, that they were then raised 500 or 600 feet for a
few thousand years before they settled back again to their
present level. Professor Hull, in a recent paper, seems to take
a new view, that along an axis running nearly east and west
through Dublin, North Wales, and Cheshire, &c., the land sunk
at least 1,400 feet, and that the sinking became rapidly less as
you go farther north and south of that line. An American
geologist, who can at least claim the merit of having studied
British glaciology as carefully as most English observers, the
late Mr. Carvill Lewis, has started some very bold theories,
which he backs up, however, with a great deal of both skill and
knowledge. He puts aside altogether, except as regards about
three or four hundred feet, the idea of a general submergence,
and, holding firmly to the belief of a great icecap both in

1894-95.) 193

Britain and America, he professes to trace all along its southern
boundary the remains of a great terminal moraine. It was the
advance of this icecap which, filling the bed of the Irish Sea,
forced up in several places portions of shells, in a broken
condition, to the elevations already referred to. Amongst
other proofs of this he holds to be the general direction taken
by the boulders and erratics whose parent rocks are known,
and the comparative scarcity of stratified and shelly beds, the
absence of which seems hardly compatible with a long or
general period of submergence. We are bound to remember
that all those who have advocated the putting of extensive land
ice into the forefront of their theory, and the regulation of
submergence and floating ice to a secondary place, have been
impelled by what appeared to them to be the exigency of facts.
Every geologist is familiar with the perpetual variations in the
level of land and water : it is part of his stock-in-trade, without
which geology as a science could not exist; but we are not
familiar with such comparatively rapid and extensive variations
as we are asked to believe in by the advocates of glacial sub-
mergence. We cannot rationally blame geologists of the
school of Carvill Lewis and others if they say that to admit
such rapid oscillations in recent times is at least as great a tax
upon our powers of belief in the probable as to admit the
extension of ice for which they contend. Nearly all the
observers, again, who have made a study of glacial striz, and
have mapped their results, have agreed that the striz indicate
a condition of land ice approaching the nature of such an icecap
as I have described. The soundings in and at the mouth of
the sea loughs or fiords of the West of Scotland, and several in
Ireland—Carlingford Lough for instance, and probably Lough
Swilly, as well as the estuary of the Clyde right out into the
North Channel—are also attributed by Sir A. Geikie and
others to the action of glaciers of such extent that they could
only have radiated from an icecap as already described when
the land was somewhat higher than at present. There are
other evidences, however, of no little importance which seem

194 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

to point to a contrary conclusion. It is singular how little use
appears to have been made of the microscope in these investi-
gations. Marine clays almost invariably yield specimens of
foraminifera and kindred forms which are strictly sea-water
genera, yet except by our fellow-member, Mr. Joseph Wright,
the boulder clays do not appear to have been systematically
searched for them. It has for long seemed to me that one of
the most useful and interesting branches of investigation into
the glacial clays would be the careful microscopic examination
and classification of all the boulder clays in the country, not
merely of one sample from each bed, but of samples taken both
from the top and bottom of each, especially where there is any
apparent difference in their bedding or composition. Their
height above the sea level should also be approximately recorded.
Were this done generally over the country, and it has already
in our district been well begun, and the tracing of erratics, in
which so much also has already been done, completed, we
should then be in a position to attempt to reconcile, or other-
wise deal with, the conflicting theories. So far as this section
of the country is concerned the Geological Committee of the
Club cannot do better than in continuing the work they have
so energetically commenced, and if they can persuade a sufh-
cient number of competent observers in Great Britain to take
up the microscopic investigations of the boulder clays there,
the geologists of Britain will be in a fair way to solve the great
glacial problem.

Joseph Wright, F.G.S., after complimenting the President
on his interesting inaugural address, proceeded to refer to the
boulder clay and its origin. He mentioned that with geologists
in the North of Ireland it had always been considered as a
marine deposit, and so long ago as 1841 General Portlock in his
report on the geology of Londonderry recorded the occurence
of marine shells in this drift. Subsequently S. A. Stewart
published in the Club’s Proceedings a list of the mollusca of the
boulder clay in which he recorded the occurence of shells from
a nuinber of North of Ireland localities, proving that the clay

189495. 5

in question was fossiliferous. Some of the bivalve mollusca,
especially two species of Leda, were found by him having the
valves united, showing that these species must have lived on
the spot on which they were found. He made a microscopic
examination of the same clays, and in every case he found them
to contain foraminifera. He also met with foraminifera in
many samples of the clay which were devoid of molluscan
remains, these tiny rhizopods being as perfect as when brought
up by the dredge from our existing seas. From that time up
to the present further examinations of the boulder clay have
been made and always yielded similar results.

He also stated that through the courtesy of a Scotch geologist,
James Neilson, he received five samples of boulder clay from
the vicinity of Glasgow, in all of which foraminifera were
present. In addition to these, he received from John Stears, of
Hull, a packet of boulder clay from that locality. This sample
of English boulder clay was also found to contain foraminifera.
These results are interesting by reason of the common
occurence of these marine microzoa, most English and Scotch
geologists having been hitherto of the opinion that the boulder
clay was the result of land ice, and had not a marine origin.
This important statement of original research was greeted with
applause.

A. Percy Hoskins, F.I.C., F.C.S., read the following analytical
paper on a sample of glauconite from Woodburn, Carrickfergus,
which was well received :—

The immediate object of this note is to give an account to
the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club of a specimen of Glauconite
with which the energetic Hon. Secretary of our Geological
Committee was kind enough to provide me some little time
ago, but as this communication is to be read at a general
meeting perhaps it will be as well to give a short résumé of the
information we have of Glauconite in general before descending
to the discussion of this specimen in particular.

Glauconite then may be described as essentially a hydrous
silicate of iron and potash, but of very variable composition, and

196 [Proc. B.N.F.C..

generally containing varying proportions of other bodies, such
as alumina, lime, and magnesia. It occurs extensively dis-
seminated in small opaque grains, especially in the lower parts
of the chalk marl, chloritic marl, and greensand; but it is found
also at different horizons in the whole geological series of rocks
from the Cambrian up to the most recent Tertiary layers, and,
indeed, is particularly interesting in being one of the very few
silicates which are in actual process of formation on the sea bed
at the present time. The physical characteristics of the grains
are practically the same throughout the series; the normal
colour is dark green, but sometimes appears as yellowish, greyish,
or even almost red. These variations of colour, however, mean,
at least, the commencement of decomposition. The size of the
grains is usually about one millimetre in diameter, and although
much larger masses are sometimes found these are merely
agglomerations of the smaller grains. The hardness is about
that of rock salt. Under the microscope the grains appear
quite homogeneous unless some foreign body is enclosed, or, as
sometimes occurs, the commencement of decomposition gives a
more or less zonary appearance to them.

The mode of formation is a much contested point, and is not
yet decided ; but, as bearing upon this point, the following
remarks culled chiefly from the “ Report on Deep Sea Deposits”
of the “ Challenger ”’ expedition may be of interest :—

Glauconite is found not universally distributed over the
floor of the ocean but in deposits along continental shores and
not in the deep pelagic ones. In marine deposits it is always
associated with the casts of Foraminifera, and roughly resembles
these in form. It is characteristic of, and sometimes abundant
in, green muds and sands, and also in Globigerina ooze, especially
when this contains a good deal of detritus from neighbouring
continental land. It is not found in true pelagic deposits, nor
is it usual where the detrital matters from rivers are abundant,
but along the high bold coasts where accumulation is slow
Glauconite is found in typical form and great abundance.

The usual depth at which Glauconite occurs is from 200 to

1894-95. ] 197

300 fathoms, but it is found occasionally as far down as 2000
fathoms. It is usually accompanied by such minerals as quartz,
orthoclase, mica, garnet, epidote, etc., and fragments of ancient
rocks, such as chloritic rocks, granite and mica schists, etc., and
in modern deposits by organic matter of vegetable origin and
with phosphate of lime. It never occurs in true volcanic muds
' and sands, and it is hardly ever found in pure carbonate of lime
deposits, but is always associated with sandy calcareous deposits,
and is most probably formed in situ and not conveyed like the
land rocks always found with it, and from which it is most
likely formed by the prolonged action of the sea water. The
conclusion arrived at in the ‘‘Challenger” Report is that
Glauconite is probably initially formed in the cavities of cal-
careous organisms by infiltration, the composition of the mineral,
which is really a mixture, being determined in part by the
organic matter in the shell.

We come now to our own local specimen, the following
details have been given me by Miss Thompson :—

“The Glauconite ‘grains occur in a cliff of the so-called
chloritic sandstone division of the upper greensand, which
belongs to the Cretaceous Period. This cliff is part of the valley
which has been cut in the Knockagh Mountain by the Wood-
burn River; or more simply, the Woodburn River has cut
through the Cretaceous rocks and exposed this face of highly
fossiliferous greensand.”

The method adopted for obtaining the grains was this:—The
rock was pulverized, washed in a muslin bag until the water
ran off tolerably clear, the powder dried and sifted through
coarse muslin, and then with the help of a lens of low magni-
fying power the grains of Glauconite were picked up by means
of a very fine sable brush moistened in a tiny vessel of distilled
water, into which the collected grains off the brush were
dropped. ‘The field of the lens was large enough to admit of
this little vessel of water and a tray of glossy brown paper (upon
which pinches of the powdered rock were shaken) at the same
time, so that no time was lost in dropping the Glauconite into

198 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

the water as quickly as it was gathered. Great care was taken
to have the grains as uniform as possible in size and colour.
The sample received for analysis was very uniform in size and
colour, and weighed a little over one gramme. It consisted of
dark green granules of rather less than one millimetre in
diameter, very homogeneous and of a rounded contour, inter-
mixed with a few white particles. The grains were soft and
readily powdered. ‘The powder was treated with cold dilute
hydrochloric acid, well washed, dried at 90°C. in an air bath,
and the resulting green powder taken for analysis.

0°3575 gr. was decomposed with moderately concentrated
sulphuric acid, the silica separated in the ordinary way, and the
solution used for the determination of total iron, alumina, lime,
magnesia, potash, ana soda by the usual methods; 0°1975 gr.
was ignited for combined water and organic water ; 0°2780 gr.
was decomposed by heating in a current of CO, with moderately
concentrated sulphuric acid and titrated with standard perman-
ganate of potash for ferrous oxide. The results cbtained were:—

SO, Fe,O; Al,O; FeO CaO MgO K,O Na,O H,O Total
40°OO" 16°ST "13°60: =10717' "1°97 41°97 8*2T °2°16" GO ear.

Remembering what has been already said upon the variable
composition of Glauconite it is not surprising to find that this
example shows some deviations from the figures given for other
Glauconites, although in some particulars these are noteworthy.
To illustrate this and also to show how other Glauconites vary
among themselves two tables of analyses are appended. Table
1 contains the analyses by Sipécz of four samples of marine
Glauconite from the ‘“‘ Deep Sea Deposit ”’ volume of the ‘“ Chal-
lenger” Report. These were all taken at a depth of 410 fathoms,
and in Lat. 34° 13’ S and Long. 151° 38’ E; yet taken as they
were from practically the same spot the variations, especially
in the essential constituents—silica, ferric oxide, potash, and
water—are most pronounced. Our Woodburn Glauconite
shows many great differences from all of these, and we may
note among the essentials that the silica is over 13°/, lower

1894-95.] £99

than the mean of the four, and more than 10°/, lower than the
least of these, the ferric oxide though higher than the lowest is
still more than 4°/, less than the mean, the potash is nearly
double the highest given in the four, while the water is some-
where about the mean. One great difference observable is in
the ferrous oxide, where against a maximum of 1°95°/, in the
_ marine Glauconite the Woodburn sample shows 16°81°/,. To
turn now to Table 2. This is a résumé of twelve analyses of
Glauconite from rocks which have been selected by Professor
Cole as fairly similar to ours, and which are published in the
“Handbach der Mineralogie”? by Dr. C. Hintze for 1892.
Here, again, though we might fairly expect a closer correspon-
dence with our own than in the case of the marine Glauconite,
we find in comparing them with each other and with our
Woodburn mineral] the same discrepancies in nearly every
particular—the silica varying from 58°/, to a little over 43°/,,
which, however, is still somewhat higher than ours, the ferric
oxide varying from 32°8°/, to (in three analyses) nil, our figure
coming close to the mean ; and, in fact, a glance will show that
these differences obtain throughout, so that the average result
is really useless as a standard. It will be noticed that the
ferrous oxide which is so low in the marine Glauconite of Table
I gives us in Table 2 figures much more nearly agreeing with
the Woodburn Glauconite, the rocks being similar in this case.

The one point which does seem to come out clearly in this
comparison is the relative poverty in silica of the Woodburn
specimen, though even that is not much below the lowest in
Table 2. In this connection it is worth noting that in Table 1
the silica is lowest and the potash highest in these cases in which
the green, and especially the dark green, casts predominate,
casts agreeing in appearance with those composing the whole
of our Woodburn specimen. Whether this is merely a coinci-
dence in a particular case or has a definite significance is not
certain. The fact that where the dark green casts are most
numerous the mineral particles and silicious organisms are few
probably accounts for the variation in silica to a large extent,

200 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

while it is not unlikely that in the neighbourhood of the large
deposits of alkaline salts at Carrickfergus any minerals which
contain soda and-potash in varying proportions would contain
them in relative abundance. It may be interesting here to
notice the figures given in the volume of the “ Challenger”
Report referred to above for a reddened Glauconite in which
the silica is exceptionally low, viz.:—

SiO, Fe,O; Al,O; FeQ OaO MgO K,O Na,O H,O Total
27°74 39°93 13°02 1°76 1:19 4°62 0°95 O62 10°35 TeD'od

To which the remark is attached “ the high percentage of ferric
oxide and water points to a decomposition of this mineral, which
has been transformed into limonite as is often the case in
Glauconite from the geological strata with loss of silicic acid
and potash ; but this explanation can hardly be given for this
specimen which consists of casts from a coral sand.’’ But no
alternative suggestion is made, and neither will the suggestion
hold in the case of our own Glauconite, for while the silica is
low the ferric oxide is not particularly high, nor is the water,
while the potash is seemingly higher than usual. Moreover,
the casts are green and show no signs of decomposition at all,
which would certainly be the case if this decomposition into
limonite were taking place. Professor Cole has suggested that
possibly in the course of ages silica has actually been abstracted
in solution; but in this case, since the silica must have been
in combination when present in the mineral, the grains should
show some signs of the decomposition which must have taken
place, and no such signs are visible. The only conclusion to be
arrived at in our present information would seem to be that the
Glauconite from Woodburn is of the same composition as when
originally formed, but why in this spot it should contain an
unusually small percentage of silica is beyond my power to
suggest.

I trust I may have a further opportunity of examining speci-
mens of Glauconite from this locality with a view to determining
the constancy or otherwise in composition of this deposit.

-1894-95.] 201

In conclusion, I wish to express my sincere thanks for the
kind assistance I have received from Miss S. M. Thompson,
Macedon, Belfast, and Professor Grenville A. J. Cole, of the
Royal College of Science, Dublin, in the preparation of this
note.

TABLE 1.

Four analyses of marine Glauconite by Sipécz taken at 410
fiaoms, Lat. 34° 13'S, Long. 151°.38' E, From the “Chal-
lenger ” Report.

I 2 3 4 Mean.
SiO, eo 5G*G2) 1, Ors) Sicsen| S537.) 53768
Fe,O, Wet 62. | 2AraO | BAcrT 21°59 | 21°46
Al,O; ene} 12°54 8°92 3°67 8°12 9°56
FeO ae ee te 1°66 1°54 1°95 1°58
CaO dsc 1°69 1°26 127 1°34 1°39
MgO ww) 2°49 ant 3°04 2°83 2°87
K,O goal) 9 2°52 | 4215) 3°88.) 3°36.) ) 3°49
Na,O _ 0°90 O°25 0°25 0°27 0°42
H,O Re 8 eee Se Se ae | SOD

Total, a KGOAd | 1OO-22 | TOO 32° | 100° 29

Casts — White,
pale grey, and | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent.

[=

2 yellow = ssa 65 15 10 30

= 5

2 3 Pale Green... 20 35 25 40
vo

e © | Dark Green ... rr 45 60 20

a's

& Mineral particles

= and siliceous

organisms ... 14 5 5 i Ke)

202 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Ae) 2:

Résumé of 12 analyses of Glauconite from rocks similar to
ours from the “ Handbuch der Mineralogie,” by Dr. C. Hintze,
1892.

Mean, Max. Min. Remarks,

SiO, veal, 5Ol27 ||" SXOr tone 43-60

Fe,O, ssvilt al Tae. 32°80 nil. | Absent in 3 analyses.
EME OF os 509 | Torog 1°50

FeO veel) £8°G 1 G2IeTS 2°64

CaO sok S078 3°21 nil. | Absent in 8 analyses.
MgO sale 226 6°27 nil. Do. —.4.\audo:
K,O sel cs OSH 8°79 BO:

Na,O o) ; Only occurs) iu +2

analyses 0°91 & o'21.
HO sane (8223 14°70 Fg

R. Lloyd Praeger, Hon. Secretary of the Dublin Naturalists’
Field Club, gave a short address on the subject “‘ The Irish Field
Clubs and Field Club Work.” He first briefly sketched the
history of the Four Field Clubs of Ireland,—those of Belfast,
Dublin, Cork, and Limerick,—and referred to his article recently
published in the /rzsk Naturalist, in which those histories will
be found more fully set forth. The present position and
resources of these Clubs were next discussed, and the extreme
importance uf joint meetings was urged, by means of which the
Clubs may get to know more of each other’s doings, and work
in harmony for the attainment of their mutual aims. It was
pointed out how much encouragement and help the Clubs can
give to each other, and the speaker concluded :—Is it not in fact
desirable in the highest degree that all the Irish Field Clubs
should assist each other ; that they should know each other
better, and feel that they are comrades, working together for a
common object ; that there should exist a bond of friendly

1894-95, | Bes

communication between them, and that as frequently as possible
the members of the various Clubs should meet each other?
These questions have had the earnest consideration of the Sec-
retaries of the Irish Field Clubs for some months past, and the
result of their consultations will shortly assume the form of a
definite proposal. It is suggested, in short, that an Irish Field
Club Union should be formed, the business pertaining to which
will be carried on by a Committee composed of representatives
of all the Clubs ; that the Union should have for its objects the
consideration of matters of general Field Club importance, the
providing of mutual help among the Clubs, and the bringing
about, by means of joint meetings and otherwise, of a closer
and more frequent intercourse. Pending the general conference
of the Irish Clubs, which it is proposed to hold next summer,
a memorandum, embodying the above suggestions, will shortly
be submitted to each Club, in order that the benefits which will
arise from the Union may come into operation as early as
possible. At next year’s conference it is confidently anticipated
that the foundations will be laid of a true and lasting Union,
a bond of sympathy and friendship and scientific entercourse
that will help the Clubs in their work, and stimulate them in
their forward march ; a Union which will be a pillar of strength
to the Field Clubs, an aid to British Science, and a credit to
Ireland.

The President and Joseph Wright spoke in favour of the
scheme, and William Gray, M.R.I.A., offered some criticism on
the subject of such an alliance, but was in favour of such joint
meetings.

F. J. Bigger, Honorary Secretary, in supporting the matter
brought forward by R. LI. Praeger, said it was not contemplated
that the individuality of any Club nor their controlling power
over their own work should be interfered with in any way, but
that a central committee of all the Clubs should be appointed
for carrying on general work. The matter would be decided in
Committee, but the present opportunity was given to the
members of discussing the proposal.

204 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

W. H. Patterson, M.R.I.A., also spoke in favour of the
scheme.

Mrs. M‘Alery, Rev. W. J. Christie, M.A., James Quinn, and
James M. Bradshaw were then elected members of the Club.

27 November, 1894.

A Special Meeting of the Club was held on Monday evening,
27 November, in the Museum, when a lecture was delivered
under the auspices of the Celtic Class by Douglas Hyde, LL.D.,
T.C.D., upon: The Celtic Language, and Literature. 9 eamere
was a large and interested audience, who listened to Dr. Hyde
with rapt attention for over an hour and a half.

The President introduced the lecturer.

Dr. Hyde fully reviewed the work of the last three centuries
of Celtic poetry and romance, bringing into prominence and
colouring with a vivid glow the different literary efforts of a
struggling people—a race contending for the survival of their
language against odds rarely equalled in the history of nations.
The lecture contained copious quotations, some of which were
translated by Dr. Hyde, and others delivered in the native
tongue, in which many quaint stories and curious ballads were
introduced. Frequent bursts of applause greeted the lecturer
at the salient and passionate parts of his address. In concluding,
Dr. Hyde urged all those present to study the Irish language,
and thus preserve to the race one of the most cherished
heritages. An opportunity was now afforded them of doing so,
and if such was allowed to pass at the present time the most
valuable of all the living Aryan languages of Europe would be
lost for ever, to the eternal disgrace of our common country,
and (he added) the learned professors of the future in their
philological researches would quarrel over its bones.

P. J. O'Shea, the conductor of the Celtic class, moved a vote
of thanks to Dr. Hyde, which was seconded by J. M‘Ginley,
both in the Irish language. Dr. St. Clair Boyd and W. Gray,
M.R.I.A., also supported the resolution, both agreeing that the

1894°95.] Ags

lecturer had afforded the Field Club such a treat as had scarcely
ever been enjoyed within the old Museum walls. The
resolution was passed in an enthusiastic way.

18 December, 1894.

The third winter meeting was held in the Museum on
Tuesday evening,18 December—the President, F. W. Lockwood,
C.E., in the chair—when the evening was devoted to geological
papers by the members. The following ‘Notes on Moel
Tryfaen” was contributed by Miss Mary K. Andrews :—

Moel Tryfaen is an outlier of Snowdon, situated five miles
south-east from Carnarvon, and about five miles in a direct line
east from the sea. It is a hill of rounded form, largely covered
with drift deposits, while on the top great masses of Cambrian
conglomerate stand out, giving it a characteristic castellated
appearance. The high-level ‘‘shell-bed’”? by which it has
attained world-wide celebrity is quite 1,350 feet above the level
of the sea. It was first discovered by Joshua Trimmer, and
described in a letter addressed by him to Dean Buckland, read
before the Geological Society on the 8th of June, 1831. From
this letter it appears that near the summit of Moel Tryfaen, in
a boring made through sand and gravel in search of slate, at
about twenty feet below the surface, Joshua [rimmer found
marine shells in a bed of sand, for the most part broken,
resembling the broken shells on the adjacent beach. The
fragments he considered to include Buccinum, Venus, Natica,
and Zurbo. This latter S. A. Stewart identifies as Trochus.
Joshua Trimmer also observed that, when the surface of the
slate rock is newly laid bare, it is found to be covered with
scratches, furrows, and dressings, and refers these to the action
of diluvial currents, which overspread the country with gravel.
From this date Moel Tryfaen occupies a foremost place in
geological history, its shells have been carefully enumerated,

and its deposits examined with care, while the mode of their
4

206 [Proc. B.N.C.F.,

occurrence has given rise to conflicting theories, and left
problems of interest and difficulty still to solve.

The Alexandra Slate Quarry, in which the shell-bearing
deposits are well exposed, lies in an east by south direction,
about three hundred feet from the conglomerate at the top of
Moel Tryfaen. The deposits form a thick series of sands and
gravels, occupying nearly a quarter of a mile in linear extent,
and having an average depth of from nine to twelve feet, with
occasional exposures fifteen feet deep. They exhibit both
stratification and current bedding. Extending originally over
the whole top of the quarry, much of these deposits is now
cleared away, but, as excavations extend, fresh surfaces come to
light, and till the vexed question of Moel Tryfaen, the acknow-
leged crux of geologists, is satisfactorily explained, I think steps
should be taken to secure, in the interests of science, the
preservation of as much of their shell fauna as possible.

In the section as shewn in the diagram, kindly made by
Miss Sydney Thompson from a small photograph taken last
August, you will observe boulder clay averaging about ten feet
in depth, overlying a deposit of sand and gravel of rather
greater thickness. The sand immediately under the boulder
clay is very fine ; the shells on the table were found in a layer
of coarse sand and gravel, from one to two feet in thickness,
near the figure in the diagram, who is pointing to the spot
where one of the turritellas was actually found. Below this
part of the section, a layer of soft clay intervenes before you
come to the slate beneath. In other parts of the quarry,
especially towards the south-east, from nine to twelve feet of
fine sand is found between the top of the slate and the surface
of the ground. The edge of the slate rock sometimes presents
a bent and shattered appearance. ‘he shells and shell frag-
ments are fairly numerous, mostly water-worn, the most perfect
being generally those that, as pointed out by Mellard Reade,
are of a form most calculated to resist pressure. Besides
British types, these deposits have yielded Arctic and Scandi-
navian species, I am sorry I have no Arctic forms to show

1894-95.] 297

you. S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.E., most kindly examined the
shells and shell fragments on the table, and enumerates the
following species :—Turritella terebra, Tellina balthica, Mactra
solida, Astarte sulcata, Astarte compressa ; all, he informs me,
have a northern facies, but none are decidedly Arctic.

I regret the collection is so small, but I think the proportion
of almost perfect shells to fragmentary is satisfactory, and shows
we are dealing with a veritable shell-bed, although its right to
be regarded as such has been questioned.*

The microscopic examination of the sand and gravel is
highly interesting : for this I am deeply indebted to Joseph
Wright, F.G.S. He finds foraminifera in both, but the gravel
is much richer in these rhizopods than the sand. In seven
ounces of sand he found only eight specimens of foraminifera,
but these include one very rare species, Pulvinulina karstent.
In only five ounces of gravel he found twenty-four specimens,
that of Lagena squamosa being particularly large.

A complete list of these foraminifera is appended to this
paper. Joseph Wright has made microscopic slides of them,
and these, by his kind permission, will be exhibited at the
meeting of the Microscopic section next Thursday.

Although I have not read the whole bibliography of Moel
Tryfaen, this is, so far as I am aware, the first time that this
interesting bed, so often searched for larger shells, has revealed
its microscopic forms.

Mellard Reade has submitted the drift of Moel Tryfaen and
of the Carnarvonshire area to mechanical analysis, and finds
the sand of Moel Tryfaen to consist largely of quartz grains,
greatly rounded and polished, such grains being almost univer-
sally marine. The stones found in the sands and gravels are
often water-worn. They are to a certain extent of local origin,
but erratics from Cumberland, Galloway, Ailsa Craig, and

* A few were collected by myself during a very short visit on the 17th of last
August, the larger number were sent to me last week by Mr. Hughes, assistant manager
of the Alexandra Quarry, and are the result also of one short search. I have further

to thank Mr, Hughes for specimens of the deposit in which they were found, and for
several details regarding the beds exposed in the quarry.

208 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Antrim have been recorded. A few I picked up at random are
on the table, amongst them you will find granite from Eskdale,
quartz-porphyry with riebeckite from Mynydd Mawr, Welsh
ophitic diabase, and a granitoid rock, probably Welsh Archean.
For the sources of these I am indebted to Percy F. Kendall,
F.G.S. Thus the marine origin of these shelly sands and
gravels, sections of which have been found on Moel Tryfaen
from 1,170 to nearly 1,400 feet above the level of the sea,
seems undoubted. st. We have the shells and shell frag-
ments. 2nd. The foraminifera. 3rd. The extremely rounded
and polished grains of sand. 4th. The water-worn foreign
boulders. But the question how have they been deposited in
this unique position is one over which many contests have
been fought in the past, and which conflicting theories still
assail in the present.

Joshua Trimmer, in accordance with the views of his time,
brought in diluvial currents as the explanation. Darwin,
eleven years later, recognised in the shattered and contorted
slate rock the effects of icebergs grating over the surface. The
late Sir Andrew Ramsay also attributed much of the glacial
phenomena of the district to floating ice, and from the con-
sideration of this high-level shell-bed and those of Macclesfield
and Ffridd Brynmawr, likewise associated with glacial material,
he inferred a submergence of the land to a depth of not less
than from 1,200 to 1,500 feet. In corroboration of this depth,
he cited the high-level, shell-bearing Pleistocene gravels of
Three Rock Mountain, near Dublin, ground rendered classic
through the researches of a geologist we all revere, the Rev.
Maxwell Close.

A newer school of glacial geologists has since arisen who,
while admitting a submergence of 100 to 150 feet, maintain
that the glacial deposits of Great Britain are the results of
glaciers or ice sheets, and that wherever marine shells occur in
such deposits at high levels it can be proved from other evidence
that the ice advanced upon the land from the sea. Some of
the contents of the beds would thus be the relics of great shell

1894-95.) 209

banks in the Irish Sea, incorporated in the ground moraine of
the “ Irish Sea Glacier.” To this school the diluvial hypothesis
is more consonant than the ‘“‘great submergence” theory. “I
believe,” writes Professor Carvill Lewis, ‘that British geology
would be much further advanced if, when Mr. Trimmer an-
nounced his discovery of shells on Moel Tryfaen, his theory
had been accepted instead of that of a marine submergence.
When England is once and for ever free of it the Drift
will no longer be a bye-word and a synonym for confusion and
helplessness, but will take its rank among the orderly strata of
the earth’s crust. That once accomplished, post-pliocene deposits
will become of the highest interest as having the most direct
bearing on the advent of the human race.’ We must all feel
with Professor Carvill Lewis that deposits which bring us to
the dawn of the human era have a special interest, but in the
light of recent evidence, perhaps we may wish to pause before
relinquishing the older theory of “‘ submergence.”

It would be presumptuous in me to offer any opinion. Great
workers on both sides have done noble work in the interest of
truth alone. Comparative observations are increasing rapidly,
and, when all these are marshalled in order, I trust some simple
generalization may be discovered, so widespread in its bearing
as to include satisfactorily even the capricious, high-level shell-
bed of Moel Tryfaen “among the orderly strata of the earth’s
crust.”

LIST OF FORAMINIFERA

From “ Shell-bed,”’ Moel Tryfaen. Determined by
Joseph Wright, F.G.S.

I, Sand, weight 70z. Foraminifera, 8 specimens.
Cassidulina crassa, d’Orb., 2 specimens.
Pulvinulina Karstent (Rss.), 1 specimen.
Nontonina depressula (W. & J.), 3 specimens.

2 specimens too much broken to identify.

2. Gravel, weight 50z. Foraminifera, 24 specimens.

Miholina Sp., 1 specimen, very small.

210 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Verneutlina polystropha (Rss.), 1 specimen, very small.
Bolwina plicata, d’Orb., 2 specimens.

Casstdulina crassa, dOrb., 2 specimens.

Lagena squamosa (Mont.), 1 specimen, large.

Dtscorbina rosacea, d’Orb., 1 specimen.

Truncatulina lobatula (W. & J.), 5 specimens, very small.
Nontionina depressula (W. & J.), 9 specimens.

LV. pauperata (Balkwill & Wright), 1 specimen.
Folystomella striato punctata (F. & M.), 1 specimen.

The next paper was entitled :—‘A Bit of Foreshore,” by
Miss Sydney M. Thompson, Hon. Sec. of the Geological
Section.

“Every dog has his day,” says the old proverb; and so has
every hobby! About thirty years ago the favourite and
fashionable hobby was an aquarium, to which I was a faithful
devotee. Consequently, for many years I was as familiar with
every yard of the shore opposite Macedon as with the garden.
The very remarkable amount of erosion that has taken place
within my memory, and the consequent series of rapid changes
that have occurred along the stretch of shore surrounding
Macedon Point seem well worth recording. Should the next
quarter of a century deal as severely with the well-known cross-.
dykes at the Point as the last quarter has, I fear the next
generation will know them only as a memory, rescued from
complete oblivion by the maps of the Geological Survey, by
Miss M. K. Andrews in last May’s Jrisk Naturalist, and the
various photographs taken by members of our club.

Some who are present will be interested to know that when I
first kept an aquarium my uncle’s old friend and fellow-worker,
the late George C. Hyndman, was still alive, and kindly lent
me many books upon the subject. He even promised in a rash
moment of sympathy to take me out dredging with him, and
it can be readily imagined with what keen impatience I looked
forward to such a delightful prospect, but alas! it was never
realized! Perhaps it occurred to him that a small enthusiast
in petticoats would bean embarrassing addition to-a-scientific

1894-95.] aux

cruise, or perhaps no fit opportunity offered, but to this day my
desire to go dredging remains unsatisfied.

Geologically speaking, the portion of shore to which I shall
refer consists of the Trias, which only occurs in this north-
eastern corner of our island, extending southward as far as
County Louth, and is situated underneath the beds about
which we are to hear from William Gray this evening. The
beds opposite Macedon are the Keuper marls, both red and
green, whilst further towards Whiteabbey we come upon
almost vertical layers of red and yellow sandstone. Innumer-
able basaltic dykes have forced their way from beneath, some-
times filling irregular cracks, many feet wide, with wall-like
masses, at other times barely lifting the shaly layers to ooze
out in gentler flows. In the cross-dykes two separate flows
intersect one another, as is shown upon the diagram on the
wall. The junction is so much eroded that their relative age
is rather obscure, but as far as I can judge the dyke marked
BC is the older. During our amphibious childhood my
brother and I spent a large part of every summer boating along
our coast, and I well remember the delightful excitement when
our small punt ran aground, even at full tide, on those
familiar cross-reefs, and threatened to tilt us over into the
water. In those days there were but two gaps where the
passage could be safely attempted, but now the old black walls
are sO worn away that a much larger boat could cross almost
anywhere at high tide. In fact, 1 am deliberately inclined to
put the erosion of the last 30 years as being certainly not less
than 18 or 20 inches. Our gardener, who has known this
part of the shore longer than I have, quite agrees with me in
this estimate, and tells me that Mr. Joynt, who lived in White-
house during the period I refer to, told him that he recollected
them very much higher still. Why these dykes that had
evidently withstood the waves that cut away the softer Triassic
rocks during the first half of the century and then remained
above the general plane of the shore like walls, should latterly
have yielded so comparatively rapidly to the action of the sea

212 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

that they are likely soon to be flush with the rest of the shore,
it would be hard to say, but the other changes that have
occurred seem to indicate a greater increase in the scour of the
tides. In fact, the shore is no longer predominantly sandy.

Although not strictly belonging to my subject to-night, it is
worth taking a retrospective glance at earlier changes along the
shore nearer Belfast. Before the Northern Counties Railway
was made, the sea came quite up to the Shore Road, and
basaltic stone was quarried near Fortwilliam and also close to
the present Greencastle station. The railway embankment
was partly constructed from materials taken off the shore,
where huge holes were left, many feet in depth, and frequented
by large eels. There was a mussel-bed accessible when the
tide was out, between the present Whitehouse and Greencastle
stations, with a great number of scattered boulders, 3 or 4 feet
high, where boys used to play hide and seek. When the late
John Thomson, of Low Wood, made what is known as
“Thomson’s Cut,” leading to the basin at Whitehouse Coast-
guard Station, to enable boats from his yacht to obtain access
to the shore at all states of the tide, these boulders were blasted,
and used to form the long pier that runs out beside the “ cut.”
More recently shingle and sand have been deposited near
Whitehouse station; and there are now vast spaces of sand
nearer town, where I have sometimes, upon a holiday, counted
between 30 and 4o people gathering cockles. These districts,
within the period I refer to, were soft mud, quite impassable,
unless the travellers were provided with large flat boards
attached to their feet.

About the year 1862 the Government took over the foreshore,
and granted leases of it to those whose property ran along the
coast. Much damage to the foundations of sea walls had
resulted from the operations of so-called “ freestone gatherers ”
and from the amount of sand carried off the shore by lighters.
I remember seeing two or three men and women opposite
Macedon diligently occupied during low tide in digging and
breaking up the green “ freestone” or marl, and tramping off

1894-95.] 203

to Belfast with heavy bags on their back, to sell for scouring
tables and floors. There is scarcely any green left ; they never
took the red. The lightermen used to come down at high tide
and anchor, load up with sand when the tide went out, and
pole the lighters up to Belfast at the next high tide. The
leases gave the holders power to forbid such excavations inside
half-tide mark.

To realize the extent of these changes, let me picture to you
our shore as it was and as it now zs. Glancing at the diagram,
we see Macedon point, which is in reality a solid boss of basalt,
about 8 or 1o feet high, forming the base of the triangle A,
which is enclosed by the two inner arms of the cross-reefs. In
old days this triangle of shore not only stood at a considerably
higher level than the shore outside, thanks to the protection
afforded to it by the reefs, but also contained a deep deposit of
tolerably firm mud, in which were many pools of water, thickly
fringed with grass-wrack (Zostera marina), frequented by pipe-
fish (Syngnatht); and, I remember vividly, that these pools
were so deep that the fish could not be captured without
wetting the sleeves. This gives a kind of rough estimate of
the depth of the pools. It was the only spot on my special
‘bit of foreshore” where the grass-wrack flourished. Vow the
protecting walls of basalt are broken down—mud, grass-wrack,
and pipefish have vanished, and the triangle is an expanse of
bare, red marl, devoid of much permanent animal or vegetable
life. This bare, scoured surface prevails over long stretches of
the shore that were formerly covered with a deep coating of
sand, full of lobworms, cockles, and Zerededilz, and used to be
dotted with long, shallow pools, plentifully furnished with sea-
grass ( Lnteromorpha compressa) and green laver (Ulva
latissima). The bladder wrack (Fucus vesdiculosus) contines
itself chiefly to the reefs of basalt, giving valuable warning of
their presence even at high tide. General Bland tells me that
opposite Woodbank (nearer to Whiteabbey) he has been struck
by the same exposure of marl where formerly sand about two
feet deep prevailed, and mentions that great banks of mud have

214 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

vanished from that district, but thinks they may possibly have
been deposited further out, where the sea now apparently
breaks upon an obstacle-where formerly none existed.

Another noticeable change opposite Macedon is the extension
inland of the Laminarian Zone. Reflecting upon the general
results of the changes I have chronicled, I doubt very much if
the old variety of animal life could now be found upon our
shore, and one can see how rapidly a small amount of geological
change may become a powerful factor in the local distribution
of plants and animals.

And now the latest occurrence to record zs a change in dis-
tribution, but in this case it is the hand of man, not the slower
process of geological change, that is responsible. Two years
ago I noticed for the first time a fine blue colour over the rocks,
such as we often see depicted in Hook’s charming sea pieces,
caused by the presence of innumerable baby mussels (/ytzlus
eduiis), securely anchored to the reefs, and this year many
square yards of shore are thickly covered with almost full-grown
specimens. In my early days it was quite a rare thing to find
a stray living mussel, but their sudden appearance on our side
of the Lough is explained in a very interesting paper by R.
Lloyd Patterson, F.L.S., in last June’s issue of Zhe Irash
Naturatst.

The papers were spoken of favourably by William Swanston,
F.G.S.; William Gray, M.R.I.A.; John Hamilton, and Alex.
G. Wilson.

\\m. Gray, M.R.I.A., then made a short report of the club
delegates to the British Association at Oxford, when the club
was awarded the thanks of the association for their invaluable
contributions of photographs illustrating the geology of our
district.

In pursuance of the recommendation of the British Associa-
tion, W. Gray proposed, and R. J. Welch seconded, the
following resolution, which was unanimously passed :—‘ That
the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club should place themselves in
communication with the Belfast Corporation with a view to

1894-95.] 25

extending scientific knowledge by means of lectures and demon-
strations in our museums.”’

W. Gray, M.R.I.A., then proceeded with his lecture on the
“Missing Beds of Cave Hill,” using the geological features of
Portland as apt illustrations. The lecture was well illustrated
with lantern slides and diagrams, shown by W. Nicholl, the
different organic remains being represented by a fine series of
fossils on the table, which were afterwards inspected by those
present.

The President, the Honorary Secretary, and W. Swanston
having complimented the lecturer on his admirable paper,
the following new members were elected :—Miss Josephine
Buchannan, M.A.; Rev. Douglas Walmsley, B.A.; Geo. Smith,
and Miss E. Corley.

14. Fanuary, 1895.

A meeting was held on Tuesday evening, 14 January, in
the Museum. There was a large attendanee. The President,
F. W. Lockwood, C.E., called upon Joseph Wright, F.G.S.,
to contribute his note upon “ The Occurrence of Boulder Clay
on Divis.”

Mr. Wright stated that a few weeks ago he had visited Divis
Mountain in company with S. A. Stewart to examine boulder
clay which he had observed high up on the mountain, and
exposed in section by the side of a mountain stream. Two
gatherings of this clay (about 10lb. weight) were made at the
height of about 1,300 and 1,400 feet respectively above the sea.
These, on being microscopically examined, were found to con-
tain two fry of mollusca—viz., Buccinum undatum, the other
doubtfully referable to Lzttorina Ktorals, also a foraminifer,
Nonionina depressula, and six ostracoda, too young to name
with certainty. Through the courtesy of W. Gray he had
also received a few pounds weight of boulder clay from Wolf-
hill, 800 feet above the sea. In this sample were found three

216 [Pros. B,N.F.C.,

specimens of Nonionina depressula. These discoveries are of
interest on account of the great height at which the clay occurs
and of the marine organisms found in it; foraminifera and
ostracoda have not hitherto been recorded from boulder clay at
such high elevations. Some discussion ensued, in which
William Gray, M.R.I.A. ; Wm. Swanston, F.G.S. ; J. Temple-
ton, and others took part.

The President then called upon Professor A. C. Haddon,
M.R.I.A., of the Royal College of Science, Dublin, to deliver
hia lecture upon “‘ Modern Relics of Olden Time.”

Professor Haddon said that the object of his lecture was to
illustrate some of the stages in the evolution of human indus-
tries and customs. As ready means of communication and
ransport were very important for the progress of culture, he
would commence with means of transport. Photographs of
the human burden bearer in Ireland and New Guinea were
thrown on the screen; these were followed by illustrations of
paniers on beasts of burden and by a very interesting series of
vehicles, commencing with the slide or slipe car of the North
of Antrim, which consists essentially of two poles trailing on
the ground. These simple contrivances were formerly used in
Scotland and Wales, and a slide was exhibited showing their
employment by the North American Indians. The various
stages in the evolution of the block-wheel car into carts with
spoked wheels were illustrated by beautiful photographs taken
by Mr. Welch. Transport by water next claimed attention,
and the canoes of Donegal and of the West of Ireland were
compared with those made by natives in the Pacific Ocean, and
. these were followed by the rude rounded curragh, still in use
on the Boyne, made of wicker work covered with cowhide and
propelled by a spade-like paddle. Domestic industries were
illustrated by spinning, and photographs of various kinds of
Irish spinning-wheels were shown; of these there are two
types. Irish and Scottish querns or mill stones were also
described.

The lecturer pointed out the importance of dancing amongst

1894-95.] 217

savages, and how it enters very largely into their religion.
Different kinds of savage dances were described, more particu-
larly the initiation ceremonies. This led to a description of the
bull-rearer, and two specimens of this ancient and sacred
instrument were exhibited and swung; the one was obtained by
the lecturer in Torres Straits, the other came from England.
Some Papuan death dances ware described, the performers of
which are covered with leaves and wear leafy masks. These
were followed by representations of the costume of the Irish
“‘straw-boys,’” and the parallelism between the two was startling.
The significance of a certain class of children’s games was dealt
with, and it was shown that many of these illustrate the
customs of our heathen ancestors, some being marriage games,
others being funeral ceremonies, others again being remini-
scences of well-worship. Some photographs of holy wells and
the offerings at them were next shown, and lastly a fairy thorn
at Holywood. Professor Haddon emphasised the facts that
these were not trivial subjects, and that only by studying the
customs of the folk and children’s games and the like was it
possible to form some idea as to the religious beliefs and
practices of our ancestors. He also urged on his hearers to
collect and record all such matters. Soon it would be too late,
but row and now only was the time to collect.

The lecture was fully illustrated by a representative series of
slides of Irish and foreign subjects, the lantern being worked by
R. Welch. W. H. Patterson, M.R.I.A.; Wm. Gray, M.R.1.A,;
Richard Patterson, J.P.; and R. Welch having spoken—the
wish being expressed that Professor Haddon would deliver a
course of lectures next session under the auspices of the Club—
the President conveyed to the lecturer the best thanks of the
Club. The following new members were then elected :—Miss
M‘Cutcheon, B.A.; J. M‘Clelland Martin, W. J. Stewart, and
Charles J. Lanyon.

218 [Proc. B.N.F.C..
19 February, 1895.

A lecture was delivered in the Museum by the Rev. Denis
Murphy,.S.J.;,LLD., SWRA. ice, President (R75: AS) ihe
subject chosen was ‘‘Irish Art as Shown on Ancient Crosses.”
The lecture was illustrated by a complete series of slides giving
beautiful representations of all the known Irish Crosses. Several
of those most admired were executed by R. Welch, of Belfast.
There was a large attendance.

F. W. Lockwood, President, occupied the chair, and, in
introducing Rev. Dr. Murphy, said he thought he could promise
the audience a rich treat, and he was sure they would all join
him in welcoming down to Belfast such an eminent antiquary
as the Rev. Father Murphy. The subject was one of interest,
and, although it did not come within the natural history section
of their work, it came within the antiquarian section, which
some of them were anxious to keep well to the front, especially
their honorary secretary. The ancient crosses would tell them
some things which the churches and towers could not tell. He
had great pleasure in introducing the Rev. Dr. Murphy.

The Lecturer, in introducing the subject, said he was extremely
thankful for the kind words and for the welcome with which he
had been greeted. He hoped they would not consider him
uncharitable if he supposed there might be some amongst them
who did not know what were the special characteristics of Irish
art, and he would mention some of them as a kind of introduc-
tion to our Crosses, and would at the same time set before them
a few specimens, but only a few specimens, of the art called
Irish art. Some might ask was there such a thing as Irish art.
He, of course, asserted that there was; and the fact was now
universally admitted by all persons acquainted with such
matters. He called it “Irish art,’’ and not Celtic art, as some
people called it. It was peculiarly Irish, and should be called
Irish, not Celtic. As they all knew, Celts were to be found in
Ireland, Scotland, Britain, Wales, and Cornwall; but he would
ask anyone at all acquainted with the history of this kind of art

1894-95.] au

to show, with the exception of Scotland, what Brittany, Wales,
or Cornwall had contributed to it. They imitated Irish art, and,
as Dr. Anderson, of Edinburgh Museum, said, they had
specimens of Celtic art, but a great deal of that art was Irish.
With regard to what the-characteristics of Irish art were, it
should be pointed out that it was what would be called simple
with regard to work. That was what might be given as the
first origin of Irish art, so to speak, which was afterwards
developed into what was called “opus hibernicum” and “opus
reticulum,’’ The first characteristic of it was the absence of leaf
ornament—a curious thing. In this form of pure Irish art
there was no such thing as leaf ornamentation. There was
certainly something like a trefoil, but that was an exceptional
thing, and could hardly be spoken of as leaf ornamentation.
The second characteristic was its infinite variety. It would be
seen that the surfaces of these specimens of Irish art were cut
into very small panels, and these were so varied in shape and
form that no two of them would be found to be alike; they had
then in addition the infinite variety of the patterns in those
panels. The third characteristic was the extraordinary detail
and elaboration of detail in these kinds of Irish ornaments,
which Westwood and other writers stated had especially attracted
their attention. A remarkable thing was that in the space of
three-quarters to half an inch there was to be counted 158 lines
—all within that narrow space—not simply parallel, but crossing
each other in interlaced work ; and no matter how magnified by
modern appliances, it would be seen that in the superior kind of
Irish art there would not be a single line missing. It had been
said at times that this Irish system of ornamentation came to
Ireland from Byzantium and Dr. Rock in a work of his said it
came to Ireland from England and that England used to send
over beautiful manuscripts, which the Irish could not use,
stupid people that they were. That book was published forty
years ago, and it was to be hoped that the editor of the new
edition would change all that, because it was very false. West-
wood, speaking of the Book of Kells, stated that he counted in

220 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

a space measuring three-fourths of an inch to half an inch no
fewer than 158 interlacings of slender ribbon pattern, formed of
white lines edged with black ones, and that he examined the
pages for hours together without detecting a false line or an
irregular interlacing. Some of the finest of the Irish art work
came from a very early period. The Book of Kells was supposed
to have’ been written by St. Columba, but it might, with
absolute certainty, be ascribed tothe seventh century. Another
specially beautiful class of ornament was what was called the
“trumpet ornament,” which was said to be the most beautiful
style of ornament which we have—beautiful not only in the
richness of its design, but in the depth and intensity of the
shadow it throws. He would give an illustration of a beautiful
example of one of those ornaments which was in the Museum
in Dublin, and which was undoubtedly Irish. He had seen it
catalogued British in the British Museum, but he would rather
say it was Irish.

Beautiful illustrations were then thrown on the screen, show-
ing first the initial letter of the first page of the Book of Kells,
the exquisite and wonderful tracery and ornamentation of which
was greatly admired by all present. This wonderful work, the
lecturer explained, was carried from the Island of Iona for safety
to Kells, when the sanctuary of St. Columba was ravaged by the
Danes. Hence the origin of the title. An illustration was next
shown of the Tara Brooch and one of the Ardagh Cup, an
ancient chalice, which was found in the western part of County
Limerick by a young lad when digging. Illustrations were also
shown of the Shrine of St. Patrick’s Bell, supposed to have been
made about the year 1100, an account of which had been
written by the late lamented Bishop Reeves, and published by
Marcus Ward & Co. The famous Lismore Crozier was also
shown, and another ancient shrine. The lecturer explained the
details of the ornamentation in dealing with each of these
famous works of Irish art, and gave a history of them. The
subject proper of the evening’s lecture was then proceeded with,
and the first picture thrown upon the screen was that of the

1894-95. ] 221

cross known as the Sletty Cross, one of the earliest and rudest
kind. As the lecturer proceeded, the process of development of
Irish art was shown very clearly by the specimens of crosses
exhibited, commencing with the plain and roughly-hewn crosses
until the highest and most ornamental forms were reached in
the Crosses of Monasterboice, Kells, Clonmacnoise, and many
- others. The processional Cross of Cong was also shown and
described, and before concluding a beautiful specimen of a
modern Irish Cross, worked upon the ancient patterns, was
exhibited.

At the conclusion of the lecture,

The President expressed the delight with which, he felt sure,
they had all listened to the lecture, and said they were very
thankful to the lecturer for having imparted to them a great
deal of valuable imformation.

Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., also spoke, and referred in terms of
admiration to the systematic manner in which the lecturer had
shown the development of art in those Crosses.

John Vinycomb, M.R.I.A., as one acquainted more particu-
larly with the subject with which the lecture was commenced—
the art of illumination—also spoke on the subject of the lecture.

Seaton F. Milligan, M.R.I.A., next spoke, and drew attention
to the danger to which our Irish Crosses are exposed at the
hands of tourists.

The following new members were then elected :—August
Renold, S. A. Patterson, David Alderdice, and Mrs. Damant.

19 March, 1895.

The fifth meeting of the Session was held on Tuesday evening
in the Museum, when the evening was devoted largely to the
study of the microscope. The President, F. W. Lockwood,
C.E., was in the chair. The following paper on “ Hullite,” by
Grenville A. J. Cole, M.R.IA., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in
the Royal College of Science for Ireland, was then read,

222 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Since the first announcement of hullite as “a hitherto
undescribed mineral ”* from Carnmoney Hill, Co. Antrim, the
substance thus described has been subjected to examination in
various quarters. But I venture to think that, familiar as this
material is to geologists in tne North of Ireland, there is still
something to be said concerning its true nature.

E. T.: Hardman { describes the ‘ mineral” as “filling
amygdaloidal cavities”; Prof. Hull,t on the other hand, in his
notes, speaks of it as ‘‘large and small grains of an opaque, black,
dense mineral, with smooth, somewhat conchoidal, fracture, and
brown streak,” forming part of the “ paste” of the basalt. Both
these statements are, however, correct, since “ hullite” occurs
interstitially among the minerals of the rock, as well as in mam-
millated and minutely stalactitic forms coating the numerous
steam-vesicles. I have not been able to verify Prof. Hull’s
remarks as to the abundant occurrence of olivine in the Carn-
money rock, which, from my own sections, I should regard as
being on the verge of the pyroxene-andesites and aphanites,
rather than as an olivine-basalt. M. Lacroix records olivine,
however, and Lhe mass is clearly variable in mineral composition.

I fail to understand E. T. Hardman’s remark that microscopic
sections show that ‘‘ the mineral is perfectly distinct from, and
does not merge into any part of, the basalt.” Prof. Hull appears
very properly to contradict this by his own statement some nine
lines lower down; and E. T. Hardman himself observed how the
‘“‘hullite”” was deposited in spaces between the augite and other
crystals. Surely in such cases it formed an integral part of the
basalt.

His careful analysis is of historic interest, as one of the first
cases in which Sonstadt’s method of sepaiation, by the use of a

*® E. T. Hardman, “On MHullite, a hitherto undescribed mineral; a Hydrous
Silicate of peculiar composition, from Carnmoney Hill, Co. Antrim, with Analysis.

With Notes on the Microscopical Appearances, by Prof. Hull, F.R.S.’’ Proc, Royal
Irish Acad,, ser. II, vol. III (1878), p. 161.

Ibid paa6a-
t Ibid, p. 166,

1894-95.] 223

heavy liquid, was employed to procure the material from the
powdered rock. E.T. Hardman shows that “hullite” differs in
composition from delessite and chlorophzite, neither of which
substances, by-the-by, have great credit among geologists as
well defined mineral species.

Prof. Heddle,* a year later, pointed out that we know too
little of chlorophzite, but gave an analysis of a substance from
vesicles in basalt at Kinkell, Fifeshire, which he regarded as
sufficiently near to the original “hullite” to justify its retention
asa mineral. It may be worth while to quote the two analyses
side by side.

I. II.
“ Hullite ’’ of “ Hullite’’ of Spindle
Carnmoney. of Kinkell, Fifeshire.
(Hardman.) (Heddle.)
Silica, bee) SOCA3 7 Ee 38°591
Alumina, zee LO"A5G wee 17337
Ferric oxide, cas, 20°720 se 15°97
Ferrous oxide, ocee F699 aoe trace.
Manganous oxide, ... _ trace. aa 1°562
Lime, ocee 4 AO4 aa 3°944
Magnesia, os ATE ae 8°646
Potash, EE — Ape "67
Water, <<e TOS si 13°476
Carbon dioxide, ... trace. esa —
99°782 hoe 100°196

M. A. Lacroixt subsequently examined the ‘hullite” of
Carnmoney in microscopic section, and showed that the trans-
lucent brown substance included magnetite and calcite, and,
what is far more important, small crystals of felspar of the same
species as that which occurs so freely in the main mass of the

* “Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland,’’ Trans. Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, vol.
XXIX, p. 89.

¢ “Sur le kirwanite et le hullite,’’ Bulletin Soc, Min, de France, tome VIII
(1885), p. 432.

224 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

basalt. He notices that certain fibres affect polarised light, in
the midst of the generally isotropic material, and concludes that
“hullite” is related to “the gummy products to which the
decomposition of olivine gives rise.”

But this in no way gets over the difficulty of its being again
and again an interstitial substance between the rods of felspar
and the granules of augite. While it coats the interior of
vesicles on the one hand, on the other it plays the part of a true
groundwork to the crystalline constituents.

This latter fact is so clear that I have no hesitation in regard-
ing the great mass of what has been styled “‘ hullite” as simply
the altered and hydrated glass of the original basaltic ground-
mass. Its chemical composition is closely paralleled by the
frequently analysed ‘‘ palagonite,” which itself has no longer
any position as an independent mineral species. Prof. A. Geikie*
long ago showed how fragments of basaltic glass had been
altered to green “‘serpentinous "’ material in the tuffs of Scot-
land ; while “ palagonite”’ has been also described from the
relics of Ordovician volcanoes in Wales.t In such cases the
old basaltic glass or tachylyte is altered toa dull soft black
substance, while retaining in a wonderful degree its former
structures and its relation to the minerals which once developed
from it, or which floated in it porphyritically. Under the
microscope it is difficult to believe that we are dealing with a
substance so highly altered as palagonite ; but the polariscope,
as, indeed, in some parts of “‘hullite,” often reveals a tufted
crystalline structure, which has arisen during the hydration.
If have commented on this point recently in the case of a
material which is intermediate between tachylyte and “ hullite,”
and which has a hardness, as I now notice, of 4°5.

* “On the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of the Basin of the Firth of Forth,”’
Trans. Roy. Soc., Edin., vol. XXIX (1879), p 515 and pl. XII.

t G. A. J. Cole, “On some additional occurrences of Tachylyte,’’ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., London, vol. XLIV (1888), p. 306.

t “On Variolite and other Tachylytes at Dunmore Head, Co. Down,’’ Geol, Mag.,
1894, p. 222,

1894-95.] 225

I believe, then, that the striking resemblance of typical
“hullite” to lumps of tachylyte (or “‘pitchstone” and ‘‘ obsidian”
of older authors) is by no means accidental ; the material is a
basic glass that has become soft and “ gummy ” by alteration.
Mr. Hardman’s* comments on those who had “ mistaken ” it
for a glassy substance may, I think, be set aside; but it must be
- remembered that, when he wrote, palagonite and tachylyte had
been little studied in our islands.

In two sections from Carnmoney, which are in the collection
of the Royal College of Science for Ireland, the brown “hullite”
can be seen entering the corroded felspar crystals and playing
precisely the part of an original glassy groundmass. Comparison
is possible, moreover, with the paler and unaltered glass which
occurs interstitially in some parts of one of the sections. The
black groups of crystallites of magnetite in the glass are not,
however, present in the altered product, and probably the warm
brown colour of sections of “hullite” is original, owing to the
presence of widely diffused ferric compounds. Where separation
of the materials occurred, as in the paler areas, the glass became
more stable; and the soft palagonitic condition arose, as usual,
most completely in the undifferentiated portions.

The black material lining the steam-cavities of the Carn-
money basalt certainly seems the same as that which forms the
tachylytic blebs throughout the rock. But its stalactitic and
encrusting form in no way prevents us from regarding it as also
originally a glass. Ona minute scale, it forms a reproduction
of the lava-stalactites in the caverns of the Hawaiian flows; the
glassy matrix of the lava has oozed out under pressure into any -
cavities it could find. Mr. Teallt has already shown how
amygdaloids of this kind may be produced, in which the steam-
vesicles have become converted into spherical lumps of glass,
looking curiously at variance with the far more crystalline
material of the andesitic or basaltic meshwork round them.

* Work quoted, p. 161,
+ “On the Amygdaloids of the Tynemouth Dyke,’’ Geol. Mag., 1889, p. 481.

226 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The next paper was a continuation of a paper given last
Session by Lieutenant-Colonel Partridge on “‘ The Lepidoptera
of Enniskillen”; and the third was a very interesting and
valuable paper by J. R. P. Masefield on “ Wild Bird Protection
and Nesting Boxes,” giving full details as to the construction
and arrangement of artificial birds’ nests in our gardens to
encourage rare birds to build in the immediate vicinity of our
homes. _

The best thanks of the Club were given to these gentlemen
for their valuable contributions.

Joseph Wright, F.G.S., in speaking favourably of the papers,
referred to his recent visit as the delegate of the Club to Dublin,
Cork, and Limerick, under the auspices of the Irish Field
Club Union, whereby a closer bond of union between Irish
naturalists was being brought about.

The following is a list of those who showed microscopes with
their exhibits :—Miss C. M. Patterson, living forms, showing
the circulation of blood in a frog’s foot; Miss M. K. Andrews,
albite; Miss S. M. Thompson, various; Wm. Swanston, F.G.S.,
sertularians and graptolites; Joseph Wright, F.G.S., foraminifera
trom boulder clay; P. F. Gulbransen, zoophytes; W. D. Donnan,
M.D., pathological and bacteriological sections; W. A. Firth,
selected diatoms from Damara (New Zealand), Panama, and
Lough Mourne; J. O. Campbell, B.E., chemical subject under
polarised light; R. Welch, miscellaneous; and A. Hamilton,
American beetle.

At nine o’clock a short business meeting was held, when
Rev. John Andrew was elected President of the Microscopical
Section, much regret being expressed at the retirement of
Alexander Tate,C.E. Dr. Donnan was elected Secretary of the
Section.

The following were elected members of the Club:—J. L.
Macassey, J. St. J. Philips, B.E.; Henry S. Anderson, George
Gilmore, A. Milligan, Andrew S. Oswald, jun.; Rev. F. W.
Davis, W. W. Dickson, Dr. Wilson, Rev. John Andrew, Miss
Mary Campbell, and Miss Annie Campbell.

1894-95-] 227

28 March, 1895.

This evening an entertainment of Irish music and readings
was given in the large hall of the Y.M.C.A., Wellington Place,
and, though the weather was of the most wintry character,
there was avery large audience. J. St. Clair Boyd, M.D., one of
the conductors of the Celtic Class, read the following report:—

In presenting the third annual report of our Celtic Class, I
have to record an increasing interest in the study of Irish and
an increase in the number of our students. The members have
this year been divided into an elementary and an advanced class.
The former meets in the Club’s rooms on Monday evenings,
at 7-30, and has been under the care of George Gibson
and myself; our average attendance at this class is 16, one-
third being ladies, and to give an idea of the people who study
with us, I may say that the class includes doctors of law and of
medicine, clergymen, teachers, students, a number of officers
from H.M.’s Customs, etc., etc. The elementary class has this
year had the advantage of Professor O’Growney’s “‘ Simple
Lessons in Irish,’ which is superior to anything heretofore
published for beginners; we have read the Ist Book of these,
and, in addition, have finished reading the 1st and 2nd Books
published by the “Society for the Preservation of the Irish
Language.” The advanced class meets after the other at 8-30,
and is conducted by P J. O’Shea; it numbers about 7, all fluent
speakers of Irish, in addition to the 16 from the elementary
class, who invariably remain for it. Our largest attendance for
the Session of our combined classes was 33—the advanced class
read Keating’s History of Ireland, and did exercises and con-
versation. I may here say that the study of Irish has been
most interesting and fascinating for us all, and that we fully
appreciate the kindness of our Irish-speaking members who
assist and encourage us in acquiring this fine old tongue.

I am sure P. J. O’Shea must feel proud of the success of
this movement which he originated in connection with the
B.N.F.C., and we are all delighted at the great impetus which

228 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

Irish has received within the past three years from the work of
Dr. Douglas Hyde, Professor O’Growney,and others. Wehaveto
record the death of one of the staunchest friends of the Irish
language, the Rev. E. D. Cleaver, who spent hundreds of pounds
in trying to revive it, and who, himself a Protestant clergyman,
published and circulated at his own expense hundreds of R.C.
Prayer Books in the Irish language among our Gaelic-speaking
fellow-countrymen. Should any care to commence the study
of Irish they will be welcome in our class, or if unable to attend
it I shall be glad to recommend the necessary books, etc. It is
hoped that the class may continue to meet at least once a month
during the summer.
Iam proud to say that the names of 2 or 3 of our members
appear as regular contributors to the ‘“‘ Gaelic Journal.”
O’n g- cuid daoine ag a bh-fuil ar d- teanga f’ein impuighim

maitheamhnas nach l’eightear a Gaedhilge an tuaraisg i so.

The annexed slip is a copy of the evening’s programme.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The thirty-second Annual Meeting of the Club was held in
the Museum on the 9 April—the President in the chair.

The Secretary (F. J. Bigger) read the report of the year’s
work (see page 159).

W. H. Phillips, Hon. Treasurer, read the statement of
accounts (see page 164), which show a gratifying improvement
on last year.

These two items were passed unanimously, and the business
of electing office-bearers for the ensuing year was proceeded
with.

On the motion of Dr. J. St. Clair Boyd, seconded by James
Turner, F. W. Lockwood, C.E., was re-elected President by
acclamation. Lavens M. Ewart, J.P., M.R.LA., was re-elected
Vice-President, on the motion of W. J. Fennell, seconded by
L. Bell. The important post of Treasurer was once more filled
by W. H. Phillips, on the motion of the Hon. Sec., seconded

1894-95.] )

by W. Swanston. W, Gray proposed, and Joseph Wright
seconded, the re-election of F. J. Bigger as Secretary, and the
election of Alec. G. Wilson as Joint Secretary. W. Swanston
was re-elected Librarian. —The Committee was re-elected, on
the motion of W. H. Phillips, seconded by Alec. G. Wilson.

W. Swanston proposed, and Dr. Boyd seconded, the creation
of an entrance fee of 5s, in addition to the annual subscription,
- both to be paid on nomination. After full discussion, in which
Wm. Gray, Jos. Wright, R. J. Welch, and the Secretaries took
part, this alteration to the rules was unanimously agreed to.

The reports of the Geological Committee (given below), the
Celtic Class (see page 227), the Field Club Union, and of the
ladies providing tea were marked “ read.”

The following were then elected members :—Miss M. Connell,
J. B. Moore, M.B.; Miss Sinclair, Dr. J. MacCormac, Dr.
Richard Purdon, W. H. Parker, William Slarer, T. G. Perry.

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.

Compiled by SypNey M. THompson, Alon. Sec.

In reporting upon work done by the geological section during
the second year of its existence, we will deal first with the
investigations into the glacial geology of the district that have
been continued since last year. Having shown somewhat fully
in the report for that year the system upon which the work is
conducted, we prupose to give only a summary of results
achieved, reserving lists of fossils, rocks, &c., for publication
from time to time, as may seem desirable.

Printed query forms (for post-pliocene geology) have been
prepared, and can be obtained from the Secretary, to whom
they are to be returned when filled up. These papers will be
carefully preserved, and can be seen by anyone wishing to know
more details than are given in our annual reports.

230 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The most interesting find we have to record is S. A. Stewart’s
discovery of fossiliferous boulder clay at heights of 1300 and
1400 feet o.D. on Divis Mountain. Joseph Wright examined the
clay, which yielded 2 fry of mollusca, a foraminifer and some
ostracoda. Last year’s report recorded the occurrence of
foraminifera in boulder clay on Carnmoney Hill at 450 feet, and
in pursuance of the agreement that investigators should when
possible work from Belfast Lough along the valley of the Lagan,
beginning at high levels and working downwards, we can now
(in addition to the Divis district) record fossiliferous boulder
clay from 800 feet at Wolfhill and 400 feet at Woodburn. The
prevalence of foraminifera in our boulder clay is interesting, and
they seem to occur whenever it is of a type to preserve them
from percolating water or other destructive agents. In some
cases, however, such as Neill’s Hill, they occur in sand also, but
the difference in the number contained in the sandy and clayey
layers was striking.

Equally interesting and significant is the occurrence all along
our coast line of the well-known Ailsa Craig eurite with crystals
of a rare blue hornblende. From this small radiant point we
find fragments distributed westward on Fair Head, and over an
area extending in Ireland as far south as Greystones, in County
Wicklow; in Wales, and as far east in England as Macclesfield;
and thickly strewn on the north coast of the Isle of Man. Last
summer a fragment of pitchstone was found at Island Hill, near
Comber, which may either be from the Island of Arran or from
veins in the granite of County Down. The occurrence and
recording of transmarine stones is specially interesting and
important; nor should we omit to mention that Mr. Kendall
had predicted their probable occurrence in our drift. We may
remark in passing that he visited our district during the year,
and picked out of the boulder clay on Scrabo an erratic of
nodular basalt with which he was familiar in English drift, and,
subsequently, on visiting Slemish, he identified the same rock
upon its slopes.

The Mourne water supply scheme promises to affurd a

1894-95.] 231

splendid field for worx in quite a new district. Already some
clay from borings made near Colligan Bridge, on the Kilkeel
River, was found extremely rich in foraminifera, so when
sections are cut, important results may be obtained. We have
to thank the Water Commissioners for promises of facilities for
obtaining information.

The list of large erratics and other details are given later in
_this report. The unusually severe and wet weather of last
summer and this spring interfered with field work, eight expe-
ditions having been hindered by heavy rain.

Since the visit of the North Staffordshire Field Club to
Belfast last year, their President, Dr. Wheelton Hind, F.G.S.,
of Stoke-on-Trent, has written expressing a hope that our
geological section may be induced at some future time to visit
them and inspect their coal measures.

An important meeting was held in the Museum in winter to
consider how best to utilise the new rooms acquired by the
Club. It was decided to make as complete a collection of rocks
that occur in Down and Antrim as possible, carefully marking
the localities. Members are requested to assist in this work by
contributing specimens, and, if possible, by giving microscopic
sections also. Wm. Swanston has already contributed 98
specimens, and other members have also sent in some. It is
hoped that members will bear this in mind during the ensuing
season. Suitable tablets have been provided, upon which donors
can mount their specimens, or they may be sent in wrapped in
paper, duly marked with original locality.

The geological sieves, Walker’s specific gravity balance, Bunsen
burner, and other apparatus belonging to the section are placed
in the rooms for the use of members. The rooms are available
from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. every day that the Museum is open.
We have to report a second set of lectures on geology, followed
by a class for the study of petrography, given by Prof. Cole, a
list of which is subjoined. The lectures were well attended,
the Committee being obliged to limit the number attending
the practical class owing to the nature of the work undertaken,

232 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

and with much regret had to refuse some who wished to join.

THE STORY OF LIFE ON THE GLOBE.

A Course of Lectures, illustrated with lantern photographs
delivered in the Museum, College Square North, on Saturday
evenings, at 7-30 o’clock, by GRENVILLE A. J. Coxe, M.R.I.A.,
F.G.S., Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Science
for Ireland:—

I.—Jan. 12, 1895.—THe ANNALS OF THE EARTH.—Discovery
of fossil remains in the rocks; theories regarding their origin.
Differences observable between older faunas and those now
prevalent on the globe. William Smith and the succession of
faunas ; first correct reading of the annals. Extinction of life-
forms. Missing volumes of the annals. Division of past time
into eras, periods, and epochs.

I].—Jan. 19.—TuHe Ftoor oF Europge.—Archean Era.—
Life-forms yet to be discovered. The oldest Radiolarians. The
solemn warning of Hozoon canadense. Cambrian Period.—
Brachiopods and Trilobites. he story of Olenellus.

Ill.—Jan. 26.—THE Seas oF Wates.—Ordovician and
Silurian Periods.—Graptolites and Sea-lilies. The Nautilus.
Armour-plated Fishes.

IV.—Feb. 2.—THE GREAT Lakes OF IRELAND.—Devonian
Period.—Decline of the Trilobites. Rivalry of Fishes and
Sea-Scorpions.

V.—Feb. 9.—THE IRISH OCEAN AND ITs SHORES.—Carboni-
ferous and Permian Periods.—Sea-lilies and Sea-urchins. The
earliest Ammonites. Extinction of the Trilobites. Rise of the
Amphibians. The Permian Reptiles. Forest and River
Scenery ; gigantic Club-Mosses.

VI.—Feb. 16.—BritTisH DESERTS AND THE COASTs OF TYROL
—Triassic Period.—Mingling of old and new types of Life.
Advance of the Ammonites. Establishment of the Reptiles,
and humble entry of the Mammals.

1894-95.] 233

VII.—Feb. 23.—TuHe REpTiLiaAN Empire.—Jurassic Period.
—Increase of ordinary Shell-Fish. Triumph of the Reptiles.
First appearance of a Bird.

VIII.—Mar. 2.—Tue Bays AND GuLrFs oF CounTy ANTRIM.
—Cretaceous Period.—Sea-Urchins and Oysters. Last struggles
_of the Ammonites. Decline and fall of the Reptilian Empire.
Appearance of modern Vegetation.

IX.—Mar. 9.—A JouRNEY FROM LONDON To Paris.—Eocene
and Oligocene Periods.—Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods.
Great development of the Mammals. (Field excursion to
Rhaetic, Liassic, and Cretaceous beds at Larne.)

X.—Mar. 16.—TuHE MakING oF THE ALPS AND APPENINES.—
Miocene and Pliocene Periods.\—Forms approaching those of
the present day. Gigantic Mammals of Greece. Early Man
and his companions on the earth. Shortness of our human
history.

PETROGRAPHY.

1. Determination of rock-forming minerals:—Streak, cleavage,
hardness, specific gravity, and acid tests.

z. Forms of crystals. Examination of the six systems of
Crystallography.

3. Forms of crystals continued. Use of thin sections.

4. Some optical characters of rock-forming minerals.

5 and 6. Structures and characters of rocks. Sedimentary
rocks.

7 and 8. Igneous rocks. Classification and recognition.

g. Igneous and metamorphic rocks.

We cannot close this report without referring to the exhaus-
tive analysis of glauconite from the upper greensand of Wood-
burn, carried out by A. Percy Hoskins, and the interesting paper
on the co-called “‘ Hullite” of Carnmoney, contributed by Prof.
Cole. Reports of both these papers are printed in the Club’s
Proceedings.

The thanks of the Committee are due to Prof, Cole and

234 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Messrs. Kendall and M‘Henry for the determination of rock
specimens.

The sectional excursions held were as follows :—

May 12—Island Hill and Rough Island (Glacial).

June 23—Mourne Mountains.
- July 28—North Woodburn (Paleontological).

Sept. 29—Magheramorne and Island Magee (Palzontological).

Dec. 24-—Morrison’s Sandpit, Dundonald.

March 9—Larne and Waterloo (Paleontological, conducted

by Prof. Cole).
April 6—Divis (Glacial).
IX.—NEILL’S HILL, PARISH OF KNOCKBREDA, CO. DOWN.
(Continued from last year).

Erratics—Metamorphic grits, North Antrim or Derry, N.W.
Chert (Silurian), Co. Down. Crushed quartziferous felstone, N.
Antrim, Derry, N.W., or Tyrone, W. Mica trap, Co. Down.
Porphyry, Cushendall, Co. Antrim, N.W.

X.—-ISLAND HILL AND ROUGH ISLAND, PARISH OF COMBER,
co. DOWN.

Island Hill is a low cliff of boulder clay, resting on Trias, on
the shore of Strangford Lough, near Comber. Rough Island
can be reached from the shore at low water. (See Nos. 6 and
7 in next list.)

Erratics.—Ordovician grit and slate, Co. Down. Amphibolite,
Co. Down, Antrim, or Derry, N.W. Dolerite, chalk and flint,
Co. Antrim, N.W. Quartzite quartz and vein quartz, Bole (?)
Granite, Slieve Croob, Co. Down. Pitchstone, Arran, N.N.E.,
or veins in granite of Co. Down. Eurite with Riebeckite, Ailsa
Craig, N.N.E.

XI.— WOODBURN, PARISH OF S. NICHOLAS, CARRICKFERGUS.

Fossiliferous boulder clay 400 feet o.p. above basaltic plateau.

Erratics—Chalk, flint, claystone, eurite, Tornamoney Point,
N. by W. A large boulder of porphyry was found at a height
of 670 feet. Details given in next list (No. 12).

1894-95.] 235

LARGE ERRATIC BOULDERS.
(These numbers follow consecutively upon last year’s list.)

6. Ordovician Grit, 8 ft. x 5 ft.2ins.x 4ft.6ins. On Rough
Island, in Strangford Lough, near Comber, Co. Down. A low
drift-covered Island. Weight 13} tons.

7. Ordovician Grit and Slieve Croob Granite, with an intru-
‘sive vein of granitoid rock, 6 ft. x 4 ft.g ins.x 4 ft. 6ins. On
Rough Island. Weight 9 tons.

8. Slieve Lamagan Granite (Mourne Mountains), 17 ft. 7 ins.
x Io ft. 6 ins. x 9 ft. 6 ins. high, resting on Ordovician Grits,
dipping at a high angle, having arrested the boulder in its
progress seawards. It has crushed and bent the upturned edges
ot the beds. Weight,146tons. The boulder rests on the edge
of a small brook, at the end of a cottage at \loneydarragh Beg,
on the coast road between Annalong and Ballymartin, County
Down. Much rounded.

9. Carboniferous Millstone grit, at Blacklion, County Cavan,
mit. x 9 ff. x 1 ft 4 ims., resting om a neck of carboniferous
limestone, capping an isolated mass of the rock. The upper
surface sculptured with concentric circles. Weight, 8 tons.
Nearest outcrop 10 miles off.

10. Gabbro with olivine, embedded in drift above Toboggan
field at Holywood, Co. Down, with fragments of flint, chalk,
basalt, and quartzite, measuring 6 ft. 9 ins. x 5 ft. x 3 ft. 4 ins.
Base not quite exposed. Long axis E. x N.and W.x 5S. Con-
siderably rounded and weathered. Weight, 94 tons.

11. “ Ross’s Rock” on sea shore opposite Macedon, White-
house, Co. Antrim, close to low tide mark. Fresh Olivine
dolerite, 7 ft. 2 ins. x 8 ft. :o ins. x 7 ft, considerably rounded.
Portions have been blasted away. Weight, 33 tons.

12. Porphyry in boulder clay, found during the excavation
of South Woodburn reservoir at a height of 670 ft. o.D.
Weight about 2 tons. This rock closely resembles the intrusive
boss at Cushendun.

Notre-—The boulders numbered to and 11 and the nodular
basalt mentioned in commencement of this report are from
volcanic “necks” in Co. Antrim, (A. M‘Henry, F.G.S.)

236 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY
FOR 1894.

We have again to thank the Council of Queen’s College,
Belfast, for granting access to the records kept at that
Institution, from which the following summary is compiled,

The station at which the records are made is situated in the
Lagan Valley, at an elevation of about sixty feet above mean
sea-level. The Belfast Hills, which attain a maximum elevation
of 1,567 feet, lie to the west and north, stretching in a N.E.
and S.W. line, and passing within three miles of the Observa-
tory. Southward and eastward stretch the low undulating
lands of Co. Down. Lough Neagh is situated some 14 miles
to the westward. Belfast Lough approaches to within two
miles on the N.E., and the open sea lies some 16 miles east of
the observing station.

237

1894°95.]

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1894-95.] 239

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Maturalists’ Hield Club.

i
That the Society be called ‘‘ Taz Betrast Naturaists’ Fietp Cuvs.”’

ius

That the objects of the Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

BER.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Corresponding, and Honorary
Members. The Ordinary Members to pay annually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and that candidates for such Membership shall first pay an entrance
fee of 5/-, and be proposed and seconded at any Meeting of the Club, by
Members present, and elected by a majority of the votes of the Members present.

IN
That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons of
eminence in Natura] Science, or who shall have done some special service to the
Club ; and whose usual residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast.
That such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved of by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present. That Corres-

ponding Members be expected to communicate a Paper once within every two
years.

Vi

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected, and consists of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, and two Secretaries, and ten Members, who form
the Committee. Five to form a quorum. No Member of Committee to be
eligible for re-election who has not attended at least one-fourth of the Com-
mittee Meetings during his year of office. That the office of President, or that
of Vice-President, shall not be held by the same person for more than two years
in succession.

240 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Vi.

That the Members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings
during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural
History and Archeology of Ireland. ‘That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries.

Vall.

That Meetings be held Fortnightly or Monthly, at the discretion of the
Committee, for the purpose of reading papers; such papers, as far as possible,
to treat of the Natural History and Archeology of the district. These Meetings
to be held during the months from November to April inclusive.

VIII.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

IX.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alteration in the general laws, of which
a fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members
due notice of such intended alteration.

X.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XI.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its members by such other societies.

1894-95.) | 241

The following Rules for the Conducting of the Excursions have

been arranged by the Committee.

I.—The Excursion to be open to all Members ; each one to have the privi-
lege of introducing two friends.

II.—A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

III.—One of the Secretaries to act as conductor, or, in the absence of both,
a Member to be elected for that purpose.

1V.—No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
except by the consent of the majority of the Members present.

V.—No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
conductor.

VI.—Every Member or visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
conductor. Where accommodation is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII.—Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained before
the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII.—Those who attend an Excursion without previous notice will be
liable to extra charge, if extra cost be incurred thereby.

IX. —No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club.

242 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

THIRTY-THIRD YEAR.

THe Committee offer the following prizes to be competed for
during the Session ending March 31st, 1896 :—

I. Best Herbarium of Flowering Plants, repre-

senting not less than 250 species

II. Best Herbarium of Flowering Plants, repre-
senting not less than 150 species
III. Best Collection of Mosses

Ive
V;,
VI.

Pi

7

”

Lichens

Seaweeds

Ferns, Equiseta, and Dyed
pods

Tertiary and Post- Fre
Fossils

Cretaceous Fossils

Liassic Fossils cal

Permian and Carbonifer-
ous Fossils

Older Palzozoic Fossils

Marine Shells

Land and _ Freshwater
Shells

Lepidoptera ...

Hymenoptera

Coleoptera

0 O00

[e)

0000

0000

1894-95.] 753

XVII. Best Collection of Crustacea and Echinoder-
mata eee
XVIII. Best Collection of Ping’ ; names 56 species
not necessary. Collectors may send (post-
paid, from time to time during the season)
their specimens to Rev. H. W. Lett, M.A.,
T.C.D., Aghaderg Glebe, Loughbrickland,
who will record them to their credit
XIX. Best Collection of Fossil] Sponges
XX. Best Collection of 24 Microscopic Slides,
illustrating some a branch of Natural
History.
XXI. Best Collection of 24 Abereecnic Slides,
showing general excellence
XXII. Best Set of Field Sketches appertaining 16
Geology, Archzology, or Zoology aie
XXIII. Best Set of 12 Photographs, illustrative of
Irish Archeology a fa

SPECIAL PRIZES.

XXIV. The President offers a Prize of £1 Is. for the Best

wn LO

IO

5 fe)

) fe)

sie)

Io

fe)

Io

Set of three or more Original Sketches, to be placed
in the Album of the Club. These may be executed
in pen and ink, or water colour, and must illustrate
one or more ancient monuments somewhere in
Ireland. In determining the relative merits of the
sketches, accuracy in representing the subjects and
their details will have chief place. This Prize is
open to the Members of the Belfast Art Society,
and to the Students of the School of Art.

XXV,. William Swanston, F.G.S., offers a Prize of tos. 6d.

for Six Photographs from Nature, illustrative of
Geology, contributed to the Club’s Album,

244 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

XXVI. Francis Joseph Bigger, Hon. Secy., offers a Prize of
£1 1s. for the Best Set of Twelve Photographs (not
less than cabinet size), of Ecclesiastical Structures,
mentioned in Reeves’ Heclestastical Antiquities of
Down and Connor, contributed to the Club’s Album.
The Set of Photographs taking the Prize cannot be
admitted in competition for Prize 23.

XXVII. W.H. Patterson, M.R.I-A., offers a Prize of £1 Is.
for the Best Galléciion of en Plants, species
not to exceed 50 in number, and 20 of these at least
to be plants of considerable rarity ; to be personally
collected in Ulster during the year, to be named,
with localities and dates attached. Judges—S. A.
Stewart and R. L. Praeger, or either.

XXVIII. The Seeretary of the Ulster Fauna Committee offer
a Prize of tos. for the Best Collection of Bats,
Rodents, Insectivora, and Carnivora (names not
necessary) collected in Ulster during the year.
Specimens to be sent in a fresh state to the
Museum, Belfast.

XXIX. Mrs. Smythe, of Tobarcooran, Carnmoney, offers a
Prize of £1 Is. for the Best Collection of Irish
names of places, with meanings, in the counties of
Down and Antrim, zo¢ included in Joyce.

CONDITIONS,

No Competitor to obtain more than two Prizes in any year.

No Competitor to be awarded the same Prize twice within
three years.

A member to whom Prize I. has been awarded shall be in-
eligible to compete for Prize II., unless the plants are additions
to those in previous collection.

1894-95] 245

In every case where three or more persons complete for a
Prize, a second one, of half its value, will be awarded if the
conditions are otherwise complied with.

All collections to be made personally during the Session, in
Ireland, except those for Prize XXI., which need not necessarily
- be Irish, nor Competitor’s own collecting. The species to be
classified according to a recognised system, to be correctly
named, and localities stated, and a list to accompany each
collection. The Flowering Plants to be collected when in
flower, and classified according to the Natural System. The
Microscopic Slides to be Competitors’ own preparation and
mounting. The Sketches and Photographs to be Competitors’
own work, executed during the Session ; and those sets for
which Prizes are awarded to become the property of the Club.

No Prizes will be awarded except to such Collections as shall
in the opinion of the Judges, possess positive merit.

The Prizes to be in books, or suitable scientific objects, at the
desire of the successful competitor.

246 [Proc. B.N.¥.C.,

NOTICE,

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

Barrow—Naturalists’ Field Club.

Annual Report and Proceedings, Vol. IX., and Reports 1883
to 1890.

Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1893-94.
i Ulster Journal of Archeology.
Vol. I., Parts 1, 2, and 3.
Bath—Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., No. 1.
Bergin—Bergens Museums.
Aarbog for 1893.
Berlin—Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Fur Erdkunde zu
Berlin.
Band XXI., 1894, No. 10.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. XVI., No. II.
Brighton and Sussex Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Annual Report, 1894.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., Part 3.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Report and Transactions, Vol. XXVI., Parts 1 and 2.
Cornwall—Royal Institution of.
Journal, Vol. XII., Part 1.
Costa Rica—Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Hormigas de Costa

Rica, Etnologia Centro Americano.

Anales del Instituto Geographico y del Museo Nacional,
Tomo IV., 1891.

1894-95.) 247

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, Vol. II., Nos. 4 and 5; Vol. III., No. 3.
Transactions, Vol. XXX., Parts 13 and 14.
Cunningham Memoirs, No. X.

‘a Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. V., Part 1; Vol. IV., Parts 2 and 3.
Proceedings.

Edinburgh—Botanical Society of.
Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. XX., Part 1.

a Geological Society of.
Transactions, Vol. VII., Part 1.

Frankfort—Helios.
Jahrgang 7, Nos. 7 to 12, 1894-965.

‘i Societatum Litterae.
Jahrgang 8, Nos. 10 to 12; Jahrgang 9, Nos. 1 to 3.
3 Bericht uber die Senckenbergische naturforchende

Gesellschaft, 1894.

Glasgow—Philosophical Society of.
Proceedings, Vol. XXV.

Halifax, N.S.—Nova Scotian Institute of Science.
Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. 1., Part 3.

Hamilton (Canada)—Hamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, No. X.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.
Transactions, Vol. VII., Parts 8 and 9.

Hull—Geological Society.
Transactions, Vol. I., 1893-94.

Liverpool Geological Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., Part 2.

5 Geological Association.

Journal, Vol. XIV, 1892-93 and 1893-94.

London Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XIII., Parts 7 to 10; Vol. XIV., Part 2,

, British Association for Advancement of Science.

Report, 64 Meeting, Oxford, 1894.

248 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Manchester—Field Naturalists’ and Archaeological Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1893.

i Microscopical Society.
Transactions and Annual Report, 1893.

Marlborough—College Natural History Society.
Report, No. 42.

Norfolk and Norwich—Naturalists’ Society.
Transactions, Vol. V., Part 3.

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
Report and Transactions, 1893-94.

Plymouth—Institution.
Annual Report and Transactions, Vol. IX., Part 4.

St. John’s, N.B.—Natural History Society of New Brunswick.
Bulletin XII.

Stavanger— Museum.
Aarsberetning, 1893.

Toronto—Canadian Institute.
Transactions, No. 7.
Annual Report, 1893-94.

Trinidad—Field Naturalists’ Club.

_ Journal, Vol. II., Nos. 1 to 4.
Wiltshire—Archaeological and Natural History Society.
Magazine, Vol. XXVII., No. 81.

U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.
Proceedings, Vol. XXVI., Parts II and III.
Massachusetts Tufts College.
Studies, Nos. 2 and 3.
i Meridan Scientific Association.
Review, 1893.
» Milwaukee Public Museum.
Report, 1892-93.
» New York—American Museum of Natural History.
Annual Report, 1893.
Bulletin, Vol. X., 1898.
i 5 Academy of Science.
Transactions, Vol. XIII.

1894-95.) . 249

U.S.A.—Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, 1893, Part III; 1894, Parts I and II.
‘ Raleigh, N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, Vol. X., Parts 1 and 2; Vol. XI., Part 1.

e Salem—Essex Institute.
Bulletin, Vol. 25, Parts 4 to 12; Vol. 26, Parts 1 to 3,

American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
Proceedings of 42nd Meeting at Madison, 1898.

Staten Island—Natural Science Association.
Proceedings, Vol. IV., Parts 1 to 15.

”)

33 St. Louis—Academy of Sciences.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Nos. 9 to 17.
a Washington—Smithsonian Institution.

Annual Report, 1892.
Reports of U.S. National Museum, 1891 and 1892.

. ; U.S. Geological Survey.
Twelfth Annual Report, Part I., Geology.
bs 45 Part II., Irrigation.
Thirteenth 98 Part I., Geology.
3 Hs Part II., Irrigation.
- . Report of Directors.

Received from the Author.
Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S.

On the Rhastic and some Liassic Ostracoda of Britain.

250 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

BELFAST NATURALISTS FIELD CLUB.
ee eee
THIRTY-THIRD YEAR, 1895-96.
a eee ae
LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.
aS Se
President :

F. W. LOCKWOOD, C.E.

Bice- President :
LAVENS M. EWART, M.R.LA.

@reasurer: asibrarian:

W. H. PHILLIPS, WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.G.S.,
8 CHICHESTER STREET. QuEEN’s STREET.
Gommiffee:

JOHN J. ANDREW, L.D.S. S. A. STEWART, F.B.S.E.
GEORGE DONALDSON. MISS S. M. THOMPSON.
WILLIAM GRAY, M.R.LA. ROBERT J. WELCH.
JOHN HAMILTON. JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S.
W. SWANSTON, F.G.S. JOHN VINYCOMB, M.R.I.A.

Son. Secretaries :

FRANCIS J. BIGGER, M.R.I.A., Rea’s Buriprines.
ALEC. G. WILSON, Srranmiuuis, Buurasr.

1894-95]

a51

Members.

Any Changes in the Addresses of Members should be at once notified to the
Secretaries by Post Card.

Adams, John J., M.D., Ashville,
Antrim.

. Agnew, A. W., Dunedin.

Allen, Hugh, 18 College St. South.

Alderdice, David,Craigfernie Terrace,
Lisburn Road.

Allen, Joseph, Solicitor, Lisburn.

Allibon, George, 30 Donegall Place.

Allingham, Hugh, Ballyshannon.

Allworthy, Edward, Mosaphir.

Anderson, John,J.P , Kast Hillbrook,
Holywood.

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place.

Anderson, John M., Marlborough
Park.

Anderson, James F., Ponsonby
Avenue.

Anderson, Henry S8., Dunmurry.

Andrew, J. J., L.D.S., Belgravia.

Andrew, Rev. John, 25 Rugby Road.

Andrews, Miss M. K, 12 College
Gardens.

Andrews, Miss, 12 College Gardens.

Armstrong, Rey. J. E., 22 Belgravia
Avenue.

Barkley, Jas. M., Queen’s Square.

Barklie, Robert, M.R.I.A., Working
Men’s Institute.

Barbour, John H., 1 Hamilton Villas,
Ballyholme, Bangor.

Barr, James, Beechleigh, Windsor
Park.

Barr, John, Ava Terrace, Holy wood.

Batt, William, Sorrento, Windsor.

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portglenone.

Beck, Miss Emma, Old Lodge Road.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare.

Bell, Robert, Charleville Street.

Bell, Leonard, Braemar Terrace,
Balmoral.

Bell, Miss Alice J., Braemar Terrace,
Balmoral.

Best, James, Clarence Place.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, Ardrie.

Bingham, Edward, Ponsonby Avenue

Blair, E., Elgin Terrace, Limestone
Road.

Blair, Mrs., Elgin Terrace, Limestone
Road.

Bland, Thomas, Woodbank, White-
abbey.

Blythe, Samuel, 12 South View,
Deramore Avenue.

Boyd, Miss, Chayo, Adelaide Park.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, M.D., 27 Great
Victoria Street.

Boyd, Miss, Cultra House, Holy-
wood.

Boyd, Miss Ethel, 43 Victoria Place.

Boyd, Wm. A., 2 Cliftonville.

Boyd, Wm., 43 Great Victoria St.

Braddell, Ed., St. Ives, Malone Road.

Brandon, Hugh B., 3 Donegall St.

Breakey, Rev. J. P. R., M.A., The
Rectory, Armoy.

Brenan, Rey. 8. A., B.A., Knockna-
Carry.

Brett, Chas H., Gretton Villa South.

Bristow, Rev. Canon, St. James’
Parsonage.

Brown, John, Shaw's Bridge.

Brown, Thomas, 108 Donegall St.

Brown, Wm., 18 Chichester Street.

Browne, W. J., M.A., Beechmount,
Strabane.

Brownlie, R., 75 Victoria Street.

Bruce, Miss E., “The Farm ”’

Buchanan, Miss J.. M.A., Posnett
Street.

Bulla, Charles, Wellington Park Ter.

Burtchaell, Geo. D., M.A., 7 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.

Calwell, Wm., M.D., College Square
North.

Campbell, J. O., B.E., Ravenhill
Road.

Campbell, Miss Annie,
Terrace, Holywood.

Campbell, Miss Mary,
Terrace, Holywood.

Carson, J. C., 73 Victoria Street.

Carson, John, Walmer Terrace,
Holywood.

Carson, Robert, Talbot Street, City.

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 4 Strandmillis
Park.

Carruthers, Miss, 9 Claremont 8t.

Carter, W., Chichester Park.

Carter, Mrs., -

Carter, W. Chas., 30 Donegall Place.

Christie, Rev. W. J., M.A., 13
Cliftonville Avenue.

4 Walmer
4 Walmer

Cleaver, Jno. M., Dunraven, Malone
Road.

Clements, W. T., 1 Agincourt Terr.,
Rugby Road.

Cleland, Jas. A., Wellington Park.

Cleland, W. W., 48 Wellington Park.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 41 Thorndale
Avenue.

Cleland, Alex. M‘J., 41 Thorndale
Avenue.

Coades, Rev. Chas., LL.D., M.A.,
Methodist College.

Coates, S. B. M.D., Shaftesbury
Square.

Coates, John D., 41 Chichester St.

‘Coates, W. T., J-P., University
Square.
Oochrane, Robert, M.R.J.A., 17

Highfield Road, Dublin.
Coghlan, Jas., 132 Fitzroy Avenue.
Colbeck, James, Shaw’s Bridge.
Coleman, J., H.M. Customs, South-

ampton.

Colquhoun, Rev. Wm., Eglantine

Avenue.

Connell, Rev. John, B.A., Holywood
Cooper, Rey. E. A., B.D., Carrow-
dore Rectory, Donaghadee.
Corley, Miss N., 52 Elmwood Aven.

Corley, Miss Kate A,
Corry, W. F. C. S., Chatsworth,

Malone Road.

Cosgrove, Henry, 35 Rugby Road.
Costigan, Wm., Great Victoria St.
Coulson, Gerald, 4 College St. South
Coulson, Miss,

Coulson, J. P., 189 Eglantine
Avenue.

Coulter, Geo. B., 21 University
Square.

Coulter, Mrs., 21 University Square

Cowan, P. C., C.E., 9 College
Gardens.

Crail, Irvine, 14 Botanic Avenue.

Crawford, F. W., 20 Mill Street.

Creeth, James Victoria Street.

Creeny, Rev. R. N., Hdenderry
House, Lisburn.

Cross, Miss, 7 India Street.

Crozier, David, 65 Ann Street

Crymble, Geo. G., Gordon House,
Annadale.

Culbert, Robert, Distillery Street.

‘Cunningham, Charles M., 79 Great
Victoria Street

252

[ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Cunningham, Samuel,
Belfast.

Curley, Francis, High Street, Belfast

Curley, Mrs., Dunedin Terrace.

Glencairn,

Dalton, John P., 4 Rosebery Villas,
Chichester Park.

Darbishire, R. D., Victoria Park,
Manchester.

Damant, Mrs., Lammas, Cowes, Isle
of Wight. .

Davis Heney Holywood.

Davis, Rev. F. W., The Rectory,
Loughguile.

Davies, John Henry, Glenmore
Cottage, Lisburn.

Davison, Robert, Palmerston, Syden-
ham.

Day, Robert, M.R.I.A., J.P, Cork.

D’Evelyn, Alex. M., M.D., Bally-
mena.

mceee John M., Hillbrook, Holy-
wood

Dickson, Wn. W., 52 Pakenham
Place.

Dixon, W. H., Dunowen.

Doherty, James, Queen’s College.

Donaldson, George, 88 North Street.

Donaldson, John, Dufferin Avenue,
Bangor.

Donnan, W. D., M.D., Ardmore
Terrace, Holywood.

Duffin, Miss, Strandtown Lodge.

Duffin, Adam, LL.D., 23 University
Square.

Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of,
Clandeboye.

Dunlop, W. J., Bryson Street.

Dunlop, Fleet Surgeon, Belvidere
Cottage, Lisburn.

Elliott, David, Albertbridge Road.

Elliott, George, 4 Shaftesbury Sq.

Elliott, George H., Holywood.

Ellison, Rev. Allan, Hillsborough.

Ewart, L. M., J.P., Glenbank.

Ewart, Clement C., Glenbank.

Ewart, Ernest, Glenbank.

Ewart, Wm., Glenmachan.

Ewart, Sir Wm. Q., Bart., Glen-
machan.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

1894-95.)

Fennell, W. J., M.R.I.A., Chiches-
ter Street.

Ferguson, G. W., Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Henry, Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Jas. H., 2 Wellesley Av.

Firth, Joseph, Whiterock.

Firth, Wm. A., Glenview Terrace,

- Springfield Road.

Flashman, E, N., 4 College Street.

Foster, T. W., M.A., 1 Clonsilla,
Antrim Road.

Fraser, R. N., 271 Albertbridge Rd.

Frame, John, 6 Lawrence Street.

Fullerton, George, Croagbeg, Bush-
mills.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor
Avenue.

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Galloway, Joseph, 83 Eglantine
Avenue.

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace.

Galvin, M. A., Chichester Street.

Gibson, Henry, Glencairn.

Gibson, Sergeant, Brown’s Square
Barracks.

Gibson, Andrew, 14 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Gibson, William, 30 Castlereagh
Place.

Gilmore, W. J., 9 Cavehill Road.

Gilmore, Geo., Mountcharles, Belfast

Glenn, Geo. J., Hartington Street.

Godwin, Wm., Queen Street.

Gourley, James, J.P., Derryboy
Cottage, Crossgar.

Gracey, Robert, Brookhill Avenue.

Graham, Wm., Lombard Street.

Grant, Mrs., Palmerston Villa,
Sydenham.

Gray, Wm. M.R.I.A., Mountcharles

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden,
Knock.

Greenfield, Charles, Marino, Holy-
wood.

Greer, Rev. Geo. S., M.A., Porta-
ferry.

Grogan, J. G., Spafield, Holywood.

Gulbransen, P. F., 17 Queens’s
Arcade.

Gulbransen, A., 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Haddon, Prof., Royal College of
Science, St. Stephen’s Green,
Dublin.

253

Hamilton, Alec., 20 Atlantic Avenue
Hamilton, Alec., 128 Fitzroy Aven.
Hamilton, John, 5 Churchview Ter.,

Holywood.

Hanford, Ernest, Rea’s Buildings,
City.

Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street,
City.

Hanna, Wm., B.A., Lisanore Villa,
Antrim Road.

Hanna, John, jun., Lisanore Villa,
Antrim Road.
Hanna, Miss Margaret J., 3 Hope-
field Terrace, Antrim Road.
Harbison, Mann, Ravenhill Terrace.
Hardy, Gardner, 5 Wellington Park.
Harkness, Miss Lizzie, Coil-Mara,
Cultra,

Haslett, Sir Jas. H., J.P., Princess
Gardens,

Hassan, Thos., Strangemore House,
Clifton Park.

Haveron, R. J., 35 Donegall Place,

Hazelton, W. D., 35 Linenhall
Street.

Hazelton, Wm., Agathona, Bloom-
field.

Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood.

Herre, Miss, Hopefield, Belfast.

Hill- Littler, Robt., Tareen, Chiches-
ter Park.

Hobson, Benj., 6 Hopefield Avenue,
Chichester Park.

Holden, J. S., M.D., Sudbury,
Suffolk, England (Cor. Mem.)

Holland, Wm., Osborne Park.

Hoskins, A. P., 25 Blenheim Ter.,
Cromwell Road.

Hoskins, Mrs. A. P., 25 Blemhiem
Terrace, Cromwell Road.

Inglis, William, Riverston Terrace,
Holywood.

Jackson, A. T., 5 Corn Market.

Jaffé, Mrs. Otto, Kinedar, Strand-
town.

Johnson, W. S., Knockbreda Park.

Johnston, Jas. F., Free Library.

Johnston, W. J., J.P., Dunesk,
Stranmillis,

Johnston, James, 19 Waring Street.

Johnston, Miss, Glenco, Antrim
Road.

Jones, Prof. T. R., F.R.S., 10
Ulverdale Road, King’s Road,
Chelsea, London, N.B.

Keay, David, 22 College Green,
Belfast.

Keith, Samuel F., 7 Glenravel Street

Kelly, Wm. R., C.E,, Dalriada,
Malone Park.

Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street.

Kidd, George, Lisnatore, Dunmurry.

Kennedy, F. J., 4 Clarence Place.

Kirkprtrick, F., 78 Ann Street.

Kirkwood, J. A., Dundonald.

Kinahan, John, Lowood, Belfast.

Knight, Chas. J., Gloucester Villa,
Antrim Road.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.I.A., Bally-
mena.

Knowles, Miss M., Flixton Place,
Ballymena.

Kyle, R. A., 31 Donegall Place.

Lamb, Wm. W.,
Avenue.

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Lanyon, Chas. J., Castleton Terrace,
Antrim Road

Lawrie, Thomas,
Terrace.

Lawtter, Stanley, Mount Vernon.

Lapworth. Professor Chas., Mason
College, Birmingham.

Lepper, F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-
burn.

Leslie, James, Eglantine Avenue.

Leslie, Mrs.,

Lett, Rev. H. W., M. A, Aghaderg
‘Glebe, Loughbricland.

Letts, Prof. E. A., Dunavon, Craig-
avad.

Lewers, Hugh, M.D., 257 Shankill
Road.

Lewis, Joseph, 18 Pakenham Street.

Lockwood, F. W., Wellington Park
Terrace.

Logan, Mrs., Bangor.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

34 Brookvale

1 Fountainville

Macassey, J. L., Stanley House,
Holywood.

MacCormac, Dr. John, Gt. Victoria
Street.

Macdonald, Miss, Bantry, Co. Cork.

254

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Macdonald, Wm., Carlisle Circus.
MacDowell, Wm. A., 69 Upper
Arthur Street.
MacElheran, W. F., 3 College
Gardens.

Mackenzie, John, Malone.

Maconachie, Rev. James, Erindale,
Cliftonville Avenue.

Macrory, Mrs., Kia, Antrim Road.

Major, Rev. J. J., Belvoir Hall,
Belfast.

Malcolmson, Greer, Malone Park.

Malcolmson, Harold, Holywood.

Malcolmson, James, Cairnburn,
Strandtowrn.

Malcolmson, Mrs., Cairnburn,
Strandtown.

Mann, Jas. S., Ballyholme, Bangor.

Marsh, Mrs., Glerlyon, Holywood.

Marsh, Jos. C , Castleton Terrace.

Marshall, H., Edlingham Terrace,
Duncairn Gardens.

Martin, Adam, Knock, Belfast.

Martin, J. M‘Clelland, Northern
Counties Railway.

Mathewson, Mrs., Helen’s Bay.

Maxton, James, Ulster Street.

May, Robert, Lothair Avenue.

Millen, Samuel S., B.A., 44 Ulster-
ville Avenue.

Milligan, A., 3 Hartington Street.

Milligan, S. F., M.R.I.A., Alberta, -
Malone Road.

Mitchell, J. S., 47 Magdala Street.

Mollan, W. S , 10 Brunswick Street

Mollan, Miss, University Square.

Montgomery, R. M., 22 Corporation
Street.

Moore, John, Shaftasbury Square.

Moore, J. B., 4 Mountpottinger
Road.

Moore, Wm., 5 Ardenvohr Terrace,
City.

Moore, Miss, Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh.

Moore, Jas., Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh.

Moore, S. A., 2 Howard Street.

Moore, Samuel, 1 Clifton Terrace.

Moorissy, E. J., Lavinia Street.

Morrison, Hugh, Legoniel.

Morrow, David, Church Hill, Holy-
wood

Morton, Ie ohn, Cliftonpark Avenue.

Moss, Wm., 6 Princess May Gardens,
Antrim Road.

1894795.]

Mullin, Charles, Solicitor, Omagh.

Murdoch, James, 10 Ponsonby
Avenue.

Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

Murray, P., 95 Fitzroy Avenue.

Myles, Rev. E. A., Banbridge.

M‘Alery, J. M., 21 Royal Avenue,
M‘Alery, Mrs.,
M‘Alister, Thos., Eglinton Street.
M‘Bain, Alex., 66 York Street.
M‘Cance, J. ae Dunmurry.
M‘Candless, Wm., 3 Finvoy Terrace,
Fitaroy Avenue.
M‘Chesney, Jos., Holywood.
M‘Clean, F. P., Huntly Villas,
Belfast.
M'Cleery, H., 82 Cliftonpark Aven.
M‘Cleery, J. 0.,
M‘Cleery, Wm. H,, 22 Landscape
Terrace.
M‘Clure, W. J. Elizabeth Street.
M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.
M‘Connell, Miss, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.
M ‘Cormick, H. M‘Neile, Craigavad.
M ‘Cormick, John, The Hermitage,
Bloomfield.
M‘Cormick, Mrs., The Hermitage,
Bloomfield.
M‘Cullough, John, Martello, Holy-
wood.
ee. J.C., Holywood.
M ‘Cullough, Wm., Belfast Bank,
Newtownards.
M‘Cutcheon, Miss, B.A., Methodist
College.
M‘Dermott, Rey. John, Belmont,
M‘Donald, James, 87 Donegall St.
M‘Duff, Miss Sarah, 48 South

Parade.

M‘Gaw, Miss, 17 Wellington Park
Terrace.

M‘Ilwaine, J. H., Ravensdale,

Strandtown. _
M‘Tlwaine, Mrs., Ravensdale,Strand-

town.

M‘Kee, John, Solicitor, Lombard
Street.

M‘Kee, Robert, M. A., Harlesden
College, Bramshill "Road, Lon-
don, N.W.

M‘Kee, Miss, Harlesden College,
Bramshill Road, London, N.W.

as

M‘Kee, Wm. S., 20 Mill Street.

M‘Kenzie, Dr. W. G., Gt. Victoria
Street.

M‘Kinney, W. F., Ballycraigy,
Carnmoney.

M‘Kisack, Alfred, Mountcharles.

M‘Kisack, Dr. H. L., College Square
Kast.

M‘Lean, Geo., 8 Pottinger Street.

M‘Leish, John, The Mount, Mount-
pottinger.

M‘Mordie, David, 6 Camden Terrace.

M‘Mordie, James, Belgravia Aven.

M‘Neill, John, 12 May Street.

Nicholl, Wm., Donegall Square
North.

Nicholson, H. J., Windsor Gardens.

Nelson, Miss, 1a India Street,
Botanic Avenue.

Nesbitt, W. C., Kinnaird Terrace.

O’Neill, Henry, M.D.,
Square Kast.

O’Neill, James, M.A.,
Square Hast.

Orr, H. Lamont, Garfield Street.

O’Shea, P. J., 62 South Parade, City

Oswald, Jas. S., 42 Berry Street.

Oswald, Andrew 8., jun., Warboro’,
Belmont.

6 College
5 College

Parker, W. H., Tudor Park, Holy-
wood.

Patterson, D, C., Clanbrassil Terrace,
Holywood.

Patterson, R. L., jun., Clanbrassil
Terrace, Holywood.

Patterson, Wm. H., Clanbrassil Ter.,
Holywood.

Patterson, Richard, J.P., Kilmore,

Holywood.

Patterson, Miss Kilmore,
Holywood,

Patterson, R. L., J.P., Croft House,
Holywood.

Patterson, Robt., M.B.0.U., Lile-
court, Malone Park.

Patterson, Wm. H., M.R.I.A.,
Garranard, Strandtown.

Patterson, S. R., 1 Lombard Street.

Paul, John, Assembly’s College,
Belfast.

Clara,

256

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, The Knock.

Payne, J. OC. C., J.P., Oxford
Buildings.

Payne, Mrs., Botanic Avenue.

Peddie, J. F., 9 Donegall Square
West.

Pender, Mrs. M. T., Glengormley.

Perry, T. G., Lisburn Road.

Phillips, William H., Lemonfield,
Holywood.

Phillips, Jas. J , 61 Royal Avenue.

Phillips, Jas. St. J., B.E., 61 Royal
Avenue.

Pim, John, J.P., Bonaven, Antrim
Road.

Pim, Thos. W., 21 Victoria Street.

Pim, Joshua, Slieve-na-Failthe,
Whiteabbey.

Pooler, C. K., 159 University Street

Pooley, W. T., 52 Fitzroy Avenue.

Porter, Miss, 5 Belgravia Terrace,
Eglantine Avenue.

Porter, J. A., Queen’s Square.

Porter, William, Rate Office, Town
Hall.

Porter, Miss Mary, 148 Albion
Place.

Praeger, E. A., Holywood.

Praeger, Miss Rosamond, Marino,
Holywood.

Praeger, R. Ll., M.R.I.A., National
Library, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Pullman, John, Claremont, Knock.

Purdon, Mrs., 5 Wellington Place.

Purdon, Dr. Richard, Murray’s Ter.

Quail, Rev. Patrick, Dunmore,
Ballynahich.
Quinn, James, 2 Magdala St.

Radley, Joseph, Prospect Hill,
Lisburn.

Rea, Miss, Churchfield, Holywood.

Redmond, David, Antrim.

Reid. Robert, King Street.

Reid, J. C. W., Montalto, South
Parade.

Reynold, August, Ullswater Terrace,
Cavehiil Road.

Ridings, Richard, 11 Allworthy
Avenue,

Ringland, 8. B., Ballytrim House,
Killyleagh.

[Proc. B.N.C.F.,

Ritchie, James, c/o. Millar, Boyd, &
Reid, Calender Street.

Robertson, J. C., Methodist College.

Robertson, W. B., 7 India Street.

Robinson, George, Woodview, Holy-
wood.

Robinson, Wm. A., J.P., Culloden,
Cultra.

Robinson, Samuel, Helen’s Bay.

Roscorla, Lakes, Acreville, Osborne
Park.

Ross, John, Cliftonville.

Ross, Richard, M.D., Wellington
Place.

Ross, Wm. A., Iva-Craig, Craigavad

Russell, John, C.E., Waring Street.

Scott, Conway, C.E., Windsor Av.

Scott, Henry, 12 May Street.

Shanks, James, Ballyfounder, Porta-
ferry.

Shannon, James, Kinnegar, Holy-
wood.

Sharpe, Robt., 100 Fitzroy Avenue.

Shaw, Cecil, M.D., 14 College Sq.

Kast.
Shaw, Wm. Hinde, Brooklyn, Knock
Shaw, Launcelot, 53 ”
Shaw, Mrs., in

97

Sheldon, Chas., M.A., Belfast Royal
Academical Institution.

Skillen, Joseph, Lambeg, Lisburn.

Simms, David, 18 Chichester Avenue.

Silly, George, Ardene, Sydenham.

Sinclair, F Howard, M.D., Pakenham
Place.

Sinclair, Miss, Hopefield, Belfast.

Sinclair, Miss Nan, Hopefield, Bel-
fast.

Slarer, William, National School,
Strandtown.

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School,
Holywood

Smith, Rev. W. S., The Manse,
Antrim.

Smyth, Walter, Woodview, Holy-
wood.

Smyth, Sydney B., M.D., Great
Victoria Street.

Smyth, Geo. I., Albertbridge Road.

Smythe, Ven. Archdeacon, Coole
Glebe, Carnmoney.

Smythe, Mrs. Proctor, 60 Duncairn
Street.

1894-95.]

Somerset, Robert,
Street.

Speers, Adam, B.Sc., Upper Sullivan
School, Holywood.

Stack, Dr. E. C., 78 Pakenham
Place.

Staples, Sir N. A., Bart., Lissan,

Dungannon

Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.

Stears, Samuel, 79 Ormeau Road.

Steen, Miss Nora, Sharvagh, Bush-
mills.

Stelfox, James, C.E., Oakleigh,
Ormeau Road.

Stevenson, John, Coolavin, Malone
Road.

Stevenson, J. M‘N., Carrickfergus.

Stewart, Rev. J. A., Pond Park,
Lisburn.

Stewart, 8. A., The Museum, Belfast

Stewart, Pakenham, Knockbreda
Rectory.

Stewart, Miss, Ulster Hospital,
Templemore Avenue.

Stewart, W. J., 31 Adelaide Street.

Stirling, James, 14 Rugby Road.

Strain, David, Carlisle Circus (Ulster
Bank).

Stubbs, Maurice, 96 Victoria Street.

Swann, Allan P., Bushmills.

Swanston, Wm., F.G.S., Clifton-
ville Avenue.

Swanston, Mrs., Cliftonville Avenue

Symington, Saml., Donaghadee.

Symington, Prof., F.R.S.E.,Queen’s
College.

25 Cavendish

Tate, Alexander, C.E., Longwood.

Tate, Miss A. H., Longwood.

Taylor, EK. E., Garfield Chambers.

Thomas, 8. G., Limestone Road.

Thompson, Miss 8. M., Macedon.

Thompson, Mrs. H., Crosshill,
Windsor.

Thompson, Rev. David, Dromore.

Thompson, A., 69 Botanic Avenue.

Thomson, George, Woolton Villa,
Rosetta Park.

Todd, John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam
Park.

Todd, Wm. A., 24 Victoria Street.

Traill, W. A., Bushmills.

Trelford, W. J.,23 Lincoln Avenue.

Tulloch, Miss, Howard Street.

Turner, James, 7 Tate’s Avenue.

257

Turtle,

James C.,

Claremount,
Strandtown.

Vint, Joseph H., Ulster Bank,
Donegall Place.

_ Vinycomb, John, M.R.1.A., Holy-

wood.

Waddell, Rev. C. H., M.A., B.D.,
The Vicarage, Saintfield.
Wakeman, W. F.,_ F.R.S.A,,
Knightsville, Blackrock, Dublin
Walker, Thomas R., Rugby Road.
Walker, W. J. D., Lawrencetown,

Co. Down.

Walker, Mrs., Lawrencetown, Co.
Down.

Walkington, Miss, LL.D, Strand.
town.

Walkington, T. R., Edenvale,

Strandtown.

Walsh, Robert, Abbotsford, Malone
Road.

Walmsley, Rev. Douglas, B.A.,
Redburn, Adelaide Park.

Ward, T., Eden Crescent, Antrim
Road.

Ward, Phillip, 12 St. Paul’s Terrace,
City.

Wardeil, Miss, 63 Botanic View,
University Road.

Watson, Thomas, Shipquay Gate,
Londonderry.

Watson, Mrs., Rossyln, Knock.

Watts, Chas. W., F.1.C., 40 Gold-
hurst Terrace, London, N.W.

Waugh Isaac, Wilmont Terrace,
Lisburn Road.

Welch, R. J. 49 Lonsdale Street.

Wheeler, Mrs. Lennoxvale, Belfast.

White, Benoni, 7 Chichester Street.

Whitaker, Miss F., Cliftonville.

White-Spunner, Mrs., Greenisland.

Whitla, Prof., M.D., College Square
North.

Wilson, James, C.E., Oldforge, Dun-
murry.

Wilson, James, Ballybundon, Kil-
linchy.

Wilson, Alec. G., Stranmillis.

Wilson, W. H., Ap

Wilson, Jas. F. D., 82 Joy Street.

Wilson, George, 2 Arthur Terrace,
Antrim Road.

258 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Wilson, David, Hollybank, Skegoneill Workman, Thos., J.P., Helen’s Bay

Avenue. Workman, J., Methodist College,
Wilson, Thomas, C.E., Fleetwood City.

Street. Wright, Joseph, F.G.S., Alfred St.
Wise, B. D., Waterside, Greenisland Wright, Miss, Alfred Street.
Woollcombe, Dr. Robert Ll., LL.D., Wylie, William, Mountpleasant.

M.B.I.A., 14 Waterloo Road,

Dublin.

Workman, Rev. R., M.A., Rubane, Young, Robert, J.P., C.E., Rath-

Glastry. varna, Chichester”! 'ark.

2

The following Publications of the Club can
had from the Librarian :—

Seventh Annual Report—1869-70, containing apa Ycbist of the
Trish Liassic Fossils,—Tate, 1 Plate

Eighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing “A Spends Tk List of Tish
Liassic Foraminifera— Wright; and List of the Fossils of the

Estuarine Clays of Antrim and ‘Down, — Stewart ao Se es
Ninth Annual Report—1 871- 72 ee ee ee eo ee
Tenth: =e > dos). 1872-79. are

Proceedings—Series II., Vol. I., Part ts 1873-74, noniaemae Hippos
IIL., List of Mosses of North-East of Ireland— Stewart ; and List
_ of Cretaceous Microzoa of North of Ireland »—Wright, 2 Plates

,, Series II., Vol. I., Part II., 1874-75 iv te ae

a 5 - III., 1875-76 ze ee oe

“ IY., 1876-77, containing Appendix IV.,
Recent Foraminifera of Down and Antrim,— Wright, 1 Plate ;
and Silurian Rocks of ee ee and Lapworth,
3 Plates

»» Series IL, Vol. L., Parts v. and V1, “187 T- 78 ‘i "78 - 19 (in aie)

ce », Part VII , 1879-80, containing Appendix V.,
List of Post- tertiary Foraminifera of North-East of Treland,—
Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Boulder et of North-East of
Treland, Stewart

», Series IJ., Vol. II., Part I., 1880-81, oobianing ‘Spun VI,
List of Foraminifera of South Donegal, —Wright ; Sponge
Remains from Carb. Limestone, County Sligo,—Wright ; and

Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo,—Carter,.1 Plates, :
», Series 1I., Vol. IL., Part II., 1881-82
is IIL, 1882-83, containing ‘pease VII.
Suaeiareatal List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland,—
Stewart Ey

4, Series II., Vol. I1., Part IV, 1883- 84, etintistttins Nependie VIIt..
Notes on Tesh Coleoptera, — Haliday ; Cromlechs of Antrim and
Down,—Gray, 12 Plates; and Pre-historie Monuments near
Sligo,—Elecock, 4 Plates .. 3

», Series II., Vol..II., Part V., 1884- 85, patiniging Appenais IX,
Ostracoda’ of Belfast Lough, —Malcomson ; Fungi of North of
Treland,—Lett ; Foraminifera of “ Protector”? Cruise, &¢.—
Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera of Reels Hill re genes ;

Trish Coleoptera, — Patterson 3A Se .
», Series II., Vol. II., Part VI., 1885-86, esata Appendix 1,
(Vol. Il. ), The Ferns of Ulster, — Phillips and Praeger bre

» Series 1I., Vol. II., Part VII., 1886-87, containing Appendix II.,
Notes on the Sections exposed at the Alexandra Dock, Belfast,
with List of Fossils, 1 Plate,——Praeger

», - series II., Vol. III., Part. I., 1887 88, containing- ‘Appendix III,
Marine Shells of the North of Ireland, — Praeger

»,, series IT.; Vol. III., Part II., 1888-89

” III., 1889-90, ees Report « of
Larne Gravels Committee, 2 Plates

», Series II., Vol. III., Part IV., 1890-91: —.. ara

jee koe eis V., 1891-92

9 % 5 VI., 1892-93

»» Index

99> -Neries II, Vol. IV. Part. i 1893- “94, dontaining Abr IV.

2/-

1/6
iz

Wd

ac

a ee

Series II. Votume IV. Parr IIt.

BELFAST

1395-96.

Gnnual Reporf ——

Li Sem

NATURALISTS’
PIELER: CLUS.

———= and (Proceedings

CONTENTS.
_ Annual Report -
Piecatsione“-Greyabboy, Gia and Gisns: Valley of the Ros, Galway,
Gobbins, ‘The Mess Giese Heyanshond -
_ Social Meeting - - -
Presidential Address - - -
Papers —The Craiganogh Cave, oe Miss N ora Seen: -
Day among the Silurian Shales of Pomeroy, by Ratert Bell -
Geological Investigations during palpay Sey by Alec.
Wilson
Notes on the Geological Excursions, by Miss 8. M. Teduipenee = -
Our Plants and Animals, by Geo. H. Carpenter, B.Sc.
A Holiday Trip from Belfast to Galway, by Wm. Gray, M.R.I. my
Gaelic Charms, Incantations and Cures, by Wm. H, Een
ot A

A General Account of ‘the Rhy dhivhs of Co. oaeitieh: fe Peateator
Grenville A. J. Cole -

Annual Meeting = -
Report of Microscopical Section
» Geological Section -
45, Botanical Section -
Rules and Exchanges °
Officers and Members -

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.

PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 2/-.

PAGE
263

269
288
292
295
295

295
296
298
299

299

300
301
301
302
310
312
319

The following Publications of the Club may be obtained from

the Librarian :—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
including the Phanerogamia, the Cryptoyamia, Vas-
cularia, and the Muscine,—S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.
Edin., and T. H. Corry, M.A., F.L.S., &c. Cambridge;
MacMillan and Bowes... a oe Sy

SYSTEMATIC LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
FLORA, FAUNA, PAL ONTOLOGY, AND
ARCHZOLOGY OF THE NORTH OF IRE-
LAND; Vol. I., consisting of the Appendices from
1870 to 1885 inclusive, 27 Plates ;

in paper tes oak eee er ee O/-
in boards... aie 5 ore soe, | Oe

GUIDE TO BELFAST AND ADJOINING COUN-
TIES ; containing chapters on Geology, Botany, Zoo-
logy, Topography, Historical Antiquities, Agriculture,
Trade, and Excursions, with numerous Plates. Pub-
lished at 3/6; Reduced Price... au pene

(See also back of Cover.)

batty -y

f

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE [® aes S

NATURALISTS’
FIECD CLUB

For the Year ending 31st March, 1896.

(THIRTY-THIRD YEAR.)

SERIES II. PART III.
VOLUME IV.: 1895-96.

Belfast :
_ PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
BY ALEXANDER Mayne & Boypb, 2 CORPORATION STREET

PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S COLLEGE, BELFAST.

1896.

wee OR f.

The Committee of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club now
lay before the Members the thirty-third Annual Report. The
work of the Club has been’ steadily carried on during the past |
year, some good results having been obtained, especially by the
different sections of the Club, whilst an increasing co-operation
with the different other scientific Societies of Ireland has been
maintained. The Conference of all the Irish Field Clubs held
in Galway during July under the auspices of the Irish Field
Club Union was a hearty stimulus in this direction, going far to
assimilate the members of the different Field Clubs into one
active scientific organisation that must work for the good of
systematic work in natural science in Ireland. It isthe earnest
desire of your Committee whilst not in one whit sacrificing the
individuality of the Club, nor the premier position it occupies,
to cordially co-operate with the other Irish clubs some of which
are necessarily weaker in membership and financial position.
Thus a federation may be formed, conferring strength and unity
and enabling scientific investigation to be comprehensively and
thoroughly carried out over the whole country.

The creation of an entrance fee has acted as desired in keeping
the membership of the Club within working bounds without
materially affecting the finances of the Club. The membership
now stands at 480, 32 new members having been elected during
the year, 68 having died, resigned, or been struck off.

During the summer the invariable good weather which
attends the Club rambles favoured the members. The attend-
ance varied from 107 at Glynn to 18 at Glenariff.

The following is a list of the summer excursions :—

Greyabbey tee eee eee “\ 18 May.
Glynn and Gleno ose vee ses 1 June,

264 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

Valley of the Roe co sis ae 15 June.
Galway ae site oe x 11, 17 July.
Gobbins (half day) ra % ba zo July.

The Mourne Mountains ... igs es 30 July.
Glenarifte aS ee oe 27 August.
Bryansford “hg - 14 September.

During July the London Geologists’ Association visited
Belfast and were officially received and entertained by the Club-
During their stay, different members of the Club acted as guides
for their excursions, and their programme and arrangements
were attended to by the Honorary Secretaries, thus conferring
a great benefit on the visitors which was much appreciated by
them and duly acknowledged. The ‘“‘Home Reading Union”
was treated in a similar manner.

The winter meetings were as follows :—

14 Nov,, 1895. Annual Social Meeting.

i eae * Presidential Address.

mgeDecs).) 73 Craiganogh Cave—Miss Nora M. Steen. 2. The Silurian
Shales of Pomeroy—Robert Bell. 3. Galway Excursion—
Alex. G. Wilson, Hon. Sec. 4. Notes on the Geological
Excursions by Miss S. M_ Thompson.

21 Jan., 1896. Our Plants and Animals—Geo. H. Carpenter.

2 IN ss “ A Holiday Trip from Belfast to Galway—Wm. Gray.

18 Feb. i Gaelic Charms—W. H. Patterson.

17. Mar oss Microscopical evening.

25; April... Annual Meeting

The average attendance at all these meetings was good, while
the room was quite crowded on the occasion of the lecture by
Wm. Gray.

During March a week’s good geological work was done in a
systematic way under the instruction of Professor Cole, there
being an excursion to different places of interest each day, and
a class in the evening for practical work with the microscope.

The Microscopical Section with W. D. Donnan, M.s., as
Secretary, has also been fairly active (see Report, page 301).

The Ethnographical Section contemplates carrying out a
course of lectures during the coming autumn.

The Geological Section, with Miss S. M. Thompson as

1895-96.] 265

Secretary, has been most active during the Session (see Report,
page 302).

The Celtic Class having been nurtured to maturity under the
sheltering care of the Club, has now formed a separate organisa-
tion—The Belfast Gaelic League—which is both active and
_prosperous and likely to do good work in advancing the study
of the Irish language. Any of the members interested in the
preservation of the Celtic tongue should take advantage of this
Society.

The Botanical Section, formed during the year under the
guidance of the Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.p., has made satisfactory
progress,.and will doubtless continue to keep this important
study in the forefront of the Club’s work. This Section is the
practical outcome of Professor Johnson’s course of Botanical
Lectures last session.

The following is the report of judges appointed to examine
the collections sent in by members in competition for prizes :—

We have carefully examined the four sets of Micro slides
submitted in competition for the Club prizes, No. 21 and 22.
Each set is of very high merit, and maintains the standard of
the Club's best work.

Prize No. 21 we award to the Rev.;John Andrew for a very
excellent set of slides illustrative of rock structure, being chiefly
sections of Northern Basalts and Granites carefully selected,
skilfully prepared, and very neatly mounted and named.

Prize No. 22 we award to Henry Hanna, a.B., for a very
superior collection of slides illustrative mainly fof Marine
Zoology, including good typical examples of Protozoa, Hydrozoa,
Porifera, Actinozoa, Crustacea, and Tunicata, all properly
prepared and neatly mounted, forming a valuable set for educa-
tional purposes.

WitiiaM Gray.
JosEPH WRIGHT.
S. A. STEWART.

Your Committee trust that during the coming Session more

individual research will be done by the members, and regret

266 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

that there is not more competition for the Club’s prizes and for
those presented by members.

The best thanks of the Club are due to the different persons
who conferred favours during the season, to the different
Railway Companies for the special facilities offered, and to the
local Press for the lengthened reports of Club’s proceedings
given from time to time. In conclusion, your Committee
express their satisfaction with the lengthened notices of the
Club’s proceedings given from month to month in the “ Irish
Naturalist,” and hope the members will see their way to support
this very excellent publication and thus keep themselves
acquainted with the field work being done in Ireland.

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER,
ALEX. G. WILSon,
fon. Secs.

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PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER PROGRAMME.
EXCURSIONS.

18 May.
GREYABBEY.

On Saturday, 18 May, the first excursion of the season was
held, when the Club paid a visit to the old Cistercian Monas-
tery at Greyabbey. A pleasant morning found a party of 60
collected at the Linen Hall Library at Io a.m.,and a start was
made at once in brakes. Passing by Dundonald, Newtownards,
and other places of interest, the first halt was made at Mount-
stewart, the seat of the Marquis of Londonderry. Here the
fine mansion was thrown open to the members, after which the
cromleac occupied the attention of the party, and was freely
photographed. This cromleac, as W. Gray, M.R.I.A., pointed
out, was once the centre of a large tumulus, which has since
disappeared, leaving only its core. Having examined this
relic, the party proceeded to Greyabbey. This religious house
was founded, occording to the Monasticon Hibernicon, by Lady
de Courcy, the wife of John de Courcy, and daughter of the
King of Man, and was settled by Cistercian Monks from Holm
Cultram, in Cumberland. Here Lady de Courcy took up her
abode prior to her death ; tradition says she built it in accord-
ance with a vow made to the Blessed Virgin during a terrible
hurricane at sea. We learn from the Montgomery MSS. that
Sir Brian MacFelim O'Neill, in anger at Queen Elizabeth giv-
ing his lands to Sir Thomas Smith, burnt down the abbey,

270- = [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

with all other structures available for garrisons. "The members
appreciated the numerous features of interest, the more so that
the owner, General Montgomery. keeps the whole place in such
beautiful order, and thus makes the spot an ideal one, to which
too few of the ruins of this country attain. A most notable
feature is the number and variety of mason’s marks on the
stones, which are comparable to marks found in other buildings
in Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and
Palestine. The lines used by the stonecutter some 700 years
ago for squaring up the stone are also visible here and there.
The crowded graveyard to the east of the abbey was also
visited, where lies the old table tomb of the ‘ Rev. James
Porter, Dissenting minister of Gray Abbey.” He it was who
wrote the famous letters in the ‘‘ Northern Star,” entitled
‘“‘ Squire Firebrand,” for which he was hanged in 1798 in view
of his own manse.

Tea was provided on the hill close by, where an extensive
view delighted the eyes of all present. Strangford Lough and
its islands, with the blue Mourne Mountains in the distance,
and the ruins of the old abbey nestling amongst the trees
beneath, added every feature necessary for a perfect picture ; in
fact, it is doubtful if there is so fine a view in all County Down
as is here to be had in the evening sunlight.

At five o’clock the wagonettes were then once more mounted,
and the party drove off, passing on the way, close to Mount-
stewart, a vast erratic of basalt resting on triassic sands and
marls, of which R. Welch has taken a capital photograph.
Belfast was reached at eight o’clock, where the members dis-
persed. The botanists of the party found nothing rare, but
Scedum telephium and Anchusa sempervirens, which were in
great quantity. In one spot the double variety of the lesser
celandine and an extremely large variety of the bluebell were
growing in abundance. The geologists only spent a few
minutes at a small section of boulder clay, from which, how-
ever, a good specimen of a striated block was extracted.

1895-96. | 271

1 Fune.
GLY N-N.

On the afternoon of Saturday, 1 June, a party of about forty
left by the midday train for Glynn. On arrival there the Old
Church, unique in the diocese of Connor, with its chancel and
nave and small circular connecting arch was examined, after
which the party divided into sections taking different routes to
Gleno, plant collecting being the special feature of the day, a prize
having been offered for the best collection. The botanists were
favoured with the presence of Professor Johnson, of the Royal
College of Science, who rendered much assistance throughout
the day. After tea in the schoolroom at Glynn a hurried
examination of the different plant collections was made and the
prize awarded to Richard Hanna for a set of flowering plants
numbering almost 100 species. J. St. J. Phillips found near
Gleno a bed of boulder clay containing Lower Lias fossils.

15 Fune.
VALLEY OF THE ROE.

The third excursion of the club was held on Saturday, 15
June, when a party of twenty-five proceeded by the Northern
Counties Railway to Limavady and the valley of the Roe, a
through carriage having been kindly placed at the disposal of
the members by the manager. On arrival at Limavady a start
was made for the glen, a distance of two miles. The first halt
was made at O’Cahan’s Rock, where the party spent a pleasant
hour botanising, lunching, and photographing, the splendid
crag formirg a feature hard to surpass.

Mrs. Leebody, the well known Derry botanist, joined here,
and her local knowledge proved useful throughout the day. A
steep climb from the river bed brought all to the top of the

272 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

precipitous rock, from which the view of the Roe Valley was
very beautiful. The Dog’s Leap was then made for, where the
curious potholes below the bridge came in for a share of
observation, and where those members interested in engineering
(among whom W. A. Traill, of Portrush, was prominent)
enjoyed an inspection of the electric light station and sawmill
owned and worked by J. E. Ritter, J.P., to whom the club were
indebted for this pleasure. The dynamos are driven by a
turbine, the mill by an ordinary wheel, and a new pit is in
process of formation for an additional turbine.

These modern erections gave rise to musings on the quick
changes of time, for on this spot stood the ancient stronghold of
the O’Cahans, once the dominant clan in these parts. Here
that princely house—a scion of the O’Neills—held sway until
the year 1607, when it was alleged against the then chieftain
that he was implicated in a plot with O'Neill, O’Donnell, and
others to overthrow the English power in Ireland. All the
northern princes then lost their territories, many their heads,
and the confiscation of their lands made easy the “ Plantation
of Ulster.” A pathetic incident is related of a visit to this same
stronghold by the Duchess of Buckingham, then Countess of
Antrim. The countess had raised 1,000 men amongst her lord’s
yeomanry in the County Antrim to aid King Charles I. and
was marching through Limavady. The countess visited
O’Cahan’s wife, O’Cahan being a fugitive, and found that lady
in penury and want crouching in a corner of her ruined castle
the room filled with smoke, suffering from the rigours of the
weather.

After enjoying the cool water of the Holy Well, the return
journey was begun, passing down the western side of the river
through woods where the most delightful views of water and
mountains were obtained. Here the botanists were pleased to
find a great profusion of Lastrea emuta, a fern which is locally
uncommon. |

On leaving Roe Park a mile and a half or so brought the
party to the Alexander Arms, where tea was provided. After

1894-96. | 273

tea, W. H. Patterson, M.R.I.A., thanked W. Gray in the name
of the club for the trouble he had taken in acting as guide to
this most interesting but little known district. A short business
meeting was then held, and the following were elected members :
--Dr. Lorrain Smyth, J. M. M‘Ilroy, John Bain, S. K. Kirker,
C.E., of the Board of Works; and Major-General Bland, R.E.
The 6.5 train was then taken, reaching Belfast shortly after 9.
The geology of the district is mainly of rocks either Sz/urzan or
older, being mainly sca schists, with bands of primary limestone
interstratified, as pointed out near the Dog’s Leap. During a
short wait at Limavady Junction, W. H. Patterson obtained
samples of the very rich estuarine clay which covers the whole
neighbourhood, and on the return journey several of the
microscopists took lumps to wash down for foraminifera. The
very numerous shells were in excellent condition, although
the stay was not long enough to secure any rarities. The
botanists had the advantage of both S. A. Stewart’s and Mrs.
Leebody’s presence, and during the day they found the following
plants which may be worth mentioning :—Lamium album,
Arenaria trinervis, Geum intermedium, Listera nidus-avis,
Carex levigata, and Lastrea emula (Brees fern). It may
also be worth noting the very great abundance of the larger
variety of the cowwheat (Melampyrum pratense), the flowers
being large and fine. The weather being so dry landshells were
few, and none of them out of the common.

6 Fuly.
THE GOBBINS.

The fourth summer excursion of the Field Club was held on
the 6 July, when a party of over fifty assembled at the Northern
Counties Railway, bound for Islandmagee and the Gobbins.
Arriving at Ballycarry, the party walked across the peninsula,
and then the various sections took their several ways, each
intent on their particular pursuit. Several members took the

274 [ Proc, B.N.F.C.,

steep path to the ‘‘ Black Cave” in the basalt, which proved,
however, less interesting than was expected, save for its historic
association. Here it was that Lieutenant Moses Hill, the head
of the now great house of Downshire, lay concealed for a
considerable time in 1588, after the disastrous affray with
MacDonnell at Altfracken, when the Scot put to flight the
soldiers from Carrickfergus, and Sir John Chichester lost his
head. The cave extends inland a distance of over 100 feet, and
is washed by the tide. The remains of a wall extend across its
mouth, so its uses have been, doubtless, various—legitimate and
illegitimate—the latter in the “ good old days"? when it was

quite respectable to rob the King of his dues. The most of the ©
party walked along the shore, where the great blocks of chalk
and greensand lying to a large extent on lias offer a most
tempting prospect to the knight of the hammer. This series of
sections and blocks extends for about half a mile along the
coast, until the basalt once more comes down to the sea level at
the cliffs of the Gobbins. The basalt of this neighbourhood is
itself of more than usual interest, as it exhibits a curious banded
structure on a large scale, seen very well along the escarpment
facing the sea and in one little quarry which was passed on the
way the amygdaloidal vesicles were very beautifully arranged
in well-marked bands, between which was the ordinary half-
rotten basalt, without amygdales. The Greensand was, however,
the chief point of interest, and numerous fossils were obtained,
though many more had to be left behind owing to the hardness
of some of the blocks. Among the best finds was one of the
energetic secretary of the geological section, Miss S. M.
Thompson, which was a perfect specimen of a fossil sponge
(Ventriculites) of unusually large size. Several other sponges of
different genera and species were secured, these being a class
that are in want of working out, as very little is known of the
Irish ones. Other finds were numerous, Czdarzs spines, some
small corals and &ryozoa, and plenty of the ordinary greensand
and fossils, such as Aehynchonella, Spondylus, etc. ‘The Lias was
in very bad order for working after the heavy rain followed by

1894-95.] 275

the baking sun, and few fossils were taken. Botanists did not
get anything worth speaking of, except the Adder’s tongue
(Ophioglossum), of which quite a large patch was seen. Tea at
6-30 on the cliffs at Hill’s Port was the finale to a most
delightful day’s outing. Over these cliffs were driven in 1641
some of the natives by the heated soldiery from Carrickfergus,
in retaliation for barbarities committed elsewhere in the name
of religion.

Many thanks were due to B. D. Wise, C.E., for his kindness
and courtesy to his fellow-members in making arrangements
for this visit, and it was the only regret expressed that he has
not as yet succeeded in his laudable efforts in making the path
around the Gobbins. Its proximity to Belfast would make it
of double value to the citizens as a half-day holiday resort.
After tea, a pleasant walk through the fragrant bean fields of
Islandmagee brought the party to Ballycarry and home by train.

10 Fuly.
FIELD CLUB UNION CONFERENCE, GALWAY.

The Irish Field Club Union was inaugurated in the most
successful manner by the joint excursion of which this report
is a brief summary. The Union is the outcome of the various
clubs holding excursions to the same places during the last two
years, so it was thought that an excursion to some place of
general interest might with advantage be taken by all together.
This plan gradually crystallised out into the present arrange-
ments, by which the following main points are carried out :-—
First, that a joint excursion be held yearly ; second, that
lectures on various subjects be interchanged ; and third, that
members of one club may be honorary members of all the rest.

The place selected for the excursion was Galway, for two
main reasons ; partly because it is one of the richest and most
varied fields in Ireland for scientific work, and partly to try
to form a Galway field club. The party of combined clubs

276 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

was limited to 100, of which Belfast was allotted one half. On
Wednesday, July 10, the Belfast contingent proceeded to
Dublin, under the care of their secretaries, F. J. Bigger and A.
G. Wilson. On arriving at Amiens Street Station cars were
taken to the Gresham and Hammam Hotels, where arrange-
ments had been made for their accommodation. Impedimenta
having been disposed of, the party made their way by trains
and cars to the gardens of the Royal Dublin Society at Glas-
nevin, where the Vublin Club gave them tea and a warm
reception, after which F. M. Moore, the curator, most kindly
conducted the party through the delightful grounds and glass-
houses. These gardens and conservatories are considered to
be in some respects superior to Kew, and certainly it would be
hard indeed to surpass, for instance, the orchid, water-plants,
or Killarney fern houses. No place could have been more
favourable for a general introduction of the Belfast and Dublin
members than the gardens. The evening was beautiful, and
the tastefully-arranged plants looked at their best after the
rain, exciting much interest in the large number of botanists
present. Next morning at nine the members of both parties,
together with representatives of the North Staffordshire Club,
started by a special saloon train for Galway. After a quick
run the ‘‘Citie of the Tribes” was reached at 12-30, when the
rooms were at once portioned out at the great Railway Hotel
alongside the station. As soon as this was done brakes
were taken for the lunch at the Gentian Hill, three miles
west of Galway, along the bay. After lunch members scattered
over the promontory, which is composed of a very compact
boulder clay, containing all the typical rocks of the district.
It is interesting to the botanist as the only station west
of Galway for the spring gentian (G. verna,) and the
blue moor grass, of which specimens were taken. Other
interesting plants were taken, of which, with all other
botanical, geological, and zoological finds of the excursion, a
full account appeared in the last September number of the
Lrish Naturalist, which is devoted entirely to a full and

1895-96. ] 277

technical account of this excursion. A special feature of

Galway is the beautiful old fourteenth-century Collegiate
Church of S. Nicholas, which has been carefully conserved,
and affords many features of deep interest. It is doubtful if
such another fine parish church exists in Ireland. The electric
lights along the dark aisles and in the groined porch were
certainly an innovation not expected. On the other side of
the water from the town stands the Claddagh (Cladach sea-
shore), where the women still wear the red petticoat and the
blue swinging mantle, and the ‘blessing of the sea” takes
place at the commencement of each year’s fishing. The
Claddagh has been a fishing station since the sixth century,
and the curious boats probably embody many relics of
ancient shipbuilding. After passing the afternoon in such
a manner, the party reassembled to dinner at 7.30, and after-
wards the clubs had the honour of receiving Dr. Moffat,
president of Queen’s College, Galway, and his colleagues, the
High Sheriff, Hon. R. E. Dillon, Lieutenant-Colonel O’Hara,
Marcus Lynch, D.L., and many other local gentlemen. The
evening passed off very pleasantly indeed. Some of the gayer
members indulged in an impromptu dance to the strains of a
capital local string band that had been stationed on the balcony.
Next morning (Friday, 12 July) breakfast was served at 8.15,
the party setting out by special train at 9.10 to Recess, in the
midst of the lake country, at the base of the twelve Bens of
Connamara. It was in this immediate district that Frank
Mathews lays the scene of his celebrated story of a Connacht
faction fight, “Their Last Race.’ The party split into two
sections, one of which went on the five miles’ walk to Ben
Lettery (1,904), one of the twelve Bens, the other going by
way of the famous “ marble” quarries to the top of a lower
eminence at a distance of a couple of miles. The scenery of
this district is most picturesque, the mountains being composed
of sharply jointed white quartzite, whose hardness gives an
exceedingly bold outline to the hills. The foot of the mountain
chain is surrounded by bogs, dotted over with lakelets of all

273 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

shapes and sizes, which, with the Maam Turk Mountains in the
background, form a lovely scene. It is among this quartzite
that the crystalline limestone and dolomites occur, the best
known of which is the Serpentine or Connamara marble,
which is really a hydrated olivine, developed secondarily in
the limestone by igneous intrusion. A section recently
cut by the wire saw used in the marble quarry showed the
character to perection ; so photographs were taken of it.
The whole district has been heavily glaciated, fresh surfaces
being well seen in a cutting close to Recess station. The pure
stone is said to be very valuable, the quarry owner informing
members that he obtained £100 per ton for it. Many rare
plants occur in this district, the following being the most note-
worthy :—Alpine rue ( 7halictrum alpinum), London pride, St.
Dabeoc’s heath, intermediate bladderwort (Utricularia tter-
media), twigrush, the exceedingly rare pipewort (Hrzocaulon),
Osmunda and pillwort ( Pilularia globulifera). Many other
interesting plants were obtained. The entomology was also
interesting, an exceedingly rare Spanish grasshopper being
very abundant, also a rare dragonfly in some numbers. A
small section of the party went shell-hunting at Portnafeadog,
near Roundstone, and at the same time made arrangements for
a longer stay there to work up the antiquities and general
science of the district. This party was much indebted to the
Rev. Canon M‘Cormick, D.D., the local rector, who has done
so much for this district; his courtesy and attention were so
considerable as to render it quite doubtful whether the members
did not enjoy his society more even than the glories of this
perhaps the most beautiful and interesting little town in all
Connamara. The party returned bya special train to dinner
at eight, after which an exhibition of the finds of the day was
held, and much interchange of ideas took place. On the
following day (Saturday) a special steamer started at 9.30
across Galway Bay for Ballyvaughan, in that part of North
Clare known as the Burren. The most striking feature of the
whole district is its extraordinary bleakness and barrenness.

1895-960] 279

Bare hills of terraced carboniferous limestone rise treeless on
either side, appearing as though there was practically no
vegetation ; but a closer search reveals a rich and varied flora
growing mostly in the deep fissures and hollows of the jointed
limestone. This flora includes, among many other rarities,
mountain avens (Dryas octopetala), bloody cranesbill (Geranium
sanguineum), Galium sylvestre, bearberry, wintergreen (Pyrola
media), scale fern ( Ceterach officinarum), and perfect sheaves of
magnificent maidenhair fern, better by far than any seen in
most hothouses. The roots are fortunately difficult of ex-
traction, being sometimes three feet down a six-inch crevice.
Lunch was served at two at Gleninagh, three miles from
Ballyvaughan, close to the Holy Well and O’Loghlin’s Castle
and Church, and overlooking the sea. It is said this district
was visited by one of Cromwell’s captains, whose verdict was
that there was not enough water to drown a man, nor wood to
hang a man, nor ground to bury a man. The church was
interesting on account of the curious hollow-built stone altar
in which several skulls are kept; in fact, the different niches
of the building were decorated with these grim emblems of
mortality. Behind the castle stands the Mountain of Cappana-
walla (1,023 feet), which was scaled by many members anxious
to combine botany with a splendid view. A large number of
those present went on to Blackhead (six miles), where the best
maidenhair is to be had. This day was the field day for the
collectors of marine alge, and the success of the day was
judged by the amount of space occupied by those engaged in
sorting out and mounting the spoil in the hotel in the evening
after the late dinner. The interesting Mediterranean sea
urchin (Strongylocentrotus lividus) was also found in vast
numbers among the rock pools, with numerous of/7urt, or
brittlestars. The geological results were on the whole un-
interesting, consisting mainly of weathered corals and a few
Producti.

On Sunday a good deal of sightseeing was done. ‘he
services in the churches were well attended, while some of the

280 [Proc. B,N.F.C.;

members drove to Clare Galway Abbey, a fine Franciscan ruin,
seven miles distant, which is very well worth visiting.
After lunch the party split up according to their various tastes,
some spending the afternoon at Queen’s College, where the
botanic gardens and museum were kindly placed at the party's
convenience, the popular President, Dr. Moffat, and Mrs.
Moffat hospitably receiving the visitors. A hearty Galway
welcome was also given at Menlough Castle by Sir Valentine
Blake, Bart., whose hospitality during the afternoon added
much to the pleasure of inspecting so beautiful and ancient a
castle and demesne. The Royal Galway Boat Club also gave
the use of their fine boats to members, many of whom rowed
to Menlough Castle, while others explored parts of Lough
Corrib.

Monday was the big day of the trip, as a start was made at
six a.m. from Galway docks by special steamer to Aranmore,
the largest of the Aran Islands. About a dozen did not face
the rough three hours’ sea voyage, which, considering the early
rising necessary, was very creditable to the enthusiasm of the
members. On the whole, the weather was fine, and on landing
at the harbour of Kilmurvey all expressed themselves satisfied
with the meteorological arrangements, as a brilliant sun was
shining. As soon as the steamer was stopped, she was instantly
surrounded by a small fleet of the islanders’ curraghs or canvas
canoes, which, combined with the shouting and gesticulation
that went on in Irish, reminded the observer rather of what
one sees and hears of in books of travel than of a scene in
Ireland. More than half the party landed at this pier, while
the rest proceeded on to Kilronan Harbour. On landing, the
first local industry noticed was one pursued mainly by the
younger folk, that of selling samples of the articles in use on
the islands ; in fact, after about an hour or so, one fancies that
the chief manufacture and export of the district is ‘‘ pampooties,”
the primitive rawhide sandals of Celtic time, which are still in
common use in these islands. After photographing groups of
natives, pack horses, &c., a start was made for Dun Aenghus,

1895-96. | 281

that marvellous ruin of Firbolgian times, which altogether
outdates history, and remains the wonder and admiration of all
who are fortunate enough to see what is one of the most
remarkable of the old-world monuments of Western Europe.
J. Johnston, the local magistrate, considerately opened his
house and spread his table for the visitors. After thoroughly
inspecting and photographing the triple rampart and chevaux-
ae-frise, the dun was left behind, many turning back after a
short distance to see, what one hardly realises at first, that the
cliff on which it is built is so steep that the natives fish into
deep water, a distance of over 200 feet, while-sitting within the
enclosure! During the day the geologists noticed five or six
species of coral, Huomphalus loxonema, a large Orthoceras,
Bellerophon, and other fossils, but the rock is too hard to get
satisfactory specimens. Botanists gathered the samphire in
quantity, and also obtained arare Sedum. A rare beetle, the
rosechafer, was also in some numbers.

The numerous antiquities, including churches, cloghauns or
beehive huts, carved crosses, holy wells, &c., were all visited by
most of the party, under the guidance of the Rev. Father
Colgan, P.P., but space admits of no description thereof,
especially as they have all been so well tabulated on numerous
previous occasions. The rare A/iium Babingtoni perfumed the
air in places with its strong and to most people unpleasant
smell ; but the crowning find of the day was the exceedingly
rare grass known by the formidable name of Calamagrosits
epigejos, of which quite a quantity was collected by energetic
members. A smart shower of rain served its purpose in
exhibiting the speed with which the pretty helix virgata
swarms out in such weather, giving rise to the numerous
stories of showers of snails.

As the evening drew on members gradually collected near
the steamer at Kilronan, where a most ample lunch was spread
Out upon the rocks by Miss Gardner, of Dublin, and her
assistants, who did so much throughout the excursion for the
inward comfort of one and all. Here the different members

282 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

had the pleasure of thanking the Rev. W. Kilbride, the rector
of Aran, and the Rev. Father Colgan and his curate for
their guiding care and the valuable information they so freely
bestowed.

After lunch the members visited Teampul Benan, on the
southern end of the island, where the site of an abbey and the
base of a round tour was passed. It was from the materials of
this abbey and tower that Cromwell built the great fort still
standing on guard at Killeany Harbour. A fair sea was
running to the west of the island, dashing against the jagged
rocks ; still the curraghs of the bold islanders were seen here
and there amidst the waves toiling for fish as if in smooth
water.

The party set off on their return journey stored with a
miscellaneous mass of information on manners and customs,
botany, geology, scenery, and antiquities, of the like of which
few on board had ever the smallest conception, and regretting
only that there was not twice or three times the amount of
time to spend in this unique and fascinating country. Galway
was reached at eleven o’clock, and everyone retired soon, as
next morning an early start was to be made.

Breakfast over, on Tuesday the 9.1o train for Oughterard
was taken, and after a short journey brakes were mounted at
that station and the majority made their way to a beautiful
spot on the shores of Lough Corrib, near Carn Seefin, which
was to be the rendezvous for the day.

A party of geologists, however, under the leadership of R. J.
Kirwan, spent a couple of hours at the interesting section in
the railway cutting just beyond Oughterard. This and the
other new cuttings have been carefully described in a recent
number of the Zr7sh Naturalist. The extraordinary variety of
rocks, including carboniferous limestone, quartzite, granite,
hornblende schist, and other rocks, gave one a wonderful
insight into the amount of contortion, upheaval, and general
metamorphosis through which even this one little section has
passed. Later in the day the lead and copper mines were

1895-96. | 283

visited, and an interesting vein of garnet rock was examined.
Botanists were in the majority, one of the best finds being the
rare little orchis Malaxts paludosa. Pipewort, various Droseras,
Utricularia, and many other local plants were again found in
plenty, and entomologists secured a goodly quantity of material,
reported in the special number of the Jvish Naturatst
above referred to. A small section of the members made
their way to the shore of Lough Corrib, where Henry Hodgson,
J.P., a local gentleman, very kindly placed his boats at their
disposal, enabling them to cross to Inchanguoile and examine
and photograph the celebrated ruined churches there, now
carefully conserved by Lord Ardilaun.

After a comparatively easy day, the return train was taken
at six, dinner was served at seven, and the Field Club Con-
ference was held. Dr. Carpenter was in the chair, and after a
short address, pointing out the advantages of the Union, and
welcoming the English visitors, he called upon representatives
or the various clubs to speak on any matter concerning the
Field Club’s wellbeing, William Gray, M.R.I.A., Professor
Carr, and several other gentlemen spoke, perhaps the most
important result being the passing of a resolution, proposed by
Professor Fitzgerald, T.C.D., and seconded by Dr. M‘Weeney,
that natural science should be recommended to the intermediate
examiners as a most necessary subject for examinations. Votes
of thanks were then passed with great applause to the follow-
ing :—President Moffat, Sir Valentine Blake, Bart., Galway
Boat Club, R. J. Kirwan, and J. Johnston, J.P., for their
courtesy and kindness during the excursion, and to the Great
Northern Railway Company and the Midland and Great
Western Railway Company for the special advantages afforded.

Next morning the party broke up, amidst expressions of deep
regret at the termination of the excursion, and expressions of
satisfaction at the pleasant time enjoyed and the good weather
experienced, whilst fervent hopes were expressed that such

another happy family of naturalists should meet again ext
year.

284 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The tickets being available for fourteen days, many took the
opportunity of seeing a little more of the country, so full of
interest to naturalists and antiquarians.

29 Fuly.
THE MOURNES.

The sixth excursion was held on the 29 July to the Mourne
mountains, in conjunction with the London Geologists’ Asso-
ciation, who were then visiting the North ofIreland. A party
of about eighty arrived at Newcastle at 9-30, where breakfast
was partaken of at Lawrence’s rooms at the station. Breakfast
finished, the brakes and cars were mounted, and the road taken
to the Trassey Bridge. Here the machines were left, and the
party proceeded up the valley to the Hare’s Gap, close to which
are the Diamond Rocks; these are great masses of Mourne
granite, containing very numerous drusy cavities, some of them
of considerable size. So often have they been visited by geologists
that parts of the hillside bear quite a resemblance to a quarry.
These cavities contain large and well-formed crystals of smoky
guartz, orthoclase, biotite, albite, and less frequently of dery/,
topaz, and microciine. Of all these many capital specimens were
taken by the members, the topaz and beryl crystals being
very good. From this point the party broke up into four
divisions, one contingent walking back to the cars,
another going round the flank of Commedagh to “the
castles,” which consist of the usual granite, - whose
subcolumnar structure in this part gives rise to vertical
and horizontal jointing produced by shrinkage during the
cooling of the mass. This jointing has been so increased and
brought out by the action of wind and rain, snow, frost, and sun
that the masses now present the appearance of huge bastions
and fortifications of cyclopean masonry. A third section of the
party walked up over Slieve Commedagh (2,512 feet), and a
venturesome few even ascended Donard afterwards and observed

1895-96. ] 285

the remains of the rude stone cell where dwelt the anchorite
Saint Domnard, after whom the mountain is called. These
members brought down the report that the view was one almost
unequalled, the horizon being so clear that no fewer than nine
counties and the Isle of Man was plainly visible, the hills of
Derry and Bray Head being both easily seen. This was the
more extraordinary as the sky appeared cloudy. The last
portion of the members remained at the Diamond Rocks, adding
to their collections. The last three divisions met below the
windy ridge, in the Glen Valley, noticing on the way the curious
bared summit of the ridge, almost all the vegetation being
blown away, leaving small patches of bog and large rounded
stones and granite sand. The waterworn face of the cliff over
which the river trickles is also well marked. The mountaineer-
ing members were interested in the sharp junction between the
- granite and the Ordovician stratum at the Shanslieve Spur,
where the granite sends out veins into the shale. Basalt and
eurite were also seen in contact here. The junction between
granite and shale is also seen above Trassey Bridge and in the
Glen Valley. The botanists, though not strictly on business,
noticed most of the Alpine plants known to occur on these hills,
and although several interesting ferns were obtained, no new
find to the locality was recorded. Tea at the station was just
finished in time for the 6-40 train for Belfast. Altogether the
Mournes have seldom been seen to better advantage, and the
English geologists expressed themselves more than pleased with
the day, and the pleasure they derived from a visit to the
Mournes, in conjunction with the members of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club.

27 August

GLENARIFF.

On Saturday, the 27 August, a smaller party than usual
left by the morning train for Glenariff. Changing at Bally-

286 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

mena, the narrow guage train was entered for Parkmore.
Upon arriving there some little time was spent about the
iron mines before the descent was made to the Glen. Here
the members botanised a little, but largely gave themselves up
to the simple enjoyment of the beauty of the gorges and the
great waterfalls of Ess-na-lara (the fall of the mare) and
Ess-na-croub (the fall of the hoof). After an evening in the
tea house in the Glen, the party returned by the last train to
Belfast.

14 September.
BRYANSFORD.

The last and perhaps the most enjoyable excursion of the
season took place on Saturday, 14 September, to Bryansford,
where, through the courtesy of the Earl of Roden, To!lymore
Park was open to the members. On arrival at Newcastle, a
dull morning was clearing off the Mournes, and the sun was
coming out, brightening up what is one of the finest views in
our district—the view of Donard from the Newcastle Railway
Station. The walk to Bryansford was most enjoyable, with the
great rolling hills lying to the south, and the wooded Glen of
Tollymore in front, with the castle peering through the trees
and the village church tower upon the hill. The day turned
out so fine—as in fact all the Club’s excursion days have this
year—that all cloaks, &c., were leftin the Roden Arms. Inthe
Park dispersal was the order of the day, not more than two or
three keeping together. Some took to the woods to collect
fungi, others topped Slieve Commedagh, whilst the major
portion loitered in the woods and down by the river, botanising,
photographing, and generally enjoying the glories and beauties
of nature as only students of her mysteries can.

Many of the members ascended the wooded hills south of the
castle, already tinged with autumn tints, in order to see the
glorious view of the hills stretching northward beyond Castle-
wellan, ‘To the right on a hillcrest towered the great Norman

1895-96. | 287

donjon keep at Dundrum, whilst opposite, the graceful spires of

Castlewellan guarded the well-planted Hill of Slievenaslat, with

the castle of Lord Annesley nestling in the midst, whilst close

at hand the walls of Tollymore glistened with crimson patches
of Virginia creeper. A few members of the Art Society who
accompanied the party sketched about the waterfalls. A hearty
tea, comfortably provided in the Roden Arms, brought to an
end the day’s outing, leaving one and all satisfied with a day
spent in the woods under the shadow of the Mourne Mountains.

During the day over sixty species of fungi, some of them
edible, were collected by General Bland, the Rev. C. H.
Waddell, and others, which included the following :—

Genus Agaricns, 18 species (including the following—rubescens,
muscarius, pantherinus, phallotdes, fascicularis, rutt-
lans, melleus, radicans, and disseminatus).

Genus Cantharellus, 1 species (C. czbarius).

Cortinarius, 5 species (including cyanopus, violaceus,

and e/atior).

Dedala, 6 species.

Hydnum, 1 species, (17. repandum).

Hyerophorus, 4 species (puntcus, coccrneus, and pratensis).

,» Lactarius, 8 species (vellereus, exsuccos, blenntus,

guietus, volemum, subdulcts).

Nyctals, 1 species (N. parasitica).

Russula, 9 species (nigricans, emetica, sangutnea,

Feteus, lepida, olivacea, and integra).

Boletus, 6 species (Hdulis, scaber, flavidus, and granu-

latus.

» Polyporus, 3 species.

The ferns were fairly representative, great quantities of the
Blechnum spicant were observed everywhere, whilst Lastrea
Jilix mas and its variety, pseudomas were found in different
forms. Lastrea emula, oreopteris, and dilitata were also obser-
ved, with several varieties of Athyrium filix femina. Ceter-
ach officinarum was also found on a roadside wall, whilst W.
H. Phillips met with the rare Aymenophyllum Wilsont, a
species of the Killarney fern,

(288 [Proc. B.N:F.C,

WINTER SESSION

Note.—The authors of the various Papers, of which abstracts are here appended, are
alone responsible for the views expressed in them,

18 November.
SOCIAL MERTING.

Fe pxeiHE thirty-third winter session of the Club was inaugu-
| rated in a successful manner by a conversazione on
Thursday evening, 14 November, in the Exhibition
Hall, when over 600 members and friends attended. Some
graceful plants decorated the upper end of the hall adjoining
the well-stocked conservatory, whilst the side hall was utilized
for lantern displays. These annual social evenings of the Club
have long been well known for their enjoyable way of exhibiting
the work done during the year, and also because they give a
wider opportunity to the less scientific members and visitors to
learn a little practical science in an unusually acceptable way.

On this occasion the presence of some of the leading scientists
from Dublin and the fact that microscopy in all its branches
was the chief feature added greatly to the interest. On arrival
at the hall at seven o’clock a refreshing cup of tea and _ its
accompaniments were provided by the lady members, which
lasted until eight, when the tables were cleared, and their space
soon occupied with different exhibits. The business of the
evening began by the President (F. W. Lockwood, €.E.)
offering a hearty welcome to all present, and more especially to
those who had come from Dublin to assist their friends and
co-workers in Belfast. This over,

1895-96. ], 289

The President said he had a very pleasant duty to perform
on that occasion in offering to William Gray, M.R.J.A., an
album of local photos, with an address, as a token of the high
esteem in which he is held by the Club and as a slight
recognition of the valuable services to science which he had
rendered for many years. The album and illuminated address
were very artistically produced by Marcus Ward & Co., the
photos being by R. Welch. The President called upon the
Secretary to read the address, and the album was then presented
to W. Gray amidst applause.

W. Gray briefly replied, saying he would ever value the
presentation as another link connecting him with his many
friends in the Field Club and Belfast.

One of the most valuable displays in the hall was the large
series of views, antiquarian and scientific, taken by R. Welch
during the past season, more especially those taken in Galway
and Connamara on the occasion of the Field Club conference.
For imparting instruction and artistic effect these photos could
not be surpassed. This the most capable judges of such work
freely admitted. Each department of the Club was in charge
of some one or more members, around whom congregated a
group of listeners, eagerly waiting an opportunity of seeing
the microscopic slide, or animal, or whatever subject might be
under discussion. At one table D. M‘Ardle and the Rev. C. H.
Waddell were in charge of their favourite mosses and liverworts,
the combined exhibit of these two gentlemen being unequalled
in this country. Close by, W. H. Phillips had the whole
breadth of the hall covered with nature prints, taken from some
of his famous ferns, and a table full of the ferns themselves.
J. Hamilton’s toads afforded a frightened interest to the ladies
during the entire evening, whilst W. Gray’s method of looking
at the time through a beetle’s eye brought up a feeling of
wonder at such a lowly creature being provided with about 250
perfect lenses, through each of which the watch was visible.
Joseph Wright had, in company with R. Welch, a fine collection
of foraminifera from Connamara, from which go species had

290 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

been identified. H. Lyster Jameson? of Dublin, had six out
of seven known species of Irish bats ; also some shrew mice
and field mice. Beside him J. Halbert, of Dublin, had an
extensive collection of the rare insects collected at the Galway
excursion, whilst arranged all around the central dais were the
exhibits of the geological section. The polished blocks of
Connamara and Menlough marble looked very well. R. Bell’s
trilobites, from Pomeroy, were a surprise to many, being so
well preserved ; and J. MacLean’s blocks of pure white gypsum
were very handsome; whilst Miss S. M. Thompson and W. J.
Fennell had both varied and interesting exhibits of rocks and
fossils.

On the large central table Professor T. Johnson was in charge
of a collection of seaweeds, and showed the best method of
examining them ; also a well-mounted series of Alpine plants.
Professor M‘Weeney, M.D., of Dublin, at the next table
expatiated to a large and attentive crowd on a series of
bacilli. The Doctor succeeded in enlightening his hearers
about this little-understood subject, some of whom were
scarcely satisfied that bacilli were harmless even when bottled,
Professor Cole’s Tardree rhyolites, illustrated by samples from
all the other well-known rhyolites and obsidians, were full of
interest, as were the paintings of sea anemones displayed on
the walls by Professor A. C. Haddon, of Cambridge. Besides
these special exhibits there was a miscellaneous list, including
living rotifers, hydrozoa and polyzoa, rock sections, structure
of animal and vegetable tissue, echznmodermata, and many
more. A small exhibit that aroused wonder among many
was that of Alex. G. Wilson, hon. sec., of models of the Aran
curragh and pack-saddle, and the primitive style of living in
these islands, as exemplified by the raw-hide sandals and the
simple torm of lamps, one being a scallop shell.

Last and by no means least interesting was the table at the
top end of the hall, presided over by four doctors, who were
showing microscopic and other apparatus. Dr. Lorrain Smyth
and Mrs. Smith had a collection of disease germs in bottles,

1893-96. | 291

such as diphtheria and scarlet fever, which seemed rather risky
to the uninitiated, and also a ‘‘ Cambridge’’ rocking microtome,
which was kept busy cutting sections during most of the
evening. Dr. Thompson had a number of tests for colour
vision and optical illusions in colour—one gentleman amongst
those experimented on proved completely colour blind—also an
ingenious method of measuring small spaces of time, and a pulse
recording instrument.

Dr. Cecil Shaw’s microtome came in for a good deal of
attention, partly because it was engaged in the gruesome work
of slicing a human eye.

Professor Symington’s exhibit was an apparatus for drawing
pictures of sections under the microscope, also the structure of
nerve cells, with micro-photographs by J. J. Andrews, L.D.S.

The following members also showed the exhibits here
detailed :—Rev. John Andrew, President of the Micro. Section,
general subjects; Miss Mary K. Andrews, sections of rocks; J. C.
Carson, microscopes and microscopical apparatus; J. H. Davies,
specimens of flax injured by the rat-tailed maggot, larva of
drone-fly (Zvzstaiis), also specimens of the insect; W. D.
Donnan, M.B., living specimens of infusorians and rotifers; W.
B. Drummond, M.B., C.M., microscopic sections illustrating
marine life; W. A. Firth, diatoms; P. F. Gulbransen, pond life;
the Rev. H. W. Lett, A.M., structure of mosses and hepatics,
with specimens ; H. M'‘Cleery, Hydrozoa and Polyzoa; W. S.
M'‘Kee, living illustrations of microscopic forms of fresh-water
organisms ; A. Speers, B.Sc., Lond., structure of vegetable
tissues ; James Stelfox, C.E., living illustrations of microscopic
forms of fresh-water organisms ; William Swanston, F.G.S.,
Echinodermata.

In addition to the microscopical exhibits there were two
series of lantern displays, at 8-30 and 9-30, from photos
taken on the Galway and other excursions. The first of
these was described by W. Gray, and the second by W.
J. Fennell, who pointed out the features of the pictures,
which were excellently shown by Lizars’ lantern. On each

292 [Proc. B.N.F:C::

occasion the side hall was crowded, and the views were frequently
applauded. At ten o’clock a short business meeting was held,
and seventeen new members elected, thus bringing to a close an
enjoyable and instructive evening.

19 Movember.

On Tuesday, 19 November, the operfing meeting of the
Club was held in the Museum, when the President (F. W.
Lockwood, C.E.) delivered his inaugural address. The President
took as his subject ‘‘ The Interdependence of the Various
Branches of the Club’s Work,” and on rising was well received
by those present. The address first touched upon the increasing
prosperity of the Club, as indicated by the activity of the various
sections, and though some of the older members had doubts as
to the wisdom of the recent changes, he himself felt none. The
President then referred to the different nature of the work done
now to what was open to the students of thirty years ago, which
necessitated sometimes a change in method. He then went on
to show the dependence the various branches had upon each
other. To take an instance, that pursuit which has brought
the Club a very considerable reputation, microscopy, and more
especially that branch so successfully pursued by Joseph Wright,
F.G.S., the foraminifera, he (the President) thought it certain
that J. Wright little considered his investigations into the white
chalk powder in the flints would ultimately lead to discoveries
necessitating careful reconsideration of the theories as to the
origin of boulder clay. he resemblance between the valleys
of Wales and Scotland and those of the Alps, and the shell-
bearing beds such as Moel Tryfaen and other indications led
investigators to go further afield, with ultimate results that we
had to imagine a past in which the British isles figured as an
archipelago, with all the mountain tops covered with perpetual
snow and ice, the sea full of drifting bergs, aud an “‘ ice-foot ”
on the mainland similar to that of the Arctic regions. Following
npon this came the Scottish school, headed by Archibald and.

1895-96. ] 293:

James Geikie, who conceded the submergence, but who con-
tended that the most important part of the ice age was a land
period higher than the present with a great ice cap, which rode
over all the smaller channels, and formed a range of ice cliffs
beyond the outer Hebrides. Such an ice cap covers the
Antarctic continent, but the resemblance does not go so far as to
allow us to say that the ice rode over channels, as there seems
to be nothing of this kind at the South Pole. In Greenland the
ice sheet comes down to the water’s edge and sheds off great ice-
bergs, which drift out to open sea; but, as Lieutenant Peary’s
interesting narrative shows, the ice only reaches the sea in the
valleys, and the capes and headlands between stand out black
and bare each summer, enabling him to trace the coastline and
to separate island from mainland. The late Carvill Williams’s
theory of the glacial epoch goes further still, and pictures the
ice sheet coming down from the north, over the Isle of Man, and
carrying up the bed of the Irish Sea to deposit it on Snowdon and,
as a terminal moraine, inthe Midland counties. And here steps
in the microscopist and proposes to settle the whole thing by
the test of the foraminifera. Certainly where these are, the
deposit is marine, and their not being found is only negative
evidence ; but if the universally marine origin of boulder clay be
proved it will revolutionise modern theories upon that subject.
The President then referred to the careful and minute work
required in tracing out the erratic blocks to their parent formation
Broad questions of meteorology are well worth working at in
order to help to solve such problems as why Greenland should
be covered with an ice cap and Siberia quite dry. This seems,
so far as has at present been worked out, to be mainly due to
the one country being mountainous and causing precipitation
of moisture, and to the prevalence of moisture-bearing winds.
Physical geography is therefore a necessity to the proper study
of these phenomena. The President next touched upon the
engrossing subject of botany, and pointed out that, although
such work as that done by Stewart, Corry, and Praeger cannot
be done over again, very valuable results indeed could be

294 [Proc. B.NoFIC.,

obtained from the almost unknown deposits of plant remains
between the lava flows of the upper and lower basalts. Good
work also remains to be done in tabulating these outflows, such
as the rhyolites, pitchstones, &c. Referring to the work done
by the Duke of Argyll, Starkie Gardner, and some of the Club’s
members, the President suggested that the fauna be especially
searched for in those old lake bottoms. The Carboniferous
period should also yield further results from the Tyrone and
Ballycastle coal measures, and from the results of such explora-
tion as this to form perhaps some idea of the ancient coast lines,
and whether or not the main Continental outlines have ever
been much as they are now.

The next point considered was archeology, including
ethnography and the Celtic department, and the President
suggested lines of work on the paleolithic remains and the
ancient races of inhabitants of Ireland ; whether traces cannot
still be found of the almost unknown race of Iberians, as it is
extremely unlikely that they were totally exterminated. Seeing
that the Celt was not obliterated by the Saxon, nor the Saxon
by the Norman in England, may not this race, and possibly
another still more shadowy nation, have left their mark upon
the land? It is even doubtful whether palzolithic men ever
lived in Ireland at all. The President concluded by saying
that he trusted he had said enough to show that there was
plenty of work to do still, and that all branches of the Club
were naturally interdependent.

Joseph Wright, F.G.S, rose in response to the President,
and described his early experiences in searching for foraminifera,
and concluded by criticising some of the arrangements with the
Irish Field Club Union.

William Gray, M.R.I.A., gave a report of the meeting of the
British Association at Ipswich, to which he went as a delegate
from the Club.

1895-96. | 295

19 December.

A meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday evening—the
President (F. W. Lockwood, C.E.) in the chair—when the
evening was devoted to geological subjects.

The President, after some introductory remarks in regard to
the Larne gravels, called upon the first paper, by Miss Nora
Steen, on “ The Craiganogh Cave, County Antrim.”

Miss Steen described the discovery by Colonel Leslie of a cave
in the grounds at Seaport, Bushmills, immediately below the
fort mentioned by the Rev. James O’Laverty in his work on
Down and Connor. Upon the removal of a stalagmite from
the entrance the rest of the cave was found to be filled with
enormous sea-worn stones. When these were removed, sand
and broken bones, cemented by calcareous matter, were found.
Professor R. O. Cunningham identifies the following animals :
—Red deer, ox, sheep or goat, pig or wild boar, dog, wolf, or
fox. Deer antlers have been found in the sandhills about a mile
away, and Miss Steen suggested that the bones may have been
thrown into the sea from the fort above and washed into the
cave.

The next paper, by Robert Bell, was entitled “A Day
Amongst the Silurian Shales of Pomeroy.” The essayist dealt
with the results of a visit in July last. These shales are very
interesting, being the nearest place where those characteristic
palzozoic crustaceans, the trilobites, can be obtained. The rough
fossiliferous grits, with marks resembling seaweeds and worm
tubes, lie south of the granite hill of Bardahessiagh, and termi-
nate abruptly, being unconformably overlain by more recent
sandy beds. The trilobites occur in a section cut by the river
near Dickson’s house and the slate quarry. The paper concluded
with a list of the fossils found, which were on view during the
evening.

Alex. G. Wilson, hon. sec., then gave a lengthened and
carefully-prepared account of the geological investigations of the

296 [Proc. B:N.F.C.,

members during the Galway excursion last July. Each day’s
work was carefully noted, and the results given, showing a
considerable amount of observation and collection of specimens
by the members. The lecturer’s remarks were illustrated by
a series of worked and fossil specimens, and by a set of
beautiful lantern slides thrown on the screen by Lizars. These
views were much appreciated, especially as they afforded an
excellent opportunity for the pointing out of the different
geological features of the district. The photos were taken by
Fennell, Gray, and Welch, to whom the Secretary expressed
himself as much indebted.

The President then called upon Miss S. M. Thompson, hon.
sec. of the geological section, for “Notes on the Geological
Excursions.”

Miss Thompson commenced by drawing the attention of the
audience to two geological works published during the year of
special value and importance to Irish workers. One is the
guide to the collection of fossils and rocks belonging to the
geological survey of Ireland, written by A. M‘Henry, M.R.LA.,
and W. W. Watts, F.G.S., giving an epitome of the Irish rocks
that occur in the four provinces. The other is written by Pro-
fessor Cole, and forms an excellent handbook for all students
of field geology, commencing with a chapter on the materials
of the earth, many illustrations and examples being derived
from our own neighbourhood, one of the chapters containing a
picturesque yet very practical account of the geology of County
Antrim

The account of the excursions made by the geological section
of the Field Club commenced with the month of March, and
ended with the month of October, describing visits to Bally-
holme, where the storm had opportunely destroyed the sea
wall, and exposed the glacial and marine strata to the eyes of
the geologists. The submerged peat in the centre of the bay
gave rise to a description of the constant changes of level,
which the general reader scarcely realises to be still going on,
and is too apt to think of as a thing of the past. Glacial geo-

1895-96. | 297

logy was not forgotten in the boulder clays at Ballyholme, and
at altitudes of 1,000 to 1,400 feet on Divis and the Black
Mountain, at glens near Larne, and in the great deposits ex-
tending so widely about the Carey River, near Ballycastle. It
is an interesting and important fact that these boulder clays
from such high levels should both contain foraminifera. .

The much-debated. point of the geological age of the rhyolites

of Tardee and Sandy Brae caused sundry expeditions to be
made to those somewhat inaccessible localities as well as to
Templepatrick, to which special attention has been recently
directed by A, M‘Henry’s paper in the ‘‘ Geological Magazine,”
in which he shows good reason to conclude that the rhyolite
had intruded between the upper and lower basalt periods.
Professor Cole has been working amongst these lavas for a con-
siderable time, and an instalment of the results has already
been given. A careful and exhaustive analysis of the rhyolite
worked out by A. Percy Hoskins, F.I.C., F.C.S., was also read
(see page 310).
_ Paleontology was not neglected, the members having visited
the ordovician strata of Donaghadee in search for graptolities ;
Woodburn and the Gobbins for cretaceous fossils ; and Barney’s
point, at Islandmagee, for lower lias. The fossils and rocks
collected on these excursions were shown, together with micros-
copic rock sections, photographs, pamphlets, and maps illus-
trative of the excursions. An allusion to the week spent in our
district by the London Geologists’ Association during the sum-
mer recalled this very successful joint day’s excursion with the
‘club to the Mourne Mountains. Some allusion to the club
excursions, which were of geological interest, was followed by
the description of an excursion to the very remarkable series of
intrusive dykes on the coast of County Down, ending with a
hasty visit to the quarries of splendid hornblende-granite near
Castlewellan.

Lantern slides from photographs taken by Miss M. K. Andrews,
and by W. J. Fennell, W. Gray, R. Welch, and J. St. J. Phillips
illustrated the remarks,

298 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

‘ This brought to aclose a very interesting evening, ample
time being afforded to the members for examining the different
books and exhibits displayed upon the table

21 Fanuary, 1896.

A meeting of the Club was held on Tuesday evening, 21
January, in the Museum, when there was a good attendance.
The President, F. W. Lockwood, C.E., briefly introduced the
lecturer, George H. Carpenter, B.Sc., ex-president of the Dublin
Naturalists’ Field Club, who came to Belfast under the auspices
of the Irish Field Club Union. The lecture was entitled “ Our
Plants and Animals: Old Inhabitants and New Arrivals.”

The Lecturer dealt with some of the facts presented by the
distribution of Irish plants and animals. After stating the
pleasure it gave him to address the Belfast Club under the
auspices of the Irish Field Club Union, he referred to the
conference in Galway last July, and suggested that the
assemblage of naturalists of different racial types on that
occasion was parrallel to the remarkable mixture of distributional
types to be found in Ireland. The lecture was illustrated by
photographic lantern slides of animals and plants, maps of
their distribution, and views of the places where they had been
found. The lecure was frequently applauded, and the lantern
slides illustrating it were shown by Lizars.

The President, in a few well-chosen words, spoke of the
entertaining manner in which G. H. Carpenter had brought his
interesting subject before the members, also the great benefit
the different field clubs in Ireland derived from this interchange
of lectures, the North with the South and wice versa

William Gray and Professor Symington also complimented
the lecturer on his instructive discourse.

1895-96. | 299

29 Fanuary, 1896.

A special meeting was held on the 29 January, when a
lecture was delivered by William Gray, M.R.I.A., entitled ‘A
Holiday Trip from Belfast to Galway by Sea and Land.” This
lecture was most exhaustive in its interesting details of the
Galway Conference, elsewhere described in the account of the
Galway excursion, and in the August number of the Jrish
Naturalist. The room was filled to overflowing, and the
audience appreciative. The lecture was illustrated by a great
number of lantern slides.

18 February, 1896.

On the 18 February, W. H. Patterson, M.R.LA., read a
paper to the club on “ Gaelic Charms, Incantations, and Cures.”
The President, F. W. Lockwood, C.E., wasin the chair. W.H.
Patterson began his lecture by quoting some lines of the famous
lorica or breastplate of S. Patrick, and showed how similar it
is to prayers used by the Gaelic-speaking population of the
Hebrides at the present day. A number of formulz were also
given for witchcraft, such as detecting it, learning it, and so
forth ; and the most gruesome of all charms—the ‘ spancel ”’—
described. This consists in taking a strip of skin from a corpse
to tie on the person whose affections are desired ; this was in
use so recently as 1841. Another curious form of witchcraft
was causing some animal to take up its dwelling inside a man,
thus causing him to be ravenously hungry. Many remarkable
legends are told of cures performed by S. Columba, such as an
issue of blood being stopped, and the series of cures effected by
the blessed pebble. Stones are often invested with powers of
healing, numerous instances being given, the most remarkable
being S. Molingue’s globe. Another strange method of curing
swellings was the apportioning of parts of the tumor to various
hills, when the lump gradually decreased. W. H. Patterson

300 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

went on to give a considerable number of charms and spells for
affections of the body, such as erysipelas, strains, and toothache,
many of them being very laughable—for instance, to cure a
styezin the eye, rub it with the tail of a black cat. Spiders
were also most valuable as medicine. The lecture was attentively
listenedito by a good audience.

17 March, 1896.

A meeting was held on the evening of S. Patrick's day, when
Professor Grenville A. J. Cole, M.R.ILA., F.G.S., President of
the Dublin Field Club, read a short paper, entitled “ A General
Account of the Rhyolites of Co. Antrim, with lantern
illustrations of other Rhyolitic areas in the British Isles” ; after
which the evening was devoted to a display of Microscopical
objects.

The following is a list of the exhibits and exhibitors :—Rev.
John Andrew, rock sections; F. De V. Kane, A.M., pterocotyle
palmata and pedicillariae W. dorocideris papillite ; J. J. Andrew,
L,D.S., micro-photographs ; Miss M. K. Andrews, rock-forming
minerals; Miss S. M. Thompson and Mrs. Blair, rock sections ;
J. O. Campbell, B.E., leucitic lava and other igneous rocks ;
W. B. Drummond, M.B., microscopic forms of marine life; W.
D. Donnan, M.B., (1) fresh water algae, (2) free-swimming
rotifers; P. F. Gulbransen, (1) living animalculae, (2) various
forms of pollen; W. A. Firth and Lakes Roscorla, diatoms ;
James Murdoch, plant structures; William Gray, M.R.IA.,
and A. M'‘J. Cleland, miscellaneous; James Stelfox and W. S.
McKee, living rotifers ; J. Lorrain Smith, M.D., pathogenic
organisms; Cecil Shaw, M.D., and H M’'Cleery, pond life ;
Joseph Wright, F.G.S., pelagic foraminifera. There wasa large
attendance, and much interest taken in the exhibits.

1895-96. | 301

ANNUAL MEETING.

The thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Club was held in
the Museum on the 21 April—the President in the chair.

The Secretary read the Report of the year’s work (see page 263).

The Treasurer read the statement of acccounts:(see page 267).

These two items were passed unanimously.

On the motion of Wm. Gray, seconded by S. A. Stewart,
Rules 6 and 11 were added to the Rules of the Club, and
slight alterations were made to Rules 5 and 8.

The Election of Office-bearers was then proceeded with.

On the motion of F. W. Lockwood, seconded by Jos. Wright,
Lavens M. Ewart, J.P., M.R.I A., was elected President. On the
motion of Francis Joseph Bigger, seconded by Wm. Gray, the
Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.p., was elected Vice-President. On the
motion of W. H. Patterson, the Honorary Secretaries were re-
elected. The Treasurer and Librarian were re-elected, on the
motion of Alec. G. Wilson, seconded by R. J. Welch. The
following Members of Committee were then proposed by the
Key. John Andrew, seconded by J. C. C. Payne, s.p., W. J.
Fennell, William Gray, John Hamilton, F. W. Lockwood,
J. St. J. Phillips, S. A. Stewart, Miss S. M. Thompson, John
Vinycomb, Robert J. Welch, Joseph Wright.

The Reports of the Microscopical Section (see page 301), the
Geological Section (see page 302), aiid the Botanical Section
(see page 310) were then presented.

REPORT OF MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.

The Committee of the Miscroscopical Section of the Field
Club beg to report that now at the close of another’Session, this
Section continues to exist in a fairly prosperous condition.

Owing to the inherent difficulties connected with the carrying
on of Microscopical field work, it was:decided not to attempt
any Excursions last Summer, but it is hoped that some progress

302 [Proc. B.N.E.C.,

will be made in this important branch during the ensuing
season.

At the Annual Social Meeting of the Club, the members of
this Section, with the aid of a number of their Dublin brethren,
contributed largely to the success of the evening by a re-
presentative display of both microscopical work and apparatus.

During the Winter Session two Sectional Meetings have been
held.

On the 13 of December, Dr. Lorrain Smith delivered a most
interesting address on the Study of Bacteriology, illustrated by
a number of excellent micro-photographs projected on the
lantern screen. —

At the Second Meeting on the 5 of March, the Rev. John
Andrew, President of the Section, gave a short but very
practical paper on the Preparation of Rock Sections, beginning
with the rough material and ending with the finished slide.

Dr. Drummond contributed another short paper entitled
Hints on collecting Marine Zoological Specimens, in which he
most lucidly and graphically explained the methods of collecting
and preserving the microscopic fauna of the ocean.

A number of beautiful Rock Sections belonging to Charles
Elcock were exhibited by P. F. Gulbransen and E. Blair, and
James Stelfox and W. S. M‘Kee showed the entrancing Rotifer
Melicerta in all its glory.

Your Committee would urge, especially on the younger
members, the necessity of taking up some one branch of micro-
scopical science, and of working at it in a systematic and
determined manner, so that the Section may show actual results
by adding to the lists of the fauna and flora of our country.

W. D. DONNAN.

REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

It 1s impossible to commence the report of last year’s work -
without adverting to the benefit derived from the new rooms

1895-96. ] 303

in the rere of the Museum, recently acquired by the Club.
This acquisition has enabled the Section to hold evening
meetings once a month, which have proved useful and in-
teresting ever since their commencement last June. The
lower room contains a large set of drawers kindly placed at the
disposal of the Club by the Natural History and Philosophical
Society, in which the collection of Irish rocks and erratics
accumulated during the three years of the Section’s existence
are now placed. The collection still increases, giving in-
teresting proof of the marvellous variety, especially of igneous
rocks that are found in the North of Ireland. Some welcome
specimens from more distant Irish localities have also been
received. Among the specimens given by William Swanston
last year are two specimens of biotite rhyolite of great interest,
indicating an eastern locality for this lava not known before,
having been found by him near Orlock Point some years ago
as a dyke in the Ordovician rocks. Wm. Swanston promises
further to investigate the subject of his valuable discovery. A
recent visit in search of this dyke by Robert Bell and the
Secretary failed to find it, but two other dykes were noticed,
one being the common “‘ mica trap”’ of older writers, the other
of a mica-aphanite which Prof. Cole described as closely re-
sembling a rock intrusive amongst the ancient rocks at Assynt
in Sutherlandshire. The Section feels much indebted to Miss
M. K. Andrews and R. Bell for valuable assistance rendered
in trimming, mounting, and labelling these collections con-
tributed by the various Members of the Section. R. Bell has
also contributed the first rock section for the microscope as yet
received. The Rev. John Andrew has presented his valuable
set of prize slides illustrating geological subjects.

GLACIAL GEOLOGY.

In the report of the Erratic Blocks Committee of the British
Association (1895), the glacial work done by the Club receives
favourable mention as regards results, and as being the first

204 [ Proc. B.wN FAC...

report furnished from Ireland. During the last twelve months
some interesting facts have occurred. Foremost comes R. Bell’s
discovery of mammalian remains, consisting of a portion of a
skull with one horn attached, and a dorsal vertebra with neural
spine. The remains were shown to Professor A. C. Haddon
who pronounced them to be ox bones, and recommended
submitting them to E. T. Newton, F.r.s., Jermyn Street
Museum. E. T. Newton reports that the skull has a longer
horn-case and is broader across the forehead than any Bos
Jongifrons he is aware of, but would do for a modern variety of
Bos taurus, that it might possibly be a small form of Sos
primigentus, but it would be very unsafe to refer it to that fossil
genus. There is no indication of any disturbance of the section,
and the horn only protruded an inch and a half from the solid
face of the clay, seven feet below the surface (the section
varying from 15 to 20 feet, resting on Trias.) S. A. Stewart
and the Secretary subsequently visited the brickfield, and a bag
of clay was obtained from the point where the bone occurred,
and has not yielded any marine organisms. These boulder
clays extend for miles along the Lagan valley, yet, considering
the surprising way in which extraneous objects may be intro-
duced into apparently undisturbed deposits, further discoveries
would be desirable to establish the existence in boulder clay of
mammalian remains.

A fine Zima gigantea, well polished and scored, was found on
the Bog meadows, and a well glaciated piece of Carboniferous
coral was picked up in a brickfield at Oldpark Road, Belfast,
200 feet above sea.

ERRATICS.

The origin of boulder clay still continues to be the battle-
ground of glacialists. Professor Bonney has pointed out that
its inclusion of marine organisms is not conclusive, as the
alternative theories of submergence or of glaciers passing over
the sea-bottom, including it and carrying it to higher levels,

F1895-96.]} 305

both postulate the ogcurrence of marine fossils. Modern glacial
geology devotes itself steadily to the distribution of the erratics
contained in the clays. Alec. G. Wilson has further extended
the range of erratics of riebeckite eurite so familiar to the Club
as “ Ailsa Craig rock,’ as far westward as Kenbane Head and
White Park Bay, as well as in the gravels of Ballylesson, and
by J. O. Campbell, to the flanks of the Spinkwee Mountains.
Amongst 71 unknown erratics submitted to A. M‘Henry,
M.R.I.A., Geological Survey, Ireland, for identification, 16 were
Scotch, whilst 31 others were noted as being either Scotch or
Irish. Analysing the list more fully gives 3 diorites, 2 felsites,
and 5 other rocks from the Clyde area ; 2 grits from Cantyre,
a breccia from Cantyre or Arran, the Girvan area con-
tributing two Silurian rocks (one containing a Zrz/odite and
other fossils), and a pegmatite vein rock. 6 of these Scotch
erratics were found at Ballyholme Bay, one at Neill’s Hill, one
on the shore at Donaghadee, another occurs as a large boulder
on the Down coast, north of Glasdrumman Port. In County
Antrim, one was found on the shore of Islandmagee, 4 in a brick-
field on the Limestone Road, Belfast, and one in those at
Woodvale and Oldpark. Such interesting results show what
can be done by the section literally at their doors, Robert Bell
having specially studied the brickfields of Belfast. The Section
will note that these were unfamiliar rocks, numerous recorcs
having been made of other well-known Irish rocks. These
records are, as usual, tabulated in the schedule prepared for the
purpose by the Section and preserved for future reference.

A list of the larger erratic boulders is given below :—

XIIL—BANGOR AND BALLYHOLME.
(Continued from last year’s report.)

Boulder clay at sea level. 100 boulders gave 45 erratics,
several from Scotland, some Irish or Scotch, some from Down
and Antrim.

306 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

XIII.—DIVIS MOUNTAINg

Boulder clay on upper reach of Crow Glen river, very hard,
packed with angular fragments. 100 boulders gave 52 chalk,
38 basalt, and 1o flints. 2 gatherings contained (when
examined by J. Wright, F.G.S., yielded 2 fry of mollusca
Buccinum undatum and Littorina littorea (?) ) the foraminifer
Nonionina depressula, and 6 ostracoda too young for identi-
fication. - 1300 to 1400 feet O, Di*

XIV.=—-BALLYVOY, NEAR BALLYCASTLE.

The localities visited were a bank of boulder clay on the
stream at Calhame, and the high banks of Ballypatrick Glen.
Considerable interest attaches to these deposits, as they contain
rocks from points several miles to the south, the Tornamoney
eurite being not uncommon, and specimens from Cushleake
and Cushendun also occurred, mingled with the Ailsa type or
riebeckite eurite, and other rocks from Antrim or possibly
Cantyre.

XV.—BELFAST BRICKFIELDS.
(Average level above sea 200 feet.)

In addition to the usual rocks that occur iu our boulder clays
the following lists are of interest :—

A. Limestone road sections. 5 from Girvan and Clyde area,
others doubtfully Scotch or Irish, Lower Lias, etc.

B. Old Park sections. Riebeckite eurite (Ailsa type). Eurite
and dykes of Mourne district, rocks from Cushendall and
Cushendun.

C. Springfield sections. Rocks from Metamorphic area of
N. Antrim, Tornamoney and Cushendun, Riebeckite eurite
(Ailsa type). Cultra and Mourne district.

D. Woodvale sections. Rock from Clyde area. Micraster
and belemnite.

E. Ardoyne sections. Cushendun, Cushleake, N. Antrim or
Pomeroy rocks, Lower Lias, etc.

F. Annadale sections. Six rocks that may be from N.

* B.N.F.C. Proceedings, 1894-95, page 219.

1895-96.] 307

Antrim or the Clyde, also Cushendall and Cushendun rocks,
Riebeckite eurite (Ailsa type) and rocks from Cultra.

XVI.—GLENOE, NEAR LARNE.

Boulder clays overlying chalk in quatry. Lowest layer blue,
with many fragments of Lower Lias Shales. Upper layers red
and partially stratified. Lias beds occur (see geol. map) on
these heights (300 ft. O. D.) as well as at sea level in Larne
Lough.

LARGE ERRATIC BOULDERS.

(These numbers follow consecutively those of previous years.)

13. Chalk, 4 ft. 8 ins. x 3 ft. x 6 ins., from boulder clay over-
lying Trias near Forth River, Belfast. Rounded, smoothed,
and scored. Weight 8 cwt.

14. Basalt, 7 ft. x 6 ft.6 ins.x 4 ft. In field near Temple-
patrick station. Rounded. Weight 134 tons.

15. Olivine dolerite, 3 ft. x 3 ft.x 8 ins. Boulder clay over
Trias. Woodvale, Belfast. Sub. ang. Weight 3 ton.

16. Olivine dolerite, 4 ft. x 3 ft.x 2 ft. On Trias at Anna-
dale, Belfast, Rounded. Weight 2 tons.

me Basalt, To it. x-7 ft. 9 ins. x 6 ft. 3 ins. On. Trias on
eastern shore of Islandmagee. Sub. ang. Weight 39 tons.

18. Riebeckite Eurite (Ailsa Craig tpye), 1 ft. 4ins. x 12 ins.
x 10 ins. (Same locality as No. 17.) Weight 2 cwt.

19. Basalt, 4 ft.6in.x4 ft.x 3 ft. In Ballypatrick Glen,
near Ballycastle. Weight 44 tons.

20. Basalt, 9 ft. x 6 ft. x 4 ft. Same locality. Weight 18

tons.
BOULDER CLAYS.

(Examined for microzoa by Miss Smythe.)*

CAVE HILL.—From hollow behind M‘Art’s Fort. Specimen
obtained in 1894 gave severa] species of foraminifera and
ostracoda. Specimen of 1895 less richly fossiliferous. O. D.
1100 feet.

*Miss Smythe has prepared slides from these high level clays and from
Bradshaw’s Brae Clay.

308 [Proc. B.N.F.C,,

KNOCKBRECKAN.—No organisms found.

BRADSHAW’S BRAE.— Contains what appears to be cases of
larve.

Upper part of Collin Stream on BLACK MoUNTAIN.—No
organisms found.

LARNE HARBOUR.—Contains broken shells and foraminifera.

BALLYHOLME BAY.—Contains broken shells and foraminifera.

EXCURSIONS AND MEETINGS.

A short account of the Geological Excursions of the past
season was given by the Secretary at the Club Meeting in
December, which was devoted to Geological Papers. As these
excursions, and the evening meetings of the section have been
fully reported in the “Irish Naturalist” and our local Papers,
it is unnecessary to give more than a list of localities and dates.
The weather this year was so favourable that all excursions were
carried out, whereas in the previous year, eight were prevented
by heavy rain. The Meeting of the Irish Field Club Union at
Galway introduced the Section to the oldest Granite area in
Ireland, and was closely followed by the visit of the London
Geologists’ Association to our district, when many of our
members took part in the week’s excursions. It is to be hoped
that on a future occasion this friendly intercourse may be
renewed.

LIST OF EXCURSIONS.

23 March—Bangor and Ballyholme.
6 April—Divis (Glacial).

16 ,, —Tardree and Sandy Braes.
4 May— Donaghadee.

11 ,, —Ballyholme (Glacial).

25 » — Woodburn.

8 June—Ballycastle (Glacial).

22 ., —Barney’s Point.

31 Aug.—Dykes on Mourne Coast and Castlewellan Granite Quarry.
26 Oct.—Templepatrick Quarry.

1895-96. | 309
PAPERS.

The following Papers were read to the Section during the
Winter :—

Dec. 11—Some Notes on the Tarns of the Mourne Mountains—F. W. Lockwood,

C.E.
_ A day among the Silurian Shales of Pomeroy—Robert Bell.

Jan. 8—Notes on a recent visit to Dungiven, and on the porphyritic rhyolite of
Hillsborough—Alex. G. Wilson.

Jan 25—The Glacial series at Belfast and Dublin—a contrast—R. Lloyd Praeger,
M.R.LA

Feb, —The Polarization of Light and its application to Micro-petrography—J. O.
Campbell, B.E.

April 1—Report of Geol. Section for 1895—6—The Secretary.

The Altels Avalanche—11 Sept., 1895—-Miss M. K. Andrews.

PROFESSOR COLE’S CLASSES.

For the third time the Section has benefitted by the instruc-
tions of Professor G. A. J. Cole, who devoted a week to the Club,
conducting in the day a series of field excursions, whilst a
Petrographic Class of 12 students met each evening for the study
of rock sections and rock-forming minerals under the microscope.
Fine weather favoured the course, and the list of places visited
is appended. The evening class resembled a “ special course”
at the Royal College of Science, and was a valuable opportunity
for the Section, which it is hoped may be continued next year.

The following is the list of his field excursions :—
18 March—Cave Hill and Squire’s Hill.

19 ,, —Stewartstown.

20 ,, —Dundonald and Scrabo.

21 ,, —Sandy Braes and Tardree.

22 ,, —Islandmagee.and the Gobbins.

24 ,, —Coast near Newcastle and Thomas Mountain.

The thanks of the Section are due to Professor Cole for 6
reprints of papers on Irish Geology and for the microscopic
examination of rock specimens, more especially those suspected
of containing riebeckite; to A. M‘Henry, m.r.1a., for the
determination of a large number of erratics and for a copy of

210 Proc. B.N.F.C.,

the “ Guide to tke collection of rocks,” etc., written by him in
conjunction with W. W. Watts, F.G.s.; to — Herries, F.G.s., for
report of Geological Association Excursion to Ireland ; R. M.
Young, M.R.1.A., for 2 diagrams of sections at Ballyholme
Bay (now hidden by sea-wall); to P. F. Kendall, F.c.s., for
report of Erratic Blocks Committee (British Association), 1895;
also to W. W. Watts, F.G.s.. Jermyn Street Museum, for
obtaining specimens of the Riebeckite Eurite, found at Skye
and Ailsa Craig, from the Geological Survey Collection. Slides
are in preparation from these specimens. Also to Miss Smythe,
of Carnmoney, for examination of boulder clays for microzoa,
J. Wright, F.G.s., being unable to continue these examinations
owing to pressure of other scientific work.

The following analysis of the Cloughwater Rhyolite has been
kindly made by A. Percy Hoskins :—

Ser a7 5-97 MOO

Fe,O; em caeeye
AlOs tine oealieeee } wee
CaO shi ob AS
MgO ares 9 One
Na,O nether a eeOO
K,O Seng giQEOO
H,O eee in OGY
102°51

S. M. THOMPSON.

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION.

This Section was formed with the object of trying to maintain
the interest awakened in Botany by the interesting course of
lectures of Professor Johnson during the Spring of 1895.

It was hoped that it might be the means of drawing together
those who were interested in the subject, and especially of
helping on the younger members to devote themselves to this
attractive science. At the Monthly Meetings held during the

1895-96. | 311

past session opportunities were afforded not only for the reading
of papers and notes, and discussion of difficulties, but also for
the naming of specimens brought in by the members. These
objects have been to a large extent accomplished, and the
attendance at the Meetings and interest awakened has been
‘encouraging.

Five Meetings have been held in the Club Rooms during the
Winter with an average attendance of about thirteen.

A portion of each evening was devoted to studying the
minute structure of plants, but it was found difficult to make
this as profitable as it might have been, so few of those present
having microscopes.

The rest of the time was taken up with systematic botany,
and papers were contributed on the following subjects—Ferns,
Duckweeds, Casuals.

It is hoped that the Members of the Section may be en-
couraged to do much practical work at Club Excursions and
elsewhere during the coming season, and especially to compete
for some of the Club prizes. Mere collecting is in itself of no
great benefit, but it has often been found that the trouble taken
and interest awakened in forming a classified collection of some
group of plants has resulted in a permanent and ever increasing
interest in the study.

C. H. WADDELL.

312 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Waturalists’ Fielo Glu.

iG
That the Society be called ‘‘ Tur Betrast Naturauists’ Fizip Cxvs.”’

II.
That the object of the Society be the practical sed of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

IIT.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Corresponding, and Honorary
Members. The Ordinary Members to pay annually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and that candidates for such Membership shall first pay an entrance
free of 5/-, and be proposed and seconded at any Meeting of the Club, by
Members present, and elected by a majority of the votes of the Members present.

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons of
eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to the
Club; and whose usual residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast.
That such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved of by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present. That Corres-
ponding Members be expected to communicate a Paper once within every two
years.

vy:

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected, and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and two Secretaries, and ten Members,
who form a Committee, and shall hold not less than eight Meetings in the year.
Five Members to form a quorum. No Member of Committee to be eligible for
re-election who has not attended at least one-fourth of the Committee Meetings
during his year of office. That the office of President, or that of Vice-President,
shall not be held by the same person for more than two years in succession.

1893-96. ] 313

VEL

The Committee may from year to year appoint a Sectional Committee as
may be considered desirable to further original investigations in any one or more
departments of the Club’s work. Each Sectional Committee to be composed of
six Members of the Club, not less than two being members of the Club’s Com-.
mittee. No financial responsibility to be incurred by the Sub-Committee or any
- officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee. Any
Sub-Sectional Committee may elect its own Chairman and Secretary from its
members.

VII.

That the Members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings
during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural
History and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Seeretaries.

WHEE.

That Meetings be held Fortnightly or Monthly, at the discretion of the
Committee, for the purpose of reading papers; such papers, as far as possible,
to be original and to treat of the Natural History and Archeology of the district,
These Meetings to be held during the months from November to April inclusive.

IX.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archzological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

DS

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alteration in the general laws, of which
a fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members
due notice of such intended alteration.

XI,

Members of other Irish Field Clubs residing temporarily or permanently in
or near Belfast may be enrolled members of the Club without election or entrance
fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and without
subscription for the current year on production of a receipt showing that such

314 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such
receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of members so admitted to the Club to be published
with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

XII.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XIII.

That’ the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its members by such other societies.

1895-96 | 315
NOTICE.

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

—_—_———————>

Bath—Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., No. 2.
Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1834-85.
~ Ulster Journal of Archzology.
Vol. II., Parts 1, 2, and 3.
Berwickshire—Naturalists’ Club, Vol. XV., No. 1.
List of Members, 1895, &c.
Brighton and Sussex Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Abstract of Papers and Library Catalogue.
Cardiff—Naturalists’ Society.
Report and Transactions, Vol. XXVII., Part 1.

Costa Rico—Instituto Fisics-Geografico Nacional.
Anales Tomo Y., 1892.

Museo Nacional de Costa Rico, Informe presentado
al senor Secretario de Estado en el despachs de
Fomento.

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, 3rd Series, Vol. III., No. 2—4.
Transactions, Vol. XXX., Parts 11, 12, 15, 16, 17.
. Royal Society of Antiquaries ot Ireland.
Journal, Vol. V., Parts 2, 3, 4.
Dumfries and Galloway—Natural History and Antiquarian
Society.
Journal and Proceedings, 1894—95.
Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Transactions, Vol. VII., Part IT,

316 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

Frankfort—Helios.
Jahrgang 13, Nos. 1 to 6.
“ Societatum Litterae.
Jahrgang IX., Nos. 4 to 9.
5 Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft
_ Bericht, 1895.
Glasgow—Natural History Society.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part 1.
cs Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XXVI.
Halifax, N.S.—Nova Scotian Institute of Science.
Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. VIII.
Hamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, No. XI.
Hertfordshire—Natural History Society.
Transactions, Vol. VIII., Parts 6 and 7.
Liverpool Geological Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., Parts 1 and 3.
London—Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XIV., Parts 3 to 7; list of Members.
British Association for the Advancement of Science
Report, 1899.
$5 Reliquary and Illustrated Archzologist.
Vol. I., Nos. 8—4; Vol. II., Nos. 1—2.

Manchester—Field Naturalists’ and Archzologists’ Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1894.

’)

. Microscopical Society.
Transactions, &c., 1894.
Marlborough—College Natural History Society.
Reports, Nos. 43 and 44.

Mexico—XI Congreso de Americanistas.
Programa, 1895.

Oldham—Microscopical Society.
Reports, 1893, ’94, 795.
Catalogue of Books.
North Devon Mosses,

1895-96. 317

St. John’s, N.B.—Natural History Society.
Bulletin, No. XIII.

Rochdale—Literary and Scientific Society.
Transactions, Vols. II., III., and IV.
Annual Report, 1895. :

- Stavanger—Museum.
Aarsberetning for 1894.

Sheffield—Naturalists’ Club.
Annual Report, 1894.

Wiltshire—Archzological and Natural History Magazine.
Vol. XXVII., Nos. 83 and 84.
Wiltshire—Inquisitions post Mortem, Charles I., Part III.

U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.

Proceedings, Vol. XXVI., Part VI.

The North American Brink, by Outram Bangs.
California—Academy of Sciences.

Proceedings, Vol. IV., Parts 1—2; Vol. V., Parts 1—2.

4 Chapel Hill, N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, Vol. XI., Part 2; Vol. XII., Part I.

i Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
Bulletin, Vol. II., No. 2.
Annual Report, 1895.

Colorado—College Scientific Society.
Fifth Annual Publication.
Massachusetts Tuft’s College.
College Studies, No. IV.

Milwaukee Public Museum.
Annual Report, 1895.

New York—American Museum of Natural History.
Bulletin, Vol. VI, and VII.
Annual Report, 1894.

Philadelphia—Academy of Sciences.

Proceedings, 1894, Part 3; 1895, Parts 1, 2, 3.
:. Portland—Society of Natural History.
Proceedings, Vol. II., Part 3.

+ Rochester—Academy of Science.
Proceedings, Vol. II., brochure 3, 4.

318 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

U.S.A.—Salem—American Association for the Advancement

of Science.
Proceedings, 1894.

St. Louis—Academy of Science.
Transactions, Vol. VI., No. 18; Vol. VII., No. 1, 2, 3.

Staten Islanc—Natural Science Association.

Proceedings, Vol. IV., Nos. 17—20; Vol. V., No. 1—7.
Staten Island Names.

Washington—Smithsonian Institution.
Report, 1893.

a United States Geological Survey.
Annual Report, 1892—93, Parts I., II.

Frrom the Author.

The History of Mount Mica, Maine, U.S.A., by Augustus

Choate Hamlin, Maine, 1895.

1895-96. | 319

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

ee
THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR, 1896-97.

+ -$<+-__

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

— a)

President:
LAVENS M. EWART, m.r.1.A.

Wice- President :
THe REV. C. H. WADDELL, B.p.

@reasurer: dibrarian:
W. H. PHILLIPS, WILLIAM SWANSTON, r.e.s.,
8 CHICHESTER STREET. QUEEN STREET,
Gommiftee :

W. J. FENNELL. S. A. STEWART, r.3.s.z.
WILLIAM GRAY, m.r.1.a. Miss 8. M. THOMPSON.
JOHN HAMILTON. JOHN VINYCOMB, m.r1.a.

F. W. LOCKWOOD. ROBERT WELCH.

J. St. J. PHILLIPS. JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.a.s.

How. Secretaries :

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, m.r.1a., ¥.R.s.4., Rea’s Burnprinas.
ALEC. G. WILSON, Srranmituis, BELrast.

320

[ Proc.B.N.F.C.,

SHMembers,

Any Changes in the Addresses of Members should be at once notified to the
Secretaries by Post Card. .

Adams, John J., M.D., Ashville,
Antrim.

Alderdice, David, Craigfernie Ter-
race, Lisburn Road.

Allen, Joseph, Solicitor, Lisburn.

Allibon, George, 30 Donegall Place.

Allingham, Hugh, M.R.1.4., Bally-
shannon.

Allworthy, Edward, Mosaphir.

Anderson, John, J.P., East Hill-
brook, Holywood.

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place.

Anderson, John M., Marlborough
Park.

Anderson, James F., 39 Fitzwilliam
Street.

Andrew, J. J., L.D.S., 2 Belgravia.

Andrew, Rev. John, 25 Rugby Rd.

Andrews, Miss M. K., 12 College

Gardens.
Andrews, Miss, College Gardens.

Bain, John, Royal Avenue.

Barkley, Jas. M., Queen’s Square.

Barbour, John H., 1 Hamilton
Villas, Ballyholme, Bangor.

Barr, James, Beechleigh, Windsor
Park.

Barr, John, Glasgow Steam Boat
Office, Queen’s Square.

Batt, William, Sorrento, Windsor.

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portglenone,
Co. Autrim.

Beck, Miss Kurena,Old Lodge Road.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare.

Bell, Robert, Charleville Street.

Bell, Leonard, Braemar Terrace,
Balmoral.

Bell, Miss Alice J., Braemar Terrace,
Balmoral.

Berry, Lieut. R. J. J., The Barracks
Dundalk.

Best, James, Clarence Place.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, Ardrie.

Bingham, Edward, 30 Ponsonby Av.

Blackwood, W. D., University Sq.

Blair, E., Elgin Terrace, Limestone
Road,

Bland, Major General, Woodbank,
Whiteabbey.

Boyd, Miss Chayo, Adelaide Park.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, M.D., 27 Great
Victoria Street.

Boyd, Miss,Cultra House, Holywood

Boyd, Miss Ethel, 43 Victoria Place.

Boyd, Wm., 43 Gt. Victoria Street.

Braddell, Edward, St. Ives, Malone
Road.

Brandon, Hugh B., 3 Donegall St.

Breakey, Rev. J. P. R., M.A., The
Rectory, Armoy.

Brennan, Rev. S. A., B.A., Knock-
nacarry.

Brett, Chas H., Gretton Villa South.

Bristow, Rev. Canon, St. James’
Parsonage.

Brown, John, Shaw’s Bridge.

Brown, Thomas, 102 Donegall St.

Brown, Wm., 18 Chichester Street.

Browne, W. J., M.A., 5 Crawford’s
Square, Derry.

Brownlie, R., 75 Victoria Street.

Bruce, Miss E., ‘‘ The Farm.’’

Bulla, Charles, Wellington Park
Terrace.

Burnett, Jno. R., Rostellan, Malone
Road.

Campbell, J, O., B.E., Ravenhill
Road.

Campbell, Thos. James, Rathmore,
Co. Antrim.

Carson, J. C., 73 Victoria Street.

Carson, John, Walmer Terrace, Holy-
wood.

Carson, Robert, Reform Club, City.

Carrothers, Michael, 4 Stranmillis
Park.

Carruthers, Miss, 9 Claremont St.

Carter, W., Chichester Park.

Carter, W. Charles, 30 Donegall
Place.

Christie, Rev. W. J., 18 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Cleaver, Jno. M., Dunraven, Malone
Road.

Clements, W. T., 1 Agincourt Ter.,
Rugby Road.

Cleland, Jas, A., Wellington Park.

Cleland, W. W., 4 Wellington Park.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 41 Thorndale
Avenue.

1895-96.]

Cleland, Alex. M‘J., 41 Thorndale
Avenue.

Coates, S. B., M.D., Shafesbury
Square.

Coates, John. D., 41 Chichester St.

Cochrane, Robert, F.S.A., 17 High-
field Road, Dublin.

Coghlan, James, 132 Fiyzroy Avenue

’ Colbeck, James, Shaw’s Bridge.

Coleman, J., H.M. Customs, South-
ampton.
Cooper, Rev. E, A., B.D.,. Carrow-
dore Rectory, Donaghadee.
Corley, Miss E.,52 Elmwood Avenue
Corley, Miss Kate A., 52 Elmwood
Avenue.

Corry, W. F. C. S., Chatsworth,
Malone Road.

Cosgrove, Henry, 85 Rugby Road.

Costigan, Ym., Gt. Victoria Street.

Coulson, Gerald, 4 College Street
South.

Coulson, Miss, re -

Crymble, George H., Gordon House,
Annadale.

Culbert, Robert, Distillery Street.

Cunningham, Chas. M., 18 College
Square East.

Cunningham, Samuel, Glencairn.

Curley, Francis, High Street.

Curley, Mrs , Dunedin Terrace,

Coulter, Mrs., 21 University Square.

Cowan, P. C., O.E., 9 College
Gardens.

Crail, Irvine, 14 Botanic Avenue.

Crane, Thomas, 3 West Elmwood,
Lisburn Road.

Crawford, F. W., 20 Mill Street.

Creeth, James, Victoria Street.

Dalton, John P., 4 Roseberry Villas,
Chichester Park.

Darbishire, R. D., Victoria Park,
Manchester.

Damant, Mrs., Lammas,
Isle of Wight.

Dayis, Henry, Holywood.

Davis, Rev. F. W., The Rectory,
Loughguile, Co. Antrim.

Davies, John Henry, Glermore
Cottage, Lisburn.

Davison, Robt, Palmerston, Syden-
ham,

D’Evelyn, Alox, M., M.D., Bally-
mena,

Cowes,

321

Dickson, Jno. M., Hillbrook, Holy-
wood.

Dickson, Wm. W., 52 Pakenham
Place.
Dixon, W. H., Dunowen.
Donaldson, John, Dufferin Avenue,
Bangor, Co. Down.
Donnan, W. D., M.B.,
Hospital.

Drummond, Dr. W. B., Queen’s
College, Belfast.

Duffin, Miss, Strndtown Lodge.

Dufferin and Ava, Marquis
Clandeboye.

Dunlop, W. J., Bryson Street.

Dunlop, Fleet Surgeon, Belvidere
Cottage, Lisburn.

Royal

of,

Elliott, David, Albertbridge Road.

Elliott, Geo. H., Holywood.

Ewart, L. M., J.P., Glenbank.

Ewart, Sir Wm. Q., Bart., Glen-
machan.

Ewart, William, Glenmachan.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Fenuell, W. J., Chichester Street.

Ferguson, G. W., Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Henry, Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Jas. H, 2 Wellesley
Avenue.

Firth, Joseph, Whiterock.

Firth, William A., Glenview Terrace
Springfield road.

Foster, T. W., M.A., 1 Clonsilla,

Fraser, R. N., 271 Albertbridge
Road.

Frame, John, 6 Lawrence Street.

Fullerton, Geo., Croaghbeg, Bush-
mills,

Fullerton, Arthur, 44 University
Road.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor
Avenue.

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Galloway, Joseph, 83 LEglantine
Avenue.

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace.

Gibson, Henry, Glencairn.

Gibson, Sergeant, Brown’s Square

Barracks.

Gibson, Andrew, 14 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Gibson, William, 30 Castlereagh
Place,

Gilmore, W. J., 9 Cavehill Road.

Gilmore, George, Mountcharles.

Glenn, George J., Hartington St.

Godwin, Wm., Queen Street.

Gourley, James, J.P., Derryboy
Cottage, Crossgar.

Graham, William, Lombard Street.

Grant, Mrs., Palmerston Villa,
Sydenham.

Gray, William, M.R.1.A., Glenburn
Park, Cavehill Road.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden,
Knock.

Greenfield, Chas., Marino, Holywood

Greene, John J.F., J.P., Annavilla,
Warrenpoint.

Green, Wm. A., c/o Forster Green
& Co., High Street.

Gulbransen, P. F., 17 Queen’s
Arcade.

Gulbransen, A,, 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Hamilton, Alex., 4 Richmond Cres-
cent.

Hamilton, John, 5 Churchview Av.,
Holywood.
Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street.
Hanna, William, M.A., M.B., Lisa-
nore Villa, Antrim Road,
Hanna, John, jun., Lisanore Villa,
Antrim Road.

Hanna, Henry, A.B., Farringdon,
Antrim Road.

Hanna, Miss Margt. J., 3 Hopefield
Terrace, Antrim Road.

Harbison, Mann, Ravenhill Terrace.

Hardy,Gardner, 5 Wellington Park.

Harkness, Miss Lizzie, Coil-Mara,
Cultra.

Haslett, Sir Jas. H., J.P., Princess
Gardens,

Hassan, Thos, Strangemore House,
Cliftonpark.

Haveron, R. J., 36 Donegall Place.

Hazelton, W. D., 35 Linenhall St.

Hazelton, Wm., Agathona, Bloom-
field.

Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood.

Herre, Miss, Hopefield.

Hill-Littler, Robt, Tareen, Chiches-

ter Park.
Hobson, Benjamln, 6 Hopefield Av.
Hogg, A. R., 73 Victoria Street.
Holden, J. S., M.D., Sudbury,
Suffolk, England (Cor. Mem.)
Holland, Mrs, Osborne Park,

322

[Proc. B.N.F.C.

Hoskins, A. P., 26 Blenheim
Terrace, Cromwell Road.
Hoskios, Mrs. A. P., 25 Blenham

Terrace Cromwell Road.

Inglis, William, Riverston Terrace,
Holywood.

Jackson, A. T., 5 Corn Market.

Jaffe, Mrs. Otto, Kinedar, Strand-
town.

Johnson, W. S., Knockbreda Park
City.

Johnston, W. J., J.P., Dunesk,
Stranmillis.

Johnston, James, 19 Waring Street.

Johnston, Miss, Glenco, Antrim Rd.

Jones, Prof. T, R., F.B.S., 17
Parson’s Green, Fulham,London
S.W.

Keay, David, 22 College Green,
Belfast.

Keith, Saml. F., 7 Glenravel Street,

Kelly, Wm. R., C.E., Dalriada,
Malone Park.

Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street.

Kidd, George, Lisnatore, Dun-
murry.

Kilpatrick, W. J., Donegall Place.

Kennedy, F. J., 4 Clarence Place.

Kirker, S. K., Offices of Board of
Public Works, Belfast.

Kirkpatrick, F., 78 Ann Street.

Kirkwood, J. A., Dundonald.

Kinahan, John, Lowoed, Belfast.

Knight, Chas. J., Gloucester Villa,
Antrim Road.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.LA., Bally-
mena.

Knowles, Miss M., Flixton Place,
Ballymena.

Kyle, R.A., 31 Donegall Place.

Lamb, Wm. W., 34 Brookvale
Avenue.

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Lanyon, Chas. J., Castleton Terrace,
Antrim Road.

Lawrie, Thomas, 1 Fountainville
Terrace.

Lawther, Stanley, Mount Vernon.

Lapworth, Professor Chas., Mason
College, Birmingham,

1895-96. ]

Lepper, F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-
burn.

Leslie, James, Eglantine Avenue.

Leslie, Mrs., Eglantine Avenue.

Lett, Rev. H. W., M.A., M.R.I.A.,
Aghaderg Glebe, Loughbric-
land.

_ Letts, Professor E. A., Dunavon,
Craigavad.

Lewers, Hugh. M.D., 257 Shankill
Road.

Lewis, Joseph, 13 Pakenham Street.

Lockwood, F. W., Wellington Park
Terrace.

Lodge, Chas. William., 26 Royal
Avenue, City

Logan, Mrs. Bangor, Co. Down.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

Lyttle, Rev. R., The Manse, Money-
rea, Comber.

Macassey, L. L., Chichester Street.
Macassey, J. L., Stanley House,

Holywood.

MacCormac, Dr, John, Gt. Victoria
Street.

MacDonald, Wm., Carlisle Circus.

MacElheran, W. F., 8 College
Gardens.

Mackenzie, John, Malone, Belfast.

MacLorinan, Chas., LL.D., 87 Done-
gall Street.

Maconachie, Rev. James, 4 Clifton-
ville Avenue.

Macoun, W. Godfrey, 8 Claremont
Terrace.

Macrory, Mrs. Kia, Antrim Road.

Major, Rev. J. J., Belvoir Hall,

Belfast,

Malcolmson, Greer, Malone Park.

Malcolmson, James, Cairnburn,
Strandtown.

Mann, Jas. S., Ballyholme, Bangor,
Co. Down.

Marsh, John A. T., 79 Dublin Road.

Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marsh, J. C., 2 Chichester Gardens.

Marshall, H., Edlingham Terrace,
Duncairn Gardens,

Martin, Adam, Knock.

Martin, J. M‘Clelland, Northern
Counties Railway.

Matheson, Mrs., Helen’s Bay.

Maxton, James, Ulster street.

May, Robert, Lothair avenue.

323

Millen, Saml. 8., B.A., 44 Ulster-
ville Avenue.

Milligan, A., 3 Hartington Street.

Milligan, S, F., M.R.I.A., Alberta,
Malone Road,

Mitchell, J. S., 47 Magdala Street.

Mollan, W. S., 10 Brunswick St.

Mollan, Miss, Hope House, College
Park.

Montgomery, R. M., 22 Corporation
Street.

Moore, John, Shaftesbury Square.

Moore, J. B., 4 Mountpottinger
Road.

Moore, Wm., 5 Ardenvohr Terrace.

Moore, Miss, Corunna House, Bally-

nafeigh.

Moore, Jas, Corunna House, Bally-

nafeigh,

Moore, 8. A., 2 Howard Street.

Moore, Samuel, 1 Clifton Terrace.

Morrissy, KE. J., Lavinia Street.

Morrison, Hugh, Ligoniel.

Morrow, David, Church Hill, Holy-
wood.

Morton, John, Cliftonpark Avenue.

Moss, Wm.,6 Princess May Gardens,
Antrim Road.

Mullin, Charles, Solicitor, Omagh.

Murdoch, James, 10 Ponsonby
Avenue.

Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

Myles, Rev. EK. A., The Rectory,
Tullylish.

M‘Afee, George, Walmer Terrace,
Holywood.

M‘Alery, J. M, 21 Royal Avenue.

M‘Alister,Thos., 2 Rosetta Gardens,
Ormeau Road.

M‘Cance, J. S8., Dunmurry.

M‘Candless,Wm., 3 Fitzroy Terrace,
Fitzroy Avenue.

M‘Chesney, Jos,, Holywood.

M‘Clean, F. P., Huntley Villas.

M‘Cleery, H., 82 gee Aven.

M‘Cleery, J. ‘On

M‘Cleery, Wm. H., 23 "Landscape
Terrace.

M‘Clure, W. J., Elizabeth Street.

M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh,

M‘Connell, Miss, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Cormick, H. M‘Neile, Craigavad.

M‘Cormick, John, The Hermitage,
Bloomfield.

M‘Creery, James, 257 Albertbridge
Road.

M‘Cullough, John, Martello, Holy-
wood.

M‘Cullough, J. C., Holywood.

M‘Cullough, Wm., Belfast Bank,
Newtownards.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss, B.A., Terraquin,
Balmoral Avenue.

M‘Dermott, Rev. John, Belmont.

M‘Donald, Jas., 37 Donegall Street.

M‘Gaw, Miss, 17 Wellington Park
Terrace.

M‘Ilroy, J. Milford, 47 Atlantic
Avenue.

Macllwaine, J. H., Ravensdale,
Strandtown.

Macllwaine, Mrs., Ravensdale,
Strandtown.

M‘Kee, John, 20 Chichester Street.

M‘Kee, Robert, M.A., Harlesden
College, Bramshill Rd., London,
IN: Wi5

M‘Kee, Wm. S., 20 Mill Street.

M‘Kenzie, Dr. W. G., Gt. Victoria

Street.

M‘Kinney, W.F., Ballycraigy, Uarn-
money.

M‘Kisack, Alfred, Hope Street
Factory.

M‘Kisack, C. J., 12 Mountcharles.

M‘Kisack, Dr. H. L., College Sq.
East.

M‘Lean, Geo., 8 Pottinger Street.

M‘Leish, John, The Mount, Mount-
pottinger.

M‘Mordie, David, 6 Camden Ter.,
Belfast.

M‘Mordie, Jas., Belgravia Avenue.

Nicholl, Wm.,Donegall Sq. North.
Nicholson, H. J., 5 West Elmwood.
Nesbitt, W. C., Kinnaird Terrace.

O’Neill, Henry, M.D., 6 College
Square Hast.

O’Neill, James, M. A., 5 College
Square Kast.

Orr, H. Lamont, Garfield Street.

O’Shea, P. J., 62 South Parade.

Oswald, Jas. 8., 42 Berry Street.

Oswald, A. §., jun., Warboro’, Bel-
mont.

224

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Patterson, D. C., Clanbrassil Ter.,
Holywood.

Patterson, Wm. H., Clanbrassil
Terrace, Holywood.

Patterson, Richard, J.P., Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, Miss Clara,
Holywood.

Patterson, R. L., J.P., Croft House,
Holywood.

Patterson, Robert, M.B.O.U., Tile-
cote, Malone Park.

Patterson, Wm. H., M.R.I.A., Gar-
ranard, Strandtown.

Patterson, 8. R., 1 Lombard Street.

Kilmore,

Patterson, Miss F., 6 College
Gardens.

Patterson, E. F., jun., 6 College
Gardens.

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, The Knock.

Payne, J.. C. \C.,5> Je. Oxiord
Buildings.

Pender, Mrs. M. T., Glengormley.

Perry, T. G., Lisburn Road.

Phillips, Wm. H., Lemonfield, Holy-
wood.

Phillips, Jas. J., 61 Royal Avenue,

Phillips, Jas. St. J., B.E., Royal

Avenue.

Pim, John, J.P., Bonavon, Antrim
Road.

Pim, Thos. W., Bonayon, Antrim
Road.

Pim, J., Slieve-na-failthe White-
abbey.

Pooler, C. K., 159 University St.

Polley, W. T., 52 Fitzroy Avenue.

Porter, Miss, 5 Belgravia Terrace,
Eglantine Avenue.

Porter, F. A.,Queen’s Square.

Porter, Wm., Beechview, Balmoral
Avenue,

Porter, Miss Mary, 148 Albion Place

Praeger, E. A., Holywood.

Praeger, Miss Rosamond, Marino,
Holywood.

Praeger, R. Ll., M.R.I.A. National
Library, Kildare St., Dublin.

Puilman, John, Claremont, Knock.

Purdon, Mrs., 5 Wellington Place.

Purdon, Dr. Richard, Murray’s
Terrace.
Quail, Rev. Patrick, Dunmore,

Ballynahinch,

1895-96. ]

Rea, Miss, Churchfield, Holywood.

Redmond, David, Antrim.

Reid, Robert, King Street.

Renold, August, Ullswater Terrace,
Cavehill Road.

Rice, W. A., Cypress Villa, Clifton-
ville.

Ridings, Richard,
Avenue.

Ritchie, James, c/o Miller, Boyd &
Reid, Calendar Street.

Robertson, J. C., Methodist College.

Robinson, "Samuel, Helen’s Bay, Co.
Down.

Ross, John, Cliftonville.

Ross, Rev. Caledon, Strangford.

Ross, Wm. A., Iva Craig, Craiga-
vad.

Russell, John, C.E., Waring Street.

11 Allworthy

Scott, Conway, C.E., Windsor Aven.

Shanks,James, Ballyfounder, Porta-
ferry.

Scott, Rev. Oswald, A.M., Rosetta.

Sharpe, Robert, 100 Fitzroy Aven.

Shaw, Cecil, M.D., 14 College
Square East.

Shaw, Wm. Hinde, Brooklyn, Knock

Shaw, Lancelot,

Shaw, Mrs,

Shepherd, Percy, N.C. neaiway

Sheldon, Charles, M.A., Belfast
Royal Academical Institution.

Skillen, Joseph, Ballee, Ballymena.

Silly, George, Ardene, Sydenham.

Sinclair, J. Howard, M.D., Paken-
ham Place.

Sinclair, Miss, Hopefield.

Sinclair, Miss Nan., Hopefield.

”? ”

Slater, William, National School,
Strandtown,

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School, Holy-
wood.

Smith, Rev. W. 8., The Manse,
Autrim.

Smith, Dr. Lorraine, 33 Stranmillis
htoad,

Smyth, Walter, Woodview, Holy-
wood.

Smith, J. K., 23 Rugby Road.

Smyth, Sydney B., M.D., Great.

Victoria Street.
Smith, G., Linenhall Library.
Smythe, Ven, Archdeacon,
Glebe, Carnmoney.

Coole

325

Smythe, Mrs. Proctor, 50 Duncairn
Street.

Somerset,
Street.

Speers, Adam, B.Sc., Upp. Sulllivan
School, Holywood

Stacke, Dr. E. C., 78 Pakenham
Place.

Staples, Sir N. A., Bart.,
Dungannon.

Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.

Stears, Samuel, 79 Ormeau Road.

Steen, Miss Nora, Sharvagh, Bush-
mills,

Stephens, Samuel, Martello Terrace,
Holywood.

Stelfox, James, C.E., Oakleigh,
Ormeau Park.

Stevenson, John, Coolavin, Malone
Road.
Stevenson, J. M‘N., Carrickfergus.
Stowart, Rev. J. A., Pond Park,
Lisburn.
Stewart, S. A.,
Belfast.
Stewart, W. J., 31 Adelaide Street.
Strain, David, Ulster Bank, Carlisle
Circus.

Stubbs, Maurice, 96 Gt. Victoria
Street.

Swan, Allan P., F.L.S., Bandon,
Co. Cork,

Swanston, William, F.G.S.,
tonville Avenue.

Swanston, Mrs., 18 Cliftoville Aven.

Symington, Samuel, Ballyoran,
Dundonald.

Symington, Professor,
Queen’s College.

Robert, 25 Cavendish

Lissan,

The Museum,

18 Clif-

F.R.S.E.,

Tate, Alexander,
Whitehouse.

C.E., Rantalard,

| Taylor, KE. E., Garfield Chambers.

Thomas, 8. G., Limestone Road,

Thompson, Miss 8. M., Macedon.

Thompson, Mrs, H., Crosshill,
Windsor,

Thompson, Rev. David, Dromore,
Co Down.

Thompson, Professor W. H.,Queen’s
College.

Thompson, A., 82 Royal Avenue.

Thomson, George, Woolton Villa,
Rosetta Park.

Todd, John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam
Park.

Todd, Wm., A., 24 Victoria Street.

Traill, W. A., Bushmills.

Trelford, W. J., 23 Lincoln Avenue.

Tulloch, Miss, Howard Street.

Turner, James, 7 Tate’s Avenue.

Turtle, Jas. C., Claremont, Strand-
town.

Vint, Joseph H., Ulster
Donegall Place.

Vinycomb, John, M.R.I.A., Holy-
wood.

Bank,

Waddell, Rev. C. H., M.A., B.D,
The Vicarage, Saintfield.
Wakeman, W. J.,F.R.S.A.,Knights-
ville, Blackrock, Dublin.

Walker, Thomas R., Rugby Road.

Walker, W. J. D., Lawrencetown,
Co. Down.

Walker, Mrs., Lawrencetown, Co.
Down.

Walkington, Miss, LL.1)., Strand-
town.

Walkington, T.R., Edenvale, Strand-
town.

Walsh, Robert, Abbotsford, Malone
Road.

Walmsley, Rev. Douglas,
Redburn, Adelaide Park.

Ward, T.. Eden Crescent, Antrim
Road.

Ward, Phillip,12 St. Paul's Terrace,

Wardell, Miss, 68 Botanic View.
University Road.

Watson, Thomas, Shipquay Gate,
Derry.

BAY.

326

[Proc. B.N.F.C,

Watson, Mrs., Rosslyn, Knock.

Watts, Chas. W., F.IC., 40 Gold-
hurst Terrace, London, N.W.

Waugh, Isaac, Wilmont Terrace,
Lisburn Road.

Welch, R. J., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Wheeler, Mrs , Lennoxvale.

White, Benoni, 7 Chichester Street.

White-Spunner, Mrs., Greenisland.

Whitla, Professor, M.D., College
Square North.

Wilson, James, C.E., Oldforge, Dun-
murry.

Wilson, James, Ballybundon, Kil-
linchy.

Wilson, W. H., J.P., Stranmillis.

Wilson, Alec. G., Stranmillis.

Wilson, Jas. F. D., 82 Joy Street.

Wilson, Geo., 2 Arthur Terrace,
Antrim Road.

Wilson, David, Hollybank,Skegoneill
Avenue.

Wilson, Thomas, C.K., Fleetwood
Street.

Wise, B. D., Waterside, Greenisland.

Woodward, Rev. A. Sadleir, M.A.,
Kildollagh Rectory, Coleraine.

Woollcombe, Dr. Robert, Ll.,L.D.,
M.R.I.A., 14 Waterloo Road,
Dublin.

Workman, Rev. R., M.A., Rubane,
Glastry.

Workman, Thomas, J.P., Helen’s
Bay.

Wright, Joseph, F.G.S., Alfred St.

Wright, Miss, Alfred Street.

Wylie, William, 8 Mountpleasant.

Young, Robert, J.P., Rathvarna,
Chichester Park.

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The following Publications of the Club can be

had from the Librarian :—

Seventh Annual Report—1869-70, containing Appendix I., List of the

Trish Liassic Fossils ,—Tate, 1 Plate a5

Kighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing Appendix II., List of Ths
Liassic Foraminifera—Wright ; ; and List of the Fossils of the

Estuarine Clays of Antrim and Down,—Stewart és oe
Ninth Annual Report—1871-72. .. ae a i Pi
Tenth do. 1872-73 .. : a ui

Proceedings—Series II., ‘Vol. I., Part I., 1873- 74, contdntes Appendix

TII., List of Mosses of N orth- East of Treland—Stewart: and List
of Cretaceous Microzoa of North of Ireland »— Wright, 2 Plates

III., 1875-76 ae vs

IV., 1876-77, containing ‘Acvietals IX
Recent Foraminifera of Down and Antrim,— Wright, 1 Plate ;
and Silurian Rocks of poe, UI tiie and Lapworth,
3 plates
Series II., Vol. I., Parts v. and VI, 1877- 78 and 18. 79 (in ba)
Part VII., 1879-80, containing Appendix V.,

9 9

99 ” 9?

List of Post- -tertiary Foraminifera of North- East of Ireland, x

Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Boulder ond of North-East a
Treland, __Stewart :
Series II., Vol. II., Part i. 1830- 81, coneaintag Appeuaik VI,
List of Foraminifera of South Donegal, — Wright ; Sponge
Remains from Carb. Limestone, County Sligo,— Wright ; and
Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo,—Carter, 1 Plate eels
Series II., Vol. II., Part I1., 1881-82

iil.; 1882-58, containing freee: VII,
Supplemental List of Mosses of the North-East. of Treland, —
Stewart ve ee
Series II., Vol. Il, Part IV., 1883-84, cmndthintes Appendix VIII,
Notes on ‘Ecih Coléoptera,—Haliday ; Cromlechs of Antrim and

Down,—Gray, 12 Plates; and Pre-historic Monuments near |

Sligo, —Elcock, 4 Plates .. ee ‘se es
Series II., Vol. II., Part V., 1884-85, containing ‘Ago IX.,

Ireland, —Lett ; Foraminifera of “ Protector”? Cruise, &c.—
Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera of sprint Hill reas
Trish Coleoptera,—Patter son ve oe

(Vol. 11. ), The Fettis of Ulster, —Phillips and Praeger ae
Series II., Vol. II., Part VII., 1886-87, containing Appendix II.,
Notes on the Sections exposed at the "Alexandra Dock, Belfast,
with List of Fossils, 1 Plate,—Praeger og .

Marine Shells of the North of Ireland | Praeger a ere

», Series II., Vol. III., Part II., 1888-89 Ay: ve ee

“3 III., 1889-90, ene Wig of,
Larné Gravels Committee, 2 Plates. ‘ ve

5, Series II., Vol. III., Part IV., 1890-91 .. ze ee

rf i a V., 1891-92 .. ii u

mu A i AG Daa tS bt: se ai fe Ay

»» Index ee ar

IL, 1894-95, containing Appendix V,

9? ” >?

Series II., Vol. I., Part II,, 1874-75 <, si Pry

Ostracoda of Belfast Lough, —Maleomson ; Fungi of North of -

Series II., Vol. II., Part VI., 1885-86, canine Apnenda

Series II., Vol. III., Part I., 1887-88, containing ‘Ap bondi lll, f

Series IT., Vol. IV, Part L, 1893- 4, foidhatntis Appendix IV..

1/-

3/-

5 ee ee ee ee eS

ae ae le Se

OS See

Series II. Votume IV. Part IV.

BELFAST
NATURALISTS’

FIELD CLUB.
1896-97.

Annual Report
—— and Mroceedings

CONTENTS. PAGE

Annual Report - - - ~
Excursions—Armoy and Hallycastle, Carrickfergus Salt Mines, Glenarm,
Dredging Cruise, Cavan and Lough Oughter, Slieve Gallion,

; Slieve Croob - ~ - - -
Social Meeting - - - - - -
Papers—The Origin and Present Condition of the Giant’s Causeway, by
William Gray - - - - - 367

The Primeval Basis and Progressive Build of the Inorganic

World, by Rev. J. Andrew - - -

The Discovery of a Souterrain at Stranocum, by F. J. Bigger - 380

Fresh- Water Algae, by Dr. Donnan - - - 380

Geological History of Plants, by Rev. C. H. Waddell - 381

Alien Plants, by Richard Hanna - - - 383
Res=Jiscovery of Doyas Octopetela in Co, Antrim, by Rev. H. W.

Lett - - - - .- - 384

Annual Meeting - - - - - - 385

Report of Geological Section - - - - - 386

Report of Botanical Section - - - > - 390

Exchanges . 3 “ a = 391

= - mS - - 395

Officers and Members
PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.

PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS I/-

The following Publications of the Club may be obtained from

the Librarian :—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
including the Phanerogamia, the Cryptogamia, Vas-
cularia, and the Muscine,—S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.,
Edin., and T. H. Corry, M-A., F.L.S., &¢. Cambridge;
MacMillan and Bowes .. fee ao woe f OVE

SYSTEMATIC LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE :
FLORA, FAUNA, PALAONTOLOGY, AND
ARCHAOLOGY OF THE NORTH OF IRE-
LAND; Vol. I., consisting of the Appendices from
1870. to 1885 inclusive, 27 Plates ;
in paper Pas ae ee See geek Oy =
in boards”... Pa ao eee we 6.

GUIDE TO BELFAST AND ADJOINING COUN-
TIES ; containing chapters on Geology, Botany, Zoo-
logy, Topography, Historical Antiquities, Agriculture,
Trade, and Excursions, with numerous Plates. Pub-
lished at 3/6 ; Reduced Price. ... ar noe aie

(See also back of Cover.)

\

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Si og lars al
Pea TUKATISTS'
FIELD CLUB

sao For the Year ending 31st March, 1897.

(THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR.)

SERIES II. PART IV.

VOLUME IV. 1896-97.

Beltast :
PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
By ALEXANDER Mayne & Boyp, 2 CoRPORATION STREET.
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S COLLEGE, BELFAST.

1897,

fy A a) 9 ar a i

Tue Committee of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club now lay
before the Members their Thirty-fourth Annual Report. Dur-
ing the past Session the general work of the Club has been
continued as usual, whilst the Geological and Botanical sections
have done special work in their own departments. As was
ar.ticipated, the entrance fee has had the desired effect of keeping
the membership within reasonable bounds, it now stands at
450, all members in arrears with their subscriptions having been
struck off the roll.

During the past summer the following excursions were held :

Armoy, ee eo 46 ee 23 May.

Salt Mines, ee oe ee ee 6 June.

Glenarm, ee oC ac AG 20 June.

Dredging Expedition, ee a me 4 July.

Cavan, ae 5c 5c oe 10, 11, 12 & 13 July.
Slievegallion, .. oe oe on 15 August.

Slievecroob, .. se : oe 29 August.

The winter meetings were as follows :—

27 Oct., 1896. Social Meeting.

17, Nov., 5 Opening Lecture by William Gray, m.r.1.a.—The Origin
and Present Condition of the Giant’s Causeway.

Te DCC, 95 The Elemental Basis and Progressive Build of the Inorganic
World—Rev. J. Andrew,

27 Jan., 1897. Fresh-Water Algae—W. D. Donnan, m.8. Discovery of
a Souterrain at Stranocum—Francis Joseph Bigger and

. W. J. Fennell.

16 Feb., ,, Geological History of Plants—Rev. Charles H. Waddell,
B.D. Alien Plants—Richard Hanna.

16 Mar., ,, The Re-discovery of the Plant Dryas Octopetala—Rev. H.
W. Lett, a.m., m.R.1.A. An Evening with the
Microscope— Hamilton M‘Cleery.

13 April, ,, Annual Meeting.

330 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The average attendance at the excursions was fair, only one
—Salt Mines—being too large to work properly. The attend-
ance at the winter meetings was good. A Public Lecture under
the auspices of the Club was given by Professor Cole, in the
Grosvenor Hall, on 29th March, under the chairmanship of the
Lord Mayor, when there was a very large attendance. This
lecture was followed by a week's geological work in the field,
with lectures. The reports of the different sections will be
found in the report of the Annual Meeting.

Your Committee would again press upon the members the
absolute desirability of each of them undertaking some indi-
vidual work. The Club work can only be carried on with
scientific credit by active workers and not a plethora of mere
members.

The best thanks of the Club are due to the Railway Com-
panies for the facilities of travel afforded to the members, to the
Press for their lengthened reports of the Club’s proceedings, and
to all others who have extended a helping hand for the carrying
on of the Club’s work.

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER,
Avex. G. WILSON,
fHon. Secs.

— [.

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PS OCEER DION GS.

SUMMER PROGRAMME.

EXCURSIONS.

23 May.
ARMOY AND BALLYCASTLE.

A smaller party than is usual on the occasion of the opening
excursion of the season visited Armoy and Ballycastle. This
was probably occasioned by the rain of the morning, but the
fears of the timid were not realised, as lovely weather was
enjoyed throughout the whole day. The party left the train
at Armoy and at once made for the church, where the remains
of the fine old round tower still stand in the graveyard. This
was carefully examined and photographed by some of the
members, whilst the quaint old tombstones in the graveyard
were inspected with interest. The Rev. J. P. R. Breakey, a.m.,
rector of the parish, here met the party, and pointed out the
interesting features of the district, including a souterrain adjoin-
ing the glebe. Leaving the church, a short halt was made at
the chapel to see a couple of rude crosses in the yard. Passing
on down the narrow country lane, sweet with the fragrance of
great overhanging bushes of hawthorn, to the left rose the great
dome of Knocklayd, with the cloud shadows flitting across its
sloping sides, a partial ascent of which was made to visit the
very ancient rude crosses of Tullahora on the summit of a small .
mound. A weatherworn incised marking on the side of one
puzzled those present with its meaning, different interpretations

334 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

being put upon its meaning. From this point the great valley
of Glenshesk opened out in greater beauty and fertility, afford-
ing charming views of river, wood, and mountain. The district
is full of botanical interest, especially as regards the cryptogamic
flora, but the great find of the day was the rare whitlow grass,
Draba muralis. This is rare as a British plant, and as regards
Ireland still more rare. It is stated that one plant was found
long since growing on the walls of Blarney Castle in the South,
and Dr. Dickie said it was naturalised on old walls near Belfast,
but it does not seem to have been seen by any living botanist in
either station. On the walls of an old bridge near Armoy,
however, it is plentiful and luxuriant. Draba muralis has also
been found on the walls of Glasnevin, where it was supposed to
have escaped from the Botanic Garden. The occurrences in
Ireland of this plant have all been attributed to accidental
escapes from gardens, but, if not indigenous, it is more probable
that they are still lingering relics of a more extensive cultivation
at a remote period. The ruin of the old church locally known
as Goban Saer’s was visited, perched on an overhanging ridge,
its strong masonry afforded evidence of its early building, and
giving grounds for the popular belief that its erection was due
to the great mythical builder Goban Saer. The ruined fort of
Dun Rainey, about which the Rev. George Hill has written so
descriptively, having been passed, and the Margie crossed, a
halt was made at the ruins of the old Franciscan Abbey of
Bun-na-margie, the sleeping place of the MacDonnell’s of
Antrim, and many of their followers in the Glens. Whole
chapters might be written of the historical events that hap-
pened in this district in the past centuries, events of greater
historical interest and of more romantic character than those
perhaps of any other portion of Ireland. In the old abbey the
Rev. A. S. Woodward, a.M., read a short paper descriptive of
the ruins and their history. At five o’clock all assembled in
the Antrim Arms, Ballycastle, where tea was provided.

= rh

~ em

1896-97.] 335

6 June.
CARRICKFERGUS SALT MINES.

On this date the Club held their second summer excursion,
and a fine afternoon brought the large number of over 100
members together in time to catch the 2.15 train to Carrick-
fergus, from which station the whole party proceeded to the
salt mines at Duncrue, some two miles distant. Here they
were met by the representative of the owners, who placed his
services at the Club’s disposal during the afternoon. The
tedious business of lowering the large party into the mine was
then begun by the two shafts, down each of which the buckets
carried four persons at a time, one of the buckets being raised
at the same time that the other was lowered and by the same
engine. The depth of the shaft is about 750 feet, so that the
mines are considerably below the sea level. On arriving at the
bottom each member was supplied with a candle, and parties
were formed, each under the guidance of one of the miners and
one of the geological members, to explore the galleries. A
number of Bengal and coloured lights were lighted, which gave
good effect among the piers that had been left to support the
roof—often forty or fifty feet above the floors—while the crowd
of little twinkling lights seen at the far end of one of the
numerous drives was very wierd. So numerous was the party
that the first section was up again before the last was down.
At appropriate times William Gray and Alec G. Wilson (Hon.
Secretary) briefly described the geological features of the
Triassic period and the salt beds in particular.

The salt is here worked by being quarried from the thick bed,
often almost in a pure state, and when raised to the surface in
buckets is tipped into a reservoir, from. which the brine flows
down to the evaporating pans near the town. The best thanks
of the Club are due to Alexander Miscampbell, the Irish mana-
ger of the Salt Union, for his courtesy in allowing the members

336 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

to visit the mine. On reaching the surface the members walked
to Carrickfergus, some of them loitering in the neighbouring
fields, the result of which was the discovery of the ‘ water
soldier” (Stratéstes aloides), and the woodvetch (Vicia sylvatica).
The former plant was a most interesting find, as in Stewart and
Corry’s flora it it marked as “now extinct’ in the three recorded
localities, and this is a new station for it, and therefore the only
known one in Ulster. The vetch is also rare, but the station
has been previously recorded. Those who were not able to go
by the earlier train left Carrickfergus by the 8.5 train, thus
giving them all time to visit the old Church of S. Nicholas,
where W. J. Fennell read a short paper on the architectural
features of the building, which was illustrated by a most excel-
lent series of photos and drawings. His paper was such an
admirable exposition of the building as it once stood and now
remains that it is here appended zm extenso.
W. J. FENNELL said—This ancient Church of S. Nicholas is

a marvellous example of how successive changes and restorations
can thoroughly transform a once stately building into a structure
almost completely shorn of all that once gave it freedom and
proportion. The present plan of the church is that of a rudely-
formed and inverted Latin cross—that is, with the long stem of
the cross serving for the chancel plan instead of the shorter one.
Those who were with us last summer in Galway and visited the
stately old Church of S. Nicholas there, and noted the fine
series of columns and arches opening it up into a triple nave,
may be surprised to learn that this church in many respects as
regards its plan was a sister church, enjoying the same light,
airy treatment of triple nave, with round and clustered columns
and pointed arches so dear to the early Gothic builders, and
the same wide transepts sheltering the minor or side chapels ;
and it may still more surprise some to learn, as they regard
these dark heavy-looking nave and transept walls, that many
of these columns and arches still remain there though concealed
from view. Of the original “foundation” of this church little
is known. Of course the story of being founded on the site of

1896-97.] 337

a pagan temple comes in here, as in most cases of the kind. I
have no doubt but that a church of some kind existed here in
the early history of the Irish Church, but we have to come
down to the thirteenth century before we find any trustworthy
_ evidence. The Franciscan Priory of Carrickfergus, which
became an institution of much importance, and which stood
where the old gaol now is, was founded in 1232 by Hugh De
Lacy, and Lewis, writing in 1837, says :—‘‘ The subterraneous
passage under the altar which communicated with the ancient
monastery may still be traced.” I am not aware if any portion
of this passage still exists, and I would be very much surprised
if it ever did exist, as it is really a mistake to suppose that
subterranean passages, dungeons, and secret chambers were
always connected with such places. De Lacy, the founder, was
buried in the prioryin 1243. ‘“ Afpud Cnockfergus in Conventu
Fratrum.” The monastery existed until the Dissolution, and
when the monks had to go they devoutly prayed “that it
might become the habitation of thieves.” It soon became the
county gaol. There is no doubt that the Franciscans largely
used this church if they did not actually build it. The date
1232isimportant. In 1872 Thomas Drew, a most accomplished
architect and archzologist, effected some slight improvements
here, and at the request of the late Bishop Knox he fully
investigated every inch of this church, and his report is most
interesting reading to those of antiquarian tastes. During
his investigations a valuable side light was thrown on the
foundation of the present building by Edmund Sharpe, an
English archeologist of great fame, who said, ‘“ Some archi-
tectural details of Carrickfergus have not in his wide experience
an exact parallel save in Byland Abbey, in Yorkshire, built by
De Lacy, invader of Ireland,” and we know that it was about
1230 that De Lacy was paying some kind attentions to Carrick-
fergus. No doubt he brought his builders, who were most
possibly Franciscans, in his train, who very naturally reproduced
their own peculiar details here, and it was a happy thought of
these builders to dedicate the church of a great important

338 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

seaport under the invocation of the patron saint of fishermen,
sailors, and travellers—Saint Nicholas. When Thomas Drew
was Called in, it must have occurred to him, as it would to any
architect, why in an extensive foundation like this were the
usual traditions or forms of St. Nicholas’s Church planning
departed from? Why were not the examples of Great
Yarmouth, Newcastle, Waterford, Galway, and the Continent
followed, with above all the triple nave so characteristic of this
saint’s churches, or at least a cause for adopting the rude form
of Latin cross? He soon found the evidences of the thirteenth
century buildings that led him to work out the plan as it then
existed, and which I have taken the liberty of copying from his
work in order to place before you. One of these plans shows _
the church as it now stands, indicating the different stages of
its changes. In the angle of the transept and chancel he found
the fragments of the clustered column, which gave him a
starting-point to work from, and in the walls of the present
nave he discovered some of the old columns zz sztu, marking
clearly the great lines of the arcading. Thomas Drew thus
describes the church as it stood in 1230—“ It may be persumed
that at the original foundation, the west end of which no trace
has been found, was on the site or slightly westward of the
present tower : that in its earliest form it consisted of a nave
75 feet long and, a strange peculiarity, 25 feet wide at the west
end, while it was but 22 feet wide at the east end. The nave
had on each side five pointed arches, springing from circular
columns opening into side aisles, and, opposite, the two eastward
arches on each side would appear to have been lateral chapels,
two on the south and two on the north, which occupied nearly
the area of the present transept. These chapels were most
probably dedicated under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin,
St. Patrick, as the national saint, St. Nicholas the patron, and
St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order ; but
this of course is purely conjectural, or they may have been
endowed as chantries. The high altar was set to the eastward
of this nave in a chancel, the dimensions of ,;which we have no

1896-97. | 339

evidence.”’ It will be noticed from this plan the great extent
and importance of the south transept, and on the exterior face
of the present west wall can be seen the voussoirs of the arches
which are buried in it. This completed the thirteenth century
church, and, coming to 1303, we find the present chancel added
to the church by one Robert de Mercer, no doubt one of the
wealthy merchants of the town, whose piety prompted the
undertaking. All this work bears the mark of the advancement
that a century had made in passing from the severe early
English to the more “ gentle” lines of the decorated period. It
occurs to me that it was never the intention to extend this
proportion eastward as a chancel—as it is absurd and meaning-
less to set the high altar back so far and out of all harmony
with the accepted system of church ritual—but that it was
added as a Lady chapel behind the high altar, of which there
still exist numbers of fine examples. The importance and
wealth of the church at this time may be gathered from the fact
that in the famous Papal taxation of 1306, which the late Bishop
Reeves has given us, it is rated at an amount exceeding by far
any church in Down, Connor, and Dromore—viz., 20 marks
per annum, the tithe whereof was £7 7s 23d, a large sum when
represented by the currency of the present day. Coming to
the next century, 1400, the church had undergone some alter-
ations and changes ; large Tudor windows of poor design were
inserted, which were removed in 1872, and work of a more
suitable character inserted. Passing over the troubled times of
the Dissolution, and the changes wrought by stormy political
movements, and Puritanical attempts to wipe out all evidence
of a former ritual, during which time the church fell almost
into ruins and got patched up almost anyhow, we come down
to 1614, when we find the Chichester family in possession and a
system of jerrybuilding going on which was no doubt considered
very beautiful in those days. You can see the stone bearing
the inscription, ‘‘ This work was begun a. 1614—Mr. Cooper
then maior—and wrought by Thomas Paps, Freemason, Mr.
Openshaw being parson. Vivat Rex Jacobus.” Paps built up

340 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

and hid everything he could, I have no doubt with the very
best intentions. He also erected a porch on the south side,
which ceased to be used when the tower was built, and then
became the “ Wilson” tomb, and remains as such. Paps made
no attempt to restore what he did not understand, but he
preserved what did remain, and it is owing to his work we are
enabled to trace the thirteenth century work. The Chichesters
“restored” the north transept out of all recognition, and
converted it to their own uses, making a vault under it, which
accounts for the higher level of its floors at present. They also
erected the great monument to the founder of their house in
this country, which is an example of Jacobean work, then much
in favour with great wealthy families, and bears in its details a
great resemblance to many in England, of which I have some
photographs for your inspection, notably those of the Manners
from Bakewell Church, one of which shows the famous Dorothy
Vernon. The monuments are very valuable as records of the
architectural style and the costumes of the period. You might
notice the old Jacobin joinery in front of the north transept,
which probably enclosed the Chichester pew. You must pardon
me for rushing over the remaining dates. In 1754 the chancel
roof fellin. In 1778 the present tower and spire were erected.
In 1787 the vestry was added. In 1812 the western roof fell in.
‘In 1830 the north transept was opened again to the church by
Lord Donegall, when it was fitted as free seats for the poor.”
With all this array of alterations, and after all the stormy times,
troubles, and changes it came through, ‘‘it is,” as Thomas Drew
says, ‘little short of marvellous that so much of the ancient
church remains as enables its ancient plan to be traced.” I
think you will agree with me that Thomas Drew’s work has
revived the interest we must feel in the history of a church
that has suffered so much, but which still preserves to us many
of its original features, and will always be associated in the
minds of Ulstermen with the most stirring and interesting
epochs in our past history.

1896-97. ] 341

20 June.
GLENARM.

On this day a small party, many being deterred by the
threatening weather, journeyed to Larne, where a machine was
in waiting to drive the party by Cairncastle and the old road to
Glenarm. The summit of the hills having been attained, some
time was spent in a ruined souterrain and in the great hollows
formed on the high ridges, whose purpose can only be guessed
at. A pleasant drive brought the party to Glenarm by the road
skirting the deer park. After a short time allowed in Glenarm,
when the church was visited, the party drove into Larne where tea
was provided in the King’s Arms.

4 July.
DREDGING CRUISE.

The Club held a Dredging Cruise in Belfast Lough and
adjacent bays where there had not been a dredging trip for some
time. Unfortunately for the enjoyment of the party, the
morning proved very wet and drizzling but in no way deterred
a party of nearly fifty trom assembling on board the Steam Tug
“Storm Light” before ten o’clock ; at which time the whistle
blew for the last time, and the vessel started for the day’s work.
The guiding genii of the day held a conference almost imme-
diately, to settle the plans of action, following which the boat
was headed for Carrickfergus; on arrival at the desired locality,
all the appliances having been previously made ready, the vessel
was slowed down, and the first dredge lowered over the side.
Ten minutes or so was allowed for the filling of the net, and on
the signal being given, a number of willing helpers lent a hand
and soon had the first haul on board, a cast of the lead showing
34 fathoms, The take proved to contain a large quantity of

342 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

corallines of various species, with much other material, all of
which was emptied out’ into large flat trays and distributed
about the after end of the vessel, for purposes of examination.
Hitherto the weather had been getting steadily*worse, until at
this point the collecting of specimens was eagerly being carried
on amid a downpour of rain. Meanwhile the “Storm Light”
proceeded at full speed to the second station, three quarters of
a mile from Whitehead, where a scrape in 92 fathoms brought
up a most miscellaneous haul, which kept the collectors of
ascidians, crustaceans, seaweeds, worms, &c., occupied until the
vessel was well under the great cliffs of the Gobbins. Here,
sailing close under the precipitous face, the steam whistle’s
blast raised from their ledges a cloud of sea-gulls, whose
screaming cries and wheeling flight distracted the scientists’
attention from the spoils of the deep, in order to gaze at the
beautiful picture, with the blue sky, now fast clearing of clouds,
as a background. ;
No time was lost, however, but another haul was made in
fourteen fathoms, at about a quarter of a mile from the cliffs,
bringing up a great mass of small pebbles, among which,
however, two Zerebraiule were found, to the delight of many
(or indeed most) of the party, who had never previously seen a
living one. The hopes of getting more rarities in the deeper
waters of this locality induced the party to try a fisherman’s
mussel-dredge of large mesh, in twenty-five fathoms, close by
the last station. This appliance brought up very little in bulk,
but among its contents was a very large and perfect sponge,
measuring nearly four inches across; there were also two sea-
urchins in splendid condition, whose movements in one of the
large belljars on deck provided much interest to many of the
members. Several crabs of different quaint-looking species
(Ayas, Portunus) also disported themselves in an adjoining jar
to the detriment of a fine worm, which rapidly disappeared, and
to the amusement of the watchers. Meanwhile, the gallant
little tug was making all possible speed outwards towards the
‘‘ Maidens,” but owing to the roughness of the water where

1896-97.] 343

unprotected by the land, the project of taking a netful from the
deep water of mid-channel had to be abandoned for fear of
losing the tackle ; fate however was adverse, and on trying to
make a haul off Larne, one of the dredges was carried away
altogether, and the other, a brand new one of novel make,
came up with its frame bent, and quite empty. This so
disgusted members, that full speed was at once made for
Whitehead, under whose sheltering cliffs tea was quickly
prepared and most thoroughly enjoyed. Over fifty species of
‘shells were found in all the dredged material, including

Terebratula caput-serpentis.

Cardium minimum.

Crenella decussata.

Odostomia rufa var. fulvocincta.

Trochus montagut. —

Venus casina.

Pecten Teste.

The tea-things having been cleared away, it was suggested
that the next trial should be made off the centre of the mouth
of the lough ; which proposal being acted on, resulted in another
empty net. The increasingly rough water, on the southern side
of the lough, made it advisable not to risk the remaining dredges,
so orders were given to return in Kilroot direction, where a
haul resulted in an enormous number of dead Venus shells
being brought up.

After this no time was lost in making for Belfast again. On
nearing the jetty at Queen’s Bridge, Alec. G. Wilson (Hon.
Sec.) proposed briefly that a hearty vote of thanks be given to
J. Waterson, the owner of the ‘Storm Light,” for his invaluable
assistance in making the trip the success it proved tobe. This
was passed without further ceremony by a hearty round of
applause. Three new members were then elected. During
the trip, the Club was pleased to entertain four members of the
Dublin Club, who availed themselves of the invitation to the
other Club, and whose services during the day proved of great

value, Prof. Johnson and Dr. C. H. Hurst being specialists in
2

344 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

their respective lines of marine botany and zoology. Prof.
Johnson’s notes on the Algz collected and Dr. Hurst’s list of
the animals ovserved were published in the October number of
the Jrzsh Naturalist.

IO, 11, and 12 July.
FIELD CLUB UNION CONFERENCE.
CAVAN AND LOUGH OUGHTER.

The Club’s Annual long excursion took place to Cavan and
Lough Oughter. The Belfast party, numbering about twenty, -
left by the Great Northern Railway at 8.10, arriving at Cavan
about midday, proceeding at once to the Farnham Arms.
Shortly after the arrival of the Northern naturalists the Dublin
party came in, both clubs having arranged their long excursion
to the same place under the Irish Field Club Union. Early
dinner over, brakes were taken to Lord Farnham’s deer-stocked
demesne, where a pleasant little treat was ready in the shape
of a visit to the private museum of the castle. This collection
contains a most remarkable series of amber, a fine series of
quartzes and silica in its various forms, and an exceedingly
handsome and valuable set of polished pebbles, agates, jaspers,
and many other semi-precious stones. Many were the
exclamations of admiration as stones, each more handsome
than the last, were noticed. The fossil collection was also
large, but could not be so well seen, and Lord Farnham’s fine
collection of fossil fishes is now public property.

Leaving this room after a time all too short to admit of a
proper appreciation, the brakes were again mounted, stopping
at Derrygid Wood, after a long drive through a well-timbered
estate. Here the party dismounted, and at once proceeded to
work. Within a few minutes several members had found a
large and handsome species of a rare land snail (Clauszlia
laminata), an addition to the local list though recorded from
the county previously, but not from any other Irish locality.

1896-97] 345

Beetles, butterflies, and moths, snails, spiders, and other
interesting forms of life were systematically collected by the
members ; but, as most of the rarer species have yet to be more
carefully examined, the full list of captures are not here
available. Those who would care to know more of the smaller
animals are referred to the August number of the Jrzsh
Naturalist. After a most enjoyable afternoon’s outing, the party
gradually proceeded homewards in time for supper at nine.
Saturday began by breakfast at eight, immediately after
which the brakes were again taken, past Lord Farnham’s to
the first halting-place at Kilmore Cathedral, the place of
greatest interest to those of antiquarian tastes. Kilmore has a
beauty and a history all its own, and is especially associated
with ‘‘the most faultless character in all ecclesiastical history” —
William Bedell, who was bishop there during the wars of 1641.
The present stately building was erected in 1860—" Jn
memoriam Gulielmi, quondam Kilmorensis Episcopt,’ as the
great western doorway records. All remains of the old
cathedral have passed away, but the subsequent church is still
used as a schoolhouse. In the adjoining demesne Bishop
Bedell was permitted to remain during the early part of the
crisis, and here he collected around him all the distressed and
homeless English, with many of the Irish, administering to one
and all the food and clothing that had been left to him. The
Irish said he should be the last of the Saxons to leave the
country because he was the best of them, but he was not
suffered to reside in his own home, but was removed a prisoner,
with others of his household, to the neighbouring castle in
Lough Oughter. Here he suffered many hardships, for ‘In
this pit there was neither door nor window of glass or wood to
keep out snow or rain, and the boards of the floors so rotten
and broken with rain that it seemed not safe to walk upon
them.” Here the learned and worthy Bedell—he was the first
who translated the Bible into Irish—contracted a cold that
ended in his death after he had been exchanged as a prisoner
and removed to the residence of one of his clergy, the Rev.

346 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Denis O’Sheridan, near Kilmore. No more remarkable sight
was ever seen at an Irish funeral than what occurred around
the grave of Bishop Bedell, The friends of the deceased
prelate surrounded the coffin, but a ring of armed Irish, with
their leaders, surrounded them, drawn by the magnetism of a
good life to be present at the death ceremonies. The Irish
fired a volley, and said with a loud voice, ‘‘ Reguzescat in pace
ultimus Anglorum,” whilst a priest who was near exclaimed,
‘“‘T would to God that my soul were with Bedell’s!”? The
Bishop’s grave was carefully examined and a drawing of the
arms made, the inscription not being decipherable, the word
“eniscopi”’ only being faintly seen. Photographs were taken,
including one of the great sycamore tree overshadowing the
tomb, and said to have been planted by Bedell himself. The
inscription on the tomb could be read in 1820, and with
the exception of the word “ depositum” it has been repeated
on the present Cathedral. One or two members got into the
tower of the Cathedral, where a numerous colony of the little
long-eared bat was found, several of which were captured, some
to be released, others to increase collections. Curiously enough,
no record of the Cavan bats has been made, so they were of
considerable interest, the trip resulting in three species being
taken, one being the rare “‘hairy-armed” bat. Good land-shell
material was also collected for future investigation. The next
halt was made at a little quarry in a field alongside the road,
where a series of rocks was found, the carboniferous sandstones
being intruded into by eurite and basic dykes, specimens
being taken. The granite at Crossdoney was next examined,
and samples of it also carried away, some showing the junction
with the Ordovician rock. Thence another drive brought the
party to Killykeen, on Lough Oughter, where lunch was
served on the shores of a most romantic lake, almost equal in
beauty to portions of Killarney. Boats were kindly placed at
the Club’s disposal by several local gentlemen, by means of
which the islands and the opposite side of the lake were
explored. Trinity Abbey was visited, from which the early

1896-97. ] 347

door, with Celtic ornament, was removed to Kilmore Cathedral ;
also the great circular keep, Bedell’s Tower, on the crannoge in
Lough Oughter, the battered walls of which told of many a
hard-fought encounter. Washed up by the flood was a qfiantity
of excellent freshwater shell material, yielding most of the local
univalves, and the entomologists were delighted to find the
larve of a rare moth on the aspens. On the return journey a
visit was paid to the bog at Derrywinny, where the great sun-
dew, the frogbit, two species of bladderwort, ivy-leaved duckweed,
and other rare plants were taken. The rare sedge (Carex, the
pseudo Sczyfus) was in quantity, and the tall bulrushes were
observed in full flower. The return journey was ended in time
for dinner at 8.30, after which tables were cleared, and an
exhibition of the finds of the day was held. Professor Cole
gave a brief but most interesting account of the geological
features, and R. Ll. Praeger described the carnivorous apparatus
of the bladderworts. The Club’s prize 21 was awarded to
Henry Hanna, B.A. Sunday was an open day, when members
could do as they pleased, many staying in Cavan for church,
others driving to Killykeen, arriving back for dinner at eight.
The last day of the trip, Monday, was commenced, after break

fast, by a drive along a somewhat hilly road to the base of
Slieve Glah, a mountain of Ordovician sandstones and slates,
from the top of which a most extensive view was obtained, the
hills of Tyrone to the west, Tara and the hills of Dublin to the
south. On the summit a short geological and geographical
account of the district was given by Professor Cole and Mann
Harbison. The descent was made to the east to see a fine rath
at the base, where the party were entertained by the veracious
stories of banshees, witches, and fairies told in perfect belief by
a cottager, who, in addition, produced a quantity of milk for
refreshment of the members, and obtained for two of the
members a quaint form of primitive lamp, which was of some
interest. Near at hand was a small lake, from the boggy shores
of which had been unearthed a dug-out canoe some two years
previously, of which, however, no trace remained. Several

348 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

beetles and plants were here obtained, though none were of
much rarity. After a hearty lunch on the sward and a pleasant
mingling with an interesting peasantry, cars were again mounted,
and the drive made into Cavan in time to collect luggage, have
some tea, and catch the train home, Belfast being reached at
half-past eight. The excursion, though not to so novel a
district as that of last year to Galway, was nevertheless a most
enjoyable one, partly due to the good fortune in there being
only one heavy shower during the whole stay, and that on
Sunday morning, and partly owing to the beauty of the country
and the general lack of acquaintance with its various picturesque
features in wood and lake. The mingling of North and South
was again appreciated by all present, and added much to the
social pleasures of the excursion. The members were much
indebted to friends in Cavan for their attention during the
Club’s visit to their district.

I5 August.
SLIEVE GALLION.

The party to Slieve Gallion, numbering over twenty, leaving
the Northern Counties Station at eight o’clock, arriving at
Moneymore at ten, a through carriage having been provided by
the Railway. Cars were at once taken, and the drive will be a
pleasant recollection to all the party, the hedgerows being
bright with blackberries and honeysuckle. Arriving at Lough
Fea, the secretary announced that a boat was on the lake to
explore the crannoge showing so conspicuously in the centre,
and that permission had been given by Colonel Poe to pass
through his woods. He then read a short notice of the geology
of the district, written by Professor Cole, who had been working
out the local rocks, the main features being the intrusion of
granite in pre-carboniferous times into the much older pyroxenic
and hornblendic rocks, formerly supposed to have been altered
shales and sandstones, but now recognised as being volcanic in

1896-97. | 349

origin, ashes and tuffs having been found in considerable
quantity, and vesicular structure being oftenseen. The melting
up of the older rock by the molten granite seems to have
produced a curiously mixed rock ona regional scale. This is
described in the Geological Survey and elsewhere as Diorite,
and was supposed to have been of separate origin. It is also of
considerable interest to see the small capping of our familiar
basalt and chalk, showing what a gigantic amount of denudation
has gone on in geologically recent times in order to clear all
the basalt and most of the chalk from the great valleys on
either side of the mountain. The members were then free to
either ascend the mountain or explore the lake ; but the entire
party decided to climb, so a start was at once made, over fields
and by cart lanes, until the open heath was reached, investigating
each crag and exposure of the rock. The party gradually
reached the summit (1,623ft.), from which the view proved
somewhat disappointing owing to the heavy clouds covering
the sky. Afterashort rest, the descent was undertaken, passing
exposures of the mingled rock above referred to, and reaching
the road intime totake the cars again. Another drive brought
the members to the top of Carndaisy Glen which pleased every-
one by its beauty. The little stream has cut down through
gravels and sands until it now has got some way into the rock.
The sides of the gorge rise steeply, timbered on either hand,
while the carriage road runs down close by thestream. Leaving
the vehicles, the members scattered in pursuit of their various
avocations, the fungi being (though still early) especially
noticeable. The hedgehog mushroom (Aydnum repandum)
was in considerable quantity, as were several species of Russula,
Boletus, Amanita, Peziza, and several more, samples of many
being taken for future identification. Halfway down the glen
the surprising sight was seen of the stream rushing against the
steép bank, and, having cut through it, flowing at right angles
to its old course, now quite dry. This has been caused by a
second stream cutting its way from outside till its bed was lower
than the main one, thus when cut far enough back tapping the

350 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

larger stream and producing the above strange effect. On
arriving at the end of the glen cars were again mounted, and
the few miles separating Carndaisy from Moneymore were soon
covered, bringing the party quickly to the Drapers’ Arms,
where tea was in readiness. It should be mentioned that some
members of the Gaelic League accompanied the Field Club,
and succeeded in finding quite a number of Irish-speaking
people, though even the magic key of silver failed to extract
Gaelic from the younger members of the community.

29 August.
SLIEVE CROOB.

A representative party journeyed to Ballynahinch, where
they were hospitably met by the Rev. Father Quail, who had
thoughtfully provided a tea and coffee lunch at the hotel, here
the machines were mounted and a start made for Slieve Croob
and the source of the Lagan. On the way the party stopped
to examine the deep cutting made by the Water Commissioners
in connection with the Mourne water supply, whilst others
botanised along the fields and some took photos of the quaint
harvest operations then in full swing. A short halt was made
in Dromara, and a visit paid to the Church which was erected
during the episcopate of the celebrated Bishop Percy, and bears
his name upon thetower. The machines were left on the hill
above Dromara and the climb commenced, halts being made at
the different springs on the hillside, for the Lagan has many
fountain heads. The next halt was on the cam crowned
summit of Slieve Croob, where the party was photographed by
Alex. R. Hogg, grouped around the great stones of the cam.
The descent was then made by the other side where the
machines were waiting. A quick drive and Father Quail’s
rural little chapel at Dunmore was reached, and a hasty
inspection made of his geological specimens and antiquities.
The road was then taken past Macaulay’s lake to the Spa Hotel,
where tea was provided prior to Ballynahinch being reached
and the last train taken for Belfast,

1896-97. ] 351

WINTER SESSION.

Note—The authors of the various Papers. of which abstracts are here appended, are
alone responsible ior the views expressed in them,

27 October.
SOCIAL MEETING.

mEIHE winter session of the club was inaugurated by a
Sy social meeting in the Exhibition Hall. The company
was a large one, completely filling the available space
in the main hall, and comprising a good representation of the
membership of the club, with many friends of both sexes.
Tasteful floral decorations at the platform end made the hall
very pretty, while rows of coloured fairy lamps in the corridors
lent a picturesque effect to the entrance. Tea was served from
seven to eight o’clock at tables ranged around the main hall by
the lady members of the club. Thanks to the energy of the
secretaries and the cordial co-operation of members, there was
abundance of intellectual as well as social enjoyment provided.
There was an exhibition arranged in the hall, comprising
botanical, conchological, geological, and entomological col-
lections ; photographs, seals, and microscopic specimens. In
the minor hall capital displays of the X rays were given by W.
J. Walker to crowded and admiring audiences. Each display
showed the wonderful action of very high tension electricity,
the current being somewhere about 200,000 volts. This
enormous pressure is very difficult to insulate, as was shown by
the volume of sparks given across a space of about 2in. wide by
3ft. long between two insulated wires, and also by the glow

352 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

given out by long Giessler tubes, without contact with the
wires. The action of the current in the Crookes vacuum tube
was then shown, and afterwards a large number of objects were
exhibited, such as the hand, wrist, and elbow, a bag with
pincers inside, a book with scissors, and many more, including
a sheet of aluminium, which was quite transparent, and a sheet
of plate-glass, quite opaque to the rays. In addition to this,
W. J. Walker had on view what he humorously described as
‘‘X rays by diffraction,” which deceived many until they were
enlightened. This ingenious, yet simple, trick consists in
looking at the outstretched fingers against a bright surface
through an ordinary feather. The effect of the diffraction of
the light by the feather is to show what looks wonderfully like
the bones of the fingers. The side hall was devoted to the
lantern, skilfully worked by Lizars & Co., where crowded
audiences were delighted with the exhibition of a comprehen-
sive series of slides depicting botanical, geological, and
archzological subjects, the photos shown being the work of F.
C. Bigger, Professor Cole, W. J. Fennell, W. Gray, A. R.
Hogg, Dr. MacWeeney, J. St. J. Phillips, and R. J. Welch.
In connection with the photographic section were likewise
shown the albums in connection with the club’s archzological
and geological survey of Ireland, containing about 400 platino-
type photographs of Irish subjects, in addition to a number of
other photographic albums and some views illustrating the last
season’s excursions. <A collection of photos of wild flowers in
their natural habitat by that capable artist, R. J. Welch, was
much admired. The exhibits of the botanical section were
highly attractive, comprising choice British and exotic ferns,
illustrated by fresh-cut fronds and growing plants, supplied by W.
H. Phillips (honorary treasurer) and Charles M‘Kimm (curator
of Botanic Gardens Park); plants collected during the season
by R. Lloyd Praeger (honorary secretary of the Dublin Field
Club), Professor Edmund J. MacWeeney, of Dublin, exhibited
some bacterial cultures and slides, and a select series of Irish
fungi, including some that cause disease of the potato plant.

1896-97.] 353

A compact little collection under the departmental title of
“Marine Life’’ comprised a number of books illustrative of
marine life, lent by the Free Library, and some models of
marine life, lent by the Queen’s College. Henry Hanna, a.M.,
showed a collection of invertebrates and a clever series of slides,
for which the club’s prize had been awarded, while some
seaweeds collected on last season’s dredging excursions were
exhibited by Professor Johnson and Miss Hensman. Professor
A. C. Haddon contributed some examples of commensalism
and symbiosis from the marine fauna of Ireland and other
countries ; and Mrs. J. T. Tatlow had a collection of seaweeds
collected at Roundstone, Connamara, and a comprehensive
series of shells collected on Magilligan Strand, County Derry.
The conchological section comprising the above and the
collection of land shells by R. J. Welch was one of the finest
ever shown in the club, and one which attracted attention.
Near this was the table of A. G. Wilson (honorary secretary)
displaying rocks and miscellaneous objects of interest, including
specimens of Irish fresh water pearls and the pearl mussel (U/z0
margaritifera), the shipworm, with samples of its destructive
power, and some primitive forms of lamps. Dr. C. Herbert
Hurst had also a collection of marine life objects. The geological
exhibits comprised photographs of features of the high Alps, by
the late W. F. Donkin, from the geological department of the
Royal College of Science, Dublin (Professor Grenville A. J.
Cole, president of the Dublin Field Club) ; crush conglomerates
(with microscopic section) from the Isle of Man, Tertiary dykes
from County Down (Miss M. K. Andrews), opal and chalcedony
from the rhyolitic area of County Antrim, rhyolites from
Kirkinriola and Cloughwater (Robert Bell), fossil wood per-
forated by insects, from the Gault of Ventnor, Isle of Wight
(J. O. Campbell), microscopic sections of rocks and fossils
(William Gray), rocks collected on Field Club excursion to
County Cavan, rocks of Slieve Gallion, County Derry (Alex.
G. Wilson), junction of granite and Ordovician rocks from the
uew waterworks tunnel (Leo. M. Bell), microscopic section of

354 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

riebeckite granophyre from Isle of Skye (J. St. J. Phillips), Lias
and Greensand fossils (George Maclean), banded and altered
shale from waterworks, Newcastle (Robert Young), fossils from
Cretaceous rocks of Kent, Rhaetic fossils from Bath, specimens
from lead mines, Foxdale, Isle of Man (Miss S. M. Thompson,
honorary secretary of the section). To the microscopic section,
which was in the highest degree interesting, the following
contributed :—Rev. John Andrew (president of section), Henry
Hanna, A. R. Hogg, W. S. M‘Kee, Joseph Wright, Lorrain
Smith, Cecil Shaw.

In the entomological department J. T. Tatlow showed a
collection of butterflies from the Austrian Tyrol. Among the
miscellaneous attractions, the great seals of England, exhibited
by John Vinycomb, formed a distinctive feature.

At eight o’clock the president, Lavens M. Ewart, took the
chair. The president, who was received with applause, said—
In the first place I have to offer a welcome on behalf of the club
to our visitors, and hope they may have an enjoyable and
profitable evening, and I have especially to express our thanks
to those who have come to help us in the business of the
present meeting. Many of them have come from afar, and we
are grateful to all from far and near. I should like to say a few
words on a subject of much importance at the present time,
that of the Giant’s Causeway, and it is surely a subject which
concerns the club. As most of those present must be aware, a
few speculators have banded themselves together to endeavour
to exclude the public from free access to this truly gigantic
creation in order to make money out of it for themselves, and
they have invoked the Court of Chancery to establish them in
this undertaking. Three gentlemen, of whom, unfortunately,
I am one, have been served with writs in respect of so-called
trespass, and the battle has begun. A committee had already
been formed to protect the rights of the public, and they are
defending the action. Owing to the fact that the Causeway
Syndicate is a public company they cannot be required to give
security for costs, and as their capital consists of, I am informed,

1896-97. ] 355

but £7, whether we win or lose we—that is to say, the Causeway
defence committee—will have to pay our own costs. Our
solicitors, Greer and Hamilton, of Ballymoney, estimate that
the costs may amount to £400, and this sum at least we must
raise. Weask for help in the matter of collecting subscriptions,
and collecting lists will be supplied to all who will take them.
We earnestly ask all those who value liberty to take lists, and
get their friends to take them, so that practical interest may be
aroused on all sides in asserting the independence of the public.
Large subscriptions, as a rule, are not asked for, but small sums
given by the many, for it is a matter which concerns the many.
Evidence is also wanted from those who have known of the
Causeway as a public resort for forty or fifty years or more. I
shall not occupy your time longer, but direct your attention to
the different exhibits mentioned in the programme.

The remainder of the evening passed quickly over, the large
number of people fully occupying their time in examining the
different exhibits and in listening to the numerous gentlemen
describing aud explaining the objects which crowded the tables
occupying the floor of the hall.

I7 November, 1897.

At the opening meeting of the winter session Lavens M.
Ewart (President), occupied the chair, and there was a crowded
attendance.

The PresipenT said they were met that night to inaugurate
the winter session after a very enjoyable and instructive summer
session. The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club was now in its
thirty-fifth year of existence. The first year’s membership was
102, of whom only about twelve remained to the present as
members, the balance having died, left the country, or resigned.
However, those who remained continued to take an active
interest in the Club, amongst them being W. H. Patterson, W.
Gray, the lecturer of that evening, the Treasurer, W. H. Phillips,

356 [ [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

and S. A. Stewart. They had a visit during the year from one
of the original members, Professor Tate, and he had been
delighted to see so many of his old friends, and to hear of the
continued prosperity of the Club. At the end of the first decade,
in 1874, the membership was 227. In that year the guide had
been published for the British Association, and they would agree
with him that a new oneshould be issued. ‘he guide has been
very valuable indeed. At the end of the second decade the
membership was 280, and towards the end of the third (in 1891)
kK. Ll. Praeger and F. J. Bigger had been elected hon. secretaries,
and the Club had 280 members. Since that time the member-
ship had increased very rapidly, until in 1893 it stood at 4oo,
and in 1895 at soo. It was then felt that the Club was
sufficiently large to be easily worked, and a small entrance fee
was charged. By the systematic removal of the names of
defaulters, the membership now stood at a little below 500, and
the Committee considered it wise not to have too cumbrous a
society. ‘The last report was now in the members’ hands, and
it contained the usual reports, and also a valuable bibliography
on Irish glacial geology by R. Li. Praeger. ‘heir joint excursion
with the Dublin Club to Cavan in July had been most successful,
and strengthened the alliance between the Dublin and Belfast
clubs. lhe proposed long excursion to Ballycastle and the
(siant’s Causeway next year, with an invitation to the Dublin ~
Club to join them, would further strengthen the relations
between the clubs. At the conversazione that union was
strongly marked by the presence and help of their Dublin
neighbours, and last week several of their members visited
Dublin. The sections of the Club were doing very valuable
work—the geological under Miss S. M. Thompson, and the
botanical under the kev. C. H. Waddell, whose popular
leadership was very beneficial. He would ask those who took
an interest in natural science to support the official organ of
the Club, the /vzsk Maturalzst, edited by R. LI. Praeger ; and
those interested in antiquarian matters should subscribe for the
Ulster Journal of Archeology, edited by F. J. Bigger. It

1896-97. ] 357

required a larger subscription list to carry it on, and there was
no better value to be had. The same remarks applied to the
Trish Naturalist, as it needed subscribers to meet the expenses—
in fact, it had to be subsidised by private friends. Such a
valuable paper should not have to rely upon that source of
income. The Club gave every encouragement to special work,
and aimed at making all the lectures as popular as possible and
open to the public, knowing that those who took an interest in
such matters would join the ranks of the Club and assist towards
its prosperity. He would call upon Mr. Gray to proceed with
his lecture, which would be a great treat, especially at the
present time when the Giant’s Causeway was perhaps under a
cloud—he hoped only for the moment.

Mr. Gray commenced his lecture, ‘‘The Origin and Present
Condition of the Giant’s Causeway,” by stating that the Giant’s
Causeway was no new subject for the investigation of inquisitive
naturalists. It had been discussed by the leading British and
foreign scientists since the founding of their oldest scientific
societies. But long before they had devoted themselves to the
investigation of the peculiarities of the Causeway it had arrested
the attention and inspired the wonder and awe of the primitive
inhabitants of Ireland—a fact which was verified by the name
which had a world-wide reputation—the Giant’s Causeway.
Primitive man was of necessity an inquisitive naturalist. His
very existence depended upon his knowledge of the fauna and
flora that surrounded him, and his life’s history was influenced
by the varied natural phenomena with which he came in
contact. He was quick-witted, a keen observer, and attracted
- by everything that was strange and abnormal in nature. No
doubt at a very remote period he was attracted to our shores by
the strangely-contrasting masses of black and white rocks that
were so conspicuous in the cliffs, the prominent headlands, and
caveworn shores of our North coast, and that to-day were
acknowledged as forming a geological combination unlike
anything else in Great Britain and Ireland. Their evidence of
man’s early occupation of Antrim was numerous and instructive,

358 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The sand dunes of Ballintoy, Portrush, and Portstewart had
furnished them with the most ancient forms of primitive man’s
stone and flint implements and weapons. His habits, customs,
and almost his daily occupation were fully illustrated by the
varied and abundant antiquarian remains found in those
settlements, while the numerous stone monuments, circles,
cromlechs, and cairns that crest the hill tops and line the
mountain sides attested his long continued occupation. Primi-
tive man was, as he had said, an inquisitive and experienced
naturalist, who properly recognised every phenomena as the
result of some controlling cause, and what he was unable to
explain on natural grounds was attributed to supernatural
agencies. Being an inquisitive naturalist, they could well
imagine with what wonder he first traversed the strange
pavement of the Causeway, so artificial looking and yet so far
beyond the power of human skill, and they could readily
understand his natural conclusion that it was a “giant’s”’
causeway, for in this and similar difficulties the active agency of
giants was to primitive man as the active agency of “the
unknown God’' was to the Romans in their difficulty. He
called it the Giant’s Causeway because of its shape and structure.
These causeways were formed of piles driven perpendicularly
into the mud of the lake bottom, and the circular ends of the
numerous piles formed the passage to the crannoge—a mode of
structure that had its parallel in the Giant’s Causeway, which
is formed of vertical pillars, packed so close together that their
ends form a complete pavement or causeway, the difference
between the natural and the artificial being that whereas the
latter was formed of circular timber piles the natural was formed
of solid stone prisms in close contact. The origin of this
peculiar form and regularity could not be properly discussed
unless in relation to the great sheet of igneous rocks specially
characteristic of the North of Ireland. In dealing with that
they must remember that all rocks were divided into two very
distinct and well-marked groups—namely, the stratified and the
igneous. The stratified included all the fossiliferous and

1896-97.] 359

mechanically formed rocks, produced chiefly by the agency of
water, and the igneous included all the plutonic and volcanic
rock produced by the agency of heat. Assuming that the
primary plutonic rock was granite, all the stratified rocks were
formed in layers over the granite, and the other plutonic and
volcanic works were formed below the granite. All igneous
rocks were once in a molten condition and liable to be forced
up through the stratified works. The granite zone gradually
cooled until it finally ceased as a volcanic rock, and then the
inner zone of basaltic rocks was projected into the stratified
rocks by the internal volcanic forces. The two zones of igneous
rocks gradually passed from one into the other as the thickness
of the cooling matter was increased from the surface to the
interior, so that this division into zones was quite arbitrary.
The division line between the two was determined by the
proportion of silica contained in the rock. Mr. Gray, by
diagrams, sections, and photographic slides, proceeded to
explain how the basaltic rocks were built up to their present
thickness through fissures or vents from below, which were now
known as dykes, of which the North of Ireland contained
numerous and very instructive examples. The result of the
continued operation of the forces which he enumerated in
geological and modern times was very well exhibited at the
Giant’s Causeway. The extent, variety, and apparent strati-
fication of the basalt was very well shown on the exposed face
of Pleaskin, and was best seen from the spot known as Hamil-
ton’s seat, a little to the east of Pleaskin and forming the
eastern terminus of the Causeway range of cliffs. That was the
spot from which the Rev. William Hamilton viewed and
studied the Causeway cliffs, and here he had collected the
information in his “ Letters on the County Antrim.” Having
pointed out the great variety of apparent stratified deposits
occurring in the face of the Pleaskin cliff, explaining that they
were of volcanic origin and of similar elements, that the
bedding indicated successive outbursts of volcanic matter, and
the lithological differences of the various beds were due to the

3

360 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

condition under which each was produced, the lecturer went
on to say that the nature of this columnar basalt had been
discussed by the learned for ages, and in explanation of the
phenomena various theories had been suggested, such as
crystallisation, cleavage, shrinkage, and an accumulation of
globular concretions. The late Dr. James Thompson had
propounded a theory assuming that the cooling and shrinking
mass of basalt cracked into columns as starch cracked in drying,
and that the cross fractures and joints were caused by the strain
set up in the axis of the columns owing to the expansion of the
outer surface of the column. It was more probable that the
strain in the centre was caused by the further contraction of
the centre portion of the column after the outside portion
becaine rigid. It was clear, however, that the fracture com-
menced in the centre of the column and extended to the outside,
the difference in the sections of the columns varying from three
to nine sides. It was not incompatible with the theory
of crystallisation, but the marked difference of the angles
of the existing columns was directly against the theory of
crystallisation. Speculations as to the deposit of the columns
might be set at rest, for they were shown their full strength
elsewhere on the cliffs, from which they differed only in their
more regular form. The various points of interest in the
vicinity of the Causeway were then profusely illustrated by a
series of views. As to the methods for reaching the Causeway
from the headlands above it, they had, he said, several references
in the published descriptions from the seventeenth century to
the present time. In the “ Philosophical Transactions” for
April, 1693, a letter was published from Sir Richard Burkeley
to [)r. Lister, in which he gave a description of the Causeway,
and said— When you come to the precipice there is no going
down there it is so perpendicularly steep, but with much labour
and some hazard it may be climbed up. By other ways and
winding up one comes down to the strand which forms the foot
of this precipice, then runs out northward into the main ocean
a raised causeway.” In 1708, Dr. Molyneaux visited the

1896-97. ] 361

Causeway, taking with him a guide from Ballymoney. After
describing his journey, he said—"“ You go down to the Cause-
way by a very narrow path along the side of the hill”—a
statement as correctly descriptive of our present mode of getting
to the Causeway as it was no doubt 188 years ago. In 1788
one of our first popular guide books was published. It was
entitled “The Complete Irish Traveller in the Kingdom of
Ireland,” in two volumes. In that was given a very excellent
description of the Causeway, but it did not refer to the path.
Possibly the writer experienced no difficulty in reaching the
Causeway by the usual path. Dr. Drummond, who published
his excellent descriptive poem on the Causeway in 1811, said
nothing about this way down, while the statistical survey of
the County of Antrim of 1812 was equally silent about the
same path. He also referred to the Guide to the Causeway
published in 1834, and to one published in 1838 entitled
“Guide through Ireland ” which referred to the hotel built at
Bushmills for the accommodation of visitors to the Causeway.
Lewis's ‘‘ Topographical Dictionary,” published in 1837, said—
“The only access to it by land is down a winding path, cut at
the expense of the late Earl of Bristol while Bishop of Derry in
the western side of a verdant headland called ‘‘ Ovid’s Snout.”
There were also references to the Causeway in Mrs. Hall’s
*‘Guideto the Causeway,” writtenfrom 1841 to1843. M‘Comb’s
‘‘Guide to the Causeway,” published in 1861, said— The only
landward access to the Causeway approaching it from the Bush-
mills direction is down a very steep pathway,” In conclusion,
Mr. Gray said there was historic evidence to show that the
Giant’s Causeway had been a place of interest to the curious
traveller for nearly two hundred years. Although little had
been done for the accommodation of visitors until the last few
years, fortunately Coleraine or Bushmills had been the head-
quarters of the visitors, and there the guides met the coaches
and picked up the passengers going to the Causeway. Every
effort ought now to be made to develop tourist traffic and to
induce strangers to share with the inhabitants of the North of

362 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Ireland the enjoyment of their varied natural beauties, and thus
tend to realise that “union of hearts” upon which the prosperity,
happiness, and enduring peace of the country so much depended.
F, W. Lockwood, R. M. Young, J. M‘Leish, S. F. Milligan,
and Isaac Ward also referred to portions of the lecture, and
expressed the pleasure they had received in being present.
Five new members having been elected,
The proceedings terminated.

15 December, 1896.

THE PRIMEVAL BASIS AND PROGRESSIVE BUILD
OF THE INORGANIC WORLD.

By Rev. J. ANDREW.

Professor Geikie has a published lecture on ‘ Mountain
Architecture?’ and Pattison Muir, in his “Story of the
Chemical Elements,” just published, continually speaks of the
chemical processes as buildings; he says, at p. 62 “I have
compared the processes whereby compounds are produced to
building operations ; the chemical elements being the building
stones, and the compounds the finished buildings.” And in the
Old Book which we all love to ponder we are told that “He
who built all things is God.” We are not, then, inventing a
new phraseology when we speak of the primeval basis and
progressive build of the Inorganic world. «And it need not be
supposed that the inorganic world will present little of interest
for our consideration.

We begin, then, with the so-called Chemical Hlements such
as Hydrogen, Oxygen, Mercury, Iron, Gold, &c. &c., everything
that is supposed in our present range of demonstrated knowledge
to be creation’s simple elements; which they are trom the
chemist’s standpoint. Our time does not admit of tracing the
gradual historic discovery of these elements, Within the last

1896-97. ] 363

hundred years, between 20 and 30 of the somewhere about 70
presently known have been discovered. Before the year 1789.
when Klaproth discovered Uraniumand Zirconium, 21 at least
of those now known were undiscovered. Klaproth discovered
in 1789, Uranium and Zironium, 1n 1795 hediscovered Titanium;
in 1798 Tellurium; and in 1804, Cerium. Vauquelin dis-
covered Glucinum and Chormium; Tennant discovered Osmium
and Iridium ; and Wollaston discovered Palladium and Rhodium
all about the meeting of the centuries. In the 18th century
Boron, Chlorine, Iodine, Telurium Thorium, Cadmium, Lithium,
Magnesium, Vanadium, and Bromine were all discovered.
Hartwig, in his very interesting and instructive work on “The
Subterranean World,” says, ‘‘of the metals, the knowledge of
the Ancients was limited to 7, namely :—Go/d, Stlver, Copper,
Tin, Iron, Lead, Mercury , while now we know 56; most of
these new metals were unknown before the beginning of the
present century, nor can there be a doubt that further researches
will make us acquainted with many more metals whose existence
is still a secret to mankind.” It was as late as 1894 that Lord
Raleigh and Professor Ramsay announced the finding of a new
gaseous element in the atmosphere ; Newth, however, says
whether this gas be a compound or a new element has not yet
been discovered.

Some of you will probably be startled when I say that there
are presumably 100 Elements , according to the last finding
and formulation of science it isso. Let me explain how this
has come about, although at present there are not more than
70 announced to the world. In 1864, Newlands was the first
to point out that if the elements be tabulated in the order of the
increase of their Atomic Weights the physical and chemical
properties belonging to the first seven reappear in the second
seven, te. that the ezghth corresponds to the frst in these
characters ; the 22th to the second, and so on through the
whole 2 octaves ; and he applied to this relationship the name
of “ The Law of Octaves.”” A more elaborate and systematic
representation of Vew/ands’ Law was a little later on developed

364 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

by Mendelejef (1869), which is now generally known as
‘ Mendelejef’s Feriodic Law.’

Hydrogen being the lightest element in atomic weight of
all our known terrestrial elements is adopted as the unit
and standard from which the other elements take their
relative weight ; and the elements gradually increase tn atomic
weight as the notes of the music scale ascending increase in the
number of vibrations per second by which they are produced.
Hydrogen being the lightest, the other elements are counted
as so many Flydrogens in weight. The first seven substances
going up in the order of their increasing atomic weights shew
certain physical and chemical characters, just as the seven notes
of the musical octave have certain foma/ characters by which
they can at once be detected and named in any musical com-
position. After Hydrogen which is the unit and standard,
Lithium is 7 Aydrogens in weight; Berylliumis 9; Boron 11;
Carbon 12; Nitrogen14; Oxygen 16; and Fluorinetg. This
is the frst octave. In the second octave we have Sodium 23,
corresponding to Lithium ; Magnesium 24, corresponding to
Beryllium ; Aluminium 27, to Boron ; Silicon 28, to Carbon ;
Phosphorus 31, to Nitrogen; Sulphur 32, to Oxygen; and
Chlorine 35°5 to Fluorine. These are the first two octaves of
the chemical elements. After these, which are called the
typical pair, there comes an interesting and somewhat
mysterious pair of octaves with three “ transitional elements”
between them. These transitional elements also occur between
the third pair ; and the same thing recurs between the fourth
and fifth pairs; and it may be that three may be found between
the two octaves of the s¢xth pair ; or it may turn out that this
last pair may be like the first, a typical pair, without the
so-called transitionalelements. Zhaliumwhich is 232 Hydrogens
in atomic weight, and Uranium which is 239°8 are the heaviest
substances yet discovered ; they belong to the eleventh octave.
The whole of the twelfth octave is yet awanting. But inas-
much as the octaves of the chemical elements are linked
together by these transitional triads in pairs; and inasmuch as

1896-97.] 365

two of the elements of the eleventh octave have been discovered;
Mendelejeff confidently anticipates the zwe/fth octave of elements;
for which the eleventh has, so to speak, lifted up its voice and
cried for its undiscovered mate; while of itself, also, only
Thalium and Uranium, the fourth and sixth, have as yet been
discovered. When the Periodic Law was first promulgated by
Mendelejeff (1869) there were a number of instances in which
the system did not harmonise with the then accepted atomic
weights of the elements. Mendelejeff boldly asserted that the
atomic weights, and not the Periodic System, were at fault ;
and in every such case the careful reinvestigation of the atomic
weights by numerous chemists has proved the correctness of his
assertion. In the case of Jndium e.g. it had been counted 76
Hydrogens. It did not suit that place in the system, and when
corrected later on it was found to be zz? Hydrogens, and
found its place in the sixth octave, as the third of that octave.
Again Berylhum, at first called Glucimum, was counted 77°8
Hydrogens, but there was no place for it between Carbon 12
and Nitrogen 14, in the first octave. According to its properties
it was needed between Lithium 7 and Boron zz. When
corrected its atomic weight was found to be g Hydrogens, and
so its place was between Lithium and Boron. These were
excellent confirmations of the Periodic Law as an ordinance of
Nature.

And not only has the Periodic Law been of service in
bringing about the correction of numbers of doubtful atomic
weights ; but by means of it Mendelejeff predicted the existence
of undiscovered elements, and even described their properties.
There were gags in the third and fourth octaves awaztting
elements. In 1875 Gallium was discovered, and exactly fitted
the place with atomic weight 7o after Zinc 65 in the fourth
octave. And in 1886 Germantum was found, with atomic
weight 72, which was needed between Gallium 70 and Arsenic
75, with the very properties for the place. And Scandium 44
which was needed as ¢hzrd in the third octave between Calcium
go and Titantum 48, was discovered in 1879, with weight and

366 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

character exactly called for in that place in the great evolution
of the Chemical Elements.

Thus, then, seven elements in each of the twelve octaves,
and three transitional elements linking the octaves in pairs,
after the first so-called ‘‘ typical pair,” that is between the five
pairs which follow it, make 99 elements, to which when we add
the Hydrogen which is the unit and standard of atomic weight,
we have WMendelejeff’s 100 elements. So we are encouraged by
this most profound view of elemental classification to anticipate
quite a number of elements which have as yet been withheld
from our ken; and most of them must be of great atomic
weight.

Allow me at this point to develop a little way this beautiful
analogy between the musical and the chemical elements.
The first thing is to observe that in the chemical elements the
great Builder has set Hydrogen as the unit by which the relative
atomic weights of the other elements might be measured.
Hydrogen is the one. Now there is no known element whose
atomic weight is 2 Hydrogens; nor 3; nor 4; nor 5; nor 6;
we spring from Aydrogen 1 to Lithium 7; then the octave
goes on with Beryllzum 9, Boron, 11, Carbon 12, Nitrogen 14,
Oxygen 16, and Fluorine 19. We have, as it were, an octave
space between H. 1 and Li. 7 with no element in it. Now it is
very remarkable that in the genesis of the musical elements the
same thing occurs. The starting point of the genesis is the
root of under chord, for every scale has an wader, a centre, and
an upper chord. Now fis the root of the under or subdomi-
nant chord of the scale of C major. The genesis of the scale is
a geometric operation; we multiply the vibrations which pro-
duce F by the primes 2, 3, and 5, this produces the octave the
fifth, and third of the underchord / A Cf; the centre chord is
produced by multiplying C by the same primes, and we produce
CEHGC; and multiplying G the fifth of C, as we multi-
plied C'the fifth of /, by the same primes, 2, 3, and 5, we produce
GB DG,and then we have the elements of the musical
system. Now the thing we are called at this stage to observe

1896-97.] 367

is that from /'1 to /2 its octave there is no element produced,
the rest come later on and higher up, by other primes, producing
other ratios. It has long been the blunder of musical scientists
that they have tried to generate the musical elements from the
root of the Tonic chord, the key-note. The true way is to
generate from the root of the under chord, and only use the
geometric primes 2, 3, and 5, and the first thing produced is a
leap of an octave. The ratio of the octave is invariably 2:1.
Here then we have an initial point of analogy. The analogy
begins at the very beginning of the thing. We can see it by
this simple illustration :—

Hydrogenr . ‘ . Lithium 7, Beryllium 9, &c.

Fe | A : : wg iht.2, Goa GC, 1) LC.

But the analogy does not rest in one point of resemblance.
We come to what struck Newlands, and which led him to
formulate the “ Zaw of Octaves.” He observed that the first
seven elements presented a series of properties ; and then that
the eighth element went back and presented not a new eighth
feature, but a kind of repetition of the properties of the first ;
so he tabulated them, like the musical elements, in Octaves,
thus :—

En 4, Bes 9, B:. 11, C. 12, N14, 0. 16,Fl. 19
Na. 23, Mg. 24, Al. 27, Si. 28, P. 31, S. 32, Cl. 35°5, Hydrogens.

E26, G 18,. A 20, B22%,C 24, D 27, E 0,

F 32, G 36, A 40, B 45,C 48 D 545 E 32° | Vibrations

Now it is to be understood from Newlands’ point of view,
that as /' 32 greatly resembles in tonal effect F 16; andas G
36 resembles similarly G18; and so on through the Octave ;
so in the chemical elements Sodzum 23 resembles, zz physical
and chemical features, Lithium 7,and Magnesium 24 resembles
in a similar way Bervilium 9; and so on also through the
whole octave period. And not through these two octaves only,
but up through the whole twelve octaves; certainly through
those already known, and presumably through those as yet
undiscovered.

Wurtz, in his work called “ Zhe Atomic Theory,” after

368 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

tabulating the known elements, after Newlands, in octaves,
says :—

‘The horizontal series consists of elements resembling each
other in their atomic weights ; and of which the properties are
gradually modified so as to complete a period. The Vertical
Series consists of elements connected by the whole of their
propertiesand may be termed Homologous”. :
“We have given this table at length that the reader may ene
the true value of this attempt at Classification, which for the
first time embraces all the elements known to Chemistry. The
elements in the vertical series are Natural Families. This
attempt, doubtless, still presents many imperfections, greatly
due to the uncertain state of our present knowledge, especially
with regard to rare elements. The imperfection is undoubtedly
due to the fact that the rate of increase in the atomic weight
of elements which belong to the same horizontal series 1s altogether
irregular.” Li.7, Be 9, B 11,C 12, Ni 14, O 16, Fl 19, here the
rate of increase of the atomic weight is 2, 3, I, 2, 2, 3.

Now this is very true and remarkable, and here I would
remark that in the musical octave of notes, the horzzontal series,
there is also a strzking and significant irregularity, both in the
increase of the number of vibrations which truly produce the
notes, and in remarkable variation of the comma-distance* of
the intervals between the notes in nature’s ordinance, thus :—

C24) 247, & 30, 32, G 36, A yo, B ae Cre

Notice, then, that here the zmcrease in the vibration numbers
is 3, 3) 2, 4,°4,.5../ These are, the ratios given pretty dow
down in the scale; but it matters not what number we
begin with at C, the numbers of the successive notes must be in
these ratios exactly; we have no choice in this; Nature ts
imperative tn the matter of the ratios. And it will be observed
that the irregularity of which Wurtz complains is just one of
the striking points of our analogy. And it is effectively seen

* This comma is the 53rd part of the octave,

1896-97.] 369

when the octave which is divided into 53 commas is seen in the
comma-distance of the intervals so measured, thus :—
GE 4 OB 5. Crop DG; BS Piog G.

Now observe that this in the horizontal series of the musical
octave confirms the analogy between musical and chemical
elements as far as the zrregularity which Wurtz supposes to be
an imperfection in the increase of the atomic weights. Had
that increase been gutte regular there would then have been
imperfection. The inexactitude of increase of vibrations and
atomic weights agrees. But take the vertical series of which
Wurtz says— The elements resembling in the whole of their
properties may be termed Homologous. The elements in the
vertical series are Natural Families.’ Now the elements of
the musical vertical series are even more so.

Ue A ae
C DE BtGuArB C

And so on through the whole twelve octaves. The resemblance
in the vertical series here amounts to near zdentity.

We have not, however, seen the whole of the features of
analogy between the elements of music and the chemical ele-
ments when we have seen Newlands’ Law of Octaves ; we come
to what seemed to Mendelejeff a reason for departing from the
simple ‘‘ Law of Octaves,” and formulating ‘‘ Long periods”
containing 2 octaves, and 37 “transitional elements” between
them—periods of 17 elements instead of only 7. Mendelejeff
observed that Potassium 39 Hydrogens, the first element in the
third octave, had a more pronounced resemblance in properties
to Rubidium 8&5 than to Cuprum 63 ; Rubidium being the first
element in the fifth octave, and Cuprum the first in the fourth
octave. He therefore formulated the “ ong period’’ of 17 ele-
ments.

K. Ca. Se. Ti. V. Cr. Mn.[Fe. Co. Ni.| Cu: Zn. Ga. Ge. As. Se. Br.
Rb: Sr. Y. Zr. Nb: Mo. ? [Ru. Rh. Pd.| Ag. Cd. In. Sn. Sb. Te. I. }
Now although resemblance of properties is seen in the short

pertods of octaves all the way down through the twelve; yet

this new feature in the nature of things warrants the further

ast
he eS

370 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

arrangement in Jong periods of 2 octaves with a triad of elements
coming between. This, which at the first glance seems to
interrupt the analogy, on the contrary leads us to another very
strong point of it; indeed the most deeply seated of all between
the chemical elements and the elements of music. We have
long periods in musical elements. Besides the short periods of
octaves of notes we have the long periods of the chord scales in
every complete scale of Feminine and Masculine chords; and
between the two we have 3 transitional elements which has been
called ‘the defective triad,” being neither a minor nora major fifth.
Beginning with the subdominant or under chord of the Fem-
enine phase of the scale, and proceeding through Tonic and
dominant of it; then passing by means of the miscalled
“defective triad” to the under or subdominant of the Masculine
phase, usually called the major, we have the long period of the
chord-scale thus in horizontal file :—
DFA, ACE, EGB, [BDF], FAC, CEG, GBD.

This Jong period arrangement to which Mendelejeff resorted
for the reason mentioned, and without discerning the analogy
existing between it and anything among musical element, being
a third point of analogy, seems to go far to establish a purpose
of the Builder.

We have called this view of Classification of the chemical
elements according to their atomic weights, a profound view,
inasmuch as wezght which is Gravitation seems to be the great
ruling force, not on the earth only, and not through the solar
system only, but through the whole material universe, as
Newton’s profound research has shewn. We are told in the
same precious old Book which tells us who the Builder is, that
“He has weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a
balance.’’?’ And music, which is the most heavenly of earthly
things, is produced by the play of e/asticity against gravitation,
that is weight. A vibrating string, for example, twanged by
finger on harp, or bowon violin, or hammer in piano passes and
repasses its centre of rest by the force of its elasticity ; but every

time it passes that centre its excursion is less, through the force

1896-97. | 371

of gravitation dragging toward the centre of the earth; and by-
and-by its elasticity is overcome ; it ceases to vibrate; the air
which it had stirred resumes its equilibrium, and the sound

- Cases.

This beautiful analogy between Af/usic and the Chemical
Elements in their characters and resemblances as we have shewn,
is deeply interesting further on account of this, there are just
12 Scales or Keys of Music, and, although ina different way,
they also go zz pazrs, ‘‘the Minor and the Major” as they are
usually called, but perhaps better named Feminine and
Masculine as D. C. Ramsay, the profound Musical Scientist,
prefers to call them. [Each scale ascending is based on the fifth
of the preceeding one ; and when we have ascended 12 F2fths
we find that we have also ascended 7 octaves; and that the
12th fifth and the 7th octave both terminate in a note of
practically the same number of vibrations ; and so the cycle of
the musical scales closes. Io go on ascending would simply be
to repeat the cycle in higher vibrations; which musically,
however, would be of no service because our ears are not fitted
for more than the 12 pairs of relative scales. We cannot hear,
indeed, with any great delight even the 7 octaves of vibrations
which form the horizon of the musical system of vibrations.
The sweetest scales are in the middle region, under the zenith
of this horizon. So much for music and the chemical elements.
We shall find music to meet us again later on, meanwhile we
proceed.

Every building presupposes a Buzdder anda plan and materzals.
The grand old Book has told us who the Builder is. The plan
on which He works we call familiarly “the laws of nature.”
Very good. But laws do nothing. They are simply the way
the Builder proceeds to do His work. The plan of a building,
be it hut or palace, would lie long enough on the architect’s
shelf unless he were to proceed with action and intelligence to
Carry it out.

Now then we have got materials before us, the chemical
elements, let us see how the building operation proceeds. The

e372 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

next thing after the chemical elements are the crystals‘of which
the primitive rocks are composed ; for crystals are built of
chemical elements; and rocks are built of crystals; and
mountains, which are the primitive land, are built of rocks. It
is an ascending scale of buildings.

The Crystals of which the Rocks are built are very numerous
and we must be content with avery small sample. Let us take
what comes readily to our hand. We cannot go far in Co.
Down till we are in the midst of Granite mountains; nor can
we take a long ramble in Co. Antrim till we are deep among
the Basalt Dykes and Masses, with which very interesting
rocks Antrim is specially rich. Granite and Basalt will serve
us here. How, then, is granite built? As to the place and
manner of the build of granite it seems to be deep down in the
earth, and away trom the guzck cooling caused by exposure
near the surface. It is called a flutonzc rock as distinguished
from a Volcanic one; such as we have in the Basalts, called
Volcanic because of being forced up to near the surface of the
earth and more or less exposed to the rapid chilling of surface
agencies. For this reason the chemical elements which build
up Granites have plenty of time to crystallize ; and so we find
that Granite is composed entirely of crystals, not embedded in a
cement or paste, like the crystals of Basalts, but jammed
together and interlocked one with another; well formed, save
as they confine each other by pressing contiguity.

And now as to the mazerza/s of granite. Granites are built
chiefly of Quartz, Felspar, and iMica crystals ; many varieties
of these plutonic rocks have various additional elements, but
these three are the chief. And now considering only those
three let me try to give you some idea of the wonderful
complexity and harmony of their build.

In brief, at this point, the way to read the musical notes of
any crystal may be illustrated thus :—take Quartz, it is composed
of Silicon and Oxygen. Silicon is the fourth element in the
second octave of Mendelejeff’s table of the elements; and
Oxygen is the szx¢h in the first octave. Now the four¢h in the

1896-97.| 343

musical major scale is Fah, and the szxth is Lah. In short by
taking Mendelejeff’s table in the one hand and the major scale
of C inthe other, turn to Felspar and Mica and take the
chemical analysis of these in some of the chemical works on
Mineralogy. We find Felspar composed of Potassium 39, the
first in the third octave ; Calcium 40, the second in that same
octave ; Aluminium 27, the ¢hzrd in the second octave ; Silicon
28, the fourth in the same octave; Oxygen 16, the szxA in the
first octave.
Doh Re Mi Fah—Lah.

Mica is Potassium, Calcium, Aluminium, Silicon, Oxygen,
which correspond to the elements of Felspar, only they are
built in different proportions, and Magnesium 24 is added, so
the corresponding musical notes are much the same, only the
melody of the composition must be different. The Basalzs are
much more complex than the Granites, and they are in great
variety. Here we have Augite, Felspar, Olivine, Leucite
Nepheline, &c., now in illustration take Augzte; Phillips gives
Silicon, Aluminium, Calcium, Magnesia, Iron, Manganese, and
Oxygen. Now Calcium 40 is the second in the third octave ;
and Magnesium the second in the second octave; Aluminium
is the ¢4zrd in the same octave; Silicon is the fourth in the
same octave; Oxygen is the szxth in the first octave; and
Manganese 55 is the sevenzh in the third octave.

Re Re Mi Fah—Lah Te.

These illustrations may suffice to shew the method by which
the notes of any crystal may be come at; and these notes must
be composed into an air or built into chords, so as to feel the
-harmony as well as the melody of the crystal, for the crystal
also is a composition. Thus we see the crystals of granite or
basalt and the scales or chords of music facing each other like
the two leaves of a book, so that we may gaze and listen to
the silent music of the still earth; so deeply and intrinsically
does music enter into the hidden secrets and unvoiced harmony
of its rocky foundations. It is remarkable that such a substantial
thing as granite or basalt should have their crystals built of

374 [Froc. B.N.F.C.,

chemical elements of comparatively light atomic weight, and
belonging to the first three octaves of these elements. ‘The
further we go up these chemical octaves the heavier do the
elements become. Thus far, we have only got the length of
Iron, which is 56 Hydrogens ; while Thorium and Uranium,
the fourth and sixth of the eleventh octave are respectively 232
and 239°8 Hydrogens.

And now, are these chemical elements themselves also
buildings ?

Norman Lockyer says, in an article in Zhe Nineteenth
Century for 1879, on “the Chemical Elements.” “I have
recently announced to the Royal Society that, reasoning from
the phenomena presented to us in the Spectroscope when known
compounds are decomposed, I have obtained evidence that the
so-called elementary bodies are in reality compound ones. The
spectra of the suz and the stars have all beem recorded and
considered ; andin the science of Comparative Stellar Chemistry
it has been stated that there are four Genera of stars
recognisable by their spectra. In the brightest, and presumably
the Aottest genus, the atmosphere consists of only 2 substances,
Hydrogen and Calcium. Inthe second genus of stars,and our sun
belongs to this second genus, Hydrogen, Calcium, Magnesium,
Sodium, &c., come in. In the ¢hird genus the chemicals
discovered are those of zucreasing atomic weight, and Hydrogen,
the lightest, dzsappears. And in the Hourth genus, the coolest
of the stars, there are fluted spectra of metals and metaloids.”
He adds, “I have no hesitation in stating my opinion, that
in this line of facts, we have the most important outcome
of Solar work during the last ten years ; andif there were none
others in suppport of them the conclusion would still stare us
in the face that the running down of temperature in a mass of
matter is accompanied by a gradually increasing complexity of
chemical forms.’’ And Lockyer adds—‘“that in this work
experimentalists. have taken for granted that in the spectrum
thus produced they have been dealing with the Vibrations of
one specific thing, call it atom, molecule, or what you will,

1896-97.] 375

usually called the Chemical elements ; and that the vzbrations
of these specific molecules have produced all the Frauenhoffer
lines which they have persistently seen and mapped in each
instance.” In the article from which I have made these
quotations, N. Lockyer details an immense number of experi-
ments which lead him to “the conclusion that the so-called
elements of chemistry are not simple but are compounds.” They
may, in some cases be compounds, but I intend, if time permit,
and your patience, to suggest what has been already hinted at
by more than one expert, that even those which are zot
compounds are still ducddings built up of the ultimate substance
of the material creation, the all-pervading ether.

This conclusion of Lockyer’s when followed in the other
direction, namely, the running up of temperature to its most
intense degree will be found when we attain to the evidence of
it experimentally, to resolve everything which we have been
accustomed to call chemical elements into something more
elemental still, truly elemental in the great sense—the element
of Ether ; and that the building up of the chemical molecules
out of this ultimate element is conducted by the great Builder,
who is called in the Liturgy “a Lover of Concord,” on the same
lines as our Music of the air and in the ear, that we are
beginning to find embodied also, though unheard by mortal
ears, in the build of the crystals nf the rocks which build the
great globe itself.

Professor Henri Hertz,in “ La Revue Scientifique,’ October
26, 1888, says, “ The nature of electricity is another problem
which recalls us to the condition of electric and magnetic forces
through space. Behind this question arises the most important
problem of all; that of the nature and properties of the substance
which fills all space—the her, its structure, its motion, its
limits, if it possesses any. We find this subject of research day
by day predominating over all others. It seems as if a
knowledge of Hither should unveil to us the essence of matter
and its inherent properties, weight and inertia. Soon the
question set by modern physics will be ‘Are not all things due
to conditions of Ether ?’”’ 4

376 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

But more heat in the running “ud of temperature is, perhaps,
not the power by which chemical elements will ever be
decomposed and reveal to us that primitive protoplasm out
of which they have been built up. You observe that all
experimentalists speak of Vibrations as existing in both chemical
compounds and chemical elements. The elements are considered
to be in a state of zmtense vibration even in the most seemingly
solid of substances. ‘This, of course, is not a new view; but
there are new views connected with this doctrine of Vibrations.
There is a force which we might venture to call the Generic
force, of which heat is only one of the sfecies, it is called the
force of Sympathetic Vibrations.

Tyndall in his book on “‘ Sound” has a part devoted to this
subject of “ Sympathetic Vibrations,” and in the course of his
beautiful illustrations of it he uses this one—‘‘ Holding a
vigourously vibrating tuning fork in my hand, I bring one of
its prongs near an unvibrating one, placing the prongs back to
back but leaving a space of air between them. The periect
unison of the two forks enables the one ¢o set the other into
Vibration. And although we stop the sound of the fork we
had struck, the other, which a moment ago was silent, continues
to sound, having taken up the Vzbrations of its neighbour.”

In operating this law of Sympathetic Vibration, Keely, of
Philadelphia, in his researches and inventions, has made a
vibrating apparatus by which he can produce very zutense
velocity of vibrations; and by bringing this silent musical
apparatus into action he has accomplished the decomposition of
chemical elements with a view of obtaining the /atent force
aggregated in the course of their construction by the great
Builder of all things, that he might use it in running the
machinery of his workshop, and with the anticipation of giving
these hidden forces to the world for the use of man in travelling,
and in mechanical operations. Professor Fitzgerald, of Dublin,
who is acquainted with Keely’s labours and discovery, says :—
‘“‘ We seem to be approaching the theory of the constitution of
the Ether.” Professor Hertz has produced vibrations vibrating

1896-97.] 377

more than 100,000,000 times in a second of time; but Keely,
who has outrun all researchers on these lines, ae produced
700,000,000 vibrations per second by his 6b aeoilcars instrument.
John Worrell Keely, who is now recognised as a great discoverer
on the lines of Sympathetic Vibration, has constructed an
instrument by which he can produce and register as many as-
700,000,000 vibrations per second. Speaking of this operation
on water, Keely says :—‘‘ The peculiar conditions in the gaseous
elements of which water is composed as regards the different
atomic volume and weight of its gases makes it a ready and
fit subject of vibratory and research. In submitting water to
the influence of vibratory transmission, even as Szmple Thirds,
the high action induced on the Hydrogen in contrast with that
on the Oxygen, under the same vibratory stream, causes an
antagonism to arise between these elements that induces their
dissociation as water, and they are rearranged in some subtle
manner. The new gaseous element thus induced and registered
shows thousands of times greater force as regards tenuity and
volume than that induced by the chemical resolution. In all
molecular dissociation of both simple and compound elements,
gaseous or solid, a stream of antagonistic vibrations, Zhzras,
Szxths, or Vinths on their Mass-Chord will compel progressive
sub-divisions. In the disintegration of water, the instrument is
set on Zhirds, Sixths, and Vinths, to get the best effects.” .

After details and description as to how to operate
the instrument, Keely goes on to say :—‘‘ When the note of the
Syren becomes concordant with the neutral centre of the
disintegrator the highest order of sympathetic communication 1s
established . . complete disintegration wz// follow im
triple progression ; thus first, by the Zhzrds comes molecular
disintegration, resolving the water into a gaseous compound of
the Hydrogenand Oxygen. Secondly, bythe Szx¢hs resolving this
compound into a mew element, by second order of dissociation,
producing what I call /ow atomic Ether. ‘Thirdly, by the Ninths,
this /ow atomic Ether is again resolved into a new element,
which | call the high or second atomic.” By Thirds, Sixths,

378 [Proe, B.N.F.C.,

and Ninths, Keely is here speaking of what is away up in the
utterly inaudible region of vibrations produced by hundreds of
millions per second.

And now having brought before you Keely’s Analytical
operations reducing Oxygen and Hydrogen into the three orders
of etheric condition which have just been described ; let me
try to state, as briefly as possible, the attempt of Dr. MacVicar,
who was at once a great Chemist and a great Philosopher, to
construct the chemical elements theoretically out of the Ether;
an a priorz effort.

Inasmuch as all germinal objects in nature are in the form
of a cell, be it egg or seed or spore the Doctor presumes to say
that the ether, which is the germinal beginning of all, must be
considered also as being an elastic cell of inconceivably small
dimensions. These etheric cells are all, in their first and most
ultimate condition, egua/ in every way. By motion among
them they bound against each other and rebound, just as in
the larger sphere of the atmosphere the gaseous elements of
the Nitrogen and Oxygen do. He says—‘ The etherial
elements, the mzn1ma naturae, still have a certain amount of
power to maintain their zzazviduatity. But they cannot refuse
to obey the action of the cosmical law which calls for unification.
Hence they come together; they form not yet a material
molecule, only an etherzal one which we may call a nebular
speck. The nebular speck of ether increasing by additional
cells of ether which set up a pressure toward the centre of the
group, causes the central cells to coalesce, not having sufficient
power to maintain their individuality ; so there arises a nucleus
of confluent cells, surrounded with an atmosphere of normal
cells clinging to it. This new thing he calls the materzad speck,
which is yet a long way from being even the lightest of chemical
elements, the Hydrogen ; but it is on the way to the construction
of Hydrogen. ‘hese material specks are conceived to be of
two torms of arrangement of the cells of ether ; and, as we find
in the region of sex in all organic things, these two forms couple,
and stand vibrating infinitesimally near each other, and in

1896-97.] 379

perfect harmony of vibration. The confluent atmospheres of
the two form an ellipse ; but nature’s most perfect form is the
sphere or globe, so two of these couples tend to couple again ;
and standing across each other the four centres vibrate
toward each other yet more perfectly, and the four atmospheres
of free ether constitute a spherical structure. This the Doctor
conceives to be a hemiform element, a Tetrad, two of which
again coupled becomes the chemical element Hydrogen.

And now I must draw to a close, though much that might
help to elucidate this subject has been left aside. And as I am
quite aware that I have travelled into new ground, and into an
as yet ferra incognita, I shall not be surprised if any or even
if many of you, ladies and gentlemen, may be more startled
than edified by my paper. I have sought to make you feel that
the whole creation is in a constant state of vibration, and that
the law of these vibrations, inaudible as well as audible, is that
of the heavenly aesthetic order which is brought to our ears
within the horizon of the Musical System of Vibration.

At the close of his chapter on Mendelejef?s Periodic Law,
Newth says, “ No satisfactory theory has yet been offered to
explain the law of chemical periodicity.” (p. 109.) It seems
to me that its analogy to the Jaw of the Musical Octave and the
Musical Chord Scale which I have pointed out, and which
again Mr. Keely’s discovery in the region of Vibratory Physics,
shows to hold perfectly in the arcanal intertor of the Chemical
atoms, suggests for this region also the theory of the Musically
harmonic basis of all Creation

The whole subject awaits further research, and further
insight into the nature of things ; but it may be worth while to
allow the analogy here worked out to stand as a waymark
which can he taken down and cast aside if it should in course
of discovery be found misleading.

380 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

27 January.

The President, Lavens M. Ewart, in the chair. F. J. Bigger,
honorary secretary, read a paper on “The Discovery of a
Souterrain at Stranocum,” in the demesne of W. Ford-
Hutchinson, which was illustrated by a number of excellent
drawings and sections made by W. J. Fennell, and by numerous
photos taken by Alex. Tate. This souterrain has already been
described in the U7ster Journal of Archeology for April, 1897,
so that it is unnecessary to repeat the description. After some
remarks by F. W. Lockwood, J. Cunningham, Alex. Wilson,
John M. Dickson, and others, the president called upon Dr. W.
Donnan to read a communication on ‘“Fresh-Water Algz.”
Dr. Donnan began by showing the ease with which the study
of these lowly forms of life may be carried on, as every pool or
sheet of standing water teems with them. He then briefly
described their position in the vegetable world, coming among
the thallophytes, there being no distinction between leaf and
stem. They are distinguished from the fungi (the other large
group of thallophytes) by possessing chlorophyll, the green
colouring matter which gives to plants their power of digesting
mineral substances. They are cellular plants, with cell walls of
cellulose, of which also paper is made ; many of these cell walls
exhibit the most beautiful forms, and the effect is often increased
by the arrangement of the chlorophyll grains in strings and
spirals through the cells. Dr. Donnan then described some of
the more familiar and beautiful of the fresh-water algze, such as
the Pleuracoccus, which forms a green scum on standing water.
The “red snow” and ‘‘gory dew” are forms of algz with red-
dened chlorophyll. They usually multiply by simple division
into two halves, each of which goes and does likewise, ad znfinztum,
but it sometimes happens that zoospores are formed by the
breaking up of the protoplasmic chlorophyll. Each zoospore
has two ciliae, by which it can swim about until they are ready
to settle down as members of the ordinary community of
protacocci. Closely allied forms are the desmids and the

1896-97.] 381

diatoms, whose flinty skeletons are such favourite microscopic
subjects, their great beauty being permanent. The plant has
two sides, fitting one into the other like the halves of a pillbox,
between which is the protoplasm and chlorophyll. In Virginia
there is a famous deposit of diatoms eighteen feet thick. Volvox,
the beautiful revolving sphere, was next described in detail, and
also Batrachosperum, which is interesting as being allied to the
marine red seaweeds. Two or three alternative methods of
preserving these algze were explained, and the paper was
concluded. Dr. Donnan then appealed to members interested
in microscopic work to co-operate with him in reorganising
this branch of the club’s work. The various algz described
were then exhibited under microscopes by Dr. Donnan and
inspected by the members. After the election of three new
members, the meeting closed.

16 February.

One of the most enjoyable evenings of the winter session of
the Club was held on Tuesday last, when a joint meeting of
the Geological and Botanical Sections of the Club took place in
the Museum.

The PrEsIDENT (Lavens M. Ewart) opened the proceedings
by calling upon the Geological Secretary to read the report of
the season’s work (see page 386).

The Vice-President (the Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.p.) then
read a paper on the geological history of plants. He began by
remarking that his intention was only to give a rough sketch
of the subject, which was too large for a short paper, and which
would require special knowledge. The study of fossil plants is
peculiarly difficult owing to the bad preservation of most of the
specimens. It is striking to notice how recently vegetation has
become truly beautiful. The great forest trees of Carboniferous
and Devonian times were to our ideas weird and uncouth.
There are differences in type in various countries, as well as in
various ages, and of these one of the most apparent is Australia,

382 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

where thearchaic types of the floraas well as the fauna givea pecu-
liar appearance to the scenery. It seems also curious that these
older floras are apparently unable to fight against alien plants
from more highly-developed countries. Reference was then
made to an interesting diagram on the wall, showing the
relative abundance of types during geological time, so far as
known. Palzozoic floras are characterised by cryptogams,
giant in size, but structurally the same as our little club mosses.
Mezozoic botany is also typically composed of conifers and
cycads, and at length we come to the modern types of mono
and dicotyledonous plants. The Rev. C. H. Waddell then
pointed out the difficulty of determining the lower plants at all,
several supposed algze having proved to be of animal origin.
Owing to the inability of animals to produce chlorophyll (the
means by which minerals are turned into living matter), plants
must have preceded animals, and Sir William Dawson and
others believe that the beds of plumbago in the archzan rocks
of Canada are due to deposits of plants. Characteristic coal
plants are lepidodendron, sigillaria, with its roots, known as
stigmaria, formerly thought to have been a separate plant, and
calamites, allied to cur horsetails. Coming to more modern
deposits, the leaf beds of Ballypallady are interesting relics of a
past flora, including plants that are now tropical, American, or
Japanese. S. Gardiner, in a paper read before the Club, says
that the flora is mainly coniferous, a cypress, a pine, and a
cryptomeria being plentiful. Willow, oak, beech, magnolia,
&c., also occur. <A very interesting point in fossil botany is the
vicissitudes of climate undergone by any one country, as for
instance in Greenland there are tropical plants to be found
fossil. It is usually hard to find out what changes have gone
_on in any one family of plants, but one example is the fact that
the common flax is a totally distinct plant from any known
wild variety, while at the time of the lake dwellings in
Switzerland a much smaller and poorer wild flax was the only
available one.
A short discussion followed this paper,

1896-97.] 383

Richard Hanna then read a paper on alien plants, or plants
which have been artificially introduced. The number and
variety of these may be imagined from the fact that 188 species
are given as alien in the London catalogue. 141 species have
been found in Down, Antrim, and Derry alone. R. Hanna
said his attention was first called to the subject some ten years
ago, and since then he owed much to S. A. Stewart and R. LI.
Praeger for their help in naming doubtful plants. The hunting-
ground is to be found at the heaps thrown out by flour mills
and distilleries, also in fields and districts known to have been
sown with foreign grass and other seeds, among which many
interesting plants often occur. The majority of these alien
plants are annuals, but biennials and perennials also occur.
R. Hanna then detailed some of his most interesting finds,
including the London rocket, which grew so abundantly in the
ashes of the great fire of London. It is a curious coincidence
that it was first seen here on the ashes of a great heap of
damaged flour near Hughes’s flour mill. All the native
sisymbriums grow there, but it is largely filled up and built
over now. Hyoscyamus niger is also common at the Royal
Irish Distillery, and it is of interest to note that it is perennial
both there and in other places where it had been seen. It is
curious also that from a large quantity of seed collected in 1894
and sown in various good places not a plant germinated. A
number of other plants were described, several specimens being
on the walls.

Some lantern slides by R. Welch, W. J. Fennell, Wm. Gray,
J. St. J. Phillips, and other members, were next displayed by
Lizars. They included slides of a series of dykes, glacial beds,
glaciers, rock specimens, and features of local geology; also
some of the Kerry bogslide.

A number of exhibits of geological and botanical subjects
were arranged in the ower room. There was also on view the
new slicing machine for cutting rock sections, recently presented
to the Club by Combe, Barbour, and Combe, and made by them
to the design of H. J. Seymour, who explained its action to
a large number of members,

384 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The following is a list of some of the more important
exhibits :—Series of fossils from chalk, greensand, and lias of
Ireland and parts of England, by R. Bell; plant remains from
Ballypallady, &c., and from Museum varieties of silica, by H.
J. Seymour; living cycads and igneous rocks, by A. G. Wilson;
fossils from carboniferous, lias, &c., by William Gray; erratics
from Club collection; mycellium of fungus in wood and Rubus
drigert var Hibernicus, by the Rev. C. H. Waddell; fossil wood
from West Indies and Lough Neagh. There were a number of
other exhibits.

Two new members were elected, and the meeting concluded.

IO6 March.

The President in the chair. The following paper was first
read :—‘' The re-discovery of Dryas Octopfetala in the County
Antrim,” by the Rev. H. W. Lett, M.a., MRa.a. The plant
Dryas Octopetala or Mountain Avens, is mentioned in Mackay’s
Flora Hibernica in 1836, as having been found in the County
Antrim by Templeton. The specimen does not exist, and
there is no note in Templeton’s MSS. about this plant from
County Antrim, consequently the editors of the Flora of the
North East of Ireland, in 1888, excluded it with the remark—
‘Mr. Templeton is erroneously credited with finding this plant
in County Antrim.’

Now, while collecting mosses on the 19th of March, 1884, at
the Sallagh Braes in County Antrim, I found Dryas growing
and took this specimen which I labelled, and put aside, and as
I was working at cryptogams, I forgot it till Pay, 1896, when
it turned up in my Herbarium.

A note of mine embodying these facts appeared in the
Journal of Botany for August of last year. To me it was very
interesting to have verified Templeton’s accuracy by the
rediscovery.

The editors of the Jr7sh Naturalist took exception to my

1896-97. ] 385

good faith in this matter in that publication for October, 1896,
and gave their reasons, the principal one being, that—‘ the
Sallagh Braes have been well searched by botanists ever since
Templeton’s time notably by the late Dr. Moore.’ Therefore,
in the opinion of “‘ Irish Botanists” for whom they authoritively
spoke, my specimen of Dryas came from some other place and
I have foisted it into County Antrim.

But my finding of this plant at Sallagh Braes was genuine,
and the plants still flourish there and I hope long will, and that
our local botanists will refrain from collecting specimens of it
from Sallagh Braes.

Being in that neighbourhood in November, 1896, I went to
the spot where I knew it grew, and had the pleasure of seeing
Dryas flourishing. I brought this scrap—I know I was wrong
to do so—to show to the Members of the Club as I felt it was
due tothem to convince them, if necessary, that I was not
guilty of having committed a botanical fraud.

Hamilton M‘Cleery afterward proceeded with his lecture
“ An Evening with the Microscope—how and what to see.”
The Lecturer dealt with the structure of microscopes and the
different subjects of interest to the student. The lecture was
fully illustrated by lantern slides.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Club was held in
the Museum on the 13 April, when Dr. C. H. Hurst delivered
a lecture upon “Organization in Club Work,” fully illustrated
by lantern slides. The lecture treated of the work done by the
Liverpool Biological Society in the Irish Sea, and was of an
instructive and practical character, giving the members much
assistance in any future dredging excursions they may undertake.

The Secretary read the Report of the year’s work (see page 329).

The Treasurer read the statement of accounts (see page 332).

These two items were passed—some regret being expressed

386 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

at the latter being on the wrong side, which was accounted for
by the heavy expenditure occasioned by last year’s Appendix.

On the motion of Wm. Gray, seconded by J. St. J. Phillips,
_ the President (Lavens M. Ewart) was re-elected. On the
motion of Dr. Donnan, seconded by T. W. Foster, the Vice-
President (The Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.) was re-elected. On
the motion of W. H. Phillips, seconded by Alec. G. Wilson,
the Librarian (Wm. Swanston) was re-elected. On the motion
of W. J. Fennell, seconded by F. J. Bigger, the Treasurer (W.
H. Phillips) was re-elected. The following were elected as the
Committee on the motion of R. Hanna, seconded by John
Hamilton :—W. J. Fennell, William Gray, John Hamilton,
F. W Lockwood, S. A. Stewart, Miss S. M. Thompson, John
Vinycomb, Robert Welch, Alec. G. Wilson, and Joseph Wright.

Alec. G. Wilson tendered his resignation as Secretary, which
was accepted with regret. Francis Joseph Bigger was re-elected
with J. St. J. Phillips on the motion of Robert Welch, seconded
by John M. Dickson.

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION FOR 1896-7.

In presenting their fourth Annual Report the Committee of
the Geological Section have to record a year of continued
activity both in field work and in the practical study of rocks
and fossils, the Evening Monthly Meetings having been well
attended, the Members contributing the results of their
individual labours in many -districts of Ireland. Several
excursions to places of geological interest were organized, only
two of these being spoiled by he exceptionally wet weather.
The search for Zrz/obztes at Pomeroy had to be abandoned, as
the fossiliferous ordovician rocks there occur in the bed of a
stream ; and an excursion to Glenavy in search of plant remains
proved abortive owing to the flooded condition of Lough Neagh.
A fresh impetus was given to study our Cretaceous rocks by
Dr. W. Fraser Hume’s visit to Belfast in 1895, which was renewed
by his second visit last summer, when several Members of the

1896-97. | 387

Club had the opportunity of accompanying him on his visits to
our best sections. Whilst anxiously awaiting the publication
of his results, it is pleasant to find that Robert Bell has
forwarded to Dr. Hume, amongst many other fossils from
Squire’s Hill, the first recorded specimens of Holoaster levis
var. planus and Lelemnitella Alfredz ever found in Ireland.
The desire to obtain fossils trom the basal cretaceous beds of
Murlough Bay resulted in a successful and largely attended
excursion to that lovely district on last Kaster Monday.

Once more Professor Cole has visited Belfast, conducting the
classes that have now become an annual institution invaluable
to the students of petrography, and not less useful to those who
care especially to study the relations of various types of rock to
one another in the field. Many valuable gifts have been
received on behalf of the Club, foremost amongst them is the
valuable and beautiful rock-slicing machine, presented by
Combe, Barbour, & Combe, who made it after the design
of Henry J. Seymour, a member of the Dublin Club, whose
temporary residence in Belfast has cemented the friendly
feeling between the two clubs. A fine series of specimens
procured by L. M. Bell, c.z., from the new waterworks
tunnel at Newcastle, show the ordovician slates hardened and
altered by intrusive veins and patches of fine-grained Mourne
granite, the study of these interesting sections should not be
neglected by the Geological Members of the Club, as the
opportunity is unique, and may never occur again. Robert
Bell’s interesting discovery of fire opals in the rhyolites of
Sandy Brae, must be recorded, as well asa bed of beautifully
perfect leaf remains on the shores of Lough Neagh between
Toome and RKandalstown. ‘The bed has evidently been pre-
served by a covering of boulder clay which is still visible turther
inland, erratics lying over the leaf beds seeming to be the
remnants of its former extension to the lake. Cranfield point
lies about half a mile north east of the bed, which deserves
further investigation, only R. Bell and S. A. Stewart having as
yet visited it,

388 - ge" (Proc, B.N.F.C,,

EXCURSIONS.

6 April, 1896—Murlough Bay. Cretaceous rocks.

16 May, _,, —Squire’s Hill Quarries. Cretaceous rocks.

13 June, ,, —Woodburn. Cretaceous rocks.

18 July, ,, —Glenavy, Leaf remains.

12 Sept., ,, —Kilroot and Whitehead. Trias and Cretaceous rocks.

10 Oct., ,, —Marino. Carboniferous beds.

26 Dec., ,, —Dromore. Glacial.

13 Feb., 1897—Cloughfin. Glacial.

6 March, ,, —Squire’s Hill. Igneous quarries.

19 igs 9» —Orlock. Dykes in Ordovician rocks rocks (Lamprophyre, etc.).

GEOLOGICAL CLASSES CONDUCTED BY PROFESSOR COLE.

A series of six lessons on blowpipe work, flame tests and
other methods employed in the examination of rocks was held
in the Club’s rooms at the Museum, three field lessons were
also conducted as follows :—

Tuesday, 30 March—Whitehead and Blackhead.

Thursday, 1 April—Ballypalady and Templepatrick.

Saturday, 3 ,, —Castlewellan and Newcastle District.

A public popular lecture on Zhe Butlding of Ireland ; the
landscape and the ground beneath it was delivered by Professor
Cole in the Grosvenor Hall, under the auspices of the Club,
the Lord Mayor of Belfast being in the chair. It is gratifying
to record that this lecture which was intended to bring scientific
instruction about our native land within the reach: of every
citizen in Belfast was cordially appreciated, the lecture being
well attended by an attentive and enthusiastic audience.

GLACIAL GEOLOGY.

In response to a request from Percy F. Kendall, F.a.s.,
Secretary of Britith Association Erratic Blocks Committee, a
series of samples of boulder clays from various localities in our
district were forwarded to him by Members of the Section. An
inquiry from J. Kilroe (Geological Survey of Lreland) as to
whether any distinction could be drawn between upper and lower

1896-97.] 389

boulder clays in our district could only obtain a negative, no
such difference having as yet been satisfactorily established.

The area of distribution for Ailsa Craig riebeckite-eurite has
been largely extended during the past year, specimens having
been found as far west as Portrush by R. Welch, who also
obtained two specimens when dredging in 45 fathoms off
Rathlin. These three erratics were submitted to W. W.
Watts, F.G.s., of Jermyn St. Museum, through whose kind
offices specimens of the riebeckite-rocks of Skyeand Ailsa were
obtained last year ; his verdict is that all three are from Ailsa
Craig, the other specimens have been examined by Prof. Cole.
The dredged pebbles present the intensely worn and rounded
appearance usual in these Ailsa erratics.§ A. G. Wilson
found the eurite in the esker sands of Ballylesson, Robert
Bell in Colin Glen, at Glenavy, in esker gravels near Antrim
and in boulder clay on the Black Mountain, Miss M. K.
Andrews on the shore at Kilkeel, whilst a specimen was
extracted by the writer from the boulder clay in Dromore
brickfield. Owing to unforeseen delays in tabulating the results
of last season’s glacial observations it is unfortunately necessary
to reserve the lists until next year’s report.

GIFTS TO THE SECTION.

_ The thanks of the section are due for the following valuable
gifts :—

Coombe, Barbour © Coombe, Rock-Slicing Machine.
Professor Grenville A. J. Cole, M.R.1.A4., F.G.S., Specimen of
variolite from Dyke near Annalong—* The Rhyolites of County
Antrim, with a note on Bauxite.” Sc. Trans. Roy. Dub. Soc.,
Mol. VI. (Ser. I1.).. J. Nolen, Geol. Survey of Ireland ;
New Index Map of Ireland, with districts included in memoirs
specially coloured by hand. A. M. FPlatnauer, York
Museum, Erratic of Shap Granite found in Yorkshire drift.
(per Miss M. K. Andrews.) & W. Lockwood, Collection
of Fossils from Red Crag of England. /. O. Campbell, B.E.,
Granite from Shap and Ross of Mull. &. Bel/, Collection of

390 "[Proc, B.N.F.C.,

Rhyolites from County Antrim. . Lloyd Praeger, B.E.,
™.R.1.4., “Report upon the raised beaches of the North East
of Ireland.” Proc. Roy. Ir. Acad., 3rd Ser., Vol. IV., No. 1.
W. W. Watts, F.c.s., “British Geological Photographs.”
From Geol. Mag. of Jan., Feb., and March, 1897. To Miss
M. K. Andrews, L. M. Bell, R. Bell, J. O. Campbell, G.
MacLean, and A. G. Wilson, for numerous additions to the
collection of Irish rocks.

Zittels’ ‘‘ Handbuch der Palzontologie,”’ and many requisites
for the practical work carried on at the evening meetings have
been purchased during the year.

SYDNEY M. THOMPSON,
fon. Sec. of Section.

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION.

Monthly Meetings have been held regularly during the
winter, and a considerable amount of work has been done in
the study of some of the native natural orders. Although the
attendance has not been large, it has been constant and interest
has not flagged.

At the Meeting in October a presentation was made to S. A.
Stewart, F.B.S.E., by Members and other friends, of the first
portion of a beautiful mounted set of British Hawkweeds,
now being issued by Messrs. Linton, in recognition of his
services to Irish botany and especially in the genus Hieracium,
and of their affection and esteem.

The want was felt at these Meetings of a set of mounted
plants which would be always at hand and easily accessible to
illustrate the lectures. Miss S. M. Thompson kindly presented
a collection of 433 plants for this purpose, which has been
further supplemented by a gift of plants from Miss M. Knowles.
Others are promised, and we hope members will try to fill up
the gaps and make the collection complete. Some books of
reference are also much required for use at the Meetings, and
one or two have been acquired for this purpose.

1896-97.) 391

NOTICE.

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

™

Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Annual Report and Proceedings, Vol. XI.

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. VIII., No. 3.

Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1894-95.

" Ulster Journal of Archaeology.
Vol, II., Part 4, Vol. I1I., Parts I., I1., III.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Abstract of Papers and Annual Report, 1896.

Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VIII., Part I.
List of Members.

Canadian Institute.
Transactions, Nos. 8 and 9.

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.
Report and Transactions, Vel. XXVII., Part II., Vol.
XXVIII., Parts 1 and 2.
Cornwall—Royal Institution of.
- Journal, Vol. XII., Part 2—Vol. XIII., Part 1.

Costa Rico—Museo Nacional de Costa Rico, Informe presentado
al senor Secretario de Estado en el despachs de
Fomento. And other papers.

" Primera Exposicion Centioamencana de Guatemala
Documentos.

392 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, 3rd Series, Vol. IV., No. 1.

Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.

Journal, Vol. V1., Parts 2, 3, 4.
Naturalists’ Field Club.

Annual Report, 1896.
Edinburgh— Botanical Society of.

Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. XX., Parts 2 and 3.

Frankfort—Helios.
Jahrgang 13, Nos. 7 to 12.

Societatum Litterae.
Jahrgang I1X., Nos. 10 to 12, Vol. X., 1 to 6.

Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft
Bericht, 1896.
Glasgow—Natural History Society.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part IT.

- Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XX VII.

Geological Society of.
Transactions, Vol. X., Part 2.

Halifax, N.S.—Nova Scotian Institute of Science.
Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. 1X., Parts 1 and 2.

”

”

”

+]

dy

Hamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, No. XII.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society.
Transactions, Vol. VLII , Parts 8 and 9, Vol. IX., Parts 1, 2, 3.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
Annual Report, 1895-96.

Liverpool Geological Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VII., Part 4.

London—Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XIV., Parts 8, 9, 10, Vol. XV., parts 1 and 2.

British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report, 1896.

”

1896-97. ] 393

London—Reliquary and Illustrated Archzolosist.
Vol. IT., Nos. 3—4; Vol. III. Nos. 1—2.

- Trustees of British Museum.
General Guide to Nat. Hist. Department,
Guide to the Fossil Mammils and Birds.
+ Reptiles and Fishes.
a 2 Part II.
», Mineral Gallery.
Students’ Index to the Collection of Minerals.
Introduction to the Study of Minerals.

5 nA Rocks.

- Meteorites.
Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia.

e », Reptiles and Fishes.

e », Shells and Starfishes.

»> Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi.
», British Mycetozoa.
»» Fossil Invertebrates and Plants.
Manchester Field Naturalists’ and Archzologists’ Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1895.

hei Microscopical Society.
Transactions, &c., 1895.

Montevideo—Museo Nacional de Montevideo.
Anales, V. and VII.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part 2.

Paris—Société Zoologique de France.
Four Papers.

St. John’s, N.B.—Natural History Society.
Bulletin, No. XIV.

Stavanger—Museum.
-Aarsberetning for 1895.

Wiltshire Archzological and Natural History Magazine.
Vol. XXVII., No. 85,
Catalogue of Antiquities in the Museum at Devizes, Part I.
Warwickshire—Naturalists’ and Archzologists’ Field Club.
Proceedings, 1895 and 1896.

394 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

Transactions, Part 29.
Carboniferous Flora, by Robert Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.

”

Proceedings, Vol. XXVII.

Chapel Hill N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, Vol. XII., Part IT.

Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
Lichen Flora of Chicago and Vicinity.
Annual Report, 1896.
Meriden—Scientific Association.
Transactions, Vol. VII.
Minnesota—Geological and Natural History Survey.
Annual Report, 1898-94.
Geology of Minnesota, Vol. III., Part 1 of the Final Report.
New York—American Museum of Natural History.
Bulletin, Vol. VIII.
Annual Report, 1895.

Philadelphia—Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, 1896, Parts 1, 2, 3.
Rochester—Academy of Science.
Proceedings, Vol. III., brochure 1.
Salem—American Association for the Advancement
of Science.
Proceedings, 1895-96.
Staten Island Natural Science Association.
Proceedings, Vol. V., Nos. 8—10; Vol. VI., No. 1—6.

Washington—Smithsonian Institution.
Report, 1894.

e United States Geological Survey.
Annual Reports, 1893, 4, 1894, 5, and
1895-6, Parts, 1—11.

1896-97.) 395

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FF
THIRTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1897-98.
=== OO

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

President:
LAVENS M. EWART, m.pR.1.a.

BDice- President:
THe REV. C. H. WADDELL, B.p.

@reasurer: dibrarian :
W dH. PHILLIPS, WILLIAM SWANSTON, r.e.s.,
8 CHICHESTER STREET. QuEEN STREET.
Sommittee :

W. J. FENNELL. Miss S. M. THOMPSON.
WILLIAM GRAY, m.x.1.a. JOHN VINYCOMB, m.pz.1.a.
JOHN HAMILTON. ROBERT WELCH.

F. W. LOCKWOOD. ALEXANDER G. WILSON.

S. A. STEWART, F.B.s.z. JOSEPH WRIGHT, r.a.s.

son. Secrefaries:

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, m.n.1.a., FR.s.a.. Rea’s Burnpines.
J. Sr. J. PHILLIPS, a.x.1.8.a., 20 University Savarr, Betrasr.

396

[Proc. B.N.F:C.,;

SAembers.

Any Changes in the Addresses of Members should be at once notified to the
Secretaries by Post Card.

Adams, John J.,
Antrim.

Adams, John, The Manse, Antrim

Adams, John, New King Street

Alderdice, David, Craigfernie Ter-
race, Lisburn Road.

Allen, Joseph, Solicitor, Lisburn.

Allibon, George, 80 Donegall Place,
Belfast.

Allingham, Hugh, Ballyshannon.

Allworthy, Edward, Mosaphir, Bel-
fast.

Anderson, John, J.P.,
brook, Holywood.

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place.

Anderson, John M., Marlborough
Park.

Anderson, James F., 39 Fitzwilliam
Street.

Andrew, J. J., L.p.s., Belgravia.

Andrew, Rev. John, 25 Rugby Rd.

Andrews, Miss M. K., 12 College
Gardens.

Andrews, Miss, 12 College Gardens.

Ardill, Robert, 36 Lonsdale Street,
Belfast.

Atkinson, Rev. E. D., p.v., The
Rectory, Waringstown.

M.D., Ashville,

Fast Hill-

Bain, John, Royal Avenue, Belfast.

Barkley, James M., Queen’s Square.

Barbour, John H., 1 Hamilton
Villas, Ballyholme, Bangor.

Barr, James, Beechleigh, Windsor
Park.

Barr, John, Glasgow Steam Boat
Office, Queen’s Square.

Batt, William, Sorrento, Windsor,
Belfast.

Bell, E. George, Bellevue, Lurgan.

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portglenone,
Co. Antrim.

Beck, Miss Emma, Old Lodge Road.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare.

Bell, Robert, Charleville Street.

Bell, Leonard, Braemar Terrace,
Balmoral.

Bell, Miss Alice J., Braemar Ter-
race, Balmoral.

Berry, Lieut. J. J., The Barracks,
Dundalk.

Best, James, Clarence Place.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, Ardrie.

Bingham, Edward, Ponsonby Av.

Blackwood, W. B., University Sq.

Blair, E., Glenburn Park, Cavehill
Road.

Blair, Mrs., Glenburn Park, Cave-
hill Road.

Bland, Major General, Woodbank,
Whiteabbey.

Boyd, Miss, Chayo, Adelaide Park.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, m.p., 27 Great
Victoria Street.

Boyd, Miss, Cultra House, Holywood

Boyd, Miss Ethel, 43 Victoria Place.

Boyd, Wm., 43 Gt. Victoria Street.

Braddell, Edward, St. Ives, Malone
Road.

Brandon, Hugh B., Royal Avenue.

Brown, Robert, Ba., Wingfield
Lodge, Bloomfield.

Breakey, Rev. J. P. R., m.a., The
Rectory, Armoy.

Brenan, Rev. 8. A., B.a., Knock-
nacarry.

Brett, Chas. H., Gretton Villa South.

Bristow, Rev. Canon, St. James’
Parsonage.

Brown, John, Longhurst, Dunmurry.

Brown, Thomas, 102 Donegall St.

Brown, Wm, 18 Chichester Street.

Browne, W.J., M.a., 5 Crawford’s
Square, Derry.

Bruce, Miss E., ‘‘ The Farm.’

Bulla, Charles, Wellington Park
Terrace

Burnett, John R., Rostellan, Malone
Road.

Burtchaell, George D., m.a., 7 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.

Campbell,

J. O., B.x.,” Ravenhill
Road.

1896-97. ]

Campbell, Thomas James, Rathmore,

Co. Antrim.
Carson, J. C., 73 Victoria Street.
Carson, John, Walmer Terrace,
Holy wood.

Carson, Robert, Reform Club, City.

Carrothers, Michael, 4 Stranmillis
Gardens.

Carruthers, Miss, 9 Claremont St.

Carter, W., Chichester Park.

Carter, W. Charles, 30 Donegall
Place.

Christie, Rey. W. J., 13 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Cleaver, John Martin,
Malone Road.
Clements, W. T., 1 Agincourt Ter-

race, Rugby Road,
Cleland, Jas. A., Wellington Park.

Dunraven,

Clelani, W. W., 48 Wellington
Park.
Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 32 Lower

Easton Street, Cliftonville.
Cleland, Alex. M‘J., 32 Lower
Easton Street, Cliftonville.
Coates, S. B., m.v., Shaftesbury
Square.

Coates, John D., 41 Chichester St.

Cochrane, Robert, M.R.1.a., 17
Highfield Road, Dublin.

Colbeck, James, Shaw’s Bridge.

Cole, Rev. Richard, Armagh.

Coleman, J., H.M. Customs, South-

: ampton

Corley, Miss E., 52 Elmwood Ay.

Corley, Miss Kate A., 52 Elmwood
Avenue.

Corry, W. F. C. S., Chatsworth,
Malone Road.

Cosgrove, Henry, 35 Rugby Road.

Costigan, Wm., Gt. Victoria Street.

Coulson, Gerald, 4 College Street
South.

Crymble, George G., Gordon House,
Annadale. °

Culbert, Robert, Distillery Street.

Cunningham, Chas. M., 18 College
Square East.

Cunningham, Samuel,
Belfast.

Curley, Francis, High St., Belfast.

Curley, Mrs., Dunedin Ter., Belfast.

Coulter, Mrs,, 21 University Square,

Glencairn,

S97

Cowan, P.«'C.;
Gardens.
Crane, Thomas, 3 West Elmwood,

Lisburn Road.
Crawford, F. H., 20 Mill Street.
Creeth, James, Victoria Square.

c.E., 9 College

Dalton, John P., 4 Roseberry Villas,
Chichester Park.

Darbishire, R. D., Victoria Park,
Manchester.

Damant, Mrs., Lammas,
Isle of Wight.

Davis, Henry, Holywood.

Davies, John Henry,
Cottage, Lisburn.

D’Evelyn, Alex. M., m.p., Bally-
mena,

Dickson, John M., Hillbrook, Holy-
wood.

Dickson, Wm. W., 52 Pakenham
Place.

Dixon, W. H., Dunowen.

Donaldson, George, Box 202, Adams
Mass., U.S.A.

Donaldson, John, 18 Brookhill Av.

Donnon, W. D., m.B., Ardmore
Terrace, Holywood.

Duffin, Miss, Strandtown Lodge.

Dufferm and Ava, Marquis of,
Clandeboye.

Dunlop, Fleet Surgeon, Belvidere
Cottage, Lisburn.

Cowes,

Glenmore

Elliott, David, Cyprus Park, Bloom-
field

Elliott, George H., Holywood.
Ewart, L. M.,s.P., Glenbank,
Ewart, Clement C., Glenbank.
Ewart, Ernest, Glenbank.

Ewart, William, Glenmachan.
Ewart, Sir Wm. Q., Bart., Glen-

machan.
Ewart, L. M. Algernon, Glenbank.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Fennell, W. J., M.x.1.4., Chichester
Street.

Ferguson, G. W., Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Henry, Donegall Park,

Ferguson, James H., 2 Wellesley
Avenue.

Firth, Joseph, Whiterock,

Firth, William A., 92 Cliftonpark
Avenue.
Foster, T. W., m.a. 1 Clonsilla,
Antrim road.
Foster, Rev. G., Co.
Armagh.

Fraser, R. N., 271 Albertbridge
Road.

Frame, John, 6 Lawrence Street.

Fullerton, Geo., Croagbeg, Bush-
mills.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor
Avenue.

Lurgan,

Galway, J. C., Wynstay, Rosetta
ark

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Gailey, '[. A., 10 Ardenvohr Terrace,
Woodstock Road.

Galloway, Joseph, 83 LEglantine
Avenue.

Galway, William H., 3 Dufferin
Buildings, Bangor.

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace.

Gibson, William, Heathfield House,
Ballygowan, Co. Down.

Gibson, Henry, Glencairn.

Gibson, Sergeant, Brown’s Square

Barracks.

Gibson, Andrew, 14 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Gibson, William, 30 Castlereagh
Place.

Gilmore, W. J., 9 Cavehill Road.

Gilmore, George, Mountcharles,
Belfast.

Glenn, George J., Hartington Street.

Godwin, Wm., Queen Street.

Gourley, James, J.P., Derryboy
Cottage, Crossgar.

Graham, Wm., Lombard Street.

Gray, Wm., M.R1.a.. Glenburn
Park, Cavehill Road.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden,
Knock.

Greenfield, Chas., Marino, Holy-
wood.

Greene, John J. F., 3.p., Annavilla,
Warrenpoint.

Greer, Mrs., Dulce-Domum, Strand-
town.

Green, Wm. A., c/o Forster Green
& Co., High Street.

398

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Gregg, Miss, Glenbrook, Castlereagh,
Co. Down.

Gulbransen, P, F., 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Gulbransen, A., 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Hamilton, Alec., 4 Richmond Cres-
cent.

Hamilton, John, 5 Church Avenue,
Holywood,

Hazlett, Miss
Gardens.

Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street,
City.

Hanna, Wm., M.A., M.B., Lisanore
Villa, Antrim Road.

Hanna, Henry, a.3., Farringdon,
Antrim Road.
Hanna, Miss Margaret J., 3 Hope-
field Terrace, Antrim Road.
Harbison, Mann, Ravenhill Terrace.
Hardy, Gardner, 5 Wellington Park.
Harkness, Miss Lizzie, Coil-Mara,
Cultra.

Haslett, Sir Jas. H., J.P., Princess
Gardens.

Hazelton, W. D., 35 Linenhall
Street.

Hazelton, Wm., Agathona, Bloom-
field.

Herdman, A. T., 36 Wellington
Park.

Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood.

Heritage, Miss, Wolsley Villa,
Bloomfield.

Hill-Littler, Robert, Tareen, Chi-
chester Park.

Hobson, Benjamin,
Avenue.

Hogg, A. R., 73 Victoria Street.

Holden, J. S., m.s., Sudbury,
Suffolk, England (Cor. Mem.).

Holland, Wm., Osborne Park.

Hoskins, A. P., 25 Blenheim Ter-
race, Cromwell Road.

Houston, Fred H., Granville Gardens.

Winnie, College

6 Hopefield

Inglis, William, Riverston Terrace,
Holywood.

Jackson, A. T., 5 Corn Market.

Jaffe, Mrs. Otto, Kinedar, Strand-
town.

Johnson, W. 8., Knockbreda Park,

1896-97. ]

Johnstone, Miss, Glenavy, Lurgan.

Johnston, W. J., s.P., Dunesk,
Stranmillis.

Johnston, Miss E., Dunesk, Stran-
millis.

Johnston, James, 19 Waring Street.

Johnston, Miss A., Lisnaveane,
Donegall Park, Antrim Road.

Jones, Prof. T. R., ¥.n.8., 17 Par-
ous Green, Fulham, London,

Keay, David, 22 College Green,
Belfast.
Keith, Samuel F., 7 Glenravel St.
Kelly, Wm. R., c.z., Dalriada,
Malone Park.
Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street.
Kidd, George, Lisnatore, Dunmurry.
Kilpatrick, W. J., Donegall Place.
Kennedy, F. J., 4 Clarence Place.
Kirker, 8. K., Offices of Board of
Public Works, Belfast.
Kirkpatrick, F., 78 Ann Street.
Kirkwood, J. A., Dundonald.
Kinahan, John, Lowood, Belfast.
Knight, Charles J., 29 Fleetwood

Street.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.1.4., Bally-
mena.

Knowles, Miss M., Flixton Place,
Ballymena.

Kyle, R. A., 31 Donegall Place.

Lamb, Wm. W., 34 Brookvale
Avenue.

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Lanyon, Chas. J., Castleton Terrace,
Antrim Road.

Lawther, Stanley, Mount Vernon,
Belfast.

Lapworth, Professor Charles, Mason
College, Birmingham.

F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-

Leslie, Mrs., Eglantine Avenue.

Lett, Rev. H. W., m.a., Aghaderg
Glebe, Loughbricland.

Letts, Professor E. A., Dunavon,
Craigavad.

399

Lewers, Hugh, m.p., 257 Shankhill
Road.

Lewis, Joseph, 13 Pakenham Street.

Lockwood, F. W., 2 Brookhill
Avenue.

Lodge, Chas. W., 26 Royal Avenue.

Logan, Mrs., Bangor, Co. Down.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

Lyttle, Rev. R., The Manse, Money=
rea, Comber.

MacCormac, Dr. John, Gt. Victoria
Street.
MacDonald, Wm., Carlisle Circus.
MacDonnell, Dr. D., 17 Crumlin
Road.
MacElheran, W. F.,
Gardens.
Mackenzie, John, Malone, Belfast.
MacKinnon, Mrs., Coleraine
MacLorinan, Chas., tL.p., Donegall

8 College

Street.
Maconachie, Rev. Jas., 4 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Macoun, W. Godfrey, 8 Claremont
Terrace, Belfast.

Macrory, Mrs., Hia, Antrim Road.

Major, Rey. J. J., 13 The Mount,
Mountpottinger.

Malcomson, Greer, Malone Park.

Malcomson, Jas., Cairnburn, Strand-
town.

Mann, Jas. S., Ballyholme, Bangor,
Co. Down.

Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marsh, Joseph C., 2 Chichester
Gardens.

Marshall, H., Edlingham Terrace,
Duncairn Gardens.

Martin, Adam, 31 Stanmillis Road.

Martin, J. M‘Clelland, Northern
Counties Railway.

Mathewson, Mrs., Helen’s Bay.

Maxton, James, Ulster Street.

May, Robert, Lothair Avenue.

Millen, Saml. S., B.a., 44 Ulster-
ville Avenue.

Milling, A. M. Miss, Woolsey,
Villas, Malone Park.

Milligan, A., 3 Hartington Street.

Milligan, S. F., m.n.1.a., Alberta,
Malone Road.

Mollan, W. S., 10 Brunswick Street.

Mollan, Miss, Hope House, College
Park.

Montgomery, R. M., 22 Corporation
Street.

Moore, John, Shaftesbury Square.

Moore, Dr. J. B., 4 Mowsiperaaper
Road,

Moore, Wm. ., 5 Ardenvohr Terrace.

Moore, Miss, Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh.

Moore, James, Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh.

Moore, S. A., 2 Howard Street.

Moore, Samuel, 1 Clifton Terrace.

Morrow, David, Church Hill, Holy-

wood.
Morton, John, Cliftonpark Avenue.
Moss, Wm., 6 Princess May Grrdens,
Antrim Road.
Murdoch, James, 10 Ponsonby Av.
Munce, Ww. B., Rosemary Street.

M‘Afee, George, Walmer Terrace,
Holywood.

M‘Alery, J. M., 21 Royal Avenue.

M‘Alister, Thos., 2 Rosetta Gardens,
Ormeau Road.

M‘Cance, J. S., Dunmurry.

M‘Candless, Wm., 3 Finvoy Terrace,
Fitzroy Avenue.

M ‘Chesney, Jos., Holywood.

M‘Clean, F. P., Huntley Villas,
Belfast.

M‘Cleery, H., 82 Cliftonpark Av.

M‘Cleery, Wm. H., 22 Landscape
Terrace:

M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Connell, Miss, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Cormick, H. M ‘Neile, Craigavad.

M ‘Cormick, John, The Hermitage,
Bloomfield.

M‘Creery, James, 257 Albertbridge
Road, Belfast.

M‘Cullough, John, Martello, Holy-
wood.

M‘Cullough, J. C., Holywood.

M‘Cullough, Wm., Belfast Bank,
Newtownards.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss, B.a., Terraquin,
Balmoral Avenue,

400

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

M‘Dermott, Rev. John, Belmont,
Belfast.

M‘Gaw, Miss, 17 Wellington Park
Terrace.

M‘llroy, J. Milford, 47 Atlantic
Avenue, Belfast.
MacIlwaine, J. H., Ravensdale,
Strandtown.
Macllwaine, Mrs.,
Strandtown.
M‘Kee, John, Solicitor,
Chambers, Ann Street.

M‘Kee, Robert, m.a., Harlesden
College, Bramshill Ra. London,
N

M‘Kee, Wm. S., 20 Mill Street.
M‘Kenzie, Dr. W. G., Gt. Victoria

Ravensdale,

Prince’s

Street.

eS W. F., Ballyvesey, Carn-
money

Ms ree Alfred, Hope Street
Factory.

M‘Kisack, C. J, 12 Mountcharles.

M Kisack, Dr. H. L., College Sq.
Fast.

M‘Lean, Geo., 19 Pottinger Street.

M‘Leish, John, ‘‘ The Mount,’’
Mountpottinger.
M‘Mordie, David, 2 Belgravia Av.,

Belfast.
M‘Mordie, James, Belgravia Avenue,
Belfast.

Nicholson, H. J., 5 West Elmwood.
Nesbitt, W. C., Kennaird Terrace,

O’Neill, Henry, m.p.,
Square East.
O’Neill, James,
Square East.
Orr, H. Lamont, Garfield Street.
Olley, Robert, 69 University Av.

6 College
M.A., 5 College

Patterson, D. C., Clanbrassil Ter.,
Holywood.

Patterson, R. L., jun., 31 Botanic
Avenue.

Patterson, Wm. H., jun., Clanbrassil
Terrace, Holywood.

Patterson, Richard, s.e., Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, Miss
Holywood,

Clara, Kilmore,

1896-97.) .

Patterson, Robert, m.p.o.u., Tile-
cote, Malone Park.

Patterson, Wm. H., m.r.1.a. “Gar-
ranard, Strandtown.

Patterson, S..R., 1 Lombard Street.

Patterson, Miss F., 6 College
Gardens.

Patterson, E. F., jun., 6 College
Gardens. ;

Paul, Rev. John, Kimberly Gardens,
Bloomfield.

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, The Knock.

mayne, J. ©. \C., s.P.,° Oxford
Buildings.

Perry, T. G., Lisburn Road.

Phillips, Wm. H., Lemonfield, Holy-
wood.

Phillips, Jas. J., 61 Royal Avenue.

Phillips, Jas. St. J., B.z., Royal
Avenue.

Pim, John, 3.p., Bonaven, Antrim
Road.

Pim, Thos. W., 21 Victoria Street.

Pim, Joshua, Slieve-na-failthe,
Whiteabbey.

Pooler, Rev. C. K., Carnmoney.

Polley, W. T., 52 Fitzroy Avenue.

Porter, J. A., Queen’s Square, City.

Porter, Wm., Beechview, Balmoral
Avenue.

Porter. Miss Mary,
Place.

Praeger, E. A., Holywood.

Praeger, R. D1., m.z.1.a., National
Library, Kildare St., Dublin.

Purdon, Mrs., 5 Wellington Place.

148 Albion

Purdon, Dr. Richard, Murray’s
Terrace.

Quail, Rev. Patrick, Dunmore,
Ballynahinch.

Rea, Miss, Churchfield, Holywood.

Redmond, David, Antrim.

Reid, Robert, King Street, Belfast.

Renold, August, Ullswater Terrace,
Cavehill road.

Ritchie, James, c/o Millar, Boyd, &
Reid, Calendar Street.

Robertson, J. C.. Methodist College,
Belfast.

Robinson, W. H., 29 Spencer Street.

Robinson, Saml., Helen’s Bay, Co.
Down.

Ross, Wm. A., Iva Craig, Craigavad.

401

Rowley, Wm. M., 22 Rosemary
Street.
Russell, John, c.#, Waring Street.

Scott, Conway, c.., Windsor Av.
Shanks, James, Ballyfounder, Porta-
ferry.
Scott, Rev. Oswald, a.m., 1 Hampden
Terrace, Rugby Road, Belfast.
Sharpe, Robert, 100 Fitzroy Avenue.
Shaw, Cecil, m.p., 14 College Sq.
East.
Shaw, Wm. Hinde, Brooklyn, Knock
Shaw, Lancelot, Brooklyn, Knock.
Shaw, Mrs., Brooklyn, Knock.
Shepherd,-Percy, N. C. Railway.
Sheldon, Charles, m.a., Belfast
Royal Academical Institution.
Skillen, Joseph, Ballee, Ballymena.
Silly, George, Ardene, Sydenham.
Sinclair, F. Howard, m.p., Paken-

ham Place.

Sinclair, Miss, Hopefield, Belfast.

Sinclair, Miss Nan., Hopefield,
Belfast.

Slater, William, National School,
Strandtown.

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School, Holy-
wood.

Smith, Rev. W. S., The Manse,
Antrim.

Smith, Dr. Lorraine, 33 Stranmillis
Road, Belfast.

Smyth, Walter, Woodview, Holy-
wood.

Smith, J. K., 23 Rugby Road,
Belfast.

Smyth, Sydney B., m.v., Great
Victoria Street.

Smith, G. Linenhall Library.
Smythe, Ven. Archdeacon,
Glebe, Carnmoney.
Smythe, Mrs. Proctor, 50 Duncairn

Street.
Somerset, Robert,
Street.
Speers, Adam, z.sc., Up. Sullivan
School, Holywood.
Staples, Sir N. A., Bart., Lissan,
Dungannon.
Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.
Stears, Samuel, 79 Ormeau Road.
Stephens, Samuel, Martello Terrace,
Holywood,

Coole

25 Cavendish

c.E., Oakleigh,
Whitehead, Co.

Stelfox, James,
Ormeau Road.

Stephens, Mrs.,
Antrim.

Stevenson, John, Coolavin, Malone
Road.

Stevenson, J. M‘N., Carrickfergus.
Stewart, Rev. J. A., Pond Park,
Lisburn.

Stewart, S. A., The
Belfast.
Stewart, W. J., 31 Adelaide Street.
Strain, David, Carlisle Circus (Ulster
Bank).
Swanston, Wm., F.a.s., 18 Clifton-
ville avenue.
Swanston, Mrs.,
Symington, Saml.,
donald.
Symington, Professor,
Queen’s College.

Museum,

18 Cliftonville Av.
Ballyoran, Dun-

F.R.S.E.,

Tate, Alexander, cz., Rantallard,
Whitehouse, Belfast.

Taylor, E. E., Garfield Chambers,
City.

Thomas, S. G., Limestone Road.

Thompson, Miss S. M., Macedon,
Belfast.
Thompson, Mrs. H., 14 Upper
Crescent, University Road.
Thompson, Rev. David, Dromore,
Co. Down.

Thompson, Prof. W. H., Queen’s
College, Belfast.

Todd, John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam
Park.

Todd, C. H., Wolsley Villa, Bloom-
field.

Todd, Wm. A., 24 Victoria Street.

Traill, W. A., Bushmills.

Tulloch, Miss, Howard Street.

Turner, James, 10 Richmond Square.

Turtle, Jas. C., Claremont, Strand-
town.

Vint, Joseph H., Ulster Bank,
Donegall Place.

Vinycomb, John, m.R.1.a., Holy-

wood.

Vinycomb, T. Bernard, Riverview,
Holywood.

Waddell, Rev. C. H., m.a., B.D,
The Vicarage, Saintfield.

Pe eA | 4 SEO
Boe \
2. " ed ra
(i Nya /
a gee
Tas “ps I,

402

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Wakeman, W.J., 7.2.8.4. Kuights-
ville, Blackrock, Dublin.

Walker, Thos. R., Rugby Road.

Walker, W. J. D., Lawrencetown,
Co. Down.

Walker, Mrs., Lawrencetown, Co.
Down.

Walkington, Miss, 1u.D., Strand-
town.

Walkington, T. R.,
Strandtown.

Walsh, Robert, Abbotsford, Malone
Road.

Walmsley, Rev. Douglas,
Redburn, Adelaide Park.

Ward, T., Eden Crescent, Antrim
Road.

Ward, Phillip, 12 St. Paul’s Terrace,
City.

Wardell, Miss, 63 Botanic View,
University, Road.

Watson, Thomas, Shipquay Gate,
Londonderry.

Waugh, Isaac, Wilmont Terrace,
Lisburn Road.

Welch, R. J., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Wheeler, Mrs., Lennoxvale, Belfast.

Whitla, Professor, m.p., College

Edenvale,

B.A,

Square North.

Wilson, James, c.E., Oldforge,
Dunmurry.

Wilson, James, Ballybundon, Kil-
linchy.

Wilson, Alec. G., Stranmillis.

Wilson, W. H., Stranmillis.

Wilson, Jas. F. D., 82 Joy Street.

Wilson, Geo., 3 Cliftonville Avenue.

Wilson, Thomas, C.E., Fleetwood
Street.

Wise, B. D., Waterside, Greenisland.

Woollcombe, Dr. Robert Ll., i1.p.,

M.R.I1.A., 14 Waterloo Road,
Dublin.

Woodward, Mrs., The Vicarage,
Ligoniel.

Workman, Rev. R., m.a., Rubane,
Glastry.

Workman, Thos., s.e., Helen’s Bay.
Wright, J oseph, 7.0.8. ., Alfred St.
Wright, Miss, Alfred Street.
Wylie, William, 8 Mountpleasant.

Young, Robert, J.p., C.z., Rath-
varna, Chichester Park.

PRESENTED

A 4 ) 13 FEB.1903

=
Ww

-

Pr.

fae
red

-

A ss se
LS hae.
,

The following Publications of the Club can be

had from the Librarian :—

Seventh Annual Report —1869-70, containing Appendix I., List of the

Trish Liassic Fossils, —Tate, 1 Plate | as
Eighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing Appendix IT., List of Taide:
Liassic Foraminifera_—Wright ; and List of the Fossils of the
Estuarine Clays of Antrim and Down,-—Stewart oe RIG 4
Ninth Annual Report —1871-72 .. Me on : Mes des bo
Tenth ~« do. 1872-73 H Se vs ets kb
Proceedings—Series II., Vol. I., Part I., 1873-74, containing Appendix
III., List of Mosses of North-East of Ireland—Stewart ; and List
of Cretaceous Microzoa of North of Ireland,—Wright, 2 Plates 2/6
», Series II., Vol. I., Part II., 1874-75 F
mn ~ III., 1875-76 + Nfs
Sais ene peg tian v1, 1876-77, containing Avpendee Iv.
Recent Foraminifera of Down and Antrim,—Wright, 1 Plate;
and Silurian Rocks of County Down—Swanston and La
3 Plates ‘ 2/6
»,. Series If., Vol. I., Parts V. and VL, 1877- 78 and ’78- 79 (in ial 1/-
"5 >>’ Part VII., 1879- 80, containing Appendix V., wae
List of Post- -tertiary Foraminifera of North-East of Ireland, —
Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Boulder Clay of North East of
_ [reland, ~ Stewart:

», Series II., Vol. II., Part 1. , 1880-81, containing Appendix VI., °

List. of Foraminifera of South Donegal, — Wright ;. Sponge
Remains from Carb. Limestone County S igo, — Wright ; and
Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo,— Carter, 1 Plate

»>. series IT., Vol. Il:, Part II., 1881-82

Ps III , 1882-83, containing ravsnitie VIt.,
Supplemental List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland,- —
Stewart

», series IT., Vol. Il, Part IV, 1883-84, doutainiue Konendix VAIL,
Notes on Irish Coleoptera, - ’ Haliday ; ; Cromlechs of Antrim and
Down, Gray, 12 Plates; and Pre- historic Monuments - near
Sligo,—Elcock, 4 Plates _

»» series II., Vol. II., Part.V., 1684295; dohiaiaing wonendid De

Ostracoda of Belfast Lough,—Malcolmson; Fungi of North of
Treland,—Lett ; Foraminifera of ‘ Protectan?’ ‘Cruise, &e.—
Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera of mas Hill sr WHERE
Trish Coleoptera, — Patterson a ‘

», Series 1I., Vol. II., Part VI., 1885-86, honieiniiy Aapandie i
(Vol. iL), The Ferns of Ulster, —Phillips and Praeger By

+» Series II., Vol. II., Part VII., 1886-87, containg Appendix II.,
Notes on the Sections exposed at the Alexandra Dock, Belfast,
with List of Fossils, 1 Plate,—Praeger it

9». Series II., ‘Vol. IIL., Part I., 1887-88, containing Appendix TLE
Marine Shells of the North of Ireland. ,—Praeger oe

», Series II., Vol IITI., Part I1., 1888-89

” JII., 1889-90, containing Report of
7: arne Gravels Committee, 2 Plates :

5» . Series IL, Vol. III.,. Part IV.; 1890-91
iy e V., 1891-92
” am a VI, 1892-98
» . Index wi et ae
», Series II., Vol. IV., Part Bie 1893-94, containing Appendix IV.
8 9 45 IT., 1894-95, containing Appendix V.

” » ” III., 895-96, containing Appendix V1.

|

Bie:

Q- ;

, 1/6 :
1/-

rs

Bei

Py ee

oy el
meen

Tes II. Votume IV. Parr V.

eo? — oS
fi Fi
Le
7, a Ss

A

i SER

BELFAST
NATURALISTS’
PIELD CEU
1897-98,

Gnnual Report
and (Proceedings

CONTENTS. PAGE

Annual Report : - » - - = 405
Excursions—Downpatrick, Arboe, Islandmagee, North Coast of Antrim,

Sallagh Braes, Cranfield Point, Newry, Crow Glen - - 409

Social Meeting - - - - - - 420

___ Papers—A Cruise Round the Irish Coast—By S. K. Kirker, F.R.S.A. - 423

; Notes onthe Fanna of the Antrim Coast--H. Hanna, M.A. - 425

‘ Fairies and their Dwelling Places—Miss Andrews’ - - 426

Land Shell Pockets — Ancient and Modern—R. Welch - 427

Mosses and Liverworts—Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D. - - 428

Local Botanical Notes—R. Ll. Praeger - . - 433

Annual Meeting - - - - - - 430

Report of Botunical Section - - - - - 431

Report of Geological Section - : - - - 432

Rules . - : - - - - 438

Exchanges - - - =. - = 441

Officers and Members - : - - — 446

PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY

PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS |/-

The following Publications of the Club may be obtained from

the Librarian :—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,

including the Phanerogamia, the Cryptogamia, Vas-
eularia, and the Muscine.—S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.,
Edin., andT, H. Bee, A.,F. iz S.,&c. Cambridge;
MacMillan and Bowes . : ree By

SYSTEMATIC LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE

FLORA, -FAUNA, PALZ ONTOLOGY, AND.
ARCH AHOLOGY. OF THE: NORTH OF IRE-
LAND; Vol. I., consisting of the Appendices from
1870 to 1885 sere asiee: 27 Plates;

in paper

in boar ds

GUIDE TO BELFAST AND ADJOINING COUN:

TIES ; containing chapters on Geology, Botany, Zoo-
logy, Topography, Historical Antiquities, Agriculture,
Trade and Excursions, with numeroys Plates. Pub-
lished at 3/6; Reduced Price

(See also back of Cover.)

ANNUAL RFPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

; a | OF THE

BELFAST
NATURALISTS
FIELD CLUB

Fortthe Year endingithe 31st March, 1898.

(THIRTY-FIFTH YEAR.)

PART OY:

VOLUME IV.

a

1897-8.

Belfast:

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB.
BY ALEXANDER Mayne & Boyp, 2 CoRPORATION STREET,
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S COLLEGE, BELFAST.

1898.

en
Laas ,

of p mi! . y ry
Bm id :

pa a 4
peeen '
ans .
i fha ary ow
j ' p Ps 4 res i ; ,
' 1 cy
df » BO iy ' .
» : n :
(ia ih:
. DP -
~ ' . Le
‘ ! £ _ > :
“
hd % ‘ me! A

REPORT.

THE Committee of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club now brirg
before the Members their Thirty. fifth Annual Report.

The routine of Summer Excursions and Winter Meetings was
gone through as usual, but your Committee would desire to see
more active interest taken by the Members in work of the
Field Club. That there are yet wide fields of discovery await-
ing the labours of investigators is shown by the recently
published work of Dr. Hume on the Cretaceous Rocks of
Antrim. In this work the valuable assistance received
from some of your members is duly acknowledged. One
of your members Mr. H. Hanna, B.sc., M.a., has added a
new species of Polychaete to the Brittish Fauna by his
researches at Murlough Bay, and some other results require
further investigation. Special notice has been made of the
contributions from some of your members to the Geological
Collection of photographs made by the British Association.
The photos already acknowledged were contributed by a few of
our geological members. There are many others, who, no
doubt, could also help, and it would be well if they would com-
municate with the Secretaries. Also, through the efforts of the
Club, the old Town Cross of Downpatrick has been got together,
and re-erected on a suitable site at the East end of the Cathedral.

During the past summer the following excursions were
made :—

Downpatrick, .. ve Ee fs 22 May
Arboe, AC Ac Ne tye 12 June.
Island Magee, .. ae Ke ae 26 June.

North Coast of Antrim, ,. és as 2, 354, 5 July.

406 [Proc. B.N.F.C,,

Sallagh Braes, ne ee ee 15 July,
Cranfield Point of ee f 31 July.
Newry, ee ee ate 14 August.
Crow Glen, .. oe oe ae 4, September.

The winter meetings were as follows :—-
Nov., 1897, Social Meeting.
16 Dec., »» A Cruise Round the Irish Coast. by S. K. Kirker, M.R.1.A.
18 Jan., 1898. Notes on the Fauna of Antrim, by H. Hanna, B.SC., M.A.
‘5 » Fairies and Their Dwelling Places, by Miss Andrews.
FS y»» Land Shell Pockets—Ancient and Modern, by R. Welch.
15 Feb., »» Mosses and Liverworts, by Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.
15 Mar., »» The Anthropological Importance of the Antiquarian
Remains in Antrimand Down, by Wm. Gray, M.R.1.A.
19th April, ,, Annual Meeting.

Special facilities and assistance were given to those
desirous of prosecuting particular studies by the Botanical and
Geological Sections—the reports of which will be found under
their proper headings in the report of the Annual Meeting.

The following is the Report of Sub-Committee appointed to
examine collections sent in for prizes :-—

Only one collection has been received in competition for the
prizes offered by the Club this year.

This was a collection of fossil sponges by Robert Bell,
exhibiting great diligence and care in the naming of the
specimens. Whilst we regret that a few were unnamed, we have
pleasure in recommending that the prize be awarded to him.

Ws. Gray,

Jos. WRIGHT,

S. A. STEWART,
J. St. .J. PHILips.

Your Committee would remind members that the Subscrip-
tions to the Club are due at the beginning of the Session, and
prompt payment would facilitate the working of the Club.
A considerable number of Subscriptions due for this past year
are still in arrears.

Again the Club have to thank the Railway Companies for
facilities of travel, the Press for their lengthened reports of the

1897-98.] 407

Club’s proceedings, the members who have made communica-
tions to the Club during the winter Session, and the kind friends
from whom the Club received hospitality on the occasions of
. summer excursions.

FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER,
Jas. St. J. PHILuies,

Hon. Secs.

SS I I EE

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PROCEEDINGS.

SUMMER PROGRAMME.

EXCURSIONS.

22 May.
DOWNPATRICK AND INCH ABBEY.

The first excursion of the summer season was made by a
large party on Saturday, 22 May, to Downpatrick, Saul, and
Inch Abbey. On arrival at Downpatrick the party proceeded
to the wells at Struell, still visited on the first Sunday after
Midsummer Day. The photographers, who were in great
numbers, here began operations, which were steadily continued
throughout the day. <A large number of pictures of Archzo-
logical subjects was secured. The Secretaries announced that
a prize would be offered for the best collection of flowering
plants made during the day, and this prize was subsequently
awarded to John Adams for seventy-two specimens, including
the beautiful purple Hrzzus alpinus growing high on the gaol
walls. Saul was next visited. Here it was that St. Patrick
is said to have founded his first church. ‘Three stones with
ancient crosses are still seen in the old graveyard, the one built
into the angle of the wall at the entrance gate being the finest.
On the road to the Quoile, the scenery was much admired. In
the distance were the outlines ofthe Mournes andthe mountains
near Ballynahinch rising above the summer haze, and forming

410 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

a well-broken skyline ; nearer at hand the hill Slieve-na-Griddle
was bright with the bloom of broom and gorse. The shores of
the Quoile River were soon reached. ‘This river takes its name
from the woods along its banks, but future generations may be
puzzled to account for the name if the tree-cutting which has
been done in some places is carried further along the banks.
Quoile Castle is one of the numerous square battlemented
towers erected in this district by the followers of John De
Courcy, who strove to Anglicise the country by the building of
castles as well as abbeys. After examining this military work,
the party spent some time at the Abbey of Inch, or, as it was
called, Inis-de-Courcy. Time and the hand of man have dealt
with this abbey, as they have done with so many of the
architectural remains in this country, and left us but the
outlines in some places of what has once been a glorious
structure. One cannot but regret that more is not done when
we think of the way such abbeys as Jedburgh and others in
Scotland are kept and how pleasant it is to visit them. Such
architectural remains as are still found are of interest, as they
show the features and mouldings characteristic of the early
English period. These were pointed out in the base of the
transept arch, the corbel gt the springing of the chancel arch,
in the marks on the south wall of chancel, from which the
moulded stone canopy of the sedilia has been torn away, and
in many of the mouldings found scattered irregularly over the
ground or buried beneath the débvzs that now covers the site of
the nave. Of the conventual buildings which existed here in
former times little now remains. The party then proceeded to
the banks of the Quoile in search of plants, shells, and aquatic
life. Some members crossed the river by boat, and walked
over the great Dun of Celtair, with its encircling fosse and
central fort, whilst others returned by road to Denvir’s Hotel.
After tea, three new members were proposed and elected, and
the members spent an hour at the Cathedral before proceeding
to the train for home, well satisfied, some with the historic
places visited, others with the plants and specimens collected,

1897-98. ] 4il

and all with the unsurpassed summer weather enjoyed during
the day.

Vee 7 ane:
ARBOE.

,Only a small party assembled to take part in this excursion.
On arrival at Toome Bridge, cars were mounted, and the party
proceeded to Arbve Point where the fine ancient cross and old
church were inspected, On the return drive the interesting
eel fishery station was examined and some of the party secured
diatomaceous earth for microscopic examination.

26 Fune.
PORTMUCK AND ISLANDMAGEE.

The third excursion of the summer season was to Portmuck
and Islandmagee and as this was a half-holiday excursion it was
well attended. A start was made by the 2-15 train for Maghera-
morne. The party proceeded by ferry to Millbay, and then
walked across to Portmuck through the picturesque valleys of
Islandmagee. Here the Secretary’s whistle sounded, and a short
description was given of the geology and its relationship to the
scenery and topography of the district, attention being called to
the stacks of basalt and caves that occur close at hand, in pre-
sence of which we vividly realise the efficiency of the seemingly
insignificant forces that are ever at work sculpturing the face of
our land. Some of the members proceeded over the headland
in search of botanical specimens, of which this neighbourhood
presents a great variety, whilst others went in seach of fossils in
the Greensand and Chloritic Chalk on the shores. Asthis is a
good locality for fossils the industry of the members was well
rewarded by manyspecimens of Zxogyraand Ventriculites,whilst

412 [Proc: BN.F-C.,

the familiar Belemnite was fourd abundantly in the overlying
white chalk. Although the day was too hazy for the photo-
grapher, much admiration was expressed for the scenery, which
is bold and striking, and is but little known, although one of
the most interesting in our neighbourhood. Striking inland
through the lanes, the main road was taken for Brown’s Bay,
on the way to the Larne Harbour ferry. Later in the evening,
Olderfleet Castle was visited before taking the 8-15 train for
Belfast. A prize for the greatest number of species of wild
plants in flower was secured by a lady member with 73 species.

2, 3, 4, and 5 Fuly.
FIELD CLUB UNION.

COAST OF NORTH ANTRIM.

The associated societies held their annual excursion this
season on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5thof July. On this occasion
the members of the various Irish Field Clubs visited the north
coast of Antrim, making Ballycastle the centre—a district
which is full of interest to the Naturalist, and of which a good
account appeared in the Jrish Naturalist, July, 1897. On the
znd July the members of the Dublin Club and others joined
the Belfast Club at the Northern Counties Railway, and took
train to Ballycastle. Arriving here, the party proceeded to the
Antrim Arms Hotel, which was made the headquarters during
their stay. After early luncheon the start was made to visit
and explore the sands of White Park Bay and the neighbour-
hood around Ballintoy. From the new road, which was the
route selected, one gets a good idea of the geography and
general character of the country. As the summit of the road
was reached the extensive panorama of the district opens out.
To the north the white cliffs of Rathlin Island were seen; to
the east, far in the background, lay the Mull of Cantyre, with
Fair Head as a middle distance, whilst in the foreground Bally-

1897-98. | A413
:

castle and the shores of its bay were bathed in sunshine; to the
south and west the peat bogs, white with bog cotton, and on
the sloping hills the well-tilled farms ; whilst Knoclayd rose
with its basalt-covered dome, high above the whole district.
At White Park Bay a halt was called, when the party soon
scattered over the sand dunes in search of worked flints and
pottery. The late storm had cleared the sand from many of
the likely sites, and soon a fair number of finds were made,
including some pieces of pottery with rude sunk ornament,
whilst pockets in the sand yielded good results to the conchologist.
The botanists found the beautiful meadow cranesbill or flower
of Dunluce in brilliant bloom throughout the day. The Lias
beds which occur in the bed of the stream at the east end of the
bay were not well exposed in situ, as much weathering and
slipping appeared to have taken place, but blocks of the lias
which were found yielded numerous and characteristic fossils.
Proceeding by the shore the scenery became more rugged and
the geology of more interest. Here the sea stacks and tunnels
in the rock were observed, whilst the beds of bole and lithomarge
showed as brilliant bands in the dark rock. Passing Ballintoy
Harbour and the quaint old windswept church, the village was
reached, where afternoon tea was served. The party then
proceeded past the quarry of dolerite to Carrick-a-Raide, where
the volcanic neck and the characteristic beds of ash, with
included fragments of basalt, were observed. After this the
road was taken for Ballycastle, but occasional halts were made
at likely botanical localities, and also to see the very beautiful
example of fine grained and columnar basalt on the roadside
near Glenstaghy. After dinner some of the members proceeded
to the woods in search of moths, spending several hours
wandering about amongst the trees with a lantern examining
different plants and the sugar-smeared trunks of trees. The
programme for the second day took the party to Fair Headand
Murlough. A start was made shortly after nine o’clock along
the shore road to the sandstones and shales with coal seams
near Colliery Bay. Judging from the extent of the shafts

414 [Proc. B.N.F.C..

found some time ago, these seams were worked extensively in
early times, but latterly they have been altogether neglected.
There is now another start being made to open these mines,
and the party found a steam-engine and pump in full work
clearing the shaft of the mine not far from Bath Lodge
preparatory to further work. At many sections of the
shales fossils were found, chiefly Stagmarza ficotdes, Sphenopieris,
and Szgzl/arza, their mode of occurrence noted, and the
age of the rocks explained. On reaching Carrickmore
the ascent of Fair Head was made and extensive views
obtained from the summit. Passing Lough-na-Cranagh,
the Grey Man’s Path was approached, and near this the
immense and almost completely detached columns of basalt
were observed, whilst a fissure was noted which gives promise
of a change in the scenery at some future time, when the over-
hanging rocks of this headland will go to increase the enormous
talus of blocks already formed at the foot of the cliffs. Whilst
these general features were being observed some of the natural-
ists noted the occurrence of the peregrine and of hooded crows
which were frequent all along the coast. Soon the wooded
slopes of Murlough Bay came into view, and the botanists on the
descent collected specimens of the Rose-root, Welsh poppy, and
narrow leaved Willow-herb.. On reaching the shore lunch was
served at Miss Clark’s cottage, after which the members broke
up into parties to go in search of specimens, and to explore
the woods, which form a good collecting ground for zoologists
and botanists. A shower of rain had brought out a large
number of the commoner species of Land shells, which were
collected in abundance, whilst Helix arbustorum was found on
the grassy slopes under the chalk cliffs. Further round the
coast a few specimens of type and variety czzcfa were noted.
Helix rotundata var alba was seen with a thin, fragile variety
of H. Nemoralis on the headlands to the east. Here the rare
Helix fusca was also tound among the woodrush on the wet glen
slopes with Ayalinia nitidula var Helmit and Pupa angtica.
The botanists collected the yellow saxifrage, brittle bladder fern,

1897-98. ] 415

mossy saxifrage, and Bree’s fern. The land planarian (Rhyncho-
demus terrestris), also occurred here as well as in other localities.
In fresh water Folycelis cornuta was very widely distributed,
occurring right down to the shore, although on the Continent
this species frequents high altitudes. Other planarians not yet
identified were collected. Some of the geologists went round
Rue Rane Point and the stiff climb was well repaid by the view
of some splendid dykes and sills of diorite, which are here seen
about six feet thick, with fragments of embedded crvstalline
schists on their margins. On the return near the slopes of
Murlough a visit was paid to the interesting conglomerate at
the base of the chalk, and overlying the brilliant red beds of
sandstone. On reaching the road again cars were taken for
Ballycastle, and fine views obtained of the gravels and well-
marked terraces of the Carey River. After a late dinner an
exhibition of bat hunting was given by some members, which
caused much amusement tc the natives of Ballycastle, and
resulted in the capture of Vesperugo pibestrellus. Later in the
evening a conversazione was held, when the members made a
display of and explained their various finds, and a very beauti-
ful collection of land shells obtained in the neighbourhood were
exhibited by Mr. Standen, of Manchester. Sunday was an open
day and members made their own arrangements. Good weather
and sunshine favoured the party all through, but on Monday
the weather looked less favourable, and there were some
showers. However, all the members turned out at the sound
of the whistle, and a start was made for the valley of Glenshesk.
The road to the bridge was taken, here the party dismounted,
and were soon in pursuit of various objects, a few to visit the
micaceous schists in the bed of the stream. The damp state of
the ground prevented most of the members from attempting the
ascent of Knocklayd, which all through the morning had been
capped with cloud and mist, so attention was concentrated on the
ravines and burns on the eastern slopes of the mountain, which
yielded, as usual, some good species. The fresh water limpet
(Ancylus fluviatilis) was noted to be unusually large and fine at

416 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Glenbank. Under one of the bridges the nest of the dipper was
found, and some of the members observed the bird in flight.
Botanists collected the Moonwort, Staghorn Moss, Mountain
Buckler fern, and Bree’s fern. Allagain assembled at the hotel
at four o’clock for dinner, after which, as this was the last day
of the excursion, a few remarks were made by some of the senior
members expressing the pleasure derived and the many ad-
vantages of combined excursions such as the present. The
6-15 train brought many of the members to Belfast, and others
remained to return the next day by road or rail.

17 Fuly.
SALLAGH BRAKES.

At the suggestion of some of the botanists of the Club, who
desired to see the Sallagh Braes at their best, the excursion,
which was listed for 4 September, was changed tu 17 July.
Only a small party started however. The waterfall at Linn
Bridge, at the junction of Chalk and Basalt, was visited.
Most of the time was snent on Sallagh Braes botanizing, after
which the party proceeded to Ballygalley Head on the return
to arnc.

31 July.
CRANFIELD POINT.

The Club held an excursion on the 31 July to Cranfield
Point, on the northern shores of Lough Neagh. A start was
made for Randalstown in the 9-45 train. Arriving there, the
route was taken to the shore of the lake, passing the old Oak
Cross, only the shaft of which now remains. Here the party
scattered along the shores of the lake, bent on different
pursuits, traversing the rich carpet of harebells along the

1897-98. ] 417

margin of the lake. The botanists and geologists did fair
work during the day. Leonurus cardiaca, a rare labiate
plant, was found growing spontaneously in a hedge and field at
Cranfield. FPotomogeton heterophyllus, a rather rare pondweed,
was found somewhat plentiful in the lough; and Gahkum
boreale, one of the less common species of the bedstraw family,
was abundant amongst the rocks on the shore. Here also
srows Hieracrium auratum, with Rosa mollis, Circiaea alpina,
and several other plants of note. The shell collectors found
the Marsh snail, Lzmnea palustris, the Coil shell, P/anorbzs
Carinatus, and the little freshwater limpet, Ancy/us Auviatihs,
was found in all stages of growth, covering the rocks along the
shores of the lake, whilst a colony of the rarer Limnea stagnalis
flourished in a little pond at Rabbit Point. The beautiful
albino variety of Bythinia tentaculata occurred in several places
in flood material, quite fresh, though dead, with masses of the
young shells of the Wandering snail, L7mnea peregra,and afew
Pisidium pustllum. The old church at Cranfield Point may be
said to occupy the “ point” itself, as the graveyard in which it
stands forms a small cape on the north-west end of Lough
Neagh. The church is a small, rectangular ruin, measuring
42ft. 6in. by 21ft. sin., the height of the site being about Ioft.
6in. on the inside, but nearly 3ft. less on the outside, owing to
the gradual heightening of the graveyard. The formation of
the west door seems to indicate a low step into the church.
The door in the west gable retains its old stone dressings of a
rudely-formed early English arch. There was formerly a
chancel window, and a window inthe north and south walls
near the chancel end, but all their cut stone dressings have
disappeared. The internal jambs show careful and even
construction, the side ones having well defined circular splayed
heads, which would indicate that the exterior arches were also
circular. The chancel window has suffered very much and
possesses little to guide one to any very accurate conclusions.
Close beside the chancel window on each side, slightly lower
than its sill, is a rudely-formed aumbry. The gable walls of the

418 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

east and west ends are in fairly good preservation—having
received some attention from the Board of Works. The
graveyard contains numerous headstones, chiefly dating from
the middle of last century, and some of them are memorials to
centenarians. It is bounded by a retaining wall towards the
lough, whose waters no doubt once washed it. Close beside
the graveyard is a Holy Well, closely covered by trees, which
bear innumerable tokens of those who have prayed beside it or
sought the efficacy of its waters.

14 August.
NEWRY.

A start was made from Belfast by the 8-1otrain. On arrival
at Newry a visit was made to the nursery at Daisy Hill, where
Mr. Smith showed the members some rarities of plant life.
Afterwards the party proceeded to Warrenpoint, where they
were met by Mann Harbison, who subsequently acted as local
guide and host. The quarries at Rostrevor were inspected on
the way to Cloughmore. Some time was then spent in the
demesne of the Honourable A. G. S. Canning, inspecting rare
plants and a valuable and unique collection of foreign cattle and
fowl. On returning to Rostrevor the members were entertained
to tea by Mr. Mann Harbison, after which some members visited
the old graveyard at Kilbroney to see the ancient cross, and
grave of an “ Irish Giant.”

4 September.
CROW ‘GLEN.

The seventh field meeting was held at Crow Glen. Though
rain had fallen heavily during the few days before and on
that morning, over a dozen members turned up, including
several ladies. The route was by Ballygomartin Road,

1897-98.] 419

thence to the lower slopes of Divis Mountain and to Crow Glen.
Leaving the Ballygomartin road and striking upwards past
Glencairn and Glendivis, the way was by the western branch
of the Forth River. The botanists of the party descended to
see a rare saxifrage which grows on the banks of the stream.
This is Saxifraga geum, a plant of Western Europe, which is
nowhere native in the British Isles, save in the extreme South-
West of Ireland. On this spot on the Forth River, however, it
grows spontaneously, and is said to have grown there for many
years, Its origin is doubtless some garden in the vicinity, but
if it holds its own in this locality it must ultimately be admitted
to a place in our flora as a naturalised plant. Proceeding
onward to the base of Divis the party struck off to the east, and
in a few minutes reached the narrow rocky gorge of Crow Glen,
known to botanists for its varied flora, and to local geologists
for its fine section of the secondary rocks. Theseries displayed
include the Keuper Marls, Lower Greensand, and Upper Chalk,
capped with the eruptive basalt that usually crowns the hills of
Antrim. <A halt was made at a fine section of the yellow sand-
stone of the Hibernian greensand, and a search was made for
specimens of its fossil fauna. Worm tubes of more than one
species were found in the sandstone, and some indifferent
molluscan remains, but nothing of special interest. The
sterile stems of Zguisetum pratense were recognised growing in
the glen, this being one of our rarest horsetails. Further to
the east the party were led to the ancient souterrain or artificial
cave, which was previously visited by the Club some years
since. It is much more accessible now, the accumulated
rubbish having been to some extent cleared away, displaying
the rough stone walls and roof of large stone slabs. Crow
Glen is one of the stations for the rare landshells, Melx
arbustorum and the beautiful little Acme lineata and its var.
alba.

420 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

CONVERSAZIONE IN THE BELFAST FREE PUBLIC
LIBRARY.

An interesting conversazione was held on the evening of the
10 Nov., in the Free Public Library buildings, the use of
which was kindly granted by the Library Committee of the
Belfast Corporation for that purpose. The meeting was under
the combined auspices of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
the Belfast Art Society, and the Ulster Amateur Photographic
Society. This was the first occasion on which these societies
have joined in a conversazione, and the meeting proved a
success in attracting a large gathering. The doors were opened
to the members at 6-30. On entering, ample cloak-room
accommodation was found in the Reading-room, which was in
charge of the library officials. Tea was served in the room
devoted to the Grainger collection and in the Lending Library.
Some of the lady friends of each society acted as teamakers.
Afterwards the members were directed to the exhibitions,
which were well arranged in the Reference Library and Art
galleries. On the tables of the Reference Library were laid out
the exhibits by the Field Club, and these illustrated the work
done or objects collected during the season by the members in
the various branches of natural science and archeology. In
the Microscopic Section the exhibitors were as follow :—Miss
M. K. Andrews, rock sections and specimens of Mourne
Mountain granite ; William Gray, botanical preparations, recent
and fossil ; William Hanna, m.8., radiolaria and sponges; W.
S. M‘Kee, freshwater organisms ; and Joseph Wright, F.G.s.,
foraminifera ; whilst the various organisms which give rise to
typhoid and cholera were exhibited by Lorrain Smyth, m.p. ;
W. D. Donnan, m.p. ; Cecil Shaw, m.p.; and E. Coey Bigger,
M.D. Geology was represented by exhibits by Miss S. M.
Thompson; H. J. Seymour, B.4., showed _ water-colour
drawings of Benevenagh and Fair Head made by the late G,
V. Du Noyer ; Robert Bell, zeolites from Squire’s Hill and

1897-98. ] 421

Chalk fossils; W. J. Fennell, fossil plant remains from Dun-
gannon; J. St. J. Phillips, micro-slide preparation and the
rock sectioning machine kindly presented to the Club by
Messrs. Coombe, Barbour, & Coombe. In the _ botanical
sections exhibits were made by Rev. C. H. Waddell of an
educational series of plants and specimens collected by members
of the Club during the past season. J. H. Davies exhibited
Crane’s bill, whilst F. W. Burbidge, F.L.s., exhibited azolla in
fruit and odorous leaves from the Trinity College Gardens,
Dublin. One of the most interesting exhibits perhaps was the
series of butterflies recently collected in the United States by
G. Donaldson, a member of the BN.F.c. This collection
attracted much attention, both as to the beauty and the novel
and careful method of mounting the specimens. J. Hamilton
had an exhibit of living reptiles, which was much appreciated.
R. J. Welch exhibited a large variety of Land and Freshwater
shells taken in various parts of Ireland during the past year,
whilst G. P. Farran, of the Dublin Club, exhibited a number of
rare species recently collected in Westmeath and Sligo. A good
exhibit of old Ulster candlesticks and rushlights was made by
Robert May and F. J. Bigger, an ornamental wrought-iron
candlestick from Annalong being much admired. The
exhibits of the Art Society were on view in the Picture Gallery.
In the corridor the Photographic Society made an exhibit of a
large collection of prints sent in for the summer competitions.
These showed great artistic refinement and technical skill on
the part of the members.

16 December.

Before the Ordinary Meeting on this evening a few members
of the Club met to present an address of congratulation to
Joseph Wright, r.c.s. Telegrams of congratulation were re-
ceived from the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club. The text of
the address was as follows :—

422 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

“To JosEPH WriGuHT, Eso., F.G.s.”
“DEAR SIR,

“We, your fellow members of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club, sincerely and earnestly desire to con-
gratulate you upon the distinguished honor conferred on you
by Her Majesty’s Government in awarding you a grant of £150
from Her Majesty’s Royal bounty, in recognition of the very
valuable services you have rendered to science by your laborious
and Jong continued original researches into the Palzontology
of the Carboniferous, Liassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks of
Ireland ; more especially your investigation into the Microzoa
of the Secondary, Tertiary, and recent deposits.

This distinction is of the greatest satisfaction to your
numerous scientific and private friends, and it emphasises the
honour done you a short time ago by the Geological Society of
London. This, the parent, and still the most distinguished
geological society in the world, selected you, as a distinguished
Irish geologist, to receive one of the highest recognitions of
unaided service it is in the power of that society to bestow—
namely, a grant from “ The Jamison Barlow Fund,” which was
established for the advancement of geological science.

After a prolonged and very cordial companionship, in some
cases extending for a period of over 30 years, we have had
ample opportunities of observing your earnestness, perseverance,
and zeal in the prosecution of your favourite scientific studies,
and the readiness with which you have placed the results at
the disposal of others.

We have profited by your teaching in the lecture room, and
in the field, and we have always found you a careful and
efficient guide, a ready helper in our difficulties, and a most
generous, courteous, and amiable companion.

We, therefore, rejoice to learn of the distinguished position
you have attained among the geclogists of our times, and we
earnestly hope you may be spared in health and vigour to con-
tinue your studies for many years to come, and still further

1897-98.] 423

benefit the world of science by the results of your systematic
researches.”

The officers for the current year and some of the members
_ subscribed their names at the foot of the address.

Wm. Gray, Wm. Swanston, Adam Speers, and others having
spoken in support of the address, in his reply Mr. Wright said—

I fee! it quite impossible to convey in words my feelings on
the present occasion. Your most kind reception, as also your
addresses expressive of your pleasure at the Treasury grant
recently awarded to me for scientific research, is indeed most
gratifying. I feel deeply indebted to Professor A. C. Haddon,
F.L.S., who, I understand, took a most prominent and active
part in the movement, as also to the many other kind friends
who signed the memorial in my favour, and to whose influence
was due my obtaining the grant. I also feel that many of the
investigations I have been engaged at would not have been
nearly so satisfactory or complete had it not been for the kind
assistance of my fellow members in supplying me with material
for examination, as also for their cordial co-operation in other
matters connected with my work. ‘To be recognised as having
in the slightest degree advanced our knowledge of Irish natural
history gives me the greatest pleasure, and that pleasure is en-
hanced by the fact that the President and so many of my fellow
members and co-workers in the Club are joined in this
recognition.

A CRUISE ROUND THE IRISH COAST

In connection with the Munster Meeting of the Royal Socteties
of Antiquaries from Galwav Bay to Waterford Harbour.

By S. Ke. KIRKER, C.E., F-R.S.A.

In the course of his remarks the lecturer said the steamship
Caloric was chartered and started from Belfast on Whit
Monday, 7 June, direct for Galway Bay, where the cruise
proper commenced. On Tuesday the steamer put into

424 [Pruc. B.N.F.C.,

Kilmurvy Bay, Aran, where the party landed to explore the
mighty Dun Aenghus and the ruins in the largest island
Aranmore. Passing through Gregory Sound and along the
beautiful Clare coast, Scattery was reached. The antiquarian
remains on Scattery were well described. These consist of a
round tower 120 ft. in height, a cathedral, an oratory and four
churches, a cashel and a holy well.

Next the interesting remains at Kilmalkedar, Catherdorgan,
and Gallerus were visited. Gallerus is one of the most perfect
of our oratories, a shapely little building of dry stone, said to
have been built inthe seventh century. Afterwards the buried
city of Fahan was explored, passing on the way the ruined
castle of Rahinan, which consists of a massive square keep, the
lower story vaulted, with flights of stairs im the thickness of
the walls. It stands inside a large and well preserved earthen
fort with a tosse and lofty rampart in which a souterrain opens
towards the south-west. At Fahan, on the side of the Eagle
Mountain overlooking Ventry Bay, area succession of cashels
and beehive cells extending for a distance of about 3 miles.
On ‘Lhursday a start was made tor the Skelligs, two small
islands lying about 13 miles west ot Kerry. A monastery
dedicated to St. Michael was founded on the larger island in very
early times, an ancient tradition makes it the burial place of Ir,
son of Milesius. A little cove ending in a vast and gloomy
cavern forms the only landing place. The approach to the
monastery is for about halt way by a modern road cut out of
the rock tor an approach to the lighthouse, and thence up the
old approach which is formed by rude steps of rough rock up
the steep slope to a vaulted passage through which we reach the
deserted little ‘city of God.” The remains of the monastery
consist of five beehive cells or cloughauns of dry stone in
wonderful preservation, two oratories also of dry stone and
somewhat similar to Gallerus put not so perfect, St. Michael’s
Church built partly dry and partly with mortar, several rude
crosses, and three tiny cemeteries and a well. Staigue Fort
was afterwards visited—a nearly circular cave built of schistose

1897-98. ] 425

slate, about 30 yards in internal diameter, the enclosing wall
is in some parts 18 feet high. |

Queenstown and Cork were then visited, and Cloyne with
its fine round tower, returning by the beautifully wooded
demesne of Longfields with its great Cromleach. At Lismore
the party had the opportunity of seeing the Crozier and Book
of Lismore.

The Lecture was illustrated by numerous original limelight
views.

18 Fanuary.

On this evening three papers were read.

1. H. HANNA, M.A., B.Sc.—'S NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF
THE ANTRIM Coast.”

2. Miss ANDREWS.—“ FAIRIES AND THEIR DWELLING
PLACES.”

3. R. WetcH—" LAND SHELL POCKETS: ANCIENT AND
MODERN.”

Mr. [1anna described the results ofa visit to Ballycastle, made
for the purpose of studying Turbellarian worms and other low
forms of marine invertebrates.

Special attention was drawn to the Rhabdo coela, especially
Convoluta paradoxa. ‘his animal lives not like other animals,
but like a green plant in pools exposed to the air and sun’s rays,
which are necessary to enable the green chlorophyl of the algz
now living in the animals, to form the carbo-hydrates upon
which this form now lives exclusively. A remarkable thing
about this form is that if we separate the alga from the animal
the former is not able to live independently ot the latter, This
shows how close in some cases the animal kingdom is to the
vegetable, and how materially dependent the one is on the
other.

Fecampia erythrocephala was recorded for the first time in
this country, and an outline of its life history was given.

426 /roc. B.N.F.C.,

In the mud at the bottom of rock pools at Murlough Bay a
number of Polychaetae were found, four of which, belonging to
the same genus and species, are probably new to the British
fauna, which English authorities refer to as a species of Arent-
cola buccz of Rathke.

Reference was made to the irregular segmentation of a
specimen of Czrratulus cirratus.

Miss ANDREWS recorded a few traditions gathered from
the peasantry in County ,Down and other parts of Ireland.
The belief is general that the fairies were at one time very
numerous, but have now disappeared from many of their former
haunts. They are said to be about the size of children, and
according to some the colour of their hair is red.

Several stories were related of the intercourse of fairies with
human beings, and it was mentioned that to cut down a fairy
thorn or to injure the house of a fairy is regarded as certain to
bring misfortune. ‘The fairies are celebrated as good musicians.
They ride on small horses, and the sound of their spinning is
is often heard at night in the peasants’ cottages. ‘They are
said to live in the ‘‘ coves of the forts”—coves or caves meaning
underground passages, in other words souterrains.

Several souterrains in the neighbourhood of Castlewellan were
‘described, and it was mentioned that the building of the forts
and souterrains is ascribed by the country people to the Danes.
These Danes were not the medieval Norsemen, but may
probably be identified with the Tuatha de Danann, whose
necromantic power is celebrated in Irish tales. The traditions
in regard to Danes and fairies are very similar in different parts
of Ireland. The Rev. J. B. Leslie, in speaking of the south,
describes the fairies as a species of beings neither men nor angels
nor ghosts.

The peasants believe the fairies to be fallen angels, and no
doubt many of the tales relating to them have their origin in
the mythology of a primitive people, but it was suggested that

1897-98. | 427

in the legends connected with the raths and souterrains we have
a reminiscence of a dwarf race. After giving Mann
Harbinson’s opinion that the souterrains “‘have been constructed
by a diminutive race, probably allied to the modern Lapps,”
- Miss Andrews referred to the views of Mr. D. MacRitcnie, that
the Fians, fairies, and Picts belonged to similar, if not identical
dwarf races. The description of the men of Spy given by Dr.
Monroe in “ Pre-historic Problems” was compared with the
picture of the ‘‘ Wee, wee man” in the old ballad, and the
conclusion was drawn that in the fairy legends we may see
traces of a struggle between a primitive race of small men,
whose gods may have been, like themselves, of diminutive
stature, and their more civilised neighbours.

Mr. We cu described those curious little “ pockets” of small
shells, many of them rare and local, which one may find collected
together by the swirling action of the wind round the dunes
which fringe the beautiful Whitepark Bay, so close to the
Giant’s Causeway, and so seldom visited by the tourists who
crowd io the latter. He also described the larger ‘‘ pockets”’
in the Portstewart dunes, which yielded a shell, Hydrobia
jenkiust new to the Irish fauna lately, and other scarce
species, including the Albino variety of Vertigo pusilla,
first found by Mr. Standen, of Manchester, in a similar
“pocket” at Portsalon. A curious mixture of land shells
and sea sand on the low bluffs at Portsalon was next
referred to, and the fact that these modern deposits may
help to explain the manner in which much older ones were
found. A large number of shells collected in the ‘ pockets ”
were shown, including those whose sudden appearance on short,
grassy swards, after rain, gives rise to a firm belief in some
localities in “‘ snail showers.” Helix virgata on the short sward
at Ballycastle, and Aelx acuta, at Portrush, were instanced,
as products of these showers, and regret expressed at the fact
that the golfers’ big feet, there, as in other places, were rapidly
diminishing the ‘ showers.”

428 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,
15 Hebruary, 1898.
MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS.
By Rev. C. H. WabDELL, B.D.

When the winter season comes, and flowers wither, and
leaves fa!l, and the larger plants take their winter rest, Nature
does not cease her operations but brings the Cryptogams upon
the scene, a humbler race of organisms, mosses, lichens, and
alge. These fluurish during the damp and cool season, and
contribute much by their soberer but wonderfully varied and
beautiful tints to the beauty of the winter landscape. Mosses,
as a rule, fruit at this season, and Bryology has this advantage
over the more popular study of flowering plants that it can be
pursued during all seasons of the year. Mosses are also more
easily preserved, and keep their colour better when dried than
any other group of plants. The lecturer then gave an account
of the life history of a moss, from the spore to the full grown
plant. ‘he flowers are as a rule small, and to be searched for
with a pocket lens situated on the sides or ends of the stems,
but in some species such as Polytrichum they are conspicuous
objects forming little red caps on the tips of the stems. The
moss flower does not produce seed or fruit, but when fertilised
produces a new plant, from which is developed the seta, bearing
on its top the capsule containing spores. This is called in
popular language the fruit.

The alternation of generations, as it is called, forms a sharp
mark of distinction between these and higher plants.

The dispersal of the spores is regulated by a beautiful con-
trivance called the peristome, a door consisting of a closely
fitting fringe of teeth which opens or closes automatically
according to the dryness or humidity of the atmosphere. No
two peristomes are tormed on the same pattern, and a variety
of beautiful forms of these was thrown upon the screen. In
this and other particulars mosses exhibited a marvellous variety
of contrivance and adaptations in their structures, traces of the

1867-98. | 4.29

Creator’s handiwork. Such are the elaters found in the
capsules of liverworts. These are minute spirally coiled springs
which are let loose with an explosion when the capsule bursts,
and by their coiling and uncoiling serve to scatter the spores.

The sphagna or bog-mosses are quite a distinct group, and
to them is owing the growth of the peat in bogs. They are so
constructed as to form a sponge which pumps up the moisture
to the surface of the tussocks in which they grow. They
possess 10 roots but rise or fall with the soft surface, and from
the detritus beneath the peat is formed.

All these plants are cellular and do not possess vessels for
which reason they cannot resist drought and maintain their
rigidity like other plants. Their office is to soak up and retain
moisture. In dry times they collapse and curl up, but unlike
withered phanerogamic plants will revive again quickly when
rain comes without being destroyed,

This faculty of reviving again when soaked is an advantage
to the student as specimens may be laid aside after collecting
for many months to be soaked out again and examined at
leisure. It is strange that this interesting class of plants has
been so much neglected in this country. The lecturer
recommended as the best portable andthoroughly reliable book
on the subject Dixon’s Handbook of British Mosses, and Sir
Edward Fry’s shilling handbook as an introductory work.

A note was contributed by George M‘Lean on fasciation
in plants, describing the general characteristics of the
abnormality, and notifying its common occurrence in cultivated
plants, and those grown in ground which has been excessively
manured, especially in the succulent shoots of asparagus,
cabbage, lettuce, and the ash tree, also of its inheritance
through seed as in the cauliflower. He showed specimens of
fasciated orange lily stems, being an unusual case of occurrence
ot the abnormality in stems from the same root two years in
succession ; also gave a list of many plants recorded as having
been observed with this monstrosity.

430 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

=< 15 March.
THE bun tua eee IMPORTANCE OF THE
ANTIQUARIAN REMAINS IN ANTRIM
AND DOWN.

or.

By WItLiaM GRAY, M.R.LA.

An abstract of this Lecture 1s reserved for future publication.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting of the club was held in the
Museum on 19th April to transact the usual business—William
Gray, M.R.I.A. in the chair.

The Secretary read the Annual Report of the year’s work
(see page 405.)

The Treasurer’s Accounts were submitted.

S. A. Stewart proposed and W. Swanston seconded that these
Reports be passed and circulated in Proceedings.

On the motion of F. W. Lockwood, seconded W. Swanston,
the Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D., was elected President. On the
motion of J. Wright, F.G.S., seconded by William Gray,
Francis J. Bigger, M.R.I.A. was elected Vice-President ; on the
motion of J. Vinycomb, seconded by W. D. Donnan, W. H.
Phillips was re-elected Treasurer. William Swanston, F.G.S.
was re-elected Librarian.

The Committee was proposed by William Swanston, seconded
by J. Carson :—Leonard Bell, W. J. Fennell, William Gray,
M.R.LA., John Hamilton, F. W. Lockwood, S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.E.,
Miss S. M. Thompson, John Vinycomb, M.R.1.a., Robert Welch,
Joseph Wright, F.G.s.

Francis Joseph Bigger tendered his resignation as hon. Sec.
which was accepted with regret. On the motion of J. Wright,
seconded by W. Gray, James St. J. Phillips and W. Donnan
were elected as Honorary Secretaries. The Reports of the
Botanical and Geological Sections were submitted (see p. 431).

1897-99.] 431

A number of places were named as localities for Excursions
during Summer Session.

A note from Leonard Bell was read calling attention to a new
locality for Graptolites of which specimens were shown.

William Swanston proposed, John Vinycomb seconded,—
That it is most desirable that greater attention be given to Field
Work at the Club’s excursion, Mr. Gray be requested to act as
Field Lecturer for the coming season.

From the intimate and valuable knowledge which Mr. Gray
possesses of the Archzology and Geology of the distict it is felt
by the Committee that if he would undertake this work, the
excursions would be much enhanced in their instructive value
to those who attend them, and the valuable and accurate
information which Mr. Gray has accumulated by many years of
study and investigation would thus find its way in a most
profitable and popular form into the Club’s Proceedings.

This concluded the business part of the programme, after
which a note on Foraminifera of the Irish Carboniferous Rocks
by Fred Chapman, F.R.M.S., was read.

James St. J. Phillips then exhibited and described a fine
collection of Lantern Slides obtained from the Geological
Committee of the British Association.

Some Local Botanical Notes were received from R. L.
Praeger and taken as read. As these notes are of general
botanical interest they are given 27 extenso.

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION.

Six Meetings have been held during the winter on Saturday
afternoons in the Club Rooms, and while the attendance has
not been large it has proved constant and interest in the
subjects been maintained. The systematic study of the more
important British Natural orders, commenced two years ago,
has now been completed, following the lines of ‘“ Oliver's
Lessons” The want has been severely felt of proper books,
diagrams, and lantern slides to illustrate the subject, a want

432 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

which we hope may in time be supplied. During the year
copies of Mackay’s Flora Hibernica and Babington’s Handbook
have been purchased for the Section.

Not much progress has been made in supplying the blanks in
the Club Herbarium, but a number of plants have been promised
and it is hoped many may be collected for the purpose next
summer.

Two excursions were carried out, one to Killeen Glen, and
one to the Sandhills of Ballykinlar.

At one of the Winter Meetings, after tea in the Museum, a
presentation was made to Rev. C. H. Waddell by members of
the Section of a copy of ‘‘ Kerner’s Natural History of Plants.”

We hope that the interesting course of lectures lately
delivered by Mr. R. LI]. Praeger may stir up more popular interest

in the subject of botany.
C. H. WADDELL.

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION, 1897-98.

In this, the Fifth Annual Report, the Committee of the
Geological Section have again to record the continuation of
the work for which the Section was founded. Papers were read
on special branches in which the Members are interested.
These were as follows :—

R. Bell, ‘‘ The Rocks of the Squires Hill.”

Miss S. M. Thompson, ‘“‘Recent Work in Glacial Geology.”

James St. J. Phillips, “ Crystals as they occur in Rocks.”

Miss M. K. Andrews, “‘ Notes on the Granite and other
rocks at Newcastle.”

These evening meetings drew a fair attendance of Members,
but are deserving of still better support, as they afford facilities
for the interchange of information among the Members which
could hardly be obtained at the larger General Meetings of the
Club.

The year has been marked by the publication of Dr. Hume’s
Paper on the Cretaceous Rocks of Antrim,§in which is ac-

1897-98.] 433

knowledged particular help received from S. A. Stewart, Robert
Bell, and other members of the Section.
The thanks of the Section are due for the following gifts :—
Professor A. J. Cole, F.G.S., M.R.IA., “ The Rocks of
Slieve Gallion.” Trans. Royal Dublin Society.
R. Welch, Erratics dredged up near Rathlin.
W. De V. Kane, M.A., Specimen of Diorite.
R. Bell, Collection of opals from Sandy Braes.
5, Collection of Zeolites from Squires Hill.
Leo W. Bell, Graptolites from new locality near Bally-
nahinch.
F. Chapman, F.R.M.S., Two Micro-Slides of Carboniferous
Limestone.
JAS=-s1. 2 PHILLIPS,
Hon. Sec. of Section.

LOCAL BOTANICAL NOTES, 1895-97.
By R. Luoyp Pragcer, B.E.

During the three seasons that have now elapsed since the
Supplement to the Flora of the North-east of Ireland was
published, although no extensive botanical work has been
carried out in our district, local observers’ have not been idle,
and a summing up of results shows several additions to the
flora, some valuable re-discoveries of species supposed to be
extinct, and interesting extensions of the range of several of our
rarest plants. The additions to the flora of district XII. include
Cochlearia anglica, Rubus otgoclados var., Crithmum
maritimum, Galium erectum (the G. Mollugo of former lists),
and Glyceria plicata. Equally important, and to the local
field botanist even more interesting, is the restoring to the local
list of certain plants which have long been sought in vain, and
were believed to be extinct in the district. Such are Hpzlobium
roseum, one of Templeton’s records, which Mr. Davies has
recently discovered in several stations in the Lagan valley ;

A34 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Carex filiformis, a Lough Neagh plant, destroyed along with
several others by drainage operations half a century ago, and
which I had the good fortune to find last year in southern
Down ; and Calamagrostis epigetos, which had not been seen in
the district since Dr. Moore’s original discovery of it over sixty
years ago. The first of these ranks as addition an to the flora of
district XII., since Stewart and Corry placed it in the ‘‘excluded’’
list. It is also most satisfactory to have new stations recorded
for Elatine hexandra, Silene noctiflora, Dryas octopetala,

Carum verticillatum, Carduus crispus, Carlina vulgaris,

Stachys Betonica, Typha angustifolia, Cladium jamaicense,

Carex teretiuscula, and C. aguatils, plants which are numbered

among the rarest in the district, and some of which appeared

to be losing ground. The new county records tot up as
follows :—

Down—Rudus otgoclados, Crithnum maritimum, Galium
erectum, Carex teretiuscula, C. filiformis.

ANTRIM—Sz/ene noctiflora, Drvas octopetala, Galium erectum.

Derry-—Cochlearia anglica, Hypericum dubium, Lemna
gibba, Milium effusum, Glyceria plicata.

The more important finds since the publication of the

Supplement, are as follows :—

Cochlearia anglica, Linn.—At the New Buildings near London-
derry, Mrs. Leebody, 1895.

Sclene noctifora, Linn.—By the railway on the Curran, Larne,
in some quantity, R. Ll. P., 1897. A very doubtful native
in Ireland.

Fllatine hexandra, DC.—Loughbrickland, Co. Down, H. W.
Lett, Watson Bot. Exch. Club Report, 1895-96.

Hypericum dubtum, Leers.—Ballykelly,Co. Derry, Mrs. Leebody,
1896.

Rubus otgoclados, M. & L. var. Newbouldiz, Bab.—Lough
brickland, Co. Down, H. W. Lett, W.B.E.C.Report, 1895-96.

Dryas octopetala, Linn.—On cliffs north of Knock Dhu, Co
Antrim, fairly plentiful, H. W. Lett; S. A. Stewart, ZY.,

vol. VI., p. 280, 1897.

1997-98. ] 435

Geum rivale x urbanum (intermedium Ehr.)—Garvagh Demesne,
Co. Derry, Miss Knowles. Near Limavady, B.N.F.C.;
HV, WO. LV. pu225,-1895.

Lipilobtum roseum, Schreb.—Ballyskeagh, Co. Down; Glen-
more and Ballydrain, near Lisburn, Co. Antrim, J. H.
Davies, /.V., Vol. VII., p. 7 and 41, 1897. Mr. Davies
considers the plant native in these stations.

Carum verticillatum, Koch.—Wet moor at Carnsampson, near
Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, 1897, R.LI.P.

Crithmum maritimum, Linn.—Kearney Point, Co. Down,
Samuel Moore, and near Bangor [at Carnalea], P. F.
Gulbransen ; S. A. Stewart, ZZV., Vol. V., p. 297, 1896.

Ligusticum scoticum, Linn.—Skernaghan Point, Islandmagee,
Co. Antrim, C.J. Lilly, 1896.

Galium erectum, Huds.—Mr. J. H. Davies has shown (Z..,
Vol. VI., p. 259, 1897) that all the stations of G. MWollugo,
from which specimens are forthcoming, must be transferred
to G. erectum, and that G. Moé/ugo must, for the present at
least, be withdrawn from the North-eastern flora. The
known distribution of G. erectum in the North-east, as
shown by Mr. Davies’ paper, is briefly as follows :—

Down.—Loughbrickland (Lett), Rowallane near Saintfield
(Redmond and Waddell).

AntTRIM.—Glenarm (Holden and Dickie), Glenmore near
Lisburn (Davies), Whitewell (Stewart), Cullybackey (Miss
Knowles and Buick).

Carduus crispus, Linn.—About the old church at St. John’s
Point, Co. Down, R.LIP., ZWV., Vol. VI., p. 85, 1897.
Carlina vulgaris, Linn.—Plenty of fine specimens on sandhills

below Rathmullan, Dundrum Bay, R.LI.P., 1898.

* Veronica peregrina, Linn.—Fields at Magilligan, Co. Derry,
Mrs. Leebody, 1897. An alien abundant in some districts
of ‘l'yrone and Donegal (see /./V., Vol. V., p. 247, 1896).

Stachys Betonica, Benth.—Near Whitehall, Broughshane, Co.
mitriin, o. A, rena: WEEE. J2V.~-Vol..V.,. ps. 297,
1896,

3

436 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Typha angustifolia, Linn.—Bishop’s mill, 3 miles north of
Portaferry, R'LI.P!, 72V,,-Vol Viz, p. 280, 1997:

Lemna gibba, Linn.—Near Magilligan, Mrs. Leeboby, 1897.

Cladium jamaicense, Crantz.—Lake half mile N.W. of the
“White Hills,’ near Strangford, Co. Down, abundant,
R.ELP., 7-2¥5, Vol. VI: p.:219; 1897.

Carex teretiuscula, Good.—Wet sphagnous bog near Giant’s
Ring, Co. Down, ‘‘in all likelihood Orr’s original locality,”
J.H. Davies, 7.V., Vol. V., p. 270, 1896.

C. aquatilis, Wahlenb.—-By the Braid River at Ballymena, and
on both sides of the Main River from Hillmount (Cully-
backey) to Slatt Bridge, Co. Antrim, Miss Knowles.

C. filiformis, Linn.—Abundant with Cladium in lake half mile
N.W. of the “ White Hills” near Strangford, Co. Down,
RALIPS LV. Vol. V5 p: 5219; 0o07.

Calamagrostis epigeios, Roth.—Refound at Formoyle Hill, Co.
Derry, very sparingly, by R.LI.P. and Miss Knowles,
August, 1895.

Mitium effusum, Linn.—Wood at Carrickhue, Co. Derry, Mrs.
Leebody, 1896.

Glyceria plicata, Fr.—Ditch near Formoyle Hill, Co. Derry,
REP. V., Vol Wa, ps99;71 397:

Several interesting records are held over for further confir-
mation or research.

Of non-native plants, some interesting species have been
found. fpzlobtum roseum, which Stewart and Corry treated as
a lost casual, has been rediscovered in the district by Mr.
Davies, who considers it indigenous, and I have treated it as a
native on his authority. Veronica peregrina is also inserted
above, since it is naturalized and abundant over a large district
in Donegal and Tyrone, and its spread into Derry was to be
expected. Of plants with a less claim toa place in our flora,
the following may be mentioned :—

Draba murats, Linn.—Old bridge near Armoy, Co. Antrim,
plentiful, B.N.F.C.; 7.V., Vol. V., p. 184, 1896.

Alyssum calycinum, Linn.—Fields at Magilligan, Co. Derry,
Mrs. Leebody, 1897.

1897 =98. ] 437

Trifolium agrarium, Linn.—Fields at Drumbo, Co. Down, J.
El. Dayies, 7.V., Vol. VI., p. 299,, 18977.

Fireractum Auricula, Linn.—Spoil-bank of limestone quarry,
Whitewell, Belfast, S. A. Stewart, 1897.

Leonurus Cardiaca, Linn.—Cranfield Point, Co. Antrim,
BNE. > 7.V., Vol. VE, pi 249, 1897.

Chenopodium murale, Linn.—At Ballyrudder,Co. Antrim, at a
place where hens are fed, R.LI.P., 7.2V., Vol. VL, p: 299,
1897.

Plantago media, Linn.—Lawn at Lisburn, Co. Antrim, J. H.
Davies, JV. Vol. V. p. 201, 1896, At Bellarena, Co:
Derry, Mrs. Leebody, 1897.

Polygonum sachalinense, Schmidt.—Glenmore, near Lisburn,
W- Et. Davies, Z.1V., Vol. Vi, p. 309;-1896.

Ff. Bistorta, Linn.—Shrubbery at Saintfield, and graveyard at
Knock, Co. Down, C. H. Waddell, Z.V., Vol. IV., p. 306,
1895.

Stratiotes Aloides, Linn.—Dam near Carrickfergus, B.N.F.C. ;
ZLV., Vol: V., p.185, 1896.

438 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

RULES

OF THE

Belfast Mlaturalists’ Field Club.

I.
That the Society be called ‘“‘ Tue Bretrast Narurauisrs’ Freip Civs.”’

Il.

That the object of the Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

III.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Corresponding, and Honorary
Members. The Ordinary Members to pay annually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and that candidates for such Membership shall first pay an entrance
fee of 5/-, and be proposed and seconded at any Meeting of the Club, by
Members present, and elected by a majority of the votes of the Members present.

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons of
eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to the
Club ; and whose usual residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast.
That such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved of by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present. Tnat Corres-
ponding Members be expected to communicate a Paper once within every two
years.

V.

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected, and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and two Secretaries, and ten Members,
who form a Committee, and shall hold not less than eight Meetings in the year.
Five Members to form a quorum. No Member of Committee to be eligible for
re-election who has not attended at least one-fourth of the Committee Meetings
during his year of office. ‘That the office of President, or that of Vice-President,
shall not he held by the same person for more than two years in succession.

1897-98. ] 439

UE.

The Committee may from year to year appoint a Sectional Committee as
may be considered desirable to further original investigations in any one or more
departments of the Club’s work. Each Sectional Committee to be composed of
six Members of the Club, not less than two being members of the Club’s Com-
mittee. No financial responsibility to be incurred by the Sub-Committee or any
officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee. Any
Sub-Sectional Committee may elect its own Chairman and Secretary from its
members.

Vil.

That the Members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings
during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural
History and Archzology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries.

Vilt.

That Meetings be held Fortnightly or Monthly, at the discretion of the
Committee, for the purpose of reading papers; such papers, as far as possible,
to be original and to treat of the Natural History and Archeology of the district.
These Meetings to be held during the months from November to April inclusive.

IX.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

X.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alteration in the general laws, of which
a fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. ‘The Secretaries to give the Members
due notice of such intended alteration.

XI.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs residing temporarily or permanently in
or near Belfast may be enrolled members of the Club without election or entrance
fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and without
subscription for the current year on production of a receipt showing that such

440 (Proc. B.N.F.C.,

subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such
receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of members so admitted to the Club to be published
with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

XII.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

b- OL OR
That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its members by such other societies.

1897-98. ] 441

HNROTICE.

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

Amiens Societe Linneenne du Nord de la France.
Tome XIT., Nos. 271, 282.

Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Annual Report and Proceedings, Vol. XI.

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings, Vol. VIII., No. 4.

Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1895-96.
‘ Ulster Journal of Archaeology.

Berwick Field Club.
History Vol. XV.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Abstract of Papers and Annual Report, 1897.

Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VIII., Part IT.

Canadian Institute.
No. 1, Vol. I., Part I.

Cornwall—Royal Institution.
Journal, Vol. XIII., Part 2.
Costa Rico—Museo Nacional de Costa Rico, Informe presentado
al senor Secretario de Estado en el despachs de
Fomento. And other papers.

4, Primera Exposicion Ceutioamencana de Guatemala
Documentos

442 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Dublin— Royal Irish Academy.
Proceedings, 3rd Series, Vol. IV., No. 2, 3, 4.
Transactions, Vol. XXXI., Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

‘5 Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. VIT., Parts 1, 2, 3, 4.
Vol. VIII., Part 1.

< Naturalists’ Field Club.
Annual Report, 1897.
Dumfries and Galloway—Natural History and Antiquarian
Society.
Transactions, 1893-4, 1895-6.

Edinburgh—Geological Society.
Transactions, Vol. VII., Part III.

Frankfort—Helios, 1897.

Societatum Litterae.
Jahrgang X., 7 to12, Vol. XI., 1 to 6.

”

.: Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft
Bericht, 1897.

Halifax, N.S.—Nova Scotian Institute of Science.
Proceedings and Transactions, Vol. IX., Part III.

Hamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, No. XIII.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society.
Transactions, Vol. IX., Part 4.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
Annual Report, 1897.

London—Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XV., Parts 4, 5, 6.
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report, 1897.
Reliquary and Illustrated Archeologist.
Vol. III., Nos. 3, 4.
Nols iV., Nos, i 2.
Leicester—Literary and Philosophical Society.
Report of Section F,

9

”)

1897-98. ] 443

Manchester Field Naturalists’ and Archzologists’ Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1896.

“ Microscopical Society.
Transactions, &c., 1896.

Marlborough—Natural History Society.
No. 45-6.

Montevideo—Museo Nacional de Montevideo.
Anales, VI.

New Brunswick—Natural History Society.
Bulletin, No. XV.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part 3.

Penzance—Natural History Society.
List of Members.

Stavanger— Museum.
_Aarsberetning for 1896.

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
Transactions, Part 21.
Carboniferous Flora, by Robert Kidston, F.R 8.E., F.G.S.

U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.
Proceedings, Vol, XXVIII.

9 Chapel Hill N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, Vol. XIII., Parts 1, 2, Vol. XIV., Part 1.

- Milwaukee.
Fourteenth Annual Report, 1896.
e Missouri—Botanical Garden.
Report, 1897.
oe New York—American Museum of Natural History.

Bulletin, Vol. [X., 1897.
Annual Report, 1896.

be Philade!phia—Academy of Sciences.
Proceedings, 1897, Part 1.

PhiladelphiamAmerican Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XXXVI., No. 154.

444 [Proc, B.NokoC.,

Portland—Society.
Proceedings, Vol. 1I., Part 4.

Salem— Essex Institute.
Vol, XXVI., Part 4—12.
Vol. XXVII., Part 1—12.
Vol. XXVIII., 1—6.
Vol. XXIX., 1—6.
Staten Island Natural Science Association.
Proceedings, Vol. VI., No. 7—15.

St. Louis—Academy of Science.
Transactions, Vol. VII., No. 4—16.

Washington—Smithsonian Institution.
Report, 1895.

- U.S. National Museum, 1893-4.

‘3 United States Geological Survey.
Annual Reports, 1895-6, Parts 1 and 2.

= Memoir of Geo. Brown Goode.

1897-98. | 445

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

Ss ONO
THIRTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1898-99.
+ >b=+—__

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

he

President :
REY. Cc. HaWADDELL, vz».

BDice- President :
FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, m.R.1.a.

Preasurer: dibrarian :
W. H. PHILLIPS, WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.c.s.,
8 CHICHESTER STREET. QurEen STREET.
Commiffee :
LEONARD BELL. S. A. STEWART, F.B.s.£.
W. J. FENNELL. Miss S. M. THOMPSON.
WILLIAM GRAY, m.z.1.a. JOHN VINYCOMB, m.z.1.A.
JOHN HAMILTON. ROBERT WELCH.
F. W. LOCKWOOD. JOSEPH WRIGHT, r.a.s.

son. Secrefaries:
J. St. J. PHILLIPS, a.n.1.B a., 61 Royan AVENUE.
W. D. DONNAN, m.p., Hotywoop.

[ Proc. B.N:F.C.,

JMembers.

Any Changes in the Addresses of Members should be at once notified to the
Secretaries by Post Card.

Adams, John J.,
Antrim.
Adams, John, The Manse, Antrim.

Adams, John, New King Street.

Allen, Joseph, Solicitor, Lisburn.

Allibon, George, 30 Donegall Place,
Belfast.

Allingham, Hugh, Ballyshannon.

Allworthy, Edward, Ard-na-greenan,
Belfast.

Anderson, John, s.p, East Hill-
brook, Holywood.

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place.

Anderson, John M., Marlborough
Park.

Anderson, James F., 39 Fitzwilliam
Street.

Andrew, J. J., u.p.s., Belgravia.

Andrew, Rev. John, 25 Rugby Rd.

Andrews, Miss M. K., 12 College
Gardens.

Andrews, Miss, 12 College Gardens.

Ardill, Robert, 32 Avoca Street,
Belfast.

M.D., Ashville,

Bain, John, Royal Avenue, Belfast.

Barkley, James M., Queen’s Square.

Barbour, John ae 1 Hamilton
Villas, Ballyholme, Bangor.

Barr, James, Beechleigh Windsor
Park.

Barr, John, Glasgow Steam Boat
Office, Queen’s Square.

Batt, William, Sorrento, Windsor,
Belfast.

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portgienone,
Co. Antrim.

Beck, Miss Emma, 48 South Parade.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare.

Bell, Robert, Charleville Street.

Bell, E. George, Bellevue, Lurgan.

Bell, Leonard, Braemar Terrace,
Balmcral.

Bell, Miss Alice J., Braemar Ter-
race, Balmoral.

Berry, Lieut. R. J., Army Service
Corps, Shorncliffe,

Berry, Dr. M. W. C., 1 Meadow St.

Best, James, Clarence Place.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, Ardrie.

Bingham, Edward, Ponsonby Av.

Blackwood, W. B., University Sq.

Blair, E., Glenburn Park, Cavehill
Road.

Blair, Mrs., Glenburn Park, Cave-
hill Road.

Bland, Major General, Woodbank,
W hiteabbey.

Boyd, Miss, Chayo, Adelaide Park.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, m.p., 27 Great
Victoria Street.

Boyd, Miss, Cultra House, Holywood.

Boyd, Miss Ethel, 43 Victoria Place.

Boyd, Wm., 43 Gt. Victoria Street.

Braddell, Edward, St. Ives, Malone
Road.

Brandon, Hugh B., Royal Avenue.

Brown, Robert, 38.a., Wingfield
Lodge, Bloomfield.

Breakey, Rev. J. P. R., m.a., The
Rectory, Armoy.

Brenan, Rey. 8. A., B.A. Knock-
nacarry.

Brett, Chas. H.,Grettan Villa South.

Bristow, Rev. Canon, St. James’
Parsonage.

Brown, John, Longhurst, Dunmurry.

Brown, Thomas, 102 Donegall St.

Brown, Wm., 18 Chichester Street.

Browne, W. J., m.a., 5 Crawford’s
Square, Derry.

Bruce, Miss E., ‘‘ The Farm.’’

Bulla, Charles, 87 Wellesley
Avenue.

Burnett, John R., Rostellan, Malone
Road

Burtchaell, George D., m.a., 7 St.
Stephen’s Green, Dublin.

Campbell, J. O., B.z., Ravenhill
Road.

Campbell, Thomas James, Rathmore,
Antrim, Co. Antrim.

Carson, J. OC’ 73 Victoria Street.

1897-98. |

Carson, John, Walmer
Holywood.

Carson, Robert, Reform Club, City.

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 4 Stranmillis
Gardens.

Carruthers, Miss, 9 Claremont St.

Carter, W., Cultra, Co. Down.

Carter, W. Charles, 30 Donegall
Place.

Christie, Rev. W. J., 13 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Cleland, Jas. A., Wellington Park.

Clelend, W. W., 48 Wellington
Park.

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 32 Lower
Easton Street, Cliftonville.
Cleland, Alex. M‘J, 32 Lower
Easton Street, Cliftonville.
Coates, John D., 41 Chichester St.
Cochrane, Robert, M.R.1.A. 17

Highfield Road, Dublin.
Colbeck, James, Shaw’s Bridge,
Cole, Rev. Richard, Armagh.
Coleman, J., H.M. Customs, South-

ampton. é
Collis, Rev. H. F. M., B.p., Antrim.
Corley, Miss E., 52 Elmwood Av.
Corley, Miss Kate A., 52 Elmwood

Avenue.
Corry, W.

Bangor.
Cosgrove Henry, 35 Rugby Road.
Costigan, Wm., Gt. Victoria Strexzt.
Coulson, Gerald, 4 College Street

South.

Coulter, Mrs., 21 University Square.
Cowan, Ps C., c.z., Downpatrick.
Crawford, F. “Ho 20 Mill Street.
Creeth, James, Victoria Square.
Crymble, George G., Gordon House,

Annadale.

Culbert, Robert, Distillery Street.

Terrace,

F. C. §., Glenbank,

Cunningham, Chas M., 18 College
Square Kast.

Cunningham, Samuel, Glencairn,
Belfast.

Curley, Francis, High St., Belfast.
Curley, Mrs., Dunedin Ter., Belfast.

Dalton, John P., 4 Roseberry Villas,
Chichester Park.

Darbishire, R. D., Victoria Park,
Manchester.

447

Damant, Mrs., Lammas, Cowes,
Isle of Wight.

Davis, Henry, Holywood.

Dayies, John Henry, Glenmore

Cottage, Lisburn.

Day, Robert, Cork.

D’ Evelyn, Alex. M., m.p., Bally-
mena.

Dickson, John M., Hillbrook, Holy-
wood.

Dickson, Wm. W., 52 Pakenham
Place.

Dickson, W. H., Dunowen.

Donaldson, George, Box 202, Adams
Mass., U.S.A.

Donaldson, John, 18 Brookhill Av.

Donnan, W, D., M.p., High Street,
Holy wood.

Downing W. M., 25 Garfield Street.

Duffin, Miss, Strandtown Lodge.

Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of,
Clandeboye (Hon. Mem.).

Dunlop, Fleet Surgeon, Edenderry
House, Ballylesson, Lisburn.

Duncan, Wm., 2 Canterbury Street,
Belfast.

Elliott, David, Cyprus Park, Bloom-
field.

Elliott, George H., Holywood.
Ewart, L. M., g.p., Glenbank.
Ewart, L. M. Algernon, Glenbank.
Ewart, Clement C., Glenbank.
Ewart, Ernest, Glenbank.
Ewart, William Q , Glenmachan.
Ewart, Sir William Q., Bart., Glen-~
machan.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Fennell, W. J., Chichester Street.

Ferguson, G. W., Donegall Park.

Ferguson, Henry, ae Park.

Ferguson, James H., 2 Wellesley
Avenue.

Finlay, Miss, 42 Wellington Park.

Firth, Joseph, Whiterock.

Firth, William A., 92 Cliftonpark
Avenue.

Foster, T. W., M.aA.,
Antrim Road.
Foster, Rev. G., Lurgan,

Armagh,

1 Clonsilla
Co.

Fraser, R. N., 271 Albertbridge
Road.

Frame, James, Ballygowan, Co.
Down.

Frame, John, 6 Lawrence Street.

Frizell, Rev. C. W., 2 Cyrene Villas.

Fullerton, Geo., Croaghbeg, Bush-
mills.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor
Avenue.

Galway, J. C., Wynstay, Rosetta
Park.

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Gailey, ‘I. A., 10 Ardenvohr Terrace,
Woodstock Road.

Galloway, Joseph, 83 Eglantine
Avenue.

Galway, William H. 3 Dufferin
Buildings, Bangor.

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace.

Gibson, William, Heathfield House,
Ballygowan,, Co. Down.

Gibson, Sergeant, Brown’s Square,
Barracks.

Gibson, Andrew, 14 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Gibson, William, 30 Castlereagh
Place.

Gilmore, W. J., Victoria Terrace,
Ravenhill Road.

Gilmore, George,
Belfast.

Glenn, George J., Hartington Street.

Godwin, Wm., Queen Street.

Gourley, James, J.P., Derryboy
Cottage, Crossgar.

Graham, Wm., Lombard Street.

Gray, Wm., M.R.1.A., Glenburn
Park, Cavehill Road.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden,
Knock.

Greenfield, Chas., Marino, Holy-
wood.

Greene, John, J. F., s.p., Annavilla,
Warrenpoint.

Green, Wm. A., c/o Forster Green
& Co., High Street.

Gregg, Miss, Glenbrook, Castlereagh,
Co. Down.

Gulbransen, P.F., 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Gulbransen, A., 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Mountcharles,

448 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Hamilton, John, 5 Church Avenue,
Holywood.

Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street,
City.

Hanna, William, M.a., M.B., Lisanore

__ Villa, Antrim Road.

“Henry, \Hanna> a.B, Royal College
of Science, Dublin.

Hanna, Miss Margaret J., 3 Hope-
field Terrace, Antrim Road.

Harbison, Mann, Rostrevor.

Hardy, Gardner, 5 Wellington Park.

Harkness, Miss Lizzie, Coil-mara,
Cultra.

Haslett, Sir Jas H.,J.P., Princess
Gardens.

Hazelton, W. D., 35 Linenhali
Street.

Hazelton, Wm., Agathona, Bloom-
field.

Henderson, J., 20 Upper Frank St.

Herdman, A. T., 36 Wellington
Park.

Heron. F. A., Cultra, Holywood.

Heritage, Miss, Wolsley Villa,
Bloomfield.

Hill-Littler, Robert, Tareen, Chi-
chester Park.

Hobson, Benjamin, 6 Hopefield
Avenue.

Hogg, A. R., 73 Victoria Street.

Holden, J. S., m.B., Sudbury,
Suffolk England (Cor. Mem.).

Holland, Wm., Osborne Park.

Hoskins, A. P., 25 Blenheim Ter-
race, Cromwell Road.

Houston, C., Granville Gardens.

Inglis, William, Riverston Terrace,
Holywood.

Jackson, A. T., 5 Corn Market.

Jaffe, Mrs. Otto, Kinedar, Strand-
town.

Johnson, W.S., Knockbreda Park.

Johnstone, Miss, Glenavy, Lurgan.

Johnston, Miss E., Dunesk, Stran-
millis.

Johnston, Mrs. James, lvy dene,
Antrim Road.

Johnston, Miss A., Lisnaveane,
Donegall Park, Antrim Road.

1897-98. |

Jones, Prof., T. R., F.n.s., 17 Par-
son’s, Green, Fulham, London,
S.W. (Hon. Mem.).

Keay, David, 22 College Green,
Belfast.

Kelly, William R., c.z., Dalriada,
Malone park.

Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street.

Kidd, George, Lisnatore, Dunmurry.

Kilpatrick, W. J., Donegall Place.

Kennedy, F. J., 4 Clarence Place.

Kirker, S. K., Offices of Board of
Public Works, Belfast.

Kirkpatrick, F., 78 Ann Street.

Kirkwood, J. A. Dundonald.

Kinahan, John, Lowood, Belfast.

Knight, Charles J., 29 Fleetwood
Street.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.1.4., Bally-
mena.

Knowles, Miss M., Flixton Place,
Ballymena.

Kyle, R. A., 31 Donegall Place.

Lamb, Wm. W., 34 Brookvale
Avenue.

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Lanyon, Chas. J., Castleton Terrace,

Lawther, Stanley, Mount Vernon,
Belfast.

Lapworth, Professor Charles, Mason
College, Birmingham (H. Mem.)

Lepper, F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-
burn.

Leslie, James, Eglantine Avenue.

Leslie, Mrs., Eglantine Avenue.

Lett, Rey. H. W., m.a., Aghaderg
Glebe, Loughbricland.

Letts, Professor E. A., Dunayon,
Craigavad.

Lewis, Joseph, 13 Pakenham Street.

Lockwood, F, W., 2 Brookhiil
Avenue.

Lodge, Chas. W., 26 Royal Avenue.

Logan, Mrs., Bangor, Co. Down.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

Lyttle, Rey. R., The Manse, Money-
rea, Comber.

MacCormac, Dr. John, Gt. Victoria
Street.

MacBride, Rev. R., The Manse,
Dundrod.

MacDonald, Wm. Carlisle Circus.

MacHlheran, W. F., 3 College
Gardens.
Mackenzie, John, Malone, Belfast.

MacKinnon, Mrs. Coleraine.

Maconachie, Rev. Jas., 4 Cliftonville
Avenue.

Macoun, W. Godfrey, 8 Claremont
Terrace, Belfast.

Major, Rey. J. J., 13 The Mount,
Mountpottinger.

Malcomson, Greer, Malone Park.

Malcomson, Jas., Cairnburn, Strand-
town.

Mann, Jas. S., Ballyholme, Bangor,
Co. Down.

Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marsh, Joseph C., 2 Chichester
Gardens.

Marshall, H., Edlingham Terrace,
Duncairn Gardens.

Martin, Adam, 31 Stranmillis Road.

Martin, J. M‘Clelland, Northern
Counties Railway.

Massaroon, Mrs., 42 Wellington
Park.

Mathewson, Mrs., Helen’s Bay.

Maxton, Jas., The Elms, Strand-
town.

May, Robert, 137 Elgin Terrace,
Antrim Road.
Megarry, John, 202 Beaconsfield
Terrace, Grosvenor Street.
Millen, Saml. 8, B.a., 44 Ulster-
ville Avenue.

Milling, A. M. Miss., Woolsey
Villas, Malone Park.

Milligan, A., 225 Springfield Road.

Milligan, S. F., m.n.1.a., Alberta,
Malone Road.

Moore, John, Shaftesbury Square.

Moore, Dr. J. B., 4 Mountpottinger
Road.

Moore, Wm, 5 Ardenvohr Terrace.

Moore, Miss, Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh.

Moore,James,Corunna House, Bally-
nafeigh,

Moore, 8. A., 2 Howard Street.

Morrison, Hugh, Ligoniel.

Morrow, David, Coole Avon, Holy-
wood.

Morton, John, Cliftonpark Avenue.

Moss, Wm.,6 Princess May Gardens,
Antrim Road.

Murdoch, James, Balmoral Cottage.

Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

M‘Afee, George, Walmer Terrace,
Holywood.

M‘Alery, J. M., Rosemary Street.

M‘Alister, Thos., 2 Rosetta Gardens,
Ormeau Road.

M‘Cance, J. S., Dunmurry.

M‘Chesney, Jos., Holywood.

M‘Clean, F. P., Huntley Villas,
Belfast.

M‘Cleery, H., 82 Cliftonpark Av.

M‘Cleery, Wm. H., 22 Landscape

Terrace.

M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Connell, Miss, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Cormick, H. M‘Neile, Craigavad.

M‘Cormick, John, The Hermitage,
Bloomfield.

M‘Creery, James, 257 Albertbridge
Road, Belfast.

M‘Cullough, John, Martello, Holy-
wood.

M‘Cullough, Wm., Belfast Bank,
Newtownards.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss, B.a., Terraquin,
Balmoral Avenue.

M‘Dermott, Rev. John, Belmont,
Belfast.

M‘Dowell, T., c/o Messrs. Dunville
& Co., Belfast.

M'Gaw, Miss, 17 Wellington Park
Terrace.

M‘Ilroy, J. Milford, Strandtown.
Macllwaine, J. H. Ravensdale,
Strandtown.
Macllwaine, Mrs.,
Strandtown.
M‘Kee, John, Solicitor, Prince’s

Chambers, Ann Street.
M‘Kee, Robert, m.a., Harlesden
College, Bramshill Rd., London,

Ravensdale,

450 [ Proc, B.N.F.C.,

M‘Kee, Wm. S., 20 Mill Street.
M‘Kenzie, Dr. W. G., Gt. Victoria

Street.

M‘Kinney, W. F., Ballyvessey,
Carn money.

M‘Kisack, Alfred, Hope Street
Factory.

M‘Kisack, C. J., 12 Mountcharles.

M‘Kisack, Dr. H. L., College sq.
East.

M‘Lean, Geo., 19 Pottinger Street.

M‘Leish, John, ‘The Mount,”’
Mountpottinger.

M‘Mordie, David, 2 Belgravia Av.,
Belfast.

M‘Mordie, James, Belgravia Av.,
Belfast.

Nicholson, H. J., 8 West Elmwood.
Nesbitt, W. C., Kennaird Terrace.

O’Neill, Henry, m.p., 6 College
Square Kast.

O’Neill, James, m.a., 5 College
Square Kast.

Orr, H. Lamont, Garfield Street.

Olley, Robert, 69 University Av.

Patterson, D. C., Clanbrassil Ter.,
Holywood.

Patterson, R. L., jun., 31 Botanic
Avenue.

Patterson, Wm. H.,jun., Clanbrassil
Terrace, Holywood.

Patterson, Richard, g.p., Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, Miss Clara, Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, Robert, F.z.s., Ivy Dene,
Malone Park.

Patterson, Wm. H., M.R.1.4., Gar-
ranard, Strandtown.

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, ‘The Knock.

Payne, J. C. C., s.p, Oxford
Buildings.

Perry, ‘I’. G. Lisburn Road.

Phillips, Wm. H , Lemonfield, Holy-
wood.

Phillips, Jas. J., 61 Royal Avenue.

Phillips, Jas. St. J., B.z., Royal
avenue.

Pim, John, J.P., Bonaven, Antrim
Road.

1897-98. ]

Pim, Thos. W., 21 Victoria Street.
Pim, Joshua, Slieve-na-failthe,
Whiteabbey.

Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.
Porter, Wm., Beechview, Balmoral
Avenue. as
Praeger, E. A., Holywood.
Praeger, R. Ll., m.x.1.a., National

Library, Kildare St., Dublin.
Purdon, Mrs., 5 Wellington Place.

Quail, Rev. Patrick,
Ballynahinch.

Dunmore,

Redmond, David, Antrim.

Reid, Robert, King Street, Belfast.

Renold, August, Ullswater Terrace,
Cavehill Road.

Ritchie, James, c/o Millar, Boyd, &
Reid, Calendar Street.

Robertson, J. C., Methodist College,
Belfast.

Robinson, W.H., 29 Spencer Street.

Robinson, Saml., Helen’s Bay, Co.
Down.

Rowley, Wm. M., 22 Rosemary
Street.

Russell, John, c.z., Waring Street.

Scott, Conway, c.z., Windsor Av.

Shanks, James, Ballyfounder, Porta-
ferry.

Scott, Rev. Oswald, a.m, 1 Hampden
Terrace, Rugby Road, Belfast.

Sharpe, Robert,100 Fitzroy Avenue.

Shaw, Cecil, m.p., 14 College Sq.
East.

Shaw, Wm. Hinde, Brooklyn, Knock.

Shaw, Lancelot, Brooklyn, Knock.

Shaw, Mrs., Brooklyn, Knock.

Shepherd, Percy, N. C. Railway.

Sheldon, Charles, m.a., Belfast
Royal Academical Institution.

Skillen, Joseph, , Ballee, Ballymena.

Silly, George, Ardene, Sydenham.

Sinclair, F. Howard, m.p., Paken-
ham Place.

Slater, William, National School,
Strandtown.

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School, Holy-
wood.

451

Smith, Rev. W. S., The Manse,
Antrim.

Smith, Dr. Lorraine, 33 Stranmillis
Road, Belfast.

Smyth, Walter, r.u.s., Woodview,
Holywood.

Smyth, Sydney B., M.p., Great
Victoria Street.

Smith, G., Linenhall Library.

Smythe, Ven. Archdeacon, Coole
Glebe, Carnmoney.

Smyth, Mrs. Proctor, 50 Duncairn
Street.

Somerset,
Street.

Speers, Adam, B.sc., Up. Sullivan
School, Holywood.

Staples, Sir N. A., Bart., Lissan,
Dungannon (Life Mem.).

Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.

Stears, Samuel, 79 Ormeau Road.

Robert, 25 Cavendish

Stelfox, James, cx., Oakleigh,
Ormeau Road.

Stephens, Mrs., Whitehead, Co.
Antrim.

Stevenson, John, Coolavin, Malone
Road.

Stevenson, J. M‘N., Carrickfergus.

Stewart, Rev. J. A., Pond Park,
Lisbura.

Stewart, S. <A., The
Belfast.

Stewart, W. J., 31 Adelaide Street.

Strain, David, Carlisle Circus (Ulster
Bank).

Swanston, Wm., r.a.s., 18 Clifton-
ville Avenue.

Swanstor, Mrs., 18 Cliftonville Av.

Symington, Saml., Ballyoran, Dun-
donald.

Symington, Professor,
Queen’s College.

Museum,

F.R.S.E.,

Tate, Alexander, c.z., Rantallard,
Whitehouse, Belfast.

Taylor, E. E., Garfield Chambers,
City.

Thomas, S. G., 14 Woodland Av.

Thompson, Miss S. M., Macedon,
Belfast.

“Thompson, Mrs. H., 14 Upper
Crescent, University Road.
Thompson, Rev. David, Dromore,
Co. Down.

Thompson, Prof. W. H., Queen’s
College, Belfast.

Todd, John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam
Park.

Todd, C. H., Wolsley Villa, Bloom-
field.

Todd, Wm. A, 24 Victoria Street.

Traill, W. A., Bushmills.

’ Tuiloch, Miss, Howard Street.

Turner, Alf., North Queen Street.

Turtle, Chas. C., Claremont, Strand-
town.

Vint, Joseph H., Ulster Bank,
Donegall Place.

Vinycomb, John, M.R.1.4., Holy-
wood.

Vinycomb, T. Bernard, Riverside,
Holywood.

Waddell, Rev. C. H., m.a., B.D,
The Vicarage, Saintfield.

Wakeman, W. J. F.R.8.a., Knights-
ville, Blackrock, Dublin (Cor.
Mem.)

Walker, Thos. R., Rugby Road.

Walkington, Miss, tu.p., Strand-
town.

Walkington, T. R., Edenvale,
Strandtown.

Walsh, Robert, Abbotsford, Malone
Road.
\ Walmsley, Rev. Douglas,

BA
. Redburn, Adelaide Park,

452

, Waugh, Isaac,

: [ Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Ward, T.:Eden Crescent, Antrim
_Boad.

Ward, Phillip,12 St..Paul’s Terrace,
City.

Wardell, Miss, 63 Botanic View,
University Road.

. Watson, Thomas, Shipquay Gate,

Londonderry.
8 Ava Terrace,
Bangor.

Welch, R. J., 49 Lonsdale Street.

Wheeler, Mrs. Lennoxvale, Belfast.

. Whitla, Professor, m.p., College
Square North.
\ Wilson, James, c.x£., . Oldforge,
Dunmurry.
Wilsor, James, Ballybundon, Kil-
linchy.

Wilson, Alec, G., Stranmillis.
Wilson, W. H. Stranmillis.

~ Wilson, Jas. F. D.,.82 Joy Street.

Wilson, Geo., Bedford Street.

. Wilson, Abraham, 13 Springfield Rd.

Wilson, ‘Thomas,
Street.
Wise, B. D., Waterside, Greenisland.

Wolseley, Charles, Ballymena.
Woollecombe, Dr. Robert LIL. t1.p.,

c.E., Fleetwood

M.R.1.A., 14 Waterloo Road,
Dublin.

Woodward, Mrs., The Vicarage,
Ligoniei.

Workman, Rev. R., m.a., Rubane, .
Glastry.

Workman, Thos., J.p., Helen’s Bay.
Wright, Joseph, r.a.s , Alfred St.
Wright, Miss, Alfred Street.

Wylie, William, 8 Mountpleasant.

Young, Robert, 3.P, c.z., Rath-
varna, Chichester Park.

ay ae Annual ‘Report—1870-71, 1, containing Ap pendix ie
Mth - Liassic Foraminifera—Wright ; and List of the Fo
Bie Estuarine Clays of Antrim and ‘Down, —Stewart Re
ye Ninth ee Report—1871-72 ... alot =:
- Tenth - do. . 1872-78 aoe Slee
-Proceedings—Series II. Vol., 1... -Part-ds: 1873- 74, sont ‘Apes.
_ II., List of Mosses of North-East of Ireland— Stewart ; ;and List =
of Cretaceous Microzoa of North of Ireland, —Wright, "9 ae: 2/6
Series Il, Vol. T., Part EY, 1804-1005 3 -ses le
3 > TII., 1875-76 ibe “ oe
IV., 1876-7 7, ‘containing pode IV.,
Recent Foraminifera of- Down and Apitrim ,— Wright, 1 Plate ; oe a
and Silurian Rocks of County Dow m—Swanston and Pare Norte:
8 Plates : | at Oe.
Series II., Vol. I., Parts V. and VI, 1877-78 and?78- 79 (in oe Mer ig
,, Part VII., 1879-80, containing Appendix V.,. a)
List Be Post-tertiary Foraminifera of North- East. of Jreland,—
Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Hontser ek of N orth-East of eae!
Ireland, — Stewart 3 oa eee
Series II., Vol. II., Part I.. 1880- 81, rae ae Append VI,
List. of Foraminifera of South Donegal, — Wright ; Sponge -
Remains from Carb. Limestone, County Sligo, — Wright ; and -
Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo, — Carter, 1 Plate - ne 16
Series IT., Vol. II., Part I1., 1881-82 ... as .

III., 1882-83 , containing Appendix VIL.,

-Supplimental List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland, — ie,
_ Stewart is

Series IT., Vol. ca , Part, IV., 1883- 4, touting ‘Appendix Va:
Notes on Irish Coleoptera, — Haliday ; ; Cromlechs of Antrim and
Down, —Gray, 12 Plates; and lre-historic Monuments near
Sligo,—Elcock, 4 Plates ..

Series IT., Vol. II., Bertie 1884 85, containing apm IX,
Ostracoda of Belfast Lough, —Malcomson ; Fungi of North ao
Treland,—Tett ; Foraminifera of “ Protector” Cruise. &¢. =p. ay.
Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera of pee! Hill, ee

. Trish Coleoptera, — Patterson oe

S- ries IT., Vol. IT., Part VI., 1885-86, pontoinine Appendix Ly
(Vol. IT.), The Ferns of Ulster, —Phillips and Praeger —

Series i Vol. Il., Part VII., 1886-87, containing A pendix IL,
Notes on the Sections exposed at the Alexandra Dock, Belfast,
with List of Fossils, 1 Plate, — Praeger ao

Series II., Vol. 1II., Part I... 1%87-88, containing Appendix HE, ” pe
» Marine Shells of the North of Ireland ,—Praeger

Series II., Vol III., Part IT., 1888-89.

IIT., 1889-90, containing Report of
athe Gravels Committee, 2 Plates - ‘gas

Series II., Vol. III., Part IV., 1890-91
V., 1891-92
VI., 1892-93

IL, 1894. 95,
IIL, 1895 96,
IV., 1896-97,

SV OAR Se Bae ead
: 7 aan |
+

RA, et ge SOT Rl er, sare 25 oS a
ase % ee oetrass et iat files Bae : a
nnual Report |-

Part VI.

1898-99.
Bh ae. CONTENTS. PAGE
. _ Annual Report _ - as s - 7 465
___ Excursicns—Antrim to Larne, Mellifont, Carlingford, Kenmare, Barney’s
ae Point, Killough, Holymount = - = is - 459
_- Conyersazione - ie : . - 481
President's Address - - ik . - » 484
_ Papers—Geological Notes in Kerry—J. St. J. Phillips nis - 486
. ae Notes on the Fanna of Kerry—R. Welch 2 =. 487
ets Antiquarian Notes from Kerry—F. J. Bigger - - 488
Irish Butterflies—Rev. W. F. Johnston = - - - 489
-—~—-—s Notes on New England Butterflies—Geo. Donaldson - - 491
Ur Whales—Professor Symington - - ~ 493
ayes Report of Delegate to British Association—W. Gray - - 495
General Meeting - - - : - - 497
_ Report of Geological Section — - . E % - 500
- Glacial Geology a . hn bs : 601
Report of Botanical Section —_- a Ser gt é - 603
' Rules, Exchanges, Officers and Members - - - - 504

ae

_ PRINTED FOR. MEMBERS ONLY.

CE OF E

CE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS |/- _

The following Bibnoghins of the Club may be abtasaall from
the Inbrarian :—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
: including the Phanerogamia, the, Cryptogamia, Vas- :
cularia and the Muscine.—S. A. Stewart, F.BS.,
Edin.,andT. H. Corry, M.A.,F,L.S.,&c. Cambridge;
MacMillan and Bowes ... Bas ees Be:

SYSTEMATIC. LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
FLORA, FAUNA, PALZZONTOLOGY, AND
ARCHAOLOGY OF THE NORTH ,OF IRE-
LAND; Vol. IL, consisting of the Appendices from
1870 to 1885 seuciees 27 Plates ; i cal

in paper “ee , EMRE a igi een)
in boards... ny Wes Ms ir ee fens

(See also back of Cover.)

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BEPRe |
iNwaeokU K-Age bs TS’
it ED eels

For the Year ending the 31st March, 1899 ee i So

(THIRTY-SIXTH YEAR.)

SERIES JI. PART OME:

YOLUME IV. 1898-99.

Belfast :

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
By ALEXANDER Mayne & BoyD, 2 CorPoRATION STREET,
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S CoLLEGE, BELFAST.

1900.

REPORTS.

Tue Committee of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club now lay
before the Members the Thirty-sixth Annual Report.

During the past Session the work of the Club has been
carried on as usual. A new feature of interest was added to
the Excursions in the appointment of a Field Lecturer, who
on suitable occasions delivered a short address on the objects of
Archeological and Natural History interest met with on each
Excursion. These addresses were much appreciated for the
information conveyed in them, and we hope that in future
Excursions we may have a greater attendance of specialists
who would impart their information for the benefit of
beginners and new members.

During the past Summer the following Excursions were
made :—

Antrim to Larne... ee fe 28 May.
Mellifont ar Ae ve II June.
Carlingford a oe “iy 24, 25 June.
Kenmare (Field Club Union) ae 7 to 13th July.
Barney’s Point SS a ot 30 July.

St. John’s Point .. 2s ee 20 August.
Hollymount ve oF ee 10 September.

All were well attended with the exception of that to Carling-
ford—which may be, perhaps, accounted for by the fact of its
immediately preceeding the Excursion to Kenmare, held in
conjunction with the Irish Field Club Union, which forty-two
of our members attended.

The winter meetings were as follows :—
2 Nov., Conversazione.
15 ., Plant Societies and Distribution of Plants in N.E. Ireland.
» The President’s Address,

456 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

20 Dec., Geological Notes in Kerry—J. St. J. Phillips.
Some Notes on the Fanua of Kerry—R. Welch.
Antiquarian Notes from Kerry—F. J. Bigger, Vice Pres.

39
”?
17 Jan., Irish Butterflies—Rev. W. F. Johnston, m.a.
: Notes on New England Butterflies during 1896—Geo. Donaldson.

9?
21 Feb., Whales—The significance of their structure and development in con-
nection with theories as to their origin—Prof. Symington, F.R.s.E.

21 Mar., Report of Delegate to British Association—William Gray, M.R.1.A,

25 Apr., The General Meeting.
» British Ferns—W. H. Phillips.

A Science Gossip Half-hour has been inaugurated on the
evening of each meeting with a view to encourage intercourse
and discussion on topics of interest to the Field Club. Members
are strongly urged to bring forward new specimens or objects
on which they may desire information in an informal way.

As well as the above meetings a number of meetings have
been held by the Botanical and Geological Sections. These
meetings are open to Members of the Club who desire to pursue
a systematic course of study in these departments. The reports
from these sections will be found in the report of Annual
Meeting.

Collections have been received in the Prize Competitions as
follows :—

Collection of Land and Fresh Water Shells, by Mr. H. L.
Orr.

Collection of Flowering Plants by Miss Finlay.

Collection of Plants by Mr. Adams.

Miss Finlay and Mr. Orr took the Club’s Prizes for their
respective collections, and Mr. Adams’ collection received
honourable mention.

In Mr. H. L. Orr’s carefully named and very nicely mounted
collection there were 52 species (with 7 varieties) represented ;
including rather more than half of those known to occur in the
North-East of Ireland, and among other rare or local shells,
Spherium lacustre, the first specimens found in Ulster ; Acme
lineata, an unusually nice set from two new stations in Down

1898-99. ] 457

and Antrim; Helix lamellata, Vertigo antivertigo, and Plan-
orbis crista with its Var. Vautileus, a number of the latter are
very interesting scalariform.

The thanks of the Club are due to the Railway Companies
for facilities of travel, the Press for their lengthened reports of
Meetings and Excursions, and those members who contributed
to the success of Excursions and Meetings by acting as
Lecturers.

J. St. J. PHILuips,
W. D. Donnan,
Hon. Secs.

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PROC Tr DIN GS:

SUMMER PROGRAMME.

FIELD MEETINGS.

28 May.
ANTRIM TO LARNE.

The first field meeting and exploring expedition for the
season occurred on Saturday, the 28th May.

The course selected was from Antrim to Larne, along the
right slope of the Sixmilewater Valley and the left slope of the
Larne water or Invir. This district runs almost parallel to the
Northern Counties Railway, yet it is little known to the majority
of Belfast people. It is a district of the greatest interest to the
geologist, the antiquarian, the politician, and the agriculturist.
Some of the most striking events of our past history occurred
here, and many of the leaders of our modern enterprise and
progress came from this locality. Our party reached Antrim
by the Northern Counties Railway, and at once proceeded to
pay their respects to the Round Tower of Antrim, by permission
of Mr. Clark, whose late father was always interested in the
Club’s work, and cheerfully made them welcome to the steeple
and its grounds. At Antrim we were met by Rev. Mr. Smith,
a gentleman who has made a study of the antiquities and
natural history of this locality. From the base of the tower
Mr. Smith gave a full description of this tower and other local
antiquities, and promptly replied to the volley of questions put
to him by the members of the party anxious to know—the date

460 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

of the erection of the tower ? was the cross over the door of the
same date as this tower, &c., &c. After Mr. Smith’s address
the party were conducted over the grounds and garden by Mr.
Clark’s gardener. The great bullan-stone in this garden gave
rise to an animated discussion, and the difference between it
and the cup-marked stone was considered. Vehicles were in
readiness to convey the party to Larne, a distance of twenty-one
miles. They were provided by Mr. H. M‘Neill, of Larne, whose
ready resources, tact, and courtesy are invaluable to the explor-
ing naturalist, the ordinary visitor, or the holiday-seeker. Com-
fortably seated on M‘Neill’s well-appointed machines, we drove
through Antrim and along through a most prosperous
agricultural district, pregnant with thrilling memories of the
sad events that took place all over our course just a hundred
years ago, memories our party did not care to awaken, while
they noted the fact that for the entire of their drive they traced
the ironbeds that occur between the upper and lower basaltic
rocks of Antrim. This zone marks a very distinct horizon of
the greatest geological importance, and it is from this the iron-
ore and bauxite industries have sprung. The zone was first
exposed at Ballypallady during the construction of the
Northern Counties Railway, when the late Dr. Ritchie noted
its economic value, and originated an industry that has been
carried on with more or less success ever since. Subsequent
to the discovery of the iron-ore beds the associated bauxite or
alumimous clay was discovered at Glenarm, and since then it
has been discovered in several other places in County Antrim,
and is now converted into the metallic form, a factory for its
preparation being at Larne. Distinctive sections of this zone
can be seen from the railway near Ballypallady, and a
most interesting section 4s exposed near Templepatrick Station,
where the chalk occurs at the surface, and connected with it a
protrusion of rhyolite, a peculiar form of volcanic rock only
occurring in a few places in Antrim and Down, and in every
case indicating a volcanic outburst that took place prior to the
date of the upper basalts.

1898-99. | 461

The district we explored is still rich in antiquarian remains,
although within living memory very many may have been
deliberately destroyed. It behoves all who are interested in
Irish Antiquities to do what they can to carefully maintain all
the monuments that are left.

Perhaps there is no part of Ireland, and therefore in no part
of the British Isles or elsewhere, where there are so many
souterrains, or underground dwellings, as in the district we
refer to. Almost every rath or fort has one attached, and many
more occur disconnected from any other form of ancient
structure. They are as a rule constructed of field stones or such
other kind of stones as can be had in the locality ; but many of
those in the Valley of the Sixmilewater are excavated out of
the volcanic ash or decomposed basalt that occurs in the district.
The one at Rathmore, as well as the one at Donegore, are so
constructed. The plans of all souterrains are very much alike,
and consist mainly of a passage four or five feet wide and six
or more high, off which branch chambers six to eight feet wide,
and upto twenty feet long, and seven or eight feet high. The
entrance to the chambers from the main passage are reduced to
openings, two feet square, or even less, and often similarly
constructed openings occur in the main passage. Similar so-
called ‘‘ dwellings ” occur in Cornwall and in Scotland ; in the
latter place they are called Picts’ houses, or weems. In both
countries, as with us, they have excited various speculations as
to their real use. Dr. Hill Burton, in his History of Scotland,
says, with reference to them—‘ If we adopt what is said by
Ptolemy and other ancient geographers, and in some measure
sanctioned by modern travellers, about a troglodytic or cavern-
living population in Arabia, we may suppose that we have here
the actual dwellings occupied by a race of like habits at the
opposite extremity of the globe” In the district we traversed
these souterrians are called ‘ coves.”

Our party paid a visit to Rathmore, which is an excellent
example of the ancient Irish fort. From its rath or mounda
magnificent view of the surrounding country was obtained, a

462 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

fact that demonstrated the strategic skill of the original builder,
in selecting such a commanding site for the residence of the
local chief. One of our party gave a description of the fort,
and referred to some events of its history. The current number
of the ‘Ulster Journal of Archzology” furnishes most
interesting descriptive details relating to this monument.

The next halt was below Donegore, and the whole party
successfully stormed the fort, and were more than rewarded by
the extensive view from the top, from which we could see the
hills and valleys of Lower Antrim, Lough Neagh, Counties
Down, Derry, Tyrone, &c.

In a well-cultivated flower garden, brilliant with bloom, on
the slope under the fort, there is a very good example of the
excavated souterrains. The proprietor of the premises invited
the party to see it, and the information he gave enhanced the
pleasure of the party.

Proceeding to Parkgate, a survey was made of the site on
which once stood a very complete stone circle ; a description of
the circle was given by one of the party who made a sketch of
it some years ago. Since then the circle and the plantation
around it were completely removed in the progress of agricul-
tural improvements, an event to be recorded with regret.
Passing through the village of Doagh, we soon reached Bally-
clare, where a halt of 20 minutes was made, the time being
utilised by inspecting the antiquarian and natural history
collection of Mr. Baird, whose hospitality at this stage of our
journey was no less acceptable.

Sharp to time the advance to Ballynure was called, and thence
to Ballyboley, or the Hill of Grief. On the slope of the hill we
visited one of the few Northern monuments connected with
recorded events. The monument is in the form ofa kistvein
or stone box, and is supposed to be the burial-place of the Irish
King Tuathal Teachtmhar, who, according to the annalist
Tighernach, was slain by Mat MacRochraidhe, King of Ulster)
at Linn an-ga-gabunn in Dalaradia. This event took place a.p.
106. It may, however, be the grave of another King, Fothadh

1898-99. 463

Airgtheach, who, according to the annals of the Four Masters,
was slain near this a.D. 206. The supposed erection of this
monument is referred to in one of the oldest of our ancient
Irish manuscripts. The Rev. James O’Laverty, P.P., of
Holywood, has exhausted all sources of information on this
point, and gives the substance of the result in vol. 3 of his
well-known work on the Diocese of Down and Connor, a work
well worth consulting for information regarding the district we
have traversed.

After spending a most enjoyable day in this most interesting
locality, we reached Larne in time for tea before leaving for
Belfast, which we reached about eight o'clock.

14 Fune.
MELLIFONT.

The second excursion of the season took place on the 11th,
when a goodly number of members and their friends, started
by the 7-30 a.m. train of the Great Northern Railway for
Drogheda, en route for New Grange, Monasterboice, and
Mellifont, on what might fairly be termed a purely archeological
trip, and severa] members joined the party on the way down
and at Drogheda. That a Field Club should embrace archeology
is to some a strange and debatable point, but the practical
results which this “section” has to show, fully justifies the
Club in taking it under its wing, and the success of this trip
with its numerous and varied investigations, completely banished
any ‘debatable point” that may have lingered in the minds
of any of those present.

The day was as nearly perfect as could be desired, a fortune
almost invariably attending the Field Club outings. It was,
as Washington Irving says, “ One of those genial days when
we seem to draw in pleasure with the very air we breathe, and
to feel happy, we know not why.” Arriving in Drogheda, no
time was lost in starting in the waggonettes, which were

404 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

waiting, and provided by the proprietors of the White Horse
Hotel, and proceeding through the quaint city full of old-time
memories, the party went briskly forward along the valley of
the Boyne, keeping to “ King William’s” side of the river,
until the site of the famous, battle was reached, where the party
dismounted to visit the obelisk which marks the site, com-
memorates the victory, and records the death ot William’s
great General. The points of ‘local interest were shown and
discussed, and many were the questions asked, and the intel-
ligent drivers allowed no point of local topography to escape
attention. No sooner had the excursion started from Belfast
than one of the genial features of the Club became apparent in
the friendly desire of those who knew the country to point out
and explain the localities passed through, their physical
coudition, and the history that has made many of them famous.
No item seems too small or insignificant, for some specialist
takes it, and describing it, clothes it with a charm, that, taking
root, has been the beginning of many a study that has not
infrequently produced a specialist of no mean worth.

Continuing the drive along the Valley of the Boyne, winding
in and out of the river, the great charm of the summer fullness,
the gladness of the ‘‘leafy month of June,” became apparent
in the constant changing landscape beauties of one of the most
magnificent valleys of Ireland, and many and constant were the
expressions of delight called forth by the great panorama, as it
unfolded its naturally-coloured pictures. One of the great
attractions was the unusual profusion of wild flowers that
seemed never ending. he once snowy hawthorn, now blushing
faintly before its fall, followed fast on by the golden yellow
clusters of the laburnum, which seemed to be luxuriously at
home, to say nothing of the climbing roses that gable-end after
gable-end supported, and the flowing masses of the rhododen-
drons, all in the rich setting of colours, that make a summer
perfect.

Arriving at the Hill of Dowth another halt was made to
inspect the sepulchral chambers of which this mound seems to

1898-99. ] 465

be full. These, from a constructive point of view, are much
the same as New Grange, to which the party next proceeded,
but although not so important, should on no account be omitted
from a tour of inspection. Arriving at New Grange, a third
halt was made, and aclose inspection at once commenced of
one of the most important parts of the day’s work. Assembling
at the base of the conical hill—where the entrance to the
chambers is situated—a brief description of the ‘“ Royal
Cemetery” of a forgotten race was given, and attention
directed to the chief points to notice. Candles were then
lighted, and the long tunnel entered. This is about seventy
feet long, and admits of almost upright walking until the
centre is reached, where owing toa depression it is necessary
to creep for about two yards, but no difficulty was experienced
by any of the party. At the extremity of the tunnel a circular
chamber was reached, off which are three minor ones forming
a rude cross on plan, but this is purely accidental. The centre
chamber is about fourteen feet diameter, and rises to eighteen
feet to the crown of the dome. Attention was called to the
great monolithic character of the dry masonry, and above all
the rude attempts at ornament, chiefly incised, but some few in
relief, and which constitute, perhaps, the earliest attempt at
decoration that Ireland ever saw; and before the day was
finished attention was again called to the unrivalled perfection
to which Irish ornament ultimately expanded. When the
entire party had assembled in the central chamber, blue lights
were burned in order that the full extent and effect might be
observed. The entire mound, covering about an acre, and
rising to nearly fifty feet, is artificial; and Wakeman, writing
in 1848, says, “It would be in vain to speculate on the age of
a work situate on the Boyne, which, if found on the banks of
the Nile, would be styled a pyramid, and perhaps be considered
the oldest of all the pyramids of Egypt.’’ The circular base is
guarded by aring of great standing stones, memorials, no doubt,
to the leaders of a race who had great ideas, and whose works,
if primitive and uncultured, are of such importance that the

466 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

nation has now taken charge of them to preserve them.
Having completed the investigations, the secretary’s whistle
called all together again, and a start was made for Mellifont,
driving through the grounds of Townley Hall, whose “ living
gallery of aged trees” formed still another of a numerous series
of pictures, whose number in this excursion seemed to be
without end. A halt of over an hour was made at Mellifont
for lunch, and the inspection of the remains of the grand
Cistercian Monastery, the premier one of Ireland. It is hardly
necessary to attempt a description here of this well-known
establishment, which the party closely inspected, and which
various members explained in detail. Here some of the
younger members, the architects of the future, at once set to
work tosketch and measure details with commendable industry
that gained for them some well merited praise. Once again on
the march the party pushed on for Monasterboice, where much
time was spent, and where much more could have profitably
been spent, in the study of the fine old crosses, the gems of
Irish art, some of the richest treasures left to us by the early
Christian Church in Ireland. Here was seen the exquisite
perfection of the Celtic ornament, the peculiar character of its
graceful lines, the gentle swelling to high relief, and the soft
receding wave-like forms that go to create the delicate spiral
beauties known, as Sir Frederick Leighton said, ‘“ by the blaring
name of the trumpet pattern.’ The iconography caused many
conjectures, and were as satisfactory as usual. The base of the
highest of these crosses was never finished, and the shaft
suffered severely from ‘‘ The Bigots of the Iron Time,” as Sir
W. Scott styles Cromwell’s iconoclastic zealots, and the equally
reprehensible action of modern zealots has caused the Board of
Works to attempt a means of preservation by railing them in.
Most of the party ascended the round Tower, which now
reaches the height of 90 feet, and which has been refloored and
laddered by the Board of Works. Time was now pressing, and
a quick run was made to Drogheda, which was reached at
5-30 p.m. Alighting at the White Horse Hotel, the party was

1898-99.] 467

met by the courteous and hospitable landlord, who had dinner
ready to serve, and soon the party were doing justice to a
well-served and well-earned repast. At 6-20 the excursionists
entered their specially-reserved carriages on the Great Northern
line, and a quick run brought all safely home by nine o’clock,
and thus terminated a most enjoyable and instructive trip. In
conclusion, we might observe that many of the archzologists
seemed to be equally at home in geology, botany, and other
subjects fostered by the Field Club, and in each branch a keen
look out was kept, with results that will be forthcoming later
on. It will thus be seen that the day’s primary object in no
way overshadowed other studies.

CARLINGFORD.

A promising Field’ Meeting was arranged to be held at
Carlingford on the 24th and 25th June with the intention of
exploring the surrounding district which is of special interest to
the Naturalist, Geologist, and Antiquarian. Unfortunately the
morning of the 24th and several days previous were so dread-
fully wet, only a few members turned out, half the number
being ladies.

The first day was spent at Rostrevor, from which the party
visited Clochmore and the surrounding hills, and in the evening
had a Bat-hunting expedition by the river side in the valley.

The next day the party crossed the harbour and took rail to
Carlingford, where the mountain, quarries, ancient Castles, and
many other places of historic interest were explored.

The result of the expedition under such unfavourable con-
ditions encouraged the hope that the conductor’s arrangements
and expectations may be more successfully realized or a future
occasion.

468 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

KENMARE.

The second triennial Conference and Excursion of the Irish
Field Club Union, took place at Kenmare, and occupied from
the 7th to the veoh July.

This re-union was in every way most successful, and
important results followed, of which full particulars are given
in the report published in che Irish Naturatist, var VIL) No:
9, September, 18098.

30 Fuly.
BARNEY’S POINT.

It will be admitted that there is not much poetry in the
above title, and yet it is sufficient to excite the imagination of
the thoughtful naturalist and to call forth images of interesting
scenes and strange forms of animals and plants that millions of
years ago flourished in our locality. Barney’s Point is not an
argumentative idea; it is a positive reality, a place, the happy
hunting ground of geologists for many years.

The first field meeting of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club
was held here more than thirty-five years ago! Until then
Barney’s Point was scarcely known; since then it has been
frequently visited, and always with interest. We paid our first
visit in 1863, going by Ballycarry Station, and as our party of
over eighty members and friends walked from Ballycarry to
Barney’s Point a gentleman who resided on Islandmagee met
us, and, recognising one of our party—a friend of his—asked
where such a lot of people were going. His friend replied, ‘‘We
are going to the Lias.” “The Lias!” he exclaimed. Why, I
know Islandmagee well, and I assure you there is no such place
as the Lias, so there must be some mistake.” His interest,
however, was at once secured when our conductor explained
that our object was to visit and explorean outcrop of the Liassic
geological formation that occurred at that portion of Island-

1898-99. 469

magee called ‘‘Barney’s Point,” on the east shore of Larne
Lough. Last week the Field Club’s fifth excursion for the year
was to Barney’s Point. We went by Magheramorne, and,
crossing the lough by the ferry, reached Millbay, from which
Barney’s Point is but a short walk.

As it was low water when we arrived, the outcrop of the Lias
was very fully exposed.

Our investigations were not confined to the Lias, and there-
fore of the members of our party some took to botany and some
to entomology, but our meeting was mainly for geology, for
which this point is so well adapted.

Standing at Barney’s Point and looking over the lough to
Magheramorne, we can see a very excellent section of our
Northern rocks forming the face of the limestone quarry at
Magheramorne, where it is worked for economic purposes.

Below the cultivated soil of the surface we see a considerable
deposit of boulder clay, which tells of the severity and changes
of the glacial period. Below this we have the dark basaltic
rocks, which is the record of a long-continued period of violent
volcanic eruptions, during which many of the hills of Antrim,
Scotland, and the Continent were formed. Below this we have
the white limestone or chalk and the greensand, the former a
deep-sea and the latter a more or less shallow-water deposit.
Going back in time, as we descend in the formations we come to
a great break in geological time, for we find the upper green-sand
rests on the lower lias, so that the middle and lower green-sand
with all the oolite series, and the upper and middle lias beds are
entirely absent. These absent beds comprise a series of rocks
several thousand feet thick, including the Bath and Portland
oolites, the Oxford, Kimmeridge, and Bradford clays, &c.

We are only left the representation of the ‘lowest liassic beds,
and they rest upon the new red sandstone series, which forms
the slopes of the hills about Belfast at the Antrim side. The
lias does not occur elsewhere in Ireland. If we can now imagine
that the boulder clay, the basaltic rocks, and the sheet of chalk
or limestone covering County Antrim were entirely removed,

470 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

we would then have exposed the blue limestone, shales, and
clays deposited during the liassic age, which at that time was in
the form of marine mud, and the numerous fossil contents which
we now find in the blue limestones, shales, and clays indicate
the nature of the animals and plants that flourished during the
liassic period. Nay, more; Barney’s Point as we now find it
is fairly typical of the physical conditions that prevailed in liassic
times. We find ourselves on the shore of a lake or lagoon, with
clay banks and a muddy shore, and scattered over the surface
there is a multitude of animal remains, once living creatures,
now fossil petrifactions, yet wonderfully suggestive of the
condition of life in liassic times. Walking over the surface, we
pick up numerous fragments of ammonites, that strange nauti-
loid form of cephalopods that swarmed in and about Larne
Lough in liassictimes. There were several hundred species then
living, but they have all died out, as well as their immediate
relatives the belemnites. So characteristic were the ammonites
of the lias, certain species became typical of each zone. Thus
the stratigraphical position of the exposure at Barney’s Point is
known as the ammonites angulatus zone.

Mixed up with the numerous fragments of ammonites, the
rarer belemnites, and many other extinct species, we find at
Barney’s Point some minute but beautiful five-rayed stars.
Indeed, they were when living closely allied to the well-known
starfish, but unlike the free modern representative, the
Pentacrinite of the Lias was fixed, its solid stem, branches, and
arrus-like bushy plants. covered the sea bottom in tangled
groups. Now the separated plants of which the stems were
composed may be found in the fine beach gravel or petrified
with numerous other marine forms in the fragments of blue
limestone scattered about Barney’s Point. These fragments
have been washed out of the adjoining bank by the action of
the waves, and are made up of fossil organisms.

Continuing our search, we found that the cidaris, a very
remote ancestor of the modern sea urchin, was represented by
separate plates and spines loose in the gravel or petrified with

1898-99. | 471

other forms in the bands or fragments of limestone, and so
distinct were they that a polished slab displayed the ornamental
structure of the spines, with a definition as clear as the micro-
~ scopic section of a recent species. Had we really walked over
the seashore of liassic times we could not have collected more
perfect examples of pectens, and oysters, and astartes, cardinas,
and the numerous other species we collected at Barney’s Point.
Many of the shells were crushed, and some had the valves
shifted or altogether separated. What crushed or shifted the
shells was not indicated, but the record was clearly preserved
in the petrified specimens we found, and we may assume that
the damage was wrought by some great saurian that we have
reason to believe paddled over the shallow waters of the liassic
shore. We did not find any of their bones at Barney’s Point,
but such bones have been collected at other places in County
Antrim, particularly in the lias outcrops along the Antrim
coast road.

Laden with fossils and other specimens, we left Barney’s
Point, pondering over the vast changes that have taken place
in the climatic conditions, the bold physical features, and the
prevailing organic life of the successive geological ages since
the beds we explored were laid down.

Approaching Millbay our attention was arrested by a most
brilliant sunset over the hills of Antrim. This scene we con-
tinued to enjoy, with musical voices of fellow-passengers, as we
crossed the calm waters of the lough. Thus our thoughts were
raised from the contemplation of material changes, decay, and
death up to the permanence and grandeur of the heavens.

28 August.
KILLOUGH AND ST. JOHN’S POINT.

The sixth field meeting for the season was held at Killough
on Saturday, 20th August, and the district was explored in
search of such subjects of interest as usually engage the

472 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

attention of the members. A party of twenty turned out, and
on arrival were welcomed by the local authorities, including
the R.L.C., who, with full knowledge of our object, wished us
every success.

Passing through the almost deserted street of this healthy
and most attractive seaport, we at once struck off by a footpath
through the fields, where, hammers, nets, bottles, boxes, and
other collecting apparatus being unlimbered, an active day’s
work commenced.

A detachment plunged into the White Bog, while the main
body took the direct road for St. John’s Point. On the way
thither a halt was made at a wayside holy well, which is said
to be dedicated to St. John, and a stone is shown with
the impression of the saint’s knee. A sacred tree also casts its
shadow over the well, but there is nothing in the form of votive
offerings or other indications of the ceremonials that no doubt
took place here in former times, in common with similar
remains so widely distributed throughout Ireland, the remains
or survival of a cult that prevailed from the Western Islands
to the mountains of India. Passing on to the old Church of
Saint John, we come to another holy well, once held in very
high esteem, but which is now in a most disgraceful condition.
The well is dry and neglected, save only by some roughs who ,
have blocked the well with a large stone once known and
venerated as “the wishing stone.” This stone has a natural
hollow on its surface, and it was supposed that this hollow was
worn by the knees of the faithful who in early times paid their
devotions at the well. The printer’s devil seems to have
knocked the sentiment out of most of our Northern holy wells ;
at all events, some evil spirit must have possessed the vandals
who wantonly destroyed this well. Standing around it on
Saturday, the Field Club passed the following resolution :—
“We deeply regret to findthe wishing stone at St. John’s Well
removed from its old position and thrown into the well. Such
mischievous and improper conduct merits the strongest public
condemnation. Every effort should now be made to remove

1898-99. ] 473

the stone and restore it to its former position. This under-
taking will have the warmest sympathy of the Club.”

Leaving the holy well, we next explored the adjoining ruins
of St. John’s Church. This is one of the most interesting
examples of ancient church architecture in the North of Ireland,
possessing features that do not occur elsewhere in Antrim or
Down. Of its early history very little is known, and nothing
of its origin. It is one of the small primitive type, measuring
inside 2oft. x 13ft. It has no chancel, and had only two small
windows. Part of the side window remains, but the east window,
with its gable, is gone. Ihe side walls project beyond the west
front. ‘This is a peculiarity of the early churches erected from
the sixth to the ninth century. ‘The ancient minor temples of
Greece built ‘‘in antis” had the side walls prolonged, and two
columns between formed the entrance porch. Hence such pro-
jections in our early churches are called “‘ ante.’ Subsequently
in Christian architecture they were developed into the well-
known “ buttress.” The entrance doorway of the church also
indicates its primitive character. The opening is only O6ft.
high, with sloping jambs 2ft 3in. apart at the horizontal head,
and 2ft. gin. at the foot.

This is probably the Church of Stechian granted to the
Abbey of St. Patrick by Malachi, Bishop of Down, about the
year 1183. Inthe taxation of Pope Nicholas, a.p, i291, it is
called “Capella de Styoun.” ‘Lhe late Bishop Reeves sug-
gests that Styoun was derived from ‘‘ Tigh Eoin,” which means
John’s House. St. John seems to have been the patron saint
of the district.

Not far from the venerable Church of St. John we came to
St. John’s Point and its excellent lighthouse. St. John’s
Point forms the north-eastern horn of the great Bay of Dun-
drum, the south-eastern horn being Dunmore Head, a distance
of ten miles,across, the great donjon and fortress of Dundrum
occupying the centre of the bay four miles inwards from the
chord of the arc. ‘he entire sweep of this bay, once known as
‘the Holy Bay,” can be seen from St. John’s Point, with

474 Proc. B.N F.C,

Newcastle in the distance nestling at the foot of Slieve Donard,
of the Mourne range, which rises nearly 3,000 feet above it.

There is a well marked difference between the surface geo-
logy of this bay south of St. John’s Point and the surface
geology of the shore to the north of St. John’s Point to
Killough. The Bay of Dundrum has for the most part a flat
sandy shore backed by extensive sand dunes which extend for
a distance of six miles around the shore, and at low water
great stretches of flat sandy surfaces are exposed ; whereas
from St. John’s Point to Killough the shore is composed of the
serrated edges of tilted rocks in the wildest confusion and of
the grandest aspect, the result of volcanic forces that operated
ages ago upon elementary rocks, several thousands of feet thick,
once horizontal layers, but now tilted up on edge, so that the
geologist can read the marvellous records indicated by the ex-
posed strata. Here are thin layers of fine strata laid down in
deep still water; here are the rougher grits of ancient shore
lines, and their upturned edges are now cut through in all
directions by varied forms of once-molten volcanic matter that
now stand out as dykes throughout the district. A rich
variety of rock specimens was secured here, and our marine
zoologists made good use of the favourable opportunity afforded
them in the rents, fissures, and rock pools that abound along
this sea-beaten coast, where, in an apparent wilderness of geo-
logical confusion, the earnest naturalist can detect even the
minute forms of organic life. One member provided with
waterproof sea-boots waded into the rock pools, and his cap-
tures were considered most satisfactory. Many of the
pools below high water were found well stocked with an
abundance of interesting forms. The ridged periwinkle that
assumes such a variety of colours was found very numerous,
and some four species of isopods, with a great variety of other
forms, were collected. Coming towards the land, Helix nemor-
alis, a thin form, was taken close to the beach. Farther inland
Vertigo antivertigo and two other species of vertigo were found
in abundance around the flax pools, with Aplexa hypnorum and
Hlanor bts sbtrorbis, &c.

1898-99. ] 475

Coming near to Killough we noted the raised beach and
the upper accumulation of crass gravel which Harris, writing
150 years ago, called “unripe sandstone.’ This tertiary de-
posit of calcareous matter occurs along the shore from Killough
by Ardglass to the beach at Ballyhornan, some distance
beyond Gunn’s Island. It is a pervious deposit, and is no
doubt the source of the water supply to the wells along the
coast, as at Killough, where it rests upon the impervious
rocks, and thus holds the water that supplies St. Seordin’s
Well, from which the supply tor the town is derived. This
bed of calcareous conglomerate may be called ‘the mother of
Seordin,” a term that is sometimes applied to the smaller
wells along the coast below the Coastguard Station.

Killough, presenting such a variety of physical conditions, is
known as a highly interesting district for the botanist, yielding
a number of plants of much rarity, and a wide range of
the more general forms. The result of our visit was there-
fore quite satisfactory. On the coast the following were
collected:—The pretty blue skullcap (scutellaria galericulata),
knotted pearl-wort (sagina modosa), the lesser swine cress
(senebsera aidyma), the white centaury, &c. On _ the road-
side, near the well, the dwarf elder, or Dane’s blood, was
found ; also one of our rarest rushes, juncus obtusifiorus. The
wild beet (Je¢a maritima) occurs near Killough Station. This
species is the origin of the cultivated beet. The wild chicory
(cichorium intybus) was found in a grazing field near the town.
The root of this is the chicory of commerce; it is cultivated in
England and the Continent, and may be supposed to have been
introduced here; if so, it now appears to be quite naturalised.
The principal discovery of the day was the samphire (crithmum
maritimum). This is the St. Peter’s herb of Italy (herba at
San Pietro), trom which our name is derived. Old Gerard
says that, ‘‘ mixed with vinegar and oil, it stirreth up an
appetite to meate,” hence there was a trade in its collection
and preparation. To this Shakspere refers in connection with

Dover Cliffs—

476 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

. . . . . Half-way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire; dreadful trade !”’

One sample was collected near St, John’s Point, where we
hope it will be preserved, and not exterminated.

When the “Flora of North-East Ireland” was published, the
samphire was not known nearer than County Donegal; now
we have the record of three stations resulting from researches
of members of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. Our next
business was to partake of a comfortable and refreshing tea,
provided for us at the Bangor Arms, Killough, and then the
work of the day was reviewed and new members elected,
which closed our field meeting before we came to Belfast.
HOLYMOUNT.

10th September.

On Saturday, 1oth September, the final excursion of the
session took place, the hunting-ground selected being the
demesne of Holymount. near Downpatrick. A bright, cheery
day—as perfect as September could produce—brought together
a goodly number of members, representing all the various
sections of the Club, and, although the primary object of the
day was purely botanical, advantage was taken of the oppor-
tunity to work in other subjects equally deserving of attention.
Arriving in Downpatrick, the party was joined by other
members, and without loss of time the greater portion started
in well-appointed waggonettes for the happy hunting-grounds,
while another section of archeological taste set off in the
opposite direction, as a countryman observed—‘‘in search of
iniquities.”’ Both parties, comparing notes in the evening,
were loud im praise of their respective drives, the well-kept
roads, the rich scenery, the inspiriting freshness of the day,
with all the gladsome charm of autumn’s golden clusters, which,
in field beyond field, in picture after picture, presented the
evidence of the greatest blessing a country can receive—an
abundant harvest. The main division of the party set out

1898-99. | 477

for Holymount demesne, the chief object of the excursion being
to explore the extensive woods which lie behind and around
the manor house. These woods have never been visited by
the Club, nor, indeed, by any of our local naturalists, and the
members eagerly looked forward to establishing some new
records. A drive of two miles brought the party to the en-
trance of the demesne, and another mile up the long avenue
revealed the house itself—a solid-looking structure, bearing
-marks of decay, but prettily set in a background of fine trees.
Holymount House is of considerable antiquity, and once be-
longed to the Cromwell Prices, Lords of Ardglass. It now
belongs to Mr. D. G. M‘Cammon, whose courteous permission
enabled the Club to wander all over the estate. A narrow lane
brought the members out to the marshes, which fringe the
demesne. There some of the more ardent botanists and con-
chologists boldly plunged out in search of treasures, whilst the
majority preferred to skirt along the edge of the wood, enjoying
the blackberries, which were just at their best. The site of
some ruined cottages perched on a slight eminence offered a
tempting place for a halt, and here a frugal lunch was partaken,
washed down by water obtained from an adjacent cottage. An
energetic member photographed the luncheon party, and also
‘‘snapped ” an aged pedlar who was passing, much to the latter’s
dismay. Retracing their steps, the stragglers were picked up,
and the united party entered the woods, and wound their way
‘round in a circle. The undergrowth here was very thick, but
a sort of path had been cleared, which made progression fairly
easy, only a few of the more energetic naturalists deviating
from the path in search of treasures.

Holymount House was again reached after an absence of a
few hours, and the members walked down the drive to inspect.
Ballydugan Lake—a small piece of water which lies nearly
Opposite to the entrance of the demesne. A fresh breeze
blowing over the surface of these waters was very grateful after
the sultry atmosphere of the woods. A few fresh-water shells
were collected at the lake margin, but little else was observed,

478 [Proc, B.N.F.C,

although if time had permitted some tempting marshy ground
at the southern end of the lake might have yielded some results.

A discussion on the results of the day showed that some of
the finds had not been so interesting as had been expected,
The botanists had noted the marsh-violet (Aottonza palustris)
in the drains at Holymount, the small knot-weed (polygonum
minus), and the least marsh-wort (apzum inundatum) in the
marshes ; whilst in the woods the guelder rose (viburnum
opulus) in berry formed a pretty sight. he coleopterists were
disappointed in the small number of forms noted, none of the
longicornia being met with. A fair number of land shells were
obtained in the marshes and in Ballydugan Lake. A prize had
been offered at the beginning of the day for the largest col-
lection of botanical specimens. The president (Rev. C. H.
Waddell, B.D.) acted as judge, and it was announced that Miss
Finlay was the winner with 87 specimens, the other competitors
being Mrs. Stephens, 56 specimens; Miss Alice Tate, 53 speci-
mens ; and Miss Walker, 48 specimens.

The minor party wound their way southward, and soon
leaving the main road, tollowed the less beaten tracks of the
country by-ways, pulling up at length by the quaint little
parish church of Ballee. There is nothing very ancient about
it, but its internal arrangements are of a type that is fast passing
away and now seldom if ever seen—old square pews, irreverently
called ‘‘ loose-boxes,” and the old-fashioned double-decker pulpit
placed at the centre of the side wall. The graveyard possesses
but few stones of much interest, but in one corner is an old
‘resurrection ’’ house now converted into a vault, since, happily»
it is no longer required, as the profession of *‘ body-snatchers ”
has become extinct. From this the party travelled on to
Bright—a townland situated on a most commanding height—
that gave a bird’s-eye view from the old church of St. Nicholas
at Artole round the coast 1o Newcastle and the Mourne Moun-
tains, whose magnificent unclouded outlines and deep purple
colour formed a fitting background to one of nature’s never-
tiring pictures. Here the rector of the parish (Rev. G. Beere)

1898-99. | 479

met and conducted the party to the various points of interest.
The church of Bright stands on a rocky bluff, whose formation
seems to give rise to a theory that it is the site of an ancient
fortified settlement, but a close inspection dic not impress this
theory on the minds of the visitors. This site was dominated
by an old castle—one of the De Courceys—of which only the
east wall and small portions of the sides are left, and contain
little or nothing in the way of attractive detail. From here a
run was made eastward to Ballynoe, and, leaving the cars to
follow the roads, a march across the fields was made to visit a
stone circle—one of the most perfect in the county and of
special interest, as it appears to have had three concentric rings
of stone, the middle one being in a remarkably fine state of
preservation. Situated as it is so far from the beaten track, it
is seldom seen and little known, but it well repays a visit to
those who care to study these land-marks of far distant ages.
Continuing the march across richly-laden fields, busy with
harvest labour, a brief inspection was made of the commanding
and perfect dun of Screen, and then a fruitless search was made
for the ancient church, but it has probably been ‘‘ translated ”
into farm offices like many others of like nature. Once more
getting on the cars a quick drive brought the party back to
Downpatrick, where, joining the former party, all repaired to
the Down Hunt Hotel to a most welcome and well-earned
repast. There was still some little time left, and visits were
made by some to see the great Royal Dun, or rath, on the
north side of the city, which, from its peculiar site and colossal
dimensions, is ever strangely attractive. The old cathedral
was also visited, as it possesses a new feature in the chancel
window, which has been filled in with stained glass of masterly
and harmonising colours. ‘Lhe new stonework of the window
is not seen from the inside, or we should say it is lost by the
attractive power of the glass, but when viewed from the exterior
we regret that another treatment was not adopted. Lastly, the
high cross of Downpatrick received a share of attention, and
perhaps with some degree of justifiable gratification by the

480 [Proc, B.N.F.C.

members of the Field Club who had assisted in its restoration.
Thus ended a most successful series of excursions, the results of
which are being steadily worked out by the members of the
Club with confidence of producing a record for the year at least
equal to any previous one.

An interesting feature of the years programme was the series
of field lectures—short descriptive accounts of the scenery,
geological features of the landscape, and objects of archaeological
interest which was given by William Gray, M.R.IL.A. These
lecture: which were often given in some romantic spot while
lunch was proceeding were much appreciated, and added
greatly to the instructiveness of the excursions.

WINTER SESSION.

CONVERSAZIONE.

ye N the 2nd November, the Winter Session of the Club
(ee) was entered into in an agreeable and appropriate
ASZA) manner by a conversazione in the Free Library. The
various rooms were made use of to the best advantage, and
looked extremely handsome.

Tea was served in the newsroom from tables ranged along
two sides of the walls, some of the lady members acting as tea-
makers. After leaving the tearoom the members were directed
to the exhibits in the Grainger Room, where Robert Bell had
a collection of fossil sponges on exhibit. H. L. Orr exhibited a
choice collection of land and fresh-water shells ; some live
lizards which he exhibited attracted attention. Round another
table in this room excitement ran high over John Hamilton’s
toads and slow-worms, which proved interesting to all.. Many
members visited the Art Galleries, where the pictures of the
Art Society were on exhibition. Ultimately the members
gathered in to the reference library, which was admirably laid
out for the various displays. Tables were arranged along the
ambulatory round the room, leaving the large central space free
for a lantern exhibit. At the left of the entrance door Robert
Welch displayed a large collection of shells collected this
summer in County Kerry, as well as living specimens of the
Kerry Slug, which he explained was found only in Kerry and
Portugal. On the same table the Hon. R. E. Dillon had a fine
collection of lepidoptera exhibiting protective mimicry. These
moths and butterflies were beautifully mounted with small
portions of their habitats, which showed how closely the
colour or shape of each approaced that of its natural home,
and it was easy to imagine how much such similarities would
contribute to their safety and render them obscure to their

482 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

enemies. On the same table G. P. Farran, of the Dublin Field
Club, exhibited a collection of shells from shell pockets in West
Donegal, and F. J. Bigger exhibited some living helices
collected from the Grand Canal, Venice. Arranged on large
screens at one end of the room was a large collection of photo-
graphs taken in Kerry by R. Welch, his studies of plants being
particularly fine. On the next screen Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.
(president of the club) exhibited a collection of Irish brambles
illustrating the many varieties that may be found. Close to
this was a collection of mounted algz or seaweeds from the
Antrim coast, exhibited by H. Hanna, B.Sc.. The next table
was devoted to microscopy, and was well attended, little groups
gathering round each exhibitor to hear the many excellent
demonstrations that were in progress during the whole of the
evening. Professor W. H. Thompson, M.D., had elaborate
apparatus to record muscular contractions, giving a full
demonstration on the object selected. Professor Lorrain
Smith, M.D., showed the bacilli of diphtheria anthrax, and
tuberculosis. W.D. Donnan, M.D., exhibited living specimens
of melicerta and floscularia ; Cecil Shaw, M.D.. nerve cells ;
John Tennant, M.B., the plasmodium of malarial fever. Miss
M. K. Andrews exhibited sections of Auvergne trachytes and
rhyolites from various localities in Antrim, showing also the
rocks from which the slides were cut. As is usual, the exhibits
of Joseph Wright, F.G.S., attracted much attention. This year
he showed a large collection of foraminifera from the pleistocene
clay of St. Erth, Cornwall, which he has been examining for
the past few months; some of the species are extremely rare,
and Mr. Wright is again to be congratulated for the discovery
of several forms which are new to science, which he exhibited
with great pleasure. A. Speers, B.Sc., exhibited a number of
rock sections and sands by the microscope ; N. Carrothers, a
collection of mounted plants ; G. M‘Lean, a large number of
mounted seeds; J. H. Davies, some botanical rarities in
Elatine hydropiper,a water plant lately discovered in the Lagan
Canal; also Solanum nigrum, the black nightshade, from near

1898-99. | 483

Lisburn, a very uncommon casual in the North-East of Ireland.
The seeds of Elatine hydropiper were exhibited by W. Gray,
M.R.I.A. At various other tables exhibits were made by
Professor Symington of hand-power lenses for low-power work ;
H. Gore Cuthbert, terminal cells of Colletes piststigma from
Castlegregory; Professor T. Johnston,slime fungi; J. Vinycomb,
book-plates; John Adams, fresh plants; L. M. Ewart, beetles
and large grasshoppers, collected in the Ligurian Riviera,
1898 ; S. N. Carpenter, B.Sc., the nest of Atyfus ficeus. Dr.
Scharff and Mr. Welch also exhibited specimens of Myszs
relicta, which they recently dredged in Lough Neagh. ‘| hese
are new to the British fauna as living animals.

At nine o’clock the President (Rev. C. H. Waddell) made a
few remarks on the objects and aims of the Club, after which
the lights were lowered and a lantern display given. All the
lantern slides were illustrative of the Club’s excursions during
the past summer. Wm. Gray exhibited and described a series
of lantern slides of views taken by him at the local excursions.
W. J. Fennell dealt with the local excursions and the Irish
Field Club Union’s excursion to Kerry, followed by J. St. J.
Phillips on the same excursion. All the Kerry views were
original, and were taken during the past summer to illustrate
natural history and archzology or some striking incidents.
The lantern was manipulated with great skill by A. H. Hogg,
of Lizars.’

During the evening many of the visitors remarked on the
suitability of the Free Library and Museum for meetings of
this kind, and not a few regretted that meetings of such
societies as the Field Club, which go to further the objects of
Free Library and Museum, by bringing instruction into our
midst, were not held oftener in this building. All appreciated
the action of the library Committee in granting the use of the
building for the occasion. The Secretaries of the club got
every help from the librarian, G. H. Elliott and his assistants,
to whom much credit is due for the smooth working of all the
arrangements,

484 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

This Club held the first meeting of the Winter Session on
the 15th November, when the President, Rev. C. H. Waddell,
B.D., delivered his inaugural address on “Plant Societies, and
the Distribution of Plants in N.E. Ireland.” The lecturer said
the social aspect of the life of plants is an interesting study
and aid to understanding the way in which the genera and
species are distributed. There is a striking parallel between
the process by which the races and societies of plants have
spread over the earth and the history of the races of men. An
account was then given of what may be called the ethnography
of plants. The flora of Ireland is mixed, not a pure race,
indigenous to the soil. The main stock is British, but Ireland
possesses in the South-West a small but interesting group
called the Cantabrians, whose headquarters is in the Pyrenees.
By means of a map, which showed how Europe formerly
extended its coast line north-west, and included the British
Isles, it was pointed out that in this way these Spanish plants
reached Ireland. They were cut off from return when the
channel came into existence later on. A still smaller group
of American plants, which include the blue-eyed grass, pipe
wort, and others, probably reached Ireland from the west by
way of Greenland and the Faroes. The main progress of
plants, however, as of animals, is westwards, and it was shown
how the Irish flora, like the nation, consists of a mixed race of
immigrants from various parts of Europe, which have now
settled down into a natural plant society. The American weed
was mentioned as an instance of a colonist. It came to this
country first in 1836, when it was observed in a pond at
Waringstown, by John Trew, Mr. Waring’s gardener.
Between 1842 and 1847 it had spread all over England. On
the Continent it reached the Loire in 1875, and has been heard
of from the Danube, Pyrenees, West Prussia, and Poland.
In Canada it does not choke the streams as with us, since the
frost cuts it down in winter ; it does not perfect fruit in this

1898-99. ] 485

country as the plant is dioicous, and only the female plant is
found here. In the new edition of Cybele Hibernica it is
stated to be gradually decreasing throughout Ireland, a fact
which will be welcome news to mill-owners, if it turns out to
be correct. Another alien also of a troublesome character was
described—the rough hawk’s beard, Crepzs dtennzs, hailing this
time from Germany. Probably imported with grass-seed,
since 1880 it has increased to such an extent as to spoil the
hay in wet meadows. Here was work for the proposed Board
of Agriculture in taking measures to stop the spread of this
weed, and see that imported grass-seed was free from its seeds.
A natural plant society is one which can maintain itself.
Such a community as springs up on a garden plot or along
a newly made railway is unnatural, in the sense of not being a
well-proportioned and self-supporting community. In a short
time the weeds and casuals will take their departure if left to
nature, and a natural and well-balanced community will take
its place, such as we find on undisturbed ground, or in an old
meadow. Environment has, of course, much to do with the
character of the plant society of a place. The bog, the wood,
the mountain, have special plants of their own which we find
associated. The rocks have an important influence on the
flora, and North-East Ireland hasa most interesting community
of plants for this reason, that it contains such a variety ot
rocks. Mosses are an even better guide than seed plants to
the kind of rock on which they grow, and a bryologist ought to
be able to tell the kind of rock from the mosses which grow on
it. There is a striking difference between the basaltic and
limestone flora of County Antrim, and the silurian or granite
flora of County Down.

At the close of the lecture Mr. J. H. Davies was requested
to make some observations on the recently published second
edition of Cybele Hibernica by Mr. Colgan and Dr. Scully.
He thought that some indication of the spirit by which they
had been animated might be found in the quaint words of the
amiable Caleb Threlkeld, written in the early part of last

a

486 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

century, which they had chosen as a motto, and which he read.
Mr. Davies called attention to the chief features which he said
must be regarded as an important addition to Irish botanical
literature, and concluded by stating that the authors are to be
heartily congratulated on their successful achievement on
having produced a work of great excellence, in which is set
forth with care and accuracy the present state of our knowledge
of Irish topographical botany. Mr. S. A. Stewart said that the
very thoughtful and instructive address to which they had just
listened was a type of what the address of the President of a
Naturalists’ Field Club should be. He was glad to see that so
much interest was now evinced in the flora of the North of
Ireland, and that many young and capable hands were coming
forward to carry on the work of botanical research in our
district. Individual plant companionship was very interesting ;
in collecting one would often meet with such cases. As an
instance it might be mentioned that a small plant, radzola or
allseed, will almost always be found associated with one still
smaller, centunculus or chaffweed.

2 December.

THE Seconp Meetine of the Winter Session was held Tuesday
evening, 2nd December, in the Museum. Mr. William Gray,
M.R.I.A., oecupied the chair. Before proceeding to the busi.
ness of the evening reference was made to the loss the Club had
sustained in the death of Mr. Lavens Ewart, the late President.
Several members spoke, and it was resolved to send a letter of
sympathy to Mr. Ewart’s family expressing the esteem in which
Mr. Ewart was held, and deeply regretting his loss.

Mr. James St. J. Phillips (Hon. Secretary) then read some notes
on the geological features of Kerry, as observed on the Irish Field
Club Union’s excursion. To us, familiar as we are with the
features of Antrim and Down, Kerry presents itself as a series of
somewhat striking contrasts, a number of which were pointed

1898-99. 487

out. The coastline of Kerry, deeply indented by long estuaries,
was compared with the comparatively unbroken lines of the
Antrim and Down coasts, and the causes of this remarkable differ-
ence pointed out. Reference was made to the geological form-
ations represented in a section between Bantry Bay. Kenmare,
and Killarney, and the physical geology of these traced. After
the old red sandstone and carboniferous limestone had been laid
down and consolidated, a series of strains in the crust of the
earth passed over the South of Ireland and certain parts of the
Continent. These strains left their evidences in the immense
number of folds that are now found in the rocks. The two
great folds between Kenmare and Glenariff on the one side and
Kenmare and Killarney on the other were described. The axes
of these folds run east and west, the summits forming moun-
tains and the troughs valleys. The age at which this folding
took place was previous to the time when the lias and white
limestone of Antrim wasformed. Since the close of the period
at which the carboniferous limestone was laid down this district
has been above the sea and subject to aerial denudation. Thus
the Kerry Mountains are true mountain chains, and are older
than the chalk and basalt hills of Antrim. Detailed reference
was made to the igneous rocks of the district near Killarney,
and their nature, age, and occurrence explained and contrasted
with the igneous rocks of Antrim. The district is of interest
to the glaciologist, as many of the roadside features and much
of the scenery are due to glacial action. Characteristic lantern
slides were used to illustrate these. Guidebooks and railway
advertisements often refer to the “ fiords” of Kerry. It is a
good catchword, but, as was shown, the fiords of Kerry are of
much greater antiquity than the ice age, and, though ice had
much to do with the surface sculpturings of the land as observed
to-day, it was in no sense the cause of the so-called fiords, and
in the scenery as it charms us to-day we see but the arithmetical
resultant of forces that have been at work through unnumbered
ages.

In some notes on the fauna of County Kerry, Mr. R. Welch

488 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

confined himself to those species of rather special interest from
their limited range in Ireland and from the fact that they
are found nowhere else in the British Isles but in County Kerry
or the South-Western corner of County Cork. Among these
were— Limnea involuta Thomp., a little freshwater shell, only
found hitherto in one little mountain tarn on Cromaglan
Mountain. above the Upper Lake, Killarney ; saccznea oblonga,
one of the species of amber shells, and an excessively rare
species in Britain, usually found dead in river flood material
but of which nineteen living specimens were found by the
excursion party last July ; geomalacus maculosus, the spotted
slug of Kerry, first found there in 1842, but now known to
occur also in the South-Western corner of County Cork and in
Portugal, one of a fairly large number of animals and plants
whose range in Ireland and South-Western Europe seems to
point very clearly to a former land connection between Ireland
and the European Continent. Slides of these and several
insects were shown, including the great wolf spider (do/omedes
fimbriatus), the wolf spider (pzsaura mirabilis), making a nest
for its young ; the wood ant (formica rufa), and its nest of pine
needles and bits of grass; with the holly-boring weevil, the
lobster beetle, the lobster moth, and some other species. In
some cases specimens of the insect were shown instead of
slides ; specimens of the more interesting shells collected were
also exhibited.

The next paper was read by Mr. Francis Joseph Bigger,
M.R.I.A., dealing with the antiquities of Kerry generally, more
especially the ancient church of the O’Sullivans and Killma-
killogue and the O’Shea Church at Feaghna. The patron held
at the holy lake at the former place was graphically described,
and a full history of it given. The stations and remarkable
Bullan Stone at Feaghna were also the subject of illustration.
The other places noted were Ardea Castle, Ardfert Abbeys,
Gallerus Celtic Church, Kilmakedar Abbey and Church, and
Aghadoe Abbey and round tower. The different places men-
tioned were illustrated and explained by a series of beautiful

1898-99.] 489

slides taken on the Club excursion by Dr. Fogarty, of Limerick,
and Messrs. Welch, Fennell, and Phillips, of Belfast. An
animated discussion followed the reading of the several papers.

I7 Fanuary.

Tue Txuirp MEETING of the Winter Session was held on
Tuesday evening, the 17th January, in the Museum, Rev.
C. H. Waddell presiding. Two papers were read. The
first paper, by the Rev. W. F. Johnson, M.A., dealt with Irish
butterflies. The Lecturer said—Out of the sixty-seven species
of butterflies in the British list, only forty-one can be claimed
for Ireland, and of these, several are mere casual visitors, while
others are confined to particular parts of the country. Follow-
ing the arrangement of Barrett’s Lefzdoptera of the British
Islands, the best and most complete modern work, he gave a full
account of our commoner species explaining the marks of
distinction of the species, their food plants and many particulars
of their habits.

He described the three white or cabbage butterflies. The
large white Frerzs brassicae is a fine insect, large specimens
measuring nearly three inches in expanse of wings. The larva
feeds on cabbage and at times is destructive from its numbers.
There are two broods in the year, the first appearing in May
and the second in July. The first brood are the result of the
eggs laid by the second brood, these eggs develop into cater-
pillars which feed up and turn into chrysalises, continuing in
that state through the winter, and being capable of bearing a
considerable amount of cold. He had observed a chrysalis on
a north wall frozen hard, from which the butterfly duly
emerged in the following spring.

490 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The small tortoiseshell Vanessa urticae is a very beautiful
and also a very common insect. It is double-brooded, the first
brood appearing in June and the second in August or Septem-
ber. A number of the second brood pass the winter in the
perfect state, appearing very early in the spring. Hehad taken
it as early as 20th March. As it hybernates in houses it is very
oiten roused from its winter sleep by the warmth of the house,
and the inhabitants are surprised by the sight of a butterfly in
mid-winter.

The larva of this species feeds on the common stinging nettle
and is gregarious. Its colour is really yellowish, but it is so
thickly dusted with black dots that it looks black. It is very
easy to rear, and any one who has the fancy to do so can easily
watch the progressive development of the larva and pupa into
theperfect insect. The Marsh Ringlet is widely spread through
the bogs and mountains of Ireland. Its larva is bright green
with a darker line down the back and lines of pale yellow at
the sides. It feeds on the beaked rush and cotton grass, and
also has been found on carex. ‘The pupa is suspended to the
stem or leaf of the food plant high up.

A very rare Irish visitor is the Camberwell Beauty Vanessa
antiopa, a specimen of which was captured near Belfast in 1872
and is in the cabinet of Canon Bristowe. It is strange that this
insect which is common in Norway should only be an emigrant
to the British Isles. Damp, however, has a destructive effect
on insects. In Norway there is greater cold but less damp, and
in summer there is great heat in its sheltered valleys.

Anyone, who wishes to acquire further information about
Irish butterflies, will find it in Mr. W. F. De Vismes Kane’s
catalogue of the Lefzdopiera of Ireland, in the Hxtomo/logzst
for 1893, or in Mr. C. G. Barrett’s British Lefzdoptera, Vol. 1.
The following list of Irish butterflies was given to show all the
species that have been found at any time in Ireland up to
date :—

1898-99. |

491

IRISH LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA.

PIERIDA.

Pieris brassice Z.

» rape L.

5 napi Z.

», daplidice L. f
Anthocaris cardamines Z. f
Leucophasia sinapis L.
Colias hyale Z. f

jmecausa,/7, *
Gonepteryx rhamni Z.*
LYCAENIDAE.
Thecla betulz Z.
7) duercus L.
a tubs Z.:

Chrysophanus phlzas L.
Polyommatus egon Schzf. f
: icarus fodt.
% argiolus LZ.

7 minima /7zes.

NYMPHALIDAE.

Vanessa urticae Z.
a 10024,
: *
» antiopa ZL.

Vanessa atalanta Z.

Fe CATO. £5,
Argynnis paphia Z.

: adippe ZL. ft

aglaia L.

os lathonia Z. ¢

‘ selene Schzf. tf
Melitaea athalia Zsp.f

i artemis id.

SATYRIDAE.

Erebia epiphron Anoch. {
Satyrus semele ZL.
Pararge egeria L.
» megera L.

Epinephele janira ZL.

7 tithonus Z.

hyperanthus LZ.
Czenonympha davus 7.

i pamphilus Z.

HESPERIDAE.

Hesperia linea /.
» sylvanus Zsp. f
Nisoniades tages L

* Casual visitors. tf Single records.

Mr. Donaldson, one of the original members of the Club, who
has been absent in Massachussets for three years, gave a very
interesting paper on New England butterflics. In commencing,
he told how on leaving Belfast he had resolved to abandon
natural history pursuits, a resolution which was only in force
for half a day when he encountered the butterfly known in
North America as the monarch (Danais archippus). He
described this beautiful insect and its life historv in some

492 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

detail. The latve feeds on plants of asclepias or milkweed,
which is common everywhere in the Northern States. The
eggs are laid on the leaves of the food plant ; they hatch in
about four or five days, and the caterpillars commence to feed ;
they eat voraciously and mature rapidly, becoming often full
grown in two weeks. The Danais in question is one of the
most widespread butterflies in America, being found over
almost the entire continent, from Canada to Patagonia and from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. It has extraordinary powers of
flight, and in autumn, when abundant, collects in vast flocks of
hundreds of thousands and migrates southwards. They return
north in the spring, not in crowds, but singly, the females
laying their eggs wherever they may chance to be, many of the
young butterflies proceeding further north as soon as they
emerge. Within the last thirty years this insect is said to have
spread all cver the islands of the Pacific, and even to Australia
and Java. In 1877 it made its way tothe Atlantic coast of
France, and a number of instances of its capture in England
have since been recorded. The reader met with one of our
own rather rare butterflies, the Red Admiral, in great abund-
ance, and one of the rarest British species, the Camberwell
Beauty, he found in profusion in New England. Many
interesting facts were mentioned concerning the various
families of North American butterflies and macro lepidoptera.
These details were from his own personal observation, and
were illustrated by abundant and beautiful specimens of the
species referred to.

Both papers gave rise to an animated discussion, several
members referring to their experience in the study, collecting
and mounting our native butterflies.

1898-99. ] 493
2I February.

The Field Club held a successful and well-attended meeting
in the Museum on Tuesday evening, 21st February, William
Gray, M.R.I.A., in the chair. This was the fourth meeting of
the Session at which Professor Symington, F.R.S.E., of Queen’s
College, Belfast, delivered a lecture on “ Whales ; the significance
of their structure and development in connection with theories
as to their origin.” The Professor stated that in their struggle
for existence numerous mammals belonging to widely-separated
orders have been driven to spend a portion of their lives under
water. Such was the case with the seal, water vole, beaver, and
hippopotamus. In other groups the adaptation to aquatic life
is complete, and the animal has lost the power of maintaining
itself on land and spends its whole life in water. To this group
the whale belongs. In popular imagination they are fishes, but
the zoologist finds that they possess all the essential features of
amammal. They breathe by lungs, their blood is warm, their
young are born alive, and are nourished after birth by milk
from the mother. If we are to judge of success in life by size
of development, the life adopted by the whale has proved the
wisdom of their choice. The lecturer showed lantern views of
the principal kinds of whales and pointed out their leading
characters. Land mammals always possess hair, but in the
whale the disappearance of hair and development of blubber
under the skin are to be regarded as adaptations to an aquatic
life, as facilitating the movement of the animal in the water,
while the subcutaneous fat prevents the radiation of heat from
the body better than a covering of hair. In afew whales hairs
are found on the upper lip during early life, but this moustache
disappears when they grow to manhood. Certain anatomical
peculiarities were then pointed out, which lead Professor
Kikenthal to believe that the toothed whales and whalebone
whales have a different origin. The toothed whales have
sprung from some primitive mammals, whose backs were
covered with a hard exoskeleton, while the ancestors of the

494 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

whalebone whales were land animals with a hairy covering for
the skin. The flippers of whales are modified fore limbs of
mammals, with adaptations and modifications to suit aquatic
life. In the number of bones in flipper the whale closely
resembles the extinct ichthyosaurus. This is not a conclusive
proof that both have sprung from a common stock, though it
may be fairly assumed that both represent a modification of
different types as an adaptation to the same mode of life. The
hind limbs are not to be detected on the surface of the body,
but embedded in the trunk are certain bones, rudimentary hip,
thigh, and in some cases leg bones, but of very small size. The
significance of their presence supports the theory that the
cetacea were originally four-limbed animals. Many facts about
the teeth of whales were then stated. In dealing with the tail
as an organ of locomotion, the lecturer said there are no data
to decide the relative efficiency of a whale’s tail as compared
with a modern screw propeller, but there is at least one point
in which the tail has an advantage—its internal structure is
specially adapted to its function, its fibres run in the direction
to give the maximum of strength with the minimum of material.
The lecturer discussed the various theories as to the origin of
whales. He favoured the view that the toothed whales were a
more ancient group and differed more from ordinary mammals
than the whalebone whales. The attempts to prove that the
whales have descended from the carnivora or the ruminants had
not been very successful. On the whole, the facts at present
known favoured the hypothesis that both groups of whales
departed at a very remote period from the primitive
mammalian stock, the evidence at present available being too
incompiete to justify any dogmatic assertions. In conclusion,
the Professor expressed his indebtedness to Miss Patterson, a
member of the Club, for assistance given in the preparation
of the numerous illustrations. The lecture gave rise to a very
interesting discussion, in which the Chairman and several of
the members joined.

1898-99. 495
2zI February.

THe FirtH Meetine for the Winter Session was held on 21st
February. Some members brought in exhibits to the popular
science gossip half-hour before the opening of meeting.

Messrs. H. L. Orr and R. Welch exhibited a series of minute
land shells (genus vertzgo) from various localities, including a
number of vertigo antiveriigo, recently collected at Shaw’s
Bridge, Belfast, where there is a very large colony in the marsh ;
also some small land and freshwater shells, which have not yet
been found in Ireland, though long known in England.

Mr. M‘Kinney exhibited coral found in clay near Glenarm.

Mr. Vinycomb taking the chair, the business of the evening
proceeded, when

Mr. Gray submitted his report as delegate from the B.N.F.C.
to the meeting of the British Association at Bristol. He
described the object, constitution, and method of procedure of
the Association, and stated that the Committee of Corresponding
Societies was framed for the purpose of securing the co-operation
of all such local scientific societies publishing transactions and
papers calculated to further the advancement of science. he
Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club was one of the first local societies
registered as a corresponding society by the British Association.
The delegates meet in conference twice during the annual
meeting of this Society, when suggestions are given as to the
subjects calling for investigation during the coming year. At
the Bristol meeting the subject of coast erosion was recom-
mended for consideration, and the best methods of observation
and records were relerred to, and the Council of the Association
was requested to bring the matter before the Admiralty, with
the view of obtaining the aid of the coastguard in turthering
the investigations ot local societies and other scientific inquirers.
The question of geological photography was also considered,
and a very high compliment was paid to the B.N.F.C. for the
very excellent photographs already contributed by Mr Welch,
Mr. Phillips, and other members of the Field Club.

496 [Proc. B.N.F.C,,

The desirability of having all reports and, if possible, all
transactions published of uniform sizes was recommended, to
facilitate their orderly binding for reference. Mr. Gray gave
particulars as to the two best sizes recommended.

The Ethnographical Survey Committee recommended this
subject for the investigation of the corresponding societies. The
work already done in Ireland was acknowledged, but one branch
of the subject had not received in Ireland the attention it
merited—namely, the archeological survey of this country. It
was pointed out that with the number of capable organisations
now operating in Ireland there should be no difficulty in com-
piling a very complete catalogue of all the ancient monuments
of Ireland. The Conference Committee resolved at Bristol to
write to the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland pointing
out the necessity for undertaking this work.

Mr. Gray referred to the fact that two meetings of the
British Association had been held in Bristol since the last
meeting in Belfast in 1874. Since then the Association met
several times in England, Scotland, Wales, and Canada, as well
as in Dublin. It was therefore time to ask the Association to
come to Belfast again. Should an invitation be sent this year,
the Association is not likely to come to Belfast before 1901 ; so
the sooner the invitation is issued the better. Such an
invitation would be very cordially responded to by the members
of the Association generally.

Mr. Gray, in his description of Bristol, referred to John
Cabot, who, sailing from Bristol in 1497, was the first to
discover the mainland of America. Columbus in 1492 reached
the West Indian Islands via the Canary Islands. Cabot and
his sons sailed direct from Bristol, and landed on the mainland
of America. In 1897 Lord Dufferin laid the foundation-stone
of a Cabot memorial tower on Brandon Hill, Bristol, and he
opened the finished structure the day before the opening meet-
ing of the British Association. The citizens of Bristol boast
that the Great Western steamer, sailing from Bristol, in April,
1838, was the first steamer that ever crossed the Atlantic,

1898-99. | 497

arriving at New York on the 23rd April, after a voyage of
fifteen days; but this claim cannot be sustained, because the
s.s. Sirius, 412 tons, sailed the same month direct from Cork
Harbour, and reached New York on the 23rd April, and
thereby to the Irish boat is due the credit of being the first
steamer to cross the Atlantic. Mr. Gray described the various
places of interest in and around Bristol, as well as the places
visited on the excursions, including Strandon Drew, Raglan
Castle, Tintern Abbey, Salisbury, Old Sarum, and Stonehenge.
His descriptive sketches were very fully illustrated by original
lantern slides, with special reference to the Anglo-Norman
invasion of Ireland, under Strongbow.

After the lecture the Chairman and other members joined in
a short discussion.

The Secretary announced the gift of 123 dried plants from
Mr. R. L. Praeger, M.R.I.A., and a geological map from Mr. H.
J. Seymour.

GENERAL MEETING.

The thirty-sixth annual general meeting of the Club was held
on the 25th April in the Museum. Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.,
President, occupied the chair. The Secretary read the annual
report, which stated that the work of the Club had been
carried on successfully during the year by excursions and
evening meetings. A feature of interest was the appointment
of a field lecturer, whose explanations and short lectures given
during the excursions were much appreciated by the members.
A new feature in connection with the winter meetings was the
institution of a science gossip half hour before each meeting.
These half hours were well attended, and gave beginners in
natural history or archeology an opportunity of getting
information on subjects in which they were interested. Three
collections submitted in competition for prizes were of
considerable merit—one by Mr. Adams, containing a plant new

498 [Prec, B.N.F.C.,

to Ireland, as well as several additions to the flora of the
North-East of Ireland. This collection received special
mention. Mr. H. L. Orr’s collection of land and fresh-water
shells also contained some new species as well as a good
representation of more usual forms, all neatly mounted and
carefully named, and secured the prize offered. Miss Finlay
secured a prize for flowering plants. The honorary treasurer
submitted accounts for the year, which showed the Club was in
a good financial condition. William Gray spoke on the report
and accounts, which were passed, and will be printed and
circulated among members as usual. The election of officers
for the coming year was proceeded with as follow :—Rev.
C. H. Waddell, B.D., President, F. J. Bigger, Vice-President ;
W. H. Phillips, Treasurer ; William Swanston, Librarian.
A vacancy having occurred by retirement of a Secretary,
William Gray, M.R.I.A., was unanimously elected to the post
along with W. D. Donnan, M.D. The new Committee
comprises—George Donaldson, W. J. Fennell, John Hamilton,
EK... W. tockwood;: J. “Se-— Jew Phillips, S.. Av Stewart
F.R.S.E. ; Miss S. M. Thompson, John Vinycomb, Robert
Welch, and Joseph Wright, F.G.S. Suggestions were received
and discussed as to places of interest for summer excursions.
W. H. Phillips gave an address on British ferns, in which
he showed how the study of ferns is most interesting and
fascinating, being half botany and half horticulture. The
Counties of Antrim and Down are full of glens, mountains,
and roadsides well stocked with varieties. Ferns belong to the
order of flowerless plants, and are distinguished from others in
this class by the nature and position of the cases in which the
spores are contained. ‘These spore cases are formed mostly on
the back or margin of the leafy portion or frond. The roots
are always fibrous, and in their younger portions are covered
with fibrils or soft hairlike bodies, which give them a downy
appearance. The stems assume two forms called the caudex
and the rhizome. In the caudex the fronds rise from
the termination of the axis of growth either in a single

1898-99. | 499

series or in a kind of crowned whorl. In the rhizome
stem the fronds are more scattered, and are developed
from the sides of the axis of growth which is in advance
of the last formed fronds. The leaf-like organs are called
fronds; they differ from the leaf of flowering plants in
that it bears on its surface,the parts known as the fructifications,
which the true leaf does not. When the fronds become fully
developed, two parts, the stipes and the lamina are dis-
tinguishable; the stipes in the stalk, and the lamina the
leafy portion. This part affords great variety in the mode in
which it is divided, fronds are undivided, others divided into a
great variety of forms. Fern fronds are traversed by ribs or
fibres, which serve to give them their elasticity; these are the
veins which are given off from the midrib, and, as a rule, are
furcate. It is probably to this furcate growth that we are
indebted for the endless varieties of British ferns. The veins
are developed faster than the herbaceous portion, and so the
fronds branch and tassel. The reproductive organs consist of
spores enclosed in cases, which are collected into groups called
sori, and in most British ferns are borne on the back of the
fronds. From the germinating spore arises a leafy expansion
called a prothallium, which gives off delicate root fibres from
the under surface. Scattered among these fibres are several
minute microscopical cellular bodies which are called antheridia
and archegonia, which correspond with and perform the
functions of stamens and pistil in flowering plants. The
number of ferns known to botanists number about 3,000. Of
these about 43 are natives of the British Isles, and about the
‘half are to be found in the Counties of Antrim and Down.
There seems to be no limit to the varieties which may be found
or raised from spores. By careful search these variations are
to be found in almost all parts of the country, and the
possibility of finding new forms gives a stimulus, and the
exertion of a long walk raises the enthusiasm of the fern
collector in a way that is not done by any other class of plants.
A description of the different genera and species was then

500 [Proc. B.N F.C,

given showing the salient points of structure and the difference
of each, and many examples were shown and explained after
the lecture.

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

The Geological Section have to record another year of
useful activity in this branch of the Club’s work. Several
excursions were held during the year, and were well attended.

During the early part of the Winter Session the Section held
meetings once a month to discuss points of interest. The
Committee of the Section invited Professor Cole to deliver a
Lecture, the subject being—'‘ The Volcanic North, or how
Ireland became an Island.” The meeting was held in the
Museum and was well attended.

The Botanical and Geological Section held a combined
meeting, 21st January, 1899, when Mr. Praeger gave a chat on
Glacial Fossils.

At the request of the Committee J. St. J. Phillips undertook
to give a short series of {‘‘ Introductory Talks on Geology.”
This series was intended for the benefit of new members and
those desirous of beginning the study of Geology, and attracted
a considerable number to the six meetings devoted to the
series. A list of titles of each evening talk will indicate the
subject dealt with.

1. What isa Rock? A classification of Rocks.

2. Destruction and Construction—External and Internal
Agencies.

3. Some Products from Nature’s Laboratory.

4. [he Evolution of Landscape and Rock Structure.

5. Fossils, their Nature and Occurrence. Records of Life
from the “ Ancient ”’ Rocks.

6. Fossils—Records from Recent Rocks and Conclusion.

Each of the “Talks” was appropriately illustrated by
photographs, diagrams, lantern slides, and specimens, as far as
possible preference was given to local examples,

1898-99. | 501

In two Field Excursions held in connection with the series
much was illustrated 2 sztu in Scrabo Quarries, and at
Magheramorne and Barney’s Point.

At the closing Meeting the hope was expressed that a
similar series would be instituted for next year dealing more in
detail with some of the subjects.

A few of our Members still very actively continue the work
of Glacial Geology, on which Miss S. M. Thompson furnishes
the Report.

Jo STs, [PHILLIPS
Fon. Sec. of Section.

GLACIAL GEOLOGY.

Investigations into the Glacial Geology of our District
progress steadily though slowly, owing to the want of more
workers in this important branch of inquiry. Since the last
detailed Report of work accomplished which was published in
our Proceedings for 1895-6,, twenty-five new localities have
been more or less exhaustively examined, and results recorded
in the schedules prepared for the purpose. The glacial deposits
at Newry, Dromore, and the Shore of Strangford Lough South
of Castle Espie, in Down, and on the slopes of the Black
Mountain, Longhurst, Drum-Tough, Cranfield Point (Lough
Neagh), and at Kilwaughter above Larne, in Antrim, have
been worked up, the remainder will require many visits before
the schedules can be completed.

Welcome help is afforded by some of our members who bring
in erratics from promising localities casually visited. For
instance, Mr. Knowles reports the occurrence of Antrim flints
in the boulder clays of Co. Donegal. The Hon. Sec. would be
glad to receive information of new gravel pits or brickfields
opened, as boulder clay sections exposed on roads or railways,
especially from inland localities. The glacialists would then
visit such localities and secure valuable information that might
otherwise be lost. Such infurmation is specially desired from

4

502 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

a few localities in Southern Armagh, Tyrone, and Monaghan,
as the ubiquitous erratics of Ailsa Craig have been discovered as
far inland as Newry, Armagh, Killagan, and at the mouth of
the Bann. Itseems desirable to push the search into the above-
named Counties, and if necessary throughout the entire
province. The flow vf the ice can be accurately determined by
studying the distribution of erratics, as we are fortunate in
possessing several peculiarly characteristic rocks that serve as
landmarks in our drifts. It is encouraging to see even a remote
prospect that the work of the past six years may be brought to
a conclusion.

A collection of unknown erratics which had accumulated
during the past three years, was recently submitted to Mr. A.
M'‘Henry, M.R.I.A., for identification; with his usual kind
promptitude he returned them with notes of their parent
localities, which proved both interesting and important.

In a chat on Glacial fossils Mr. Praeger described the great
prevalence of shells and shell fragments in the glacial deposits
of the Dublin district and exhibited a fine collection which he
subsequently presented to the Club. Especially uoteworthy is
Mr. Praeger’s mention that as yet they have not been found in
the Central Plain of Ireland, being hitherto confined to
localities not more than 3 miles distant from the present sea-
board.

The Schedules of results obtained up to the present are open
to the inspection of members, but it seems scarcely desirable to
publish a detailed list until the remaining localities have been
finally examined.

A paper describing the year’s work is annually read before
our Geological Section, and an abstract of the last three years’
work can be furnished to the Erratic Blocks Committee of the
British Association this Autumn.

SYDNEY M. THOMPSON.

1898-99. ] 503

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

Monthly meetings were held regularly during the winter
' season, and although the subject, ‘“‘ British Grasses,’ was not
such a popular or easy one as those chosen in previous years
the attendance was very good throughout. By the kindness of
several members a large and valuable addition has been made
to the Herbarium, labels have been presented and the plants
mounted and arranged. A collection of mosses has also been
commenced. When these are completed and a few more text
books have been added to the Library they will forma valuable
and much needed help to illustrate the subjects treated of at the
meetings of the Section.

Several new localities for interesting plants have been
recorded at the Meetings.

C. H. WADDELL.

504 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

moO Ges

OF THE

Belfast Baturalists’ Field CluB,
1898-99.

f
That the Society be called ‘‘ Tue Betrast Naturatists’ Fre.p Civs.”’

IT.
That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archeology in Ireland.

III.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Corresponding, and Honorary
Members. The Ordinary Members to pay annually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and that candidates for such Membership shall first pay an entrance
fee of 5/-, and be proposed and seconded at any Meeting of the Club, by
Members present, and elected by a majority of the votes of the Members present.

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Members shall consist of persons of
eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to the
Club ; and whose usuai residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast,
That such Members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved of by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the Members present. That Corres-
ponding Members be expected to communicate a Paper once within every two
years.

V.

That the Officers of the Club be annually eleeted, and consist of a President,
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and two Secretaries, and ten Members,
who form a Committee, and shall hold not less than eight Meetings in the year.
Five Members to form a quorum. No Member of Committee to be eligible for
re-election who has not attended at least one-fourth of the Committee Meetings
during his year of office. ‘That the office of President, or that of Vice-President,
shall not be held by the same person for more than two years in succession,

1898-99. | 505

VI.

The Committee may from year to year appoint a Sectional Committee as
may be considered desirable to further original investigations in any one or more
departments of the Club’s work. Each Sectional Committee te be composed of
six Members of the Club, not less than two being members of the Club’s Com-
mittee. No financial responsibility to be incurred by the Sub-Committee or any
officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee. Any
Sub-Sectional Committee may elect its own Chairman and Secretary from its
members.

VII.

That the Members of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings
during the year, in the most interesting localities, for investigating the Natural
History and Archeology of Ireland. ‘That the plaee of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of cach Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries.

VEL.

That Meetings be held Fortnightly or Monthly, at the discretion of the
Committee, for the purpose of reading papers; such papers, as far as possible,
to be original and to treat of the Natural History and Archeology of the district.
These Meetings to be held during the months from November to April inclusive.

IX.

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year.

me:

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, tne Committee and Officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alteration in the general laws, of which
a fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members
due notice of such intended alteration.

xi.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs residing temporarily or permanently in
or near Belfast may be enrolled members of the Club without election or entrance
fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and without
subscription for the current year on production of a receipt showing that such

506 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such
receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of members so admitted to the Club to be published
with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

XII.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XIII.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its members by such other societies.

1898-99. ] 507

NOTICE,

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Annual Report and Proceedings, Vol. XII. and XIII.

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings Vol. XI., No. 2.
Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1897-98.

A Ulster Journal of Archaeology.
Vol. V., Parts 1-4.

Berlin—Helio Ablandlungen und Mitteilungen 1898-99.

Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club.
Proceedings, Vol. XVI., Nos. 1, 2,
Session Books of Bonckle, by James Hardy, LL.D., 1899.

Brighton Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Annual Report and Abstracts of Papers, 1899.

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.
Report and Transactions, Vol. XXX.

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Transactions, Vol. XXXI., Part VII.
Proceedings, Vol. IV., No. 5, Vol. V., Nos. 1, 2.

+} Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
| Journal, Vol. IX., Parts 1, 2, 3.

Edinburgh—Botanical Society.
Transactions and Proceedings, Vol. XXXI,, Parts 1, 2, 3.

A Geological Society.
Transactions, Vol. VII., Part 4.
Frankfort—Beright der Senckinbergischen Naturforschenden.
Gesellschaft, 1898-99.
Katalog der Reptillien Sammlung in Museum,

508 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Glasgow Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XXIX., 1897-98.

lfamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, Nos. XIV. and XY.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.
Transactions, Vol. IX., Parts 5-9, Vol. X., Parts 2-4.

Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club.
Transactions Vol. I., No. 1.

Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
78th Annual Report, 1897-98.
Lille—Scientific Papers (7.)
From _M. Charles Janent.
Liverpool Geological Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VIII., Part 2.

London—British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report of the Brighton Meeting, 1898.

i Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XV., 5 Parts, Vol. XVI., 5 Parts.
“ British Museum Publications.

List of Genera and Species of Blastoidea.
», Lypes and Figured Specimens of Fossil Caphelopoda.
4 The ‘ Quarry ” Publishing Company, Ltd.
Applied Geology by J. V. Elsden, F.G.S.
5 Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist.
6 Parts.

Marlborough College Natural History Society.
Report No. 47.

Manchester Field Naturalists and Archaeologists Society.

Report and Proceedings, 1897-1898.

iy Microscopical Society.

Transactions and Annual Report, 1897-98.

Montevideo —Museo Nacional.
Annals Tomo II., Fas. 8, 11, 12, Tomo. III., Fas. 9, 10.
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society,
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part 4.

1898-99. | 509

Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society.
Transactions No. 1, 1897-98.

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
Report, 1897-98.
Saint Johns—New Brunswick Natural History Society.
Bulletin, Vol. IV., Parts 1, 2.
San Jose—Museo Nacional de Costa Rica.
Informe, 1897-98 and 1898-99.
Leiden—Ethnographische Abtulunge.
Katolog, No. 1, 1897.
Stavanger Museum.
Aarsbertning fur, 1897-98.
Toronto—Canadian Institute.

Transactions, Vol. V., Part 2.
Proceedings, Vol. I., Parts 4, 5, 6, Vol. II. Parts 1, 2.

U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XXVITI., 11 Parts.

» Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
Annual Report, 1897, and Bulletin IT.

» Chapel Hill N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
Journal, 1897-98.

» New York—Academy of Sciences.

Annual Reports, Vol. X., Parts 1-12, Vol. XI., 1-3,
Vol. XII., Part 1.
Transactions, Vol. XVI.

B Es American Museum of Natural History.
Annual Report, 1897-98.
Bulletin, Vol. X., Vol. XI., Parts 1, 2.
» Milwaukie—Public Museum.
Annual Report, 1897-98.

» Madison—Academy of Science Art and Letters.
Transactions, Vol. XI., 1896-97.

» Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
j Bulletins, Nos. 1, 2.

» Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.

Proceedings, 1897, Parts 2, 3, 1898, Parts 1, 2, 3,
1899, Parts 1, 2.

510 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

U.S.A.—Rochester— Journal of Applied Microscopy.

Vol. I., No. 2.

_ St. Louis—Academy of Sciences.

Transactions, Vol. VII., No. 17-20, Vol. VIII., No.
1.12, Vol. IX., Nos. 1-7.

Salem—American Association for the Advancement of

Science.
Proceedings of 46th Meeting at Detroit, 1897.
a5 47th Wi Boston, 1898.

» Essex Institute.

Bulletin, Vol. XXVII1I., Nos. 7-12, Vol. 29, Nos. 7-12,
Vol Xxx. Nos. 1=12.

Staten Island N atiral Science Association.
Proceedings, Vol. VI.
Washington—Government Printing Offices.
Detached Papers by various Authors (7.)
9 Smithsonian Institution.
Annual Reports, 1895 and 1896.
3 United States Geological Survey.
18th Annual Report, Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
19th “p Parts 1, 4, 6.
“ American Microscopical Journal.
12 Parts.
Tufts College, Mass.
Studies No. 5.

1898-99. | 511

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

THIRTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1899-1900.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

President:
REV. C. H. WADDELL, B.p.

BDice- President :
FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, m.r.1a.

Breasurer : . Sibrarian:

W. H. PHILLIPS, WILLIAM SWANSTON, F.a.s.
8 CHICHESTER STREET. | CLIFTONVILLE AVENUB.
Committee :

GEORGE DONALDSON. S. A. STEWART, F.3.s.£.
W. J. FENNELL. Miss S. M. THOMPSON
JOHN HAMILTON. JOHN VINYCOMB, m.x.1.a.
F. W. LOCKWOOD. ROBERT WELCH.

JOSEPH WRIGHT, rF.a.s.

son. Secretaries:
W. D. DONNAN, m.v., Hotywoop.
WILLIAM GRAY, .z.1.a., GLENBURN PARK, BELFAST.

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

shlembers.

Any Changes in the Address of Members should be at once notified to the
Secretaries by Post Card.

HON. MEMBERS.

Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of, Clandeboye.
Jones, Prof. T. R., F.R.8., 10 Ulverdale Road, King’s Road, Chelsea,

London, N.W.

Lapworth, Professor Charles, Mason Oollege, Birmingham.
Tate, Professor Ralph, F.G.8., F.L.S., Adelaide, South Australia.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Adams, John J., M.D., Ashville,
Antrim.

Adams, John, The Manse, Antrim.

Adams, John, New King Street.

Allen, Mrs., Alexandra Villa,
Crumlin Road.

Allibon, George, 30 Donegall Place.

Allworthy, Edward, Mosaphir.

Anderson, John, J.P., Hast Hillbrook,
Holywood.

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place.

Anderson, James F’., Ponsonby Av.

Anderson, Thomas, 41 Cliftonville
Road.

Andrew, J. J., u.p.8., University
Square.

Andrews, Miss M. K., 12 College
Gardens.

Andrews, Miss, 12 College Gardens.

Ardill, Robert, 32 Avoca Street.

Barkley, Jas. M., Queen’s Square.

Barbour, John H.,1 Hamilton Villas,
Ballyholme, Bangor.

Barr, James, Beechleigh, Windsor
Park.

Batt, William, Sorrento, Windsor.

Beattie, Rev. A. H., Portglenone.

Beck, Miss Emma, 48 South Parade.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare.

Bell, Robert, Charleville Street.

Bell, Leonard, Braemar Terrace,
Balmoral.

Bell, E. Geo., Bellvue, Lurgan.

Berry, Lt. R. J., Army Service
Corps, Shorncliffe.

Berry, Dr., 10 Dunluce Buildings,
Lisburn Road.

Best, James, Clarence Place.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, Ardrie.

Bingham, Edward, Ponsonby Av.

Blackwood, Miss 8., 84 Malone
Avenue

Blackwood, W. B., University Sq.

Blair, E., Cavehill Road.

Blair, Mrs., Cavehill Road.

Bland, Major-General, Woodbank,
Whiteabbey.

Boyd, Miss, Chayo, Adelaide Park.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, m.p., 27 Great
Victoria Street.

Boyd, Miss, Cultra House, Holy-
wood.

Boyd, W. C., Hazelbank Villa,
Ravenscroft Avenue.

Braddell, Edward, St. Ives, Malone
Road.

Brandon, Hugh B., Royal Avenue.

Brenan, Rev. S. A., B.A., Knock-
nacarry.

Brett, Chas. H., Gretton Villa South,

Bristow, Rev. Canon, St. James’
Parsonage.

Brown, John, Longhurst, Dunmurry.

Brown, Thomas, 108 Donegall St.

Brown, Robert, Wingfield Lodge,
Bloomfield.

Browne, W. J., M.a., Beechmount,
Strabane.

Bulla, Charles, 87 Wellesley
Avenue.

1898-99. ]

Calwell, Miss E., Lismore, Windsor
Avenue.

Campbell, J. O., B.z., Ravenhill
Road.

Carson, J. C., Wellington Place.

Carson, John, Walmer Terrace,
Holy wood.

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 4 Stranmillis
Gardens.

Carter, W. Charles, 30 Donegall
Place.

Cleland, James A., Wellington
Park.

Cleland, W. W., 48 Wellington Park.
Cleland, Mrs. Annie, 32 Lower
Easton Street, Cliftonville.

Cleland, Alex. M‘J., 32 Lower
Easton Street, Cliftonville.

Cochrane, Robert, M.R.1.A., 17
Highfield Road, Dublin.

Colbeck, James, Shaw’s Bridge.

Coleman, J., H.M. Customs, South-
ampton.

Collis, Rev. H. F. M., 8.p., Antrim.

Cole, Rev. R., Armagh.

Corry, W. F. C. 8., Bangor.

Coulson, Gerald, 4 College Street
South.

Coulter, Mrs., 21 University Square

Craig, John C., 17 Lonsdale Street.

Crawford, F. H., 29 Mill Street.

Creeth, James, Victoria Street.

Culbert, Robert, Distillery Street.

Cunningham, Charles M., 79 Great
Victoria Street.

Cunningham, Samuel, Glencairn,
Belfast.

Curley, Francis, High St., Belfast.

Curley, Mrs., Dunedin Terrace.

Davies, John Henry, Lisburn.

Day, Robert, M.R.1.4., J.P., Cork.

D’ Evelyn, Alex. M., m.p., Bally-
mena.

Dickson, John M., Hillbrook,
Holywood.

Dickson, Wm. W. 52 Pakenham
Place.

Dixon, W. H., Dunowen.

Donaldson, Dixon, Islandmagee.

Donaldson, George, Mileriver St.

Donaldson, John, 18 Brookhill
Avenue,

513

Donnan, W. D., m.v., High Street,
Holy wood.

Downing, W. M., 25 Garfield St.

Duncan, William, 2 Canterbury St.

Dunlop, Fleet Surgeon, Edenderry
House, Ballylesson.

Elliott, David, Cyprus Park, Bloom-
field.

Elliott, George H., Holywood.

Ewart, Clement C., Glenbank.

Ewart, Ernest, Glenbank.

Ewart, Sir Wm. Q., Bart., Glen-
machan.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Fennell, Miss S., Stockman’s Lane.

Fennell, W. J., M.R.1.4.1., Chichester
Street.

Ferguson, Henry, Donegall Park.

Finlay, Miss, Charles St., Berk-
hamsted, Herts,

Foster, Rev. G., Lurgan, Co.
Armagh.

Frame, John, 6 Lawrence Street.

Frizell, Rev. C., 2 Cyrene Villas.

Fullerton, George, Croagbeg, Bush-
mills.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor
Avenue.

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Galloway, Joseph, 83 Eglantine
Avenue.

Galway, W. H., 3 Dufferin Villas,
Bangor.

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace.

Gibson, William, Heathfield House,

Ballygowan.

Gibson, Andrew, 14 Cliftonville
Avenue. A

Gibson, William, 30 Castlereagh
Place.

Gilmore, W. J., Victoria Terrace,
Ravenbill Road.

Gilmore, George, Mountcharles,
Belfast.

Glenn, George J., Hartington
Street.

Godwin, William, Queen Street.

Gourley, James, J.P., Derrboy
Cottage, Crossgar.

Graham, William, Lombard Street,

Gray, William, M.R.1.4., Glenburn
Park, Belfast.

Graydon, Miss Isabel, Devenage
Villa, Strandtown.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden,
Knock.

Green, William, 3 Hughenden
Avenue.

Greene, John J. F.,3.P., Annavilla,
Warrenpoint.

Gulbransen, P. F., 17 Queen’s
Arcade.

Gulbransen, A., 17 Queen’s Arcade.

Hamilton, John, 5 Churchview
Terrace, Holywood.

Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street,
City.

Hanna, Henry, a.B., Royal College
of Science, Dublin.

Harbison, Mann, Rostrevor.

Haslett, Sir Jas. H., J.P., M.P.,
Princess Gardens.

Haslett, Miss Minnie, Princess

Gardens.

Hawthorne, William, 103 Fitzroy
Avenue.

Hazelton, W. D., 33 Linenhall
Street.

Heritage, Miss, Wolseley Villa,
Bloomfield.

Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood.

Hill-Littler, Robert, Tareen, Chi-
chester Park.

Hobson, Benjamin, 6 Hopefield
Avenue, Chichester Park.

Hogg, A. R., Wellington Place.

Holden, J. S., m.p., Sudbury,
Suffolk, England (Cor. Mem.)

Holland, Wm., Osborne Park.

Hoskins, A. P., 25 Blenheim Ter.,
Cromwell Road.

Hunter, James, 8 Grampian Av.

Jackson, A. T., 5 Corn Market.

Jaffé, Mrs. Otto, Kinedar, Strand-
town.

Johnston, Mrs. Jas., 8 Cliftonville
Road.

Johnston, Miss, Glenavy.

Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street.
Kidd, Geo., Lisnatore, Dunmurry,

514

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Kidd, James, Brookvale Avenue.

Kirker, 8. K., Offices of Board of
Public Works, Belfast.

Kirkpatrick, F., 78 Ann Street.

Kirkwood, J. A., Dundonald.

Kinahan, John, Lowood, Belfast.

Knowles, W. J., M.R.1.4., Bally-
mena,

Knowles, Miss M. ©. Flixton
Place, Ballymena.

Kyle, R. A., 31 Donegall Place.

Lamb, Wm. W., 34 Brookvale Av

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Lanyon, Chas. J., Northleigh, Fort-
william Park.

Lepper, F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-
burn.

Leslie, James, Eglantine Avenue.

Lett, Rev. H. W., M.a., Aghaderg
Glebe, Loughbrickland.

Letts, Prof. E. A. Dunavon, Craig-
avad.

Lewis, Joseph, 18 Pakenham Street.

Lockwood, F. W., Wellington Park
Terrace.

Logan, Mrs., Bangor.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

MacCormac, Dr. John, Gt. Victoria
Street.

MacHlheran, W. F.,
Gardens.

Mackenzie, John, Malone.

Mackenzie, Miss R. B., Carryduff.

Macoun, W. Godfrey, 8 Claremont
Terrace,

Major, Rey. J. J., Ardmore
Rectory, Lurgan.

Malcolmson, Greer, Malone Park.

Malcolmson, James, Oairnburn,
Strandtown.

Malcolmson, Joseph J., Cairnburn.

Mann, Jas. S., Ballyholme, Bangor.

Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.

Marsh, Jos. C., Castleton Terrace.

Marshall H., Edlingham Terrace,
Duncairn Gardens.

Martin, J. M‘Clelland, Northern
Counties Railway.

Massaroon, Mrs., Charles Street,
Berkhamsted, Herts,

3 College

1898-99. |

Maxton, James, Ulster Street.

May, Robert, Elgin Terrace,
Limestone Road. :

Megarry, John, 202 Beaconsfield

. Terrace.

Milligan, A., 225 Springfield Road.

Milligan, S. F., m.r.1.a., Alberta,
Malone Road.

Moncur, George, 161 Rugby Road.

Montgomery, H. C., 40 Rosemary
Street.

Moore, John, Shaftesbury Square,

Moore, Miss, Corunna House,
Ballynafeigh.

Moore, S. A., 2 Howard Street.

Morton, John, Cliftonpark Avenue.

Moss, William, Clifton Park.

Murdoch, James, Balmoral Cottage.

Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

M‘Afee, George, Walmer Terrace,
Holywood.

M‘Cance, J. S., Dunmurry.

M‘Clean, F. P., Huntly Villas,
Belfast.

M‘Cleery, H., 82 Cliftonpark Ave.

M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Cormick, H. M‘Neile, Craigavad.

M‘Creery, James, 257 Aibert Bridge
Road.

M‘Cullough, Wm., Belfast Bank,
Newtownards.

M‘Cutcheon, Miss, B.a., Terraquin,
Balmoral Avenue.

M‘Cutcheon, John B., Osburn Park

M‘Dermott, Rev. John, Belmont.

M‘Donnell, Dr., Crumlin Road.

M‘Ilroy, J. Milford, Strandtown.

M‘Ilwaine, J. H., Bangor.

M‘Ilwaine, Mrs., Bangor.

M‘Kee, John, Solicitor, Princes
Chambers, Ann Street.

M‘Kee, Robert, mM.a., Harlesden
College, Bramshill Road, Lon-
don, N.W.

M‘Kee, Wm. S., 20 Mill Street.

M‘Kinney, W. F., Ballyvesey,
Carnmoney.

M‘Kisack, Alfred, Mountcharles.

M‘Lean, Geo., 19 Pottinger Street.

M‘Leish, John, The Mount, Mount-
pottinger,

5435

Nicholson, H. J., College Sq. North.

Olley, Robt., 69 University Avenue.

O’Neill, Henry, m.p., 6 College
Square Kast.

O'Neill, James, M.a., 5 College
Square East.

Orr, H. Lamont, Garfield Street.

Orr, Jas. S., Garfield Street.

Patterson, D. C.

Patterson, Wm. H., Victoria Street

Patterson, Richard, y.P., Kilmore,
Holy wood.

Patterson, Miss Clara, Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, W. H. F., Stalheim,
Marlborough Park.

Patterson, Robt., M.B.0.v., Ivy
Dene, Malone Park.
Patterson, Wm. 4H., M.R.1.A.,

Garranard, Strandtown.

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, The Knock.

Phillips, William H., Lemonfield,
Holywood.

Phillips, Jas. J., 61 Royal Avenue.

Phillips, Jas. St. J., B.g., 61 Royal
Avenue.

Pim, John, J.p., Bonaven, Antrim
Road.

Pim, Thos. W., 21 Victoria Street.

Pim, Joshua, Slieve-na-Failthe,
Whiteabbey.

Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.

Porter, William, Beechview, Bal-
moral Avenue,

Praeger, E. A., Holywood.

Praeger, R. Li., m.R.1.a., National
Library, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Quail, Rev. Patrick, Dunmore,
Ballynahinch.

Redmond, David, Antrim.

Reid, Robert, King Street.

Reilly, Geo., Woodburn, Carrick-
fergus.

Ritchie, Jas. K., c/o. Millar, Boyd,
& Reid, Calender Street.

Robinson, Samuel, Helen’s Bay.

Rowley, W M., 22 Rosemary Street.

Russell, John, 0.z., Waring Street,

Scott, Conway, 0.£., Windsor Av.

Scott, Rev. Oswald, 8 Wilmont Ter.
Sharpe, Robt., 100 Fitzroy Avenue.
Shaw, Cecil, m.p., 14 College Sq.

Kast.
Shaw, Wm. Hinde, Brooklyn, Knock.
Shaw, Launcelot, - ‘3
Shaw, Mrs.

Sheldon, Chas., M.a., Belfast Royal
Academical Institution.

Silly, George, Ardene, Sydenham.

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School,
Holywood.

Smith, Dr. Lorraine, 33 Stranmillis
Road.

Smith, Rev. W. S., The Manse,
Antrim.

Smith, George, Linen Hall Library.

Smythe, Ven. Archdeacon, Coole
Glebe, Carnmoney.

Speers, Adam,B.sc., Upper Sullivan
School, Holywood.

Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.

Stears, Samuel, 79 Ormeau Road.

Stephens, Mrs., Mary Mount,
Ballynahinch, Spa.
Stelfox, James, c.B., Vakleigh,

Ormeau Road.
Stevenson, John, Coolavin.
Stevenson, J. M‘N., Carrickfergus.
Stewart, Rev. J. A., Killowen,
Lisburn.
Stewart,S. A.,The Museum, Belfast.
Stewart, W. J., 31 Adelaide Street.
Strain, David, Carlisle Circus (Ulster
Bank).
Swanston, Wm., F.a.8., Cliftonville
Avenue.
Swanston, Mrs.,Cliftonville Avenue
Symington, Prof., F.R.8.B., Queen’s
College.
Tate, Alexander, c.E., Rantalard.
Taylor, E. E., Garfield Chambers.
Thomas, 8. G., Limestone Road.
Thompson, Prof. W. H., Queen’s

College.
Thompson, Miss S. M., Macedon.
Thompson, Mrs. H., 14 Upper
Crescent.

Thompson, Samuel M., Thompson
Street, Ballymacarrett.

Todd, C. H., Wolseley Villa,
Bloomfield. /
Todd, John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam

Park,

516

[Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Todd, Wm. A., 24 Victoria Street.

Traill, W. A., Bushmills.

Turtle, James G., Claremount,
Strandtown.

Turtle, H. M., Glanworth,Skegoniel
Avenue.

Vint, Joseph H., Ulster Bank,
Donegall Place.

Vinycomb, Jno. M.B.1.4., Holywood.

Vinycomb, Bernard, Holywood.

Waddell, Rev. C. H., mM.a., B.D.,
The Vicarage, Saintfield.

Wakeman, W. F., F.R.8.4., Knights-
ville, Blackrock, Dublin.
Walker, Miss, Rugby Road.
Walby, James, Post Office, Belfast.
Walkington, Miss, Lu.pD., Strand-

town.
Walkington, T. R., Edenvale,
Strandtown.

Walsh, Robert, Abbotsford, Malone
Road.

Walmsley, Rev. Douglas,
Redburn, Adelaide Park.

Wardell, Miss, 63 Botanic View,
University Road.

Waugh, Mrs., 7 Dunluce Street,
Lisburn Road.

Welch, R. J., 49 Lonsdale street.

Wheeler, Mrs., Lennoxvale, Belfast.

Whitla, Prof., m.p., College Square

B.A.,

North.

Wilson, James, c.£., Oldforge, Dun.
murry

Wilson, aan) Ballybundon, Kil-
linchy.

Wilson, Alec. G., Stranmillis.
Wilson, W. H.,
Wilson, George, 9 Bedford Street.
Wilson, Abraham, 13 Springfield Rd
Wilson, Thomas, c.8., Fleetwood St.
Wise, B. D., Waterside, Greenisland
Wolseley, Charles, Bailymena.
Woollcombe, Dr. Robert LI., Lu.p.,
M.R.I.A., 14 Waterloo Road,
Dublin.
Workman, Rev. R.. m.a., Rubane,
Kirkcubbin.
Workman, Thos., J.P., Helen’s Bay.
Wright, Joseph, r.e¢.8., Alfred St.
Wright, Miss, Alfred Street.
Wylie, William, Mountpleasant.

Young, Robert, J.p., C.z., Rathe
varna, Chichester Park.

PRESENTED
13 FEB. 1903

had from the ee to Ree eS

we,

Seventh Annual Report—1869- -70, containing Appendix ee I
Irish Liassic Fossils, —Tate, 1 Plate - >).

Eighth Annual Report—1870-71, containing ‘A anoaie IL., Tae of Irish”
Liassic Foraminifera— Wright : 2 and ‘List of" the Fossils of. the
Estuarine Clays of Antrim and LOND eee Saale 4

Ninth Annual Beport—1871-72 se oi ss

Tenth do 1872-78 © Se: “ae

Proceedings—Series II., Vol. I., Part I., 1873- 74, oiintotncee ppendic’
IIL, List of Mosses of North-East of Treland — Wiehe’ and List

A Series II., Vol. 1., Part IJ., 1874+75 :
» 5 3 III., 1875-76 RS Biv ;
“ ».. IV., 1876-77, containing Appendix Thos Hh
Recent Foraminifera: of Down and Antrim,— Wright, 1 Plates
and Silurian Rocks of . cpt Down—Swanston and Lapworth, ei
3 Plates +. 2/6
», Series IT., Vol. im Paste Vv. and VI. 1877- 78, aids 78- 79 (in one) ne
as », Part VII., 1879-80, containing Appendix V.,
List of Post- -tertiary Foraminifera of North-East. of Ireland, a
Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Boulder oe! of North- East OL a
Ireland, —Stewart wes ihe
5. Series II., Vol. IL., Part is 1880- 81, otltaintug Appendix VI.,
List of Foraminifera of South: Donegal ,— Wright ; Sponge
Remains from Carb. Limestone, County. Sligo, — Wright 3; and —
Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo,-—Carter, 1 Plate eens
,, Series II., Vol. I1., Part II.,°1881-82 <4
SS IIL., 1882 83, containing Apion vit,
Supplemental List of Mosses of the North-East of Treland,- _
Stewarts’ Soe
»» Series IT., Vol. IL, Part 1V., 1883- 84 ‘pontainine Appentix VIIL.,
‘Notes on Trish Coleoptera,—-Halliday : Cromlechs of Antrim and
Down,—Gray, 12 Plates; and Pre-historic Monuments near
Sligo,—Elcock, 4 Plates ... part
», Series II., Vol. II.,’Part V., 1884- 85, contaiting penile TX Sg
Ostracoda of Belfast Lough, —Malcomson ; Fungi of North of —
Ireland, —Lett ; Foraminifera of ‘‘ Protector ”” Cruise, &e.— —
Wright ;' Cretaceous Foraminifera pe Bete Hill has! 56
Trish Coleoptera, — Patterson si
+5, Series IT., Vol. If., Part VI., 1185- 86, aontadoine Appendix I.,
«(VOL -Lb. G The Ferns of Ulster, —Phillips and Praeger bey
» Series Ik, Vol. II., Part VII.,1886-87, containing Appendix II
Notes on ‘the Sections exposed at the ’ Alexandra Done Belfast, a
with List of Fossils, 1 Plate,— Praeger :
4, Series IT., Vol. IIL., Part I., 1887-88, containing apenas site
Marine Shells of the North of Ireland, — Praeger Fite ten
», series II., Vol. III., Part II., 1888-89 a sae
v IiI., 1889-90, scores ‘Repo ot
Larne Gravels Committee, 2 Plates
», Series II., Vol. III., Part IV., 1890-91
Py ¥9 V., 1891-91 ove iS
+e) ” ad up bgt 1192-93
os cbdnidex?.:.

»» Series II., Vol. IV, Part 1 1893494, atin Appendix

Foie Ke ’ Il. 1894.96, 53 “fh
” ae ” III., 1895-96, —_,, ”
) a of, IV., 1896-97, Ppa ivaneee Sy
” ” me V., 1897-98, be a V9
” ” ” VIL, 1898-99, 9) / ie

ce 5 ks f ) hg

oa BED.» 8 Se =
F? ;

Annual Report |~~
<a) an Proceedings.

sy
“2
2

Part VII.

Series II.
q 1899-1900.
a Vouivme IV. 1900-1901
. CONTENTS. PAGE.
4 Annual Reports - - - - - - 519
Be: Excursions—Armagh, Cargan, Dundrum, Dungiven, Toome, Ballynahinch 523
Carrickfergus, Navan, Glenavy - - - 576
. Social Meetings - - - - - - 546
' __ Papers—Our Papuan Fellow-Subjects—Prof. Haddon, E.R.S8: - 647
Be President’s Address—The Work of the Club--Rey. C. H.
a Waddell, B.D. Be = - - 6549
The Origin of Caverns in Limestone Districts—Adam Speers, B.Sc. - 660
3 Innis Clothran and its Teampuls—W. J. Fennell, M.R.IT A. - — 662
. Botanising in Centre and West of Ireland—R. Ll. Praeger, M@RI.A. - 563
' —*White Lias at Macedon—Miss 8S. M. Thompson - - - 566
a Where the Masters’ Wrote—W. J. Fennell, M.R.LA I - - 588
= 691

____ Symbolic Ideas of the Ancients concerning Treesand Plants -
Report of Delegates to British Association - -
The Microscopical Minerals Occurring in Rocks-—-H. J. Seymour, F.G.S, 600
Natterer’s Bat and Whiskered Bat in Co. Down—Canon W. H. Lett, M A. 602

_ Foraminifera of Pleistocene Clay-Bovevagh—J. Wright, F.G.S. - 603
My Hobby about Ferns and its Results—W. H. Phillips - - 605

- The Parish of Duneane and Barony of Toome—Reyv. M. Fahy - 625
Recent Tour of the Roman Wall—A. M‘I. Cleland - - 626

. PRINTED FOR MEMBERS ONLY.
__--*PRICE OF EXTRA COPIES TO MEMBERS 2/-

a

The following Publications of the Club may be obtained from |

the Librarian:—

A FLORA OF THE NORTH-EAST OF IRELAND,
including the Phanerogamia, the Cryptoramia Vas-
cularia, and the Muscine.—S. A. Stewart, F.B.S.,
Edin. and T. H. tee M.A. ce L.S., &c. Cambridge;
MacMillan and Bowes .. ee rae x

SYSTEMATIC LISTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
FLORA, FAUNA, PALAONTOLOGY, AND
ARCHEOLOGY OF THE NORTH OF IRE-
LAND; Vol. I., consisting of the Appendices from
1870 to 1885 inclusive, 27 Plates ;
in paper
in boards

(See also back of Cover.)

6/-

ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Riis f
NATURALISTS
ais leeis

For the Year ending the 31st March, 1900,

(THIRTY-SEVENTH YEAR.) LO Ae

SERIES II. PART VIE:

VOLUME IV. 1899-1900.

Belfast :

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB
BY ALEXANDER Mayne & Boyp, 2 CORPORATION STREET
PRINTERS TO QUEEN’S COLLEGE, BELFAST,

1901,

i i
(ee > ”

eee Cae i 528
OM tate t Ta tate Ts
2 ra i ln ie

Sarin re
Rr sf

bis

“ae

n

Leben Oded «

THE Committee of the Belfast Naturalist Field Club at theclose
of the 37th year of the Club’s existence beg to submit the
following Report.

After a careful revision there are now 322 members included
in the Club’s list ot members.

The attendance at the Summer Field meetings and the
lectures during the Winter Session was fully up to the average
of former years, and the practical interest taken in the Club’s
work has been fairly maintained.

The botanical section creditably continued the Saturday
afternoon excursions and their class-room demonstrations.
The special report of the section is attached.

The following field meetings were held during the year :—

Armagh ., oe aie ee 20 May.

Cargan and locality .. ee ee 10 June.
Dundrum ,, ee ac ae 24 June.
Dungiven and Limavady ae ee II, 12 & 13 July.
oome, 4. oe ve ee 12 August.
Baliynahinch ee ee or 2 September.

All the excursions were well attended, and were highly
appreciated by the members and visitors.
The following are the meetings held during the Winter
Session, with the subjects discussed :—
13 Nov., Our Papuan Fellow-Subjects at Work and Play—Prof. Haddon.
DE» ss The Work of the Club—Rey. C. H. Waddell, B.p.
19 Dec., The Origin of Caverns in Limestone Districts— Adam Speers, B.Sc.
3 Note on Our Antrim Caves—William Gray, mM R.1.A.
16 Jan., The History and Antiquities of Inisclothran in Lough Ree—W. J.
Fennell and F. J. Bigger, m.r.1.a.
is Half-hour in the Garden—F. J. Bigger, M.r.1.A.

16 Feb., Botanising in the Centre and West of Ireland—R. Lloyd Praeger,
B.E., M.R.I.A.

520 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

20 Mar., The Supposed Occurrence of a Patch of White Lias at Macedon
Point— Miss Sidney M. Thompson.
60 The Occurrence of Natterer’s Bat and the Whiskered Bat in County
Down—Rev. Canon Lett, M.A., M.R.I.A.
ain Post Tertiary Foraminifera-—Joseph Wright, F.c.s.
12 Apr., Antiquarian and Natural History Notes on the Parish of Duneane
and Barony of Toome—Rev. M. Fahy.
“1 Report of the Conference of Corresponding Societies at the Dover
Meeting of the British Association, by the Delegate, William
Gray, M.R.I.A.

The Committee desire to record their thanks to the three
Railway Companies for the prompt and generous manner in
which all necessary arrangements were made for the comfort of
the members attending the excursions.

The thanks of the Committee are also due to Rev. and Mrs.
Fahy, Mr. James Grant, J.P.; Rev. S. Thompson, and Dr.
Moore, of Limavady; Captain Ogilby, D.L.; Mrs. Macrory, of
Ardmore, and all the other kind friends who entertained the
members or contributed in any way to the success of the Field
Meetings.

Wn. GRay,

W. Dz. ieee EEE

REPORT OF BOTANICAL SECTION.

The Committee of the Botanical Section are pleased to be in
a position to say that the section for the past twelve months
has been pursuing its work with undiminished success. During
the Summer Session the members continued the regular
Saturday afternoon excursions, which were so much appreciated
the previous two years, and during the season very considerably
enlarged their practical acquaintance with the British grasses
to be found in the Counties of Antrim and Down. These
excursions are educational in a very high degree, and afford to
the junicr members of the section exceptional opportunities
of becoming acquainted with the flora of the neighbourhcod,

1899-1900. | 521

During the past winter, the section held their monthly indoor
meetings as usual under the presidency and guidance of the
Rev. C. H. Waddell, whose devotion to the interests of the
section the Committee gratefully acknowledge. The Cyferaceae
was the branch mainly studied, and to this department special
attention will be directed in the field work of the coming
session.

During the past year efforts have been made to improve the
arrangement of the specimens in the Club’s herbarium, but the
success of these efforts has not been so satisfactory as could be
wished for, owing to the want of suitable accommodation in
this respect; but we hope through the co-operation of the
General Committee in providing a suitable cabinet to get over
this difficulty shortly.

Avex. Mitiican, Hou. Sec.

REPORT ON COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED IN COM-
PETITION FOR PRIZES OFFERED BY THE CLUB.

For prize1 “‘ Mr. Joseph Malcomson has sent in a collection of
Irish plants consisting of 284 species. These specimens are
well selected examples, beautifully mounted, and illustrate in
the very best manner the species represented. We consider
this series highly creditable to the collector, and we have
pleasure in awarding this prize to Mr. Malcomson.

For prize 9 “ Miss S. Blackwood sends in a collection of
Liassic fossils consisting of 25 species from the Lias of Island-
magee. We consider this collection satisfactorily complies
with the conditions, and we accordingly award this prize to
Miss Blackwood.”

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SUMMER PROGRAMME.
FIELD MEETINGS.

20 May.
AR MA G.H:

The Members of the B.N.F.C. held their first field meeting
for the year at Armagh. On arrival the party at once proceeded
through the city and on to the celebrated Navan Fort, or
Emania, the pre-Christian residence of the Kings of Ulster,
whose occupation extended down to the fourth century of the
Christian era. Overcoming the difficulties of the steep an
slippery ascent, the entire party assembled on the green
plateau forming the upper portion of this ancient monument
which covers about 13 acres of ground. The noble prospect,
extending for a radius of very many miles all round, commanded
first attention. Undulating hills, winding streams, cultivated
fields, towns, hamlets, and villages, combined to enhance the
beauty, variety, and interest of the scene, and to demonstrate
the wisdom of the ancient Irish chiefs who selected this site
for the residence of their kings and the stronghold of Irish
Paganism. Looking directly to the east, the ancient Christian
city of Armagh comes prominently into view, its appropriate
and most conspicuous features being its two cathedrals, both
for the same object and lighted up by the same sunshine, which
helps to discover their differences—the one bright, cheerful,
and anticipating a future, the other solid, dignified, and
subdued, as by vicissitudes of time, and the effects of fire and
sword that so often desolated the city.

524 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

A formal meeting was constituted, and Mr. John Vinycomb,
M.R.I.A:, was elected Chairman for the day. The arrange-
ments for the day were announced, some new members were
elected, and a discussion took place as to the desirability of
inviting the British Association to Belfast at an early date.

The Chairman delivered a short address, referring to the
historic events suggested by the surroundings, and the long
line of kings, chiefs, warriors, and poets that peopled this
ancient stronghold for so many centuries, exciting the envy
and opposition of even the chief King at Tara until finally
Cimbaoth, King of Ireland, induced the brother Collas to war
against and utterly defeat Fergus Fodha, King of Ulster, under
promise that the lands of that kingdom would become a
territory for them and their posterity, thus anticipating by
eight centuries the policy of the King of Leinster, who induced
Strongbow and his venomous followers to invade Ireland.

The meeting was then addressed by Mr. Richard Pillow, a
local antiquarian, well versed in archeological, topographical,
and folk-lore subjects, and a practical investigator as well as
original discoverer of matters connected with the ancient
history of Armagh. He rendered the party most efficient
service during the entire day by his prompt and interesting
answers to every question put him by the inquisitive members
of the party.

Leaving Emania, an adjournment was made to the adjoining
quarries, which were successfully explored for the characteristic
fossils of the locality. A member of the geologic section called
the attention of the members to the marked difference between
this exposure and what is foundin Antrim. At Armagh we
have the Lower Carboniferous limestone very well represented,
but thousands of feet thick of the Middle and Upper Carboni-
ferous, including the entire coal measures, are absent, and the
Lower Carboniferous rocks are capped by a very curious and
interesting brecciated limestone of the lower Permian age, the
position and origin of which suggests a very wide field for
investigation.

1899-1900. | a5

Csr

Unlike the plastic boulder clay of Antrim, the limestones of
Armagh are covered by a drift deposit composed almost entirely
of angular fragments of flint and chalk from Antrim. Some of
the finer material was collected and examined microscopically
by a member, and an important find of four species of fora-
minifera suggested, if not demonstrates, that the deposit had a
marine origin, similar to that of the more plastic boulder clays
of Antrim and elsewhere, as proved by the investigations of
Mr. Joseph Wright, B.N.F.C.

Returning to the city of Armagh, a visit was paid to St.
Patrick’s Well and the Callan Water, a stream often referred
to in the annals of Ireland. The party next visited the abbey
in the Palace grounds, and then walked on to the very
interesting museum of the Armagh Natural History Society,
where, under the guidance of the Society’s efficient Secretary,
the members of the B.N.F.C. found an excellent collection of
natural history and antiquarian objects of special interest. The
Chairman pointed out the important and valuable collections
of seals, and made some suggestions as to their arrangement.

Walking on the observatory, the party were very cordially
received by the chief astronomer, Dr. Dreyer, who conducted
the members over the premises and explained the nature of the
instruments and the methods of making astronomical observa-
tions.

Next a visit was paid the Roman Catholic Cathedral, where
a very courteous and intelligent officer, by the kind direction
of Rev. John Quinn, P.P., gave the history of the building, and
pointed out its prominent features and contents.

It was intended to visit the Armagh Library, but the time
for closing had arrived, so the members of the B.N.F.C. had to
end their interesting tour of inspection with a visit to the old
cathedral, where the subject that excited most attention was
the condition of the old stone crosses, fragments of which are
found above the cathedral.

After a very acceptable tea at the Beresford Arms, the
Chairman again constituted a formal meeting, at which the

526 {Proc. B.N.F.C.,

events of the day were discussed. Mr. Gray, who acted as
conductor for the day, in grateful and approving terms referred
to the kindness and willing co-operation rendered by the
respective authorities whose permission was required for the
purposes of the day’s meeting. The hotel accommodation and
the means of transit were all that should satisfy the local
branch of the Tourists’ Development Association. The
conductor, having tendered the Club’s thanks to Mr. Fanning,
the Secretary of the Natural History Society, made some
suggestions as to the museum and the desirability of having a
typical collection of local fossil fish remains, and proposed the
following resolution, which was passed unanimously :—“ That
this meeting having noticed the neglected condition of what now
remains of the ancient sculptural stone crosses of Armagh, it is
desirable that steps should be taken to have the crosses re-
erected and restored, and that the B.N.F.C. should initiate the
movement at an early date.” Mr. Fanning suitably responded
to the expressions of thanks to the local authorities, and
promised, on behalf ot the Natural History Society, to give the
suggestions of the Club their very best attention.

IO June.
CARGAN AND DISTRICT.

- On Saturday, roth June, the members of the Club had their
second field meeting of the session at the hill-foot of Lurigethan,
County Antrim, a district of the greatest interest to naturalists,
historians, and artists. Leaving the railway carriage at Retreat,
the large party proceeded on foot up the slope and on to the
great ridge that separates the Valleys of Ballyemon and
Glenariff. A walk of about a mile on the ridge brought the
party to the ancient earthworks that constituted the important
hill-foot at the extreme end of the ridge, which rises abruptly
from the coast line, and appears from below a truncated cone,
1,154 feet high.

1899-1900. | 527

From this elevated point a most magnificent view is obtained
over land and sea.

To the geologist this point of-view is of special interest, not
only from the varied features of physical geography that it
presents, but from the marked difference between the geological
structure of the district to the north and the area under view
to the south ; for, whereas the district to the south, with the
construction of Lurigethan itself, is built up with the same
geological formations of the secondary period that constituted
the main structure of Antrim, and are displayed in the escarp-
ments of Cave Hill and the eastern coastline, the rocks on the
northern area are mainly primary rocks, mica schist, and
primary limestone much older than any other rocks in Antrim
and Down, and more nearly related to the rocks of the opposite
side in Scotland: a relation that piicus upa shapter of 1 nquuy
of the greatest interest. :

To the antiquarian the fort, of bane must be of pce
interest, not alone for itself as the stronghold of the chieftains
of the glens, when as Scots they joined the Picts in resisting
the Roman advance in North Britain, but also because of the
number of events and variety of ancient monuments called to
remembrance by the prospect enjoyed from this spot. Away
to the north can be seen Carnanmore and Carnbeg, overlooking
the Moyle, the roar of its waters being silent and its surface
shimmering in the sunshine. Nearer, north of Cushendun, we
have the two cashels of Tornamoney; nearer still the venerable
ancient altar at Inispollan, in the Valley of Glendun; then the
old church at Layd and to the west of it, on the slopes of
Tievebulliagh, the remains of Ossian’s grave, the cromlech at
Cloghs, near Cushendall, and the place ot assembly for the good
folk on the crest of the conical Hill of Tieveragh, where on
midsummer eve they have been seen here holding high festival
in full dress.

The area just described is also the theatre upon which was
performed the last great act connected with that most remark-
able Irish chief, Shane O’Neill, and the termination of his

528 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

conflicts with the Macdonnells. In 1575 Shane O’Neill marched
from Southern Down to give battle to the Scots of Antrim,
who, lighting up the hills above referred to, made signal to the
men of Cantyre for aid to meet the coming conflict. James
Macdonnell and his brother Alexander Oge responded. James
arrived first, and, landing in Cushendun Bay, was joined by
Sorley Boy, who was chased from Red Bay Castle by Shane
O’Neill, who had destroyed the castle, of which the ruins still
remain overlooking Red Bay. Both forces met on the western
side of Knocklayd, in the Vale of Glentow, and a bloody battle
ensued. O’Neill fully avenged his recent defeat, and almost
completely destroyed the Scots. James Macdonnell and his
brother Sorley were taken prisoners. James died in O’Neill’s
dungeon, but Sorley lived to be avenged. Shane O’Neill,
having thrown off his allegiance to the Queen and the
authorities of the Pale, resisted for some time the combined
forces of the English and Scots. He at length made overtures
to the Scots, and an alliance was established, which was
formally celebrated by a grand banquet at Cushendun, where,
excited by wine, a dispute arose, the result of which was Shane
O’Neill was murdered by the Scottish Redshanks, and thus
was closed the eventful career of a proud and accomplished
Irish chief.

The botany of such a region must always be interesting to
those who care for native plants. It is still too early in the
season to judge of the full wealth of the local flora, but some
good plants were obtained. The lesser tway blade (Lustera
cordata) was, by careful searching, found on the open moor,
where also the spike rush (H/eocharts multecaulis) was met with
in abundance. On the return the bladder fern (Cystopteris
fragilis) was gathered in plenty by the Cushendall Road.

The Club’s meeting at Lurig was presided over by Mr. John
Vinycomb, M.R.I.A. Business matters were discussed, new
members elected, and one of the hon. secretaries, who acted as
conductor, pointed out the special natural and historic features
of the locality and reported the results of recent observations

1899-1900. } 529

in natural history by members of the Club. At the close of the
formal meeting the party returned by the Ballyemon Glen
_ Roads to Parkmore, where an improvised tea was enjoyed
before the train’s departure for Belfast. The thoughtful
courtesy and generous kindness of the railway staff added much
to the pleasure and complete success of the day.

24 June.
DUN DRUM «

The third field meeting of the session was held at Dundrum
Castle, and was attended by a large number of members and
friends, whose explorations on the occasion proved what an
amount of interest can be thrown into an afternoon ramble.
The formal meeting was held on the top of the donjon keep,
and was presided over by the President of the Club. After the
election of members and transaction of some formal business,
one of the members gave a description of the main geological
features of the district, embracing volcanic, metamorphic, sedi-
mentary, and zolian rocks. From the castle keep of Ruray’s
Fort there is a commanding view of the bay, anciently known
as Lough Ruray, frequently referred to in the earliest annals,
and the scene around which were enacted many of the most
important historical events of early Ireland, and about which
modern writers have had many a wordy contest, particularly
about the reputed landing of St. Patrick, as described in the
“Book of Armagh,” compiled about a.p. 807, and other ancient
writings.

Serious conflicts of opinion have originated owing to the

vague topographical references in the early lives of the saint.
_ Some writers contend that Patrick landed in Dundrum Bay,
while others maintain that he landed in Strangford Lough.
The late J. W. Hanna, of Downpatrick, published a paper
on this subject some forty years ago, in which he balances the

530 [Proe, B.N.F.C,,

divergent opinions, and comes to the conclusion that the real
landing-place of St. Patrick was on the shore of Strangford
Lough, just below the village of Raholp, and not far from the
present Church of Saul, on the site of the original church
founded by St. Patrick.

Since 1874 the sand dunes of Dundrum Bay have been the
happy hunting ground of antiquarians, and many thousand
vestiges of early man in the shape of broken flints, pottery, &c.,
have been collected here. These forms are probably of the
pre-Celtic origin. The late Dowager Marchioness of Downshire,
as well as the present Dowager, were among the most active
investigators in this field, and the family seaside residence at
Murlough contains a most valuable and varied collection of the
typical form, mainly collected by members of the Downshire
family. |

The site of Dundrum Castle, as its name (the ridge fort)
indicates was one of the Celtic Hill forts, and as in many other
cases was adapted by the Anglo Normans to their own
requirements. The character of the structure was in accord-
ance with the style of fortress built by the most skilled Norman
military engineers of the early part of the thirteenth century.
Full particulars relative to this castle are given by Mr. J. J.
Phillips, architect, in a paper published by him in 1883. (See
proceedings of the Royal Historical and Archeological Associa-
tion of Ireland, Vol. VI., Series IV.)

After exploring the castle and its surroundings the party
split up into different sections, each taking up its own subject
for investigation, Some members explored the sand dunes,
and collected several worked flints, flakes, scrapes, and pottery;
another division visited, sketched, and photographed the
cromlech and standing stone at Slidderyford, also the round
tower and ancient church at Maghera. The grand outline of
the Mourne Mountains looked its best, and Sleve Donard, the
last visiting place of the first Firbolg, King of Ireland, stood
out conspicuous in the slanting rays of the secting sun, when
the party returned to meet their fellows at the hotel. As

1899-1900. | 531

they arrived in animated groups, the botanists had clearly the
advantage in the bulk of their collections, for each came laden
with a profusion of bloom so characteristic of the season. The
district in the vicinity of Dundrum has time after time been
visited by botanical explorers. It has a rich and’ interesting
flora, yielding several plants which are either unknown or very
rare elsewhere in the North-East of Ireland. The rock-cress
(Arabis iirsuta) was found in some quantity at the Castle... It
is 102 years since Templeton, the pioneer of Northern botany,
first noted this plant on the walls of Dundrum Castle. It has
persisted in this place ever since, though not found elsewhere
in the county. An interesting, though not at all conspicuous,
plant found in the pond near the castle was Syme’s variety,
Moorei of Apium inundatum. The specimens here were quite
characteristic. In the short time available a good number of
scarce plants were picked up. Amongst these may be men-
tioned the musky storksbill (Hrodium moschatum) and the
much smaller but not at allcommon Hrodium maritimum ; also
the white campion (Lychnus vespertina), Viper’s bugloss (Achium
vulgare), hound’s tongue (Cynoglossum officinale), &c.

EL Lehn July.
DUNGIVEN.

The members held their fourth field meeting on the 11th,
12th, and 13th July in Dungiven and the Valley of the Roe,
an important portion of the ancient territory of Ciunachta or
the O’Cathan country. They made Limavady their head-
quarters, and accordingly proceeded thence by the Northern
Counties Railway, and were received at the Alexandar Arms
Hotel with no small share of that ‘“‘ welcome to Limavady ”
that was so conspicuously proclaimed by banners and decorated
arches along the broad street from the railway to the hotel.

At Roe Park the party were met by the proprietor, Mr. J.
E, Ritter, and his amiable lady, who very kindly conducted all

532 [Proc, B.N.F.C.,

to the summit of the reputed Drumceatt, where a great
national Assembly was held a.p. 575. A better point could
not have been selected for the Belfast naturalist to get a
panoramic view of the proposed field for their three days’
survey; indeed every lover of our country should appreciate
the advantage of such a prospect, in which the varied physical
features in view are so attractive, and the historical associations
connected with the district are so eventtul and romantic.

At this spot the formal field meeting was constituted, and
Mr. John Vinycomb, M R.I.A., was elected Chairman.

From this hill as we look to the east we have Innisowen
Mountain, Lough Foyle, and the flat Valley of the Roe to the
left hand, and away to the right the hills of Derry, Tyrone, and
Donegal, with Dungiven on the higher reaches of the Roe
Valley, and right in front of us we have the mountain and
escarpments that form the western limit of the great northern
basaltic plateau. The very broken outline of Binevenagh to
the north, and in successson southwards Keady Hill, Boyd's
Hill, Donald’s Hill, and Benbradagh, the intervening space
from the bed of the Roe, gently rising to the base of the hills,
being geologically constructed very much like the section from
the bed of the Lagan to the crest of Divis or the Black moun-
tain—with this important difference that in the Lagan Valley
the carboniferous rocks are absent, whereas in the Roe Valley
there occurs in ascending order the Silurian, the Carboniferous,
the New Red Sandstone, the Cretaceous, and the basaltic rocks.
Like the Valley of the Lagan the Upper Roe cuts through the
new red sandstone, and it is owing to this that the water of the
Roe gets its red colour, from which it is named the Roe.

The great valley is very remarkable for its numerous
indications of the oscillations that took place in the level of the
land surface distributed over the valley. These oscillations
marked the end of the Tertiary period, artd possibly continued
after the appearance of man. Without going into a minute
analysis of the relationship between the existing deposits of
gravels, clays, &c., one example will probably illustrate the point.

1899-1900. | 532

At Burnfoot, in Bovevagh parish, fully eight miles from the
mouth of the Roe, and about 400 feet above the waters of the
Foyle, a bed of clay occurs, which contains organic forms
almost identical with the forms now living in the Foyle.
Many of them are the same, but the general character indicates
that the deposit was not laid down under the same conditions
as the clay in the Foyle. A member of the Field Club has
microscopically examined two samples of clay, one from the
station at Limavady Junction, where the clay is estuarine, and
the other sample was taken from the section at Burnfoot, at
the higher level of 400 feet; both are proved to be estuarine,
the higher deposit must have been laid down in a sheltered
bay near the shore, as is demonstrated by the character of the
foraminifera it contains. The sample from the Junction
yielded 140 species. The Burnfoot sample only contained 32
species, limited to the following genera :—Miliolina, Bulimina,
Nonionina, Polystomella, Bolivina, Lagena. The number and
size of the individuals of these very beautiful organisms may be
gathered from the fact that one ounce of the washings contained
1,440,000 individuals. This examination was made by Mr.
Joseph Wright, F.G.S.

The historic associations connected with the valley under
view are of great value. It was the country of the O’Cathans;,
whose founder was grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages,
monarch of Ireland in the beginning of the fifth century.
Roderic MacManus O’Cathan was the last of the race that
ruled these lands from the eleventh century. He followed
the standard of Hugh the last Earl of Tyrone, in the fatal
insurrection against Queen Elizabeth, and thereby lost his
position. His castle was built on the right bank of the Roe,
near the Dog’s Leap or Limavady, to be referred to presently.

Another great Irishman connected with this locality was the
famous Columba. Like O’Cathan, Columba was descended
from the Royal race of Ulster. According to the testimony of
the Duke of Argyll, ‘‘ Columba was an agent, and a principal
agent, in one of the greatest events the world has ever seen—

534 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

namely, the conversion of the Northern nations.” In the
Duke’s book on Iona he has published the best account of
Columba. The high esteem in which he was held by the
native Irish in his day is proved by the invitation he received
to return from Iona to Ireland to preside at the great Conven-
tion of Drumceatt, when important matters of dispute were to
be discussed between the chiefs and bards. Considerable
differences of opinion are held with reference to the exact site
of Drumceatt, some holding that it was on the right bank of
the Roe, and others that it was on the left. At the Naturalists’
meeting the matter was freely discussed, and the general
opinion was expressed in favour of Daisy Hill, adjoining Rce
Park.

Leaving the hill the party were very kindly conducted
through Roe Park by Mr. and Mrs. Ritter, whose knowledge
of the locality conveyed in the most acceptable manner added
very much to the pleasure of the party. O’Cathan’s Rock and
Castle were visited, and the very best views of the fine scenery
of the River Roe was pointed out; and, coming to more matter-
of-fact subjects, Mr. Ritter explained how he has succeeded in
making use of the water power of the river to generate the
electric power which is now used to work manufacturing
machinery in Roe Park, and to light Roe Park House and the
town of Limavady.

After leaving Mr. and Mrs. Ritter the Naturalists walked on
to Carrick Rocks, a very fine gorge cut out of the Silurian rocks
by the River Roe. The banks at each side are about 60 feet
high, and give capital sections for study. The surrounding
plantation about the rocks and up the sides of the ravine, with
the dark waters of the Roe at foot, form a combination of
romantic scenery well worthy of the artist’s pencil, and, with
its variety of animal life, birds, fish, and insects, is a very
paradise for the Naturalists.

Being now four miles from headquarters, cars met the party
for the return journey, calling at Ardmore, where Mrs.
Macrory, with a generous hospitality, entertained the explorers

1899-1900. | 535

in a beautiful Swedish chalet, constructed on a site that com-
manded a most pleasing prospect. The kindly consideration
and attention of Mrs. Macrory and her family made a very
agreeable break in the day's programme. By invitation of Mr.
J. C. M‘Causland, a visit was paid to Drenagh, where Mr. M.
M‘Causland conducted the party to the old church of Druma-
chose, and pointed out the reputed grave of Fin M‘Quillan.
This chief was killed in a battle with the Macdonnells.

The party then returned to the hotel for dinner, after which
a walk was taken to the old fort on the Derry Road, which
gave the opportunity of seeing one of the most gorgeous and
brilliant sunsets that poet could imagine or a Turner depict,
and thus finished our first day's work.

On Wednesday morning the Naturalists left Limavady by
rail for Dungiven. Here they were met by a number of local
friends, who were most anxious to aid in every possible way.
Dr. Moore, of Dungiven, and Mr. J. Eakin, of Feeny, rendered
special service. The latter gentleman attended the party for
several hours, and his intimate knowledge of local antiquities
and topography was invaluable to the party. Moving off in
the well horsed vehicles of Mr. Magee, Mr. Eakin conducted
the Naturalists to Banagher, where a survey was made of what
remains of a vitrified fort—one of the very few that occur in
Ireland, although they are so numerous in Scotland.
Unfortunately a former rector of the parish had the main
structure removed in making what he considered “ improve-
ments” about his grounds.

Proceeding up through Templemoyle, where a variety of
plants of special interest occur, ferns and other native flora
were collected, and reaching the top of the hill, a visit was paid
to Auglish stone circles, of which there are several. One is
quite complete, and composed of about fifty stones about 24 feet
high. Others were more or less complete, aud all were most
interesting examples of this form of ancient monuments.
Returning by the road, the cars were sent to the proposed
rendezvous at Carniban, at the north end of the Valley of

536 [ Proc. BoN.F-C:,

Lignapestia, while the Naturalists walked through from the
south. This well-wooded ravine, with its mountain torrents,
waterfalls, and rocky banks, is reputed to be the place selected
by St. Patrick for the destruction of the last of the Irish
serpents, and the pool below the waterfall is the resort of
pilgrims, whose votive offerings may be seen attached to the
trees that overhang the pool. The banks about the pool are
clothed with the beech fern and numerous other forms. An
excellent section of primitive limestone also occurs here,
traversing the metamorphic rocks, and good specimens were
secured, as well as very fine examples of quartz, which occurs
sometimes in very large crystals, and is known as Dungiven
diamonds. After a rest and slight refreshment at Carniban, or
the White Carn, a visit was paid to Banagher old church, said
to be built by St. O’Heney, whose monument is in the grave-
yard, and is celebrated for the remarkable virtues of the dust
collected around it when collected by a member of the
O’Heney family. The ruins, remarkable in many respects, are
in charge of the Board of Public Works.

Returning to Dungiven the party visited Pellipar House by
the special permission of Captain R. A. Ogilby, D.L. While
there are many natural attractions throughout the grounds
and the surroundings of Pellipar House, the very fine collection
of pictures in the house are of the most interest and value.
They are distributed through the several elegant apartments
with great care and judgment. The walls of the billiard-room
are decorated with a choice collection of engravings. There
are over one hundred examples in oil, comprising works of the
chief Italian schools, the Dutch, and Spanish, as well as some
English masters. There are some works attributed to Titian
and Tintoretto amongst the Venetians, Marratti and others of
the Carracci school, and some minor representatives of Italian
art. The Dutch are represented by Brenghal, Vandervende,
Vanderkeef, &c. Two works are attributed to the great
master of the Nuremberg school, Albrecht Durer, and there is
a very important Morillo, giving a good idea of that Spanish

1899-1900. | 537

master, who excelled in painting angels and children. Of
English works perhaps the best are a fine landscape by Clover
and a marine piece of G. Morland.

From Pellipar the party went on to the old church of
Dungiven. On entering the graveyard there is a good example
of the bullaun, which is here venerated as a holy font or well,
and the surrounding bushes are liberally decorated with votive
offerings in the shape of rags, strings, and coloured pieces of
cloth.

The church is supposed to have been founded by one of the
chiefs of the O’Cathans about a.p. 1100. The principal feature
now in the old building is the tomb of Coo-eya-gall, whose
death is recorded thus a.p. 1385 :—‘‘ Cumiaghe O’Kane, Lord
of Oireacht-ui-Cathain. Died at the pinnacle of wealth and
celebrity.” The monument therefore cannot be older than
the latter part of the 14th century. Its restoration some few
years ago has detracted from its interest, as all the figures on
the base of the monument are recut to imitate the old work.
Below the site of the old church, and at the side of the River
Roe as it tumbles down from Benady Glen, there is a rock with
the apparent impression of a foot, attributed to St. Patrick, and
therefore it has become an object of veneration. Surrounded
as it is by most picturesque scenery, no better spot could be
selected for the exercise of devotional feelings and the worship
of the God of nature.

Returning from the venerable and venerated ruins of
Dungiven old church, a glance at the standing stone, and a
hurried visit to St. Patrick’s Well completed the events of the
day before catching the evening’s train back to Limavady and
the homely car of Mr. Sloane.

On Thursday morning the members of the Field Club
started by train from Limavady for Dungiven, where they were
received by Dr. Moore and others as cordially as on the
morning of the day before. They at once proceeded to the
residence of the Rey. S. Thomson, where that gentleman’s
very fine collection of geolegical specimens were arranged for

538 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

inspection. As a local collection they are of the greatest
interest, and very fully illustrate the fossil contents of the rocks
in the locality. They are chiefly of the Cretaceous or chalk
formation, of which the section on the slope of Benbradagh,
over the town of Dungiven, is the most western escarpment in
Europe, and represents a formation that occurs in a more or
less continuous band from thence through Europe into
Palestine. The quarries on Benbradagh are the most fossili-
ferous chalk rocks we have in the North, and the variety of the
species is very remarkable. On this point, however, the
number of species of fossils or plants credited to any locality
depends very much on the zeal and skill of the collector,
qualities that distinguish Mr. Thomson, and hence his collection
is as remarkable for the number and variety of the species as
for the great number of individual specimens of some species.
The Sponges, Echinodermata and Cephalapoda are exceedingly
abundant, and many of the less known forms elsewhere are
numerous here.

Mr. Thomson was good enough to accompany the party up
to the quarries on Benbradagh, where a considerable number
of specimens were collected. In ascending the hill from the
plain below the Carboniferous Triassic and Cretaceous rocks
were traversed, and all were capped as at Cave Hill, with the
Basaltic rocks. A walk of about a mile on the crest of the hill
enabled the party to reach, by a gradual slope, the highest
point of the mountain 1,536 feet high.

From this point there is a most extensive view, and as the
atmospheric conditions were most favourable every feature of
the grand panorama was distinctly visible, Errigal and Muckish
in the North-West of Donegal, Knocklayd and Sleamish in
Antrim, the Mull of Cantyre, and the mountains of Down and
Tyrone ; while the wide stretch of country between, with
towns, hamlets, mansions, and farms, looked like a carpet of
green and an unbroken flat. The details of ridges and hollows,
hills and valleys, were all subdued in consequence of the
superior elevation of the point of observation.

1899-1900. | 539

This was the grandest view enjoyed during the trip, and
very appropriately terminated the Naturalists’ meeting at
Dungiven, a locality well worthy the attention of tourists in
general.

12 August.
Lt OVO mW...

Lough Neagh is an expansion of the River Bann, and
occupies a remarkable depression in the great northern basaltic
area of Ireland at the level of about eighty feet above the level
of the sea. The lake and the Lower Bann, that drain it, thus
cut the basaltic area into two distinct regions, now known as
the County Antrim and the County Derry portions, which in
ancient times were known as the Dalriadic principality, on the
right hand of the river; and the Great Fir-Li, of the Hy-Nialls,
on the left. The portions of the districts fringing the river
were in early times thickly wooded, and, the river being the
dividing line, was the scene of the main battles between the
neighbouring chiefs, and many a renowned Irish warrior fell by
the banks of the Bann, particularly at the fords, of which there
were several between Lough Neagh and the sea, or “ Inver
Glais,” where the wave of Tuagh was heard.

Of the many fords on the Bann none were more renowned
than ‘Fearsat Tuama,” the ford of the tumulus, so called no
doubt because in early times there existed in the locality a
mound or tumulus, marking the spot where some chief was
buried, and it is from this circumstance that the place is still
called Toome.

It is very frequently mentioned in the ancient annals of
Ireland. For example, the Four Masters state at a.p. 1181—
“The men of Moy, Ithe, together with Eachmareach, O’Cathain,
and the Cinel-Binnigh of the Valley, mustered an army and
crossed Toome. They plundered all the territories of Hy
Tuirtre and Fir-Li, and carried off many thousands of cows.”

540 (Proc, BEN F.C,,

Sixteen years after this event Sir John De Courcy came north,
plundering and desolating the country. He erected a castle at
Kilsanctan, by the Ford of Eas-Craiobhe, or the Salmon Leap,
near Coleraine, and his followers built a similar castle at
Fearsat Tuama, the foundations of which are still traceable in
the garden of Toome House, the residence of Mr. James Grant,
J.P. Untortunately there are no remains now above ground ;
the gateway and other portions that remained longest were
entirely removed during the drainage operations carried out by
the Board of Works.

During these operations several thousand flint and stone
implements were taken from the Bann, as well as many forms
of bronze weapons, shields, swords, spears, &c. The abundance
of flint implements was most remarkable, and, with the variety
of the other forms of antiquarian objects collected here, go to
prove the ancient importance of this station and the many
stirring events that occurred around it. The supply of
antiquarian objects is not yet exhausted, for the members of
the Field Club party collected worked flakes. A typical set of
the worked flakes from Toome and eighteen or twenty other
stations have been recently acquired by the City Museum
Committee.

After his chat about the history and importance of Toome
Ford, the conductor directed attention to the timber structures
constituting the Toome Fishery Station, and, being constructed
on piles and wattle work in the centre of the river, illustrated
in a most effective manner the primitive lake dwellings of
Switzerland and other countries, which were built with open
timber framework, and not as solid accumulations in the water,
like the crannoges or lake dwellings of Ireland.

Leaving the Castle, Fishery, and Temple of Liberty behind,
the party were conducted by Mr. Grant over his Kieselguhr
Works near the hotel. The well-known Bann Clay is now
known in commerce as Kieselguhr, and is used for a great
variety of economical purposes, chiefly through the practical
skill and enterprise of the Messrs. Grant, of Toome. The

1899-1900. | 541

conductor gave a description of the clay at the works, from
which we learn that this very fine, pure white clay occurs in
large quantities on both banks of the Bann for several miles
along its course, and for a considerable distance inland over the
flat country around Toome. The thickness of the deposit
varies from two to six feet thick. The clay is a pure silicate of
alumina, the average analysis being as follows :—

Silica bts ne el ep aepericent.
Alumina aa ek doi Gus eiw cs
Ironjoxide xs. Sor Fo BAS ola
Lime wr Moan Sei OPTS eh ahi
Water and organic matter... 5 SPP E SHG te 33

Its specific gravity is about 0°5422, so that when dry it will
float on water like peat. It is a non-conductor of heat and
sound, and may be made into bricks which will float in water.
It is used in the manufacture of dynamite and polishing
preparations, and for a variety of purposes on board ship and
public structures, where its extreme lightness, fireproof,
deafening, and non-conducting properties renders it so valuable.
It is prepared by Messrs. Grant in various conditions, but
chiefly in bags of pure white powder of the very finest texture.
Although so very highly silicious, it is of a vegetable and not
of a mineral origin ; it is in fact made up of the silicious cases
of extremely minute single-celled plants, such as are at present
lying in and around the Bann. The plant organisms are
known as diatoms, the most abundant, indestructible, varied,
and beautiful forms known in the organic world. <A cubicinch
of the earth would probably contain 70 million separate
organisms.

The Club party congratulated Messrs. Grant upon the result
of their labour, and very heartily wished them all the ultimate
success their manifest skill and enterprise so clearly merits.

A number of well-appointed boats were now provided, and,
after a most enjoyable row of an hour on the brilliant water of
the Bann, all were safely landed on Church Island, where the
church, holy well, bullaun, and many other attractions of the

542 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

islands were fully explored, and the return journey was as
pleasantly accomplished, the interval being fully filled up by
the discussion of many interesting subjects of natural history
suggested by the surroundings, and practically illustrated by
the local knowledge of the boatmen in charge, who freely
accepted the naturalists’ view on most matters of detail, but
would not admit that eels had scales, although the Naturalists
gave a microscopical demonstration of the fact.

The eel-fishing is one of the most important of the local
industries at Toome, where eels are taken by the ton during
the season, and are sent on by rail to the various markets,
chiefly in England.

The district is one of the very best for the Naturalist in
search of freshwater mollusca. On this occasion some fifteen
species were collected, including thescavenging Limunea stagnalis
and palustris. Some large forms of the bubble snail Physa
fontinalis were captured. Of the coil shells, Planordzs
marginatus was very abundant. This shell, so like the fossil
ammonite in form, has, like that family, the power of exuding
a coloured fluid under irritation.

The mud-loving Pzszdzum amnicum was plentiful about the
roots of plants in muddy bottoms.

On the shores of the river and at Church Island the
beautiful amber shell Swccimea elegans was collected, with
several other land shells.

Many of these small and delicate shells are of very ancient
lineage, their family history extending back far beyond the
Norman or Roman or Celtic races, for they are recorded in
long past geological time. The very abundant occurrence of
dead shells in the Bann at Toome, between the county and
railway bridges, illustrates the origin of the Purbeck limestone
used for the decoration of our finest cathedrals and parish
churches. This limestone or marble is almost entirely com-
posed of the freshwater shell paludina. The district around
Toome is botanically rich, the constituents of its flora being
numerous and interesting, especially as regards aquatic and

1899-1900. | $43

sub-aquatic plants, sedges, and pondweeds. An exhaustive
collection could not be made in as many days as the party had
- hours at their disposal, and yet the botanical members secured
fine examples of the rare water starwort Calltricha autumnalis:
also the rare pondweed FPotomageton heterophyllus, a curious
attenuated form in good condition. Fine fruiting specimens of
Potomageton luceus were abundant, and quite a mass of Chara
aspera. At the northern end of Lough Beg such plants as
Potomageton perfoliata, Alisma ranunculoides, and Leonurus
europeus were everywhere. Ofland plants the most important
was Spergularia rubra, which in the North of Ireland may be
accounted decidedly rare. The submerged water plants were
found to be almost entirely encrusted with diatoms such as
make up the bulk of the Bann clay or kieselguhr.

After the investigations of the day under a broiling sun it
was an agreeable experience to reach the Duneane Rectory,
‘the residence of the Rev Mr. and Mrs. Fahy, who most
cordially welcomed and as hospitably entertained the almost
exhausted party of some sixty members, who, rested and
refreshed, were further entertained by a short address from
Mr. Fahy, giving a most interesting account of the parish and
its immediate surroundings, including its archeology and
natural history. Adam Speers, Esq., B.Sc., acted as chairman
of this formal meeting of the Club, which directed that a letter
of condolence be sent to Mr. W. J. Browne, M.A., on his
recent sad bereavement, so very deeply regretted by the Club,
and, after the transaction of some other formal business, a most
hearty vote of thanks was passed to Mrs. and Mr. Fahy, and
then the party returned to Toome to catch the last but much
too early train for Belfast at 5.7 p.m.

2 September.
BALLYNAHINCH.

The last field meeting of this Society for the year was held
at Ballynahinch, and was attended by a goodly number of

544 [ ProcB.N.F.C.,

members and friends. The first item of the programme was
an open country walk to Glassdrummond—the green ridge—
which is crowned by a good example of a cashel or stone fort.
This structure encloses an oval space measuring about 105 feet,
the enclosing wall being formed of small stones, loosely built,
with a maximum thickness of 10 feet and five or six feet high.
No doubt the wall was originally very much higher. There
are several similar cashels in Antrim and Down, and they may
be classed with those ancient cashels or stone forts so highly
developed on the Western Islands, off Galway, such as the very
fine example known as Dun A‘ngus, on the Island of Arran-
more. The ordinary earthen forts often have underground
chambers, or souterrains, connected with them ; the cashels
have similar chambers, but they are formed in the thickness of
the enclosing wall, and are entered by openings on the inner
face of the wall. No such chamber has been traced at Glass-
drummond ; if there ever was a chamber, it is now unrecognis-
able. It is satisfactory to note that the owner of the farm is
careful to preserve what remains of this cashel.

The party returned to Ballynahinch, noting natural and
artificial objects of interest along the way, including the way-
side grave of a person who fell during the contests of ’98.

The members obtained permission to enter the attractive
demesne of Montalto, which affords excellent opportunities for
the study of many branches of natural history. The largest
division of the party ascended to the fort of Edenvaddy—the
Dogs Hill. This is a good example of the ancient earthen fort;
it commands an extensive prospect, and was last used for
warlike purposes by the rebels of ’98 who fought at the battle
of Ballynahinch.

Returning to Ballynahinch, tea was provided in an acceptable
manner at Fitzpatrick’s Hotel, after which a formal meeting
was held, under the chairmanship of Mr. W. H. Patterson,
M.R.I.A. Among the business matters transacted was a vote
of thanks to the Rev. Patrick Quaile, whose extensive know-
ledge of the locality, very freely imparted, enhanced the

1899-1900. | 545

pleasure and profit of the afternoon’s ramble. A resolution
was also passed strongly in favour of inviting the British
_ Association to revisit Belfast at an early date, as it is now
twenty-five years since the last meeting, in 1874.

546 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

VOLT Fi Fede S51 Oe

AN'N: UAL ~-C’O NPV EGR'S AVZ 1 @aneie

maa N the ist November, the Annual Conversazione in
| connection with the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club,
Wea} was held in the Public Library and Art Eultery.
aigeh had been kindly placed at the disposal of the Club bv
the Library Committee of the Council of the County Borough
of Belfast. There was a very large attendance of the members
and their friends, and the proceedings throughout were of a
most enjoyable nature. From half-past six until eight o’clock
tea, coffee, and other light refreshments were provided in the
newsroom, on the ground floor. In the reading room on the
first floor there was a general exhibition of objects of interest,
chiefly connected with the members’ investigations during the
summer, the sections represented being geology, zoology,
botany, ethnology, and photography. The exhibitors included
Miss M. K. Andrews, Mrs. Patterson, LL.D.; Professor
' Symington, F.R.S.E.; Professor Johnson, Messrs. J. St. J.
Phillips; BE. ; F. J. Bigger, M-R.LA.; A. Speets, Bice
Welch, J. H. Davies, Alexander Milligan, W. Gray, M.R.I.A. ;
W. Swanston, F.G.S.; J. Donaldson, J. Wright, F.G.S.; J.
Lizars, R. May, J. Hamilton, Charles Bulla, R. Bell, ©. P:
Farran, -W. He Phillips, Alex. R.-Hogg, -W. J. Penwelr
M.R.I.A.; and H. L. Orr. The last named won the Club’s
prize for a collection of British land shells. Mr. J. H. Davies
exhibited freshly gathered mosses of different species, which
are to be found in fruit at this season, and the fructification of
these was examined with much interest under Mr. Gray’s
microscope. Mr. Davies had also on the table freshly collected
tufts of rare forms of grasses lately detected by him on old

1899-1900. | 547

walls at Lisburn. Mr. Robert Welch displayed a well-arranged
collection of land and fresh water shells and marine shells
' typical of the geological age known as the Jurassic. Rubbings
of armorial stones from County Antrim were shown by Mr.
Bigger, and Mr. Swanston exhibited some maps of ancient
Ireland from 1520 to 1709.

At nine o’clock an interesting optical lantern demonstration
was given, the various views being explained by Mr. Gray, Mr.
Fennell, and Mr. Phillips. The lantern was efficiently
manipulated by Mr. Hogg. The President of the Club, having
in a few well-chosen remarks referred to the work done by the
members during the past session, hoped their Winter Session
would be very successful.

Mr. Gray exhibited some excellent photographs of man-
eating lions from Uganda. These animals with others were
shot by Mr. J. H: Patterson, and Mrs. Patterson, LL.D., had
sent the heads and skins of two of these lions for exhibition at
the Conversazione.

The, arrangements in connection with the conversazione
were excellently carried out by the Honorary Secretaries,
Messrs. Wm. Gray, M.R.I.A., and W. D. Donnan, M.D.

13 November.

PROFESSOR HADDON, F.R.S.—‘ OUR PAPUAN
FELLOW-SUBJECTS AT WORK AND PLAY.”

Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A., occupied the chair. Professor
Haddon delivered a very interesting lecture on “ Our
Papuan Fellow-subjects at Work and Play,” which was a
descriptive account from personal observation of a stage of
culture such as no doubt prevailed in Ireland before the
introduction of Christianity. The lecturer dealt with the work
of men and women and the games of children, as well as the
physical features of the country, the towns and villages,
including Port Moresby, the capital of British New Guinea.

548 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

The manufacture of native pottery by women was very fully
illustrated. This is altogether hand-made without a wheel,
the result being very similar to the remains of ancient pottery
dug from Irish graves and sand dune settlements, such as we
have in our Grainger collection. The lecturer also illustrated
and described the making of native canoes from logs of wood,
dug out with stone implements and the action of fire, such as
was probably the origin of the dug-out boats in the Benn
collection of the Natural History Museum, Belfast.. Our
crannoges, or artificial islands, so common in Irish lakes, were
illustrated by the native pile dwellings that occur along the
coasts at Bulaa and elsewhere. The construction of these
villages was described 1n an interesting manner, and demon-
strated the correctness of the accepted theories as to the origin
of our ancient Irish crannoges. The process of making fire by
the friction of pieces of wood was shown, and the method of
tatooing as practised by the women. A number of games of
Motee children were illustrated, such as cat’s cradle, leapfrog,
tug of war, and several that have no British equivalents. The
natives of these distant islands attribute to supernatural agency
or to the mighty deeds of their legendary heroes all special
natural features in the landscape, such as rocks, mountains, &c.,
and the legends are carefully preserved and recited, as is
common in Ireland still in remote places. Native shrines were
shown, which are erected to secure success in fishing and
cultivation of crops of fruit. At these shrines native offerings
were typically represented, as, for example, a basket of fruit
was represented by a large shell holding a few stones, and, as
in Ireland, upright stones of memorial frequently occur. Mr.
Bigger, Chairman, Messrs. Wright, Gray, and Patterson
discussed the merits of the lecture, referring to its many
subjects of comparison with Irish customs in ancient times,
and, on the motion of Mr. Wright, F.G.S., a very cordial vote
of thanks was passed to Professor Haddon.

1899-1900. | 549

2I November.
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

I have selected the “ Work of the Club” as a suitable
subject to bring before you this evening.

Since I addressed you last year we have lost a prominent and
valued member of the Club, our late President, Mr. Lavens
Ewart, who was called away in the Spring of the year. He
took the greatest interest in our work, especially the archeology
and ancient church history of our country, and we shall greatly
miss his genial presence amongst us, and his ready sympathy
and help in the promotion of every good cause.

My object now is not to survey what has been done in the
past and report progress ; when the end of the century comes
next year we shall probably be flooded with reviews of the
work of this century of all kinds. I hope amongst them we
may have a history of the past work of the Club. My object
to-night is rather to look forward and survey some of the
ground which we hope the Club may be able to occupy in the
coming century. Not to criticise what has been done, but to
see how progress may be made, and how the various branches
of the work of the Club may be developed in new directions to
keep pace with the days in which we live.

The object of a Field Club is, I suppose, two-fold: —

Ist., to promote the study of Natural History among its
members by mutual assistance and encouragement, and also to
try to popularise these pursuits by gaining new disciples.

2nd., to work out in detail the Natural History of its own
district and place on record these observations, and in this way
add to the sum of general knowledge.

We have no reason to be ashamed of the record of our Club.
The oldest in Ireland it has lived to see the birth of similar
societies in Dublin, Cork, and Limerick. It has had among its
members some good Naturalists whose work is known beyond
our own district, and who have made permanent contributions

50 [ Proc; B.N:F.C.,

COL

to science. The Publications of our Club will compare
favourably with those of similar societies. The number of
members is large and well maintained year by year. While,
however, we have a large roll of members, the working
members form a very small percentage of the whole—smaller
I fear than was the case in earlier days, and is the case in
most other clubs. If we are to retain our reputation as a Club
and complete the survey and cataloguing of the fauna and
flora of the district every effort must be put forth to increase
the number of workers in each branch of our studies.

We must endeavour especially to attract young people and
imbue them with a real love of nature so that they may take
up and work with energy and zeal some particular branch. In
some persons the love of nature is innate, and will shew itself
in spite of any hindrances, while others seem born blind to any
sense of the world of beauty and interest without. In this
connection let me refer to a new departure in the conduct of
our meetings which may become a great means of usefulness.
I mean the “Science Gossip” half hour before the meetings.
Objects of interest, rare specimens, doubtful species can be
shown, names and questions asked, but especially new members
can then have the opportunity of becoming acquainted with
those who can assist them in the special branch in which they
are interested. I hope that this new departure may become
one of the most valued and useful functions of the Club. To
this end all must be unselfish, willing as the case may be to
teach or to be taught.

In comparing the programmes of our winter meetings with
those of kindred socities in England and elsewhere I am struck
with one point of difference. We have not in Belfast so many
short communications. Brief notes on some new species found
in the district and its exhibition or on some fact of interest
taking up five minutes each, several of which can be read as
well as the chief paper of the evening, are of use in adding to
the variety and bringing forward new members, The number
of our contributors is too small,

1899-1900. ] 551

When we compare the end of this century with the
beginning nothing is more remarkable than the specialisation
which has taken place in all branches of knowledge, and
nowhere more than in Natural Science. Science has extended
its bounds to such an extent that it is impossible for one mind
to cover all the ground. Life is too short. For this reason
men of science have of necessity become specialists, and the
lament is again and again being raised and not without reason
that the old race of Naturalists is passing away. Moreover
the great improvement in appliances has contributed to the
same result. The microscope has supplanted the pocket glass,
the Laboratory and the Herbarium, natures open fields, and
the “ Field Naturalist,” a ‘‘ Hcuse Naturalist.”

I am not railing against progress but only against some of
the evils which have accompanied it. The microscope, the
scalpel, the prism, have added immensely to our knowledge
and to the interest of every branch of Natural Science, and
where this goes hand in hand with field work, and the
specialist is careful to keep in touch with his fellow workers in
the field and in other subjects, all is well. But we cannot but
regret the passing away of the older type of Naturalist. Nay,
we cannot let him go, for there is no reason why he should
disappear altogether from the stage if in some necessary points
he were adapted and modified to suit the requirements of the
time.

The change I have described is acknowledged and deplored
by many of our best men, and they say that our hope lies in
the Field Clubs, and that the Field Clubs do a work in this
respect which is unique ; they alone can save the older type
from becoming extinct. Our Schools of Science at the
Universities and elsewhere are turning out a new race interested
in structure and physiology more than in systematic work.
Naturally our professorships are filled by the new men, and
unless our Field Clubs can gain recruits and train them in the
older traditions it is likely the divorce between morphologists
and systematists will become more pronounced as time goes on.

52 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Gs1

In these remarks I have had Botany chiefly in view, but they
will apply with more or less force to every branch of modern
science. Takeanexample. Compare 6 of our leading botanists
of to-day with 6 of the leaders of 50 years ago.

Robert Brown Vines

Henslow Scott

Hooker Bower

Charles Darwin Francis Darwin
Bentham Isaac Balfour
Babington Marshall Ward

I will venture to say that any of the older men could have
told you the names of most of the species of plants you would
meet with in a walk. They wereall round men. But I doubt
if any one of my 2nd list could do so. In their own departments
you would find each possessed of a more extensive knowledge
than the older men, but the field of each would be much more
limited.

Let me mention the names of three men whom we may take
as types of Field Naturalists of the old school, John Templeton,
William Thompson, and Robert Patterson. They were well
acquainted with Nature out of doors, but neither did they
neglect the literature of the subject, and their enthusiasm and
accuracy of their knowledge and powers of observation placed
them in the forefront of Irish Naturalists.

Templeton formed the scheme of embodying his encyclopzdic
knowledge of nature in a Natural History of his own country,
but the scheme was never carried out (much to our loss). Two
volumes of his Azbernian Flora in M.S. being all that remains
complete of his great enterprise.

Thompson intended to do the same for Zoology in his
Natural History of Ireland, but was only able to complete his
ard volume on the birds.

Whatever might have been possible then we shall never
again see the whole Natural History ofa country attempted by
one man, but there is a peculiar interest in the older books
which is not found in those of more modern type. Compare

1899-1900. } Bea

for instance Smith’s Huglish Flora with Boswell’s Anglish
Botany, or Wilson’s Bryologia with Braithwaite’s Moss Flora,
or Hookers’ Jungermannie with Pearson’s British Hepatice.
The modern works are more complete in detail and minute,
but not half so interesting or lifelike. They smell of the lamp
and the microscope, not of the fields.

I hope what I have said will not be misunderstood. It is
inevitable in these days that there should be specialists, both
among amateurs and professional naturalists.

Anyone who wants to do any real work of permanent value
must specialise to some extent and make himself master of some
limited portion of the field, but this may be done, and has been
done, along with a good general and practical knowledge of
other subjects besides his own.

One department of Science is correlated with another in the
most extraordinary way as we are finding out more and more
everyday. It is only when the specialist forgets this and busies
himself in his own subject, excluding other interests, that his
work suffers, and he himself suffers from his limited view,
While for some reason which I cannot quite explain we gain
more instruction and learn more about the life of the woods
and the fields of lake and river and sea from the best of the
older books, no age except the present could have produced
such books as Kerners’ Plant Life. Although a specialist of no
mean order Kerner von Marilaun has devoted many years to
the noble task of popularising the history of the life of plants,
and without losing interest on the one hand or pandering to
popular taste or shallowness he has produced a work artistic
instinct with life of entrancing interest. His sympathies are so
wide, his illustrations drawn from every source, he seems to feel
that the life of plants, connected as it is on every side with that
of other races of beings, is an expression of the thought of one
creative mind. He gives living interest to the most recondite
and abstruse discoveries of modern botany by showing how
every detail ministers to the life of the plant.

I will now sum up before passing on to speak of our work in

554 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

the district. If we want to accomplish our true work as a
Field Naturalists Club we must have more workers who will
take up definite subjects.

Let us not be dilletanti, taking a general interest in every
branch, but knowing none accurately, too indolent to take the
trouble and use the patience and application necessary to make
up one subject thoroughly ; nothing can be acquired in this
world that is worth having without taking trouble. People
will attend lectures by the dozen and look at photos and
lantern slides by the hundred, but unless they take trouble and
work themselves they cannot learn anything thoroughly in
this way, but will only have acquired a miscellaneous smattering
of many things. What is learned easily is forgotten ; what
is learned with trouble and gradually becomes a treasure for
life.

I come now to the subject of our district. One of the most
important objects of a Field Club is to carry out a detailed
natural survey of the portion of country which forms its
district.

We may divide Ulster into three portions—North-EKast,
North-West, and Central. The N.E. Ulster, consisting of
Lendonderry, Antrim and Down, is our district. There should
be clubs at Derry and Enniskillen for the other districts, but
North and Central Ulster are left derelict, since there are, alas,
more counties in Ireland than Naturalists to work them. In
this case we in this club are ‘in a sense responsible for the
country beyond our own bounds, and efforts should be made
from time to time by some of our 330 members to make incur-
sions beyond our own bounds. These unworked districts
would yield, I am sure, valuable results—e.g., parts of Donegal,
Monaghan and Tyrone.

During the thirty-six years of our existence we have gone
up and down through the land, and there are now few places
of interest left which the Club has not explored. About 250
excursions have been made. Don’t let us imagine, however,
that the district is worked out. Far fromit. For one reason

1899-1900. | 55

Cn

or another, for the most part from difficulty of access the
following portions would still repay careful work :—

The Glens of Antrim—small portions here have been well
worked, but not the whole. Lough Neagh—lIts shores and
islands, and also its waters for the fauna. The ‘ County Down
Lake District,’ which lies N.W. of Ballynahinch, containing
seven loughs—Aghery, Erne, Henney, Derry, Ballykine,
and Bow Lough. A systematic survey of these, especially the
fauna and water plants, with a boat for dredging, might afford
good results ; and as regards marine fauna and flora, the same
remark will apply to Strangford, Carlingford, and Lough
Foyle. It would be easy to add to the list to show that there
is still work to be done before we can say that the district has
been worked out.

It is true that Club excursions have not been found to be
the best opportunities for work, but they are invaluable as
preliminary surveys of special districts when the best places
can be seen and marked down for future detailed work.

It adds greatly to the value of an excursion if some definite
object or objects can be placed on the programme to be carried
out, as has been done on some occasions. Search for some
special plant or shell or fossil which it is important to find
again. In this way there are some old records we ought to set
about investigating afresh. Carex Baxbaumi ought to be
searched for in other suitable parts of the extensive shores of
Lough Neagh, as it seems to be extinct on Harbour Island.
Special search might be made in fresh places among the
Silurian rocks of County Down for cate by which the
age of the beds are known.

Botanists have done more than either Aplaerisis or geologists
in publishing complete lists for separate localities. Why should
there not be complete lists worked out and published in our
Proceedings say of the birds in Tollymore Park, the shells of
Colin Glen, or as regards the rocks, papers complete in them-
selves on particular rocks or beds with the fossils found in them.

I shall now endeavour to give a brief account of how far our

556 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Club has succeeded in accomplishing its natural survey work in
cataloguing and comparing the Fauna and Flora and rocks of
its district.

The Club guide of 1874 gives an excellent summary of what
had been done in each subject up to that year.

In Geology the field had been fairly well covered. The
glacial question is receiving careful attention and it is hoped by
working out the whole subject anew, in localities such as our
own, and recording on a uniform plan the observations made,
we shall arrive some time at a clearer knowledge of the history
of the glacial period, and be able, for instance, to describe with-
out gainsay how Co. Down was so formed as to receive its
name of ‘‘County Up and Down.” I think there is room for a
Geology of N. E. Ireland—a handbook from which we might
learn the chief facts about our own rocks with complete lists of
the local fossils which had been found in each, or if this were
too ambitious, what I have already suggested, papers in our
Proceedings on some special rock or circumscribed natural area
or district.

The Government survey may be very good but it is incon-
venient and difficult of access. Why should there not be more
convenient and popular sketches? A farmer in my parish
asked me lately to tell him where such could be got and
especially a good geological map of Co. Down and I could only
refer him to the sheets of the government survey maps, which
are beyond his reach and prohibitive in price.

In Botany, the flowering plants and ferns have been worked
out and published with a fair approach to completeness, but
some of the critical groups remain incomplete, and there is
plenty of work, and hard work, still to be done at the Brambles
and Roses, Willow herbs, Chenopods, Docks, Willows, Pond-
weeds, and Grasses. The mosses have been fairly well worked
out but not so the Hepatic. There is a list of fungi in our
Proceedings but the group is so immense that it might be
greatly enlarged, but there is none of Algae, marine or fresh
water, or of lichens, which is not creditable’ to our Club.

1899-1900. | 557

Materials exist to form a foundation and these at least should
be worked up.

Turning now to the subject of Zoology little has been done
in the way of publication since the issue of Thompson’s Natu-
ral History of Ireland in 1856. I hope we may see some day,
a list, worked up to date, of the land and fresh water shells.

In Entomology we have come far short. It has never been
a popular subject in the North of Ireland, and beyond two
papers on Beetles and Lepidoptera I do not think that any
others have appeared in our Proceedings.

As an example of the need of working up and placing upon
record the productions of our own district let me give an
illustration. The sponges are a well defined and exceedingly
interesting group. There are a few fresh water species, while
most are marine. Attention has lately been drawn to the
group and several new fresh water species discovered in streams
in the South West turn out to be not only new to our fauna
but to be American species,-—another of those interesting Irish
links of connection with the far West. Our Ulster streams
should be carefully scanned for these. I have noticed fresh
water sponges in abundance making beautiful sage green
patterns on the bottom of sunlit pools in the Lagan and in
streams near Saintfield but have not had opportunities to have
them examined. The eggs containing the beautiful spicules
require examination in winter to find out the species.

It will not be denied that a good novel by some master of
the story telling art is of more general interest than some book
of reference—a dictionary or book of statistics like Whittaker
or the Army List. The interest of the novel lies in its con-
nected and detailed delineation of character or in the gradual
development of an interesting plot. Turning from literature
to science we need more Life histories than dictionaries, more
monographs of single species or individuals than monographs
of groups or classes.

Good work—work which will repay the student himself and
be of real use in the advance of science—may be done zz

558 [Prot. BNDE.C,,

working out life histories of plants or animals—work which
cannot be done in the open air. This is work which lies
within the reach of each one. All that it requires is first,
choice of a suitable subject, then, patience and good powers of
observation and recording.

Many people who take up some branch of science seem to
think that the one object of their study is to collect and
especially to collect something which no one else has got—
whereas the true object of our favourite pursuits is not to
amass rare specimens but knowledge—to understand something
of the varied and prolific life with which the world teems, its
origin and modes of development and meaning.

I mean by the study of life histories taking one species and
directing upon it all the powers of investigation which have
been improved in these times to such a wonderful extent, and
having turned the search-light on the plant or insect as the
case may be and examined and re-examined it under every
aspect of light and shade, day and night, summer and winter
youth and old age, to record its habits with care and accuracy,
all that has been learned about it. Its birth, youth, maturity,
decay, morphology, anatomy. Howit is made, lives and works ;
what its place in the world.

Work of this kind requires not to be’ done for rare species,
but for the commonest and most familiar. In this interesting
work of compiling life histories and recording habits, which no
doubt require time which some cannot afford but which I am
certain will repay the observer well, the camera may be made
to play a most useful part—witness Kearton’s beautiful works,
Wild Nature with a Camera and others.

Photography might be used I think to illustrate the seeds of
plants. Mr. Clement Reid, in his work on the Origin of the
British Flora, complains and justly that there are not collec-
tions of seeds in our museums available for comparison. I
imagine a set of photographs of seeds would be valuable. A
similar set of the nuts or seed vessels of the sedges would be of
the greatest use.

1899-1000. | 559

Take up some definite object of study and try to illustrate it
with completeness and care, and do not dissipate time and
energy in the search for pretty things which have no connection
or teaching when isolated and dragged out of their environment.

I had hoped to touch on economic botany in connection with
our new National Board of Agriculture, and the fine cases now
being accumulated in Dublin in illustration of this subject, and
the need of having something of the same kind in Belfast.
Of the need of a library of reference of works of Natural
Science, and also of collections of mosses, Lichens, Fungi and
Algae and other groups, which would be available for study
and comparison to the members of our club. They may come
I hope in time.

My object has been not to criticise methods of working, for
our Club stands in some ways at a disadvantage in not
possessing like other Societies of the kind a building and
appliances of its own, but to suggest ways and directions in
which progress might be made.

Let us keep before us the true objects for which our club was
founded and remembering the traditions of the past endeavour
to extend its work and usefulness in the coming century,
Without boastfulness it may be truly said that it has always
been a centre of progress and education in Belfast in all that
relates to the love of nature and the pursuit of those human-
izing and elevating studies which lead us to wonder ever more
and more at the beauty which is so lavishly spread around in
things great and small, at the wisdom and power and patience
of which they are the expression and embodiment.

May we seek in our communion with nature to be always
learning at her feet and to drink in of her spirit, her infinite
patience and calmness, to soothe the impatience and restlessness
of ours, her impassiveness and strength to give us firmness and
power, her prodigality and kindness to give generousness to
ours, her beauty so touching and widespread kindling into
flame the admiration and wonder of our spirits to ennoble and
refine them.

560 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

Igth December.

MR. ADAM SPEERS, B.Sc.—‘ THE ORIGIN OF
CAVERNS IN LIMESTONE DISTRICTS.”

Mr. SpeErRs very fully described the various forms of caves,
and demonstrated by a successful chemical experiment the solu
bility of limestone in water charged with carbon dioxide. The
extensive deposits of limestone in Ireland and elsewhere are
acted upon in this manner. Thinly bedded rocks fall down
when they are thus undermined, but when the beds are very
massive they remain undisturbed, while the percolating waters
form great hollow spaces or caverns below, because the surface
rain waters percolating through the decaying vegetable matter
obtain a full charge of carbonic acid which dissolves the lime-
stone and forms channels for underground rivers, which, in the
course of ages, result in the formation of the caverns so very
common in all limestone districts, caverns which contain great
chambers decorated with fantastic groups of pendant stalactites
and stalagmites, built up on the floors by the evaporation of
lime-iaden waters. As an example Mr. Speers described the
great mammoth caves of Kentucky which he had visited, and
which are found to consist of a series of chambers on five
different levels connected by miles of avenues through which
the visitor is taken by the guides. There are in this cave 223
avenues, 150 miles of which have been explored. ‘There are
47 domes, one being 300 feet high ; 23 pits, one 175 feet deep ;
eight cataracts, three rivers, two lakes, and one sea ‘The space
worked out of the limestone by the solvent and mechanical
action of water amounts to twelve million cubic yards. To
accomplish this work a vast period of time was required.

Mr. Speers, taking his hearers from point to point in this
wonderful subterranean region, illustrated each by limelight

1899-1900. | 561

views, which, with his own description and particulars from
personal observation, conveyed a most realistic impression of
the whole. In closing his address Mr. Speers referred to the
anthropological value of caves, which in pre-historic times were
the resort of early mankind, and referred in detail to some
special examples,

Mr. Welch and Mr. Hogg exhibited some very excellent lan-
tern views of caverns in many parts of central Ireland, and Mr.
Gray exhibited and described views of caverns that cccur in the
several geological formations of the County Antrim, mainly,
however such as were formed by marine denudation. Referring
to some along the north coast, where the earliest settlements
of ancient man occur, Mr. Gray suggested that probably a sys-
tematic exploration of certain examples would lead to the dis-
covery of the remains of ancient man with the animals with
which he was associated in very remote prehistoric times.

SCIENCE GOSSIP HALF HOUR.

For half an hour before the lecture there was an exhibition
and discussion on land and fresh water shells, of which a large
number were exhibited by Messrs. H. L. Orr, R. Welch, W.
Swanston, W. Gray, and Mr. R. Standen, of Manchester. Mr,
R. Welch read a short paper on the rare form of Helix nemo-
valis, found at Bundoran, where the normal form is made into
necklaces and sold to visitors. Necklaces of this form are sur-
vivals of the prehistoric forms found in ancient Irish graves.
Scalariform and reversed specimens occur at Bundoran, as
well as a curious heavy variety, all being of great interest to
naturalists, and furnished a topic for an animated discussion.
Mr. R. Standen, of Manchester Field Club, sent for exhibition
a series of English and Irish Amber shells, and Mr. Orr exhibi-
ted a very curious malformation of Clausidla bidentata, which
had two mouths, and the members present exhibited over Ioo
specimens of reversed shells of Helix nemorals.

562 [ Proc. B.N-F.C;,

16th Fanuary.

MR. WILLIAM J. FENNELL, M.R.1A.I.—‘ INNIS
CLOTHRAN AND ITS TEAMPULS.”

The lecturer described the approaches to the island and the
picturesque beauties of the lake and river scenery. He
observed that the island is situated at the north end of the
Lough Ree, about twelve miles from Athlone, and it contains
no less than six churches—First, the diminutive church of
Saint Diarmid, who founded it in the year 540; second, the
great monastic church of Teampul More; third, the Chancel
Church,fcurth, the Church of the Dead:;.” fifth, the church
of Saint Mary ; and sixth, the Teampul Clogas; and pointed
out in detail all the interesting architectural features, and
through the ruins, traced the progressive march of time from
the sixth to the fifteenth century. The early crosses were fully
described, and much interest was given to one, dating from the
sixth century, owing to an additional importance which has
since become attached to it, owing to its reproduction on the
great boulder which now covers the traditional grave of St.
Patrick at Downpatrick. Owing to the ruinous condition of
the building by which this cross was found, it was considered
advisable to half bury it with its face downward, as being the
safest way of preserving it—a fact that speaks volumes for the
care that is bestowed on ancient buildings. An important
point resulting from the recent investigations on the island, by
members of our Field Club, is the correction of several errors
which were fallen into by O’Donovan and Petrie regarding the
age of the Tower of Clogas and the subdivision of Teampul
More. The Island of Inisclothran is intimately connected with
the life of Queen Maeva, who was lIreland’s Boadicea, and who
in the fourth century governed “‘ Connacht ”’ for eighty years,
and who strangely met her death at Inisclothran by the hand
of an Ulster rival. |

1899-1900. | 563

The paper was illustrated by limelight views of plans, sketches,
measured drawings, and photographs, made by Mr. Fennell,
- and those who accompanied him to the island.

16th February.

R. LLOYD PRAEGER, B.A., M.R.I.A.—‘ BOTANIZING
IN THE CENTRE AND WEST OF IRELAND.”

The lecturer said that, owing to its position as the most
westerly portion of the Continent of Europe, Ireland was of
peculiar interest to the student of botanical and zoological ©
geography. Here, on the extreme edge of the Continent, we
might expect to find vestiges of the plants and animals that had
gone before, pushed out to the very verge of the ocean by
stronger species spreading from the great Eurasian land area.
Likewise, the absence from Ireland of plants might help us to
discover which species were the most recent comers into
Western Europe, not having yet spread into this remotest
corner. The flora of Ireland was found to contain several
well-marked groups of plants of widely different origin. By far
the most interesting of these groups were found along the
western coasts. Here grew, ofttimes in abundance, a number
of plants which elsewhere in Europe were to be found only in
the Pyrenean area. With these were others belonging to the
North American flora, the more characteristic of these being
completely absent from the whole European Continent. How
and when these plants came to Ireland is a very difficult question,
but there can be little doubt that they represent the very
oldest element in our flora, and migrated to this country overa
former land surface when the distribution of sea and land along
the western edge of Europe was very different from what it is
now. The present distribution of plants in Ireland was
profoundly influenced by soils, and, according as the prevailing
rocks were limestone or non-calcareous, a large number of

564 [Proc. B.N.F.C.,

species were often present in or absent froma district. Ireland
could be divided into several botanical districts, the features of
which he would next describe. Of the north-eastern district—
Antrim, Down, and Derry—he need not speak, as it was well
known to the members of this Club. South of this area
stretched the central plain of Ireland, a great tract of low-lying
limestone, extending from Dublin to Galway, and from the
Cavan uplands south to the mountain wall of the Galtees. This
was a land of vast bogs, of marshes, and pasturage, with low,
cultivated ridges, and in certain districts extensive lakes.
Lantern slides were shown illustrating the features of the central
plain, and specimens were exhibited of its characteristic plants.
The south-east likewise forméd a tolerably distinct area,
characterised by the great granite chain of Leimster, and by a
calcifuge or lime-avoiding flora. The southern and western
coasts of Ireland formed the most interesting botanical district
in Ireland, for here were gathered together those Pyrenean and
American plants of which he had spoken. It was pointed out
how the west coast naturally divided itself into five sub-districts,
according to the prevalence of calcareous or non-calcareous
rocks, and the physical and botanical characteristics were
demonstrated by lantern slides and specimens.

Turning now to the subject of botanical research in Ireland,
a brief sketch was given of the history of lrish botany, from the
time when Caleb Threlkeld compiled the first Irish flora in
1726 down to the present day. The most recent work, the
second edition of ‘‘ Cybele Hibernica,” divided the country into
twelve districts, and showed the distribution of each plant
according to this scheme. A much more accurate knowledge
of plant-distribution was, however, requisite for the purposes of
the phytogeographer. Maps were shown illustrating how H. C.
Watson had sub-divided England, Scotland, and Wales, into
112 divisions, and how, on similar lines, the lecturer had sub-
divided Ireland into 40 divisions. What was wanted then to
render our knowledge of Irish plant-distribution complete was
full lists of the plants growing in each of these 40 divisions,

1899-1900. | 565

To this task the lecturer had applied himself four years ago
The flora of ten or twelve divisions had then been, or was
‘being, thoroughly worked out. The plants of spring, summer,
and autumn had to be listed in each division, and every kind of
ground had to be explored—woods, bogs, mountains, lakes,
marshes, sea shores, cultivated ground. In the four summers
during which the lecturer had devoted his holidays to the work
of exploration about 4,000 miles of country had been traversed
on foot, and about 50,000 plant records had been got together.
The county lists were assuming a tolerable completeness, and
when in another twelve-month or more, the ‘ Topographical
Botany of Ireland” was published, it was hoped that at least
500 species would be on record from each of the 40 divisions,
In conclusion, the lecturer appealed to the members of that
Club to assist his work. Any definite record of any plant from
any county would be of use. He also complimented the
botanical members on the work they had already done.

During the discussion that followed it was suggested that the
County Borough Council should be asked to restore and
complete the botanical collection that formerly existed in what
is now known as the Botanic Park, and also to provide an
aquarium, both objects being of great value from a technical
education point of view, and, with the assistance of the members
of the Club, could be established and maintained at very little
cost. Mr. Gray, Hon. Sec., subsequently communicated with the
City Council and conveyed the above suggestion. He had a
reply stating that the City Council had no funds to expend for
such a purpose.

566 [Proc, B,N.F,C,

20th March.

MISS S. M. THOMPSON.—‘ON THE SUPPOSED
OCCURRENCE OF A PATCH OF WHITE LIAS
OR RHAETIC ROCK ON THE SHORE N. OF
MACEDON POINT, BELFAST LOUGH.”

In the spring storms of some five years ago, a patch of grey
rock, unlike any other rock occurring on the shore, was exposed
about a hundred yards to the north of Macedon Point, which
had previously been completely concealed by a deep covering
of sand and shingle. Its unfamiliarity attracted my attention
and I subsequently showed it to Professor Cole when visiting
at Macedon, and he at once pointed out its resemblance to the
so-called “oolite’”’ found at Waterloo near Larne. The patch
of rock occurs close to the sea-wall of Macedon, and lies between
two of the basaltic dykes which occur so abundantly on this
shore; the sedimentary rock is seamed and interlaced with
intrusive veins of the basalt which have hardened and altered
it. I have placed some specimens of the Macedon rock upon
the table as well as some from Waterloo, when the great
similarity in appearance will be immediately noticed ; also some
specimens with basaltic veins which interestingly demonstrate
the probability that these enclosing dykes have preserved the
patch from denudation by the sea, which covers it completely
at high tide. The length of the patch is about 60 yards.

I subsequently submitted some specimens of the rock to Mr.
M‘Henry of the Geological Survey of Ireland, who replied as

follows :—
‘“‘T have received your specimen. Certainly it looks to me

‘exactly similar to the Waterloo Rhaetic rock. It is very
‘interesting to get representatives of the Rhaetic beds at
‘‘ Macedon, and if this be so it is doubtful indeed if the new
“Red Sandstone Rocks there belong to the Bunter division !
‘‘T have made a note of this on our 6 inch map and shall draw
“Sir Archibald Geikie’s attention to the fact when next he
“comes to Ireland,”

1899-1900. ] 864

Although the Geological Survey did map this part of the
shore as belonging to the Bunter division, the Geological
‘members of our Club have always considered that the beds
extending from Lismara bathing-house southward past Macedon
Point are undoubtedly the Keuper marls. Mr. Swanston
informs me that a bed with fine pseudo-morphs of salt crystals
formerly existed south of the Point, and even now fragments
of this bed occur upon the shore, although it has been
considerably denuded by the waves.

This difference of opinion as to which division of the Trias
may claim the foreshore at Macedon Point may probably be
explained by the changes that have taken place since the
Survey maps were made. Some of my audience may remember
a short paper (') on the remarkable changes in its aspect that
have occurred during the last thirty years, the great expanse of
sand which completely masked the underlying rocks having
disappeared, leaving a wave-swept expanse of red marls south of
the disturbed and tilted sandstones at Lismara. Overlying
these red marls were beds of grey-green “ freestone’”’ which
were daily removed by the steady carrying-away of sacks of
their fragments by many men and women during a long period
of years. These fragments were sold in Belfast for scouring
tables and doorsteps, but when all the grey beds were removed,
the industry ceased, no use being made of the red beds.

I think this carrying away of the grey beds is worthy of
especial notice, as bearing on the probability that this little
patch of rock (accidentally preserved by the dykes which
enclose it, and equally accidentally exposed by sudden storms)
is really the last remnant of this bed, and an outlier of the
Rhaetic series so finely represented at Waterloo, at Colin Glen,
and on the Cave Hill, which have been rendered classical by
Professor Ralph Tate’s papers on “ The Liassic strata of the
neighbourhood of Belfast (?) and The Lower Lias of the N.E. of

1 & A Bit of Foreshore’’ by Miss Sydney M. Thompson, Proc. Belfast Naturalists’
Field Club. Ser. II., Vol. IV., Part Il., 1894-95 p. 210.

2 Quart, Journ., Geol. Soc., London. Vol, XX. (1864) p. 103.

568 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

Ireland, (*) read before the Geological Society in 1863 and 1867
in which he declares the Waterloo section is the key to the
reading of the Liassic strata in Ireland, although the greatest
development occurs in Colin Glen, which is also referred to by
Gen. Portlock (*). It is interesting to recall that Prof. Tate
commenced his paper by pointing out that Gen. Portlock in
1843 first directed attention to certain beds linking the Triassic
and Liassic formations. He describes these beds as resting
directly on the Keuper marls, the upper or white Lias overlying
the Avicula Contorta section. In the white Lias section of the
Cave Hill, which is now much obliterated, he records the
occurrence of z2durated marls exhibiting an oolite structure,
which disappears 6 feet from the dyke, this bed contained no
fossils. Surely the patch at Macedon Point may, without any
inherent improbability, be supposed to represent this white
Lias ; we have in it the oolite structure, most marked in the
immediate vicinity of the dyke and also much indurated. The
base of the patch at Macedon is not visible, but the Keuper
marls occur close by on the shore. Prof. Tate mentions that
in the Waterloo beds there is no line of demarcation between
the white Lias and the Avicula Centorta beds, several beds in
the series presenting grey marls with disseminated calcareous
particles, presenting an oolitic or even pisolitic structure. I[
have unfortunately not had an opportunity of examining
whether any dykes occur in the Waterloo beds ; in the Cave
Hill section, and the supposed Rhaetic patch at Macedon, this
structure occurs close to the mass of the dyke.

In conclusion I may mention that the patch occurs close to
the battery of stones which protects the sea-wall, commencing
from the north side of the most northerly extension towards
high water of the well known cross dykes, extends to a
short dyke also close to the sea-wall, and extends seaward along
the cross dykes. It may be also seen in indurated patches along
the margin of the dykes south of the point, many hundreds of

3 Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc., London. Vol. XXIII. (1867) p. 297.
* Report on the Geology of Londonderry (1843) pp. 49, 56, 107.

1899-1900. | 569

yards distant from the patch. These scattered remnants seem
to me to suggest a bed covering the entire foreshore, of which
‘only the indurated portions have survived. The mass of basalt
called Macedon Point rests upon grey marls, which have been
so much undercut by the sea, that I was unable to obtain a
satisfactory specimen. The “oolitic” patch is completely
covered by sand at present, but very little trouble would clear
it for inspection, as was done a couple of years ago when some
Geological members of the Club visited Macedon. I hope that
the Geological Survey when revising the County Antrim maps
may consider this little patch of rock carefully, and recognize
the accuracy of the Club’s judgment in relegating Macedon
foreshore to the Keuper division of the Trias.

PROCEEDINGS—1900-1901,

ANNUAL MEETING 24TH APRIL, Igor.

The annual meeting of the Society was held in the
Museum, College Square—Mr. F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A., in the
chair. Mr. W. Gray. M.R.I.A. (Hon. Secretary), read the
Committee’s annual report as follows :—

‘- Your Committee beg to submit the following report of the
proceedings for the Club’s Thirty-Eighth Year, 1900-190: :—

The programme arranged at the first Committee Meeting
for the year has been fully carried out. The attendance at the
several Field Meetings was equal to the average of former
years.

The joint meeting with the members of the Dublin Field
Club was very much appreciated by all the members who
attended.

$70 [Proc, B.N.F.C.

The following are the Field Meetings held during the
summer session. Special reports of each are attached.
FIELD MEETINGS SUMMER SESSION.

Saintfied .. x ‘ie 12 May.
Carrickfergus oe re 2 June.

Tullymore Park sf a 23 June.

Navan ve ays a 11, 12, and 13 July.
Glenavy ota Se a 4 August.
Greyabbey .. : : 8 September.

The Winter Seciln was speed on the 7th November by
a very successful conversazione, held in the Public Library, by
the kind permission of the Library Committee of the City
Council.

During the Winter Session six formal meetings were held
and were fairly attended by members and their friends.

The half-hour Science Gossip held before the formal meet-
ings proved an advantage to many members, as it affords
facilities for informal conversation upon Natural History subjects,
and objects brought for examination and discussion, an oppor-
tunity that might be more generally made use of.

The following communications were brought before the
members during the session :—

1900—
27 Nov., ‘‘Irish Ecclesiastical Architecture’’—F. J. Bigger, M.R.I1.A.,
President.
19 Dec., ‘‘ Where the Masters Wrote’’—W. J. Fennell, M.R.I.A.I.
‘« Symbolic Ideas of the Ancients concerning Trees and Plants ’’—John
Vinycomb, M.R.I.A.
1901—
22 Jan., ‘Report of Delegate to the Conference of Corresponding

Societies at the Bradford oe of the British Association ’’
—William Gray, M.R.1.A
‘Notes on the Bradford Meeting of the British Association’’—W. J.
Fennell, M.R.I.A.
19 Feb., ‘‘ The Microscopical Minerals occurring in Sands ’’—H. J. Sey-
mour, B.A
‘*Some Notes on Sun Dials’’—The President, F. J. Biggar, M.R.I.A.

19 March,.‘‘ My Hobby about Ferns and its Results’’—The Vice-Presi-
dent, W. H. Phillips.

16 April, *‘A Recent Tour of the Roman Wall’’—A. Mc. J. Cleland.

1900-1901. | ye

The sub-committee appointed to report upon the advis-
ability of republishing the B.N.F.C. Guide, in anticipation of
- the coming meeting of the British Association in Belfast, sub-
mitted their report. The final arrangements with reference to
this matter are now in the hands of the Publishing Committee
of the Local General Committee for the reception and enter-
tainment of the British Association in Belfast.

Your delegate to the conference of Corresponding Societies
attended at Bradford, and reported during the Winter Session
as usual. He also attended as one of the deputation from
Belfast to invite the Association to visit Belfast in 1902. This
movement (originated by the Belfast Naturalists Field Club)
has been crowned with success, the Association having accepted
the invitation and will visit Belfast in the autumn of 1902.

The sub-committee appointed to report on the fauna of
Lough Neagh submitted their frst report, a summary of which
is attached.

The Botanical Section had a busy and successful year, as
will be seen by their report.

The Rev. C. H. Waddell, M.A., B.D., and Canon ere
M.A., merit the best thanks of the Club for the very valuable
services they have rendered the section in giving so many
Botanical Demonstrations during the session.

The thanks of the Club are also due to the Rev. C. H.
Waddell for the hospitality extended to the members who
attended the Field meeting at Saintfield. The Club’s thanks
are also due to R. R. Fitzherbert, Esq., of Black Castle, Navan,
for the courtesy shown the members of the Dublin and Belfast
Clubs when they visited Navan; also to the Chemical Salt
Company and their attentive manager, Mr. F. A. Walker, for
their courtesy in conducting a large number of members
through the salt mines at Eden, near Carrickfergus.

Messrs. Stewart, Wright, Orr and Fennell were appointed
to examine and adjudicate on the collections offered in com-
petition for the Club’s prizes. Their report is attached.

WILLIAM Gray, | Hon.
W. D. Donnan, f Secs.

572 (Proc. B.N.F.C.

The sectional and sub-committees’ reports were afterwards
read in the following order: —The financial statement, Mr. W.
H. Phillips ; the fauna of Lough Neagh, Mr. H. Lamont Orr ;
librarian’s report, Mr. G. Donaldson ; the judges’ report, Mr. S.
A. Stewart. The judges appointed to examine and report on the
collections sent in competition for the Club’s prizes recom-
mended that prize ezgit be awarded to Mr. James Orr for a set
of Cretaceous fossils, including forty species, and that prize
thirteen be awarded to Mr. W. A. Green for his collection of
land and fresh-water shells, which included sixty-eight species
and many varieties. A collection sent by Mr. George Reilly
received high commendation ; it contained fifty-six species and
two varieties.

<n animated general discussion took place on the various
reports submitted, which were adopted without alteration.

The election of the officers for the new year was then pro-
ceeded with, resulting as follows:—President, F. J. Bigger,
M.R.I.A.; Vice-President and Treasurer, W. H. Phillips;
Librarian, G. Donaldson ; Secretaries, Mr. J. St. J. Phillips and
Mr. R. Patterson, who were nominated by Mr. W. Gray,
M.R.I.A., the out-going Hon. Secretary. The Committee were
re-elected, Mr. Gray taking Mr. Phillips’ place.

On the motion of Mr. Fennell, seconded by Mr. Dickson,
a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Gray for his services as hon.
secretary and conductor of the Club's excursions during recent
years.

The members present made several suggestions as to the
new year’s work, and named a number of places from which the
Committee might select their programme of Field meetings
for the summer session.

The election of several new members brought a very
successful meeting to a close.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE BOTANICAL
SECTION.

The Committee of the Botanical Section beg to report that

1900-1901. , VE

during the past year the work of the section has been carried
on with steadiness and success. Following the acquisition ot
the new Cabinet which the General Committee were good
enough to provide for us, the re-arrangement of the specimens
in our herbarium was at once proceeded with, which enabled
us to prepare a much needed list of desiderata. The dimen-
sions of this list, we are glad to say, was reduced somewhat as
the result of last summer’s excursions, and we look forward
with confidence to see it much further reduced during the
season which is now opening upon us. We are pleased to re-
port that the number of members taking an active part in the
work of the section remains steady, and that not only the
main department of flowering plants, but the various branches
of cryptogamic botany have also received a fair amount of
attention. The following was the programme for the Winter
Session :—

Oct. Meeting. Ferns, Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.
Nov. 5 Fungi, do.

Dec. ,; Club Mosses & Fern Allies, do.

Tam. 5, Hepaticae, Rev. H. W. Lett, M.A.
Hens): «95 Characea, Rev. C. H. Waddell, B.D.
Mar. =,, The Mosses, Rev. H. W. Lett, M.A.

Prizt VIII.--Mr. James Orr has sent us a set of Cretaceous
Fossils. There are in this collection over 60 specimens, repre-
senting some 40 species. They are well displayed, and include
several of the rarer forms, and also a number of good examples
of the commoner species. We consider this a creditable col-
lection, and have pleasure in recommending that prize VIII. be
awarded to Mr. Orr.

Prize XIII].—We beg to report that we have examined the
shells sent for competition.

We have awarded the Societies Prize No. 13 to Mr. W. A.
Green for his set of 68 species, and many varieties of land and
fresh water shells, some of considerable rarity. This collection

S74 Proc. B.N.F.C.]

contains a very fine set of Limuwa glutinosa, also a very
fine specimen (scalariforme) of Helix nemoralis, which was
taken alive. He has collected three species introduced through
the channels of trade—viz., with bananas and raisins. This
work is to be highly commended, as it helps to explain the
dispersal of molluscs.

The other set received for competition from Mr. George
Reilly we think worthy of commendation ; it contains 56
species aiid two varieties. | Some new stations have been dis- |
covered by him for some of our rarer species—viz., Helix
arbustorum and Helix lamellata.

(Signed)
W. J. FENNELL.
HUGH L. ORR.
S. A. STEWART.
JOSEPH WRIGHT.

LIBRARY REPORT.

We have received during the past year the usual number of
Transactions and Proceedings from kindred scientific and other
societies, and a large number of volumes of great interest from
English and American Scientific Institutes—in all about 80
books and pamphlets. It is to be regretted that we have no
cases to store them, so that they could be made available to the
members for consultation.

GEO. DONALDSON, Librarian.

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576 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

SUMMER SESSION.
>

2 June.
CARRICKFERGUS.

The Second Field Meeting of the Club was held ina salt
mine near Carrickfergus. A party of 50 reached Kilroot by
the 12.30 train, and walked along the shore to examine the
raised-beach gravels that occur near the station. These gravels
are remarkable for the numerous worked flints they contain,
and which are almost identical with the very oldest forms of
worked flints found in Europe, and indicate that this locality
was the site of an ancient flint factory worked by primitive
man. Here specimenscan be collected that are similar in every
respect to the typical forms displayed in museums as the
earliest product of human workmanship. Such examples are
often referred to in justification of the wildest theories as tothe
age of man, whose origin is sometimes referred to an inter-
glacial or preglacial age because of the rude forms or the other
conditions under which the worked flints are found. There
cannot, however, be any doubt as to the relative age of the
Kilroot gravels, for they rest upon the estuarine clays which
overlie the boulder clay, or glacial deposits, and therefore
demonstrate that the contained worked flints were manufac-
tured long subsequent to the deposit of the boulder clay, at all
events in this locality.

While many members of the party were carefully examining
the gravels others were equally busy making additions to their
botanical collections. The short time and very limited range
of exploration did not promise much, but some of the plants
collected are worthy of mention. The viper’s bugloss was
seen growing on waste ground close to the station, and the

1900-1901. | 577

pepper wort (Lepzdium draba) was found near Eden. The
rare moss, Zygodon Stirtont, was found on the wall of the
bridge north of Kilroot. This form is rare in Britain, and
seems to be confined in Ireland to the North-East. Many
fcrms of insects were captured and preserved for further identi-
fication.

Leaving the shore, the party walked on to see the Garden of
Eden, and thence on to the Tennant Salt Mines. Here every
suitable arrangement was made for the descent into the mine,
and the whole party of ladies and gentlemen were lowered to
the floor of the mine, some 335 feet from the surface. The
ordinary miner’s lamps were supplemented by coloured lights,
and the grand face of salt, 46 feet thick, was very carefully dis-
played—so clearly indeed that a photograph was taken of the
scene.

About ten years ago the Chemical Salt Company opened the
mine at Eden. This is the property of Sir Charles Tennant,
Bart., of Peebleshire, who owns large chemical works in Eng-
land and Scotland. The thickness of the bed of salt rock at
Eden is 96 feet. Of this about 50 feet is kept intact to form
the roof of the mine, and the lower 4¢ feet is worked almost in
one face of pure salt in a series of great spacious chambers 3c
to 40 feet high. Mr. T. A. Walker conducted the party
through the workings, and explained that all the rock was
shipped to their works in England and Scotland.

An interesting discussion took place in the mine as to the
nature and origin of the deposits and its relation to all the
other geological formations of the County Antrim. From this
it would appear that the Carrickfergus salt deposit is the result
of the evaporation ot sea water or salt Jakes among the deposit
of the new red sandstone which forms the slopes of the escarp-
ment along the north of the Lagan Valley, and indeed underlie
almost the entire area of the County Antrim. When we con-
sider what a small proportion of solid salt is contained in sea
water we may calculate what an enormous quantity of water
must have been evaporated to produce a solid bed of salt 96
feet thick,

578 [Proc. B.N.F.C,

At the formal meeting held in the mine, under the chair-
manship of the Vice-President, Mr. W. H. Phillips, some new
members were elected, and the thanks of the Club passed to
Mr. Walker for his attention and courtesy during the day.

After a smart walk back to Carrickfergus, the party had the
very great advantage of seeing over the Castle, by the kind
permission of the military authorities. This excellent example
of an Irish castle bristles with historic reminiscences connected
with the Anglo Normans, King John, the Bruces of Scotland,
King William, and the attack of the French under Commodore
Thurot in 1760.

The origin of the name Carrickfergus has been the subject
of no small amount of controversy, and is more or less involved
in the question as tothe origin of the Lia Fail, or stone of
destiny, that is supposed to be at present under the coronation
chair in Westminster Abbey. When the Royal Society of
Antiquarians of Ireland visited Belfast in 1892, they declared
that “‘ Carrickfergus is so called from Carrig, a rock, and King
Fergus, who when coming here in 320 B.c. to visit the well,
now within the Castle, for the cure of leprosy, was shipwrecked
and buried at Monkstown adjoining.” Mr. Samuel M‘Skimin,
in his “ History and Antiquities of Carrickfergus,” refers to the
same legend, but points out its improbability. What Monks-
town could have been 3208.c? Amid theconflict of authorities
on this point, we may with confidence accept the very full and
clear story as given by the Rev. George Hill in his work on
“The Macdonnells of Antrim,’”’ where at page two he gives an
account of the descendants of Colla Uaish, who about the year
506 permanently laid the foundation of the Dalriadic kingdom
of Scotland.

NAVAN.
11, 12, and 13 July.

It was arranged to have a three days’ meeting this year on

1900-1901. | 579

the upper reaches of the Boyne Valley in conjunction with the
_members of the Dublin and Cork Field Clubs, and accordingly
we met at Drogheda Station on the morning of the roth inst.,
and took the train for Navan, where we made the Central
Hotel our headquarters. The greater portion of the party left
the train at Beauparc Station and walked on to Navan by the
banks of the Boyne, a distance of about five miles—a delightful
walk through river scenery of the most attractive character.

Navan is a typical Irish country town. It has an air of
indigenous idleness, abounds in good nature, has long rows of
thatched cottages, irregular hilly streets, with mouldering and
picturesque remains of former, but long-forgotten greatness.
One of the oldest remains is “ The Moat” --a very excellent
example of the ancient Irish earthen fortified residence—the
home probably of one of our old chiefs who held sway in the
then all-powerful kingdom of Meath. The Moat overlooks the
town beneath it, and a wide range of country all round. It is
artificially constructed on a natural esker ridge of gravel, which
is itself the result of the confliet of waters that anticipated by
millions of years the conflicts of arms that no doubt often took
place in and around this spot.

Coming back to the hotel, a short walk in the opposite
direction took us to the ruins of Athlumney Castle, that over-
looks the river near the railway. The site is now an enclosed
garden in charge of the good ladies of St. Joseph’s Convent of
Mercy, who kindly permit visitors to see the old castle, and
enjoy the display of taste and culture that is manifested all
round. The roofless walls and bare mullioned windows of the
ruins denote the noble character of the domestic architecture of
the sixteenth century, while the square keep of the adjoining
ivy-clad castle calls to mind the contests of the thirteenth cen-
tury between the Anglo-Norman knights and the warrior chiefs
of the Irish ; and the souterrain by the railway just below the
castle leads still farther backward to the unrecorded periods of
Irish history.

By the generous permission of R, R. Fitzherbert, we were

580 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

admitted through the beautiful grounds of Black Castle. This
delightful walk afforded the opportunity of studying the main
features of the Boyne, which flows with a stately dignity as if
conscious of its ancient and historic associations. Our experi-
ence very fully verified the description given by W. R. Wilde
in his invaluable work on ‘“‘ The Beauties of the Boyne,” where
he says— High beetling crags, crowded by feudal halls and
ruined chapels; steep, precipitous banks, covered with the
noblest monarchs of the forest ; dells, consecrated to the moon-
light dance of spirits and elfins ; and rocks, memorable for the
tales of love and legends of olden time, catch the eye at every
turn in this noble stream, presenting new beauties, ever-vary-
ing pictures, here in sunshine, then in shade, with charming
bits of scenery which simple prose cannot describe.”

Some distance down the plantation we were met by Mr.
Fitzherbert, who very kindly conducted us over his “ hatchery ”
for salmon and trout. Although the season was late and the
tanks were not in full working order, Mr. Fitzherbert very fully
described every detail of his very interesting work in providing
millions of eggs or spawn and developing the young fish until
fit to pass on to the river to make its own way in the world.
No doubt this kind of original investigation and voluntary
effort will be encouraged and assisted financially by the new
Agriculture and Technical Instruction Board, which has an
important mission to fulfill.

Coming out on the country road from Black Castle
demesne, a short walk brings us to the very fine Round Tower
of Donaghmore. Perhaps its most interesting feature is the
figure that is sculptured over the door, and which is claimed as
proof of the Christian origin of the Round Towers. The
original foundation of the adjoining church is said to be of
the time of St. Patrick. It is described in the “ Tripartite
Life of St. Patrick,’ but the tower is not. The remains
of a thirteenth century church and the tower form a
picturesque group, but visitors should remember that the upper

1900-1901-] 581

portion of the tower is quite modern. Returning to the hotel
about 9 p.m., we adjourned to our respective quarters to
‘prepare for next day’s investigations.

On the 12th we had a long day’s work before us on the hills
of Sliabh na Caillighe, near Oldcastle, yet the first train from
Navan was so late as 10-40. A second visit was therefore paid
to Athlumney Castle, burnt by its last lord, Sir Launcelot
Dowdale, whose estate was forfeited in 1700. <A visit was also
paid to the very fine Roman Catholic Church on the way to
the station. Leaving for Oldcastle, a good view of Navan
Moat was obtained from the train, and, hurrying past a number
of inviting historical localities, we arrived at Oldcastle about
noon. Mr. Carolan was fully prepared with suitable vehicles,
on which we started at once for Loughcrew, the demesne of
the Naper family, who have done so much to investigate and
preserve the numerous ancient monuments on their property.
Our first halt was to see the perfect example of one of the
souterrains, or underground dwellings, that occurs within the
enclosed garden of Loughcrew. We have never seen a better
example or one in a better state of preservation. The passages
are built of field stones, covered on top by rough flags. The
chambers are large, and comfortably held from ten to twelve
visitors at atime. As usual, the chambers were formed at the
ends of the passages. The latter were in some places 6ft. high
and 4ft. to 5ft wide, and here and there were the characteristic
obstructions, which obliged the visitor to advance almost on
hands and knees.

Leaving the country road at the park entrance, a very steep
ascent of 400 feet brought us to the crest of Slieve na Calliagh,
which here is about 840 feet above sea level. The undulating
crest extends westward for a distance of about two miles and a
half, the central hill being Carnbane, having a height of over
goo feet. This extended area is simply covered with archaic

582 [Proc. B.N.F.C

monuments of the most interesting description—carns, tumuli,
stone circles, and richly-sculptured stones of the most primitive
type, any one of which would be worth a day’s journey to see,
yet there are some twenty-eight ready to be inspected, so
numerous and so scattered as to justify the local legend that a
celebrated witch in the “‘ ould ould times ” scattered the stones
out of her apron. The monuments are mainly chambered
tumuli. A circle of forty to fifty large stones, from sft. to 12ft.
in length, encloses a heap of ordinary field stones piled into a
cone, and beneath the pile is a great chamber formed cf large
stones, 5ft. to 6ft. high, and a passage from the outside to the
chamber formed of similar stones, all being covered over with
incised markings of circles, chevron patterns, and numerous
other devices now wholly unintelligible. These monuments
have been thoroughly explored and fully described by the late
E. A. Conwell in the “ Transactions of the Royal. Irish
Academy,” and also ina separate work by Mr. Conwell on
“ Ollamh Fodhla.” The monuments are also described in Fer-
guson’s “‘ Rude Stone Monuments.”

We have several references in the ancient annals of Ireland
to justify the conclusion that Slieve na Galliagh constitutes the
site of one of the Royal Pagan cemetries of Ireland. One of
the most correct of our manuscripts is known as “ The Book of
the Dun Cow,” compiled at Clonmacnois, a.p. 1,100. This
book includes a number of tracts, one of which is “‘ The Senchas

na Relic,” or ‘ History of the Cemetries,” which tells us—

‘¢ The three cemetaries of idolaters are
The cemetary of Taillten, the select,
The ever-clean cemetary of Cruachan,
And the cemetary of Brugh.’’

And it states further—“ At Taillten the kings of Ulster were
used to bury~-viz., Ollamh Fodhla, with his descendants, down
to Conchobhor, who wished that he should be carried toa place
between Slae and the sea.” According to the Four Masters,
Ollamh Fodhla died B.c. 1277, and, according to the annals of
Tigherneach, Conchobnor died a.p. 33, thus giving a period of
thirty-one centuries during which the cemetery was used ; and

1900-1901. | 583

numerous references in the Annals of the Four Masters show
_ that the place was well known for several centuries after.

We now come toconsider the origin and meaning of Taillten.
This is explained in the “ Book of Lecan,” which says that the
fair of Taillten, or the Cnach of Taillten, was instituted by
Lug, a King of the Tuatha de Danann, in honour of Taillte,
wife of the last King of the Firbolg Colony, whose death is
recorded at B.c. 1829. From this we may reasonably surmise
that Queen Taillte was buried in the cemetery we have been
exploring. Her request to King Lug was that the fair GEnach,
or assembly, should be “‘ around her Leacht.”

Both Mr. Conwell and Mr. Fergusson seem to think that it
may yet be possible to identify the tombs of Queen Taillte and
Ollamh Fodhla among the groups of monuments on the crest
of Sliabh na Caillighe.

As the day was far advanced, we were reluctantly obliged to
make for our vehicles, and drive on to Kells, where we arrived
too late to catch the last train for our headquarters at Navan.
However, a substantial and well served dinner, promptly pro-
vided at the Headfort Arms, prepared us for the further ex-
ploration of the crosses, round tower, and oratory of Columba
at Kells, so often and so well described in our antiquarian re-
cords; and then we finished the day’s work with a drive to
Navan, where we arrived about midnight.

On the 13th we made an early start from Navan for
Bective Abbey and Trim, driving through the rich pasture
lands of Meath, the hedgerows, clothed witha luxurious growth
of vegetation, regaling the senses with a delicious fragrance,
bloom and freshness. About five miles from Navan a short
turn from the main road brought us into full view of the
picturesque abbey ruins of Bective, the remains of the only
Cistercian monastery in Meath, founded in the twelfth century.
Eyen yet it partakes somewhat of the style of a castellated

584 [Proc. B.N.F.C,

mansion which prevailed during the twelfth century, when the
Kingdom of Meath was the battle ground of contending Irish
chiefs, Norman knights, and the jealous Henry, King of Eng-
land. Here the body of Hugh de Lacy, murdered at Durrow
in 1186, was buried. Even this gave rise to a bitter controversy
among the Churchmen, and the body was civided ; one part
went to Dublin, and one to Bective. An appeal to the Pope,
however, resulted in the transfer of all the remains of the Irish
Viceroy to the care of the monks of St. Thomas, Dublin. The
annals of Bective Abbey furnish us with detailed particulars of
many of the most important events connected with the history
of Ireland, particularly of the period when the power of the
native chiefs passed into the hands’ of the Anglo-Norman
invaders, and the group of buildings remaining furnish excellent
examples of the typical architectural features of that most im-
portant period. After a further drive of about five miles we
reached Trim, a country town, now the embodiment of peaceful
repose, but once the centre around which was performed the
most stirring events of Irish history, as its numerous ruins of
churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified residences proclaim.
Trim may be said to be the key to the Kingdom of Meath, and
was selected as such by Hugh de Lacy when he was granted eight
hundred thousand acres of Meath by Henry II., who parcelled out
Ireland among his trusty followers, and these Norman knights
were as jealous among themselves as the Irish chiefs, and hence
there was perpetual warfare. As the Normans did in England
so the Anglo-Normans did in Ireland, building castles to pro-
tect what they had taken, and endowing churches to condone
the wrong. This was the policy of De Lacy in Trim, and hence
its numerous buildings. Hammer says of De Lacy— The
realm of Ireland at this time was singularly well governed by
Hugh De Lacy, a good man, a wise magistrate, who for the
good of the land and the people established many good orders,
He made bridges, and built towns, castles, and forts through
Leinster, as Sir John De Courcy did in Ulster. The priest kept
his church, the soldiers his garrison, and the ploughman

900-ig0r. | 68s

followed his plough.” De Lacy’s castle at Trim is a formidable
pile on the left bank of the Boyne; it is called King John’s
_ Castle, because it is said that King John stopped in it for a
time. The ecclesiastical remains in and around Trim are very
numerous, and are very fully described in Wilde’s “‘ Beauties of
the Boyne” and Conwell’s ‘‘ Rambles Round Trim,” as well as
in the writings of the Very Rev. Dean Butler, late Rector of
Trim, whose influence in the locality contributed to the pre-
servation of the many interesting ruins as we now find them.

Having occupied so much space with the distinctive
characteristics of Meath—namely, its archeological features—
we have little left for the purely natural history notes. We
cannot omit to refer to the simply gorgeous display of Rosa
Arvensis that formed the hedges, particularly from Navan to
Trim ; patches of full bloom were seen fully 18 feet to 20 feet,
and the elder tree was in great profusion aud good bloom. The
water plants along the banks of the Boyne were in capital
condition and great variety—Sagitlaria saggittifolia, or the
arrowhead, the beautiful iris, and the sweet rush. Dragon flys
were abundant, including Galonteryx splendens, with its vividly
bright metallic colouring. Butterflies of the genus donacea
were collected in the iris at Dunmo and Trim. The sudden
appearance of Helix virgatanear the Yellow Tower at Trim
suggested a snail shower, for this species often appears in large
numbers after a shower. Several species of the same genus
were collected.

In order to reach Belfast in reasonable time we were
obliged to leave Navan at four o’clock, and to wait at Drogheda
for nearly two hours, which gave us the opportunity for visiting
some of the points of interest there, and we arrived at Belfast
about 9 p.m.

586 [Proe. B.N.F.C.

4th August.
GLENAVY.

The fifth meeting of the session was held at Glenavy
and the shore of Lough Neagh. A large party left Belfast,
and were joined by members from Lisburn, Antrim, &c. The
walk from Glenavy Railway Station to Lough Neagh—a dis-
tance of about two miles—was undertaken under the most
favourable conditions, and was highly appreciated by the party,
not only as an interesting country ramble, but also for the
excellent opportunities it afforded for the practical study of so
many of the subjects it is the special function of the naturalists
to investigate. Deviating from the country road, the party
entered Glenconway, and for some distance traced the banks of
Glenavy River. The latter was very much swollen by the
recent rains, and presented sheets of water that added very
much to the beauty of the varied scenery along its winding
course. Here the photographers made some records, and the
entomologists some captures, while the botanists were by no
means idle.

The eastern margin of Lough Neagh, with its sandy borders,
possesses a varied and very interesting land flora. The aquatic
and subaquatic plants of its waters and neighbouring drains
add considerable interest, and constitute a region most attrac-
tive to the botanist. The River Glen yields a good many ot
the silvern species. Here the melic grass (A/elica uniflora) was
found in profusion and very luxuriant. The yellow loosetrife
(Lysimachia vulgaris), one of the many pretty lacustrine plants,
was met with on the lake shore ; more like a garden species, it
Was conspicuous by reason of its brilliant heads of yellow
flowers. In the lough and adjacent pools one of the rarer
pondweeds was found (Potomogeton heterophyllus); it was
very abundant, but out of flower. The unusual high water of
the lake prevented the collecting of charas. The cow wheat
(Melampyrum pratense) was found on the roadside going to the
lake. An otherwise unattractive roadside wall furnished the

1900-1901. | 587

best plant of the day. This was Foa compressa, which until
recently was only recorded from two stations in the North of
-Ireland. As itis not a conspicuous plant, it has probably been
overlooked, and may possibly be found elsewhere,

The well-known fossil wood, or petrified wood, of Lough
Neagh, was collected along the shore near Sandy Bay. Speci-
mens were selected, which illustrated stages in the process of
petrifaction, part being soft lignite and part solid stone. Solid
- blocks of ferruginous clay or ironstone were also found, which,
when split open, were found to contain very beautiful impres-
sions of leaves. Similar plant remains occur in the iron-ore
beds of Ballypalady, on the Northern Counties Railway, Glen-
arm, and elsewhere in County Antrim. The deposits are of
special geological interest, and, like the beds on the island of
Mull, described by the Duke of Argyll, indicate to some extent
the character of the climate that prevailed in the North of Ire-
land and Scotland when the great sheet of basaltic rocks com-
mon to both countries were being formed.

Much has been done by Dr. M‘Closkey, W. Swanston, F-G.S. ;
Starkie Gardner, Bailey, and others im elucidating geological
phenomena connected with Lough Neagh, but much remains
to be done in tracing the origin and co-relation between the
petrified wood, lignite, iron-ore, and plant remains associated
with the deposits alung the eastern shores of Lough Neagh ;
and, as in the case of the diatomacious clays at Toome, the
clays of Sandy Bay may yet be found capable of being used for
manufacturing purposes.

This great sheet of fresh water, with a margin of some eight y
miles, is not remarkable for scenic beauty, and yet under cer-
tain conditions, such as prevailed on the return journey, it has
its attractive aspects. The expanse of water, bounded on the
distant horizon by the blue hills of Tyrone and Derry, the
romantic Ram’s Island in the middle distance, and the fringe
of plantations in the immediate foreground formed a combina-
tion of natural beauty not altogether unworthy of the artist’s
pencil.

538 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

WINTER SESSION.

The first ordinary Meeting of the Winter Session was held
in the lecture-room of the Natural History Society’s Museum,
on Tuesday evening, 27th November. Mr. Rodman exhibited
an excellent collection of very beautiful and rare lepidcptera.
Every specimen was in good condition, and mouuted in a neat
and skilful manner. There was an animated discussion as to
the purposes served by the great variety of form and size of the
insects, their brilliant colouring, and the elaborate detail of
ornamental embellishment displayed both in their larval and
perfected stages. Miss Wheeler exhibited some very interesting
examples of humming birds’ nests. At eight o’clock a most
interesting and exhaustive lecture was given by the President,
F. J. Bigger, M.R.I.A. :—on “Irish Ecclesiastical Architecture.”
He dealt with the peculiarities of our primitive structures,
beehive huts, oratories, round towers, &c., of which Ireland is
so richly provided. The influence of the Norman invasion and
subsequent times were also very fully explained, and the lecture
was copiously illustrated by lantern slides produced by our very
best photographers, including a member of the Club, who is
photographer to the Queen. The meeting was closed by the
election of new members and an announcement of the time and
subject of the next meeting.

Tgth December.

W. J. FENNELL, M.R.LA.I.—* WHERE THE MASTERS
WROTE.”

The lecturer dealt in an interesting manner with the ruins
ana historic associations connected with the Donegall Abbey of
St. Francis of Assisi. Attention was drawn to the beautiful
situation of the Abbey, and regret expressed that the fabric

1900-1901. | 589

should be allowed to fall into ruins without anything being done
to prevent the ultimate collapse of the structure. Owing to
the nature of the site the cloister garth and some of the
domestic buildings are placed on the north and west sides of
the church proper. The church itself was perfectly oriented,
and was lighted from the east ena and south side. The east
window was tall and well proportioned, and was filled in with
tracery. Following the usual Franciscan rule, the church
appears to have been long and narrow—over 130 feet by 22 feet
4 inches—with a long transept about the same width on the
south side. No trace remains to indicate the existence of the
usual graceful tower, which generally rose from the centre of
those churches, dividing the nave from thechancel. The north
wall of the church is broken at about 45 feet from the east end,
leaving a gap of 37 feet, the width of the garth, and against this
gap was the south cloister, covered with a lean to roof abutting
on the church wall. At the point where the break commences
in the north wall the east cloister starts at right angles to the
church with a walk of 7 feet 6 inches wide. This walk was
covered by a range of buildings extending northwards and
eastwards lineable with the chancel gable. These must have
comprised the slype, sacristy, chapter house, and scriptorium,
for it is stated that the monastery contained a fine library. <A
staircase starting for the south-east corner of the cloister leads
to the dcrmitories over the east range of buildings, and from
the slype was the prior’s door, which still remains. The wall
of the cloister on the extreme north also shows evidence of a
two-storey range of buildings, but it is purely conjectural what
form filled up the ground on the west side of the walk. The
details of the architectural work are nearly all gone, and the
cloister arcading is the only piece of any importance left.
There is a series of well-shaped and double chamfered pointed
arches springing off semi-octagonal doubly worked piers, whose
section is carried round the arch, and whose caps and bases are
skilfully moulded. Larger arches seem to have spanned the
junction of the cloisters of double orders, the inner one spring-

Xero) [Proc. B.N.F.C.

ing off well worked corbels, and the cloisters are wide and well
proportioned. Such are now the dim outlines of the fast dis-
appearing walls beside which, in 1632, Michael O’Cleary and his
companion workers built their temporary huts, in which they
lived till August, 1636, while they compiled the “ Annals.”
They called their work ‘The Annals of the Kingdom of Ire-
land,” but Colgan, a Donegal Franciscan Father and Professor
at Louvain, renamed it the ‘‘ Annals of the Four Masters,” by
which title the composition will be for ever known.

The monastery was founded for the Franciscans of Strict
Observance in the year 1474, by Hugh Roe, “The Great
O’Donnell.” It flourished till 1601, a period of 127 years—
short for a monastic existence—but full of life and vigour, the
brethren following the footsteps of St. Francis, for good works
to the poor, and all others after; and when the final storm
swept over it, with fire and merciless hatred, more than one
thousand victims perished miserably in its destruction. This
occurred in 1601, when it was invested by the English. The
brethren fled on the approach of the hostile forces, some to die
in the wilds of Donegal, some by sea to distant lands, where
Irish Colleges offered them asylums, and the repose which was
denied at home. The monastery was plundered of all it held
sacred, and converted into a garrison, only to be destroyed by
an explosion of the powder stored by the troops. The Masters
record that the powder ignited “so that it burned the boarded
chambers and the stone and wooden buildings of the entire
monastery.”

Michael O’Cleary, the Irish “ Ollamh,” was cne of a family
of historians and poets to the great princes of O’Donnell.
After the famcus flight of the chiefs of O’Donnell, he found his
way to the Irish College of Louvain, in Belgium. This college
was presided over by an Irishman, Father Hugh Ward. Ward
cbtained permission to employ him to collect materials in Ire-
land for him, and this brought O’Cleary back again as a
Franciscan to his native land. While on this mission for
Ward he conceived the idea of collecting and compiling the

1g00-1got.] sot

“ Annals,” “for the glory of God and the honour of Erinn.”
In this labour he was assisted by Fergus O’Mulchonry, Pere-
grine O’Duigenan, and Peregrine O’Clery ; and Conary O’Clery
as secretary. Michael O’Clery, an old man, when his work at
Donezal was done, wandered sadly back to the peaceful college
of Louvain to die, and there in 1643 he was laid to rest.
Louvain, also, had its troublous times, and O’Clery’s grave
became lost in the upheaval and confusion.

The lecture was excellently illustrated by limelight views
of the ruins and the scenery around.

MR. JOHN VINYCOMB, M.R.I.A.—“ SYMBOLIC IDEAS
OF THE ANCIENTS CONCERNING TREES AND
PLANTS.”

By common consent ot mankind Trees have in all ages been
selected as affording most appropriate emblems of the sentimerts
by which Stéa¢es as well as individuals have been swayed, as well
as to indicate the various changes in condition to which from
time to time they have been subjected. It is only needful to
mention the palm, the olive, the day, the cypress, and we recall
at once the ideas of rejoicing, peace, victory, and mourning.

“THE WILLow OF THE Brook” to dwellers in an arid and
thirsty land must have been associated with pleasureable feelings,
and to the Israelites settled in a land which was the “ joy of all
lands’ this tree continued to be emblematical (Is. xliv. 4.) of
joyful prosperity. During the captivity in a strange land, to
that nation ‘at least the wz//ow assumed a directly opposite
feeling—and that of deepest of sorrows. ‘By the waters of
Babylon, there we sat down, yea we wept when we remembered
Zion. Wehanged our harps upon the willows in the midst
thereof. For there they that carried us away captive required
of us a song ; and they that wasted us required of us mirth.”
The Willow ever again appears to have been associated with
feelings of gladness, even among the heathen nations ; for what

592 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.

reason we know not, it was a tree of evil omen, and was
employed to make the torches carried at funerals. Our poets
have made the Willow the symbol of despairing woe: Spencer
makes it the part of the forlorn ; Siakspere represents the
doomed Queen of Carthage standing
“ with a willow in her hand
upon the wild sea banks ; ”
and Herrick says
‘‘ As beasts unto the altars go
with garlands dressed, so I
will, with my willow wreath also,
come forth and sweetly die.”

THE CyprRESs is a tree also associated with sad and sombre
feelings, and was dedicated by the Romans to Pluto, because
when once cut into it never grows again. Its dark solemn
appearance certainly renders it an appropriate memorial in the
churchyard. Cole, an old writer, says :—‘‘ Cypresse garlands
are of great account at funerals amongst the gentler sort, but
Rosemary and Bayes are used by the commons both at funerals
and weddings. They are plants which fade not a good while
after they are gathered. / » and intimate, thatethe
remembrance of the present solemnity might not die presently.”

The custom of putting up Holly, &c.,in houses and churches
is one of great antiquity, a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine
in 1767, says :—It seems very probable that the origin or first
hint of the ancient custom of dressing our churches and
houses at Christmas with greens was owing to, or taken from
certain expressions in the following prophecies of the coming
of our Saviour.

“‘ Behold the day shall come, saith the Lord, and I will raise
unto David a righteous branch.” (Jeremiah 23, 5.)

“For behold I will bring forth my servant the branch.”
(Zech. 3, 8.)

Thus speaketh the Lord of Hosts, saying, Behold the man
whose name is the Branch, and he shall grow out of his place.”
(Zech. vi. 12.)

1900-1901. | 593

‘‘ At that time will I cause the branch of righteousness to
grow up unto David.” (Jermh. xxxili. 15.)

“Tt must be allowed” the writer continues “that these
passages and expressions in which our Saviour is represented
under the type of a branch, a righteous branch, a bough, the
branch of righteousness who will reign for ever, &c., in the
above mentioned clear and eminent prophecies of His first
appearance in the flesh upon earth, are in a most lively
manner, brought to the memories and strongly alluded to by
those branches and boughs of evergreens, &c., with which our
churches and houses are adorned in commemoration of that
Holy Festival.”

Of the trees and plants mentioned in Scriptures I need not
enlarge, but will merely glance at some of those of classical
and mediaeval times.

Of all the trees of the ancients none appear to have so much
written about them as the Laure/ or Bay tree, the Oa, the
Olwe, and the Palm, and many delightful stories are told
concerning them, certainly they have served poets and historians
with a wealth of imagery and symbolism of every kind down
to the present day, and not only that, but the ideas associated
in ancient times with particular trees rendered them sacred
and their influence over the lives and actions of men, ev_n of
whole nations, is something remarkable. For instance take
the Zaure/ or Bay tree. Sacred to Apollo. Daphne, daughter
of a River Deity flying from the pursuit of the amorous sun
god, escaped by being changed into a Laurel tree, whereupon
Apollo declared that

because thou canst not be
My mistress, I espouse thee for my tree ;
Be thou the prize of honour and renown,
The deathless poet and the poem crown ;
Thou shalt the Roman Festivals adorn,
And, after poets, be by victors worn.
Tasso thus eulogises the Laurel, as the victor’s crown,
“O glad triumphant bough

594 [Proc. BNF .C,

That now adornest conquering chiefs, and now,
Clippest the brows of overruling kings,

From victory to victory ;

Thus climbing on through all the heights of story,
From worth to worth, and glory unto glory.”

The Greeks gave a wreath of Laurel to the victor in the
Pythian games, but the victor in the Olympic games had a
wreath of wild Olives. In the Nemean games the victor
received a wreath of wild parsley, and the victor in the
Isthmian games a wreath of dry parsley or green pine leaves.
St. Paul refers to these henorary crowns of victory in the
games of the Greeks, as striving after a corruptable crown, in
contradistinction to the “‘zzcorruptable crown” of the gospel
he preached.

THE TrIUMPHAL CRowNn (corone iriumphales) originally
formed of laurel or bay leaves, was given to the general who
obtained a triumph. Of all the honours decreed to Czsar by
the Senate he is said to have valued most the privilege of
wearing a laurel crown; we see it frequently represented
adorning the head on antique busts, coins &c., modern art
repeats the same distinction on the heads of kings and heroes.
A head so decorated is said to be laureated. Aesculapius wears
a laurel crown, because that tree is powerful in curing many
diseases. St. Gudale in christian art carries a laurel crown.

‘The triumphal crown” among the Romans designated the
distinguished merit and bravery. Thus it was the custom of
the allies of the Roman Republic, who ascribed their safety or
deliverance to the success of the Roman arms, and even the
cities of Italy who admired their victorious general, to adorn
the splendour of his triumph by their voluntary gifts of crowns
of gold, which, after the ceremony,-were consecrated in the
temple of Jupiter, to remain a lasting memorial of his glory to
future ages. Thus the triumph of Cesar was enriched with
2,322 votive crowns, whose weight amounted to 20,414 lbs. of
gold, this treasure was however melted down by the prudent
Dictator, as more serviceable to the soldiers than to the gods,

1900-1901. ] 595

an example imitated by his successors. This custom was
derived from the Greeks. The oration of Demosthenes is well
known, the subject of which is ‘‘ The Golden Crown” decreed
him by his fellow citizens, and opposed by Aeschines.

“ The Laurel, mead of mighty conquerors” (as Spencer terms
it) when admiration assumes the form of numerous crowns of
gold, it might be no indifferent reward for a victorious general
in ancient times. Things are however done differently in
modern days. The State assumes the responsibility of
rewarding the victor, the Sovereign as the fountain of honour
creates him a peer of the realm with suitable income and many
titles and honorary distinctions, while the gratitude of the
people is shown by many of the chief cities who are proud to
confer upon him the “ Honorary Freedom” of their towns
enshrined in golden caskets. The general is usually no less
laudatory of the bravery of his troops who figuratively share
with him the glory of the victory—but for fizal tangible
reward—if I may use the words of Lover’s poem ‘ The
Soldier ” :—

“For what had he to do with laurels ?
He was only one of the rank and file.”

But to return to ancient story, Laurentum the capital of the
ancient kingdom of Latium was so called by the circumstance
related by Virgil. On the foundation of his city by King
Latinus on the sea coast east of Tiber—a venerable Laurel tree
was found growing on the spot he had selected.

This plant Latinus, when his town he walled,
then found, and from the tree Laurentum called,
and last,—in honour of his new abode
He vowed the laurel to the laurel’s god.
Aeneid, Bk. VII.
“ Secure from thunder and unharmed of Jove.”

The ancients believed that Laurel communicated the spirit
of prophecy and poetry: hence the custom of crowning the
pythoness and poets, and of putting laurel leaves under one’s
pillow to acquire inspiration.

596 [Proc. B.N.F.C,

Poets Laureate are so called from an ancient custom in the
English universities of presenting a laurel wreath to graduates
in rhetoric and poetry. Aspirants were wreathed with laurels
in berry. Authors are still so crowned in France. ‘‘Laureation”
is the transferring of degrees in Scotch Universities. The
title “ Laureate” was conferred by Edward III., on an officer of
the Royal Household whose business it was to compose a
birthday ode for the monarch, and another for the new year.
The post is now a sinecure.

All the legends and romance of old time with its wealth of
ideas that still cling round the /awe/ are with us to-day as
strongly as ever. It is still the symbol of victory and peace, or
of that peace obtained by victory. It is a frequent charge in
heraldry symbolizing the military achievements of the Ist
bearer. Many names such as Laurier, Laurie, Lowry, are
derived from the tree and usually figure in some form in the
family escutcheon. Our poetry and literature teem with
allusions to the laurel. Shakspere makes frequent reference
always in a splendid manner to the victor’s wreath—of which
I quote a few at random.

‘“ Now are cur brows bound with victorious wreaths,

Our bruised arms hung up for monuments ;

Our stern alarms changed to merry meetings,

Our dreadful marches to delightful measures.”
Richard ITf, 1, I.

‘With bruised arms and wreaths ef victory.”

22 January.

WM. GRAY, M.R.LA.—“ REPORT OF DELEGATE TO
THE CONFERENCE OF CORRESPONDING SOCIE-
TIES AT THE BRADFORD MEETING OF THE
BRITISH ASSOCIATION,” AND

W. J. FENNELL, M.R.I.A.L—‘' NOTES ON THE BRAD-
FORD MEETING.”

Mr. Gray said, meeting here as citizens and members of a
scientific society, it becomes us, before proceeding with the

1900-1901. | 597

formal business of the evening, to refer briefly to an important
event reported since we entered this room, an event which has
closed the Victorian Era, and excited feelings of profound sym-
pathy and sorrow through the united Empire, if not through
the entire civilised world. I refer to the death of our Most
Gracious Sovereign Queen Victoria, whose reign will be for
ever distinguished for the advancement made in science and its
application to the practical purposes of mankind, issues due in
no small degree to the impulse imparted by the efforts of the
late Prince Albert. A reign no less remarkable for the culti-
vation of domestic and moral virtues, which, in the person of
the Sovereign, shed a brilliant lustre around the throne of
Queen Victoria, whose death we each and all most sincerely
deplore. |

Mr. Gray’s report as delegate gave a detailed description of
the origin, development, and the present modes of procedure
of the British Associaticn, which held its first meeting in York
in 1831, so that its history to the present is coincident with the
late Queen’s reign. In 1884 the British Association arranged
for holding an annual conference of delegates from such local
scientific societies as conducted original investigations and
published results of a satisfactory standard, and when accepted
as a corresponding society of the association, has the right to
send a delegate to the conference, who becomes for the time
ex officio member of the governing body of the association,
and has a voice in its deliberations. The conference of dele-
gates is specially intended for the discussion of matters relating
to the local societies, their plans of operation, and modes of
publishing results. The question of copyright, and how best
to co-operate with the association, and to help in carrying out
its investigations were very fully discussed in Bradford. Mr.
Gray then gave a detailed account of the different subjects of
original inquiry engaging the attention of the several sections
of the association, and referred particularly to such subjects as
th: Belfast Field Club may be enabled to consider and co-
operate with the committee in charge, such, fo exampie, as

598 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

inquiries regarding legends, superstitions, proverbs, folk-lore,
racial characteristics, archeology, ancient monuments, Palzo-
lithic remains, coast erosion, erratic blocks, geological pheno-
mera, migration of birds, the life history of plants and animals,
rarine and fresh-water fish. Photography is becoming more
and more applicable for the purposes of scientific investigation,
and local societies may render very valuable aid by its syste-
matic use. A committee has been appointed by the association
for some years past for collecting and arranging photographs
of geological phenomena. On this committee there are only
two Irish members, and both are members of the Belfast
Naturalists’ Field Club. According tothe last report, the num.
bers of geological photographs contributed by Great Britain
and Ireland are as follows :—England, 1,499 ; Scotland, 310 ;
Wales, 173 ; Ireland, 507. The three largest county contribu-
tors are:—Yorkshire, 446; Antrim, 226; Devonshire, 126.
Ireland contributes more than Scotland and Wales together,
and County Antrim is the second largest contributing county
in the kingdom. The contributions from Ireland were mainly
through the B.N.F.C., assisted by the Limerick Field Club.
Several attempts have been made both in Great Britain and
Ireland to procure archeological or anthropological surveys of
each country, but the success that has hitherto attended such
efforts has not been anything like what might be reasonably
expected, considering the many facilities that now exist for
obtaining contributions towards the formation of such surveys
and the great army of photographers that are now in the field.
The slow and limited progress made is entirely due to the want
of some central, systematic, and persistent organisation to guide,
collect, and arrange results. Systematic work without persis-
tence becomes as useless as persistent work without system, and
of both we have too many examples, and local societies and
individual workers will carry on this undisciplined work, unless
they are instructed and ccntrolled by such central authorities
as the Royal Society of Antiquaries, the Anthropological
Institute of Great Britain, or the Royal Society of Antiquaries

1900-1901. | 599

of Ireland. The resources at the command of our Feld Club
would enable us to render valuable services in the promotion
of original investigations apart from our ordinary work, pro-
vided that the individual or society requiring such services
would furnish clear and specific instructions as to the character
of their requirements and the form in which they should be
presented. In reference to the known requirements of the
British Association, 1t is to be hoped the members of the Bel-
fast Naturalists’ Field Club may be enabled to collect materials
sufficient to make a very creditable display during the coming
Belfast meeting of the Association, and thus maintain the
reputation they established by what they accomplished during
the meeting of 1874, when they published a local guide, and
formed an excellent exhibition of Irish antiquities.

Mr. Fennell submitted some notes on the work done by the
British Association, and placed on the screen some views of
Bradford, and called attention to the Technical School—its
cost and equipment—as forming a favourable model for the
Belfast Institution in many ways.’ He proceeded to describe the
arrangements made for the excursions, and then conducted the
club (in imagination) to Bolton Abbey, the Strid, and ‘the
good old city of York.” The history of Bolton Abbey was
touched on, and the chief points of interest were brought out,
and a large number of pictures of the half ruined church were
shown, all from photographs taken by himself and Mr. W.
Gray. The chief interest, however, centred in the visit to
York, which was described as “full of old things—quaint, real
old-time things, old houses still preserved for their oldness—
old but not aged or decrepit ; old gates, old churches, old shops,
and even old furniture—a real medizval spot preserved in the
midst of this busy work-a-day world, so that one could wish for
time to search out every nook and cranny init.” The visit to
St. Mary’s Abbey was described, and also the Hospitium of St.
Leonards, the museums, city walls, the Old Guild Hall, the
civic treasures, and, lastly, the great glory of York—the stately
Minster, with its visible records of every period of English art,

600 [Proc. B,N.F.C.

from the rude herring-bone masonry of the Saxon period to
the lavish richness of the Tudor times. Special attention was
directed to the remarkable windows of this church, which to
see, even on a screen, isto admire. It is said “‘ no architectural
feature claims more general attention than the window, be it
the humble casement of the cabin, the cosy dormer of the cot-
tage, with its flood of cheery sunshine ; up to the giants of the
Minster, in their majesty and all their treasures of artistic glass
—these are the things which, from the interior, catch the eye,
and, if the proportion is defective, we weary at once of all
minor details, and forget them, but one never forgets those of
York.

Mr. Fennell gave a well-illustrated description of the win-
dows known as “ The Heart of British Oak,’ the ‘‘ Five Sisters
of York,’’ and the “‘ Great Wall of Glass.”

The election of some new members brought the lecture to a
close.

Ig February.

H. J. SEYMOUR, F.G.S.—“ THE MICROSCOPICAL
MINERALS OCCURRING IN SANDS.”

The paper was confined chiefly to the examination of sands
for mineral constituents, which still possess their original cry-
stalline outlines, and hence may be recognisable to a beginner
with little or nu knowledge of the science of mineralogy. The
classcs recommended for study were sea sands, river gravels,
and decomposed rock material occurring in rock masses. By
means cf lantern slides the best types of localities for collecting
were indicated. On the sea shore it was pointed out that the
most suitable material for researcn was the “‘ black sands ” which
occur in pa‘ches on shores of the velvet sand type, and which,
consisting chiefly of m-gnetite, often contained other heavy
minerals, many of them of considerable interest. Mr. Seymour
described the best method of collecting the material for ex-
amination, and the various precautions to be observed so as to

1960-1901. ] 6061

ensure thai the sampie is as concentrated as possible. He also
described the apparatus needed, and the treatment of the
samples with a view to the isolation and determination of the
various crystals composing it. <A list of some of the rare
minerals which had been isolated by the writer of the paper
was given, and photo-micrographs of the actual specimens were
thrown on the screen. Some of the crystals were almost
ideally perfect, and much more so than is usually the case with
larger specimens visible to the naked eye. Amongst other
rare minerals found by Mr. Seymour in the sea sands of
County Wicklow was gold. Some of the sands were so rich in
this metal that at least one speck could be isolated from every
handful. Though he stated that it did not now occur in pay-
ing quantities, he saw no reason to doubt that it was capable
of prohtable extraction by our early predecessors. Mr. Sey-
mour pointed out the bearing its proved wide distribution in
Irish sands would have on the vexed question as to the origin
of the gold from which our famous ancient gold ornaments
were made, and urged the members of the B.N.F.C. to take up
the study of sands on the lines indicated, which might lead to
some interesting and unexpected results. Samples of the sands
before and after treatment were exhibited, the apparatus neces-
sary for research, and mounted specimens of the minerals ob-
tained in the form of perfect crystals.

The President exhibited and described in a most interesting
manner some old sun dials, and suggested that all that is known
of the existing old sun-dials in the North of Ireland should be
collected and recorded. With this view he invited descriptive
particulars from the members and friends of the club who may
have, or can procure, information about sun-dials of any form
still existing throughout the country.

After a discussion on the two papers submitted, the election
of new members closed the meeting.

662 *(Proc. B.N.F.C.

20 March.

CANON W. H. LETT, M.A.—‘ THE OCCURRENCE OF
NATTERER’S BAT AND THE WHISKERED BAT
IN CO. DOWN.”

After stating all that was known of Irish Bats in Thompson’s
time, the writer noticed the more recent discoveries and studies
of Messrs. Harting, Kinahan, Jameson, Moffat and Dr. Alcock.
His own experience of Bats began half a century ago, but it
was only recently that he became acquainted with any species
other th.n the long-eared and common Bats. Having given
interesting particulars of the large numbers of common Bats to
be found near Lough Neagh—where this species became quite
a nuisance—the writer continued :—“‘ In the last week of June,
“©1897, I captured, in Aghaderg Glebe House, Co. Down, a
“reddish-grey coloured Bat, which turned out to be of the
‘species known as Natterer’s Bat. It was flying about a bed-
‘room in the dusk, where, unlike the common or long-eared
‘Bat, it made a considerable noise in flying against objects
‘Cand knocked down some small articles in the room. When
“Thad it in my hand I noticed its light colour, and that its
‘squeaking was louder than that emitted by the other bats I
“had met with. The specimen was sent to the Manchester
‘¢ Museum, where Mr. J. Ray Hardy kindly identified it. This
‘little animal is scarce, and has hitherto in Ireland been found
‘in Donegal, Fermanagh, Louth, Longford, Galway, Wicklow
“and (Cork:

“ Just 12 months ago—in March, 1899—my man found a
‘bat one morning clinging to the outside wall of my green-
“house. This bat is about the size of the Common Bat. I
‘noticed its face as clothed with more fur than iu other bats,
‘‘and from this and the peculiar form of the free diamond-
‘shaped lobe of its ears I identified it as a Whiskered Bat. I
‘sent the specimen the same day to Dr. Alcock, who at once
‘wrote contirming my discovery, and congratulating me on

1960-1901. | 602

re,

‘ihe interesting fiad, which, as in the case of Natterer’s Bat,
‘had not previously been recorded from Co. Down.”

During the discussion that followed, Mr. Robert Patterson
exhibited a specimen of the Whiskered Bat which he had re-
ceived from Dromore, Co. Down, in July, 1898 —several months
before the capture of Canon Letts’ specimen.

JOSEPH WRIGHT, F.G.S.—* FORAMINIFERA OF
THE PLEISTOCENE CLAY OF BOVEVAGH, CO.
DERRY.”

The earliest notice which we have of the fossiliferous clay at
Bovevagh is in Portlock’s Geological Report of Londonderry,
&c.+ At page 159 he thus refers to the clay :—“ In Bovevagh
the most remarkable bed is on the Bovevagh River as it passes
the old church; it is full of Zurrztella terebra lying in all
directions and contains only fragments of any other shell ; it
is separated by a layer of gravel from a sandy calcareous clay
not containing fossils, and that again is covered by a confused
deposit of sand and gravel 60 feet thick, streaked with more
regular layers of sand and gravel.” And again, ‘ The heaped
up and confused arrangement of Zurritelle shows a peculiar
accumulation in that spot, the result probably of meeting
currents, and in looking at the country, and mentally abstract-
ing from it the superficial gravel, one is almost inclined to
think that the course and manner of such formations can yet
be traced.”

About 22 years ago I visited this place in company with two
fellow-members of the Belfast Naturalist’s Field Club, and
brought away some of the clay for microscopical examination.
Foraminifera were found to occur in it in great profusion, and
a list of the species is given in the Proceedings of the Club,
1879-807.

1. Report on the Geology of Londorderry, Tyroae, and Fermanagh, 1843.
2. Wright, Post Tertiary Foraminifera of the North-east of Ireland, Proc,
Belfast Naturalist’s Field Club.—app. 1879-80.

604 [Proc. B.N.F.C

A few years ago I received from my friend Mr. William
Gray, M.R.I.A., a packet of this clay which he kindly collected
for me on an occasion when he had visited the place, and from
this sample I obtained a good many species which had not been
recorded in my previous communication to the Club. The
clay weighed 4 lb. 6 oz. troy, after washing it to get rid of the
fine impalpable mud I had 17°2 oz. of sand in the fine sieve,
and 62 oz. of stones and broken Zurrztelle in the coarse one,
the stones were nearly all more or less rounded and had no
marks of striz on them. The floatings that were taken from
the fine material weighed ‘03 oz., and in this there were
estimated to be upwards of 43,000 specimens. Specimens of
the very rare and lovely Bolwina Beyrichit were not unfrequent,
they were large in size compared with the other Solivine, their
tests were thin and fragile, and only a few of the specimens
were got perfect. This species has not hitherto been met with
in British Pleistocene clay, neither has it been found recent off
our coast. Among the rarer forms found the following may
be mentioned — Zextularia globulosa, Bolivina elegans, Discor-
bina pustulosa, and Fulvinulina Karstent.

FORAMINIFERA.

Biloculina depressa, D’ Orb., one small specimen.
Milwlina seminulem (Linn.), very common, small weak specimens.
M. subrotunda (Montag.), rare.
Ophthalmidum carinatum, B. § W., one small broken specimen.
Yeatularia gramen, D’ Orb, rare.
1. globulusa, Ehr., rare.
Bulimina pupoides, DL’ Orb., very common.
B. elegans, L’ Orb., common.
B. fusifvrmis, Well., common.
4B. marynata, D Orb., frequent.
B. eleguntissima, D’ Orb., common.
rgulina Schrecbe: siana, Cz., rare.
Boluvina punctata, D Orb., very common.
B. plicata, D’ Orb, very common.
Lb, levigata (Will.), very rare.
B. Beyrichi, Rss., trequent.
B. dilitata, Rss., frequent.
Cassidulina levigata, D’ Orb., frequent.
C. crassa, D’ Orb., very common.

1. The sieves used for washing the clay were a galvanized wire sieve 16
meshes to the inch and a miller’s silk sieve 150 meshes to the inch,

1900-1901. | 608

Lagena glubosa (.Montag.), rare.

. levis (Montag.), very rare,

. levis, var. clavata, D’Orb., very rare.

. lineata ( Wiil.), rare.

. sulcata (W. & J.), rare.

. Williamsoni (Alcock), rare,

. striata (D’ Orb.), very rare.

. squamosa (Montag.), very rare.

. hexagona (Will), rare.

L. levigata (Rss.), rare.

L. lucda (Will), very common.

Nodosaria communis, D’ Orb. ? one broken specimen.
N. scalaris (Batsch), rare.

Cristellaria crepidula (FE. § M.), very rare.
C. rotulata ( Lamk.), rare.

Polymorphina lactea (W. § J.), very rare..
Uvigerina angularis, Well., common.
Globigerina bulloides, D’ Orb., very common.
G. eretacea, D’ Orb., very rare.

Orbulina universa, D’ Orb., rare.

Patellina corrugata, Will., rare.

Discorbina globularis (D’ Orb.), frequent.

D. nitida ( Will.), rare.

D. pustulosa, B. § W., very rare.

D. sp. near D. Bertheloti (D’ Orb.), very rare.
D. sp., frequent.

Truncatulina lobatula (W. & J.), frequent.
Pulvinulina Karsteni (Rss.), very common.
P. Patagonica, D’ Orb., rare.

Rotalia Becerrii ( Linn.), very rare.
Nonionina depressula (W. § J.), very common.
NV. scapha (F. §& M.), very rare.

N. pauperata (B. § W.), very rare.

N. turgida, Will 2 one broken specimen.

NV. stelligera, D’ Orb, very rare ; specimens very poor.
Polystomella crispa (Linn.), very rare.

P. macella (F, § M.), very rare.

P. striato.punctata (F. § M.), very common.

NSE

W. H. PHILLIPS, Vicr-Presment—* MY HOBBY ABOUT
FERNS AND ITS RESULTS” PERSONAL RE-
MINISCENES.

A Paper read at the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club, March 19,
190].

A hobby, as defined in the dictionary, is any favourite object,
that which a person pursues with zea] or delight. A man’s

606 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

hobbies are his spiritual vertebre. hey compose his back-
bone, and the marrow of hischaracter. A man with a hobby or
two, sleek.and well kept, is well to do in his mind; and to
this extent, although it may in no other respect, is mentally
respectable. A man’s hobby is the point upon which he is
strong, and we respect strength.

Dr. Andrew Wilson, in his “‘ Body and Brain,’”’ says on the
value of a hobby :—‘‘ Many men engaged closely in business
suffer from brain-fag, because they do not take care to ensure
that the brain-work is sufficiently varied. In plain language
this is what we mean when we speak of a man possessing a
“hobby.” I should be careful to explain here that I do not
mean a ‘‘fad.” The man with a fad has generally the idea
that his mission in life is to reform every person with whom he
comes in contact, according to his own narrow and preconceived
views. He isa social nuisance, responsible for a good deal of
brain worry on the part of his victims. But the man with a
hobby injures no one; he takes delight in his flowers, his
fossils, his animals, his aquarium, his coins, his insects, or any
other little by-study in which he has found interest and relief
by contrast of occupation from the ordinary routine of his
daily life.”

‘A man’s hobby provides him witha change of occupation,
turns the working of his brain-cells into another channel,
liberates his nervous energy in fresh directions, and by pro-
bably instituting new connections between the groups of brain-
cells, makes the brain a more efficient instrument for the
governance and control of the body. Therefore it is that I
strongly advocate the cultivation of a hobby by every person,
Lord Salisbury, we are told, is in private life a very
efficient chemist, and I know men who, in what may be
called the leisure time of their lives, have made themselves
efficient bookbinders, turners, and amateur engravers. Herein
lies, I think, a tremendous safety-valve for the modern brain-
cell. It is an efficient instrument enough for the discharge of
the work it is intended to do, but it has its own little woes and

1900-1901. | 60%

worries, and must accept the inevitable chances of excessive
wear and tear which await other organs of the frame. At the
very least we may say, of change of occupation, that the im-
portant condition of absolute pleasantness and delight enjoyed
by the subject thereof is a very desirable tonic to the physical
units which work out our intellectual life. I can conceive
nothing more appalling to be contemplated than the spectacle
of a man engaged day by day in this manner, whose sole litera-
ture is represented by his daily paper, and whose life otherwise
is divided into a threefold cycle of sleeping, eating and working.
Such a man, I would say, if my observations of life be correct,
is more liable to nervous breakdown than even the hard-worked,
overwrought slave of modern commerce, literature, art or
science.”’

Among the many pursuits that people follow now-a-days, for
instruction, as well as mere amusement, few have arisen in so
short a space of time, or deserve more attention than the study
of that mysterious class of plants known as ferns, which are as
most people are aware, a flowerless tribe, bearing, with one or
two exceptions, their fructification at the back of their fronds
or leaves in brown masses, sometimes round, sometimes oblong.
Unlike general botany, which gives comparatively little pleasure
after the flower is named, from the difficulty of preserving the
colour of the specimens, the study of ferns not only leads the
collector into the most picturesque scenery and wildest haunts
of nature, but by the winter fireside, or in the close rooms of
our crowded cities, he has but to open his “ Fern-book,” and
the forms of his favourites appear before him, as green and
graceful as when they hung by the mountain torrent or waved
in some quiet shady lane, bring back to remembrance pleasant
summer rambles amid lovely scenes, making the heart swell
with gladness at the recollecticn of the forms of beauty and
purity on which he has been permitted to gaze.

‘* As odours, pressed in Summer’s hours,
From Summer’s bloom remain
To soothe and comfort, till the flowers
Of Spring revive again ;”’

608 (Proc. B.N.F.C.

‘¢ So memory’s magic wand restores
Gladness too bright to last ;
And in a flood of music pours
Sweet echoes of the past.’

As almost all the members of our Club are practical hobby-
riders, or they would hardly belong to it, I feel I may count
upon some sort of fellow feeling if I may relate how I came to
be a fern hobbyist, so to speak, and that my experiences may
be of use to others.

Every hobby must have a beginning, and I think in my case
the initial movement began when in the early forties I learned
botany from Pinnoc«’s Catechim, when at the school of Mr.
A. F. Foster, who, on haif-holidays, used to invite the day boys
to join him in a country walk, when a very good number took
advantage of the offer. To this day I remember the knowledge
of old roads then acquired, and the pleasant conversations we
had with the master on things of interest, either botanical or
geological. After leaving school and going to business I had
not the same opportunities, and the future hobby lay dormant.
When in 1849 I went to London I had the good fortune to be
for some years in one of the largest wholesale booksellers in the
city. I took full advantage of this in acquiring a good know-
ledge of the churches and other antiquarian buildings in
London, and had many adventures to Kew Gardens and tke
parks.

My duties took me daily through the East End and City of
London, my district extending from the east end of Paternoster
Row to everywhere east, and ncrth to Islington, and through
all the south of London.

On one occasion [ remember seeing a large giass case taking
up the side of a room, or hall, filled with ferns. JI admired
them greatly, but had completely forgotten where this was.
In ‘various after visits to London I went over my old district,
bnt could not find the place; but forty years after, when
preparing a paper for the British Pteridological Society, it came
to me like a flash that it was in Bishopgate Square, in the

1900-1901. | ; 609

house of Edward Newman, the author of alarge book on ferns
where I used to go frequently on business.

- Newman’s British Ferns was then considered an authority.

but is now of little value, his work being entirely taken up with

the division of ferns into species, scarcely any of which are now

in use with fern growers.

The hobby still lay dormant, but leaving London, and re-
turning to Belfast, I went with my family each year to the Spa,
Ballynahinch, iu County Down. This is a valley encircled by
hills and foliage, with a demesne in the centre. I there saw
ferns in plenty, of normal forms. I was delighted, and brought
back growing specimens of all I could find. I knew nothing
about them, but at once got Moore's Handbook of British
Ferns, then the best book on the subject, and which stil! remains
the best for normal forms.

I often thought of the wall case of ferns in London, and I
determined to have one ; so I got three glass doors, and made
a case against the yard wall, three feet wide, with shelves on
the back for fern pots. I did my own hunting for ferns in
other localities ; brought in the leaf mould and sand, did my
own potting, and succeeded well. The place, however, was
small.

My hobby was then fairly iaunched, This was about 1855-6.

Shortly after I heard that Mr. Thomas Malcomson was grow-
ing ferns, so I called on him and introduced myself as also a
grower of ferns. He asked me to his house at Fairview on the
Crumlin Road to see his collection, and I showed him mine.
Having a kindred hobbyist to talk to is always a great help.
A friendship was thus formed which was very pleasant,
which was cemented by constant fern excursions on all avail-
able opportunities, and continued until, in 1859, Mr. Malcomson
went to Australia, where he has since resided. His collection
of ferns is still extant, in the possession of ‘his brother, Me:
Greer Malcomson, one of the members of this Club. Unfortu-
nately, for many years past he has not hunted much, if at all.
On all occasions when possible to get from business we had

610 '[Proc. B.N.F.C,

excursions for fern hunting, the most prolific of results being to
Colin Glen, Castle Dobbs, Old Mill Glen, Gleno, &c.

For many years I continued to take my family to the Spa,
Ballynahinch, in the summer months; and on an excursion
from there to Seaforde, I found my first 4.7.7. Cristatum.
We were driving on one of the country cars or shandrydans ; I
looking keenly at the hedges as we passed along. I was re-
warded by seeing a crested tip of a frond, peeping through the
hedge, I jumped off, and succeeded in finding the plant and
digging it out. It has proved a most beautiful crest, of a form
not since found. That fern is still represented in my collection
for at least 40 years. Thus “a thing of beauty isa joy for ever.”
Divisions of this fern have made their way into most of the
best collections in England and Scotland, and is found in the
catalogues of thetrade. By this time the fern hobby had a good
hold. During allthis time I endeavoured to induce others to join
in the pursuit but with little success. About 1857 I read with
pleasure a book on “The Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed
Cases,’ by Mr. N. B. Ward, of the Apothecaries Hall, London,
principally applied to the growth of ferns in towns, where
smoke and dirt render their growth impossible. This book I
lent to others. The late Mr. Robert Patterson was acquainted
with Mr. Ward, and had a case on his plan made for the growth
of ferns. His son, Mr. W. H. Patterson, informs me this case
is still in existence and in his possession.

About 1858 a meeting of a few fern lovers was held at Mr.
Patterson’s house, College Square North, to talk about ferns
and the possibility of forming a society to encourage their
growth. At this distance of time I forget all who were there,
T know Mr. W. H. Patterson, Penrose Beale, Thomas Malcom-
son, and myself, and Mr. Robert Patterson. A resolution was
passed forming “‘ The Belfast Wardian Society.” Thus assoc-
iating Mr. Ward’s name with the enterprise, and issuing a
circular to be sent to fern lovers in other localities asking
their assistance. Whom the Gods love are said to die early, I
am sorry to say this society died early, tog few members.

1900-1901. } 611

In 1860 Professor Jukes gave a course of lect ures on Geology,
in Belfast, which were largely attended. This was followed
in 1861, 1862, and 1863 by courses of lectures on Geology,
Zoology, and Botany. I attended the botany classes taught
by Ralph Tate, afterwards and still a professor of the subject in
Australia. At these lectures I made the acquaintance of our
valued friends, Mr. S. A. Stewart and Mr. Wiliam Gray,
who from then have been good friends of mine, and who still
survive to ride merrily on their hobbies.

These lectures prepared the way for something permanent,
and in 1863 a List of Guarantors was brought before the
members of these classes with the object of forming a “ Belfast
Naturalist’s Field Club.” It was largely signed; I find my
name amceng the signatories, of whom 19 survive, and only 9
are now members of the Club. <A meeting to form the Club
was held in March, 1863. Dr. Browne in the chair, it was
largely attended by ladies and gentlemen. A great number
of names were enrolled, of whom I was among the first.
Since the formation I have continued a member, and taken a
deep interest in the Club’s welfare. I was at the extra first
excursion to Colin Glen on the day of the marriage of our
present King. A most delightful day, and very much enjoyed.
In 1863 I was elected hon. treasurer, in which post I con-
tinued until 1869. I was a member of Committee for several
years after, until in 1890 I was again elected hon. treasurer,
which post 1 still occupy, and this year the Club honoured me
by electing me Vice-President. During these 38 years of the
Club’s existence, I joined in many of the excursions, always
keeping my fern hobby well to the front, and adding to my
collection and to my knowledge.

At the request of the secretaries I contributed the following
papers to the Club :—

On March 23, 1865, George C. Hyndman in the chair—
“‘ Classification and Distribution of Ferns, with notices of some
interesting varieties lately found in the Iceality,”

612 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

On March 8, 1881, Mr. W. Gray, President, in the chair—
“ Carnivorous Plants : their structure and habits, with notices
of some of the insects which trequent them.”

On January 13, 1887, Canon Grainger, President, in the
chair—“‘On the Reproduction of Ferns, specially on the
observed phenomenon called apospory, with some remarks on
hybridization.”

On March 27, 1888, Mr. Hugh Robinson, President, in the
chair—‘ Variations Observed in the Growth of Mistletoe ;
illustrated by growing plants.”

On February 19, 1890, Mr. W. Gray, President, in the chair
—‘ A Gossip about British Ferns and their Varieties, with
notices of local finds, with illustrations.”

On December 16, 1890, Mr. W. Gray, President, in the
chair—“ Strange Pets I have had.”

At the annual meeting, 1900, Mr. Bigger, President, in the
chair—“ British Ferns and their varieties.”

In 1885-6 R. Ll. Praeger and myself published as an
appendix to the proceedings of the Club, “ The Ferns of
Ulster.”

The Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club included a great many
botanists, but [am sorry to say not any special fern hunters,
and consequently I had no one with whom to compare notes,
and to be certain of species I had often to buy normal forms
from English nurseries, which I afterwards found were plenty
in this locality.

Mr. Ferguson, then curator of the Belfast Botanic Gardens,
was very friendly, although not knowing much of British
ferns, and to encourage their growth had classes for ferns in-
cluded in the horticultural shows then held in the Botanic
Garde is.

In 1860 I had the honour of winning the first prize of £5 for
the best collection of 24 ferns in 12 inch pots. My competitors
included Sir W. Verner, Mr. Walkington, and Mr. Philip
Richardson, they having at that time the best collections of
ferns, J continued my fern hunting on all favourable oppor-

1900-1901. | 613

tunities, and in that was often assisted by others in the know-

ledge of likely places for ferns, such as Sir Walter Scott has
described—

‘* Where the copse wood is the greenest,
Where the fountain glistens sheenest,
Where the morning dew lies longest
There the Lady Fern grows strongest.”

Late in the fifties I was indebted to Mr. W. H. Patterson for
my first excursion to Stormont Glens, where I found a fine
form of A. FP. Fema, the Apuceforme, which is crested like
a fish’s tail. Also to an excursion to Cultra Demesne, when the
very fine form Folys. Angulare, Decompositum, was found,
Both of these forms are still in my collection.

Colin Glen was in the fifties a favourite hunting place, the
upper glen especially, until the trees were cut down. This was

an ideal place, just such as would recall the lines of Mr. Edwin
Lees on the Athyrium :—

“When in splendour and beauty all Nature is crowned,
The fern is seen curling half hid in the ground ;
But of all the green brackens that rise by the burn
Commend me alone to the sweet Lady Fern.’’

‘** Polypodium indented stands stiff on the rock,
With his sori exposed to the tempest’s rough shock ;
On the wild, chilly heath Aquilina stands stern
Not once to be named with the sweet Lady Fern.”’

“* Filix-mas in a circle lifts up his green fronds,
And the Heath Fern delights by the bogs and the ponds;
Through their shadowy tufts though with pleasure I turn
The palm must still rest with the fair Lady Fern.”’

‘* By the fountain I see her just spring into sight,
Her texture as frail as though shivering with fright ;
To the water she shrinks—I can scarcely discern
In the deep humid shadows the soft Lady Fern.”’

‘¢ Where the water is pouring for ever she sits,
And beside her the Ouzel, the Kingfisher flits ;
There, supreme in her beauty, beside the full urn
In the shade of the rock stands the tall Lady Fern.”’

‘* Noon burns up the mountain, but here by the fall
The Lady Fern flourishes graceful and tall ;
Hours speed as thoughts, without any concern,
And float like the spray, gliding past the green fern.”’

At an excursion to Colin Glen in 1858 with Mr. Thomas
Malcomson, I found a Scolofendrium with a crenated margin

614 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

which to my great astonishment the next year produced its
second growth of fronds variegated ; at this time ferns with
variegation were not known. These fronds had a beautiful
ivory white margin. I exhibited it at that year’s fern show,
and sent a frond and description to the Gardener’s Chronicle,
then edited by Mr. Thomas Moore, curator of Chelsea Botanic
Gardens, and author of so many books on British ferns. He
inserted the description in the Chronzcle with some commen-
dation.

Before this I was confined to the acquaintance of a few local fern
lovers and hunters, but as soon as this notice appeared I hada letter
from Mr. Clapham, Scarborough, then one of the foremost of
fern collectors and cultivators, asking for a division, had it been
any other I should have refused, but as Mr. Clapham hadi been
very generous to the Wardian Society, I at once sent hima
division. He placed it among his twelve best ferns, and the
following year it was seen there by Colonel Jones, of Clifton,
one of the greatest authorities on British ferns. He saw and
was conquered by a desire to have a division also, which I gave
him. He was greatly pleased with it, and thus a friendship
was formed with the most pleasant results; every new thing I
found I shared with Colonel Jones, and he was most liberal in
exchanges. This continued until his death in 1889, which was
a great loss to every fern lover.

Mr. Clapham, among other ferns, gave me a division of his
A.F.F’. Acrocladon, which until then he had been very un-
willing to give to others. This grew well with me, it was
never known to have spores, and so was very scarce. Messrs,
Sim, of Foots Cray, and Stansfields, of Todmorden, had each a
division from me. By careful examination Stansfields found
one spore case with a few spores, from which they raised quite
a number of fine ferns of the same character, but much better.
Thus through my finding this Scolopendrium, the way was
opened for some of the most pleasant intimacies constantly
refreshed by letters and exchanges of finds or raisings, and
visits to each other which continued until the death of Colonel

1900-1901-] 615

Jones. Through his introduction I made the friendship of those
who were then the giants of the cult—Mr. Wollaston, of Chisel-
hurst ; Dr. Fox, of Bristol ; Mr. Carbonell, of Usk ; Mr. Lowe,
of Shirenewton Hall; Mr. Fraser, Edinburgh, &c. Many of
these I visited.

Numerous exchanges took place and my collection rapidly
grew.

In 1860 I removed to Alfred Street where I had a fair sized
yard. I covered most of it with glass, and brought all my
treasures with me, and made a rockery, and had the water laid
on for a fountain and watering ; Mr. Gray kindly helped in
making this. I continued there until 1866 when I removed to
Holywood, where I have resided ever since. This was the best
move I could have made, I had a large garden, good soil and
situation, and plenty of room for all kinds of alpines and ferns.
After a visit from Colonel Jones, I was advised to plant my
ferns all in the open ; just like other plants ; they succeeded
well, and this is the best way, where the air is pure British
ferns do not require coddling in a greenhouse.

“Do not be afraid of ferns. They like being moved and
divided and will forgive almost anything but neglect.” Sucha
garden as I have is within the reach of most people, and need
not be confined to the well-to-do.

It has been my good fortune to meet in England many
working men, with a tiny plot, who have fine collections of
ferns, the results of their own fern hunting and raising, and
careful attention.

“Yes, in the poor man’s garden grow, far more than her*s
and flowers—kind thoughts, peace of mind, and joy for weary
hours.”

“‘ Whatever cheerful and serene supports the mind, supportS
the body too.”

I hope some more of the members will take up the study
with vigour, do not be afraid of the difficulty of learning, collect
any ferns you may find and plant them, you will then by
observation notice the differences in species and varieties,

616 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

A well-stocked fernery, and Moore’shand-book of ferns, will
teach a beginner in a few lessons, more than a month’s study
of all the learned books on ferns published. The biography of
a good man is a pleasant thing to read, but to see that man
face to face, and to know him personally is far better.

After this acquaintance by sight, the study of little peculiari-
ties, aided by magnifying glasses and by the experience of
others, is made doubly interesting.

About 20 years ago Mr. R, Lloyd Praeger took up the study
of ferns, and was with me on many excursions when good finds
were made; he became a successful hunter and made a good
collection, the best of which he has now in Dublin.

For many years business took me constantly travelling over
the North of Ireland, and, with my love of ferns, I availed
myself of opportunities to visit glens and mountains, and walk-
ing between one railway station and another along old roads
rich in ferns. I made a rule always to have the proper tools
with me—a steel pick, a fern trowel, cord, and a good canvas
bag. If unprepared and a find is made, if not then secured
the chances are that it never will be again.

Mr. Druery says :—‘ It is astonishing how few people, even
among plant lovers, are aware that in our British ferns and
their varieties, we have something absolutely unique in the
world, and unparalleled anywhere outside our little group of
islands, despite the fact that elsewhere in many places ferns are
far more abundant, and species far more numerous,”

“No collection can be made of any other class of plants,
without some aid from outside; either the plants themselves
are originally exotic, or the varieties are due to culture abroad
as well as here.”

“But with our British ferns not only have we many hundreds
of lovely and diverse forms, every one of which is of home
origin, either as a wild find or derived therefrom in this country,
but in no cther part of the world has a tithe of such diversity
been found to exist, even.in those places which are infinitely
better endowed with raw material than we are,”’

1900-1901. |] 617

_ “Whether this singular fact is due to a greater capacity for
sporting in our native species, owing to climate or other con-
ditions, or whether it is due to the fact that here alone we have
had a persistent coterie of fern hunters, engaged for half a
century in this cult, cannot with certainty be said.”

The counties to which my attention was given were Antrim,
Down, Derry, Armagh, Sligo, Leitrim, Louth, Wicklow,
Dublin, in Ireland, and Westmoreland in England. These
counties are full of glens and ravines, and in all parts full of
ferns, that well repay the hunter. One cannot bea fern hunter
alone, so many other objects of interest arise, that one is obliged
to notice them. Besides ferns I made a good collection of
alpine plants and shrubs. |

Views of mountain and heath and moorland always had
charms for me, our own counties have scenes which could be

fitly described by the following poetical description :—
‘¢ A wealth of heather glimmering far and wide,
Pink spray, and crimson tuft, and waxen bell;
A thousand spears of yellow asphodel
Guarding each hollow where marsh mosses hide,
And butterworts and sundews brown abide ;
A mountain tarn where pale lobelias dwell ;
Grey lichened rocks all slanted down the fell,
And far-off bills with purple splendours dyed ;
Such picture 1 would grave upon my soul,
That, in some day of weary toil and care,
When the world’s hoarse, loud clamours round me roll,
I may turn inwards from the din and glare,
And for one moment all these fair things see,
And cheer me with the beautiful and free,”’

When I commenced fern hunting in 1885 comparatively
little was known of what we call varietal development. The
history of the British fern varieties is almost wholly comprised
within the last fifty years. Before 1850 only some half-a-dozen
to half-a-score of varieties seem to have been recognised.
From that time forward each year produced new forms by
diligent hunting, the names of which would take too long to
enumerate, but are very fully given in Dr. Stansfield’s paper
on the subject.

In his remarks on the finds of each year, he says—'‘ The
year 1877 is famous for the discovery of two very fine angulare

618 | Proc. B.N.F.C.

varieties by Mr. Phillips—viz., his FPolystichum rotundatum
and his setoso cuneatum, two of the best things Mr. Phillips has
found.”

‘If we look backwards instead of forwards we are confronted
with the fact that when Queen Victoria ascended the throne
there were apparently no fern lovers at all, and certainly no
collections of varieties worthy the name.”

The late Colonel Jones, of Clifton, that faczle princeps of
fern hunters and raisers, in a paper read before the Bristol
Naturalists’ Society, 1888, after enumerating the ferns found in
the neighbourhood of Bristol and Somerset, says—“ It was in
the lower parts of the Quantock district that the late Mr.
Elworthy, many years ago. made his remarkable finds in
Polystichum angulare, which helped to give a greatly increased
interest in the study of British ferns, and subsequently Mr. G.
Wollaston, Rev. C. Padley, Dr. Wills and Colonel Jones found
many fine and distinct varieties in the same district Nor may
it be without interest to bear in mind that this is the same
district which formed Mr. Elworthy’s happy hunting ground,
and that Mr. Percival made his remarkable discovery of
Devonian corals, not less beautiful than geologically interesting,
it would show that the affinity between this part of Somerset
and South Devon, where so many of the finer forms of Polys.
angulare have been found, is not merely superficial.”

‘‘Nor may it be unworthy of notice that that energetic dis-
coverer, Mr. W. H. Phillips. has proved, by his researches;
that a certain marked botanical affinity exists between the
south-west of England and Ireland, the north especially,
There are certain marked forms of Folys. angulare, of which
single plants had been found in the West of England, and
which, after very exhaustive researches, having never been
found in any other part of England, had long been classed among
the ferns peculiar to the south-west. Yet, after all this had
been comfortably settled, Mr. Phillips turns up with his incon-
venient discoveries, and unsettles everything. If there were
two ferns which had earned the character of being entirely

1900-1901. | 619 >

unique, those ferns were Polys. Ang. Rotundatum, of Elworthy
a Somerset form, and Polys. Ang. Acrocladon, of Mapplebeck,
found in South Devon. Mr. Phillips produces unmistakeable
counterparts of both (Rotundatum, found at Ligoniel, and
Acrocladon, found on the road to Sugar Loaf Mountain, Co.
Dublin.)”

“Another most rare and marked form, Polys. Ang. Brachiato
Cristatum, which long experience seemed to have been proved
conclusively to be peculiar to the South of England, Mr.
Phillips also finds in the North of Ireland, in Co. Fermanagh.’

It was exactly the same with another rare and _ beautiful
form, Polys. Ang. Setoso-Cuneatum, found in the Deerpark,
Belfast, of which only two plants had ever before been found,
one by Mr. Moly, the other by Mr. Wollaston, both in the
south-west ot England.

To these may be added the Polys. Aug. Divistlobum
Phillips, found at Castlecoole, on which Mr. Wollaston has
passed judgment as a gem of the first water. This closely re-
sembles the celebrated Duviszlobum Wollastonit. and the
Divisilobum Crawfordie, commonly called in this neighbour-
hood the Crawfordsburn fern.

I may notice that of Dzvzszlobes 16 were found in the United
Kingdom—3 in Somerset, 7 in Devon, 1 in Hants, 5 in Ireland,
of which 3 were by myself.

In 1892 the North of England Pteridological Society was
formed, of which I became a member, afterwards its name was
altered to the British Pteridological Society. This Society is
entirely devoted to the science of ferns in all their aspects.
We have our meeting always on the first Monday in August
in each year, nearly always at Windermere, at which papers
are read, new forms exhibited and named. This brings together
a large number of experts, and is a great enjoyment, and a
great opportunity to meet the members, who come from all
parts of the united kingdom. On several occasions the Society
invited me to read papers. In 18941 read a paper on “ Some
of the Results of Fern Hunting in Ireland ;” in 1898 a paper

620 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

on ‘Polystichum Augulare Proliferum, Past, Present and
Future ;” in 1899 a paper on “ Lastrea Filix Mas, its Past and
Present Divisions.”

When the business meeting is over we often visit the col-
lections of ferns at Windermere and Kendal, belonging to
members, and if the weather permits, on following day, we
have a charabanc and make an excursion to some of the
mountains and valleys where ferns abound. In this way I have
acquired a good knowledge of Westmoreland and added some
good ferns to my collection.

The counties of Ulster cannot be surpassed for places for
hunting ferns and alpine plants, and for the finest scenery, will
compare favourably with any other part in the United
Kingdom. As to ferns, out of the 46 species of ferns in-
digenous to Britain and Ireland, Ireland yields 33 species, and
the province of Ulster 32 species, only one less than the whole
number, the missing species being Zrichomanes Radicans
The varieties recorded number 150 of which Polystichum Angu-
lara is credited with 55, and Athyrium with 30.

Lord Lytton says that the face of Nature is the only face
that as we grow old never changes to us. Friends grow old,
change and pass away, but the old oak of our youth is the old
tree still. The hill has still the same shadows, the valley the
same musical river. |

One of our poet bishops, since gone to his rest, wrote as
follows to a clergyman of his diocese who had promised to go
with him to Connemara, but was prevented by engagements
The description is very humorous, and would almost describe
some of our Ulster scenes, say Newcastle :—

DERADDA LODGE, CONNEMARA.

Dear Fowler, I think, on the whole, you'll agree with me,
This p.ace is delicious (1 wish you could be with me);
But especially charming to one who has got any

Fancy for fishing, conjoitly with botany.

Just think, when on land from your boat you get out,
Having captured a salmon, or ten or twelve trout,

Ǥ you lounge on the margin, enjoying your lunch,

You suddenly find that your cushion’s a bunch

1900-1901. ] 621

Of what we consider our fairest of spolia,
Menziesia to wit, species polifolia. !
Then you stretch your cramped legs, you stroll off a short way,
And lo! there’s the heath that is named Mackay ;

Or perchance you may find (you know it most rare is)
Another heath bearing the name Ciliaris ;

Or even by luck, one outrivalling any— a

Bush of the Erica Mediterranea.

Then look in that ditch, there’s a prize for Herbaria,

‘The true intermediate Utricularia.

You will know it, without any flower or fruit,

By the groups of small bladders apart from the root.

Then in casting your fly you hook into a weed —

Draw it in—why, what is it? a rush ora reed?

No, the treasure you’ve hooked in that cast so unwary

Is the Eriocaulan Septangulare !

When the salmon have baffled your patience and skill,

Take half a day off, and walk over the hill,

And there on the rocks (it’s no fiction or phantom)

Grows the real unmistakeable Adiantum.

While in that little lake which the sea breezes fall on,

All full of lobelia and Eriocatilon

(1n vain the green depths of its waters defy us),

With a gaff we secure the much coveted Naias.

Now, I think my dear Fowler, I’ve well proved my case,
That this is a most undeniable place ;

And once more I wish you were with me to fish up

Big trout and rare plants !—Your affectionate Bishop.

Mr. Lowe, in his book on 50 years experience in fern grow-
ing, says—among those who devoted themselves to what has
been termed fern hunting, z.e., a search in order to discover
new wild varieties, none have been so successful aa——. A
long list of names, of whom only 6 are now alive ; two of whom
are members of this Club, Mr. R. L. Praeger and myself
And I may mention that this book of Mr. Lowe’s has many
references to my work, and in his “ British Ferns and Where
-Found” he has made 70 references to me and described many
of my finds.

As I have mentioned, fern hunting of wild varieties was, up
to a recent period, the only way in which novelties and varieties
could be had. In 1858 experiments were made in crossing,
and in 1867 it became an acknowledged fact that ferns could
be crossed ; experiments had for some time been going on
in this direction, but the results were generally discredited until
then. Mr. E. J. Lowe and Colonel Jones were the first to

622 [ Proc. B.N.C.F.

thoroughly experiment on the possibilities of crossing and on
their successes.

Mr. Lowe thus writes: “The interest in the varieties of
British ferns ought to increase, now the crossing of varieties
has become an acknowledged fact, alike on account of the
extreme beauty of many of the crosses already effected, and
because also, however beautiful crosses already obtained are, it
may be confidently asserted, that they are nothing to what
will be accomplished when exhaustive experiments, guided by
tasteful and judicious selection, shall have been made. Though
much will depend on selection, there will always be enough
left to the element of chance to keep up theinterest. Wemay
liken the prospect of endless combinations, to the combinations
in bell ringing, and we learn that the changes in the ringing of
twelve bells amounts to forty millions, we can scarcely conceive
of the immense field of inquiry that is opened in thése inves-
tigations. The number of forms to be obtained is past con-
ception, and as the discovery of one truth is the stepping-stone
to the discovery of even greater truths so every new form that
is raised enables the raiser, or those following in his footsteps,
to produce countless other combinations.”

About 1885 the mode of growth called apospory, was dis-
covered by Mr. Druery, on Athyrium F. F. Clarissima, this
is the formation on the back of the frond where the spore cases
are developed, of bulbils, which afterwards, on being pegged
down on damp earth, produce prothalliz, from which fronds
spring up, and become separate plants.

Mr. Gosse, in hisNaturalists Rambles on the Devonshire coast,
has called attention to many of its charms and wonders, both
scenicand marine. He has done a good deed, as every one
does who presents new objects of interest and research to
those who, living habitually in romantic scenes, forget to
notice them, and, surrounded by many of the most marvellous
of God’s creatures, know neither their habits or their nature.

Some indeed may inquire, ‘‘ What is the advantage of know-
ing the names of aset of weeds, which are of no use to. any=

1900-196r. | 632

x

one?” “Ofnouse?” That is a question not for us to solve,
At any rate are many of your employments more useful ?
Are all so innocent? Ask the worn out, heart-wearied man
yonder, who has escaped for one short month from his stool in
a city office; ask him if there be not a use in the exquisite
and various forms and colours of the sea weeds he is turning
over on the beach. He will answer, ‘It does me good to look
at them ; it refreshes my soul ; it makes me young again !”

Of no use? That is too easily assumed, and implies surely
a forgetfulness of him that made them. It does not necessarily
follow that a thing is useless because we happen to be ignorant
of its use. We ought to believe, we ought to be sure, that the
_lowliest flower or insect has, though it may be unknown to us,
a real use in God’s economy. |

‘‘ Behold the lilies of the field, how they grow!” These gaily

. dressed flowers had their use. It was their mission (could they
have a higher ?) to become preachers to men, of reliance on
_ -God.for meat, drink and clothing. Who will deny the fascina-
tion which flowers of the choicest kind exercise over all? But
to how few are they accessible !
_.The costly greenhouse, the highly-paid gardener, are requisite
for their possession ; but what do the wild flowerscost ? Only
the trouble of picking them ; and they. if people take the pains
of looking for, and examining them, have quite as many,
though more humble, charms than their more aristocratic
relations. .

“ Here! smell this bunch of Butterfly Orchis. Did evera
greenhouse produce a flower with more exquisite scent ?”

‘ But where did you find it? I never saw it before.”’

“ Good friend, I plucked it by the side of a road you have
passed a hundred times. Look at these daffodils! Where
will you find colour more brilliant, texture more delicate ?”

“But they are such vulgar flowers ; they are so common !”

“ My friend, I fear you are very vulgar, for men and women
are very common on the earth.’’

So the sum I have to add up of what I have written about

624 [ Proc. B.N.F.C.

seems very small, although it has taken 40 years to collect
together the parts of which it is composed. But what amount
of figures could tell of all the happiness that has been con-
nected with the ferns, whose stories I have been telling ;
happiness to myself and others, the pleasant days, the merry
hours ; hours of pain forgotten ; hours in which, when alone,
the soul winging itself from the material things around, has
flown up on bright thoughts to the blessed world whence it
came.

b2 aprel.

The last meeting of the Session was held at the Museum,
J. M. Dickson, Esq., in the chair. During the half-hour gossip
the structural details of Belemnites, Ammonites and Nautili
were discussed and illustrated by a series of instructive speci-
mens collected by the members.

At 8 o'clock the formal meeting commenced when Mr.
William Gray, M.&.I.A., submitted his report as delegate to
the Dover meeting of the British Association. The Belfast
Naturalist’s Field Club is one of the corresponding societies
connected with the British Association which undertakes local
scientific investigations, and publishes nctices of the results. A
conference of delegates is held at each meeting of the Associa-
tion at which matters relating to the work done by the local
societies are discussed, also the promotion of more systematic
observations and plans of operation, and greater uniformity in
the mode of publishing results. Mr. Gray, having referred to
the work done and the proposed improved arrangements for
the accommodation of the Annual Conference of Delegates,
reported on the steps taken by the Field Club for inviting the
British Association to Belfast, and the favourable reception
given to the deputation from Belfast at the Dover meeting of
the General Committee of the British Association.

1900-1901. | 625

REV. M. FAHY.—“ ANTIOUARIAN AND NATURAL
HISTORY NOTES OF THE PARISH OF DUNEANE
AND BARONY OF TOOME.”

He stated that the Parish of Duneane is bounded on the
west by the River Bann, on the south by Lough Neagh,
it even extends into the Lough, including what is known as the
Three Islands. The Parish and Church are of very ancient
date, extending back to the oth century. if not earlier. The
places of interest are Duneane Church, Church Island and
Cranfield. The name Duneane is said to be a corruption of
Dun da Een—the fort of the two birds. Tradition has a legend
about the founding of the Church by St. Patrick, but this
henour is also divided between two others—St. Erenach and
St. Brigid. The Church of Duneane is small, measuring 54
feet by 26. The oldest portion is the east gable which is not
less than 500 years old. The Parish of Duneane consisted
originally of four townlands, or. as they are called, the four
towns. Previous to the Dissolution these belonged to the
Abbey of Kells.

Toome Castle was built by De Courcy to command the
celebrated pass of the Bann, over which the different septs in
Antrim. and Derry passed on marauding expeditions, or for
purposes of retaliation. Not long ago the haunt of a great
maurauder, supposed to be Arte Oge O’Neill, was found in
Aghaloughan Bog, about three miles east of Duneane Church.
The place was constructed of strong piles of oak driven into
the ground. During drainage operations objects were dug up.
The lecturer dealt in considerable detail with the history of
Toome Castle, of which the last record was that in 1783 the
ruins of the Castle were taken to build the bridge by Lord
O'Neill.

Raths and souterrains were then dealt with, after which the
lecturer proceeded to describe the natural history of the locality
in an interesting manner.

626 [Proc, B.N.F.C
IO Abril.

Mr. A. Ml. CLELAND.—“ A RECENT TOUR OF THE
ROMAN WALL.”

At the meeting held in the Museum on Tuesday evening
16th April, the Vice-President in the chair. Mr. A. M‘I.
Cleland read a paper on “A Recent Tour of the Roman
Wall.” After a few introductory remarks explaining the
ratson d'etre of the Wall the lecturer showed ruins of several
fine buildings which had been erected from the materials
derived from the time of defensive works raised by the Romans
from the Solway and the Tyne. Those buildings include the
beautiful priory at Lanercost, whose walls have incorporated
many Roman memorials, and whose crypt holds several finely-
executed Roman altars.

The manner in which the wall was built was next described,
sketches of the inscribed rocks in one of the old quarries being
shown as well as sketches of the manner in which the stones
were wrought. Then several views were shown of fragments
of the wall as at present existing, including one in which the
wall appears through the surface of the old military road laid
out by the Government towards the latter end cf the 18th
Century, and which was really a revival of the road made with
such wise forethought by the Roman Government in the 2nd
Century.

Passing from this the wall was shown creeping along the
edges of the steep crags in the centre of Northumberland, at
an altitude exceeding that of Cave Hill, and still maintaining a
height of over five feet. The next three views showed the
ditches of the Wall and the Vallum, where they had been cut
through hard basalt, the broken and excavated blocks lying on
the tops of the banks as they were left by the British labourers,
impressed by the Romans, seventeen centuries ago.

After a short description of the castles (erected at every
mile), and the turrets, or stone sentry boxes, (placed on the
wall at every furlong), the lecturer dealt with the remarkable

1900-1901. | 627

remains of the old bridge, built by the Romans, about the year
173 A.D., over the north Tyne at Chesters. The ruins are an
excellent instance of the splendid work the Romans put into
their buildings.

Then the lecturer passed on to speak of the camps, or
fortified cities, maintained by the Romans along the line of the
wall, eighteen in all, some of them covering as much as 54
acres. The camps were dealt with in detail, excellent views
being shown of ramparts, gates, guard-houses, officers quarters,
treasure vaults, a market place. and, most interesting of all.
the latest discovered street, the houses being built by the forced
labour of men whose descendants now represent the largest
empire the world has ever seen.

After this a series of nine views was thrown on the screen,
shewing details of the remarkable building at Citernum, which
has either been used as a bath ora villa. Several rooms were
shown, including one containing the curious series of seven
niches or alcoves. Examples were given of the way in which
the rcoms were heated with hot air, some of the original plans
still remaining in situ.

The remaining portion of the lecture was devoted to an
imaginary sketch of the life of a Roman soldier on the Wall
from the time he landed at Dover till he receive= his discharge.
This discharge, engraved on tablets of bronze, conferred on the
time expired soldier all the privileges of citizenship, and enabled
him to contract a lawful marriage, provided he was content
with one lady at a time.

The lecture occupied an hour and a half in delivery and was
followed with great attention by a very appreciative audience,
‘Most of the views shown were from photos taken by Mr. Cleland
when in Northumberland last year.

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1990-1901, | 029

RULES

OF THE

delfast Mafuralists’ Field lub,
1900-01,

I.
That the Society be called ‘‘ Tue Betrast NaTuratists’ Freip Civus,””

Tt,

That the object of this Society be the practical study of Natural Science
and Archaology in Ireland.

Til.

That the Club shall consist of Ordinary, Corresponding, and Honorary
Members. The Ordinary Members to pay annually a subscription of Five
Shillings, and that candidates for such Membership shall first pay an entrance
fee of 5/-, and be proposed and seconded at any Meeting of the Club, by
Members present, and elected by a majority of votes of the Members present.

IV.

That the Honorary and Corresponding Membors shall consist of persons of
eminence in Natural Science, or who shall have done some special service to the
Club ; and whose usual residence is not less than twenty miles from Belfast.
That such members may be nominated by any Member of the Club, and on
being approved of by the Committee, may be elected at any subsequent Meeting
of the Club by a majority of the votes of the members present. That Corres-
ponding Members be expected to communicate a Paper once within every two
years.

Ti,

That the Officers of the Club be annually elected, and consist of a President
Vice-President, Treasurer, Librarian, and two Secretaries, and ten Members,
who form a Committee, and shall hold not less than eight Meetings in the year.
Five members to form a quorum. No Member of Committee to be eligible for
re-election who has not attended at least one-fourth of the Committee Meetings
during his year of office. That the office of President, or that of Vice-President,
shall not be held by the same person for more than two years in succession,

630 (Proc BiNchsG.,

VI.

The Committee may from year to year appoint a Sectional Committee as
may be considered desirab!e to further original investigations in any one or more
departments of the Club’s work. Each Sectional Committee to be composed of
six members of the Club, not less than two being members of the Club’s Com-
mittee. No financial responsibility to be incurred by the Sub-Committee or any
officer of the Club without the previous approval of the Club’s Committee. Any
Sub-Sectional Committee may elect its own Chairman and Secretary from its
members.

VII.

That the Membors of the Club shall hold at least Six Field Meetings
during the year, in the most interestiag localities, for investigating the Natural
History and Archeology of Ireland. That the place of meeting be fixed by the
Committee, and that five days’ notice of each Excursion be communicated to
Members by the Secretaries,

VIII.

That Meetings be held Fortnightly or Monthly, at the discretion of the
Committee, for the purpose of reading papers; such papers, as far as possible,
to be original and to treat of the Natural History and Archeology of the district.
These Meetings to be held during the months from November to April inclusive.

PX:

That the Committee shall, if they find it advisable, offer for competition
Prizes for the best collections of scientific objects of the district; and the
Committee may order the purchase of maps, or other scientific apparatus, and
may carry on geological and archeological searches or excavations, if deemed
advisable, provided that the entire amount expended under this rule does not
exceed the sum of £10 in any one year,

X.

That the Annual Meeting be held during the month of April, when the
Report of the Committee for the past year, and the Treasurer’s Financial
Statement shall be presented, the Committee and officers elected, Bye-laws
made and altered, and any proposed alteration in the general laws, of which
a fortnight’s notice shall have been given, in writing, to the Secretary or
Secretaries, considered and decided upon. The Secretaries to give the Members
due notice of each intended alteration.

XI.

Members of other Irish Field Clubs residing temporarily or permanently in
or near Belfast may be enrolled members of the Club without election or entrance
fee on production of a voucher of membership of another Club, and without
subscription for the current year on production of a receipt showing that such

1900-1901] 631

subscription has been paid to another Club. Failing the production of such
receipt, the usual subscription for the current year to be paid to the Treasurer
on enrolment. The names of members so admitted to the Club to be published
with the notice of meeting following the date of their enrolment.

XII.
That, on the written requisition of twenty-five Members, delivered to the
Secretaries, an Extraordinary General Meeting may be called, to consider and
decide upon the subject mentioned in such written requisition.

XIII.

That the Committee may be empowered to exchange publications and
reports, and to extend the privilege of attending the Meetings and Excursions
of the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club to members of kindred societies, on
similar privileges being accorded to its members by such other societies.

DOS

RULES FOR THE CONDUCTING OF EXCURSIONS.

I. The excursion to be open to all members, each one to have the
privilege of introducing two friends.

II. A Chairman to be elected as at ordinary meetings.

IL]. One of the Secretaries to act as Conductor, or, in the absence of
both, a member to be elected for that purpose.

IV. No change to be made in the programme, or extra expense incurred,
except by the consent of the majority of the members present.

V. No fees, gratuities, or other expenses to be paid except through the
Conductor.

VI. Every member or visitor to have the accommodation assigned by the
Conductor. Where accommodaton is limited, consideration will be given to
priority of application.

VII. Accommodation cannot be promised unless tickets are obtained
before the time mentioned in the special circular.

VIII. Those who attend an excursion without previous notice will be
iable to extra charge, if extra cost be incurred thereby.

IX. No intoxicating liquors to be provided at the expense of the Club,

63 2 [Proc, B.N.F.C,

NOTICE,

EXCHANGES OF PROCEEDINGS.

Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club.
Annual Report and Froceedings, Vol. XII. and XIII.
Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.
Proceedings Vol. XI., No. 3.
Belfast—Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Report of Proceedings, 1599 and 1900,
» Ulster Journal of Archzology.
Vol. VI., Parts 1-4.
Berlin—Helio Ablandlungen und, Mitteilungen, 1900 and 1go1.
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club.
Proceedings, Vol. XVII., No. 1.
Session Books of Bonckle, by James Hardy, LL.D., 1900.
Brighton Natural History and Philosophical Society.
Annual Report and Abstracts of Papers, 1899,
Cardift Naturalists’ Society.
Report of Transactions, Vol. XXXII,
Dublin—Royal Irish Academy.
Transactions, Vol. XXXI., Parts 8, 9, 10, and 11.
Proceedings, Vol. 1V., No. 5, Vol. V., Nos. 1, 2.
‘3 Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Journal, Vol. IX., Part 4, Vol. XXXI., Parts 1 and 2.!
Edinburgh—Botanical Society.
Transactions and Pioceedings, Vol. XXXI., Parts 1, 2, 3.
Geological Society.
Transactions, Vol. VIII., Part 2.

Frankfort—Beright der Senckinbergischen Naturforschenden,
Gesellschaft, 1898-99.

Katalog der Reptillien Sammlung in Museum,

1900-1901.] 633

Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
Proceedings, Vol. [X., Part 2, 1899.
Glasgow Natural History Society (207 Bath Street).
Report and Proceediugs, 1899 and 1900.
Glasgow Philosophical Society.
Proceedings, Vol. XXIX., 1899 and 1900.
Hamilton Association.
Journal and Proceedings, 1899 and 1900.
Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club.
Transactions, Vol. X., Parts.5, 6, 7 and 8.
Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club.
Transactions, Vol. I., No. 3.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
79th Annual Report, 1899.
Lille—Scientific Papers (7.)
From M. Charles Janent.
Liverpool Geological Society.
Proceedings, Vol. VIiI., Part 4.
London—British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report of the Bradford Meeting, 1900.
Geologists’ Association.
Proceedings, Vol. XVIIJ., 4 Parts.
British Museum Publications.
List of Genera and Species of Blastoidea.
Types and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda,

7
The “ Quarry ” Publishing Company, Ltd.
Applied Geology by J. V. Elsden, F.G.S.
Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist.
3 Parts.
Marlborough College Natural History Society.
Report No, 49.
Manchester Field Naturalists and Archaeologists Society.
Report and Proceedings, 1899 and 1900.
Microscopical Society.
Transactions and Annual Report, 1897-98.

Montevideo—Museo Nacional.
Annals, Vol. LY., Part 19.

37

”

634 [Proc. B.N.F.C.

Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, Mo.
11th Annual Report.

Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society.
Transactions, Vol. VI., Part 4.

Nova Scotian Institute of Science, St. John’s, Nova Scotia.
Proceedings and Transactions, 1899 and 1900.

Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society.
Transactions No. 1, 1899 and 1900.

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
Report 1897-98. ,

Saint John’s—New Brunswick Natural History Society.
Bulletin No. 18.

San Jose—Museo Nacional de Costa Rica.
Informe, 1897-98 and 1898-99.

Leiden—Ethnographische Abtulunge.
Katolog, No. 1, 1897.
Stavanger Museum.
Aarsbertning fur, 1899.
Toronto—Canadian Institute.
Transactions, Vol. IV., Part 2.
Proceedings, Vol., II., Part 3.

U.S.A.—Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XXIX., 14 Parts.

» Chicago—Academy of Sciences.
Annual Report, 1897, and Bulletin III.

» Chapel Hill N.C.—Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society
Journal, 1897-98.

5» New York—Academy of Sciences.
Annual Reports, Vol. I., Part 1.
Transactions, Vol. XVI.

5 4: American Museum of Natural History.
Annual Report, 1900.
Bulletin, Vol. II., Part 3.

a" Milwaukie—Public Museum.
Annual Report, 1897-98.

1900-1901. | 635

U.S.A.—Madison Academy of Science, Art, and Letters}

)

”

”)

y'

”

+]

Transactions, Vol. XI., 1896-97.
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
Bulletins, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5.
Philadelphia—Academy of Natural Sciences.
Proceedings, 1900.

Rochester—Journal of Applied Microscupy.
Neal. d24 Nox 2.

St. Louis—Academy of Sciences.
Transactions, Vol. [X:, Nos. 6, 8, 9, Vol. X., Nos.

1 to 8.
Salem—American Association for the Advancement of
Science.
Proceedings of 49th Meeting, New York, 1900.
oe, bssex Institute.

Bulletin, Vol. XXVIII., Nos. 7-12, Vol. XXIX,
Nos. 7-12, Vol. XXX., Nos. 1-12

Staten Island Natural Science Association.
Proceedings, Vol. VI.

Washington—Government Printing Offices.
Detached Papers by various Authors (7.)

Smithsonian Institution.
Annual Reports, 1897.

United States Geological Survey.
18th Annual Report, Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

”

20th Bs 7 Parts.
fn American Microscopical Journal.
12 Parts.

Tufts College, Mass.
Studies No. 6.

Rochester Academy of Science.
Prof. Charles Wright Dodge.
Brouchure 2, Vol. 3 and Proceedings.

636 [Proc. B.N,F.C

BELFAST NATURALISTS’ FIELB CLUB

THIRTY-NINTH YEAR, I90I-I1902.

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS.

Hyesident :
FRANCIS JOSEPH BIGGER, .r.1a.

Vice-President :
Wa H. PHILLIPS:

Greasuyer : Librarian :
W. H. PHILLIPS, GEORGE DONALDSON,
LemMonFIELD, Hotywoop. 8, MILERIVER STREET.
Committee :
GEORGE DONALDSON. H. LAMONT ORR.
W. J. FENNELL, m.p.1.4. S. A. STEWART, F.R.s.z.
WM. GRAY, m.r.1.a. JOHN VINYCOMB, n.rz.1.4.
JOHN HAMILTON. ROBERT WELCH.
ALEX. MILLIGAN. JOSEPH WRIGHT, r.a.s.

Mon. Secretaries :

JAMES ST. J. PHILLIPS, a.n.1.3.a., 61, Royat Avenuz, Bewrast.
ROBERT PATTERSON, m.z.1.4., Matone Parx, BELrast.

1900-1901. |

JStembers,

Any Changes in the Address of Members should be at once notified to the
Secretaries by Post Card.

HON. MEMBERS.

Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of, Clandeboye.
Jones, Prof. T. R., r.n.s., 10 Ulverdale Road, King’s Road, Chelsea,

London, N.W.

Lapworth, Professor Charles, Mason College, Birmingham.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

Affleck, Arthur, 29 Rosemary Street.

Archer, Rev. J. E., Andersonstown.

Adams, John J., u.p., Ashville,
Antrim.

Adams, John, The Manse, Antrim.

Allibon, George, 30 Donegall Place.

Allworthy, Edward, Ard Greenan.

Anderson, John, 3.P., East Hillbrook,
Holywood.

Anderson, Robert, Donegall Place.

Anderson, James F., Fitzwilliam St.

Anderson, Thomas. 41 Cliftonville
Road.

Andrew, J. J., u.p.s., University
Square.

Andrews, Miss M. K., 12 College
Gardens.

Andrews, Miss, 12 College Gardens.

Barkley, James M., Queen’s Square.

Barbour, John H., 1 Hamilton Villas.
Ballyholme, Bangor.

Batt, William, Sorrento, Windsor.

Beattie, Rev. A. H. Portglenone.

Beck, Miss Emma,Hampden Terrace.

Beggs, D. C., Ballyclare

Bell, Robert, Newington avenue.

Bell, E. George, Bellvue, Lurgan.

Berry, Lt. R. J., Army Service
Corps, Shorncliffe.

Berry, Dr., 10 Dunluce Buildings,

isburn Road.
Best, James, Clarence Place.

Bigger, Francis Joseph, Ardrie.

Bingham, Edward, Ponsonby Av.

Blackwood, Miss S., 84 Malone
Avenue.

Blackwood, W. B., University Sq.

Blair, E., Cavehill Road.

Blair, Mrs., Cavehill Road.

Bland, Major-General, Woodbank,
Whiteabbey.

Boyd, Miss, Chayo, Adelaide Park.

Boyd, J. St. Clair, m.p., Chatsworth.
Malone Road.

Boyd, Miss, Cultra House, Holy-
wood.

Boyd, W. C. Hazelbank Villa,
Ravenscroft Avenue.

Brandon, Hugh B., Royal Avenue.

Brenan, Rey. S. A., B.A., Knock-
nacarry.

Brett, Chas. H., Gretton Villa South.

Bristow, Rey. Canon, St. James’
Rectory.

Brown, John, Longhurst, Dunmurry.

Brown, Thomas, 102 Donegall St.

Browne, W. J., m.A., Templemore
Park, Londonderry.

Bulla, Charles, 65 Malone
Avenue

Baillie, James, 4 Parkend Street.

Burrows, W. B.. ¢/o “ Evening
Telegraph.”’

Campbell, J. O., 3b.z., Carlton-
Carolan Road, Annadale.

Carson, J. C. Wellington Place.

Carson, John, Walmer Terrace,
Holywood.

Carrothers, Nathaniel, 4 Stranmillis
Gardens.

Carruthers, Miss, 9 Claremont Street

Christen, Madam, Carnbinn, White-
abbey.

Cleland, James A., Wellington
Park

Cleland, W. W.,48 Wellington Park :

Cleland, Mrs. Annie, Macedon,
Green Road, Knock

Cleland, Alex. M‘J., Macedon,
Green Road, Knock

Cochrane, Robert, M.R.1.A., 17
Highfield Road, Dublin

Colbeck, James, Edenderry,
Newtownbreda

Coleman, J., H.M. Customs, South-

. ampton

Collis, Rev. H. F. M., 3.p., Antrim.

Corry, W. F.C. 8., Bangor.

Coulson, Gerald, 4 College Street
South.

Coulter, Mrs., 21 University Square

Coulter, George B., Donegall Place.

Cowan, S. W. P., J.P., Craigavad.

Craig, John C., 17 Lonsdale Street.

Crawford, F. H., 20 Mill Street.

Cunningham, Charles M., Rostellan,

Malone.

Cunningham, Samuel, Waring St.

Curley, francis, High St., Belfast.

Curley, Mrs., Dunedin Terrace.

Costigan, Wm.

Davies, John Henry, Lisburn.

Day, Robert, u.r.1.a., J.P., Cork.

D’ Evelyn, Alex. M., M.p., Bally-
mena.

Dickson, John M., 41 Prospect
Terrace.

- Dickson, Wm. W., 52 Pakenham
Place.

Donaldson, Dixon, Islandmagee.

Donaldson, George, Mileriver St.

Donaldson, John, 18 Brookhill
Avenue.

Donnan, W. D., m.v., High Street,
Holywood.

Duncan, William, 2 Canterbury St.

638

[Proc, B,N.F.C.

Dunlop, Fleet Surgeon, Edenderry
House, Ballylesson.

Drummond, Rev. W. H., Derry-
volgie Avenue.

Elliott, David, Cyprus Park, Bloom-
field.

Elliott, George H., Holywood.

Ewart, Clement C., Glenbank.

Ewart, Ernest, Glenbank.

Ewart, Sir Wm. Q., Bart., Glen-
machan.

Ewart, L. M. Algernon, Glenbank.

Faren, W., 11 Mountcharles.

Fennell, Mrs., Balmoral Avenue.

Fennell, W. J., M.p.1.4.1., Welling-
ton Place.

Finlay, Miss, Charles St., Berk-
hamsted, Herts.

Forth, Francis C., a.R.c.sc.1. Tech-
nical Inst.

Foster, Rev. G., Lurgan, Co.
Armagh.

Frame, John, Alfred Street.

Frizell, Rev. C., 8 Chichester Ter.

Fullerton, George, Croagbeg, Bush-
mills.

Fulton, David, Arlington, Windsor
Avenue.

Foster, Nevin H., Hillsborough.

Galloway, Peter, University Street.

Galloway, Joseph, 50 Eglantine
Avenue.

Galway, W. H., 3 Dufferin Villas
Bangor

Gamble, Miss, Royal Terrace.

Gibson, William, Heathfield House,
Ballygowan.

Gibson, Andrew,
Avenue.

Gibson, William, 30 Castlereagh
Place.

Gilmore, W. J., Roseberry Villas,
Kenbella Avenue.

Glenn, George J. 30 Hartington
Street.

Goodwin, William, €)ueen Street.

Graham, William, Lombard Street.

(yardner, Campbell, Jun., Windsor
Park.

Gourley, William Mc rrow, Derryboy
Cottage, Crossg:r.

Gamble, J. G., 2 Cyprus Villas,
Cliftonville

14 Cliftonville

1900-1901. |

Gray, William, m.r.1.4., Glenburn
Park, Belfast.

Green, Mrs. Isaac, Hawthornden,
Knock.

Green, Wm.A.,3 Hughenden Avenue

Greene, John J. F.,3.P., Annavilla,
Warrenpoint.

Hamilton, John, 5 Churchview
Terrace, Holywood.

Hancock, W. H., 22 Castle Place.

Hanna, Richard, Charleville Street,
City.

Hanna, Henry, a.s., Farringdon,
Antrim Road.

Harbison, Mann, Roskeen, Rosetta
Park.

Haslett, Sir Jas. H., s.p., M.p.,
Princess Gardens.

Hawthorne, William, 103 Fitzroy
Avenue.

Hazelton, W. D., 35 Linenhall St.

Heritage, Miss, Wolseley Villa,
Bloomfield.

Heron, F. A., Cultra, Holywood.

Hobson, Benjamin, 6 Hopefield

Avenue.

Hogg, A. R., 13 Trinity Street.
Holden, J. S., m.p., Sudbury,
: Suffolk, England (Cor. Mem.)

Holland, Wm., Osborne Park.
Hoskins, A. P., 25 Blenheim Ter.,

Cromwell Road.
Hunter, James, 8 Grampian Av.

Jackson, A. T., Wellington Place.
Jaffé, Lady, Kinedar, Strandtown.
Johnston, Mrs. Jas., Hughenden

Avenue.

_ Johnston, Miss, Annadale, Glenavy,
Lurgan.

Johnston, W. P., Lynalta, New-
townards. —

Kennedy, R. M., 41 Waring Street.
Kidd, Geo., Lisnatore, Dunmurry.
Kidd, James, Brookvale Avenue.
Kirker, S. K., Offices of Board of
Public Works, Belfast.
Kirkpatrick F., 78 Ann Street.
Kinahan, J: hn, Lowood, Belfast.

Knowles, V’. J., M.x.1.4., Bally-
mena.
Knowles, Miss M. ©. Flixton

Place, Ballymena.
Killen, Wm., 37 Lonsdale Street

639

Kyle, R. A., 31 Donegall Place.

Laverty, John, 14 Cambridge Street

Lamb, Wm. W., 34 Brookvale Ay.

Lamb, Miss, Divis View, Lisburn
Road.

Lanyon, Chas, J., Northleigh, Fort-
william Park.

Lepper, F. R., Elsinore, Crawfords-
burn.

Leslie, James, Eglantine Avenue.

Lett, Rev. Canon, m.a., Aghaderg
Glebe, Loughbrickland.

Letts, Prot. E. A., Dunavon, Craig-
avad.

Lockwood, F.W., Ballyshannon.

Logan, Mrs., Bangor.

Lowry, D. E., 25 Donegall Place.

Lindsay, Prof., m.p., 13 College
Square Kast.

Lamb, Mrs., u.u.a., St. Andrew’s,
Tyrone Crescent, Falls Road.

MacCormac, Dr. John, Gt. Victoria
Street.
Mackenzie, John, Malone.
Mackenzie, Miss R. B., Carryduff.
Major, Rev. J. J., Ardmore
Rectory, Lurgan.
Malcolmson, Walter, Malone Park.
Malcolmson, J. G. B., Cairnburn.
Mann, Jas. S. Ballyholme, Bangor.
Marsh, Mrs., Glenlyon, Holywood.
Marsh, Joseph C., Donegall Street.
Marshall, H., 113 Duncairn Gardens.
Martin, J. M‘Clelland, Northern
Counties Railway.

Masaroon, Mrs., Charles Street,
Berkhamsted, Herts.

Meniece, Geo. A., 249 Windsor
Terrace.

Mervyn, Rey. Geo. G., Ballyma-
carrett.

M‘Tear, Miss F. M., The Cedars,
Knock.

Maxton, James, Ulster Street

May, Robert, Elgin Terrace,
Limestone Road

Megarry, John, 229 Springfield
Road.

Milligan, A., 225 Springfield road.

Milligan, S. F., M.R.1.a., Bank
Buildings

Moncur, George, 161 Rugby Avenue,

Montgomery, H. C., 40 Rosemary
Street

Moore, John, Shaftesbury Square.

Moore, Mrs., Shaftesbury Square.

Moore, Miss, Corunna House,
Ballynafeigh.

Moore, S. A., 2 Howard Street.

Morton, John, Cliftonpark Avenue

Murdock, James, Balmoral Cottage.

Munce, W. B., Rosemary Street.

M‘Afee, George, Bangor.

M‘Cleery, H., 82 Cliftonpark Ave.

M‘Connell, James, Annadale Hall,
Ballynafeigh.

M‘Cormick, H. M‘Neile, Craigavad.

M‘Creery, James, 257 Albert Bridge
Road.

M‘Cullough, Wm., Belfast Bank.
Newtownards.

M‘Cutcheon, John B., Osburn Park.

M‘Dermott, Rev. John, Belmont.

M‘Donnell, Dr., 17 Crumlin Road.

M‘Ilroy, J. Milford, Strandtown.

M‘Ilwaine, J. H., Bangor.

M‘Ilwaine, Mrs., Bangor.

M‘Kee, John, Solicitor, Princes
Chambers, Ann Strect.

M‘Kee, Roberi, m.a., Harlesden
College, Bramshill Road, Lon-
don, N.W.

M‘Kee, Wm. S, 20 Mill Street.

M‘Kinney, W. F., Ballyvesey,
Carnmoney.

M‘Kisack, Alfred, Mountcharles.

M‘Lean, Geo., 19 Pottinger Street.

M‘Cormack, John, High Street.

M‘Connell, Wm., 2 Sunbury Ave.

M ‘Connell, James, 2 Sunbury Ave.

M‘Bretney, W. A. J., 31 Haypark
Avenue.

M‘Kean, Mrs., 2 Stranmillis gardens

M‘Laughlan, John, Whitehead.

Nicholson, H. J., College Sq. North

O’Neill, Henry, m.p., 6 College
Square Kast.
O’Neill, James, M.a.,
Square Hast.

Orr, H. Lamont, Garfield Street.

Orr, Jas. S., Garfield Street.

5 College

Patterson, D. C.
Patterson, Wm. H., Victoria Street.

640

(Proc. B.N.FC.,

Patterson, Richard, 3.P., Kilmore,
Holy wood.

Patterson, Miss Clara, Kilmore,
Holywood.

Patterson, W. H. F., Stalheim,
Marlborough Park.

Patterson, Robt., m.B.o.u., Ivy
Dene, Malone Park.
Patterson, Wm. H., M.R.1.4.,

Garranard, Strandtown.

Paul, Thomas, Redcot, The Knock,

Phillips, William H., Lemonfield,
Holywood.

Phillips, Jas. J., 61 Royal Avenue.

Phillips, Jas. St. J., B.£, 61 Royal
Avenue.

Pim, John, 3.P., Bonaven, Antrim
Road

Pim, Thos. W., 21 Victoria Street.

Pim, Joshua, c/o Richardson Bros.,
Donegall Place.

Porter, F. A., Queen’s Square.

Porter, William, Beechview, Bal-
moral Avenue.

Praeger, E. A., Holywood.

Praeger, R. Ll., m.n.1.4., National
Library, Kildare Street, Dublin.

Prout, E., Fountain Lane.

Quail, Rev. Patrick, Dunmore,
Ballynahinch.

Redmond, David, Antrim.
Reid, Robert, King Street.
Reilly, Geo., Woodburn, Carrick-
fergus.
Ritchie, Jas. K., c/o. Millar, Boyd
& Reid, Calender Street.
Robinson, Samuel, Helen’s Bay.
Rowley, W. M., 22 Rosemary Street.
Russell, John, c.z., Waring Street.
Reilly, Geo. C., Woodburn, Carrick-
fergus.
Rew, Harry, 49 Atlantic Avenue.
Prout, Edward, Donegall Pass.
Semple, Robt., 50 Hia Street.
Sandes, Robert, 44 Brookvale Av.
Scott, Conway, C.z., Windsor Ay.
Sharpe, Robt., Fitzroy Avenue.
Shaw,Cecil, M.p., 16 College Sq. Kast
Shaw, Wm. Hinde, Brooklyn, Knock.
Shaw, Lancelot, a AD
Shaw, Mrs. a ais
Sheldon, Chas., M.a., Belfast Royal
Academical Institution.

-,9O0*1901.]

Silly, George, Ardene, Sydenham.

Small, Hugh, Sullivan School,
Holywood.

Scott, Fred, 21 Carlisle Street.

Smith, Dr. Lorraine, Westbourne,
Windsor Avenue.

Smith, Rev. W. S., The Manse,
Antrim.

Smith, George, Linen Hall Library.

Smythe, Ven. Archdeacon, Coole
Glebe, Carnmoney.

Speers, Adam, B.sc., Upper Snllivan
School, Holywood

Steele, Miss, 45 University Street.

Stears. Samuel M.,79 Ormeau Road.

Stelfox, James, c.z., Oakleigh,
Ormeau Road.

Stevenson, John, Coolavin.

Stewart, Rev. J. A., Killowen,
Lisburn.

Stewart, S. A. The Museum, Belfast.

Stewart, W. J., 31 Adelaide Street.

Swanston, Wm., Fr.a.s., Cliftonville
Avenne.

Swanston, Mrs.,Cliftonville Avenue.

Symington, Prof., F..s.z., Queen’s
College.

Tate, Alexander, c.z., Rantalard.

Taylor, E. E., Garfield Chambers.

Thomas, S. G. Woodland Averue.

Thompson, Prof. W. H., Queen’s
College.

Thompson, Mrs. H., 14 Upper
Crescent.

Todd John, Clarinda, Fortwilliam
Park.

Thompson, Ross W., Magheralave,
Lisburn.

Todd, Wm. A., 24 Victoria Street.

Traill, W. A., Bushmills.

Turtle, James G., Claremount,
Strandtown.
Vint, Joseph H., Ulster Bank,

Donegall Place.

641

Vinycomb, Jno., u.n.1.4., Holywood.
Vinycomb, Bernard, Holywood.

Waddell, Rev. C. H., m.a, B.D,,
The Vicarage, Saintfield.
Walker, Miss, Rugby Road.
Walby, James, Post Office, Belfast.
Walkington, Miss, uu.p., Strand-

town.

Walkingtown, T. R., Edenvale,
Strandtown.

Walsh, Robert, Abbotsford, Malone
Road.

Walmsley, Rev. Douglas, B.a.,

Redburn, Malone Park.
Wardell, Miss, 63 Botanic View,
University Road.
Welch, R. J., 49 Lonsdale Street.
Wheeler, Mrs., Lennoxvale, Belfast.
Whitla, Prof., m.p., College Square.

North.

Wilson, James, c.z., Oldforge, Dun-
murry.

Wilson, James, Ballybundon, Kil-
linchy.

Wilson, Alec. G., Belvoir.

Wilson, W. H., is

Wilson, George, 9 Bedford Street.
Wilson, J. B., Evelyn Gardens.
Wise, B. D., Waterside, Greenisland.
Wolseley, Charles, Ballymena.
Woollcombe, Dr. Robert Ll., Lu.p.,

M.R.1.A., 14 Waterloo Road,
Dublin.

Workman, Rev. R., m.a., Rubane,
Kirkeubbin.

Wright, Joseph, F.c.s., 4 Alfred St.
Wright, Miss, 4 Alfred Street.
Wylie, William, Mountpleasant.

Young, Robert, s.p., c.z., Rath-
varna, Chichester Park.

USLNTED

INDEX.

Ancient remains near Dromore, Co. Down : : ‘ 55
Andrews, Miss M. K., Notes on Moel Tryfaen . : ; 205
Andrews, Miss, County Down Traditions 426
Andrew, Rev. John, Progressive Build of the Inorganic World. 362
Annual Meetings é . 111-228-801-383-430-497-569
Antiquities of Kerry : . 488
Antrim and the Moylinne Valley, excursion to : : 9
Antrim, its Antiquities and History . : ; d 13
Antrim to Larne, Field Meeting : : , 3 459
Antrim, North Coast of, Field Meeting : ‘ ‘ 412
Aran Islands, excursion to : é : 2 280
Arboe, Field Meeting ; F , é ; 411
Armagh, Field Meeting . Q : : ; 523
Armoy, Field Meeting. ; : ; : 333
Balance Sheets . : 8 -164-267-332-408-458-522-575
Ballycastle, Field Meeting | : i : 333
Ballymena, Field Meeting : : s : 179
Ballynahineh, Field Meetings : : ; ‘ 33-543
Barney’s Point, Field Meeting , : : , 468
Bats in County Down : : A : 602
Bell, Robert, Silurian Shales of Pomeroy : ; ; 295
Benmore and Murlough, Field Meeting : , 165
Bessbrook, Field Meeting . ; 26
Bigger, F. J., Forts and Raths in the City and vicinity of Belfast . 71
a Local Names of Places F , 101]

», Discovery of a Souterrain at Stranocum ; 5 380

», Antiquities of Kerry F 2 : ; 488
Blackhead, Field Meeting : s ; . 22
Botanising in County Dublin : : : ; 84
Botanising in Ireland ‘ : ; : ‘ 563
Botanical Notes . : ; : 433
Botanical Section, Reports of , 315-390-431 503-520-572
Boyd, J. St. Clair, M.D. The Irish ‘Language : : 97
Boyne aud Drogheda, Field Meaty: : : 167
Bryansford, Field Meeting : . . 286
Burren, Co. Clare, Field Meeting . P : : 278
Butterflies, Irish : : : i 489
- of New England : : , : 491
Cardwell, John, The Ancient Church of re . 82
Cargan, Field Meeting. ; : 526
Carlingford, Field Meetings ; ; 24-467
Carpenter, George H., Our Plants and Animals . : 298
Carrickfergus, Field Meetings . : , . ° 8385-576

Cavan, Field Meeting i ‘ : ‘ - 344

il.

Caverns, Origin of 560
Celtic Language aud Literature ; 204
Celtic Class, Report, 1895 227
Children’s Games 46
Cleland, A. M‘I , Ths Roman Wall . 626
Coffey, George, Burial Customs of Ireland 96
Cole, Professor Grenville, Geological Lectures . 128- 130- 221-300
Conversaziones . - : 420-481
Craiganogh Cave 295
Cranfield Point, Field Meeting 416
Cromleac and Dolmen of Ballymascanlon 24
Crow Glen, Field Meeting 418
Danes Cast, Field Meeting 39
Davies, John H., Observations on the 2nd Ed. of Cybele “‘Hibernica 485
Dickson, John M., Rath, Cromleac and Tumulus 5 55
Divis, Occur rence ‘of Boulder Clay on 215
Dolmen of Ballymascanlon 24
Donaldson, George, Butterflies of New England 491
Donaghmore, Field Meeting 40
Downpatrick, Field Meeting 409
Dredging Cruise ; 341
Drogheda, Field Meeting 167
Dromore Rath, Description of : 65
Dryas, octopetala in County Antrim . 384
Dundalk, Field Meeting : 24
Dundealgan Fort 24
Dundonald, Field Meeting 170
Duneane and Toome, Notes on 625
Dundrum, Field Meetings . 181-529
Dungiven, Field Meeting . 531
Ethnozraphical Committee, Report, 1893 52
Ewart, Lavens M., Presidential address 355
Fahy, Rev. M., Antiquarian Notes on Duneane 625
Fairies and their dwelling places 426
Fauna of the Antrim coast 425
Fennell, W. J., Innisclothran and its teampuls 562
Ns Where the Masters wrote 588

Work done by the British Association 599

Field Club Union, Field Meetings . 275-412
Field Clubs, Trish and Field Club work 202
Folk Lore, Irish 46
Foraminifera from Moel Tryfaen 209
in pleistocene clay é 603

Forths and Raths in Belfast and vicinity 71
Gaelic Charms, Incantations and Cures 299
Galway, Field Meeting 275
Geological Features of Kerry ; 486
Geological Section, Reports of | 229-302: 386-432-500
Giant’s Causew ay, Origin of ; 357
- Field Meeting at 34

iil.

Glauconite, Analysis and Formation of
Glenariff, Field Meeting
Glenarm, Field Meeting
Glenavy, Field Meeting
Glynn, Field Meeting
Gobbins, Field Meeting
Gray, Wm., What is a Stone ?
iy 55 "Our Holy Wells
a », Belfast to Galway by Sea and Land
“5 , The Giant’s Causeway
», Report of Delegate to British Association
Greenore, Field Meeting
Greyabbey ,, 3

Haddon, Prof., Remarks on Ethnographical Work
Haddon, Prof. A. C., Modern Relics of Olden times
», Papuans at Work and Play
Hanna, ae "Fauna of the Antrim Coast
Hollymount, Field Meeting
Holy Wells, a Folk-lore Chapter.
Hoskins, A. Percy, Formation and Analysis of Glanconite
Hullite
Hyde, Dr. Douglas, Celtic Language and Literature

Inch Abbey, Field Meeting
Innis Clothran and its Teampuls
Irish Art on Ancient Crosses
Trish Language

Irish Butterflies

Islandmagee, Field Meeting

Johnson, Rey. W. F , Irish Butterfiies

Kenmare, Field Meeting

Kieselguhr at Toome

Killevy and Kilnasoggarth, Field Meeting
Killough, Field Meeting .

Kirker, S. K., A Cruise Round the Trish Coast

Land Shell Pockets
Langford Lodge, Field M eeting i
Lett, Rev. W. H., Mountain Avens in Co. Antrim '
» Rev. Canon, Natterer’s and whiskered bat in Co. Down
Lisnagarric Ancient Church
Lockwood, F. W., Presidential Address
Local names of places .
Loughbricklan, Field Meeting

Mellifont, Field Meeting .
Meteorological Summary .
Microscopical Meeting, 1894
Section, Report
Modern Relics of Olden Times , .
Moel Tryfaen, Noteson . ; °

195
285
341
586
271
273
54.
86
299
351
495 596-624

463
134-236
85

301

216

206

lv.

Mosses and Liverworts. ‘ : ; : 428
Mourne Mountains, Field Meeting . ‘ : : 284
Muckamore, Field Meeting : : ; : Wal
Murlough Bay, Field Meeting : : ; 165
Murphy, Rev. Denis, Irish Art on Ancient Crosses : : 218
Narrow Water, Field Meeting : : s ; 31
Navan, Ke : , ; , 578
New Grange, 9 F : 3 : 465
Newry, 5 ‘ ‘ ; ; 24-418
Ollar River (Sixmilewater) : : : : Wi
Pagan Cemeteries of Ireland ; : 4 : 96
Papuans at Work and Play i ; 547
Partridge, Lieut.-Col. Lepidoptera of Enniskillen : : 85-226
Patterson, Miss Clara M. A few children’s games : : 46
7 Wm. H., Ethnological Committee’s Report . ; 52
Gaelic Charms, Incautations and Cures ‘ : 299

Phillips, Jas. St. J., Geological Features of peas : ‘ 486
Ba Wm. H., British Ferns. ‘ ’ 498
WH... My Hobby about Ferns : : : 603

Plants, Geological History of : i . é 381
Pomeroy Silurian Shales . : : : : 295
Portsalon, Field poe ; : ; . ‘ 172
Portaferry ay : , : : 19
Praeger, R. Lloyd, Presentation to. . : : 26
Rage lives », Botanising in County Dublin ‘ : 84

Titie hes: »» ALrish Field Clubs : : 202

MA ia 5 ;, Local Botanical Notes < , 433

,, Botanising in Centre and West of Ireland ; 563

Presidential Address ee A ; < 5 188
: 292

is 8 ae : , , ; 355

* »» Waddell ' : , : 484

, : 3 549

Presentation to J oseph Wright F.G.S : 421
Prizes awarded . ; 5-162-265-406-456-521- 573
Quinton, Field Meeting . é P : Z 19
Raths : . ‘ : 57
Raths in Belfast and Vicinity : ral
Reports of the Committee . ‘ 3-159-263-329-406-455-519-569
ns », Geological Section . - 115-229-302-386-432-500

5 », Botanical Section . : 310-390-431-503-520-572

-s », Microscopical Section . : 4 301
Rhyolites of County Antrim ; : : , 300
Roe Valley, Field Meeting ; , : F 271
Roman Wall, Notes on . : : ‘ ‘ 626
Rosarenna, Field Meeting : 172
Russell, John, The Forts of Erenagh, pear Downpatrick 5 82

Sallagh Braes, Field Meeting ; ; ‘ 4 416

St. John’s Point, Field Meeting : : , - 471
Salt Mines of Carrickfergus - ‘ : , 577
Scrabo Hill, Field Meeting : : : 170
Seymour, H. J., Microscopical Minerals t : ‘ 600
Silurian Shales of Pomeroy i ; ‘ : 295
Six Mile River, Field Meetings : . ‘ ‘ 11-549
Slieve Croob, Field Meeting : : : , 350
Slieve Gallion, > é ‘ : : 348
Slieve Mis, e ‘ ‘ ‘ ? 179
Slieve Gullion, os , ; : ; d
Social Meetings : ; ‘ = 43-186-288-351
Souterrain at Boghead 2 : ‘ : ‘ 10
PA at Stranocum . ‘ 380
Smith, Rev. W.S., Antrim, its Antiquities and History : 13
Speers, Adam, Origin of Caverns in Limestone : 560
Standing Stone of Killnasog ggarth =. - : : 25
Steen, Miss Nora, Craiganogh Cave . : : , 295
Thompson, Miss S. M., Supposed Rhaetic Rock at Macedon : 566
Thompson, Miss 8. M., A Bit of Foreshore . : 210
Tollymore Park, Field "Meeting - , : ; 286
Toome, s : ‘ 575
Traill, W. Any Dhé Giant’s Causeway 3d
‘Treasurer’ s Reports : R 575-522-458 408-332-267-164-88
Valley of the Roe, Field Meeting . : : fal
Vinycomb, J., Symbolic Ideas of the Ancients | - : 591
Waddell, Rev. C. H., Geological History of Plants : “ 381
oP ” Mosses and Liverworts . 428

be Distribution of Plants in North- East Ireland 484

The Work of the Club . : ; 549

Welch, Robert J., Land Shell Pockets : : ; 427
White Lias Rock at Macedon Point . . ; 566
Wilson, Alex G., Geological Investigations in fe alway . ; 295
Wright, Joseph, Occurrence of Boulder Clay on Divis . 3 215
- Foraminifera in Pleistocene Clay at Bovevagh . 603

7 Presentation of an Address . , ‘ 422

Yeats, W. B., Irish Fairy Lore . : ‘ . 46

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The following Publications of the Club can be
had from the Librarian.
Seventh Annual Report—1869-70, containing Appendix I., List of the ¢
Trish Liassic Fossils, —'Tate, 1 Plate ... 2/6

Eighth Annual Report— 1870-71, containing Appendix Tt: “List of Irish
Liassic Foraminifera— Wright ; and List of the Fossils of the

Estuarine Clays of Antrim and Down,—Stcwart oon, Age
Ninth Annual Report—1871-72 __... ae ee ze. She
Tenth do. bS72=73 8%. i are eae

Proceedings— Series II., Vol. I., Part I., 1873-74, containing Appendix
III., List of Mosses of North-East of Ireland — Stewart; and List
of Cretaceous Microzoa of North of Ireland, — Wright, 2 Plates ae

», Series IT., Vol. I., Part II., 1874-75 sos et
99 9 39 Tits 1875-76 1/-
” 1 IV., 1876-77, containing Appendix IV.,

Recent Foraminifera of Down and Antrim, — Wright, 1 Plate;

and Silurian Rocks of County Down—Swanston and Lapworth,

3 Plates 2/6
5 Series II. , Vol. Ls Parts V. and 6 BS 1877-78 and?78- "79 (in one) 1/-
2 Reman ot a 8 8 1879- 80, containing Appendix V.,

List of Post-tertiary Foraminifera of North-East of Ireland —

Wright ; and List of Mollusca of Boulder Clay of North-East

of Ireland, — Stewart 2/-
yy Meries II., Vol. Il. , Part I., 1880-81 , containing Appendix ee

List of Foraminifera of South Donegal ,— Wright ; Sponge

Remains from Carb. Limestone, County Sligo,— Wright ; and

Fossil Sponge-spicules, County Sligo,—Carter, 1 Plate . 1/6
», series IT., Vol. If., Part II., 1881-82 1/-
19 ITL., 1882-83 containing Appendix VIT ,

Supplemental List of Mosses of the North-East of Ireland, —

Stewart 1/-
» Series IT., Vol. TTS Part IV., 1888-84, containing Appendix

VII, Notes on Irish Coleoptera,—Haliday : ; Cromlechs of

Antrim and Down ,—Gray, 12 Plates; and Pre-historic

Monuments near Sligo, —Elcock, 4 Plates 3/-
» Series II., Vol. I1., Part V., 1884-85, containing Appendix It

Ostracoda of Belfast Lough, — —Malcomson ; Fungi of North of

freland, — Lett; Foraminifera of ‘‘ Protector”? Cruise, &c.—

Wright ; Cretaceous Foraminifera of Keady Hill,—Wright ;

Trish Coleopetra, —- Patterson 3/-
5, Series II., Vol. [I., Part VI., 1885- 86, containing ‘Appendix X.,
(Vol. IT. ), The Ferns of Ulster, —Phillips and Praegar 2/-

,, SeriesII, Vol. II., Part VII., 1886-87, containing Appendix IL,
Notes on the Sections exposed at the Alexandra Dock, Belfast,

with List of Fossils, 1 Plate, —Praeger 2/-
», Series II , Vol. III., Part I., 1887-88, containing Appendix Til,

Marine Shells of the North of Ireland, —Praeger ... fear ap
;, Series II., Vol. III., Part IT., 1888- 89 1/-
i IIl., 1889-90, containing feponis of

Larne Gravels Committee, 2 Plates ... 2/-
»» Series II., Vol. III., Part 1V., 1890-91 See aoe ne
‘g : = V., 1891-92 a ye

e, + ay VI., 1892-93 oS 1s Qf

5, Index me i 6d
» Series II., Vol. LV., Part es 1893- 94, ‘containing “Appendix IV. 2/-
” ” ” ne 1894- 95, ” ” i Y. 2/-
Sy 53 53 ILI, 1895- 96, 4 i VI. 2/-
3 " “ IV., 1896-97, ‘3 5 oon alee
” ” | ” Ve, 1897- 98, ” ” aos Yy=s
- ‘ ie VL, 1898 99, aoe

> ”” 9 VII., 1899- 1900, 1900- 01, “*y ‘aie cee 2/-

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ier

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