1 ' -f. V . \ f V t f * { t \ \ ■ 5' i \ I ) 1 \ i. ■ $ ; ' V!‘ r ' » 4' ' . *' ' V ■ %* ’ . /*'••■. 1 s c f v .»! " y < H \.i'i V ^ I N i . ./ 4t\: « V T A t .V ¥flrfes|)ire ^9i)i(osopi)tral irocietg. ANNUAL REPORT roB MDCCCXCI. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOR MDCCCXCI. PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETINO, FEBRUARY 2nd, 1892. YORK: W. SOTHERAN A CO., PRINTERS, PETERGATE. 1 892. i \ V ( i \ TRUSTEES OF THE YORKSHIRE MUSEUM. APFOIXTED BY ROYAL GRANT. TEMPEST ANDERSON, M.D. EDWIN GRAY, LL.M. WILLIAM LAWTON. F. L. MAWDESLEY. T. S. NOBLE. S. W. NORTH. REV. CANON RAINE, D.C.L. WILLIAM WALKER. PATRONESSES OF TH-E ¥or{vStiw iP1)ilosopijiral Sotietg. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. H. R. H. THE PRINCESS OE WALES. PATRONS. H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G. H. R. H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT, K.G. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1892. PRESIDENT : Sir Charles Strickland, F.G.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : The Right Hon. Lord Londesborough. The Very Rev. the Dean of York. The Rev. Canon Raine, M.A., D.C.L. William Reed, E.G.S. John Francis Walker, M.A., F.L.S., F.Gr.S.,F.C.S. (London and Berlin) F.Z.S., Fellow of Sidney College, Cambridge. William Walker, F.Gr.S. S. W. North, F.H.S. Tempest Anderson, M.D., B.Sc., &c., Fellow of University College, London. The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. James Melrose, J.P. HON. TREASURER: Edwin Gtray, LL.M. COUNCIL : Elected 1890. .Major Barstow. J. E. Clark, B.A. B.Sc. F. L. Mawdesley. Elected 1891. .James Backhouse, F.Z.S. Anthony Buckle, B.A. J. W. Procter. G. S. Gibb (for two years). Elected 1892. .Mr. W. Barn by. Mr. Boavden Cattley. Mr. Arthington Worsley. Mr. j. T. Ware. Mr. H. Cowling (for two years). HON. SECRETARY: T. S. Noble, F.G.S. 6 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY. CURATOES. Gteology ------- W. Eeed, F.Gr.S. Mineralogy . W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.E.S. Insects and Crustacea - - Gr. C. Dennis. Comparative Anatomy - - T. Anderson, M.D. Ornithology . *J. Backhouse, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. I Ret. W. Creenwell, D.C.L., Antiquarian Department / F.R.S. ( Rev. Canon Eaine, D.C.L. Botany . - CoNCHOLOGY . Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. Observatory . T. S. Nobi.e, F.Gr.S. Meteorology . J. E Clark, B.A., B.Sc. Laboratory . J. F. Walker, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., Loudon andBerliu. Library ------- Rkv. John Hey, M.A. KEEPER OF THE xMUSEUM. Henry Maurice Platnauer, A.R.S.M., B.Sc. 'aoiivpBS of (ffoutjoleuce to iWajcst)) tljp ©uecn, on ttjp JBprpasf of tfje ®uftp of (STIattncf anil 9bonlialP, IS.©., Adopted by the Annual Meeting of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, 2nd Feb., 1892. To the Queetis Most Excellent Majesty, AIay it please Your Ma.testy, We, yoiir most devoted subjects the Members of tlie Yorkshire Pliilosopbical Society, of which Your Majesty is the Patroness, beg to assure ^mu of our heartfelt sympathy with jmurself and the other members of your illustrious house, on the decease of His Poyal Highness the late Duke of Clarence and Avondale, K.Gi. Your Alajesty’s late grandson was well known to us and greatly beloved in the City and County of A^ork, and, in conjunction with the whole empire, we mourn over the cutting short of his youthful life, so rich in promise for the future. We ask the Most Pligh God to be the comfort and stay of your Majesty in this great affliction. Signed on behalf of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, JAMES PAINE, M.A., 1).C L. Chancellor and Canon Residemtlary of Yorh^ Chairman. attiiress of viTontioIoncc to {[Tijeir Koi)aI J&istjnessrs tije ^Jrinre anO ^3rtnrrss of 2Males, on tt)c JitcEase of ti)e Suk? of (fflarmro anO aboniiale, The Balance Sheet will he read after the Report by the Treasurer and the particulars stated in detail. The Council have to thank Dr. Tempest Anderson for his kind donation of £27 to the funds of the Society in discharge of the cost of providing a new service main for the supply of gas to the Museum, the old mains being totally insufficient to afford adequate light on occasions when the Museum was open to the Subscribers in the evening. An'itquities. — The Department of Antiquities has received during the past year something more than an average number of additions. In Roman remains collected from one site, and in Mediaeval Pottery, the Society now possesses the largest collections in England. In Prehistoric, Anglian, and Danish Antiquities it has a considerable number of specimens. Mediaeval remains are largely represented ; the sculptured stones are finer than any that can be seen in other Museums, but in the smaller objects of that period our Collection is defective. Taken as a whole the Antiquarian Museum is a remarkably 10 REPORT OF THE fine one, but the treasures within onr walls are nothing when compared with the almost nnicjiie examples of ancient sculpture and masonry which are to he seen within the enclosure of our grounds. The conservation of these must always be one of the chief duties of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. Gteology.— Considerable additions have been made to this Department. The Honorary Curator, Hr. William Peed, from whom we have received so many kindnesses and such valuable donations, and whom w^e are very happy to see among us still, has strengthened many parts of the Collection, notably the Pliocene, Low’er Cretaceous, Infra-Oolitic and Cambro-Silurian series ; wiiilst by presenting a Collection of fossil Fish and Crustacea from the Calciferous Sandstones, he has filled up the only important gap that existed in our Collection of Palaeozoic fossils. The Society is also to be congratulated on the accjuisition of a verv fine series of fossils from the Jurassic Pocks of Lincoln- shire. Pdiis Collection was presented by the Pev J. E. Cross, late of Appleb}', and is the fruit of many j'ears of patient and assiduous labour. Not only is the Collection intrinsically excellent, but as representative of the Palaeontology of a neigh¬ bouring county it acquires an additional interest tor a Yorkshire Societv. t/ Mr. Joseph Powmtree has presented to the Society a series of cores from the w'ell-boring made on the premises of the Cocoa Works on Haxby Poad. As this boring wall be referred to at some length elsewhere it is unnecessary to make any further particular mention of it here. It will be sulfieient to point out the great value of such borings. ^JJie enoriuous additions made to our knowledge of detailed stratigraphy by the inspection of Pailway cuttings wull be in the memory of many geologists ; it is perhaps not too much to expect that the boring wull give the geologists of the future the same advantage over those of to-day that the Pail way cutting gave them over their prede¬ cessors with the quarry. The Rev. Canon Paine, the Pev. AV. C, Hey, Mr. J. F. AAalker and several other donors have also increased the Collection b}’ some useful donations. COUNCIL FOK 1891. 11 Entomology. — The Honorary Curator reports that the Allis Collection is in good order. The exotic Lepidoptera however, need revision, and many specimens will have to be weeded out. The Department has received an important addition in the shape of a rich Cabinet of British Coleoptera presented to the Society by the E-ev. W. C. Hey, M.A. This excellent Collection was commenced by the Kev. S. Hey, Yicar of Ockbrook, and continued by his son, the late Archdeacon Hey. Further additions were made to it by the Kev. W. C. Hey. It is particularly rich in those fine species which, OAving to the drainage of fens and cutting down of forests, have become almost or Avholiy extinct. The Collection of British Hydradephaga is perhaps not surpassed, and that of (leodephaga is hardly inferior. This donation constitutes the most important addition made to this Department since the acquisition of the Allis Collection, and it raises our Coleoptera to the same pitch of excellence that the latter Collection did in the case of the Lepidoptera. Ornithology. — There is nothing special to report in this Department. The work of renewing the British Bird Collection has however been pushed forward and many new cases now adorn the Callerv. CoNCHOLOGY. — Neither the British nor Greneral Collections have received any addition of importance during the past year. The gaps which still disfigure the collections are of a kind only likely to be filled by purchase. In case however this Keport should fall under the eye of any person able and Avilling to supply some of our desiderata, it may be well to mention that we are particularly deficient in the land species of the West Indies and the Arctic Marine. The re-discovery in Yorkshire of a scarce fresh-water snail, Limncea glufinom, deserves recording. Mr. Bean, the well-known Scarborough Conchologist, took tlie shell in the neighbourhood very many years ago, but it has for long been supposed to be lost to Yorkshire. It has, however, been quite lately taken in some numbers in a ditch near Hull. 12 REPORT OF THE Mineralogy. — The following donations have been received during the pa.st year : — Specimen of Fluor presented by Mrs. Radcliffe ; a small collection of Minerals presented by Miss Watkins; a collection of Yesuvian Minerals presented by Major Williams Hepworth ; a small collection of New Zealand Minerals presented by Dr. Naylor ; specimens of Barytes presented by Mr. J. Backhouse. It is intended ultimately to replace written labels by printed ones, but in certain specimens the original written label will also be retained. This applies^ not only to the collection of Minerals but to the other collections also. CoMPAKAiTVK x\natomy. — The Honorary Curator of this Department repoits that several additions have been made during the past year. Skeletons of the Bed Kangaroo (Macrojym rufiis), Antelope, and Giazelle have been prepared from carcases kindly presented by Mr. C. J. Leyland and are now incorporated in the collection. Not the least important addition is the skeleton of the domestic Cat, an addition which fills up a gap in our collection. Mr. Leyland has also kindly presented to the Society a specimen of the Wapiti ( Cervus Canadensis) the skeleton of which is at present in course of preparation. Photographic Section. — The number of active workers in this Section is fully maintained Meetings have been held monthly during the year with the exception of June, July, August, and September, and at these meetings the record of attendance exhibits an increase on that of last year, a fact indicating an increasing vitality in the Section. Negatives, prints, and lantern slides produced by the members were exhibited at most of the meetings, and the discussions on the various technical processes thus illustrated were productive of much special information. At several of the meetings technical papers were read and demonstrations given of the necessary manipulations The annual meeting and opening of the winter sessions was well attended, a special feature being the exhibition of hand COUNCIL FOR 1891. 13 cameras and instantaneous work produced by their aid. This, the most difficult brancli of photography, was ably illustrated, showing that the section numbers among its members some adepts in the use of the liand camera. The manipulators very fully explained their methods of working, in the course of which explanation many little points of vital importance were strongly emphasized. In April several members of the Section gave a public exhibition of lantern slides in the theatre, at which the exhibits were of full average quality and afforded to the audience a pleasant and instructive evening. In the laboratory of the Section there has been fitted up an apparatus for enlarging by artificial light without the use of a condenser, designed by one of the Vice-Presidents of the Section, Mr. W. Monkhouse. The apparatus is also adapted for the production of lantern slides by reduction as well as for the copying of book illustrations and pictures generally. Manj^ fine enlargements produced by aid of the apparatus were on view at the Conversazione given by the Society in December last. Meteorology. — The last year was exceptional both as regards temperature, pressure, and rainfall. Ten special instances are noted towards the close of the remarks on the half century of our Eeports. Temperature was below the average. The 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. returns give a mean of 46’6“; the mean of the max. and min. records is 46’85®. After the thaw in January, February was mild, March cold, but April and early May exceptionally so. The serious frosts of the latter month form the subject of a separate paper. The extreme of heat 79 ’9° was the same as last year ; but occurred 40 days later, on September 13. In January the Mercury fell just below 10°. December opened with remarkable mildness, but, turning colder, the week before Christmas gave us probably the worst visitation of Fog that York has known. The number of Frosts were: — January 25, February 20, March 20, April 14, May 6, October 5, November 7, December 17 ; Total 114. This would seem to be excessive, 14 REPOllT OF THE Mean pressure was high, especially in February, but fell considerably in the later months, except September. The recurrence of very low pressure at intervals of about 29 days in the last 3 months may be more than accidental. The series was continued in January, 1892. The fall from the high reading, 30’725 inches, on October 31st, to 28*32 on November 11 til gives one of the greatest changes experienced in so short a time at York. It is indeed the absolute range for the year, 2*425 inches, and 0*36 in excess of last year. This approaches the record for 1886, when, with a minimum of 27*777 the maximum was 2*92 inches higher, also a fortnight previously. The storms associated with the low pressures in October and November were very severe. On the former occasions, in the course of a few minutes soon after 5 p.m., many trees were blown down or lost large limbs. Bright sunshine, 1184 hours, was less even than last year, so is again below the average. April and August were greatly behind. Only September was specially sunny. It had more hours than August, and March than April. Rain or Snow* fell on 198 days, 10 more than last year ; yet the total, 23*67, was less even than last year and 1*33 inches below the 50 years’ average. This was due to the phenomenal dryness of the first half of the year, which contributed only 6‘78 inches, the Autumn half giving 16*98 inches; more than 10 inches difference. August and October gave the greatest falls. The ground is now more thoroughly soaked than it has been since the early eighties. The Rainfall for February, 0*08, is the least ever measured in any month, at any rate since 1831. Of this moreover only 0*01 actually fell in Februaiy, the rest coming about 6 a.m. on March 1st. Floods on the Ouse have naturally been more prevalent. The melting of the January snows gave over 8 feet on Januar}^ 25th. In August it actually reached 8 feet 6 inches, 8 feet 2 inches in October, 9 feet 2 inches in November and 12 feet 6 inches on December 11th, again rising to 12 feet on the 14th. The floods of recent years have, of course, been greatly * Snow fell, January 7 days, February I day, March 11 days, April 1 day, May 3 days, December 1 day ; total, 24 days. COUNCIL FOR 1891, 15 reduced by the substitution of six shutters at Naburn Lock ; three of lOj X 4 feet on the east side and three of 11 i X 4 feet on the west, instead of the old sluices. These only measured 4X4 feet for the three on the east and 4J X 4 feet for the three on the west. Besides the great increase of area (264 square feet instead of 51 square feet), the facility of working the shutters has led to their much more frequent use. The east shutters were put in in 1881 and those on the west side in 1883. Summer level was recorded on 4 days in June but not besides ; but the water was off from May 28th to J une 6th. Auroras were numerous although on no occasion very brilliant. The dates were : — March 2nd, 5th, 9th, 13th, 29th, 30th, 31st ; April 7th, 28th; May 19th, 31st ; September 26th ; October 26th, 27th ; November 2nd, 20th, 21st ; December 6th. Sunset glows, as during last year, were frequently fine. Our table now contains greater detail as to humidity, which is such an important element of climate. We are again indebted to Henry Richardson, Esq., and Richard Thompson, Esq., for additional tables of Rainfall and bright Sunshine. Owing to unavoidable causes the gauge at Oswaldkirk could not be attended to regularly, but the total is probably correct. Sunshine is as usual greatly in excess there from November to February, the station being above the valley fogs. The deficiency in July and August is remarkable and so is the great excess in May. Library. — The Honorary Curator has to report a continued accession of books, obtained for the most part by donation or exchange. During the past year the work of cataloguing has progressed steadily, and the Honorary Curator intends to carry it on during the coming year. The Reed Reference Library continues to increase, Mr. Reed having added a large number of Works duiing the past year. Botany. — Mr. H. J. Wilkinson, who has kindly devoted much time during the past year to examining our Herbarium, 16 REPORT OF THE reports that the Hailstone, Dalton, and Middleton Collections are in good condition. Much work will have to he done, how¬ ever, in these Collections in the way of re-arrangement and re-mounting. There are also serious gaps which need filling and many unlocalized specimens which should, where possible, be re-placed by others of which the locality can be recorded. Mr. Weekes has presented to the Society specimens of the Pigmy Rush (Juncus pygmwu8) and Lobelia urens, plants of great value on account of their extremely local occurrence, the former being confined to the Lizard Point, and the latter to the neighbourhood of Axminster. The following Lectures were given in the Museum during the past year : — Thursday Jan. J J 5? Feb. 5 > 5? > 1 22nd. “ Folk-lore,” by Mr. Arthur Burrell. 29th. “ The Processes employed in the repro¬ duction of Works of Art,” (Illustrated by Engravings and Prints made by various processes), by Mr. G. Rexard. oth. “Volcanic Grounds, old and new,” (with Lantern Illustrations), by Mr. Browx. Lecture I. — “ Hawaii.” 12th. Lecture II. — “ Yellowstone Park.” 19th. “ Distribution of Animals,” (with Lantern illustrations), by H. M. Platxauer, B.Sc. ,, 26th. • Lecture I. — “Microscopic and other Rock Builders,” (Illustrated by the Lantern Microscope and Lantern Slides), by The Rev. T. Gough, B.Sc. March 5th. Lecture II. — “Microscopic and other Rock Builders,” (Illustrated by the Lantern Microscope and Lantern Slides), by The Rev. T. Gough, B.Sc. ,, 12th. “ Niagara in Summer and Winter, with a glimpse of the Y’osemite Valley,” (with Lantern Illustrations), b}' Mr. W. Pumphrey, COUNCIL FOR 1891. 17 Tliursday, March 1 9th. ,, April 9 th. ,, Nov. 5th. 12th. 19th. 26th. Dec. 3rd. 5 ) ? J 17th. “Greek Plays as performed at Cam¬ bridge,” (with Lantern Illustrations), by H. C. Pattin, B.A., M.B. “ Fifty years of York weather,” by J. E. Clark, B.A., B.Sc. “ A Walk on the Yorkshire Coast, No. 3,” (from South Sea Landing to Speeton), by The Eev. W. C. Hey, M.A. “ Etching and Etchers,” (with practical illustrations of Etching and Etching Printing), by Anthony Buckle, B.A. “Architecture,” (illustrated by Lantern Photographs), by Arthur S. Flower. “The Kodak,” (an exhibition of Lantern Slides made by the Kodak Hand Camera), by H. M. Smith of the Eastman Co. “Greek Comedy as performed at Cam¬ bridge,” (with Lantern Illustrations), by H. Cooper Pattin, B.A., M.B., D.P.H., University Extension Lecturer. A Conversazione, held in the Museum. Twenty-six Members, 6 Lady Subscribers, 1 Associate, and 1 temporary Subscriber have been added to the Society^ during the past year, whilst 10 Members and 8 Lady Subscribers have been lost to the Society by death, and 27 Members and 9 Lady Subscribers and 2 Associates have resigned. The Council nominate as President of the Society Sir Charles Strickland, F.G.S. As Vice-President, in room of the Hon. Payan Dawnay deceased, Mr. James Melrose ; and as new Members of Council : Mr. W. Barnby, Mr. Bowden Cattley, Mr. Arthington Worsley and Mr. J. T. Ware, in the room of The Pev. John Hey, Mr. Hichard Pearson, Dr. Baker and Mr. Frederick Shann, who retire by rotation, and Mr. Cowling for 2 y-ears in the room of Mr. Melrose, appointed a Vice-President. STATION, YORK.— THE MUSEUM. Longitude 1" 5' W., Latitude 53" 57' N. Height above Mean Sea Level 51 feet. p tS o O CO d 05 00 d CO CO d X'- o pa 0 Oi 05 oo GO 1^- J>- CC' 00 CO 05 05 CC fcX) C3 -4-3 rH £ o 05 -f o d r— H Ol o o o ?H E 05 o 05 00 CO 00 QO CO 00 oo GO CO o 05 to GO pH s 0 (M o (M o CO -p d CO ^H E QO d o 05 05 CO oo CO CO CO 05 05 05 P 05 I'- -ft CO oo o to o 05 CO X'- o d !>► o 05 r-H o l--r CO C5 05 CO o x-^ . o • rH (M »— H (M CM CO OO CO CO CM CM d 0-1 • -4-3 • pH p 05 CO ^H o X'- CO 05 o GO a Vm 30 05 r-- CO CO 05 05 x^ CO CC'. pH o E • rH r^ OI f-H (M Cl CO CO CO CO d d CM d ►tH P 05 • rH , 03 P -H CO 05 05 CO lO CO CO 05 *o o c 05 05 CO CO 05 x^ 05 CO 05 1 — H ci 05 • ^ 1-H (M d CO CO CO CO d Ol (M — • c3 QC CO o -P CO 00 CO *o 05 05 o o CO o (M rr\ i-H s o E CO CO CO Ol (d 1 1 ^ Pu '' o E E ■ E cb E E ^H - O 05 P , E, 3 o C<1 (M OO ‘O o 05 cc CO o to O P d C5 o r^ Cl E E CO oi r-H E bi C5 H-3 r^ m r-* H-H E~1 I— ' • -r-3 H-d OJ H-3 4-3 -rH 4-3 4— H-J H X c3 05 CO !'■■* o CO -p I'- CO -P to 05 CO c5 p dJ c3 CO to r“^ CO O o CO 1-H CO rs-> p p Ol i-H d CO CO C^l CM rt . CO rO <1 p • pH 0 9-6 o o o o El cp OO o o o f— < CO bi CO r^ o O ■ CO to pa * o E 05 E cp E cb E oo •CO kb d E H I-H cb 05 E 0 CO CO to CO lO -p to hh 05 ICI o t— 05 o CO kO rH r H 05 o GO f=a ; « ^ 0 GO E bi 05 cb O o E E E E E 1 pa (M CO CO c-a CO •o kO CO CO CO d c3 O r-H 05 r-H cc rH CO (M tp o 'pH ao E E OO ir^ E E E x^ E CO CO CO kO O kO to -p CO £ j QO CO CO dC i—H 00 -p 00 05 viO d CO E 0 E o E E E E 1-H cb to 1 05 CO V CO lO lO »o CO 1 1 £ j r-H CO GO 05 to CO l-r. d o d 05 1 cS 0 o E El o E o E E OO rH CO cb _ 1 c:> CO CO CO lO ‘O CO O lO -P CO O , 0 cj H o a > OI 05 05 QO CO d CO o CO d cc I-H rvq 0 c: ins. GO OI o oo ‘O CO CM CM d CM d CO « -e ® o o o 05 O o t'- 05 o o cc E X^ o !>• CO CO 05 05 E '•H HH ■“ CO CO CO CO Cl CO CM d CM ►—1 05 CO 05 CO -p CO CO kiO CO CO 00 CO CO ‘-0 o 05 l-H o ‘O CO o Cl d -p Ol I—H OO CO CO cb E E CO 05 o> E 05 E E oo cb E GC Q H— » o P C d CM CM Cl £ CM P Ol CM rH d c )-r Ol i-H CM t— 1 GO • a:: p- ■ ' rs-\ rH " * o o ci 05 pH 05 Ph CO E 05 pH CO Ph CO d GO c5 CO d CO pH 05 Ph CO E 05 r— ( *• rs rv r • pC 4-) o rP ■H-3 •“H JZ -4-3 ‘O rP H-H 05 -4-5 (/) r-H 05 rP H-3 X^ rP O 4— w rP CO -44 44 > o OI t-H C-1 CM CM ■* CO 05 »r> o l>- C5 CO 05 d 05 05 CO QO i 00 OO ‘O (M CM 05 •o CO CO OI CO CM CO CO o CM o o o o o o E o o o o o o c; w ^ CO CO CO CO C’O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O 0) cin ^ £ 3 r-* P P £ rH P £ 4H 4-3 ^H -rH O CO f— H CO o CM CM r-H CM 1-H 'b' O CO CO CO to d O 1891. 1 January February March April C53 1 j June P August Septembe October 1 p: £ )> O 12; 1 Decembei Year The recording Aneroid, corrected by those values, gives 3()-725 and 28-32 as the extremes. STATION, YORK.— THE MUSEUM. Ti n O fc/D > O cj Cfj CD o fl • I— I 05 c CD fcJD O c3 CC I Pi ♦ ri cj w P P o rH 55D © > O

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I o 1 OOO— iCOf-HOOibOOOCOf-i ^ ^ OOOOCCr-^t^CCfC'^^C^CSi-H o cd p — COCCi'*i>D'* w P w ^ M I-] ^ r S a « m P P O m P P <1 P o p p H Ciq 5!:; 1—4 W c» ?r, P ifj P 55 p p C P 2r; h- <, P5 W P3 t— 1 fcd P -i (P (p w a o p' p << a M a m rt • ^ P3 03 P 3 03 13 <0 bC-;; P « 2 p> c ^ CO S o « a. O o CO 00 10 WO (M CO 00 CO 0 CO GO 0 CO wo 0 <3 wo 0 0 CO f«H ‘O CD CO °° C33 a> <33 03 03 ■>it< <00 <33 0 00 03 <33 - oo (N - <30 CO • 05 1^ (-3 'fj g 3 o a o t jO o CO TO ^ ^ ^ 03 03 33 o 3 00 CO CO M CO U5 CO CO 03 O o CO CO 00 CO 03 o CO o CO 03 03 C — ■ ° c2 CS rO _ ^ "3 cS 33 S33 ^ a ^ 3 «+^ ci O y—^ ^ ^03^ ^ O 3 CO CO C00300COCO'010030303 CCJ*— <1— I r— iCSf— li— (I— ll— I C73 • 33 03 '-I 33 03 oe 00 3 -(f r-l O O <23 (M (M 0 0 0 a a ■< a P ■< m 0 ;zi Q H 22 NEW MEMBERS ELECTED Butterworth, Alexander Kaye, Driffield Terrace. Churcliill, Henry, Bootham. Close, John, junior. Mount Villas. Colburn, Miss, 12, St. Martfs. Commeline, Kev. A. S., Minster Yard. Donaldson, Deputy-Surgeon General Janies Y., M.D., Red House, Marygate. Egerton, Major George, Townsliend, The Mount. Foster, Henry, Blahe Street. Handford, Kev. G. T., St.' PeteV s School. Harrison, G. A., 17, Claremont Terrace. Johnson, Frederick, Red House, Marygate. Leetham, Henry, Burnholme', Heworth. Lewin, F. F., Minster Gates. McGuire, George, Town Clerk of York. McLeod, Miss J. B., High School, Fishergate. Middlewood; Miss, 47, Bootham. Bayner, Arthur G., 10, Museum Street. Scruton, Samuel, 10, Gillygate. Snarry, Henry, 35, Bootham. Spofforth, Edward, Grosvenor Terrace. Weekes, T. H., 16, Gillygate. Wilkinson, H. J., Chapter House Street. Wolfe, Lionel Harris, 24, St. Marges. Wood, J. B., Bishopfields, The Mount. COUNTY MEMBER. Gibbons, A., 4, Minster Yard, Lincoln. LADY SUBSCRIBERS. Barber, Mrs., 1, St. Martin's Lane. Gape, Mrs., 14, Grosveyior Terrace. Mackay, Mrs., 28, East Mount Road. Sawrey, Mrs., 6, Driffield Terrace. Thompson, Mrs. F., 4, St. James' Terrace, Clifton. Williamson, Mrs., 25, Grosvenor Terrace. ASSOCIATE. Budgard, W. D., 86, MicHegate. TEMPORARY MEMBER. Skinner, Colonel, 4, St. Martfs. THE TREASUREE IN ACCOUNT WITH THE YOEKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR ENDING 81st DECEMBER, 1891. INCOME. Sahscriptions : £. s. d. Members . . 622 0 0 County Members . . 24 0 0 Temporary Members . 0 0 0 Lady Subscribers . . 59 0 0 Associates . . 20 0 0 Arrears . 0 0 0 Kevs of Gates . . 55 5 0 782 5 0 I Rents : Sir Reginald Oakes, Bt., St. Mary’s Lodge .... 50 0 0 ]Mr. Sykes, Boothuin and Marygate Towers .... 2t 0 0 Mr. Hill, Marvgate Baths (Half Year) . 20 0 0 York Amateur Rowing Club . 5 0 0 Fine Art Society . 2 0 0 York and District Field- Naturalists’ Society, Ipss i.'l paid to Attend¬ ant . 2 0 0 Water Works Company 0 10 - 103 1 0 Donation: Dr. Tempest Anderson. . 27 0 0 Hi) e of Tent and Tables . . 10 13 6 Less : Expenses of fixing. Carriage, &c . 1 3 6 9 10 0 Meteorological Department . 15 12 0 Whitsuntide Admission Fees . 11 10 5 Less: Attendants and Police . 5 6 0 Joiner Fixing Barricades .. 0 18 10 6 4 10 - - 5 5 7 Gate Money . . 227 17 7 Sale of Catalogues, PhotogTaphs, &:c. 1 5 0 £T171 16 2 Excess of Expenditure over Income 47 8 11 £1219 5 1 Excess of Expenditure over Income, 1891 . 47 8 11 Balance in Lands of the Treasurer, 3rd December, 1890.. . 30 17 6 £16 11 5 EXPENDITURE. (!Ir. £. 8. d. £. s. d. Crown Rent . 1 0 0 Corporation Rent . 19 10 0 Rates and Taxes : Rates and Taxes, Parishes of St. Wilfrid and St. Olave . 16 11 10 Waterworks Company _ 2 11 6 Gardeners’ Licenses .... 2 5 0 Stamping Receipt Book . . 1 9 2 - 22 17 6 Insurance . 7 5 0 Salaries and Wayes: Mr. Plain uuer . 200 0 0 Mr. Fielden . 60 0 0 Miss Baines . 39 0 0 Mr. Guy . 25 0 0 Attendants, Museum and Hospitium viz : Attendant at Mu¬ seum . 57 4 0 Female attendant at Museum.... 31 4 0 Female attendant at Hospitium. . 32 10 0 - 120 18 0 Gardeners, including ex- tra attendance at Gate.. 89 12 6 - 534 10 6 Yorkshire Insurance Company — Annuity . 198 6 8 Commission to Bankers less Interest 2 10 General Repairs, and Expenses. Museum and Hospitium 57 15 6 Gardens . 26 16 4 Estate : General Repairs . 34 3 4 Completion of fix¬ ing Fire Extin¬ guishing Ap¬ pliances . 13 1 0 Cost of laying new Gas Main to Museum . . 27 0 0 Repairs to Baths (.\llowauce to Tenant) ....... 20 0 0 94 4 4 178 16 2 Library : New Books, Binding, &c . 37 3 6 Lectures aiid Conversazione . 44 10 7 Printing and Stationery . 4 8 8 Printing Reports & postages thereof 21 4 11 Printing Communications to Mem¬ bers and postages of same . 2 10 11 Gas, Coal, and Coke : Museum . 23 3 1 Gardens . 9 12 6 Estate (including laying Pipes to Observatory 26 6 0 - 59 1 7 Antiquities: Purchases and Repairs 30 18 4 Bii cls and Eggs . • . 20 5 0 Osteological Department . 14 16 4 Meteorological ,, . 15 12 0 Sundries, including Firewood, Carriage of Parcels, &c . 6 9 8 Sundry Postages . . 7 16 9 1219 5 1 Balance due to the Treasurer 3rd December, 1891 . 16 11 5 EDWIN GRAY, Hon. Treasurer. Examined and found correct, J. A. CUNNIN’GHAME. York, 30th January, 1892. 24 DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM & LIBRAKY. LIBRARY. The Books Presented. The Journal of the Chemical Society of 1 London, vols. lix. and lx., 1891, and ^ The Abstracts . / The Bulletin of the American Geogra- j phical Society, vol. xxii., No. 4 and / The Supplement, vol. xxiii., Nos. 1, 2, 3.. . j Memoirs of the Geological Survey of' India, “ Paleeontologia Indica,” series xiii., vol. iv., part 2 ; Eecords, vol. xxiii., part 4, vol. xxiv., parts 1, 2, 3; Memoirs, vol. xxiii. and vol. xxiv., part 3, and Index to first 20 Volumes. . The Transactions of the New York'' Academy of Sciences, vol. ix.. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; vol. x.. Nos. 4. 5 . The Memoirs of the Russian Geological \ Society, vol. iv.. No. 2 ; vol. v., Nos. 1, 2; vol. viii.. No. 2; vol. x.. No. 1. Bulletin, vol. ix.. Nos. 7, 8 . Memoirs du Comite Geologique, vol. v.. No. 5, by Prof. S. Nikitin . The Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vols. xxxiv. and xxxv., part 1. Proceedings, vol. xvii . The Transactions of the Edinburgh Geo¬ logical Society, vol. vi., part 2 Catalogue of Birds, vol. xix., of Oligo- cene and Eocene Mollusca, of Lepi- doptera and Heterocera, part viii. ; of Fossil Birds, of Fossil Fishes, part 2 ; and Fossil Cephalopoda, part 2, in the British Museum . The Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Leeds, 1890 . Donors. Society. Society. Indian Government. The Academy. The Society. The Author. The The Society. Societv. The Trustees of the British Museum. The Association. 25 Books Presented. The Proceedicgs of the Geologists’ Asso- i ciation, vol. xii., parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . . ) Memoirs and Proceedings of the Man- \ Chester Literary and Pliilosophical | Society, 4th series, vol. iv., Nos. 1, 2, i 3, 4, 5 . The Annual Peport of the Board of Pegents of the Smithsonian Institution to Jul}^ 1889, and Peport of the Institution for the Year 1888 . The Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. vii., part 4, 1889-90 . The Peport of the International Geo¬ logical Congress held in London, 1888 The Peport of the Meteorological Council to the Poyal Society for the Year ending 31st March, 1890. Instructions for taking Meteorological observations by Col. Sir. H. James. Meteorological Observations at Stations of the 2nd Order for the Year 1887. Hourly means of the self-recording In¬ struments at the Meteorological Ob¬ servations, 1887. The C3^clone tracks in the South Indian Ocean. Instruc¬ tions for Meteorological Telegraphy, 1891; and Quarterly, Monthly, and Weekly Weather Peports . The Transactions of the Zoological So¬ ciety of London, vol. xiii., parts 1, 2, 3. Proceedings, parts 2 and 3, 1891 The Pecords of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, vol. 2, parts 1, 2, 3, and Annual Peport of the De¬ partment of Mines, 1890 . . . The Proceedings of the Poyal Institution of Great Britain, vol. xiii., part 1, \ No. 84 . . . The Journal of the Manchester Geo¬ graphical Society, vol. vi., Nos. 1 to 12 ; vol. vii., Nos. 1, 2, 3 Donors. The Association. The Societ}’. The Institution. The Institute. The Council. The Meteorological Society of London. The Society. The Department of Mines, Sydney. The Institution. The Society. 26 The Academy. The Societ}". Tlie French Government. The Society. The Commission. Books Presented. Nova acta der Ksl. Leop. Carol. Dent- sclien Akademie der Natnrforscher, Bd. Ivii., Nr. 2, Mit. 10 ; Tafeln, Nr. ix. to xviii. ; Leopoldina, Bd. xxvi. . . The Transactions of the Leicester Lite- | rary and Philosophical Society, vol. ii , / parts 4, o, 6, 7, 8, 9 . ’ Tnventaire General des Pichesses, D’Art | de la France, vol. v., 1891 . j The Proceedings of the Bristol Natu- 1 ralists’ Societ}^, New Series, vol. vi., / part 3 . ‘ ) Report of the Norwegian North Atlantic j Expedition, 1 876-78, Pt. xx. Pycno- ( gonidea by G. 0. Sars . ) The Bulletin of the University of Ne-4 braska Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ tion, vol. iv., Nos. 16 and 17, and the 4th Annual Report . J Transactions of the Meriden Scientific \ Association, vol. iv., 1889-90 . j Mittheilungen des Yereins fiir Erdkunde \ zu Leipzig, 1890 . ) Monograph of the United States Geo¬ logical Survey, vol. ix., 1885. Bra- chiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersej^ b}^ R. P. Whitfield .... Extracts from the Philosophical Tran¬ sactions of the Royal Society of London, Parts 3 to 18, on the orga¬ nization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures ; on the Morphology and Histology of Stiff mana Ficoides ; on the structure of the scales and bones of Fishes ; Reprint from the Memoirs j- The Author, of the Manchester Literary and Philo¬ sophical Society ; on some of the Mic roscopical objects found in the mud of the Levant; and 10 other miscellaneous Geological Pamphlets, by Prof. W. C. Williamson . Doxors. The University. The Association. The Society. J. F. Walker, M.A. 27 Books Presented. Donors. The Report of the Belfast History and Philosophical 1889-90 . The Transactions and Annual Report of \ the Manchester Microscopical Society, > The Society. 1890 . ) Natural Society, j Society. The Transactions of the Liverpool Geo- ) logical Association, vol. x., 1889-90 . . ) The Calendar of the Yorkshire College, ) Leeds, for 1891-2 . ) The Association. The College. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Sciences, vol. i . The Journal of the Archaeological So¬ ciety of Brussels, one part . . . . The Stellar Cluster Micrornetrically Sur¬ veyed by 0. A. L. Pihl, Christiania. . Extracts from the Bulletin of the Geo¬ logical Society of France, by Prof. E. Hebert . The Academv. The Societ3^ The Author. The Author. Yivisection Scientifically and Ethically ) considered . ) The Rev. F. 0. Morris. The Bulletin of the Astronomical Society \ of Mexico for 1891 ; and Anuario del f ^ Observatorio Astronomico National of ^ Authoi. Mexico, by Angel Angniano . . . ' Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, ^ vol. vi.. Nos. 10, 11, 12; Yol. vii., i ^he Academy. Nos. 1 to 12 . ) The Report of the Borough of AVai- ( dommittee rington Museum and Arts Committee ' Bollettino delle Pubblicazioni Italiane, Nos. 107 to 143. Elenco delle Pubblicazioni Periodiche Italiane, ricevute nel 1891 . 35th Annual Report of the Borough of ^ Sheffield Free Library and Museum . . i Committee. Catalogue of the Collection of Ancient t Marbles at Leeds, by E. L. Hicks. . . . j Author. The Council. 28 Books Presented. Donors. 25th Annual Eeport of the Woodwardian Museum and Lecture Boom Syndicate Prof. Hughes. Extract from the Proceedings of the^j Dorset Natural History Field Club : j I Notes on a Fault in the Cliff West of Authors. Bridport Harbour, by the Pev. H. S. | SoUey, M.A., and J. F. Walker, M.A. J The Eeport of the Manchester Museum, Owens College . . . 19th Annual Eeport of the Cit}^ of Here¬ ford Museum . i The Town Council. Presidential Address to the Antiquarian Section of the Eoyal Archaeological Institute, by John Evans, D.C.L . The Author. N j The Committee. REED REFERENCE LIBRARY. Darwin’s Coral Eeefs, Volcanic Islands,^ and Geological Observations on South . America, with three critical introduc¬ tions by Professor Judd, F.E.S., 1 voL, 12mo. ; 1890 . Montagu Browne, F.Z.S. Practical Taxi¬ dermy, 12mo., 2nd edition ; 1890 .... Eay Lankester. Zoological Articles con¬ tributed to the Encyclopaedia Britan- nica, 1 vol., Ito. ; 1891 . Cliauveau (A.), M.D. The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, Translated and Edited by George Fleming, C.B. 2nd Edition ; 1891 .. Flower (Wm. Henry), and Lydekker (Eichd.). An Introduction to the Study of Mammals, Living and Extinct ; 1891 Mackintosh (Dank), F.G.S. The Scenery of England and Wales : its Character and Origin; 1869 . Seeley (H. G,), F.E.S. Handbook of the London Geological Field Class ; 1891 . W. Eeed, Esq., F.G.S 29 Books Presented. Donor. Congres Geologique International 4me \ Session. Londres, 1888 . Peid (Clement), P.G.S. The Pliocene Deposits of Britain ; 1890 . Newton (Pichd. Bullen), F.G.S. British Oligocene and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington; 1891 . Harris (Geo. P.), F.G.S., and Burrows, (Hy. W.). The Eocene and Oligocene Beds of the Paris Basin ; 1891 . Dawson (Sir J. W.), F.P.S. The Geo¬ logical History of Plants ; 1891 .... Tlie Geological Magazine; 1891 . Challenger Peport : Deep Sea Deposits, 1891 . Morton (G. H.), F.G.S. Geology of the Country around Liverpool ; 1891 . . . . W. Peed, Esq., F.G.S. Newton (E. T.), F.G.S. The Yertebrata of the Pliocene Deposits of Britain? with 10 plates ; 1891 . Flower (Wm. Henry). The Horse: a Study in Natural Hist or}' ; 1891 .... MUSEUM. GEOLOGICAL DEPA RTMENT. 34 Specimens of Fossil Fishes, and 40 ' Specimens of Crustacea, from the Cal- ciferous Sandstone Series, Glencart- holm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire .... A Series of Fossils from the Midford ^Mr. W. Peed, F.G.S. Sands, Yeovil Junction . A Series of Fossils from the Chloritic Marl, Pailwa}^ Cutting, near Maiden Newton, Dorset . . . 30 Doxoes. A Series of small Gasteropods from the' Whit Bed ; Portland Oolite, Isle of Portland . A Series from the Shineton Shales, Sldneton, Shropshire . 45 Species from the Pliocene of St. Erth, Cornwall . A very fine Fossil Tooth from the Phsetic 1“ Mr.W.'Peed, F.G.S. Beds, Holwell, Somerset . 6 Specimens of Cardiaster pillula, from the Chalk, near Winchester . A Series of Fossils from each of the fol¬ lowing formations : Arenig, Llandeilo, Caradoc, Llandovery, and Aymestrj' limestone . A very fine Collection of Fossils from the Liassic and Oolitic Strata of Lin¬ colnshire . Specimens of Rhyntdionella calcicosta, Var. Iluntcliffensis, from the Lower Margari- tatns Zone Middle Lias, Hiintclilf, ■> Mr. J. F. Walker, M. A. Yorkshire, and a Fossil Pecten and \ Nodule from the Lias of Whitbv .... A tine Slab of Fossil Pectens from the Lias of Whitby, and a Boulder of / mi m. • ' The Pev. Canon Paine, Mountain Limestone from Cromwell ( M.A. D.C.L. Poad, York . j The Pev. J. E. Cross, late of Appleby. A Series of Fossils chiefly from the Oolite of Malton and Pickering . i A Specimen of Stigmaria from tlie Coal i Measures near Bradford . j Mr. Copperthwaite, Holgate. Mr. Peat, Clarence Street. Cores from the boring at Powntree and ) Co.’s Works, Haxby Poad, AYrk . . . . ) A Series of Fossils from various localities | collected by the Pev. W. C. Hey .... j Mr. J. Powntree. ThePev.W.C. M.A. Hev 81 ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. A very fine Collection of British Beetles contained in an Oak Cabinet . A recent Sponge . . A Specimen of the Pearl Oyster Shell, and Eggs of the Pelican and Tern . . A supposed Hybrid between the Grayling and the Carp, from a pond at the Hermitage, Malton Poad . 4 Specimens of deep sea soundings, Eggs of the Tern, Osprey, Solan Goose, and Turtle . 14 Specimens of recent Cyprcsa . A fine specimen of the Water Yole (mounted) . A Specimen of the Gazelle, a young Emu, and a specimen of the Wapiti Deer . ) 8 Specimens of recent Columhella and 2 ) Natica . ... i Donors. Pev.W. C. Hey, M.A. Dr. Dunhill. Mr. B. Pinch, Ealing. Mr. W. Paw don. Lieut. Purey-Cust. Mr. Lund. Captain Barstow. Mr. C. J. Leyland, Leighton Hall. Miss Watkins. Egg of the Cockateel . A small series of recent Shells from ) Australia . . . ) Mr. L. J. Thompson. Miss Navlor. ANTIQUITIES. Donors. A series of stone and flint Implements \ from Co. Antrim, and Saxon Urn > Dr. Tempest Anderson. found at Severus Junction . A Glass vessel found on the Mount in 1805 (Poman) . A sixpence of George III. and other coins Mr. L. J. Thompson. An ancient ornament of bone with a \ head carved upon it, of Saxon work, > Mahalski. found near Monk Bar . / j The Misses Jakell. 32 Donors. A Barber-Surgeon’s Basin of Delft ware Miss S. Edwards, Sanby Lodge, Sunderland Ed., Forrest Hill, London. A penny of Edward II., groat and half') groat of Edward III., and groats of j David II. and Eobert II. of Scotland, ^ part of a large hoard found near 1 Durham in 1890 . J Mr. J. W. Barnes, Durham. Pennies of Edward the Confessor, and Edwd. I., minted in York . Mr. H. M. Platnauer. MINEEALOGY. A specimen of Fluor spar . A small collection of Minerals . ,, ,, Vesuvian Minerals A Eock specimen from the Yorkshire ^ Silurian, Upper Teasdale . ) A specimen of Witherite and 6 specimens \ of Barytes (Heavy spar) . ) Specimens of Sulphur and other minerals ) from Australia . j Mrs. Eadcliffe. Miss Watkins. Major Williams Hepworth. Mr. Herdman. Mr. J. Backhouse, F.Z.S. Miss Naylor. BOTANY. A specimen of Lohelia urens from Kil- mington, Axminster, Devon, and a specimen of the Pygmy Eush . Mr. E. H. Weekes. A collection of Plants from Mountains . the Blue ) . ) Miss Naylor. A specimen of Gulf weed from Lat. | 2H20' N. Long., 44^30' W . Mr. W. S. Todd. 2 specimens of Cuba Bast Mr. Lund. 33 SERIAL WORKS SUBSCRIBED FOR. Natural History of the Tineina, by H. T. Stanton, F.R.S. Nautical Almanack. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Publications of the Palmontographical Society. ,, ,, Pay Society. Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchy lioriim. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Greological Magazine. Journal of the British Archseological Association. Numismatic Chronicle. Memoires de la Societe Paleontologique Suisse. D’Orbigny’s Paleontologie Prancaise. Geological Pecord. Nature. Publications of the Surtees Society. Hardwicke’s “ Science Gossip.” The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal. 34 EESOLUTIONS PASSED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, HELD FEB. 2nd, 1892. 1. That the Report of the Council now read be adopted and printed for circulation amongst the Members, Lady Subscribers, and Associates of the Society. 2. That the thanks of the Societ}^ be given to the jMembers of the Council retiring from office, also to the Treasurer, Secretaiw, and Curators, for their valuable services ; and that authority be given to the Council to give admission to the Public to the Museum on Whit-Monday and Tuesda}^, under the same regula¬ tions as last year. 3. That the thanks of the Meeting be given to the Chairman. 35 NOTES ON WEATHER AT YORK, May Util to 21st, 1891. I. — The following is a suymnary of the weather. 11th. Decidedly warmer than previously during the month or year. T2th and 13th. Hot and summer like, as shown by the high maximum, 71 ; and, also, mean temperatures. 14th. Very like 1 Ith, but lower maxima, and 3 hours less sun. 15th. At 8 A M., 8" cooler than 14th ; max. 9'" lower. 12-30 — 33, Sharp, short storm of soft hail, a little rain. 12-43 — 50, Repetition ; heavier, more rain. 2-0. TS. First flash noted, due W. ^ 2-5. Rain-drops. 2-10 — 20. Heavy R. and hail ; vivid lightning to W ; one flash remarkably ramified. 2 — 25. Storm ended, seemed chiefly W. of York. 3- 30 or 45. Short storm of thunder-rain. 10-0. Lunar halo. Wind S.W. at 8 a.m., strong ; S.W. or S.S.W. and stronger at 10 a.m., damaging blossom and tree leaves. N.W. at 12, moderate; so at 2 ; at 2-45 nearly due E., with occasional gusts from S.E. ; at 3-30 N.W. again : at 5 very strong from N.N.W. ; force same as at 10 a.m. ; calmer at 6 ; little at 9 P.M. Rain 0‘22 in total time of 47 minutes. 16th. Sleet or snow showers, at intervals, from 9 a.m. to 11 AM.; bright afterwards. 17th. Sharp F. (only colder 4 times in previous 50 years) ; dahlias, out hardening, cut. 9-5 A.M. Few flakes S. Rain. 10-10 — 30, Snow-hail ; 12-0—20 „ : at end few flakes more o, if 0 05ins. 1-50 — 2-30 ,, ; good deal of 3-25 — 4-55 S, heavy for some time „ 0*09 ins. 0*08 ins. 86 Mown lawns and garden ground, &c., whitened after each of the four storms. Note the even intervals between the heginning of each; also note slight upward trend, each time, of the aneroidogram ; and so on the 15th. Wind. S.W. at 8 and 9-15, and N.W. at 10 a.m. and until 5 p.m. ; then W, so that the last storm- cloud was headed off,” passing away and dis¬ sipating towards N.E. ; at 5-45 the wind W. h}^ S. ; a few final flakes as this cloud melted away ; W. by N. at 7-30 ; E. at 8-30 ; but almost calm ; quite so at and after 9 p.m. Frost. As said, sharp the previous night (28" in screen ; 24° on grass) but not much damage, as everything was dry. In the evening of the 17th the grass, trees, and all leaves were soaked, the first covered with snow- slush. Not only had the clouds gone, but the 17 — 18. sky was specially clear, even low down, so that from my house, 1 saw Whernside, 40 miles distant, Even at 7-30, before sunset, it had begun to freeze (31° on grass) ; at 8-30 it was freezing in the screen, ISth. 29° on grass. In the night it fell to 24°, 21° on grass. Windows were still frozen at 6-30 ; the thermo, in shade then reading 28°. Erost lasted in shade until after 9 a.m., and masses of snow were still to be found after 10. The damage done was, of course, excessive. The record is 1° below anything in the previous 50 years. 19th. Third F, 31° in screen, but 26° on grass ; for a change, apparently, came on during the night, soon after midnight. 20th. Fourth F. But only on ground, 32.° II. Comparison ivifh previous 50 Years. The only records below 28° in May are in 1855 (25°), 1856 (26°), 1877 (27°), and 1879 (27°). 37 It did not fall below 32° during 1841, ’49, ’52, ’54, ’56, ’58, ’60, ’62-5, ’67-’73, ’75, ’78, ’80, ’82-4, ’88-’90, or in 34 years of the 50. The monthly range in May, also (not to say the range in 6 days !) was unprecedented, being 52 ° The nearest to this Avas 50° in 1855 ; no other year approaches these. In 1846 and, again, in 1889, the lowest minimum Avas 41°. In 1872 the minimum for the whole year was 26"" ; it was 25i° in ’63, 25° in ’69 ; 24° in ’68. The high maxima [77° at Bootham, 76° at the Y. P. Society (Lond. Met. Office returns)] have been exceeded by eight records, — of 80° in ’47, 79 1° in ’48, 76|° in ’61 ; 81^° in ’64, and again in ’68 ; 79° in ’81 ; 77-6° in ’88; 77-2° in ’89. 1855, it may be noted, was a cold winter and a cold year. It gives us, for instance, the following “ records ” for the 50 years 1841-90 — the lowest maximum for any month (36° in Feb.) ; the loAvest min. in Feb. (1^°) ; and, as said. May (previous to this year) ; the loAvest monthly mean of the min. (20‘7°) ; of the max. (3T2°) and of min. and max. (25‘95°) ; (of these, indeed, the maximum is 1° below the average mean minimum of any month at all) 32 ’2° in January. We also liaA^e the loAvest mean of max. and min. for May (45 '8°) and June (50’0°) ; the lowest mean min. for May (37*7°) ; and finally the lowest mean, for the AAdiole year of, max. and min. 44’4°, or ten “records” in all. 1855, indeed, was the coldest year, thus far, of the present century, with a possible exception from 1826 to 1830, for which no records exist. 1816, Avith a mean of 44*7, ranks next. Maj^, 1891, Avas warm compared Avith May ’55, its means for max. min. and the two combined being 3'6°, 2*5° and 2 ‘7° higher respectively. 38 III. — Tahlea. Temperature Comparisons of the \2fli and IWt leifh the \lth and ISth {Bootham returns) are rather striking : — DAY. MEAN OF MAX. AXD MIX. MEAN OF 8 a.m. AXD 8 p.m. GROUND 1 MIX. 12 59 io 00® 38® 13 62« 59® 42® 17 35^^o 38® 24® ' IS 37*« 37® 21® Extreme differences. 26|o 22® 21® ! The divergence on the hot days between the middle columns is noteworthy ; also the reverse divergence on the coldest day. The former had 9-8 and 12*5, the latter only 2-4 hours of bright sunshine ; there were 11-8 on the 18th. WEATHEE OBSERVATIONS, MAY 1891, BOOTHAM SCHOOL, YORK. DAY. THERMOMI MAX. MIX. 8 a .m. 8 p DRY. M'ET DRY. 11 68 46 57 52 49 12 77 42 56 52 58 13 77 47 62 55 56 14 62 46 56 49 49 15 1 53 40 48 44 45 ' 16 47 37 42 38 37 ' 17 43 28 40 36 36 18 51 24 :^8 36 40 19 55 31 48 43 49 20 59 36 48 44 46 ! 21 oO 40 50 48 46 WET 44 00 o3 46 41 : 3o 35 36 i I 45 I 44 45 ' SOL VH MAX. 103 103 107 102 86 86 65 91 89 91 60 GRASS MIX, 4o 38 42 aeedle stuclc 37 35 24 21 26 32 38 M'IND , 8 a.m. BRIGHT SUX. ' RAIX- BAXD 0 — 5 ; KAIN*. 1 1 . E. 9-8 0 1 _ 1 ^Y. 12-5 1 — W. 1L6 1 — s. wc 6-8 1 1 w. 6'5 1 0-22 X. 8-9 0 1 s.w. 2-4 1 0-22 N.E. 11-8 0 1 ^Y. 5-9 0 0-01 ! S.W. 7-8 1 0 06 ! E. O o 1 0-10 ; 1 1 It is noteworthy that especially on the 17th the Eain- band gave little indication of the coming storms, since the amount of water vapour was obviously 39 small. As previously, I was able to interpret this that the threatening clouds would result in snow or snow-hail, if anything. lY. The damage to garden and field was, of course yery great. Fruit blossom suffered from the first frost, — of 28,° but, as everything was then dry, foliage and young shoots were not much affected. Next night everything was drenched, and the frost so severe as to penetrate an inch or two into the ground. Ponds were frozen and puddles gave a chance of sliding. The cold was, probably, more intense in many places less close to the city. At Mr. Backhouse’s nurseries, Holgate, from which a report was kindly sent to me, the thermometers ranged from 23° on tlie higher and dryer parts to 19° in the lowest spots with dampest soil. Their system is to place them on stands, facing north, about 4 feet from the ground, witli a board behind and above. Their losses were immense , that of York gardeners altogether must amount to many thousands of pounds. They report, especially, as badly hurt Beech, Ash, Sycamore, Chestnut, Spanish Chestnut especially, Turkey Oak almost destroyed. Common Larch and Spruce, most species of Abies and Picea and Azalea inol/i-'^, a recent introduction from Japan. Less injured are the Elders and English Oak ; Hornbeam has escaped ; Bielytra and Spircea (isfilboides are much hurt ; many thousands of the finer varieties of Daffodil blooms are swept off. Standard and Dwarf Poses are less injured than was feared. Around York, generally, tlie following summaiy gives an idea of the results of such exceptional frosts, even in so late a season as this. Foliage. — Wild briers in some parts, notably on Bootham Stray, are greatly cut; even isolated hawthorn bushes are slightly touched ; beech leaves were shrivelled as if burnt, but the unopened buds 40 were uninjured, whereas on Turkey Oaks they were nearly all killed to the heart, only those most sheltered escaping. I notice that numerous buds are now bursting out (May 30th) under the main branches. Ash buds appear to be hurt, even where quite unexpanded ; young Yew-shoots where exposed. Acacia, it is feared will be quite killed. Other leaves less injured are limes, especially a late dowering species, snow-berry, laburnum, clematis, rhododendron, ^yellow barberry, lettuce, various lilies, box, clover, even grass in some parts, rhubarb, ivy, peony. Young Shoots, Cuttings, Seedlings, 8^'c. — Some early peas, potatoes, bryony, chiwsanthemums, all ferns, garden and wild, (except Adder’s tongue, of which only the tip of the fertile frond was touched, and C. fragilis), Tropceoluni nasturtium; all transplanted annuals. Blooms and Flower Buds — Laburnum and ash-buds utterly ; fruit bloom, auricula, jonquil, yellow barberry, broom, gorse, bluebell, even under a hedge, primroses (whole banks of them at Bedale, near Scarborough.) Arum maculatum, the sheath shut and unhurt, sycamore, marsh marigold, lily of the valley. The apple or, at any rate, crab apple, is more damaged than at first appeared, as the essential whorls are killed in buds less than half¬ open ; so, too, with strawberries. Of crabs only the petals of the lighter, nearly white, varieties were mnch touched. Fruits. — Cherry and plum, practically gone ; pear and apple said to be less hurt ; gooseberries, if much exposed. On a Victoria plum in my garden a dozen out of ^00 or 300, which were set, survive. These were all in actual cojitact with a wall. I had thrown thick cloth over the whole. [June 12th, more than half of these have now dropped ; and (Sep.) only one ripened.] 41 Untouched. — Among others were poppy, sweet pea and mignonette seedlings ; buds of lilac, hawthorn, tulip, shoots of gladiolus and a species of perennial scarlet Tropceohun, common in Westmoreland and the Lakes. Parrot tulips, protected by newspapers, escaped with a temporary drooping ; as did some peonies. [July 12th. — Lilac bloom was so poor that, doubtless, it was affected. Horse-chestnut spikes have hardly produced any blooms. The deep brown-reds of beeches, and russets to brown-yellows of larches are very striking in woods against the tender greens ; oaks and ashes are now beginning to make a slight show. ] As to the area affected, the frost, so far as I have received information, seems to have been much the same over the whole area drained by the Ouse and Lower Trent. At Leeds (Leeds Mercury^ May 19th), Mr. R. Peynolds reports 29" and 25" for the 17th and 18th at his house, against 79 as maximum on the 12th I Snow, ice, frost and ruined crops are reported from the dales and plains alike. Perhaps the worst district was that round Malton and Driffield, for very full returns of which I am much indebted to Mr. John Lovel, of the nurseries at the latter place, who takes most careful observa¬ tions. Some of the details from him appear in The Gardeners'' Chronicle for May 23rd, p. 646. Screen thermometers fell to 28'^ and 22° ; exposed, at 4 feet, 25" and 15°; on the grass, 21 '6 and 12°. On the next night, 19th, these values read, 25J°, 21° and 16-2°. -On the 13th his max. was 72’6° ; on the 16th 44'3° and 44‘7° on the 17th, when at 1-15 p.m. the dry and wet were 37° and 36 J° ! On Sunday, the 17th, the dry bulb Avas 37'3" at 7 P.M., 28'5° at 10-20 p.m., Avith 18° on the grass. His grass thermo., lie says, not uncom¬ monly falls 10° beloAV the Stevenson screen and is most reliable. He confirms the destruction of 42 all groAvth in ash, and adds the same for beech and walnut, Avith injury to maple, sih^er balsam, Nordmann’s Douglas firs, Ceclrus Deodara, holly, willow and “ undoubtedly many others,” in addition to most already named, blooming strawberries have escaped 50 to 100 per cent, of the earlier kinds being lost for fruit, 90 per cent, of apple ; a few early-set cherry, plum and pear saved. At Malton, as reported in the Leeds Mercury Agricultural Notes, May 27, potato shoots were killed two inches doAvn. The same notes report grass blackened at Beverley, gooseberries and currants destroyed at Doncaster ; sleet again, on the 25th at Bichmond, mangold AAuirzels cut off at CroAvland, S. Lincolnshire^ where also, round Holbeach, wheat vras yellow and many turnips had to be re-soAAm. The Beverley report speaks of ‘‘ nothing like it since a severe frost. May 81st, nearD 30 A’ears ago.” Was this the 1855 frost or, perhaps, 1856, Avhich at York AAms only L higher ? Here the thermo, never fell below 30° in MaA' between 1859 and 1876. From Bolton Abbey, Wharfedale, specimens sent shoAv just the same as noted of oak, ash, and beech ; the autumnal efiect of the latter among the spring green, is most extraordinary. Higher up the moors snoAv six inches deep was reported. further soutli the frosts Avere less severe, apparently. Postscript — By early autumn all trees but beeches had practically recovered their leafage. On these it Avas very poor. On oaks, careful examination shoAved a deficiency and an unusual proportion of leaves on the inner branches. Only late J. EDMUND CLABK. 43 50 YEARS OF YORK METEOROLOOY. 1841—1890. The subject has been studied here for a much longer period than 50 years ; but at present the original records are not at hand, except after 1863. In 1800 Mr. J. Grray began observa¬ tions of temperature and wind, which were continued to 18fM. From 1811 to 1824 he recorded the rain also. A break then occurred until 1831, when Prof. Phillips took up the work. In 1834 Mr. John Ford, the Principal of the Friends’ School, became Honorary Curator. This position he tilled most efficiently until his death in 1875. In 1872 York became a daily reporting station of the London Meteorological Office, under Mr. R. II. Scott. From soon after that date, when these official returns were used, we have a first-class guarantee of accuracy of records. For earlier years there are, unfortunately, no adecjuate data. But, remembering that they were inaugurated and freely used by Prof. Phillips, the care taken by Mr. John Ford, the fact that the station was so selected, and the manner in which the values agree with each other, we can rest assured of fair reliability. The barometer records are from the same instrument up to 1874 ; the thermometers, since 1831, from standard instruments, and the rain-gauge the same. If and how often the last was changed, is what we should speciall}" like to know. Mr. John Ford made the returns from his own observations at the Friends’ School, first outside Walmgate Bar to 1845, then close to the Y.P.S. Glrounds, in Bootham, until 1873. These were verified by the Y.P.S. observations, which were used for the tables after 1873 ; the rainfall after 1872. As regards Mr. Gray’s returns, his gauge was 3 ft. above the ground From Prof. Phillips’ observations we learn that sucii a gauge, at York, collects about 3 3 per cent, less than at the usual height. Makino: this correction, the values aoree closely with those of subsequent years. In monthly comparisons and variation we can take, of course, a safe stand, so it is proposed to direct special attention to these.* *Since this was sent to the printer, the inrportant fact came to light referred to in the note on next page, under Pressure. This, of course, involved considerable alterations in the text. Earlier Records Connection with !Meteoro- log-ical office. Reliability. 44 Documents used. Work involved. Absolute range. Monthly range. hlxtremes of IMonthly means. Seasonal range. The present work lias been based chiefly upon tlie annual tables published in the Y.P.S. reports, wliicb appear first in 1841. These represent an amount of labour Avhieh it is not easy to appreciate. In 1844 Mr. John Ford speaks of having made 2000 observations of the barometer. The final value for the mean height of the barometer for the oO years is found by the use of at least 36,525 observations, double that number of calculations and half a million figures. PKESSURE* [Mr. Ford’s returns fup to 1873) were'corrected for temperature and capillarity, not for sea-level and instrumental error, O-Ooo and 0-004 respectively. Consequently 0'06 has been added in all cases previous to 1874.] This has ranged from 27 ‘777, on Dec. 8th, 1886, to o0‘99 on March 4th, 1854, an absolute extreme of 3‘21 inches. On no other occasion did it fall below 28 ins. [in Jan., 1843, it reached 28’05); once besides, in Feb., 1849, it just reached 30 ’96. It had not been so high as 30 ’99 in the previous 25 jmars.t The excessive ranges are in the winter months ; 3 08 ins. in Dec., 2‘84 in Jan. The least are in summer; 1’73 in May, 1*53 in June, and 1*83 in July. As, on Nov. 24th, 1886, just before the deep depression of Dec. 8th, the barometer had reached 30 693, we have a range in 14 days of 2*916 inches. In 1876 the barometer fell below 29 inches 5 times in March, once in April, and 6 times in December. In 1883 it fell from 30'631 on Jan. 23rd to 28 630 on the 26th. Like the absolute extremes, so too the range of the means for each month is greatest in winter. Thus we find it to be 1*08 in March, 0*92 in Jan. and 0 85 in Dec., but only 0*55 in May, 0 48, 0*51 and 0*53 in June, July and August. For the whole year the means have ranged from 29*70 in 1872 to 30*00 in 1887. Finally, the mean lor the whole 50-year period varies but little from month to month, and rather irregularly. The maximum is 29*958 in June, from which it drops to 29*844 in October, a range of only 0*114, with a menu height of 29*905. A rise in Sept., from July and Aug., a hill in Jan., from Dec. and Nov., and in March and April, from Feb., produce the irregularities. * Plates II. and III. represent graphically most of the points considered here. t References to the observations from 183i-40 often occur in the reports and enable us to glean considerable information concerning that decade. ERRATA. P. 44, line 27. For P08, read 0*79. P. 44, lines 30, 31. For 30 00 in 1887, read 30 02 in 1842. P. 44, line 34. For 29*905, read 29*904. ( <■ . 45 The means for each decade vary from the above given value (29-905) by + 0*045 —0-015 —0 025,— 0*025, and + 0-025. The last decade was in execess for eight montlis, all except April, May, July, and November, of the annual mean (29*905) for the 50 years. It is interesting to note the variation in mean for 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 years. Mean, 1841 — '50, 29*95 inches. „ 1841—60, 29*92 „ „ 1841—70, 29*905 „ ,, 1841—80, 29*90 „ „ 1841—90, 29*905 „ As the variation is only 0*07 between any two decades, we ma}^, apparently", regard the 50 years mean as correct within 0*007 of an inch. For we may properly assume that the error will not exceed J of the extreme variation, in any decade, from the mean of the five decades. The following table is based upon the more salient points of pressure. EELATIVE PEESSUEE IN DECADES. 1 Subjects for Compabisox. ’40’s. ’50’s. ’60’s. ’70’s. ’80*8. Highest Max. for Morah . 4 3 3 0 2 ,, Min. . . 91 -2 5 2 2 0 ,, Average „ .... 5 2 0 2 3 No. out 15 High-Pressure Years . No. of Monthly Maxima above 30-75 . 8 2 0 2 3 3 9 3 2 2 Totals, A . 22i to tCiM 8 8 10 Lowest Max. for Month .... 0 2 1 0 4 ,, Min. ,, - 1 1 3 3 3 ,, Average ,, 1 H 4 0 No. out of 147 Low-Pressure Years . 1 4 4 5 0 No. of Monthly Minima below 28-156 . 4 4 5 7 4 Totals, B . 7 I4i 24 11 Resutls: — A -4- (24 — B) .... 39| 31| 8 23 jMean Annual Pressure .. . . 29*95 29-89 29-88 29 88 29-93 This table, and the similar ones for warmth and rainfall, are intended to compare such points as usually impress the mind as Decades. Successive means. Probable limit of error. 46 Absolute ran^e. Months with frosts. Monthly range. Contrasts. Range of monthly means. to the character of the Season. It will be noted that the results tally very closely with that indicated hy the means of the decades, and, so far, confirm the correctness of the latter. TEMPEEATUEE has ranged from — 4'’ on December 26th, 1860, to 89^* in Julj^, 1873, and August, 1876, or a difference of 93°. Once besides, on January 3rd, 1853, it was nearly as cold, — 3J° ; and on December 7th, 1879, Zero was just reached, the Ouse then liearing for the three weeks,' December 4 — 24. f Frosts have occurred in every month except July, as June in ’49, and August in ’73 just touched 32°. Frequently the minimum hovers just at 32", as if the latent heat then liberated caused a pause. This is specially notable in the monthly minima of unusually warm winters. The July minimum, 40°, has been repeated six times. The extreme range in December is 64°; in January, 665° ; in July, 49°; in November 51°. The striking change from November to December is due to the much lower minima of the latter month. It is strang'e that Zero should have been reached on December 7th, but no lower record than 14° for any year only a week earlier. There are some other unexpected contrasts. The lowest max. in February, 36° in ’55, is only 6° above the highest minimum for the same month. In July ’58, the max. was only 7 1°, whilst in ’52 and other years the min was 49°. For the months from November to February the lowest mean of the maxima are below the highest of the minima. For January, the former is 33‘9° (1881), and the latter 39*0° (1884). But in July the lowest mean max. is 61 *6 (1854), and the highest mean min. is 54*9 (1868). Considering them separately, the range of monthly means is [* Until about 1870, the thermometers were in a shaded spot, shielded by boards, open towards the North. At Lawrence Street (until 1855) this appears to have been in the open garden. At Bootham it was near a garden wall, and within 30 feet of the E corner of the two-storey school-rooms. About 1870, they were placed in a Stephenson screen near the old locality. Since this was removed, in 187b, to a more open spot in the garden, 90 yards from the house, the value s have agreed closely with those of the Y.P.S. 'fhe extreme maxima and minima used to be slightly lower, the latter because of there being no falling surface, down which the cold air slides, as at the Y.P.S. stand. The former may arise from its more open position. Probably the extre mes at Bootham would have been slightly greater had the instruments occupied a more open place.] f Plates IV. c& y. represent graphically most of the points considered here. 47 least for the minima in June (6*3") and most in Febrnary (18'7“), the latter thus being three-fold the former. February has the lowest mean minimum of any month, 20 7° in ’55. The highest for January, February, and March are just below 40°; for December it is 38’5° (1862). The lowest summer mean mini¬ mum is 48’6° for July, 1844; the highest, 56'6° for August, 1870. The mean of the monthly mean minima for the 50 years, ranges from 32T8° in January, to 52’06° in July. December is 33°, February, 38 4)2°. August is 5 1 ’86°, or ’2° below July; but June is only 49 ‘19°. The greatest change is from May to June (6-26°), and from September to October (5’93°). Maxima. For the max. thermo., the least range is 10‘6° in August ; the most, 15 0° in May, and 14 ’8° in December, or a difference only of 4 as much again instead of 3-fold. This agrees with the extremes, which, for minima yaried 341° in January, to 9° in July, and, for the maxima, from 23° in Februaiy, and 20|° in August, to 13° in October. The 50 years’ mean of the means for the whole year are Yearly means. 54‘39° and 41'02°. The maxima range from 51 ‘6° in 1879, to 57' 1° in ’46 ; the minima from 38*0° in ’55 to 43 ‘5° in 1871. A combination of tlie means of the max. and min. temperatures give a 50 years’ mean of -17 '7 2°, ranging from 44‘4° in 1855, to 50'0° in 1846. Taking the separate months, January gives 36*9°, July combined ^ ^ J ft J monthly means. 60‘1°, or a variation of 23'2° from winter to summer. But the extreme means, 25 9° in February ’55, and 64 9° in June ’46, give a possible difference of 39°. It should be noted that the month of lowest mean min. (February, 1855), is later, and the month of highest mean max. of highest max. (June, 1846), earlier than the mean. The greatest range (mean of max. and min.) is in February, from the •above 25 9° up to 44’2° in ’69, or a range of 18'3°. In July it is onl}^ 7 ’7°, from 57° in ’58 to 64'7" in ’47*. Means of 63° or abo\ e occurred in Hot months. June, 1846, (64'9 ), and 1869 ; July 1846, ’47, ’52 (65 0°) ’65, ’68, ’69, ’76, ’87 ; August 1846, ’70 (64 3°), ’84. In September 1864 it reached 60 '9°. 1846, when all three months exceeded 63°, gave the hottest summer. The means were at or below 32° in January of 1842, ’50, ’67, Coid months. * February, 1855, was cold almost beyond comparison with any other month in any year. The next coldest February was warmer. 48 Change in original labels in 1865, from mean of max. andmin. to mean of 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. Result of the latter. 71, 79, ’81 ; February of 1853, ’55; December of ’46, ’74, ’78, ’79. Only in 18 79 were the means of two months below 32'^, but the same is true of the consecutive months, Dec. ’78 and Jan. ’79. An instructive table is given by adding to these results the decades in which extremes of monthly records occurred. EELATIYE WAEMTH IN DECADES. SUBJFX’TS FOR CoMPARISUX. ^ ’40s. 50s. ’60s. '70s. ’80s. Plighest Max. for Month .. 5 ^ 2 3 0 2 „ Min. ,, 0 1 5 0 1 * ,, Av. 1 , for Month.. 2 3 5 0 2 No out of 17 Warmest Years. . 1 2 7 5 2 No. of Monthly Maxima above 63° . 4 1 5 1 2 Totals, A . 12 9 25 11 9 Lowest Max. for Month 0 4 2 1 1 5 „ Min. ,, 0 3 0 1 3 ,, Av. 1 for Month.. 3 6 1 D No. out of 16 Coldest Years . . 4 7 0 1 4 No. of Monthly Minima below 32° . 3 2 1 0 1 Totals, B . 15 1 22 H 9 Resflts a (22 — B) . . . . ; 19 ’ 9 43i 24 16* Mean Annual Temperature . . ! ' 47*5 46-7 48-8 47-9 47-7 The line “ Result, A (lo — B) ” is useful for comparison 'vvith the consideration, later on, of the mean annual temperature of the several decades. In the earlier tables, besides the mean of the max. and min., the average of the two is given. An inspection shows that, without any record of tlie change being made, this was replaced in 1866 by the means of the observations at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. By a fortunate accident the change occurred exactly at the close of the 25 years. Whereas the average for the second half is 48' 00, of the maxima and minima, the mean of morning and evening observations is 47' 60. Hence we may accept the mean for the whole period to be 47 '32. The divergence of the a.m. and p.m. mean for the ditferent months, from that of the max. and min., during the 25 years, ranges from — IT in June to + 0 4 in December, the two coinciding in early January and November. It '^dll be noted 49 that only the latter month and December liave pos;itive values. The two series run as follows : — J'able of Decade means of max. and min. Year. I. 1 I. III. lY. V. YI. VII. VIII IX. X. XI. XII. 47-72 36-9 38-2 40-6 45 9 51-.3 57-6 60-1 59-6 oo-l 48-0 41-6 37-7 47-32 36-8 37-9 40-1 45'6 50-8 56 -0 59-7 59-0 54-2 47-5 41-6 38-2 j The following table deals with the mean temperature of the max. and min. for each decade, from 1841 — 50 to 1881 — 90 : — Decade. VYars. I. III. ' IV. V. YJ. VII. VIII IX. X. XI. 1 Ixii. 1841—50 47-5 1 35-4 37-4 ^ 41-0 45*6 5 ‘2 ■ 5 57-9 59-7 58-9 54 5 46-6 42-1 1 i 38-2 1851-60 46-7 36-5 35-5 39-5 44-5 49-6 56-3 59 4 59-4 53-9 47’9 40-3 37-1 1861—70 48-8 37 4 39-7 40-1 48-5 52'6 59-4 61-0 60-5 56-3 49.3 41-4 39-3 1871—80 47-9 37-7 39-5 41-7 46-3 50-1 o7-2 60-6 60-2 55-3 48-3 41-2 37-0 1881-90 47-7 37-6 39-0 40-5 44-7 51-0 57 1 59-9 58-8 55-7 47-8 42-8 37-1 Eange 2-1 4-2 2-2 4-0 3-0 3-i 1-6 1-7 2-4 2-7 2-5 2-3 Highest ) Decade 1 III. III. III. IV. 1 III. III. III. III. III. III. III. V. III. Lowest » Decad(; j 11. I. II. II. II. 1 II. II. II. V. 11. 1. JI. 11. 50 Years 47-7 36-9 38-2 i 40-6 45-9 51'3 57-6 60-1 59 -6 5 3 • 1 48-0 41-0| 37-7 Again we are impressed with tlie long period rec[uired before we really know the meteorology of the place. Two contiguous decades give a difference for the year of 2*" ; and of over 4“ for a single month. In the second decade, February is actually the coldest month. Every month was below the mean ; February as much as 2-7°. On the other hand, every month of the sixties gave an excess, April as much as 2 6", save that of November, which was O’ 13° deficient. It will be again of interest to take the results at the end of each ten years. t. Mean of max. and min, 1841—50 47-48 1841—60 47-08 1841— 70:— 47-66 1841— 80:— 47-72 1841— 90 47-72 50 Probable limit of error. Earlier records. Exceptional records. Test of reliability. The ten years’ result appears to he really nearer the truth than the 20 years’. An additional ten years made the needful correction, so that the results for 30, 40, and 50 years are practically identical. But the mean for the 23 years 1861 — 80 (48’45), would err even more in excess, than 1841 — 60 were deficient. On the assumption that the 50 years’ mean differs only I as much as any 10 years’ mean from the real value, the result 47’ 72'^ is within 0'21° of the real value. The references to earlier records in the Eeports enable us to deduce a mean for 1831 — 1890 of 47'69. The inclusion of Mr. Grray’s values (used by Professor Phillips) from 1800 — 1824 raise this to 47 '83 As, however, these last can hardly be considered of equal reliability, we may accept 47 '7®,. with a probable error considerably less than .5°, as the mean of the max. and min. thermometers. This, by the correction already applied, gives as the mean annual temperature of York 47 ‘3° pins 01’ ’2. In conclusion we may note the following exceptional records : — > The coldest month, February, 1855, had a corrected mean temperature of 25'5. In January, 1881, it was 28' P. The hottest montlis, similarly corrected, are July, 1852 (64’6^), July, 1847 (64 3'';, June, 1846 (63'8°), and August, 1870 (63-7°). In 1856, the thermometer fell to 6° on December 4th ; but rose to 60" on the 7th. In 1868, 80", or above, was reached on two days in June, 6 in July, 5 in August (86° on the 6th), and 6 in September, or 19 days in all. K/ Ten years later it was above 80° twice in June, five times in July. On June 6th, the (corrected) mean was 73'4°; on December 14th it was 19 9°. In 1883, the opening days of May were colder than those of January. Finally, a comparison of the separate means of max. and min. for the five decades may be used as some clue to the reliability of the two thermometers. ♦ 51 Decade. I. II. III. lY Y. Max. 54*6 53- 1 55 0 54 7 54 5 Min. 40 4 40-3 42*4 41*1 40 85 Yariation of Max. 4-0 2 -1*3 + 0*6 -fO'3 +0*1 „ Min. -0 6 -0 75 4-1 4 4-0 1 -0-2 Possibly the min readings in the ; forties are too low, but the notorious warmth in the sixties quite justifies the excess then. EAINFALL. [Observations at Walmgate, to December 184^ ; at Bootham, to December 1873 ; afterwards at tise Y.P.S. grounds. Up to 1873, a five-incli gauge was used, probably the same. The official gauge at the Y'.P.S. is eight inches.] This has ranged from 1 7 42 inches in 1887, to -39 85 inches Range and o ^ mean. in 1872, the mean for the 50 years being 25 005, falling on 170 ’6 days. The Days with Eain* (falls of 0*01 inches or over) vary from 117 in 1855, to 222 in 1877, or, practically, from one to tN\o days out of every three The total falls, in these years, were 19 30 and 33'27 inches. The tables on p. 53 give the chief points as to monthly falls Table, and Days with Rain. This table and plates YI. and YIa show clearly that the wet months are July to October ; that June and November are neither wet nor dry ; that December to May are dry and that April is (by a minute fraction) the driest month in the year, both as to Rainfall and days with Rain. The mean number of Days with Rain, for a thirty- d ay Da3's with Rain month, is 14-2, and the variation from month to month is about 25 per cent,, ranging from 12*58 in Alay and June to 16*45 and 16 64 in October and November. December (14*65) is the only other month above the average, the rest being very close to the average. The mean Rainfall per Day with Rain varies much more, and gives a difference in favour of June to October, even more pronounced than the Rainfall, since the months from May to August have the fewest days with Rain. The extremes of monthly^ records are also of interest. The greatest falls show a decided tendency towards a summer maximum and winter minimum, December excepted. It gives * A distinction is here drawn between “ Rainy Days,” which implies much wet, and “ Days with Rain,” which may mean but 10 minutes of downpour. Plates VI. — X. exhibit the figures and relations upon which this section is based. ■5a Rainiest months compared. August the wettest month. Different cause for October. two other records (5‘95 in ’76 and 4’87 in ’82) higher than any other inontli from November to May. The August least fall is exceptionally high, and so, also, its least number of days. October and November stand next, and stand high for “ most days.” Here, however, December, 1868, ranks highest with 29 days ; whereas, in May, 20 days is the utmost in any year. Twice in April (’4.2 and ’55) it rained only twice. This also happened in July, 1868. An examination of the four rainiest months, July to October, shows rather curious results. The cumulative totals for the 50 years, correcting September up to 61 days, are within 7| per cent, of each other, the totals being 133 17, 134’25, 124’ 14, and 130’89. O’he ditference between the three higher values (July, August, October) is extraordinarily small. In 1886 it was even less, under an inch. Then October was ahead for a year, then Julj^ for two years, August only creeping again to the front in 1890 Yet August may undoubtedly be regarded as the wettest month. Previousl}' to 1886 it had ranked first since 1857 and was also ahead in 1845. In 1868 it was 11 inches ahead on 80. Altogether, August was in front in 31| years, July in 10, October in 85, September never. Yet, in the wet decade 1871 — 80, most Pain fell in September, giving a total of 33 55 actual, or 34'67, corrected. Moieover, this is the greatest fall for any month in any decade, averaging more than an inch per year, that is, 40 per cent., above the 50 years’ mean. In consequence of this, in 1881, September, when corrected for its one less day, stood above both July and October, being only a little more than tliree inches behind August. A comparison of Painfall and Days with Rain shows that we must ascribe the wetness of July and August to the heavy falls, and of October to a combination of this and the number of Days with Rain. The two following tables give the mean Rain and mean Days with Rain for each of the fire decades. Decade Tables. IJAINFAI.L IX DECADES. Decade. 1 ears. I. 11. Ill. IV. V. VI VII. VllI IX. X. XI. XII. 1S41 - oO 24-835 1-6' 1-50 1-53 1-74 184 2-52 2-86 2-75 1-91 2-91 2-04 1-63 ISol - 60 23-265 1-78 1-16 1-36 1-41 1-66 2-51 2-65 3-08 2-27 2-07 1-77 1-55 1861-70 23 937 1-70 1-52 1-77 1-41 1-79 1-95 1-63 2-57 2-53 2-74 1-90 2-41 1871—80 28 036 1-77 1-78 1-75 1-86 1-79 2-51 3-04 2-53 3-36 2-71 2-68 2 27 1881—90 21-952 1-87 1'62 1-92 1-62 1-98 1-71 3-13 2-50 1-95 2-66 2-06 1-92 Eange 4-771 0-26 0-62 0-‘6 0-15 0-32 0-81 1-50 0-58 1-45 0-67 0-91 0-89 Highest ) Decade ) IV. V. n- y. IV. V. I. V. 11. IV. III. IV. III. Lowest ( Decade j II. I. II. 11. II, III. 11. V. III. V. 1. II. II. II. 50 Years. . 25-005 1-74 1-52 1-67 1-61 1-81 2'24 2-66 2-68 1 2-40 2-62 2-09 1-96 DAYS WITH RAIN OR SNOW IN DECADES. 1 Decade. Year. I. 11. III. IV. v. VI. VII. — r . z'^-r VIII 1 IX. X. XI. XII. 1841-50 159-8 13-1 9-8 13-7 14-3 14-2 12-2 13-3 13-8 10-4 17-6 14-4 12-5 1851—60 147-3 12 6 10-0 9-5 10-4 11-8 13-9 11-0 12-5 12-2 15-7 15-0 12-8 0 1 OO 168-0 14-7 13-9 15-8 12-3 11-6 11-2 10-5 13 4 15-3 16-7 16-3 16.3 1871—80 187-9 15-1 16-4 16-5 14-6 13-9 14-4 15 ’5 15-3 15-1 16-5 18-1 16 7 1881—90 190-0 16-8 15-1 15-1 15-5 14-0 11-2 16-3 15-3 15-7 18-5 19-4 17-4 Range 42-7 4-2 6-6 7-0 5-1 2-6 3-2 5-8 2-8 5-3 2-8 5-0 4-9 Highest 1 Decade j V. V. IV. IV. V. I. IV. V. IV. V. III. II. I. I. Lowest 1 Decade j 11. II. I. 11. II. III. III. V. III. II. I. V. V. V. 50 "Vears . 170-6 14-5 13-1 14-1 13-4 13-1 12-6 13-3 ! 14-1 13-7 17-0 16-6 15-1 The annual means for 10, 20, &c., years were as follows : — Means ton 20, &c., years. Years. Rainfall. Daj'S with Rain. 1841—50 24-835 159-8 1841—60 24-050 153-6 1841—70 24-012 158-4 1841—80 25-012 165-8 1841—90 25-005 170-6 54 Probable ap¬ proximation to actual mean. Remarkable wetness of the Seventies. Extremes. Fallacy of conclusions on limited data il¬ lustrated. Further illus¬ trations of the excess in the “ Seventies.” Again, assuming for the 50 years a limit of error J the variation of these decades from the mean, we get a Rainfall of 25’005 dy 0'477. The evidence, however, points very strongly to this error being negative. For the increase in Rainfall, and Days wdth Rain, during the last two decades, is most striking, hut especially the increase of Rain in the Seventies. This raised the 30 years’ mean by an inch for that of 40 years. The earlier returns, moreover, confirm the exceptional character of that decade. Thus the mean fall from 1831 — 90 is 24*83. „ „ 1811— 24 and 1831— 91 is 24 606; this over a period of 75 years*. As the Yearly Rainfall has so much wider a range than either Mean Pressure, or Temperature, the close approximation of all hut one decade as to total fall is, perhaps, more unexpected than the extraordinary divergence of this exception. However, a little further selection results in even more striking extremes : — Mean of the 12 years, 1850 — 61 : — 21*73 inches ; 148’4 days. ,, 11 ,, 1872 — 82: — 28 78 inches ; 194*6 days, or ^ excess. Everything points to the danger of reckoning rain averages upon too small a basis. Evidently at least 100 j^ears are required for even an approach to only one per cent, of error. One often hears it asserted, also, that the rainfall is increasing or decreasing. The latter, for instance, has been frequently assumed of the TJ.S. Prairie regions. But the first 30 years of our returns would have led to the same result. Still more would it have been so had any one begun observations in the early Seventies. The exceptional character of the Seventies can he shown in other ways ; it is iudicated by the following table : — * See also conclusion. 55 Most Rain for Month . Most Days with Rain for Month Xo. ont of 16 years max. fall. . Forties. 1 3 3 Fifties. 1 1 O O Sixties. 2 1 1 Seventies 4 4 6 Eighties. 4 4 3 Totals, A . 7 4 4 14 11 Least Rain for Month . . . 2 7 2 0 2 Least Days with Rain for Month 4 3 0 4 No. out of 16 years of min. fall. 4 5 3 2 2 Totals, B . 8 16 8 2 8 Result, A . 15 4 12 28 17 M ean Annual Rainfall ..... 24-835 23-265 23-957 28-036 1 24-952 Up to 1870, and after 1877, the total of no three consecutive September falls is as much as 1 0 inches. During that period fit::e such totals exceed this, 1871 — 3 giving 11 ‘78 inches. Until 1868, the five-years’ total was only greater than 14 inches in 1860. After that it was never less until 1882, except 1880 {i.e. 1878-82), when it was 13'56 inches. In 1870 it reached 18*24 inches. In 1845 it was less than i as much, 5*74 inches. Since 1885 it has been less than 8 inches. For no year from 1867 to 1882 was it less than the mean in the five-year series (12*00J, nor in the three-year series f7'2), except in ’74. This most remarkable excess coincides with the greatest sun¬ spot maximum during the 50 years. The wettest Octobers were in the Forties (29*11 inches); Augusts in the Fifties (30 82 inches) ; and Julys in the Eighties (31*14). In the five years, 1856—60, over 20 inches fell in August. This has not happened in any other five j^ears in any month So, too, the greatest three-year monthly fall was 14' 11 in August 1856 — 8. The greatest fall in any one month was 7*35 in June 1848. Wettest months. 56 Falls of over five indies occurred : — June 1848 (7 35) ; 1872 (5‘45) ; July 1880 (5 21) ; 1888 (6-15); August 1857 (6-59); 1865 (5-28); 1878 {5-07) ; September 1870 (6-30); October 1869 (6‘10) ; December 1868 (6 07); 1876 (5'95). Thus, only on 1 1 occasions, and in six months, has the month’s fall exceeded five inches. It is curious that, during the wettest year, 1872, tlie wettest month, November, gave only 4’28 inches Relation of Rainfall and barometer. It may be in part accidental, but is certainly significant, that the wettest year, 1872, had the lowest mean pressure, and the driest year, 1887, almost the highest. Taking the sixteen wettest years and the sixteen* driest ; also the fifteen of highest pressure, and the fourteen of lowest ; and the seventeen hottest and sixteen coldest, we get the following results - Coincident with Mean Driest. W ettest. Hottest. Coldest. High Bar. Low Bar. Rain¬ fall. Temper¬ ature. Pres¬ sure. Driest . 16 — 4 i 8 3 20-19 47*5 29-93 Wettest . . — 16 6 1 2 7 30-08 47-8 29-88 Hottest . . 4 6 17 — 3 7 25-46 48-9 29-88 Coldest . . 7 1 — 16 7 3 23-14 46-5 29-92 High Bar 8 2 2 7 1.5 — 23-28 47-5 29-97 Low Bar... 3 7 7 3 — 14 26-78 47-9 29-84 The 32 years driest and wettest give a mean of 2.5- 135, against to the 50 years mean of 25 005. „ 33 „ hottest and coldest ,, 47’70 ,, ,, 47‘72. ,, 29 ,, highest and lowest bar ,, 29'905 ,, ,, 29-905. In all these sets, although none of the individual results are very marked, we find much rain, low pressure and warmth connected, and vice-versa. This merely confirms a well-known association. It is curious to note how close the average of the two extreme thirds approaches the mean in all these eases, even when, as in Dainfalls, they are respectively so divergent. Days with Rain Days witli Daiu liavc ranged from Decade to Decade even m Decades. widely than Eainfall. The Fifties had the lowest (147'3), * Sixteen are selected by preference as being, practically, one-third, thus leaving out 18 “ average ” years. liCss or more are taken on account of several years of equal value. 57 since when it has worked up to the Eighties with 190 0 days The excess of days with rain since 187 1, is remarkable. Before then no year had 200 siicli. From 1872 on this has occurred six times. 1841 — 70 gives an average of 158*4 days; 1871 — 90 of 189*1 days, or an excess of a full month. The Relation of Rain and Sun-spot Cycles,* referred to above, shows no decided annual variation A trial of the curves pro.dnced by “ Bloxamizing ” the annual falls for .2, 8, 4, and 5 years showed, as expected, that three-year curves were most indicative. By this we find, for the whole year, a slight tendency to most rain in times of maxima at the solar maxima in 1848, ’60, and ’71 ; but less in ’84, when the maximum of spots fell much short of the others. No so close agreement appears with minimum values. By selecting 16 years, in sets of four, at times of the four maxima of solar energy, and 16 in threes and a four at times of the five minima,t we find that the former give a total of 422 58 inches, and the latter, 885*65. This is an excess of 36*93 inches, or 94 per cent , for the year. Considering the great fluctuations in Bainfall, we must not make too much of this. Examining the four wettest months in the same way, we find an excess of two per cent, at times of minima for July, and of 61 per cent. (19*73 inches) for August. But September and October show excesses of 38 and 44 per cent., respectively, when sun-spots are at their maximum. Thus, we can hardly doubt, upon the evidence of the selected 32 years, that Augusts are much better when the spots are fewest, and September and October the reverse. In other words, our maximum Summer Rainfall coincides with minima of solar activity and our Autumn Rainfall with maxima. Hence, for York, solar activity and good harvests are associated, if the latter be not later than the average. Until we can rediscover the original records, given to the Y.P.S by Mr. John Ford, about 1874, we are unable to say what has been the maximum fall in 24 hours, as this does not appear in the tables before 1875. * A compaiison of the various curves of solar energies from 187;-! to 1888, shows that they run so like each, other that a single one, as that of Sun-spots, may be taken to stand for all. t The selection of fours or threes, while mainly done for more » onvenient comparison, is justified by the max. or min., in the former coming bttwten tv o years, in the latter at the middle of a year. Rainfall and Sunspots. Annual results indefinite- The wettest months, Jul}‘ un¬ certain, August wettest at min¬ ima. .September and October at max¬ ima. Result on harx'ests. No returns as to max. fall in 24 hours before 1875- 58 r 1, Since then there has been one fall only, of over two inches 19 tails, sinCv’', ^ ^ over one inch. (2-28 iiiches), on Julj ^oth, 1886, and at least 18 others of over one inch. Thus there is an expectation that a fall of over an inch will occur about five times every four years. In 1880 there w'ere four months in which over one inch fell. A search through the original records might reveal one or two more, as the annual tables give only the greatest monthly fall. The falls have occurred in all months hut January and April. Four come in July, including the 2’28 ; three, ‘each, in September and October ; two each in March, May, and August. On September 28th. 1871, T90 inch fell. Humidity.— In this, our tables only run back to May, 1878. Hence, only a few words need be said until the original records appear. The Relative Humidity during the last decade, 1880—91 is as follows : — Year. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII 1 — 1 X. XL XII. 9 a.m. 82-8 90-8 88-3 8o-4 78-6 73-3 73-9 75-0 78-9 83-9 86*0 89-1 90*1 9 p.m. 86-2 90-3 88-4 87*1 83-8 80-4 81-1 82-7 83-7 87-8 89*1 89*2 91*0 Mean. 84-0 90-7 88-4 S6-3 81-2 77-1 77-5 78-9 81-3 85*9 87-6 89*2 90-6 Taking in the 2§ previous years, the annual mean is 85’0, and the separate months vary from the above by — OT (Dee.) to + T4 (Feb ). Hence the results are only approximate. Again, the 9 a m. annual returns range from 81T (1887) to 84'0 (’89) in the decade; the 9 pm. from 85*4 (’87), to 87'8 (’86). Thus the one varies by 3'9 percent, the other by F9. The combined results range from 82‘8 (1887), to 85*4 (’89), or 2 6 per cent. This would lead us to infer that our mean, 85'0, may be within * per cent, of the true value. The excess of the Seventies is indicated by the effect of the odd years for which we have returns. Floods. Floods, again, have only been regularly recorded within the up '^reSnt last fcAV years. In 1856, December 7th, a height of 14ft. 3ins. was reached, the highest since the 17ft. flood of February, 1831. The following list includes all records procurable of floods reaching 13ft., or more ; — 59 1840. . . , .January . 14 Feet. 1 1869 . . . . February . 131 Feet. 1841 . . . , ' ?? . 14 ” ! 1870 ....January . 13 99 1854 ... , ■ M 13! ’3 1876 ,, 15tli . . 13 99 1856. . . , , September . . . •13i 99 1877 • • • • 99 . 13 99 December 7th . •14.1 93 1831 . . . . March 10th 13| 99 1868. . . , , F ebruary . . 13 39 In 1887 Summer level was recoi'ded on 176 days. The change in 1881 and 1883 at Naburn of six sluices. 4 ft. X 4 ft. on the E. side and 4^ ft. X 4ft. on the W. side, to six shutters of 1()| ft X 4ft. (E. side), and 11-^ ft. X 4 ft. (W. side) has greatly reduced the excessive floods. The Prevalent Winds, as always in our Islands, are Westerly. Here, again, tlie returns are but |)artial, as the wind was not entered on the tables before the middle of the Seventies. We have, also, a new difficulty -to contend with, namely, that of stating accurately the direction of the wind. The tables are given to 16 points — E., E.N E., N.E., &c. The direction has been told by the Minster vane. Now, so great has been the natural tendency to record the Cardinal Points, that the returns, as is evident, assign to them at least double their due proportion, compared to the points next them. Hence there seems little use in considering more than eight points. Probably, if E.N.E and N.N.E are counted to N.E., and so on, the results would be fairly accurate ; but this is little more than guess-work. The only safe result is to consider Easterly and Westerly Winds Observations made by Mr. John Gra.y, from 1800 — 9, are used by Professor Phillips in Rivers, Mountains, and Sea (.'oasts of Yorkshire.” Taking the six years, 1875 — 80, for comparison, the proportion of Easterly and Westerly Winds is practically identical. In this period there are 1227 Westerly, in Mr. Gray’s, 228, counting all from S. to N W. Only in March do Easterly Winds predominate; they are rarest in August. Stohms have not, unfortunately, been systematically noted. Records are made of such in 1841, II. 24, and YI. 14, the latter from the N.W. ; 1852, XII. 30, when salt spray from the Irish Sea left visible traces on windows at York [and also at the Flounders College, Ackworth] ; 1860 Y. 27, terrific wind, rain, snow, and hail; 1871, when 58 vessels were stranded between Spurn and Bridlington ; 1877, many ; I. 1, specially X. 14, also XI. 22 ; 1881, in October and November ; 1883, I. 25, IX. 1, XII. 1, salt deposit again being noted on windows; 1884, in the week of January 26th, when the AVinds. Difficulty of obs?i valion. I.arge propo! - tion of AVestcrly U'inds Storms Salt Spray. 60 The Windrush in ^larch, ’go. Auroras. Relation to solar activity. Sky glows since August, 1883. Reported elsewhere. Bright Sunshine from 1881, by Stokes’ Re¬ corder. Amount and percentage. Jubilee year sunniest. barometer fell to 28 ’2S here, but to 27*332 at Crieff, N.B. ; 1889, X. 7, and 1890, I. 19, on both which occasions salt crystals were again found on West-fronting windows. A full account of the Windrush on March 8th, 1890, appeared in our last Heport. In consequence of a secondaiy depression, south of York, the very low barometer of December 8 — 9, 1886, gave no storm. The centre crossed Durham (27*553 at Darlington) from N. Ireland (27*24 at Omagh). Auroras have been noted with some regularity since the Seventies, before which only a tew scattered references occur in the Reports. On October 24th, 1847 — a year of maximum sunspots — Professor Phillips sent to the Atheuceum an account of an unusually magnificent display. The next maximum of sunspots (1859 — 60) brings records in *58 and ’60, only two others having been noted in the interval. Then comes a break of six years, followed by one record in ’67, 3 in ’69, 16 in ’70, 18 in ’71, 10 in ’72, and 2 in ’74. The sunspot max. was in 1870 (140 spots). After ’76 the next are one in ’82 and two in ’83. This was the year of maximum sunspots, but there were only 68, not half as many as 13 years previously. In 1884 and ’85, Auroras were “few and in significant.” After another blank, four Auroras were noted in 1890 [a number, it may be observed, greatly exceeded in 1891, when 14 were recorded at York]. Sky-glows. — The remarkable series of these, resulting from the terrific volcanic convulsion of Krakatoa, were carefully observed here. Full details have already been published elsewhere.* The first special observation was made here on November 8th, 1883, the eruption having occurred on August 27th and 28th. Bright Sunshine has, since the Autumn of 1880, been carefully recorded by means of Stokes’ large glass sphere. This concentrates the rays upon a prepared card, which is scorched whenever the sun is at all bright. The mean for the ten years gives 1223 hours of bright sunshine. This is 26f per cent., or rather over one quarter of the possible total. The Jubilee year, 1887, was sunniest, with 1377 hours, or 29 per cent., and a temperature of 46*5. The 1321 hours of 1883 gave a higher * See Vol. I. of Publications by the Warner Observatory, Rochester N.Y., U.S.A., and the Report of the Krakatoa Committee to the Royal Society. 61 percentage, 30, as the sunny days were less concentrated upon the summer months. So, too, the 1370 hours of 1882 gave 31 percent. At the other extreme is 1885, with only 22 per cent, from 980 hours. Yet that year was warmer (0 2“) than 1887. In the warmest year, 1884 (49* 1°), the sunshine hours were 1243, or 28 per cent. May was the sunniest month (187 hours, and 37'8 percent.), whilst December, naturally, comes last with 24| hours and lO^ per cent. ; but January can only boast 25-6 hours and 10 '6 per cent. For the first five years these last values were 222'7, 45 per cent. ; ]7‘8, 8 per cent. This great divergence shows that a more extended series of observations may, of course, materially modify their values. Indeed, next to rainfall, nothing has proved so irregular as the amount of sunshine. The annual variation is 40 per cent ; hence we may guess that the true mean lies between 25 and 29 per cent.. In December it has ranged from one hour to 70, or 0 per cent, to 31 ; in May, from 97 to 273 hours, or 20 to 55 per cent. This last was in 1882. Other records of over 200 hours in the month are, Ala}^ ’81, 272 hours; ’^3, 2(U ; ’81, 210; ’88, 222; June ’87, 205 hours; ’89, 238; July ’87, 209. It is striking to notice how much July falls behind May, although its opportu¬ nities are slightly greater. The order, according to percen tage of sunshine runs, indeed, as follows : — Probable ap¬ proximation to mean. The sunniest months. Older by percentage. [ ^loritll May. June. Aug. July. Aprl. Sept. Mar. Oct. Feb. ' Nov. Jan. Dec. 1 Percentage 37-8 33-5 32-5 32T 30-6 28-1 2.5-9 25 -1 19-5 16-9 ! 10 6 10-5 Hours .... 187 169 148 162 128 lOd 99 81 53 ! 42 26 25 After the first four, the present order, it will be observed, is very natural. Spring and Autumn months pairing off regularly. Cleau Days. There is not, unfortunately, any settled clear Days, 1 2 J-* i-1 1 i? i-1 * 1 i-1 1 * estimated bvvis- system lor estimating the clearness ot the air along the horizon ; ibiiity of West but, since November, 1882, I have been accustomed to record 5n?e"Nov ,?8S2! all days when the West Riding hills were seen by me, due West, from my house on Bootham Stray. The record is imperfect from freepient absence during parts of the day, and also during parts of January, June, December, and all July Each year, however, was subject to almost tfie same conditions. The sjtiirs are distant 25 to 30 miles, the first Record uoi complete 62 How dealt with. Itesults. line some 35 miles, and the backbone itself, 45 to 50 miles. The last is observed very rarely in a year. Even in 1891, when clearness was more than 50 per cent, above the average, it was eight times at most. To make the most of the scanty returns, the nine years up to the close of 1891 are here considered. Values of one were given to such expressions as “ faint,” visible ” ; two for clear,” first line clear,” ‘‘fairly visible,” “distinct.” &c. ; and three for “very clear,” “outline very clear,” “both lines,” &c. For the months of partial absence allowance is made, but July must remain blank, with an assumed value between June and August. Thus considered, “clearness” has varied from a minimum represented by 20 in 1889 to 64 in 1891, with an average of 39. Of more interest are the following monthly totals for the nine years : — Jan. P'eb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Year. Values 14 19 56 48 47 40 [421 44 48 32 3 0 391 Order X. IX. I. 11.^ IV. VII. [VI.] V. Il.i VIII. XI. XII. Conclusion. How close do we approximate to absolute val¬ ues ? Summary. Thus, March and September, the equinoctial months, form maxima, though April and May are practically the same as September. The values for November and December speak volumes. It is curious that, though the bright sunshine of January is little in excess of that of December, there should he such a marked difference here. Finally, the year, as to clearness, gives three main divisions. The summer months. May to August, 173; the equinoctial months, March and April, September and October, 184 ; and the winter months, November to Februaiy, 36. Conclusion. — Having thus considered, for York, the chief elements upon which its weather depends, the question arises, does 50 years suffice to give true averages ? We may answer, fairly well, but by no means absolutely, especially as to rain We have tested this by comparing the records for each decade. The mean of the five will in all probability be five times closer to the real value. Thus we have concluded that the mean pressure is within on -hundredth inch of 29’905 ; the mean of the max. and min. thermometers within D of 47 f, the actual mean temperature being probably I’ lower; Eainfall, 25 inches, 63 within half an inch, but probably below rather than above. Of this we may he almost sure from the further records giving ns, with 1891, a mean for 75 years of 24‘606 inches. Setting aside the abnormal decade 1871 — 80, and taking instead that of 1881 — 40 (24*01)* we get a mean value of 24*20 inches. From this the decades diverge only from 28 27 in 1851 — 60 to 24*95 in 1881 — 90. This would make us expect, in the mean of these 50 years, an error of only 0*88 inch from the actual value. Extreme Records certainly need a much longer period. As if to leave no doubt of this on our minds, 1891 broke or equalled no less than nine records of the previous 50 years, three of an absolute nature for the year. (1) February was the first month absolutely without rain f (2) Therefore it, of course, had no days with rain ”. (8) In no previous year was the lowest point touched by the barometer so high as 29*927. Nearest to this comes 29*918 in May, 1844. (4) The mean bar. in February, 80*429, was higher (80-80 in ’87). (5) The succeeding minimum in November, 28*804, was 0 21 inches lower than the November record in 1859. (6) The min. temp, in April, 22°, and (T) May, 24*8°, respectively, compare with 22*4° in 1881, and 25° in 1855, (8) The May range of temp. 51*2°, exceeds that of 1855, which was 50°. (9) The July, min., for a seventh time, was 40°. The thermometer would seem to find a difficulty in getting lower. Earlier records, also, show the same thing. The highest mean of max. and min. temperatures was 50° in 1846. In I'^OO it was 50 8, and in 1884, 50*2. The range of annual temperature from 1841 — 90 was 5 6° ; but from 1800 — 24 it was 6*4°, as in 1816, the year of terrible harvests, which octogenarians still recall, the mean was only 44*4°. We must not, of course, rely too much upon instruments of that or any date, concerning * Value given in Phillips’ “ Climate of York,” aec. to Y.P.S. Met. Rep. in 1871 ; but I find no trace of sucli a work. t The amount recorded really fell about G am., on March Isl, besides O'Ol of fog. As the fall of 0'23 inches in 1865 was then reported to be the smallest in any month from 1831, this extends the recoi’d over 60 years at least. Special case of liainfall. Extreme Eecords. Four exceeded in i8qi. Others in previ¬ ous returns. 64 whose make no information is to hand ; but the double record, lower as well as higher, gives it considerable weight. Each decade has a marked characteristic. High pressure in the Forties; cold and dry in the Fifties; warm and low pressure in the Sixties; heavy rainfall in the Seventies, and highest pressure, but most days with rain, in the Eighties. Next to the plienomenal rainfall of the Seventies, perhaps the glorious, warm summers of the Sixties was most marked, at any rate in the minds of such as were then in their youth. POST. SCRIPT. — At the last moment, whilst correcting the proofs, three tables of Meteorology were found at Bootham referring to years from 1831-7. The chief is a table giving the mean for pressure, temperature and rainfall for these seven year. The yearly values are 29-98 ins. (^corrected), 48-4° and 23-39 ins. The monthly curves for the barometer (max. 29.98 in June ; min. 29*86 in Oct. and 29 88 in Nov.) and thermometer (max. 60- 1° in July and 36-9 in Jan.) are similar to the 50 years’ cuives, but the “pluvial” curve, as we might expect, varies considerably. August, however, still gives the maximum (2-40 ins. against 2 69), but the minimum falls in May, not April, and January has a less fall than February. As the table, however is unaccompanied by explanation, it is not safe to interpret it too positively. NOTE. — The highest mean for March (30*56 in 1845) has been found to rest on a misprint in the Table of that year. As a consequence that value, and the highest for the year, need alt“ring, tl e former to 30*27 in 1854 ; the laUer to 30*34 in 1886. This removes the chief anomaly of the barometer curves. The mean for iMarch now becomes 29-884 and for the )*ear 29 904. CD CD =4^ ‘•O r—t © ■X g © > W'J 'I o Tjd 05 '© r— 1 1 ^-^-l C 1 00 o (H u ‘O M c^ rv^ o •o © ■"d o o ‘C O! M • r-H 'i— ' O ci n 1 H K, t-O © * ^ bX) •q;aoj\[ i-H 05 X 'O cc 05 o I-H 05 rH Year SUNSHINE, 1881-90. Per¬ centage. 10-6 ‘O Oi o .o -» -p CO CO X Ol CO -H X X 'O o — ' •--< f— p T— < »-H r ^ . ^ I— H f“H f— I r-^ r— fi a — < X 1—^ O csi T— ^ CO 05 oi o CO I-H " an I •O' o CO X oi ■ VD CO CO o o o •u • — o r-^ 1— H fX- 4 •— — t“H ( — 1 Ol ox Ol Oi Ol I—H VO 1-^ H-l 01 A 05 r^lci r— < o CO 0-1 (05 X o o oo 05 o 'O PP PP Ci CO X l'^ l^ X X X X <50 oo r^ '—I X) . X ta C5 05 cO CO 1— J CO <05 <05 X o *o o 05 •— ( o ‘O CO X 00 X X X CO CO X p p o (Tu • HCj r^ C C-t) r-H CO Ol 0^1 o 05 X Ol le— ! (>5 (05 00 •+1 X 05 I-— 1 ••— j w DP ! 05 CO C05 CO CO _ , CO i—H o CO t— 1 • • • • • • o CO X <~) ‘O I-— H 1— o o VO X — p 1>- 1 CP 1 CO CO uo ‘O CO o *o •f X p '*5r-« o X' >o cp CO CO o 05 X VO oo X 'T^ r^ c5 — CO CO 05 CO X 05 -p CD bi 4i od '+1 rh 10> lO CO CO CO CO 1(0 lo <4 HH 3 t-H Ch c u o r-^ o <05 05 r“H <05 X CO X o

. (05 CO CO o CO c5 ^ O d vr:) (05 o to o o o c:> tH CO X oo ►o *© o VO lO X ^ C5 X s . CO 05 X o ‘O CO :M X o o c3 O X Oi X C5 a:> <05 <05 Oi <05 X X <05 <05 05 05 (05 (M H lO CO X X o 05 01 o -. o «o ifo X o r-H o o CO lO r< (X) <05 ■ X ■ 1-- w C CO (05 CO X 05 to 00 <05 lO CO <05 c3 CO 05 1 - ir^ X X <50 <05 o CO o X O (13 O) Month. January cS p rS j-p o October D= g o Iz; s 0) c 0^ Q Year PLITE II. YORK Mean Barometer, !84!-qo, 3( EXTREMES OP monthly MEANS. monthly r JAN. FEB. MAR- APR. MAY. JUN. JUL- AUG SER OCT- NOV. DEC. YEAR. MEAN. (2qs66.. 'qiq. -sqy. qoa. -948. ^^57. -qzs. qoq. -qie. 'SUU. -Bh-j. -eqy. 2q-q04fNs. 5 .2q-q4iNs. C ^ i < Ui > Ui T t- X § U UJ ^ u! ^ 0 _o -P ^~^442'n 7^- y s*-* 45. iq'+l 1 •'“ - 1 HIGHEST MEArj:- 50-34 30 ■5b 2-4 •50 '21 t9 •15 -23 •15 ■21 •2 b 30-01 YEAR;- ’90 ’87 '45 A ’44 ’87 '47 '41 '51 '56 ’7q 1841 LOWEST mean;- zq-42 '5 5 •6b •75 J=> •bo bo 'b5 •58 •5b •41 1970. YEAR:- ’72 79 76 A. ’^7 41,44 8 ’52 8,64.76 '61 c,55 '60 '66 65,72. C '52 '45 1872. 45. PLATE III. VbRK Barometer. MEANS »N THE nVE DECADES J 84! -I Sqo. WHOLE YEAR. 50‘YEARS monthly extremes. ASS MA)( 30'qq ■N MtAN aq-qov. A3S. ^7-777 ^1 p JAN FE6. MAR APR MAY JUN JULY- AUG. SCR OCT NOV- DEC — - ' IN 1 ABSOLUTE MAX;- ZO'Bi.] qb •qq •73 •73 •85 •74 •79 •7^ •85 •66 50-qq. TEAR:- 1362 ’64 '63 ’81 ’^7 ’63 '42- A ’84 ’57 ’Aq 1957*. lowest max;- 3006 •oq •i 1 06 •II •lb •08 •10 16 •07 ■07 2q-q) zq-qi, year:- 1872 '1^ ’76 'eq '8q ’7q '80 ’60 '66 ’Sq '88 '72 1072. HIGHEST min;- nq •86 •85 ■q6 •82 3000 .77 •q3 •06 •75 '66 30-00 YEAR;- less B ’5b ’65 '44 ’58 ’Sq ’57 o5 '43 '53 c I65q absolute min;- 2.805 •63 ■53 •83 2q'oo •iq ■01 •00 2S.'72 •62 •52 mv -7777 YEAR;- !8/»3 '^1 -76 ’68 ’87 ’60 '77 ’76 '83 '81 'Qb 1986 A/Aq.QA-, B.ya, 7q-. 6,/- 3,56. PLATE lY ff- ^ r -Tik c /?■ ’'v." c B G S% , jAi5. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JU?^- JUL. AU4. &tP. OCT. «Ov. DEC. S'EAR-. BOTM;- 3iiCf oVf 40't> 45’q° 5S'5 57'to 6-0-i 5(]-t * T ^ comb; WtD Average . 64' A EXTREME MEAhJS. 55-° 48-0° 4< & 377 4772- / /^.o bCf 25 'Q iN b5 &EPAR.ATE .AVc'.' .Ai^S (1 fvisO C'>''^05°B=“ t> JVi** 11 A I .*1 70“' / t-o QD 60° e- D 5 ^^EA^4 MAX- 50° Ab^ 40° 35" 30° »_ 25" 20° As'S'" 59'0iH55 IN ’78. HICHBST MEAy:- 433" 444" 454" 530" 3/- VEARP ’B4 ’6Cj. m K A?-> LOWTST fUEAN:- 28T 23‘C|° 55-5" & YEAR:- ’55 ^5,93. 'SC\ 1 '55 hKaHLtiT X'lAX- ^iSArw^ 60-^ YEAr:- 'S4 '64] ^4i ’4s ^3 LOVVcST M 1 M M EAN :- 21-(2 Z0"J^m^P bW 377" YEAR:- 'B\ '55 '83 42. 55 MOMTH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. tAAY 4 bi-v; 65 j" 6P' &5cf 52f 50'2° A0 5O*0l >• > 7®. 65 ’6t V-?’ 5/ V 1046. 7'o° .55'^ srz" Lpli 36*3° 500° 444" '55 '59 Ty **7 A'/ 47 44 ’5! ’79 1855. 756° 10 73'5" 6S7" i^TC? 53'6" S0’5° 57'!? 46 ' 47 '84 Db '64 -7 '57 ^ / 1946. 4£v:f 46^ 4^ 4t*T 36' 5^ 30'& 2J4'S . 33‘0? ’6C| 44 47 4j.E ’51 76 (055. JUR JULY. Aim Slip CCT. NW. DEC- YEAR. PLATE YoRK; max . AND Mim. TTiermomers, l84l-qo, IN THE 5 DECADES, BY VARIATION ' FROM THE SO YEARS MEAN. 1041-50. 1951-60. -|0 JAkj. FEB. mar. APR. MAY. JUN JUL- AUG. SEP- OCT. NOV. DEC. VEAtR. ~07A* 46-69." 1861-79. +/ 1971-00. I€9l-q0. “I EXTREMES, ' maxima '“7^'^*’ 11 LOWEST, 7^ - • IN 'oO HIGHEST Miw:- IN/i, o -4° LOWEST, IN '6a — Z+.0 IN ^60. ABS. MAX:- 57° 679’ 76“ 01*5° 88° sq® 03 70‘ 65° 60° YEAR:- A *8A '6q B 76. 73 76 '69 '69 ^6 ABS.MIN:- lY 214" IS'’ 32® 40® 32° 26® \q« 14° “4" VEAR:- ’55 '04 ’©5 ’55 4q C '73 7' '60 JAN. FEB- MAR. APR MAY- JUN JUL. AUQ. SEP OCT. NOV DEC A ;7q;qo*,B,63;66^c :4i,;49;50,’5i ;54;87- JUL,’73;AUG,76 -4" DEC, i960. YEAR. PLATE VI. York Rainfall, 1041 -QO. IMCHES. JAN- FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN JULY AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. .DEC. YEAR. AjCTuAL mean fall:- 174s D?, reduced no4D 1 '6^ 1 '625 I '6i 5 msT:- 1)^ Kl — ’—ORJEaT FIRST:- iv W actual MEAN n.Avs I 145 tS'l 141 WITH rainj 0-, reduced Tc.cO DAYS:- 13'tjS 1385 15'6fa C0Rr5 0RDeR^=srwes^;- l,x V!!| VI RAINTALL FtR DAY \ O'll o n 012. WIFH RAINy ORDER [tEvvEStJ J- V.S Xi. tvlONTM JAN FEB rMR. t607 r6fi Xiii>l T60S 1403 175 2-24 2'53 2^ 240 Y'l \A!t V H I IV I V viu XI xil IX 13-4 13'! I2L. 154 141 IJ7 nca 12^ irsD nsq r5'6i 1374 IV li li iw V V(i O' 0'I4 O'lB 010 O'lq 0'18 XY Vil Ui\ I II iUi AFR fAAY JUN JULY. SEP- 2‘6j0 253 111 X 17-0 1645 XI 0'i5 V OCT- 20£58 1461 25 ‘005. 2'oq rco VI vii i6’6 16-64 Xl{ O' 13 V(i4 PJOV VU VI i5-| 1465 X 0-13 vn4 DEC. 1 70 -6 'DAYS O ' 1 47 'NS.' YEAR. PLATE YIa, O 00 CO TI Cl o . 05 o oo d d CO o O d !>• !>• GO d d o (d CO o o d __ (X) ire J>* CO d d CO o o o o CO »o CO !>. d CO d d CO o i-H o 05 CD O o to •re CO CO d CD o H-l CD 00 ire oo o GO h— 1 CO lO GO CO > d d cb o *D CO CO I— 1 Ol oi CO l-H 00 K' o _ CO on *o o CO d 1-H •o h- 1 o • CO CO •D CD l-H h- 1 CD CO •re ere |re hH cb o d CO C<1 CO oc CO 1— < ‘O CO d d rt- h— ♦ • • • * o o !>. OP o i-H CD O 00 d oc •V cb o ‘O _ _ _ o 05 < o (d 1>- XT' d D4 • o • • • • CO • • • • «+-l • • • o * • • rP • . a o CO c CO c3 C3 S cu ^ ^ CO 2 P a B SQ o o -«io CO O 'TTVJKIV'JJ 00 C3 a» r 05 X CO ;:: •re 'T oi O' ere • ^ -'t5' -I"' T > E > r ? ? ‘o % t- (X» 'X> . F-;c'4 CO ^ -II'.M ■ • fc-H ^ H-l H- O ^ ^ O .o X’ CO cb ^ ‘O g ere ere ere oi - CO . • -'1®' -p E E ? ^ - •r 'P d oo ^ ere d 1 ^ F^ F*^ CO „• H-, • . r— • 1 — , HH i ^ 13-3 12-9 23 c 2 ’ '68 o • . i— ■ o > ^ M ^ 9 '? ere n '=*' s d d 00 :: -? 7^ i-H 1— 1 > M - IZJ 13-1 12-6 1 20 I A 3 ’59 -** . -^r D ^ l-H hh >■ O ^ > CO CO Co a cc -M w. ^ >o iO o 'JO ■ o CO ■ ^ ' o ' '5 o Cl I-H o (M o H : c flj 1^ -p H-J fl C C3 o c O u C3 o CO ^ • C • ci fee; -4-^ c o ci D c c •hH C^ o O ^ >-< 1^ QJ a QJ n o O ctf <4^ O <1 09 JZ c3 +o a § CO C3 O •KIV^ HXI.VL SXV(I c^ cS Q o p* .C3 C4 r.-* .c5 C rt w 0) '4—' c u Sh o o u o n3 r-ljlg >H|M d M >>J CO c3 O CO O rP • ^ • ■^.s c3 CO • a Q c o « P-P4 .C5 *_3 .S ^ c3 1^ D ■73 c «3 C5 *0 05 UO 00 ‘C CO a lO ■o d -f -,15. I d >< I CO d 00 Q 05 !>. o ps •o oo 00 00 •o <1 PLATE YIl. n % \ NRALL, g u r\ iN THR FIVE DECADES, 134;-C|0, shown BYTriufR VARJATiON FROM THE 50" YEARS MEAN- JAW FEB- MAR- A?R r.';AV JUW. JULY Ai.Ki SER 00" NOV- DEC. YEAR, PLATE YIIa. ir’iCHES 8 G 4 2. O OAVS iq 2-4 18 \2 6 O York Rainfall, 1841 -qo, extremes OF monthly F/YLlS , amoof days w!TH Rain. JAN FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JULY. AUG. SER OCT. NCV. DEC. 735 IN ’AS-. cnoiN YEAR. 7'3S INSu 34*85 IN 72. 25'OOSihs 17-42. IN 8]- O'lG INS. 170 DA-('5. 2 DAYS. MAX- .wiv50?frH:-3'07 4*22 3-43 424 7:3b' 8! 5 654 630 6IO 4:73 6O7 3q*05 YEAR '84 ’A8 '56 ’46 '6q 43 fee ’57 'V '70 ’72 ’68 I872, U'.M IK MONTH:- 0-28 035 018 0*36 0*l6 0*40 O’Sb 0’23 0*72 072 022 7*42. YEAR ’60 ’46 ’5 b ’55 •5(^ ’87 '68 ’6l ’65 ’6i '8q '43 1387 MAX. OF days;- 24' 24 25 23 25 25 23 22 25 25 15 24 111 YEAR 77 "53 Ab V A B C ’78 ’66' '82 t|0 '68 1077- MIN. OF DAYS:- 4- 4 2 3 4- 2- 8 3 6 7 6 1.7 VEAR 'S8 46 '52 D '5q E '60 F '65 ’42 U 1885 MOKSTH FE3. MiAR. APR MAY. i-' JN. JUU. Aua. SER OCT. NOV. DEC. Year. A,’5ejE:,YS;B,’bo;7(l|;C ,'82;8^ ; D,;i;S5.,E ,’t,5;e7:9];F,’3(j;67,’70;7l f r I I 1 ( ■a-'. w' \ ^ > *- f 1^1. ALS- fOTT. ir£R i ;N0it5 30 :3 afc 2‘t 11 .10- t« a iO 8 i, 4 2 .£) PLATE YIII. Cumulative Rain Totals, i84i-qo, FORTHE WET MONTHS^ JULY, AugUST, SEPTEMBER, OfTOBBA. PLATE IX. i Three -Yearly Mean of Rainfall, for theYear, 8 FOR JULY, august ^COcTOBER, COMPARED WfTH Wolfe’s anmual sunspot numbers. •T C o CD CO Q S' PLATE X. RAINFALL COiViPARiSON, AT MaX'MA aM iNlMA OF SUHSPOTS; OBTAIMED BYTAKING !G YEARS NEAREST THE DATES OF MAXIMA 8< THE SAME FOR THE MINIlVlA- DA' TES. YEARS TAKiTNi. WHOLE YEAR. J U LV. AUGUST. SEP t9 OCTOBER. SUNSPOT MAX' MIN- MAX. M(N. MA-^. MIN- MAX- MIM. MAX. M I N. MAX. MIN MAX. MIN. MUM BFRS. 1947-8 l85q-0 13701-11 1993-4. I8A3. 1855-6. 1967 1978 1999 4 4 4 4 “7 4 5 3 \0J35 / qrso ttq-94 lOT9Lj (37 '09 qo4F 77T3 as'oi 65*99 C|-34 1O'06 q'32 is6s S'85 ire^ 571 0'<]7 m 834 iO'55 6T b'25 7*q9 j5TI q-95 H 15 774 8*71 irsq (5'00 976 5‘03 6i 1 q-i4 7*96 475 lYsq 6‘tfj !45q 1 rqi 6'74 ^77 bOC. 574 IV 130 \00 140 68 10 1 4- 6 7 TOTAL. |b lb 395-65 4320 44‘3 32T1 51-03 43«7 329q 4-6-76 32’55 478 26 EXCESS AT MAX-SPOTS. - - - MIN.-"-. 36'C|^ 1 NCHE&. 1 WCHFS 0'q3 1 NCHES 1971 lO’qS iMCHeb. 1 4-25 INCHED) 452 PErcentaqe excess. Wo. 2% 61% ■53% 4A7o 17401 o c W Q % < " H o ^ 0) a; 00 I 00 ^ V-l ^ p m K P I— I w Ph ^ •wnM~»i7n »i0 >o •o O PP XI o 1-^ o CO CD o • X^ (SI W tJ o W CL ^ CO eo CO PI oi Od ox CO ox CO ox 6 PI ci CO ;h P • 05 M* M* g: o o CO CO CO ca 05 rr CO H a rH pH ai - ^ 1 pi 0 CO rH rH a 1 [S| o CO w <4-H p t-- o o CD PI o CO rH ,—1 rH »o »o Q o O C* o "Ts Ph , 00 oo PI Cd O rH rH O H C KH H-l »o rr CO CD CO rr M' Cp (-H o (M 05 o o o Oi 05 GO rH r , a> CO O'! CO PI PI PI DJ rH PI »o PS PI H • CO O o p o O CD M* CO P4 CO CD •-0 ‘O c O o 05 05 CD CO C5 05 'GS o a pH r-) C o J>* cc PI 00 CO rH PH a CP ^ o o (M Cd CO CO pi 0-. ox Cd CO OC OJ I ^ PH H (Pi oi 00 pH oc Ci o *o 05 CD CO CD CO CO V PH c o CJ o r-H CO o cc o o OI *o m H 1^ rH rH 0-. p— ! o O rH ?-H P P 0 o o CD PH CGJ CO CO cc ‘O o CC (Pj ® o 0 CO Mi CO fH CO PI PI CO 32 P< e . X P i“H c:: -H-H Ph o o oo rH pH M' »o CO o o -p r“^ CC X pH »o Ol CO o PI 05 Ml Cd o o r-* t-- >o t- CD O D> CD CD r- • o o f— 1 t-H rH — H r-« rH rH pH rH a H a f— ^ . U ^ CO 1 /-V p P I— ^ CD O o 00 O CL, P CO CO CO CO CO CO ox OX CO p CO . x PI CD CD r— H Ph IC o o CO cc ip rH GO CO C5 P to I'- CD wo o Ml CO o ^ CD 1 o o rH r-. iH r^ rH PI i-H Cd rH B E-i Ph p P CP ^ ^ o UO o PI CO o oo lO 05 cc May. >o o vr M" CO PI PI Cd CO x^ CO X Ph * rH oi o pH iH P o »“H CD cx rH PI CO 05 s?*- a 00 o o (M DJ (M PI r—H rH Cd pH rH a ;h ^ -> X P Oi oo uo CD PI PI X-- ct. CO CD 'P o o CO CO DJ oo CO CC 05 o or 00 I—* rH r^ ^H rH pH Cd Cd 1 pH rH Ph '*1^ O P ' Ci CD CO 05. CO o X'^ CD lO o S I C CD CD "2 C-O lO -: . 'r^ P o CD n, liH ^ O pH rH pH O rH P , X !K •< c: pH P CD r^H PI CO ^H ‘O CD ! CO CO o o CO CO PI PI rH CO Cd CO CO ‘O * a DH CO ■M wo cd' 00 05* o X X X H ^ GO cc 00 oo CO OO 00 00 00 05 5 5>h D 2 PH rH 00 QC 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 rH iH pH pH pH rH pH NOTES ON TWO BORINGS. The object of the following paper is to preserve a record of two borings made in the neighbourhood of York. The first of these borings was made at Strensall, the object being to supply Strensall camp with water. It was stopped on Eeb. 9th, 1884, at a depth of 1180 feet, the water, though the supply was abundant, having proved useless for drinking* purposes. Specimens of the boring cores w'ere, through the kindness of Colonel Walker, presented to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society ; the}" are now deposited in the Museum. I must also liere express my obligation to Col. Turner, through whose kindness I w^as enabled to compare our specimens with the engineer’s plan of the boring. The second boring was made in 1891 on the premises of Mr. Joseph Rowntree’s Cocoa Works on the Haxby Road. This boring was made to obtain water for use on the works and was carried to a depth of 233 feet. An abundant supply of excellent water was obtained. Mr. Rowntree kindly presented specimens of the cores to this Society and supplied the data given below from the engineer’s plan of the boring. BORING AT STRENSALL. ft. in. Surface Soil 1 6 Coarse friable red Sandstone . 4 9 Stiff bluish Clay 2 3 Reddish Marly Clay 10 6 Smooth warp Clay with sandy layers . 22 0 Boulder Clay (containing boulders of Mountain Limestone, Sandstone, and Felsite) 13 0 Reddish Sand 1 0 Red Marl 12 0 Sandy green Marl with hard bands 27 0 Green sandy Clay 18 0 Coarse grey Sandstone 18 0 Band of Pyrites about 0 3 Coarse gre}’^ Sandstone 244 0 Compact Septarian-like bands 1 0 Grey Sandstone 27 0 Compact micaceous grey Marl 2 0 Grey Sandstone, with clayey bands . 132 0 78 Grit with clay band . . . . Grey Sandstone, somewhat micaceous, with clayey bands Red laminated Marl, micaceous Grey Sandstone, clayey bands Red micaceous Marl ..... Grey Sandstone with two compact clayey seams Dark red micaceous clay .... Grey Sandstone with thin seams of green and red Marl Red and green marly Clays .... Gre}' Sandstone ..... Red laminateil micaceous Marl Red Sandstone ...... Red Shale ...... Red Sandstone ...... Red Marly Clay .... Red Clay ...... Grey Sandstone ..... Red Shale ...... Grey Sandstone ..... Red Shale ...... Grey Sandstone ..... Red Shale bored to a depth of . . . (The boring stopped in this bed). Total HAXBY EOAD BOEING. Soil ....... Boulder Clay ...... Gravel and Clay ..... Blue Clay ...... Red Stony Clay ..... Warpy Sand ...... Gravel ....... Red Sandy Marl . . . * . Warp Clay ...... Sand and Gravel . . ' . . Red Sandstone ..... Variegated Sandstone . . Red Marl ...... White Sandstone (with thin seams of Red Marl) . Red Sandstone (with thin beds of Red Marl) bored to (The boring was stopped in this bed). ft. in. o ♦ ) 0 68 0 0 0 76 0 2 (1 .368 0 3 0 14 0 1 0 0 8 0 21 0 4 0 9 (1 9 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 5 0 3 0 19 0 1180 o o ft. in. 3 0 32 0 6 0 2 <) 3 O 0 9 4 0 3 0 9 3 6 12 0 79 0 3 0 30 0 40 0 233 9 Total 79 Oil comparing these sections, the most noticeable feature is the absence in the Haxbv Road section of the marls that form so prominent a feature at Strensall. At Haxby Road snnd is prominent, and only a few seams of marl are recorded. But the nature of the sandstone and the presence of those marl partings indicate a lacustrine origin for these beds. The inference is that at York we have the shore of the great lake that deposited the red and green marls of Strensall. Another conclusion of some interest may be drawn from the data obtained from these borings. At Strensall 55 feet of sands, marls, and Boulder clay, lie above the Trias rocks. At York, the Trias rocks are reached at a depth of about 70 feet. At Strensall boring, the present surface is 65 feet above sea level, at Haxbv Road it is 45 feet. Hence the old contour line is now only 10 feet above sea level t/ at Strensall (which is 29 miles inland^ and is 25 feet helo}r sea level at York (41 miles from the coast). Thus the results of these borings add to the mass of evidence which goes to prove the sinking of our east coast since glacial times. And this sinking seems to have been greater at York than at Sti ensall. The Boulder clay contour also exhibits a point of some interest. At York the clay was reached at a depth of 3 feet, at Strensall at a depth of 41 feet.' Hence the level at York after the deposition of the Boulder clay instead of being .20 feet below that of Strensall, was 18 feet above it. Indeed it may even have been more, for, as we have seen, there is evidence that the subsidence at York was gi eater than that at Strensall. Hence tlie country around Strensall must have formed a basin with a clay bottom, cut off on the south by a ridge of boulder clay. In this basin were accumulated the waters which formed the lake that deposited the marls and clays overlying the Strensall Boulder clay. The presence of sand overlying the marls points to heavy floods during the drying up of the lake, or perhaps after its disappearance. H. M. PLATNAHER I, f , r=' 'i M • ^ H 'i ! 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