) ^orfcstyre ^ilosoptyical S’octetg. ANNUAL REPORT FOR MDCCCXCIV. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY MDCCCXCIV. PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING, FEBRUARY 6tli, 1895. YORK: H„ MORLEY, PRINTER, PETERGATE, YORK. 1 8 9 5. TRUSTEES OF THE YORKSHIRE MUSEUM APPOINTED BY EOYAL GRANT. TEMPEST ANDERSON, M.D EDWIN GRAY, LL.M. WILLIAM LAWTON. T. S. NOBLE. REY. CHANCELLOR RAINE, D.C.L. WILLIAM WALKER. PATRONESSES OF THE *|or&g1)ite P!)il°sopI)tral J^omtg. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. H. R. H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES. PATRONS. H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G. H. II. H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT, K.G. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1895 PRESIDENT : Sir Charles Strickland, F.Cf.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS: The Very Rev. the Dean of York. The Rey. Chancellor Raine, M.A , D.C.L. John Francis Walker, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.C.S , F.Z.S., Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. William Walker, F G.S. Tempest Anderson, M.D., B. Sc., &c., Fellow of University College, London. The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. James Melrose, J.P. Major J. A. Barstow. George S. Gibb, LL.B. Henry Cowling. HON. TREASURER: Edwin Gray, LL.B. COUNCIL : Elected 1893..C. A. Milward. The Rev. E. S. Carter, M.A. Francis Collins, M.D. H. CoPPERTH WAITE, C.E. Elected 1894. .J. E Clark. C. E. Elmhirst. H. Dennis Taylor. R. Thompson. Elected 1895.. .A. Buckle. The Rev. A. S. Commeline. G. C. Dennis. J. S. Rowntree. T. S. Noble. HON. SECRETARY : VI. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY CURATORS. - - - J. F. Walker, M.A., F.G.S. - - - W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S. - G. C. Dennis. - T. Anderson, M.D., B.Sc. - J. Backhouse, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (Rev.W. Greenwell,D.C L., F.R.S. Rev. Chancellor Raine, D.C.L. - H J. Wilkinson. Geology Mineralogy Insects and Crustacea Comparative Anatomy - - Ornithology - Antiquarian Department Botany ------ CoNCHOLOGY . Observatory - Meteorology . Laboratory . Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. T. S. Noble. J. E. Clark, B.A., B.Sc. J. F. Walker, M.A , F.I.C., F.C S., London and Berlin. GARDEN COMMITTEE. The Rev. Chancellor Raine, D.C.L. Major Barstow. A. Buckle, B.A. Bowden Cattley. J. Melrose, J.P. The Hon. Secretary (ex- officio) . LECTURE COMMITTEE. The Rev. Chancellor Raine, D.C.L. Tempest Anderson, M.D. Major Barstow. The Rev. E. S. Carter, M.A. F. Collins, M.D. G. S. Gibb, LL.B. R. Thompson. The Hon. Secretary (ex-officio). KEEPER OF THE MUSEUM. Henry Maurice Platnaubr, A R.S.M., B.Sc. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, February 6th, 1895. The Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society have now the pleasure to lay before the members, at their xAnnual Meeting, their Report for the year 1894. As the Treasurer’s Balance Sheet will be laid upon the table and be fully referred to, after the reading of the Report, it will be unnecessary to go into detail in respect of the Finances of the Society, further than to refer briefly to the Income and the Expenditure of the past year as compared with similar items of the previous year. The total income of the Society for the year 1894 amounts to £1,^14 i 8s. 6d., as compared with £1,114 14s. 7d. of the previous year. The gross Expenditure of the Society for the past year amounts to £1,146 17s. 3d., leaving a balance of excess of Income over Expenditure in the hands of the Treasurer of £68 Is. 3d. As a sum of £39 7s. 2d. was a balance to the good in the hands of the Treasurer in the previous year, there is now a balance of £107 8s. 5d. to the credit of the Society in the Treasurer’s hands. There is also a further balance of £39 18s. lid. in respect of Income on the Reed Bequest of £600 invested in Corporation Stock. The increasing interest taken by the public in the Society is shewn by the fact that a sum of £772 Is. 6d. has been received from Subscribers and Compounders during the past year, as compared with £703 received in the previous year. There is also an increase of upwards of £20 in the Grate money as compared with the amount received in the year 1893. Vlll. REPORT OF THE The Council congratulate the members on the more favourable state of the Finances of the Society, and the Report will now deal with the various Scientific Departments. The members need not be reminded that a debt of £2,900 still remains to be satisfied by a large annual payment for the next twenty years to the Yorkshire Insurance Company, and that in the near future additional rooms will be required to accommodate the rapidly growing collec tions. Geology. — The Honorary Curator of Geology reports that during the past year the fossils of the Middle and Lower Lias of Yorkshire, contained in the collection, have been re-arranged in Zones. It is very important that the range of fossils in the Lias Zones of Yorkshire should be carefully determined, so that they can be compared with the Lias in other localities. Surgeon- Colonel Donaldson has kindly presented a block of Middle Lias which he found at Saltburn ; it contains JEgoceras capricornum and an associated Rhynckonella. The Honorary Curator has obtained for the Museum a series of Micro Brachiopoda by washing the marl from the Inferior Oolite of D undry. The Ehves Tertiary collection has been placed in drawers, so that now it is readily available for study. Geological specimens, from the Muschelkalk and Jurassic rocks of Wurtemberg, have been presented by Herr Dr Pfarrer Engel. A small series of fossils, from the Spilsby beds of Lincolnshire has been presented by Cyril Ladds ; and fossils from the Eocene formation of France by Mrs. Fielden Thorp. Antiquarian Department. — The progress of the Anti¬ quarian Department in the Museum, during the past year, has been uniform and satisfactory, although not marked by additions of extraordinary importance. Many objects of interest have been acquired from York and other places in the County of which it is the Capital. The chief hindrance is the rapidly increasing want of room. Mineralogy. — The collections have been enriched by the acquisition of several excellent and typical rock specimens, from COUNCIL FOR 1894. IX. Southern Germany, presented by Dr Engel, of Eislingen. Dr. Talmage has presented a fine specimen of selenite from the extraordinary group recently found in Wayne County, Utah, and mineral specimens of various kinds have been presented by Mr. Christopher Richardson and Mr. J. Wilkinson. A small collection of Vesuvian minerals was also obtained by the Keeper of the Museum. The chief deficiency of the collection is its weakness in crystals and crystallographic models. Botany. — British Collection. — During the year 1894, over 500 specimens, illustrative of the N O. Gramin°ao, Eilices, Equisetaceae Lycopodiaeeae, have been mounted and arranged. The majority of these specimens are from the collections of the Rev. James Dalton, F.L.S. (1827, 1887); W. Middleton (1827), S. Hailstone (1859), A. W. Walker (1895). In addition to this work, 200 specimens of British Phanerogams have been mounted and entered in the Herbarium Catalogue. Many interesting British plants have been added to the collection by the Honorary Curator, chiefly owing to the kindness of two botanists, Mr. R. A. Phillips (Cork), and Mr. H. Fisher, late of Nottingham Since Mr. Fisher contributed these specimens he has left England, and is now engaged as botanist to the “Windward” Jackson- Harms worth Polar Expedition. Valuable literary communications, relative to the founders of the Society’s Herbarium, have been made by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B. ; Lieut. -Col. J. C. Dalton, R.A. ; Mr. "Charles Dalton, F.R.G.S. ; Arthur J. Munby, Esq. (Athenaeum) ; and Miss Baines, York. These letters will be referred to in the “ Herbarium Notes,” and the Curator desires to record his thanks to the contributors for their kind assistance. The Legard collection of Algae is in excellent preservation, but the other sections of Cryptogamous plants are imperfectly represented in the Society’s collection. Foreign Collection. — This section has been augmented by a very fine collection of dried plants and fruits representative of the Flora of China. X. REPORT OF THE These plants have been arranged and presented by Mr. Theo. Sampson, who has exercised a vast amount of patience and labour in collecting and preserving the specimens. A further account will appear in the printed Report, and in the meantime, it may be remarked that this valuable collection will compare favourably (as regards quality) with any collection of Chinese plants in Britain. Meteorology. — 1894 suffers by contrast with its brilliant predecessor, and has left an impression of lack of warmth and sunshine from these being deficient during important months, although both were in excess for the whole year. Temperature was half a degree above the mean, but for the five months, May to September, the average deficiency was 1 1°. The excess of 2°, 3£° and 3°, in February, March and April, respectively, had hardly greater effect upon the autumnal crops, than the succeeding excess of 4 ~n and 2J° in November and December. Only once (June 30th) was a temperature of 80° attained, against eleven times last year, and the extreme range is only 70*2° or 8 J° less. The maximum in March (66 3°) was actually higher than that in May, Easter time, as in last year, being remarkably warm and brilliant. The severe frost on May 21st cut potatoes, beech, oak, ash, etc., rather seriously. The number of ground frosts (101) was the same in the two years. Mean pressure was slightly in excess, the range was F89 inches, which is not very great, although in five months the minimum was below 29 inches. Serious gales were unusually few, but the final storm, on December 22nd, was exceedingly destructive, at least 250 or 300 lives being lost on land and sea, including those in the Ohelford Railway wreck. Locally, it will long be remembered, not only from the serious damage, but from the Market in Parliament Street, the great Christmas Market, having been rendered impossible for the first time since the space was opened. The barometer fell over lj inch in 36 hours, and rose (during the Saturday) over an inch in 15 hours. Between three and four, when the descent was fastest, the aneroidogram shows a sudden upward jump of 0 035 inch. On the 28th and 29th, it again fell 1 J inch in COUNCIL FOR 1894. XI. 36 hours. On the 22nd, deposits of sea-salt were left on exposed windows, of course from the Irish Sea. On October 24th, the barometer fell 1 12 inches in the 24 hours. Bright sunshine prevailed, especially in the early months and July. The amount in March, 177 hours, representing 49 %, was barely exceeded in hours by May, which is usually the sunniest month, an honour which fell last year to July. The January total is the highest for that month, so too is that for March, whilst July was only exceeded by two hours in 1887. With the exception of one patch of stratus, from 9 to 11 a m. on the 24th, the weather from March 23rd to 27th was absolutely cloudless. A single cloudless day had not been noted previously since watch was first kept for such about 1883. But absence from York prevents observations during seven summer weeks, when such days might be most expected. Many days would, apparently, have been cloudless, had it not been for masses of eamulus caused by the uprush of air against the hot escarpment of the Uambledons. Rain or snow , to an amount exceeding 0 005 inch of water, fell on 199 days, or 34 more than last year, and 29 more than the average. The total fall of 28 ’08 inches was 5| more than last year and 3 more than the average February, June and July gave the chief excess, and November fell most below the mean. This is remarkable, when we recall the excessive falls in South and South West England and South Wales. At Bath, the waters rose above record, and the Severn and Thames Basins were extensively flooded. One fall of over an inch occurred on June 4th. Thunderstorms were not uncommon, six being recorded in April and five in July. During one of the former, scholars of the Bootham School engaged at cricket experienced the peculiar sensation of their hair standing slightly on end and then, at each flash, suddenly falling, as if a whiff of air had passed over them. The cumulative rainfall totals for the three wettest months from 1841 are August, 146-95 inches; October, 144 50; July, 144-46 ; next comes September, 125-43, followed at another long interval by November, 111*84; and December, 105*29. The rest are all below 100 inches February, March and April have accumulated, respectively, 83*05, 86*93 and Xll. REPORT OF THE 86' 19 inches If reduced to a 30 day month, this makes March, 84 19 and February, 88*20 inches. It is remarkable that the three driest months should have practically the same rainfall, as well as the three wettest. Flood s of eight feet or above occurred once in January, four times in February (eleven days in all), twice in March, and once each in June, October, November and December. Ten feet was reached in October. Against these ten floods, we had only five in all for the previous three years. Mr. Creer continues to post bulletins of the state of the river during flood time, giving the heights shewn by the automatic recorder. But the far more important subject of adequate warnings cannot be efficiently dealt with, until the traces of similar recorders further up the river can be had for comparison We are able, however, to add a few records from higher up, which we must welcome as a beginning of better things. The numbers in the column, “visibility,” are obtained by observations on the West Hiding Rills, values of 1, 2 and 3 being assigned according as they are “visible,” “clear,” or “very clear.” The total is again very high. The monthly totals shew rather curious variations, notably the high value 28 for August, 20 for May, and the opposite extremes of 0 for June and 1 for October. The fact that the hills were seen three times in December is remarkable, as they had only been recorded twice in the previous eleven years. The earlier observations have had to be estimated in part, owing to unusual circumstances affecting the opportunities for observation. In our 1892 Report, the first flood of 1870 in the table proves to be an error, standing really for the February flood of a previous year. We hope shortly to give a list of floods for most years since 1860, drawn up by the Deputy Town Clerk from his records. Auroras were reported last year as having been never more frequent, yet the total this year, 84, exceeds the number then recorded by nine. One or two were of remarkable brilliance, notably that upon March 30th. Streamers or arches were seen on February 2nd, 23rd, 28th, March 30th and April 28th. The monthly distribution was 2, 11, 4, 7, from January to April; 4, 2, 2, 2, from September to December. Their “values” COUNCIL FOR 1894. Xlll. were 41 against 28 last year, 25 in 1892, and 17 in 1891. These are obtained by calling a simple glow 1, streamers 2, arch, or red and green streamers, 3, both these, or coruscations, 4. Mock Suns were noted on April 24th, May 20th, June 19th and November 12th. We again beg to acknowledge the kindness of the gentlemen who have supplied us with returns entered under their names in our tables. For many years we have been indebted to Mr. Stephenson, of Bridge Street, and Mr. Giles, the Deputy Town Clerk, for the daily height of the Ouse as shown by the Ouse Bridge Gauge It seems better now only to append the automatic records made at the Guildhall by Mr. Creer. The relative values of the two series can be seen by reference to last year’s tables. Report of Concho logical Section. — The most important addition to this department, in the past year, is a collection of foreign shells, presented by the late Mr. North. The collection is not a very large one, but valuable from the fact that the specimens are all localized and in exceptionally fine condition. The space still available for the exhibition of Foreign Shells is small, and it is most desirable that it should be occupied by genera not represented in the collection, rather than by adding to the number of species belonging to genera which, in several cases, are already somewhat over-represented. It is a source of regret to the Honorary Curator that the British Land and Freshwater Shells (which have been so assiduously studied of late years) are only very inadequately represented in the Museum, and, moreover, placed in a position particularly inconvenient for that close inspection which the minute size of many of them requires. He hopes to remedy this defect, in course of time, by presenting to the Society a cabinet containing a full series of the species and principal varieties of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca found in the British Isles. The pursuit of this attractive branch of Natural History is likely to receive a great stimulus by the publication of the most important work yet written upon it, which is at present issuing from the pen of a celebrated Yorkshire Conchologist, Mr. J. W. Taylor, of Leeds. During the past XIV. REPORT OF THE year, Helix lamellata and Acme fusca have again been taken in Hackness Woods ; Helix fusca has been found upon the leaves of birch trees, in Forge Valley, at a considerable height above the ground. The rare slug, Li-max cinereo-niger , has been taken at Hayburn Wyke, and though the richest locality for Pupa ringens has been destroyed by the extension of building and drainage on the South Cliff at Scarborough, the shell has been collected in several spots about Cornelian Bay. Comparative Anatomy. — The collections included under this head are in good order. No additions or alterations have been made during the past year. Many common types are still wanting, and the Honorary Curator recommends that a few of the specimens wanted be purchased each year until the collections are made thoroughly representative. Entomology. — The Honorary Curator reports that the Allis collection of Lepidoptera and the Hey collection of Coleoptera are in good order. The general collection is in process of re-arrangement, the lines followed are those of the Introductory. Full explanatory labels will be used throughout, and all technical terms will be explained. So far there has been considerable delay in consequence of the imperfect condition of our Neuroptera, the first Order in the scheme adopted. Whole families of this Order are unrepresented, but it is hoped that in the course of the present year, representatives of the missing groups may be obtained, so that the re-arrangement of the collection may be proceeded with. We are indebted to Mr. C. Phillips for an excellent series of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, collected in Perak. Report of Ornithological Department. — Five new cases of birds have been added during the year, namely : — two Hoopoes, re-cased from Strickland collection ; one Partridge, a beautiful variety with “ white” instead of chestnut horseshoe on the breast, Thirsk ; two Black Guillemots, adult, from Scarborough ; two Great Crested Grebes ; two Curlews. Several very interesting specimens have been purchased or presented. COUNCIL FOR 1894. XV. A mature example of White’s Thrush (Ttirdus varius) presented by Mr, W. Stathers (shot at Rimswell in November, 1881) was a most important gift, and will shortly be placed in the new British Bird collection. A small series of Birds’ Skins, from Lulea in Sweden, is a welcome gift from Mrs. Waddington Mann. Among them are some excellent examples of the European Hawk Owl. The Museum has also acquired, partly by special subscription, the large and varied collection of European Birds’ Skins formed by the late Hr. Bree. Among the specimens, which number some 400 in all, are to be found a grand series of Wax wings and of the Crossbill, both large and small-billed forms (L. curvirostris and L. pity opsittaceus) . There are also a few specimens which were figured by the Doctor for his work on “ European Birds not found in the British Isles,” including Acrocephalus melanopogon and Muscicapa collaris. Photographic Section. — The number of members and general attendance at meetings of this section have been fairly well maintained during the past year, 1894. At the expressed desire of the majority of those present at the meeting of last June, the monthly gatherings were continued during the summer, and with fairly promising success. The present nominal number of members is 88 as against 30 at the ending of the previous session. The new rule admitting members and associates of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society to the Section on paying a reduced annual subscription of 2s. 6d., and admitting non-members of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for an annual subscription of os., was passed at the Annual General Meeting of the Yorkshire Philosophical Sooiety in February, 1894, and since that date several new members have availed themselves of these new privileges, and doubtless many more will join as a knowledge of the new rule gets spread abroad among those practically interested in the art science of photography, but who are not subscribers to the parent society. The chief function of the section still remains the quiet and unobtrusive one of enabling those interested in photography to meet sociably together and compare notes. XVI. REPORT OF THE The two lantern nights given by this section in the spring were exceedingly successful, drawing large audiences together, who seemed to appreciate the photographs thrown on the screen to such an extent as to offer every encouragement to the section to persevere in these more public demonstrations of the resourcefulness of photography in rendering the inexhaustible beauties of nature and art. The finances of the society remain in a healthy condition. During the past year, 60 new Members, 10 Lady Subscribers and 2 Associates have been added to the Society; 13 Members, 6 Lady Subscribers and 1 Associate have resigned, and 5 Members have been lost to the Society by death. Among the latter, the name of the late Mr. S. W. North of this City, surgeon, stands pre-eminent as a valued friend and fellow- worker in the ranks of the Society. For upwards of thirty years, Mr. North was a Member of our Council, and during the last few years of his life was one of our Vice-Presidents. He was ever ready to aid the Society by his advice and labours in the arrangement of the collections, especially in those of Gfeology and Conchology, and on several occasions, in the prime of his life, he delivered in our Theatre, Lectures on subjects connected with the Departments of Gfeology and Biology ; his powers as a lecturer were of no mean order, and he invariably drew large and attentive audiences. He will long be remembered in the City of York as the first Public Health Officer appointed by the Corporation, and on all matters connected with the sanitation of the City, his opinion was always held in high repute. Two Honorary Members of the Society have died during the year : — -Professor D. Szabo, Professor of Mineralogy in the University of Buda-Pest ; and Mr. William Pengelly, of Torquay. The Council recommend for election : — Henry Cowling, Esq., as a Vice-President, in the place of the late S. W. North, Esq., and Anthony Buckle, Esq., B.A., Lev. A. S. Commeline, M.A., J. S. Rowntree, Esq., and Gfeorge Dennis, Esq., as New Members of the Council in the place of Messrs. Barnby, Bowden Cattley, Ware and Cowling, who retire by rotation. XVII. NEW MEMBERS. Argles, Rev. Canon G. M., St. Clement'1 s Rectory. Bennet, Rev. Simeon H., St. Mary's Vicarage , Bishophill. Beverley, The Right Rev. the Bishop of. Black, J. H., 7, Grosvenor Terrace. Brown, Jno. Clifford, 5, Ingram Terrace. Butcher, J. Gh, M.P., 22, Collingham Place , London , S.W. Butter worth, A. Kaye, Driffield Terrace. Clark, Miss C. E., High School , Fishergate. Craster, Col. W. R., R.A., Minster Court. Creer, Alfred, Clifton Terrace. Curran, T., St. Sampson’s Square. Dawson, E. W., Bank House , New Street. Dunnington- Jefferson, Capt. Mervyn, Jr., Middlethorpe Hall. Eairbairn, Sir Andrew, Askham Bryan. Foster, H. M., 12, Park Place. Gale, R. G., 54, Clarence Street. Gimingham, Mrs., 5, Marlborough Grove. Hill, Edward, Eastbourne House , Huntington Road. Hodgson, E., West Mount. Hunt, J. J., Aldwark. Jewitt, Miss M. A., Petergate (hitherto a Lady Subscriber). Kaye, J., The Station Hotel. Kerswill, W. S., The White House , Acomb. Kilvington, Ben, Stonegate. Lambfon, The Hon. Claude, Grove Lodge. Liversedge Henry, The Mount. Machell, The Rev. Canon, St. Martin’s Vicarage. Makins, Walter, St. Mary’s Terrace. Mawdesley, F. L., Delwoocl Croft. Metcalfe, Mrs. Emily, Clifton House , Heworth Green. Mills, Capt. Joseph, Middlethorpe Lodge. Munby, E. J., Blahce Street. Murfin, Mrs., Mickle gate. Murray, E. J., East Parade , Heworth. Newton, E. Hotham, Fulford Park. Newton, John, 16, Bootham Terrace. Oberhoffer, R. W., 20, Grosvenor Terrace. Pearson, Rev. Edward, 83, Micklegate. Penty, W. G., Grove Park Avenue. Petch, R., M.D., Micklegate. XV111. Richardson, Mrs., Cherry Hill House . Robinson, The Rev. H., S. Maurice’s Rectory. Russell, Mrs., West Garth , Holy ate. Saville, John, Goodramgate. Shannon, J. S., Castlegate. Shepherd, Mrs. E. C. H., 5, St. Mary’s. Sprot, Major, 32, St. Mary’s. Stapylton, Rev. Robert Miles, 14, Bootham Crescent. Swales, W., Ashville , Holgate. Swanson, G. I., M.D., Lawrence House. Taylor, E., Stonegate. Thompson, W. E. II., J.P., Nunthorpe. Thorp, Miss, Horncliffe House , St. Olave’s Road. Trotter, Herbert R., 1, Burton Villas. Wade, Mrs., Monkgate. Welburn, Thos., Blake Street. Wilkinson, E. T., <3, Wenlock Terrace. Wilkinson, Wm., 12, Bootham Terrace. Young, Charles, Railway Street. NEW LADY SUBSCRIBERS. Crummack, Miss Maud, 18, St. Olave’s Road. Davis, Miss Miriam, Aventicum, The Mount. Hey, Miss, 72, Bootham. Jackson, Miss, Townend Street. Mackay, Miss Emma R. B., 6, Burton Lane. Matthews, Mrs., St. Catherine’ s, Clifton. Oeschmann, Miss, Marygate. Simpson, Mrs. Bolton, 55, Bootham. Starkey, Miss Blanche, Old Rectory House , Ogleforth. Taylor, Mrs. Elizabeth, 2, The Sycamores , Bootham Terrace. NEW ASSOCIATES. Shawe, Fleetwood F., Club Chambers . Wilkinson, Major-General, Government House. 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Ph a CO Tf) 4^ to OO OQ o 05 CD »o CO 05 CD o d CO to CO CD CD CD id to TT CD to tb Cl o 2 1 a QO i-H l>r OQ CD rH o 05 CO rH OQ <1 c5 cb CD d CD CD CD tb CD CD P CD CO CD 04 Sh Sh O CD 0-5 p. o a d> o CD ft Year RIVER HEIGHT RECORDS REGISTERED BY THE AUTOMATIC RECORDER AT GUILDHALL, YORK, 1894. 53 *s> 6 GO ft £ O o £ £ EH £ 0 h— I £ H £ £ f> M £ ed &q PQ fa o fa p © g 3^02 o a> a « p p HH P f> O £ O g o p ^OQ © © © CM © © © co CO rH © CM rH | • rH r-H rH r-H | o o o © © © © © © r-H r-H CM CM CM © © CM CO © t>. rH rH rH CM CM © H-( a a H r— i a a £ H H p r- H £ ri a a r— ■ a p H r-» r- £ H H p H r— a H P | o n £ £ £ P P o o c3 ©3 ci c3 P P 3S 33 p c3 c3 c3 P* a: as a 33 £-« P P si P a © a © rH © 1— H © CM © CM CM © ^H rH Cl © rH rH cc IQ cc rH O rH rH • CO o o I© © © © © © © CM © CM © © CC Cl '’T' GC CO CC cc © © © © £ • rH r-H pH rH CO (M ©1 © CM _ CM CM © CM H r-^ CM rH r-H •— rH © © © PH a a a a P a g a a £ £ H P PH a a a £ H a £ £ a £ a a . H £ ^ H H a P P ci c2 c$ c3 ce p a eg P £r (H p —O 33 £ ce p P £ c3 33 O -H o ~ p o - CM co rH pH r— ' co -H CM rH rH CM CM cc pH 1-H CM © cc rH CO P 05 tc © 1-1 rH rH . H' co rH co CM © CC i© xo © © © © rH 0 GO — o rH Cl o _ o £ — • rH o © © © © © © © © © © © C © © © © © © © © © MC Ci © © .-p cc CO © P a a a a a a a a H a a *H a a a a a a £ a a a a • a P a c o 3j o3 P s T p § p cC C2 o o - p 5 p p p § p c3 o c 33 cm r-H P co CO CM p CM i>- © © CM p CM CM CM a CM © rH p r-H rH pH pH rH ' ' . CO H* »o © © © © CM © © © pH rH rH rH r-H rH 00 0 rH • • rH r] P o o o © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © rf -rf CM OQ PH 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 . . # . . . s . a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ^ a a £ H £ H o o £ © § p p o o - p p § - 33 o o P P c£ a. § ' c3 33 o3 pj p CM CM o p CM CM p pH p 00 © cc p © c rH rH © r-H rH rH t© H 7 7 2 7 7 0 © © © rH © © CO CO © © © © ■r © CM © cc CC £ • rH rH rH r-‘ rH o o rH rH © © rH rH © rH 0 © © © © © © © © © ^ © rH © © © PH a a a a a a a P rH H a a a a a H r-i a a a p p £ H p a a g “ H £ M a £ a H • /-r H o n p. a P ci 33 o n P 33 P ci cc P eS c O o o p o H WO p CC P ci O 33 Pu 33 £ P o P a ©i pH rH P CM © © T— H rH CM CO p p p> P © CM CO © G © © ^H © 1 — rH r-H r H • l - t'- © © © © © © © rH © © lO "=f © cc CO c? © CO rH X^- LO »c © © © £ r— • rH O o © © © © © © *H rH © © o © © _ _1 _ © © © © © rH © © © © P a a a a a a a a a a a P H a a a a H a a a a a p r* H a l*H • a m. I o - o3 © p p P «8 o3 P P P o3 o3 p § r c3 P p o P p p, p c3 O p p pj © © CM CM CM © Cl CO CC rH CO co P © CC CM OJ cc CO CM © CO © r“1 iH r-H rH rH rH rH CM CO © © cc © © rH CM M ‘O © GC © o Cl cc Tf za co © © - rH rH rH rH 1-1 r”“‘ (M CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM cc cc | P P PQ O H O o © g 0$hj ^ ^ GO •*H ft o 1 18 noon. 8 0 51 22 10-30 a.m 11 0 DIFFERENCES IN 1894 FROM MEANS. Columns 1 — 6 for fifty years, 1841 — 90 ; Columns 7 — 10 for ten years. Mean Barometer. Thermometer. Rain. Rainy Days. Mean Rel. Humid?- 1881-90- Sunshine. (1881—1890). Visibility. 1883-1892. Min. Max. Mean of both. Hours. Per¬ centage. Jan. — 0-09 + 0-6 + M 4 0-8 40-61 + 7? — l + n} + 6} + (13) Feb. — 0-01 + 0-6 + 3-1 + 1-9 4L57 2 — 3 4- 19 4 10} + 1 Mar. — 0-03 + 0-2 4 6-7 4 3-4 — 0-42 — 1 — H + 79} + 22 + (12) April 0-00 4* 2-4 4 4-0 4 3-1 40-03 — 0} 0 + 1 1 + 2} — 3 May 0-00 — 2-9 — 3-4 - 3-2 4 0-62 + 9 0 — 2 0 + 14 June + 0-03 — 0-9 — 1-7 — 1-3 4 1-38 + H + 91 “ 2 — 17} — 3} — 5 July — 0-08 + 0-2 4 1-7 4 1-0 4 0-93 + 2} 0 + 45} + 9 Aug. — 0-04 — 1-7 2-4 - 2-05 40-11 + 4 4 — 24} — 5} + 23 Sept. + 0-16 2-5 2-4 — 2-55 — 0-87 — H + °} + 10} + 3 — 3 Oct. + 0-07 0-9 — 0-3 — 0-45 40-74 + 4 + 4 — 20} — 6 — 3 Nov. + 003 + 4-7 4 3-9 4 4 25 — 0-95 — 2} + 1 + 4 + 1 4 Dec. 0-03 + 2-2 4 3-2 4 2-65 - 0-68 + 4 — o* 12} + 6} 7 Year 4 0 021 (29-925) -f 0-2 (41-2) + H (55-5) 40-65 (48-35) 43-07 (28-08) 4 29 4 o-i + 130} + 2 + 72 THE TREASURER IN ACCOUNT WITH THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER. 1894. 10 1# INCOME. Subscriptions : £. 8. d. Town Members . 0 0 Country Members. . . . . . 17 0 0 Temporary Member .. 0 10 6 Lady Subscribers . . . . , .. 54 11 0 Associates . . . 13 0 0 Arrears . ,. 9 10 0 Keys of Gates . Life Members, viz : . . 53 10 0 Sir Andrew Fairbairn .. 20 0 0 W.F.H Thom¬ son, Esq. . . 20 0 0 - 40 0 0 - 772 1 6 Donations : Sundry Donations per J. Backhouse, Esq., towards defraying cost of collection of birds' skins purchased . 0 1 6 Rents : Major Allenby, St. Marys Lodge . 65 0 0 Mr. Sykes, Bootham and Marygate lowers .... 24 0 0 Mr.Hill.Marygate Baths 40 0 0 York Amateur Rowing' Club . 5 0 0 Corporation of York . . 2 0 0 York and District Field Naturalists' Society, less LI paid to Attend¬ ant . 2 0 0 York Water Works Co. 0 l 0 - 138 1 0 Hire of Tent and Tables. . 8 18 6 Less : Expenses of Carriage, fixing, &c. . . . . 1 18 6 - 7 0 0 Meteorological Department . 15 i 2 0 Whitsuntide Admission Fees . 13 13 0 Less : Attendants and Police . 5 0 0 Joiners Fixing Barricades . . 0 13 3 - 5 13 3 - 7 19 9 Sale of Case . 0 15 0 Sale of Tree . 0 5 0 Sale of Catalogues . 8 2 2 Sale of Photographs . 7 0 3 Bank Interest . 1 5 6 Gate Money . 247 14 10 £1214 18 6 Balance in hands of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1894 . 107 8 5 £107 8 5 EXPENDITURE . <&x. £. 8. d. £. 8. d. Crown Rent . . . 1 0 0 Corporation Rent . 19 7 6 Rates and Taxes: Rates and Taxes, Parishes Waterworks Co.’s Rate.. . . 2 8 0 Gardeners' Licenses .... 2 5 0 Receipt Book Stamping . . 19 2 - 38 3 2 Insurance . 7 5 0 Salaries and Wages: Mr. Platnauer . 200 0 0 | Mr. Fielden . 60 0 0 Miss Baines . 39 0 0 Mr. Guy . 25 0 0 Attendants at Museum and Hospitium, viz : 1 Attendant at Mu¬ seum . 65 0 0 Female attendant at Museum.... 20 16 0 Female attendant at Hospitium . . 32 10 0 - 118 6 0 Gardeners, including extra duty at gate . 88 1 6 - 530 7 6 Yorkshire Insurance Company — Annuity . 197 17 7 General Repairs, and Expenses . Museum and Hospitium: Ordinary Internal Repairs, Additions, and Expenses 9 18 6 Painting . 13 14 7 - 23 13 1 Gardens . 14 0 0 Estate : Allowance to Tenant for improvements to St. Mary's Lodge . 10 0 0 New roof to Pot¬ ting Sheds, and alterations and repairs to Heating Appara¬ tus in Green¬ houses . 20 6 1 General Repairs 13 14 7 - 44 0 8 - - 81 13 9 Library . 17 2 5 Lectures and Conversazione . 42 15 8 Printing and Stationery . 15 2 9 Printing Reports & postages thereof 16 12 7 Printing Communications to Mem¬ bers and postages of same . 5 7 1 Gas, Coal, and Coke : Museum . 28 5 10 Gardens . 10 2 5 Estate . 17 17 8 - 56 5 11 Antiquities: Purchases and Repairs 34 12 3 Ornithological Department . 23 0 3 Meteorological Department . 15 12 0 Preparing Photographs for Sale .... 110 4 Sundry Postages . 7 14 3 Military Bands . 31 18 1 Sundries, including Carriage of Parcels, Firewood, &c . 3 9 2 £1146 17 3 Excess of Income over Expenditure 68 1 3 £1214 18 „ _ .6 Balance in hands of the Treasurer 31st December, 1893 . 39 7 J Excess of Income over Expenditure, 1894 . 68 1 3 £107 8 5 EDWIN GRAY, Hon. Treasurer. THE TREASURER’S ACCOUNT IN CONNECTION WITH THE FUND FOUNDED BY THE LATE DR. REED FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. JBr. INCOME. £ s. d. Sale of Collection of duplicate Geo¬ logical Specimens . 30 0 0 Interest on £600 York Corporation 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock, less Income Tax. .. . . 17 8 9 EXPENDITURE. m. £ s. d. Carriage of Collection of Geological Specimens Sold . Ill 8 Glass Top Boxes . 0 18 2 Bookbinding . 5 0 0 7 9 10 Excess of Income over Expenditure 39 18 11 £47 8 9 £47 8 9 BALANCE SHEET. Amount of Fund on 31st December, 1894 . 639 18 11 Amountinvestedin York Corporation 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock _ 600 0 0 Balance at York City and County Bank . 39 18 11 £639 18 11 £639 18 11 EDWIN GRAY, Hon. Treasurer. XXY1. DONATIONS TO THE MUSE DM AND LIBRARY. LIBRARY. Books Presented. The Journal of the Chemical Society of London, vols. lxv. & lxvi., 1894, and abstracts. The Bulletin of the American Geographi¬ cal Society, vol. xxy., No. 4, parts 1 & 2, vol. xxvi., parts 1, 2, 3. The Transactions of the Bolyai Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxxvii., parts 1 & 2, and Proceedings, vol. xix. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India “ Paheontologia Indica,” vol. ii. , part 1 . The Echinoidea of Cutch, by J . W. Gregory. The Geology of India, 2nd edition (Stratigraphical and Structural) by R. D. Oldham and Records, vol. xxvi., part 4, vol. xxvii. parts 1, 2, 3. The Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Notting¬ ham, 1893. The Annual Reports of the United States Geological Survey, 12th Report, parts 1 & 2, 13th, parts 1, 2, 3. The 8th and 9th Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology. Annual Reports of the Board of Regents. The Pam- unke}'- Indians of Virginia, by John Garland Pollard. The Bibliography of the Wabashan and Salishan Lan¬ guages, by J. Constantine Pilling. The Maya Year by Cyrus Thomas, and Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution to July, 1892. Catalogues of Birds(in the BritishMuseum) vols. xxii. and xxiii. ; of British Lichens part 1. ; of Fossil Plants of the Wealden, part 1. Donors The Society. / : The Society. \ J | The Society. 1 yThe Indian Survey. The Association. The United States Survey. %/ ^ Smithsonianlnstitution. i The Trustees of the > British Museum. XXV11. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Man¬ chester Literary and Philosophical Socioty, 4th series, vol. viii., Nos. 1, 2, and Annual Report for 1893-4. The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol. xiii., parts 8, 9, and Proceedings, 1893-4. The Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, vol. xiii , parts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geo¬ logical Society, vol. vii., part 1. The Proceedings of the Royal Institution ofGreat Britain, vol. xiv., part l,No 87. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, New Series, vol. xii., part 4. The Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, vol. iii. , parts 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, vol. iv., and Geology in the field and in the study, by H. B. Woodward. The Journal of the Manchester Geo¬ graphical Society, vol. viii., Nos. 7 — 12. vol. ix., Nos. 7, 8, 9., vol. x., Nos. 1 , 2, 3. Report of the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876-78. Zoology, Op- Jiiuroidea , by James A. Grieg. Nova acta der Kaisl. Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, Bd. lxi., No. 1. Leopoldina, Bd. xxviii., Nos. 1, 2. The Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, vol. iii., part 4., vol. iv., parts l, 2, and Report of the Museum. The Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. i., part 3. The Society. i The Society. ^ The Association. / j The Society. | The Institution. \ i ( / ( I l I i j The Society. The Societv. The Author. The Society. \ T1 io Commission. 1 The Academy. \ The Survey. The Institute. XXV111. The Transactions of the Academy of Science of Louis, vol. vi., parts 9 — 16. The Report and Proceedings of the Belfast N atural History and Philosophi¬ cal Society. The Journal of the Liverpool Geological Association, vol. xiii. The Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society, Nos. 53, 54, 55, 56. The Proceedings and Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, New Series, vol. i., parts 1, 2, 3, vol. ii., parts 1,2, vol. iii., parts 1, 2, 3. The Proceedings of theBristolNaturalists’ Society, vol. vii , No. 3. Memoirs of the Russian Geological Society, vol. xii., Nos. 3, -4, 5, 6, 7, and supple¬ ment. Proceedings 1868-1893. Mittheilungen des Yereins fur Erdkuude zu Leipzig, 1893. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1893. The Transactions of the Norwegian Meteorological Soeietv, 1894. The 7th Annual Report of the University of Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Transactions of the Meriden Scientific Association, vol. v. The 4th Annual Directory of the Scientific Alliance of New York, 1894. Annals of the National Museum of Montvideo, vol. ii. The Tufts College Studies, Nos. 1, 2, 3. Notes on Polarised light for Students of Mineralogy, by A. E. Munbv, B.A., F.C.S. Index to the Author’s collective memoirs on the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures, by Prof. W. C. Williamson. | The Academy. \ / The Society. I The Association. / The Society. \ { / The Society. ( I I The Society. The Society. | The Society. | The Society. I The Society. | The XT i fiversity. / i | The Association. | The Alliance. | The Council. The College. ( The Author. I The Author. XXIX. Guide to the Museum, to the Collection of Local Fossils the Fossil Plants, the Fishes of the Rivers and Coast, and Guide to the Central Room of the Natural History Museum, Newcastle. The Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, vol. viii., No. 1. Catalogue of the Roman Pottery Col¬ lections, the Walter I£. Foster Collection of Antiquities, and the 7th, 8th, 9th Annual Reports of the Antiquarian Committee of the University of Cam¬ bridge to the Senate. The Calendar of the Durham College of Science, 1894-5. Archaeological Report, 1892-93, of the Egypt Exploration Fund. The Floating Island in Derwentv ater, its History and Mystery by G. J. Symons, F.R.S. The Report and Transactions of the Penzance Natural History and Anti¬ quarian Society, 1893-94. Annual Report of the Borough of Nottingham Free Museum andLibrary, 1892-3. The Valleys of North East Yorkshire and their mode of Formation, by C. Fox Strang ways, F.G.S. Papers on some iron tools and other articles form ed of iron found atSilchester in 1890, and on a small hoard of Saxon Sceattas found near Cambridge, by Sir John Evans, K.C.B. The Calendar of the Yorkshire College, Leeds, 1894-5. The Report of the Meteorological Council to the Royal Society for the year ending 31st March, 1893, and Daily and Weekly Weather Reports for 1894. I l J- Richard Howse. I l J The Club. l-J. F. Walker. The College. W. W. Morrell. The Author. The Society. The Council. j The Author. l i J-Tlie Author. I I j | The College. \ ( The Society. XXX. The Bulletin of the Mexican Astronomical Society for 1894 and Anuario del Observatorio Astronamico Nacional, 1894, by Angel Anguiano. The Meteorological Report of the Borough of Southport, by Joseph Baxendale. A brief account of the foundation and earlier years of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society, by the Eev. J. B. Brodrick, M.A. The 28th Annual Report of the Wood- wardian Museum and Lecture Room Syndicate, by Prof. Hughes. Report of the County borough of Cardiff Museum and Art Gallery, 1892-3 and 1893-4. j The Author. t The Author. ) ) The Author. \ > The Author. ( The Council. Reprints from the Proceedings of the Royal Astronomical Society, “ Telescope Objectives for Photographic purposes and the secondary colour aberrations of the refracting Telescope in relation to Vision,” by H. Dennis Taylor. The top of the Inferior Oolite and a correlation of Inferior Oolite Deposits, by S. S. Buckman. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze for 1894. 1 I The Author. J | The Author. | The Author. GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. Block from the Middle Lias, Huntcliff, Yorkshire, containing specimens of Rhynchonella with Ammonites capricornis. 10 species of Brachiopoda from the Inferior Oolite, Dundry, including a new species of Rhynchonella ( Rhyn¬ chonella subpygmea), Poly zoa and sponges from the Inferior Oolite, Parkinsoni Zone, of New Inn Quarry, Shipton Gorge, near Bridport. A specimen of Pholadomya deltoidea from the Fuller’s earth Rock, Bruton, Somerset. Surgeon Colonel Donaldson. i }*J. F. Walker, M.A. j Master Gelson Walker. XXXI. A collection of foraminiferous sand and various fossils. A small series of foreign Tertiary fossils from Aisne. A series of Lincolnshire fossils from the Spilsby sandstone. Antlers of Deer found in Clifford Street. A series of fossils from the Jurassic and Triassic Docks of Wurteinberg, Germany. MINERALOGY A large specimen of Selenite from Salt ^ ^ j pa]ma e Lake City, Utah. ( r. . . a mage. A series of Minerals. Christopher Richardson Specimens of Haematite and Magnetic \ Iron Ore from Gellivaara, Swedish JosePh Wilkinson. Lapland. ' A series of Yesuvian Minerals. H. M. Platnauer. 12 Dock specimens from Wurteinburg, n Dev. Dr. Engel. Germany. j j S. W. North. | J. E. Clark. J C. Ladds. Tempest Anderson. > Rev. Dr. Engel. ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. A collection of Birds’ Skins from Lulea, Sweden. A specimen of White’s Thrush, shot at Dims well early in November, 1881. A large number of Exotic Shells, in¬ cluding a series from New Zealand, New South Wales, and some of the Pacific Islands, collected by Dr. Manning. A number of Echinoder- mata dredged off Oban, and an Egg of the Ostrich. Two African Ostrich-Eggs. Skull of the Musk Deer. A series of Exotic Butterflies and Moths from Perak, Straits Settlements. ) Mrs. Waddington j Mann j Mr. W. Stathers. IS. W. North. Tempest Anderson. \ Mrs. Cobb, ( 44, Eishergate, York. | Mr. Charles Phillips. BOTANY. A very fine collection of dried Plants and Fruits from China, collected and mounted by Theo. Sampson. j Theo. Sampson. CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANTS IN THE HEEBAEIUM OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. H. J. WILKINSON, Honorary Curator. In order to render the Herbarium useful to those members who are interested in the Study of Botany, either in regard to the classification or distribution of plants, or the diagnosis of genera and species, an attempt has been made to arrange the specimens in accordance with the Natural System adopted in the London Catalogue of British Plants (eighth edition, 1886- 90). In doing this the specimens constituting the various Herbaria will be clearly defined in the Herbarium Catalogue. The consecutive numbers which appear on the left hand of the names of the plants denote the position of the specimen in the Herbarium and Catalogue. For the nomenclature and distribution of the plants, the following works have been consulted: — Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker’s Students’ Flora of the British Islands, 3rd Edition, 1884 ; H. C. Watson’s Topographical Botany, 2nd Edition, 1883, and the London Catalogue already alluded to. The Honorary Curator is deeply indebted to Mr. Arthur Bennett, E.L.S. (Croydon), for his kindness in establishing the identity of several of the specimens, in addition to the practical advice that he has so freely given on many occasions. RANUNCU LACE/E 1. Clematis Vitalba, L. Old Man’s-Beard. Traveller’s Joy. — Hedges on Calcareous soil. From Stafford and Denbigh southward. Distrib. Europe, from Holland south¬ ward ; N. Africa, W. Asia. Sp. from Date. Collector. Bottisham, Camb. Eastbourne, Sussex In the hedge of the plantation near to Chestnut Grove, Tiiorparch, Yorks, (1840) S. Hailstone a s y ou e n t er t, h e t o w n from Collin gham In the hedge of the plantation on the right going down to Boston Spa ? ) (Yorks), no doubt introduced there 1850 Leigh Woods (Somerset) 1824 Rev. J. Dalton Near Crott (Yorks) 1812 Near Whitby (Yorks) . 1820 W. Middleton Dunkettle (Co. Cork) 1893 R. A. Phillips Leigh Woods (Somerset) 2. Thaiictrum alpinum, L. Alpine Meadow-Rue. — Wet rocks, alpine moors and rill-sides. From Shetland to York and Carnarvon. Distrib. N. and Arctic Europe; N. and W. Asia to Himalaya, and N. America. Sp. Ben Lawers (Perth) 1809, Cronkley 1886 H. Fisher Fell (Yorks) .. 1810 W. Middleton Clova Mountains (Forfarshire) July, 1833 Giles Munby Cronkley Fell (Yorks) . . 1830 FI. Baines Ben Lawers (Perth) (1812) J. Dalton Clova Mountains (Forfarshire) (1820) W. J. Hooker Scotland 1770 Mr. Robson Cronkley- Fell (Yorks) July, 1886 H. J. Wilkinson Cronkley Fell (Yorks) 1826 S. Hailstone Clova Mountains 1843 0. A. Moore Herbarium. Hailstone 5 5 Rev. J. Dalton ? j Middleton Wilkinson 5 > Middleton Munby Walker Rev. J. Dalton 5 » ? 7 Wilkinson Hailstone Moore 2 Date. 3. Thalictrum minus, L. Small Meadow-Rue. — Stony and Sandy 'placet. From Orkney southwards. Distrib. Europe (Arctic) N. Africa, N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya, Greenland. Sp. Cader Idris (Merionethshire), Glencoe (Argyleshire) Aberdeen .. . 1809, 1820 Queen’s Ferry, N. (Fifeshire) . . 1820 Gordale (W. Yorks) 1799, 1807, Dram- ham (Yorks) 1801 Redcar (Yorks) 1826, Hartlepool (Durham) .. .. .. .. 1799 Thorparch (Yorks) . . . . . . 1838 Collector. 3c. Thalictrum flexuosum Reichh. Thalictrum majus, Sm. Zigzag Meadow-Rue. — Bushy stony places. W. Middleton Rev. J. Dalton i -S. Hailstone H. Baines From Perth, Southward. Sp. Near Darlington (Durham) Gordale (Yorks) 1800, Jackdaw (hag, 1 820 J. Backhouse Thorparch, 1831 S. Hailstone Falls of the Tummell (Perthshire) 1829 4 4 Near Croft (Yorks) 1812 / 7 J. Dalton Near Thorparch (Yorks). . 1 838 H. Baines 4. Thalictrum Saxatile, D.C. Stone Meadow-Rue. — Hills Camb. and Somerset. Herbarium. Middleton Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone W alker Hailstone >> Rev. J. Dalton Walker 3 Date. 5. Thalictrum flavum, L. Yellow Meadow-Rue. — River banks and wet meadows. From Fife and Argyle southward; rare in Scotland, local in Ireland. Distrib. Europe (Arctic); N. Asia. Sp. Banks of' the Swale, Brafferton, (Yorks) . June 9, 1834 Fields out of North Street Postern, York . Wh alley, Lancashire Clifton Ings, York North Side of the Derwent above Malton Collector. 1801 1807 1810 1820 Rev. W. Gray S. Hailstone > J W. Middleton 5 5 6. Anemone Pulsatilla, L. Pasque Flower. — Pastures on calcareous soil. From York to Norfolk, Essex, and Gloucester. Distrib. Europe, N. Asia to Dahuria. Sp. Near Bramham, Yorks. Devil’s Ditch, Newmarket, Cambs. Gog Magog Hills, Cambs. Devil’s Ditch, Cambs. Ancaster, Lincolnshire Ferrybridge; Broads worth; Bramham, Yorks. 1810 1790 1802 1840 May 1, 1892 1838 W. Middleton J. Dalton S. Hailstone Miss J. Hailstone H. Fisher H. Baines 7. Anemone nemorosa, L. Wind Flower. Wood Anemone. — Woods and Copses. From Sutherland, Southward. Distrib. Europe (Arctic) ; W. Siberia ; N. America. Sp. Copgrove, Yorks. . . . . . . York 1790 1806 J. Dalton S. Hailstone Herbarium. Walker Hailstone 1 } Middleton Middleton Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone 5 5 Wilkinson Walker Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone 4 York Near the Railway Bridge, Poppleton, York York Rate. 1810 Ap. 18. I 890 1838 COLLKCTOK. W. Middleton H. J. Wilkinson H. Baines 8. Anemone ranun- culoides, L. Yellow Wood Anemone. — Ornamental Grounds. Sp. Lincolnshire Cultivated Specimens from Roht. Teesdale 1840 1790 Miss Stovin 9. Anemone apennlna, L. Blue Mountain Anemone. — Parks and copses. In the Orchard at Mayroyd Wimbledon Woods. Surrey Teesdale (Robt.) 1810 (1800) 1790 S. Hailstone 10. Adonis aytumnalis, L. Pheasant’s-eye. — Cornfields , cliiefiy on chalk. South of England. Distrib. Europe ; W. Asia ; N. Africa. Sp. Cobh am, Kent Between Aixton and Cobliam, Kent . . Banks of the Thames, near Hartford Near Sliorne, Kent Abundant and wild at Wilmington, Kent 1 | 1843 A. Henfrey 1826 Dr. Bromfield 1820 1810 W. Middleton 1845 E. E. Herbarium. Middleton Wilkinson Walker Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Middleton Rev. J. Dalton, jr. 5 Date. 11. gViyosurus minimus, L. little Mousetail. — Sandy Cornfields and gravel-pits . From Northumberland to Kent and Devon. Distrib. Europe; W. Asia; N. Africa. Sp. Bipon 1800 Near Welburn, Castle Howard, \rorks. 1790 Cambridgeshire 1796 Yorkshire 1820 Fields at Stavelev near Borobridge, Yorks. Fields at Holgate, York ; and Stavelev, Yorks. 1834 Clay gate, Surrey May, 1879 Collector. Brunton B. Teesdale Bev. B. Belhan Bev. J. Dalton W. Middleton j H. Baines H. Goss Herbarium. Hailstone Bev. J. Dalton ) ? ? J Middleton W alker Wilkinson 12. Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. Bigid-leaved Water Crowfoot. — Ponds and Streams. From Forfar southward. Distrib. Europe (Local) ; N. America. Sp. Ditch in Bottisham Fen, Cambs.j midway between the Lode and the public house called the Knave of Clubs on the right 1845 S. Hailstone Hailstone 13. Ranunculus fluitans, Lam. Biver Water Crowfoot. — Deep running water. From Clyde, Southward. Distrib. Europe. Sp. Swiftly running water (Biver Trent), Newark, Notts. Biver Sence near Twycross, Leicester-1 shire Junel, 1892 July, 1845 H. Fisher A. Bloxam Wilkinson Hailstone 6 13b. Ranunculus fluitans, Lam. var. Bachii, Wirtg. Bach’ 8 River Crowfoot. — Deep Running water. Date. Collector. 14. Ranunculus pseudo- fluitans, Bab Water Crowfoot. — Rivers. From Orkney southward. *y Distrib. Europe (Arctic) ; N. America. Sp. River Swale, near Richmond, Yorks. 1820 J. Dalton 15. Ranunculus tricho- phyllus, Chaix. Water Fennel. — Ponds and Ditches. From Orkney southwards. Distrib. Europe ; AY. Asia ; Himalaya ; N. America. 16. Ranunculus Drouettii, Godr. Drouett’s Water Crowfoot. — Ponds and Ditches. Herbarium. Rev J. Dalton 7 Date. 17. Ranunculus hetero- phyllus Various-leaved Water Crowfoot. — Ponds and Streams. From Orkney southward. Distrib. Europe (Arctic:) ; N. America ; N. Asia. 18 Ranunculus pe Status Sweet-scented Water Crowfoot. — Ponds and Streams. From Orkney southward. 18c Ranunculus flori- bundus, Bab. Many-flowered Water Crowfoot. — Ponds: ( Marked aquat ills ) . Near Redcar, Yorks. 1820 19 Ranunculus Baudotii, Godr. Baudot’s Water Crowfoot. — Brackish Water. Near the Sea, from Caithness southward. Listrib. W. Europe. In the ditches between Booth Ferry and May 29, Goole, Yorks. .. .. .. 1812 [Sub nom. It. aquatilis). Collector. I J. Dalton S. Hailstone Herbarium. Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone 8 Date. 20 Ranunculus tripartitus, DO Three-lobed Water Crowfoot. — Marshes f* and Bitches. S. and W. England. Distrih. W. Europe. OoLLECTOlt . Herbarium. 21. Ranunculus Lenor- mandi, Schultz Larg-e Ivv-leaved Water Crowfo >t — O Ponds and rill-sides in hilly districts. From Clyde southward. Distrih. N. W. Europe. » Sp. Near the head of Coniston Water. Esher, Surrey July, I 840 1847 J. Backhouse, jr. H. C. Watson Hailstone 22 Ranunculus hedera- ceus, L. Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot — Shallow ponds or mud. From Shetland southward. Distrih. W. Europe. p. Near Blackburn, Lancashire In the ditch on the right hand of the road near the Two Laws, Denholme, 1810 S. Hailstone Yorks. In the ditch carrying water to the 1799 J ) trough upon Heaton Moor, Yorks. 1810 1 5 } 9 23 Ranunculus scelera- tus, L Celery-leaved Water Crowfoot. —Ponds and Ditches. From Eoss southward. Bistrih. Europe (Arctic) ; N. Asia ; N. India. Sp. Heslington Fields, York Ponds, Stockton Common, York Ponds at Brafferton, Yorks. Copgrove, Yorks. Common in watery places Tarlton Tide Lock, Lancashire Between Kirkstall Bridge and the Abbey, Yorks. 24. Ranunculus ophiog- lossifolius, Vill Adder \s-tongue Spearwort. — Marshes , South Hants. Bistrih. W. and S. Europe. 24a Ranunculus grami nous, L Grass-leaved Buttercup.- — Wales. Sp. From E. Teesdale . . Mr. James Backhouse 25. Ranunculus Flam- mula, L. Lesser Spearwort. * — Ditches and Wet Meadows. Bistrih . Europe (Arctic) ; JY Asia ; Africa, and America. Sp. Strensall Common, York . . Date. Collector. Herbarium. 1840 O. A. Moore Moore 1810 W. Middleton Middleton ( June 1 3, ) t 1834 i Eev. W. Gray Walker 1790 J. Dalton Eev. J. Dalton 1836 S. Hailstone Hailstone 1799 J 5 j » 1790 (1820) Ex kort. >5 July, 1892 kJ ' Eev. J. Dalton H ailstone II. J. Wilkinson Wilkinson 10 Date. 1806 Collector. S. Hailstone Askham Bogs, York Ditch beyond Great Wilbraham, going towards Fleam Dvke, Cambs. . . 1845 , Sessay Common, Yorks., in a part liable to be flooded . . . . . . June 7,1834 Kev. W . Gray 25b Ranunculus, Flam mula, L. var. pseudo reptans, Syme Procumbent Lesser Spearwort. — Damp Places. Sp. Lakes on Snowdon 26 Ranunculus reptans, L. Creeping Spearwort. — Inundated Jahe- shores , Loch Leven. Distrib. N.W. Europe ; Canada. 27 Ranunculus Lingua, L Greater Spearwort. — Marshes and Pond- sides. From Aberdeen southward. Distrib. Temp. Europe ; N.W. Asia to the Himalaya. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire Croft, Yorkshire Askham Bogs, York Askham Bogs, 1806. Searner Mere, Scarbro’ Yorkshire Askham Bogs, 1892, Bog near Kirk- ham Priory, Yorkshire Side of the Ouse opposite Mr. Watson’s house, Yorkshire 1810 1790 1806 1840 1813 1892 1812 W. Middleton J. Dalton 5 5 0. A. Moore S. Hailstone H. J. Wilkinson W. Middleton Herbarium. Hailstone Walker Middleton Key. J. Dalton Moore Hailstone Wilkinson Middleton 11 28. Ranunculus auri- comus, L. Goldilocks. — Woods, chiefly on limestone. From Aberdeen southward. Distrib. Europe (Arctic) ; N.W. Asia to the Himalaya. Sp. Ben Nevis Wood at the end of footpath, and over Jackdaw Crag, Boston Spa, Yorks. Lane between Knavesmire and Dring- houses, York Copgrove Yorks. 29. Ranunculus acris, L. Upright Meadow Buttercup. — Meadows, Sfc. Distrib. Europe (Arctic) ; N. Asia ; introduced in America. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire York York Specimen marked R acris var. parvi- flora, Hackfall, Pipon 30. Ranunculus repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. — Meadows and pastures. Distrib. Europe (Arctic)'; N. and W. Asia ; N. Africa ; introduced in America. Sp. Brafferton, Yorks. York (1820), Snowdon, Wales (1810) Dullingham Gravel Pits, Camhs. Date. Collector. 1809 W. Middleton May, 1832 S. Hailstone May 1892, 1790 H. J. Wilkinson J. Dalton 1790 1806 1810 J. Dalton S. Hailstone W. Middleton 1830 1 J. Dalton July 17, ’34 Aug. 1843 Pev. W. Gray W. Middleton S. Hailstone Herbarium. Middleton Hailstone Wilkinson Pev. J. Dalton Pev. J. Dalton Hailstone Middleton Pev. J. Dalton Walker Middleton Hailstone 12 31. Ranunculus bulbosus, L. Common Buttercup. — Meadows and pastures. Distrib. Europe; Asia; N. Africa; introduced in America. Date. Collector. Sp. York 1800 S. Hailstone Copgrove (1790), Croft, Yorks. (1806) J. Dalton York 1810 W. Middleton 32. Ranunculus hirsutus, Curt. Hairy Crowfoot.- — Waste land and Corn¬ fields. From Forfar southward. Distrib. Europe; W. Asia, and N. Africa. Sp. Banks (by the sea) between Withern- sea and Tunstall, Yorks., in abundance Side of Pond, Skipwith Common, Yorks., casual Aug.l, 1892 Aug. 26, j 1892 Near Muskham Wood, Newark, Notts. Near Norwich . . June 19, 1892 1820 H. J. Wilkinson I > ) H. Fisher J. Backhouse 32b. Ranunculus hirsutus, Curt., var. parvulus, L. Wet heathy ground. Sp. In a field between Coatham and the Tees. A variety of hirsutus as I have proved myself by cultivation, S. Hailstone . . 1800 i S. Hailstone Herbarium. H ailstone Bev. J. Dalton Middleton Wilkinson >> Hailstone Hailstone 13 33. Ranunculus parvi- florus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. — Dry banks and Cornfields. From Durham southward. Distrib. Europe, from Denmark south¬ ward ; W. Asia ; N. Africa ; introduced into America. Date. Collector. Sp. Hear Darlington, Durham 1820 J. Backhouse Southampton Dr. Bromfield Croft, Yorks. (1826), Bipon (1830) . . J. Dalton Crakehall, near Bedale, N. Yorks. . . Specimens from Mr. Bobson and . Sir T. Gage (1780), no locality 34. Ranunculus arvensis, L. Field Crowfoot. — Cornfields. From Perth southward. Distrib. Europe (temp.) ; Asia to India ; N. Africa. July, 1830 Sp. Acomb, York June!, 1890 H. J. Wilkinson Heslington Fields, York 1838 O. A. Moore Bipon .. •• a. a a 1850 J. Dalton, jr. Between Brafferton and Borobridge, June 30, Yorks. 1834. Bev W. Gray Plentifully in the fields between Booth May 28, Ferry and Howden, Yorks. 36. Ranunculus Ficaria, L. Pilewort. Lesser Celandine. — Woods and damp shady places. From Shetland southward. Distrib. Europe (Arctic) ; W. Asia and N. Africa. 1822 S. Hailstone Sp. Brafferton, Yorks. Ap. 2, 1835 Bev. W. Gray York -4- vl -XV « . t « «» •• •• 1840 O. A. Moore Copgrove, Yorks. 1790 J. Dalton Side of Ditch, Clifton Ings, York April, 1892 H. J. Wilkinson Herbarium. Hailstone 5) Bev. J. Dalton * 1 > J Wilkinson Moore Bev. J. Dalton, jr. Walker Hailstone Walker Moore Bev. J. Dalton Wilkinson 14 37. Caltha palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. —Marshy places. Shetland southward. Distrib. Arctic Europe ; N. and W. Asia ; N. America. Date. Collector. Specimens from Yorkshire ? (1820) 9 Yorkshire York 1806 S. Hailstone Clifton lugs, York March, 1890 H. J. Wilkinson 37c. Caltha palustris, var. minor, Syme. Lesser Marsh Marigold. — Subalpine marshes. Specimens from Yorkshire ? Cauldron Snout, Teesdale, and near Todmorden, W. Yorks. 1800 1838 J. Dalton H. Baines 38. Caltha radicans, Forst. Creeping Marsh Marigold. — Forfarshire. Specimen from the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (1830) 39. Trollius europseus, L. Globe Flower. — Subalpine pastures and Copses. E. Cornwall to Shetland. Distrib. Europe (Arctic) to the Caucasus. Sp. Beckdale, Helmsley, Yorks. Helk’s Wood, Ingleton, W. Yorks. . . Near Copgrove, Yorks. Pastures in Teesdale Malham (near Settle, Yorks.) by the river below the Cove Wensleydale Field in which the Octagon House stands at Malham Tarn, Yorks. .Tune 3, 1890 II. J. Wilkinson June, 1840 O. A. Moore 1790 J. Dalton 1820 W. Middleton 1810 S. Hailstone 1840 J. Dalton, jr. 1808 S. Hailstone Herbarium. Rev. J. Dalton W. Middleton Hailstone Wilkinson Bev. J. Dalton Walker Rev. J. Dalton Wilkinson Moore Rev. J. Dalton Middleton Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton, jr. Hailstone 15 Date. Collector. Mai ham Tarn 1799 S. Hailstone Rombald’s Moor ; Thornton Moor ; Teesdale, &c. . . 1835-38 H. Baines 40. Helleborus viridis, L. Green Hellebore. — Woods, Sfc., on limestone. S. and E. England. Distrib. Europe, Holland southward. Specimen from Mr. Robson (1790) Sj). From Dunglass, Dumbarton (1800) Dr. Murray Kirby Eleetham, N. Yorkshire 1825 John Leefe Dunkstone, near Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk (1830) Dr. Bromfield Coney sthorpe, Yorkshire 1836 H. Baines Banks of the Nidd opposite the Mill (Ivnaresboro’) 1790 J. Dalton 41. Helleborus foetidus, L. Stinking Hellebore. — ■ Thickets on chalk. S. and E. England. Distrib. W. Europe from Belgium southward. Near Pyecombe, Sussex (1800) ] Borrer Campsall, Doncaster (1790) Teesdale Frizor (or Feizor) 3 miles from Settle, Yorks. March, 1833 John Howson Specimens, no locality 42. Eranthis hyemalis, Salisb. W inter Aconite . — Plantations . Distrib. W. Europe, from Belgium southward. Nearthe Archbishop’s grounds, Bishop- thorpe, York (alien) March, 1890 j H. J. Wilkinson Herbarium. Hailstone Walker Rev. J. Dalton 5 5 Hailstone J 5 W alker Rev. J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton i » Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Wilkinson 16 43. Aquilegia vulgaris, L. Columbine. — H oods and thickets. Distrih. Europe ; N. Africa ; N. and W. Asia to the W. Himalaya. */ Sp. Helk’s Wood, Ingietou, Yorks. . . Askrigg, Wensleydale Coney Fir Wood, ? Hevingham or Hurngham, Norfolk In a field on the left of the road from Luddenden to Luddendenfoot, Yorks, nearly opposite to the Old Hall W7ood beyond Jackdaw Crag, Thorp- arch, Yorks. Addle Bridge, Yorks. Hildenley Wood, near Malton, Yorks. 44 Delphinium Ajacis, Reich Larkspur. — Cornfields [alien). Distrih. Central and S. Europe ; N. Africa ; introduced into America. Sp. Marked and recorded as Delphinium consolida. Snailwell, near Newmarket, Cambs. . . Near Bipon From Bingley (? Ifev. W. Bingley) . . From Bury From Bottiskam, Cambs. Limestone Quarries near Sunderland Stetsworth, Cambs. In the fields behind the Church at Bottisham, Cambs. . . Specimen from II. Baines, no locality 45. Aconitum Napellus, L Monkshood. — Shady hanks of streams. Wales, Somersetshire, &c. Distrih. Europe ; N. and W. Asia to the Himalaya. Sp. From Bev. W. Gray, Ex liort. Near Wivelscombe, Somersetshire Date. COLLECTOR. Herbarium. May 18, ’93 H. J. Wilkinson Wilkinson 1820 J. Dalton Bev. J. Dalton 1849 H. P. Marsh am Hailstone 1805 S. Hailstone 5 9 1839 >? ? J 1838 II . Baines Walker 1820 AY. Middleton Middleton Aug., 1830 J. Dalton Bev. J. Dalton 1800 Brunton 5) 1800 1790 Dr. Goodenough 55 1790 Bev. B. Belham 55 1810 Backhouse Hailstone 1839 S. Hailstone j) 1843 ) 5 n Baines Walker (1835) Walker 1830 Dr. Bromhcld Hailstone 17 Date. 46. Actaea spicata, L. Baneberry. — Copses on limestone. Yorkshire and Westmoreland. Distrib. Temp, and Arctic Europe ; Asia, and N. America. Sp. Hildenley Wood, near Malton, Yorks. Near Askrigg, Wensleydale Wensleydale Beckdale, Helmsley, Yorks. . . Chapel-le-dale, Ingleton, Yorks. Thorparch Woods, Yorks. In the Wood on the right of Deepdale, Thorparch In the Wood on the right of the lane going by the New Church to the river, about two-thirds of the way down Among the horizontal rocks about Gordale, Yorks. Arthur’s Gill, W ensleydale Malham Cove, near Settle, Yorks. Kitscrew Wood, near Malton, Yorks. . . On the hill side at Malham Cove, also on the side of Ingle boro ugh 1820 1840 June, 1891 1843 1839 1832 1810 1840 June, 1843 1832 Collector. W. Middleton J. Dalton J. Dalton, jr. H. J. Wilkinson 0. A. Moore S. Hailstone S. Hailstone > j J. Backhouse J. Tatham H. Ibbotson J. Tatham, junr. 47* Pmon ia eorailina^ Rets. Wild Peony. — Steep Holme Island , introduced. Steep Holme Island in the Diver Severn May, 1824 Dr. Bromfield Herbarium. Middleton Pev. J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton, jr. Wilkinson Moore Hailstone > > >> 5 J J > ) J Wilkinson Walker Hailstone 18 Date. 48. Berberis vulgaris, L. Barberry. — Hedges and Thickets. Caithness southward. Distrib. N. Temp. Begions ; Sub. Trop. ; Asia ; Temp. S. America. Collector. Sp. Copgrove, Yorks. . . In the hedges about Hob Moor and Acomb, York In the hedges near Fairburn, Yorks. . . In the hedges about Altham, Lancashire Hedges about Forcett, N.B. Yorks. . . Thornton Bridge, near Brafferton, Yorks. Near the Turnpike Bar on the Tadcaster Boad, Boston, Yorks. ; and in the lane leading from the Turnpike to Clifford 1790 1806 )> 1 1 1821 (July 18, ( 1823 ) May, 1832; Bev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone 1 1 11 11 1 1 49. E pi medium alpinum, L. Barrenwort. — Subalgnne woods. Londesbro’ Yorks. “Notwithstanding Dr. Smith has admitted this into E.B., I do not believe it to be a native. Dr. Bichard- son, it is said, was imposed upon by his gardener. It is certainly not now to be found (1830) in Bingley Woods.” S. Hailstone 1838 H. Baines Ex hort. Herbarium. Bev. J. Dalton Hailstone 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 1 Walker Hailstone 19 NYMPH>E ACE/E. Date. 50. Nuphar Syfeum, Sm. Yellow Waterlily. — Still waters. From Aberdeen southward. Distrib. Europe; Temp. Asia; N. America. Sp. Copgrove, Yorks. Croft, Yorks. Pond at Copgrove, near Borough- bridge, Yorks. In the Foss beyond Monk Bar, York Bottisham Fen, Cambs. 50a. Nuphar Buteym, var intermedium Ledeb. Distrib. Northumberland and E. Perth. Sp. Wallington Moors, Northumberland 51. Nuphar pumilum, Sm. Highland Waterlily. — Highland Lakes , Sfc. Scotland, from Argyle to Elgin. Sp. Lock Balladon 52. Nymph^a alba, L. White Waterlily. — Lakes and slow rivers. From Shetland southward. Distrib. Sp. Near Ormskirk, in Marl Pits In the Foss, Huntington, York Ditches, Bottisham Fen, Cambs. A pond at Copgrove, Yorks. In the Derwent, near Malton, Yorks Copgrove, Yorks. Arundel, Sussex 1790 1820 Jane 30, 1834 1806 1843 Collector. J. Dalton >5 Herbarium. (1830) Eev. W. Gray S. Hailstone (Sir) W. G. Trevelyan Sep., 1839 Brand 1810 1806 1843 June 30, ’34 1837 1790 1820 S. Hailstone 9 ) 99 Eev. W. Gray H. Baines Eev. J. Dalton Eev. J. Dalton W alker Hailstone n Eev. J. Dalton Hailstone Hailstone •n Walker >> Eev. J. Dalton >} 20 PAPAVERACE^E. Date. 53. Papaver §@mm- ferum, L. Opium Poj:>py. — Waste Places. Distrib. Europe; W. Africa ; Asia. Sp. Sand dunes, Mablethorpe, Lincoln¬ shire, apparently very rare. . Near the River Esk, Angushire . . j In the lane just before you rise the hill to Ividdall Kail, Yorks. . . ! Behind the Castle, Scarbro’, Yorks. . Plentifully in a field as you go on the shore from Bridlington Quay, Yorks. Near Wilsthorpe 54-. Papaver Hhceas, L. Common Red Poppy. — Cornfields , Sfc. Distrib. Europe ; N. Africa ; W. Asia to India. Collector. Herearitjm. Sp. Brafferton, Yorks. Croft, Yorks. 54a. Papaver Rhcaas, L. var. strigosiam, B©enn. Red Poppy. — Arable fields. 55. Papaver dybiyrra, L. Long-headed Poppy. — Sides of fields. Distrib. Europe; N. Asia; N.W. India. Heslington Fields, York In the fields towards Bolton, Bradford Cliff fields, near Bradford, Yorks. Aug., 1887 H. Fisher Wilkinson (1809) : J. Dalton i Rev. J. Dalton 1810 S. Hailstone Hailstone 1813 5? „ | ? } >5 1820 5 ' >> July, 1829 Rev W. Gray Walker (1806) J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton 1837 H. Baines Walker 1840 S. Hailstone Hailstone 1804 >> >> 21 55b. Papaver cflyfoiym, L. var. Lecoqyii, Lamotte. Long-headed Poppy. — Fields on calcareous soil. Castle Howard, Yorks. Date. 1837 56. Papaver L. Pale-red Poppy. — Cornfields. From Boss southward. Distrib. Europe ; N. Africa ; W. Asia. Sp. Heslington Fields, York ; Castle Howard, Yorks. Plentifully in the fields between Howden and Booth Ferry, Yorks.. . Mr. King’s cornfield behind the Church at Bottisham Copgrove, Yorks. Brighton Croft, Yorks. Little Island, Co. Cork 1837 May 28, ’22 1845 1790 (1809) (1820) July, 1892 57s Papaver hyhridum, L. Rough-headed Poppy. — Sandy fields. From Durham and Carnarvon southward. Distrib. Europe ; IN . Africa ; W. Asia. Fields near Malton and Thirsk Swaffham, Cambridgeshire Brighton, Sussex Swaffham Prior, Cambridgeshire Chesterton, Cambridgeshire Great Orme’s Head 1837 June, 1829 (1809) June, 1 820 1820 July, 1839 53. f¥B@e©n©psIs cambrica, Vig. Yellow Welsh Poppy. — Moist Glens. Cornwall to Yorkshire. Distrib. W. Europe ; Sp. Carnarvonshire Wensleydale Various places about Settle, Yorks. . . (1800) (1820) (1838) Collector. H. Baines H. Baines S. Hailstone 5 > Rev. J. Dalton W. Middleton J. Dalton R. A. Phillips H. Baines J. Dalton W. Middleton Prof. Henslow n R. T. Butler ? D. Turner Middleton J. Tatham, junr. Herbarium. Walker W alker H ailstone >> Rev. J. Dalton Middleton Rev. J. Dalton Wilkinson Walker Rev. J. Dalton Middleton Rev. J. Dalton n Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Middleton Walker 22 Date. Cheddar Pass, N. Somerset Cwm Id wall, Wales; Mossdale Head, Wensleydale Near Bowness, Westmoreland Hatfield Woods, Thorparch, Yorks. No doubt planted there July 7, 1884 1812 ) 1829 ] 1848 Collector. H. Fisher S. Hailstone 59. GSaucium luteum, Scop. Yellow Horned Poppy. — Sandy sea shores. From the Forth southward. Distrih. Europe ; N. Africa ; W. Asia. Sp. Blackpool, Lancashire Carnarvon From the Coast of Kent Specimen (no locality) . . Eastferry, Cork Harbour Pebbly beach about 5 miles south of Lowestoft, Suffolk, on the Ness which is between Lowestoft and Southwold, about midway . . 1801 1808 (1807) June, 1 89 1 11 Aug., ’87 S. Hailstone W. Middleton P. A. Phillips H. Fisher 60. GSaucium phconiceum, Grants. Scarlet Horned Poppy. — Norfolk. Specimens without locality 61. Rcemeria hyhrida, DO. Glauoium violaceum, Sm. Violet Horned Poppy. — Camb. Norfolk. Distrih. Central and S. Europe. Sp. Eech, Cambs. “ Specimen from my brother,” no locality Swaffham Priory, Cambs. May, June, 1820 1820 Prof. Henslow ft Herbarium. Wilkinson Hailstone 5 > Hailstone ) 5 Middleton Rev. J. Dalton Wilkinson Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton 23 62. Chelidonium majus, L. Celandine. — Waste places. From Inverness southward. Disirib. Europe (Arctic). W. Asia to Persia. Sp. Cottingley Bridge ; Bolton Abbey, Date. Collector. Yorks. In a lane leading by the side of the New Church at Boston Spa, Yorks., 1799 S. Hailstone to the fields by the river side May 12, ’32 * ? Copgrove, Yorks. Near Thornton Beck, going to Cundall 1790 J. Dalton from Brafferton, Yorks. Roadside between Acomb and Popple- Aug. 1829 Rev. W. Gray ton, York 62b. CheBidonium majus, L. var laeirsiafurrig DO- Celandine. — Waste places 1892 II . J. Wilkinson FU MARI ACE/E. 63. CorydaBis s > Hailstone Dev. J. Dalton Middleton Walker. Wilkinson Walker Rev. J. Dalton 24 66 Fymaria paBisdiflora, ilorcJ. Pale Common Fumitory. — Borders of fields. From Eoxburgh southward. Distrib. Europe ; N. Africa ; W. xAsia. Aberystwith Clifton, York ; Whitby. Yorks. Date. (1809) (1837) Collector. W. Middleton H. Baines 6@b. Fymaria pal§islifl©ra5 Jord. va r Borssis Jord Common Fumitory.— Borders of fields. 67. Fumaria e@nfysa5 J©rd. Common Fumitory. — Borders of fields. ©S. Fumarsa rrtyrails5 Sender. Common Fumitory. — Borders of fields. About Skelton & Coatham, N.E. Yorks, (sub. nom. F. capreolata .) 1799 S. Hailstone ©9- Fymaria derisiflGra9 DC. F. Micrantha, Lag. Close-Flowered Fumitory. — Fields. Forfar (1835) H. Baines TO- Fumaria crffieiraalis, L. Common Fumitory. — Waste places. Distrib. Europe ; N. Africa ; W. Asia. Brafferton, near Borough bridge, Yorks. Heslington fields, York Sept., 1829 1835 Eev. W. Cray H. Baines 71. Fymaria Vaillantii, Lois. Y ail! ant’s Fumitory. — Fields. Yorkshire and S.E. England. Littleburg, Essex | 1844 ) 1 1850 > G. S. Gibson 72. Fymaria parviflora, Lam. Small-flowered Fumitory — Fields. From Perth southward. Waste ground, nr. Inverleith, Edinburgh Near Newmarket, Cambs. Near Eamsgate, Kent . . June, 1835 1820 (1820) G. Munby Eev. J. Dalton W. Middleton Herbarium. Middleton Walker Hailstone Hailstone Walker >> Hailstone Munby Eev. J. Dalton Middleton 25 FIFTY YEARS OF RAINFALL RECORDS. A CAUTION AGAINST TOO HASTY CONCLUSIONS.* Soon after Mr. John Ford became Head Master of the Friends’ Boys’ School at York, he began a series of Meteoro¬ logical Observations. Very little, unfortunately, is known of the ten years from 1831 to 1840. After that, yearly tables are given in the Yorkshire Philosophical Society’s Report, which have been continued ever since. The rain record was made at Lawrence Street, just outside Walmgate Bar, until 1846 ; and at Bootham, some 250 yards outside Bootham Bar, until 1873. Up to this date it was a five-inch gauge. Since then the records are those of the eight-inch gauge used for the London Meteorological Office in the Yorkshire Philosophical Society’s Gardens. These changes are of course a drawback, but, from comparisons with the old gauge at the same station since 1873, they would not seem to have materially affected the results, which may afford us some interesting lessons. The main points are shown in the four accompanying plates which it may he well to briefly explain. I. York Rainfall, 1841-90. — -This shows the mean depth in inches per month, and the number of rainy days per month. The latter is “ corrected ” to an average month of 30 days ; a second dotted line shows the corrected value for the fall. Underneath are some of the more important data. The months are also arranged on the right in order of dryness. II. Extremes of Monthly Falls and of Days with Rain. — The central lines simply reproduce the means for inches and days from the previous sheet. Above and below other lines show the greatest and least record for each month during the fifty years. The shaded spaces therefore give the actual range. The numbers are again given below. III. The Means of each Decade, showing the monthly- excess or deficiency, compared with the 50 years’ mean. Each month is compared with the 50 years’ mean for the month. IY. Cumulative Rain Totals for the four rainiest months, July to October. These are shown by the lines for * This paper expands a section of that in the 1891 report upon 50 years of York weather. The plates are the same. 26 each month, rising according to the number of inches. The scale for the Forties runs from 0 to 32 inches ; the Fifties, 26 to 60 inches ; the Sixties from 50 to 82 inches ; the Seventies from 72 to 110 inches, and the Eighties from 100 to 135 inches. York occupies a most typical “ Central Plain ” region, the position of the Ouse corresponding in miniature to the Mississippi, east of the great American “ Divide.” Thus it forms a good basis for comparison for North-East England. Its rainfall has varied from 1742 inches in 1887 to 39'85 inches in 1872, with a mean for this fifty years of 25 005 inches. Days with enough rain to measure (0-005 or over) have ranged from 117 in 1855 to 222 in 1877, the average being 1706. Table I. shows that ours is a summer and autumn fall, the former thanks to heavy showers, the latter because of frequent wet days January to April are about equally dry ; July to October pretty equally wet. There is, however, a fall off in September, which would be more marked were it not for the exceptional wetness of this month during the Seventies, and the even more exceptional dryness of July in the Sixties. In spite of this the close range of these four months is remarkable. Correcting September to 31 days, for comparison, the totals shown on plate IV. are, respectively, 133T7, 134 25, 120 13, and 13089 The difference of only 3 ’36 inches between the three higher values is extraordinary. Even more so is the result up to the close of 1894, which gives August, 146‘95 inches ; October, 1 44*50 ; July, 14446, or a range of less than 2J inches after 54 years September is now 125‘43, which “corrects” to 129 60. Curiously, the three driest months are also almost equal, namely, February, 83 05 inches; March, 86-93 inches; April, 86 19. Correcting these to April we get 88 20, 84T9 and 86T9, respectively. The former series is more significant when compared with the ten years’ totals The difference should then of course be five times less. We get, however, this table : — 27 Decade Total Fall. Decade Differences from August. Cumulative Differences from August. 1841-50. 1851-60. 1861-70. 1871-80. 1881-90. J uly . 28*59 26-51 16 29 30*44 31*34 August 27*47 30 82 25-67 25*25 25.04 September . . . , 19*13 22-66 25-28 33-55 19*51 October 29-11 20-66 27-42 27-06 26-64 July . -f 1*12 — 4-31 — 9-38 4-5-19 + 6-30 August — — — — — September (actual) — 8-34 — 8-16 — 0-39 + 8-30 — 5*53 ,, (corrected) — 8 06 — 7-89 — 0-38 -f 8-03 — 5-35 October 4- 1-64 — 10-16 4-1*75 -j- 1-81 + 1-60 July . + M2 — 3*19 — 12-57 — 7*38 — i *08 August — — — — — September (actual) — 8*34 — 16-50 — 16-89 — 8-59 — 14*13 ,, (corrected) — 8-06 — 15-95 — 16-33 — 8*30 — 13-66 October — 1-64 — 8-52 — 6*77 — 4-96 — 336 Here we see: (1) Only in the Forties was the difference between the three wettest months less than after fifty years. (2) In the Fifties October actually fell over ten inches behind. (3) In the Sixties July fell more than nine (4) In the Seventies September exceeded August by over eight inches, as it had been about 8 behind in the forties and fifties ; these are the “ corrected ” values. (5) August was not so nearly approached by July and October at the end of any decade after the first (6) Judged by single decades the wettest months were, in the respective decades, October, August, October, September, July. (7) Though August was ahead upon its cumulative fall at the close of each decade but the first, it was behind both July and October during the first 16 years, and again surpassed by both in the last five years, only regaining the first place over July in 1889. (8) Whereas the ten-year falls for August range only 5 78 inches, from 25*04 to 80*82, July has a range of 14*15, September of 14*42, and Ootober of 8*45 inches. It is plain that the August rain-fall is the most certain. The above values show how mistaken it is to base average monthly results upon ten, twenty or even thirty years ; fifty would hardly appear to be enough. The following table shows that similar caution is required even for the annual fall. m3 o • rH Pi o P 00 c3 p d P M3 O ‘2 -» d P c3 P m3 o -r-1 fH 03 P aa >» tO oi P m3 O • rH f-c 03 P QD o >3 03 r— 1 p VO rH 03 P 03 O • Ci m3 CO o r^ 0 ID P r-i GO CO rH OQ 00 03 s>> CO OO rH rH P 03 o c3 oo c b p 03 03 o oo oo I — CO oo CO 00 l- CO vO Hi CO o CO H’ VO CO VO co CO VO) rH 03 00 o o O p p vO 03 03 (M 03 o 03 oo oo 03 oo 00 rfi 05 03 CO CO VO VO CN1 03 03 QC 05 OD •vH 03 00 00 OO O rH I rH | rH | r— ' r— H © cc co rH rH 03 03 co CO o 0 O r. 00 00 CO O w V0 HH i - o OO CO Ol cp o o CO CO VO p 03 03 03 03 o o o o 0 CO 1- oo 03 © oo oo 00 oo fH rH rH rH rH © JLt 1 rH 1 , sa VO VO • rH CO CO 00 00 VO 03 VO CO OO C5 00 00 oc 00 CO rH 1 rH i-H rH rH rH r-H i Hjl CO 00 GO 00 OO rH rH rH r-4 rr © 0 • i— i m m <33 O O 0 02 03 M-3 fH £ a © 0 © fH o 03 PP mo r\ 03 M-3 7© fH o © © 0 02 0 O © 00 -fc3 © P r0 i— i 0 c £ 3 £ _ - 0 © © © > <0 0 O £ t/2 0 O • rH co JP ro 0 o © 0 Pi - - - fH 0 © O a © Ph P4 © M-3 © pp 0 £ • rH X Mt1 . ; j. ^ 0 P2 O 50 ID rG M-3 oJ GQ C2> o o £ 0 X c • rH M-3 o C/2 r-H VO p © C5 be 0 • rH H-3 a o 0 • rH be a o fH >«. x> >•?. >c o 00 t^H*5 03 U o GO 03 33 o c ■H CO CO O o o H-3 H-3 © r-l 03 © © CO CO '-M VO 03 03 03 03 O <0 >> " ~ 3 Sh d > 03 fl d ~ - - ^ pi © • rH PP £ «N © r- 4 "o 0 • r-l © ©? OQ •v 03 a a ® 03 fH © 0 o pp © fH © ^ I s g • rH v j H-P r-H O 0 M OQ SH 0 © 03 03 H o HHP o b- 00 CO 00 .0 0 Sh 0 c3 © a rs 02 fH 0 © 03 03 HO fH o ©I © 0 HO +3 0 PP M3 M3 £ OS s 33 £ ©s f3 <5 H" © © r-l O O co 00 CD i© lO vO H* 03 t+H CO fH 0 © 03 02 H0 O • rH fH © 0H £ o a ai a> ~ - s ' ' c3 s-T a> > Pi a> co rQ ^ O r» , * 3 . ^ a ^ F3 S S 0-^0 ^ « £ rQ rO 03 .fJ 03 ■+H H-3 H-i Hh CJ3 ao 02 03 rC3 r r r r r r © > • rH H— I © © Ph 0 Q © fH r\ •70 © '‘d fH O o © fH OQ fH © 0 fH © 02 0 o ■■0 0 -C o3 b0 <1 00 C© X' c fH (0 0H 0 02 © be 0 fH © 0 © 04 0 M-3 © £ 0 © 0P • rH > © © fH o © rH m • rH 8C 0 EJ 0 H Mf X X 0 o • rH H-P PH © © X —I © CN CO H3 M3 0 2 2 S3 60 PP © +3 0 O © GO 0 o a i 0 O 0 © rH CO a fH O GO © • rH H-P 0 © 0 © SQ © r0 4J M-3 c3 0 © GO C2 © m2 Sh pp 0P © © fH © fH © > © £ o r0 GO 0 r I © PP H HH> o 0 © 0 o -Vf I rH CO 00 Vh .o H-< c3 0? E © rC HH OQ CC * Hf 03 H-3 I— I CO © * rH M3 0 © 0 © 32 © PP M-3 29 Ten years, 1841-50, Rainfall, 24-835, Days 159. Twenty years, 1841-60, „ 24 05, ,, 154. Thirty „ 1841-70, „ 24 01, „ 158. Forty ., 1841-70, 1881-90, „ 24*25, „ 167- Fifty „ 1831-70, 1881-90, „ 24-20 Sixty-five,, 1811-24,31-70,81-91, „ 24-08 Here, by very simple doctoring of the results (omission of the seventies), we get a variation for averages from twenty to sixty-five years of less than a quarter of an inch. But persons do not always begin with the first year of a decade. Suppose the two following were to set up as authorities : — A, for the 12 years, 1850-1861, rrean of 21-73 inches, and 148 days. B, „ 11 „ 1872-1882, „ 28-78 „ and 195 „ Apparently at least 100 years are needed to approaoh within 1 per cent, of the actual value of the rainfall. For we may assume that the error for the fifty years’ mean does not exceed one-fifth of the variations of the ten-year means, that is, it is slightly under half an inch on 25 inches, which is 2 per cent To assert that a rainfall is permanently increasing or decreasing over a given region is obviously very unsafe, if we notice the conclusions which would have been drawn by two observers for twenty years, one beginning in 1860, the other in 1870. An interesting example may be found in the Palestine Exploration reports. The rainfall for 32 years averages 25*23 inches From 1861-76 it averages 22 26 inches. From 1877-92 „ 2820 This gives an excess upon the previous period of 5*94 inches. Hence, says Mr. Gflaisher in his comments (for it is no less an authority who is here oaught napping) there is “an evident increase of the fall of rain in the latter years of the series,” which is “ a somewhat remarkable point brought out in the discussion.” But suppose we take a similar period for York, starting with the second half of the present century. The mean rainfall, 1851-82 is 25-45 inches. „ 1851-66 is 23 02 „ „ 1867-82 is 27 87 „ This gives an excess upon the previous period of 4 85 inches. This is, indeed, not quite so large ; but the values correspond strikingly, and the shorter slightly. The same caution is obviously needed with reference to the supposed changes in American prairie land from the effect of 30 cultivation, the growth or destruction of forests, &c. Isolated instances can not be trusted. Large numbers under diverse conditions must be compared before any reliable results can be obtained. J. EDMUND CLARK. 31 PLATE Ia. York Rainfall, 1841-QO. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN JULY AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. OEC. YEAR. 269S MONTH 0 R&fiT} (bRie&T) • APRIL, I bO^. // ^ A MARCH, l 'fell 3, febrT, 162s. jANu*,r6q. _ MAY, 175. Deciw^pqo. NOVtM?2‘e^. \ JUNE, Tlif. SEPTfl^2*4?. 16-64. s ocToeea-s3. JULY, 1-58- AUGUST, 260 [wgTTES^ 2$ ’003. DAYS. <3 = 14 ’ X PtR MO. 11 C*YS. Actual mean falls- I74S 127 r&>7 1-607 1-0*1 22V2 2662 1-695 1403 2610 2008 i-q& Educed to 30 dwj&j- ■i'6q r625 r6i3 1*27 l?S II4 2'58 260 240 253 20Q rqo &RQ£8 .Wettest f?rst :rlX X XI xn vm V 11 » IV III VI 1 VH — ^_DftfC5T FIRST'- IV m 1 V VIII XI xu IX X Nrtl VI AjOToAL MEAN DATS l WITH RAIMJ 145 131 IV 1 134 131 I2 VS VJ IV »i ui V VB XI x« X &WMRU.L DAY \ WVM RAinJ O’ 12. (hi OH 0 OH, 01a OIR 0'18 0H5 013 H ^ £ p-H cT !>• O cT LO r ■ Oi 00 »>r GO iC o ef cT 00 of CO o C5 t-- o' CO CO lO 00 OO*' 00^ <0 hT XI. 2-09 2-09 4-28 ’72 0-72 ’89 16*6 16*6 25 ’90 7 ’67 I— 1 -w .. »— i i i • • O >> ^ > X. 2-62 2-53 6-10 ’70 0-72 ’61 O uj Cq (N 7. C£> M °° CO mH 0-15 X. II. VII. VI. . o o o <—t eo no ^ y CO X M ~ • Tf T* 1(5 OO CO t— M CH C<> CO ' CO cq CO !>• O CO CO JO T1 Ol Ol ^ rS p-t GO l-H HS* "“‘P — m i— 5 O p X Km — 1 «5 05 Oi CD O) y" CO t" CD CO W? —■ 13*1 12-6 20 A 3 ’59 0-14 V. xi.| VIII. V. IV. 1*61 1*61 4-24 ’46 0*18 ’55 I ■rf* ^ co r- ^ =b M M ii. 1-52 1-63 4-22 ’48 0-28 ’46 —1 CO .44 CO CO 40 cb M « « T’ ^ M • -<15. . M fc> 1 — 1 O M ^ HH rN I. 1*74 1-69 3-07 •84 0-29 ’80 *© Oi ^+1 t'— ^+1 CO ** cb « r- r-H i— H r ►> > m kjj o M M M ^ P3 o S t-- ■< o i' « »© g >H C<1 S- - 170-6 (286) (52) 0-147 i (least) ( (most) / Actual M eans . Corrected means (Month of 30 Days) . . Most in Month . Year . Least in Month . . . s Year . Actual Means . ( Corrected Means (Month of 30 | Days) . Most in Month . . . Year . Least in Month . ' Year . Rainfall per Day with Rain Order of (corrected) Rainfall . . Order of ,, Days with | Rain . . / ,, Rainfall per Days l with Rain . . ) 'Niyjj H1IA\. SAV(J 33 PLATE II. INCHES © 6 4 Z o DAYS iq 2-4 18 12 6 O Yo r k Rainfall, 1841 -qo, EXTREMES of MONTHLY FALLS , AMOOF DAYS with Rain. JAN FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JULY. AUG. SER OCT. NOV. DEC- 735 1 . YEAR, 7'3S INS, O'IOiT’qt. i n >Li- Lqw/60 3q-85 in 72. 25"O05i«s IMiJ/- 016 _ IMS. 2a AYgC Ti 222 IN J 170 DAYS "^H'55. 2 DAYS. MAX- in MONTH:- 70? 4*22 3‘43 4H 444 73b- 615 65C) 630 6l0 4'2B 6°7 3q*05 YEAR '84 ’48 '56 ’46 '6q 43 fes ’57 > '70 ’72 ’68 18/2, Mi xi in month:- O^q $28 G’55 018 036 016 0*40 08b 023 072 072 022 17-44- year teo ’46 ’56 ’55 ’87 ’68 ’6l ’65 6l 'eq 43 I8B7 MAX-op days:- 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 22 25 25 25 23 222 YEAR '77 '53' 4b ’67 A B C CD ’66 ’ $2 fc)0 '68 1877 MIN. OF DAYS:- Zj- 3 4 2 3 4- Z 8 3 6 7 6 1*7 Year jE3 46 '52 D '54 E '68 F '65 ’42 '67 u 1885 MONTH JAN- FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUN. JUL. AUG. SER OCT. NOV. DEC. Year. A^^SS-B ,’bO^. C ;Q2;’84 } D, \l ’,55° Ej ’bS^’e^/Sj^O,’; 1 . PLATE III. York Rainfall, in the. FIVE DECADES, iSAl-qo, SHOWN BY THEIR VARIATION FROM THE 5Q-YE.AR5 MEAN- JAW FEB- MAR APR. MAY JUN- JULY. AlXi SE.B 00“ NOV- DEC. YEAR. PLATE IY. Cumulative Rain Totals, 1841-qo, _ for the wet months, Juiiv, August, September, October. A >■% rA - - • ' 35 The President and Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society desire to urge upon all members of the Society the desirability of aiding the work of the Ethnographical Com¬ mittee of the British Association in the way suggested in the following schedule. It will be noticed that attention is directed chiefly to the inhabitants of districts where the population has long been stationary and little changed by the movements of modern life. It is advisable to obtain physical measurements and photographs of individuals who appear typical in their respective districts, individuals selected, if possible, from among those whose fore¬ fathers have dwelt in the neighbourhood as far back as can be traced. With the physical peculiarities of the people it is desired to correlate their dialect, their history as exhibited by archaeological remains, and their manners and customs^ superstitions and other traditions comprehended under the convenient expression of Folklore. The enquiry has already been taken up with earnestness in some districts, and valuable results have been obtained ; and it is believed that, when once its importance to the right understanding of the history and characteristic of the races of these islands is fully appreciated, little difficulty will be found in organising measures in every county for collecting and collating the information. This work is not only intrinsically useful, but it is a task that should be undertaken as soon as possible. Migration, increased means of inter-communication and a uniform system of education are all potent causes tending to destroy local pecularities. In too many cases already the language and traditions of the past have been irrevocably lost. It is, therefore, most advisable that all who are in a position to make the observations indicated should do so without delay. The Ethnographical Committee will be pleased to arrange for the loan of a set of instruments, if desired, to any member of the Society who may undertake the physical measurements. If the procuring of photographs be found to involve undue 36 expense, the Committee will be glad to be informed, in order that, if practicable, some contribution may be made towards defraying such expense. Members desiring further information on the subject should apply to E. SIDNEY HARTLAND, Ethnographical Survey Committee, British Association, Burlington House, London, W. Forms of Schedule prepared by a Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, appointed to Organise an Ethno¬ graphical Survey of the United Kingdom. Members of the Committee. Francis Galton, F.R.S., J. G. Garson, M.D., and E. W. Brabrook, F.S.A. (Chairman), representing the Anthropological Institute. Edward Clodd, G. L. Gomme, F.S.A,, and Joseph Jacobs, M.A., re¬ presenting the Folk-lore Society. G. W. G. Leveson Gower, V.P.S.A., George Payne, F.S.A., and General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S., representing the Society of Antiquaries of London. Sir C. M. Kennedy, C.B., K.C.M.G., and E. G. Ravenstein, repre¬ senting the Royal Statistical Society. A Member representing the Dialect Society. Dr. J. Beddoe, F.R.S. ; Arthur J. Evans, F.S.A. ; Sir H. H. Howorth, F.R.S. ; Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S. John Rhys, M.A., Jesus Professor of Celtic in the University of Oxford, and also Professor Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S., E. S. Hartland, F.S.A., Edward Laws, the Ven. Archdeacon Thomas, F.S.A., S. W. Williams, F.S.A., and J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. Scot. (Secretary), representing the Cambrian Archaeological Society, and forming a Sub-Committee for Wales. Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Professor D. J. Cunningham, F.R.S., C. R. Browne, M.D., and Pro¬ fessor A. C. Haddon, M.A., representing the Royal Irish Academy, and forming a Sub-Committee for Ireland (Prof. Haddon, Secretary). E. Sidney Hartland, F.S.A., Secretary. This Committee has already made two preliminary reports to the Association, in which the names of 367 villages or places in various parts of the United Kingdom have been indicated as especially to deserve ethnographic study. The list, large as it is, is not exhaustive. For these and such other villages and places as may appear to be suitable, the Committee propose to record — (1) Physical types of the inhabitants ; (2) Current traditions and beliefs ; (3) Peculiarities of dialect ; (4) Monuments and other remains of ancient culture ; and (5) Historical evidence as to continuity of race. All communications should be addressed to ‘ The Secretary of the Ethnographic Survey, British Association, Burlington House, London, W.’ a 2 The most generally convenient method of organising a simultaneous inquiry under these five heads appears to be the appointment of a sub¬ committee in each place, one or more members of which would be prepared to undertake each head of the inquiry. For the ancient remains advan¬ tage should be taken of the work of the Archaeological Survey where it is in operation. The general plan of the Committee is discussed in an article, On the Organisation of local Anthropological Research, in the ‘ Journal of the Anthropological Institute ’ of February 1893. For the use of inquirers copies on foolscap paper of the Forms of Schedule have been prepared, giving a separate page or pages of foolscap for each head of the inquiries, on which are the questions and hints pre¬ pared by the Committee, the lower portion of each page, to which should be added as many separate sheets of foolscap as may be required, beincr left for answers ; and, with regard to the physical observations, a single page of foolscap has been set aside for the measurements of each in¬ dividual to be observed. The requisite number of copies of the foolscap edition of the schedules and of extra copies of the form for the persons to be photographed and measured will be supplied on application. Communications should all be written on foolscap paper, and the writing should be on one side only of the page, and a margin of about one inch on the left-hand side of the page should be left, with a view to future binding. Directions for Measurement. Instrument required for these measurements : — The ‘ Traveller’s Anthropometer,’ manufactured by Aston A Mander, 25 Old Compton Street, London, W.C. ; price 'M. 3s. complete ; without 2-metre steel measuring tape and box footpiece, 21. 10s. With this instrument all the measurements can be taken. In a permanent laboratory it will be found convenient to have a fixed graduated standard for measuring the height, or a scale affixed to a wall. For field work a tape measure may be tem¬ porarily suspended to a rigid vertical support, with the zero just touching the ground or floor. A 2-metre tape, a pair of folding callipers, a folding square, all of which are graduated in millimetres, and a small set-square can be ob¬ tained from Aston A Mander for 1/. 6s. : with this small equipment all the necessary measurements can be taken. Height Standing. — The subject should stand perfectly upright, with his back to the standard or fixed tape, and his eyes directed horizontally forwards. Care should be taken that the standard or support for the tape is vertical. The stature may be measured by placing the person with his back against a wall to which a metre scale has been affixed. The height is determined by placing a carpenter’s square or a large set-square against tfie support in such a manner that the lower edge is at right angles to the scale ; the square should be placed well above the head, and then brought down till its lowTer edge feels the resistance of the top of the head. The observer should be careful that the height is taken in the middle line of the head. If the subject should object to take off his boots, measure the thickness of the boot-heel, and deduct it from stature indicated in boots. Height Sitting. — For this the subject should be seated on a low stool or bench, having behind it a graduated rod or tape with its zero level with the seat ; he should sit perfectly erect, with his back well in against the scale. Then proceed as in measuring the height standing. The square should be employed here also if the tape against a wall is used. 3 Length of Cranium. — Measured with callipers from the most prominent part of the projection between the eyebrows (glabella) to the most distant point at the back of the head in the middle line. Care should be taken to keep the end of the callipers steady on the glabella by holding it there with the lingers, while the other extremity is searching for the maximum projection of the head behind. Breadth of Cranium. — The maximum breadth of head, which is usually about the level of the toj) of the ears, is measured at right angles to the length. Care must be taken to hold the instrument so that both its points are exactly on the same horizontal level. Face Length. — This is measured from the slight furrow which marks the root of the nose, and which is about the level of a line drawn from the centre of the pupil of one eye to that of the other, to the under part of the chin. Should there be two furrows, as is often the case, measure from between them. Ujiyer Face Length. — From root of nose to the interval between the two central front teeth at their roots. Face Breadth. — Maximum breadth of face between the bony projections in front of the ears. Inter -ocular Breadth. — Width between the internal angles of the eyes. While this is being measured the subject should shut his eyes. Bigonial Breadth. — Breadth of face at the outer surface of the angles of the lower jaw below the ears. Nose Length. — From the furrow at root of nose to the angle between the nose and the upper lip in the middle line. Breadth of Nose. — Measured horizontally across the nostrils at the widest part, but without compressing the nostrils. Height of Head.— The head should be so held that the eyes look straight forward to a point at the same level as themselves — i.e ., die plane of vision should be exactly horizontal. The rod of the Anthropometer should be held vertically in front of the face of the subject, and the upper straight arm should be extended as far as possible and placed along the middle line of the head ; the shorter lower arm should be pushed up to the lower surface of the chin. When measured with the square the depending bar must be held vertically in front of the face (with the assistance of the spirit-level or plumb-line), and the small set-square passed up this arm from below in such a manner that its horizontal upper edge will come into contact with the lower contour of the chin. The distance between the lower edge of the horizontal bar of the square and the upper edge of the set-square can be read off, and this will be the maximum height of the head. Height of Cranium. — The head being held in precisely the same manner as in measuring the height of the head, the instrument is rotated to the left side of the head, its upper bar still resting on the crown, and the recording arm (or the set- square) is pointed to the centre of the line of attachment of the small projecting cartilage in front of the ear-hole. Note. — It is essential that these rules should be strictly followed in order to secure accuracy. All measurements must be made in millimetres. If possible, the subject’s weight should be obtained, and recorded in the place set apart for remarks. The observer is recommended to procure ‘ Notes and Queries on Anthropology,’ 2nd edition, from the Anthropo logical Institute, 3 Hanover Square, London, W. ; net price, 3 s. 6d. 4 i 32 & Pi ◄ S H Ph a 2 6 Physical Types of the Inhabitants — (continued). Photographic Portraits. Facial characteristics are conveniently recorded by means of photo¬ graphs, taken in the three ways explained below. Amateurs in photo¬ graphy are now so numerous that it is hoped the desired materials may be abundantly supplied. At least twelve more or less beardless male adults and twelve female adults should be photographed. It will add much to the value of the portrait if these same persons have also been measured. The photographs should be mounted on cards, each card bearing the name of the district, and a letter or number to distinguish the individual portraits ; the cards to be secured together by a thread passing loosely through a hole in each of their upper left-hand corners. Three sorts of portrait are wanted, as follows : — (a) A few portraits of such persons as may, in the opinion of the person who sends them, best convey the peculiar characteristics of the race. These may be taken in whatever aspect shall best display those characteristics, and should be accompanied by a note directing attention to them. (b) At least twelve portraits of the left side of the face of as many different adults of the same sex. These must show in each case the exact profile, and the hair should be so arranged as fully to show the ear. All the persons should occupy in turn the same chair (with movable blocks on the seat, to raise the sitters’ heads to a uniform height), the camera being fixed throughout in the same place. The portraits to be on such a scale that the distance between the top of the head and the bottom of the chin shall in no case be less than 1^ inch. Smaller portraits can hardly be utilised in any way. If the incidence of the light be not the same in all cases they cannot be used to make composite portraits. By attending to the following hints the successive sitters may be made to occupy so nearly the same position that the camera need hardly be re¬ focussed. In regulating the height of the head it is tedious and clumsy to arrange the proper blocks on the seat by trial. The simpler plan is to make the sitter first take his place on a separate seat with its back to the wall, having previously marked on the wall, at heights corresponding to those of the various heights of head, the numbers of the blocks that should be used in each case. The appropriate number for the sitter is noted, and the proper blocks are placed on the chair with the assurance that what was wanted has been correctly done. The distance of the sitter from the camera can be adjusted with much precision by fixing a looking-glass in the wall (say five feet from his chair), so that he can see the reflection of his face in it. The backward or forward position of the sitter is easily controlled by the operator, if he looks at the sitter’s head over the middle of the camera, against a mark on the wall beyond. It would be a considerable aid in making measurements of the features of the portrait, and preventing the possibility of mistaking the district of which the sitter is a representative, if a board be fixed above his head in the plane of his profile, on which a scale of inches is very legibly marked, and the name of the district written. This board should be so placed as just to fall within the photographic plate. The background should be of a medium tint ( say a sheet of light brown paper pinned against the wall 7 beyond), very dark and very light tints being both unsuitable for com¬ posite photography. (c) The same persons who were taken in side-face should be subse¬ quently photographed in strictly full face. They should occupy a different chair, the place of camera being changed in accordance. Time will be greatly saved if all the side- faces are taken first, and then all the full faces ; unless, indeed, there happen to be two operators, each with his own camera, ready to take the same persons in turn. The remarks just made in respect to (b) are, in principle, more or less applicable to the present case ; but the previous method of insuring a uniform distance between the sitter and the camera ceases to be appropriate. It is proposed that composites of some of these groups shall be taken by Mr. Galton, so far as his time allows. Place _ _ Name of Observer _ _ 2. Current Traditions and Beliefs . Folklore. Every item of folklore should be collected, consisting of customs, traditions, superstitions, sayings of the people, games, and any supersti¬ tions connected with special days, marriages, births, deaths, cultivation of the land, election of local officers, or other events. Each item should be written legibly on a separate piece of paper, and the name, occupa¬ tion, and age of the person from whom the information is obtained should in all cases be carefully recorded. If a custom or tradition relates to a particular place or object, especially if it relates to a curious natural feature of the district, or to an ancient monument or camp, some infor¬ mation should be given about such place or monument. Sometimes a custom, tradition, or superstition may relate to a particular family or group of persons, and not generally to the whole population; and in this case care should be exercised in giving necessary particulars. Any objects which are used for local ceremonies, such as masks, ribbons, coloured dresses, &c., should be described accurately, and, if possible, photographed ; or might be forwarded to London, either for permanent location, or to be drawn or photographed. Any superstitions that are believed at one place and professedly disbelieved at another, or the exact opposite believed, should be most carefully noted. The following questions are examples of the kind and direction of the inquiries to be made, and are not intended to confine the inquirer to the special subjects referred to in them , or to limit the replies to categorical answers. The numbers within brackets refer to the corresponding articles in the ‘Handbook of Folklore 5 (published by Nutt, 270 Strand, London), which may be consulted for advice as to the mode of collecting and the cautions to be observed. (4) Relate any tradition as to the origin of mountains or as to giants being entombed therein. Are there any traditions about giants or dwarfs in the district F Relate them. Is there a story about a Blinded Giant like that of Polyphemus P 8 (13) Describe any ceremonies performed at certain times in connec¬ tion with mountains. (16) Relate any traditions or beliefs about caves. (19) Are any customs performed on islands not usually inhabited ? Are they used as burial places ? (25) Describe any practices of leaving small objects, articles of dress, &c., at wells. (29) Are .there spirits of rivers or streams ? Give their names. (32) Describe any practices of casting small objects, articles of dress, &c.j in the rivers. (33) Are running waters supposed not to allow criminals or evil spirits to cross them ? (39) Describe any customs at the choosing of a site for building, and relate any traditions as to the site or erection of any building. (42) Is there a practice of sprinkling foundations with the blood of animals, a bull, or a cock ? (43) Does the building of a house cause the death of the builder ? (48, 49, 50) Relate any traditions of the sun, moon, stars. (62) Describe the customs of fishermen at launching their boats. (63) Give any omens believed in by fishermen. (66) Is it unlucky to assist a drowning person ? (84) What ceremonies are performed when trees are felled ? (85) Describe any custom of placing rags and other small objects upon bushes or trees. (86) Describe any maypole customs and dances. (87) Describe any customs of wassailing of fruit trees. (90) Are split trees used in divination or for the cure of disease ? (98) Describe any ceremonies used for love divination with plants or trees. (105) Describe the garlands made and used at ceremonies. (110) What animals are considered lucky and what unlucky to meet, come in contact with, or kill P (132) Describe any customs in which animals are sacrificed, or driven away from house or village. (133) Describe customs in which men dress up as animals. (137) Give the names of the local demons, fairies, pixies, ghosts, &c. Have any of them personal proper names ? (139) Their habits, whether gregarious or solitary. Do they use special implements ? (140) Form and appearance, if beautiful or hideous, small in stature, different at different times. (144) Character, if merry, mischievous, sulky, spiteful, industrious, stupid, easily outwitted. (145) Occupations, music, dancing, helping mankind, carrying on mining, agricultural work. (146) Haunts or habitations, if human dwellings, mounds, barrows, mines, forests, boggy moorlands, waters, the underworld, dolmens, stone circles. ( 190) Give the details of any practices connected with the worship of the local saint. ( 191) Are sacrifices or offerings made to the local saint ; on what days ; and when ? 9 (192) What is the shrine of the local saint ? (210) Witchcraft. Describe minutely the ceremonies performed by the witch. What preliminary ceremony took place to pro¬ tect the witch ? (294) Are charms used to find evil spirits and prevent their moving away ? (295) Are amulets, talismans, written bits of paper, gestures, &c., used to avert evil or to ensure good P If so, how ; when ; where ? (297) Are skulls of animals, or horses, or other objects hung up in trees to avert the evil eye and other malign influences ? (298) What methods are employed for divining future events P What omens are believed in ? (353) What superstitions are attached to women’s work as such ? (356) Are women ever excluded from any occupation, ceremonies, or places ? (358) What superstitions are attached to the status of widowhood ? (366) Are particular parts of any town or village, or particular sections of any community, entirely occupied in one trade or occupation ? (368) Have they customs and superstitions peculiar to their occupation P (369) Do they intermarry among themselves, and keep aloof from other people ? (373) Have they any processions or festivals P (422) What parts of the body are superstitiously regarded ? (432) Are bones, nails, hair, the subject of particular customs or superstitions • and is anything done with bones when acci¬ dentally discovered ? (436) Is dressing ever considered as a special ceremonial ; are- omens drawn from accidents in dressing ? (452) Are any parts of the house considered sacred ? (453) Is the threshold the object of any ceremony ; is it adorned with garlands ; is it guarded by a horseshoe or other object ? (454) Are any ceremonies performed at the hearth ; are the ashes used for divination ; is the fire ever kept burning for any continuous period ? (456) Is it unlucky to give fire from the hearth to strangers always, or when ? (467) Is there any ceremony on leaving a house, or on first occupying a house P (509) What are the chief festivals, and what the lesser festivals observed ? (515) Explain the popular belief in the object of each festival. (516) Describe the customs and observances appertaining to each festival. (540) When does the new year popularly begin P State the superstitions or legends known to attach to — (a) Hallowe’en. ' ( b ) May Eve. (c) Midsummer Day, and St. John’s Eve. Both old and new (d) Lammas, or August 1. (e) Hew Year’s Day. (/) Christmas. 10 Is there any superstition as to the first person who enters a house in the Hew Year P Is stress laid upon the colour of complexion and liair ? (567) What are the customs observed at the birth of children P (588) Describe the ceremonies practised at courtship and marriage. (623) Describe the ceremonies at death and burial. (669) Describe any games of ball or any games with string, or other games. (674) Describe all nursery games of children. (686) Is there any special rule of succession to property ? (703) Is any stone or group of stones, or any ancient monument or ancient tree connected with local customs ? (706) Are any special parts of the village or town the subject of particular rights, privileges, or disabilities ; do these parts bear any particular names ? (711) Describe special local modes of punishment or of lynch law. (719) Describe special customs observed at ploughing, harrowing, sowing, manuring, haymaking, apple-gathering, corn-harvest, hemp-harvest, flax-harvest, potato-gathering, threshing, flax¬ picking, and hemp-picking. The collections under this head will be digested by Professor Rhys and the representatives of the Folklore Society. Place _ Name of Observer _ _ 3. Peculiarities of Dialect. Bisections to Collectors of Dialect Tests. 1. Do not, if it can be helped, let your informant know the nature of your observations. The true dialect-speaker will not speak his dialect freely or truly unless he is unaware that his utterance is watched. In some cases persons of the middle class can aiford correct information, and there is less risk in allowing them to know your purpose. 2. Observe the use of consonants. Hote, for example, if v and z are used where the standard pronunciation has / and s. This is common in the south. 3. Observe very carefully the nature of the vowels. This requires practice in uttering and appreciating vowel sounds, some knowledge of phonetics, and a good ear. 4. Record all observations in the same standard phonetic alphabet, viz., that given in Sweet’s ‘ Primer of Phonetics.’ A few modifications in this may be made, viz., ng for Sweet’s symbol for the sound of ng in thing ; sh for his symbol for the sli in she ; ch for his symbol for the cli in choose ; tli for the th in thin ; dh for the tli in then. If these modifications are used, say so. But the symbol j must only be used for the y in you , viz., as in German. If the sound of j in just is meant, Sweet’s symbol should be used. On the whole it is far better to use no modifications at all. Sweet’s symbols are no more difficult to use than any others after a very brief practice, such as every observer of phonetics must necessarily go through. 11 5. If you find that you are unable to record sounds according to the above scheme it is better to make no return at all. Incorrect returns are misleading in the highest degree, most of all such as are recorded in the ordinary spelling of literary English. 6. The chief vowel-sounds to be tested are those which occur in the following words of English origin, viz., man, hard , name, help, meat (spelt with ea), green (spelt with ee), hill, wine, fire, soft, hole, oak (spelt with oa), cool, sun, house, day, law, or words involving similar sounds. Also words of French origin, such as just, master (a before s), grant (a before n ), try , value, measure, bacon, pay, chair , journey, pity , beef, clear , profit, boil, roast pork, false, butcher, fruit , blue, pure poor, or words involving similar sounds. The best account of these sounds as tested for a Yorkshire dialect, is to be found in Wright’s ‘Dialect of Windhill ’ (English Dialect Society, 1892), published by Kegan Paul at 12-5?. 6d. Sweet’s symbols are here employed throughout. Sweet’s ‘ Primer of Phonetics ’ is published by the Oxford Press at 3s. 6d. A list of test words (of English origin) is given at p. 42 of Skeat’s ‘ Primer of English Etymology,’ published by the Oxford Press at Is. 6d . 7. The task of collecting words which seem to be peculiarly dialectal (as to form or meaning, or both) has been performed so thoroughly that it is useless to record what has been often already recorded. See, for example, Halliwell’s (or Wright’s) ‘ Provincial Glossary’ and the publi¬ cations of the English Dialect Society. In many cases, however, the pronunciation of such words has not been noted, and may be carefully set down with great advantage. The Rev. Professor Skeat has been kind enough to draw up the fore¬ going directions, and the collections under this head will be submitted to him. Place _ Name of Observer _ _ 4. Monuments and other Remains of Ancient Culture. Plot on a map, describe, furnish photographs on sketches, and state the measurements and names (if any) of these, according to the following classification : — • Drift implements. Caves and their contents. Stone circles. Monoliths. Lake dwellings. Camps. Enclosures. Collections of hut circles. Cromlechs. Cairns. Sepulchral chambers. Barrows, describing the form, and distinguishing those which have not been opened. Inscribed stones. Figured stones. Stone crosses. Castra (walled). Earthen camps. Foundations of Roman buildings. Cemetei’ies (what modes of sepulture). Burials, inhumation or cremation. Detailed contents of graves. 12 Types of fibulae and other ornaments. Coins. Implements and weapons, stone, bronze, or iron. Other antiquities. A list of place-names within the area. No modern names required. Special note should be made of British, Roman, and Saxon interments occurring in the same field, and other signs of successive occupation. Reference should be made to the article ‘ Archeology ’ in ‘ Notes and Queries on Anthropology,’ p. 176. These relate to England only. The sub-committees for other parts of the United Kingdom will prepare modified lists. The collections under this head will be digested by Mr. Payne. Place _ Name of Observer _ 5. Historical Evidence as to Continuity of Pace. Mention any historical events connected with the place, especially such as relate to early settlements in it or more recent incursions of alien immigrants. State the nature of the pursuits and occupations of the inhabitants. State if any precautions have been taken by the people to keep them¬ selves to themselves ; if the old village tenures of land have been pre¬ served. Has any particular form of religious belief been maintained ? Are the people constitutionally averse to change P What are the dates of the churches and monastic or other ancient buildings or existing remains of former buildings P Do existing buildings stand on the sites of older ones P How far back can particular families or family names be traced? Can any evidence of this be obtained from the manor rolls; from the parish registers ; from the tytliingmen’s returns ; from guild or corporation records ? Are particular family names common ? In what county or local history is the best description of the place to be found ? Evidences of historical continuity of customs, dress, dwellings, im¬ plements, &c., should be noted. The collections under this head will be digested by Mr. Brabrook. STOTT ISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON USE AT THE GUILDHALL, YOBK, DUBING THE YEAB 1894 eh it* I j _ | L 1 _ 1 J J 1 f ” lJ ! k I j ~ , i 1 i fr - . 11 ae < i m ms \ OeroB i a. \ #. \ | 3ft S.L. V November. flgee^ s ir | ■ _ . U _ - L. ! 1 1 ] T 1 L ± _ U 1 if. ) may be obtained from the Keeper of the Museum » *