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C- APR. 9 9

IPorbsbU'e philosophical Society.

ANNUAL REPORT

MDCCCXCVIII.

ANNUAL

REPORT

OF THE COUNCIL

OF THE

YORKSHIRE

PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

FOR

MDCCCXCVIII.

PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING,

FEBRUARY 13th, 1899.

YORK :

COULTAS & VOLANS, PRINTERS, KING STREET.

1899.

TRUSTEES

OF

THE YORKSHIRE MUSEUM.

APPOINTED BY ROYAL GRANT.

TEMPEST ANDERSON, M.D.
EDWIN GRAY, LL.M.
WILLIAM LAWTON.

T. S. NOBLE.

PAT R 0 N E S S E S

OF THE

JPorfcebire philosophical Society

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

H. R. H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES.

PATRONS.

H.R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.

H. R. H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT, K.G.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1899.

PRESIDENT :

Sir Charles Strickland, F.G.S.

VICE-PRESIDENTS:

The Very Rev. the Dean of York.

John Francis Walker, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.C.S., F.Z.S.,
late Fellow of Sydney Sussex College, Cambridge.
Tempest Anderson, M.D , B.Sc., &c., Fellow of University
College, London.

The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.

James Melrose, J.P.

Major J. A. Barstow, J.P.

George S. Gibb, LL.B.

Henry Cowling.

T. S= Noble.

Richard Thompson.

HON. TREASURER :
Edwin Gray, LL.B.

COUNCIL.

Elected 1897... Sir C. A. Milward.

E. R. Dodsworth.

J. Backhouse, F.Z.S.

Geo. Wilson.

Elected 1898. ..Oxley Grabham M.A.

The Rev. W. Haworth, F.S.A.
James Ramsay, M.D.

John Teasdale, M.A.

Elected 1899. ..The Rev. W. Johnson, B.A.

Arthur Rowntree, B.A.

H. Venn Scott.

H. C. Shann, M.R.C.S.

HON. SECRETARIES.

Tempest Anderson, M.D.

C. E. Elmhirst.

CURATORS.

Archeology - - - - -

Geology .

Mineralogy .

Comparative Anatomy
Ornithology .

Botany -------

Observatory .

Meteorology - - - -
Laboratory .

Library - - .

(T. Boynton, F.S.A.

(The Rev. W. Haworth, F.S.A
J. F. Walker, M.A., F.G.S.
W. H. Hudleston, MA.,

F.R.S.

T. Anderson, M.D., B.Sc.

J. Backhouse, F.Z.S.,
M.B.O.U.

H. J. Wilkinson.

T. S. Noble.

The Rev. W. Johnson, B.A
J. F. Walker, M.A., F.I.C.,
F.C.S., London and Berlin
A. Buckle, B.A.

GARDEN C 0 M M IT T E E .

Major Barstow, J.P.

A. Buckle, B.A.

Bowden Cattley.

J. Melrose, J.P.

Sir C. A. Milward.

The Secretaries ( ex-ojjicio ).

LECTURE COMMITTEE.

Tempest Anderson, M.D.
Major Barstow, J.P.

The Rev. E. S. Carter, M.A.
G. S. Gibb, LL.B.

R. Thompson.

The Secretaries [ex-ojficio).

KEEPER OF THE MUSEUM.
Henry Maurice Platnauer, A.R.S.M., B.Sc.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL

OF THE

YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,

February 13TH, 1899.

The year 1898, though uneventful, has been in every way a
prosperous one for this Society. The number of members has
steadily increased, the 31 losses by death and resignation having
been more than counterbalanced by 43 accessions. The usual
internal work of the Museum, meetings, and lectures have been
carried on with undiminished vigour; and the interest taken by the
members in these various phases of the Society’s activity shews
no abatement. It is pleasing also to note that the income for
the year is in excess of the expenditure. Our receipts are £22
more than last year’s, while our expenses are £q less. The
increase in our income is in large part due to the fact that the
Society has now begun to receive interest on the sum bequeathed
to it by the late William Rawdon.

The following Lectures have been delivered in the Museum
during the year : —

Thursday, January 27th. — “The Migration of Birds" (with
Lantern Illustrations). By C. E. Elmhirst.

Thursday, February 10th. — Norway ; its Scenery and
People" (illustrated by Lantern Pictures). By W. H.
Macnamara.

Thursday, February 24th. — “ Plants viewed as Mechanical
Structures ” (with Lantern Illustrations). By Professor
F. O. Bower, Sc.D., F.R.S., (Regius Professor of
Botany in the University of Glasgow).

Thursday, March 10th. — “ Across the Carpathians" (illustrated
by Lantern Pictures). By Samuel Wells, F.R.G.S.

Vlll

REPORT OE THE

Thursday, March 24th.- A Fortnight in Canada " (illustrated
by Lantern Pictures). By James Ramsay, M.D.

Thursday, April 14th. — “ The Graian Alps ” (illustrated by
Lantern Pictures). By Tempest Anderson, M.D., B.Sc.

Thursday, April 28th. — A Lantern Night was given by
Members of the Photographic Section.

Thursday, October 6th. — “ Life in the Deep Sea ” (illustrated
by Lantern Pictures). By H. Crowther (Curator of Leeds
Museum).

Thursday, October 20th. — “ Corals and Coral Reefs ” (illus¬
trated by Lantern Pictures). By J. G. Goodchild,
F.G.S., &c.

Thursday, November 3rd. — “ Force." By H. M. Platnauer,
B.Sc.

Thursday, November 17th. — “ Pompeii, the City of the Dead "
(illustrated by Lantern Pictures). By G. H. Head, B.A.

Thursday, December 1st. — “ A Cruise in Arctic Seas ” (illus¬
trated by Lantern Pictures). By Frederick Curtis.

Thursday, December 15th.— “Siam" (illustrated by Lantern
Pictures). By H. Warrington Smyth, M.A., F.R.G.S.

The Council again desires to place on record grateful acknow¬
ledgments to the lecturers who have most generously given
their services, besides, in many instances, putting themselves
to the inconvenience of a long railway journey.

In addition to the above lectures, papers on various subjects
of scientific interest have been read at the monthly meetings
of the Society. These meetings have been remarkably well
attended ; so well, indeed, that they have lately been held in
the Lecture Theatre, as the Library did not afford sufficient
accommodation. The following Papers have been read : —

“York Bells and Bell-founders," by George Benson.

“ Snakes, their structure and habits,” by Oxley Grabham, M.A.

“ The life of a Deer,” by C. E. Elmhirst, M.A.

“Natural Puzzles," by H. M. Platnauer, B.Sc.

“ A Celtic Lake-dwelling," by C. E. Elmhirst.

“ Glaciers," by Tempest Anderson, M.D.

“ Plumage," by J. Backhouse, M.B.O.U.

Most of these papers were illustrated by Lantern slides.

COUNCIL FOR 1898.

IX

It will be gratifying to the members of this Society to learn
that the Museum premises have on several occasions been used
by other associations working for the advancement of know¬
ledge. The York Medical Society has on two occasions held
well-attended meetings in our lecture theatre ; the York Uni¬
versity Extension Society has given four courses of lectures
here, and the York and District Field Naturalists’ Club con¬
tinues to hold its monthly meetings and to lodge its library
and collections in this Museum.

The great and pressing need of this Society is for more
workers. Wide as is the range of subjects the study of which
this society was founded to encourage, the number of observers
and investigators is less than could be desired. An observa¬
tory which is rarely used and collections which are very seldom
made the subject of systematic study reproach us as monu¬
ments of wasted opportunity. It is essential that specimens
should be collected and conserved, but their collection and
conservation must not be looked upon as constituting the
whole duty of a Philosophical Society.

Of our losses by death we shall only here refer to Sir Joseph
Terry, Canon Machell and Mr. T. P. Bulmer. Sir Joseph
Terry was for 20 years a member. During that time he
twice served on the Council, and was at all times ready to
render assistance in any unusual work undertaken by this
Society. Canon Machell had been a member since his arrival
in York (1891), and always took a great interest in the work
of the Society. He obtained for our Hon. Curator of Botany
(Mr. H. J. Wilkinson) information which greatly helped him in
his task of writing the history of our Herbarium and its founders.
Mr. T. P. Bulmer was a member of this Society for over 30
years, and during that time frequently attended our meetings,
and took an active interest in the Society’s progress.

The Society has lost also by death one of its oldest and
most distinguished honorary members, Professor George James
Allman, who died on November 24th at the age of 86. Professor
Allman was a man of extraordinary versatility, and his work
covered a wide range and included researches in Physiology,
Palceontology, and the processes of Fermentation. But he was
essentially a Zoologist, and his attention was mainly directed
to researches on the Ccelenterata and the Polyzoa. His monu¬
mental work on the Tubularian Hydroids will always remain

X

REPORT OF THE

a remarkable memorial of patient hard work and extraordinary
mental power.

The Council recommends the Rev. W. Johnson, Mr. Arthur
Rowntree, Mr. H. Venn Scott, and Mr. H. C. Shann as members
of Council in the place of the Rev. Canon Machell, deceased,
and Mr. Bowden Cattley, Mr. Geo. Mosley, and Mr. H. J.
Wilkinson, who retire by rotation.

Archaeology. — Numerous small additions have been made
to this Department during the year by purchase and donation.
The only acquisition needing special mention here is the
series of relics obtained during the building of the York
Equitable Society’s Stores in Railway Street, and presented
by the Committee of that Society. Sculptured stones of
the 12th or 13th centuries were found at the unusual depth
of 14 feet, mixed with relics of Roman age — a circumstance
probably due to the soft and marshy nature of the soil. A
row of column bases parallel to Railway Street points to
the existence of a Roman temple on the site. During the
course of the excavations a hoard of about 200 silver Roman
coins was found, but very few of these found their w ay to the
Museum. There is, unfortunately, always a crowd of private
collectors or dealers ready to intercept such treasures.

Comparative Anatomy. — The only addition of importance
made to this Department during the past year is a speci¬
men of Naterer’s Bat (Vespertilio Natereri) presented by
Mr. James Backhouse. Several specimens of this rare Bat
were taken a short time ago in Merioneth, and were for¬
warded to Mr. Backhouse, who wrote a short account of
them in the Zoologist of December, 1898. This account was
accompanied by a plate, and the specimen presented to us
is the one thereon figured. The special interest attached to
this discovery is that no previous record exists of the
finding of the young of this species in Great Britain. The
specimen above mentioned is therefore the first immature
British example of V. Natereri that has been figured.

COUNCIL FOR 1898.

XI

Ornithology. — The Curator of the Department of
Ornithology reports that several new cases of British
Birds have been added to the collection. Among the
most important of these is an albino example of the Sand
Martin taken from a hole near Harrogate and recorded
in the Naturalist, January, 1899. A much-needed work has
been recently taken in hand by the Hon. Curator and is
now in progress, viz., the preparation of a catalogue of all
the British Birds in this Museum. This catalogue will
include not only skins and mounted specimens, but also
skeletons and eggs. It will contain the history of each
specimen where such record exists.

Botany. — The specimens arranged during the year
(1898) will be found enumerated on pp. 1— 16. The most
important donation to this Department consists of speci¬
mens of Mosses from Britain, Norway, Africa, New Zealand,
Trinidad, &c., presented by W. H. Pearson, Esq., Ivnutsford.

Geology. — The Honorary Curator of Geology reports that
during the past year specimens of Brachiopoda have been
presented by Mr. Oldfield, of Malton, and by the Hon.
Curator. Several specimens have been lent to the follow¬
ing Paloeontologists who are engaged in writing Monographs :
Chalk Lamellibranchs, to H. Woods, M.A., F.G.S. ; Carboni¬
ferous Lamellibranchs, to Wheelton Hind, M.D., F.G.S. ;
Oolitic Estuarine plants , to A. C, Seward, M.A., F.G.S. : and
Mastodon (tooth) from the Crag, to Professor Ray Fankester,
F.R.S. The Yorkshire Philosophical Society is always
willing to lend specimens for description to those engaged
in scientific research, due precautions being taken for their
safe return.

Mineralogy. — The Hon. Curator in Mineralogy reports
that the additions made to the collections have been few
in number. In some cases specimens have been replaced by
better ones. Our want of space prevents any considerable
extension. The existing collection, however, may be deemed
sufficiently large to serve the purpose of a representative

REPORT OF THE

xii

series. But additional space might well be devoted to the
exhibition of subsidiary collections — e.g., building stones,
decorative stones, metallic ores, &c.

Meteorology. — 1898 on the whole compares unfavourably
with 1897.

Temperature was i‘2° higher than in 1897, a result due
to a greater uniformity than in the previous year, the cold
of the spring months being less intense. May, June, and
July were much below 1897, and deficient in sunshine and
heat. There has been no long frost during the year, but
the cold winds of spring were especially harmful to vegeta¬
tion. The lowest temperature was recorded on February
21st and 25th, when 24'9° F. was registered, and the
highest 84*0° F. on September 17: h. The temperature of
8o° F. was reached in August and September, during
which months prevalent fine weather gave ample oppor¬
tunity for the ingathering of a fine harvest. The last
quarter of the year has maintained a higher temperature
than the average, and an unusual number of fruits out of
season have been reported on all sides.

A Mean Pressure of 29*945 has been recorded, as against
29*933 for 1897, November and May being lowest (29*820
and 29*833 respectively), and January highest (30*223 inches).
The extreme range of pressure is only 1*782, as against

2*233 inches in 1897.

Bright Sunshine has been much rarer in 1898 than in
1897. The total of hours (1212) being 252 below the total
of 1897 (1464 hours). April, May, July, August, and Sep¬
tember all fell below the same months in 1897, and in only

one case, July, did the total reach 200 hours as against

three months, May, July, and August of the previous year.

April and May lacked the sunny weather usually associated
with them, May being 22°/0 behind 1897, and April 11%.

Rain or Snow (0*005 inches or over) fell on 184 days, 10
above the average. The total fall of 23*730 inches was
below that of 1897 (24*4 inches). The heaviest fall was
on July 22nd, when 1*580 inches fell. Thunder was heard

COUNCIL FOR 1898.

Xlll

on 10 days as compared with 7 in ’9 7 and 23 in ’96. August
keeps its place for rainfall, May and October being much
higher than in ’97. The defect of the earlier months was
very largely made up by the heavier fall of the last quarter.
August has still increased its lead as the wettest month
in the year, whilst April has lost its lead to March, thus
verifying the anticipation of last year’s report. The cumu¬
lative totals from 1841 now stand at ; — August 158*41 inches,
October 155*58 inches, and July 152*37 inches. For the
driest we get, taking a 30-day month as the standard,
March 91*92 (actually 94*98 inches), April 98*72, and Feb¬
ruary 93*16 (actually 86*95). The highest temperature of
August and September coincided with the occurrence of
well-marked sun-spots. The anticipation of higher rain¬
fall in July and August and less in October has not been
fulfilled by our experience in this year.

The low rainfall of the earlier months of the year accounts
for the absence of floods in the Ouse. In the first seven
months of the year the water never rose 6 feet above Summer
level, while in 1897, on February 10th, the height was 10ft. 5m.
Heavy rain in August brought it up to 7ft. 9m. on August 6th,
but during the remainder of the month the river was low.
The highest level was reached on October 19th with 9ft. gin.
From that date until the first week of November, there was
much flood-water in the river. The general height compares
with the low rainfall of the year.

Library. — A considerable amount of work has been in
the Library during the year. Several books dealing with
subjects wholly outside our province have been handed over
to other institutions where they are more in place and where
they have been gratefully received. Many duplicates have
been given away ; in several cases they were the publications
of learned Societies from which similar courtesies will be
obtained. By the relief thus afforded to ourselves, and by a
considerable amount of re-arrangement, much space has been
gained, and the congestion of which the Hon. Librarian has
so often had cause to complain has been relieved. Indeed
there is now room for at least ten years’ additions — even at the

XIV

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1898.

present rapid rate of growth. But the question of providing
fresh accommodation has only been deferred, not settled.

The Cataloguing of the books is steadily progressing, and
the Hon. Librarian wishes here to acknowledge the help kindly
given by Mr. George Wilson in this work. In all probability
the catalogue will be finished in 1899.

Photographic Section. — The number of members of this
Section has increased during the last Session (from 24 to 27)
and the attendance at the meetings has been well maintained.
It would be well if it were more widely made known that
members and associates of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society
can now join the Section on payment of a reduced annual
subscription of 2s. 6d., and that non-members of the Yorkshire
Philosophical Society can be admitted for an annual sub¬
scription of 5s. Several new members have already availed
themselves of this privilege.

At Christmas the Photographic Section joined the Affiliated
Photographic Societies of Great Britain. This will in future
enable the Section to obtain sets of prints, lantern slides and
papers on photographic subjects for exhibition or discussion
at the monthly meetings and thus, it is hoped, add much to
their attractiveness. The finances of the Section are in a
satisfactory state.

STATION, YORK.— THE MUSEUM.

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XIX

OUSE FLOODS FROM RETURNS TO THE CITY SURVEYOR.

COMPARATIVE TABLE, 1898.

Date.

Nidd at Patelev
Bridge.

Ure at Middle-
ham Bridge.

Swale at
Richmond.

Hour.

Hei

gbt

I

Hour.

Hei

ght

1

Hour.

Height

ft.

in.

ft.

in.

ft. in.

Jan.

3

1 p.m.

6

0

99

5

7 a.m.

4

0

99

6

7 a.m.

6

0

9 1

7

7 a.m.

5

2

9 1

19

7 a.m.

4

0

99

20

7 a.m.

5

0

M

21

7 a.m.

4

2

Feb.

11

4 p.m.

3

2

5 9

14

7 a.m.

5

3

9 9

15

1 p.m.

4

0

M

16

7 a.m.

3

3

Mar.

1

4 p.m.

3

0

9 9

19

7 a m.

4

0

April

7

2 p.m.

5

9

5 9

10

noon

6

0

9?

11

7 a.m.

3

6

• 9

12

1 1 a.m.

4

0

^May

11

10 a.m.

5

0

6 p.m.

2

6

June

4

6 a.m.

2

6

99

7

5 a.m.

3

0

1 9

24

1 1 a.m.

4

0

Aug.

3

4 p.m.

2

0

*9

5

4 p.m.

6

0

99

6

4 p.m.

11

6

5 a.m.

4

0

9 9

10

4 p.m.

-1

0

Oct.

18

10 p.m.

6

6

1 p.m.

*

0

1-30 p.m.

4

0

99

19

4 a. m.

5

0

6 a.m.

8

0

9 1

25

7 a m.

3

6

99

26

2 p.m.

3

1

29

11 a.m.

4

0

30

11 a.m.

4

0

31

5 a.m.

n

(

0

Nov.

1

7 p.m.

10

6

”

2

5-30 p.m.

4

0

3

11 a.m.

6

6

9 9

25

4 p.m.

3

1

9 '

26

7 a.m.

3

0

Dec.

2

5 p.m.

10

0

4 p.m.

3

0

9 9

5

4 p.m.

5

0

99

6

4 p.m.

4

2

9 9

9

11 a.m.

5

0

99

10

1 p.m.

9

0

1”

27

4 p.m.

11

6

noon

4

6

THE TREASURER IN ACCOUNT WITH THE YORKSHIRE

Previous

Year.

200

115

8

6

6

6

11

206

6

©r.

INCOME.

Subscriptions : —

Town Members
Country Members
Temporary Members
Lady Subscribers
Associates
Arrears received
For Keys of Gates

Rents : —

Major Allenby, St. Mary’s Lodge ... .

Mr. Hill, Marygate Baths

York Amateur Rowing Club .

York and District Field Naturalists Society, less £1 paid

to Attendant ... ... .

York Waterworks Company... ... .

Corporation of York ...

Yorkshire School for the Blind .

Hire of Tent and Tables ... .

Whitsuntide Admission Fees .

Less : —

Attendants and Police . 5 1 H

Joiners fixing barricades . 013 0

Meteorological Department

Sale of Catalogues .

Sale of Photographs

Sale of Duplicate sets of Labels

Bank Interest ... .

Gate Money ... ... ... ... . .

Tennis Courts .

Interest on £918 8s. 9d. India 3°/0 Stock, less Income Tax
(The late W. F. Rawdon’s Bequest)

£

s.

d.

663

0

0

13

0

0

0

0

0

54

0

0

5

0

0

17

15

0

60

1

0

1

65

0

0

40

0

0

5

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

0

2

0

0

0

1

0

13

5

1 °

r—i

5

14

n

812 16 0

111 2 0
Nil.

7

11

9

15

17

0

6

4

9

2

16

6

0

8

0

2

14

6

200

11

9

7

13

0

19

19

6

1168

£1190

14

9

Balance in hands of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1898.

156

13

6

£156

13

6

Examined and found correct,

J. A. CUNNING IIAME.

EDWIN GRAY, Hon, Treasurer .

PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY for Year ending 31st DEC. 1898.

Previous

Year.

2

127

104

■70

4b

EXPENDITURE.

£ s. d.

Crown Rent ...

Corporation Rent
Pates and Taxes : —

Rates and Taxes. Parishes of St. Wilfrid, St.

Olave and St. Michael-le- Belfry
Waterworks Company’s Rate ...

Gardeners’ Licenses
Receipt Book Stamping ...

£ s. d.

27 11 10
5 9 6

2 5 0

1 9 2

Insurance ... ... .

Salaries and Wages : —

Mr. Platnauer

Mr. Fielden .

Miss Baines

Mr. Guy ... . .

Attendants at Museum and Hospitium, viz :

Attendant at Museum ... ... ... ... 65 0 0

Female Attendant at Museum ... ... 27 6 0

Female Attendant at Hospitium . 32 10 0

Gardeners, including temporary labour and
extra duty at Gates, &c.

150 0 0
60 0 0
II 12 0
25 0 0

121 16 0

108 19 6

^Yorkshire Insurance Company— Annuity
General Repairs and Expenses : —

Museum and Hospitium, Additions, Repairs
and Expenses
Gardens : —

General Additions, Repairs and Expenses ...
Restoration of Rhododendron Beds ...
Asphalting Walks
Repairs to Lawn Mower
Estate : —

Builders’ and Joiners’ Work ...

Slaters’ Work ...

Painting and Paperhanging ...

Smiths’. Plumbers’, and like work ...
Bronze Tablet for Abbey Walls
Sundries ...

10 19 5

7 7 10

7 10 0
3 15 1

II II 8
19 8

6 5 8

25 5 1 1

7 0 0

0 13 10

51 12 10

29 12 I

Cr.
£ s. d.
1 0 0
19 8 1

36 15 9
7 5 0

510 7 6
198 3 0

58 9 9

139

11

11

Tennis Courts . .

• • •

9

1

0

Tent

• • •

1

1

0

Library

• • •

23

2

0

17

Lectures

. • •

17

7

9

53

Printing and Stationery

. . .

3

15

5

9

Printing Reports and Postages thereof ...

• • •

23

13

10

IS

Printing Communications to Members

and

9

Postage of same ...

• • •

12

16

2

Gas , Coal and Colie : —

29

Museum

• ■ •

20 11

0

13

Gardens

• •

9 8

0

14

Esfcsitc ••• ••• ••• . . . •••

• • •

15 15

7

31

15

17

7

Antiquarian Department ...

• • •

13

17

3

Meteorological Department

• • •

1 5

12

0

1

Preparing Photographs for Sale .

• • •

2

6

0

Sundry Postages

• ■ •

7

17

11

Sundries, including carriage of parcels ...

• • •

1

11

8

Catalogues .

...

11

13

1

1141

£1132

13

2

27

Excess of Income over Expenditure

...

58

1

7

£1190

11

9

Balance in hands of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1897

«

• • • • • •

98

11

11

Excess of Income over Expenditure, 1898

• • • • • •

• • • • • •

58

1

7

£156

13

6

*On account of an Annuity of £201 8s. Od.

per

annum payable until October 1911 inclusive :

1033

Principal repaid . £1137 0

I

2460

,, outstanding ... 2362 19

8

£3500 0 0

YORK — THE MUSEUM.

Sunshine Values. YORK — THE MUSEUM.

XXII

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XX111

NEW MEMBERS.— 1898.

Akenhead, John, A comb Park.

Andrew, W. H., 1, Grosvenor Terrace.

Appleton, T. H., 2, St. Mary’s.

Barraclough, E., 3, Bootham Crescent.

Britton, A. J., Stret'.on House , 42, St. Olaves Road.
Britton, G. H., 30, Queen Anne's Road.

Brown, O. C. B., 22, North Parade.

Cattley, Walter, The Mount.

Chadwick, Mrs., 24, St. Saviourgate.

Coates, J. J. A., 19, Gillygate.

Cole, J. T., 19, Sycamore Terrace.

Day, Alfred, Sandroyd, Wigginton Road.

Dennis, Mrs., 39, Blossom Street.

Gretton, John, Blake Street.

H ewison, Revd. G. H., Walmgate.

Hopkins, S. H., 108, Bootham.

Kershaw, J. B., 51, Haxby Road.

King, W. Sewell, 23, Burton Lane.

Lowis, George, Pavement.

McLaurie, Archibald, 24, Queen Anne's Road.
Nelson, George, M.D., 15, Bootham Terrace.
Pickering, Mrs., Ladbrook, Scarcroft Road.

Pinder, Chas., 15, Monkgate.

Rawling, Geo., 10, Portland Street.

Rowntree, Arthur, 49, Bootham.

Selke, J. W., Dunholme, Bootham.

Skird, R. N., 1, North Parade.

Spence, Malcolm, Clifton.

Stephenson, G. G., Bark House , New Street.

Stott, G. H., Davygate.

Taite, Wm. A., The Rosery, The Mount.

Tate, John, 42, Blossom Street.

XXIV

Teny, Lady, Hawthorn Villa.

Turner, Mrs., ig, Bootham Crescent.

Vickers, Rev. R. W., Nahum.

Walker, Mrs. Wm., 14, Bootham Terrace.
Washington, Albert E., Parliament Street.

Wilson, E. Neville, Fairholme, Queen Amies Road.

NEW LADY SUBSCRIBERS.

Cooper, Miss, 29, The Mount.

Pumphrey, Miss, 17, Priory Street.

Walker, Miss A., 41A, Marygate.

Williamson, Mrs., 25, Grosvenor Terrace.

NEW ASSOCIATES.

Dunhill, C. H., M.D.

Foggitt, Wm., South Villa , Thirsk.

Garrett, G. L., General Manager's Office , N.E. Railway Co.

xxv

DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM & LIBRARY.

LIBRARY.

Books Presented.

The Quarterly Journal of the Geolo¬
gical Society of London, vol. liv. ,
1898.

The Journal of the Chemical Society
of London, vols. lxxiii., lxiv., and
Abstracts.

The Report of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science,
Toronto, 1897.

12 Vols. of the Palseontographical
Society, Quenstedt’s Gasteropoda
4 parts, Echinodermata 7 parts,
Brachiopoda 1 part, Journal of the
Linnean Society, Zoology 48 parts,
Botany 57 parts, Proceedings, 8
parts, and 15th Annual Report
of the United States Geological
Survey.

Transactions of the Zoological
Society of London, vol. xiv., parts
5, 6, 7, 8, Proceedings parts 1, 2,
1898.

Memoirs and Proceedings of the
Manchester Literary and Philo¬
sophical Society, vol. xlii, parts
L 2, 3> 4> 5*

Bulletin of the American Geographi¬
cal Society, vol. xxix., No. 4, xxx.,
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4.

The 17th Annual Report of the
United States Geological Survey,
parts 1, 2.

)

Donors.
The Society.

The Society.

The Association.

Sir Charles

Strickland, Bart.

The Society.

r The Society.

The Society.

The Trustees of

British Museum.

XXVI

Report of the Smithsonian Institu¬
tion for 1895.

Catalogue of Madreporaria in the
British Museum, vol. iii.

Transactions of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, vol. xxxviii., parts
3, 4, vol. xxxix., part 1, and Pro¬
ceedings, vol. xxi.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey
of India, series xv., vol. i., part 4,
vol. ii . , part 1, series xvi., vol. i.,
parts 1, 2, Memoirs, vol. xxvii.,
part 2, and Records, vol. xxx.,
part 4.

The Proceedings of the Geologists’
Association, vol. xv., parts 6, 9, 10.

Transactions of the Leicester Liter¬
ary and Philosophical Society, vol.
iv., parts 11, 12, vol. xii parts 1, 2.

The Journal of the Manchester Geo¬
graphical Society vol. xi. , Nos. 10
to 12, vol. xii., parts 1, 2.

Memoirs of the Russian Geological
Society, vol. xvi., No. 1, Bulletin,
vol. xvi, Nos 3 to 9, and Supple¬
ment, vol. xvii., Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

The Institution.

1 The Trustees of
) British Museum.

The Society

/The Indian Survey.

The Association.

[ The Society.

)

The Society.

The Society.

)

I

The Society.
The Society.

Proceedings of the Mineralogical
Society of St. Petersburg, part 9.

Proceedings of the Naturalists’

Society of St. Petersburg, vol. xxv.

An Account of the Crustacea of Nor¬
way, by G. O. Sars, vol. ii., parts 9, 1- The Author.
10, 11.

Proceedings of the Naturalists’

Society of Kiew, Russia, vol. xiv.,
part 2, vol. xv., parts 1, 2.

Proceedings of the Royal Institution
of Great Britain, vol. xxv., part 2,

No. 69.

The Society.

- The Institution.

XXV11

The Journal of the Royal Society of
Antiquarians of Ireland, vol. vii.,
part 4.

Transactions of the Edinburgh Geo¬
logical Society, vol. vii., part 3.

Transactions of the Northumberland,
Durham, and Newcastle-upon-
Tyne Natural History Society,
vol. xiii, part 2.

Transactions of the Burton-upon-
Trent Natural History and
Archaeological Society, vol. iii.,
part 3.

8th and 9th Annual Reports of the
Missouri Botanical Garden.

Transactions of the New York
Academy of Sciences, vol. xvi.,
and Annals, vol. x., Nos. 1 to 12,
vol. xii. part 1.

History of the Horn Book, by A. W.
Tuer F.S.A.

An Account of the Stained Glass
Windows and other Antiquities
in the Church of All Saints’,
North Street.

Characteristics of Volcanos, by
James D. Dana.

Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geolo¬
gical and Polytechnic Society,
vol. viii., part 2.

Proceedings of the Bristol Natural¬
ists Society, vol. viii., part 2.

The Journal of the Northampton¬
shire Natural History Society,
Nos. 69 to 72.

Transactions and Proceedings of the
Perthshire Society of Natural
Science, vol. ii., part 6.

The Society.

- The Society.

The Society.

r The Society.

1

The Trustees.

The Academy.

)

The Author.

Lady Green.

J

Dr. Tempest Anderson.

The Society.

The Society.

The Society.

The Society.

XXV111

The Proceedings and Transactions j
of the Nova Scotian Institute of r
Science, vol. ix., part 3. )

Inventaire General des Richesses )
d’Art de la France. j

Report and Proceedings of the Bel- |
fast Natural History and Philoso- -
phical Society for 1896-7. )

Annals of the Queensland Museum, )
Nos. 1 and 4. f

Records of the Geological Survey of .
New South Wales, vol. v., part 4,
Memoirs, No. 6, and Notes of >
Chromic Iron Ore and occurrence
of Tungsten Ores in New South
Wales.

The Institute.

The Director.

The Society.

The Council.

The Survey.

The Actinaria around Jamaica, by )
J. E. Duerden, A.R.C., Sc., Lon. )

The Author.

Bulletin of the Geological Institution |

of the University of Upsala, Vol. iii, - The Institution,
part 2. j

Bulletin of the Wisconsin Geological '

and Natural History Society, Nos.

1, 2.

University of Toronto Studies, Bio¬
logical and Psychological.

■ The Society.

\ The University.

Anales del Museo Nacional de Monte¬
video.

The Museum.

Memoirsofthe Indian Meteorological
Society, vol. vii., Rainfall Tables
of the British Islands, 1866 —
1890, Quarterly Current Charts for
the Pacific Ocean, Meteorological
observations at Stations of the
2nd order for 1894, and Daily and
Weekly Weather Reports for 1898.

Samlede Philologiske Af handlinger,
by P. 0. Schjott.

\

V The Meteorological
Society.

/

he Author.

XXIX

Crania Antiqua in parte orientali ]
Norvegise by Justus Barth. )

Some Notes on the Road from |
London to Canterbury in the j-
middle ages. J

Catalogue of the Hadfield Collection ')
of Shells in the Manchester l
Museum, Owens’ College. J

Annual Report of the Department
of Mines and Agriculture of New -
South Wales for 1897.

List of Members and Rules of the ]
Royal Societies Club. j

Report of the Australasian Assoc- ')
iation for the Advancement of -
Science, Vol. i. )

List of the Publications of the United )
States Geological Survey. )

78th Annual Report of the Leeds )
Literary & Philosophical Society, j

The Author.

The Chaucer Society.

The Council.

The Department.

The Club.

The Association.

The Survey.

The Society.

GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

A Series of Fossil Brachiopoda from ]
near Malton. )

25 Specimens of Rhynchonella cynoce- \
phala from the Opalinus Zone, [
Inferior Oolite Gloucestershire, -
and 6 Specimens of Aulacothyris
Blakei.

A Specimen of Spirifer from India.

Mr. Oldfield, Malton.

Mr. F. J. Walker, M.A.

Mr. A. Todd.

ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

A very fine Collection of British \
Butterflies and Moths contained in
a Cabinet of 40 drawers, collected
by the late Mr. G. Dennis.

A large Collection of Birds’ Skins )
from Madras, India. |

Mrs. Dennis.

Mr. W. Dumurgue,

XXX

Mounted head and skin of a Yak )
from Thibet. )

A Collection of Wasps and Bees.
Specimens of Recent Shells.

Two Eggs of Barrow’s Golden Eye )
Duck from Iceland. j

A Specimen of Vespertilio N alter eri |
from North Wales. j

Mr. W. H. Cobb.

Miss Thoyts.

Col. Ditmas.

Mr. Oxley Grabham,

M.A.

Mr. J. Backhouse, F.Z.S.

BOTANY.

A small Collection of Mosses from '
Britain, Norway, Africa, New
Zealand, Trinidad, &c.

Mr. W. H. Pearson,
Knutsford.

ANTIOUITIES.

✓Sw'

Some Sculptured Roman Stones and
other Antiquities found in Railway -
Street.

A Series of Ethnological Specimens )
from China, &c. J

Three Stone Axeheads.

Two Flint Arrow heads from
The Mummy of a Cat.

An Antique Silver Cup.

A small Collection of Roman Antiq- )
uities from Rome. )

Specimens of Phoenician Glass from )
Tyre. J

The York Equitable In¬
dustrial Society, per
G. W. Briggs.

Mr. S. H. Tickell.

Mr. Oxley Grabham,
Mr. A. Todd. [M.A.
Mr. Turner, Clifton.
Miss Clara Wilson.

Mr. C. E. Harris, Tylney
Hall, Winchfield.

MINERALOGY.

A Series of Rocks and Minerals. Rev. A. S. Commeline.
A piece of pink Chalcedony. Mast. Maurice Platnauer

MISCELLANEOUS.

A Portrait in Oil of the late Canon
Raine, painted by Mr. H. Key worth

Raine.

■ The Artist.

An Instrument for finding position | qqie yery Rev.

of Stars at Sea, ) The Dean of York,

COMMUNICATIONS.

CATALOGUE OF BRITISH PLANTS IN THE HERBARIUM

OF THE

YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,

PART V.

Compiled by HENRY J. WILKINSON, Hon. Curator, Botany.

LEGUMINOS/E.

293. Genista anglica, Linn.

Date.

Collector.

Needle Furze. Moist peaty heaths ,

from Ross southward.

Distrib. W. Europe, from Denmark to

France, &c.

Sp. Copgrove, nr. Boro’bridge, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

Idle and Eccleshill Moors, W. Yorks.
Moor between Scarbro’ and Whitby ,,

| 1824

S. Hailstone

Strensall Common, York

1840

0. A. Moore

, , , , , , ... ...

1891

H. J. Wilkinson

Skipwith Common, ,,

1883

? J

Raskelf Common, ,,

1834

Rev. W. Gray

294. Genista piEosa, Linn.

Dry gravelly heaths. Suffolk and South

Wales, Cornwall, and Kent.

Distrib. From Gothland southward to

Greece, &c.

Sp. Lizard Point, Cornwall

1800

Sir T. G. Cullum

? J 5 ? 5 ? * * * * # '

1838

Dr. Hooker

Bury, Suffolk

o

o

00

r-H

Sir T. G. Cullum

295. Genista tinctoria, Linn.

Dyers’ greenweed. Meadows and fields ,

from Wigton southward.

Distrib. From Gothland southward, N. and

W. Asia.

Sp. Copgrove, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

Burnley, Lancs.

Between Bier ley and the Low Moor,

1800

S. Hailstone

Yorks. ... ... ... ...

1810

Near Flaxton, York ...

1882

H. J. Wilkinson

1

Herbarium.

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone

0. A. Moore
H. J. Wilkinson

> >

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone

5 *

H. J. Wilkinson

2

Date.

Collector.

296. Ulex europaeus, Linn.

Gorse. Heaths and waste ground ,

Shetland to Channel Islands.

Sp. Cambridge

1780

J. Dalton

Bolton Woods and Thorparch, Yorks.

1820

S. Hailstone

Strensall Common, York

1888

H. J. Wilkinson

297. Ulex nanus, Forster.

Heaths, dc. South of England, &c.

Distrib t Belgium and France.

Sp. Wandsworth, Surrey ...

1820

W. Middleton

298. Cytisus scoparius, Link

Broom. Dry hills and heaths,

Caithness southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, W. Africa.

Sp. Copgrove, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

Bingley Wood, Yorks.

Windhill Crag, ,,

| 1824

S. Hailstone

Myton, Boroughbridge, Yorks.

1835

Rev. W. Gray

299. Ononis spinosa, Linn.

Rest-Harrow. Dry pastuies and sandy

places, Forfar to Channel Islands.

Distrib. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa.

Sp. Sands of Yarmouth, Noi folk ...

1843

S. Hailstone

300. Ononis repens, Linn.

Sp. Baildon, Yorks.

Bingley, ,,

[ (1840)

S. Hailstone

Copgrove, ,,

i

1790

J. Dalton

Herbarium.

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone
H. J. Wilkinson

W. Middleton

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone
H. J. Wilkinson

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

3

Date

Collector.

301. Ononis reclinata, Linn.

Sea cliffs, Devon, Wigton, &c.

Distrib. W. France, Spain, Ac.

Sp. Galloway, Wigton

1836

P. N. Fraser

302. Trig'oneiSa ©rthopod-

ioides, 0.0.

Dry gravelly places, from Fife southward.

Distrib. W. Europe from Denmark to Italy.

Sp. S. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol ...

1798

J. Dalton

Yarmouth, Norfolk ...

1810

R. Ley] and

303. BVSedicago sativa, Linn.

Lucerne. Hedges and fields (alien).

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia.

Sp. Thorparch, Yorks.

1839

S. Hailstone

Devil’s Ditch, Carnbs.

1839

J J

Trumpington, ,,

1843

5 5

Cliff, Sandgate, Kent

1843

Mrs. J. Hailstone

By the River Tees, nr. Croft, Yorks...

(1830)

J. Dalton

304. Medicare sylvestris,

Fries.

Medick. Sandy and gravelly places,

Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, &c.

305. Med icagfo faicata, Linn

Sandy and gravelly banks, S. E. of

England.

Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, India.

Sp. Chippenham Gravel Pits, Cambs.

1843

S. Hailstone

Wilbraham, Cambs. ...

1845

5 J

Bury, Suffolk

1800

Sir T. G. Cullum

Norwich, Norfolk

1800

Dr. Smith

( Snail well, Cambs.

1830

J. Dalton

( ( Sub nom A/, sylvestris .)

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

5 5

)>

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone

5 >

Rev. J. Dalton

j?

5 )

4

306. Medicago lupulina,

Linn.

Waste places and fields , Shetland to
Chancel Islands.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, temp. Asia.
Sp. Chippenham Gravel Pits, Cambs.
Dullingham ,, ,,

Copgrove, Yorks.

Date.

1848

1845

1790

Collector.

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone

>5

J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

307. Medicago lenticulata,

Willd.

E. & S. Counties, from York to Cornwall.
Distrib. Mid. and S. Europe, N. Africa,
and N. Asia.

Sp. Sandgate, Kent

1840

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

308. Medicago maculata,

Sibth.

Pastures and hedgebanks, from Northumber-

land southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

Sp. Westcliffe, Hastings ...

1839

S. Hailstone, junr

Sandgate, Kent

1843

Mrs. J. Hailstone

Coggleshall, Essex ...

(1840)

T. B. Hall

Great Orme’s Head, N. Wales

(1830)

J. Dalton

Newark, Notts.

1820

W. Middleton

309. Medicago minima,

Desr.

Sandy fi< Ids , in the Eastern Counties,
Norfolk to Kent.

Distrib. From Denmark southward.

Sp. Havergate, Suffolk

.Do/12,1829

J. Dalton

Landguard Fort, Suffolk

1829

Prof. Henslow

Mildenhall, Suffolk ...

1837

C. C. Babinston

v — .

Also duplicates from H. C. Watson ...

S. Hailstone

J 5

5 5

Rev. J. Dalton
W. Middleton

Rev. J. Dalton

5 J

S. Hailstone

5 J

5

310. Meliiotus altissima,
Thuill.

Melilot. Fields, cbc., from Perth south¬
ward (alien).

Distrib. Europe, E. & W. Asia, &c.

Sp. Dullingham and Wilbraham Gravel
Pits, Cambs.

Date.

1815

Collector.

S. Hailstone

311. Meliiotus alba, Desr.

Sp. In an old quarry on the banks of the
Canal four miles from Edinburgh...

1836

S. Hailstone

Hebburn Ballast Hills, Durham

1848

J. Storey

312. Trifolium subterran-
eum, Linn.

Dry gravelly pastures, from Chester
southward.

Distrib. From Holland southward, N. Africa,
W. Asia.

Sp. Between Hastings and St. Leonard’s,
Sussex

1834

S. Hailstone

St. Alban’s, Herts. ...

1829

J. Dalton

Hampton Court, Middlesex ...

1840

R. Leyland

Near Brighton, Sussex

1820

W. Middleton

Near Newark, Notts.

1892

H. J. Wilkinson

313. Trifolium pratense,

Linn.

Red or purple clover. Pastures , Shetland
to Channel Islands.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.
Sp. South Denes, Yarmouth, Norfolk

1843

S. Hailstone

Copgrove, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton
A. Walker
W. Middleton
H. J. Wilkinson

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

6

314. TnfoSiym medium,

Linn.

Pastures , from Ross southward.
Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.
Sp. Allerton, nr. Bradford, Yorks. ...1
Heslington Fields, York
Copgrove, Yorks.

315. Trifolsum ochmleusum

Linn.

Dry pastures , in the Eastern Counties,
Norfolk to Essex.

Distrib. From Belgium southward.

Sp. Lane between Cambridge and Graud-

chester

Shudy-Camps, Cambs.

Wendens, Essex
Bungay, Suffolk

316. Trifoiiym rraaritimum,

Hyds. I

Salt marshes , dc., in the south and east.

Distrib. W. and S. Europe, Holland to
Spain, Ac.

Sp. Burnham, Somerset ...

Yarmouth, Norfolk ...

Skoreham, Sussex
Near Bristol, (Somerset)

i

317. Trifoisum inoamatum,

Linn.

Alien.

Field near Aberlady, Haddington, Ac.

318. Trifoiiym sfeSlatum,

Linn.

A lien .

Shoreham, Sussex
Shoreham, Sussex

Date.

Collector.

Herbarium.

1848

M. Birkbeck

S. Hailstone

1846

H. Baines

A. W. Walker

1790

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

1845

S. .Hailstone

S. Hailstone

1835

5 >

1850

Rev. H. Marsham

? 5

1830

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

(1840)

W. R, Crotch

S. Hailstone

1830

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

1845

E. Edwards

1842

Carpenter

S. Hailstone

(1840)

Balfour

S. Hailstone

1838

Hooker

S. Hailstone

1820

W. Middleton

W. Middleton

7

319. Trifolium arvense, Linn

Dry sandy yields, dc., from Ross
southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia

Sp. On the shore, Coatham, N. E. Yorks.
Heslington Fields, York
South Denes, Yarmouth, Norfolk

320. Trifolium striatum,

Linn.

Dry pastures, from Forfar southward.

Distrib. From Gothland southward, North
Africa.

Sp. Yarmouth, Norfolk ...

, , , , ... ...

Sandwich, Kent
Isle of May, Fife

321. Trifolium scabrum,

Linn.

Sandy and stony pastures.

Distrib. Belgium southward, AY. Asia, N.
Africa.

Sp. Near Oldham, Lancs. . ...
AA7ilbraham Pits, Carnbs.

Eliershaw Hill, Ripon, Yorks.

322. Trifolium glomeratum

Linn.

Gravelly places, Norfolk and Kent to
Cornwall.

Distrib. AV. France, Spain, &c.

Sp. Bungay Common, Suffolk

, , , , ... . . .

Date.

Collector.

Herbarium.

1810

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

1804

5 ?

1843

? 5

? >

1848

G. Fitt

S. Hailstone

1845

S. Gibson

A. AY. Walker

(1820)

AAr. Middleton

AV. Middleton

(1820)

J. Dalton

-

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

1848

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

1800

AV. Brunton

5 J

1843

G. Fitt

S. Hailstone

1843

D. Stock

J5

8

323. Trifolium suffocatum,

Linn.

Sandy seashores and pastures , Norfolk,
Cornwall, and Anglesea.

Distrib. Mid-Europe and Mediterranean
region.

Sp. South Denes, Yarmouth, Norfolk

? * 5 > ? ? • * ‘

Aldborough, Suffolk ...

Yarmouth, Norfolk ...

324. Trifolium hybridum

var eleg'ans, Savi.

Sp. Claygate, Surrey

325. Trifolium repens, Linn.

White clover. Pastures, Shetland to
Channel Islands.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and
W. Asia.

Sp. Woolwich, Kent
Copgrove, Yorks.

326. Trifolium fragiferum,

Linn.

Meadows, dec., Fife southward.
Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia.

Sp. Near Tarlton Bridge ...

Knavesmire, York
Thorparch, Yorks.

Bottisham, Cambs. ...

Copgrove, Yorks.

Claypool Mill, Newark, Notts.

Date.

Collector.

Herbarium.

1848

G. Fitt

S. Hailstone

1848

S. Hailstone

1810

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

1800

Sir T. Gage

j >

1847

H. C. Watson

S. Hailstone

(1840)

W. Jones

S. Hailstone

1700

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

(1830)

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

1810

? J

5 5

1834

>>

> 1

1839

5 5

5 >

(1800)

J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

(1820)

W. Middleton

W. Middleton

9

327. Trifolium procumbens,

Linn.

Dry pastures, from Ross southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. & W. Asia.

Sp. Seamer Quarries, Yorks.

Westcliffe, Hastings ...

Dullingham, Cambs.

Copgrove, Yorks.

328. Trifolium duhium,

Sibth.

Dry pastures, roadsides , dc., Caithness
southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, &c.

Sp. Sub nom T. minus, from R. TeesdaL
W. Brunton, &c. ...

329. Trifolium filiforme,

Linn.

Dry pastures near the sea, from Roxburgh
southward.

Distrib. Europe to the Caucasus.

Sp. South Denes, Yarmouth

330. Anthyllis vulneraria,

Linn.

Kidney-Yetch. Dry pastures, banks, dc.,
Shetland to Channel Islands.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. anc
W. Asia.

Sp. Malham, Yorks.

Thorparch, ,,

Copgrove, ,,

Strensall, York

Date.

Collector.

(1840)

S. Hailstone

1834

? ?

1843

J >

1790

J. Dalton

None.

No locality.

1843

(1840)

S. Hailstone

(1840)

? )

1790

J. Dalton

1820

W. Middleton

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone

> 5

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

Rev. J. Dalton
W. Middleton

10

331. Lotus corniculatus,

Linn.

Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Pastures and waste
places, Shetland to Channel Islands.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and
W. India.

Sp. Thorparch, Yorks.

Date.

1840

Collector.

S. Hailstone

Pilmoor, ,,

1884

Rev. W. Gray

Copgrove, ,,

1790

J. Dalton

332. Lotus tenuis, Waldst &

Kit.

Damp meadows and banks, from Forfar
southward.

Sp. Boston, near Thorparch, Yorks.

1831

S. Hai' stone

333. Lotus pilosus, Beeke.

Moist meadows, cdc., Banff southward.

Distrib. Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa.

Sp. My field in Horton Lane, Bradford,
Yorks.

S. Hailstone

Seamer Mere, Scarbro’, Yorks.

1828

)

? 5

Brafferton, Yorks.

1834

Rev. W. Gray

334. Lotus angustissimus,

Linn.

Dry banks by the sea, from Kent to
Cornwall.

Distrib. S.W. France, Spain, W. Asia.

Sp. Castle Hill. Hastings, Sussex

(1830)

Dr.Wm. Harewood

Penzance, Cornwall ...

1820

J. Dalton

Hastings, Sussex

1800

Dawson Turner

335. Astragalus alpinus,

Linn.

Aberdeen and Forfar.

Distrib. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia,
W. Tibet, N. America.

Sp. Clova Mts., Forfarshire

1837

Dr. Balfour

Highlands of Scotland

1844

H. C. Watson

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone
H. J. Wilkinson
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

5 ?

H. J. Wilkinson

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

5 >

S. Hailstone

j >

II

336. Astragalus hypoglottis

Linn.

Gravelly and chalky places, from Sutherland
to Essex and Wilts.

Distrib. Arctic and Alpine Europe, N. Asia,
N. America.

Sp. By the side of the road between Thorp-
arch and Collingham, Yorks.

Date .

1830

Collector.

S. Hailstone

Upon the coast near Preston Pans,
Haddingtonshire

(1820)

Mr. Gough

Aberford, Yorks.

180G

W. Middleton

Near Malton, Yorks. ...

1796

R. Teesdale

337. Astragalus glyeyphyl-
fos, Linn.

Wild Liquorice. Thickets on chalky and
gravelly places, Ross southward.
Distrib. Europe, N. Asia.

Sp. Near Ripon, Yorks. ...

1800

'

W. Bruuton

Near Scarbro’, ,,

1813

S. Hailstone

Chalk Pit close to Cherry Hinton,
Cambs.

1843

Sleningford, Yorks. ...

1800

J. Dalton

333. Oxytropis uralensis,

0.0.

Rocky pastures, from Wigton to Caithness.

Distrib. Arctic and sub-Alpine Europe,
N. Asia, N. America.

Sp. North Queen’s Ferry, Fifeshire

(1830)

>

Maclagan

Coast of Fife ...

1826

J. Dalton

339. Oxytropis campestris,

D.C.

Alpine rocks, Clova Mountains.

Distrib. Arctic and Alpine Europe, Siberia,
N. America.

Clova Mts., Forfar

1800

J. Dalton

,, ,,

1830

S. Hailstone

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone

5 5

W. Middleton
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
) >

f >

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone

12

Date.

340. Ornithopus perpusillus

Linn.

Sandy and gravelly places, from Moray
southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa.

Sp. Castle Hill, Hastings, Sussex
Ripon, Yorks.

Hutton Moor (Ripon), Yorks.

1834

1800

1803

Collector.

S. Hailstone
J. Dalton
W. B run ton

341. Ornithopus ebracteatus

Brot.

Sandy places , Scilly and Channel Islands.
Distrib. W. Mediterranean region, Azores.
Sp. Ex liort

H. C. Watson

342. Hippocrepis comosa,

Linn.

Horseshoe Vetch. Dry calcareous banks,
Ayr to Devon.

Distrib. W. and S. Europe, N. Africa.

Sp. Malham, Yorks.

Cronkley Fell, Yorks.

343. Onobrychis sativa, Lam

1830

1820

S. Hailstone

Chalky and gravelly soils (a doubtful native).

Sp. Near the Turnpike, Bramham Moor

Pontefract, Yorks. ... ... ... 1839

Devil’s Ditch, Cambs. ... ... 1839

S. Hailstone

>5

344. Vicia hirsuta, Koch.

Vetch. Hedges and, waste places,

Caithness southward.

Sp. Kirkstall Abbey, Yorks. ... ... 1830

Copgrove, Yorks . 1790

Heslington Fields, York ... ... 1800

S. Hailstone
J. Dalton
W. Middleton

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

5 5

S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

? 5

S. Hailstone

> 5

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton
W. Middleton

13

[

345. Vicia tetrasperma,

Moench.

Hedges and cornfields , from Forfar
southward.

Dislrib. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, &c.

Date.

Collector.

Sp. Near Kirklees, Yorks.

1830

Mr. Hustler

Copgrove, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

HesliDgton Fields, York

346. Vicia cracca, Linn.

Hedges, fields, cbc., Shetlands to Channel
Islands.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N. and
W. Asia.

1800

W. Middleton

Sp. Hesliugton Fields, York

1810

S. Hailstone

Copgrove, Yorks.

347. Vicia orobus, D.C.

Rocky Woods in the west, from Skye and
Forfar to Cornwall and Hants.

Distrib. Norway, S. France, &c.

1790

J. Dalton

Sp. Crossfell, Westmoreland

Banks of the Isla, Forfarsh. ...

(1800)

)

Rev. J. Harriman

Also near the old castle of Airley,
For arsli.

348. Vicia sySvatica, Linn.

Rocky woods, from Caithness southward.
Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia.

j. 1810

J. Dalton

Sp. Wood near Hutton Moor, W. Yorks _

Chapman’s Pasture, Scarbro’, Yorks....

1790

)

J. Dalton

Cloughton Wyke, Forge Valley, Scar¬
bro’, Yorks.

349. Vicia sepium, Linn.

Htdg<s and copses, fiom Channel Islands
to Orkney.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.

j- 1813

S. Hailstone

Sp. Bottisham, Cambs.

1830

S. Hailstone

Copgrove, Yorks .

1790

Rev. J. Dalton

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton
W. Middleton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

350. Vicia lute a, Linn.

Rocky and pebbly places near the sea ,
Forfar southward.

Distrib. From Holland southward.

Sp. Shoreham Harbour, Sussex ...

Date.

(1830)

Collector.

S. Bromfield

Shoreham, Sussex

1820

W. Middleton

351. Vicia sativa, Linn.

Hedges and roadsides (a casual).

Sp. Shipley Moor (near Maud’s Stable),
Yorks.

1805

S. Hailstone

Copgrove, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

352. Vicia angfustifoiia, Roth

Dry places , from Aberdeen southward.
Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.
Sp. Fields at Hastings, Sussex ...

1834

S. Hailstone

Henfield, Sussex

(1820)

Borrer

353. Vicia lathyroides, Linn.

Dry gravelly places, from Ross southward.

Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, and W. Asia.

Sp. Acomb, York ...

1822

J. Backhouse

Acomb and Poppleton, York ...

1883

H. J. Wilkinson

354. Vicia bithynica, Linn.

Bushy places near the sea, from Flint
and York, to Kent and Devon.

Distrib. W. and S. Europe, Asia Minor,
N. Africa.

Sp. Near Whitby, Yorks. ...

1820

W. Middleton

Near Brighton, Sussex

(1820)

Lyme [Regis), Dorsetshire

1805

Rev. — . Brooke

1

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone
W. Middleton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
H. J. Wilkinson

W. Middleton

5 J

S. Hailstone

T5

Date. ' Collector.

355. Lathyrus Aphaca, Linn. j

Cornfield*, fiom Warwick and Norfolk
to Kent and Devon.

Distrib. From Denmark southward, North
Africa, W. Asia.

Sp. Shorne, Kent ...

Monckton, near Ripon, Yorks.

356. Lathyrus Nissolia, Linn.

Grassy bushy places , from Cheshire
southward.

Distrib. From Holland southward, W. Asia.

Sp. Claygate, Surrey

Bungay, Suffolk ... ... ... )

Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ... ... )

Newark, Notts.

357. Lathyrus hirsutus, Linn

Fields, Kent, Surrey &c. (a colonist,
Watson).

Essex

358. Lathyrus pratensis,

Linn.

(1820)

1800

W. Middleton
W. Brunton

1843

(1820)

1820

H. C. Watson
J. Dalton
W. Middleton

(1820)

J. Dalton

Hedges, copses, d'c., Shetland to Channel
Islands.

Distrib. Euiope (Arctic), N. and W. Asia.

Sp. Wilbraham Gravel Pit, Cambs. ... 1845

Copgrove, Yorks. ... ... ... 1790

S. Hailstone
J. Dalton

359. Lathyrus SatifolsusLinn

(.i lien.)

Sp. Near Walden, Essex ...

Lane, near Sleights, N.E. Yorks.

(1840)

1822

Mr. Gibson
W. Middleton

Herbarium.

W. Middleton
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton
W. Middleton

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
W. Middleton

i6

360. Lathyrus sylvestris,

Linn.

Rocky thickets and hedges, Forfar southward.
Distrib. Europe (Arctic), Caucasus.

Sp. In a wood at the bottom of Chapman’s
pasture, Scarhro’ ...

Date.

1818

Collector.

S. Hailstone

Redness, near Whitehaven, Cumb. ...

(1800)

Rev. J. Harriman

361. Lathyrus palustris, Linn

Boggy meadows and copses , from York
to Somerset.

Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia, N.
America.

Sp. Gloddaeth, Ormshead, N. Wales

(1840)

W. R. Crotch

HesliDgton Fields, York

1830

W. Middleton

Askham Bogs, York ...

1850

H. Ibbotson

Shapwick Moor, Somerset

1883

H. Fisher

Near Beverley

1796

R. Teesdale

362. Lathyrus maritimus,

Bigel.

Pebbly beaches , on the East and South
coasts.

Distrib. Arctic and N. Europe, Asia.

Sp. Aldborough beach, Suffolk

1847

W. L. Notcutt

Between Walrner Castle & Kingsdown,
K e n t. ... ... ... ...

1839

E. Harvey

Aldborough, Suffolk ...

1815

J. Dalton

363. Lathyrus macrorrhizus
Wimm.

Copses, tic., Shetland to Channel Islands.
Distrib. Europe.

Sp. Copgrove, Yorks.

1790

J. Dalton

Thorparch, Yorks.

1840

S. Hailstone

364. Lathyrus niger, Wimm.

Sub- Alpine Scotch Woods.

Distrib. Europe.

Sp. Blair Athol, Perthshire

1839

W. Gardner

Herbarium.

S. Hailstone
Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone
W. Middleton
H. J. Wilkinson

Rev. J. Dalton

S. Hailstone

Rev. J. Dalton

Rev. J. Dalton
S. Hailstone

S. Hailstone

i7

“ YORK BELLFOUNDERS.”

'’JpHE earliest Church Bells in England were hand-bells, and
were about 12 inches high, made of thin plates of beaten
metal, bent into a four-sided form and rivetted, having a handle
at the top by which they were swung by the hand of the priest.
Two smaller, but similar shaped bells (fig. 1) are in the Museum,
one of iron covered with brass is four inches long by 3J inches
broad at the base. The other is of copper, and was found
February 2nd, 1894, whilst excavating at the Pavement end of
Parliament Street. These small bells may have been hung
round the necks of animals.

Fig. i.

D

i8

Bells cast in a mould soon superseded the hammered and
rivetted ones and gave an impulse to the development of the
bell. The advantages of the new method were soon apparent,
the size of the bell was gradually increased, so that bells began
to be suspended in our churches.

Bede mentions a bell at Whitby in 680, which, when rung on
the death of the abbess Hilda, was heard by the nuns at
Hackness ; from this circumstance it may reasonably be
concluded that large bells at this period were hung in other
churches.

At first, churches only possessed a single large bell: after¬
wards, to distinguish the different services, other bells were
added, in tune with each other, and thus a ring of bells was
formed. In the ninth century rings of bells were usual in the
country, and in the next century bells are recorded bearing
names which they received at their benediction, or baptism, as
it was more generally termed.

The city of York, from its ecclesiastical importance, would,
as soon as the use of bells became recognised, have its Minster,
churches, and monasteries furnished with them, and it is
probable that a founder, under the patronage of some
church dignitary, would set up a foundry in the city. The
bellfounder, as his business increased, would have workmen,
not only in York but in various parts of the country, travelling
from place to place, erecting their temporary furnaces and
casting bells close to the towers or turrets they were destined
to occupy.

Memorial Cross to a York Bellfounder.

That bells were cast in York at an early period is evident,
for in the church of St. Dennis was an ancient memorial cross
to a bellfounder. On either side of the cross are symbolic
devices, that on the dexter being a brazier or small furnace,
whilst on the other side is a bell of early character. The
slab (fig. 2) has been removed to the lower room of the
“ Hospitium.”

19

Fig. 2.

The earliest example of the Art of a York

Bellfounder.

The earliest example known of the art of the bellfounders of
our city is in the Museum, it was the Mortar of the Infirmary
of the Abbey of St. Mary, cast in 1308, by

WILLIAM DE TOWTHORPE,

who may have cast the ring of bells for the Abbey Church.
The romantic history of the mortar (fig. 3) is given in the
handbook to the Museum. It is a beautiful example of
mediaeval art, the body being surrounded by two rows of
quatrefoils, each containing a device, whilst a handle on either

20

Fig. 3.

side enabled it to be carried about: It bears the following
inscription : — On the upper rim —

‘‘ + JHovtara . Sri . Soljts . Hfciangcl . Dr .
Enfinnaria . 33r . ftTaric : Cbor.”

The lower—-

“ + JFr . SUtlls , £3c (Toutljorp . me . fecit. §M3.

iiictcffiirm.”

The next founder met with is

RICHARD TUNNOC,

who lived in his own house in Stonegate. In 1327 he repre¬
sented York in Parliament. He died in 1330, and is
commemorated by a painted window in the Minster behind
the organ in the Nave and within a few feet of his grave. This
memorial is widely known as

The Bellfounders’ Window7,

and was given by, or in memory of, Richard Tunnoc. It
illustrates the forming of the mould, the casting of a bell and
the bellfounder receiving the Archbishop’s benediction.

21

A coloured drawing and a detailed description of this window
is given in the late Rev. H. E. Ellacombe’s “ Bells of the
Church,” which work may be consulted in the Minster Library.

About the year 1355 Orders were made for the workmen
engaged on the Minster, in which are mentioned the ringing
of the bell of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the bell for vespers, the
noon bell, and also the ringing of the bell of St. Mary’s Abbey,
called “ le langebell.”

A bell removed from the Minster with others in 1765 to the
tower of St. Michael’s, Spurriergate, may have been the before-
mentioned bell of St. Mary. It bears the following : —

“ + Sum ilosa ^ulsata f¥l until |¥lana Focata 19

usually rendered in English, “ I being rung, am called Mary,
the Rose of the World.”

Each letter is from a separate stamp, and the capitals are
surmounted by a crown. A device thrice repeated consists of
three lions passant guardant looking to the sinister side, two
and one below, in the form of the letter T ; the upper ones
are crowned. Mr. J. Eyre Poppleton, of Pontefract, has
communicated that the device of the three lions occurs
on the third bell at Leathiey Church.

In 1360 the great bell of the Minster fell and was broken.
In 1371 The Fabric Rolls mention the names of

JOHN DE STAFFORD AND JOHN DE KIRKHAM

in connection with the casting of a great bell, also the
making of new clappers to two bells called “John” and
“ Chancellor” respectively, and re-hanging same, a large bell
for the clock, and a bell for the Masons’ Lodge.

The late Mr. Thomas North in his English Bells, writes : —

“There are good reasons for thinking that John de Stafford,
who is referred to before, was identical with a man of that
name, who was Mayor of Leicester in 1366 and again in 1370,
and that he was casting bells in that town in the middle of the
14th century. His bells are found in Leicestershire and in the
neighbouring counties. He used a rather handsome gothic

22

capital letter for his inscriptions, in which it may be noted
that the letter S is always reversed.”

The tenor bell at All Saints’, Leicester, bears the following :

“ + Jhohannes i de j Stafford ; Fecit j me j in

honore : Be :

• • Marie.

A John de Ivirkham, potter, was made a freeman of York in
1348, and on October 7th, 1426, Johanna, relict of John
Kirkham, citizen and potter, York, by Will, proved 15th Oct.,
1426, desired to be buried in the choir of St. Catherine in the
Church of St. Dennis, Walmgate. (Surtees Soc., Vul. 57,
p. 244 Note.)

“ In 1375, on St. James’ Day, the spire of St. Mary’s Abbey
was, during a great storm, struck by lightning and set on fire.
The tower and bells were burnt and ruined.”

The founder next met with is

JOHN of YORK,

who used fine large gothic capital letters for his inscriptions,
and sometimes a smaller alphabet.

The late Thomas North, in his works, says : — “ The number
of his bells still remaining in Leicestershire, considering their
antiquity, leads to the inference that John of York, supplied
many more in that county, which have since his time, from
various causes, been re-cast. If this be so he was probably
established at least for a time in Leicester or its neighbour¬
hood.”

At Sproxton, on the second bell, around the upper part in
small gothic letters is : —

“ -f IHOHANNES : DE : YoRKE : ME : FECIT :

In \ Honore j Beate j Marie.”

On the 1 ower part of the bell in larger capitals is —

“ -j- Jhesvs j Nazarenus j Rex j Jvdeorvm.”

The early founders frequently supplemented their bell¬
founding by other trades ; many of them were braziers or

23

potters, casting ewers, pots, &c., for domestic use, and took
their surnames from their principal occupation as

JOHN POTTER,

who cast a bell at Holy Trinity, Micklegate, containing the
inscription in gothic letters : —

“ + Ihc + Campana : Beate : Marie : Johannes :

Potter : me : fecit.”

• •

The same inscription occurs on a bell at West Halton, in
Lincolnshire.

John, son of Nicholas the potter, was made a freeman of
York in 1359. Thomas Potter, brazier, was made a freeman
of Norwich in 1404; he cast the tenor bell of St. John
Sepulchre in that city.

Lombardic Inscriptions.

A founder is met with at the end of the fourteenth century,
whose inscriptions were in the mediaeval capitals which are
generally termed “ Lombardic,” as on a bell at St. Mary's
Bishophill Junior, inscribed : —

“ x Lac tibi Baptista, Lit ut acceptabilis ista ”

on a stamp 3J in. x if in. is a figure of St. John with cross
and holding a book. At Church Lenton is a bell with the
same inscription, but in black letter characters with no capitals,
each letter being a single stamp.

The earliest dated bell at York is at St. John’s, it bears
an inscription to the Virgin Mary with date 1408. This hell,
with two others in the same belfry, was saved from the fire
which destroyed the Church of St. Nicholas, without Walm-
gate Bar, during the siege of the city in 1644.

THOMAS INNOCENT.

Torre records “ On July nth, 1466, there was then delivered
into the hands of Thomas Innocent, bellfounder, by John
Knapton, under-treasurer, and John Saxton, for the founding
of four bells for the Minster, certain metals all particularly
named in the record, which also shows the weight of each
bell,”

24

JOHN HOTON.

In 1474, the first of the four bells, called the Lady Bells,
was hung in the north bell tower of the Minster; it was cast
by John Hoton, of York, who may have cast the large bell
at St. Mary’s Bishophill junior, inscribed : —

“ + 0 MATER DIA ME SANA VIRGO MARIA ”

The inscription is in bold black letter text, except the initial
“ 0.’’ Between the words are shields of St. Edmund, Ryther,
and Thornton, and at the end is a beautiful stamp of the
Annunciation, a lily in a pot separating the figures of the
angel Gabriel and the Virgin.

The Rev. J. T. Fowler states : “ The capital letters and the
stereotyped words used by John Hoton are found on the later
bells of the Nottingham founders, who had become possessed
of the original stamps or copies of them made by casting ;
thus these letters or their facsimiles are found upon bells from
about 1450 to 1744.

“WON” BELLS.

A founder is met with who placed upon his bells a shield,
bearing two keys in saltire and having a fish, cornsheaf, bell
and urn in each division respectively between the keys, and
also another shield bearing the founder’s device a rebus on his
name. Similar shields occur on a bell at Cowbet, in Lincoln¬
shire, with the name Augustine Wox, from which it is inferred
he was the founder of the bells which bear the shields in
question.

Three of the bells at Christ Church possess these shields,
and have the following inscriptions : —

(1) “ Johannes eternis annis resonet Domino”

(2) “ Sit nomen Domini benedictum ”

(3) “ Santa Margareta ora pro nobis.”

At Saxton are three bells, two containing inscriptions similar
to those of Christ Church. The three, however, have in
addition a shield Old France and England quarterly surmounted
by a crown and a beautiful cross encircled with an English
inscription, “ Jesu Mercy, Lady help.” These beautiful

2 5

stamps are found on bells cast by Augustine Wox, but they are
also found all over the country from Devon to Durham, the
stamps having passed, like many other stamps of founder’s
marks and letters, from one generation to another in the same
business.

The bells at Saxton were given by Wm. Salley, of Saxton ;
his grandfather was Sheriff of York in 1397-8.

There are some rich examples of mediaeval art hung in the
belfries of our city, which were probably the work of local
founders. It is only by careful comparison of the lettering,
initial crosses, stops, ornaments, &c., that mediaeval bells can
be traced to their founders, as they rarely placed their names
on the hells. Owing to re-casting and other causes, every
year sees the number of mediaeval bells diminishing.

“ Those chimes that, tell a thousand tales.

Sweet tales of olden times,

And ring a thousand memories.”

At All Saints’, Pavement, two bells are inscribed

(1) '• + See. Jfoljannes ©ra f)ro ilolris

(2) “ + Eljes Kiajaremim, Bex JnDeorum.”

Each capital letter is surmounted by a crown. One of the
bells was rung nightly as a guide for persons traversing the
Forest of Galtres towards York.

At Holy Trinity, Goodramgate, a bell bears the following : —
“ + Sancta Maria, Ora Pro Nobis ”

At St. Sampson’s, a bell is encircled by : —

“ + Fiat volontas Tva pater omnepotens R.BA

The initials may be those of Richard Blake}7, bellfounder,
who became a freeman of York in 1501.

In 1492, the Prayer bell of the Minster was cast, it bore a
Latin inscription signifying : —

“ Rise quickly, haste ! ’tis time to stir for all,

Why sleepest thou ? Awake when I do call.”

26

A Belgian or Dutch bell (fig. 4), which formerly hung in the
tower of St. Crux, is now in the Hall of the Museum, it
bears a matter-of-fact inscription : —

“ x Ic Ben Ghegoten Int Jaer Ons Heeren

MCCCCCXXIII.”

In English it reads, “ I was cast in the year of our Lord 1523.
This bell is destined for the new Church at Bishopthorpe.

Fig. 4.

There were in York previous to the suppression of the
monasteries — The Cathedral, 41 Parish Churches, 17 Chapels,
16 Hospitals, and 9 Abbeys or Monasteries, making a total of
84 religious houses, each of which was provided with a bell or
bells for the purpose of calling to or assisting in the celebration
of religious rites.

The bells belonging to the demolished religious houses in
York would be gradually disposed of, and after allowing for all
the vicissitudes they would undergo, and the accidents they
would be liable to, there may still be some doing duty in the
towers of churches scattered throughout the land.

27

But it is remarkable that in 1565, when the then Lord
Mayor of York wished to present three bells to the Church of
S. Martin, Micklegate, he ordered new ones ; two bells existing
there bear in Old English characters,

“John Beane, Alderman, gave these Bells;

Robert Mot made 1579.”

The third of these bells, having cracked, was sold in 1792.
Robert Mot was the founder of the celebrated Whitechapel
Bell Foundry, which has existed from 1570 to this day.

WILLIAM OLDFIELD.

We now meet with William Oldfield, of York. He used a
shield bearing a cross, the upper part separating the letters
“ W. O.,” the lower portion having a bell on either side,
whilst surmounting the shield in small letters are the words :

“ Soli Deo Gloria.”

This inscription occurs on a bell at All Saints’, North Street,
(1640), and at S. Michael-le-Belfry (1635), the latter was
re-cast in 1883.

Two bells at St. Dennis bear

(1) “ Fili Dei Miserere Mei 1621”

(2) “ Soli Deo Gloria Pax Hominibus 1631.”

Mr. Thomas Buckle, Christopher Hardy, Edward
Hutchinson, Churchwardens.

A bell at All Saints’, Pavement, bears : —

“ Deo Gloria Pax Hominibus 1633.”

A bell at Holy Trinity, Goodramgate (1626), and another at
S. John’s (1633), bear : —

“Jesus be our speed.”

A bell at All Saints’, North Street, is inscribed : —

“ God send us all the bliss of Heaven Anno Dm 1627.”

Of the two bells at St. Helen’s, one has no inscription and
the other has the date only, “ 1628,”

28

During the 17th Century two families of bellfounders were
at work in our city, Smith and Seller respectively, the former
family being the earlier, attention is drawn to their work first.

ABRAHAM SMITH and WILLIAM CURETON

cast bells on Toft Green, and used a stamp consisting of a
a shield bearing two bells, chevron and one bell, impaling
shield with three braziers, two and one, indicating the joint
business of bellfounders and braziers.

In 1659 a new bell was made out of two lesser belonging to
the Church of St. Lawrence, and hung in Christ Church. It
bears the words : —

“ Lavdate Iah quia bonvm et amcenvm est psallire

Deo nostro 1659.”

JAMES SMITH

was probably a son of Abraham Smith, and cast bells during
the same period as Messrs. Smith and Cureton, probably in
conjunction with them, as on his early hells he used the
impaled shield — the stamp of the firm, — and also the stamp of
William Cureton, a shield of two bells over which are the
letters “ W. C.”

James Smith appears to have succeeded to the business of
the firm, and generally placed his monogram (I S interwoven)
on his bells.

A bell of his, at Acomb, was inscribed : —

“Jesvs be ovr speed 1660

This bell was recast a few years ago.

James Smith was succeeded by

SAMUEL SMITH,

probably his son. He lived in Micklegate, and had his bell-
house on Toft Green. His later productions have running
round the crown two ornamental bands, the upper containing the
inscription amidst scroll ornament, and the lower the lettering
amongst an appropriate design consisting of bells and the
founder’s stamp, shield-like bearing esb^r>

29

Of his work we have in York at S. Maurice (1665), S. Cuth-
bert (1673), S. Mary, Castlegate (1682), S. Margaret’s (1700),
bells inscribed : —

“ Gloria in altissimis Deo esbo\”

In addition at S. Cuthbert, “ H.E.O. Churchwarden.'

S. Crux : —

“ Repent least ye perish Anno Domini 1673

W.C. M.H. M.W. wardens, ebor. ” with two shields of
Rawdon (figs. 5 and 6).

Fig. 5.

S. Michael, Spurriergate : 4 bells removed from the Minster
in 1765.

2nd, “ Deo et Regi Sacrum 1681 EsBfR_”

3rd, ‘‘Jubilate Domino Psal Ixxxi. 1681 Ebosr>”

4th, “ Exvltate Domino Psal Ixvi. 1681 EsBOsR, ”

5th, “ Gloria in excelsis Deo 1681 EsB'oR.”

30

Fig. 6.

Christ Church : Two bells are inscribed : —

Treble, “ Jvbilate Domino Psal Ixvi. 1S81.”

2nd, “ Te Devm Lavdamvs 1693.”

S. Cuthbert :

“Te Devm Lavdamvs 1693.”

S. Martin, Micklegate :

“ Gloria Deo 1697.”

S. Margaret : Two bells are inscribed : —

“Venite exvltemvs Domino 1700.”

“ Gloria in altissimis Deo 1700.”

Samuel Smith died in April, 1709, and was buried at the
Church of the Holy Trinity, Micklegate. He bequeathed his
bell-house on Toft Green to his two sons, Samuel and James.

31

SAMUEL SMITH (II.)

Samuel Smith (II.) succeeded his father in the business, and
was Sheriff of York in 1723-4. His bells are similar to those
of his father, and he used the same stamp EsBf^ on each bell.
He died in 1731, and was interred 12th August, at the Church
of the Holy Trinity, Micklegate. A bell hangs in the tower of
this church simply inscribed : —

I73i

s.s.

Ebor.

Bellfounders frequently cast Mortars for the Laboratory,
several are known cast by the Smiths, but there is not one of
theirs in the Museum.

Samuel Smith (II.) bequeathed his bell-house to his brother
James, who seems to have disposed of the business. The
writer has inscriptions of 182 bells cast by this foundry
hanging in various parts of the country.

WILLIAM SELLER.

Returning to the family of Seller, contemporary bellfounders
with the Smiths, the first wTe meet with is William Seller, who
had his bell-house in Jubbergate. He used several stamps,
with date and letters W. S. on his bells, and black letter or
Roman text. A large number of his productions are in
North Lincolnshire. One of his apprentices, Robert Ogleby,
had a romantic career, which ended at the age of 114. Erom
1683-87 the initials W. S. are accompanied by H. W., which
may be those of a foreman or apprentice.

EDWARD SELLER

succeeded William Seller, and also had his bell-house in
Jubbergate. In 1703-4 he served the office of Sheriff. His
inscriptions are in Roman letters and were accompanied by a
stamp about 2J inches long, bearing “ e'|bJrER*”

In York he cast bells for the following churches : — ■

St. Maurice :

“ Venite exvltemvs Domino 1710 e,|borER”

S. Mary, Castlegate :

“ Olim Campana Beate Marice Virginis Refusa a.d. 1718 ”

32

S. Dennis :

“ Gloria in altissimis Deo 1718

Joshua Greenbury Church E. Seller , ?

Michael Benington Wardens Ebor

Edward Seller died in 1724, and was buried at the Church
of S. Sampson. He was succeeded by his son.

EDWARD SELLER (II.),

who served the office of Sheriff in 173 1-2. He lived in Silver
Street, and used the same bell stamp “e,esbe0lrler ” as his father.
In 1728 he cast a bell for Carlisle Cathedral. In York, the
following bells are from his foundry : —

St. Martin's, Coney Street :

The whole of the peal of eight are by this founder. Five of
them were cast in 1729 and were a gift of William Thompson,
a parishioner. In the following year the old tenor was re-cast,
and two new bells were added, completing the octave. They
bear the following inscriptions : —

Treble, “ Dono amicor Societatis Companistarum Ebor

E. Seller ”

Ebor

2nd, “ Dono Societatis Campanistarum Ebor 1730

E. Seller ”

Ebor

3rd, “ Invoco Deum 1729

E. Seller ”

Ebor

4th, “Te Deum Laudamus 1729

E. Seller ”

Ebor

5th, “Vos Jubilate Deo 1729

E. Seller ”

Ebor

6th, “ Gloria in altissimis Deo 1729

E. Seller n
Ebor

7th (upper band), “ Hcec campanarum concentio e dono

Gulielmi Thompson hujus parochice.

,, (lower band), “ William Dobson, Esquire Lodr Mayor,

Henry Baynes, Esquire, Alderman,

f ohn Marsden ~ . . foHN Mayor Church

Samuel Waud Commissioners Samuel Waugh Wardens

E. Seller ”

1/29 Ebor

The “ d ” in Lord precedes instead of following the letter “ r.”

Tenor, “ Sonitu resipiscite mcesto ante jacetis humo 1730

Richard , John Mayor sen Church E Seller

Warneford lcai John Busfield Wardens. ' ebor

33

St. Saviour :

“Jacobvs Whitehead 1730 e,|borER

St. Mary, Castlegate :

“ Johannes Burne Rector.

Jaques Priestley, Ricardvs Corney, Guardians, 1732.”

St. Lawrence :

“ Deo Gloria 1739.”

In 1751 another Bellfounder George Dalton was at work
casting bells in York.

Edward Seller (II.) died November 20th, 1764, when the
business seems to have been disposed of.

GEORGE DALTON.

George Dalton, brazier and bellfounder had his bell-house in
Stonegate. In 1764 he removed to Lendal, where “ he had a
commodious foundry and good water carriage.” Robert and
Henry, his sons, were in the business, in 1807 the address of
the former is given at Knaresbro’ and the latter at Castle
Howard. They used Roman capitals and dated their bells.
At York we have the following bells cast by this founder
inscribed : —

S. Michael’s, Spurriergate :

“ Lewis Etty, Rector

R. Davies, T. Hessey, Ch. Wardens 1765.”

S. Margaret’s :

Gloria in altissimis Deo.

Dalton of York fecit
1788.”

S. Olave (ring of six) :

“ With chearfull voice Lord I'll sing to thee 1789
Dalton maker York.”

“ Have faith in Christ and live eternally 1789
Dalton maker York.”

“We call come ye watch and pray 1789
Dalton maker York.”

E

34

“ In praise to God loudly we unite halleluiah 1789

Dalton maker York.”

“ In concert I’ll Jehovah’s name resound 1789
Dalton maker York.”

“ To Father Son and Holy Ghost eternal glory raise 1789

William Dade Vicar

William Bayldon
Christopher Bearpark
William Cuthbert
Richard Wood J

Dalton maker York.”

The once flourishing industry of bellfounding in our city,
after a continuous record of nearly six hundred years, ceased
at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The writer has
a list of some 450 bells which were cast at York, nearly all
of which exist, and whilst summoning the people to prayer,
testify to the fame of the York Bellfounders.

“ Still may they ring when struggles cease.
Still may they ring for joy’s increase,

For progress in the arts of peace.”

GEORGE BENSON.

35

York Bellfounders.

William de Towthorpe...

...circa 1308

Richard Tunnoc

... died 1330

John de Ivirkham

...circa 1371

John de Stafford

. „ I371

John de York

. „ 1380

John Potter

... free 1359—1380

Thomas Lonsdale

... free 1431

Wm. King

. >, 1435

John Bery

. „ 1460

Thomas Innocent

...circa 1466

John Hoton

. free 1455

John Lowys

. .. 1472

Thos. Asby

. „ 1485

T. Lowesse

...apprenticed 1485

Richard Blakey...

... free 1501

Joh. Eschby

,, 1505

Gilbert Bee

. „ 1513

Thomas Ryche ...

. „ 1537

Georgius Hethcote

. >> I544

Robert Mot

...circa 1579

Henry Oldfield ...

. „ 159°

William Oldfield

. „ 1605

Abraham Smith...

. ,, 1652

William Cureton

. ,, 1652

James Smith

. ,, 1656

Samuel Smith I.

,, 1662

Samuel Smith II.

1709— 1731

William Seller ...

,, 1662

Edward Seller I.

,, 1688

Edward Seller II.

1724—1764

George and Robert Dalton

■1750— 1791

36

‘THE WORK OF THE OUSE.”

j^N February of this year a series of experiments was begun
with a view to ascertaining the amount of solid matter
brought down by the Ouse, and of estimating the geological work
done by that river. These experiments were of the simplest
character; they consisted merely in drawing about half-a-gallon
of water from the river a little to the East of Scarborough
Railway Bridge, evaporating a litre of this water to complete
dryness and weighing the residue thus obtained. One hundred
and two such experiments were performed by myself and my
assistant (Wm. Watson). Taking the mean of these results, it
appears that every litre brings down an average amount of 215
milligrammes ; in other words, every gallon contains 15 grains,
or every 32 gallons one ounce, of solid matter. No attempt
was made to ascertain the relation of matter in solution to
that in suspension; experiments will, however, shortly be made
with a view to determining this point. The smallest amount
of residue was ’097 mgrmes., the largest, 385 mgrmes. On the
former occasion the river had fallen after a small flood ; on the
latter, the river was in high flood. As a rule, the largest amounts
of residue were obtained when the river was low and the water
clear. The second highest amount recorded, 336 mgrmes.,
was obtained when the river was at summer level. It is true
that in exceptional floods the amount of solid matter was high,
but the average residue at summer level was 223 mgrmes.,
against 21 1 mgrmes. during flood. These floods are mainly
caused by rain rushing down the slopes of the north-western
hills and swelling the head waters of the various streams
which unite to form the river. Such rain water effects a
large amount of mechanical waste by the mere violence of its

37

impact. Hence it is heavily charged with matter in suspension
(mud or sediment), but owing to the short time during which
it comes into contact with the rocks on which it falls, it con¬
tains but little matter in solution. On the other hand, the
river at its normal level is fed to a great extent by springs,
that is by water which has soaked into the earth. Such water
has had time to dissolve a considerable amount of the soluble
constituents of the rocks with which it has thus been brought
into contact. This is most probably the reason why the clear
water at summer level yields more solid matter than the turbid
flood-water. But though a given volume of clear water may
contain a somewhat larger amount of solid matter than an
equal volume cf flood water, it must not be supposed that the
river is doing more geological work when low than when in
flood. In the latter condition the river flows at a much greater
rate, hence a much larger volume of water comes down in any
given time, and consequently a larger amount (though a lower
percentage) of solid matter is brought down. In addition to
this, too, the actual amount of water in the river is greatly
increased.

In order to estimate the amount of solid matter brought
down by the river, we must first ascertain the volume of water
that flows past any given point, and for this we require the
cross section at that point and the rate of flow. Owing to the
kindness of Mr. Copperthwaite and of Mr. Greer, I have been
enabled to get several sections of the river taken within a few
yards of the place from which was drawn the water for our
experiments. From these we get a generalized section of 167
square metres (about 200 square yards). Taking an average
of the rates of flow observed with the river at summer level,
91 metres per eight minutes (100 yards in eight minutes), we
find that 15,197 cubic metres (about 20,000 cubic yards) flow
past every eight minutes, or about 2,736,000 cubic metres
(3,600,000 pubic yards) per 24 hours. This volume of water
brings down 610,128 kilogrammes (about 600 tons) of solid
matter. As the river was at (or about) summer level for 140
days in the year during which the observations were taken,
the amount brought down under those conditions was
85,417,920 kilogrammes or 84,000 tons.

3^

We must next consider the amount brought down by the
river when in flood. For convenience sake, I have considered
the river to be in flood when it is more than one foot above
summer level. This is, of course, arbitrary ; but an arbitrary
line must be drawn somewhere. The average height above
summer level during the days on which the experiments were
tried, was about three feet. This gives a daily flow of about
4,500,000 cubic metres (24,500 cubic yards). This multiplied
by the average amount brought down (at the rate of 21 1
mgrmes. per litie) and by 221, the number of days in the year
on which we have assumed the river to be under flood
conditions, gives a total of about 209,839,500 kilogrammes, or
about 206,092 tons. Adding this to the amount already
obtained as brought down by the river when at summer level,
we find that the river brought down during the year under
observation 295,257,420 kilogrammes or 290,092 tons of solid
matter in suspension and solution.

These results are rough and approximate only, but they are
founded on carefully conducted experiments and are under,
rather than over, the mark. We must bear in mind, too,
the fact that the year during which these observations were
taken was an exceptionally dry one, unusually free from heavy
floods. We may, therefore, safely say as a result of these
experiments that the Ouse annually brings past York about
300,000 tons of solid matter.

This is equivalent to the removal of one metre per 7,000
years from the surface of the Ouse basin as far as York — that
is, the surface would lose one foot in 2,300 years. Assuming
the planing down of the surface to be uniform over the Ouse
basin, it would require 120,000 years to reduce the country
round York to the sea level. As a matter of fact, the rate of
waste is greater at high than at low elevations, and the period
mentioned above should be doubled at least.

H. M. PLATNAUER.

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