tirmi WHmti 1 1 r ' r r I'M ® r mmm mmm mimm m 4 mmm ■mmmmm mmmmi mjmiiM mmm mmmk m mmm mmm mmm. m 0/f m mnmi'autvM! t. v itt ill f i H iWm mbm Umidm mmmmm ,?/ , i r j,. 'ihdi 'IWUMEZI} mmm mmm ■ m m . 'ihffl l 1 1 ihhheifp&iiht H mmm- «*■ ©orkgbu'c ipbtlosopbkal Society. ANNUAL REPOET FOR MCMII. ' ' ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOR M CMII. PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING, FEBRUARY gTH, 1903. >5^ m. ^ r • AL V-5'^5 YORK : COULTAS & VOLANS, PRINTERS, LITTLE STONEGATE. 1903. TRUSTEES OF THE YORKSHIRE M USEUM. APPOINTED BY ROYAL GRANT. TEMPEST ANDERSON, M.D. GEORGE A. AUDEN, M.D. LORD DERAMORE. CHAS. E. ELMHIRST. GEORGE S. GIBB, LL.B. EDWIN GRAY, LL.M. WILLIAM LAWTON. T. S. NOBLE. PATRONS OF THE H)orbebtre philosophical 5odei\>. HIS MAJESTY THE KING. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1903. PRESIDENT : Sir Charles Strickland, F.G.S. VICE-PRESIDENTS : The Very Rev. the Dean of York. John Francis Walker, M.A., E.L.S., F.G.S., F.C.S., E.Z.S., late Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Tempest Anderson, M.D., B.Sc., &c., Fellow of University College, London. The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. James Melrose, J.P. George S. Gibb, LL.B. Henry Cowling. T. S. Noble. Richard Thompson. The Rev. W. Haworth, F.S.A. HON. TREASURER: Edwin Gray, LL.B. COUNCIL : Elected 1901. ..G. A. Auden, M.D. The Rev. E. S. Carter, M.A. T. R. Kitching. The Rev. E. C. Owen, M.A. Elected 1902... L. Foster. Geo. Benson, A.R.I.B.A. Hugh Richardson, M.A. The Rev. J. Solloway, M.A. Elected 1903...M. B. Cotswtorth. M. Spence. W. F. H. Thomson. C. Wakefield. HON. SECRETARIES : Tempest Anderson, M.D. Chas. Elmhirst. CURATORS : Archeology - - - - - Geology . Mineralogy . - Comparative Anatomy - - Ornithology . Botany . - Observatory . Meteorology . Laboratory ------ f T. Boynton, B.S.A. \ The Rev.W. Haworth, F.S.A. J. F. Walker, M.A., F.G.S. W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S. T. Anderson, M.D., B.Sc. J. Backhouse, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. H. J. Wilkinson. T. S. Noble. The Rev. W. Johnson, B.A. J. F. Walker, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., London and Berlin. GARDEN COMMITTEE : J. Melrose, J.P. Sir C. A. Milward. H. Dennis Taylor. The Secretaries {ex-officio) LECTURE COMMITTEE : The Rev. E. S. Carter. G. S. Gibb, LL.B. M. Spence. R. Thompson. The Secretaries {ex-officio.) KEEPER OF THE MUSEUM : Henry Maurice Platnauer, A.R.S.M., B.Sc. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, February 9TH, 1903. The Council in presenting its Report for 1902, is able to congratulate the Society on the progress made during that period. In the following summary, external affairs affecting the Society, the internal history and its financial position will be successively dealt with. In dealing with the subject of passing events in the city, your Council cannot ignore the project now under discussion by our City authorities for “beautifying” the ramparts — that is planting them and laying them out for walks, preparatory to throwing them open as public playgrounds. Against this de¬ secration of our antiquities your Council has already protested. For this they have been fiercely attacked, and some people have not hesitated to assert that members of this Society, from the vantage ground of their own beautiful gardens, are trying to close open spaces to their less favoured fellow-citizens. A Society which has given up paying property, and spent hun¬ dreds of pounds on the protection and development of the city's antiquities, can afford to smile at such accusations. Indeed it is difficult to believe that they were made seriously, though they unfortunately mislead the thoughtless and ill-informed. But however our action may be received, or our motives construed, it is our plain duty to resolutely protest against any attempt to mar the dignified simplicity of our ancient monuments, and to impair their historical value, by ill-advised adornment. Besides this, planting may be a positive source of danger, as the case of Clifford’s Tower shews only too plainly. There is no member of the Society that wrou!d not gladly see open spaces devoted to the recreation of all our citizens, and made pleasant and attractive for this purpose. Our Strays might well be utilized in this manner, but such pleasure grounds could be, and REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR IQ02. 7 should be, provided without the adoption of schemes that endangered the antiquities of our city. It is with peculiar pleasure that your Council records the work done by Dr. Tempest Anderson, a Vice-President and Honorary Secretary of this Society. His appointment by the Royal Society to investigate the results of the recent outbursts in the Windward Islands was a gratifying recognition of many years’ study of volcanic phenomena in various parts of the world. It reflects no small credit on this Society that one of its members should have been selected by the hightest scientific authorities in the country to carry out so important a work. The results of his labours, and those of his colleague, Dr. Flett, are embodied in a report to the Royal Society; but Dr. Anderson kindly gave the citizens of York an opportunity of hearing and seeing the most important of these results by delivering a lec¬ ture in the Festival Concert Room, illustrated by lantern pictures from photographs that he had taken at the scene of the disasters. Among the most interesting work done during the year has been that undertaken by the County Committee for the pre¬ servation of Clifford’s Tower. Those entrusted with this work have shewn themselves very wishful that specimens found, and observations taken, during its course should be preserved and recorded by this Society ; and our special thanks are due to Mr. F. J. Munby (the Castellan), Mr. Mott (the Engineer), and Mr. Talbot (the Superintendent of the work), for the facilities they have afforded to Mr. Benson and the keeper of the Museum for investigating the excavations. The results of these investi¬ gations will he given in another part of this report. Turning to the internal affairs of the Society, the first subject that claims our attention is that of the excavations in the choir of S. Mary’s Abbey Church. On this it is necessary to dwell at some length, as many people seem to misunderstand the work and the aims of the excavation committee in carrying it out. The remains of the wall foundations disclosed were so saturated with moisture and so denuded of cement that they were rapidly disappearing, and prompt measures had to be taken for their protection. They were also so fragmentary that the ordinary visitor could not have readily gathered from them 8 REPORT OF THE what the original plans of the old choirs had been. The Com¬ mittee has experienced much difficulty in dealing with this matter and has spent much time in considering it. They sought the advice of Mr. St. John Hope (Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries), and Mr. Micklethwaite, the restorers of Fountains and Ivirkstall Abbeys respectively, and have acted on their opinion, leaving the execution in the skilled hands of Mr. Brierley. The outline has been restored in brick ; this was used in preference to stone that there might be no con¬ fusion between the original work and the additions now made, and in order that the eleventh century work could be at once distinguished from that of the thirteenth century, different coloured bricks were used in the two, blue has been used for eleventh century work and red for all that of a subsequent date. The whole will be protected by flag- stone and rock asphalt. The work has been criticized on the ground of its unsightliness, but such criticism is like condemning an archi¬ tect’s plan for hardness of outline and crudeness of colouring. The work of the Committee is nothing more nor less than an architect’s plan in brick and stone, and when complete a coloured plan will be framed and placed near for the guidance of visitors. We feel sure that members would not have us sacrifice historical accuracy to picturesque effect, and we should always bear in mind the purpose and history of this Societ}T. We have the custody and use of a valuable piece of ground at a nominal rent. This was accorded us by the Crown, not as a special privilege, but as a trust. The condition of this trust is the preservation of the monuments of antiquity on our premises ; we should break the spirit of our convention, and ill-deserve the title “philosophical,” if we sacrificed antiquarian considerations to those of mere effect. We may mention too, that the work has met the approval of the Royal Society of Antiquaries and of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society, both of which have made money grants towards defraying the expenses. An inspection of the subjoined list of papers and lectures will shew that the Society maintains its activity, especially when it is added that the average attendance has been larger than ever. COUNCIL FOR I902. 9 As in previous years, your Council has done all in its power to help forward the work of kindred Societies and to assist in great public functions. The gardens and museum were placed at the disposal of the Lord Mayor (Mr. Aid. L. Foster), for a reception intended to celebrate the coronation of his Majesty King Edward VII ; and the museum and grounds were thrown open to the public on the day on which this event should have taken place. At the meeting of the Reformatory League held in York in 1902, the members attending the Conference were allowed the use of the museum and grounds. The York Medical Society, the York Universities’ Extension Committee, and the York Field Naturalists’ Society have made use of our premises as in past years, and during the year the Council has extended this hospitality to the Yorkshire Architectural and York Archaeolo¬ gical Society. By an arrangement made with Mr. Jalland's Company, the members again had the privilege of seeing an out-door play performed. Permission has been granted to Elementary and Secondary Schools within a radius of twelve miles from York to visit the museum free of charge, on certain specified conditions, carefully framed to ensure the safety of the collections and the adequate control of the pupils. The plan of having Student Associates has been put into operation and with good results. An attempt is being made to label the antiquities in the base¬ ment of the “ hospitium ” ; if the experiments now tried are successful, the work will be carried out. Special thanks are due to Mr. James Backhouse for his munificent gift of over two thousand European bird skins. This donation will be referred to more in detail in the report of the Ornithological Department, but it deserves at least passing notice here. The proceeds of Dr. Anderson’s lecture in the Festival Con¬ cert Room have been, at his special request, devoted to the Excavation Fund. So well was this lecture attended that, despite somewhat heavy expenses, a sum of about £20 was added to the fund in question. The illustrated lecture on the Cruise of the Ophir , given by Lord Wenlock in the Festival Concert Room, was enthusiastically received by a crowded 10 REPORT OF THE audience. As the public was admitted on payment, a profit was made on the lecture amounting to upwards of -Tig. This sum was handed over by the Society to the York County Hospital. The financial aspect of the Society is encouraging. In spite of the heavy expenses of the excavations and a consid¬ erable expenditure necessitated by the condition of S. Leonard’s Hospital, the balance is on the right side. This balance, it is true, is barely £2, but it is a matter for congratulation that the Society should have emerged from a year of exceptional expenses with any balance in hand at all. A substantial in¬ crease in members’ subscriptions and a rigid economy in almost every department of the museum (the necessity for which the Council deeply regrets), are the main causes of this favourable result. But we must not, in our satisfaction at the manage¬ ment of a successful year, lose sight of the heavy debt with which the Society is burdened. A sum of Ti,goo has to he re¬ paid to the Yorkshire Insurance Company, and the Society’s financial position cannot be considered in a permanently satisfactory condition so long as this heavy burden remains. The Council still urges benefactors of the Society to seriously consider the scheme for dealing with this debt which was proposed four years ago. Archeology. — No valuable specimens have been added to our collection during the past year. Many objects have been obtained from the excavations at Clifford’s Tower, and from those made during the extension of the York Union Bank and the re-building of Thompson’s house in High Ousegate, but these possess no special value beyond illustrating the age of the soil in which they were found. The most important matters affecting this department, viz., the preservation of Clifford’s Tower, the excavations in the Choir of our Abbey, and the protection of the City Ramparts will be found dealt with in the General Report of the Council. The collections are in good order, and your Hon. Curators note with satisfaction the increasing extent to which they are COUNCIL FOR 1902. II visited and utilized by antiquaries. Photographs and draw¬ ings of objects in the Museum have been sent to two firms of publishers for illustration of popular works on Archaeological subjects. It is a matter for regret that more students do not apply themselves seriously and systematically to the study of Archaeology. Working Naturalists are to be found all over the country, hut comparatively few, even in so promising a field for investigation as York, devote themselves to the study of antiquity. In this connection the Hon. Curators would like to point out the great service which could be rendered to this study by architects. The valuable services of Mr. Brierlev, in the conservation and development of our ruins, and the highly interesting donation of Mr. Taylor (see Annual Report, 1901, p. 104), will at once occur to our members. But we refer especially to cases in which they are in charge of works ’ necessitating a large amount of excavation. The papers of Mr. Benson in this, and in previous reports, are useful examples of what might be done in this direction. Careful records of old buildings demolished, and notes of anything met with in course of digging— such as the nature and thick¬ ness of the soils gone through, the kind of objects found, &c., should he sent for incorporation into our Annual Reports. Engineers and builders, it is also suggested, might greatly render assistance in the same way. Botany. — No additions have been made to the collections during the past year. The work done in the department will be found recorded on pp. 33 — 42. Comparative Anatomy. — The Hon. Curator reports that the collections are in good order, and that no material change has been made during the year. Geology. — The Hon. Curator reports that the only specimen added to the collection during the year is a piece of the Ludlow Bone Bed, presented by Dr. Auden. Specimens have been lent for examination and description to Mr. Ividston and to Mr. Wheelton Hind. Mr. H. Woods has figured the 12 REPORT OF THE following Chalk Bivalves in the publications of the Palseonto- graphical Society — Pecten elongatus, Pecten asper, and Pecten beaveri. Library. — The additions made to the Library during the past year have been numerous and useful. We hail with special delight the gift of “The Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of 1901,” presented to us by the Board of Education. Hitherto, the permanent officials of Governmental departments have been at no pains to make the results of our surveyors’ and explorers’ work accessible to the public. The Museums’ Association (founded in York in 1889) has made repeated protests on this subject, and remonstrances from isolated Societies and from private individuals have not been lacking. At last an effort has been made to let the public benefit by the labours of public officials, and we have good hopes that the donation of the useful little volume referred to may indicate the beginning of a new era. Meteorology. — Statistics of Station : Longitude 1 5' W. ; Latitude 530 5 7' N. ; height above mean sea level, 56 feet. Temperature in 1902 had a range smaller by 40 than that of the previous year, the mean annual temperature being lower by i*4° F., 47*3, as against 487. The lowest temperature was recorded on February 12th and 13th, when the absolute minimum thermometer read 180 'o F., whilst the highest reading occurred on June 28th, when a reading of S30 F. was taken. In order to account for the late season it may be pointed out that April and May were both colder than the average of these months. The mean temperature month by month, until October, is 40 and 50 lower, a fall which coincides with the general fall of surface temperatures observed in the Atlantic Ocean. Ample compensation, however, was made in the later months by a succession of S., S.W. and W. winds, and the mean of October, November, and December, shows an equivalent rise. A Mean Pressure of 29747 inches has been recorded as against 29735 for 1901, March and November being lowest with 29770 inches and 29*886 inches respectively; January and September being highest with 30*075 inches, and 30*060 COUNCIL FOR IQ02. 13 inches respectfully. The extreme range of pressure being 2*269 inches, as against 1*954 inches; in 1891 the highest reading being taken on January 31st, 30*945 inches at 9 p.m., and the lowest 28*676 on December 29th at 9 p.m. Rain or Snow (0*005 inches or over) fell on 192 days, 5 fewer than in 1901, the total rainfall for the year being only 18*69 inches, a falling-off of 1*83 inches as compared with 1901, which was itself 5*42 inches below the previous year. It deserves attention, in face of the oft-repeated statement that York is a very wet place. Observations show that York is among the places of lowest rainfall in the Kingdom. The heaviest fall occurred on April 15th, when *86 inches fell, little more than half of the heaviest fall of the previous year. In no single month was the rainfall 2*5 in. Popular impressions are thus disproved by exact observation. The wettest of our months was July with 2*31 inches, and as May and June were close behind it, it may be that the impressions of cricketers have stamped the whole year. The cumulative totals since 1841 are now: — August 166*28 inches, October 164*95 inches, July 157*00 inches. The Observation of Winds show that only on three days has there been a “gale,” whilst the chief air-currents have been W. (172), S. (134), N. (122), E. (76), S.W. (70). Days of clear sky reach only 31 as against 59, whilst overcast reaches 142 days as against 106, the mean amount of cloud being 6*6 as compared with 5*8. The Sunshine Returns for 1900 were incomplete, but com¬ paring the 8 completed months (May — - December) there is a falling-off for 1902 of 224*5 hours of sunshine, a loss of energy which nothing artificial can re-place. Mineralogy. — The collections of Minerals, &c., are in good order, but there has been no material increase in the number of specimens during the year 1902. We have to thank Mr. Abbott for an interesting series of concretions from the Magn esian Limestone of county Durham. Ornithology. — Ihe collections in the • department have been enriched by an addition of unusual importance. The Hon. Curator, Mr. James Backhouse, has presented to the REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR IQ02. H Society his collection of skins of Western Palsearctic Birds. In this collection there are several items of peculiar interest to the Ornithologist ; thus, for instance, the Iceland Rock Ptarmigans form a set which is probably unique. But the main point of importance to us is that the Society acquires, through Mr. Backhouse's generosity, a representative series of over 2000 birds’ skins, illustrating a Zoological Sub-region, of which these islands form a part. The collection is contained in six well-made cabinets. Photographic Section.— This section continues to display vigorous activity. The average attendance at the Monthly Meetings has been n, or more than one-third of the total number of members, and visitors have been present as guests at nearly all the meetings. The plan of having occasional competitions, each confined to some special line of woik, has been continued, and has greatly stimulated interest. Com¬ petitions have been held in Landscape, Portraiture, Aichi- tecture, and Interior Views, with excellent results. Any Members, Associates, or Lady Subscribers ol this Society, may join the Photographic Section by paying a subscription of 2/6 per annum to either of the Hon. Secretaries— PI. Dennis Taylor, Stancliffe, Mount Villas, Malcolm Spence, Almery Garth, Marygate. Others who are interested in Photography, but are not connected with this Society, may join the Section and attend the Meetings on payment of an Annual Subscription of 5 /- per annum. i5 p H <1 P P W H ,♦ _J X S-< “ u - CO in CO 00 • dJ O o 01 01 CO in o o C5 rH Ci rH GO «•? o o 1> rH o LO CO GO rrn CD © © © rH ■+3 o Q ©1 6 <1 M hh £ >H rn p /H hH P P o p P P P m P m c PH Ph p Ph P ffl o H p i — i a p H w hh Ph > m _ p p o O [V, hH M EH O r P CJ P S P P o o ^ 1—1 ^ p P r-rl H P P O o o <1 m Ph P PP P m <1 P P Eh P hH l-H Eh P Ph P EH HH Q P P P X P P HH o o p be P d m O O P o d rH rH rH © © nH © M o o CO 43 d rH o Cl. 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P P • O s P d 0 d pH rH r- • r- — PH • rH H 0 - d P, O - P a « CO IO 0 d d O H -ad CM CO 1— H O si o d AT CO CO O CO CO AA rvH CO CC 10 CO 0 O ro '"O' f H CO CO C5 0 O CO CO o »— < h4 • rH rH ^ C/2 O O 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Q O r-A r-H ... 0 c O O • r > O’ r— i — 1 O O *— :^~'2 O 0 ^ , - ** M - i ^ 1^ 1- 10 O H CO CO 'TT r-H H 0 H ^2 ^ * ^ > o hH rH r— < r— 1 1—1 rH *- H rH r-H Hr HH <1 02 C/2 -+S 0 0 I O — H ^ O O 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O 0 r-l r-H 1 0 0 0 CM >-H r-H Q or «H < fcH d g g d ■ c P H S s' p . 0 g r-< O S p JO- g‘ P rH H H d 0 g g q a 0 d H a 0 *- d O ^ ^ ^ • * a - d d 0 - HH C9 f-v H pH - - Hi 1— H t- tO H r-H d CO p f H rr> T— , d . r— r_H > -< > o a? hP aH • rH < o <1 rO C/2 ft. O O O O O O Pi 0 O 0 C/2 CQ 0 0 0 0 C/2 O O 0 0 r-H AA IP tH - •-H o — . • • • „ . . a <*■ , , aa, 1 Hh |rv] 0) g gg S d d 0 - pH H d 0 p p HH rr d O g s s d H H P O co a CO p 0 d O- d O 5 H a M d !— H d ►> . i b a? > o .Q o r 1 ^ Qj h4 (H • rH 0 co CM H CO CO CO O'. *r CO 0 0 I— H r— w. CO CO O O f— i ‘W O H O rH w Ph -O O O CO CO CO r— ( rH rH rH NNO r— H O O O' O 0 ^H r-< H 0 0 0 i £3 aH O <1 | d g § g g © C3 d d = g O r-H H H r— d 0 0 s s OH ^ Hh - a.m. 10011 p.ra. d C O - p.in. p.m. — i O O A g s d d H - a r g d H a m H O CO d L- 1— 01 ^ CO d c »o G O CO O r-r r— « •ai'err r-H CM r- CO CJ O — Ol CO >QCN GO 0 0 — CM TC -H .A co a a 1 1—1 1—1 r-^ ^ — r~^ CM Ml CM Ol (M CM CM M CM CM CO ro RIVER HEIGHT RECORDS. — Continued. 19 ft ft a a ft ft m o H Q O sl • O CD 1—5 < u o !0l>h^!0O0!O,a^i0t>‘v0THOO^N^^Ot»®Oaoa03nO u H ?C to CO H O O O O O O ft ft r-l CO CO CO 1— I >— 1 o o «H Cl O ft O r- <0 > o aS a a o O a . a s s a a : ci, c3 a si, a CIOHNH 3 3 a a Cl CO a Cl a s 0 a o a, a g • a a a 3 ^ o , a a o 01 o 3 a a ci a a 8 -ft s§ r-H ^ - a CO ft ft ft ft H ft ft 02 £ o ■ro as ft 02 ft ft 02 02 ft ft 02 02 _ Cl o o ft ft 02 02 <30 a 3 a ■ 0 . a 3 a - - - a 0 3 3 a - 0 a 0 - - - a 0 a a - 0 co a Cl co a Ci »"H a l- I " CO C5 CO 2 0 0 r— 1 . .CO Cl . Cl Cl Cl r—l ft ft ft 02 02 02 ft ft r-l O ft ft 0 0 I ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft £ <11 £ 0 £ O O O £> O O r— H 01 a> CD a o as a <10 a o o a a a a o o ft - a Cl CO <— I CO H Cl 3 a a 0 ft o ci a ft ft ft l"5 as g o o o Cl Cl Cl Cl ft 02 ft ft 02 02 OOOO ft 02 Cl 00 CO Ci C Cl Cl Cl CO o £ o f— I <10 as o o ft 02 ft ft 02 02 01 > o as a o ft £ o r— i o C0CiOHClX-mQCI>00 ift^dCO-HlOCNOOC. ftw < Cl d Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CO CO 20 OUSE FLOODS FROM RETURNS TO THE CITY SURVEYOR. COMPARATIVE TABLE, 1902. Date. Xidd at Pateley Bridge. Ure at Middle- ham Bridge. Swale at Richmond. Hour. Height Hour. Height Hour. Height Jan. 2 ft. in. 7 a.m. ft. in. G 0 ft. in. , 4 1 1 a.m. 4 0 Feb. 24 4 p.m. 3 0 25 . 7 a.m. 3 0 Mar. 28 55 3 0 April 22 4 p.m. 5 0 6 p.m. 2 G July 10 6 a.m. 2 0 27 55 { 5 a.m. 5 0 10 p.m. 4 9 1 Aug-. 19 9 a.m. 2 0 5 p.m. 4 0 ' „ 23 2 p.m. 3 0 Oct. 10 3 p.m. 3 0 4 p.m. 3 0 „ 15 55 G 10 16 6 a.m. 9 0 Nov. 9 4 p.m. 6 0 3 p.m. 2 0 Dec. 2 7 a.m. 4 0 ,, 15 55 8 0 8 a.m. 2 6 16 4-30 p.m. 4 0 4 p.m. 10 0 1-15 p.m. 4 6 „ 17 7 a.m. 7 0 7-30 a.m. 4 0 1 YORK— THE MUSEUM. YORK (BOOTH AM)— SUNSHINE VALUES. 21 CD 05 bo -0> d 05 o rH 05 Ph m fn d o a si d o H rH Cl 05 CO d ci t' o , l l I d CO d d CO 4 rH • rH CD d CO u d g 05 -M d 05 Kfl 05 d> O d a O 05 d g 05 > O u 05 rC2 05 05 05 ft fH ci 05 g g g g d g g g g g g g rd'’ d d d d d d d d d d d 05 jJ 05 05 05 05 05 05 Ci 05 05 05 05 05 Cl HP £ g 04 1- d t- CO CO CO lO CO 05 Ci o o Cl Cl rH Cl rH rH Cl Cl rH H rH c3 ca o t- CO CO Cl yr CO rrl lO d CO O td. 1-0 d rH CO CO © CO CO i- rH r~ © o Cl o -t* rH d Cl lO CO rH Cl CO 05 05 00 04 Cl Cl Cl g g g g g g g g g g g g HP* * d d" d d d d d d d d d d rH H' CD c n _lc 05 o rH cS rH • rH ?H Ph >> 05 d f3 5>> rd Jp H55 CD d fee d September rH 0) o HP o Li 05 02 g 05 > o fH 05 rO g 05 05 05 Year •“3 H <3 i-o •“0 o ft Previous Year. THE TREASURER IN Br. 21 8 6 2 8 226 28 1248 ACCOUNT WITH THE INCOME. YORKSHIRE 81 6 £ •w s. d. Subscriptions : Town Members 660 0 0 County Members 11 0 0 Temporary Members... 1 0 0 Lady Subscribers 75 0 0 Associates 14 0 0 Arrears received 26 5 0 Keys of Gates ... 65 1 0 Donations towards cost of Excavations, etc., at St. Mary’s Abbey : The Society of Antiquaries 5 5 0 A. St. Clair Carnegy, Esq. ... 1 0 0 Sundry Members— Freemen’s Stray Money 4 4 0 Rents : Major Allenby, St. Mary’s Lodge ... 65 0 0 Mr. Hill, Mary gate Baths ... 40 0 0 York Amateur Bowing Club 5 0 0 York and District Field Naturalists’ Society, less £2 paid to Attendant ... 1 0 0 York Waterworks Co., for Shed ... 5 0 0 Do. for Light ... 0 1 0 Corporation of York ... 2 0 0 Yorkshire School for the Blind 0 1 0 National Telephone Co. » 1 0 0 Hire of Tent and Tables 22 13 6 Less : Expenses of carriage, fixing, repairs and like . . . 9 17 5 Whitsuntide Admission Fees 12 5 6 Less : Attendants and Police 4 2 0 Meteorological Department : Grant from Corporation of York Sale of Catalogues 2 Sale of Pliotog’raplis Bank Interest Gate Money Interest on £918 8s. 9d. India 3 °/0 Stock, less Income Tax Error in Tradesman’s Account for year 1902 Contribution from the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor (Mr. Aid. Foster) for cost of extra labour in preparing ground for Garden Party ... ... ... ... Proceeds of Lecture by Tempest Anderson, Esq., M.D., less Expenses) 34 8 0 14 15 6 d, 852 6 0 10 9 0 119 2 0 12 16 1 8 3 6 10 0 0 6 9 0 2 14 6 6 18 0 212 10 9 25 17 10 0 4 1 1 10 0 19 12 6 1288 13 3 £1288 13 3 816 Balance in hands of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1902 31S 8 0 £31S 8 0 PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY for Year ending 31st DEC., 1902. EXPENDITURE. revious Year. Crown Rent . . . 19 Corporation Rent Rates and Taxes : £ s. d. £ s. d. Cl'. £ s. d. 10 0 18 19 7 39 Property Tax and City Rates ... 42 0 11 Waterworks Company’s Rates... 5 0 8 Gardeners’ Licences 2 5 0 Receipt and Cheque Books Stamping . 1 17 7 51 4 2 Insurance 7 5 0 Salaries and Wages : Mr. Platnaner 150 0 0 Mr. Fielden 60 0 0 Miss Baines 41 12 0 Mr. Guy 30 0 0 Attendants at Museum and Hospitium, viz : Attendant at Museum ... ... ... ... 72 16 0 Female Attendant at Museum... ... ... 26 0 0 Female Attendant at Hospitium ... ... 32 10 0 - 131 6 0 Gardeners, including temporary labour and 117 extra duty at gates 123 18 2 — 536 16 3 * Yorkshire Insurance Company, Annuity 196 11 8 General Repairs and Expenses : Museum and Hospitium ; 50 General Additions, Repairs, and Expenses ... 12 15 4 14 Estate: General Repairs . 16 19 7 Gardens : 17 General Additions, Repairs, and Expenses ... 12 10 3 New Lawn Mower & Repairs to Old One ... 7 16 7 20 6 10 82 50 1 9 11, Music and other Outdoor Entertainments 7 4 6 28 Library, Books and Binding 23 12 0 50 Lectures . 39 10 2 5 Printing and Stationery . 6 0 2 Printing Communications to Members and 11 Postage of same ... 11 4 0 24 Printing Reports and Postage thereof . 44 1 10 12 Teas at Monthly Meetings 3 4 4 Gas, Coal, and Coke : 28 Museums ... 27 10 9 18 Gardens . 14 1 7 21 Estate . 21 2 6 62 14 10 3 8 Ornithological Department 10 0 0 Antiquarian Department : 33 Purchases ... 18 1 3 75 Excavations, etc., at St. Mary’s Abbey 143 4 8 Repairs to St. Leonard’s Hospital 27 7 7 109 188 13 6 21 Meteorological Department 18 7 5 1 Preparation of Photographs for Sale 0 13 4 8 Sundry Postages . 1 18 3 2 Sundries, including Carriage of Parcels 1 11 2 1286 13 10 Excess of Income over Expenditure 1 19 5 1297 <£1288 13 3 Balance in hand of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1901 • • • .. 316 8 7 Excess of Income over Expenditure, 1902 • • • • 1 19 5 £318 8 0 ^Annuity of £201 8s. Od. payable until October, 1914, inclusive, created to repay an advance of £3500 made by the Yorkshire Insurance Co. Principal repaid outstanding 1595 11 11 1901 8 1 £3500 0 0 E. GRAY, Treasurer. Examined and found correct, PHILIP L. NEWMAN. 24 NEW MEMBERS, 1902. Angus, Joseph C., Mary gate. Badcock, A., Clarence House . Badger, H. W., Clifton Green. Ball, Mrs., Mill Crux. Banks, Miss, 89, Micklegate. Barber, Norman R., Spurrier gate. Barraclough, E., “ Roseneath St. Olave's Road. Barron, A. H., Minster Gates. Bentley, Wm., Fulford Grange. Birks, E. A., Minster View, Buncombe Place. Biscomb, W. E., 10, Queen Anne’s Road. Britton, A. J., 42, St. (Slave's Road. Burdekin, C. L., 35, Parliament Street. Glutton, Miss Margaret, The Mount. Dow, J. W., 33, Sycamore Terrace. Felgate, j. H. Palmer, 51, Hoi gate Terrace. Godsmark, Frank, 102, Micklegate. Gowland, Mrs. J., 13, Ogleforth. Grisdale, John, Coney Street. Guy, J. P., Lendal. Holey, Smith, 32, Gillygate. Jesper, Alfred, 19, Micklegate. Pitching, R. C., 3, Sycamore Place. Lockwood, David, 14, St. George's Place. Martin, Christopher, 3, Longfield Terrace. Mawson, Miss, Club Chambers. Milburn, W. C., Jr., 34, St. 0 lave's Road. Morrell, J. B., 30, St. Mary's. 25 Nelson, Miss, 15, Bootham Terrace. Norwood, A. B., The Manor House. Nottingham, Rev. E. E,, St. John’s College. Parker, Tom, The Gables, Bootham. Poad, J. H., The Priory, Fulford Road. Pumphrey, Miss, County Hospital. Smith, Rev. G. H., 23, St. Mary’s. Spurr, Herbert, 21, Bootham Crescent. Thornton, J. A., “ Inglecroft” Nunthorpe Avenue. Tidswell, Wm. H., 20, Bootham Crescent. Wainhouse, Wm., St. Sampson’s Square. Ware, Mrs. H. J., Driffield Terrace. Wilkinson, Mrs., The Sycamores. Wilson, Miss, St. Olave’s School. Wilson, J. C., 36, Coney Street. Wilson, Thos, 5, Coney Street. Woodhouse, Mrs., 7, Burton Place. NEW ASSOCIATES. r Clifford, A., 6, Longfield Terrace. Evans, Rev. E. W., Dvinghoitses. Hutchinson, Rev. R. 0., 32, Lord Mayor’s Walk. Swan, Dr., 3, Ho.lgate Terrace. Walker, Capt. Edwyn, Middletliorpe Lodge. Wilson, W. J., 34, Penley’s Grove Street. NEW LADY SUBSCRIBERS. Bellerby, Miss, 20, Ogleforth. Bramwell, Mrs., 35, St. Mary’s. Buckle, Miss, 4, The Avenue. Buckle, Mrs., 22, Queen Anne’s Road. 26 Cooper, Mrs., 23, East Mount Road. Cooper, Miss, 29, The Mount. Dalton, Miss, 16, Heworth Green. Dodd, Miss, The Dispensary. * Frank, Mrs., 19, George Street. Harrison, Mrs., St. Peter's Grove. Middleton, Miss Mary, 91, The Mount. Oberhoffer, Mrs., 20, Grosvenor Terrace. Robertson, Mrs., 23, Sycamore Terrace. Routledge, Mrs., 1, St. Johns Crescent. Seller, Mrs. J. T., The Mount. Thackray, Miss, 11, Park Place. Thorp, Mrs., St. James Terrace. Webster, Mrs. M., 17, Layerthorpe. Williams, Miss, 3, Telford Terrace . TEMPORARY MEMBER. Montgomery, D. H., Portland Street. DONATIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. LIBRARY. Books Presented. The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London, Yol. lviii., 1902. J The Report of the British Association \ for the Advancement of Science, (. Glasgow, 1901. | j Transactions of the Zoological Society . of London, Vol. xvi., Parts 5, 6, 7 ; Proceedings, Vol. i., Parts 1, 2; h Vol. ii., Part 1 ; Index 1891 to 1900, and Catalogue of Library. 21st Annual Report of the United States \ Geological Survey, 1899-1900, Parts 2, 3> 4> 5> 7> Maps; Reconnaissances in the Cape Nome and Norton Bay [ Regions, Alaska, in 1900. The Geo¬ logy and Mineral resources of a portion of the Copper River District, Alaska. ' Catalogue of Fossil Irishes, Part 4, of ' Lepidoptera Phalsenae and Plates, Vol. iii.; Hand-list of Birds, Vol. iii.; Report on the Natural History Col¬ lections, made during the Voyage of the “Southern Cross”; Handbook of Instruction for Collectors; Guide to the Coral Gallery, and set of 40 Lithographic Plates of Westwood’s Phasmidae, 1889. Donor. The Society. The Association. The Society. The Survey. The Trustees of the British Museum. 28 18th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896-7, Part 2, Bulletin No. 26, and Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1900. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, “ Palseontologia Indica,” New Series, Vol. ii., Parts 1 to 7, and General Report of the Survey, 1891- 1900. An account of the Crustacea of Norway, by G. O. Sars; Vol. iv., Parts 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. J Proceedings of the Royal Institution of ' Great Britain, Vol. xvi., Part 3, No. 95- Memoirs and Proceedings of the Man- N Chester Literary and Philosophical Society, Vol. xlvi., Parts 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, Vol. xlvii., Part 1. The Flora of the East Riding of York- ] shire, by James Fraser Robinson. I Transactions of the Leicester Literary ’ and Philosophical Society, Vol. vi., Parts 1, 2, 3, Vol. vii ., Parts 1, 2. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Associ- j ation, Vol. xvii., Part 5. j Transactions of the Norwegian North- ' Atlantic Expedition, 1876-78, Vol. xxviii., Part 3. Memoirs of the Russian Geological ' Society, Vol. xv., No. 4; Vol. xvii., Nos. 1, 2; Vol. xviii., No. 3; Vol. xix., No. 1; Vol. xx., No. 2; Bulletin Vol. xx., Nos. 1 to 10, Vol. xxi., Nos. 1 to 4. r The Institution. > The Survey. The Author. The Institution. The Society. \ H. J. Wilkinson. The Society. The Association. The Committee. > The Society. 29 Proceedings of the Imperial Minera- ) logical Society of Russia for 1902. J The Society. Memoirs of the Naturalists’ Society of Kiew, Vol. xvii., Part 1. | The Society. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. xxxiii., No. 5; Vol. xxxiv., Nos. 1, 2, 4. The Society. The Journal of the Manchester Geo¬ graphical Society, Vol. xii ., Supple- - ment; Vol. xvii., Nos. 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12. The Society. Proceedings of the Bath Antiquarian ) Field Club and Natural History j- The Society. Society, Vol. x., No. 1. j Contributions to Canadian Palaeon¬ tology, Vol. ii. , ' Part 2 ; Vol. iv., Part 2 ; Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Eastern Canada. The Geological Survey of Canada. Annals of the New York Academy of ) Sciences, Vol. xiv., Parts 1, 2. J The Academy. The University of Toronto Nos. 2, 3. Studies, | The University. J Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom for 1901. The Board of Education. Mitteilungen des Vereins fur Erdkunde z u Leipzic for 1901. The Society. Bergen Museums Aarbog for 1902 The Council. Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fur Natur- und Heilkund 1902 ; Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, Vol. xiii ., No. 3. The Society. « J Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Yol. vii.; Mineral Resources, No. io ; Handbook of the Mining and Geological Museum, Sydney ; Report on the Yalwal Gold Field, by E. C. Andrews, B.A. : Annual Report of the Department of Mines for 1900-1901, and Report of the Trustees of the Museum for 1901. / Nova acta des Kaisl. Carol. Deutschen i Akademie der Naturforscher, 1S97 to 1901, and Yol. lxxix, No. 3. Transactions of the Perthshire Society 1 of Natural Science, Yol. iii., Part 4. ) Report and Proceedings of the Belfast 1 Natural History and Philosophical Society for 1900-1, 1901-2. j Glacier-lakes in the Cleveland Hills, ' by P. F. Kendall. J Journal of the Northants Natural His- 1 tory Society and Field Club, Yol. xi., Nos. 85, 86, 87, 88. j Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Yol. xi., Nos. 6 to 11 : Yol. xii., Nos. 1 to 8. Inventaire des Richesses D’Art. - Bulletin of the New York Public Library, Yol. vi., Nos. 1 to 11. Annals of the National Museum of 1 Montevideo, Yol. iv., Part 22. Bulletin of the Geological Institute of Mexico, No. 15. Bulletin of the University of Kansas, ) Yol. i., Nos. 1 to 4 ; Yol. ii., No 7. New South Wales Survey. - The Academy. 1 - The Society. . The Society. - The Author. i - The Society. - The Academy. •/ 1 ^ Minister of ^ Instruction. - The Committee. | - The Council. - The Institution. - The University. 31 Bulletin of the University of Montana, Summer Birds of Flathead Lake, by P. M. Silloway. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums fur igoo. Catalogue of the Minerals in the Pass- more Edwards’ Museum, West Ham. j 2 ist Annual Report of the Board of] Trustees of the Ohio State University | 1901, Parts 1, 2. J Symons’ Meteorological Magazine for ) January, 1902. 1 The ist Report of the Geological \ Survey of Natal. J Report of the Meteorological Council ' to the Roy Society for 1901 ; Tem¬ perature Tables for the British Islands daily means 1871 to 1900, and supplement and weekly weather Reports for 1902. > Report of the National Astronomical \ Observatory of Mexico. J Bulletin of the Lloyd Library, Nos. 1, 3. Tuft’s College Studies, No. 7. Publications ofthe Manchester Museum, Owen’s College, Nos. 35 to 40. Annual Report ofthe Bradford Libraries ^ Art Gallery and Museum. J Hull Museum Publications, No. 6, by ) T. Sheppard. r The University, j- The Society. - The Council. - The University. ' T. E. Clark. The Survey. - The Meteorological Societv. •/ ; The Society. The Library. The College. ■ The Museum. . The Committee. - The Author. 32 GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT. Mountain Limestone Boulder contain- \ ing specimen of Productus from L Acaster. Rock specimen from the Bone Bed of ^ Ludlow. / Dr. Auden. ANTIQUITIES. A small Patch Box. * Sir C. A. Mil ward. A Roman Coin found in High Ousegate. Mr. Harding. A Victorian Half-crown piece, 1874. Mr. J. F. Walker. Some Elizabethian Silver Coins. Mr. G. Crawhall. A few Victorian Silver Coins. A series of Rude Stone Implements ) from Somaliland. j Mummy of an Ibis. A Map of England, printed on Silk, ) and dated 1749. 1 Mr. T. R. Pitching. Mr. H.W. Seton-Kar Miss Longridge. Miss Stevens. ZOOLOGY & COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. A clutch each of the Eggs of Golden Plover and Curlew. Mr. Lazenby. An adult mute Swan, mounted. Mr. E. Allen. 6 Cabinets containing over two thousand ) skins of European Birds. j Mr. J. Backhouse. MINERALOGY. A series of Magnesian Limestone con- 1 cretions. J A specimen of Talc from the Madras ^ Presidency, India. ) Mr. Abbott. Mr. S. L. Wyatt. CATALOGUE of BRITISH PLANTS in the HERBARIUM OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. JP.A.JE&T IX, Compiled by HENRY J. WILKINSON, Hon. Curator, Botany. ARALIAGB/E. 564. Hedera Helix, Linn. Bocks, woods, etc., from Aberdeen southwards. Distrib. Europe, W. Asia, &c. Sp. York 565. Cornus suecica, Linn. Alpine Moors, Yorkshire to Sutherland Distrib. N. and Arctic Europe, Asia, &c. Sp. Hole of Horcum, Pickering, N.E. Yorks. Hole of Horcum, Pickering, N.E Yorks. Hole of Horcum, Pickering, N.E Yorks. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ... Cross Cliff, near Hackness, N.E Yorks. ... Hate. Collector. 180G S. Hailstone 4 ACE 1800 W. Brunton 1807 W. Middleton 1883 H. J. Wilkinson 1809 - J. Halton 1863 W. Bean Herbarium. S. Hailstone S. Hailstone W. Middleton H. J. Wilkinson Rev. J. Hal ton H. J. Wilkinson * t • 34 566. Cornus sanguinea, Linn. Hedges and thickets from Westmore¬ land southwards. Distrih. Europe, X. and W. Asia, &c. Date. Collector. Herbarium. Sp. Near Tliirsk, Yorkshire 180G S. Hailstone S. Hailstone Whalley, Lancashire 1807 Langwith, York 1883 H. J. Wilkinson H. J. Wilkinson CAPRIFOLIACEvE. . 567. Adoxa moschatellina, Linn. Woods and hedgebanks, from Boss southwards. Distrih. Europe, X. Asia, X. America. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton Foulhridge, near Colne, Lancashire 1807 S. Hailstone S. Hailstone Heslington, York ... 1882 H. J. Wilkinson H. J. Wilkinson 568.' Sambucus nigra, Linn. Hedges and thickets from Boss south¬ wards. Distrih. Europe, W. Asia, X. Africa. S ']). Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton {vcir. Iciciniata, Linn) roadside between Malton and Scarbro’, Yorkshire 1809 W. Middleton W. Middleton 569. Sambucus ebulus, Linn. Hedgehcmks, etc., from Caithness southwards. Distrih. Europe, W. Asia, X. Africa. Sp. Leeming Lane, X. Yorkshire 1821 J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton Beyond Pierce Bridge (in Durham) 1822 J 1 5 ) 35 570. Viburnum opulus, Linn. Hedges and thickets from Caithness southwards. Distrih. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. America. Sp. Heslington, York ... Clifton lugs, York 571. Viburnum lantana, Linn. Hedges , dc., on calcareous soil from Yorkshire southwards. Distrib. Belgium southward, N. & AY. Asia. Sp. Near Newmarket, Cambs. ... Leigh Woods, Somersetshire 572. Linnsea borealis, Gronov Fir forests, dc., Boss to Yorkshire. Distrib. Lapland, Arctic, Asia, and N. America. Sp. Clova Mountains, Forfarshire Inglemaldie ,, Glen Dole ,, Fir wood, Inglemaldie, Brechin, Forfarshire Morrone Hill, Braemar, Aberdeenshire 573. Lonicera caprifolium, Linn. Copses in Cambridge and Oxford. {Naturalized). Distrib. Mid and S. Europe, W. Asia. Sp. Bay’s field, near Cherry Hinton, Cambs. Edinburgh Date. Collector. Herbarium. 1806 W. Middleton AY. Middleton 1883 H. J. Wilkinson . H. J. Wilkinson 1830 J. Dalton Key. J. Dalton 1810 AY. Middleton AY. Middleton 1837 Dr. Greville S. Hailstone 1838 A. Ivenn 1833 Giles Munby G. Munby 1809 J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton 1898 F. H. AYeekes F.H.Weekes 1800 J. Dalton | Rev. J. Dalton 1833 Giles Munby Giles Munby * 36 574. Lonicera periclymenium, Linn. Hedges and thickets, Shetland to Channel Islands. Distrib. W. Europe. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire Langwitli, York 575. Lonicera Xylosteum, Linn. Copses ; Sussex, Hertfordshire, dr. [Naturalized). Distrib. Europe, N. Asia. Sp. Amberley Hacketts, near Arundel, Sussex ... Amberley Hacketts, near Arundel, Sussex ... RUB 576. Rubia peregrina, Linn. Bocks, copses, dr., near the sea; Sussex, Cornwall. Distrib. AY. Europe, N.W. Africa. Sp. Portland Isle Isle of Wight Steep Hill, Isle of Wight ... 577. Galium boreale, Linn. Becky and bushy places, Shetland, York, dr. Distrib. X. and Mid Europe (Arctic), X. Asia. Sp. Kirk by Lonsdale (Westmorland) ... Rocks at the Strid, Bolton Abbev, Yorkshire Winch Bridge, Teesdale, Yorks. ... Fells of the Clyde, Scotland Teesdale, Yorkshire, and Durham... Cronkley Fell, Teesdale, Yorks. ... Date. Collector. Herbarium. 1790 J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton 1882 H. J. Wilkinson H. J. Wilkinson 1809 J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton 1833 Dr. Bromfield S. Hailstone ACE/E. 1830 J. Hailstone S. Hailstone 1840 S. Hailstone junr. S. Hailstone 1820 AY. Middleton AAY Middleton 1820 AAY Middleton • AAY Middleton 1820 S. Hailstone S. Hailstone 1822 J > 5 3 1829 5 5 3 3 Jun. 11, 1833 Giles Munkv Giles Munbv %} 1883 H. J. Wilkinson H. J. YVilkinson 37 Date. Collector. 578. Galium cruciata, Scopoli. Banks and hedges, Hebrides southwards Distrib. From Holland southwards, Siberia, &c. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton Holgate, York 1800 S. Hailstone Heslington, York ... 1883 H. J. Wilkinson 579. Galium verum, Linn. Sandy banks, Shetland southwards. Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton York 1806 S. Hailstone Heslington, York ... 1802 A\T. Middleton Forfar 1846 S. Hailstone 580. Galium erectum, Huds. Banks and fields (on chalk), Yorks., Kent, Dorset. Sp. Hovingham, N. Yorkshire ... 1883 H. J. Wilkinson 581. Galium mollugo, Linn. Hedges and copses, Perth southwards. Distrib. Europe (Arctic), N. Asia. Sp. Tadcaster, Yorkshire 1806 S. Hailstone Greta Bridge, Yorkshire ... 1822 5 > Bottisham, Camhs. 1843 5 5 Heslington, York ... 1830 H. Ibbotson Langwith ,, 1883 H. J. Wilkinson Snail well, Camhs. ... 1806 J. Dalton 582. Galium saxatile, Linn. Bocks, heaths, etc., Sutherland to Channel Islands. Distrib. W. Europe, Iceland to N. Italy. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton Knavesmire, York ... 1803 S. Hailstone Langford Moor, Newark, Notts. ... 1806 AV. Middleton Strensall, York 1883 II. J. Wilkinson Herbarium. Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone H. J. AVilkinson Key. J. Dalton S. Hailstone W. Middleton S. Hailstone H. J. Wilkinson S. Hailstone j > H. J. Wilkinson H. J. Wilkinson Rev. J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone W. Middleton H. J. Wilkinson 88 583. Galium sylvestre, Poll. Dry rocky hills and pastures from Orkney to Dorset. Distrih. Mid & W. Europe, Iceland, &c. Date. Collector. Sp. Malham, Yorkshire 1799 S. Hailstone Ingleton ,, 1880 0. A. Moore Cronkley Fell, N.W. Yorkshire 1883 H. J. Wilkinson Cheddar Pass, Somersetshire > 584. Galium palustre, Linn. Marshes and ditches , Sutherland to Channel Islands. Distrih. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa. 1881 H. Fisher Sp. Coatliam, N.E. Yorkshire ... 1800 S. Hailstone Loch Lomond (Stirling) ... 1829 S. Hailstone Copgrove, Yorkshire 585. Galium uliginosum, Linn. Marshes and ditches from Caithness southwards. Distrih. North and Mid Europe (Arctic), N. Asia. 1790 J. Dalton Sp. Ripon, Yorkshire ... 1800 W. Brunton Bottisham F en, Cambs. 1843 S. Hailstone Langwith, York i — * 00 OD CO i H. J. Wilkinson 586. Galium anglicum, Huds. Walls and sandy places, S.E. England. Distrih. From Holland southwards, Canaries to Persia. 1 • Sp. Norfolk (1800) G. Don Norwich, Norfolk ... 1830 J. Dalton 587. Galium Vaillantii, D.C. Sp. Saffron Walden, Essex 1848 G. S. Gibson Herbarium. 8. Hailstone 0. A. Moore H. J. Wilkinson H. J. Wilkinson S. Hailstone J 5 Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone H. J. Wilkinson S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone 39 588. Galium aparine, Linn. Hedges and waste places, Shetland- to ' Channel Islands. Distrih. Europe (Arctic), N. Africa, N.W. Asia. Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire h 4 U k ... ... . . « Date. 1790 180G Collector. J. Dalton W. Middleton 589. Galium tricorne, With. Cultivated fields on chalky soil, from Cumberland southwards . Distrih. From Holland southwards, N. Africa, &c. ... Sp. Thorparch, Yorkshire Cornfield, Hildenly Wood, N. Yorks. May, 1830 1806 S. Hailstone W. Middleton 590. Asperula odorata, Linn. Hcdgebanks and copses, the., Shetland to Channel Islands. Distrih. Europe (excl. Spain), N. and W. Asia. Sp. Bingley, Yorkshire Malliam Cove, Yorkshire ... Studley, Ripon ,, Helmsley, N. Yorkshire 591. Asperula arvensis, Linn. Alien. Sp. Devonport ... ... ... ... (1810) 1806 1832 1790 1883 592. Asperula cynanchia, Linn. Dry banks, from Westmoreland and York southwards. Distnb. Holland to N. Africa, N.W. Asia. Sp. Bramliam, Yorkshire Knareshoro’ ,, Ripon ,, . Ripon , , . Huddleston Quarry, N.W. Yorks. ... Knareshoro’, Yorkshire 1830 1800 1800 1883 1900 S. Hailstone >> Rev. J. Dalton H. J. Wilkinson W. J. Hooker S. Hailstone »> W. Brunton J.. Dalton H. J. Wilkinson H. Fisher Herbarium. Rev. J. Dalton W. Middleton S. Hailstone W. Middleton S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton H. J. Wilkinson Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone ? ? Rev. J. Dalton H. J. Wilkinson ? ? 40 593. Sherardia arvensis, Linn. Fields and waste places, Caithness to Channel Islands. Distrih. Europe, N. Asia, &c. Sp. Kirkstall Bridge, Leeds, Yorkshire In the fields at the Cliff and near . Bolton (Bradford, Yorkshire) .... Copgrove, Yorkshire Heslington, York ... Date. Collector. Herbarium. 1804 S. Hailstone S. Hailstone 1790 J. Dalton Bev. J. Dalton 1820 ; W. Middleton W. Middleton VALERIANE/E. 594. Valeriana dioica, Linn. Wet meadows and swampy places, Fife to Cornwall. Distrih. N. and Mid Europe, Himalaya. Sp. Thorparch, Yorkshire Shipley ,, Copgrove ,, Heslington ,, 595. Valeriana officinalis, Linn. Wet meadows and hanks of streams, Orkney to Channel Islands. Distrih. Europe (Arctic), N. and W. Asia. Dp. Thorparch, Yorkshire. Copgrove ,, 596. Valeriana pyrenaica, Linn. (alien.) Naturalized in plantations. Sp. Edinburgh ... 597. Centranthus ruber, D.C, Old walls and chalk pits ( naturalized ) Sp. Kent Near Dover, Kent ... 1849 S. Hailstone j S. Hailstone 180G 99 99 1790 J. Dalton Bev. J. Dalton 1800 W. Middleton W. Middleton I * 1840 S. Hailstone S. Hailstone 1790 J. Dalton Bev. J. Dalton 1833 Giles Munhy Giles Munhy (1800) W. J. Hooker Bev. J. Dalton (1800) D. Turner 9 9 41 598. Valerianella olitoria, Moeneh. Cornfields and hedgebanks, Shetland to Channel Islands. Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia. Sp. Cliff fields and Bolton fields, near Date. Collector. Bradford, Yorkshire 1804 S. Hailstone Boston Spa, Yorkshire 1832 j > Hastings, Sussex ... 1832 > > Copgrove, Yorkshire 599. Valerianella carinata, Loisel. Cultivated ground (Naturalized.) 1790 J. Dalton Sp. Longlane, Church Stretton, Shropshire (1844) W. R. Crotch Copgrove, Yorkshire (sub nom dentata). 600. Valerianella auricula, D.G. Cornfields , dc., Fife southwards (Colonist ?) 1790 J. Dalton Sp. Croft, North Yorkshire 601. V alerianella dentata, Poll. At Cornfields from Lanark southwards (Colonist ?). 1830 J. Dalton Sjj. Hastings, Sussex ... (stcb nom F. auricula ) 1834 S. Hailstone Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton D I P S A C E M . 602. Dipsacus sylvestris, Linn. Copses & hedges from Perth southwards . Distrib. From Denmark southwards. Sp. Saltburn, N.E. Yorkshire ... 1799 S. Hailstone Grantchester, Cambs. 1840 J ? Retford 1820 W'. Middleton Skeffiing, S.E. Yorkshire ... 1893 H. J. Wilkinson D Herbarium. S. Hailstone 5? J 5 Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone W. Middleton H. J. Wilkinson 42 603. Dipsacus pilosus, Linn. Moist hedges and hanks , Yorkshire to Devon , dc. Date. Collector. Distrih. N. and Mid Europe. Sp. Riverstone, Lancashire (1830) Mr. Hustler Devil’s Ditch, Cambs. 604. Scabiosa succisa, Linn. Pastures and waysides, Shetland to Channel Islands. (1840) Miss J. Hailstone Distrih. N. and Mid Europe (Arctic), N. Africa. - Sp. Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton Thorparch ,, 605. Scabiosa cokiiTLba.ria, Linn. Dry Pastures and hanks, Perth to 1830 S. Hailstone . Channel Islands. Distrih. Europe, Mediterranean region. Sp. Clitheroe Castle, Lancashire 1808 S. Hailstone Bridlington, Yorkshire 1820 Copgrove ,, . 1790 J. Dalton Heslington, York ... 606. Scabiosa arvensis, Linn. Dry hanks and fields, Orkney to Channel Islands. 1888 II. J. Wilkinson Distrih. Europe (Arctic), Caucasus. Sp). Copgrove, Yorkshire 1790 J. Dalton Heslington, York ... 1820 AY. Middleton Herbarium. S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton S. Hailstone S. Hailstone Rev. J. Dalton II. J. Wilkinson Rev. J. Dalton W. Middleton 43 c c SEA SAND.” A Lecture before the Yorkshire Philosophical Society , Dec. 1902, By HUGH RICHARDSON, M.A. THROUGHOUT all ages the star-spangled heavens and the lonely seashore have impressed the spirit of man with a sense of the infinite. In speaking of the descendants of Abraham, generation after generation has employed the same formula — “ So many as the stars of the sky in multitude and as the sand which is by the sea shore innumerable.” Attempts have been made to count the stars. In our English skies and without a telescope only some 3000 are visible to the naked eye. Over 300,000 have been catalogued as easily visible through a telescope, and vastly larger numbers are now being registered on photographic plates. A high magnifying power turned on the Milky Way suggests un¬ numbered millions. The questions whether the number of the stars is really infinite, whether the material universe has finite boundaries, or stretches on for ever a shoreless sea where the light waves never break on any margin — these questions may be asked, but their consideration would take us off our safe shores of time and space into the deep waters of philosophy. Let us turn to something simpler. How many grains of sand would fill a cubic inch ? Well, a not uncommon size for fine sand is inch in diameter. Suppose 100 such grains in a row, they would stretch for 1 inch ; or on a square inch 100 times 100, or 10,000 might be laid; and piling up 100 such layers we have 1,000,000 grains to the cubic inch — more grains of sand in a handful than stars numbered in the catalogue. In the fairy tale of Ashputtel, the wicked' stepmother threw the dish of peas into the ash heap, and then told her poor 44 SEA SAND. stepdaughter to get them all picked out in two hours time if she wished to go to the dance. The birds of the air came to help her, and long before the allotted time peas and cinders were disentangled. We have tried to disentangle the still greater confusion in a handful of sand. And if it be suggested that we should pick out the large or the small grains, the hard or the soft, the light or the heavy, the Hat or the round, the limestone, the iron or the flint, to all these problems we shall offer at least partial answers. The experiments described below have mostly been worked out by my pupils at Bootham School. They are of an ele¬ mentary character. At first sight some may seem simply silly, others trivial and useless. Advanced methods of chemical and microscopic analysis have been beyond our reach ; hut there are certain vistas of interesting inquiries which open out as soon as we begin to apply com monsense methods to the investigation of everyday things. Many of the experiments are still only in process, and are mentioned as suggestive not as conclusive. My special thanks are already due to Mr. Walker and Mr. Platnauer for their kind assistance, as well as to the publications of Prof. W7arrington, Prof. Karl Pearson, and Mr. Francis Gabon. The statements in the school books that sand is silica, and that sea sand is formed by the wearing away of sea cliffs, have sometimes seemed so simple and so final that we have been tempted to accept these conclusions and to rest in them without further thought. Our inquiries were prompted by a winter sojourn at Scarbro’, and have been directed mainly to the sand of the Scarbro’ South Bay. A glance at a handful of this shows at once that it consists of very various colours. Its nature then is complex not simple. A dishful of sand brought home from the shore may appear dry, but if a small quantity of it is heated in a test-tube and then poured out, some of it sticks to the side of the tube. Moisture has been given off from the sand, and condensing in the upper part of the tube has retained some of the grains. Apparently sand which seems dry may contain water. SEA SAND. 45 The drying may be more completely effected in an open evaporating basin, the sand being stirred with a test-tube of cold water until it no longer adheres to the outside of this tube. A sample of such dried sand was first cooled in dry air, then weighed, and left exposed to the atmosphere; it gained weight. It is reasonable to suppose that some sea salt was on the surface of the grains of sea sand, and that just as the properties of sea weed (changing wet or dry with the weather) appear to depend upon the sea salt on its surface, so perhaps the sea sand may change its weight with the moisture of the air. But this we have not proved. The familiar spade and bucket experiment of moulding sand into sand pies depends for its success on the grains being slightly damp. Really dry sand is quite loose, and foundry sand is purposely made damp for moulding. The suspicion that salt exists on the surface of sand can easily be verified. We have only to compare the result of running some distilled water through a clean filter paper and some more water through unwashed sea sand. The milky cloud in the presence of silver nitrate reveals the difference usually attributed to sodium chloride. But here let us beware lest because the school books call common salt sodium chloride we should rashly conclude that it is the sodium chloride on the salt grains which keeps them moist. There are many A. salts in sea water, and the damp detaining properties may be chiefly due to magnesium or calcium compounds, either alone or in conjunction with sodium chloride. It is, I believe, this damp detaining power which, in conjunction with its round¬ ness, disqualifies sea sand for making mortar. So far then we find that sea sand contains water and salts as well as sand. Now for the sand. — We have worked with sand washed free from salt and then dried. A curious change of tint occurs in the drying if the temperature gets needlessly high, the yellow tinge changing to pink, but of this more presently. We h ave inquired into the size of sand grains. These are most conveniently measured by strewing them on a micro¬ meter — a sheet of glass ruled with lines of an inch apart - — which may then be observed through the microscope. The 46 SEA SAND. diameters in some fine Scarbro' sand run from inch to less than inch. But different samples of sand are of obviously different fineness. Thus from Thornwick Ba)r, near Flambro’, comes a much coarser sample of angular flint sand, the particles being about as coarse as fine shot. Another plan was to scatter a known weight or volume of sand evenly over a sheet of paper, ruled in squares, and by counting the numbers of grains on a few squares to estimate the total number. In any small portion of the sand, as it lies on the shore, the grains are generally of about the same size — that is, fine mud and coarse gravel are not as a rule mixed with it. When such a natural sample of sea sand is thrown into water, the particles sink at not very different rates. This is because the sand has already been water sorted. The finer particles have been carried away altogether. The gravel has settled previously, and the sand falling later has partly filled the interstices of the gravel and also formed a layer on top of it. The swift currents round a cape leave only large blocks of stone ; in exposed bays like Cornelian Bay, gravel is left ; in Thornwick Bay near the Flamboro’ headland, a coarse sand ; in the sheltered Scarboro’ South Bay, a fine sand ; but even there the finer mud has been carried away. At high Spring tides when the waves reach the clay banks? the sea is muddy for a hundred yards or so from the Scarboro' cliff banks, and some of this mud is left in the rock pools from which it is afterwards swept away by succeeding tides. There are other ways in which sand may get sorted into sizes. If a dish of dry sand and gravel is shaken, the sand will shake down through the interstices of the gravel. So although gravel settles first in water, the sand may afterwards find its way down among the interstices of the gravel. Digging into the Scarboro’ sand below the Holbeck Gardens, I have found first a layer of fine sand and then underneath this mixed sand and gravel. At the Gravel Pits beyond Fulford, when a various mixture of sand and gravel is tipped out from the truck, the larger stones collect at the bottom of the heap. This is because the irregularities of the heap are rough relatively to sand grains SEA SAND. 47 (which are therefore detained), but smooth compared to the larger stones (which therefore roll to the bottom). When rain falls upon a heap of sand and gravel, the sand goes to the bottom whilst the gravel remains, because the rain is able to wash away the finer grains, but does not stir the heavier stones. On the Northumberland coast, after a strong wind off shore, I have seen a plain swept almost bare of sand, leaving the gravel in coarse ripples a yard or so apart. In comparing the fineness of two different samples of sand, it is not necessary to actually measure the grains. We have found it convenient to divide the sand into grades of fineness by means of a series of graduated sieves. These are made (in Stonegate and elsewhere) from wire gauze, so as to have io, 20, 30, or some other number of holes to the linear inch. 20 holes to the inch does not imply that particles yrr inch in diameter will just slip through. The wires have some thick¬ ness, and such particles would not get through. Perhaps the most useful sizes are 30, 60, and 90 to the inch. But the complete set wre have used runs from 10 to 90 (omitting 70). Using these, a sample of sand may be separated into some 10 different grades. (I have allowed for the lack of a 70 sieve by splitting the 60 to 80 grade of sand into two arbitrary portions). A sample of sand has been passed through the whole series of sieves, and the quantities rejected by each sieve have been transferred to upright measuring jars so that their volumes may be compared. Rejected by 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 — Passed by . . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Volume 6 + ol O • 0 12 1 21' 8- 2' very still little less If the 40 to 50 grade is the largest portion, then the adjacent grades 30 to 40 and 50 to 60 are the next commonest, and the two extreme grades (rejected by 10, and passing 90) are the rarest. This sounds common sense. It is like saying that most of the sand has a diameter not very different from the average diameter. But there is more in this orderly 48 SEA SAND. arrangement than appears at first sight. Let us make a diagram showing by the heights of vertical lines the quantities of sand in each jar in order, and then imagine a curve drawn through the tops of the lines. Now a curve of this volcano-shaped form happens to be very celebrated. It is well known to mathematicians. A rudi¬ mentary knowledge of it follows from the binomial theorem, but its properties are more completely discussed in the integral calculus. It turns up in all sorts of investigations. This experimental illustration of a general law has been worked out as one of the most elegant instances which I can find to illuminate a principle of far reaching significance. Consider what possible resemblance there could be between the following sets of statistics — (i) the marks of candidates for admission to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, (2) the statures of men in inches, (3) the erroneous results of schoolboys’ experiments on latent heat, (4) the number of peas in a pod, (5) the diverse lengths of guillemots’ eggs. But in everv one of these cases the statistics can be thrown into the •/ form of this curve. For instance, the vertical lines (or more exactly the areas between them) may stand for the numbers of examination candidates whose marks fall within certain limits. The curve comes to us by the application of the theory of probability to the errors of astronomical observations. It has been called the curve of distribution of errors. Mr. Francis SEA SAND. 49 Galton in his “ Natural Inheritance,” has used this curve to study the problems of heredity ; and for this and other work the Royal Society has just awarded the Darwin medal to him. Dr. Russell Wallace has suggested, and Prof= Karl Pearson has greatly developed the use of the curve for the exact study of variation in animals and plants. But we must leave the further discussion of this to the York Naturalists. For us the curve indicates the proportions between sand particles of different grades which will be deposited side by side. If you like, it indicates the error in the water deposition method of attempting to sort sand into different sizes. The grains differ in shape, in size, in density, and these small differences must affect and may combine to equalize their rates of fall. The history of any single grain is a long chapter of accidents, that is of causes which defy our powers ol analysis. The long chain of causes which brought certain grains of sand into the laboratory is as intricate as that other chain of causes which brought together certain people to consider its properties. Trace back the individual life histories of the inquirers and their family histories for a thousand generations, and consider what innumerable causes have conspired to con¬ centrate them into one room. The curve described above stands for the law of error, the rule of accidents, the order in chaos. The mathematical theory of it is worked out on the hypothesis of an infinite of infinitesimal causes all equally probable. The word calculus once meant a pebble : now it applies to a branch of mathematics in which the pebbles are ground finer than the finest sand, though the total of sand is still equal to the pebbles from which it was made. But if we submit our sand to any new series of accidents we shall get a result of the same form, provided the causes are very many, equal in magnitude and equally probable. For instance, if a stream of fine sand is allowed to fall on a series of horizontal sheets of wire gauze placed one above the other, each grain as it strikes the wires may be turned just in or just out of the meshes, or bouncing may be thrown still further out. The first grains that fall are laid out like bullet marks on a target, most numerous near the middle, fewer towards 50 SEA SAND. edges. As more grains follow, they pile up in the middle making a low volcano shaped cone, until the pattern is spoilt by the middle parts beginning to slide and forming a cone of constant angle as often happens with a cinder cone. Some of the mathematical problems suggested by the sand grains are similar to those which occur in the theory of mole¬ cules. The diagram of the bullet marks on the target is familiar in the Kinetic theory of gases, although in that case the discussion concerns the distribution of diverse velocities among the molecules. More recently Prof. Osborne Reynolds has used the properties of sand to suggest that possibly not only matter i but also ether behaves as though it had a granular structure. The size of the sand grains determines the size of the spaces between them; and many of the properties of sand depend upon these intervals. We have attempted to get some measure of these interspaces by finding how much water they will hold. A dry measure of ioo cubic centimetres of sand is somewhat indefinite unless the sand be well shaken together ; for under judicious shaking the volume will be diminished as the particles pack closer together. A similar closer packing occurs with spherical lead shot. A 200 cc. measuring jar was half-filled with water up to the ioo cc. mark, and a measured ioo cc. of sand poured in. If there were no interspaces the total volume would have been 200 cc., but the total fell short of this by some 30 to 40 cc., showing that about j, of the dry sand had been air-space. This fraction is not the same for different kinds of sand. Can wejpredict whether it will depend on the size or shape of the grains ? Will small shot or large shot allow7 most air¬ space ? or round shot or angular sand ? and what about a mixture of many shapes and many sizes ? 0000 0000 0000 0000 000 0 0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 000 000 Fig. 1. IT i 0* o Fig- 3- SEA SAND. 51 Since Fig. 1 will do equally well for large shot, seen at a distance, or for small shot seen through a magnifying glass, we may argue that at any rate the interspaces are the same fraction of the whole in either case. But if the pattern of the packing is different as in Fig. 2, and the spheres are closer together, a mathematical inquiry should show what different volumes of water could he contained in each case. But even on the tightest packing there is room for very small particles between the large ones, and therefore we have an a priori suspicion that a sand of mixed grades will fill space more completely than another of uniform grain. Experimentally we find that shot whether larger (2*8 mm. diam.) or smaller (1*9 mm. diam.) will really fill about 62% of the space which it occupies, leaving 38% of the space which may he filled with water, the size of shot making no difference, provided they are all of the same size. The Thornwick Bay sand — a coarse very angular sand of even grade — gave results very nearly the same ; 7 experiments giving figures between 36 and 39, and thus suggesting that the shape of the sand makes hut little difference to the interspaces. The coarse Bedfordshire sand used by gardeners has rounded particles which differ considerably in size. This contains much less water, the answers lying between 29 and 33, and averaging 31 per cent. This bears out the suggestion that in a sand of uneven grade, the finer particles would fill up the spaces between the larger. Wh en wet sand is allowed to drain, some, but not all, of the water runs away. Our next experiment with funnel and graduated jar is to measure the water detained by the sand, and here we find a curious difference from the figures just quoted. The Thornwick Bay sand which contains the more retains the less on draining, and the Bedfordshire which can only contain 31 % seems able to detain it all. This brings us to another property evidenced by the sand — the retaining power which narrow spaces have for water. This is called capillarity, and may be illustrated by the power of blotting paper to absorb ink. In Germany fine sand is often used instead of blotting paper. 52 SEA SAND. Not only does sand retain water, but water will even rise up through sand against the force of gravity. An upright tube was filled with white sand from Huttons Ambo, into which a very little blue black dye had been mixed. The lower end of the tube was placed upright in a basin of water, and the water gradually rose dissolving the dye and blackening the sand. The distance which the water was able to rise — n inches — suggests that this sand behaves as a labyrinth of passages a little over inch across ; the height to which the water rises being an indirect means of measuring the breadth of the passages. To find whether sand really has been formed by the wear and tear of the coast-line, we must examine the material of the grains. A good example is the flint sand at Thornwick Bay, apparently derived from the bands of flint which occur in the chalk cliffs, and which are so well seen when visiting the Flamboro’ caves by boat. But be it noted that whilst the cliffs are almost all chalk with only a few narrow bands of flint, the sand is almost all flint with only a few white chalk pebbles. The softer chalk has worn away far faster than the hard flint. In Cornelian Bay, near Scarboro’, are certain patches of red purple sand close beside a red band in the rocks, and in Scarboro' South Bay the sand, yellowish on the whole, corresponds to the yellow colour of the oolite rocks. So that we may take it as at least partly true that sand has come from the cliffs near at hand. But there are also dark particles in the Scarboro’ sand which do not suggest any of the adjacent rocks, and if these dark particles are not of local origin, we may have to re-open our inquiry into the yellow ones. On the supposition that sand is in continual process of being made, and of wearing away, then the smaller grains might say to the larger — “ I was what you are, and what I am you shall be ” ; but with the proviso that the softer material will be the sooner reduced to dust and mud and carried out to sea, so that the residue left on the shore will represent chiefly the harder particles. Let us explore the history of the sand by considering the gravel, for example that of Cornelian Bay which has long SEA SAND. 53 been remarkable for the great variety of its pebbles — notably the occasional cornelians and agates. An attempt to arrange these pebbles as a geological collection at once shows that there are many dozens of different sorts— the difficulty is perhaps to find any two that exactly match and yet they can be arranged in about half-a-dozen main groups. The cup of poison which Medea spilt must have contained some acid, for it made the marble pavement hiss and bubble ; and the Geologist’s test for marble or any other sort of limestone is to place a drop of hydrochloric acid on the stone, and notice whether any bubbling occurs. 1 his test allows us to quickly pick out the limestone pebbles from among the gravel, and some sorting done in this way indicates that about i pebble in every 6 is a limestone of some sort. Other large groups that can be picked out are the sandstones, the quartzites, some dark stones possibly basalt, and a variety of stones of mottled texture which appear to be either granite or other stones of igneous origin. Geologists say that some of these granites are unlike any British rocks, but resemble certain Scandinavian granites. If so, their presence here can only be explained by supposing that they have been brought upon ice at a time when our islands enjoyed a climate like that of Greenland to-day. The Scarboro’ cliffs are all capped with clay, glacial clay full of pebbles. The seabanks are undrained, and the clay is very wet in winter, so that it is in continual slow glacierlike movement — a movement which threatens to carry away the promenade down towards the sea. On reaching the shore the waves either wash away the clay or cover it with sand. On treating a sample of this clay so as to wash away the finer portions, a considerable quantity of sand and grit is left. Here is one source of sand other than the rock of the cliffs. Larger stones emerge from the clay at times, among which scratched and polished boulders of the mountain limestone are not infrequent. Isolated blocks weighing some hundredweights are frequently seen littered across the rocky reefs along the coast. The largest I know, a rock called the Dutchman, which must weigh many tons, stands amidst the sand at Newbiggin-by-the-Sea, 54 SEA SAND. In a series of papers by Prof. Lamplugh, published in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, some account is given of the larger boulders found along the coast near Flamboroh He enumerates carboniferous limestones, carboniferous sandstones, and basalt, as the com¬ monest of these, with distinctly smaller proportions of granite and quartzite. My impression is that in the Cornelian Bay gravel the granite and quartzite are more conspicuous than amongst the boulders, and if so, this is probably on account of their great hardness. We can continue the grinding process begun by the waves by rubbing down some sand in a mortar, and washing away the finer particles. This still leaves a large proportion of a very hard powder, hard enough to scratch glass. This is the silica, and if sand is largely silica, it is because silica being extremely hard wears down slower than other materials. To powder the silica itself, we heat it to redness in a platinum crucible and throw it into cold water. After this it is easily broken up, and shows under the microscope as sharp angular transparent splinters. But Scarboro' sand is not all silica : it contains limestone as well. Whitby sand and River Ouse sand also contain lime¬ stone. But the Bedfordshire and Calais sands are practically free from limestone, and so are the sand beds found in the ground in several places near York; the yellow sand excavated for the Railway Company near the Waterworks; the sand dug out to make mimic earthworks on Strensall Common ; the fertile orange sand from Messrs. Backhouse’s Gardens at Cattal, and the beautiful white sand from Huttons Ambo. The York Glass Works have made special efforts to secure a pure silica sand for making white glass, and are rewarded by the sand from Fontainbleau, near Paris, quoted at 99*8 per cent, pure silica. We have attempted to measure the amount of limestone in Scarboro’ sand. The fraction dissolved out by acid is variable, and appears to depend on whether that acid is weak acetic dissolving carbonates only, or strong, hot hydrochloric, dis¬ solving other substances as well. SEA SAND. 55 We have therefore tried to determine the limestone by an indirect method, measuring in a Hempel burette the volume of carbon dioxide gas, produced during effervescence. From a few rough experiments it appears that about TU of the sand is limestone. It was Mr. Edward Worsdell, of this city, who first pointed out to me that Scarboro’ sand contains particles which a magnet can extract. In winter when the sand is damp it will cling to anything, so the experiment is best tried with sand which has been washed free from salt and then dried. If a powerful magnet is trailed through this it will come out bristling with black particles. Under the microscope these appear rounded, glossy-black and highly polished. In seeking for their origin we have examined the purple-red sand of Cornelian Bay, because its colour suggests iron ; and here we find the crop of attractable particles unusually rich. In fact, time after time, a magnet can be passed through a handful of sand, and will go on bringing out particles, so that even at the end of an hour, when a yield of 2 or 3 per cent, has been obtained, the supply does not seem exhausted. It would seem however, that the particles are not all equally attractable. On examining the density of this red sand, it is found to be about 3 1 times as heavy as water ; whilst the yellow sand of the South Bay is only about 2J times (more exactly 2*63) as heaVy as water. Moreover if some red sand which has been nearly cleared of its magnetic particles is heated to redness, it will again yield a luxuriant crop. Indeed on very strongly heating it almost all becomes attractable. A smell of burning sulphur during the process suggests that we may be dealing among other things with a sulphide of iron. The particles extracted after heating are not so brilliantly black as those first obtained. We have not found out for certain the exact composition of either the shining black or the duller particles. They can hardly be metallic iron which would rapidly rust on alternate exposure to air and sea water. Mr. Platnauer has found that the portion extracted by a magnet consists of Magnetite with some Haematite, a little Chromite . and Pvrrhotine (magnetic pyrites). He also points out that Haematite is only 5$ SEA SAND. slightly magnetic, but becomes strongly so after being heated ; while Pyrites is only magnetic after ignition, when it loses sulphur and becomes converted into Pyrrhotine. Magnetite certainly occurs in the basalt of the North of England. The word attractable has been used because a piece of iron may be attracted by a magnet without being itself a magnet. A good test for a magnet is to find whether it can repel as well as attract another magnet, and a compass needle makes a convenient test magnet. Now at first the shining hlack particles do not appear to have this power of repulsion. But if a small glass tube full of them is held in the neighbourhood of a strong magnet, and there gently shaken, the tube full of particles will then behave as a magnet attracting one end of a compass and repelling the other. I argue then that the particles have really been magnetic all the time, though this is not evident so long as they are arranged anyhow ; but that the gentle shaking in the neighbourhood of a strong magnet allows them to arrange themselves all in the same way, and that after this arrangement has taken place their united effect is appreciable. The existence of any large mass of magnetic material along a coast line may have a disturbing effect on ships’ compasses. After a recent shipwreck there were two stories — the captain's which alleged that his compasses were at fault, and another which pointed to errors of observation or judgment due to Alcohol. The supposed causes, do not exclude each other, but their coincidence may well be fatal to safe navigation. I have no evidence, however, that any such magnetic perturba¬ tion occurs off the Scarboro' coast. Nor are these magnetic particles the only iron in the sand. Many yellow sands when boiled with acid lose some of their colour and turn whiter. The yellow substance passes into solution, and this solution may be examined for iron in another way. The test is one of great celebrity. It has been the means of reviving the writing in some of the most ancient Biblical manuscripts. For instance, when Rendall Harris went from Cambridge to explore the library in the monastery on Mount Sinai, he knew that the monks would not approve of his borrowing their manuscripts. Therefore he took SEA SAND. 57 with him a photographic camera and a supply of potassium ferrocyanide. Brown faded writing still contains the iron of the ink, and if it is brushed over with a weak solution of this potassium ferrocyanide, the letters appear again distinct and blue. And so examining this solution of sand by adding a few drops of potassium ferrocyanide, a bright Prussian blue colour appears which we regard as proof of the presence of iron. The yellow sands generally contain iron, staining the grains of quartz, and it appears to be this yellow iron compound which changes to pink when Scarboro’ sand is strongly heated. Presumably the change is by loss of water from some hydrate of iron to ferric oxide. The green colour of common glass is due to ferrous oxide derived from sand containing iron, and it is to avoid iron that makers of the best glass take such pains to secure a pure white sand. There are other metals besides iron for whose presence we have not yet searched. Nor has our microscopical examination of sand gone much further than admiration of the magnificently pqlished appearance of the grains when seen by reflected light. A further interesting inquiry would be to use certain very dense liquids to sort out the grains of sand according to their specific gravities. We have just noticed the influence of shape on the rate at which sand falls through water. The thin flat fragments of shell and the little flashing flakes of mica fall slower than the rounder grains, and therefore come to lie on the surface. In many sandstone rocks the mica flakes lie in planes, and it is along these planes that the rock splits most easily. The grains may be roughly sorted by shape, by shaking them on a sloping glassplate when the rounder ones tend to run off first. It is, of course, only a rough sort of artificial selection process, but if those that run off the plate are put through the process again and again, we obtain at last a small quantity of sand so round and so mobile as to run about almost like drops of mercury. A round sand grain will probably run before the wind better than a flat one, and I suspect that sandhill sand may prove of rounder quality than seashore sand. This is certainly true of two samples gathered from the Northumberland coast, a little north of Newbiggin-by-the-Sea ; and Calais sand (which I suppose to be from the French sandhills) lacks the flat shell E SEA SAND. fragments of Scarboro’ sand. I suspect that the rain washes the salt out of sandhills, making the sand habitable for plants, and that ages of percolating water might also remove the less soluble limestone. It is remarkable that the limestone is practically absent in the beds of sand already referred to at Strensall, Catton, Sand Hutton, and near the York Water¬ works. Not very long ago, a few winged words whispered in the audience reached the ear of a lecturer. The speaker wondered what the poor man did it all for, perhaps it was his hobby. In the present case it is partly the poor man’s hobby, and partly he is daily concerned in trying to use the methods of scientific research as a means of education. It is not here proposed to weigh the relative values of Science and of Litera¬ ture. What gives Science its dignity in the curriculum is that it is a part of a larger whole. As an element of instruction Science has been praised for having added to the older com¬ forts of life, the telephone, the motor car, and the lyddite shell ; and as helping to maintain the commercial supremacy of every nation that has not learnt to measure a man’s wealth by the multitude of things which he can do without. Instead of dwelling on the triumphant achievements of Science in the recent past, it has seemed wiser to get our pupils to tackle for themselves some real inquiries, however trivial, in which the answer is not a forgone conclusion. Because apart from the results of Scientific inquiry, the process and methods of research are slowly but profoundly influencing the habits of thought in our age. The great care spent in avoiding errors, the patient repetition of experiments, the averaging of results, the tentative hold on final figures, the fertile use made of imagination and theory to illuminate and explore the surrounding darkness, whilst judgment on the truth of such theories is still suspended — all these influences are conspiring to spread a philosophic tone and temper of thought which must breed a different attitude of mind to the far greater problems, political, social, and religious, which stretch unsolved before us, and to which we are still as Sir Isaac Newton said : — Like children playing with pebbles on the sea shore, whilst the great ocean of truth lies unexplored in front of us. 59 THE YORK RAINFALL. By J. EDMUND CLARK. A NOTHER ten }rears has elapsed since this subject was 1 ^ discussed in my paper on “ Fifty Arears of \rork Mete¬ orology. That was based on the Annual Reports in our Proceedings and, to some extent, on occasional references to previous observations. In this way were obtained the following means for 1841-90: We can now add : — Year. Jan. Feb. Mcli. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Fall . . 25-005 1-74 1-52 1-67 1-61 1-81 2-24 2-66 2-68 2-40 2-62 2-09 1-96 Days . . 170-6 14-5 13-1 14-1 13-4 13-4 12-6 19.0 in o 14-1 13-7 17-0 16-6 i 15-1 We can now add : — Fall. 1811-1824 Year. Jan. Feb. Mcli. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ■TOO / o 24-54 1-70 1-55 1-53 1-67 2-26 1-96 2-75 2-26 1-94 2-91 1-92 2-08 1831-1840 . . 24-014 1-717 1-706 1-711 1-551 1"468 2*385 2-577 2-456 2-144 1-981 2-591 1-727 1891-1900 . . 24-326 1-690 1"586 1-320 1-551 1-830 2-348 2-188 2-885 1-649 3-028 2-047 2-204 70 yrs. 1831-00 24-766 1-732 1-554 1-624 1-591 1-765 2-277 2-583 2-681 2-258 2 "585 2-154 1-962 Dif.from 50 vr. -•239 — •on + •037 - -043 — -016 — -046 + -035 — -080 - -004 — •145 — -033 + -066 + -ooi 84 yrs. 1831-00 + 1811-24 [-24-728 1-725 1-552 1-608 1-605 1-848 2-225 2-611 2-611 2-206 2-640 2-116 1-981 Dif.from 50 yr. 1840-90 j-— -277 — -ois + •035 + -059 — •002 + •037 — •017 — -052 — •074 — ■197 + -022 + -028 + -020 Days. 1891-1900 .. 187-2 18-2 14-4 16-4 13-9 13-9 13-0 13-0 17-1 14-1 18-7 17-6 17-9 60 yrs. 1841-00 173-4 15-1 13-3 14-5 13-5 13 2 12-8 13-3 14-6 13-8 17-3 16-8 15"6 Dif.from 50 yr. + 2-8 + 0-6 + 0-2 + 0-4 + o-i + 0.1 + 0-2 o-o 4- 0 5 + 01 + 0-3 + 0-2 + 0-5 30-Day Months. 70 years, 1831-1900 1-677 *1-650 1-571 1-591 1-708 2-277 2-500 2-594 2-258 2-502 2-154 1-S99 Dif. from 50 years -o-oio + -038 — •042 — •016, — •045 + "035 — 077 — •004 — •145 — 032 + -066 •001 „. | 1811-24 1 84 ycals { 1831-uO j Dif. from 1841-90 . . 1*667 - -020 1-637 + •025 1"556 — -057 1"605 — •002 1-783 + -035 2-225 — •017 2527 — •050 2-527 — •071 2 206 — 197 2 555 + -021 2-116 + -028 1-917 + 019 * Allowing for 21 Leap-years. E 2 6o THE YORK RAINFALL. Fortunately the lost records, left to our Library by the late John Ford, from 1831 to 1870, have been discovered, except for the year 1831 itself. The rainfall values for this year were however supplied by him to the late G. J. Symons, and are thusppreserved for us. The 1811-24 values are from the monthly means for those years, presumably by Mr. Jonathan Gray, used by Professor Phillips in his “ Rivers, Valleys, and Seacoasts of Yorkshire." These records were begun in 1801. The discovery of them would be of great interest and value. His gauge appears to have been placed 3 feet above the ground. The values given by Phillips have therefore been increased by 3*3, on grounds which have most recently been stated in the 1900 volume of “ British Rainfall,” by Mr. Hugh R. Mill. In the two decades, now added, the driest years were 1834 (i8'49 ins.) and 1896 (21*98 ins.) The wettest were 1839 (26*43 ins.) and 1894 (28*08 ins.) The last decade, with an average fall of 24*326 ins. was 0*675 under the mean for the previous 50 years. But the “ wet days ” exceeded the same mean by no less than 16 h days, being nearly the same as the mean for the seventies and slightly less than the eighties. The values for each decade are shown in the accompanying tables : MEAN RAINFALL IN DECADES, 1831— 1900. Decade. Yearly. I. II. III. IV. V. VT. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. Decade. I. 1831-40 24 014 1-72 1-71 1-71 1-55 1-47 2-30 2-58 2-4 G 2-14 1-08 2-50 ] .70 J i 0 I. ir. 1841-50 24 835 i-o; 1-50 1-53 1-74 1-84 2-52 2-86 2-75 1-01 2-01 2-04 1-63 II. 11 r. 1851-60 23-265 1-78 1-10 1-36 1-41 1-66 2-51 2-05 3-08 2-27 2-07 1-77 1-55 III. IV. 1861-70 23-037 1-70 1-52 1-77 1-41 1-70 1-05 1-03 2-57 2-53 2-74 1 -90 2-44 IV. V. 1871-80 28 036 1-77 1-78 1-75 1-80 1-70 2-51 3-04 2-53 o o() 2-71 2-G8 2-27 V. VI. 1881-00 24 052 1-87 1-02 1-02 1-02 1-08 1-71 3-13 2-50 1-05 2-00 2-00 1-02 VI. VII 1801-00 24-320 1 00 1-50 1-32 1-55 1-83 2-35 2-10 2-80 1-65 3-03 2 05 2-20 VII. Range 4*771 0-20 0 02 o-oo 0-45 0-51 0 81 1-50 o-oi ,■7, 1-05 0 01 0-89 Range Wettest Decade V. VI. V. VI. V. VI. II. VI. III. V. VII. V. IV. Wettest Driest Decade III. I III. VII. IV. I. VI. IV. I. VII. III. III. III. Driest 70 Years ... 24-706 1 73 1-55 1 02 1-50 1-77 2-28 2-58 2-08 2-20 2-58 2-15 LOG 70 years Yearly. Jan. Feb Mch Apl. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov Dec. THE YORK RAINFALL. 6l MEAN DAYS WITH RAIN, SNOW, &c., IN DECADES, 1811*— 1900. Decade. Yearly. Jan. Feb. Mch Apl. May Jun- Jnl. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov Dec. Decade. II. 1841-50 159-8 13-1 9-8 13-7 1 4-3 14-2 12-2 1 3-3 13-8 10-4 17-6 14-4 12-5 II. III. 1851-60 147-3 12-6 10-0 9-5 10-4 1 1-8 13-9 1 1-0 12-5 12-2 15-7 15-0 12-8 III. IV. 1861-70 1 68 -0 11-7 1 3-9 1 5-8 12-3 11-6 11-2 10-5 13-4 15 3 16-7 16-3 16-3 IV. V. 1871-80 1 87 9 15-1 16-4 16-5 14-6 13-9 1 4-4 15-5 15-3 15-1 16-5 18-1 16-7 V. VI. 1881-90 190-0 16-8 15-1 1.5-1 15 -5 14-0 11-2 16-3 15-3 15-7 18-5 1 9-4 1 7-4 VI. VII. 1891-00 187-2 18-2 14-4 16-4 13-9 13-9 13-0 13-0 17-1 14-1 18-7 17-6 17-9 VII. Range 42-7 5-6 6-6 7-0 5-1 2-6 3-2 5-8 4-6 5-3 3-0 5-0 5-4 Range Most Days VI. VII. V V. AH. II. V. VI. VII. IV. VII. VI. VII AVettest Least Days III. III. II. III. III. IV. j IV. 1 VI. IV. III. II. II. II. II. Driest GO Years ... 173-4 15-1 1.3-3 14-5 1 3 5 1 3-2 12 8 1.3-3 1 46 13 8 ,7'! 16-8 15 6 60 years Yearly. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XL XII * The Returns previous to 1841 are incomplete. It will be noted that the 70 years mean of 24*766 ins. is nearly \ in. less than that for 50 years (25*005). This result justifies the suggestion made on p. 54 of the 1891 Report, that the 50 year average was greater than the true value in con¬ sequence of the abnormal fall in the seventies. Assuming that for 70 years the limit of error is -f the variation of the seven decades from the mean, we may now consider that the mean rainfall for York is 24*766 + 0*341 ins. and still regard this value as above rather than below the true mean. This may be based on the two following facts : — Adding to the above the (corrected) values for 1811-24, we find a mean of 24*728 inches for the period of 84 years. Omitting the seventies decade, the mean for the other 60 years, 1831 — 1900 is 24*222 inches. We may therefore conclude pretty safely that the true mean for York does not differ much from 24 b inches. The days with rain were not fully recorded in the thirties. The indication is that the mean was about 150. For the last decade the mean is 187*2, which brings up the mean for 60 years to 173*4. The first three decades are all less, the last three more than the mean. Does this indicate a more stringent registration, since 1870, of each day's rainfall, or is it confirmed by records elsewhere ? 62 THE YORK RAINFALL. This suspicion of possible error fortunately does not affect the very interesting question of relative monthly rainfall. Here we find, for the 70 years, that March comes out decidedly the month of least rain. There is also an accentua¬ tion of August as wetter than July and October, and of September as much less wet than these three. The 84 years accentuates more strongly the characters of March and September. On the other hand the addition of the 1811-24 observations actually deposes July and August in favour of October as the wettest month, and equalise these two. I wish to insist strongly upon the significance of this. A hundred years will perhaps give the annual rainfall within 1%, but probably 200 years or more would be required to he sure of the monthly rainfall within, say 3%. For, while the 50 year annual fall is within about 1% of that for 84 years, the September fall differs by nearly 10% . This, it is true, is largely the result of the abnormal excess in the seventies decade (33J inches against an average of 21J in the five other decades), but this simply illustrates the possibilities of erratic monthly falls over a period of many years. The difference in March, which cimes second in divergence is 3%. Only in April is it inappreciable. How entirely inadequate a ten-year period proves to be is further illustrated by the following table* : — Decade Driest 10 yrs. Wettest 10 yrs. etuling. month. fall. month. fall. • O H- co H M ay L4'68 November ... 25*91 1850. March 15*30 October 29*11 i860. February ... 11*64 August ... 30*82 1870. April 14*11 October ... 27*42 l880. March V5*t September ••• 33*55§ H OO 0 « April 16-15 July ... ••• 3i*34 1900. March 13*20 October 30*28 (1811- ■24)^ March 15*29 October ... 29*14 Four months — Feb. to May). (Five months— -July to Nov.) * These are the o.hsolute falls, but the month, with one exception, would in every case be the same if reduced to a 30-day mean. § Only 10-49, or less than half, in 1891—1900. f January was only 0T5 more. J Taken reduced to 10 years and 3'3% added as correction for height of gauge above ground. THE YORK RAINFALL. 63 One result of these further records is to alter the view based on the 50 years averages that probably August was the wettest month. It now certainly seems that October has the stronger claim. The evidence is now stronger that August is wetter than October at times of sun-spot minima and vice versa. The 50 years (1841-go) gave therefore an undue advantage to August, as it included 5 minima, but only 4 maxima. There have been five changes, in all, in the greatest and least monthly rainfall in any year. The maximum now is 375 for Jan. (1834), and 4*86 for Nov. (1836). The minimum is now 0*08 for Feb. (1891), 0*22 for May (1836), and o'20 instead of 072 for Oct. (1834). The o'o8 for Feb. (1901) is the least of any month in the 70 years. As a fact no rain fell actually in February. Part of the above was due to fog and the rest to rain after midnight on the last night, which therefore fell on March 1st, though technically counting to Feb. 28th. There were no monthly falls over 5 inches to add to the 11 in the previous record, either in the thirties or nineties. Appended are two graphic representations. Plate I. gives the monthly rainfall curve for 1831 — igoo and days with rain. The latter and the dotted rainfall curve give the values cor¬ rected to 30 days for each month. In both these the curve is -very regular, save for the curious drop in September. A comparison of the rainfall curve and that of the number of wet days shows strikingly how much the totals in July and August depend upon a few heavy falls. In the second plate curves of absolute rainfall means are given to compare the three periods of 50, 70, and 84 years. The broad results are that York Rainfall averages 24J to 24J ins., of which 10J ins. fall in 6 dry months — December to May, the average per month being i\ to iT9y ins. The other 6 months all exceed 2 ins., although their total is only 4J ins. more. March has least rain, October most, but the heavy falls in July and August nearly make up for the larger average of wet days in October. June has the fewest rainy days and November the most. The range, however, is only from about 12J to 16 b days. 64 NOTES ON EXCAVATIONS AT 26, and 27, HIGH OUSEGATE, YORK. -s- By GEORGE BENSON, A.R.LB.A. THESE excavations were commenced in September, 1902, and completed by the end of January, 1903. The area has a frontage of 46 feet to High Ousegate and stretches to Coppergate, a distance of ninety-four feet. Nearly the whole area has been dug out from kerb level at Mr. Pickering's, in High Ousegate, for a depth of 10 feet 6 inches. The material was a black warp deposit, matted with brushwood, pieces of leather, bones and horns of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, etc., tusks of boars, cut antlers of red and fallow deer, and orcasionally oyster shells. A thin light-coloured strawy band, two inches deep, occurred here and there, and gave out a strong odour that savoured of manure. The deposit was very compact and could be cut vertically, and on digging into it vapours were emitted similar to steam. Amidst this subsoil were a number of horizontal timber balks, about g" x 9'' rebated, and a quantity of piling, the positions of which were noted and a plan and sections made (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), these indicate that the area was the site of tanpits. The pit towards High Ousegate rested on a twelve-inch bed of puddled clay, the centre pit had a nine-inch bed of yellow sand, whilst the one at Coppergate end had, at the bottom, a lime deposit hve inches in thickness. Towards Coppergate was a wickerwork stockade, formed by a double row of birch posts, one row upright, the other sloping towards it on the eastern side, at the base the posts were six inches apart. The posts were three inches in diameter and REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS, ETC. 65 spaced some four inches apart, zigzag on plan, between which were plaited, in and out, hazel boughs, one inch in diameter, each laid closely and alternately, and standing in some parts 8 feet high ; the greater part had been cut down in making foundations, leaving an average height of 5 feet. The stockade was exposed for a length of 32 feet, the Coppergate end was not reached, and it seems towards High Ousegate it had been cut away for the formation of the pits. Under Coppergate were remains of trees, in position, and about 9 inches in diameter. Large blocks of masonry occur at N (Fig. 2.), forming one side of a doorway (Fig. 1). Similar stone was removed from a large abutment shown at M (Fig. 2). The masonry seemed to be Roman work, and was sandstone grit with one exception of magnesian limestone. The bases I J (Plate IV.) are Roman, and the caps G and H may also be so. A cobble road (Fig. 1) about five feet below present one, extended under the gabled houses from and parallel to High Ousegate for a width of six feet ; beneath were paved passages shown on plan. The passages sloped towards Coppergate. A portion of a rectangular drain, formed of timber g7 thick and 18'' high and 14 inches wide was taken up. The site of the excavations has been subject to floods, warp being deposited, and vegetation growing between times to be entombed by warp with recurring floods. The district was a swampy one ; the leg bones of a stork or heron were found. The area has been raised by warp deposits and in later times the road was heightened five feet, may be as a barrier between the two rivers when in flood. The depth of this warp deposit has not been reached, although penetrated three feet below present level of digging. The Tannery has been erected on the then high ground, whilst for washing skins, pits were sunk in the warp ; other portions of the area were used for refuse tips, which accounts for leather, bones and horns jumbled together, whilst the wickerwork stockade has been buried in such accumulations. When digging was general, as much as 20 stones of bones and horns were gathered in one day, 12 stones on other days, and with little digging two bags resulted for the day’s work. 66 REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS, ETC. Antlers were numerous, also tips of same ; some were ornamented, whilst one was carved into an animal’s head. Large -needles of bone were plentiful and may have been used for skins ; some needles had shaped heads and similar objects unpierced, may have acted as pins. A couple of squared bones \ inch wide and qf inches long, had one side ornamented with lines, the upper part of one had a human head indicated by curved lines. Several horn combs, yvith backs and ends shaped, had ornamental designs formed by lines. A few horn packet knife hafts were found, also a razor-like haft with incised lines at end and in centre. Amongst the whetstones for sharpening tools were a few pocket ones, with ends pierced ; one had a lead end also pierced. Several knives, mostly with long spikes for inserting into handles, were discovered ; one possessed a wood handle ; these were probably used for scraping skins. One pocket knife had an iron haft and fixed pricker at one end. A portion of a wood comb, five inches wide, had rough teeth on one edge and fine on the other. Other objects unearthed were early hammered iron door keys, a few wood bowls (one 18 inches in diameter), a polished stone axe, spindle wheels, a couple of bone skates with line ornament, jet ring, pendant of amber inches long pierced, a small terra cotta head with sphinx like covering, size i inch by three-quarter inch, a blue stone setting for a brooch, a few legs of game-cocks with natural spurs, old pipe marked P.C., and stones 3 inches in diameter pierced for grindstones or weights, one was hollowed at both ends like a quern. In leather, were shoes, some laced, others had leather laces twisted into knots which served as buttons, may be the origin of button boots, some had one others two ; some pouches and dagger and sword sheaths were met with. Amongst pottery were fragments of Samian ware with hunting scenes; also green glazed and black potteiy. In metal, a horse shoe qf" x 3}'' made out of 1" X -J-" metal with oblong countersunk holes for nails, and a small spur. Two barrow loads of thin copper about 6' X T were found at X on plan (Fig. 2) ; close by were remains of two furnaces. REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS, ETC. 67 In Plate III. (Fig. 2), the etched portion indicates the position of demolished buildings. The two-gabled house in High Ousegate was dated 1635, the carved barge-boards, etc., have been re-used on a building in Marygate. The joists and timber which formed the ceiling on first floor had stencil patterns, 3 inches deep, painted between the joists; this ceiling was removed to, and re-used at, Huntington Hall. A piece of square panelling in cak, about 80 feet super, went south. During the demolition two brick arched fireplaces, back to back, were revealed ; one 5 feet wide in long room ; the other occupied an angle of a smaller room. Behind the gabled house was a garden, and from the discovery of a portion of a red stone balustrade (Plate IV. L) it would seem to have been a typical 17th Century garden, which was subsequently destroyed, and a three-storied house built in it. Facing Coppergate was a shop and house, erected some forty years ago, when it was set back for the building line of to-day; the shop was occupied by Mr. Ralph, printer. On this site, business premises for Mr. G. W. Harding are in course of erection, from the design of Messrs. Monkman and Hornsey. The writer is indebted to Mr. Thompson, who is in charge of the works, for affording him facilities for observation. The house, 25, High Ousegate, had overhanging stories ; the floor joists were formed of tree trunks, seven and eight inches in diameter, laid sixteen inches apart. The house is being rebuilt as an addition to the business premises of Mr. C. M. Brown. In the Ethnological Room in the Museum is a glazed case containing a large number of objects classed as Danish and which w'ere found during the formation of Clifford Street. These objects are like those found in High Ousegate, and similar deposits of warp, bone, horn and leather have been removed under Mr. Dyson’s premises in Coppergate, under Barclays’ Bank, also in Parliament Street, Pavement, and Silver Street, so that the tan-pits unearthed in High Ousegate may be only a small portion of an ancient extensive tanner}'. 68 NOTES ON CLIFFORD’S TOWER. By GEO. BENSON and H. M. PLATNAUER. EMBERS of this Society, and all others who are inter- csted in the preservation of historical relics, owe a debt of gratitude to Lord Wenlock and other members of the Yorkshire County Committee, who, acting under the advice of Mr. Micklethwaite, induced His Majesty’s Government to make a grant for preserving Clifford’s Tower before restoring it to the custody of the County of York. The nature of the operations undertaken for this purpose commands our admira¬ tion no less than does their object, for the work is thoroughly and effectually done, and it is concealed, thus achieving its purpose without in any way offending the eye. The writers of these notes do not propose to deal with either the history or structure of Clifford’s Tower. The former is excellently summarized in a brochure written by the Castellan, Mr. F. Munby, and entitled “ Clifford’s Tower, a prospect and retrospect.” For information as to the structure of the keep, the reader is referred to an able paper by Mr. G. T. Clark in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society for 1874, while fuller and more general information as to its purpose may he obtained by reference to the same writer’s to have a more critical knowledge of the subject would do well to read a criticism of Mr. Clark’s views by Mr. J. H. Round in “ Archaeologia ” LYIII., pt. 1, pp. 313-340, and also a paper by Mrs. Armitage in Proc. Scot. Soc. Ant. XXXIV., pp. notes on Clifford’s tower. 69 260-288. It is simply proposed to record here — (1) the general conclusions arrived at as the result of observation made during the progress of the work, (2) the nature of the work undertaken, (3) a few details respecting observations made and objects discovered. (1) General Conclusions. These may be very briefly stated. The mound is an artificial one : cuttings made in the sides at a distance of 25ft. from the boundary wall towards the centre failed to shew any natural core. A trench 15ft. Gin. deep was sunk within the keep, and a boring was made 1 oft. Gin. from the bottom of this trench. Both trench and boring, which together went down to within 10ft. of the ground level, revealed nothing but loose made soil. At a depth of 13ft. in this trench and again at 15ft. Gin. were found remains of timber work that point to the existence of a wooden fortifi¬ cation preceding the existing shell keep and built on a smaller mound. This mound has been increased to its present dimen- . sions with great care and with enormous labour. In order to give the newer mound stability, an outer crust of firmer and more clayey material has been made round the older summit, and lighter material has been placed inside this crater to bring it up to the necessary level. The occurrence of a con¬ siderable quantity of charred wood above the lower series of timber remains, indicates that the wooden fortifications have suffered from fire. It would scarcely be rash to assume that it was the first castle of the Conqueror, burnt in the revolt of 1069. The existence of a second layer of timber work seems to shew that the fortification thus destroyed was rebuilt in wood. This is quite consistent with the assertion that the second castle was completed in eight days. The objects found in the course of excavation help very little chronologically, for they were scattered confusedly, and most were found in the lateral cuttings. Roman pottery was found in fairly considerable quantity. But this does not necessarily prove that the mound was used by the Romans. The pottery may have been in the soil excavated, and brought up by the Norman builders to enlarge the mound. That a mound existed in Celtic times is very probable ; the oldest known name of the city Abcrach or Evrach, “ the mound of the 7o notes on Clifford’s tower. estuary ” or “ the mound of the Eure,5' seems to point to it.* But this mound was most likely a small one, and would only have been cut into to a slight extent by the recent excavations. A burial of very primitive type was indeed discovered, the skeleton of a body that had been buried in a crouching position, surrounded by four pieces of rough sandstone and covered by another somewhat larger stone. The writers cannot lay much stress on this piece of evidence, as the grave was broken up before they had had an opportunity of inspecting it : the account just given is from hear-say. There is nothing that conclusively proves the existence of a Celtic mound, though — as already indicated — negative evidence does not in this case constitute disproof. The conclusions to which the writers have arrived are meagre, and may even seem disappointing. It must however be remembered that the excavations made were undertaken for engineering purposes, and not for investigation. But the results incidentally obtained are sufficiently interesting to make a systematic exploration of the mound very desirable. (2) Nature and Object of the Work. The difficulty to be met was the gradual sinking of the gateway and adjoining parts towards the south-east. This may have been caused, and certainlv must have been at least accelerated, by the curtailment of the mound about 1836. At this time a nearly circular retaining wall, of massive structure, was built and furnished with internal buttresses, to hold up the mound. The weight gradually thrust the upper stones of this wall outwards. The danger might have been considerably less had the keep been whole, but the disastrous fire and explosion of 1684 had seriously rent the walls ; and the fore part of the keep, no longer bonded to the rest of the building, sank forward as the mound gave way beneath it. Iron ties were used within, and a large wooden raking shore was recently erected, but in spite of all this, the settlement con¬ tinued. Things were in this condition when the Committee *The word ach at the end of Evrach may, however, be the Gaelic aiich, a field. We might here mention, with reference to the view expressed by some that the course of the Foss was altered in Norman times, that in 1S35 two Roman coffins were discovered in the green that forms the centre of the Castle yard. notes on Clifford’s tower. 7i entrusted to Mr. Basil Mott the task of securing the mound and keep against further subsidence. Mr. Mott took effectual steps to achieve this. He had the whole of front part of the keep underpinned with concrete to a depth of 6ft. and to 3ft. on each side of the foundation (making a total breadth of 17ft. of concrete), the looser parts of the foundation were grouted in to keep this mass of concrete in place, five huge ribs 6ft. broad and going down to the clay beneath, were cut into the sides of the mound and filled in with concrete. By these means, the arc of concrete holding up the wall is sup¬ ported by five flying buttresses of solid concrete resting on the underlying boulder clay and covered by the turf of the mound.' * It was found that the sinking of the mound was due in part to the loosening of the soil by tree roots, and in great measure to the accumulation of water in the loose stonework within the mound. The interior of the mound has been drained, and a channel has been made to carry away the water. The nature of this work can, however, be best gathered by reference to the accompanying plans kindly furnished to us by Mr. Mott. An explanation of the plans is appended. (3) General Observations and Notes on Objects Found. The rock on which the mound is erected is a solid, reddish clay, overlaid by a bed of lacustrine marl of very variable thickness, apparently deposited by a tidal river in pools. In this marl was discovered a wooden boatstay, evidently of great age, with an iron nail sticking into it. There was no regular order of succession in the various kinds of soil excavated in the sides of the mound. Two trenches were cut in the interior of the keep, in order to trace the origin of some water that escaped into the workings. In these were found lift. 6in. of reddish gravel followed by 2ft. of black clay, then the remains of a 6in. platform of oak, 2ft. 6in. of black clayey soil followed, and remains of a similar oak platform were found supported by posts. A boring taken down 14ft. further shewed the same black soil. At 3ft. from the base of the retaining wall and 23ft. from its parapet (that is, 4ft. 6in. below the present level) were found the bones to which reference was made before. They rested on the clay, and apparently represented a cist * See Plates VI. and VII. 72 notes on Clifford’s tower. interment of a rough and primitive character. The walls of the keep go down to a depth of 6ft., and the foundations, lift, wide, rest on a bed of firm puddled clay ift. deep. A large number of bones was found in every part of the mound. Human bones were abundant, especially in the interior of the keep. Several skulls were discovered, one close to a pointed stake, but all were more or less imperfect. Many of the limb bones were of large size : one femur measured 21 inches (20m. from the top of the neck below the great trochanter to the fossa between the condyles). Bones of ox, sheep, and pig were abundant, those of horse, dog, and domestic fowl occurred more rarely. Many pieces of deer antler were found, they had been sawn off preparatory to manufacture into combs, skewers, buttons, &c. A few hoar tusks also occurred. Many pieces of carved magnesian limestone were found in the interior. Amongst them were — a moulded corbel, a splayed and beaded piece of parapet, an arch stone with shallow hollow on splay and stop stone to same, an angle of moulded arch with dog-tooth ornament having a five-pointed one in angle, a small piece with ribbed laurel leaves forming two dog teeth beautifully sculptured, and a defaced springer above cap to arcade with dog-tooth ornament similar to that in the chapel above the entrance. Various worked articles in bone and horn were found : a spindle whorl, some discs ijin. across and Jin. thick and marked with concentric circles (? for merrils or draughts), combs, and a roughly made ring. Roman pottery, especially Samian ware, was tolerably abundant, but there was very little mediaeval pottery. The bowls of seveial tobacco pipes were found, of Stuart type, and one bore the stamp of a fleur-de-lis and the letters N.H. ; another had the initials T.B. Of leather only a few pieces were found, evidently portions of shoes. A number of iron spikes and nails were taken from the timber work alluded to before, an iron cannon ball weighing 1 7 1 b s . was found, an arrow head and head of crossbow bolt, iron ring much rusted, a small knife blade, an axe head, a scythe cut down to form a bill or hedger, and two pieces of NOTES ON CLIFFORD’S TOWER. 73 iron too fragmentary and too much rusted to allow of deter¬ mination. Of other metal objects, there were — a small brass ring, a small brass brooch or fibula (imperfect), a brass orna¬ ment (probably from horse trappings), one or two fragments of brass objects, and a leaden ring. Very few coins were discovered. A small defaced silver Roman coin, a small copper coin of Constantine’s, a well preserved styca determined by Mr. Heywood to be one of TEdilred (Ccenred, moneyer), and a halfpenny of George III. completes the list, unless we can include under this head some leaden imitations of pennies of William the Conqueror, the purpose of which is unknown. Of miscellaneous objects, we may mention — a jet button ; a piece of slate 3m. long, square in section and tapering to a point, the broad end perforated (? to be used for writing) ; a small piece of ground glass, a fragment of gold lace, and a dermal scute from the skin of a shark. Two pieces of broken flint were found, hut whether artificially chipped or fractured by natural means could not be determined. One quadrate piece of flint was encountered, which has appar¬ ently been prepared for making gun flints. Remains of timber work were discovered at four points ; at the junction of the fore court with the keep on the west side,* and in three short parallel trenches sunk within the keep. From exposures in these, it would seem that a line of timber work, probably forming part of a platform, ran S.W. and N.E. At the first point, the timber was found at a depth of 8ft. 6in., and consisted of oak slabs, some 5m. thick ; others 9m. by ifin. in section. In the trenches, timber planks resting on forked uprights and piles were found. These forked uprights were roughly dressed tree-trunks over 8ft. in length, one was 7in., the other gin. in diameter. In the trenches nearest the gate remains of a second line of timber work were found apparently running at right angles to the first, but 2ft. 6in. below it. The excavation did not go deep enough to allow of a full exploration of this second level of timber work. It had a timber bottom, which was sawn through at one point, and against it was piled a line of large loose stones, over 10ft. * Plate VI., C. 74 NOTES ON CLIFFORD’S TOWER. in breadth and to a height of 6ft. This may have been put to support the woodwork, and to render it difficult of approach. But as to the real nature of the woodwork, we have no certain evidence. It may even have been a drain. The trench last dealt with also shewed traces of a line of timber work parallel to the first (S.W. and N.E.) line, and at the same level. Most of the objects found, and specimens of the timber alluded to above, are preserved either at the Castle or in the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. A few of the human bones have been preserved in the latter building. The rest have been carefully re-interred under the direction of Mr. Talbot. The writers wish, in conclusion, to express their thanks to Mr. F. J. Munby, the Castellan, Mr. Basil Mott, the Engineer, and Mr. George Talbot, under whose supervision the work was carried out. All these gentlemen gave every facility for the investigation of the work during its progress, and to Mr. Mott we are further indebted for the plates that illustrate this paper. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VI. and VII. Plate VI. — Plan of the Keep and Mound surrounded by its retaining wall. Ground level plan marked in full lines ; plan of top in dotted lines. The over-hang of the front part of the Keep can thus be clearly traced. The concrete inserted during the recent operations is marked thus: — - C. — The place where timber was first discovered. E. — Gateway. T. — Indicates the quarter in which the trenches were sunk. Plate VII. — Shews a section of the Keep and Mound from side to side of the retaining wall along the line A. B. on Plate VI. The recently inserted concrete is stippled and marked AA. 75 REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS IN S. MARY’S ABBEY DURING 1902. By W. H. BRIERLEY. The Excavations in the Choir of S. Mary’s Abbey Church have been pursued steadily during the first half of the year. A considerable part of the foundations of the south wall of the arcade of the choir has been exposed, and a small portion of the apse of the Norman nave has been uncovered. It is now clear that the old basilica ended in a large apse with six apsidal chapels — three on each side diminishing in size from the centre. This is a very unusual type in England, but is occasionally met with in France. The plan as revealed so far corresponds almost exactly with that of the Abbey Church of Saint Sever, in the south-west of France. Two coffin lids have been discovered in the course of the exploration. One is a simple and massive stone, roof-shaped at the top, the upper end missing. On the part left was the word THOMAS. The other stone, unfortunately broken and very imperfect, is of a much more elaborate character. It is a thick slab of limestone, the upper surface smooth, bearing incised upon it the figure of a bishop (or mitred abbot) in eucharistic vestments. On his head he wears a mitre, and carries a pastoral staff in the right hand and a book in the left. In the upper angles of the stone, above the shoulders, are two doctor’s caps. In the margins on the side of the stone a somewhat imperfect inscription is cut. The portion on the sinister side is fairly complete ; that on the dexter side is missing, with the exception of a few letters at the end. The 76 REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS IN S. MARY’S ABBEY. following letters are left ; those in brackets are somewhat defaced, the rest are fairly clear. (left side) . . . (m) srfovti sacvc p quit’ pfcssor t qitonba $bba — ... a qut. (right side) . u* ate pptc. This inscription may be read as follows — • “ William Seford sacrse paginis professor et quondam Abbas hujus Monasterii qui .... (cujus) animae propicietur.” (William Seford, professor of the Holy Book and formerly Abbot of this Monastery, who . . . . . to whose soul (God) be merciful). This sepulchral slab, which was found a little south of the centre of the choir, is evidently that of William Seveyr, Sever or Seford, who became Abbot in 1485. In 1495 he was made Bishop of Carlisle, but continued to hold his Abbey in coin - mendain. In 1502, he was translated to the see of Durham, and then resigned his abbacy. He died on May 14th, 1505, and was buried at S. Mary’s Abbey. Bishop Seford is the Abbot who carried on a long and somewhat acrimonious con¬ troversy with the Corporation of York, at the end of the 15th century, on the subject of the rights and privileges of the Abbey, a constant subject of dispute. The most important work of the year has been that undertaken to preserve the foundations already exposed. So fragmentary and so friable were these that one winter made considerable ravages, and the weather would soon have obliterated the results of our labours. It was therefore necessary to protect the remains from damage and decay, either by returning the excavations and re-turfing the surface, or by otherwise preserving them. The Committee appointed to carry out the work decided that to maintain them in a way that would leave them open for inspection would be the most popular and interesting. Various proposals were sug¬ gested and discussed, and the advice of Mr. St. John Hope, and others whose experience in such work is well known, was obtained. They unanimously recommended that the rubble foundations should be outlined and levelled up in ordinary brickwork, and coped with flagstones. This has been done, t REPORT ON EXCAVATIONS IN S. MARY’S ABBEY. 77 blue bricks having been used for the nth century work and red for that of later date. The result has given rise to much comment and criticism on the part of many who do not clearly understand the real nature of the case, and the difficulties to be contended with. The excavations were not undertaken with the expectation of discovering picturesque ruins, but chiefly to ascertain as far as possible from such remains as lay below the surface the history and type of the different Churches that have occupied the site. The result is most instructive and interesting, and it is our duty to hand it on to future generations free from spurious imitations of old work or from additions which would, when weathered with age, only deceive and puzzle the observer. It has also to be borne in mind that in this instance we are dealing not with ruined walls, which tell their own tale, but with the ragged stumps and foundations of walls, underground work, constructed chiefly of rough material, and . never intended to be seen, and which had to be interpreted if it was to interest or instruct the casual visitor. 117 JUL 1303 , CURVES OF MONTHLY MEAN RAINFALL, (ACTUAL AND REDUCED TO 30 DAYS MONTH), AND OF RAINY DAYS. YORK, 1831—1900. tO \f) MODIFICATION OF MONTHLY RAINFALL CURVE BY EXTENSION OF OBSERVATIONS FROM 50 TO 70 YEARS AND AGAIN TO 84 YEARS. YORK. Jah Pea tAoh\ /}pl Hav June JulV Aug Sep OeT. /Sov Dee I y h <£ O lj CD 2> o r O G4 Q Z /0- ^n— w 2 0 h O tu if) a z -O' PHOTO LITHO. SPRAGUE & C° LT? 4 4 5. EAST HARDING STREET, FETTER LANE, E C. 25,26 and 27 High Ousegate: Excavations 1902 r n 9 * L.1 L— 1 3 J — I — I — X- />tc Aef Scale FOR Ct'Hl Feh. /3r* /903 vrj. -York — S' fchtctf Foot "aiLs PLATE IV. c 9) L J George. ~£> enson PHOTO-LITHO- SPRAGUE & C° LT? 4 & 5. EAST RARDINC STREET. FETTER LANE. E.C. I Geometmcali^ * PLATE V. K Unt Cf ExrjwAporv I PLATE VI it Feel-. WARDING STREET. FETTER LANE. E.C. ( Heat'd hcti'iimd Bltae, S' , cio CLIFFORDS TdVE Section on Linb^ PLATE VT1 W E R YORK i.B. shown on Plan ff Feet PHOTO UTHO. SPRASU E SC? LT® 4»5. EAST HARDING STREET. FETTER LANE E.C. / I ImMim TltltyirAli WnJmVmM