J - ri . i/Mflimik \\vJt i I i e \c} If f ? { ’t WmBH nWmlm fSmlmmm (mtilmim mmmm mmmrn kj inf( > it- tie- 'Si t if# ? • (X mmmmmimh wmm ilififflli rM/i •¥*}{•*•<* 1 vJ i: fmtmM fieri t.Y-'i mi wm tfm mam. :#>ir mmiml dfk'tfW If iyfmii jf i fmmm . ■ ■ ■ y:uHU Qyy^/i ■ f ,?5/Sf - . ■ --ti •* * « » i J. : * iMMfi mi : ' "*7 i tj ftJtr ii, «•*«•»«• : y : >* u, ■-. - , I 1 'i S *fo3.A- YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. ANNUAL REPORT FOR /' / / ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOR MCMVI. PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING, FEBRUARY nth, 1907. YORK : COULTAS & VOLANS, PRINTERS, LITTLE STONEGATE 1907. TRUSTEES OF T H E YORKS H I R E APPOINTED BY ROYAL TEMPEST ANDERSON, M.D GEORGE A. AUDEN, M.D. LORD DERAMORE. CIIAS. E. ELMHIRST. SIR GEORGE GIBB, LL.B. EDWIN GRAY, LL.M. M U S E U M , GRANT, T. S. NOBLE. PATRONS OF THE U?orhebire philosophical Society HIS MAJESTY THE KING. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1907. PRESIDENT : Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc. VICE-PRESIDENTS: The Very Rev. the Dean of York. John Francis Walker, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.C.S., F.Z.S., late Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. James Melrose, J.P. Sir George Gibb, LL.B. Henry Cowling. Richard Thompson. H. M. Platnauer, B.Sc. PI. C. Barstow. HON. TREASURER : Edwin Gray, LL.B. COUNCIL : Elected 1905...G. A. Auden, M.A., M.D. J. N. Pitching. G. Wilson. *H. R. Mo 1 ser, F.G.S. Elected 1906. ..George Benson. Hugh Richardson, M.A. Rev. J. Solloway, D.D. George Yeld, M.A. Elected 1907. ..Rev. T. A. Brode, B.A. M. B. COTSWORTH. Malcolm Spence. S. Walker. HON. SECRETARIES : Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc. Chas. E. Elmhirst. * For two years in place of H. C. Barstow. CURATORS: Archaeology - - - - - Geology . Mineralogy . Comparative Anatomy - - Ornithology . Botany . Observatory . Meteorology - - - - - Laboratory - - - - - Entomology . Library . T. Boynton, F.S.A. C. Wakefield. J. F. Walker, M.A., F.G.S. W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S. T. Anderson, M.D., D.Sc. J. Backhouse, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. H. J. Wilkinson. T. S. Noble. Dennis Taylor. The Rev. W. Johnson, B.A. J. F. Walker, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., Fondon and Berlin. S. Walker. H. M. Platnauer, B.Sc. GARDEN COMMITTEE: J. Melrose, J.P. M. Spence. H. J. Wilkinson. M. B. COTSWORTH. G. Yeld, M.A. The Secretaries ( ex-officio ). LECTURE COMMITTEE: The Rev. E. S. Carter, M.A. G. Yeld. H. M. Platnauer, B.Sc. R. Thompson. The Secretaries ( ex-officio ). PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION : Dr. Tempest Anderson ( President ). J. N. Kitching ( Vice-President ). H. Dennis Taylor and M. Spence ( Secretaries ). KEEPER OF THE MUSEUM : Oxley Grabham, M.A., M.B.O.U. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. February nth, 1907. The year 1906 has been marked in the annals of the Society by much activity, and by some important changes. Early in the year, Sir Charles Strickland, who has been our President since 1889, resigned his office. The reason given by Sir Charles for this step shewed the regard which he always felt for the welfare of the Society. He pointed out that the meeting of the British Association would make demands upon the President of this Society which at his time of life he could not possibly meet. The Society, regretfully accepting his resignation, elected as his successor Ur. Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc., whose scientific reputation and great popularity rendered him particularly well fitted for the post. It was at the same time decided that the Presidency of the Society should no longer be a life-long appointment. The great event of the year was unquestionably the visit of the British Association (August 1st to 8th). Your Council considers it advisable to devote a large part of this Report to an account of this meeting, as it will probably constitute the only permanent local record of this noteworthy event. We will only say here that the Meeting was a striking success, and that this Society played no small part in securing this success. The grounds were illuminated on the occasion of REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR igo 7. 7 the Conversazione given by the Executive Committee in the Exhibition Buildings, on August 2nd, and the Council gave a Garden Party on the afternoon of the 6th, which was well attended and highly appreciated. Your President, Dr. Tempest Anderson, gave afternoon tea in the Gardens throughout the Meeting to all members of the Association, and a large number availed themselves of this privilege. Several members of our Society helped largely, either in an official or private capacity, to further the success of the Meeting and to entertain the visitors. Prominent among these was our late lamented Lord Mayor who, as Sheriff of the city, distinguished himself by his active exertions while preparations were being made, and by his generous hospitality during the course of the meeting. An attempt has been made to render the Gardens more useful by devoting a portion of them for the purpose of a Botanical Garden, which should exhibit our British Flora as far as is practicable. So far this attempt has not been very successful, it has proved very difficult to obtain the expert assistance necessary for carrying out this project. But the scheme is being kept steadily in view, and there is still hope of its being carried out. The preservation of the ruins in the Museum Gardens is a subject which has for some time past received the earnest attention of the Council. These interesting relics are in a far from satisfactory condition, and they require careful treatment. The precautions taken to prevent the premature decay of the ruins may, in one respect, offend some lovers of our picturesque gardens. We refer to the removal of vegetation, and more particularly of ivy, which is disintegrating much of our stone¬ work. But it must be pointed out that the ruins are of paramount importance, and are a first charge on the Society's care. Our Roman relics, particularly, are unique and priceless, and to sacrifice these for picturesque effect would be not only short-sighted, but a positive betrayal of our trust. But we may assure any who would be disposed to criticize our action, that none of the vegetation that forms so pleasing a feature of our grounds will be removed without real necessity. Much time and trouble have already been expended on our ruins, and the Council desires specially to thank Mr. Benson for his help in 8 REPORT OF THE the matter. Mr. Benson’s knowledge and experience as an architect and an archaeologist have been of great value to us, and have been freely put at our disposal. The financial position of the Society looks somewhat dis¬ couraging, but it is not really so. Our expenditure exceeds our income by £202 ; but the repairs and additions made in the Museum and Gardens are £160 in excess of last year’s amount, and over £68 was spent on a Garden Party given to members of the British Association. This has reduced our balance to £119 ; but when our members reflect that the amount expended was spent on a worthy object and that much of what was done remains as permanent improvement to our property, we think that they will acquit the Council of extravagance. The Observatory, which had been somewhat neglected during past years, has been put into a satisfactory condition ; the Lecture Theatre was thoroughly cleaned and decorated and the roof repaired, and many other necessary repairs and alterations were effected. The Society has lost 7 members, 1 Lady Subscriber, and 1 Associate by death ; 25 members, 2 Lady Subscribers, and 2 Associates by resignation. Twenty-one members, 7 Lady Subscribers, and 5 Associates have joined the Society during the year. We have to regretfully allude to the death of Prof. J. G. Goodchild, for many years an Honorary Member of our Society, and one who was always ready to help us in every way. Your Council recommends the election of the Rev. T. A. Brode, Mr. Malcolm Spence, Mr. M. B. Cotsworth, and Mr. S. Walker, as members of Council in place of Messrs. W. Johnson. F. Shann, H. V. Scott, and H. Wilkinson, who retire by rotation. The evening Lectures delivered in the Museum were as follows : — Thursday, January 18th. — “ Norman Fonts on the Wolds, ’’ (with Lantern Illustrations.) By the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A. Wednesday, January 31st. — “ Mountaineering and Mountain Clubs in Japan,” (with Lantern Illustrations). By the Rev. Walter Weston, M.A., F.R.G.S. Thursday, February 8th. — “ Irish Antiquities,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By Rev. W. Johnson, B.A., B.Sc. COUNCIL FOR I907. 9 Thursday, February 22nd.— The Flora of South Africa,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By Prof. F. E. Weiss, D.Sc., F.L.S. Thursday, March 8th. — “ Musical Realism,” (with Illustrations of programme music from the 16th to the 20th century) By Miss Paget. Thursday, March 15th. — “ South Africa with the British Association,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By T. Anderson, M.D., D.Sc. Thursday, March 22nd. — 11 Municipal Work in Belgium and Germany,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer. Thursday, April 5th. — The Members of the Photographic Section gave a Lantern Night. Thursday, October 25th. — “A Reading from Shakspere.” By the Rev Canon Fleming. Thursday, Nov. 8th. — ;t United States and Canada re-visited, (with Lantern Illustrations.) By W. H. Macnamara. Thursday, November 15th. — “ In the Far North-West, the Wonderland of Alaska,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By James E. Liddiard, F.R.G.S. Thursday, November 22nd. — “The Glaciation of Yorkshire,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By Percy F. Kendall, F.G.S. Thursday, December 6th. — “ Uganda and the Congo,” (with Lantern illustra¬ tions.) By Capt. Hugh R. Maxted. Thursday, December 20th. — c< The Distribution of Plants in Yorkshire,” (with Lantern Illustrations.) By W. G. Smith, B.Sc. Ph.D. Archeology. — The Honorary Curators report that during the past year the Antiquarian Department lias made steady and satisfactory progress. Some valuable additions have been made to the Museum. Amongst them are a further donation by Mr. H. C. Barstow, one of our Vice-Presidents, of 41 Silver and 28 Copper Coins to the very valuable collection of Indian Coins presented by him two years ago. An interesting find occurred early in the year in a garden at Holgate of a large Roman Wine Bottle or Amphora, nearly 4ft. in height. It is made of a cream-coloured clay, globular in shape, and with a tapering point at the base, the purpose of which, it is generally believed, was to enable the vessel to be set upright in the earth. Those who are interested in modern survival of extremely ancient forms, may like to note the curious fact that the soda-water bottle of the present day retains, for a very different reason, the ancient feature of a pointed base. 10 REPORT OF THE In the Hospitium are fragments of the lower portions of two similarly shaped vessels, the size of which can now be approximated. The Amphora was presented to the Society by Mrs. Ashton, of Kingthorpe Hall, near Pickering. The only other accession which it is necessary to mention, is the purchase of part of the collection formed by the late Mr. Robert Smith, of Scarborough, and late of this city, including the whole of his valuable specimens of Roman glass, bone pins, articles of bronze and Samian ware, and several specimens of Mediaeval Pottery, including a magnificent grey¬ beard. Also many various British and Danish flint instruments. Your H onorary Curators have reason to believe that the Society has now practically acquired all the specimens of glass that were found during the extensive excavations connected with the building of the new Railway Station at York in the seventies. These members of the Smith family have been liberal donors to the Society on several previous occasions. Botany. — The work done in this Department will be found mentioned on pp. 45 — 71. Your Honorary Curator will be pleased to receive the names of members who are interested in the herbarium or garden. Geology. — The Hon. Curator reports that no Fossils have been added to the Collection during the past year. Several specimens have been lent to Mr. IF M ood, M.A., F.G.S. Some of these will be figured in his Cretaceous Monograph, published by the Palaeontographical Society. Ornithology. — A great deal has been done during the past year in this Department. The whole of the foreign collection of birds has been cleaned, done up and re-arranged by the Keeper of the Museum, who has also presented a fine collection of cases of stuffed birds mostly set up by himself, along with a large collection of the eggs of Yorkshire Birds, containing many rarities and some unique specimens of Guillemot's and Razor-bill’s eggs from the Bempton Cliffs. Several cases of rare and interesting birds have been added to the general collection. COUNCIL FOR I907. II Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. — The collections are in good order, and several interesting additions have been made. Amongst them, several cases of British Mammals, presented and set up by the Keeper of the Museum. Our collection of Yorkshire Freshwater Fishes is steadily improv¬ ing. A fine Rainbow Trout, weighing 2 lbs., was caught at Langton by Mr. Charles E. Elmhirst, who kindly presented it to the Society ; and a beautiful Brown Trout, weighing 3J lbs., was caught at Acaster Malbis by Mr. Tom Smith in his salmon net, and purchased for the collection. Library. — The past year has been quite uneventful as far as regards the Library ; the additions made have been of the usual character, and none of them call for special mention. The question of bringing our incomplete series of the Philo¬ sophical Transactions up to date has been carefully discussed, and is still under consideration. Mineralogy. — Very few specimens have been added during the past year, but the collection is maintained in its present excellent condition. Meteorology. — Statistics of Station — Longitude, i° 5' W. ; Latitude, 530 57' N. ; height above mean sea level, 56 feet. Temperature in 1906 ranged between 20 L. and 92°F., the average mean temperature for the year being 48*2° as compared with 48° in 1905. The lowest temperature was recorded on December 30th, when the absolute minimum thermometer read 20'oF., whilst the highest was taken during the phenomenal heat wave in September on September 1st, when the highest reading 92CF. was no less than 9" above the highest reading of 1905. It was fitting that during the British Association's visit the weather should be fine, and that circumstance contributed largely to the success of the meeting. The year on the whole was very favourable to the public health, the record of the previous year for sunny days being fully maintained. A Mean Pressure of 29734 inches at normal temperature and mean sea level has been recorded as against 29760 inches for 1905, February being lowest with 29700, October next with 12 REPORT OF THE 29*784, September being highest with 30*206, followed by June with 30*122. The extreme range of pressure was 2*147 inches as compared with 2*117 inches in 1905, and 2*041 inches in 1904 ; the highest reading being taken on April 9th, 30*742 inches at 9 a.m., and the lowest on February 10th, 28*595 inches at 9 p.m. The barometric curves produced by our self¬ registering Barograph are very interesting, and are preserved for inspection. Rain or Snow (0*005 inches or more) fell on 199 days, 28 more than in 1905, and 19 fewer than in 1904, the total rain¬ fall for the year being 32*76 inches as compared with 20*68 inches for 1905 and 20*82 inches for 1904. This is still below the average for the last 64 years — 24'5 inches. The wettest months of the year were October, November and January, their totals being 4*70, 2*83 and 2*82 inches respectively ; whilst September, July and April produced 0*48, 0*92 and 1*02 inches respectively. The cumulative totals for the wettest months since 1841 are now October 178*58 inches, August ijj‘02 inches, and July 164*52 inches ; August thus losing its place as wettest month. The heaviest rainfall occurred on June 23rd — *94 inch. Observations of the winds show that on no day during 1906 did the wind blow with the force of a “ gale,” while the chief air-currents were W. (127). S.W. (66), N.W. (65), E. (45) ; 5 days being “ calm ” as against 6 in 1905. Days of “ clear sky” numbered 42 as against 38 the year before, “ overcast " were 113 as against 117, and there were 13 thunderstorms during the year as against 8. There was a little improvement in respect of bright sunshine, which reached the satisfactory total of 1384*3 hours or 31 °/0 The Observatory. — As dry rot had been for some time invading the vrnoden floor cf the lower or transit room, render¬ ing it very unsafe for observers, it was decided to have a new floor laid down. This was completed just before the visit of the British Association, but it should be pointed out that if no ventilating bricks or apertures are put in the wall below the floor line to give air to the space between the ground and the new floor, the latter will very soon go the way of the old one. COUNCIL FOR I907. 13 A good many members of the British Association visited the Observatory, the equatorial being most in requisition. The transit instrument was slightly damaged during the alterations, but has since been put into good adjustment by Mr. Scott. All is now in good order. The Photographic Section. — This Section of the Society continues in a fairly healthy condition and maintains its numbers. A new departure was inaugurated at the beginning of the Session of 1906-7. Instead of holding the meetings regularly on the first Wednesday of each month, it was decided to hold about four meetings in the Session, the date of each meeting being fixed according to the general convenience and being under the charge of a particular member who would undertake to provide the business of the meeting. The meetings conducted upon this plan have so far proved very successful ; competitions in photographic subjects have been held at most of the meetings. The Exhibition of Lantern Slides given by the members of the Photo Section in the Museum, at the end of each Session, continues to be as popular and as well appreciated as ever. All members of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society interested in photography are cordially invited to join the Photographic Section. Ail that is necessary is to apply to either of the joint Hon. Secretaries : H. Dennis Taylor, or Malcolm Spence, Stancliffe, Almery Garth, Mount Villas, Marygate, in order to have their names entered on the list of members. The subscription to the Section is 2/6 per annum. METEOROLOGICAL STATION, YORK.— THE MUSEUM. Longitude 1° 5' W., Latitude 53° •">7/ N. Height above Mean Sea Level 56 ft. Gravity Correction + -024 in. 14 -p At 4 ft. 0 t - ■ : j Cl 1^ Cl ) ^ i’o 0 l — 0 1V- 0 » c -^5 CO 00 d 0> . 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P d • o - g d o - d o •* d © Ph S o • - ■ Pi © - ' r— © ‘ ‘ * Eh w rH fM rH r-H rH CO i— — d rH P Hi d rH in. ©I r- ©I CO f H r-H r-H r-H CC CD CO *H ”H CO o r, ic CO cc © CO cr H rr r^ © * d hP > r2 O d -id 03 0 —j — ; 0 (-5 o c 0 © © — ©7 — < h©7h r— h © © 0 © © © — © © 03 . — H © ,<2 cc VH 03 d o d < H o <1 Time. g d rH noon 2 p.m. g a noon 1 a.m. r 8 p.m. noon ; 2 p.m. 6 a.m. 2 p.m. 1 p.m. 1 a.m. 2 p.m. noon 5 p.m. 1 a.m. noon 1 p.m. H H P CO •mm [ noon 2 p.m. noon P P Ph c3 CO r-H g a © 7300H a r“ rr ^H r— © g in. CO -H ©i r-H - ©a tD ©1 CO CO ©7 ©7 . . kP hP 2 .L. 1 ©7 - cc rvr d d d d d H hH > ^ O (D d -id o — — o — , — _ _ _ 03 o o o o © ry2 © © © © 3 03 03 03 03 02 03 03 ■j. # © © ■n 5fH © kH a H H o O "© > o © d o CD t— CO ©5 © — 1 ©7 CO -H U5 C© t— CO C5 © , ©7 CO -H lO CO r - oo — 0 D*uu r“l r-H r-^ rH rH rH r- 1 rr r-r ' ©7 ©7 ©1 ©7 ©7 ©1 ©7 ©7 ©7 ©7 CO CO 33 i8 OUSE FLOODS FROM RETURNS TO THE CITY SURVEYOR. COMPARATIVE TABLE, 1900. Date. i Xidd at Pateley Bridge. Ure at Middle- ham Bridge. Swale at Richmond. Hour. Height. Hour. Height. Hour. Height. it. iu. it. in. Jan. 6 1 p.m. 5 0 11 21 4 p.m. 5 2 1 2 a.m. 2 G 5? 25 7 a.m. 9 0 11 29 7 a.m. 9 0 9 a.m. 8 0 Feb. 10 4 p.m. 7 0 7 p.m. 8 0 Mar. 8 1 1 a.m 7 0 *.5 12 lam. 10 0 (1 p.m. 8 G • i 15 4 p.m. 8 0 5 p.m 8 G May 9 G a.m. 4 0 5 a m. 4 0 11 20 19 c/5 P -j > £ i— i W m P m < W Eh O o CG t4 Ph O pH rH rH r—» s P P H a a r-i iH P aa r^ a a pa Pi P-4 c5 rH rH d d P, d cS p4 o Pi -4-3 O . CP Cl Cl CP CP CP CP Cl CP CP Cl H“p rH .. ,x .. .. . 02 40 4-5 4-3 -rH 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 -»-3 r-4 rH ? a SO o *— ' co 1^ CO io IlQ o CO ? o © P *"! , o o r-H rH Cl r-H rH Cl — 1 CO -H Cl fa ^ , «? i—i £ CL. CP Ol ) e _ _ , -H _H r-H rvH Cl CO lO o CP o s o CP CP -+l PC rsH CO CO 1- *o lO CO o P P rH o o go Cl ~+l ’’T' c H"l Ol o w • 00 CP 00 6o CP CP CP Cl CP CP Cl CP 00 Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Ol H | 01 Cl n P -H • <= o g H a s 5 g rH s a s a" g H w CM co r-H Pi CP d d d CP d CP Cw CP Hy . CP d d CP d CP d CP d 43 CP p AT ^ 03 c/2 r_) 0) (D rP AD S T3 a Cl Cl rH -+3 1C rd 40 Cl r-H pa~ H-3 CP pa' 40 o pa 40 >0 rd' ♦3 CP pa" 4-4 CO Cl ^ r*j -4-3 l Ol rH rH -4-3 o Ol r-j 4-3 f—H rH -4-3> 02 Ol r-H . ’M \ CC -o 01 -f — H r- ce CP i-H CO 10 I- rsn r— -f t - h— • •o c O CO o l - O rH o -t o oi o o o H o lO o i - o o CO QJ OO CO cc CO ry~ CO CO CO CO CO CO cr^ co P O pH <1 pH sc o Cl r-H >> Jh tw r-H c c5 >4 rH Ctf P Q rH a rH c2 • r-H Ph Ph >4 <3 © aa a >* p 40 CC a be a rH © (—• O 4-3 pH <12 rH 05 P o H3 O u © PJ g © > o $4 © PJ s © © © Year H r— 1 rH <5 1^4 h“2 Hi <1 cyo o p 20 Previous Year. THE TREASURER IN SH\ Subscriptions : Town Members Country Members Temporary Members. Lady Subscribers Associates Arrears received Kevs of Gates ... ACCOUNT INCOME. WITH THE YORKSHIRE & s. d. £ s. d. 64-3 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 17 0 0 22 0 0 64 13 6 834 Donation : Prof. Osles (towards cost of restoration of portrait of late Dr. Atkinson) Rents : Major Allenby, St. Mary’s Lodge ... Mr. Hill, Mary gate Baths ... York Amateur Bowing Club York and District Field Naturalists’ Society, less £2 paid to Attendant .. . York Waterworks Co., for Shed ... Do. for Light ... Corporation of York— Lease of Exhibition Land Yorkshire School for the Blind, for Light National Telephone Co , for Way leave ... Post Office, for Wayleave ... York Branch of Dickens’ Fellowship York University Extension Society York & District Teachers’ Association ... 124 Whitsuntide Admission Fees ... Less : Attendants and Police Joiners fixing Barricades 4 13 0 5 0 0 6 o 5 2 20G 26 65 40 5 1 5 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 12 Meteorological Department : Grant from Corporation of York ... Donation for Beports supplied Sale of Catalogues and Plans ... Sale of Photographs Bank Interest Gate Money Interest on <£918 8s. 9d. India 3 0/o Stock, less Income Tax 818 13 6 3 7 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 7 6 2 0 4 6 121 17 0 4 18 0 0 0 1 0 6 1 0 5 17 9 2 16 0 7 0 6 215 10 2 26 3 8 Excess of Expenditure over Income 1212 202 5 15 2 11 <£1415 1 1 Balance in hands of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1906 119 9 5 <£119 9 5 Examined and found correct, PHILIP L. NEWMAN. EDWIN GRAY, Hon. Treasurer. 11th Feb.; 1907. 21 PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY for Year ending 31st DEC., 1906. Year. EXPENDITURE. Cl*. <£ s. d. £ s. d. <£ s. d. 1 Crown Rent ... 1 0 0 19 Corporation Rent 19 2 6 Rates and Taxes : Property Tax and City Rates ... 44 16 4 Waterworks Company’s Rate ... 9 3 3 Gardeners’ Licenses 2 5 0 Receipt and Cheque Books Stamping 2 1 4 58 58 5 11 Insurance : Fire Premium 7 5 0 Workmen’s Compensation Premium 1 0 9 8 8 5 9 Salaries and Wages: Mr. Grabham 100 0 0 Mr. Fielden 60 0 0 Miss Baines 41 12 0 Mr. Guy 30 0 0 Attendants at Museum and Hospitium, viz. : Attendant at Museum ... ... ... 80 12 0 Female Attendant at Museum ... ... 31 4 0 Female Attendant at Hospitium... ... 32 10 0 1G7 144 6 0 Gardeners, including temporary hands and 147 extra duty at gates ... 158 17 Hr 7 534 15 7 198 * Yorkshire Insurance Company, Annuity 198 9 1 General Additions, Repairs, and Expenses : 63 Museum and Hospitium 180 0 11 41 Estate 58 6 9 29 Gardens 51 14 4 290 2 0 11 Library — Books and Binding . 14 15 9 49 Lectures 41 19 10 Garden Party, on occasion of the visit of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 68 10 8 20 Printing and Stationery ... 8 17 8 Printing Communications to Members, and 11 Postage of same ... 11 5 9 40 Printing Reports and Postage thereof ... 8 14 6 Catalogues and Plans for sale 27 6 4 Gas, Coal, and Colse: Museum 26 4 8 Gardens 11 18 1 Estate . 21 3 11 62 59 6 8 r? / Antiquarian Department ... 35 5 0 15 Meteorological Department 16 7 6 1 Preparation of Photographs for sale 1 7 3 8 Sundry Postages 9 16 11 2 Sundries, including Carriage of Parcels 1 6 5 <£1415 1 1 Balance in hands of the Treasurer, 31st December, 1905 ... • • 322 5 4 Excess of Expenditure over Income, 1900 ... ... 202 15 11 £119 9 5 * Annuity of £201 8s. Od. payable until October, 1914, inclusive, created to repay an advance of £3500 made by the Yorkshire Insurance Co. Principal repaid . 2132 17 1 > „ outstanding1 . 1367 2 2 £3500 0 0 22 EH P kH P P ft P P O C/2 r Q HH GO p r-N u p P p P P P r_H hH P O H HH P 1 — 1 . , Q Hh P H P h— 1 a : > P" P o P p o 1 — 1 Eh p O r H HH OQ P P P o o P P P p P t— 1 *— ■ i £rH Pi r-" p Q O cn P cc P P H P 11th February, 1007. Examined and found correct, PHILIP L. NEWMAN. EDWIN GRAY, Hov. Treasurer. 23 NEW MEMBERS ELECTED, 1906. Allen, the Rev. Geo., St. Nicholas House, Hull Road. Beale, J. W., 9, Grosvenor Terrace. Browne, W. Hornby, 15, Claremont Terrace. Burgin, Mark F., 54, Coney Street. Catton, F. W., Bellthorpe, Fangfoss. Coning, Henry, 19, Blossom Street. Dale, Mrs., 3, St. James' Terrace. Gray, Thos., “ West Ho,” North Parade. Greenwood, Joseph, 8, Clifton Dale. Jenkin, T. N., Micklegate. Moyser, G. E., 28, Monkgate. Padgett, Arthur, Little Stonegate. Pearson, W. A., 19, Bootham Crescent. Poad, Isaac, “ Beechwood,” Fulford Road. Pulleyn, Rev. T. W., 19, St. Mary's. Recordon, Ralph, Duncombe Place. Rowntree, Arnold, Mount Villas. Schwabe, Alfred L., Market Street. Stott, G. H., The Pavement. Suttle, Jas. Herbert, Fossgate. Whittaker, W. G., Castlegate. NEW LADY SUBSCRIBERS. Bigge, Miss C., “ Stannerton,” Heworth Green. Dinsdale, Miss, 3, New Walk Terrace. Hodgson, Miss, St. Maurice’s House, Heworth. Plornsey, Mrs., 10, Marlborough Grove. Keble, Mrs., Clifton Green. Torney, Mrs., 1, Bootham Crescent. Wyatt, Mrs., Laurel Cottage, Fulford. 24 NEW ASSOCIATES. Giles, Oscar, 15, Park Place. Harrowell, H. E., 30, Queen Anne’s Road. Inman, Rev. E. J., Beacon Banks, Husthwaite. Petty, Richard, “ Brookside,” Huntington Road. Saxby, Fredk., Bank House, New Street. DEATHS. Members. Dale, R. P., St. James’ Terrace. Foster, H. M., Park Place. Mil ward, Sir C. A., Clifton. Parker, Tom, The Gables, Bootham. Pearson, Richard, Bootham. Temple, the Rev. Chancellor, Oswaidkirk. Trotter, Surgeon-Col., St. Peter’s Terrace. Lady Subscribers. Peel, Miss, Dalton Terrace. Associate. Knott, Geo., Duncombe Place. RESIGNATIONS. 25 Members. 2 Lady Subscribers. 3 Associates. 25 DONATIONS TO MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. LIBRARY. Books presented. Donors. The Quarterly Journal of the Geologi- ) cal Society of London, V ol. lxii., 1906. ) ^ ^ie Society. Proceedings of the Royal Society of 1 Edinburgh, Vol. xxvi., Nos. 1, 2, 3, j The Society. 4> 5- ^ Catalogue of Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt, and Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera, Part 1, r Cicadidae. Madreporaria, Vol. v., and Glossopteris Flora. > The Trustees, British Museum. Transactions of the Zoological Society j of London, Vol. xvii., Parts 5, 6, and The Society. Proceedings, Vol. ii., 1905. J Transactions of the Linnaean Society, 12 vo Is. Journal of Linnaean Society, Botany, 8 vols. Journal of Linnaean Society, Zoology, 9 vols. Tempest Anderson, D.Sc. Memoirs sur les Terrains Cretaces et Tertiaires. J. F. Walker, M.A. Annual Report of the Smithsonian j Institution for 1904, and Antiquities The Smithsonian In- of the Jemez Plateau, New Mexico, > stitution. by Edgar L. Hewett. J Annual Report of the Bureau of Ameri- ' can Ethnology, 1901-2, and Bulletin, ' The Bureau. No. 29. 26 Records of the Geological Survey of j India, Vol. xxxii., Part 4; Vol. xxxiii., \ Parts 1-4; Vol. xxxiv.; Parts 1-2. J Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England and Wales ; the Geology of the Country near Sidmouth, and Lyme Regis. ' Memoirs of the Geological Survey of ) Scotland, Oil-shales of the Lothians. j An Account of the Crustacea of Nor- j way, Vol. v., Nos. n, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, by G. 0. Sars. j Proceedings of the Royal Institution of ) Great Britain, Vol. xvii,, Part 3 ; ! Vol. xviii., Part 1. J Memoirs and Proceedings of the Man- j Chester Literary and Philosophical Society, Vol. 1., Parts 1, 2, 3. j Transactions of the Edinburgh Geologi- ] cal Society, Vol. viii., Part 3. j Bulletin oi the American Geographical ) Society, Vol. xxxviii., Nos. 1 to 11. j Memoirs of the Russian Geological | Society, 4 Parts and Bulletin, Vol. xiii., Parts 7, 8, 9, 10. J Proceedings of the Russian Mineral- \ ogical Society for 1906. j Transactions of the Natural History | Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Vol. ii. 17th Report of the Missouri Botanical ' Garden, 1906. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, Vol. vii., Nos. 13, 14. The Indian Survey. - The Survey. The Survey. The Author. The Institution. - The Society. The Society. The Society. The Society. - The Society. - The Society. - The Director. The Institution. 27 Transactions and Proceedings of the | Perthshire Society of Natural Science, l Vol. iv., Part 3. ) Transactions of the Leicester Literary 'j and Philosophical Society, Vol. x., - Parts 1, 2. Journal of the Manchester Geographical j Society, Vol. xxi., Nos. 1 to 12 ; Vol. j- xxii., Nos. 1 to 6. J Proceedings and Transactions of the ' Croydon Natural History & Scientific - Society, 1905-6. / Transactions of the Hull Scientific and j Field Naturalists’ Club, Vol. iii., - Part 3. j Transactions of the Burton-on-Trent j Natural History and Archaeological - Society, Vol. v., Part 2. ) Proceedings of the Bath Natural His- \ tory and Antiquarian Field Club, [■ Vol. xi., No. 1. j Transactions of the Natural History 'j Society of Glasgow, Vol. vi., Part 3 ; - Vol. v i i . , Parts 1,2. I Annals of the New York Academy of j Sciences, Vol. xvi., Part 3 ; Vol.xvii., \ Part 1. Memoirs of the Department of Agricul¬ ture in India, Entomological Series, Vol. i., No. 1. ; Botanical Series, , ATI. i., Nos. 1, 2, 3 ; and Journal, Vol. i., Parts 1, 2, 3, 4. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' j Societ}’, 4th Series, ATI. i., Part 2. j Journal of the Northants Natural His- v tory Society and Field Club, ATI. . xiii., Nos. 101 to 104. The Society. The Society. The Society. The Society. The Club. The Society. The Club. The Society. The Academy. The Institution. The Society. The Society. 28 The Roman Road from Manchester to ) Aldborough, by J. Norton Dickons, j York Bellfounders, by Geo. Benson. The Regal Sceatta and Styca Series of 1 Northumbria, by Major A. B. Creeke. > Records of the Geological Survey of ] New South Wales, Vol. viii., Part n; - and Annual Report for 1905. J Proceedings of the Geologists’ Associa- l tion for 1906. J Report of the British Association for j the Advancement of Science, South r Africa, 1905. J Bolletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de j Minas del Peru, Nos. 27, 28 and 39 [• to 49. ) Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden 1 Gesellschaft in Basel, Vol. xviii., - Parts 2, 3. Bergen Museums Aarbog for 1906. Science Bulletin of the University of ] Kansas, Vol. iii., Nos. 1 to 10. j Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science, AVI. iii., No. 3 ; Vol. i v. , - Parts 1, 2. Mitteilungen des Vereins fiir Erdkunde | Leipzic, 1905, and Katalog der , Bibliothek des Vereins fur Erdkunde. ) Proceedings of the Geological Institute ] of Mexico, Vol. i., Nos. 9, 10, 20, j Travaux Scientihques de L’Universite ) de Rennes, Vol. iv., 1905. j The Butterflies of Montana, by Dr. ) Elrod, and Bulletin of the University _ of Montana, No. 33. i The Author. The Author. The Author. The Survey. The Association. The Association. The Engineers. The Society. The Museum. The University. The Academy. The Societv. j The Institute. The University. The University. j 29 The Cruciform Brooches of Norway, by Prof. Haakon Schetelig. Proceedings of the Ontario Association of Architects, Vol. vi. Annalen des K. K. Naturforschenden Hofmuseums fur 1905. Report and Proceedings of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, 1904-5. Stud ies in M oro History, Law, and Religion, Nabaloi dialect, and the Bataks of Palawan. Annals of the National Museum of M ontevideo, Series 11, Parts 1, 2. The University of Toronto Studies for 1906. Meteorological Observations at Stations of the 2nd order for 1901 ; 1st Report of the Meteorological Committee to the Commissioners of His Majesty’s Treasury for 1906; Seasons in the British Isles, and Weekly Weather Reports. Report of the National Astronomical Observatory of Tacubaya, 1906. Tuft’s College Scientific Studies, Vol. ii ., Nos. 1, 2. Inventaire general des Richesses D’Art de La France, Vol. viii. Report of the Borough of Colchester Corporation Museum, 1905-6. Report of the Welsh Museum, Cardiff, 1905-6. Bulletin of the New York Public Library for 1906. The 72nd Annual Report of the Booth- am School, York. ) The Author. The Association. ) j- The Society. ) - The Society. j The Survey of Manila. The Museum. The University . The Meteorological Society. The Society. - The College. The Society. The Museum. The Museum. The Library. The School. 30 Bulletin of the University of Montana. Aboriginal Pottery of the Wyoming | Valley, Pennsylvania, by Chrisipher - Wren. The University. The Author. Annual Report of the Leeds Literary ] and Philosophical Society. 1 Calendar of the Armstrong College. The Society. The College. Calendar of the University of Leeds, 1 1906-7. J The University. GEO LOG I C A L D E P A RT M E N T. NIL. ANTIQUITIES. An Elizabethan Pin, from the Old ) Manor House, Northants. j Mr. Cecil Cooper. 13 British Coins, found at Newsam Green, Temple Newsam. Two Mummy Hawks. ] The Hon. E. FAVard ) Mr. J. Melrose. Two Roman Lamps, Figures, Water Bottle, Jug, etc. Roman ) j Mr. L. Park, North¬ allerton. A Roman Amphora, found at Holgate, j York, Jan., 1906. (Used as a burial - Mrs. Ashton, urn). j 13 Small Roman Coins. TheRev.F.W.Stubbs A Small Cabinet and Old Box contain- ] ing set of Coronation Medals and Af TT A . ; Mrs. Haworth. various other Curios. Yorkshire Man Trap and Man Trap Keys, Old Shot Flask, and Rushlight Holder. Mr. Oxley Grabham Antique Spectacles Frame. in Tortoise Shell ) i Mr. T. Hatfield. Ten Tradesmen’s Tokens. Cast of Scandinavian Stone in Skip- ) with Church, J Mr. C. Wakefield. Dr. G. A. Auden. 3i Six Flint Implements from Dominica, West Indies. Flint Implements and other Relies j from Canada. ^ Australian Stone with Bushman’s ) drawing upon it. j A few Yorkshire and other Flints. Mr.H. Alford Nicholls. Mr. T. Son ley. Mr. E. Bellerby. Mr. F. H. Rowntree. MINERALOGY. A Series of Stalactities and Stalagmites. Dr. Wilfred Gostling. ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. A Gray Lag, Bernicle Goose, and a ] pair of Black Game, shot in Scotland, j Mr. Digby Regard. 8 Cases of Mammals, 20 Cases of Birds, Cabinet of British Birds’ Eggs, most¬ ly Yorkshire ; a Collection of 80 Eggs of British Birds, Gulls, Guillemots, \ Razorbills, Little Auks, Puffins, &c.; a Collection of Ducks’ Eggs and Down, and Stuffed Otter. ' Mr. Oxley Grabham, M.A. A Pair of Pochards, shot at Wors- ) The Rev.W. H. Elm- borough Reservoir, Barnsley. ) hirst. A Rainbow Trout, from Langton Wold Mr. C. E. Elmhirst. 7 Guillemot’s Eggs, and Sand-coloured 1 E f. pntter Mole from Escrick. ) White Pheasant, shot at Everingham, \ Nov., 1903 ; Two Fieldfares, Black > Water Vole, Eider Ducks (male and j- S. H. Smith, female), Canada Goose and Water Shrew skins. A Specimen of Mongoose. An Electric Fish. A Globe Fish. Dr. Goode. Mr. H. Bruff. Mr. J. Mel rose. A Bull Frog, native stuffed from the ) West Indies. A Narwhal’s Tusk, and Case of Arctic Birds and Fox obtained on Captain Parry’s Second Polar Expedition. Two Mole Skins from near York. Abnormal Young Pig. Mr. F. H. Rowntree. The late Mr. J. Bellerby. Mr. A. L. Schwabe. Mr. W. Ryder APPARATUS, Etc. 3 Cabinets, i Cabinet. 4,000 Round Tickets for Coins. An Oxy-Hydrogen Lantern, gft. Screen, Slides, Tank, &c. Mrs. Walker. Mr. F. H. Rowntree. Mrs. J. F. Walker. Mr. T. Gray. 33 Meeting of the British Association in York, August ist to 8th, 1906. Previous Meetings — Inaugural Meeting 1831 Fourteenth Meeting 1844 Jubilee Meeting 1881 The history of the 76th Meeting of the British Association may be said to have begun on June 6th, 1904. On that day a deputation from the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, consisting of Dr. Tempest Anderson, Mr. Chas. E. Elmhirst, Dr. Auden, Mr. R. Thompson and Mr. H. M. Platnauer (at that time Keeper of the Museum), waited on the Lord Mayor and City Council to suggest that the Association might be asked to hold the Meeting for 1906 in York. On the proposal of the Lord Mayor (Aid. R. H. Vernon Wragge), it was unanimously resolved that the Association should be invited to celebrate its 75th year in the city. In consequence of this, a deputation, consisting of the Lord Mayor, Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer, the Town Clerk (Mr. R. P. Dale), and Dr. Tempest Anderson, attended the General Meeting of Members of the British Association at Cambridge on August 19th, 1904, and gave the invitation, which was cordially accepted. The earlier stages of local organization were necessarily somewhat informal, as the initiative had to be taken by7 men interested in the movement who formed self-constituted bodies. But the few appointments made, or suggested, at the outset were natural and obvious. Aid. R. H. Vernon Wragge, elected Lord Mayor for the third time, was Chairman of the Local General Committee, Dr. Tempest Anderson (President of the c 34 MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. Yorkshire Philosophical Society) was Vice-Chairman. The Hon. Secretaries were Mr. Chas. E. Elmhirst (Hon. Sec. of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society) and the Town Clerk, Mr. R. P. Dale. The Acting Secretary was Mr. Fred Arey, who had served in that capacity in 1881, and whose business ability and organizing powers peculiarly fitted him for the position. Mr. R. P. Dale’s death early in 1906, deprived the city of a useful and respected citizen and the Local Committee of an Hon. Secretary. His successor in office, Mr. H. Craven, was subsequently appointed to fill the vacant secretaryship. A well attended meeting was held on Feb. 9th, 1906, at which the local organization was definitely fixed by the appoint¬ ment of an Executive Committee. Five Sub-Committees were appointed to assist the Executive Committee in the work of preparation. The departments assigned to these Sub-Com¬ mittees were respectively : — (i) Rooms, (ii) Publications and Lectures, (iii) Lodgings and Hospitality, (iv) Excursions, (v) Finance.* In making arrangements for the Lecture to Operatives (now a regular item of the Association’s work), the Publications and Lecture Sub-Committee received material assistance from a Committee of representatives from Working¬ men’s Organisations in the city, Mr. Dickies acting as Secretary. A strong appeal was made for funds, £3,000 being fixed as the sum required. The appeal was fully successful, and £3,031 16s. od. was promised, and paid. Of this, as will be seen from the Appendix, only £2861 5s. 11. was spent, and the Committee was able to return to the subscribers half-a- crown in the pound. Work in other departments was vigorously carried on. The Sub-Committees worked hard and made frequent reports to the Executive Committee, which met fortnightly for six months before the meeting. Dr. Auden, as Editor of the Handbook, obtained the services of a large staff of contributors, and by July (1906) a Guide of 386 pages, with a Plan of York, eight Plates and a Geological Section, was produced, which met with warm approval. A local programme of 32 pages, with a Plan of the City and of the Reception Rooms, was also printed. The city was actively canvassed *See Appendix. MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. 35 for hospitality to the visitors, and a list of lodgings was com¬ piled, all of which were personally inspected by members of the Sub-Committee. The Secretaries of Sections were enter¬ tained by the Local Committee at the Black Swan Hotel during their stay. An agreement was also made with a caterer to serve a table d’hote luncheon daily in the De Grey Rooms at a charge of 2/- a head. The question of accommodation for meetings was one demanding considerable care and attention. Fortunately the Committee received generous assistance — without which, indeed, progress would have been impossible. The City Council placed the Exhibition at the disposal of the Association for Reception Rooms and Evening Lectures, &c. The Guildhall was devoted to sectional meetings, and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, the Governors of St. Peter’s School, the Society of Friends, and the Committee of the Railway Institute lent their premises for the same purpose. The rooms lent or rented were prepared for their various objects under the general superintendence of Aid. W. McKay. Nor was the social side of the meeting forgotten. Entertain¬ ments form no unimportant part of the Association’s doings, as they afford not only relaxation from work, but also an opportunity for intercourse among scientific men. This is especially needful in these days of specialization when a scientific man’s ordinary routine brings him into contact mainly with a few workers in his own department. Many generous friends, in the city and in the neighbourhood, came forward with offers of help. The Lady Mayoress arranged for a recep¬ tion of members at the Mansion House on the opening day. The Sheriff (Mr. W. Bentley) and Mrs. Bentley gave a Garden Party at Fulford Grange. The Executive Committee arranged two Conversaziones in the Exhibition Buildings ; the Archbishop of York, the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and Messrs. Rowntree & Co. gave Garden Parties. Mr. T. T. Noble promised an Organ Recital in the Minster."7 1 he President of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society provided tea every afternoon in the Museum Gardens. Eleven excursions to places of interest in the county were organized, and hospital i tyT * The Recital was given by Mr. H. A. Fricker, of Leeds, as Mr. Noble was unwell at the time. 36 MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. was offered to the excursionists by the Marquis of Ripon, A. S. Lawson, Esq., and Mrs. Lawson, Sir Hugh Bell, Colonel Challoner, the Mayor and Mayoress of Scarborough, and the Mayor of Ripon. The Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society threw open the Museum and Gardens to Members of the Association. The Commitee of St. Leonard's Club offered them hospitality, of which they availed themselves largely ; and the Committee of the Subscription Library gave them free entry to their premises. The meeting began on August istwith a Meeting of Council at noon. The Sectional Committees met at 2 p.m., the General Committee at 4 p.m. The Lady Mayoress held her “At Home” from 3 to 6 p.m., and at 8-30 the President (Professor E. Ray Lankester) delivered his address. During the rest of the period, the mornings were devoted to Sectional Meetings and the afternoons to Garden Parties. On the evening of August 2nd, the Executive Committee gave a Con¬ versazione in the Exhibition Buildings : the Museum Gardens were thrown open to the visitors, and were illuminated. This was repeated on August 7th. Dr. Tempest Anderson gave a discourse on “ Volcanoes ” on August 3rd. Dr. Sylvanus Thompson gave a lecture on Aug. qth to the Operative Classes on “ The Manufacture of Light,” and Dr. A. D. Waller lectured on “ The Electrical Signs of Life and their Abolition by Chloroform ” on August 6th. On August 8th, the General Committee met to receive Reports, and the concluding General Meeting was held at 2-30 p.m. in the Guildhall. A lighter, but distinctly interesting, event that deserves passing notice, was the revival of the “ Red Lion Club ” Dinner after a lapse of several years. The “ Lions ” had a very pleasant feast on August 7th. The meeting was in every way a conspicuous success, and a week of perfect weather greatly heightened the enjoyment of the members. No hitch or drawback was experienced in the carrying out of the schemes laid down beforehand by the Executive Committee and its various Sub-Committees, a result due largely to the untiring and devoted energy of the Acting Secretary, Mr. Fred Arey. There was a general opinion among the visitors that the meeting would long be remembered as one MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. 37 of the most successful in the history of the Association. The attendance was decidedly good, and included several foreign scientific men of note. York is essentially well fitted to he the meeting place of the British Association. First, it is the birthplace of the institu¬ tion, and therefore intimately connected with its history. In addition to this, it offers a striking contrast to its general tenor. There is a spirit of extreme modernity about the subjects treated by the Association. It is true that the recently constituted section of Anthropology to some extent links its studies with the past. But all the ten other sections are intensely “ up-to-date.” Hence a city abounding in picturesque relics of the past and rich in historical associations, forms a pleasing, restful environment for busy investigators whose work is in the present and whose view is concentrated on the future. We may therefore hope that each succeeding quarter of a century will see the Association revisiting the place of its origin. In the foregoing sketch, detail has been as far as possible avoided, and only a general account has been given. An Appendix has been added for the sake of those who may desire further particulars as to the meeting or of the preparations made for it. MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. APPENDIX. OFFICERS, 1906. President : Professor E. Ray Lankester, M.A., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.. F.L.S., Director of the National History Departments of the British Museum. Vice-Presidents : His Grace the Archbishop of York, D.D., D.C.L., M.A. The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of York. The High Sheriff of Yorkshire. The Most Hon. the Marquis of Ripon, K.G., G.C.S.I., C.I.E., D.C.L.. F.R.S. The Right Hon. the Earl of Feversham. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Ripon, D.D., D.C.L. The Right Hon. Lord Wenlock, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., K.C.B. Sir George S. Gibb. Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc., President of the Yorks. Philosophical Society. John Stephenson Rowntree, Esq. General Treasurer — Professor John Perry, D.Sc., F.R.S. General Secretaries : Major P. Macmalion, R.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Prof. W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S. Assistant Secretary — A. Silva White, Esq., Burlington House. London, W. Assistant Treasurer — H. C. Stewardson. SECTIONS. Section A. Mathematical and Pha^sical Science. Meeting Room — Friends’ Meeting House, Clifford Street. President —Principal E. H. Griffiths, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents — Professor H. L. Callendar, M.A., LL.D., F.R S.; Professor A. R. Forsyth, M A., Sc.D., F.R.S. ; Prof. A. Gray, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Secretaries— Prof. A. W. Porter, B.Sc. (Recorder), L. N. G. Filon, M.A., D.Sc.; Dr. J. A. Harker; A. R. Hinks, M A.; H. Dennis Taylor. Section B. Chemistry. Meeting Room — St. Peter’s School, Clifton. President — Professor Wyndham Dunstan, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Vice-Presidents— G. T. Beilby, P.R.S. ; Professor A. Smithells, B.Sc., F.R.S. Secretaries — Professor W. J. Pope, F.R.S. (Recorder); Dr. E. F. Armstrong; Professor A. W. Crossley, D.Sc., Ph.D. ; S. 11. Davies, M.Sc., Ph.D. Section C. Geologat Meeting Room — The Museum, Museum Street. President — G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S. Vice-Presidents — Professor J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.R.S. ; Professor H. A. Miers, INI. A., D.Sc , F.R.S. Secretaries — Herbert L. Bowman, M.A. (Recorder) ; Rev. W. Lower Carter, M.A. ; J. Lomas ; Rev. W. Johnson, B.A., B.Sc. MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. 39 Section D. Zoology. Meeting’ Eoom — Friends’ Boys’ School, Bootham. President— J. J. Lister, M.A., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents — G. A. Bonlenger, F.E.S. ; A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.E.S. Secretaries — H. W. Marett Tims, M.A., M.D. ; Oxley Grabham, M.A., M.B.O.U. ; J. H. Ashworth, D.Sc. Section E. Geography. Meeting’ Eoom — Festival Concert Eoom, Museum Street. President — Eight Hon. Sir G. D. Taubman Goldie, K.C.M.G., D.C.L., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents — Major C. J. Close, E.E., C.M.G. ; J. Scott Keltie, LL.D. Secretaries — E. Heawood, M.A. (Eecorder) ; A. J. Herbertson, Pli.D. ; E. A. Eeeves ; G. Yeld, M.A. Section F. Economic Science and Statistics. Meeting Eoom — The Guildhall, Coney Street. President — A. L. Bowley, M.A. Vice-Presidents — Major P. G. Craigie, C.B. ; Eev. W. Cunningham, D.D., D.Sc. ; Secretaries— Professor S. J. Chapman, M.A. (Eecorder) ; D. H. Macgregor, M. A.; H. O. Meredith; B. Seebohm Eowntree. Section G. Engineering. Meeting Eoom — Eailway Institute, Queen Street. President — J. A. Ewing, M.A., LL.D., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents — W. J. Cudwortli ; J. A. F. Aspinall. Secretaries — W. A. Price. M.A. (Eecorder) ; W. T. Maccall, M.Sc. ; W. Bayly Marshall ; John Trifhtt. Section H. Anthropology. Meeting Eoom — Victoria Hall, Goodramgate. President — E. Sidney Ilartland, F.S.A. Vice-Presidents — -A. C. Haddon, M.A., Sc.D., F.E.S. ; D. G. Hogarth, M.A. Secretaries — E. N. Fallaize, M.A. (Eecorder) ; H. S. Kingsford, M.A. ; F. C. Shrubsall, M.A., M.D. ; G. A. Auden, M.A., M.D. Section I. Physiology. Meeting' Eoom — Albany Hall, Goodramgate. President — Professor Francis Gotch, M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents — Dr. Bevan -Lewis ; Dr. A. E. Wright. Secretaries — J. Barcroft, M.A., B.Sc, (Eecorder) ; Professor T. G. Brodie, M.D., F.E.S.; Professor J. S. Macdonald. B.A. ; D. Sanderson Long, B.A., M.D. Section K. Botany. Meeting Eoom— Small Assembly Eooms and Poor Law Board Eoom, Blake-St. President — Professor F. W. Oliver, D.Sc., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents — D. H. Scott, M.A., Pli.D., F.E.S.; Harold Wager, F.E.S. Secretaries — Professor A. G. Tansley, M.A. (Eecorder) ; E. P. Gregory ; Professor E. H. Yapp, M.A. ; A. Burtt, D.Sc. Section L. Educational Science. Meeting Eoom — Assembly Eooms, Blake Street. President — Professor M. E. Sadler, LL.D. Vice-Presidents — Sir Henry Craik, K.C.B., LL.D. ; Sir Philip Magnus, B.Sc., M.P. Secretaries — W. M. Heller, B.Sc. (Eecorder); Professor E. A. Gregory ; Hugh Eichardson, M.A. 4° MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies. Meeting Room — Room over Savings Bank. Blake Street. Chairman — Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B., F.S.A. Vice-Chairman — John Hopkinson, F.L.S. Secretary — F. AY. Rudler, I.S.O. The Delegates met on Thursday, August 2nd, and Tuesday, August 7th, at 8 p.m-, in the Savings Bank Room, Blake Street. Local Executive Committee. Chairman — The Lord Mayor of Arork. Vice-Chairman — Dr. Tempest Anderson. Secretary — Charles E. Elmhirst. The Lord Archbishop of York, The Sheriff of York, The Dean of York, The Canon in Residence, Alderman J. Agar, Dr. Auden, Alderman S. Border, H. A. Bush ell, AY. J. Cudworth, Henry Craven, Alderman L. Foster, Frank Green, W. W. Hargrove, Dr. Hitchcock, W. H. Jalland, Rev. AY. Johnson, S.Leetham, Alderman AY. McKay, Janies Melrose, Councillor Meyer, F. J. Munby, H. R. Morrell. Alderman G. Potter-Kirby, D. L. Pressly, H. M. Platnauer, Aider- man Sir J. Sykes Rymer, J. S. Rowntree, H. H. Riley Smith, H. A. Skerry, R. Thompson, AY. F. H. Thomson, George AYilson. CHAIRMEN OF SUB-COMMITTEES AND SECRETARIES. Honorary Local Secretaries — C E. Elmhirst and H. Craven (Town Clerk). Honorary Local Treasurer — Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer. Excursions — Chairman — George AYilson. Secretaries — AY. H. Humphrey and A. B. Norwood. Lodgings and Hospitality — Chairman — AAT. F. H. Thomson. Secretary — G. AY. Gostling. Book —Chairman — J. S. Rowntree. Secretary — Dr. G. A. Auden. Rooms — Chairman — Alderman AAr. McKay. Secretary — AAr. A. Taite. Finance — Chairman — Sir Joseph Sykes Rymer. Acting Secretary — Fred Arey. DIARY" AND EPITOME OF PROGRAMME. Wednesday, August 1st. 12 noon. Meeting of Council in the Exhibition Buildings (upper floor). 2 p.m. Meeting of Sectional Committees. 4 p.m. Meeting of General Committee in the Antique Room, Exhibition Buildings. The Lady Mayoress (Mrs. R. II. ATernon AYragge) At Home ” at the Mansion House, to receive all Ticket-holders. 3 to 6 p.m. 8-30 p.m. President’s Address in the Exhibition Buildings. Thursday , August 2nd. 1 0 a.m. 3 p.m. 3 to 6 p.m. 8 p.m. Sectional Meetings. Conference of Delegates in Savings Bank Room, Blake Street. The Sheriff of York and Mrs. Bentley gave a Garden Party at their residence, Fulford Grange, to all Ticket-holders. Conversazione in the Exhibition Buildings, by invitation of the Executive Committee. Music provided, and the Museum Gardens illuminated. MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. 4l Friday, August 3rd. 10 a. m. Sectional Meetings. 3 to G p.m. Messrs. Bowntree & Co. gave a Garden Party at their Works, Haxby Boad, to all Ticket-holders. The Works Averc also 3-15 p.m. 5-30 p.m. open. Char-a-bancs left the Beception Boom every feAv minutes after 2-45 p.m., conveying parties to and fro at a charge of 3d. each way. Meeting of the General Committee in the Exhibition Buildings. Organ Becital in York Minster, by H. A. Fricker Escp, City Organist, Leeds. 8-30 p.m. Discourse on “ Volcanoes,” by Tempest Anderson, M.D., D.Sc., F.G.S., in the Exhibition Buildings. Saturday, August 4 th. 10 a.m. Sectional Meetings, as determined. 3 to 5 p.m. The Archbishop of York and Mrs. Maclagan gave a Garden Party at the Palace, Bishopthorpe, to 250 Members. Excursions. Steamers from Ouse Bridge at 2-45 and 3-30 p.m., returning after party. Evening Lecture to the Operative Classes by Professor Silvanus Thompson, D.Sc., F.B.S., on “The Manufacture of Light,” in the Festival Concert Booms, Museum Street. Sunday, August 5th. Sjiecial Service in the Minster and other places of worship. Monday, August 6th. 10 a.m. Sectional Meetings. 3 p.m. Meeting of Committee of Becommendation in the Antique Boom, Exhibition Buildings. 3 to 6 p.m. The Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society gave a Garden Party in the Museum Grounds, to Ticket-holders. 8-30 p.m. Discourse on “The Electrical Signs of Life, and their Abolition by Chloroform,” by A. D. Waller, M.D., F.B.S., in the Exhibition Buildings. Tuesday, August 7th. 10 a. m. Sectional Meetings. 3 p.m. Conference of Delegates in Savings Bank Boom. 8 p.m. Conversazione in the Exhibition Buildings, by invitation of the Executive Committee. Music provided, and the Museum Gardens illuminated. Wednesday, August 8th. 10 a.m. Sectional Meetings. 1 p.m. Meeting of General Committee, to receive the Beport of the Committee of Becommendations, in the Exhibition (upper floor). 2-30 p.m. Concluding General Meeting, in the Guildhall. EXCUBSIONS ON SATUBDAY, AUGUST 4th. Excursion. Hospitality . Guides or Leaders. Aldborough ... Invitation to Luncheon Mr. Haverfield. and Tea by A. S. LaAv- son, Esq., J.P., and the Hon. Mrs. Lawson, Aldborough Manor. 42 MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. Excursion. Hospitality . Guides or Leaders. Brimham Rocks and Pate- ... ... ... ... Rev.W.JohnsGn,B.A.,B.Sc. ley Bridge. Lunch for driving’ party Rev. E. Hedger, M.A., of 50 at Fauconberg Vicar of Coxwold ; Rev. Arms, Coxwold. Lunch C. N. Gray, M.A., Vicar for 100 at Town Hall, of Helmsley. Helmsley. Tea for 150 at Town Hall, Helmsley. Coxwold and Helmsley ( visiting N ewboro’Pri’ry, Byland Abbey, Rievaulx Abbey, and Duncombe Park). Wensley dale(visiting A sk- rigg, Aysgarth, Bolton Castle, and Ley burn). Knaresboro’ & Harrogate Ilkley and Bolton Abbey... Mount Grace Priory, Whorlton Castle, and Guisborough Abbey Ripon and Fountains Abbey . Scarborough The Wolds ... Whitby Lunch atM'unt Grace Priory by invitation of Sir H. Bell, Bt., Lord Lieutenant of North Riding. Hos¬ pitality at Gardens Cottage by invita¬ tion ofCol.Challoner, C.B.,J.P. Afternoon Tea at Golden Lion Hotel, Guisborough. Lunch at Fountains by invitation of the Most Hon. the Mar¬ quis of Ripon, Iv.G. Tea at the Town Hall by invitation of the Rt. Worship¬ ful the Mayor of Ripon. Mayor and Mayoress “ At Home ” to 150 at the Town Hall, St. Nicholas Street, at 5-30 p.m.... W. Horne, Esq., F.G.S., Ley burn. W. Ingham, Esq., B.A. F. J. Munby, Esq. The Rt. Worshipful the Mayor of Ripon and Canon Garrod, M.A. Joshua Rowntree, Esq., J.P. (Castle, Ac.) Hr. John Irving, M.D., D. W. Bevan. Esq., II. W. Smith, Esq. ( Promenade) Rev. E. M. Cole, M.A., Vicar of Wetwang, J. R. Mortimer, Esq. Rev. Canon Austen, M.A., Rector of Whitby, and Members of the Whitby Literary A Philosophical Society. ACCOUNT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF THE LOCAL COMMITTEE. 43 PH CD 05 05 CD O O CO CD O O 0 co rH O rH rH t- 1C t> X r-H rH X <05 t- t- O rH O 05 X O 05 CD 1- X rH rH 05 05' N X 05 X O rH 1— 1- IO X X O) Oh 05 rH t - X CD iO "pH 05 O O X P H H H X 05 O r-H r-H r-H r-H CO 1" O PH rH rH O CO X 8 fl O O O LO O LO h rH oo COMCOOOiHOlOtOCD X 05 M3 CO LO ffiOHQO^OCOO l'- 05 tr- CO CO CO »0 CO O CO CO O-l CM rH ’ — I i — I rH i — I 1" CO >0 00 o ■©H CO p o • rH • 4-> P V § © © ft Pi P P O co *h »h .1 o P Ph n .P -pi P- O a; © § •BPS w PP © © . p : o • rH -p co P 'pf'CO • rH . ,.i -4-< ~ o s 0) Cj be p c-H . rH .5 p be CO PM Ip CO • rH m © © ~ to bDr^ o O pq: © r— * > .P 02 <| 0 O -h P © co P © P P H © X ^ « I o co p-a OQ (fl rH 05 rH rH eo co 05 rH rH rH r-H rH X P X CD P1 O rH X P CO 05 # CO m . 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PP ' O O GO CD rH o rH O O CO o 0 0 O 05 C5 05 CO 05 CM 1— I CO HH> © MX 1 © , p CO -© rH be • rH Ph be CO no O O 0 CO H-> © i> © o © o • rH c n ?H P © X hPP PM CO pX O O © -P © © 4_j ® rH P CO • CO : © be p -t-H CO • o • Ph o CO «4H O O o p p gw O 1 r— H, _ , rj 0) CO o rH 44i S M ^ 0) w r^5 *\ © no Hi © O P P 02 P ©P © H-H CO © © © be IP P PP uH I-' © bP P W ©P^PP 02 =*H O © © |H 02 P Ph 02 Tff o CO co © -© CD O 05 P P © © P P "p PP o o O Hh O © "p 02 co r-^H v o S’d :WP^QPP X 0) CO CO X r— I I © © p p(P p PP © X X CD CD X X O *0 05' C5 05 I — I - Tjl 05 rH CD 05 05 iO o 'CO co HH CD © © fei 44 MEETING OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION IN YORK. ARTICLES IN THE HANDBOOK WITH AUTHORS NAMES. I. Prehistoric Archeology — Geo. A. Auden, M.A., M.D., Cantab. II. York during the Roman Occupation — H. M. Platnauer, B. Sc. Lend. III. York during the Anglo-Danish Period — „ „ IV. York since the Norman Conquest— W. Wallace Hargrove. Y. Old Streets and Buildings — W. Willis, E.R. Hist.S. VI. The Fortifications of York — T. P. Cooper. VII. The Minster and Churches of York — Geo. Benson, A.R.I.B.A. VIII. Monastic Establishments in A^ork — Rev. J. Solloway, D.D. Oxon. IX. The Merchant Adventurers’ Guild — Miss Sellers. X. Biographical Sketches of Eminent Citizens — R. H. Skaife. XI. The Minster Library— Rev. Canon Watson, M.A. Cantab. XII. The Important Historical MSS. in York — T. B. Wliyteliead, Rev. Canon Watson and A. H. Hudson. XIII. Plate and Insignia in the City — Very Rev. A. Purey-Cust, D.D., F.S.A. XI Y. Geology— Rev. W. Johnson, B.A., B.Sc. London. XY. Botany — (a) General — W. E. Smith, B.Sc. St. And., Pli.D. Munich. (b) Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams — H. J. Wilkinson. (c) Cryptogams (Non-Vascular) — W. Ingham, B.A. Lond. XVI. Vertebrata — ( a ) Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia — Oxley Grabham, M.A. Cantab., M.B.O.U. ( b ) Pisces — Riley Fortune, F.Z.S. XVII. Insecta — (a) Coleoptera — Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A. Oxon. (b) Lepidoptera — S. Walker. XVIII. Mollusca — Rev. T. A. Erode, B.A. Lond. XIX. Meteorology — J. E. Clark, B.A., B.Sc, Lond. General Editor— Geo. A. Auden, M.A., M.D. Cantab. 45 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of the HERBARIUM OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY AND THE CONTRIBUTORS THERETO. By Henry J. Wilkinson, Honorary Curator of Botany. PART I. The Yorkshire Philosophical Society was formed in 1823 for the promotion of Science, also the study of Natural History, and in order to meet the requirements of the Society a Museum was erected, the first stone of which was laid on the 24th October, 1827. The Herbarium of the Society contains over ten thousand specimens of British, European, and Asiatic plants, and includes collections of British Plants from the following : — Rev. James Dalton, F.L.S., 1827-1887; W. Middleton, 1827; Giles Munby, 1833 5 Samuel Hailstone, F.L.S., 1859. HONORARY CURATORS. In accepting the donations of specimens, the Council appointed the Rev. William Hincks, F.L.S., to the office of honorary curator of Botany. In 1828 he commenced to arrange the various collections according to the system of De Candolle, but unfortunately for the Society he was unable to complete the arrangement of the Cyperacecc , Graminece , Filices , &c. Mr. Hincks was lecturer on botany at the York School of Medicine, and the services he rendered to the Yorkshire Philo¬ sophical Society for over ten years deserve our grateful thanks. He devoted his leisure time to convert the “ waste land ” into a botanical and ornamental garden, and in this work he was ably assisted by the late sub-curator, Lienry Baines, 46 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. The Rev. W. Hincks was born at Cork, 1794, anc^ ^ie left York in 1839 to take up his duties as Professor of Natural History, Queen’s College, Cork. From the latter place he went to Toronto (1854), where he niade important contributions to Canadian botany. He died in Toronto, September, 1871. Oswald Allen Moore was appointed in 1840 as honorary curator. He devoted much time and energy to the gardens, and his lectures on botany were much appreciated. Mr. Moore was a grandson of Oswald Allen, a well-known Surgeon in York, and in 1841 was one of the successful candidates for the office of Surgeon at the York Dispensary. He died in 1862. William Matterson, M.D., succeeded Mr. Moore in 1862 as honorary curator, and the cultivation of ornamental plants in the gardens interested him more than the dried specimens in the herbarium. He was born in 1815, and died April 23, 1890. The following extract from the Yorkshire Herald, April 24th, 1890, records “that York has lost a loyal and honourable citizen, and many of its inhabitants have lost a generous and steadfast friend. ” Henry J. Wilkinson, the present honorary curator, was appointed by the Council in 1892. The specimens in the herbarium required careful examination and attention, and the Council provided a cabinet in the Keeper’s room in which to place them. The work of arranging the three thousand specimens which Mr. Hincks left (in 1839) was at once commenced, and it may be of interest to the members of the society to know that these specimens have been mounted and labelled, and are now (1906) in excellent preservation. HERBARIUM CATALOGUE. In this catalogue a con¬ secutive number is attached to the name of the plant, and a record made, denoting the locality, date, and name of collector, and indicating the name of the donor. The following works have been used for the nomenclature and distribution of plants : — “ The Student’s Flora of the British Islands,” by Sir J. D. Hooker, 3rd Edition, 1884. “ Topographical Botany,” by H. C. Watson, 2nd Edit., 1883. “ The London Catalogue of British Plants,” 8th Edition (18S6- 90) and 9th Edition, 1895. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 47 The species and varieties already entered in the catalogue are numbered from i to 729 inclusive, and these are represented by over two thousand specimens. The work to be done in the herbarium includes entering the names of over one thousand species and varieties in the catalogue, and the mounting and labelling of over three thousand specimens. In addition to this work, information is desired in connection with (a) The donors and collectors of the specimens. (b) Changes that have taken place in such Yorkshire localities as Terrington Carr, Staveley Carrs, Strensall Common, &c. (c) Evidence relating to the extinction or introduction of plants in Yorkshire from 1760-1906. The Donors and Collectors of specimens. Your honorary curator, in submitting the following prefatory notes, respectfully asks those members who are interested in any of the above subjects to help the society with their knowledge and advice, which will be duly acknowledged. The pursuit of botany offers an immense field for work, and the student can spend a life-time in investigating any of the divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom. Some members of our society have commenced by studying the plants of Yorkshire, and then gone forth to foreign lands in search of knowledge ; whilst others have confined their observations to England, and have left valuable collections of plants to this society. As they have been workers in the field, so let 11s be earnest in our endeavour to preserve their work, and be fellow-w7orkers in carrying out the object for which this society wras formed. For there is work for all: Nature knows no rest, night and day the pages of her wonderful book are offered to those who are willing to learn. It is refreshing to be for awhile in the midst of Natural History and Antiquarian objects of interest, that serve to illustrate the history of the past and life of the present. The least that can be done to keep green the memory of such honoured names and pioneers of Yorkshire botany as Dalton, Hailstone, Backhouse, Hincks, Middleton, Munby, Moore, and Spruce, is to treat with care the flowers they loved so well. 48 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. The Rev. James Dalton, F.L.S., was the third and youngest son of Captain John Dalton, H.E.I.C.S. (the defender of Trichin- opoly, 1752-53), by Isabella, second daughter, and eventual heir of Sir John Wray, 12th Baronet of Glentworth, co. Lincoln. Born in Swinegate, York, on the 14th November, 1764; he took his B.A. degree at Clare Hall, Cambridge, in 1787; M.A., 1790; Ordained Deacon, 15th July, 1787 ; Priest, 23rd November, 1788 ; Vicar of Copgrove, January 22nd, 1789 ; Vicar of Catterick, March 12th, 1791 ; Rector of Croft, 3rd August, 1805. Married 4th Dec., 1794, at Bishop Stortford, Herts, Maria, youngest daughter, and co-heir, of the Rev. Edmund Gibson, Vicar of Bishop Stortford (grandson of Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London). Died 2nd January, 1843 ; Buried at Croft, 12th January, 1843. Now repre¬ sented (1894) by Lt. -Colonel J. C. Dalton, R.A., and Charles Dalton, F.R.G.S., sons of Lt. -General Charles James Dalton, Col. Commandant Royal Ar t illery^. For the preceding particulars concerning the Rev. James Dalton, the Yorkshire Philosophical Society is indebted to Mr. Charles Dalton, F.R.G.S. This gentleman and his brother, Lt. -Colonel J. C. Dalton, R.A., presented the valuable (Dalton) collection of plants in 1887. The Dalton collection of British plants (1827) represents a large portion of the botanical work done by the Rev. James Dalton during the years 1780 to 1820. The collection (1887) includes many of the Rev. James Dalton’s specimens from 1790 to 1835 ; also specimens collected by his grandson, the Rev. James Dalton. The specimens collected by the Rev. James Dalton, F.L.S., will be marked “ Rev. James Dalton,” and those collected or contributed by his grandson will be referred to as by the “Rev. James Dalton, Junr.” Although the above account embraces the most important events in the Rev. James Dalton’s career, as the arrangement of the herbarium progresses, the writer of these “ Notes ” will be able to supply details of the botanical excursions of Mr. Dalton and his contemporaries. James Dalton was the son of one of those enterprising and heroic pioneers who laid the foundation of our commercial and political influence over the vast Indian Empire. Whatever influence operated on the mind and character of James Dalton, he did not follow the military career of his father, but adopted a more peaceful mission. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 49 The distinguished career of Captain Dalton and his son James afford a striking contrast, and may be regarded as typical of the age in which they lived. The British forces abroad were actively occupied in a series of engagements on land and sea, for the existence or supremacy of the English nation, while the population at home toiled under taxation to provide the sinews of war, and the bare necessaries of life. It was in such times as these that James Dalton was born, and his early years, 1765-85, must have been influenced by the remark¬ able social and political revolutions that characterized the latter part of the 18th century. In order to appreciate the botanical work of the Rev. James Dalton and his contemporaries, it is imperative that we should bear in mind the wonderful inventions about this period (1765-85), and note their effect on the surface of the country. In so doing, we shall observe that changes have taken place in the flora of certain districts. The year 1763 witnessed the establishment of the famous potteries of Wedgwood which provided employment for thousands of workers. The invention of the Spinning jenny (1764) by Har¬ greaves, the Mule (1766) by Crompton, and the Spinning machine (1768) by Arkwright, revolutionized the manufacture of cotton goods ; whilst the discoveries of Watts (1765) in connection with the steam engine, marked an important epoch in the history of the British empire. The distribution of the products of these various industries could not be carried on under the old pack-horse system of conveyance and, in order to provide sufficient means for the transit of goods, old roads were improved, new ones made, and a vast system of canals came into existence which supplied the means of intercommunication with inland towns and the coast, or with centres of industry. The opening of these canals and the operation of the Agriculture and Enclosure Acts required the draining of carrs and commons, and these important agents affected the flora of the count)7. Hence we find in the herbarium many specimens marked “ from or near to the Ripon canal, or Leeds and Liverpool canal, &c., 1790-1830.” There is also evidence of the wealth of the native plants in such Yorkshire carrs as Staveley and Terrington during the year 1790. D 50 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. Amongst the interesting plants in the Dalton collection, reference may be made to the singular and rare marsh plant Scheuchzevia palustvis , L. The honour of adding this rare plant to the British flora belongs to the Rev. James Dalton, who discovered it in Leckby (or Lakeby) Carr, 1787. This remarkable Carr is situate on the west bank of the river Swale, and in close proximity to the Asenby gravel pits, Topclifle, and Baldersby, North Yorkshire. The Carr is separated from the river Swale by a low ridge of hills, composed of gravel, shingle, &c., that may have been brought by a glacier in the form of a moraine, and thus a hollow or lake may have been formed, which probably had a natural drainage into the Swale. This lake soon became tenanted by aquatic plants and animals. Among other interesting plants of the Carr may be mentioned Lysimachia thyrsiflova , L. and Carex limosa, L. The occurrence of the Scheuchzevia in Britain has been recorded from Salop, Notts, Cheshire, Yorkshire and Perthshire, but in the majority of these counties it has become extinct. It is found in the marshes and spongy bogs of North and Mid Europe (Arctic), Northern Asia and Rocky Mountains, and is named in honour of the two Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists. This curious plant possesses a long creeping root-stock, which is especially adapted to the life and continuance of the species, amongst the dense, spongy beds of bog mosses in which it grows. When Mr. Dalton visited Lakeby Carr (1787-1827) many of these spongy bogs existed, but in 1901 very few remained. In this particular Carr, which may be regarded as typical of many other Yorkshire carrs, the withdrawal of the water from the roots of the plants, and the growth of trees, have hastened the extinction of this and similar bog loving species such as Carex limosa L., besides many forms of animal life which could not survive the altered condition of their surroundings. In the herbarium there are some remarkably fine specimens of the rare loose-strife Lysimachia thyrsiflova , L., which Mr. Dalton collected during his visit to Lakeby Carr (1787-1827). The distribution of this plant in Britain is from Lorlar to York¬ shire and Nottingham, but its occurrence in these counties is very local. It has been observed North of the Alps, and in North America : Northern Asia. The habitat of the species is in marshes, or by the side of ditches. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 51 In 1787 the ditches in Lakeby Carr produced a luxuriant growth of this species. Since that date, however, the ditches have been deepened, cleaned or extended, and the “weeds and rubbish ” cast out. In many instances the plants, etc., thus exposed on the banks soon perished, but the Lysimachia has made a more success¬ ful stand than its companions, Scheuchzeria palustvis and Cavex limosa, L. In the summer of 1882 and in 1891, hundreds of vigorous plants of Lysimachia were observed in Leckby Carr, but only a small proportion exhibited signs of flowTers or capsules. The absence of these usually essential agencies in the growth and existence of the species is in a great measure compensated for by the stout creeping stoloniferous root-stock, which provides for its propagation by annual shoots. Under these altered conditions the Lysimachia is still growing, and it is hoped may long continue to thrive in Leckby Carr. It is obvious that the specimens in Mr. Dalton’s collection are of great interest to recent botanists, and their value will become enhanced to succeeding students of British flora. The discovery by the Rev. James Dalton of Scheuchzeria palustvis , L., and the botanical work done by him may well entitle his name to a place amongst the “ Fathers of Yorkshire Botany.’’ The interesting specimens which Mr. Dalton collected in Cam¬ bridgeshire and Suffolk during the years 1787-8, testify to his botanical activity during his stay in Cambridge. In 1790 we find him carefully investigating the flora of Ripon and Boroughbridge, particularly at Copgrove and Staveley. One of Mr. Dalton’s fellow- workers in the Ripon district (1790-1800) was William Brunton, an ardent botanist and frequent contributor to “ English Botany, and the Botanist’s Guide.” Staveley Carrs, Hutton Moor, Ripon canal and neighbourhood yielded (in 1790- 1800) a great variety of bog-loving and aquatic plants to these twro botanists. Mention may be made of a specimen in the herbarium, which Mr. Brunton has described as “ Potamogeton fluitans ,” near Ripon. The specimen was seen (in 1894) by Mr. Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon, whose knowledge of this critical genus is extensive, and his opinion is that the plant in question is undoubtedly Potamogeton fluitans , Roth., a form which has hitherto only been recorded from (13) West Sussex, (17) Surrey, (29) Cambridge, (31) Huntingdon, (22) Berkshire of the Watsonian Vice Counties. 52 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. Mr. Bennett expresses the desire that botanists should confirm the record for this plant in Yorkshire. After leaving Copgrove, Mr. Dalton went to Catterick Bridge (1791), and thence to Croft on Tees (1805), where he discharged his ministerial duties until his death in 1843. Croft is pleasantly situated on the Yorkshire side of the Tees, and is much resorted to by tourists and invalids on account of its mineral waters and picturesque surroundings. Mr. Dalton found it to be a convenient centre during the years 1806-1826 for investigating the flora of Teesdale, and specimens exist in the herbarium which prove that he frequently explored Lower Teesdale, particularly about Yarm, Stockton, Redcar, etc. The construction of the Darlington and Stockton Railway (1825), the discovery of the mines containing Iron Ore in the Cleveland Hills (1850), and their subsequent development, have completely altered the surface of the country in many parts of Lower Teesdale. Between 1806-26 the name of Middlesbrough was not known, and is not mentioned by Mr. Dalton. The census of Middlesbrough records the number of inhabitants in 1831 as 154 ; in 1841, 5463. During the next fifty years the population and trade increased at a remarkable rate. In 1901, the population of the municipal and parliamentary borough of Middlesbrough was over 91,000. The cause of this remarkable energy in the increased trade and popula¬ tion must be sought in the introduction of the iron and steel industries in that district. Although the Yorkshire coast about Redcar frequently engaged Mr. Dalton's attention, he also loved to ramble amongst the fells of Upper Teesdale, and as a result of these expeditions we have in the herbarium specimens from Pierce Bridge, Wycliffe, Rokeby, Barnard Castle, Middleton, High Force, Cronkley Fell, and Cauldron Snout. From Piercebridge (where the great Roman road from London to the Forth crosses the Tees), Mr. Dalton frequently made botanical excursions in the old coaching days. The remarkably rich district from Barnard Castle and Middleton and thence to Cronkley and Mickle fell, was traversed by Mr. Dalton in company with the Rev. J. Harriman. It may be observed that the flora of Teesdale was then only imperfectly known. The valley only possessed a rough moorland track, whilst accommodation for rest or refreshment was of the HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 53 most limited description. Now (in 1906) a splendid road traverses the valley from Middleton to High Force and onward, with com¬ fortable resting places and means of conveyance for the tourist who visits Upper Teesdale. The specimens in the herbarium from Teesdale are numerous and interesting. Doubts have been raised in regard to some of the specimens which bear the name of Teesdale. The name may either record a locality (Teesdale) whence the specimen was obtained, or denote the collector or contributor of the specimen (Robert Teesdale). As an instance of this, there is an interesting plant in the herbarium, viz., Ranunculus gramineus, L. (the grassy Crowfoot) which is marked Teesdale. This species was reported from Wales in 1787, but the record has not been confirmed. The specimen in the collection marked Teesdale was contributed by Robert Teesdale, and was in all probability a cultivated one. It came into the possession of Mr. Dalton shortly before or after the death of Mr. Teesdale, along with many other mementoes of his (Teesdale’s) work. The supposition of the specimen of Ranunculus gramineus , L., having come from the locality Teesdale, must therefore be dismissed. Robert Teesdale was one of the original members of the Linnaean Society, and gardener to the Earl of Carlisle. His leisure time was devoted to “ herborizing,” and his “ Plantae Eboracenses,” which he submitted to the Linnaean Society on February 7th, 1793, and supplement, Dec. 4th, 1798, entitles him to rank amongst the “ Fathers of Yorkshire Botany.” He died in 1804. In his visits to Beverley, Hull and Holderness (1790-1796), Mr. Teesdale was frequently accompanied by Colonel Machell. It was during these rambles that Robert Teesdale made the acquaintance of such plants as “ Car ex axillaris" ; sides of ditches at Beverley, shewn me by Colonel Machell, and “ Stellaria Media.'' Sibth. FI. Oxon. 141. S. Glauca. With 420 “ Marshes, near Beverley, first pointed out to me by Col. Machell.” Carex divisa. “ In a meadow called Derricots, near Hull ; I never met with it in any other place.” Although Colonel Machell’s name is not attached to this species in supplement to the “ Plantae Eboracenses,” the specimen in the Dalton herbarium was contributed by R. Teesdale, and collected by Colonel Machell. 54 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. Christopher Machell was born in 1747. He was Lt. -Colonel in the 15th Regiment of Foot, and served with the British Forces under General Gage in the American War of Independence. On the 17th June, 1775, he was present at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, and in that fiercely contested and sanguinary engagement the gallant Colonel lost an arm. He came to reside at Beverley about 1789 or 1790, and his leisure time was devoted to the study of botany, and other branches of natural history. As a natural result of these studies he culti¬ vated the acquaintance of men whose tastes were in sympathy with his own, and of this class Robert Teesdale was one. Col. Machell was a man of splendid physique, and at Cracken- thorpe, Westmorland (the family seat of the Machell's), there is a portrait of him which exhibits the gallant colonel seated, and resting his arm upon a volume of his “ Hortus Siccus.” He died at Beverley, Yorkshire, on the 24th September, 1827. The Society is indebted to the late Richard Beverley Machell, M.A., Canon of York, for the above information regarding his grandfather. Canon Machell took a great interest in the welfare of the Yorkshire Philsophical Societ}^ and carefully examined the specimens in the herbarium from the East Riding of Yorkshire. Dr. Samuel Goodenough was the first treasurer of the Linnaean Society (1788), and a friend and correspondent of the Rev. James Dalton. He was a frequent contributor to botanical literature, and the abbreviated name (Good) is still retained as the author of many of the names of the species in the genus Cavex in the British flora. Dr. Goodenough was made Bishop of Carlisle in 1808, and died August 12th, 1827, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. It may be interesting to insert the following extract from a letter dated May 10th, 1894, which Lt. -Colonel Dalton, R.A., addressed to your honorary curator : — “ Another curious coincidence is that Bishop Goodenough and the Rev. James Dalton were great friends, as are the two grand¬ sons, the present Lt.-Gen. Goodenough, C.B., of the Royal Artillery, and myself, we having been recently associated in bring¬ ing out a book, “ The Army Book for the British Empire,” in which the names of Goodenough and Dalton are once more associated after the lapse of a generation.” The frequent occurrence of the name “ Hooker ” amongst the botanical specimens in the Dalton collection, is indicative of the HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 55 friendship that existed between the Rev. James Dalton and (Sir) William Jackson Hooker from 1805-1842. Sir William Jackson Hooker was born at Norwich in 1785. He was educated at Norwich, and early in life he took up the study of natural history as a recreation. In 1815 he married the eldest daughter of Mr. Dawson Turner, F.R.S., and whilst on his wedding tour he visited Mr. Dalton at Croft. In 1816 he issued his initial work on “ British Jungermanni^;,” a copy of which is in the library, and to-day this book occupies a foremost position in the literature on the subject. In 1818 another standard work was issued, “ Muscologia Britannica,"’ a copy of which is in the herbarium, and bears evidence of the friendship of these two botanists, as follows : — “ To the Rev. James Dalton , M.A., Rector of Croft , in Yorkshire. The following sheets are offered as a testimony of the most affectionate regard and esteem by W. J . Hooker and Thomas Taylor .” In 1820 he accepted the Regius Professorship of Botany in Glasgow University, where he remained 20 years, and it may be remarked that in 1824 he was elected honorary member of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. For his distinguished services to science he received the honour of knighthood from William IV. in 1836, and later (1841) he was appointed Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. He induced the Government to attach naturalists to all the important expeditions, and by these means he enlarged the herbarium at Kew and increased our knowledge of the vegetable products of the globe. The Kew gardens were opened to the public in 1841, and since then have been the admiration of all botanists. He died in 1865, and was succeeded at Kew by his son. (Sir) Joseph Dalton Hooker. This eminent botanist was born in 1817 (at Halesworth, Suffolk), and received his education at Glasgow. He derives the name of Dalton from his godfather, Rev. James Dalton. After taking his degree (M.D.), he received (in 1839) a commission as Assistant Surgeon on the Erebus under Captain (afterwards Sir) James Clark Ross, the leader of the Antarctic Expedition, 1839-1843. This expedition was the commencement of Sir J. D. Hooker’s remarkable botanical researches in the Flora of New Zealand, 56 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. Tasmania, Australia, The Himalaya, Morocco (1871), Palestine (i860), and the Rocky Mountains (1877). The scientific results of these travels are recorded in (Sir J. D. Hooker’s) Flora Antarctica , Flora Tasmanica , Flora Indica , and in addition to these works, his name is familiar to all botanists in connection with Genera Plantarum (1862-1883), The Student' s Flora of the British Islands , &c., 1884. From 1855 to 1885 he was engaged in extending the noble work which (in 1841) Sir W. J. Hooker had commenced at Kew. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker was president of the British Associa¬ tion in 1868, in which year he supported the views of Charles Darwin, and was always a firm supporter of the author of the ‘ Origin of Species.’ He was also president of the Royal Society in 1873. Hoping that Sir Joseph possessed some personal knowledge of his godfather, an application was made to him on the subject, and the following is a portion of his courteous reply, dated Sunning- dale, May 22nd, 1894. “ Some years before Mr. Dalton’s death, two of his daughters visited my father in Glasgow, and brought me their father's microscope as a remembrance of him. That microscope I used during the whole time I spent in the Antarctic Expedition, and it is now in the Kew Museum. “ I never saw my godfather, but my father pointed out his house at Croft to me when travelling by coach through that part of Yorkshire some 60 years ago. I remember my disappointment at not being able to stop and visit my godfather.” Rev. William Bingley. The name of “ Bingley ” is attached to some of the specimens, and may indicate the personal name or the locality where the specimen was obtained. At the same time it may be observed that the Rev. W. Bingley was a correspondent of the Rev. James Dalton and a contributor to his collection. The Rev. W. Bingley was a distinguished naturalist, and a Yorkshireman. He was born at Doncaster in 1774, and subse¬ quently became a student of St. Peter’s College, Cambridge ; taking his B.A. degree 1799, and his M.A. 1803. In 1798 he made a tour through North Wales, the result of which he summarized in his Flora of the Snowdonian mountains (1798-1801). In 1800 he was elected F.L.S., and in 1802 he HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 57 published a work entitled “ Animal Biography, or anecdotes of the lives, manners and economy of the animal creation.” He died March nth, 1823, aged 49. Amongst the names of the contributors to Mr. Dalton’s collec¬ tion during the years 1785 to 1835, a cursory allusion must only be made to the following : — Lewis Weston Dillwyn, of Ipswich, F.L.S., 1800, author of “ British Confervae,” 1802-07. Dawson Turner, of Yarmouth, author of “ British Fuci,” 1802 ; discoverer in Britain of Mathiola iucana , 1806, a specimen of which is in the herbarium. Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, who contributed to the her¬ barium Nuphav intermedium, Ledeb., from Wallington moors, Northumberland. George Don, publisher of “ Herbarium Britannicum,” 1804-6. Sir Thomas Gage, Suffolk, a well-known Lichenologist. Rev. John Harriman, of Maryport, Cumberland, F.L.S. 1798, an ardent botanist, who died at Croft, Yorkshire, Dec. 3rd, 1831. Rev. John Stevens Henslow, of Rochester, F.L.S. 1818, F.G.S. 1819; Professor of Botany (Cambridge), 1825. Rev. John Holme, of Cambridge, F.L.S. 1800. Rev. Richard Relhan, F.L.S. 1788, author of “ Flora Cantab,” many of whose specimens are in Mr. Dalton’s collection. Stephen Robson, author of (Robson’s) “ British Flora," which was published in York, 17 77. A copy of this flora is in the library (York Museum), and many of his botanical specimens are in the herbarium. The herbarium and correspondence of Stephen Robson is in the possession of Miss Robson, Sunderland, to whom the writer of these notes is indebted for much invaluable information regarding the contributions of “ Robson ” in the Dalton collection. Jonathan Salt, of Sheffield, F.L.S. 1797, whose herbarium is in the Sheffield Museum. William Sole, author of Mentha Britannic a (1798), a copy of which is in the library of the Society. Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, of Suffolk, and Sir James Edward Smith, founder of the Linnaean Society, 1788, and of which he was President, 1788 to 1828. 58 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. Samuel Hailstone was born at Hoxton, London, in 176 7. A few years afterwards his father, John Hailstone, came to reside in York, and subsequently Mr. Samuel Hailstone was articled with Mr. John Hardy, Solicitor of Bradford. To Samuel Hailstone and his son, the Yorkshire Philosophical Society is indebted for the splendid collection of British flowering plants, which was presented to the Society in 1859, in addition to the manuscript catalogue of this herbarium in 1887, and many rare books on Botany. Mr. Hailstone was an eminent lawyer, and for many years was the legal adviser of the Low Moor Iron Company, and clerk to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Company, in which he was greatly interested. During the construction of this important canal he collected many botanical specimens, which will be enumerated later on. During the years 1790-1830 he was intimately connected with the Telfords and Backhouses, of York and Darlington, proprietors of the well-known nurseries. For many years Mr. Hailstone resided at Horton Hall, Bradford, Yorks., and in the gardens attached to the mansion he cultivated many British plants in which he was especially interested, and he built a greenhouse for the pursuit of his botanical studies. Mr. Hailstone was elected F.L.S. in 1801, and in the appendix to Dr. Whitaker’s “ History of Craven,” 1812, he published an account of the Flora of that interesting district. During the latter portion of his life, he frequently made botanical excursions in the neighbourhood of Bottisham, Camb., the residence of his son, the Rev. John Hailstone, who was the vicar of Bottis¬ ham for thirty years. The numerous specimens of Mr. Hailstone’s collecting during the years 1840-45, show that the latter portion of his life was spent in studying the Flora of Boston Spa and Thorpe Arch. He died at Horton Hall, Bradford, on the 26th Dec., 1851, and was buried at Boston Spa Church, Thorpe Arch, Yorks., aged 84. He left two sons, the Rev. John Hailstone, already alluded to, and Edward Hailstone, Esq., a celebrated antiquarian, and author of “ Yorkshire Worthies,” of Horton Hall, Bradford, and Walton Hall, Wakefield. The last-named mansion was formerly the residence of Charles Waterton, the renowned naturalist. The contributors to the Hailstone collection of British plants, include many of the names already referred to in the Dalton HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 59 collection, also of R. Kaye Greville, LL.D., Glasgow, 1824, author of Flora Edinensis, 1824, a copy of which Mr. Greville presented to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society on his election as honorary member, 1824. Robert Graham, M.D., Edinbro’, 1808. Regius Prof. Botany, Glasgow, 1813. President Bot. Soc., Edinbro’, 1838; a man who exercised a great influence on the students under his charge, and the botanists with whom he came in contact. George Stacey Gibson, F.L.S., 1847. Arthur Henfrey, Prof. Bot. King’s College, London, 1852. William Brand, one of the original members of the Bot. Soc., Edinbro’, 1836. William Borrer, Richard Spruce, W. L. Notcutt, James Back¬ house (Junr.), Plenry Baines. H. C. Watson (1804-1881), F.L.S., 1834, author of Cybelc Brit. (1847-1860). Topographical Botany , 1873-4, &c- William Graham Mclvor, Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, Ootacamund, introducer of the Cinchona into India. Dr. Maclagan, Edinburgh. William Arnold Bromfield, M.D., Glasgow, 1823. F.L.S. 1836. James Dickson, F.L.S. 1788, who published fascicles of British Cryptogams, and flowering plants. Thomas Edinondtson, of Shetland (1825), discoverer of Arenaria norvegica, a specimen of which is in the Hailstone collection ; Naturalist to H.M.S. “ Herald,” 1845-6, died and was buried at Atacamas, Ecuador, January 24th, 1846. The Rev. John Howson, of Giggleswick, 1845. The Rev. John Leefe, Kirkby Fleetham, 1825. One of the chief contributors to the Hailstone collection was Richard Spruce, who was born at Ganthorpe, near Castle Howard, Yorkshire, Sept. 10th, 1817. He was the son of a school¬ master, and his home and birthplace was in the centre of a rich botanical district. The splendid woods and quarries of Castle Howard, and the famous Terrington Carr early attracted his attention, and as a result of the perseverance of this accurate botanist, several rare and remarkable mosses and hepatics were added to the British Flora. In most of his early rambles he was accompanied by Henry Ibbotson, whose career will be referred to later on. These two botanists explored the interesting dales of the Swale, Tees, Esk, Wharfe and Nidd, and many other botanical districts in Yorkshire. 6o HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. In 1837, Mr. Spruce compiled a list of the Flora of the Malton district, and soon after he was appointed as Mathematical teacher at the Collegiate School, York. It was during his residence in York that he cultivated the friend¬ ship of such botanists as Oswald Allen Moore, Henry Baines, James Backhouse. Mr. Spruce’s botanical work in Yorkshire is embodied in Baines’ “ Flora Yorkshire,” 1840, and Supplement, 1854, and several contributions to the Phytologist, &c. In 1842 he visited Ireland, and along with Dr. Thomas Taylor devoted much attention to the Cryptogams of the remarkably rich districts of Kerry and Cork, whose Hepatic flora bears such a striking resemblance to that of the Andes. During 1841-5 he wrote various papers on the Mosses and Hepatics of Eskdale, Teesdale, and other localities in Yorkshire. He then spent many months in the Pyrenees, which resulted in his “ Muscology of the Pyrenees.” This journey was under¬ taken with a view to restoring his somewhat delicate health, and it is interesting to know that the Yorkshire Philosophical Society possesses some of the botanical specimens that Mr. Spruce col¬ lected during his excursions in the Pyrenees ; also interesting specimens from Heslington fields, York. Since the drainage and enclosure of these fields (1850), many of the plants such as Carex pavadoxa have disappeared, hence the specimens in the herbarium are invaluable. Mr. Spruce’s remarkable botanical zeal brought him into contact with Dr. Hooker, and other eminent botanists. On the 7th June, 1849, he left Liverpool for the purpose of exploring the Amazons, and for the next fifteen years he was engaged in investigating the remarkable Flora of South America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast. On the 1 2th July, 1849, he landed at Para, and during his stay in this city he investigated the flora of the neighbourood. From Para he proceeded up the Amazon to Santarem, where he found (the now celebrated Dr.) Alfred Russell Wallace engaged in collecting information relative to the fauna and flora of South America. From Santarem Mr. Spruce explored a large portion of the country, particularly along the Tapajoz and parts of the Amazons. The following letter, which was written to his friend Mr. Baines, gives a graphic description of Mr. Spruce’s labours during this HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 6l period (1849-51). The original letter was presented by Miss Baines in June, 1894, to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. “ Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira, “ Rio Negro, “ 17th Feb., 1851. “ My Dear Sir, “ Nearly three years have elapsed since you and I last met, years (to me) of wanderings, where toil and pleasure have been pretty equally intermingled. In that time I have often had it in my mind to write to you, but somehow had never courage to set about it. I regretted much that I did not see you at Kew, to bid you adieu. I went to the gardens at 1 o'clock as we had arranged, and sought for you in the museum and palm house. Finally I traced you to Mr. Smith’s, and there learnt (to my regret) that had I gone thither at first I should have found you, but that you had taken your departure a quarter of an hour previously. “ I have thought since that you were probably offended at my apparent neglect, especially as you did not send me the York papers as you had promised, and as I cannot afford to lose a friend so old and valued as yourself (friends in this world of ours being never too abundant), I wish you to believe (what is the truth) that our not meeting on the occasion alluded to was not owing either to any loss of love, or to want of punctuality on my part. I am not, however, going to fill a letter up with apologies. You will want to know something of what I have seen and done on the Amazons. My previous expectations, in so far as they had taken a definite shape, have been disappointed, both agreeably and disagreeably. After wasting much time in searching for Orchises, I have been compelled to conclude that they are exceedingly scarce, and (in the eyes of cultivators) worthless on the Amazon. It is only on the Rio Negro that I have found two or three handsome ones, one of which (a fine Cattleya, appar¬ ently new) I have sent alive to England. Gardeners’ plants, in short, scarcely exist on the Amazon, where all that is not water is forest, lofty, uninterrupted forest, and the very weeds are trees twenty and thirty feet high. Were hand¬ some plants even numerous, the very slow and unsafe modes of communication with the interior, and the little ‘ bothering ’ vessels which are the only means of carriage from Para to England (and have their decks mostly crowded with tigers, snakes, monkeys and other pests to society), render the risk of sending anything alive to England very great. Then this is the most wretched country in the world for getting a man to do a job of any sort. It is a country of slaves (and no white man will work where there are blacks to work), but in this province slaves are very scarce, and the consequence is that hardly anything is done that ought to be done. The Indian population is not so absolutely com¬ pelled to work as it was under the Portuguese regime, and as property is a thing unknown to them (what an advantage it is to a country to have in it a certain number of men poor enough to be glad of a job of work), they prefer the precarious existence afforded by the woods and rivers, with independence, to working for the whites, and gaining money and clothes ; and who can blame them ? I had a crew of six Indians to bring me up the Rio Negro from the Barra ; to obtain these I had to send a thousand miles and wait three months, Such are some of the drawbacks and difficulties which have weighed against me, to which may be added the great difficulty of collecting, the necessity of cutting your way through the forest, of climbing or cutting down immense trees, and of preserving what you have collected, for in certain states of the weather specimens mould and fall in pieces, notwithstanding all your vigilance. 62 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. “ But let us turn to the other side of the picture, the enjoyments arid rewards of a botanist in these untrodden wilds, and which happily leave behind them a much stronger impression than all the dangers and hardships. “ If the vegetation of the Amazon be of small importance in the eyes of a European cultivator, in an economic point it is most interesting. “ Many of the most valued gums, drugs, etc., come from the region of the Amazon. Near its mouth are the forests which produce the best kinds of caoutchouc, and about its head water is the native country of the most precious of drugs, quinine. At Santarem I had the pleasure of discovering a new species of Caoutchouc (or as we call it Sevingue), which Mr. Bentham has named Siphonia Spruceana, and within these few days I have found another species quite new, also growing above the falls of St. Gabriel. Materials for cordage exist in infinite variety, and at some future time some of them will also be applied to the production of fabrics equal to those of cotton and linen. In the forest are trees probably unrivalled for hardness and durability, some of them excellent for shipbuilding, and existing in sufficient quantity to furnish out fleets for the whole civilized world. Then there is that greatest of all pleasures to the naturalist, however some utilitarians may affect to undervalue it, that of discovering new species, of dotting in (as it were) new islands on the map of nature, and in some cases of even peopling continents that appeared to be deserts. In this I have succeeded far beyond my expectation. Of my Santarem collection, comprising about 800 species, nearly the one half is new, and of those I am now gathering on the Rio Negro I cannot doubt that two out of every three are undescribed. I have several new genera, and some that do not fit well into any described natural order. Since entering the Amazon I have had the pleasure of gathering and studying examples of nearly every natural order of plants, almost the only exceptions are Cruciferce and Umbelliferce families, with you perhaps the commonest of any. Notwithstanding the complete dissimilarity, viewed as a whole, between Europe and these Equatorial forests, I have yet seen several European Genera produced. There are even a few species, common also to Europe, and two of which are even natives of England. The commonest grass at Santarem was a variety of Cynodon Dactylon, and on the sands of the Tapajoz, near the same place, grew Isoetes lacustris. In coming up the Rio Negro I was delighted to fall in with a little Adder’s tongue, with a much narrower frond than the English species. At Santarem I fell in with several minute Utricularias, mostly leafless, about half of them new. “ Respecting my old favourites, the Mosses and Hepaticae, I have not a very favourable account to give. About Para, in certain places, there was no lack of them, but they comprised very few species, and I found the same reproduced in small quantities .all the way up the Amazon. In the neighbourhood of Santarem, during the period of 11 months, I found, I believe, only four mosses, indeed there are large districts in that region where absolutely not a moss exists. Here, on the upper Rio Negro, 1 have fallen in with strips of forest of a very peculiar character called by the Indians ‘Caatinga.’ The soil is a thin layer of white sand over granite. The trees are low and stunted, often not exceeding 36 to 40 feet, and they are intermixed with shrubs from 6 to 12 feet high, but the twiners of the great forest are altogether wanting. The trees and shrubs are densely clad with mosses and hepaticae, even to their slenderest twigs, and amongst these are perched sundry ferns, Orchises, Bromeliacece , Peppers and Annus, some of the Jungermaunia are good and the ferns are all interesting, including several species of Acrosticlium . The Orchises are numerous, but mostly Maxillaria and Catasetum. Just now most of the trees are out of flower, but there are many new to me, and I promise myself a rich treat in exploring these HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 63 ‘Caatingas,’ which occur here and there all the way to the Orinoco and up the Rio Uauopes, almost to Sta Fe de Bogota. I have now three boats, one a large one which cost me in the Barra about /30, and has a large cabin where 1 can stow all my goods, and work at my ease, this for the long voyages. I have besides, two montarias (as we call boats hollowed out of a single trunk), one large enough to admit 8 oars on occasion, and carry a good deal of baggage ; the other a small fishing boat, which will only carry two people. I mentioned that I had 6 Indians to bring me up from Barra, but to ascend the falls of Sao Gabriel, which took me three days, I had 11 men at work. In the Pyrenees I used to revel in the Cascades, and think them most lovely things, but depend upon it, it is horrid work going up or down them in a boat. I cannot go on an excursion by water from Sao Gabriel without being in the midst of rapids and falls, the roar of which is ever in my ear. If it is a thing to be bragged of, I can say that I often cross the Equator twice a day, which is more than most people can say. “ The scenery around Sao Gabriel is decidedly the finest I have seen in South America. On all sides are abrupt and picturesque serras, huge masses of granite rising at once out of the plain, and clad with dense forest, save on their perpen¬ dicular escarpments. The Serras of Curicuriari, below the great falls, cannot be less than 4,000 feet high. Looking up the river are the Serras de Gama, perhaps not half so high, yet still showing bold peaks. North and South are the lower backed serras, one of which I have ascended. No one has ever ascended the loftier serras, not even the Indians. Their bases are still strewn with huge masses of granite, so thickly overgrown with forest and so twined about with lianas, that to pass them is scarcely possible. I have much more to tell you that you might find interesting, but the limit of a letter will not allow. I hope to write again when I hear from you, which will I trust be soon. Tell me how you come on, what additions have been made to the garden and museum, what novelties have been added to the Flora of Yorkshire, how our botanical friends, Moore, Ibbotson and Backhouse are spending their time, and a great deal more. Remember me to Mr. Cook. Tell him he must not come here to see clear skies. The climate is too humid for that. It was a great pleasure to me to see the Southern constellations rise to view, one by one, as I crossed the Atlantic, but as to the brilliancy of the tout ensemble. I have not seen anything to beat a Yorkshire sky on a frosty night. He would have been amused had he been with me at the time of the total eclipse of the moon in January. I was ascending the Rio Negro, and was staying the night off a small village a few days journey from Sao Gabriel, when about midnight I was awoke by the screaming of women, the beating of tambourines, and the firing of muskets. I thought at first that these unwonted sounds in the dead of night must be caused by an irruption of Macus (a naked and barbarous race of Indians, frequent in these forests which sometimes murder the settlers and eat them, and lay waste the rocas), but I soon found that Madam Luna was at the bottom of the uproar. They fancied she was ‘cutting ’ it altogether, and these demonstrations were intended to recall her. I told them such treatment was better calculated to frighten the poor creature away, but they took no heed to my counsel, but drummed and cracked away, until the moon showed a clear face again. “Remember me very kindly to Mrs. Baines and to your daughters. “ Ever your faithful friend, ‘‘Richard Spruce. “ March 20th. — Until now, I have had no opportunity of despatching this letter. When the last courier started for the Barra, I was on the top of the Serra de Gama (mentioned above). It cost me about a week to effect this, but 64 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. in the end I succeeded. I fixed my quarters at the nearest sites, employed three men to cut a way through the forest to the base of the Serra, and to make two huts of palm leaves there. I then took five Indians with me. walked six hours barefoot through the forest and waded through about twenty streams, slept two nights at the Serra, ascended (though with immense difficulty, sometimes scrambled up perpendicular walls by root and twiners) to its very summit, parrying my aneroid barometer all the way. The height is nearly 1,500 feet above the river.” This letter may be regarded as evidence of Mr. Spruce’s zeal in the pursuit of botany, and shows that he had a kindly remem¬ brance of his old friends, “ Moore, Ibbotson, Backhouse," and the York Museum. During the succeeding years, 1852-56, Mr. Spruce continued his investigations along the Rio Negro, Uaupes, Orinoco, surveying and constructing maps of rivers which had not been known to Europeans. In 1857-58 Mr. Spruce visited Ecuador, and explored the banks of the Huallaga, Maranon, Pastasa. In order to reach Banos, a village at the foot of the volcano Tunguragua, Mr. Spruce had to penetrate the primeval forests of Canelos. For over three months he explored these immense forests, which he declared to be the “ richest locality for crypto¬ gams on the face of the globe." In 1859 Mr. Spruce received a commission from Mr. Markham, on behalf of H.M. Government of India, to visit the Cinchona forests of South America, and collect seeds and plants of the best quinine yielding species, for the purpose of introducing them into India for cultivation. The execution of this arduous task is admirably described in “Travels in India and Peru," by the chief of the expedition, Clements R. Markham, F.S.A., F.R.G.S. In his prefatory remarks, pp. VII. -VIII., Air. Markham says: “ To Mr. Richard Spruce . . . the largest share of credit, so far as the South American portion of the enterprise is concerned, undoubtedly belongs. “ I have endeavoured to do justice to his untiring energy and zeal, and to the important service which he has rendered to India." On the 22nd July, 1859. Mr. Spruce left Ambato for the purpose of ascertaining the best localities in the Ouitensian Andes for the Cinchona tree, where it grows at from 3,000ft. to 12,000 ft. above the sea. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 65 The work of collecting the bark was conducted by the Indians, and the method adopted by them was destructive and wasteful. The trees are frequently surrounded by natural obstacles which renders the task of collecting hazardous. When the collectors reach the trees the bark is stripped off, rolled up into convenient packages, and carried to the port of shipment. In i860 he removed to Lima, and after negotiating with the owners of the forest, he concluded an agreement by which he was permitted to collect as many seeds and plants as he liked, “ but not to collect the barks.’' The following remarks of Mr. Spruce will serve to illustrate his character and zeal during the performance of his arduous commission : — “ I have seen enough of collecting the products of the forests to convince me, that whatever vegetable substance is needful to man, he must ultimately cultivate the plant producing it.” (Report, page 83, and “Travels in India and Peru,” page 61.) “ Although upheld by a determination to execute to the best of my ability the task I had undertaken, I was but too often in that state of prostration when to lie down and die would have seemed a relief.” (Page 316, “ Travels in India and Peru.”) Mr. Spruce was successful in collecting over 600 plants and 100,000 seeds of the most valuable species, Cinchona succirubva (red bark), and with these he started for Guayquil, 28th Sept., i860. With the able assistance of Dr. Taylor and Mr. Cross, these treasures reached Guayquil, Dec. 27th, i860. “ They were safely embarked on board the steamer for India in charge of Mr. Cross, Jan. 2nd, 1861. “ On May 1st, 1861, the Legislature of Ecuador decreed that every person, whether foreigner or native, should be forbidden to make collections of plants, cuttings or seeds of the Quina tree, and that precautions should be taken to prevent those articles from passing the forts and frontiers of the Republic. “ A fine of 100 dollars on every plant and every drachm of seed was imposed on those who attempted to break this decree. But on May 1st, 1861, the plants and seeds of the Quina tree were safe in the Neilgherry hills in Southern India.” (Markham’s “ Travels in India and Peru,” p. 322). Since 1861 the cultivation of these valuable trees has been con¬ ducted with remarkable success, to the benefit of the cultivators E 66 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. and the human race. In the Government plantations alone in India there are now (1906) several millions of trees. Mr. Spruce continued his observations in the neighbourhood of Guayaquil and the Pacific Coast (1861-64), and devoted his atten¬ tion principally to the Hepaticse. The hardships he had undergone were aggravated by the loss of all his savings through the fraud of a banker, so that when he got to Guayaquil he found himself without any money. After fifteen years of “toil and pleasure” he returned to England (1864), and retired to Coneysthorpe, near Castle Howard, where, during the last few years of his life, he received a small pension which the Government granted to him for his services to the State. His remarkable collection of plants, consisting of over 7,000 species, is in the National Herbarium at Kew. In addition to the valuable information regarding the economic uses of several im¬ portant genera (such as Siphonia, from which we obtain our chief supply of caoutchou or India rubber ), his MS. contained vocabularies of over twenty Amazonian languagesand other important scientific records. In 1864 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Berlin) in recognition of the distinguished services which he had rendered to Science. From 1864 to 1893 he devoted his leisure time to the study of his early favourites, the Plepaticae. His “ Hepatics of the Amazon and Andes, ” a volume of near 600 pages with 22 plates, was published in 1884-5, and has been described as the most “ logical and scientific classification of the group that has been evolved.” It is a pleasing thing to know that Mr. Spruce derived much pleasure and instruction from his visits (1836-184S) to the Dalton and Middleton collection of plants in the York Museum, and his friendship with Mr. Henry Baines (and members of his family) is acknowledged by the author of the “ Flora in Yorkshire,” and is endorsed (1851) in the letter already referred to. The specimens of flowering plants which Mr. Spruce contributed to the Museum (1835-1836) record the earnestness and accuracy that characterized the works of this distinguished botanist and honoured Yorkshireman. Additional evidence of this kindly feeling may be found in the following extract from a letter by Dr. Spruce to the writer of these notes; — - HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 67 “ Coneysthorpe, Nov. 3rd, 1892. “ . I hope you collect mosses. This is a good season for them, after such a rainy summer and autumn. Dr. Braithwaite who visited our old Park quarry a fortnight ago, was delighted to see great flakes of Brachyodus tvicliodes and other rarities in fruit spreading over the soft sandstone. ‘*1 study now only tropical Hepaticae, but I am turned 75, and although my eyes do not fail me, I have become almost a complete fixture. *• Remember me very kindly to Miss Baines, whom I cannot hope to see again, unless she should ever come this way, and believe me to remain, “ Ever faithfully yours, “ Richard Spruce.” Dr. Spruce died on the 28th December, 1893, ar)d his remains were laid at rest, December 31st, 1893, in the quiet churchyard at Terrington, near Castle Howard, beside his father and mother. Henry Ibbotson was born at Ganthorpe, and was baptized at Terrington, as under : — “ Henry, son of John and Elizabeth Ibbotson, gardener, Gan¬ thorpe ; baptized May 7th, 1814, by Robert Freer, curate.” His youthful days were spent in company with Richard Spruce (who was a native of the same village) in exploring the dales and woods around Castle Howard. He was appointed Schoolmaster of Mowthorpe, near Castle Howard, but the sedentary occupation does not appear to have been congenial to his botanical tastes. He loved to be free and independent, and preferred to spend his time wandering amongst the mountains ancl dales of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland in search of mosses, &c., rather than perform his duties in the schoolroom. These two botanists (Ibbotson and Spruce) were constantly together between the years 1826-40. Up to the time of Mr. Spruce’s departure from England (1849), they often had excursions together in search of mosses, hepatics, &c. Henry Ibbotson was the author of several papers on botanical subjects in the Phytologist , Flora Yorkshire, Newman’s British Ferns , &>c. “ Rare plants found near Castle Howard,” Phyt. Vol. I. part 2, 577-9. “Mosses found near Castle Howard,” Phytologist, Vol. I., part 2, pp. 781-2. October 20th, 1843. In Article XXXVI., pages 101-4, part 1 of the Phytologist, there is an interesting paper entitled “ Three Days on the York¬ shire Moors,” by Richard Spruce. “This journey was undertaken,” says Mr. Spruce, “ in company with a botanical friend, Mr. Henry 68 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. Ibbotson, of Ganthorpe, principally with a view of exploring Whitsoncliffe, on the western edge of the Oolitic Hills, and the Hole of Horcum on the high moors between Pickering and Whitby, 1841.” In 1848, Mr. Ibbotson published a catalogue of the Phceno- gamous plants of Britain, with a copious list of synonyms, which met with a large circulation, and on the occasion of Her Majesty’s visit to Castle Howard, Yorkshire, August, 1850, he published a most interesting description of the natural and pictorial features of Castle Howrard and neighbourhood. His last work was on the “ Ferns of York, &c., in which he was assisted by Messrs. B. B. Le Tall and A. R. Waller. Whilst Richard Spruce was toiling on the Amazons and Andes, Henry Ibbotson was sinking in his social position, and the precarious mode of his existence compelled him to associate with all sorts of itinerant characters. The following letter indicates Mr. Ibbotson's position in 1882: — “ 2, Grape Lane, “ Sunday, September, 1882. “ . When I got home I had not a penny to pay lodgings with. I got credit first, however, under a promise of paying it to-day, so that to save unpleasantness I must fulfil that promise, and that will take Sd. to do it. Being Sunday I have no access to any other place where I could get it to-day, or depend upon it, I would never have thought, after all the obligations I have been under to you, of troubling you. To-morrow I can go and fetch Digitalis for Bleasdales, and that will afford me temporary relief, but I have the interval to get over between this and to-morrow night, if even my old boots will carry me over the distance/’ The vTriter of these notes recalls with pleasure the many rambles he had with Mr. Ibbotson in Teesdale, Castle Howard, and else¬ where ; and although Mr. Ibbotson’s position was a little brighter in 1883-4, the trying conditions of his life had told heavily on his grand constitution, and he died after a short illness on the 12th February, 1886. Henry Baines was born on the 15th May, 1793, in a cottage over the cloisters of St. Leonard's Hospital, York. The cloisters at that time were occupied by Mr. Suttle, a wine merchant, and used by him for the storage of wines, &c. At the age of 12, Henry Baines commenced gardening operations on the site now occupied by the fountain and pond near to St. Leonard's Hospital. HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 69 From York Mr. Baines went to Halifax as a gardener, and it was during his residence at Halifax that he formed the acquaint¬ ance of such ardent naturalists as Samuel Gibson, Abraham Stansfield, John Nowell, William Wilson, &c. Mr. Baines returned to York and entered the service of Messrs. Backhouse, and subsequently (1828-9) was appointed sub¬ curator to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. The Report of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, 1830, states “ The Council consider themselves fortunate in the person whom they have engaged to take charge of the grounds ; a person qualified by his skill and industry, not only to cultivate the gardens with scientific diligence, but to render essential service to the museum. His activity has already obtained for the Society over 500 plants.” Mr. Barnes evinced great interest in horticultural exhibitions, and his services were usually in requisition as a judge of plants. Prof. Phillips was also anxious that Mr. Baines should go to Oxford, but could not induce him to go. In 1840 Mr. Baines published his “ Flora of Yorkshire,” which was a most important contribution to Yorkshire Botany, and during the compiling and publication of this work, Mr. Spruce was a frequent visitor to the Museum and Mr. Baines’ residence, “ Sunday afternoons ” being generally spent together. It is interesting to know that in 1833 a Horticultural Exhibition was held in the Museum Gardens, which realized the sum of £"300, and similar exhibitions were held in later years. In 1870 Mr. Baines, owing to declining health, placed his resignation in the hands of the Council, and in consideration of his “ forty years faithful service” he was allowed to reside in the place that was so dear to him, and enjoyed a liberal pension. He died at his residence in the Museum Gardens, York, April 1st, 1878. James Backhouse was born on October 22nd, 1825. Early in life he was interested in botany, and for a long period was associated with his father, James Backhouse (1843-1865)011 study¬ ing the British flora ; hence his specimens in the herbarium are entered “ James Backhouse, Junr.” He was intimately connected with the leading botanists of that time, and his monograph of the British Hieracia (1856) is a record of accurate work. He died on the 31st August, 1890. 70 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OP THE HERBARIUM. Giles Munby was born in 1813 at York, and was the youngest of the three sons of Joseph Munby, of St. Andrewgate House, York. Joseph Munby belonged to a family which had been settled at Sutton St. James, in Holderness, since the time of Elizabeth. He, however, after being articled to the Town Clerk of Hull, removed to York, and practised there successfully as a lawyer ; holding also certain local offices, as, for instance, that of Under Sheriff of the County. He was a man of some literary talent. Portions of an unpublished poem of his on York were printed a few years ago in “ Notes and Queries.” His son Giles was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained amongst other things the gold medal for botanical research, and where he attended the clinical lectures of the University, with a view of becoming a physician. From there he went to Paris, and studied there for three years (1834-36) under various medical professors, obtaining experience and practice in surgery at the Hospital of La Pitie. Meanwhile his reputation as a botanist had been growing, insomuch that in December, 1836, at the age of twenty-three, he was appointed apparently without any effort of his own, to be Professeur de Botanique au Musee Pyreneen de St. Bertrand de Comminges in the Haute Garonne. He went to reside there accordingly, and held his appointment for three or four years, making himself popular at St. Bertrand and exploring the country for botanical purposes from Pau and Tarbes to Prades and Perpignan, in company with Frenchmen and Englishmen of like tastes with himself. He still, however, desired to qualify as M.D., and to that end he removed (after a farewell dinner given to him by the Municipality of St. Bertrand) to Montpellier, then one of the best medical schools on the continent, but his love of botany and adventure again led him away from medicine. He crossed over to Algeria on a shooting excursion, and liked that country so well that he eventually settled there. At Oran he married a daughter of the British Consul, Mr. Welsford. For many years he resided near Oran, at his own country house La Senia, acting as British Vice-Consul after Mr. Welsford's death, but occupying himself chiefly in studying the native flora, and in shooting and botanizing in the interior. He spoke Arabic as well as French and Spanish, and this, together with his medical skill, gave him much influence over the Arabs, who came to him for gratuitous advice, and looked upon him as an Hakim. Such an influence was of great use to a HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE HERBARIUM. 71 sportsman and botanist, and it helped him to complete his “ Flora of Algeria.” This work, written by him in French, was published at Paris in the year 1847. After the loss of his wife, who died in i860, Giles Munby returned with his family to England. He married “ en seconde noces ” in 1862 a daughter of Lieut. Charles Elliot Buckeridge, of the Madras Army, and settled at Mary Holt, near Farnham, where he died in 1876. He was buried in the churchyard of Rowledge, the parish in which Mary Holt is situate. A portrait of Giles Munby hangs in the galleries at Kew amongst those of other eminent botanists, and it may be added that Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, the late Director of Kew, was a friend of his. His other chief friends in England were Dr. Percy, of Birmingham, who had been a fellow student with him at Paris ; and Professor Edward Forbes, whose amiable character and high attainments are still affectionately remembered. The thanks of the Society are due to Mr. A. J. Munby for the above information, which he communicated in 1894. It is pleasing to know that the herbarium contains many specimens collected by Mr. Giles Munby in Scotland, such as Linncea borealis , &c. HENRY J. WILKINSON. 72 NOTES ON AN EXCAVATION AT THE CORNER OF CASTLEGATE AND COPPERGATE. By GEORGE BENSON, A.R.I.B.A. 'THE area excavated has a frontage of 69 feet to Coppergate, and an average width of 16 feet. The portion facing Castle- gate had been cellared, but the new cellar is 3 feet deeper and continued along the whole of the site. The excavations were made during October and November, 1906. The material was a black deposit having in places brushwood, pieces of old leather, bones and horns of cattle, sheep and goats, tusks of boars, cut antlers of deer, and a few oyster shells. A layer of pig manure about twelve inches deep was found in one place 6 feet 6 inches below the surface, and in another place 10 feet deep. Amongst the subsoil were a quantity of piles and horizontal balks and boards, 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick ; and about 5 feet deep were a row of planks 15 inches wide and 3 inches thick, laid a foot apart. The position of the timbers is shown on the plan and sections (plate i.) The bottom of the deposit was not reached. The site seems to have been a tipping place for refuse which has been saturated by rain, vegetation growing between times to be entombed by further deposits. A previous excavation on the other side of Coppergate to High Ousegate (see Report 1902) revealed tan pits. The piles and timber found on this site may have been a platform in con¬ nection with the tannery, and on its abandonment the piles, etc., were entombed by fresh deposits of rubbish. A tree trunk, 16 feet 6 inches long, was formed into a drain or water pipe by hacking out a 4 in. by 4 in. square channel, and attaching by wooden pins a thin board to the trench; this was some 4ft. below the platform, and may have conducted a liquid to one of the large pits. Later the area was built upon, those buildings have now been removed and part of the site merged into the street, and on the other portion 73 NOTES ON AN EXCAVATION, ETC. shops and offices are in course of erection. The writer is indebted to Councillor W. H. Birch, who was in charge of the excavations, for affording the facilities for observation. LIST OF ARTICLES FOUND AND NOW IN THE MUSEUM. METAL. Iron axe head. Brass chape of sword sheath Iron horse's bit. Bronze pin. Curved iron hook, socketed (ni inches). Three iron knives with hafts for handles, 6f, 6, 7, 5§ inches. Bronze 2-pronged fork, with socketed haft for handle 3 inches in length, prongs 2 inches. Brass mounting, 5^ inches in length, with conventionalised zoomorphic heads, and with small iron rivets. Small button or whorl of lead. A small lump of lead. Of Uncertain Date. Two horse shoes. Triangle of iron, 11 inch limbs. Sickle blade, ii| inches in length. One bone needle, 6-f inches, point slightly broken. Two needles with eyes, 3J and ^4 inches in length. Bone pin with eye, 3I inch long, orna¬ mented by transverse and diagonal lines. Bone skate, 6J inches long. Two combs (the larger 8^ ins. in length) ornamented with linear markings. Hoof bone of small pony. Skull of pony. BONE, Skull of small cow. Four boar tusks. Eleven tines and one burr of horn. Two goat horns. Piece of perforated horn ij in. in length. Part of skull of goose. Goose egg (at depth oTrtrTEet). Disc of bone ornamented with two con¬ centric series of small incised circles, probably for playing the game of “Nine men’s morris.” WOOD. Two small mallets or malls. Wooden box, overlaid with bone strips. Paddle, 18 ins. by 6 in., charred by fire. One hazel nut. Wooden peg with head. 2§ in. in length. LEATHER, Two pairs leather shoes, full size. Two fragmentary shoes. Two children’s shoes. Two knife sheaths, one of which is ornamented by a series of double criss-cross lines. A leather object, 18 ins. by 7 ins., of uncertain use, made from a single sheet of leather, bent and sewn together along the edge. MINERAL. Three perforated whorls of coarse earthenware. Three pieces unworked amber. One small circular perforated button of amber. Two handles of coarse earthenware vessel. Two sharpening hones. One small fragment of Samian ware. 74 NOTES ON AN EXCAVATION, ETC. FURTHER NOTES ON THE FOREGOING ARTICLES. The site of the excavation which yielded the antiquities enumerated is only a few yards distant from the Free Library and the Friends’ Meeting House in Clifford Street, where such abundant evidence of the Scandinavian occupation of York was brought to light by the excavations during 1884. The interest of the find in Coppergate centres upon one or two of the objects discovered, the character of which serves to make it one of the most important finds belonging to the Viking period which has been made in Great Britain. The two finds cannot be dissociated, for there is no doubt that the antiquities discovered are contemporaneous, although in neither series is there any object to which a date can be definitely assigned. There is however one object amongst those found in the past year the characteristic ornamentation of which is of assistance in fixing an approximate date, by comparison with objects of a similar kind found elsewhere. This is the brass chape of a sword sheath figured on plate ii. These ornamental terminals for sword sheaths are already known to us from finds in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, but the specimen now described appears to be the first which has been discovered in England/" It closely resembles a chape figured by Otto Rygh in his Norsks Oldsagev (fig. 515), found in Rorvik, Norway, which the author relegates to the second period of the Iron Age. The York specimen has been examined by Mr. C. H. Read, of the British Museum, and by Mr. Romilly Allen who agree in assigning a date, about a.d. 900 — 950, to the specimen. Herr Haakon Schetelig (Bergen Museum) and Dr. Sophus Muller (National Museum, Copenhagen), who have seen photographs, concur in this view as to the date, and thus there is a general consensus of opinion which agrees with Prof. Rygh’s date of the specimen figured by him. This period coincides with the zenith of the Norse supremacy over the North of England. If the Egils Saga is to be relied * Terminals for sword sheaths are figured by Salin, “Die altgermanische Thierornamentik,” figs. 448 and 491 ; and by Hjalmar Stolpe, “ Vendelfyndet5' in Antiquarisk Tidskrift for Sverige, vol. 8, p. 52. (I am indebted to Mr. Romilly Allen for this reference). See also Sophus Muller, “ Systeme prehistorique de Danmark.” vol. ii. NOTES ON AN EXCAVATION, ETC. 75 upon, Eric Bloodyaxe, driven from his rule in Norway was, about 940 a.d., set by Athelstan to govern Northumbria, and, presumably upon the principle of setting a thief to catch a thief, was expected to defend the land against Danes and Vikings.* Upon the death of Athelstan Eric seems to have been replaced by Olaf Guthferthson, and was finally killed in battle at Stainmoor, in an attempt to regain York, about 950. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that in 948 the Danish garrison of York overtook the rear of King Edred’s army at Chesterford and cut it to pieces. The chape (plate ii.) is inches in total length, and is ornamented with pierced interlacements of a typical zoomorphic character which terminate on each side as a conventionalized animal head, which fixed the metal upon the material of the sheath. The mouth is two centimetres in width. Another object which merits a detailed description is the iron axe head, weighing 2 lbs. 6 oz. (plate iii.) It has a broadened crescentic edge, a shape which is characteristic of the axes of the period. It is extraordinarily well preserved, a fact largely due to the nature of the earth in which it had lain, which had imparted to the surface a peculiar colour at first thought to be due to a coating of silver. This was proved by chemical analysis not to be the case. The iron horse’s bit (plate iii.) has suffered much from oxidation, but still shews signs of linear ornamentation. The wooden box (plates ii. and iii.) was considerably damaged during excavation. This is especially unfortunate as it appears to be quite unlike anything which has been previously described. The material of the box is oak. This has been overlaid with strips of bone fixed by small iron rivets, and ornamented with the shallow incised circles which are so characteristic of the early Scandinavian art. Some of the bone strips are perforated by a series of three oval holes one centimetre in length, surrounded by eight smaller circular perforations, the whole being circumscribed by an oval ornamentation of three concentric lines. Backing these perfora¬ tions, between the bone and the underlying wood, is a thin sheet of metal coated with some enamel or other vitreous material, which has evidently been meant to shew through the perforations, and even now in places still retains some of its original lustre. The longest strip of bone which has been recovered is iof inches in length. * Hodgkin's “ Political History of England,” p. 341. 76 NOTES ON AN EXCAVATION, ETC. The ‘brass mounting’ mentioned in the list of objects is interest¬ ing as shewing two very highly conventionalised animal (or bird) heads standing out laterally from it. As the rest of the article of which it was originally a part has entirely perished, it is difficult to offer any conjecture as to its nature. This may also be said of the small wooden spatula-like object figured between the axe-head and pronged fork on plate iii. The remaining objects are interesting, but scarcely lend them¬ selves to any detailed description. Where any ornamentation is present, e.g. upon the comb and the bone pin, this is of the usual Norse type of shallow inscribed lines or circles. 77 THE WINDRUSH AT BIGGIN. By J. E. CLARKE, B.A., B.Sc. URING the passage of the Line Squall of February 8th, 1906, a farmstead at Biggin, near Church Fenton, suffered severely. The case was peculiar, as the damage was at first attributed almost entirely to lightning. There certainly was a thunderstorm, and so close as Brigg, near Selby, perhaps five miles east, some men, who “ seemed to be in a sheet of fire,'’ experienced no wind. The farmer, however, sheltering within, saw his barn tiles “blow about like feathers,” and a barn door, measuring 10ft. by 6|ft., was transported over a cart-hovel for a distance of 40 yards. The buildings form a quadrangle round the “fold.” (Plate iv.) The house is at the S.W. corner, stone-slated, fronting W. by 28° N Next, and in line with the house is the barn, with a low cow¬ shed beyond, and the cart-hovel abutting on the latter to form the north side of the yard. (Plate v.) All three were red-tiled. The south house-gable was a little damaged, and a few of the stone slates were blown off the north gable on the outer or west side. The barn was practically windowless, light entering mainly through a few narrow slits. But at its north end were huge west and east doors, adapted for old-time winnowing. The west door was left hanging ; the other blown right away, as described, in a direction 250 N. of East. ! Apparently, the west door being blown * As the original notes of direction are not forthcoming, it has been a little difficult to get the orientation. It has been done by the shadows in the photos. (1) Half-plate of rear, taken “about mid-day.’’ A large packing-case fronts practically square to the sun, which was ^-hour behind the clock. Two inde¬ pendent plans were made, estimating the relative angle of the case to the walls, aided by shadows in other parts. The result was 270 N. of W. (2) Two of the quarter-plate photos, taken about 1-30 p.m., show the sun shining slightly into the east (inner) doorway of the barn. A similar sketch, adding on 19'5 for the 1 ^ hours since mean noon, gives the line of walls as 290 N. of W. and W. of S. f Based, that is, on the orientation given above. 78 THE WINDRUSH AT BIGGIN. in, the internal pressure of the wind burst the east door outwards and blew the tiles upwards “like feathers.’1 All the roof tiles and laths over the east doorway were stripped from the beams, and many on the west side. From the cow-shed both slopes wTere equally cleared. The cart-hovel, open on the S.S.W. and sup¬ ported on that side by two brick pillars, had its roof and north wall blown over into the pasture, pillars and walls lying as flat as those of Jericho. The buildings on the south and east sides w7ere much less injured, especially the latter. The insurance estimate for these forms little more than one-tenth of the whole. They were obviously protected by the w7est buildings. Three or four apple trees in an orchard to the north-west wTere broken, the largest being uprooted and carried 16 yards and over a hedge. Its line of flight was i8° N. of E. An oak 150 yards to the v;est and two at 100 and 200 yards eastward were also much broken. Yet of course all these trees were leafless. No other serious damage was done outside this stretch of 300 or 400 yards in the immediate neighbourhood, but at Wistow, 3 miles distant E. by 150 N., a good deal of glass wras broken among the allotment gardens. The time, estimated 14 months later, was put down at a few minutes to 12, but, from observations given below, probably half¬ past eleven would be more correct. The direction of the wind is indicated by the angles given above to have been W.S.W. (22|° S. of W.) Dr. G. A. Auden, who collected the facts used above, records that near Skelton, 3 miles N.W. of York, the wind wTas almost due West, and was accompanied by one thunderclap with heav)- hailstorm. Biggin is n miles S.S.W. of York. There is no doubt that this squall was an episode in the Line Squall which traversed the British Isles on the day in question, and which has been most exhaustively investigated by Mr. R. G. K. Lempfert, of the Meteorological Office." First recorded at Stornaway in the Hebrides at half-an-hour after midnight, it passed York at 11-12 a.m., (therefore Biggin at 11-30 a.m.), London at 3, Hastings at 4, and Jersey at 5-45 p m. It was still violent as it traversed N.E. France, passing Paris at 8-20 p.m. Sweeping onwards with a velocity of 38 miles per * See Q. J. R. Met. Soc., October, 1906. THE WINDRUSH AT BIGGIN. 79 hour, (the velocity of the wind which accompanied it may of course have been entirely different,) its passage at any station was marked by an arrest of the falling barometer, followed by an instantaneous upward jump. This was 0-04 inch at York, but as much as 0*09 at Cambridge, and 0*08 at the London Meteorological Office. That is, in a minute or two, the change of pressure at London was as great as the difference existing at the time between London and Brighton. With this pressure change was associated a rapid fall in tem¬ perature. This drop amounted to 150 just S. of London, equal to the difference between Inverness and Valentia, the lowest and highest records in our islands at 8 a.m. The wind, S.W. before the arrival of the squall, veered to N.W. or N. In many parts, especially at the eastern stations, the velocity fell ; the chief change was in direction and temperature. But elsewhere its force was greatly increased. Bidston and Shoe- buryness recorded 80 miles per hour, or double the velocity of the squall. North of Yorkshire rain preceded the squall. From here, on, its passage was marked by thunderstorms with violent hail and snow. Such are the outlines of this unusually intensified, yet otherwise characteristic, line squall, a type of storm brought first into prom¬ inence by the too famous “ Eurydice ” squall of March 24th, 1878. This was fully discussed by the Rev. W. Clement Ley,* and its nature further elucidated by the Hon. Ralph Abercrombie.! The writer well recalls its passage at York, — worst shortly before noon, — accompanied by a heavy downfall of snow. The Eurydice was struck off Vent nor at a quarter to four. The latter of the above papers describes the depression as “ V-shaped,” but only two or three barograph records were avail¬ able. Probably more ample returns would have indicated the same sudden “ faulting” of the isobars, when the wind shifted from S.W. to N.W., as are shown in Lempfert’s charts. There was one marked contrast. The squall of 1906 advanced parallel to itself. The “ Eurydice ” squall swung round a low- pressure centre near the Scaw like a scimitar, the velocity in East England being 13 miles per hour, but at Falmouth nearly 50. Curiously the velocity at the Isle of Wight is given (p. 180, O. J. Met. S.) as 38 miles, or the same as in 1906. * Symons’ Mo. Met. Mag., April, 1878. f O. J. R. Met. S., July, 1884. 8o THE WINDRUSH AT BIGGIN. The Biggin details indicate a marked general resemblance to the “ windrush ” from Bishopthorpe to Heslington on March 8th, 1890.* This, also, was only an episode of a line squall and of the same March period as the other two. Barograms from York, Leeds, Huddersfield and Hodsock all show the characteristic jump, and a thunderstorm with a front of at least 50 miles was traced as it passed York in the same S.S.E. course as the other two. This squall took 2\ hours to reach the Rev. \V. C. Ley at Lutterworth, 95 miles further on, again giving a velocity of about 38 miles per hour. Thus we are brought back to the conclusion that the main factor at Biggin was a windrush, subsidiary to and moving across the face of the line squall. The actual cause of the phenomenon is certainly obscure. This much seems certain, that the squall line is one of collision between warm south-westerly and cold north-westerly air currents. It is probably associated with a secondary depression, the primary depression lying over or near Southern Scandinavia. It may be accidental, but it is at least noteworthy that the three, which have led to more or less complete investigation, occurred at or a little before the spring equinox. * Y. P. S. Report ; Q. J. R. Met. S., July, 1890; and (further important details and charts) N. H. Journal, November and December, 1890. Plate I. Plate II. Photo by W. Watson. Plate III. Photo by W. Watson. X lL\ % ^£jiSj < >''''f?AL HI®? Plate IV. By permission of the Yorkshire Insurance Company. Plate V. Photo by Oxley Srabham. Photo by Oxley Grabham. These Diagrams , showing hourly progress of the Line Squall , reckoned from midnight, are kindly lent by the Royal Meteorological Society with the permission of Mr. Lempfert. Thunderstorms , Hail , etc., East of dotted line. Hourly Progress of two Secondary Squalls. Hours reckoned from midnight. ^AL h'^V A \